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-PRESENTED 


TO 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  TORONTO 


BY 


/?/ 

Acx£/v-ttX^ 
y  L 


i 


THE    LAKE-DWELLINGS 


EUROPE. 


THE 


LAKE - 


OF 


EUROPE 


BEING    THE 


IIHIND    LECTUEE8    IN    ABCHJEOLOGY 

for    1888. 


BY 


ROBERT  MUNRO,  M.A.,  M.D., 

SECRETARY  OF  THE  SOCIETY  OF   ANTIQUARIES   OF  SCOTLAND  ;    AUTHOR  OF 

"ANCIENT  SCOTTISH  LAKE-DWELLINGS  OR  CRANNOGS." 


CASSELL    &    COMPANY,    LIMITED: 

LONDON,    PARIS    &    MELBOURNE. 

1890. 
[ALL  EIGHTS  RESERVE!*.] 


PREFACE. 


THE  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  in  offering  me 
the  Rhind  lectureship  in  Archaeology  for  the  year  1888, 
left  me  no  choice  of  a  subject,  as  they  had  already 
suggested  that  the  course  should  be  on  the  "  Lake- 
dwellings  of  Europe."  Their  communication  embody- 
ing this  proposal  came  upon  me  with  complete  surprise, 
and,  indeed,  it  was  with  considerable  misgiving  that  I 
pondered  over  the  undertaking,  because  at  that  time  I 
had  no  special  knowledge  of  lake-dwellings  beyond 
Scotland.  But  the  kind  encouragement  of  friends  and 
the  fact  that  I  had  two  years  to  collect  the  necessary 
materials,  ultimately  overcame  my  scruples ;  and  so  with 
the  acceptance  of  this  appointment  the  work  now  offered 
to  the  public  may  be  said  to  have  been  begun.  My 
first  and  almost  immediate  step  was  a  hasty  run  to  the 
principal  centres  of  lake-dwelling  researches  in  Europe, 
so  as  to  get  a  preliminary  idea  of  the  best  and  most 
practical  way  of  carrying  out  this  work.  It  was  only 
then  that  the  magnitude  of  the  labours  I  had  under- 
taken dawned  upon  me.  The  relics  from  the  more 
important  settlements,  with  few  exceptions,  were  so 
widely  scattered  that,  to  form  an  intelligible  notion 
of  the  civilisation  and  culture  of  their  inhabitants  from 
a  study  of  their  industrial  remains,  scores  of  museums 
and  private  collections  had  to  be  visited.  Nor  was 
the  condition  of  the  literature  and  records  of  the  various 
discoveries  more  favourable  to  my  purpose.  The  suc- 
cessive investigations  by  different  parties  in  the  more 
prolific  stations  were  constantly  altering  the  previous 


VI  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

records  and,  in  some  instances,  even  falsified  the  earlier 
deductions  founded  on  them.  Again,  descriptive  notices 
were  directed  more  to  illustrate  the  particular  and  rarer 
finds  of  the  investigator  than  to  convey  to  general  readers 
a  fair  estimate  of  the  tout-ensemble  of  any  special  station. 
Keller's  earlier  reports  were  really  exhaustive  monographs, 
but  by-and-by  the  subject  became  so  extensive  that  to 
carry  out  the  work  on  the  same  scale  would  entail  the 
publication  of  many  volumes.  In  18G6,  when  Mr.  Lee 
translated  and  arranged  Keller's  first  six  reports,  his 
work  was  fairly  representative  of  the  progress  then  made 
in  lake-dwelling  researches;  but  to  keep  pace  with  this 
progress  a  second  edition  at  the  end  of  the  following 
decade  assumed  the  magnitude  of  two  large  volumes. 

Since  then,  however  (1878),  the  results  of  lacustrine 
researches  have  been  greater  and  more  important  than 
during  any  previous  corresponding  period.  The  "  Cor- 
rection des  Eaux  du  Jura,"  together  with  various  harbour 
alterations  in  the  lakes  of  Zurich,  Geneva,  etc.,  have 
been  the  means  of  enormously  increasing  the  lacustrine 
collections  of  Switzerland.  In  North  Italy  not  only  have 
new  and  remarkably  interesting  lacustrine  stations  been 
discovered  and  exhaustively  investigated,  as  Lagozza  and 
Polada,  but  the  researches  in  the  terremare  have  been 
such  as  to  entirely  alter  the  previous  opinions  held  in 
regard  to  them.  Nor  has  the  progress  in  this  field  of 
research  in  many  other  countries  in  Europe  been  scarcely 
less  important,  in  proof  of  which  I  have  only  to  mention 
the  additions  made  to  the  Scottish  and  Irish  crannogs  ; 
the  curious  fascine  structures  brought  to  light  in  Holder- 
ness,  Yorkshire  ;  the  novel  revelations  extracted  from  the 
terp  mounds  in  Holland  and  other  low-lying  districts  on 
the  coast  of  the  German  Ocean ;  the  greatly  extended 
and  more  accurate  details  of  lacustrine  structures  in 
North  Germany ;  the  discovery  in  Hungary  of  pre- 
historic mounds  analogous  to  the  terramara  deposits  of 
Italy,  etc.  In  short  there  is  hardly  any  corner  of  the 
lake-dwelling  area  in  Europe  which  has  not  yielded  new 


PREFACE.  vii 

materials,  throwing   more    or   less    light    on    this  strange 
phase  of  prehistoric  life. 

In  these  circumstances  I  resolved  to  proceed  de  novo, 
and  to  construct  my  story  of  the  lake-dwellings  from 
whatever  trustworthy  sources  I  could  lay  my  hands  on. 
In  order  to  carry  out  this  intention  my  wife  and  I  per- 
ambulated the  whole  of  Central  Europe  with  note  and 
sketch  books  in  hand,  visiting,  as  far  as  practicable,  the 
sites  of  lake-dwellings,  and  searching  museums  and 
libraries  wherever  we  thought  their  relics  or  records 
were  to  be  found.  The  eastern  limit  of  the  region  thus 
visited  may  be  represented  by  a  line  drawn  from 
Konigsberg  to  Trieste,  passing  through  the  intermediate 
towns  of  Krakow,  Buda  -  Pesth,  and  A  gram.  The 
materials  brought  together  from  within  this  area  are, 
to  a  very  considerable  extent,  absolutely  new  to  British 
archaeologists.  Of  course,  in  a  work  which  aims  at  put- 
ting into  the  hands  of  general  readers  an  epitome  of 
the  essential  facts  and  results  of  lacustrine  researches 
since  these  singular  remains  were  discovered  in  Europe, 
I  had  to  take  cognisance  of  some  investigations  that  have 
already  been  fully  recorded  and  illustrated.  As  it  was 
impossible  to  illustrate  typical  groups  of  objects  from 
all  the  lacustrine  stations,  I  have,  as  a  rule,  in  selecting 
the  illustrations  for  this  work,  avoided  those  that  have 
already  come  within  the  reach  of  English  readers  through 
the  translation  of  Keller's  works,  except  when  they  be- 
longed to  stations  that  are  the  best  or  only  representa- 
tives of  their  kind  in  their  respective  localities — as,  for 
example,  the  Rosen  Irisel  in  the  Lake  of  Starnberg. 
Acting  on  this  principle,  I  have  given  very  few  illustra- 
tions of  objects  from  Nidau,  Moosseedorf,  St.  Aubin, 
Wauwyl ;  nor,  for  the  same  reason,  is  a  prominent  place 
given  to  the  earlier  discoveries  at  Robenhausen,  Estavayer, 
Concise,  Cortaillod,  etc.  In  this  way  I  have  endeavoured 
to  combine  in  the  work  now  issued  as  much  novelty  as 
possible,  without  detracting  from  its  general  and  com- 
prehensive scope. 


Vlll  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

As  our  peripatetic  labours  drew  to  a  close,  the  next 
point  to  be  considered  was  the  method  of  grouping  the 
materials  under  six  divisions,  corresponding  with  the  pre- 
scribed number  of  lectures.  This  was  by  no  means  an 
easy  task,  as  neither  the  geographical  distribution,  nor 
the  historical  order  of  the  discoveries,  could  be  exclusively 
selected  as  a  cementing  element  in  dealing  with  remains 
so  diversified  in  character  and  of  so  wide  a  range  in 
space  and  time.  The  plan  which  I  have  here  adopted 
seems  to  me  to  combine  the  greatest  advantages  with 
the  fewest  drawbacks.  Its  rationale  is  as  follows:— 
After  introducing  my  subject  by  a  short  account  of  the 
circumstances  that  led  to  the  discovery  of  the  Pfahlbauten 
in  the  Lake  of  Ziirich,  and  glancing  at  the  archaeological 
importance  and  surprising  results  of  this  discovery  in 
other  Swiss  lakes,  the  historical  element  is  dropped, 
and  I  conduct  my  readers  over  Western  Switzerland  and 
Savoy,  summarising  the  discoveries  in  the  successive  lakes 
as  we  move  along.  In  the  second  lecture  we  again  start 
near  the  same  place  and  continue  our  explorations  in  an 
easterly  direction,  and  having  examined  the  Upper' 
Rhine  district  we  cross  over  to  the  great  Danubian  basin, 
which  we  follow  downwards  as  far  as  the  lacustrine  trail 
carries  us,  and  ultimately  finish  with  Laibach  near  the 
source  of  the  Drave.  The  third  lecture  is  entirely  oc- 
cupied with  the  palafittes  and  terremare  in  the  Po  valley. 
In  these  wanderings  we  have  virtually  made  a  circuit 
of  the  great  Alpine  chain  of  mountains,  and  have  seen 
that  the  habit  of  constructing  lake-dwellings  was  pre- 
valent in  the  upper  reaches  of  the  four  principal  water- 
ways which  diverge  from  its  flanks,  viz.  the  Rhine, 
Rhone,  Danube,  and  Po. 

The  lake-dwelling  area  thus  surveyed  comprises  all 
the  remains  that  can  unequivocally  be  said  to  belong  to 
the  primary  development  of  these  structures  in  Europe, 
their  period  of  existence  being  almost  exclusively  con- 
fined to  the  prehistoric  ages  of  Stone  and  Bronze.  Such 
being  the  case,  this  might  be  a  suitable  opportunity  for 


PREFACE.  IX 

offering-  some  general  remarks  on  the  culture  and  civili- 
sation of  their  inhabitants ;  but  this  I  defer  to  the  final 
lecture,  thinking  it  preferable  before  doing  so  to  acquaint 
my  readers  with  various  details  of  analogous  remains 
brought  to  light  in  other  districts  in  Europe.  Accord- 
ingly in  the  fourth  lecture  we  continue  our  geographical 
wanderings.  Again  starting  in  Switzerland  we  discuss 
the  peculiar  remains  found  in  La  Tene,  almost  the  only 
exception  to  the  ordinary  Pfahlbauten  of  the  Stone  and 
Bronze  ages  encountered  in  our  previous  tour;  and 
thence,  moving  northwards  by  the  lower  Rhine  district, 
we  pass  to  North  Germany,  where  we  meet  with  settle- 
ments apparently  belonging  to  all  ages.  The  fifth  lecture 
is  exclusively  devoted  to  an  exposition  of  the  crannogs 
and  lake-dwellings  within  the  British  Isles.  In  these 
five  lectures  we  have  thus  surveyed  the  entire  area  in 
Europe  in  which  the  remains  of  ancient  lake-dwellings 
p  have  been  discovered  in  modern  times. 

Excepting  the  well-known  reports  of  Keller  and  a  few 
monographs  on  particular  stations  or  districts,  the  entire 
literature  of  the  subject  may  be  said  to  lie  buried  in 
the  Transactions  of  learned  societies.  Having  to  hunt 
up  and  peruse  most  of  these  obscure  and  almost  inac- 
cessible articles — the  number  and  extent  of  which  may 
be  estimated  by  a  glance  at  the  accompanying  biblio- 
graphy— it  occurred  to  me  that,  by  tabulating  all  the 
works  and  notices  of  these  researches  in  chronological 
sequence,  under  the  names  of  their  respective  authors 
and  with  correct  references  to  their  published  sources,  I 
might  be  conferring  some  benefit  on  future  investigators, 
while  supplying  myself  with  a  simple  and  ready  means 
of  referring  to  authorities,  without  the  necessity  of  hav- 
ing to  repeat  over  and  over  again  the  voluminous  titles 
of  publications.  Hence  the  origin  of  the  bibliography 
appended  to  this  work,  which,  however  imperfect,  will, 
I  trust,  considerably  enhance  its  value.  Its  compilation 
has  given  me  a  great  deal  of  trouble,  and  the  only 
valuable  assistance  I  derived  from  other  publications  of 
6 


X  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

the  kind  was  from  Pigorini's  "  Bibliography  of  Italian 
Archaiology,"  which,  unfortunately,  conies  down  only  to 
1874. 

There  remains  now  only  the  pleasant  duty  of  thanking 
those  who  have  assisted  me  in  bringing  the  work,  so 
far,  to  a  satisfactory  conclusion.  On  this  score  my 
obligations  are  very  great. 

(1)  In  collecting  the  materials  on  the  Continent  my 
work  was  greatly  facilitated  by  introductory  notes  from 
and  to  eminent  archaeologists,  and  among  those  who 
so  honoured  me  I  have  especially  to  mention  EVANS, 
FRANKS,  Voss,  TISCIILER,  the  late  KARL  DKSCHMANN, 
MAJOR  TROLTSCII,  PIGORINI,  and  CASTELFRANCO. 

('2)  To  the  custodians  of  museums  and  the  owners 
of  private  collections  I  am  indebted  for  permission  to 
have  notes  and  sketches  taken  of  objects  in  their  pos- 
session. The  collections  which  have  supplied  me  with 
original  illustrations  are  the  following  :— 


MUSEUMS. 


Aix-les-Bains  :  Musee  de  hi  Ville. 
Annecy  :  Musee  da  la  Ville. 
Avenches  :  Museum  of  Roman  An- 

tifjuifies. 

Bale  :  The  Museum. 
Belfast :  A  ntiquarian  Museum. 
Berlin:  Mdr/cisches  Museum.  Koniyl. 

Museu  m  fiir  Volkerkunde. 
Berne  :  Cantonal  Museum.       Gross 

Coll.  Federal  If  all. 
Bienne  :  Schwab  Museum. 
Bouclry  :  Museum. 
Chambery  :  Muste  de  la  Ville. 
Como  :  Museo  di  Como. 
Constance :  Rosgarten  Museum. 
Dublin  :  Museum  of  the  Royal  Irish 

Academy. 
Edinburgh :    National   Museum   of 

Antiquities. 
Frauenfeld :    Sammlung   der   Hist. 

Gesellscltaft  im  Thuryau. 
Fribourg :  Musee  Cantonal. 


Museum       des 
die    Geschichte  des 


Friedrichshafen 

Vereins  fiir 
Kodensees. 

Geneva  :  Musee  Archeoloyique. 

Isola  Virginia  :  Museo  Ponti. 

Klagenfurt :  Das  Historiche  Museum 
des  Rudoljinums. 

Konigsberg:      Das     Prussia     Mu- 
seum. 

Lai  bach  :  Landesmuseum. 

Lausanne :  Musee  Cantonal. 

Leeu  warden :      Museum     van     het 
Friesch  Genootschap. 

London  :  British  Museum. 

Lucerne  :  Historical,  and  Art-Indus- 
trial Museum  in  the  Rathhaus. 

Mayence  :  Sammluny  des  Stadt  und 
A  Iterthumsvereins. 

Milan  :  Museo  Civico. 

Modena  :  Museo  Civico. 

Morat:    A   small  Collection  in  the 
Gymnasium. 


PREFACE. 


XI 


Munich  :  K.  Ethnographisches  Mu- 
seum. 

Neuchatel :  Musee  Archeologique. 

Parma :  R.  Museo  d'Antichita  di 
Parma. 

Posen  :  Archceological  Museum. 

Reggio :  Museo  Civico  di  Reggio 
d' Emilia. 

Rome :  Museo  Preistorico. 

Schwerin:  Grossherzogl.  Alterthiimer 
Sammlung. 

Sigmaringen  :  Furstl.  Hohenzollerri- 
sches  Museum. 

St.  Germain  (Paris) :  Musee  National. 


Stuttgart :    K.    Kunst-   und   Alter- 

thums- Sammlung,  and  K.  Nalu- 

r  alien- Sammlu  ng . 
Turin  :  Museo  Civico. 
Ueberlingen  :  Steinhaus  Museum. 
Varese  :  Museo  di  Varese. 
Verona  :  Museo  Civico. 
Viadana  :  Museo  Civico. 
Vienna  :     K.     K.     Naturhist  -  Hof- 

Museum  (formerly  K.  K.  Munz- 

und  Antikenkabinei). 
Yverdon  :  Musee  de  la  Ville. 
Zurich :    Sammlung    der   antiquar- 

iscJien  Gesellschaft, 


PRIVATE    COLLECTIONS. 


Boynton,  Thomas,  F.S.A.Scot.,  Bricl- 
lington. 

Castelfranco,  Professor,  Milan. 

Evans,  John,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.  A., 
Hemel  Hempstead. 

Frank,  Oberforster,  Schussenried, 
Wiirttemberg. 

Grainger,  Canon,  Broughshane,  Ire- 
land. 

Restaurant  Lacustre  (Port),  Aix- 
les-Bains. 

Le  Mire,  M.  Jules.  Collection  of 
Relics  from  the  Palafitte  in  the 
Lake  of  Clairvaux,  exhibited  at 
the  International  Exposition, 
Paris,  1889. 

Ley,  Herr,  Bodmann,  Baden. 


|  Leiner,  Herr,  Constance,  Baden. 

Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide,  Malahide 
Castle. 

Messikommer,  Herr  Jacob,  Wetzi- 
kon,  Switzerland. 

Much,  Dr.,  Vienna. 

Quaglia,  Sig.  Giuseppe,  Varese. 

Rabut,  M.,  Chambery.  (This  col- 
lection is  now  in  the  British 
Museum.) 

Rambotti,  Dr.,  Desenzano,  Italy. 

Regazzoni,  Professor.  (Collection 
in  the  Museo  di  Como.} 

Vouga,  M.  A.  (Collection  in  the 
Boudry  Museum.) 

Vouga,  M.  E.,  Marin. 


(3)  Messrs.  Chantre,  Gross,  A.  and  E.  Vouga,  R. 
Forrcr  (editor  of  Antiqua\  and  others,  as  well  as  a  large 
number  of  the  secretaries  of  Archaeological  Societies, 
have  most  cordially  granted  me  permission  to  take 
extracts  or  copy  such  illustrations  from  their  published 
works  as  I  might  think  necessary.  The  instances 
in  which  I  have  availed  myself  of  this  privilege  are 
acknowledged  in  the  text  and  in  the  tabulated  list  of 
illustrations. 


xii  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

(4)  The  following  Societies  have  kindly  allowed  me 
to  use  electrotypes  of  a  number  of  their  woodcuts,  all  of 
which  are  duly  specified  in  the  list  of  illustrations  :— 

Ayr  and  Galloway  Archaeological  Association. 

Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland. 

Anthropological  Society,  London. 

Royal  Archaeological  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

Royal  Irish  Academy. 

Royal  Historical  and  Archaeological  Association  of  Ireland. 

(5)  The  bibliography  was  to  a  large  extent  compiled 
at  the  British  Museum  Library,  where  I  found  greater 
facilities  for  such  work  than   in   any  similar  institution 
on  the  Continent.     In  addition  to  ready  access  to  public 
libraries,  I  have  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  a  number 
of  valuable  annotations  and  references  in  special  libraries 
attached  to  museums  or  belonging  to  Societies.     Among 
the    archaeologists    who    have    thus    aided    me    I    have 
specially  to   mention    MM.  PIGORINI,  Voss,  and   REINACH 
(St.   Germain).     The   Hon.    H.    A.   Dillon,   Secretary   of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  supplied  me  with  the  refer- 
ence to  the  capture  of  an  Irish  crannog  by  the  English, 
quoted  at  page  482. 

My  learned  friend  Joseph  Anderson,  LL.D.,  greatly 
assisted  me  in  revising  the  proof  sheets. 

For  all  these  varied  and  valuable  contributions  to 
this  work,  as  well  as  for  the  many  acts  of  kindness 
and  good  wishes  received  during  our  peregrinations,  I 
now  express  my  warmest  thanks  and  gratitude. 

Edinburgh,  15th   May,  1890. 


CONTENTS. 


jffrst 

SETTLEMENTS   IN    LAKE   ZURICH,   WESTERN   SWITZERLAND, 
AND    FRANCE. 

PAGES 

Introductory — -First  Discovery  of  Lake-Dwellings  at  Ober-Meilen 

Early  Investigators — General  Scope  of  Lectures — Descriptive 
Notices  of  Settlements  in  the  Lake  of  Zurich — Investigations 
in  the  Jura  Lakes,  and  Archaeological  Result  of  the  "Correction 
des  Eaux  du  Jura  " — Detailed  Notices  of  the  Stations  in  the 
Lakes  of  Bienne,  Neuchatel,  Morat,  Inkwyl,  Burgaschi, 
Moosseedorf ,  Sempach,  Wauwyl,  Zug,  Baldegg,  Geneva,  Luissel, 
Bourget,  Annecy,  Aiguebellette,  and  Clairvaux  ...  ...  1 — 109 


dwonlt  ittturr* 

SETTLEMENTS   IN   EASTERN   SWITZERLAND,   THE    DANUBIAN 
VALLEY,  AND   CAUNIOLA. 

Character  of  Pfahlbauten  in  Peat  Bogs — Descriptive  Notices  of 
Stations  in  Lake  Pfaffikon,  Egelsee,  Greifensee,  the  Peat 
Moors  at  Heimenlachen,  and  in  the  Lakes  of  Nussbaumen, 
Constance,  Mindli,  Bussen,  Feder,  Olzreuthe,  Starnberg,  Atter, 
Mond,  and  Fuschl — Suggestive  Remains  in  Neusiedlersee — 
Pile  Structures  in  Hungary — Early  Researches  in  the  Lakes 
of  Carinthia  and  Carniola — Remarkable  Discoveries  in  Laibach 
Moor — Notices  of  supposed  Beaver-traps  and  similar  Machines 
found  in  North  Germany,  Italy,  and  Ireland  110 — 185 


xiv  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Cbirt  lerturr. 

LAKE   DWELLINGS  AND   PILE  STRUCTURES   IN   ITALY. 

PAGES 

First  discovered  at  Mercurago.  (a)  Western  Lake- Settlements  in 
tlie  Po  Valley :  Notices  of  Stations  in  Lake  Varese  and  the 
adjoining  Turbaries  of  Biandrono,  Cassago-Brabbia,  and 
Pustenga — Researches  in  the  Lakes  of  Monate  and  Varano ; 
in  the  Turbaries  of  Mombello,  Valcuvia,  and  Brenno  ;  in  the 
Lakes  of  Annone  and  Pusiano,  and  in  the  Turbaries  of  Bosisio, 
Capriano,  Maggiolino,  Mercurago,  Borgo-Ticino,  and  San 
Martino — Remarkable  Station  in  Lagozza.  (b)  Eastern  Lake- 
Settlements  in  the  Po  Valley:  Descriptive  Notices  of  the 
Stations  in  the  Lakes  of  Garda,  Fimon,  and  Arqua-Petrarca, 
and  in  the  Turbaries  of  Polada  and  Cascina.  (c)  Terremare  : 
Discovery  and  Significance  of  the  Terramara  Deposits — 
Special  Investigations  at  Castione — Notices  of  further  Typical 
Stations  at  Montale,  Casale  Zaffanella,  and  Gorzano — General 
Remarks  on  Terramara  Settlements  —  Their  Distribution, 
Relics,  and  Organic  Remains  ...  ...  ...  ...  186 — 276 


jfourtb  ifcturr* 

SPECIAL  CHARACTER  OF  THE  REMAINS  FOUND  AT  LA  TENE, 
AND  IN  THE  LAKE  OF  PALADRU  :  LACUSTRINE  AND 
MARINE  DWELLINGS  IN  THE  LOWER  RHINE  DISTRICT 
AND  NORTH  GERMANY. 

Descriptive  Notice  of  Antiquities  found  at  La  Tene  and  in  the 
Lake  of  Paladru — Notices  of  Stations  in  the  Palatinate,  at 
Deule  a  Houplin,  and  of  one  of  a  remarkable  character  near 
Maastricht — Detailed  Notices  of  Stations  in  (a)  Mecklenburg, 
(b)  Pomerania  and  Central  Prussia,  (c)  Posen  and  Poland,  and 
(d)  East  Prussia  and  Livland — General  Remarks  on  the 
Settlements  of  North  Germany  and  their  relation  to  the 
Burgwdlle — Ancient  Marine  Dwellings  on  the  Coasts  of  Hol- 
land and  Western  Germany — Terpen,  Warfen,a,nd  Wurthen  277 — 348 


CONTENTS.  XV 

jffftl)  lerture* 

THE   LAKE    DWELLINGS   OF   GREAT   BRITAIN   AND   IRELAND. 

PAGES 

I. — IRISH  CRANNOGS  :  First  Discovery  of  a  Crannog  at  Lagore — 
Subsequent  Discoveries,  especially  during  the  workings  of  the 
Commissioners  for  the  arterial  drainage  of  Ireland — General 
Features  of  Crannogs  then  observed,  with  Notes  of  the  Relics 
collected  on  them — Notices  of  typical  Crannogs  at  Randals- 
town  and  Tonymore — Researches  of  Messrs.  G.  H.  Kiiiahan 
and  W.  F.  Wakeman — Crannogs  in  the  County  of  Fermanagh 
— Recent  Discoveries  at  Lisnacroghera  and  in  Lough  Mourne 
— List  of  Irish  Crannogs,  alphabetically  arranged,  with  Notes 
and  References. 

II. — SCOTTISH  CRANNOGS  :  Historical  Notice  of  their  Discovery — 
Details  of  Characteristic  Stations  at  Dowalton,  Lochlee, 
Lochspouts,  Buston,  Airrieoulland,  Barhapple,  White  Loch 
of  Ravenstone,  and  Friar's  Carse — Stone  Lake-Dwellings  and 
other  Artificial  Islands — List  of  Scottish  Crannogs,  alphabeti- 
cally arranged,  with  Notes  and  References. 

III. — ENGLISH  LAKE-DWELLINGS  :  The  meres  of  Norfolk  and 
Suffolk,  etc. — Pile  Structures  in  London — Crannog  in  Llangorse 
Lake,  Wales — Suggestive  Remains  in  Berks — Recent  Lacus- 
trine Discoveries  in  Holderness. 

IV. — GENERAL  REMARKS  ON  LAKE-DWELLINGS  WITHIN  THE 
BRITISH  ISLES  :  Their  Structure  and  Modes  of  Access,  Gang- 
ways, and  Canoes — Their  Local  Distribution  and  Ethno- 
graphical Significance— Their  Range  in  Time— Their  Relation 
to  Analogous  Remains  in  Europe 349 — 494 


lecture* 

THE   LAKE-DWELLERS    OF   EUROPE:   THEIR   CULTURE   AND 
CIVILISATION. 

Founders    of    the    earliest    Lake-Dwellings    lived    in    the    Stone 
Age,   and  were  acquainted  with  agriculture,   the  rearing  of 


XVI  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

PAGES 

cattle,  and  various  industries — Art  of  Boring  and  Sawing 
Stones — Jade  Implements  and  their  significance  among  the 
Lake-Dwellers — Introduction  of  Metals — Transition  Period 
and  Copper  Age  (?) — Bronze  Age  and  its  characteristic  Arts 
and  Industries — Osteological  Remains  of  the  Lake-Dwellers — 
Iron  Age — The  sudden  appearance  of  Implements  and  Wea- 
pons of  Iron  among  the  Swiss  Lake-Dwellers  indicates  a  new 
Race  of  People — Who  were  these  new  comers  ? — Distribution 
of  La  Tene  Civilisation  in  Europe — General  Conclusions  . . .  495 — 554 

Bibliography  of  Lake-Dwelling  Researches  in  Europe 555 — 583 

Index          .   585 — 600 


LIST    OF     ILLUSTRATIONS. 


LAKE    ZURICH. 

TP1G.  PAGE 

1. — OBER-MEILEN  :  No.  1,  Flint  knife — 2,  Flint  saw  in  its  wooden 
handle  —  3  and  4,  Stone  axes  —  5,  Bronze  axe  —  6,  Bear's 
tooth,  perforated — 7,  Hammer  of  staghorn  —  8,  13,  and  17, 

Perforated  stone  axes — 9,  Amber  bead — 10,   Bronze  armlet 

11    and     15,    Stone    axes    or    chisels    in    horn    handles — 12, 
Polisher    of    stone,    with     small    perforation    for    string  — 14, 
Spindle-whorl  of  earthenware — 16,  Flint  arrow-point      ...          ...        6 

No.  5  in  Museum  Schwab,  and  the  rest  in  Antiq.  Museum  at  Zurich. 

2. — BAUSCHANZE,  KLEINER  HAFNER,  AXD  GROSSER  HAFNER  :  Nos. 
1  to  7,  Specimens  of  pottery  —  8,  Spindle-whorl  of  earthen- 
ware— 9,  Bone  needle — 10,  Horn  implement — 11,  Flax-heckler 
of  bones — 12,  Bone  dagger — 13  and  14,  Mortised  beams — 
15  and  16,  Flint  implements — 17,  Bear's  tooth,  perforated— 
18  and  28,  Ornamental  bracelets— 19  and  27,  Pendants— 20,  In- 
volved rings — 21  and  22,  Agricultural  implements  of  horn — 23, 
Fish-hook  of  bone — 24  to  26,  Bronze  pins — 29,  Part  of  a  chain 
— 30,  Ornamented  knife — 31,  Earthenware  vase,  placed  on  a  clay 
support  ring — 32,  Bronze  implement,  with  handle — 33  to  37, 
Various  tools  and  a  spiral.  (These  objects  are  of  bronze  when 
not  otherwise  specified)  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  11 

Nos.  1  to  17  after  Keller  (B.  336,  PI.  i.  and  ii.),  the  rest,  with  the 
exception  of  21  to  23  and  31,  from  Antigua,  1883.  Nearly  all  in  Zurich 
Museum. 

3. — WOLLISHOFEN  :  Nos.  1  and  2,  Grip-ends  of  two  swords — 3,  4,  5, 
and  14,  Various  forms  of  arrow-heads — 6,  8  to  11,  19,  and  23  to 
26,  Specimens  of  pins — 7,  Ornamented  socketed  spear-head — 12 
and  18,  Wheel  ornaments— 13  and  15,  Bracelets — 16,  Comb — 
17,  Copper  flat  celt — 20,  Fibula,  with  small  ring  on  its  twisted 
pin — 21  and  27,  Button  and  stud — 22,  Handsome  vase — 28, 
Finger-ring — 29  to  31,  Pendants — 32,  An  ornamented  wheel  of 
tin — 33,  A  twisted  ring  with  eight  small  rings — 34,  Fish-hook— 
35,  Axe  from  Letten.  (All  bronze,  with  the  exception  of  No.  17)  14 

All  in  Zurich  Museum.  One  or  two  of  the  pins  are  after  Heierli 
(B.  448). 

4. — WOLLISHOFEN  :  Nos.  1  to  7,  Chisels,  etc. — 8  and  18,  Hammers — 
9  and  10,  Sword-handled  implements— 1 1  to  15,  Various  forms 
of  knives— 16,  20,  and  25,  Hatchets— 17  and  22,  Fragments  of 


XVlii  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

FIG.  PAGE 

dishes— 19,  Ring-handle — 21,  Anvil.  (All  the  above  objects  are 
of  bronze.) — 23,  Leaden  cake  with  bronze  loop — 24,  Another 
similar  object,  with  two  loops  (from  Onens) — 26,  Bronze  needle  15 

All  the  objects  are  in  the  Zurich  Museum.  No.  24  after  Heierli 
(B.  448). 

5. — WOLLISHOFEN  :  Nos.  1  to  4,  7,  9,  11,  and  12,  Specimens  of 
pottery — 5  and  10,  Clay  bobbins — 6,  Two  views  of  a  fragmentary 
wheel  of  earthenware — 8,  Crescent  (restored)  of  burnt  clay — 1 3 
to  20,  Various  forms  of  Spindle-whorls  of  earthenware  ...  ...  17 

All  in  Zurich  Museum.  Xos.  9,  11,  and  12  after  Heierli  (B.  462, 
PI.  ix.). 

LAKE    OF    BIENNE. 

6.—  MOEKINGEN  :  Nos.  1   and  3,  Pendants — 2,  14,  and  15,  Vessels — 
4,  9,  and  10,  Fibula? — 5,   Handle  of  rapier,   21   inches  long — 6, 
Knife  with  solid  handle  (bronze)— 7,  Saw — 8,  Ornamented  brace- 
let— 11  and  16,  Razors, — 12  and  17,  Socketed  chisel  and  gouge — 
13,  Hammer,  with  socket  and  loop  ...          ...          ...          ...      29 

All  bronze,  and  after  Desor  (B.  252). 

7. — VINELZ  :  Nos.  1  to  8,  Flint  arrow-points — 9,  Flint  scraper — 10 
to  12,  Flint  daggers,  one  (No.  11)  in  wooden  handle,  surrounded 
by  a  withe — 13,  Stone  axe  in  V-shaped  horn-fixer — 14,  Stone 
bead — 15,  16,  and  18,  Bone  pins — 17,  Copper  awl  in  bone  handle 
—19,  Object  of  superficial  plate  of  a  boar's  tusk,  perforated  with 
four  holes— 20  and  21,  Horn  buttons— 22  to  28,  30,  and  31, 
Various  tools  and  articles  of  copper — 29,  32,  and  33,  Specimens 
of  pottery  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  35 

All  the  objects  in  Cantonal  Museum  at  Berne  (No.  29  after  B.  462, 
PI.  xviii.  10). 

LAKE    OF    NEUCHATEL. 

8. — ST.  BLAISE  :  Nos.  1  to  18,  Various  implements  and  tools  of  copper 
(with  exception  of  No.  4 — bronze)  — 19,  Stone  wrist-bracer — 
20,  Horn  implement,  polished  and  perforated — 21,  Horn  spear- 
head— 22  to  24,  Bone  pins — 25  and  26,  Stone  axes,  one  par- 
tially perforated — 27,  Fossil  ammonite,  perforated  for  suspension 
as  an  ornament — 28,  Flint  dagger  in  wooden  handle  ...  ...  41 

Nos.  8,  10  to  19,  21.  25,  and  27  after  Antiqua;  No.  2  in  Neuchatel 
Museum  ;  No.  28  in  E.  Vouga's  collection ;  the  remaining  Nos.  after 
Anzeiger  (B.  376a). 

9. — AUVERNIER  :  Nos.  1  to  8,  Hatchets  of  various  forms — 9  to  11, 
Knives — 12  and  18,  Chisel  and  gouge — 13,  19,  and  20,  Ham- 
mers— 14,  Star-like  ornament — 15  and  16,  Sickles — 17  and  24, 
Pendants — 21,  A  small  anvil — 22,  One  valve  of  mould  for 
winged  celt.  (All  the  above  are  of  bronze.) — 23,  A  trilocular 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS.  xix 

FIG- 

cup  of  earthenware — 25,  Bone  disc,  ornamented  with  concentric 
circles — 26,  Bone  implement  perforated  in  middle — 27,  Bronze 
spiral — 28,  Stone  anvil  in  wooden  casing  ...  ...  ...  43 

Nos.  1  to  6  and  13  in  Dr.  Evans's  collection  ;  Nos.  8, 12,  and  24  after 
Desor  (B.  95,  Figs.  36,  46,  and  66)  ;  and  the  rest  in  the  Gross  Collection 
at  Berne. 

10. — CORTAILLOD  AND  BcvAix  (16,  18  and  23  to  26) :  No.  1,  Involved 

pendant  of  bronze  rings — 2,   Large   fish-hook — 3,    Torque 4,. 

Ornamented  socketed  spear — 5,  Tip  of  a  sword  sheath — 6,  Fibula . 

7,  Earring— 10,  12,  and  21,  Pendants— 13  to  15  and  26,  Bracelets 
—16  and  18,  Axes— 17,  Wheel— 19,  Sword— 20,  Cup— 22, 
Stud — 23  and  24,  Pins,  one  with  an  ornamented  flat  disc  as  a 
head — 25,  Razor.  (All  the  above  are  of  bronze.)  No.  8,  Horn 
harpoon — 9,  A  small  earthenware  vase,  with  four  small  holes  for 
suspension — 11,  Pendant,  the  composition  of  which  is  unknown  46 

Nos.  1,  2,8,  9,  and  11  in  Museum  at  Boudry  ;  3  to  6  and  13,  after 
Vouga  (B.  414a)  ;  10,  12,  18,  and  21  in  Schwab's  Museum  ;  19,  in 
Museum  at  Bale;  15,  17,  and  22  after  Keller  (B.  61  and  286)  ;  14,  16, 
and  23  to  26  after  Desor  (B.  95  and  252)  ;  20,  after  Gross  (B.  392, 
PL  xxii.  8). 

11. — CONCISE  AND  CORCELETTES  :  No  1,  Bronze  necklace— 2,  Bronze 
pin,  with  tin  head — 3,  8,  10,  and  11,  Bronze  pins — 4  arid  5,  Tin 
wheels — -6,  A  hollow  bronze  ring — 7,  Wooden  comb — 9,  12,  and 
13,  Bronze  pendants — 14,  Bracelet  of  lignite — 15,  Spectacle 
ornament  of  bronze — -16,  Bronze  rod,  with  terminal  rings — 17, 
horn  pendant — 18,  Amber  bead,  attached  to  a  portion  of  bronze 
wire — 19,  Bronze  knife  in  horn  handle — 20,  Bronze  tube— 21  and 
22,  Vessels  of  pottery — 23,  Centre  portion  of  a  bronze  horse-bit 
— 24,  Handle  and  tip  of  bronze  sword  ...  ...  ...  ...  56 

Nos.  1,  6,  and  12  after  Vouga  (B.  414d)  ;  16  and  21  to  23  in 
Museum  at  Lausanne  ;  20  in  Museum  at  Boudry  ;  24,  Dr.  Evans'  Col- 
lection ;  the  rest  from  Antiqua  (1886,  PI.  x.,  xi.,  and  xii.,  and  1888, 
PL  viii.) 

12. — ESTAVAYER  :  No.  1,  Sickle — 2  and  3,  Wheel  ornaments — 4, 
12,  14,  and  26,  Various  forms  of  fibulse — 5,  Comb — 6  and  10, 
Pendants — 7,  Razor-knife  — 8,  Saw— 9,  Button  — 11,  Double- 
legged  pin — 13,  Portion  of  chain  ornament — 15,  Amber  bead — 
16,  Gold  earring— 17,  19,  and  23,  Bronze  axes — 18,  22,  24, 
30,  and  31,  Various  forms  of  bronze  knives  —  20,  Perforated 
hammer — 21,  Vessel  of  pottery — 25,  Flint  arrow-point  —  27, 
Disc-shaped  head  of  a  pin — 28,  Portion  of  a  spiral-headed  pin — 
29,  Horn  object  (see  page  511).  (All  of  bronze,  except  when 
otherwise  specified) ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  62 

Nos.  1  to  11,  17,  19,  21,  24,  and  25  in  Museum  of  Fribourg ;  12  ,13, 
18,  20,  23,  30,  and  31  in  Cantonal  Museum,  Berne ;  15,  16,  22,  and  29 
after  Keller  (B.  336)  ;  14  and  27  after  Antiqua  (B.  449);  26  after 
Vouga  (B.  414c)  ;  28  in  Collection  Gross. 


XX  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

FIG.  PAGE 

13. — CHEVROUX,  FOREL,  AND  PORTALBAN  :  No.  1,  Flint  dagger  in 
wooden  handle — 2,  Copper  chisel — 3,  Bronze  pendant — 4  and  6, 
Bone  pins — 5,  Flint  arrow-point — 7,  Amber  bead — 8  and  14, 
Vases  of  coarse  pottery — 9,  Bronze  comb — 10,  Bronze  fibula — 
11,  Bronze  razor  with  handle — 12,  Globular  head  of  bronze  pin 
with  perforations — 13,  17,  and  18,  Pendants  of  Horn — 15,  Iron 
Implement — 16,  Copper  dagger — 19,  Implement  of  jawbone  of 
a  deer — 20,  Horn  bracelet — 21,  Bronze  bracelet — 22,  Bronze 
rings  (jwrtemonnaie)  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  65 

Nos.  1,  3  to  6,  8,  and  14  in  Museum  at  Lausanne  ;  2  and  16  in  Can- 
tonal Museum,  Berne  ;  10,  11,  12,  and  17  to  20  after  Vouga  (B.  414b 
and  414d)  ;  15  after  Troyon  (B.  31)  ;  21  in  Museum,  Fribourg ;  22 
after  Antigua  (B.  449). 

LAKE    OF    MORAT. 

14. — VALLAMAND  AND  GRENG-!NSEL  :  No.  1,  Iron  knife,  with  the 
tang  and  portion  of  back  of  bronze — 2,  4,  and  10,  Bronze  pen- 
dants— 3,  Fish-hook  with  portion  of  wire  attached  (bronze) — 5, 
Bronze  rod,  with  oblong  perforations  and  curved  ends — 6,  Orna- 
mented bronze  chisel — 7,  Bronze  button — 8,  Bronze  razor  in 
wooden  case — 9,  Portion  of  flint  dagger,  beautifully  chipped — 1 1 
and  12,  Bronze  combs — 13  to  16  and  18,  Specimens  of  pottery — 
17  and  20,  Objects  of  horn— 19,  Bronze  dagger  (Roman?)— 21, 
Pin,  with  portion  of  chain  attached — longer  in  the  actual  speci- 
men (bronze)  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  72 

Nos.  1  and  3  after  Heierli  (B.  462)  ;  2, 4  to  7,  and  10  to  13  in  Museum 
at  Lausanne  ;  8,  14, 15  and  18  in  Cantonal  Museum,  Berne  ;  9  and  17  in 
Museum  at  Morat ;  16  after  Keller  (B.  61)  ;  19  and  20  in  Museum  at 
Avenches  ;  21,  Collection  Gross. 

LAKE    OF    SEMPACH. 
15. — Nos.  1  to  7  and  11,  Various  bronze  implements  and  weapons — 

8,  9,  and  10,  Stone  axes,  perforated  and  beautifully  polished     ...      77 
All  in  Museum  at  Lucerne. 

LAKES    OF    WAUWYL,    ZUG,    AND    BALDEGG. 
16. — No.  1,  Perforated  stone  implement — 2  and  3,  Portions  of  stone 
axes,  one  showing  commencement  of   secondary  perforation — 4 
and  5,  Stone  chisels,  one  in  bone  handle — 6,  Bone  dagger — 7, 
Horn  harpoon — 8,  Polished  stone,  curiously  shaped  and  perfo- 
rated for  suspension — 9  to  11,  Pottery — 12,  Cup  made  of  stag- 
horn...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          _       79 

All  in  Museum  at  Lucerne,  except  No  8 — Museum,  Zurich. 

LAKE  OF  GENEVA. 

17. — MORGES,  THONON,  AND  ST.  PBEX. — No.  1,  Bit  of  pottery,  with 
herring-bone  pattern — 2  and  3,  Armillce  sacra;  (see  page  531) — 4, 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS.  XX  i 

FIG- 

Bracelet— 5,  Curious  object — 6,  Fish-hook — 7,  Sword — 8,  Mould 
—9,  Pendant— 10,  Anklet— 11,  and  16  to  18,  Various  forms  of 
knives — 12  to  15,  Celts  or  axes.  (All  of  bronze)  ...  ...  84 

Nos.  1,  14,  and  18  in  Museum  at  Annecy ;  2  to  6  after  Keller  (B. 
286)  ;  7  and  8  after  Troyon  (B.  31)  ;  9  and  10  after  Rabut  (B.  138) ;  16, 
after  Perrin  (B.  282)  ;  11  to  13,  and  17  in  Museum  at  Lausanne. 

18. — GENEVA  AND  TOUGUES  (9,  10,  12,  and  13):  Nos.  1  to  4,  and 
10,  Various  forms  of  bronze  celts — 5,  Bronze  knife — 6,  Stone 
mould — 7,  Portion  of  bronze  fibula — 8,  11,  and  14  to  17,  Bronze 
pendants — 9,  Bronze  sickle  with  raised  knob — 12  and  13, 

Earthenware  dishes  ornamented  on  the  inner  side 18  and  19, 

Bronze  razors  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...      91 

All  in  the  Museum  of  Geneva,  except  9  and  19  in  Museum  at 
Annecy. 

LAKE   OF  LUISSEL. 

19. — Nos  1  to  3,  Handles  of  three  bronze  swords,  with  the  tips  of 
the  first  two — 4,  The  bronze  tip  of  a  scabbard — 5,  Small  bronze 
ring  ...  94 

No.  1  in  Museum  at  Lausanne  ;  2  and  3  in  Cantonal  Museum, 
Berne  ;  4  and  5  after  Troyon  (B.  31). 

LAKE   OF   BOURGET. 

20. — Nos.  1  to  4,  Socketed  spear-heads — 5,  12,  and  15,  Daggers — 
6,  7,  8,  13,  and  14,  Knives— 9  to  11,  and  17,  Hatchets— 16, 
Sword  handle — 18,  Socketed  hammer  with  side  loop — 19,  Chisel 
—20  and  21,  Sickles— 22  and  23,  Razors— 24,  Tweezers— 25, 
Girdle  clasp— 26,  Stone  mould.  (All  bronze  except  No.  26)  ...  100 

Xos.  1,  3,  4,  6,  9,  and  20,  in  Museum  of  St.  Germain  :  2,  11,  and  21, 
in  the  Collection  at  Restaurant  Lacustre  (Port)  ;  5,  8,  12.  14  to  16, 
25  and  26,  in  Museum  at  Chambery ;  7,  Collection  Rabut ;  10  in 
Museum  at  Aix-les-Bains  ;  13,  17  to  19,  22  and  23,  Collection  Costa 
de  Beauregard  (after  Perrin,  B.  179). 

21. — Nos.  1  and  2,  Bronze  tubes  with  loose  rings — 3  to  6,  and  12, 
Objects  of  unknown  use— 7,  Spiral  finger  ring— 8,  11,  and  14, 
Vessels— 9,  Needle— 10,  18,  19,  21,  30  and. 31,  Pins— 13,  22  to 
26,  and  32,  Various  forms  of  arrow-points— 15,  Portion  of  clay 
ceiling  ornamented  with  concentric  circles — 16,  17,  and  29, 
Ornamented  bracelets — 20,  Bronze  tip  of  a  sword  sheath — 27, 
Amber  bead — 28,  Glass  bead — 33,  Bronze  button — 34  to  37, 
Pottery,  portions  of  dishes  and  a  percolator.  (All  bronze, 
except  when  otherwise  specified)  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...101 

Nos.  1,  2,  15  and  36,  in  Museum  at  Aix-les-Bains  ;  3,  7,  9  and  10,  in 
Museum,  St.  Germain  ;  4,  6,  and  12,  in  Restaurant  Lacustre  (Port)  ;  5, 8, 
11,  23,  24.  26.  to  28,  30,  32,  and  33,  in  Museum  at  Chambery  ;  13,  14,  16, 
18  to  22,  25  and  31,  Collection  Costa  (after  Perrin,  B.  179)  ;  17,  29,  34, 
35  and  37,  after  Rabut  (B.  138). 


xxii  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

FIG.  PAOE 

LAKE   OF  ANNECY. 

22.— No.  1,  Bronze  flat  celt— 2  Bronze  pin— 3,  Copper  bead— 4, 
Bronze  anklet  (after  Rabut) — 5,  6,  and  7,  Flint  weapons — 8, 
and  9,  Stone  axes — 10,  Arrow-point  of  clay  schist  ...  103 

All  in  Museum  at  Annecy. 

LAKE   OF  CLAIBVAUX. 

23. — Nos.  1  to  4,  Flint  weapons — 5,  Horn  chisel,  with  handle  as 
part  of  the  horn — 6  and  8,  Stone  axes  in  horn  settings  or 
handles — 7,  Horn  hammer-axe,  with  portion  of  the  wooden 
handle  still  remaining — 9,  13,  and  14,  Bone  implements — 10,  A 
flat  object  of  polished  stone  with  a  small  perforation  at  one  end 
— 11  and  12,  Bronze  dagger  and  chisel — 15,  Wooden  dish  ...  10G 

Xo.  15,  After  Le  Mire  (B.  219),  the  rest  from  a  collection  exhibited 
at  the  Paris  International  Exposition  of  1890. 

LAKE   OF  PFAFFIKON. 

24. — ROBENHAUSEN  :  No.  1,  Flint  arrow-point — 2,  Bone  arrow-point 
— 3,  Pendant  of  red  stone — 4,  Copper  celt — 5  and  G,  Small  red 
stones,  with  a  series  of  round  perforations — 7,  Horn  cup — 8, 
Stone  celt  in  horn  casing  (Museum  of  Mayence) — 9,  Nephrite 
chisel  in  horn  handle  (Museum,  Munich) — 10,  Hammer  stone — 
11,  Bronze  celt — 12,  Horn  hammer  partially  perforated — 13, 
Perforated  stone  disc — 14,  Fragments  of  pottery  (one  from 
Antiqua,  1885)— 15,  Wooden  knife— 16,  17,  and  18,  Earthen- 
ware dishes,  one  resting  on  a  clay  ring — 19  and  23,  Stone  axes 
with  wooden  handles — 20  and  21,  Clay  weights — 22,  Earthen- 
ware crucible — 24,  Implement  of  wood,  supposed  to  be  hook  for 
picking  up  fishing  lines  (Museum,  Berne) — 25,  Roll  of  yarn 

(after  Keller,  B.  126)— 26,  Wooden  club  115 

All,  except  as  above  spec! led,  in  the  Zurich  Museum. 

25. — ROBENHAUSEN  :  Specimens  of  cloth,  fringes,  ropes,   matting  of 

bast,  nets,  etc 117 

All  from  Antiqua  (1882-3,  PI.  vii.  and  viii.  ;  and  1885,  PI.  ii.). 

NIEDERWYL. 

26. — No.  1,  Flint  saw  in  wooden  handle — 2,  Inverted  dish  of  earthen- 
ware, showing  rudimentary  feet  and  an  ornamentation  of  hollow 
dots  in  lines — 3,  Clay  weight — 4,  5,  and  6,  Earthenware  vessels 
—7,  Stone  hatchet  in  wooden  handle — 8  and  9,  Stone  axes — 10, 
Band  of  birch-bark,  neatly  punctured  (B.  336,  PI.  vi.  10)  ...  122 

Nos.  1,  3,  5,  7,  and  8  after  B.  62  ;  2  after  Antigua,  1884,  PI.  3(i ; 
the  rest  in  the  Zurich  Museum. 


LIST     OF     ILLUSTRATIONS.  xxiii 

FIG. 

LAKE    OF    CONSTANCE. 

27. — WANGEN  :  Nos.  1  to  3,  Flint  arrow-points — 4,  Flax  comb  of 
bones — 5  and  6,  Stone  axes  in  horn  handles — 7,  8,  and  9,  Per- 
forated stone  axes — 10,  Stone  chisel — 11  and  16,  Various  forms 
of  fish-hooks  of  bone — 12  and  13,  Ornamented  spindle- whorls  of 
earthenware — 14,  Stone  pendant — 15,  Flint  saw  in  wooden 
handle— 17  to  19,  Specimens  of  earthenware  dishes — 20,  Per- 
forated stone  disc  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  126 

Nos.  5,  7  to  9.  and  20  from  Museum  at  Sigmaringen  ;    14  and  18 
Rosgarten  Museum,  Constance  ;  tha  rest  in  Zurich  Museum. 

28. — UNTERSEE,  MINDLISEE,  AND  BUSSENSEE  (the  two  latter  lakes 
are  in  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Constance) :  No.  1,  Stone  chisel  in 
horn  handle  (Markelfingen) — 2  and  3,  Copper  pins — 4,  5,  and  7, 
Bronze  pins  (Insel  Weerd) — 6,  Bronze  knife  (Insel  Weerd) — 8, 
Amber  disc  (Antiqua,  1884,  Fig.  60)— 9,  Amber  bead  (Ibid.,  1883, 

Fig.  20)— 1 0,  Perforated  stone  implement — 1 1 ,  Copper  dagger 1 2, 

Curious  stone  axe — 13,  Stone  celt  with  small  hole  for  suspension 
(Steckborn)— 14  and  15,  Bronze  implements  (imperfect)  — 16, 
Metal  bracelet — 17,  Tortoise-shell,  perforated  with  two  holes — 18, 
Bone  whistle — 19,  Horn  harpoon  (both  the  latter  from  Steck- 
born)  131 

Nos.  1  and  16  from  Museum  at  Friedrichshafen  ;  2  to  7,  10  to  12,  14, 
and  15  Rosgarten  Museum,  Constance ;  13,  18  and  19  after  Antiqua, 
1885,  and  17  Hid.,  1883,  Fig.  19. 

29. — BAY  OF  CONSTANCE  :  No.  1,  Bronze  object — 2  and  3,  Bronze 
pins — 4  to  6,  Fragments  of  ornamented  pottery — 7,  9,  and  10, 
earthenware  dishes — 8,  Neck  of  dish  with  graduated  holes  (see 
Fig.  11,  No.  21,  and  Fig.  14,  No.  16)— 11  and  12,  Flint  imple- 
ments— 13,  Fragment  of  stone  axe  partially  perforated — 14  and 
1 5,  Broken  stone  axes  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  134 

All  from  Rosgarten  Museum,  except  Nos.  14  and  15  from  Friedrichs- 
hafen Museum. 

30.— BODMANN:  Nos.  1,  2,  4,  6,  7,  8,  10  and  14,  Bone  implements— 
3  and  5,  Horn  spears— 9,  Bronze  fibula  (Roman) — 11  to  13, 
Group  of  3  bronze  celts — 15,  Stone  celt  in  horn  handle — 16, 
Bone  pointer  in  horn  handle — 17,  Flint  saw  in  handle  of  horn 
(reindeer?) — 18,  Clay  spindle- whorl  (ornamented) — 19,  Fish-hook 
of  bone — 20  and  21,  Earthenware  vessels  ...  ...  ...  137 

Nos.  5,  6,  10  and  21  from  Friedrichshafen  Museum  ;  11  to  13  from 
Mr.  Ley's  Collection  at  Bodmann  ;  the  rest  from  Rosgarten  Museum, 
Constance. 

31. — NUSSDORF,  MAURACH,  LUTZELSTETTEN,  etc.  :  Nos.  1  to  5,  Flint 
implements  and  weapons — 6  and  7,  Bone  combs — 8,  Bone  chisel 
9  to  13,  Pendant,  needle,  and  daggers  of  Bone — 14  and  15,  Clay 
spindle- whorls — 16  to  19,  Copper  celts  (Maurach) — 20,  Forepart 


XXIV  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

FIG.  FACIE 

of  stone  axe — 21,  Flat,  circular  pendant  of  stone — 22,  Fish-hook 
of  boar's  tusk — 23,  Staghorn  hammer,  with  portion  of  wooden 
handle — 24,  Nephrite  knife  in  horn  handle  (Dingelsdorf) — 25, 
Flint  saw  in  its  handle— 26  and  27,  Pottery  140 

Nos.  25  to  27  (Liitzelstetten)  from  Rosgarten  Museum,  Constance, 
and  all  the  rest  from  the  Antiq.  Museum  at  Stuttgart. 

32. — UNTER-UHLDINGEN  :  Nos.  1  to  3,  29  and  30,  Bronze  axes — 
4  to  8,  14,  24  and  25,  Ornamental  pins  of  bronze — 9  and  12, 
Bronze  knives — 10  and  13,  Bronze  chisel  and  awl — 11,  Iron 
knife— 15,  Iron  fibula— 16,  Clay  bobbin— 17,  Socketed  spear  of 
bronze — 18  and  19,  Bronze  fish-hooks — 20,  Spiral  bronze  arm- 
ring — 21  and  22,  Couple  of  bronze  bracelets — 23,  Bronze  sickle 
— 26,  Iron  spear — 27,  Fragment  of  pottery — 28,  Circular  die  or 
stamp  q£  earthenware  ...  ...  ...  ...  1 43 

All  from  the  Museum  at  Stuttgart,   except  No.   20— Rosgarten 
Museum,  Constance. 

33. — HALTNAU  (3,  5  and  13)  AND  HAGNAU  :  Nos.  1  to  5,  Various 
forms  of  flat  bronze  celts — 6,  Bronze  bracelet— 7,  8,  and  10, 
bronze  pins — 11,  Curious  implement  of  bronze — 9,  Bronze  knife 
•—12  and  13  Bronze  ring  ornaments — 14,  Iron  knife  ...  ...  145 

Nos.  3.  4  and  9  from  Museum  at  Friedrichshafen  ;  the  rest  in  Ros- 
garten  Museum  at  Constance. 

FEDERSEE. 

34. — SCHUSSENRIED  i  Nos.  1  to  8,  Flint  arrow-points  and  scrapers — 
9  to  12,  Stone  celts — 13,  Broken  stone  polisher — 14,  Perforated 
stone  hammer-axe — 15  and  16,  Implements  of  horn  and  bone — 
17,  24  and  25,  Fragments  of  ornamented  pottery — 18,  Earthen- 
ware spoon — 19,    Stone   chisel   in   horn   handle — 20,   Semilunar 
flint  saw  of  Scandinavian  type  (Museum  of  Nat.  Hist.,  Stutt- 
gart)—21  to  23,  Vessels  of  earthenware  ...  ...   149 

From  Mr.  Frank's  Collection  at  Schussenried. 

35. — SCHUSSENRIED  :  Nos.   1  to  5,  Specimens  of  earthenware  dishes 
— 6,  Peculiar  scoop  of  horn  (similar  objects  have  been  found  on 
the  stations  of  Robenhausen,  Wollishofen,  and  Baldegg) — 7,  Horn 
pick,  perforated        ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   150 

From  Mr.  Frank's  Collection. 

LAKE    OF   STARNBERG. 

36.— Nos.  1,  2,  and  7,  Knives— 3,  4,  6,  10,  11,  28  and  29,  Various 
forms  of  pins — 5  and  19,  Awl  and  chisel — 8,  Dagger,  with  three 
rivets— 9,  12,  and  20,  Three  varieties  of  axes— 13,  Needle— 14, 
Socketed  arrow-point  of  a  southern  type.  (The  above  are  of 
bronze.)  15,  Bone  ornament  or  counter — 16,  Earthenware 
counter— 17,  Clay  bead— 18,  Bronze  sickle  — 21  and  22, 
Fibulae  of  bronze— 23,  Bead  of  variegated  glass— 24  and  30, 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS.  XXV 

FIG. 

Bone  discs  (see  page  527) — 25,  Fragment  of  an  ornament  of 
bronze  plate — 26,  Neatly-wrought  object  of  horn,  supposed  to  be 
for  weaving  purposes — 27,  Double  fish-hook  of  bronze  ...  154 

37. — No.  1,  Peculiar  iron  knife — 2  and  3,  Cheek-pieces  of  horse-bits 
of  bone — 4  to  10,  Bronze  pins — 11  and  13,  Staghorn  hammers 
(perforated) — 12  and  17,  Stone  celts,  one  in  horn  holder — 14  and 

15,  Flint  saw  and  arrow-point — 16,  Portion  of  a  dish  of  dark 
earthenware...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   155 

All  the  objects  represented  in  Figs.  36  and  37  are  in  the  Ethno- 
graphical Museum,  Munich. 

MONDSEE    AND    ATTERSEE. 

38. — MONDSEE  :  Nos.  1  and  6  to  12,  Flint  arrow-points,  one  (No.  10) 
with  portion  of  stem  attached  by  asphalt — 2  to  4,  Flint  saws 
(Krummesser) — 5  and  9,  Flint  scrapers — 13  to  15,  Stone  axes — 

16,  27  and  28,  Bone  chisels,  showing  marks  of  usage — 17  and  18, 
Perforated  teeth — 19,  Bone  ornament — 20,  and  24  to  26,  Bone 
and  horn  implements — 21  and  22,  Ornaments  of  white  marble — 

23,  Bone  arrow-point  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   1 58 

All  from  the  Collection  of  Dr.  Much,  Vienna. 

39. — MONDSEE  and  ATTERSEE  :  Nos.  1,  2  and  5,  Copper  celts — 3,  4, 
6,  and  17  to  19,  Copper  or  bronze  daggers — 7  to  12,  Bone 
implements — 13,  Marble  button— 14,  Copper  fish-hook — 15,  Clay 
figure — 16,  Necklace  of  marble  beads,  after  Dr.  Much  (B.  287) 
—20  and  21,  Flint  knives — 22,  Fine  specimen  of  perforated 
stone  axe-hammer  head  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  159 

Nos.  17, 18  and  22  from  Nat.  Hist.  Museum,  Vienna  ;  20  and  21  after 
Count  Wurmbrand  (B.  276)  ;  the  rest  from  Dr.  Much's  Collection. 

40. — MONDSEE  :  Nos.  1  to  8,  Specimens  of  pottery — 9,  Circular  stone, 

highly  polished  and  perforated       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...161 

All  from  Dr.  Much's  Collection. 

NEUSIEDLERSEE    AND    KETJTSCHACHERSEE. 
41. — Nos.  1  and  3,  Stone  hammer-axes — 2,  Hammer-stone,  with  finger 
mark — 4  and  5,  Flint  flakes — 6,  Fragment  of  polished  celt — 7, 

Small  urn — 8  to  10,  Specimens  of  pottery  165 

Nos.  1  to  9  after  Count  Bela  (B.  283) ;    10  from  the  Rudolfinum 
Museum  at  Klagenfurt. 

LAIBACH  MOOR. 

42. — Nos.  1  to  5,  Flint  implements  and  weapons — 6  and  16,  Well- 
finished  hooks  of  horn — 7,  Peculiar  object  of  bone,  supposed  to 
be  a  bait  for  catching  fish — 8,  Ornament  of  horn — 9,  Chisel  of 
greenstone — 10,  Ornamented  dish  of  earthenware — 11,  Clay 
figurine  like  a  hedgehog— 12,  Celt  of  nephrite— 13,  Horn  object, 
perforated  at  the  one  end  lengthways — 14.  Piece  of  horn  orna- 
mented with  a  check  pattern  of  incised  lines — 15,  Bone  needle 
c 


xxvi  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

FIG.  PAOE 

—  17,  Fragment  of  ornamented  pottery  with  transverse  per- 
foration— 18,  Stone  anvil  with  traces  of  copper — 19,  Object  of 
pottery  open  at  both  ends — 20,  Base  of  a  disli  marked  with  a 
depressed  cross — 21,  Object  of  pottery,  conical  at  both  ends — 
22,  Mould  of  earthenware — 23  and  24,  Portion  of  a  figure  of 
earthenware  resembling  the  human  form  (see  Fig.  195)  ...  ...  173 

43. — Nos.  1  to  4,  and  6  to  9,  Specimens  of  pottery — 5,  Perforated 

cone  of  earthenware — 10,  Stone  hammer-axe  ...  ...  ...  1 75 

44. — Various  forms  of  staghorn  clubs  or  hammer-axes  ...          ...    176 

45. — Nos.  1,  2  and  7,  Bronze  daggers — 3  and  4,  Handles  of  bronze 
swords — 5,  Winged  celt  of  bronze— 6  and  8,  Copper  implements 
— 9,  Copper  axe — 10  and  11,  Copper  daggers — 12  and  13, 
Bronze  pins — 14,  Crucible  of  earthenware— 15,  Scoop  or  mould 
of  earthenware  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  1 78 

46. — Beaver-trap  of  oak,  thirty-two  inches  long  ...          ...          ...    179 

All  the  objects  represented  in  Figs.  42  to  4(5  are  in  the  Landes- 
museum  at  Laibach,  with  the  exception  of  Fig.  42,  No.  20,  which  is 
in  the  Natural  History  Museum,  Vienna. 

47. — Wooden  machine  found  in  the  Moor  of  Samow,  North 
Germany,  and  preserved  in  the  Museum  at  Rostock.  (After 
Professor  Merkel  in  the  Zeit.  fiir  Ethn.  Verhand.,  1874.)  ...  180 

47". — Similar  machine  from  the  Valle  di  Fontega,  North  Italy, 
showing  the  two  central  valves  detached,  and  some  sticks  found 
along  with  it.  (After  Meschinelli,  B.  467.)  ...  181 

47'>. — Antique  wooden  implement  from  Ireland,  showing  upper  and 

under  surfaces.  (From  Ulster  Journ.  Arch.,  vol.  vii.) 183 

LAKE   VARESE. 

48.— ISOLA  VIRGINIA  :  Nos.  1  and  2,  Flint  knife  and  saw 3,  Flint 

scraper  in  a  horn  handle— 4,  Flake-knife  of  obsidian— 5,  Bronze 
knife  —  6,  Bronze  dagger  —  7  to  9,  Bone  needles,  etc.  — 10, 
Conical  object  of  burnt  clay,  perforated  like  the  neck  of  a 
bottle — 11,  Polisher  of  serpentine,  in  the  form  of  a  stone  celt 
(see  p.  193)— 12,  Bronze  fish-hook— 13  to  17,  22  to  24,  and  26 
to  29,  Specimens  of  pottery— 18,  Flat  and  circular  stone, 
highly  polished  and  perforated  in  centre— 19,  Mould  of  sand- 
stone—20,  Square  piece  of  wood,  supposed  to  have  been  used 
as  a  float  for  fishing  net— 21,  The  half  of  a  spindle-whorl  of 
earthenware — 25,  Bone  chisel  .191 

Nos.  25  to  29,  after  Ranchet  and  Regazzoni  (B.  326),  and  the  rest 
from  Sig.  Ponti's  Museum  on  the  Isola  Virginia. 

49.— BODIO,  CAZZAGO,  AND  BARDELLO  :  Nos.  1  to  7,  Flint  implements 
and  weapons— 8  to  11,  21  and  40,  Bronze  daggers— 12,  22,  23, 
and  25  to  29,  Bronze  pins— 13,  Bronze  chisel  or  awl— 14  and  39, 
Fragments  of  pottery— 15,  Stone  celts— 16,  32,  33,  35,  36  and 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS.  XXvii 

FIG. 

38,  Various  objects  of  stone  perforated  with  one  or  more  holes, 
probably  used  as  buttons  or  beads — 17  to  19,  Bronze  fish-hooks 
— 20  and  44,  Bronze  celts — 24  and  43,  Socketed  spear-heads  of 
bronze — 30,  Stone  polisher  (see  p.  193)— 31,  Stone  mould— 34, 
Spindle-whorl  of  earthenware — 37,  Fragment  of  a  perforated 
stone  axe  —  41,  Ornament  of  thin  bronze  —  42,  Chisel  of 
serpentine  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  1 96 

Nos.  1,  4  to  7,  10,  11.  30,  32  and  39,  from  Museo  Civico,  Milan; 
2  and  3,  from  Collection  Castelfranco  ;  8.  9,  12,  13,  18,  20  to  22, 
25  to  29,  and  43,  from  Sig.  Ponti's  Museum,  Isola  Virginia ;  14, 
15,  17,  19,  23,  31,  33  to  38,  41  and  42,  after  Regazzoni  (B.  327)  ;  16, 
from  Collection  Quaglia,  Varese  ;  24  and  44,  from  the  Museum  at 
Varese. 

50.— TORBIERA  DI  CAZZAGO-BRABBIA  :  Nos.  1  and  2,  Flint  knives — 
3  to  6,  Flint  arrow-points— 7  and  8,  Flint  spear-heads — 9  to  15, 
bronze  fibulae  (except  No.  12 — iron) — 16,  Portion  of  bronze  fibula 
—17,  Bronze  ornament — 18,  Curious  object  made  of  bronze  rods 
—19,  Bronze  ring— 20,  Copper  celt— 21,  Bronze  celt— 22  to  28, 
Bronze  pins — 29,  Spindle-whorl  of  earthenware — 30,  31,  and  36, 
Wooden  floats — 32,  Harpoon  of  horn — 33,  Stone  celt  (chlorome- 
lanite)— 34  and  35,  Pottery  199 

Nos.  1  (Torbiera  di  Mombello)  and  11  (labelled  "Bodio  Centrale"  2) 
are  from  the  Museum  at  Varese  ;  2  and  4  to  8  after  Quaglia  (B.  423) ; 
3,  Collection  Castelfranco;  9,  14,  15,  17,  19,  23  to  27,  32  and  33,  Col- 
lection Quaglia ;  10,  Museo  Civico,  Milan  ;  12,  13,  16,  20  to  22,  28  and 
29,  Collection  Kegazzoni,  Como  ;  30,  31,  and  34  to  36  after  Regazzoni 
(B.  327) ;  18,  after  Marinoni  (B.  159). 

THE    TURBARIES    OF   B03ISIO,   CAPRIANO,   ETC. 

51. — Nos.  1  to  7,  Flint  arrow-points — 8,  Flint  lance-head— 9  and  10, 
Bronze  celts — 11,  Bronze  spoon — -12,  Bronze  knife — 13,  Bronze 
pin — 14  and  18,  Bronze  fibulae — 15  and  16,  Bronze  bracelets — 
17,  Bronze  pendant — 19,  Spiral  ring  of  bronze  ...  ...  ...  205 

Nos.  1  to  7  Collection  Castelfranco  ;  8,  9  and  12,  Prehistoric 
Museum  in  Rome;  10  and  11,  Museo  Civico,  Como;  13  and  15  to  19, 
after  Marinoni  (Mem.  Soc.  It.  di  Sc.  Nat.,  vol.  vi.) ;  14,  Museo  Civico, 
Milan. 

THE  TURBARIES   OF    MERCURAGO,  SAN   GIOVANNI,   ETC. 

52. — Section  of  a  portion  of  the  peat,  showing  arrangement  of  the 

piles...          .   206 

53. — Earthenware  dish  cover     ...  ...                          .   206 

54. — -Flint  arrow-heads  ...          ...  ...          ...          ...                       •  •  •    207 

55  and  56. — Earthenware  dishes,  showing  portions  of  string  attached 

to  small  handles       ...  ...       207,  208 

57. — Portion  of  a  canoe...          ...  ...          ...          ...                       •••   208 

58  and  59.— Two  wooden  wheels  ...       208,  209 


xxviii  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

PAGE 

FIG 

60.'-Nos.  1  and  3,  Bronze  daggers— 2,  4  to  6,  10  and  11,  Bronze  pins— 
7  and  8,  Flint  knives— 9,  Conical  beads  of  vitreous  paste— 12, 
13  and  14,  Pottery— 15,  Bronze  pendant  (Phallic)— 16,  Spindle- 
whorl  of  soapstone— 17,  A  canoe  and  two  paddles  — 18,  Clay 
weight— 19  and  20,  Stone  celts— 21,  Wooden  float  of  fishing-net 
—22,  Spindle-whorl  of  terra-cotta— 23,  Upper  and  under  sides  of 
an  earthenware  cover  of  a  vessel  . . . 

All  after  Gastaldi  (B.  40,  16.-J,  and  294). 

LAGOZZA. 

61.— Nos.  1  to  4,  Flint  knives— 5  and  6,  Flint  arrow-heads— 7, 
Pendant  of  steatite— 8,  Stone  adze— 9,  Fragment  of  linen  fabric 
10,  Stone  celt— 11,  Wooden  comb— 12  to  17,  Various  specimens 
of  flat  spindle-whorls  made  of  dark  earthenware  •••  214 

Xos.  1  to  4,  10  and  12  to  17  from  Museum  Civico,  Milan;  9,  Col- 
lection Castelfranco;  the  rest  from  the  Prehistoric  Museum  at  Como. 

62.— Nos.  1,  2,  4  to  6,  8,  9  and  15,  Specimens  of  pottery— 3,  10  and 
13,  Fragments  of  ornamented  plates — 7,  A  fragment  of  pottery, 
showing  handle  of  a  dish  with  two  transverse  holes — 11  and  12, 
Two  polished  sandstone  pebbles  with  scratchings  on  surface — 14, 
Clay  weight,  kidney-shaped,  and  perforated  at  both  ends  ...  215 

Nos.  1.  8  and  14  from  Museo  Civico,  Milan  ;  11  and  12  after  Castel- 
franco (B.  354)  ;  15,  Collection  Castelfranco  ;  the  rest  from  Museum  at 
Como. 

LAKE   GARDA. 

63.  — PESCMIERA.  (Except  when  otherwise  mentioned,  all  the  objects 
represented  in  this  figure  are  of  bronze) :  Nos.  1  to  5,  Razors — 
6,  A  double-stemmed  pin — 7,  A  needle — 8  to  18,  and  20  to  27, 
Specimens  of  ornamental  pins — 19,  Neck-ring — 28,  Comb — 29, 
Comb  of  bone — 30,  A  small-winged  celt — 31  and  32,  Bracelets — 
33,  Sickle— 34,  A  small  pendant  of  lead— 35,  An  awl  -36,  A 
chisel  222 

64.— PESCHIERA  :  Nos.  1  to  7,  Daggers— 8,  and  22  to  25,  Fibuhe 
—9,  Chisel— 10,  Socketed  lance-head— 11,  Knife— 12  to  16,  Pins 
—  17,  Object  of  unknown  use — 18  and  19,  Fish-hooks — 20,  21, 
30  and  31,  Fish-spears — 26,  Small  cross  made  of  tin — 27  to  29, 
Pendants — 32,  Winged  celt.  (All  bronze  with  the  exception  of 
No.  26.)  ...  223 

65.— PESCIIIERA,  MINCIO,  and  IL  BOR  :  Nos.  1  to  9,  Various  imple- 
ments and  weapons  of  flint— 10,  and  12  to  14,  Bronze  dagger- 
knives — 11,  Bronze  celt — 15,  Bronze  chisel — 16,  Arrow-head  of 

bronze — 17,  Ornamented  knife  of  bronze — 18,  Bronze  dagger 

19,  Portion  of  a  polished  implement  of  stone — 20,  Portion  of 
spiral  wire  of  bronze— 21  and  22,  Bronze  pins— 23,  Bronze 
stud — 24,  Wheel-like  objects  of  bronze,  supposed  to  be  the  heads 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS.  Xxix 

FIG.  PAGE 

of  pins — 25,  Bronze  cap  for  the  butt-end  of  a  wooden  handle 

26  to  30,  Pottery — 31,  Wrist  bracer  of  stone       225 

The  objects  from  Lake  Grarda,  illustrated  above,  are  thus  located  : — 

Rome  (Pre-historic  Museum),  Fig.  63,  Nos.  3,  4,  5,  21,  24,  26,  27, 
29  and  31  ;  Fig-.  64,  Nos.  2,  4,  5,  6,  10,  13  to  17,  19,  20,  21,  23,  24,  27, 
28,  30  and  32 ;  Fig.  65,  Nos.  1  to  9,  16,  17,  19,  25,  27,  28,  30  and  31. 

Vienna  (Natural  History  Museum),  Fig.  63,  Nos.  1,  2,  9,  12,  15,  17, 
18.  25,  30,  32,  33,  35  and  36  ;  Fig.  64,  Nos.  18  and  29  ;  Fig.  65,  Nos.  10 
to  14,  and  21. 

Zurich  (Antiq.  Museum),  Fig.  63,  Nos.  6,  7.  8,  10,  11,  13,  14,  16, 
19  and  20  ;  Fig.  64,  Nos.  1,  3,  7,  8,  9,  11,  12,  22  and  31. 

Verona  (Museum  Civico),  Fig.  63,  Nos.  22,  23.  28  and  34  ;  Fig.  64, 
Nos.  25  and  26  ;  Fig.  65,  Nos.  26  and  29. 

Collection  Rambotti,  Fig.  65,  Nos.  18,  22  and  23. 

After  Cavazzocca  (B.  355),  Fig.  65,  Nos.  15,  20  and  21. 

LAKES   OF   FIMON   AND   OF   ARQUA-PETRARCA. 
66. — No.    1,    Bronze    celt — 2,    Clay    ring — 3    to    12,    Specimens    of 

pottery          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   231 

Nos.  1  to  8,  after  Lioy  (B.  295)  ;  9  to  12,  after  Cordenons  (B.  464). 

POL  AD  A. 

67. — No.  1,  Bronze  dagger  with  bone  handle — 2  and  3,  Bronze 
celts — 4  to  11,  Specimens  of  pottery — 12,  A  remarkable  saw, 
formed  of  four  flints  set  in  a  groove  in  a  wooden  handle,  and 
retained  in  position  by  asphalt — 13  and  14,  Handles  of  earthen- 
ware vessels — 15  and  16,  Stone  celts — 17,  Horn  club  or  axe — 
18,  Implement  of  staghorn — 19  and  20,  Clay  weights  ...  ...  235 

68. — Nos.  1  to  20,  Flint  weapons  and  implements — 21  and  32,  Bone 
buttons — 22  to  24,  Ornamented  cakes  of  terra-cotta — 25  to  27, 
Objects  of  bone — 28,  2!)  and  36,  Spindle- whorls  of  earthenware 
—30,  Marble  button— 31,  Tooth  of  bear,  perforated— 33,  Orna- 
mented bone  ring — 34  and  35,  Wrist  bracers  of  polished  stone 
— 37,  Large  dish,  perforated  with  round  holes — 38,  Large  vase 
of  elegant  form         ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   237 

All  the  illustrations  in  Figs.  67  and  68  are  from  Dr.  RambDtti's 
Collection  at  Desenzano. 

TERREMARE. 
68«. — Pottery  from  Terremare  in  the  vicinity  of  Parma         ...          ...   241 

68&.— Anse  lunate  or  cornute,  in  the  vicinity  of  Parma  ...          ...   242 

69.— Bone  comb  (Vico-Fertile) 242 

70. — Bone   wheel-ornament,    supposed   to   be   head   of   a  pin   (Cam- 

peggine)         ...  ...   242 

71  and  72. — Horn  and  bone  implements  (Ibid.)  243 

73. — Portion  of  a  bone  handle  (Castione)          243 

74. — Fragments  of  bone  implements  (Campeggine)     ...  ...   243 

75.— Discoidal  stone  (Ibid. )  ...  ...   243 

76.— Bronze  sickle  (Ibid.)  ...  244 


XXX  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

FIG.  PAaE 

77. — Bronze  spear-head  (Bargone  cli  Salso)       ...  ...  244 

78.— Bronze  celt  (Castellazzo)    ...  •••  244 

79. — Bronze  awl  with  bone  handle  (Campeggine)  ...  244 

80.—  Various  forms  of  clay  spindle-whorls  or  beads  (Ibid.}     245 

81. — Stone  mould  (Castelnuovo)  ...  246 

The  illustrations  in  Figs.  52  to  59,  and  GSa  to  81  are  those  prepared 
by  the  Anthropological  Society  of  London  for  Mr.  Chambers'  transla- 
tion of  Gastaldi's  work  (B.  01). 

82. — Photographs  showing  arrangement  of  piles  and  contrafforte  dell' 

<trf/ine,  at  Castione,  after  Pigorini  (B.  407)  ...  ...  ...  253 

83. — Nos.  1  to  .3,  Bronze  razors — 4  Bronze  comb — 5,  Horn  hatchet 
or  chisel — -6,  Bronze  awl,  with  ornamented  bone  handle — 7  to  11, 
Bronze  pins  — 12,  13,  24  and  25,  Bronze  hatchets — 14  to  17, 
stone  moulds — 18  and  19,  Bronze  daggers — 20,  Bronze  arrow- 
joint — 21  and  22,  Objects  of  clay — 23,  Ornament  of  limestone  255 

All  in  the  Museums  of  Parma  and  Reg^io,  and  found  on  the  fol- 
lowing stations  :  Monte  Venere  (1  and  2),  Campeggine  (3  and  7),  Quin- 
gento  (4),  Castione  (8  to  15,  17,  and  21  to  23),  Cassinalbo  (16),  Scandiano 
(18,  11».  20,  and  25).  Castellazzo  (24). 

84. — Nos.  1  to  3,  Flint  implements — 4,  Horn  implements — 5,  7  and 
15,  Objects  of  bone  supposed  to  be  arrow-points — 6  and  17,  Horn 
objects,  supposed  to  be  the  cheek-pieces  of  bridle-bits — 8  and  18, 
Horn  dishes — 9  and  10,  Ornamented  buttons  of  terra-cotta — 11, 
Upper  and  under  sides  of  one  of  these  buttons — 12  to  14,  Bone 
combs,  ornamented — 16,  Wheel-like  object  of  bone,  supposed  to 
be  the  head  of  a  pin — 19,  Long  comb  of  horn — 20,  Bone  pin — 
'2\  and  22,  Handles  of  earthenware  vessels  (anse  lunate) — 23 
and  24,  Clay  figurines — 25,  Object  of  horn — 26,  Bone,  perforated 
with  round  holes,  supposed  to  be  a  flute — 27,  Bronze  comb — 28 
to  34,  Bronze  pins 258 

All  these  objects  are  from  Montale,  and  deposited  in  the  Museum  at 
Modena.  except  the  bone  comb  No.  13,  which  is  in  the  Museum  at 
Repfgio-Emilia ;  but  there  is  one  very  similar  to  it,  figured  by  Boni, 
from  Montale  (B.  421). 

85.  —Nos.  1  to  3,  and  12,  Bronze  weapons — 4,  13  and  14,  Bronze 
celts— 5,  Bronze  sickle  —  6,  Stone  mould  for  rings — 7  to  9, 
Bronze  pins  — 10,  11  and  15,  Bronze  razors— 16,  Ornamented 
hone  comb — 17,  Spindle-whorl  of  earthenware — 18,  Bone  pin — 
19  and  23,  Bronze  objects — 20  and  21,  Bronze  pendants — 22, 
head  of  bronze  pin  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  259 

These  objects  are  in  the  Museum  at  Modena,  with  the  exception  of 
Nos.  12  to  14,  17  and  19,  after  Coppi  (B.  293a),  and  were  found  in  the 
following  stations  :— Montale  (1  to  6),  Reiu  (7,  8,  10,  and  15),  G-orzano 
(0,  11  to  14,  17,  and  19  to  23),  and  St.  Ambrogio  (16  and  18). 

86. — Nos.  1  and  2,  Bone  combs — 3,  Portion  of  horn,  worked — 4, 
Arrow-point  of  bone — 5,  Handle  of  earthenware  vessel — 6,  8  and 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS.  XXXI 

FIG.  PAGE 

9,  Bronze  pins — 7,  Bone  pin — 10,  13,  and  19  to  21,  Bronze  spears 
and  daggers — 11,  Flint  spear-head — 12,  Bronze  knife,  showing 
handle  and  portion  of  the  blade — 14  to  16,  Flint  implements — 
17  and  29,  Spindle-whorls  of  earthenware — 18,  Stone  button — 22, 
Bronze  razor-knife — 23^  Bronze  arrow-point  —  24,  Iron  spear- 
head, much  corroded — 25,  A  flat  ring  of  wood — 26,  27,  30  and 
31,  Fragments  of  pottery— 28,  Portion  of  clay  weight 268 

The  objects  represented  by  Nos.  1  to  13  and  18  are  in  the  Museum 
at  Viadana,  and  the  rest  are  after  Marinoni  (B.  2(53). 

OPPLDTJM    LA    TENE. 

87. — Nos.  1  to  5,  Ornamented  sword-sheaths  of  iron — 6,  Piece  of  iron, 
roughly  forged,  supposed  to  be  intended  for  a  sword — 7  and  8, 
Sword  handles — 9  to  12,   Portions  of  sheaths,  showing  various 
kinds  of  ornamentation — 13  and  14,   Suspension  clasps  on  the 
under  side  of  the  sheaths — 15,  Various  incised  designs,  found  on 
swords,  supposed  to  be  makers'  marks       ...          ...          ...          ...   283 

Nos.  1,  8  and  12  after  Vouga  (B.  428) ;  3,  4  and  5  after  Keller  (B.  22 
and  126) ;  the  rest  in  the  Museums  of  Bienne  and  Neuchatel. 

88. — Nos.  1  to  6,  11,  12,  and  17  to  21,  Various  forms  of  lance-heads 
— 7,   10,    13  and    14,    Conical  tips   for  the  butt-end  of  wooden 
lance  handles— 8,  9,  15  and  16,  Points  for  darts  or  arrows.     (All 
these  objects  are  of  iron)     ...          ...          ...  ...   285 

Nos.  7,  10,  15  and  16,  are  from  Collection  Vouga,  the  rest  are  from 
the  Collections  of  Schwab,  Desor,  and  Gross. 

89. — No.    1,   Umbo   of  a   shield   (iron) — 2,    Handle   of  shield   (iron) 
— 3  and  4,   Bronze  ornaments  of  a  shield — 5,  7  to  11,  and  21, 
Bronze  ornaments  for  horse  harness — 6,  Iron  spur — 12,  Waggon 
wheel  of  wood  with  iron  tire — 13,  Iron  implement  of  unknown 
use — 14   to    18,   Bridle-bits    of    iron   (No.    17    is   veneered  with 
bronze) — 19,  Linch  pin  of  waggon  wheel  (iron) — 20,  Ornament 
of  thin  bronze,  supposed  to  be  for  a  helmet  ...  ...   287 

Nos.  1,  13,  15,  16,  and  18  to  20,  from  Collection  Vouga  ;  3  to  5, 
and  8  to  11  (Museum  of  Geneva),  after  Vouga  (B.  428)  ;  2,  Museum 
of  Bienne;  7  and  17  (Collection  Dardel),  after  Ant  i  qua  ;  6,  14  and 
21,  after  Gross  (B.  446)  ;  12,  after  drawing  in  Anzciger,  1882,  PI.  xxv. 

90. _Nos.  1  to  7,  Hatchets— 8  to  12,  and  23,  Knives— 13  and  14, 
Prongs— 15  to  17,  Shears— 18,  27  and  28,  Razors— 19,  20,  21,  35, 
36  and  38,  Various  objects  of  conjectural  use— 22,  Hammer— 
24,  25  and  29,  Hand-saws — 26,  Pointed  implement  with  wide 
socket— 30  to  32,  Sickles  or  scythes— 33  and  34,  Chisels— 37, 

File 39  and  40,  Fish-hooks  (bronze).      All  the  objects  are  of 

iron  except  No.  40  ... 

Nos.  3  to  6,  14,  24,  31,  37,  39  and  40,  Collection  Vouga  ;  7,  8,  9,  13, 
15.  16,  22  and  29,  after  illustrations  in  Antiqua,  1884  ;  1,  18  and  25, 
in  Museum  at  Neuchatel,  and  the  rest  in  the  Collections  of  Gross  and 
Schwab. 


xxxii  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

FIG.  PAGE 

91._Nos.   1  to  6,  Iron  fibulae— 7,  21,  22,  24  and  25,  Glass  beads— 
8  to  10,  and  36,  Bronze  pins — 11  to  14,  Pincers  of  bronze  and 
iron — 15,   Blunt   needle — 16    (gold)   and    17   (iron),    Halves  of 
neck-rings — 18  and  26,  Bronze   fibulae — 19,  Bronze   etui,   with 
iron  needle  (20)  found  in  it— 23,  Bronze  button— 27,  28,  30  and 
32,   Iron   buckles   and   clasps — 29   and  33,   Iron   rings — 31,   A 
small  bronze  axe — 34,  Iron  bracelet — 35,  Iron  hoop       ...          ...   291 

Nos.  7,  17,  31  and  32,  in  Museum  Schwab;  16,  Museum  at  Neu- 
chatel  ;  all  the  rest  after  Vouga  (B.  428),  or  in  his  Collection. 

92. — No.  1,  Iron  chain  (pot-hanger) — 2  and  10,  Gold  coins — 3  to  9, 
and  11,  Coins  of  silver,  bronze,  and  potin — 12  (bronze),  13  and 
14  (bone),  Dice — 15,  Iron  ring  attached — 16,  Bronze  figure — 

17,  Small  bronze  wheel,  supposed  to  have  been  used  as  money — 

18,  Bronze  cup — 19,  Large  bronze  cauldron,  with  iron  rim  and 
handles — 20,  Iron  ladle — 21,  Bronze  object,  like  a  tobacco  pipe  295 

Nos.  1,  10,  IT),  17,  10  and  21,  after  Gross  (B.  446)  ;  8,  after  Desor 
(B.  95)  ;  12  to  14,  and  18,  from  Antiqvat  1886  ;  the  rest  after  Vouga 
(B.  428). 

LAKE  OF  PALADRU. 

93. — No  1,  Half  of  a  bracelet  made  of  lead — 2,  One  side  of  an  iron 
shears — 3,  Iron  knife— 4,  Iron  spear-head — 5  and  6,  Horse  shoes 
—7  and  8,  Iron  chains  and  staple — 9,  Iron  key — 10,  Iron 
curry-comb — 11,  Iron  axe — 12,  Iron  spur — 13  and  16,  Wooden 
floats — 14  and  15,  Bone  counters — 17,  Wooden  mallet — 18,  and 
22  to  24,  Pottery— 19,  Wooden  spoon— 20,  Piece  of  wood  like  a 

bobbin— 2 1 ,  Wooden  comb  301 

All  after  Chantre  (B.  193). 

MAESTRICHT. 

94. — Bone  and  horn  weapons  after  Ubaghs  (B.  413) 305 

For  sizes,  see  page  304. 

WISMAR  AND   GAGELOW. 

95.— Nos.   1   and   10,    Flint  daggers— 2,   Flint   chisel    or   hatchet— 
3  and  6,   Polished  axes  of  flint— 4,   7,   16  and   17,  Perforated 
axes  of  stone — 5,  A  stone  pestle — 8,  Stone  mortar — 9,  Fragment 
of  dark  coloured  pottery — 11  and  12,  Semilunar  flint  saws  or 
knives — 13  to  15,  Objects  of  bone  and  horn — 18,  Sharpening 
stone — 1 9,  Spindle-whorl  (clay) — 20,  Flint  arrow-point  ...          ...   309 

Nos.  5.  7,  8  and  19,  after  Lisch  (B.  100),  and  the  rest  in  the 
Museum  at  Schwerin. 

PERSANZIG    AND    FRIESACK. 

96. — No.  1,  Iron  ring — 2,  Iron  hatchet — 3  and  4,  Fragments  of  pot- 
tery— 5,  Clay  ring — 6  to  9,  Fragments  of  Slavish  pottery  of  the 
type  found  in  the  Burgwalle          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   318 

Nos.  1  to  5  in  the  Markisches  Museum,  and  6  to  9  in  the  Volker- 
kunde  Museum  in  Berlin. 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS.  XXxiii 

FIG.  PAGE 

SPANDAU,    NEAR   BERLIN. 

97. — Nos.  1  to  3,  Bronze  celts — 4  and  17,  Bronze  lance-heads — 5,  6, 
7,  12  and  13,  Bronze  daggers — 8  to  11,  Bronze  swords — 14,  A 
kind  of  saw  of  horn — 15  and  16,  Stone  balls — 18,  An  ornamented 
bronze  " commandostab "  (?)  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  320 

After  Friedel  (B.  396).     All  the  objects  are  in  the  Volkerkiinde 
Museum  in  Berlin. 

CZESZEWO,   OBJEZIERZE,  ETC.  (POSEN). 

98. — Nos.  1  and  2,  Perforated  stone  axes — 3  and  8,  Clay  rings 4, 

Bone  pointer — 5,  Fragment  of  percolator  of  earthenware 6  and 

7,   Flint  celts — 9,  Bronze  neck-ring — 10,  Silver  neck-ring 11, 

Bronze  pin,  part  of  a  fibula  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   322 

Nos.  10  and  11  after  Kohler  (B.  430),  the  rest  from  objects  in  the 
Archaeological  Museum,  Posen. 

LAKES    OF    ARTS    AND    KOWNATKEN. 

99.— Nos.  1  to  7,  Bone  implements — 8,  9  and  13,  Flint  scrapers 

12,  Stone  celt — 10#nd  11,  Earthenware  vessels — 14,  Polisher  or 
skate  of  the  metacarpal  of  a  horse  ...          ...          ...          ...   327 

All  in  the  Prussia  Museum,  Konigsberg. 

TERP-MOUNDS   (WEST    FRIESLAND). 

100.— Nos.  1,  16  to  19,  and  30,  Bone  combs— 2,  3,  6  and  22,  Clay 
spindle- whorls  and  weights  (?)  —  4,  20  and  23,  Specimens  of 
earthenware — 5  and  15,  Bronze  dishes — 7,  Bone  object  —  8, 
Bronze  shears — 9,  Iron  hammer — 10  and  11,  Bone  handles — 12, 
Bone  ring,  ornamented  with  incised  circles — -13  and  24,  Horn 
implements — 14,  Bronze  comb — 21,  Bone  counter — 25,  Bone 
button,  ornamented  with  incised  lines — 26  and  28,  Bone  pins — 
27,  Bone  ornament — 29,  Bone  needle  ...  ...  ...  341 

Nos.  25  and  29  are  in  the  National  Museum,  Edinburgh,  and  all 
the  rest  in  the  Museum,  LBCU  warden. 

101. — Iron  bridle-bit,  found  in  the  terp-mound  at  Achlum    (now  in 

the  National  Museum,  Edinburgh)  ...          ...          ...          ...342 

IRISH   CRANNOGS. 
102. — LAGORE:  Bone  with  carved  designs  (Cat.,  p.  346)         352 

103.     Various  iron  objects  (B.  10,  pp.  104,  105) 353 

104.     An  axe  and  ladle  of  iron,  and  a  pot  and  two  pins 

of  bronze  (Ibid.,  except  the  ring-headed  pin,  which  is  from  Cat., 

p.  560)          354 

105.     Bone  comb,  three  glass  beads,  a  bronze  dagger  (Cat., 

pp.  163  and  165,  271  and  467),  and  a  fragment  of  bronze  inter- 
laced work  (B.  10,  p.  105) ...  355 

106.     Various  implements  of  iron ...  356 

All  in  Museum  of  Royal  Irish  Academy. 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

FIG.  PAGE 

107. — LOUGH  GUR  :  Stone  mould  for  bronze  spear-heads  (Archaeological 

Journal,  vol.  xx.  p.  170)     ...          ...          ...  ...   358 

108. — BALLINDERRY  :  Three  bone  pins,  bone  comb,  and  a  bronze 

tweezers  (Cat,,  pp.  271,  333,  334,  549)     ...  ...   360 

109.  Ornamented  stone  amulets  (B.  391,  p.  197)  ...  360 

HO.  )  Bone  or  horn  pins,  ornamented  with  incised  circles, 

111.  )  and  characters  supposed  to  be  Oghams  (Ibid.)      ...        361,  362 

112.     AND  STROKESTOWN  :  Ornamented  bone  objects  (Cat., 

p.  342)  ...   362 

113. — LOUGH  FAUGHAN:  Earthenware  jug  (Cat.,  p.  158)      ...          ...   363 

114. — AIIDAKILLEN  :  Section  of  crannog  at  (Cat.,  p.  226)       ...          ...   364 

115.—  DRUMALEAGUE  :  Plan  of  crannog  at  (Cat.,  p.  228)        364 

116.— CLOONFINLOUGII  :  Bronze  dish,  decorated  inside  (Cat.,  p.  533)...   367 
117.  Nos.  1  to  14,  Bronze  pins — 15,  Bone  pin — 16,  Bronze 

object — 17,  Bronze  dagger — 18,  Iron  shears — 19,  Iron  knife — 
20,  Bone  counter — 21,  Ring  made  of  the  burr  end  of  a  staghorn 

22,  Leather  shoe      ...  ...368 

All  the  objects  represented  in  Fig.  1 1 7  are  in  the  British  Museum. 
118.— STROKESTOWX  :  Bone  carved  with  designs,  three  of  which  are 

shown  full  size  (Cat.,  p.  345)          369 

119.  -  Bone  comb  (Cat.,  p.  271)         ...  ...   369 

120.— ARDAKILLEN  :  Bronze  brooch  (Cat.,  p.  476)      369 

121. — LOUGH  SCUR  :  Stone  mould  for  bronze  axes  (Cat.,  p.  91)        ...   370 
122.— RANDALSTOWN  :  No.  1,  Bronze  knife  ;  2,  Bronze  dish — 3,  Iron 
axe — 4,  Silver  brooch — 5  and  6,  Bronze  brooches — 7,  Glass  bead 
— 8  to  13,  Bronze  pins — 14,  Horn  vessel...          ...          ...          ...   371 

Nos.  3  and  14,  in  the  Museum  of  Royal  Irish  Academy  ;  1,  2,  and  9 
to  13,  in  the  Belfast  Museum  ;  4.  after  Patterson  (B.  215)  ;  5,  <>  and  8, 
from  Uhtcr  Journal  of  Archaeology,  vols.  iv.  p.  2(i9,  and  vi.  p.  103. 

123. — LISNACROGHERA  :    No.    1,    End    portions    of    a    bronze    sword- 
sheath — 2,  Rubbing  of  portion  of  an  ornamented  bronze  sword- 
sheath — 3,   End   portions  of  a  bronze  sword-sheath — 4,   Bronze 
sword-sheath  in  two  portions          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...   381 

No.  3,  in  the  British  Museum,  and  the  rest  in  Canon  Grainger's 
Collection  ;  No.  4  is  after  Wakeman  (B.  411). 

124.  -  Nos.   1  and   2,   Iron  swords — 3,   Iron  spear-head — 4 

and  5,  Axe  and  adze  of  iron — 6  to  9,  and  17,  Bronze  rings — 
10,  Bronze  dish — 11,  12  and  14,  Glass  beads — 13,  Amber  bead 
—15  and  16,  Bronze  objects — 18,  19,  20  and  22,  Bronze  orna- 
ments— 21,  Top  of  bronze  rivet — 23  to  25,  Bronze  ferrules — 
— 26,  Bronze  rivet  serrated — 27,  Bronze  terminal  ornament  for 
a  handle — 28  to  30,  Bronze  knobs  for  the  butt-end  of  spear 

handles         383 

Nos.  1,  3,  5,  10,  and  28  to  30,  are   in  the   British  Museum,  the 
rest  in  Canon  Grainger's  Collection. 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS.  XXXV 

FIG.  PAGE 

125.— LOUGH  MOURNE  :  No.  1,  Iron  axe — 2,  Clay  crucible,  with 
projecting  portion  like  a  handle — 3,  Canoe — 4,  Stern  half  of 
canoe — 5,  Seat  in  No.  4 — 6,  Section  of  No.  4  showing  pro- 
jections, left  in  solid  for  supporting  the  seat  387 

No.  1  is  in  private  keeping,  the  rest  in  the  Belfast  Museum. 

SCOTTISH   CRANNOGS. 

N.B. — The  illustrations  marked  thus  *  are  from  woodcuts  in  the  Collec- 
tions of  the  Ayr  and  Galloway  Archgeological  Association. 

126. — LOCH  DOWALTON  :  Bronze  dish,  probably  Roman  (B.  94)        ...   399 

127.  —  Bronze  dish  of  thin  sheets,  riveted  (Ibid.)     400 

128.  Bronze  dish  of  beaten  bronze  (Ibid.)  ...          ...          ...   400 

129.  Ring  handle  and  portion  of  dish  of  bronze     ...          ...   400 

130.  -  Bronze  penannular  brooch,    and   a  bronze  ornament 
with    trumpet-shaped    spaces,    probably   for    enamel   (Proc.    Soc. 
Antiq.  Scot.,  vol.  iii.,  N.S.,  p.  155)  ...          ...          ...          ...   401 

131.  Three  iron  hammers  or  axes    ...          ...          ...          ...   401 

132.  -  Portion  of  whitish  glass  armlet*  ;    ditto  of  streaked 
glass ;   blue  glass  bead  with  bronze  core  (B.  94) ;  4,  Beads  (two 
ribbed  with   greenish  glaze,  one  with  red  spots  and  the  other 
streaked)       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   402 

133.  -  Portion    of    a    leather    shoe    with    stamped    pattern 

(B.  94)  ...   403 

134.  Small  portion  of  Samian  ware,  *  and  about  the  half 

of  a  clay  crucible     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...   403 

135. — LOCHLEE  :  General  view  of  site  of  crannog        ...          ...  ...   404 

136.*  -  Mortised  beam,  with  portion  of  an  upright  and 

a  wooden  peg            ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  ...   405 

137.  —      —  Sketch  showing  mortised  beams  in  position  ...  ...   405 

138.  Grooved    and    mortised    beams    lying    over    the    log- 
pavement      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   406 

139.  —  Perpendicular    section     through     the     three     lowest 
hearths,  showing  structure  of  third  hearth  and  stratified  deposits 
below  it        407 

140. Hone  of  sandstone  (Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  Scot.,  vol.  iii., 

N.S.,  p.  248)  411 

141.* —  Upper  quern-stone  of  granite  •  portion  of  a  cup- 
marked  stone  with  concentric  circles  ;  two  spindle- whorls ;  a 
flint  scraper  and  flake  ;  arid  a  polished  stone  hatchet  ...  ...  412 

142.* Bone  needle,  bodkin,  hook,  socketed  dagger,  and 

club  of  staghorn  ...  ...  ...  ...  ...  41 3 

143.*  -      Wooden  tray     ...  ...   413 

144.*) 

..  .'    ,- Piece  of  ash  wood,  with  carved  design  on  both  sides  414,  415 


XXXvi  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

FIG.  PAOE 

146.*  LOCHLEA  :  Wooden  mallet,  double  paddle,  and  iron  axe  ...   416 

147.* Iron  3-pronged  implement,   iron  shears   (Proc.   Soc. 

Antiq.  Scot.,  vol.  iii.,  N.  S.,  p.  248),  and  a  bronze  spatula  ...   416 

148.*  .  Two  bronze  fibulae  and  a  bronze  pin  ...          ...          ...   417 

149.*  -         Bridle-bit,  partly  of  iron  and  partly  of  bronze  ...   417 

150.*  -        Fringe  made  of  the  stems  of  moss,  and  a  piece  of  thick 

leather  with  copper  nails     ...          ...          ...          ...  ...418 

151.* — LOCHSPOUTS  :    Segment  of  stone  disc  and  a  flint  scraper        ...   423 
152.*  -  -  Bone  chisel,  showing  marks  of  usage  ...  ...   423 

153.  —  Three  bronze  ornaments  and  small  key*         ...          ...   424 

154.* Portion  of  a  bowl  of  Samian  ware     ...          ...          ...   424 

155.*  -  Fragments  of  pottery  ...  ...   424 

156.  -  A    conical    ornament   of    rock-crystal,   a  glass    bead, 

and  a  ring  and  pendant  of  jet          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   425 

157.*  — BUSTON  :  General  view  of  crannog,  looking  northwards.     The 
water  in  foreground  marks  the  position  of  the  midden.     (From  a 
photograph  by  Mr.  Lawrie)  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   427 

158.*  -  -  Portion  of  north  side  of  crannog,  with  space  between 

inner  and  second  circles  of  piles  dug  out,  thus  bringing  into  view 
the  arrangement  of  the  mortised    beams  forming  the  stockade, 
and  the  structure  of  the  upper  part  of  the  island.     (From  a  pho- 
tograph by  Mr.  Lawrie)       ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   428 

159.*  -          —  View  of  canoe  in  situ  immediately  after  exposure. 

(From  a  drawing  by  Mrs.  Anstruther)      ...          ...          ...          ...   429 

160.*  Flint  knife  and  clay  crucible      430 

161.*  -  -  Four  bone  pins,  one  ornamented  with  a  check  pattern, 

(B.  373,  p.  216),  and  another  in  an  unfinished  state  ;    a  bone 
needle  ;  and  a  bronze  pin,  with  a  blue  bead  of  glass  as  a  top 

setting  430 

162.*  -  -  Bone  comb,  ornamented  with  concentric  incised  circles, 

both  sides  being  alike          431 

163.*  -  -  Iron  axe-head    ...  ...   432 

164.*  -  -  Part  of  an  iron  padlock  (see  foot-note,  page  431),  a 

bronze  brooch,  a  small  iron  object,  bifurcated  at  one  end,  and  a 
socketed  spear-head  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   433 

165.*  -  Two  gold  finger-rings,  a  gold  coin,  and  a  variegated 

glass  bead 433 

166.*  -  -  Fragment  of  pottery,  showing  a  short  spout ...          ...   434 

167.* — AIRRIEOULLAND  :  Scarlet  beads  of  vitreous  paste        ...          ...   435 

168.*  -  -  Portion  of  a  clay  crucible  and  a  bronze  button         ...   436 

169.* — BARHAPPLE  :  Piece  of  jet  or  cannel  coal  ...          ...          ...   437 

170. — FRIAR'S  CARSE  :  Perforated  stone  axe   ...          ...          ...          ...  440 

171.  -  Fragments  of  pottery,  with  bands  of  small  impressed 

spaces  441 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS.  XXXvii 

FIG.  PAGE 

172. — CARLINGWARK  LOCH  :  Large  bronze  cauldron  (Proc.  Soc.  Antiq. 

Scot.,  vol.  vii.  p.  7,  and  x.  p.  286)  444 

173. — LEDAIG  :  Wooden  comb  (Ibid.,  vol.  x.  p.  82) 446 

174. — LOCH-INCH-CRYNDIL.     Bone  comb  ...          ...          ...          ...   447 

175. — BARLOCKHART  AND  MACHERMORE  :  Stone  ring  (Ibid.,  vol  xv. 
p.  268)  and  stone  implement  with  hollowed  surface  on  each  side 

(Ibid.,  vol.  xiv.  p.  127)        448 

176. — Bone  combs  for  comparison  with  those  from  the  lake-dwellings  453 

ENGLISH    LAKE-DWELLINGS. 

176«. — HOLDER>TESS  :  Nos.  1  and  2,  Broken  portions  of  long  bones, 
perforated  for  handle,  and  used  as  implements — 3,  Flint  saw — 4, 
Bronze  spear-head    ...  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   473 

From  objects  in  the  possession  of  T.  Boynton,  Esq. 

MEDIAEVAL  OBJECTS  FOUND  IN  BRITISH  LAKE -DWELLINGS. 
177. — Forward  half  of  canoe  found  in  Loch  Arthur  or  Lotus,  Kirkcud- 
brightshire (Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  Scot.,  vol.  xi.  p.  21)            ...          ...  480 

178. — Canoe  found  in  Loch  Caiimor,  Aberdeenshire  (B.  94)  ...          ...  481 

179. — Bronze  (brass)  vessel  found  in  Loch  Canmor  (Ibid.)     ...          ...  483 

180. — Bone  tableman  found  in  the  Loch  of  Forfar  (Ibid.)      484 

181. — Bronze  (brass)  pots  found  in  Loch  of  Banchory  (Ibid.)             ...  484 

182. — Bronze  (brass)  pot  and  jug,  found  in  Loch  of  Banchory           ...  485 
183. — View  of  surface  of  the  Isle  of  the  Loch  of  Banchory,  showing 

foundation  of  a  stone  building  (Ibid.)        ...          ...          ...          ...  485 

MISCELLANEOUS   OBJECTS   ILLUSTRATING   CULTURE   AND 
CIVILISATION   OF   LAKE-DWELLERS. 

184. — No.  1,  Wooden  yoke  (Vinelz) — 2,  Clay  moulding  of  cottage 
walls  (Robenhausen) — 3,  Clay  crucible  (Mondsee) — 4,  Wooden 
pile  driver  (Cortaillod) — 5,  Fragment  of  pottery,  adorned  with 
bits  of  birch-bark  (Moosseedorf) — 6,  Stone  hammer-axe,  broken 
before  the  perforation  had  been  completed  (Bauschanze) — 7, 
Stone  axe  with  oval  perforation  (Ibid.) — -8,  Portion  of  clay 
funnel  blackened  with  soot  (Lake  Bourget)  ...  ...  ...  499 

Nos.  1  and  2,  in  Cantonal  Museum,  Berne  ;  3,  in  Dr.  Much's 
Collection  ;  4,  after  Anseig/tr,  1881,  PI.  x. ;  5,  after  Keller  (B.  33(>)  ; 
6  and  7,  in  the  Antiq.  Museum,  Ziirich  :  8,  in  the  Museum  at 
Aix-les-Bains. 

185.— Nos.  1,  8,  10,  13  and  14,  Handles  of  wood,  showing  different 
forms  of  mounting  stone,  and  the  flat  types  of  bronze  axes — 
2,  5,  6,  9,  11,  26  and  27,  Objects  of  horn  and  bone— 3,  16  and 
17,  Flint  saws  in  handles — 4,  Pick  of  staghorn — 7,  Tine  of 
staghorn,  mounted  in  wooden  handle — 12  and  18,  Small  orna- 
mented boxes  of  staghorn — 15,  Perforated  axe  of  staghorn — 19, 


XXXV111  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

FIG.  PAOE 

Comb,  of  strips  of  yew  wood — 20,  Perforated  roundlet  of  human 
skull  (Zeit.  fur  Ethn.  Verliand.,  vol.  xviii.  p.  368)— 21  and  22, 
Small  bones  perforated — 23,  Fossil  ammonite  from  the  Jura 
Mountains,  perforated  for  suspension — 24,  Beads  of  staghorn — 
25,  Wooden  board  pierced  by  a  bolt,  and  measuring  thirteen  by 
sixteen  inches  (B.  336,  p.  48)— 28,  Knife  of  nephrite— 29, 
Chisel  of  nephrite ... 503 

These  objects  are  from  the  following  stations  : — Locras  (1,  7.  11 
and  28),  St.  Aubin  (2,  3,  5,  6  and  9),  Concise  (12  and  20),  Castione 
(13),  Mondsee  (14,  Dr.  Much's  Collection),  Wollishofen  (15  and  18), 
Sipplingen  (16,  Museum  Friedrichshafen).  Vinelz  (10,  17  and  19), 
Oefelipliitze  (21  to  24,  S3e  B.  462),  Schaffis  (4,  25  and  29),  Gerlafingen 
(26),  Sutz  (27). 

Nos.  1,  7,  19,  28  and  29,  after  Gross  (B.  392)  ;  2,  5,  6,  9  and  15, 
Museum  Zurich  ;  3r  11  and  12,  aftar  Keller  (B.  286)  ;  4.  10,  17,  26  and 
27.  Cantonal  Museum,  Berne  ;  8,  Museum  at  Avenches. 

186. — Nos.  1  to  5,  7  and  9,  Various  forms  of  bronze  swords — 6, 
Part  of  sword,  with  blade  of  iron  and  handle  (imperfect)  of 
bronze,  ornamented  with  inlaid  strips  of  iron — 8  and  11,  Daggers 
of  bronze — 10,  A  remarkable  double  celt  of  copper,  fourteen 
inches  in  length,  and  perforated  with  a  small  hole  ...  ...  517 

The  objects  were  found  in  the  following  stations  : — Locras  (1 
and  10),  Corcelettes  (2),  Auvernier  (3),  Moeringen  (4,  5  and  6), 
Lattringen  (7  and  11),  Xidau-Steinberg  (8),  and  Sutz  (9). 

Xos.  1,  3  to  6.  and  10,  in  Collection  Gross  ;  2,  in  Museum  at 
Lausanne  ;  7  to  9,  and  11,  in  Schwab  Museum  at  Bienne. 

187. — Wooden  handle  and  bronze  sickle  from  Moeringen,  after  Gross 

(B.  392)  ...  519 

188. — No.  1,  Perforated  bronze  bracelet  (from  Auvernier  and  after 
Gross,  B.  392)— 2,  Bronze  circular  ring  (Wollishofen)— 3,  Tin 
bracelet  (Montilier) — 4,  Bronze  bracelet  (Bieler  Insel) — 5,  Open 
bracelet  with  spiral  ends  (Moeringen) — 6,  Bronze  bracelet  orna- 
mented with  inlaid  bands  of  iron  (Moeringen)— 7,  Ornamented 
bronze  bracelet  (Auvernier)  520 

Nos.  1,  5,  6  and  7,  Collection  Gross  ;  2,  Museum  Zurich  ;  3, 
Museum  Schwab  ;  4,  Cantonal  Museum,  Berne. 

189.— Nos.  1  to  3,  Bronze  pendants  (Onens) — 4  and  5,  Bronze  pins 
(Lake  Bourget),  after  Perrin  (B.  282,  p.  187)— 6,  Double-wheel 
ornament  of  tin  (Auvernier),  from  Anzeiger,  1881—7,  Pendant 
of  tin  (Auvernier)— 8,  Gold  pendant  (Moeringen),  after  Gross 
(B.  286)— 9,  Bronze  tube  containing  two  pins,  Nos.  10  and  11 
(Lake  Bourget),  after  Rabut  (B.  138)— 12,  Bar  of  tin  perforated 
(Corcelettes)— 13,  Bronze  ornament  (Hauterive)— 14,  Bronze 
pendant  (Auvernier)— 15,  Needle-holder  of  pottery  (Moeringen) 
—16,  Bronze  razor-pendant  (Hauterive)— 17,  Bronze  pendant, 
like  a  small  bell  (Moeringen),  in  Zurich  Museum— 18,  Bronze 
object  (Auvernier)— 19,  Part  of  bronze  fibula— 20,  Bronze  dish 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS.  XXxix 

FIG.  PACK 

of  Scandinavian  type.     These  two  objects  are  in  the  Museum  of 
Lausanne,  and  are  here  represented  after  Montelius  (B.  348)     ...   521 

Nos.  1  to  3,  13  and  14,  in  Museum  of  Neuchatel ;  7,  8,  12,  15,  16 
and  18,  in  Collection  Gross. 

190. — Bronze  knife  (Dr.  Evans'  Collection)  from  Lake  Bourget  ...  524 
191. — No.  1,  Complete  bridle  bit  of  horn  (Corcelettes) — 2,  Side  pieces 
of  horn  for  bridle-bit  (Montale) — 3  and  4,  Ditto  (Moeringen) — • 
5  and  6,  Ditto  of  bronze  (Moeringen) — 7,  Complete  horse-bit  of 
bronze  (Moeringen) — 8,  Ditto  ditto  (Corcelettes) — 9,  Two  cheek- 
pieces  of  bronze  for  a  bridle-bit  (Estavayer) — 10,  Portion  of  the 
bronze  railing  of  a  chariot  (Estavayer) — 11  and  12,  Bronze  discs, 
supposed  to  be  ornaments  for  horse  harness  (Au vernier)  —  13, 
Portion  of  disc,  slightly  curved,  and  perforated  in  centre  ...  525 

No.  1,  after  Dr.  Briere  (B.  463a)  :  2,  after  Dr.  Boni  (B.  421)  :  3  and  4, 
in  Cantonal  Museum,  Berne  ;  5,  6,  7,  9,  and  11  to  13,  in  Collection 
Gross ;  8,  in  Museum  of  Lausanne ;  10,  in  the  Museum  of  Fribourg. 

192. — 1Bronze  mirror  from  Portalban  (B.  420,  PI.  xxxix.)      ...          ...   528 

193.— No.   1,  Quarter  of  a  plate  of  earthenware  symmetrically  per- 
forated (Lake    Bourget) — 2,   Ditto,  with  ornamentations   of  tin 
strips  (Cortaillod) — 3,  Fragment  of  pottery  that  had  been  mended 
with   a  rush  (Lake    Bourget) — 4  and  5,   Specimens  of   pottery 
ornamented  with  tin  strips — 6,  Yase  similarly  ornamented  (Hau- 
terive) — 7,  8  and   10,   Toy  dishes  (Au vernier) — 9,  Child's  -rattle 
of  earthenware  (Moeringen)  ...          ...          ...          ...          ...   530 

No.  1,  in  British  Museum;  2.  in  Museum  Schwab;  3  and  4,  in 
Museum  at  Aix-les-Bains ;  5,  in  Museum  at  Chambery ;  0,  in  Museum 
at  Neuchatel :  7,  8,  and  10,  in  Collection  Gross ;  9,  in  Cantonal 
Museum,  Berne. 

194. — Discoidal  stone,  common  in  Bronze  Age  ...          ...          ...   531 

195. — Nos.  1  and  2,  Wooden  bdtons  de  commandement  (Castione) — 
3,  Ditto  (Moeringen) — 4,  Bronze  tube,  with  attached  rings 
(Bourget) — 5  to  8,  Earthenware  images  (Laibach) — 9  and  10, 
Clay  figures  (Lake  Bourget) — 11,  Stamp  of  earthenware  with 
croix  gammee  or  swastika  —  12,  Pieces  of  clay -plaster  so 
marked  (Lake  Bourget) — 13,  Figure  like  that  of  a  cluck,  orna- 
mented with  tin  strips  (Hauterive) — 14,  Clay  figures  like  that  of 
a  pig  (Corcelettes) — 15  and  16,  Bronze  figures  (Bodmann) — 17, 
Crescent  (Lake  Bourget)  —  18,  Ditto  (Moeringen)  — 19,  Ditto 

(Hauterive) 532 

Nos.  1  and  2,  after  Strob?!  (B.  328e) ;  3,  after  Gross  (B.  280) ;  4,  in 
Restaurant  Lacustre,  Port  (Aix-les-Bains) ;  5  to  8,  in  Museum  at  Lai- 
bach  ;  9  and  10,  after  Costa  (B.  176) ;  11  and  12,  after  Perrin  (B.  282)  ; 
13,  from  Anzeiger,  1881 ;  14,  in  Collection  Gross;  15  and  16,  in  Stem- 
haus  Museum,  Ueberlinger ;  17,  in  British  Museum;  18,  in  Cantonal 
Museum,  Berne  ;  19,  in  Museum  at  Geneva. 

196.— No.  1,  Bronze  pin— 2,  Bronze  (copper?)  bead— 3,  Bone  disc— 4 
and  5,  Bronze  bracelets— 6,  Bronze  ring— 7,  Bronze  ornament— 


xl  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

FIG.  PAOE 

8  to  11,  Bronze  bracelets— 12  and  13,  Bronze  pins— 14,  Earthen- 
ware vase     ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  •••  540 

Nos.  1  to  7  were  found  at  Au vernier,  and  8  to  14  at  Montreux. 

Nos.  1  to  7,  after  Gross  (B.  286)  ;  8  and  9,  from  Antiqua,  1884  ;  10  to 

14,  after  Keller  (B.  330). 

197. — Iron  axe,  with  portion  of  wooden  handle  (Bieler  Insel),  in  Can- 
tonal Museum,  Berne  ...  544 

198. — Iron  spear-head,  ornamented  with  bronze  or  copper  (Lake 

Bourget),  in  Museum,  Chambery ...  544 

199. — No.  1,  Bronze  helmet,  with  "  late  Celtic "  ornamentation 
(Berru) — 2,  Bronze  helmet  with  fret  ornamentation — 3  and  4, 
fragments  of  glass  bracelets  (Hradischt) — 5,  Bronze  fibula  (La 
Tene) — 6,  Bronze  fibula  (Hradischt) — 7,  Iron  spear-head  (Lower 
Thielle),  ornamented  with  a  design  of  frets,  spirals,  and  running 
scrolls  on  each  side  (the  designs  are  shown  half  the  original  size) 
— 8,  Iron  spear-head — 9,  Bronze  ornament,  with  portions  of  red 
enamel— 10  and  11,  Bronze  fibulae— 12,  Bridle-bit— 13,  Gold 
bracelet — 14  and  15,  Bronze  studs  for  horse  harness— 16,  Iron 
sword — 17  and  18,  Bone  counters  (Hradischt)  ...  ...  ...  547 

No.  1,  after  Bertrand  (Arch,  Cult,  et  Gauloise)  ;  2,  and  S  to  16,  after 
Fourdrignier  (Sepulture  Gauloise  dc  la  (forge- Me 'diet)  ;  3,  4,  6,  17  and 
18.  after  W.  O.sborne  (see  page  o49)  ;  5  and  7,  after  Vouga  (B.  428). 


SKETCH-MAPS,   PLANS,   SECTIONS,   ETC. 

Plan  of  lake-dwellings  in  the  lakes  of  Zurich,  Pfaffikori,  Greifen,  and 

Zug  ...  9 
Plan  of  lake-dwellings  in  the  lakes  of  Bienne,  Morat,  and  Neuchatel ; 

also  showing  Correction  des  Eaux  du  Jura           ...          ...          ...  23 

Distribution  of  lake-dwellings  at  Cortaillod      ...          ...          ...          ...  45 

Sketch-map  of  the  shore  of  lake  Neuchatel,  near  Bevaix,  showing  the 

relative  positions  of  the  stations  of  the  Stone  and  Bronze  periods  50 

Sketch-map,  showing  stations  in  Lake  of  Geneva         ...          ...          ...  86 

Sketch-map,  showing  stations  in  the  Lake  of  Bourget...          ...          ...  95 

Plan  of  lake-dwellings  in  the  Lake  of  Constance          ...          ...          ...  129 

Sketch  of  Laibach  Moor,  showing  position  of  lake-dwellings  ...          ...  171 

Sketch-map,  showing  lake-dwellings  in  the  Lake  of  Varese  and 

neighbourhood          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  189 

Plan  and  sections  of  terramara  at  Gorzano       ...          ...          ...          ...  263 

Sketch-map,  showing  distribution  of  lake-dwellings  and  terremare  in 

the  eastern  part  of  the  Po  valley   ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  266 

Plan  of  lake-dwelling  in  Persanzigsee    ...          ...          ...          ...          ...314 

Plan  and  sections  of  Crannog  at  Lochlee  ...  ...  ...  416417 


THE 

LAKE-DWELLINGS  OF  EUROPE. 

jftrst  lecture. 

SETTLEMENTS   IN  LAKE   ZURICH,  WESTERN   SWITZER- 
LAND  AND   FRANCE. 

THE  investigations  of  geologists  in  the  early  part  of  this 
century,  culminating  in  the  publication  of  Sir  Charles  Lyell's 
"  Principles  of  Geology,"  not  only  upset  current  theories  regarding 
the  past  history  of  our  globe,  but  also  revolutionised  the  very 
formulae  on  which  these  theories  were  founded.  The  influence 
of  this  drastic  clearance  of  antiquated  machinery  in  geology 
soon  extended  to  the  collateral  sciences,  and  one  of  the  first  to 
benefit  from  the  improved  methods  was  archaeology.  The  first 
great  application  of  scientific  methods  to  prehistoric  researches 
was  made  in  the  north  of  Europe.  The  Scandinavian  savants, 
in  attempting  to  pry  into  the  early  history  of  their  people, 
found  so  little  reliable  information  in  their  sagas  and  other 
mythological  fables,  that  they  cast  them  altogether  aside  as 
useless  or  misleading.  Struck  with  the  elegance  and  beauty 
of  the  stone  weapons  and  implements  so  profusely  scattered 
over  the  land,  they  seized  the  idea,  occasionally  previously 
mooted  by  writers  in  other  countries,  but  hitherto  never 
seriously  considered,  that  there  was  a  time  when  people  were 
entirely  ignorant  of  the  use  of  metals,  and,  in  the  prosecu- 
tion of  their  social  industries,  had  to  depend  exclusively  on 
such  tools  as  could  be  manufactured  out  of  stone,  horn,  wood, 
etc.  To  this  idea  they  soon  afterwards  linked  another, 
which  experience  has  also  shown  to  be  founded  on  accurate 
observation,  viz.  that  their  earliest  metal  objects  were  made 
from  a  nearly  uniform  compound  of  copper  and  tin,  known  as 


2  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EITKOPE. 

bronze.  Iron,  it  was  maintained,  was  not  known  in  the  country 
for  several  centuries  afterwards ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  when 
it  became  known,  it  gradually  superseded  bronze  in  the  manu- 
facture of  all  cutting  implements  and  weapons,  on  account  of 
its  superior  qualities  for  such  purposes. 

These  simple  observations  in  ^the  hands  of  the  Scandinavian 
scientists  supplied  the  essential  elements  of  a  new  system  of 
classification,  which  has  since  become  so  familiar  all  over  the 
world  as  the  three  ages  of  Stone,  Bronze  and  Iron.  Its  adoption 
by  Dr.  Thomson,  in  1830,  as  the  basis  of  arranging  the  pre- 
historic materials  in  the  Museum  of  Northern  Antiquities  at 
Copenhagen,  and,  a  few  years  later,  in  the  Museums  of  Lund 
and  Stockholm,  marks  the  commencement  of  a  new  era  in  the 
history  of  prehistoric  archieology.  Other  nations  were  not  slow 
in  following  in  the  footsteps  of  the  northern  savants,  and  to 
such  an  extent  was  this  new  departure  carried  that  for  a  time' 
at  least,  all  antiquarian  objects  were  classified  as  belonging  to 
one  or  other  of  the  so-called  ages,  on  the  mere  knowledge  of 
their  composition.  So  fascinating  was  the  spell  of  this  new 
doctrine,  that  it  was  some  time  before  even  experienced  archaeo- 
logists could  see  the  fallacy  of  adhering  rigidly  to  such  a 
method  of  arranging  objects  ;  as  if,  the  instant  a  bronze  or  an 
iron  implement  became  known,  the  manufacture  of  its  analogues 
in  the  inferior  materials  there  and  then  ceased  for  ever.  While, 
therefore,  conceding  that  the  chronological  sequence  of  the 
three  ages,  as  determined  in  Scandinavia,  is  generally  correct, 
and  holds  good  also  for  European  countries,  I  consider  it  radically 
wrong  to  suppose  that  the  respective  epochs  indicated  by  these 
successive  stages  of  civilisation,  especially  in  districts  widely 
separated,  are  identical  in  point  of  time.  Many  local  circum- 
stances in  a  country,  such  as  the  poverty  of  the  people,  their 
isolation  and  distance  from  commercial  highways,  etc.,  have  often 
so  contributed  to  the  persistency  of  customs  and  usages,  else- 
where become  obsolete  and  entirely  superseded,  that  a  chrono- 
logical comparison  of  its  progress  in  civilisation,  as  defined  by 
the  three  ages,  becomes  perplexing,  if  not  misleading,  when 
applied  to  other  countries.  The  question  resolves  itself,  there- 
fore, into  this :  that  each  well-defined  archaeological  or  geo- 
graphical area  must  ascertain  the  chronological  sequence  and 
duration  of  these  ages  for  itself. 


ORIGINAL    DISCOVERY.  3 

But  whatever  may  be  the  value  of  this  system  when  applied  to 
the  elucidation  of  early  European  civilisation,  one  thing  is  certain— 
that  it  was  the  means  of  evoking  throughout  the  entire  world  an 
enormous  amount  of  interest  in  archaeological  pursuits.  Henceforth 
primeval  antiquities  of  every  description,  the  merest  "  waifs  and 
strays  "  of  humanity,  things  which  previously  were  utterly  ignored, 
were  now  eagerly  collected,  described,  and  catalogued ;  and  in 
every  centre  of  intelligence  societies  and  journals  were  founded  with 
the  express  object  of  following  up  the  new  found  trail  of  prehistoric 
man.  Since  then  the  problem  of  man's  place  in  nature  has  come 
largely  to  the  front,  and  now  appeals  for  its  solution  to  all  depart- 
ments of  science,  and  to  all  legitimate  processes  of  reasoning. 
Among  those  who  devoted  their  energies  to  the  study  and  eluci- 
dation of  the  archaeological  phase  of  this  problem  was  the  learned 
Ferdinand  Keller,  President  of  the  Antiquarian  Association  at 
Zurich,  to  whom  the  world  is  indebted  for  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  archaeological  discoveries  of  this  century — a  discovery 
which  in  its  consequential  results  is  unique  for  the  variety  and 
wealth  of  materials  with  which  it  has  illustrated  that  singular 
but  long  unknown  and  forgotten  phase  of  prehistoric  civilisation 
in  Europe,  which  found  its  outcome  in  the  habit  of  constructing 
dwellings  in  lakes,  marshes,  etc.  This  discovery  of  Dr.  Keller 
was  not  of  the  nature  of  a  lucky  tind,  but  was  the  result  of  a 
purely  mental  process  — a  spark  of  superior  intelligence — fostered, 
I  have  no  doubt,  by  his  knowledge  of  these  very  Scandinavian 
doctrines  to  which  I  have  just  referred. 

In  countries  whose  lakes  and  rivers  are  fed  from  snow-clad 
mountains  and  glaciers,  it  is  observed  that  their  waters  find  their 
greatest  diminution  in  winter,  when  a  portion  of  their  supply  is 
temporarily  suspended  in  the  form  of  ice.  This  phenomenon 
became  unusually  intensified  in  Switzerland  during  the  winter 
of  1853-4,  so  much  so,  that  the  level  of  its  lakes  had  sunk  lower 
than  had  ever  before  been  known.  Some  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  village  of  Ober-Meilen,  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Zurich,  took 
advantage  of  this  circumstance  to  extend  their  vineyards,  by 
recovering  portions  of  the  exposed  shore,  which  they  enclosed 
with  stone  walls,  and  filled  in  the  space  with  mud,  so  as  to  bring 
its  surface  above  the  ordinary  level  of  the  lake.  In  the  course 
of  these  operations  the  workmen  came  upon  the  heads  of  wooden 
piles  around  which  were  portions  of  stags'  horns,  stone  hatchets 


4  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

and  other  implements  (Fig.  1),  which  excited  some  curiosity 
among  them.  The  event,  however,  was  not  singular  in  the  dis- 
trict, as  objects  of  a  similar  character  were  on  several  occasions 
encountered  along  the  shore  of  the  lake ;  and  even  in  this  same 
spot,  in  1829,  when  the  little  harbour  of  the  village  was  being 
deepened,  bits  of  rotten  piles,  as  well  as  implements  of  stone 
and  horn,  were  turned  up  among  the  dredged  stuff.  They  were 
not,  however,  deemed  of  sufficient  value  to  be  rescued  from  the 
mud,  so  that,  along  with  it,  they  were  carried  away  and  re- 
deposited  in  deep  water.  Also  at  Mannedorf,  a  village  a  few 
leagues  farther  up  the  lake,  during  the  winter  of  1843-4,  while 
its  harbour  was  being  enlarged,  similar  discoveries  were  made. 
A  few  of  the  relics  were  on  this  occasion  collected  and  sent  to 
the  Museum  at  Zurich,  where  they  are  still  to  be  seen.  Indeed, 
these,  and  other  recorded  instances  of  antiquarian  remains  being 
rished  up  or  dredged  from  the  Swiss  lakes,  are  by  no  means 
exceptional  events ;  but,  however  suggestive  they  may  now  appear, 
they  all  failed  to  excite  in  the  minds  of  their  beholders  that 
great  deduction  which  will  for  ever  associate  the  name  of  Keller 
with  the  lake-dwellings  of  Europe.  On  this  occasion  the  school- 
master of  the  village  of  Ober-Meilen,  Mr.  ^Eppli,  whose  house 
was  close  by,  considered  the  find  of  sufficient  importance  to  be 
brought  under  the  notice  of  the  Antiquarian  Association  at 
Zurich,  which  ho  accordingly  did  in  the  month  of  January,  1854. 
Thus  it  was  that  Dr.  Keller  appeared  on  the  scene.  From  the  in- 
vestigations which  subsequently  ensued  the  following  general  facts 
were  ascertained. 

(a)  Composition  of  Lake-bed. — First,  or  uppermost,  there  was  a 
stratum  of  yellowish  mud,  from  1  to  2  feet  thick,  mixed  with 
rounded  pebbles,  and  in  all  respects  similar  to  what  was  being 
deposited  in  the  shallow  indentations  of  the  lake  in  the  vicinity. 
Beneath  this  was  a  deposit  of  blackish  mud,  mixed  with  decayed 
organic  matter,  and  varying  in  thickness  from  2  to  2|  feet,  in 
which  the  tops  of  the  piles  appeared  and  all  the  relics  were 
found.  The  third  stratum  was  in  composition  somewhat  similar 
to  the  first,  and,  like  it,  with  the  exception  of  the  deeply 
penetrating  piles,  was  devoid  of  antiquarian  remains. 

(6)  Disposition  of  the  Piles,  etc. — The  exact  dimensions  of  the 
area  occupied  by  the  piles  were  not  determined,  but  it  appeared 
to  be  considerable,  and  to  stretch  along  the  shore  within  a  few 


INVESTIGATIONS    AT   OBER-MEILEN.  5 

fathoms  of  the  ordinary  water-mark.  The  piles  were  made  of 
different  kinds  of  wood — oak,  beech,  birch,  and  fir  being  the 
most  prevalent — and  they  varied  in  thickness  from  4  to  6  inches. 
Sometimes  entire  stems  were  used,  but  more  frequently  they  were 
split  into  halves  or  quarters.  They  were  about  1J  foot  apart,  and 
had  a  kind  of  systematic  arrangement  in  rows  parallel  to  the 
beach.  Some  piles  were  pulled  up,  and  their  tips  were  found  to 
have  been  pointed  by  blunt  tools,  the  cuts  of  which  were,  in  the 
estimation  of  experienced  carpenters  who  had  examined  them, 
precisely  similar  to  those  which  would  be  made  by  those  very 
stone  implements  collected  around  them. 

(c)  Relics. — The  relics  were  of  a  mixed  character,  and  included 
the  following : — Stone  celts  and  chisels,  some  of  them  being  still 
fixed  in  their  horn  handles  and  fastenings  (Fig.  1,  Nos.  3,  4,  11, 
and  15);  perforated  hammer-axes  (Nos.  8,  13,  and  17);  mealing- 
stones  and  polishers  (No.  12)  ;  various  implements  made  of  flint, 
as  scrapers,  flakes  (No.  1),  saws  (No.  2),  and  some  rude  arrow- 
points  (only  one  being  neatly  finished,  No.  16)  ;  various  objects 
of  horn  and  bone  (Nos.  6  and  7) ;  also  some  wooden  clubs, 
fragments  of  pottery,  spindle-whorls  (No.  14),  shells  of  hazel- 
nuts,  etc.  Among  the  relics  then  collected  were  a  bead  of  amber 
(No.  9)  and  a  bronze  armilla  (No.  10). 

After  careful  consideration  of  the  facts  thus  brought  to  light, 
Dr.  Keller  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  piles  had  formerly 
supported  a  wooden  platform,  that  on  this  platform  huts  had  been 
erected,  and  that,  after  these  had  been  inhabited  for  a  long 
period,  the  whole  structure  had  been  destroyed  by  fire. 

A  knowledge  of  these  discoveries  at  Ober-Meilen,  and  of  Dr. 
Keller's  opinion  in  regard  to  them,  soon  spread  among  the  sur- 
rounding inhabitants,  the  immediate  result  of  which  was  a  sudden 
crop  of  lacustrine  explorers,  who  carried  on  a  vigorous  search 
for  similar  remains  in  this  and  the  adjacent  lakes.  For  their 
guidance  were  requisitioned  all  sorts  of  traditions,  stories  of  sub- 
merged cities,  of  which  many  abounded,  recollections  of  the 
occasional  finding  of  implements  and  weapons  of  unusual  types, 
etc. ;  but  of  greatest  service  was  the  local  knowledge  of  fishermen, 
who,  from  practical  experiences  of  disasters  to  their  nets  and 
fishing  gear,  could  at  once  point  out  numberless  localities  where 
large  fields  of  submerged  piling  were  to  be  found.  In  the  spring 
of  the  same  year  the  celebrated  station  known  as  the  Steinberg, 


LAKE-DWELLINGS   OF   EUROPE. 


Fig.  1  —  OBEB-MEILEN.    All  ±  real  size. 


EARLY    INVESTIGATORS.  7 

at  Nidau,  in  Lake  Bienne,  was  discovered,  as  well  as  numerous 
other  stations  in  the  lakes  of  Bienne,  Neuchatel,  and  Geneva  ;  so 
that  before  an  illustrated  account  of  the  Ober-Meilen  discovery 
could  appear  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Antiquarian  Society  of 
Zurich  Dr.  Keller  had  important  materials  of  a  similar  character 
from  other  localities  to  record.  This  report,  entitled  "  Die  Keltischen 
Pfahlbauten  in  den  Schweizerseen,"  appeared  towards  the  close  of 
the  year  1854,  and  at  once  attracted  the  attention  of  archaeologists 
in  all  countries.  Since  then  lacustrine  investigations  in  search  of 
lake  dwellings  have  been  incessantly  carried  on,  not  only  in 
Switzerland,  but  in  many  other  countries  in  Europe,  with  the 
result  that  each  year  has  seen  an  increase  in  their  number,  as 
well  as  a  corresponding  enhancement  of  the  archaeological  value 
of  the  materials  so  discovered. 

Prominent  among  the  early  investigators  whose  names  have 
a  claim  to  be  associated  with  this  great  discovery  which  has  so 
popularised  the  name  of  the  Zurich  antiquary  were  Colonel 
Schwab,  of  Bienne,  whose  splendid  collection  of  lake-dwelling 
antiquities  now  adorns  his  native  town ;  Professor  Desor,  author 
of  the  admirable  little  treatise  "  Les  Palafittes,  ou  Constructions 
lacustres  du  lac  de  Neuchatel,"  and  other  works  ;  and  Professor 
Troy  on  of  Lausanne,  whose  work,  "  Habitations  lacustres  des  temps 
anciens  et  modernes,"  is  so  well  known.  But  foremost  among 
them  all  stood  Keller  himself,  who  from  time  to  time,  according 
to  the  demands  of  fresh  discoveries,  issued  systematic  reports  of 
the  Pfahlbauten,  of  which  no  fewer  than  six  had  appeared  previous 
to  the  year  1866.  In  that  year  was  published  the  English 
edition  of  Keller's  reports,  arranged  and  translated  by  Mr.  Lee. 
It  is  needless  to  pursue  here  any  further  in  historical  order  the 
various  means,  whether  as  publications  or  investigations,  by 
which  Keller's  discovery  was  being  pursued,  as  they  come  to  be 
dealt  with  elsewhere.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  within  a  few  years 
of  its  publicity,  the  existence  of  lacustrine  villages  all  over 
Central  Europe  in  prehistoric  times  was  fully  established. 

From  these  remarks  you  will  have  some  idea  of  the  work 
before  us  in  these  lectures.  It  contemplates  a  critical  and 
summary  review  of  the  principal  results  of  the  investigations  of 
the  lake-dwellings  of  Europe  during  the  last  half-century.  This 
embraces  a  large  geographical  area,  extending,  roughly,  from 
Ireland  to  Bulgaria,  and  from  Venice  on  the  Adriatic  to  the 


8  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

shores  of  the  Baltic.  Of  the  very  numerous  researches  to  which 
I  shall  have  to  refer,  some  were  conducted  by  private  indi- 
viduals, others  by  public  or  scientific  bodies,  but  all  presumably 
more  or  less  qualified  to  give  a  correct  report  of  the  facts.  The 
records  of  successive  discoveries  have  been  generally  published 
in  the  proceedings  of  local  societies,  but  sometimes  in  separate 
monographs  of  extremely  limited  circulation.  As  to  the 
antiquities,  some  have  found  their  way  to  dealers,  and 
have  disappeared  to  foreign  lands.  A  large  proportion,  however, 
have  been  carefully  preserved  in  the  respective  districts  or 
countries  in  which  they  were  found,  and  are  now  located  in 
public  museums  or  private  collections,  where,  as  a  rule,  they 
are  intelligently  arranged  and  duly  labelled.  In  conducting  you, 
as  it  were,  over  this  wide  area,  amidst  such  diversified  materials, 
I  shall  be  guided,  to  a  certain  extent,  by  geographical  con- 
venience, even  at  the  expense  of  historical  sequence ;  and  in 
discussing  typical  finds  I  shall,  as  far  as  this  may  be  practicable, 
make  use  of  diagrammatic  and  pictorial  illustrations,  believing  that 
even  a  poor  illustration  often  conveys  more  information  than  the 
most  accurate  description. 

LAKE   ZURICH. 

Further  discoveries  in  Lake  Zurich  were  not  so  speedily 
effected  as  in  some  of  the  other  Swiss  lakes,  and  for  a  few  years 
the  interest  in  this  subject  was  transferred  to  more  distant  localities. 
In  the  following  year,  1855,  Colonel  Schwab  visited  Zurich  and 
made  further  researches  at  Mannedorf  and  Ober-Meilen.  From  the 
latter  he  succeeded  in  securing  a  considerable  number  of  objects, 
especially  stone  hatchets,  some  of  which  were  made  of  nephrite, 
and  a  bronze  celt  of  the  flat  type  (Fig.  1,  No.  5). 

In  1858,  in  the  course  of  some  dredging  operations  for  the  pur- 
pose of  deepening  the  mouth  of  the  Limmat,  fragments  of  pottery, 
bits  of  piles,  and  some  peculiar  beams  having  one  or  two  square- 
cut  holes  (Fig.  2,  Nos.  13  and  14)  were  dredged  up.  Dr.  Keller 
recognised  here  the  site  of  a  Pfahlbau  which  extended  both 
under  the  little  island  called  Bauschanze  and  outwards  towards 
the  lake.  (B.  22  and  336.) 

Two  other  localities  near  the  outlet  known  as  the  "  Kleiner 
Hafner "  and  "  Grosser  Hafner "  were  also  proved  to  have  been 
stations.  The  former  was  opposite  the  north  end  of  the  Tonhalle, 


LAKE   OF   ZURICH.  9 

and  about  150  yards  distant  from  the  original  shore.  It  occupied  a 
circular  area  of  about  1 J  acre  in  extent  and,  when  the  water  was  low, 
its  surface  was  only  some  3  feet  submerged.  The  Grosser  Hafner 
was  farther  off  in  the  lake,  and  its  area  was  considerably  larger 
than  that  of  the  Kleiner  Hafner.  On  a  clear  day  in  both  these 
localities  stones  and  the  tops  of  piles  could  be  seen.  Another 


Robenh 

Wetzikori 


Meilen 

r-meilcn 
etikon 

M'annedorf 


Plan  of  Lake-dwellings  in 
ZURICHSEE. 

PFAFFIKERSEE ,  GREIFENSEE^ZUCERSEE- 

English  miles. 


locality  known  to  Dr.  Keller  at  this  early  period  was  about  two 
miles  from  Zurich,  on  the  west  shore  of  the  lake  and  just 
opposite  the  steamboat  pier  at  Wollishofen.  Here  the  lake-bed 
consisted  of  a  deposit  of  fine  mud,  and  owing  to  the  constant 
commotion  made  by  the  steamers  in  passing  to  and  fro  the 
ddbris  of  the  lake-dwelling  had  been  greatly  covered  up.  (B.  336.) 

As  the  Kleiner  Hafner  lay  directly  along  the  course  followed 
by  the  steamers,  and  greatly  obstructed  their  passage,  the  authori- 
ties, in  1867,  resolved  to  have  the  obstruction  removed  altogether. 
For  this  purpose  a  dredging  machine  was  used,  by  means  of 


10  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

which  a  segment  several  feet  thick  was  removed  from  its  surface. 
During  this  operation  the  same  kind  of  perforated  beams  which 
had  already  attracted  attention  at  the  Bauschanze  were  turned 
up  among  the  stuff,  together  with  numerous  objects  of  flint,  stone, 
bone,  etc.,  similar  to  those  at  Ober-Meilen  (Fig.  2,  Nos.  9  to  17). 
In  aldition  to  these,  however,  there  were  bronze  axes  of  the 
winged  type,  some  spoon-shaped  crucibles,  large  clay  rings  and 
fragments  of  pottery  of  an  unusually  fine  kind  (Fig.  2,  Nos.  1  to  8). 
But,  what  was  considered  still  more  strange,  there  were  among 
these  relics  some  iron  weapons  and  Roman  tiles. 

Hitherto  there  was  little  or  nothing  done  to  the  Grosser 
Hafner,  and  the  "  Haumessergrund "  at  Wollishofen,  and  so  the 
surmises  of  Dr.  Keller  regarding  them  might  have  died  with 
him,  had  it  not  been  for  the  extraordinary  exertions  of  the  people 
of  Zurich  to  have  their  beautiful  environments  made  still  more 
attractive  by  art.  These  extensive  alterations,  begun  some  six 
years  ago,  and  scarcely  yet  completed,  have  so  entirely  changed 
the  aspect  of  the  shore  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  the 
outlet,  that  visitors  whoso  recollection  of  the  town  dates  farther 
back  than  these  transformations,  will  hardly  recognise  the  locality. 
A  splendid  bridge  now  spans  the  opening  of  the  Limmat,  and  on 
both  sides  of  it  arc  elegant  promenades,  gardens,  and  ornamental 
quays,  which  occupy  what  was  formerly  part  of  the  lake.  The 
filling  up  of  such  a  great  area  of  lake-bottom  involved  the  use 
of  dredgers,  which,  with  revolving  buckets,  raised  stuff  from  the 
most  convenient  shallows  along  the  shore,  and  having  dropped 
it  into  boats,  it  was  then  transported  to  its  final  destination. 
Among  the  localities  selected  for  these  operations  were  the 
Grosser  Hafner  and  the  outskirts  of  the  Bauschanze.  The  rich 
loamy  deposits  of  the  Haumessergrund  at  Wollishofen  were  also 
found  suitable  for  mixing  with  the  gravel  and  for  forming  a 
good  soil  for  the  floral  and  horticultural  gardens  which  now  form 
such  a  conspicuous  ornament  to  the  fashionable  walks  along  the 
northern  shore  of  the  lake. 

The   Grosser   Hafner  *  supplied   a  wonderful  medley   of  anti- 
quarian  objects,   apparently   of  all   ages — stone  hatchets  (one   of 
which  was  10  inches  long),  horn  handles,   bone   implements,  etc 
Among  bronze  objects  were :  hatchets  of  the  winged  type,  chisels, 

*  Corr.-Blatt,  p.  14,  1884.  Antiqua,  1883,  i.  pp.  31,  55  ;  and  ii.  pp.  47,  54. 
B.  336  and  462. 


LAKE   OF   ZURICH. 


11 


Fig.  2.— BATJSCHANZE  (13,  14,  and  21  to  23);  KLEINER  HAFNER  (1  to  12,  and  i:> 
to  17),  and  GROSSER  HAFNER.     All  £  real  size  except  13  and  14. 


12  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

sickles,  knives  (some  ornamented  with  half-circles,  points,  and 
lines  (Fig.  2,  Nos.  30  and  35) ;  pins  with  large  heads,  oval  or 
round,  and  sometimes  perforated  and  variously  ornamented 
(Nos.  24,  25,  and  26) ;  arm-rings,  both  closed  and  open,  and  orna- 
mented with  engraved  lines,  dots,  etc.  (Nos.  18  and  28);  a  few 
spirals  (No.  34),  small  rings  and  pendants  (Nos.  19  and  27); 
two  solid  rings  attached  by  a  band  (No.  29);  a  group  of  four 
rings — one  being  larger,  on  which  the  other  three  were  hung 
(No.  20);  a  pin-like  object,  15  J  inches  long,  with  a  handle  like 
that  of  a  sword  (No.  32) ;  lance-heads,  some  of  which  were 
ornamented  ;  a  few  small  beads  of  amber.  Among  the  fragments 
of  pottery  were  two  vessels  complete  with  round  bases  (No.  31), 
and  part  of  a  moon-shaped  crescent,  rudely  ornamented  with 
depressions  like  finger-marks. 

Here,  again,  as  in  the  Kleiner  Hafner,  objects  apparently  of  a 
later  date  were  found,  among  which  were  Roman  tiles,  pottery  of 
the  kind  known  as  terra  sigillata,  arid  an  iron  spear-head ;  also  up- 
wards of  16  coins  of  the  time  of  Augustus,  Tiberias  and  Vespasian. 

On  the  other  hand,  at  the  Bauschanze,  while  objects  of  the 
stone  age  were  very  numerous,  there  were  scarcely  any  of  bronze. 
Most  of  the  objects  collected  on  this  station  were  dispersed  ;  but 
among  the  few  that  have  come  to  the  knowledge  of  antiquaries 
are  some  remarkable  implements  of  horn,  like  picks,  said  to  be 
field-hoes  (Nos.  21  and  22).  One  of  these  is  14J  inches  long, 
pointed  at  one  end  and  chisel-shaped  at  the  other.  Another 
(10i  inches  long)  is  also  pointed  at  one  end,  but  forked  at  the 
other.  Both  are  perforated  with  an  oval  hole  for  the  insertion 
of  a  wooden  handle.* 

WOLLISHOFEN.— The  greatest  of  all  the  finds  in  Lake  Zurich 
was  that  at  Wollishofen.  (B.  448,  449a,  and  462.)  Here,  again, 
the  dredging  machines  brought  up  a  large  quantity  of  wood, 
among  which  were  some  of  those  peculiar  oak  beams  with  square- 
cut  holes,  already  noticed  (Fig.  2,  Nos.  13  and  14).  The  wood 
was  of  various  kinds,  and  so  abundant  that  the  poorer  people 
were  in  the  habit  of  collecting  it  for  firewood.  Although  the 
antiquities  of  the  stone  age  were  numerous,  the  great  feature  of 
this  station  is  that  it  belonged  to,  or  at  least  existed  during, 
the  most  flourishing  period  of  the  bronze  age.  Notwithstanding 
pilfering,  and  the  difficulty  of  detecting  the  smaller  objects,  the 

*  Ant i qua,  1883,  p.  61. 


LAKE   OF   ZURICH.  13 

collection,  as  now  deposited  in  the  Museum  at  Zurich,  must  be 
considered  one  of  the  most  important  in  the  whole  series  of 
lake-dwelling  researches.  Among  the  more  remarkable  objects 
were  the  following: — 

Weapons. — Four  bronze  swords,  one  only  of  which  is  complete 
(Fig.  3,  No.  1);  its  entire  length  is  28 J  inches,  including  the 
handle,  which  is  also  of  bronze  (barely  4  inches  long),  and  to 
which  the  blade  is  attached  by  two  rivets ;  another  (No.  2), 
which  is  defective  both  in  the  blade  and  handle,  is  of  a  different 
type,  especially  in  the  formation  of  the  handle,  which  was 
intended  to  have  bone  or  wooden  plates  fastened  with  rivets  to 
the  remaining  bronze  portion ;  it  is  ornamented  with  a  combi- 
nation of  circles  or  semicircles,  in  incised  lines  or  dots.  Three 
daggers,  two  of  which  have  rivet-holes,  and  the  third  has 
what  appears  to  be  the  remains  of  a  tang.  Eleven  arrow-heads 
of  bronze,  and  several  of  flint  and  bone.  Of  the  former,  two 
only  have  sockets  (Nos.  4  and  14),  the  others  being  imitations 
of  the  ordinary  flint  forms  (Nos.  3  and  5).  Lance-heads  were  in 
much  larger  numbers  than  either  the  swords  or  daggers ;  they 
are  mostly  socketed,  with  side  rivet-holes  for  fixing  the  handle ; 
they  vary  in  length  from  3J-  to  8  inches,  and  are  sometimes 
ornamented,  as  shown  in  No.  7,  and  only  two  had  tangs.  Portions 
of  wood  are  supposed  to  be  fragments  of  bows. 

Industrial  Implements  and  Ornaments. — The  stone  hatchets 
are  exceedingly  well-made,  and  appear  to  have  been  partly  sawn 
from  water- worn  boulders  of  serpentine  and  horns  tone.  None 
were  of  nephrite  or  jadeite ;  a  few  of  horn  have  been  noted  (Fig.  185, 
No.  15).  The  bronze  hatchets  (Fig.  4,  Nos.  16,  20,  and  25)  were 
numerous,  the  greatest  number  having  four  wings  and  sometimes 
a  loop  at  the  side  ;  the  direction  of  the  cutting  edge  is  generally 
at  right  angles  to  that  of  the  wings,  but  in  a  few  instances 
parallel  to  it  (as  in  No.  16);  at  the  top  of  the  hatchet  there  is 
a  hole  or  small  recess.  Of  the  flat  kind  there  were  a  few,  one 
of  which  is  here  figured  (No.  25).  Two  small  ones  are  of  copper 
(Fig.  3,  No.  17).  The  knives  are  mostly  ornamented  with  run- 
ning patterns  or  circles  or  semicircles  in  dots  or  lines,  and  the 
blades  are  all  more  or  less  curved  (Fig.  4,  Nos.  11  to  15);  the 
handles  were  sometimes  solid  and  of  a  piece  with  the  blade,  but 
more  frequently  they  were  of  horn  or  wood,  and  attached  by 
tangs  or  rivets.  It  is  rather  remarkable  that  amongst  the  large 


14 


LAKE-DWELLINGS   OF   EUROPE. 


Fi*.  3.— WOLLISHOFEN.    All  i  real  size. 


LAKE   OF   ZURICH. 


15 


Fig.  4.— WOLLISHOFEN.    All  £  real  size. 


16  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

number  of  knives  collected  at  Wollishofen  there  is  not  one  of  the 
socketed  kind,  which,  as  we  shall  afterwards  see,  are  so  frequently 
met  with  in  Lake  Bourget  and  some  stations  in  western  Switzerland. 
Some  sickles  of  the  usual  type,  fish-hooks,  and  a  few  of  the 
socketed  razor  knives.  Of  bronze  hammers  there  are  six,  all  of 
which  are  socketed  and  either  round  or  rectangular  in  shape 
(Fig.  4,  Nos.  8  and  18).  The  round  one,  No.  8,  is  ornamented 
with  a  series  of  circular  grooves,  and  has  a  socket  If  inches 
deep ;  it  weighs  490  grs. 

There  is  a  considerable  number  of  chisels  and  gouges  (Fig.  4, 
Nos.  1  to  7),  small  tubes,  broad -headed  nails  and  studs.  One 
bronze  punch  is  bifurcated  (Antiqua,  1886,  PL  v.  Fig.  8). 
An  elegant  vase  of  solid  bronze  (Fig.  3,  No.  22),  and  frag- 
ments of  large  situlse,  made  of  thin  bronze  plates  riveted 
(Fig.  4,  Nos.  17  and  22).  One  of  the  most  remarkable  objects 
is  that  represented  on  Fig.  4,  No.  21,  which  is  supposed  to  be 
an  anvil.  Several  long  pins  with  sword-like  handles,  similar  to 
one  found  on  the  Grosser  Hairier  (Fig.  4,  Nos.  9  and  10). 
Bronze  hair-pins  were  so  numerous  that  they  are  to  be  counted 
by  hundreds  in  the  Museum  (Fig.  3,  Nos.  6,  8,  9,  10,  11,  19 
and  23  to  26).  One  bronze  comb  and  one  bronze  fibula  (Fig.  3, 
Nos.  16  and  20).  Bracelets  are  well  represented,  both  closed 
and  open ;  they  are  either  flat  or  in  solid  mass  (Fig.  3,  No.  13), 
and  generally  ornamented ;  one  (No.  15),  open  at  the  ends,  is 
made  of  two  stout  wires,  one  of  which  is  spirally  grooved,  and 
the  other  plain  ;  these  wires  are  united  at  the  ends  by  a  tin 
pin,  which  passes  through  a  loop  formed,  by  the  recoil  of  the 
ends  of  the  wires.  A  large  hollow  ring  (three  inches  internal, 
and  rather  more  than  four  inches  external  diameter)  is  highly 
ornamented.  (See  Fig.  188,  No.  2.)  Finger-rings  (Fig.  3,  No.  28), 
pendants  (Nos.  29,  30,  and  31),  buttons  (No.  21),  studs  (No.  27), 
a  so-called  portemonnaie,  for  ring  money  (No.  33),  portions  of 
girdles  (Fig.  4,  No.  19).  There  are  also  one  ringlet  of  gold  and 
1  three  beads,  one  of  amber  and  two  of  glass.  Amongst  the  nonde- 
script objects  are  several  small  wheels — three  of  pottery  (Fig.  5, 
No.  6),  five  of  bronze  (Fig.  3,  Nos.  12  and  18),  and  two  of  tin  (No. 
32) — a  leaden  weight,  which  has  a  high  loop  of  bronze  (Fig.  4, 
No.  23).  An  object  of  the  same  kind  (No.  24),  with  two  loops,  was 
found  at  Onnens.  Besides  the  two  copper  celts  (Fig.  3,  No.  17) 
there  were  two  small  copper  awls  and  several  bits  of  this  metal. 


LAKE    OF    ZURICH. 


17 


Pottery. — The   pottery  at  Wollishofen   shows  vessels  made   of 
two  kinds  of  paste,  one  fine,  and  the  other  coarse  containing  a 


Fig.  5.— WOLLISHOFEN.    All  £  real  size. 

mixture  of  rough  sand.  The  vessels  varied  much  in  size,  the 
smallest  being  only  about  one  inch  in  diameter,  and  the  larger 
ones,  judging  from  the  curve  of  the  fragments,  ranged  from 
sixteen  to  twenty-seven  inches  in  diameter.  They  had  no  glaze, 

c 


18  LAKE-WVELL1N«S    OF    EUROPE. 

nor  can  it  be  said  that  the  wheel  was  used  in  their  manufac- 
ture, although  some  are  very  symmetrically  shaped.  No  quartz 
or  sand  was  mixed  with  the  tine  paste,  of  which  the  more  orna- 
mental vessels  were  made  (Fig.  5  Nos.  1,  2, 3,  7, 9, 11,  and  12).  Some 
had  a  conical-shaped  base,  and  could  only  be  made  to  sit  in  soft 
material,  such  as  sand,  or  by  means  of  a  ring,  like  those  figured  from 
the  Kleiner  and  Grosser  Hafner.  One  small  vessel  was  trilocular, 
having  its  three  chambers  or  bowls  attached  to  one  common  base. 
Some  very  flat  vessels  were  found,  which  are  supposed  to  have 
been  lids  (Fig.  5,  No.  7).  Spindle  whorls  of  burnt  clay  variously 
ornamented  (Fig.  5,  Nos.  13  to  20),  and  some  other  objects  like 
modern  thread  pirns  (Nos.  5  and  10)  are  in  abundance.  Portions 
of  six  crescents  are  all  differently  ornamented.  Some  now  in  the 
Museum  have  been  restored,  so  as  to  show  their  original  form  and 
ornamentation,  and  it  is  from  one  of  these  that  the  illustration 
here  given  was  taken  (Fig.  5,  No.  8).  Some  dishes  took  the 
forms  of  animals,  as  in  No.  4,  and  were  probably  used  as  lamps. 

Among  other  objects  may  be  mentioned  some  bits  of  red 
stone,  supposed  to  have  been  used  as  paint ;  foundry'  materials, 
as  moulds  and  bronze  dross ;  portion  of  a  dug-out  canoe  ; 
various  bits  of  sawn  and  cut  horn;  etc. 

Human  Remains. — The  only  portion  of  a  human  skeleton 
was  a  skull,  which,  according  to  Dr.  Kollmann,  is  of  the  meso- 
cephalic  type.  (B.  420,  p.  90.) 

Organic  Remains. — Wheat,  millet,  hazel-nuts,  and  crab-apples, 
were  identified. 

MANNEDOKF. — I  have  already  incidentally  referred  to  the  dis- 
covery of  the  site  of  a  lake-dwelling  at  Mannedorf  before  1854, 
when  such  antiquities  were  not  understood  (page  4).  In  1866, 
however,  a  portion  of  lake-bottom  close  to  where  these  early 
discoveries  were  made,  measuring  about  eighty  feet  by  thirty, 
was  deepened  to  facilitate  the  passage  of  steamers,  when  further 
evidence  as  to  the  nature  of  this  settlement  was  disclosed.  The 
piles  were  so  closely  set  that  there  was  hardly  the  breadth  of  a 
pile  between  them.  The  objects  collected  were  very  similar  to 
those  already  described  from  Ober-Meilen,  among  which  was 
a  spoon-like  crucible  like  those  from  Robenhausen.  (B.  126,  p. 
263.)  The  discovery  of  a  second  station  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Surenbach,  between  Mannedorf  and  Uetikon,  was  noticed  by  Dr. 
Keller  in  his  second  report.  (B.  22,  p.  121.) 


LETTENFUNDE.  19 

UETIKON. — Remains  of  another  station  are  to  be  found  close 
by  the  landing  stage  at  Uetikon,  from  which  on  several  occasions 
antiquities  of  the  Stone  Age  were  picked  up.  More  decided 
indications  of  the  character  of  this  settlement  were,  however, 
revealed  in  1886,  in  consequence  of  some  dredging  operations 
that  were  carried  on.  On  this  occasion  were  found  not  only 
piles,  bones  of  various  animals,  as  stag,  ox,  and  pig,  fragments 
of  pottery,  stone  hatchets,  and  flint  implements — the  usual  relics 
of  the  Stone  Age — but  also  a  few  bronze  rings  and  hair-pins.  (B. 
462,  p.  17.) 

In  the  Zurich  Museum  may  be  seen  a  considerable  number 
of  the  relics  from  this  station,  among  which  are  twenty-three 
stone  celts  (one  being  still  in  its  horn  fastening),  live  flint  saws 
or  scrapers,  four  pointers  of  horn,  and  a  semi-globular  spindle- 
whorl. 

ERLENBACH. — Near  Erlenbach  wore  two  settlements,  one  at 
Winkel,  a  few  minutes'  walk  above  the  village ;  and  the  other  at 
Wyden,  about  an  equal  distance  below  it.  In  1886  the  usual 
indications  of  the  Pfahlbau  settlements,  such  as  piles  and  various 
industrial  relics,  were  found  in  the  course  of  some  dredging 
operations,  but  the  objects  were  mostly  dispersed.  (B.  462,  and 
420a,  p.  73.) 

LETTEN. — In  1877,  while  digging  a  canal  in  connection  with 
the    Ztirich   waterworks,  some   remarkable    antiquities   of   bronze 
and  iron  were  dug  up,  which   Dr.  Keller  describes  in  the   eighth 
report  of  the  lake-dwellings.      They  were   found  in   a   portion  of 
the  cutting  extending   some  eight  hundred  yards  in  length   at   a 
place  called    Letten,   on  the   right   bank    of  the   Limmat,   nearly 
opposite  to  where   the  Zihl  joins  it.      The  objects   lay  in   a   fine 
mud  deposited   by  the  river,  and  underneath  a  bed  of  gravel   of 
the   same   origin.     Dr.    Keller   came   to   the   conclusion   that   the 
"  Lettenfunde  "  belonged  to  a  settlement  analogous  to,  and  probably 
contemporary  with,  the   later  Pfahlbauten,  with   the   relics  from 
which  they  in  many  respects  agree.     A  careful  inspection  of  the 
Letten  relics — which  include  two  swords,  one  or  two  spear-heads, 
a  variety  of  winged  celts,  a  couple  of  sickles  with  raised  buttons, 
knives,  a   great   number  of  hair-pins  of  diversified  forms,  an  in- 
volved ring-ornament,  etc.,  all  of  bronze — shows  that  they  are  of 
a  more  recent  period  than  the  lake-dwellings.     Among  the  bronze 
celts  are  forms  (as  for  example  that  in  Fig.  3,  No.  35)  which  have 


20  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

never  been  found  in  the  true  relic  bed  of  a  lake-dwelling;  and 
besides  there  are  other  objects,  such  as  a  fibula,  and  a  piece  of 
iron  partly  fashioned,  probably  intended  for  a  sword,  which  are 
characteristic  of  the  La  Tene  period.  (See  Fig.  87,  No.  6.)  While 
deepening  the  bed  of  the  Limrnat  similar  objects,  as  well  as 
those  of  preceding  and  succeeding  ages  (Roman),  have  been  fre- 
quently found.  The  Letten  objects  correspond  more  with  the 
pre-Roman  antiquities  found  in  the  Nidau-Biiren  Canal  and  in 
some  of  the  later  tumuli,  and  rnay  therefore  be  said  to  link 
together  the  products  of  two  very  different  civilisations,  viz.  the 
bronze  age  of  the  lake-dwellings,  and  the  subsequent  iron  age, 
so  characteristic  in  La  Tene. 

For  the  relative  positions  of  these  stations  see  Sketch  Map, 
page  9. 

LAKE   OF   BIENNE. 

INVESTIGATIONS  IN  THE  JURA  LAKES,  AND  ARCHAEOLOGICAL 
RESULT  OF  THE  "  CORRECTION  DES  EAUX  DU  JURA:' — At  a  short 
distance  from  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Bienne,  near  where  the 
Zihl  by  several  mouths  found  its  former  exit,  there  exists,  or 
rather  formerly  existed,  a  stony  elevation,  covering  an  area  of 
some  three  acres,  which  rose  gradually  from  a  depth  of  about 
20  feet  to  within  7  or  8  of  the  surface.  This  curious  cairn-like 
structure,  being  in  marked  contrast  with  the  surrounding  lake 
sediments  which  here  consist  chiefly  of  fine  mud,  was  well-known 
to  the  fishermen  as  the  "  Steinberg,"  i.e.  stone  hillock.  Among 
these  stones  were  many  projecting  heads  of  piles  which,  to  prevent 
injury  to  their  nets,  the  fishermen  were  in  the  habit  from  time 
to  time  of  pulling  out.  Moreover,  at  various  times,  on  or  near 
this  Steinberg,  Roman  tiles  and  some  fantastically  shaped  objects 
covered  with  chalky  concretions  were  picked  up,  which  fostered 
a  vague  opinion  that  it  was  the  foundation  of  a  Roman  fortress 
or  lighthouse. 

In  1854  Colonel  Schwab  and  Mr.  Miiller  of  Nidau  made  a 
careful  investigation  of  the  Steinberg,  the  result  of  which  was 
to  leave  no  doubt  that  it  was  the  site  of  a  lake-village  which 
had  been  erected  over  the  piles,  the  stumps  of  which  then  only 
were  detected  among  the  stones.  These  stones  were  of  a  pretty 
uniform  size,  not  too  large  to  be  transported  readily  by  human 
hands,  and  in  material  they  were  exactly  similar  to  those  scattered 


CORRECTION    DES    EAUX    DU    JURA.  21 

among  the  glacial  debris  on  the  neighbouring  slopes.  Interspersed 
in  this  cairn  were,  not  only  the  upright  piles  of  round  or  split 
stems,  singly  and  in  groups,  but  also  transverse  beams,  which 
had  evidently  not  fallen  at  random  but  had  been  intentionally 
placed  and  jammed  between  the  uprights  to  keep  them  more 
firmly  in  position.  The  strange-looking  objects  turned  out  to 
be  bronze  implements  encrusted  with  such  a  coating  of  lime 
that  their  metallic  nature  had  been  effectually  concealed.  The 
station  quickly  proved  to  be  exceedingly  rich  in  antiquities  of 
new  and  varied  forms.  Not  only  the  usual  objects  of  the  Stone 
Age,  but  even  implements  of  iron  and  fragments  of  pottery  of 
unusual  elegance  were  fished  up. 

This  discovery  was  greatly  talked  of  in  the  district,  and  led 
to  such  a  lively  search  for  the  sites  of  lacustrine  abodes  that 
before  the  end  of  the  year  some  half  -  dozen  stations  were 
identified  in  the  Lake  of  JBienne  alone,  not  to  mention  a  much 
larger  number  in  the  adjacent  lakes.  Notwithstanding  the  diffi- 
culties under  which  these  lacustrine  investigations  were  conducted, 
as  dredging  or  digging  under  several  feet  of  water  was  both 
laborious  and  expensive,  the  number  of  objects  collected  by  the 
Swiss  antiquaries  in  those  early  years  is  astonishingly  great,  as 
evidence  of  which  I  have  only  to  point  to  the  collections  of  Col. 
Schwab  and  Professor  Desor. 

It  is  often  the  case  that  antiquarian  remains  owe  their  dis- 
covery to  the  mere  accident  of  agricultural  operations,  peat- 
cutting,  drainage,  etc.  Such  operations  are,  however,  usually  con- 
fined to  small  lakes  and  bogs.  The  idea  of  partially  lowering  the 
surface  of  the  extensive  sheets  of  water  in  the  Jura  valley,  com- 
prising the  lakes  of  Bienne,  Neuchatel,  and  Morat,  was  too 
chimerical  to  be  ever  entertained  in  the  interests  of  archeology. 
But  what  was  inconceivable  and  utterly  beyond  hope  from  this 
point  of  view,  became,  in  the  interests  of  agriculture,  not  only  a 
practical  problem,  but  is  now  an  accomplished  fact.  Between 
the  lakes  of  Bienne,  Neuchatel,  and  Morat,  there  stretches  a  vast 
mossy  district  known  as  the  "  Gross  Moos,"  through  which  the 
combined  surplus  water  of  the  two  latter  lakes  finds  its  way  to 
the  former.  From  the  north  end  of  Lake  Bienne  the  surplus 
water  again  emerges,  and  is  conveyed  by  the  Zihl  or  Lower  Thielle 
in  a  sluggish  channel  for  some  miles  farther  down  the  valley, 
where.,  before  the  Correction  des  Eaux  du  Jura,  it  united  with  the 


22  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Aar.  As  the  surface  of  these  lakes  is  nearly  on  the  same  level, 
it  is  more  than  probable  that  in  early  prehistoric  times  their 
waters  formed  one  united  sheet,  which  in  the  course  of  ages 
became  separated  into  three  lakes  by  the  interposition  of  the  sedi- 
mentary and  peaty  deposits  now  forming  the  Gross  Moos.  Their 
connecting  channels,  the  Broye  and  the  Upper  Thielle,  owing  to 
the  sluggishness  of  the  flow,  became  gradually  raised  by  the 
constant  deposition  of  mud,  thus  proportionately  raising  the  level 
of  the  confined  waters,  and  consequently  rendering  the  surround- 
ing lands  more  and  more  liable  to  submergence.  Also,  the  river 
Aar,  though  passing  quite  in  the  vicinity  of  the  lake  of  Bienne, 
went  a  long  way  beyond  it  before  joining  with  the  Zihl,  and  often 
caused  great  havoc  by  flooding  the  richly-cultivated  lands  of  the 
lower  grounds. 

To  remedy  these  defects  the  Swiss  Government  entered  on 
the  gigantic  project  of  rectifying  and  deepening  the  entire 
waterway  from  the  junction  of  the  Lower  Thielle  with  the  Aar 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Broye  in  Lake  Morat.  The  scheme  also 
included  the  cutting  of  a  new  channel  for  the  Aar,  by  means 
of  which  it  would  be  entirely  diverted  from  its  old  course,  and 
made  to  debouch  into  Lake  Bienne  by  a  straight  and  much 
shorter  route.  (See  Sketch  Map,  page  23.) 

The  hydrographical  result  of  these  works  (which  were  begun 
in  1868,  and  only  completed  a  few  years  ago)  was  to  lower  the 
surface  of  these  lakes  to  the  extent  of  six  or  eight  feet.  In  the 
winter  of  1871-2  the  operations  began  to  tell  on  Lake  Bienne, 
but  it  was  some  years  later  before  the  others  became  sensibly 
affected.  When,  however,  the  works  were  completed,  the  per- 
manent effect  on  these  lakes,  especially  on  Lake  Neuchatel,  was 
very  marked — harbours,  jetties,  and  extensive  tracts  of  shore-land 
being  left  high  and  dry  by  the  subsiding  waters.  This  was  the 
harvest-time  of  archaeology.  Many  of  the  lacustrine  abodes 
became  dry  land,  and  were  visited  by  crowds  of  eager  searchers ; 
even  fishermen  forsook  their  normal  avocations,  finding  it  more 
profitable  to  fish  for  pre-historic  relics.  Government  at  last 
interfered  with  this  indiscriminate  "howking,"  and  passed  a  law 
restricting  the  privilege  of  excavating  to  the  authorities  of  the 
respective  Cantons  on  whose  territories  the  stations  happened 
to  be.  Thus  the  "  Correction  des  Eaux  du  Jura,"  as  the  under- 
taking was  called,  greatly  facilitated  the  investigations  of  the 


THE    JURA    LAKES. 


23 


Plan  of  Lake-dwellings  in 
LAC  de  BIENNE,  LAC  de  MORAT 

LAC  de  NEUCHATEL. 
and 

Correction  des  Eaux  du  Jura, 


Laltnngen 
Morigen 
Gerlafingen 


NEUCHATEiml         /.'  i^Hftf 

1  p.iLACV1  % 

1 1/  I  ."  1 .   \\ 


67-  .'•  ae  \  ','•    'U 
//.NEUCHATELA 


Auvernier 
Colombier  o 


Gletterens 
hevroux 


ftmctolvi"".. 

/MI?TTr«UA' 


\    \Tv\  ^"M 

-  ^v\'to  Estava^er 

^    '     *    \  .  i1  I 


24  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Swiss  lake-dwellings,  and  contributed  enormously  to  the  elucida- 
tion of  the  culture  and  civilisation  of  their  inhabitants. 

In  the  following  descriptive  notes  of  the  stations  in  Lake 
Bienne  I  follow  simply  the  order  of  their  distribution  along  its 
shore,  making,  as  it  were,  a  circular  tour  of  the  lake,  beginning 
at  Nidau,  and  passing  along  its  southern  shore,  then  round  to 
the  other  side,  until  we  come  back  to  our  starting-point. 

NIDAU-STEINBERG. — This  station  was  so  thoroughly  investi- 
gated by  Colonel  Schwab  and  his  assistants  that  little  remained 
to  be  done  after  the  lowering  of  the  water.  The  objects 
collected  are  both  numerous  and  varied,  and  being  among  the 
earlier  of  the  kind  brought  to  light  from  the  lake-dwellings,  they 
have  been  fully  illustrated  by  Dr.  Keller.  (B.  15  and  22.)  Among 
them  were  some  heavy  stone  weights,  some  perforated,  and  some 
with  an  iron  hoop ;  discoidal  stones,  with  a  marginal  groove ;  a 
variety  of  corn  crushers,  polishers,  and  hammer-stones,  etc. 

Bronze. — Sickles  and  axes,  both  socketed  and  winged,  generally 
with  a  side  loop,  but  without  a  notch  at  the  top.  Knives  were 
numerous,  and  some  were  ornamented  with  flowing  lines  and 
semicircles  ;  they  were  hafted  by  tangs  or  sockets,  but  in  a  few 
instances  the  blade  and  handle  were  cast  in  one  piece.  Several 
spear-heads,  one  of  which  is  richly  ornamented  with  a  series  of 
rings  and  a  serpentine  pattern  ;  a  few  arrow-points  with  barbs  ; 
several  socketed  chisels  of  various  sizes ;  numerous  needles,  hair- 
pins, fish-hooks,  curiously-shaped  pendants,  rings,  and  bifurcated 
pincer-like  objects ;  one  hexagonal-shaped  hammer  with  a 
socket,  and  another  having  a  small  loop  attached  to  the  side 
like  that  of  a  celt.  Some  remarkably  fine  bracelets,  open  at  the 
ends,  and  hollow,  and  having  the  outside  ornamented  with 
concentric  circles,  lines,  etc. ;  others  are  solid,  or  made  of 
spirally-grooved  wire.  A  number  of  so-called  razors,  buttons, 
studs,  broad-headed  nails,  spirals,  the  central  portion  of  a  horse- 
bit,  etc. 

Gold. — A  small  spiral  of  gold  wire,  and  a  square  piece  of 
thin  plate  neatly  corrugated. 

Iron. — A  few  conical  javelins  with  sockets. 

Pottery. — The  potter's  art  seems  to  have  been  carried  to 
great  perfection.  The  vessels  were  of  all  sizes,  from  two  to 
three  feet  in  diameter  down  to  the  most  tiny  objects.  They  were 
generally  round  at  the  base,  and  required  ring  supports,  of 


LAKE    OF    BIENNE. 


25 


which  many  were  found.  Some  shallow  plates  were  ornamented 
with  squares,  oblongs,  and  circles.  Various  forms  of  spindle- 
whorls,  some  of  which  are  made  of  fine  paste,  and  blackened 
with  charcoal,  like  the  finest  pottery.  Over  twenty  clay  crescents, 
represented  by  fragments,  and  one  of  stone.  Some  clay  cylinders, 
weights,  and  a  few  rude  figures  of  a  four-footed  animal. 

Bone,  Wood,  etc. — A  few  bone  implements,  pointers,  etc, ;  the 
side  piece  of  a  bridle-bit  of  staghorn,  perforated  with  three  holes ; 
portion  of  a  yoke,  clubs,  etc. ;  bits  of  clay  with  marks  of  wattle-work. 

GRASEREN.— A  small  station  concealed  in  rushes,  and  contain- 
ing large  piles.  The  antiquities  consist  of  a  few  iron  objects,  one 
being  a  dagger  with  the  handle  ornamented  with  silver  wire,  and 
a  few  mealing-stones  and  rubbers,  etc.  (B.  22.) 

SUTZ. — This  was  a  very  large  settlement,  the  piles  extending 
over  an  area  of  about  6  acres.  It  was  connected  with  the  shore  by 
a  bridge  or  gangway,  about  100  yards  long  and  18  wide.  Within 
its  area  several  Steinbergs  were  interspersed ;  and  the  relic-bed, 
from  4  to  16  inches  thick,  was  near  the  surface.  The  piles  were 
mostly  of  oak,  and  irregularly  placed.  The  antiquities  are  classified 
as  belonging  to  both  the  Stone  Age  and  the  Bronze  Age,  among 
which  the  following  are  the  more  interesting  (B.  15  and  286) : — 

Stone. — Hatchets  of  the  usual  form  (a  few  of  nephrite)  and 
others  perforated ;  beads  or  spindle-whorls,  one  of  quartz  ;  flint 
arrow-heads,  flakes,  and  knives. 

'  Horn. — Among  the  horn  objects  were  fixers  for  axe-heads, 
many  with  a  V-shaped  split  at  the  end,  probably  for  being 
better  fixed  in  the  wooden  handle  ;  perforated  portions  of  stag- 
horns,  in  the  form  of  hammers  and  clubs,  three  of  which,  in 
the  Museum  at  Bern,  are  remarkable  for  their  irregular  forms. 

Amber. — Two  or  three  well-made  beads. 

Bronze. — A  sword  (Fig1.  186,  No.  9),  a  fibula,  a  winged  celt 
with  burnt  portion  of  the  wooden  handle  still  remaining  between 
the  flanges,  a  few  hair-pins,  and  a  hook  shaped  like  a  Roman  key. 

Iron. — Two  lance-heads  like  those  from  Nidau,  and  a  curious 
trident-like  object.  (B.  31,  PL  xv.  10.) 

Wood. — A  bow  of  yew,  quite  perfect  (length,  5  feet  3  inches), 
portion  of  basket-work,  and  some  wooden  dishes  with  handles. 

Pottery. — The  ceramic  art  is  poorly  represented  here;  only 
fragments  of  a  coarse  quality,  and  ornamented  with  finger  or 
string  marks,  are  recorded.  (B.  462,  PL  ix.  4.)  Two  clay  cylinders 


26  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

are  in  the  Museum  at  Bern,  like  thoso  from  Wollishofen  (Fig.  5, 
Nos.  5  and  10),  together  with  some  perforated  clay  weights. 

In  the  neighbourhood  of  this  station  there  are  some  ruins  of 
Roman  buildings,  a  fact  which  is  suggestive  as  an  explanation  of  a 
quern  or  millstone  made  after  the  Roman  fashion,  which  is 
reckoned  as  a  relic  from  this  lake-dwelling.  From  systematic 
investigations  carried  on  here  in  1884,  Dr.  v.  ^Fellenberg  con- 
cluded that  the  station  belonged  to  the  transition  period,  like 
Vinelz.  (B.  462,  p.  34.) 

LATTRINGEN. — Dr.  Gross  describes  two  stations  here,  both  of 
which,  from  the  prevailing  character  of  the  antiquities,  appear 
to  have  belonged  to  the  Stone  Age,  although  previous  to  his 
investigations  some  bronze  objects  were  said  to  have  been  fished 
up  from  one  of  them  by  Colonel  Schwab. 

The  first,  or  lower  station,  covered  a  space  of  some  5  acres, 
and  its  remains  are  situated  opposite  the  little  port  of  the 
village  of  Lattringen.  It  was  connected  with  the  shore  by  four 
bridges,  the  largest  of  which  was  65  yards  long  and  14  feet  wide. 
The  relics  collected  by  Dr.  Gross  are  of  the  Stone  Age,  and  among 
them  arc  staghorn  haf tings  and  a  fine  harpoon  with  11  barbs 
and  a  perforation  at  its  obtuse  extremity.  According  to  Fellenberg, 
this  station  belonged  to  the  middle  Stone  Age  period,  as  it  has 
yielded  no  copper  implements,  nor  perforated  hammer-axes,  but 
on  the  other  hand  most  excellent  nephrite  implements.  (B.  462, 
p.  35.)  The  collection  of  objects  from  this  station  in  the  Cantonal 
Museum  at  Bern  contains  among  other  things : — Daggers;  chisels, 
harpoons,  and  pointers  of  bone  and  horn  ;  some  perforated  horn 
hammers  and  horn  holders  for  stone  axes  (only  two  of  which 
have  the  end  split) ;  a  number  of  flint  arrow-points,  all  flat  based. 
A  few  stone  beads  and  bits  of  rock  crystal.  One  small  dagger- 
blade  with  four  rivet-holes  is  of  bronze  or  copper. 

Previous  to  Dr.  Gross's  report,  the  following  objects  have  been 
recorded  as  coming  from  this  station  : — Mealing-stones,  fragments 
of  coarse  pottery,  a  bronze  dagger,  a  shovel-shaped  bronze  axe, 
and  a  spiral  ring,  also  of  bronze.  (B.  15,  p.  95.)  The  upper  station 
is  500  or  600  feet  from  the  former,  just  opposite  the  erratic  block 
known  as  the  Sump/stein.  It  contained  a  small  Steinberg,  and 
yielded  fine  lance-heads  of  flint,  a  stone  axe  of  serpentine  sharpened 
at  both  ends  and  perforated  with  an  oval  hole,  and  one  or  two 
horn  objects.  (See  Fig.  186,  Nos.  7  and  11.) 


LAKE    OF    BIENNE.  27 

MOERINGEN. — Judging  from  the  number  and  variety  of  an- 
tiquities collected  from  Moeringen,  it  must  be  ranked  as  the 
most  important  station  in  Lake  Bienns.  The  settlement  occupied 
a  sheltered  bay  called  the  "  Moeringen  Ecken,"  and  covered  a 
rectangular  area  about  550  feet  long  and  350  wide.  The  relic- 
bed  was  covered  with  eight  or  ten  inches  of  sand  and  mud. 
When  discovered,  and  during  the  earlier  years  of  its  investiga- 
tion, piles  were  seen  protruding  more  or  less  out  of  the  mud, 
and  among  them  could  be  readily  distinguished  the  ends  of 
several  canoes.  Investigations  have  been  made  here  almost  every 
favourable  season  since  its  discovery  by  Mr.  Miiller  in  1854,  but 
in  the  winter  of  1872-3  Government  took  the  matter  into  their 
own  hands,  and  conducted  systematic  explorations  under  the  care 
of  Messrs.  Fellenberg  and  Jenner.  It  then  became  apparent 
that  there  were  two  stations  in  this  bay — one  belonging  to  the 
Stone  Age,  and  another  to  the  Bronze  Age — between  which  a 
well-defined  distinction  could  be  made,  especially  in  respect  of 
the  piles.  The  former  occupied  a  position  nearer  the  shore,  and 
the  stumps  of  its  piles  were  hardly  visible ;  while  the  latter  was  in 
deeper  water,  and  its  piles,  less  decayed  than  the  former,  projected 
1 J  to  2  feet  above  the  lake  sediment.  Both  had  bridges  extend- 
ing to  the  shore,  as  was  indicated  in  each  case  by  the  remains  of 
a  double  row  of  piles.  But  while  the  bridge  of  .the  Stone  Age 
settlement  was  5  to  8  feet  wide,  that  of  the  Bronze  Age  was  10 
to  12  feet  wide,  and  moreover  it  was  much  longer,  being  over 
200  yards  in  length.  Dr.  v.  Fellenberg  calculates,  from  counting 
the  piles  in  one  or  two  selected  places,  that  for  the  entire  bronze 
settlement  somewhere  about  10,000  piles  must  have  been  used. 

The  exploration  of  the  settlement  at  Moeringen  undertaken  by 
Government  was  continued  in  1874,  by  which  time  the  level  of 
the  lake  had  fallen  to  such  a  degree  that  most  of  the  bronze 
station  was  laid  dry,  and  many  additional  relics  were  added  to 
the  already  large  collections  from  this  station.  Among  the  more 
interesting  may  be  mentioned  some  burnt  boards  and  posts  with 
square  holes,  supposed  to  indicate  the  position  and  remains  of 
huts  or  workshops.  (B.  271.) 

The  earlier  investigators,  Col.  Schwab  and  Mr.  Miiller,  col- 
lected from  this  station  a  number  of  objects,  now  deposited  in 
the  Schwab  Museum,  among  wjiich  are  the  following: — An  iron 
sword  of  the  La  Tene  type,  and  a  curious  iron  fork.  Of  bronze, 


28  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

there  are  knives,  hair-pins,  and  a  variety  of  pendants.  Some 
beads  of  glass  and  amber.  Novel  specimens  of  earthenware ; 
charred  apples,  grains  of  wheat,  and  beans ;  ropes  and  cords  made 
of  flax  and  bast ;  etc. 

The  smaller  station,  according  to  Fellenberg,  belonged  to  the 
middle  Stone  Age  period.  A  number  of  stone  beads,  some  of 
white  quartz,  were  found  in  a  contracted  space,  which  are  sup- 
posed to  have  formed  a  necklace.  (B.  462,  p.  36.) 

The  two  best  collections  from  Moeringen  are  in  the  Cantonal 
Museum  and  in  the  Federal  Government  rooms  (Gross  collection), 
both  at  Bern. 

Of  the  very  remarkable  antiquities  found  here,  Dr.  Gross 
(B.  286)  gives  a  full  account,  classifying  the  objects  under  the 
following  heads  : — 

1.  Arm*. — Swords  (Fig.  186,  Nos.  4,  5,  and  6),  daggers,  lances, 
arrows. 

2.  rnfitru.-in.rnM — Hatchets,  sickles,   polishing   stones,  discoidal 
stones,  anvils,  spindle- whorls,  and  weaving  weights. 

3.  Objects  of  Drew. — Girdles  and  belt-buckles,  hair-pins,  fibulae, 
bracelets,  rings,  earrings,  beads  of  amber  and  glass,  etc. 

4.  Objects  belonging  to  Horses'  Harness. — Bridle-bits  of  bronze, 
iron,  and  horn ;  phalene.     (See  Fig.  191,  Nos.  3  to  7,  and  13.) 

5.  Pottery,  crescents,  etc. 

6.  Sundry  objects. 

As  specimens  of  the  bronze  relics  from  this  station,  I  give  the 
illustrations  on  Fig.  6,  selected  from  the  beautiful  coloured  plates 
of  Desor  and  Favre.  (B.  252.)  The  purpose  of  these  objects  is 
sufficiently  manifest  without  entering  on  a  detailed  description. 
I  will  only  remark  that  the  unique  dagger,  the  handle  of  which 
is  here  only  represented  (No.  5),  consists  ol  a  stout  bronze  rod 
twenty-one  inches  long,  pointed  at  one  end,  and  becoming  quad- 
rangular at  the  other,  where  it  enters  a  socket  in  the  handle. 
The  freo  end  of  the  handle  terminates  in  a  fixed  ring,  on  which 
are  three  movable  rings ;  and  on  its  body  there  is  a  secondary 
handle,  with  a  curious  curved  appendage  in  front  of  it. 

GERLAFINGEN  (GEROFIN). —  There  were  two  settlements  here 
also — one  of  the  Stone  Age,  covering  little  more  than  half  an 
acre ;  and  the  other  of  the  Bronze  Age,  of  much  larger 
dimensions  and  farther  from  the  shore  than  the  former.  The 
stations  had  separate  bridges,  the  remains  of  which  again 


LAKE    OF    BIENNE. 


29 


Fig.  6. — MOERINGEN.     All  bronze  and  £  real  size. 


30  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

suggested  that  these  approaches  were  larger  during  the  Bronze 
Age.  The  Stone  Age  station  was  covered  with  mud,  and  the 
relics  from  it  consisted  of  stone  celts  (one  perforated),  flint 
flakes,  and  some  fragments  of  coarse  pottery. 

The  second  station  (Unter  Station  oder  Oefeliplatze)  contains 
a  Steinberg  which  communicated  with  an  adjacent  tongue  of 
land  by  a  bridge.  There  was  no  well-defined  relic-bed,  but  the 
relics  picked  up  are  of  great  value,  among  which  are  the 
following 'f: — A  number  of  nephrite  and  jadeite  hatchets,  a 
nephrite  knife  in  its  horn  handle,  flint  knives,  a  wooden  spoon, 
a  miniature  canoe,  four  copper  chisels  (B.  286,  PI.  ix.  34 
and  35),  two  flat  hatchets  of  bronze,  showing  rudimentary 
wings,  a  double-stemmed  hair-pin  (B.  286,  PL  x.  2),  two 
daggers  of  bronze,  one  triangularly  shaped  (B.  286,  PI.  iii. 
17),  a  massive  bracelet  of  bronze,  some  staghorn  hammers, 
a  scoop,  some  large  clay  weights,  etc.  In  the  Bern  Museum 
are  thirteen  beads  of  copper,  graduated  so  as  to  form  a  necklet; 
some  arrow-heads  of  rock  crystal ;  an  ammonite  and  another 
shell  (pectunculus),  both  perforated  ;  also  some  perforated  small 
bones,  teeth,  and  beads  of  horn.  (B.  462,  p.  64,  and  PI.  xiv.) 
Dr.  Gross  estimates  the  number  of  jade  implements  from  Oefeli 
at  thirty  or  forty,  the  largest  being  four  inches  long,  and  the 
smallest  one  inch  (both  of  nephrite). 

Piles  were  found  in  various  spots  in  this  locality;  and  asso- 
ciated with  one  group  were  Roman  remains,  such  as  fragments 
of  tiles,  pottery,  coins,  and  bits  of  glass. 

HAGNECK. —  In  this  locality,  near  where  the  Aar  now 
debouches  into  the  lake,  arid  about  one  hundred  yards  from  the 
shore,  were  formerly  to  be  seen  some  piles,  but  the  relic-bed 
seemed  to  have  been  washed  away.  Desor  found  some  stone 
hatchets  and  a  few  other  relics.  The  station  was  connected  with 
the  shore  by  a  bridge  sixty-five  yards  long  and  thirteen  feet  wide. 

ILE  DE  ST.  PIERRE. — On  the  south  side  of  this  island  there 
are  remains  of  an  extensive  settlement,  the  piles  of  which  run 
parallel  to  the  bank.  A  large  canoe  was  observed  here,  lying 
in  the  mud,  apparently  having  been  swamped  with  a  load  of 
stones,  with  which  it  still  was  filled.  It  was  50  feet  long,  and 
3£  to  4  feet  wide.  Near  the  piles  a  bronze  pin  with  an  oval 
head,  and  ornamented  with  wavy  lines,  was  picked  up. 

*  Materiavy,  vol.  xvi.  p.  257. 


LAKE    OF    BIENNE.  31 

Another  station  was  on  the  north-east  side  of  the  island,  which 
is  now  dry,  and  on  which  a  large  number  of  bronze  objects  was 
collected;  but  there  was  no  regular  relic-bed,  and  as  the  objects 
were  gathered  on  the  surface,  Dr.  v.  Fellenberg  thinks  it  has  been 
washed  away.  (B.  462,  p.  31.)  Among  the  relics  are  a  bronze 
knife,  a  compound  pendant  curiously  arranged  (B.  286,  PL  viii.  3), 
a  pair  of  pincers,  portion  of  a  chain  consisting  of  rings  and 
bands,  and  several  fragments  of  swords,  celts,  and  sickles  ;  also 
an  iron  sword  with  the  handle  of  -bronze. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  He  des  Lapins  there  are  some 
piles,  which  point  to  this  being  the  site  of  a  station,  but  on 
the  island  itself  antiquities  of  various  ages  have  been  collected, 
such  as  Roman  roofing  tiles  and  coins,  a  pretty  gold  ornament, 
and  many  objects  of  Gallo-Roman  manufacture. 

LOCRAS  (LuscHERz). — Owing  to  the  depth  of  water  over  the 
ruins  of  the  settlement  opposite  this  village,  the  station,  although 
known  to  Colonel  Schwab,  did  not  assume  any  importance  till 
the  winter  of  1871-2,  when  the  waters  commenced  to  fall,  and 
the  Bernese  Government  undertook  a  series  of  investigations. 
The  extent  of  the  settlement  was  estimated  by  Dr.  Gross  at 
about  four  acres,  and  it  had  been  connected  with  the  shore  by 
a  short  bridge.  The  relic-bed,  four  to  twenty  inches  thick,  lay 
under  a  considerable  accumulation  of  sand  and  gravel,  and 
consisted  of  a  blackish  stratum  of  organic  debris,  which  appears 
to  have  been  peculiarly  favourable  for  the  preservation  of  the 
usually  perishable  objects  of  human  industry.  It  is  therefore 
singularly  rich  in  such  remains,  and  has  furnished  balls  of 
linen  thread,  fragments  of  cloth  made  of  flax,  heaps  of  grain, 
and  various  remains  of  cultivated  plants. 

In  prosecuting  the  exploration  of  the  station  it  was  found 
that  the  relic-bed  became  more  deeply  buried  the  farther  it 
was  pursued  outwards;  so  that  from  2J  feet,  its  depth  on  the 
shore  side,  it  gradually  increased  to  7J  on  the  opposite  side. 
The  piles  were  of  oak,  beech,  silver  fir,  pine,  poplar,  and  birch, 
mostly  in  the  form  of  round  stems.  All  these  different  kinds 
of  wood  appear  to  have  been  used  in  nearly  the  same  proportion 
all  over  the  settlement  except  at  the  north-west  corner,  at  a 
place  called  the  Steinberg,  where  the  piles  were  entirely  of  split 
oak  stems.  Another  peculiarity  was  that  the  piles  were  more 
superficial,  and  hence  it  was  suggested  that  this  corner  was  of 


32  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

later  date.  Like  most  of  the  other  lake-dwelling  settlements,  the 
wood- work  showed  marks  of  burning.  The  theory  of  some  sudden 
catastrophe,  such  as  a  general  conflagration,  was  strengthened  by 
the  number  of  human  remains — no  less  than  three  skulls  and  some 
bones  of  the  trunk  and  extremities — that,  were  found  at  a  depth 
of  3  feet. 

Among  the  antiquities  recorded  by  Dr.  Gross  (B.  28G)  the 
following  may  be  mentioned  : — 

Stone. — Several  hundreds  of  polished  celts,  about  30  of  which 
were  jadeite  or  nephrite ;  flint  implements  of  black  and  yellow 
flint,  and  beautifully  formed,  such  as  lance-heads,  arrow-points, 
saws,  and  flakes ;  some  round  pebbles,  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon's 
egg,  encircled  with  birch-bark,  and  arranged  in  a  row,  like  peas 
in  a  pod ;  spindle- whorls,  corn-crushers,  etc. 

Horn  and  Bone. — A  large  number  of  haftings,  probably  from 
GOO  to  800,  many  still  retaining  a  stone  celt  or  chisel ;  about 
40  axe-hammer  heads,  perforated  with  a  square  or  round  hole  ; 
two  little  combs  with  three  teeth ;  chisels,  needles,  awls,  bodkins, 
arrow-points ;  a  carding  implement  made  of  a  number  of  small 
ribs  pointed  at  one  end  and  tied  together,  etc. 

Pottery. — A  large  number  of  entire  vessels  and  fragments 
show  that  two  qualities  of  paste  were  used,  a  coarse  and  a  fine 
kind.  Among  them  are  bowls,  plates,  jugs — some  having  the 
ordinary  handle  and  others  perforated  knobs  ;  clay  weights,  round, 
cylindrical,  or  conical. 

Sundry  Objects. — Portion  of  a  spindle  with  the  thread  wound 
round  it  (carbonised),  various  wooden  handles,  dishes,  and  im- 
plements; fragments  of  cloth,  matting,  burnt  straw,  etc.  One 
small  flat  dagger  of  copper  is  in  the*  Bern  Museum. 

The  following  extract  from  the  Government  Report  by  Mr. 
Jenner,  Dr.  v.  Fellenberg's  deputy  (B.  119,  2nd  ed.,  p.  203),  gives  a 
good  idea  of  the  comparative  numbers  of  these  relics : — "  The 
results  of  my  excavations,  which  occupied  27  days,  and  extended 
over  an  area  of  20,000  square  feet,  at  a  medium  depth  of  3J  feet, 
the  relic-bed  being  from  2  inches  to  1 J  foot  thick,  were  as  follows: — 

1 .  Stone  implements  ...  ...          ...          ...          ...  600 

2.  Staghorn    do.          ...                                                 ...  480 

3.  Bone           do.                                                           ...  235 

4.  Pieces  of  cloth        ...  ...          ...          ...          ...  50 

5.  Objects  for  ornament  ...          ...          ...          ...  45 


LAKE   OF   BIENNE.  33 

6.  Entire  vessels  of  pottery   ...          ...          ...          ...  11 

7.  Stone  celts  and  axes  in  their  haftings       ...          ...  23 

8.  Flint  implements 121 

9.  Un worked  pieces  of  staghorn        ...          ...          ...  430 

10.  Wooden  implements           ...          ...          ...  ...        24 

11.  Ornamented  potsherds        ...          ...          ...  ...        26 

12.  Clay  weights            8 

13.  Celts  of  nephrite  and  jadeite         ...          ...  ...          8 

14.  A  number  of  net-weights  in  birch-bark. 

Contiguous  to  the  station  just  described,  on  its  north-east  side, 
and  separated  from  it  by  a  dozen  paces  or  so,  there  came  sub- 
sequently to  light  another  station,  described  by  Dr.  Gross  as 
"  Une  nouvelle  palantte  de  1'epoque  de  la  pierre  a  Locras."  (B.  336 
and  347.)  Its  area  was  only  about  a  fourth  of  the  former,  and 
the  relic-bed,  being  quite  near  the  surface,  was  easily  worked. 
Two  human  skulls  were  found  here,  one  of  which  appears  to 
have  been  used  as  a  drinking-cup.  From  the  character  of  the 
relics  generally,  the  settlement  seems  to  have  nourished  during 
the  transition  period.  There  were  perforated  axe-hammer  heads, 
with  grooves  and  raised  ridges,  like  Scandinavian  forms,  and  a 
few  metal  objects.  The  latter  consist  of  three  articles  of  copper 
— a  remarkable  double  celt  of  large  size  (Fig.  186,  No.  10),  a 
dagger,  and  an  awl — and  three  articles  of  bronze,  viz.  a  sword, 
a  dagger- blade,  and  a  hair-pin.  The  other  objects  are  of  the 
usual  Stone  Age  type,  among  Avhich  may  be  noted  as  of  rather 
uncommon  occurrence  an  arrow-point  of  nephrite  (B.  347,  PL  ii.  9), 
and  a  knife  of  the  same  material  with  one  cutting  edge  (Fig.  185, 
No.  28). 

VINELZ  (FENIL). — This  station,  which  is  now  entirely  on  dry 
land,  was  accidentally  discovered  in  1881  by  labourers  while 
digging  a  ditch  to  carry  off  water  accumulating  on  the  fields.* 
At  a  depth  of  two  or  three  feet  of  sand  and  gravel  they  came 
upon  a  blackish  bed  of  mud-earth,  in  which  were  detected  a 
number  of  piles,  the  heads  of  which  projected  upwards  into  the 
sand  and  gravel  for  about  a  foot.  Dr.  Gross,  who  was  informed 
of  the  circumstance,  soon  visited  the  spot,  and  at  once  recog- 
nised the  site  of  a  lake-dwelling.  It  appears  that  the  locality 
is  much  exposed  to  the  north  winds,  and  that  the  settlement 
had  thus  become  completely  covered  over  with  sand  and  gravel 

*  Dr.  Gross  in  Corresp.-Blatt,  1882,  p.  99. 


:U  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

thrown  up  on  the  shore,  as  was  the  case  with  the  station  of 
Wangen  in  the  Untersee.  During  the  spring  and  summer  of  1882 
the  new  Pfahlbau  was  investigated  by  several  experts,  including 
Drs.  Gross  and  v.  Fellenberg.  The  station  is  remarkable  for  the 
number  of  copper  objects  which  it  has  yielded  to  the  systematic 
explorations  ordered  by  Fellenberg,  and  carefully  conducted  by 
Ed.  Matthys,  of  Ligerz.  From  the  results  thus  obtained,  the 
station  at  Vinelz  is  the  most  typical  yet  discovered  of  the  final 
Stone  Age  period  (Uebergangszeit).  (B.  462,  p.  33.)  The  follow- 
ing are  some  of  the  antiquities  collected,  most  of  which  are  in 
the  Cantonal  Museum  of  Bern  and  the  Gross  collection. 

Among  nearly  100  copper  objects  (including  46  beads, 
Fig.  7,  No.  31)  are  several  daggers  (Nos.  26  and  28),  flat 
axes  (No.  27),  chisels  (No.  24),  rude  knives,  awls  (Nos.  17  and 
25),  pendants  (No.  23),  tubes  and  spirals  (Nos.  22  and  30). 
No  bronze  or  iron  object  has  yet  been  found  on  this  station. 
Bone  and  horn  handles,  polished  daggers,  large  button-like 
objects  (Nos.  20  and  21),  perforated  clubs,  ornamental  pins 
(Nos.  15,  16,  and  18),  etc.,  are  numerous.  Perforated  stone  axes 
and  the  ordinary  polished  celts  are  common  (about  40  of 
the  former  and  100  of  the  latter  being  in  the  Bern  Museum). 
Flint  daggers,  sometimes  worked  at  both  ends  (No.  12),  are 
also  very  fine;  two  were  found  in  their  wooden  handles  (No.  11). 
For  more  firmly  fixing  them  a  fine  band  of  reed  or  withe 
was  neatly  rolled  round  the  handle.  A  variety  of  flint  arrow- 
heads, scrapers,  etc.  (Nos.  1  to  9),  clay  weights  of  different 
forms,  implements  of  pointed  ribs,  basket-work,  etc.  For  bits  of 
well-woven  cloth,  thread,  and  fishing-nets,  this  station  vies  with 
Robenhausen.  A  portion  of  a  spindle  has  some  thread  still  round 
it.  There  was  an  entire  fishing-net  (carbonised)  associated  with  a 
number  of  stone  sinkers. 

The  pottery  (Nos.  29,  32,  and  33)  was  ornamented  with  dots 
and  string-marks.  One  vessel  had  a  horn-shaped  handle  pro- 
jecting from  the  body  of  the  vessel. 

Wooden  objects  are  also  well  represented  in  the  form  of 
dishes,  clubs,  handles,  and  net-floats.  One  portion  of  wood  had 
some  pointed  flints  stuck  in  it  with  resin,  which  had  evidently 
been  used  like  a  saw  (Fig.  186,  No.  17),  finger-marks  having 
been  cut  out  in  the  wood,  by  means  of  which  the  instrument 
could  be  more  readily  grasped. 


LAKE   OF   BIENNE. 


35 


Fig.  7.— VINELZ.     tfos.  29,  32  and  33  =  |,  the  rest  =  |  real  size. 


36  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

SAINT  JEAN. — A  little  less  than  a  mile  from  the  lake,  in  the 
marshy  plain,  some  bronze  objects  were  found,  which  point  to 
this  as  the  site  of  a  station.  Below  Landerdon  there  are  also 
some  piles,  the  tops  of  which  are  much  decayed  and  deeply 
buried  in  mud.  Dr.  Gross  is  reported  to  have  found  here  a 
sword  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

SCHAFFIS  (CHAVANNES).  --  This  settlement  stretched  as  a 
narrow  band  on  the  left  bank  of  the  lake,  and  though  known 
for  a  considerable  time  it  remained  unexplored  till  the  lowering 
of  the  water  facilitated  its  investigation.  This  was  done  by 
Dr.  v.  Fellenberg,  in  1873,  on  behalf  of  the  Government.  (B.  271.) 

Three  Steinbergs  were  found  on  its  site,  two  of  which  were 
close  together.  In  the  vicinity  of  these  Steinbergs  the  piles 
were  placed  in  rows  running  outward  into  the  lake.  Elsewhere 
they  were  irregularly  but  closely  placed,  seldom  more  than  two 
feet  apart,  and  penetrated  deeply  into  the  old  black  lake-sediment. 
Few  timbers  were  met  with,  though  twigs,  basket-work,  and  charred 
food,  were  common. 

The  total  length  of  the  station  was  640  feet,  and  greatest 
breadth  107  feet.  The  largest  Steinberg  measured  217  by  65  feet. 
Several  bridges,  from  30  to  60  feet  in  length,  connected  the  piled 
area  with  the  shore.  The  station  is  now  completely  dry,  and 
overgrown  with  vegetation. 

( )n  the  Steinbergs  the  relic-bed  was  quite  superficial,  being 
covered  only  with  a  thin  layer  of  sand  and  gravel.  The  organic 
remains,  such  as  staghorn  haftings  and  bone  implements,  were  of 
a  blackish  colour,  and  so  much  decomposed  that  few  could  be 
preserved  from  crumbling  into  pieces.  Stone  celts  were  very 
numerous,  but  unusually  small,  as,  out  of  several  hundred  speci- 
mens, only  a  few  reached  the  length  of  5  or  6  inches.  The 
majority  were  only  3  inches  long,  and  although  well  polished 
and  sharpened  along  the  cutting  edge,  they  were  of  inferior  work- 
manship when  compared  with  those  of  some  other  stations,  such 
as  Locras.  They  were  all  manufactured  of  materials  readily  found 
in  the  surrounding  country,  with  the  exception  of  three  jade  im- 
plements (two  jadoite  and  one  nephrite).  Large  slabs  for  grinding 
and  polishing  these  tools  were  remarkably  abundant. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  station  is  prominent  for  the  beauty  and 
elegance  of  its  flint  implements,  many  of  which  were,  when  found, 
still  in  their  horn  or  wooden  handles.  Along  with  the  horn 


LAKE   OF   BIENNE.  37 

haf tings  may  be  mentioned  perforated  hammers,  chisels,  barbed 
harpoons,  pins,  awls,  flax-heckles,  amulets,  perforated  teeth,  and 
boars'  tusks  of  great  size.  Among  wooden  objects  the  most  re- 
markable are  a  wooden  door,  still  retaining  portion  of  a  polished 
oval  bolt  of  yew  which  traversed  it  horizontally  (B.  336,  p.  48), 
and  a  portion  of  a  ladder  (B.  347).  The  fragments  of  pottery  in- 
dicated not  only  coarse  material  but  rude  workmanship.  The 
clay  is  badly  burnt,  and  it  is  uniformly  mixed  with  pieces  of 
quartz  or  small  pebbles  of  the  size  of  a  pea.  The  vessels  are 
roughly  cylindrical,  and  have  thick  bases,  but  no  ornamentation, 
not  even  the  projecting  knobs  so  characteristic  of  Locras.  Some 
large  clay  balls,  perforated  in  the  centre,  are  probably  loom- 
weights,  and  among  the  remains  are  bits  of  plaited  and  woven 
flax,  which  prove  that  the  art  of  weaving  was  well  known  to  the 
inhabitants.  Dr.  v.  Fellenberg,  from  whose  writings  I  have  taken 
the  substance  of  this  notice,  considers  the  settlement  one  of  the 
earliest  among  the  Swiss  lake-dwellings  and  much  inferior  to 
some  of  the  other  Stone  Age  settlements  in  Lake  Bienne. 

A  cup  made  from  the  upper  part  of  a  human  skull  found 
here  has  attracted  much  attention.  (B.  119,  2nd  ed.,  p.  221.) 

TWANN  (DOUANNE). — It  must  be  remembered  that  the  west 
side  of  the  lake  does  not  present  the  same  facilities  for  pile- 
dwellings  as  the  opposite  shore,  owing  to  the  steepness  of  the 
immediate  shoreland  and  the  rapidity  with  which  deep  water 
is  met  with.  Moreover,  the  narrow  strip  of  beach  available  for 
the  purpose  has  become  greatly  covered  up  with  alluvial  deposits, 
as  is  proved  from  a  discovery  made  at  Twann.  Here,  at  a  depth 
of  15  or  20  feet,  some  workmen,  while  making  excavations  in 
connection  with  railway  works  near  the  quay,  came  upon  a 
blackish  bed  of  mould  containing  piles,  pottery,  staghorn  imple- 
ments, etc.,  which,  on  being  inspected  by  Dr.  Gross  who  happened 
to  be  passing  at  the  time,  was  at  once  recognised  as  the  site  of 
a  lacustrine  station.  Mr.  Irlet,  of  Twann,  has  also  discovered 
another  station  at  Wingreis,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  the  canoe, 
now  so  well  preserved  in  the  Museum  at  Neuveville,  was  found. 
(See  page  481.)  The  objects  from  Wingreis  consist  of  stone  hatchets, 
flints,  and  horn  handles.  (B.  462,  p.  32.) 

In  1886  another  station,  called  "  Bipschal,"  was  announced  by 
Dr.  v.  Fellenberg  as  having  been  discovered  by  Ed.  Matthys 
between  Ligerz  and  Twann.  (B.  462,  p.  35.) 


38  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

VINGELZ.— Dr.  v.  Fellenberg  states  (B.  462,  p.  32)  that  in 
1874,  when  the  great  canoe  which  for  many  years  was  known 
to  be  lying  in  the  mud  near  Vingelz  was  raised,  a  deeply-buried 
relic-bed  was  brought  to  light. 

Nearly  3,000  feet  from  the  shore,  and  opposite  the  Steinberg 
of  Nidau,  there  is  what  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  small  station, 
on  which  a  few  objects  were  found,  among  which  is  to  be  noted 
a  great  stone  weight  with  an  iron  ring  round  it.  A  group  of 
piles  was  observed  to  run  from  it  in  the  direction  of  the  Nidau 
Steinberg,  and  hence  it  is  conjectured  that  a  bridge  formerly 
connected  the  two.  (B.  15  and  22.) 

Between  Vingelz  and  Bienne  there  is  a  small  Steinberg,  on 
which  a  few  arrow-heads  of  iron  are  said  to  have  been  found. 

PORT. — During  the  excavations  for  the  "Correction  des  Ea'.<x 
du  Jura  "  some  remarkable  discoveries  were  made,  especially  along 
the  Lower  Thielle,  between  Nidau  and  Meyenried.  Immediately 
below  the  little  village  of  Port  the  remains  of  a  palafitte  of  the 
Stone  Age  were  met  with.  The  station  appeared  to  have  been 
of  considerable  extent,  as  the  piles  were  traced  for  several  hundred 
yards  along  the  line  of  the  canal.  The  relic-bed  was  7  feet 
below  the  surface,  and  amongst  its  debris  were  found  various 
implements  of  stone  and  horn.  Among  the  stone  celts  was  one 
of  nephrite,  still  in  its  horn  fastening,  the  handle  of  which  was 
covered  over  with  a  bluish  coating  of  amorphous  vivianite. 
(B.  446,  p.  11.) 

LAKE   OF   NEUCHATEL. 

The  Lake  of  Neuchatel,  like  that  of  Bienne,  was  studded 
with  lake  villages,  particularly  in  the  more  sheltered  localities. 
From  data  collected  by  Col.  Schwab  a  chart  was  constructed  and 
published  in  1863,  showing  no  less  than  46  stations  in  the  lake; 
but  many  of  them  were  of  little  archaeological  value  beyond 
giving  indications  of  their  existence.  Since  then  some  additional 
sites  have  been  added  to  this  list,  and  from  the  activity  with 
which  lacustrine  researches  have  been  conducted,  especially  after 
the  lowering  of  the  water  by  the  "  Correction  des  Eaux,"  many 
of  the  supposed  less  important  sites  have  turned  out  extremely 
rich  in  antiquities. 

PONT  DE  LA  THIELLE.— Leaving  the  Lake  of  Bienne,  and  fol- 
lowing the  Upper  Thielle,  we  come  to  the  Pont  de  la  Thielle 


LAKE   OF    NEUCHATEL.  39 

(Zihlbriicke),  which  crosses  the  river  at  a  short  distance  below 
where  it  emerges  from  Lake  Neuchatel.  A  little  above  this  bridge 
and  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  Col.  Schwab  discovered  piles, 
among  which  he  collected  some  industrial  remains  at  a  depth  of 
5  feet,  from  which  he  concluded  that  there  had  been  here  an 
ordinary  pile-dwelling,  in  what  was  then  probably  a  bay  of  the 
lake.  With  the  exception  of  one  hair-pin  of  bronze,  the  objects 
collected  were  of  the  Stone  Age.  (B.  32.)  In  1870  v.  Fellenberg 
made  some  further  investigations,  which,  while  justifying  the 
conclusions  previously  arrived  at,  showed  that  the  station  had 
larger  dimensions  than  were  formerly  suspected,  and  that  the  relic- 
bed  was  in  some  parts  deeply  buried.  He  enumerates  the  follow- 
ing relics  as  the  result  of  his  labours : — 7  large  stone  axes  and 
9  small  or  imperfect  ones,  of  serpentine,  diorite,  etc. ;  20  imple- 
ments of  bone — pointers,  daggers,  chisels,  etc.;  a  large  number  of 
staghorn  axe-hammer  heads  (perforated) ;  flakes  of  flint  and  other 
flint  implements,  and  one  beautifully-worked  arrow-head ;  a  knife 
of  polished  nephrite.  The  pottery  indicated  a  coarse  paste  mixed 
with  rough  sand,  and  some  of  the  vessels  were  ornamented  with 
knobs.  (B.  196,  p.  281.) 

According  to  Mr.  Dardel-Thorens,*  a  Roman  station  succeeded 
the  palafitte,  as  many  objects  of  pure  Roman  origin  were  found 
amongst  the  piles  on  the  right  bank.  Among  these  he  mentions 
a  lion  head  of  bronze,  portion  of  a  girdle,  a  silver  ring  like  those 
from  Pompeii,  knives,  chisels,  axes,  etc.,  and  a  tile  with  the  legion 
mark  CLXXI ;  also  a  piece  of  worked  horn  with  figures. 

LA  TENE  (STONE  AGE  STATIONS). — Close  to  the  outlet,  on  its 
north  side,  is  the  celebrated  station  known  as  La  Tene,  which, 
from  the  remarkable  character  and  varied  assortment  of  iron 
implements  found  on  it,  has  given  a  name  to  a  well-defined 
period  of  the  Early  Iron  Age.  Now  that  the  lowering  of  the  level 
of  the  lake  has  left  its  site  on  dry  ground,  and  its  exploration  has 
became  thus  greatly  facilitated,  it  would  appear  that  La  Tene  was 
more  of  a  stronghold,  commanding  a  bridge  which  crossed  the 
Thielle  at  its  outlet,  than  a  real  pile-village.  Its  consideration  will 
therefore  bs  deferred  till  we  come  to  the  description  of  the  lake- 
dwellings  of  the  Iron  Age. 

Making  a  circuit  of  the  lake  westwards,  we  come  at  once  on 
a  series  of  four  stations,  the  ruins  of  which  lie  scattered  on  the 

*  Antigua,  1884,  pp.  42  and  85. 


40  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

shore  between  La  Tene  and  the  promontory  of  Prefargier. 
Their  debris  lay  embedded  in  a  thick  bed  of  ancient  mud,  which 
has  since  become  undermined,  and  almost  entirely  washed  away 
by  the  waves,  leaving  the  heavier  antiquities  amongst  the  rolled 
pebbles.  Some  beautiful  implements  of  nephrite  and  jadeite, 
and  occasionally  copper  objects,  have  been  thus  picked  up,  some 
of  which  are  still  in  the  possession  of  Messrs.  Vouga,  Dardel- 
Thorens,  and  other  local  collectors. 

ST.  HLAISE. — This  station  has  only  come  into  prominence 
since  the  operations  for  the  "  Correction  des  Eaux  du  Jura  "  took 
etfect  on  the  lake ;  and  although  its  investigation  has  been 
somewhat  desultorily  conducted,  the  finds  from  it  are  extremely 
interesting,  as  they  are  characteristic  of  the  period  of  transition. 
The  settlement  was  situated  to  the  west  of  the  town  of 
St.  Bluise,  and  appears  to  have  occupied  a  large  area,  as  piles 
extended  more  or  less  all  the  way  to  Hauterive.  Its  chief 
explorers  and  relic-holders  are  Messrs.  Vouga,  Zintgrarl',  and 
Dardel-Thorens.  In  1878  Dr.  Gross  published  a  description  of 
its  relics  with  two  plates  of  illustrations,  and  subsequently  a 
notice  of  it  appeared  in  the  Anzeiger  (B.  37Ga)  and  Dan 
A  (island  (B.  418,  p.  49).  Among  some  thousands  of  stone 
axes,  of  which  about  ten  per  cent,  are  perforated,  there  are 
many  of  nephrite,  jadeite,  chloromelanite,  and  saussurite.  These 
latter  are  generally  small,  and  set  in  horn  fixers  with  a  split 
at  the  end.  The  perforated  hatchets  (one  of  which  is  an  un- 
finished specimen,  with  the  core  still  in  the  hole)  have  often 
one  end  formed  into  a  hammer  (Fig.  8,  Nos.  25  and  26). 
Among  the  many  worked  objects  of  horn  and  bone,  such  as 
pins  (Nos.  22,  2.S,  and  24),  perforated  clubs  (No.  20),  and 
daggers  or  spear-heads  (No.  21),  are  some  curiously- wrought 
pieces,  which  suggested  to  Dr.  Gross  the  idea  that  they  were 
part  of  a  machine  for  boring  holes  in  hard  substances.  The 
chief  interest,  however,  lies  in  the  number  and  variety  of  copper 
objects  which  this  station  has  yielded.  Out  of  about  a  dozen 
articles  of  metal,  only  one  is  said  to  be  bronze  (No.  4) — a 
dagger  with  a  well-defined  midrib — while  the  rest  consist  of  two 
flat  axes  (Nos.  6,  a  fragment,  and  14),  six  daggers  after  the 
type  of  the  flint  weapons  (Nos.  1  to  5,  7,  and  9),  a  knife 
(No.  8),*  a  bit  of  a  spiral  (No.  18),  an  arrow-point  with  some 

*  Antigua,  1884,  p.  59. 


LAKE    OF   NEUCHATEL. 


41 


asphalt  still  adhering  to  it  (No.  16),  two  small  awls  (Nos.  15 
and  17),  two  earrings  (Nos.  11  and  12),  and  two  beads  (Nos.  10 
and  13). 

One    of    the    copper    daggers   was   mounted    in   a   handle   of 
withes,  the  remains  of  which   are  still  to  be   seen   (No.   2),  and 


Fig.  8.— ST.  BLAISE.     Xos.  20  and  26  =  £,  the  rest  =  £  real  size. 

strongly  reminds  one  of  the  flint  daggers  when  similarly 
mounted,  as  seen  in  No.  28.  As  ornaments  from  this  station 
I  have  figured  a  fossil  ammonite  and  a  smooth  stone,  both 
perforated  (Nos.  27  and  19).  Two  fossil  shells,  an  ammonite 
(Fig.  185,  No.  23),  and  pectunculus,  are  described  in  the  Ninth 
Report  on  the  Pfahlbauten  (B.  462)  as  coining  from  Oefeliplatze. 
HAUTERIVE. — Opposite  the  village  there  was  a  very  large 


42  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

settlement,  which  has  yielded  a  considerable  number  of  antiqui- 
ties of  a  mixed  character,  chiefly  dispersed  among  the  Museums 
of  Neuchatel,  Bern,  Bienne,  and  Zurich.  Col.  Schwab  found 
two  iron  spear-heads  and  pottery.  After  Schwab's  investigation, 
Desor  searched  the  station  and  found  a  Steinberg.  Among  the 
more  interesting  objects  are: — a  small  figure  shaped  like  a  duck 
and  ornamented  with  strips  of  tin  (Fig.  195,  No.  13);  a  vase,  also 
ornamented  in  the  same  way  (Fig.  193,  No.  6);  a  disc  of  bone 
ornamented  with  concentric  circles,  and  some  bronze  pendants 
(Fig.  189,  Nos.  13,  14,  and  16).  In  Bern  there  are  four  pins  with 
large  heads,  and  several  tanged  knives,  sickles,  bracelets,  pendants 
rings,  tish-hooks,  etc. ;  also  dishes  of  fine  black  pottery  with 
round  bottoms. 

Between  this  and  Neuchatel  are  three  stations,  viz.  Cham- 
preveyres,  Monruz,  and  Cret,  on  which  a  few  objects  have  been 
picked  up.  In  1885  a  pot  of  dark  pottery  ornamented  with 
circular  lines  and  triangles  ("  Wolfszahn-ornamenten  "),  measuring 
0|  inches  in  diameter  and  4J  in  height,  was  fished  up  in  eight 
feet  of  water,  and  was  supposed  to  be  from  the  bronze  station  of 
Champreveyres.*  The  pot  contained  sand  and  the  following 
objects  : — two  stone  celts,  a  spindle-whorl,  a  pierced  boar's  tusk, 
half  of  a  stone  axe-hammer  partially  bored,  two  objects  of  stone, 
a  bit  of  red  ochre,  and  a  bit  of  yellow  ochre. 

AUVERNIEU. — In  the  sheltered  bay  between  Colombier  and 
Auvernier  was  one  of  the  largest  and  most  interesting  settle- 
ments in  the  lake.  It  was  discovered  early,  and  notwithstanding 
that  its  remains  were  covered  with  ten  or  twelve  feet  of  water, 
it  was  minutely  searched.  Professor  Desor  ascertained  that  there 
were  two  distinct  stations  near  the  same  place,  one  being  a 
bronze  station  and  farther  out  in  the  lake.  The  Stone  Age 
settlement,  which  lay  just  between  the  latter  and  the  shore, 
contained  a  Steinberg  of  round  and  angular  stones,  and  covered 
nearly  two  acres.  The  piles  of  the  bronze  station  were  inserted 
in  soft  mud,  and  their  tops  projected  from  one  to  two  feet 
above  the  lake  bottom.  In  one  place  a  canoe  and  large  masses 
of  wattle- work  were  seen  by  Desor  protruding  from  the  mud. 
Among  the  antiquities  collected  by  the  earlier  explorers  are  :— 
Arrow-points  of  various  shapes  with  and  without  barbs,  a  richly- 
ornamented  socketed  lance-head,  a  solid  ring  armilla,  a  chisel, 

*  Antiqua,  1885,  p.  165. 


LAKE   OF   NEUCHATEL. 


Fig.  9.— AUVERXIEE.     All  $  real  size. 


44  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

fish-hook,  etc.  Also  fragments  of  variously-ornamented  pottery, 
one  of  which  showed  something  like  the  Greek  pattern  or 
meander  line.  Not  less  than  twenty  of  the  illustrations  of  Desor 
(B.  95)  are  of  objects  from  this  station. 

The  station  was  systematically  investigated  during  the  year 
1873  and  the  three  following  years,  and  a  report  of  the  results 
was  published  by  Dr.  Gross  in  1876.  (B.  286.)  He  describes 
the  antiquities  under  the  following  heads,  from  which  it  will  be 
seen  that  the  station  ranks  almost  on  a  par  with  that  at 
Moeringen  : — (1)  Arms,  (2)  instruments,  (3)  objects  of  dress,  (4) 
objects  belonging  to  horses'  harness,  (5)  moulds,  (6)  pottery. 
Dr.  Gross,  at  the  eighth  meeting  of  the  German  Congress  of 
Archaeologists  at  Constance,  in  September,  1877,  gave  some  further 
account  of  the  relics  from  An  vernier,  particularly  the  swords,  of 
which  six  were  found.  (B.  306.) 

The  illustrations  on  Fig.  9  include  a  variety  of  axes  (Nos. 
1  to  8),  knives  (Nos.  9  to  11),  a  socketed  chisel  (No.  12),  a 
gouge  (No.  18);  three  hammers,  one  with  a  square  socket  and  a 
side  loop  (No.  13),  another  with  a  square  perforation  in  the 
middle  (No.  19),  and  the  third  shaped  like  the  upper  portion 
of  a  winged  axe  (No.  20);  two  sickles  (Nos.  15  and  16),  a  star- 
like  ornament  (No.  14),  pendants  (Nos.  17  and  24),  half  of  a 
mould  for  an  axe  (No.  22),  and  an  ornamental  object  (No.  27). 
All  the  above  are  of  bronze,  and  of  the  remaining  objects,  one 
(No.  23)  is  a  trilocular  dish  of  pottery,  two  are  of  bone  (Nos.  25 
and  26),  and  the  last  (No.  28)  is  a  stone  anvil  set  in  a  wooden 
casing.  The  handle  of  one  of  the  swords  is  illustrated  on 
Fig.  186,  No.  3. 

CORTAILLOD. — We  next  come  to  the  neighbourhood  of  Cortaillod, 
where  there  were  several  settlements.  From  Mr.  A.  Vouga's 
admirable  and  concise  notices  (B.  393  and  414a)  of  the  more 
recent  discoveries,  it  appears  that  the  principal  station  (Station 
Principale,  marked  a  on  the  accompanying  Sketch  Map)  was  nearly 
opposite  the  village  of  Petit  Cortaillod,  and  consisted  of  two 
portions — one,  nearest  the  shore,  furnishing  relics  of  the  Stone 
Age  ;  and  the  other,  those  characteristic  of  the  Bronze  Age.  A 
few  hundred  yards  to  the  north  there  was  another  large  Stone 
Age  settlement  (Station  de  la  Fabrique,  6),  also  with  a  Bronze 
Age  portion  on  its  outer  or  lake  side.  On  the  south  side  of  the 
principal  station  there  were  observed  two  small  groups  of  piles 


LAKE    OF   NEUCHATEL. 


45 


probably  remains   of  embryonic  stations  which  were  never  com- 
pleted (c  and  d).    On  one  of  these  a  remarkable  wooden  implement, 
supposed  to  be  a  pile-driver,  was  found,  measuring  5  feet  4  inches 
in   length  (Fig.  184, 
No.  4). 

The  first  explo- 
ration of  the  settle- 
ment commenced  in 
the  spring  of  1858, 
when  Mr.  Troyon, 
after  examining  the 
stations  near  Yver- 
don,  visited  the  lo- 
cality and  fished  up 
five  bracelets  of 
bronze,  together  with 
some  hair-pins  and  a 
few  small  rings,  which 
are  now  in  the  Mu- 
seum of  Lausanne.  Mr.  Burki,  of  Petit  Cortaillod,  also  found 
several  bronze  objects,  some  of  which  he  sold  to  Agassiz. 

These  respective  successes  induced  Col.  Schwab  and  Prof. 
Desor  to  direct  their  attention  to  Cortaillod,  who,  in  the  course 
of  a  few  years,  made  a  collection  of  very  remarkable  objects. 
Among  these  the  following  are  worthy  of  note : — a  bronze  wheel, 
19|  inches  in  diameter,  with  four  spokes  (Fig.  10,  No.  17);  the 
surplus  jet  of  a  bronze  casting,  broken  off  apparently  after  the 
operation  was  completed  ;  several  half-moon  and  other  variously 
shaped  pendants  (Nos.  10, 12,  and  21) ;  bracelets  (No.  14) ;  a  massive 
ring  ornamented  with  concentric  circles  (No.  15);  some  large  headed 
pins,  earrings  (No.  7),  studs  (No.  22),  hatchets,  sickles,  fish-hooks3 
beads  of  amber  and  glass,  a  spoon  of  terra-cotta,  etc. ;  but  the  most 
novel  were  dishes,  particularly  a  large  plate  ornamented  with  tin 
strips  arranged  in  various  patterns  of  lines,  circles,  and  the  Greek 
meander  (Fig,  193,  No.  2). 

Of  the  four  brothers  Kopp,  who  worked  for  these  antiquaries, 
one  afterwards  commenced  on  his  own  account  and  sold  the  finds, 
and  in  this  way  many  of  the  relics  went  to  other  localities.  In  1874 
a  necklace  of  bronze  was  found  (Fig.  10,  No.  3),  which  Mr.  Vouga 
states  is  still  in  the  possession  of  a  gentleman  at  Au vernier. 


40 


LAKE-DWELLINGS   OF   EUROPE. 


Fig.  10.— CORTAILLOD  AND  BEVAix  (16,  18,  and  23  to  26).    Nos.  8,  16,  and  18  to 
20  =  j,  15  =  £.  all  the  rest,  with  the  exception  of  17  —  %  real  size. 


LAKE    OF   NEUCHATEL.  47 

In  1876  a  fisherman  found  a  sword,  which  he  sold  to  the 
keeper  of  the  Museum  at  Bale  (No.  19). 

Meantime  the  Stone  Age  portion  of  the  principal  station  was 
little  examined,  as  the  relics  were  deeply  buried.  Here,  however, 
were  formerly  found  some  iron  objects  of  the  La  Tene  type,  viz.  a 
sickle  (B.  31,  PL  xiv.  20),  and  a  stone  anchor  with  iron  hoops,  now 
in  the  Museum  Schwab.  In  1878,  when  the  Government  drain- 
age works  began  to  tell  on  the  lake,  many  articles  were  picked 
up.  Thereupon  Messrs.  Yonga  and  F.  Borel  commenced  systematic 
diggings,  and  this  set  an  example  to  the  authorities  of  the 
Museum  of  Colombier  and  the  Societe  du  Musee  de  Boudry,  who 
likewise  started  operations  with  a  gang  of  workmen.  Among 
the  objects  collected  up  to  1883  Mr.  Vouga  particularises  the 
following : — 

Stone. — A  number  of  sharpening-stones  of  sandstone ;  a 
large  hollow  stone  for  bruising  corn,  measuring  1  foot  6  inches 
by  1  foot  9  inches,  and  5J  inches  in  thickness,  having  a  hollow 
2  \  inches  in  depth ;  some  hundreds  of  hammer-stones,  corn- 
crushers,  etc.  ;  portions  of  stone  showing  marks  of  having  been 
sawn,  and  perforated  net- weights ;  also  spindle-whorls,  an  oval 
hammer  of  serpentine  ornamented  with  chevrons ;  some  perforated 
stone  axes,  etc. ;  about  1,200  plain  axes,  nearly  a  third  of  which 
were  still  in  their  horn  fixtures.  Most  of  these  horn  fixtures 
were  inserted  in  wooden  handles,  but  of  course  all  traces  of  the 
latter  were  generally  gone ;  only  1 2  nephrite  implements  were 
among  them.  About  1,500  chisels  or  small  celts,  only  a  few  of 
which  were  of  jadeite.  One  celt  was  of  flint,  a  very  rare  thing  in 
this  district ;  and  an  arrow-point  was  of  polished  serpentine.  Many 
thousands  of  implements  of  various  coloured  flints — saws,  knives, 
scrapers,  daggers,  and  arrow  and  lance-heads.  The  arrow-points 
were  generally  triangular  without  wings,  and  a  few  were  lozenge- 
shaped.  The  largest  flint  dagger  measures  9  inches  in  length 
(Museum  Colombier) ;  and  some  of  the  saws  were  still  fixed  in 
their  handles  with  asphalt  when  found. 

Horn. — Some  3,000  fixtures  for  stone  hatchets,  of  which 
about  one-third  were  perfect.  These  implements  are  not 
bifurcated  at  their  end,  as  is  often  the  case  with  those  found 
at  Auvernier  and  elsewhere ;  and  many  are  only  partially  made, 
so  that  one  would  suppose  there  had  been  here  a  factory  for  their 
special  manufacture.  There  were  also  perforated  hammers,  and 


48  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

a  great  number  of  chisels,  pointers,  etc. ;  also  some  large  plaques 
whose  use  is  unknown.  Out  of  twenty  barbed  harpoons  one,  8J 
inches  long,  has  twelve  barbs  (No.  8),  and  one  (now  in  the  Museum 
Boudry)  is  unfinished.  About  a  similar  number  of  pendeloques 
or  beads,  and  a  few  small  objects  like  arrow-points. 

Bone. — A  great  number  of  pointers  and  chisels,  some  of 
which  were  inserted  into  handles ;  quantities  of  awls,  lance- 
points,  and  javelins ;  thirty  daggers ;  some  twenty  perforated 
teeth  of  the  wolf  or  dog;  fifty  tusks  of  the  wild  boar  worked, 
and  some  set  in  handles  ;  bundles  of  pointed  ribs  (flax-heckles). 

Wood-. — An  oval  cup  of  yew,  4  by  2|  inches ;  others  were 
found,  but  not  preserved.  A  small  hammer,  and  bits  of  basket- 
work. 

Metal. — A  small  round  copper  armlet,  and  a  flat  bronze  axe 
with  a  round  cutting  edge. 

Pottery. — Fragments  of  a  coarse  ware,  found  everywhere  and 
generally  indicating  roughly-made  vessels ;  and  a  few  perforated 
weights,  cylindrical  and  round. 

As  the  waters  became  lower,  the  bronze  station  became 
more  accessible,  and  accordingly  its  investigation  was  begun  by 
Messrs.  Borel,  of  Boudry,  and  Kaiser,  of  Estavayer.  Among 
the  antiquities  collected  here  are  the  following  :— 

Bronze. — Several  hatchets  and  knives  ;  four  razors,  of  different 
types  (one  hammered  from  the  fragment  of  a  bracelet);  five 
sickles ;  a  bracelet  ornamented  with  lines  and  concentric  circles, 
and  another  closed  (No.  13),  also  ornamented ;  three  small 
bracelets  ;  some  buttons,  studs,  etc. ;  the  tip  of  a  scabbard  (No.  5) ; 
several  lance-heads,  one  ornamented  (No.  4) ;  two  fibulae  (No.  6) ; 
many  hair-pins,  several  hundreds  of  fish-hooks ;  a  necklet  made  of 
twenty  bronze  rings,  connected  by  a  chain  of  copper;  and  a 
cup,  now  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  Gross  (No.  20). 

Among  other  relics  were  fragments  of  cups,  vases,  and  other 
dishes  of  ornamented  pottery,  some  twenty  clay  supports,  and 
hundreds  of  spindle- whorls,  etc.  No.  11  represents  a  pendant, 
the  substance  of  which  no  one  can  determine,  as  it  is  neither 
stone,  bone,  horn,  nor  pottery. 

In  the  autumn  of  1884  the  water  was  unusually  low,  and 
the  piles,  being  left  high  and  dry,  presented  such  a  singular  ap- 
pearance that  many  visitors  were  attracted  to  see  the  novel  sight. 
Many  objects  were  then  picked  up.  One  bracelet,  ornamented 


LAKE    OF   NEUCHATEL.  49 

with  concentric  circles,  was  sold  for  eighty  francs.  Among  the 
other  objects  described  by  Vouga  are  the  following :  A  large 
fish-hook  (No.  2),  4f  inches  long ;  a  piece  of  wood  surrounded 
by  two  bands  of  copper;  a  bronze  pin  with  perforated  head,  and 
another  with  flat  head;  a  small  vase  with  four  holes  (No.  9),  a 
small  lamp  with  a  handle  like  a  spoon,  and  a  bronze  pendant 
formed  of  eleven  massive  rings  (No.  1). 

BEVAIX. —  Several  stations  were  known  here  at  an  early 
period,  and  some  of  the  objects  from  them  have  been  described 
by  Troyon,  Keller,  and  Desor.  They  consist  of  bronze  celts 
(Nos.  16  and  18),  sickles,  hair-pins  (Nos.  23  and  24),  bracelets 
(No.  26),  a  razor  (No.  25),  clay  rings,  etc.,  which  are  now  in 
the  collections  of  Schwab,  Desor,  and  others. 

Since  the  lowering  of  the  water  in  Lake  Neuchatel,  the  Messrs. 
Borel  have  systematically  investigated  and  reported  on  the  stations 
in  the  Bevaix  district.  (B.  445.)  From  La  Tuiliere  to  Treytel,  a 
shore-line  of  about  two  miles,  they  describe  seven  separate  locali- 
ties containing  stations,  chiefly  of  the  Stone  Age.  An  excellent 
map  accompanies  their  description ;  and  had  they  added  a  few 
illustrations  its  value  would  have  been  greatly  enhanced. 

One  of  the  greatest  drawbacks  to  outsiders  who  wish  to  master 
the  archaeological  results  of  the  Swiss  lacustrine  investigations 
is  the  want  of  a  correct  map  showing  the  area  and  distribution 
of  the  respective  stations ;  and  if  this  desideratum  is  ever  to  be 
supplied  for  those  lakes  that  have  come  under  the  influence  of 
the  Correction  des  Eaux  du  Jura,  there  is  no  time  to  lose,  as 
most  of  the  stations  are  now  on  dry  land  and  nearly  obliterated 
by  vegetation  ;  and  it  is  a  work  that  can  only  be  done  by  local 
archaeologists,  like  the  Messrs.  Borel,  who  for  years  have  had 
practical  knowledge  of  the  stations  in  their  neighbourhood. 

The  accompanying  Sketch  Map  (after  that  of  Messrs.  Borel) 
shows  that,  while  the  foundations  of  the  two  Bronze  Age  stations 
are  still  in  the  lake,  all  those  of  the  Stone  Age  are  entirely  on 
dry  land.  This  distinction  was  long  ago  pointed  out  by  Desor 
and  others,  but  it  was  only  since  the  lowering  of  the  lake  that 
such  a  practical  demonstration  became  possible. 

The   Messrs.    Borel   premise    their    acquiescence    in    the    pro- 
posed subdivision  of  the  lacustrine  Stone  Age  into  three  periods, 
viz.    a   first  or  early    period  ("  periode   d'etablissement  et  de  for- 
mation"), characterised  by  rudeness   and   simplicity  of  industrial 
E 


50 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


remains  ;  a  second  (<;  le  bel  age  de  la  pierre  "),  showing  commercial 
and  agricultural  progress,  and  especially  great  skill  in  the  manu- 
facture of  all  manner  of  stone  celts ;  and  a  third  ("  line  p^riode  de 
transition"),  which  witnessed  the  introduction  of  metals  among 
the  lake-dwellers. 

Typical  examples  of  all  these  periods  were  found  on  the  Bevaix 
district,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  notes,  taken  chiefly  from 
the  data  supplied  by  the  Messrs.  Borel  :— 

(1)  Station  de  la  Tailiere.—This   settlement   belonged  to  the 


Sketch  Map  of  the  shore  of  Lake  Neuchatel,  near  Bevaix,  showing  the  relative 
positions  of  the  stations  of  the  Stone  and  Bronze  periods. 

earliest  lacustrine  period,  and,  being  much  exposed  to  the  winds, 
appears  to  have  been  quickly  abandoned.  The  piles  are  much 
decayed  and  difficult  to  find,  and  the  relics  are  few  in  number, 
and  of  a  primitive  type.  Only  rude  stone  axes,  a  few  weights, 
and  flints  of  a  dark  colour,  are  recorded. 

(2)  Station  des  Vaux. — Between  La  Tuiliere  to  the  Station 
des  Vaux  the  promontory  "  Du  Grain  "  intervenes,  where,  scattered 
on  the  shore  on  both  sides  of  it,  Roman  tiles  are  met  with.  The 
remains  of  this  pile-dwelling  are  situated  near  to  a  small  spring 
of  water,  and  directly  below  the  rising  ground,  which  is  here 
covered  with  vines.  The  piles  are  disposed  in  two  groups,  and 
with  scarcely  an  interval  between  them ;  but  they  represent  two 
different  periods  of  the  Stone  Age.  The  first  or  more  eastern 
group  stretches  for  100  yards,  with  a  breadth  of  40  yards,  parallel 


LAKE   OF   NEUCHATEL.  51 

to  the  lake ;  and  though  farther  within  the  old  lake  basin,  it  is  con- 
sidered by  Messrs.  Borel  the  older  of  the  two,  being  contemporary 
with  La  Tuiliere  and  the  earliest  lacustrine  settlements  in  the 
lake.  A  Steinberg  of  broken  stones  marks  its  centre,  but  its 
examination  has  yielded  only  a  few  small  stone  celts,  arrow  and 
spear-heads  of  dark  flint,  and  some  coarse  pottery.  Among  the 
osseous  remains  are  some  jaws  of  the  beaver. 

The  second  group  occupied  a  smaller  area  than  the  previous 
one,  and  contained  no  Steinberg,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  a  well- 
developed  relic-bed,  some  12  to  16  inches  thick,  which  was  pro- 
ductive of  relics  of  a  decidedly  more  advanced  character,  such  as 
well-made  implements  of  staghorn,  including  a  variety  of  handles 
for  stone  celts.  The  most  important  discovery  here  was  a  human 
skull  of  the  dolicho-cephalic  type.  (Antiqua,  1884,  p.  106.)  The 
most  inland  piles  of  this  group  were  only  about  30  yards  from 
the  vineyards,  whereas  the  corresponding  ones  of  the  first  group 
were  70  yards  distant.  The  anomalous  statement  that  the  second 
or  more  advanced  Stone  Age  settlement  was  situated  in  an  outer 
zone  from  the  earliest  (a  fact  which  applies  to  all  those  explored 
on  the  Bevaix  coast),  Messrs.  Borel  explain  by  supposing  that  the 
lake  area  was  gradually  increasing  since  the  earlier  settlements 
were  founded.  We  shall  afterwards  see  that  this  supposition  is 
well  founded,  on  evidence  that  by  careful  observation  could  be 
greatly  multiplied. 

(3)  Station  de  VAbbaye.  —  A  little  farther  on  there  is  the 
site  of  another  Stone  Age  station,  presenting  the  same 
indications  of  an  older  and  younger  period,  and  also  having  the 
same  relative  position  to  each  other  as  we  have  seen  in  the 
Stations  des  Yaux,  viz.  the  older  occupying  a  situation  more 
advanced  into  the  old  lake  basin.  In  front  of  these  two 
stations,  Des  Vaux  and  De  1'Abbaye,  lie  the  remains  of  a  large 
settlement  of  the  Bronze  Age,  the  piles  of  which,  even  when 
the  lake  is  at  its  lowest,  are  still  in  several  feet  of  water;  it 
extends  parallel  to  the  shore,  about  200  yards  in  length,  and 
160  in  breadth.  In  addition  to  the  relics  found  by  the  earlier 
explorers  (Troy on,  Desor,  Vouga,  Dr.  Clement,  etc.),  and  already 
noticed,  the  following  bronze  objects  are  recorded  from  the 
station,  all  of  which  are  either  in  the  private  collection  of  the 
Messrs.  Borel  or  in  the  scholastic  museum  at  Bevaix : — 

Six   celts   (one   of    which    is   socketed),    portion    of    a   sword 


52  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

scabbard,  four  chisels  (some  prettily  ornamented),  five  sickles, 
twenty  fish-hooks,  three  bracelets,  two  razors,  105  hair-pins  (all 
sizes  and  forms),  five  pendeloques,  two  earrings,  two  buttons, 
two  finger- rings,  twelve  large  and  195  small  rings,  etc.  Among 
the  other  finds  are  fragments  of  ornamented  pottery,  a  clay 
support-ring,  three  glass  beads,  weights,  sharpening  stones,  etc. 

(4)  Station  du  Chatelard.—This  station  contained  a  Steinberg 
covering  an  area  of  3,000  or  4,000  square  yards,  and  was  joined 
to  the  shore  by  a  tongue  of  land,  on  which  a  series  of  stepping- 
stones   were   placed.      The   relics   discovered   on   its   site  include 
some   200   stone   celts   (ten   of    which   are    jade),   forty   staghorn 
handles     and     fixers     for     celts,    chisels,    stone     hammers,    flint 
implements,  etc.     The  special  characteristic  of  the  station  is  the 
appearance   of  the   following  bronze  objects   among   these    relics 
of  the  Stone  Age,   viz.  a  small  perforated   plaque,  two  hair-pins, 
four  small  daggers,  three  flat  celts.     Mr.  Borel  states  that  other 
celts   of    this    type  were  found,   one  being   to   his   knowledge   in 
the   possession   of  Mr.  Rousselet,   and   one  in   each   of  the   Mu- 
seums  at  Neuchatel,  Bern,  and   Zurich.     One  here  figured  (Fig. 
10,  No.  18)  is  from  the  Schwab  Museum  at  Bienne.     Hence  this 
station    belongs    to   the    period    of  transition,   and   is    in    many 
respects  comparable  to  the  Station  des  Roseaux  at  Morges. 

(5)  Station  du  Moulin. — Proceeding   about  600  yards  farther 
west   we   come   to   an   isolated   station   of    the   Bronze   Age,    the 
piles  of  which  are   still   over  50  yards  from   the   present   shore ; 
and  before   the  lowering  of  the  water  its  site  would  be  covered 
by    about    10    feet   of   water.      Owing    to    the    scarcity    of    relics 
on   this   station,  the  duration   of  the   settlement   is   supposed    to 
have  been  short.     Desor  found  here  some  ornamented  specimens 
of    the    large    hollow    bracelet.     Mr.    Borel   has    only   one   small 
specimen  and  a  portion  of  a  large  one  of  this  type.     The  other 
objects  of  bronze  are  a  couple  of  fish-hooks  and  a  few  pins  and 
earrings.     Fragments    of    pottery     are,     however,    proportionally 
more  abundant,  among  them  being  a  vase,  of  elegant  form,  and 
polished  exteriorly   by   graphite.      To  the  east  of  this   station  a 
fine    canoe   was   found    in    1879,   measuring    26    feet   in   length, 
now  deposited  in  the  Museum  at  Chaux  de  Fonds.* 

(6)  Station  du  Port. — The  remains  of  this  small  station,  which 
are   exclusively  of  the  Stone  Age,  are  distributed  on  both  sides 

*  Bui.  de  la  Soc.  d'Hist.  Nat.,  vol.  xi. 


LAKE   OF   NEUCHATEL.  53 

of  a  small  stream  which  enters  the  ancient  port  of  Bevaix. 
From  the  character  of  the  relics  the  Messrs.  Borel  think  that 
the  portion  on  the  east  side  belonged  to  the  first  lacustrine 
period,  while  that  on  the  west  was  later.  It  would  appear 
that  the  settlement  had  been  dwarfed  by  the  adjacent  great 
palafitte  at  Treytel. 

(7)  Station  de  Treytel. — This  station  presents  a  fine  example  of 
the  second  Stone  Age  period.  Its  debris  is  found  on  the 
exposed  shore,  extending  upwards  of  300  yards  in  length,  and 
covering  an  area  of  some  8,000  to  10,000  square  yards.  It  was 
first  examined  in  1857  by  M.  Rousselet,  who,  notwithstanding 
its  being  then  submerged,  made  the  fine  collection  of 
objects  from  it  now  in  the  Museum  at  Neuchatel.  The  flint 
implements  are  particularly  well  made,  and  the  raw  material, 
which  shows  a  fine  yellowish  and  partially  transparent  flint,  is 
supposed  to  have  been  imported  from  Gaul.  The  horn  handles 
and  fixers  for  the  stone  celts  are  of  varied  forms,  and  there  is 
also  a  rich  assortment  of  other  relics. 

CHEZ  LES  MOINES. — Here  there  is  a  Steinberg,  but  the 
antiquities  found  are  unimportant,  only  a  few  staghorn  im- 
plements and  some  stone  celts.  Fragments  of  Roman  tiles  were 
also  found. 

ST.  AUBIN. — This  station  was  near  the  shore,  and  contained 
a  vast  Steinberg  measuring  300  feet  by  200.  Its  investigation 
was  chiefly  due  to  Dr.  Clement,  of  St.  Aubin,  who  made  a 
splendid  collection  of  its  antiquities,  which  show  that  the  settle- 
ment belonged  almost  exclusively  to  the  Stone  Age.  Specially 
noteworthy  among  them  are  flint-saws  in  yew  and  staghorn 
handles ;  arrow-points,  with  portion  of  the  shaft  still  attached 
with  asphalt;  a  few  beads — one  of  glass  and  two  of  amber; 
three  small  gold  ornaments ;  perforated  teeth  of  the  bear  and 
wolf  or  dog.  Many  of  the  objects  from  Dr.  Clement's  collection 
are  illustrated  in  the  second  and  third  volumes  of  Materiaux, 
pages  511  and  259  respectively;  as  well  as  in  Keller's  reports. 
The  horn  fastenings  are  extremely  varied,  and  those  for  celts, 
intended  to  be  used  with  wooden  handles,  terminate  either  in  a 
split  or  are  squarely  cut.  The  bone  implements  are  particularly 
well  made,  and  many  of  the  pointers  are  fixed  into  handles. 
The  arrow-points  are  also  well  chipped,  and  are  of  a  longish  or 
triangular  shape.  In  the  Zurich  Museum  there  is  a  beautifully 


54  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

chipped  dagger  of  flint,  over   nine   inches   in   length,  from   this 
station.     (See  Fig.  185,  Nos.  2,  3,  5,  6,  and  9.) 

CONCISE. — Mr.  Rochat,  who  first  examined  the  remains  of  this 
settlement,  describes  a  semicircular  Steinberg  which  occupied 
part  of  the  station.  (B.  34.)  The  convex  part  looked  south 
and  towards  the  lake.  Its  length  was  459  feet,  and  breadth 
255  feet,  and  when  the  lake  was  at  its  lowest  (before  the 
Correction  des  Eaux  du  Jura)  its  top  was  only  a  few  inches 
below  the  surface  of  the  water.  The  relic-bed  was  superficial, 
but  the  piles  penetrated  deeply  into  the  mud.  During  the  con- 
struction of  the  railway  in  1859,  which  here  passed  through  a 
small  bit  of  the  lake,  a  dredging  machine  was  used,  when 
antiquities  of  all  kinds  were  collected  in  hundreds.  These  were 
generally  sold  on  behalf  of  the  workmen,  and  hence  the  objects 
from  Concise  are  widely  distributed,  some  having  gone  to 
America.  On  and  around  the  Steinberg  the  antiquities  were  of 
the  Stone  Age.  Here  the  operation  of  dredging  was  carried  on 
for  six  weeks  amidst  great  archaeological  excitement,  which  led 
to  the  production  of  many  falsifications.  (B.  28,  31,  and  39.) 
Among  the  vast  quantity  of  industrial  remains  brought  to  light, 
there  were  objects  of  very  diversified  kinds,  but  all  in  this  part 
of  the  station  were  peculiar  to  the  Stone  Age ;  such  as  saws, 
knives,  and  arrow-points  of  flint ;  hundreds  of  stone  hatchets, 
mostly  of  serpentine,  only  two  or  three  being  of  nephrite ; 
perforated  stone  sinkers  and  hammer  stones.  Of  bone  and  horn, 
there  were  chisels,  pointers,  daggers,  harpoons,  cups,  etc.  Among 
the  pottery  were  circular  dishes  with  perforated  knobs,  small 
and  large  vases,  plates,  and  cups  ;  also  some  vases  with  conical 
bases,  with  their  corresponding  clay  rings.  Clay  balls,  of  the  size 
of  two  fists  and  perforated,  reminded  Mr.  Troyon  of  similar 
objects  from  Wangen.* 

*  In  1861  Mr.  Troyon  carried  on  researches,  under  the  superintendence  of 
qualified  persons,  to  prevent  falsifications,  which  were  frequently  indulged  in  by 
the  railway  workers.  And  as  the  result,  he  enumerates  the  genuine  objects 
collected  as  follows  :  — 

A  complete  hatchet  with  a  wooden  handle,  horn-holder,  and  serpentine  axe  ; 
various  horn  handles,  some  bifurcated,  still  retaining  their  axes  and 
chisels  ;  a  portion  of  wood  pointed,  fixed  in  a  hatchet  handle  instead  of 
the  stone. 

2  pointers  of  wood  with  horn  handles. 

6  hammers  of  staghorn,  with  remnants  of  their  wocden  handles. 

8  bone  arrow-points,  with  remains  of  mastic. 


LAKE   OF   NEUCHATEL.  55 

Among  the  animal  remains  were  three  fragments  of  human 
skulls  and  two  jaws.  Also  one  tooth  of  the  horse. 

During  the  last  few  days  of  these  operations  the  dredging 
machine  was  shifted  in  a  north-eastern  direction,  and  here 
objects  of  bronze  were  turned  up,  such  as  hatchets,  hair-pins, 
knives,  buttons,  spirals,  beads,  rings,  etc. 

It  would  thus  appear  that  there  were  two  stations — one  of 
the  Stone  Age,  and  the  other  of  the  Bronze  Age ;  or  that  a 
portion  of  the  former  survived  during  the  Bronze  Age. 

It  was  in  the  vicinity  of  this  station  that  Captain  Pillichordy 
in  1832  dredged  up  a  canoe  and  two  beautiful  bronze  swords, 
only  one  of  which  is  now  known  to  exist  in  the  Museum  of 
Neuchatel.  In  September,  1889,  Dr.  Evans  showed  me,  among 
many  other  objects  from  the  Swiss  lacustrine  dwellings,  a 
sword  from  Concise,  purchased  by  him  in  Paris  in  1887,  which 
at  once  struck  me  as  being  the  other  weapon  which  so  mysteri- 
ously disappeared  in  1832.  The  handle  and  the  tip  of  the  blade 
of  this  sword  are  here  represented  (Fig".  11,  No.  24),  and  when 
compared  with  the  drawings  of  its  supposed  fellow  at  Neuchatel 
(B.  34,  PI.  iii.  35;  B.  119,  2nd  ed.,  PI.  cii.  17;  B.  31,  PL  xi.  11  ; 
and  B.  252,  PI.  v.  10),  their  remarkable  similarity  will  be  at  once 
seen.  That  in  Dr.  Evans's  collection  has  a  total  length  of  26 1 
inches.  The  blade  is  of  yellow  bronze  21  inches  long,  arid 
terminates  in  a  somewhat  rounded  point. 

In  the  months  of  January  and  February,  1885,  a  portion  of 
the  station  hitherto  unexamined  became  dry,  and  a  great  many 
objects  were  found,  including  bronze  pins  (Fig.  11,  Nos.  2,  3, 
8,  10,  and  11),  hatchets,  bracelets,  sickles,  knives,  pendants 
(Nos.  9  and  13),  tin  wheels  (No.  4),  wooden  combs  (No.  7),  and 
vases,  etc.  Among  the  more  remarkable  objects  described  and 
figured  by  Mr.  Vouga  (B.  414d)  are : — A  necklace  made  of  rolled 

40  handles  of  horn  for  chisels,  minus  the  tools. 
200  axe-holders. 
20  horn  tynes  used  as  chisels. 

121  pointers  of  bone,  from  one  to  four  inches  in  length. 
46  chisels  of  bone. 
4  boars'  tusks,  sharpened  in  form  of  a  knife-blade. 

Some  bone  pins  and  various  ornaments. 
145  hatchets  and  chisels  of  stone. 
20  flint  arrow-points  and  scrapers. 

12  circular  stones  perforated  ;  some  rubbers  and  polishers. 
Many  bones  of  animals ;  but  no  trace  of  metal.     (B.  39a.) 


56 


LAKE-DWELLINGS   OF   EUROPE. 


Fig.  11.- CONCISE  AND  CORCELETTES  (5,  and  14  to  23)     Xos.  21  and  22 
the  rest=i  real  size. 


LAKE   OF    NEUCHATEL. 


57 


bands  of  bronze,  forming  tubes,  and  ornamented  with  hollow  lines 
(No.  1).  Some  of  these  tubes  are  of  gold,  and  interspersed  with  them 
are  three  buttons  of  bronze  and  a  number  of  small  blue  beads. 
Two  bracelets  or  closed  rings,  ornamented  (No.  6) ;  a  ring  with  a 
prominence  inside ;  and  a  curiously- wrought  pendeloque  (No.  12). 
These  objects  are  mostly  in  the  possession  of  private  collectors. 

ONENS. — Two  stations  are  situated  near  the  village  of  Onens — 
one  (Stone  Age)  to  the  east  of  the  village,  and  the  other  (Bronze 
Age)  to  the  south.  The  former,  now  entirely  on  dry  land,  has 
been  little  explored,  being  for  some  time  covered  with  vegetation. 
"  Je  crois,"  says  M.  de  Meuron,  "  cependant  qu'elle  a  du  etre 
importante  d'apres  son  etendue  et  la  quantite  de  cailloux  eclates 
que  recouvrent  le  sol.  Cette  station  appartient  a  moi ;  mais  la 
vegetation  y  est  devenue  si  belle  que  je  la  laisse  pour  les 
generations  futures."  (R  462,  p.  47.) 

On  the  bronze  station  several  remarkable  pendeloques  in  the 
form  of  thin  discs  of  bronze  were  found  some  years  ago,  which 
are  now  deposited  in  the  Museum  at  Neuchatel;  and  since  this 
discovery  it  has  been  partially  explored  by  M.  Morel-Fatio, 
Dr.  Briere,  and  others.  M.  de  Meuron  states  that  he  is  in 
possession  of  a  few  objects  from  this  station,  viz.  hatchets,  chisels, 
bracelets,  and  a  magnificent  lance-head  10  inches  in  length.  From 
Onens  comes  the  leaden  cake  with  suspension  loops  similar  to 
those  from  Wollishofen  (Fig.  4,  No.  24).  Illustrations  of  some 
of  the  bronze  discs  are  given  on  Fig.  189,  Nos.  1  to  3. 

CORCELETTES. — Two  groups  of  piles  were  observed  by  the 
early  explorers,  one  to  the  east  and  the  other  to  the  west  of  the 
village  of  Corcelettes,  and  a  number  of  antiquities  both  of  the 
Bronze  and  Iron  Ages  were  collected.  The  station,  however,  was 
never  systematically  examined  till  the  lowering  of  the  waters  in 
1876,  when  it  was  found  to  be  one  of  the  most  prolific  and  in- 
teresting in  Lake  Neuchatel.  The  portion  since  then  investigated 
is  described  by  Dr.  Gross  as  lying  immediately  before  the  village, 
and  2  kilometres  from  Grandson.  It  extended  about  200  metres 
in  length  and  100  in  breadth.  The  relic-bed  was  thinly  covered 
with  sand,  and  varied  much  in  thickness,  from  a  maximum  of 
3  feet  in  the  centre,  to  the  margin  where  it  thinned  out.  The 
bronze  relics  collected  here  are  thus  estimated  by  Dr.  Gross 
at  the  twelfth  meeting  of  the  German  Anthropological  Society  : — * 

*  Corr.-Blatt,    1881. 


58  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

60  hatchets,  4  hammers,  30  sickles,  60  to  70  knives,  10  swords 
(three  of  which  are  complete),  150  entire  armillse  and  many  frag- 
ments, 20  lance-heads,  12  discs  (phaleres),  300  to  400  hair-pins,  3 
vessels,  11  moulds  (one  of  bronze  and  10  of  sandstone),  besides 
a  quantity  of  smaller  objects,  as  buttons,  pendants,  rings,  etc. 
Together  with  beads  of  glass  and  amber,  small  tin  wheel-shaped 
objects,  there  were  some  300  entire  vessels  of  pottery,  some  orna- 
mented with  tin  strips,  crescents,  etc. 

The  bronze  hatchets  were  mostly  of  the  usual  type,  i.e.  with 
four  wings  and  a  side  loop  ;  four  were  socketed,  but  not  one  of 
the  flat  type. 

Daggers  were  apparently  rare  at  Corcelettes,  as  only  one 
example  was  found,  with  rivet-marks  and  slightly  ornamented 
on  one  side. 

The  knives  were  generally  small,  but  one  measured  10|  inches 
in  length,  and  a  few  had  solid  handles  beautifully  ornamented. 
Razors  were  numerous ;  one  was  made  of  a  broken  bracelet, 
another  was  double-bladed  and  showed  a  break  which  had  been 
neatly  mended  with  bronze  wire.  Horse-bits  were  of  bronze  and 
horn.  The  bronze  hollow  armlets  are  beautifully  ornamented,  and 
in  the  interior  of  some  of  them  were  observed  bits  of  wax,  sup- 
posed to  be  the  remains  of  a  central  core  of  this  material  which 
had  been  used  in  the  operation  of  casting. 

It  is  singular  that  among  the  many  ornaments  from  this 
station  there  is  not  a  fibula,  except  a  portion  of  one  which  is 
claimed  as  an  importation  from  Scandinavia  (Fig.  189,  No.  19). 

Of  wood  there  were : — A  round  oak  table ;  a  small  box, 
8  by  2 1  inches  ;  and  a  portion  of  an  oar. 

Of  the  three  bronze  dishes,  one  has  a  handle  attached  by 
rivets ;  and  of  the  other  two  (which  are  in  the  Museum  at 
Lausanne),  one  is  of  northern  origin  (Fig.  189,  No.  20). 

Corcelettes,  like  most  of  the  other  Swiss  lake-dwellings,  was 
destroyed  by  fire,  in  proof  of  which  Dr.  Gross  points  to  a  mass 
of  bronze  objects,  in  a  half-molten  condition,  consisting  of  three 
hatchets,  four  bracelets,  a  lance-head,  and  a  sickle.  (Figured  in 
B.  392,  PI.  xxii.  12.) 

One  of  the  largest  collections  from  Corcelettes  is  in  the 
Museum  at  Lausanne,  of  which  I  have  made  the  following 
jottings : — 

Pottery. — The  bottom  of  a  vase  marked  with  the  tips  of  the 


LAKE   OF    NEUCHATEL.  59 

potter's  fingers ;  some  dishes  ornamented  with  herring-bone 
patterns  (Fig.  11,  No.  22),  and  others  with  circular  grooves,  each 
having  a  small  perforation  like  one  at  Constance  (No.  21) ;  small 
toy  cups,  three  of  which  are  bilocular ;  clay  rings,  with  dishes  to 
fit  them ;  two  figures  of  animals ;  bits  of  clay- walling  with  marks 
of  round  timbers. 

Wood. — Fragments  of  basket-work,  two  shaped  handles  of 
wood  for  sickles,  fragments  of  wooden  dishes  (one  with  handle). 

Bronze. — Of  about  100  large  hollow  bracelets  more  or  less 
perfect,  some  50  are  ornamented  with  transverse  lines ;  the  rest 
have  various  designs  of  lines  and  circles.  A  few  bracelets  are 
solid,  and  more  or  less  penannular,  with  pointed  or  expanded 
tips.  Four  bracelets  are  of  double  wires,  one  of  which  is  spirally 
grooved  and  ends  in  a  hook  and  eye.  Of  six  small  socketed 
hammers,  three  have  side  loops,  and  all  are  more  or  less  rectangularly 
shaped.  Among  60  hatchets,  only  six  have  sockets,  and  nearly 
all  have  side  loops,  but  no  terminal  catch.  Two  have  the  side 
loop  transverse  to  the  cutting  edge. 

Of  78  knives,  nine  are  socketed,  three  have  solid  handles, 
apparently  as  part  of  the  blade,  and  the  rest  have  tangs  (three 
being  bent  into  a  loop  at  the  top). 

Among  some  hundreds  of  pins,  only  seven  or  eight  have 
perforated  heads. 

Of  three  horse-bits,  one  is  entire  (Fig.  191,  No.  8) ;  and  of  the 
others,  only  the  twisted  central  portion  remains  (Fig.  11,  No.  23). 
Moreover,  there  are  14  perforated  portions  of  horn,  supposed  to 
have  been  parts  of  bridles. 

Among  the  special  objects  from  this  station  is  a  slender  bronze 
rod  terminating  at  each  end  with  a  movable  ring,  somewhat 
like  the  beam  of  a  balance  (No.  16).  In  the  Museum  at  Boudry 
there  is  a  curious  ornamental  tube  of  bronze  (No.  20). 

In  1888  Dr.  Briere  communicated  a  short  note  to  Antiqua 
(B.  463a),  in  which  he  enumerates  the  following  objects  as  the 
most  interesting  among  recent  finds: — A  bracelet  of  lignite 
(No.  14),  a  tin  wheel  (No.  5),  an  amulet  of  bronze  like  the 
casing  of  a  pair  of  spectacles  (No.  15),  a  large  bronze  knife  with 
a  horn  handle  (No.  19),  an  amulet  of  staghorn  (No.  17),  a  bead 
of  amber  suspended  by  a  twisted  bronze  wire  (No.  18),  and  a 
complete  bridle-bit  of  horn  (Fig.  191,  No.  1). 

LES  UTTINS    (YVERDON). — At  the   foot  of  Mount   Chamblon, 


60  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

rather  more  than  a  mile  from  the  lake,  there  are  some  peat 
deposits,  which  the  peasants  have  been  in  the  habit  of  utilising 
as  fuel.  Here  in  two  spots,  according  to  Mr.  Rochat,*  the  peat- 
cutters  are  reported  to  have  met  with  piles  and  transverse  beams 
with  mortices.  The  tops  of  the  piles  were  6  to  10  feet  below 
the  surface.  A  flint  arrow-head,  two  stone  celts  of  serpentine, 
and  a  bronze  bracelet,  were  found  in  one  of  these  bogs  ;  and 
hence  Messrs.  Troyon  and  Rochat  (B.  31,  p.  70)  consider  that 
there  was  a  palafitte  here — a  supposition  which  involves  the  theory 
that  the  lake  formerly  extended  to  the  locality.  Nor  is  this  theory 
without  some  evidence  in  support  of  it,  as  the  amount  of  debris 
brought  down  by  the  Thielle  is  very  great.  On  the  supposition 
that  the  Roman  city  of  Eburodunum,  the  ruins  of  which  are 
now  2,500  feet  from  the  present  shore,  was  built  on  the  lake  in 
the  fourth  century,  Mr.  Troyon  calculates  that  the  water  of  the 
lake  would  have  been  as  far  back  as  the  site  of  the  palafitte 
about  fifteen  centuries  before  the  Christian  era. 

CLENDY,  CHESEAUX,  AND  CHABLE  A  PERRON. — Along  this  part 
of  the  shore  there  were  three  or  four  settlements  with  Steinbergs, 
but  the  piles  are  now  destroyed,  and  the  few  antiquities  collected 
belong  apparently  to  the  Stone  Age.  Chable  a  Perron  covers  an 
area  of  some  3,500  square  yards,  but  the  only  antiquities  found 
were  serpentine  hatchets  and  their  horn  fixings,  some  flints, 
pointed  bones,  and  fragments  of  coarse  pottery.  (B.  336.) 

Some  interesting  notes  of  the  early  researches  and  discoveries 
made  on  the  various  stations  in  the  vicinity  of  Yverdon  are 
given  by  Mr.  Rochat  in  Keller's  third  report  on  the  Pfahlbauten. 
(B.  34.) 

FONT. — On  this  station  a  cup-marked  stone  was  found,  and 
Troyon  records  several  objects— a  curious  bronze  needle,  Roman 
tiles,  and  Imperial  Roman  money — as  coming  from  the  same 
place.  Professor  Grangier,  of  Fribourg,f  found  here  some  Roman 
medals,  together  with  an  iron  arrow-head,  iron  keys,  and  subse- 
quently an  oar.J  He  states  that  the  whole  coast,  from  Font  to 
Estavayer,  was  occupied  with  piles,  and  that  he  attempted  to 
make  a  plan  of  the  stations,  but  gave  it  up,  because  the  con- 
figuration was  constantly  changing.  The  original  conditions  were 

*  "Recherches  sur  les  Antiquites  d'Yverdon,"    Mitt,   dcr  Antiq.  Gesel.,  Zurich, 
vol.  xiv. 

f  Anzeiger,  1871.  p.  280.  J  Ibid.,  1878,  p.  803. 


LAKE   OF    NEUCHATEL.  61 

also  entirely  altered  by  the  number  of  piles  extracted  by  the 
fishermen.  He  knew  one  family  who  for  two  generations  had 
never  used  any  other  firewood  but  piles  extracted  from  the 
lake-dwelling  stations.  One  place,  about  half-way  between  Font, 
and  Estavayer,  was  well  known  for  its  antiquities,  and  went  among 
the  fishermen  under  the  name  of  "La  Pianta."  (B.  178,  p.  169.) 
In  the  Fribourg  Museum  there  is  a  considerable  number  of  bronze 
objects  from  Pianta,  some  of  which  are  here  figured  (Fig.  12, 
Nos.  1  to  10,  and  24).  I  have  also  noted  three  stone  moulds 
(two  of  wheel  pendants),  and  an  ingot  of  bronze.  Some  pins 
and  a  knife  are  in  the  Bern  Museum. 

Mr.  Forrer  gives  some  notes  of  the  station  at  Font,*  and 
figures  some  nephrite  implements  from  "  several  hundreds  "  col- 
lected here  by  Mr.  Beck.  Along  with  the  usual  chisels  and 
hatchets,  there  are  in  Mr.  Beck's  collection  arrow-heads,  knives, 
etc. — objects  rather  rare  of  this  material  in  the  Lake  of 
Neuchatel.  Some  of  the  hatchets  are  remarkable  for  their  size, 
one  measuring  8J  inches  long,  and  others  show  great  variety  of 
colours. 

ESTAVAYER. — Mr.  A.  Morlot  describes  the  early  investigations 
of  the  settlements  at  Estavayer  and  its  neighbouring  shore  in 
Keller's  third  report.  (B.  34.)  Systematic  explorations  were  con- 
ducted by  MM.  Beat  de  Vevey  and  Henri  Rey,  who  collected  a 
large  and  varied  assortment  of  relics,  especially  of  bronze,  many 
of  which  are  illustrated  on  PI.  v.  Close  to  Estavayer  there  were 
two  stations — one  of  the  Stone  Age ;  and  another,  farther  out  in 
the  lake,  of  the  Bronze  Age.  The  former  was  parallel  to  the 
shore,  about  120  yards  long  and  60  broad.  The  relics  here 
found  were  of  the  usual  Stone  Age  types — stone  and  horn 
hatchets,  flint  saws,  and  arrow-points,  etc.  One  finely-finished 
hammer-axe  has  an  oval  perforation,  an  expanded  cutting  edge, 
and  a  raised  bead  running  along  the  centre  of  its  anterior  surface. 

The  Bronze  Age  settlement  was  some  400  feet  distant  from 
the  shore,  in  water  six  or  seven  feet  deep.  Consequently  the 
station  is  now,  during  low  water,  mostly  on  dry  land.  The  area 
of  the  station  was  estimated  at  7,700  square  feet.  The  following 
is  a  list  of  the  bronze  objects  collected  by  MM.  de  Vevey  and 
Rey,  chiefly  by  means  of  pincers : — 128  hair-pins  (36  with 
spherical  and  ornamental  heads),  26  knives,  15  bracelets,  5 

*  Antiqwa,  1885,  p.   162. 


02 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


sickles,  1  socketed  hatchet,  1  chisel,  1  fish-hook,  27  rings  of 
different  kinds,  2  buttons,  1  dagger-blade,  1  arrow-head  (socketed), 
and  6  flattened  wires  coiled  in  the  form  of  a  spiral. 


Fig.  12.— ESTAVAYER.    All  £  real  size. 

In  1869  Dr.  Keller  (B.  163)  gives  an  account  of  further  dis- 
coveries at  Estavayer,  in  which  he  mentions  a  small  vessel  of 
fine  clay,  having  a  funnel-like  opening  and  a  spout  below 


LAKE   OF   NEUCHATEL.  63 

(Fig.  12,  No.  21);  a  hair-pin  5J  inches  long,  with  the  stem  of 
bronze,  and  head  of  staghorn,  intercepted  in  the  middle  with 
a  disc  of  silver;  a  bronze  spear-head,  with  a  spur  on  the  stem, 
supposed  to  have  been  used  as  a  spear  for  fishing;  a  bronze 
bracelet ;  and  two  tynes  of  staghorn — one  perforated  as  for  a 
bridle- bit,  and  the  other  ornamented  with  concentric  circles. 
Professor  Grangier,  writing  in  1878  (B.  313),  describes  the  teneviere 
of  Estavayer  as  a  peninsula,  and  gives  an  amusing  description  of 
the  searchers  for  antiquities. 

About  a  couple  of  kilometres  to  the  north-east  of  Estavayer, 
and  near  the  village  of  La  Corbiere,  there  was  a  large  settle- 
ment which  also  belonged  partly  to  the  Stone  Age  and  partly 
to  the  Bronze  Age.  The  first  is  a  Steinberg,  and  bears  the 
name  La  Creuse  or  La  Crasaz.  (B.  414c.)  On  it,  in  addition 
to  the  ordinary  Stone  Age  objects,  were  found  a  Roman  water- 
jug  and  a  fibula  of  the  La  Tene  type  (Fig.  12,  No.  26).  The 
part  that  has  yielded  bronze  implements  is  farther  out  in  the 
lake,  and  from  it  Colonel  Schwab  and  others  collected  a  con- 
siderable number  of  objects,  among  which  were : — A  bar  of  tin 
6  inches  long,  a  small  bronze  saw,  a  socketed  arrow-head,  a  thin 
armlet  of  bronze  wire,  a  bronze  nail,  a  discoidal  stone,  fragments 
of  pottery  ornamented  with  strips  of  tin,  etc.  Near  this  in  1875 
Professor  Grangier  discovered  a  curious  object  now  supposed  to 
be  the  handle  portion  of  an  Etruscan  chariot.  (B.  270  and  336.) 

There  are  thus  three  well-defined  Bronze  stations  in  the 
vicinity  of  Estavayer,  besides  an  equal  if  not  larger  number  of 
the  Stone  Age.  The  chief  collection  of  relics  from  this  part  of 
the  lake  of  Neuchatel  is  in  the  Museum  of  Fribourg,  where  I 
have  noted: — A  double-legged  pin  (No.  11),  portion  of  chariot 
handle  (Fig.  191,  No.  10),  a  small  bronze  cup,  a  perforated  bronze 
hammer  (Fig.  12,  No.  20),  a  couple  of  socketed  bronze  axes 
(Nos.  17  and  19),  and  a  well-made  arrow-point  of  flint  (No.  25). 

There  are  also  many  objects  from  Estavayer  in  the  Cantonal 
Museum  at  Bern,  among  which  may  be  mentioned : — A  bronze 
fibula  (No.  12),  part  of  an  ornamental  chain  of  various  sorts  of 
bronze  links  (No.  13),  a  socketed  axe  (No.  23),  and  three  large 
knives  (Nos.  18,  30,  and  31).  The  other  illustrations  are  a  bronze 
pin  with  a  spiral  head  (No.  28),  a  gold  earring  (No.  16),  an  amber 
bead  (No.  15),  a  bronze  knife  (No.  22),  a  bronze  fibula  (No.  14), 
a  pin  with  a  flat  head  (No.  27),  and  a  curious  horn  object  (No.  29). 


64  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

* 

Implements  like  the  latter  are  frequently  met  with  in  Swiss  lacus- 
trine stations.  They  vary  from  a  few  inches  up  to  twelve  or  more 
in  length,  and  are  always  curved  and  polished.  In  the  Bern 
Museum  there  are  four  from  Gerlafingen,  five  from  Schaffis,  and 
others  from  Sutz,  Locras,  etc. 

FOREL. — Little  was  done  to  this  station  till  1883,  when  the 
Fribourg  Government  granted  free  permission  to  the  searchers 
for  lacustrine  antiquities  to  collect  on  their  portion  of  the  shore 
of  Lake  Neuchatel.  Since  then  many  curious  objects  are  reported 
as  coming  from  this  station,  but  they  are  mostly  held  by  private 
collectors.  Mr.  A.  Vouga  gives  some  notes  of  these  discoveries  in 
the  Anzeiger.  (B.  414.)  He  states  that  the  relics  are  found  on  this 
station  in  three  different  strata,  the  most  superficial  of  which  is 
1  foot  6  inches  deep,  and  the  lowest  4  feet  8  inches. 

Among  the  objects  described  and  figured  by  Vouga  are: — A 
stone  hatchet  in  its  horn  fixture,  several  hatchets  of  coloured 
nephrite  and  one  of  green  jade,  perforated  hammers  and  a  cup 
of  horn  ;  knives,  pins,  etc.,  of  bone ;  a  curved  implement  made 
of  the  jawbone  of  a  stag  (Fig.  13,  No.  19).  Some  remarkable 
objects  made  of  horn  or  bone  and  ornamented  with  dots,  circles, 
etc.,  consisting  of  bracelets  (No.  20),  and  pendeloques  (Nos.  13, 
17,  and  18),  have  attracted  the  attention  of  critics,  and  the  general 
opinion  is  that  they  are  forgeries.* 

CHEVROUX. — Troyon  describes  three  large  settlements  of  the 
Bronze  Age  (B.  31,  p.  150),  near  Chevroux,  farther  from  the  shore 
than  a  Stone  Age  settlement,  on  which  were  found  bracelets, 
hair-pins,  sickles,  knives,  two  swords  of  bronze,  and  a  great  iron  fork 
(Fig.  13,  No.  15).  In  1866,  an  object  (Fig.  191,  No.  10),  described 
by  Keller  as  part  of  an  Etruscan  chariot,  was  found  near  this.  (B.  337.) 

In  the  Museum  at  Lausanne  there  is  a  large  collection  of 
objects,  both  of  the  Stone  and  Bronze  Age  settlements,  from 
Chevroux.  Among  the  former  are : — Two  beautiful  flint  daggers 
with  thin  handles  of  wood  (Fig.  13,  No.  1),  six  saws  of  flint  in 
their  handles,  part  of  a  wooden  comb,  three  wooden  dishes,  the 
club  handle  of  a  stone  hatchet  with  the  implement  still  in  position, 
bone  pins  with  neatly -fashioned  heads  (Nos.  4  and  6),  etc. 
There  are  over  300  plain  stone  celts,  and  30  perforated  tools. 
About  100  horn  fixings,  of  which  one-third  have  bifurcated  tops. 
Some  celts  have  been  identified  as  belonging  to  the  following 

*  Antigua.  1885,  p.  97  ;  and  1887,  pp.  35,  51. 


LAKE    OF    NEUCHATEL. 


65 


substances : — chloromelanite  five,  three  of  which  are  in  their  horn 
fixings  (two  bifurcated) ;  saussurite,  14  to  20,  one  of  which  is  in  its 


Fig.  13.— CHEVROUX,  FOREL  (13.  and  17  to  20),  and  PORTALBAN  (21  and  22). 
All  \  real  size  (except  No.  15  £). 

handle  (square) ;  jadeite  22  to  25,  five  in  handles  (two  bifurcated) ; 
nephrite  23  to  26,  two  in  their  fixings.     There  are  also  a  few  of 
felsite,  amphibolite,  etc.     About   100  flint  arrow-points,    and  the 
F 


66  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

same  number  of  beautifully  cbipped  flint  arrow-heads  (No.  5).  Also 
of  horn  there  is  a  large  number  of  chisels,  pointers,  hammers, 
flax-hecklers,  and  some  curiously-shaped  perforated  clubs  of  horn. 

Among  the  pottery  are  some  curious  dishes,  two  of  which  are 
here  figured  (Nos.  8  and  14),  the  latter  being  adorned  with 
string  ornamentation. 

Among  the  objects  from  the  Bronze  Age  stations  are : — Many 
hair-pins,  two  phaleres,  five  sickles,  a  few  bracelets,  one  winged  and 
one  flat  hatchet,  portion  of  a  flat  copper  celt,  a  few  knives  with 
tangs,  six  small  daggers,  and  two  remarkable  pendeloques,  one  of 
which  is  here  figured  (No.  3). 

Mr.  Vouga  (B.  41 4d)  describes  some  fine  discoveries  that 
were  latterly  made  on  the  Bronze  stations.  Among  the  objects 
which  have  come  under  his  notice  are : — A  razor  with  a  curved 
handle,  4J  inches  long  (No.  11);  a  thick  crescent,  ornamented 
with  half-moons ;  a  fibula  (No.  10) ;  a  pin  with  spiral  stem  (9 J 
inches  long)  and  perforated  head  (1£  inch  in  diameter). 
Another  has  a  very  large  head  (2  inches  diameter),  with  24 
holes  in  it  (No.  12).  Other  objects  from  this  station  are  a  comb 
(No.  9),  an  amber  bead  (No.  7),  a  copper  dagger  (No.  16),  and 
a  copper  chisel  (No.  2). 

GLETTERENS  TO  LA  SAUGE. — Some  eight  or  nine  stations  have 
been  noted  by  the  earlier  explorers  along  this  part  of  the  coast, 
many  of  which  have  yielded  Koman  tiles  and  pottery.  At  Port 
Alban  there  are  the  remains  of  a  station  on  which  bronze 
(No.  21)  and  iron  objects  have  been  found.  Recently  there  has 
been  brought  into  notice  a  kind  of  ornamental  metal  mirror, 
said  to  have  been  found  here  (Fig.  192).* 

Another  site  is  farther  east,  giving  indications  of  an  early 
Stone  Age  station,  but  on  which  Desor  found  iron  objects. 
Among  recent  finds  are  some  large  horn  buttons  and  a  so-called 
"  portemonnaie  lacustre  "  (No.  22).  f 

At  Champ  Martin  there  is  a  Steinberg,  on  which  spindle- 
whorls  and  a  few  other  things  have  been  found. 

At  Cudrefin  the  lake-dwellings  are  unimportant,  but  the  station 
is  well  known  as  the  site  of  a  canoe,  carefully  described  by 
Professor  Grangier.  It  measures  36£  feet  long,  2  feet  9  inches 
broad,  and  1  foot  6  inches  deep.  This  dug-out,  like  so  many  in 

*  Zeitachrift  fur  Ethn.,  vol.  xvi.,  VerJtand.,  p.  84  ;  Antiqua,  1884,  p.  167. 
f  Antiqva,  1886,  pp.  12  and  21. 


LAKE    OF    MORAT.  67 

Ireland  and  Scotland,  had  for  strengthening  purposes  four  trans- 
verse beams  left  in  the  solid.  The  prow  had  a  perforated  beak, 
which  might  have  been  used  as  a  means  for  fastening  a  rope. 
(B.  194.) 

At  La  Sauge  fragments  of  Roman  amphorae  and  tiles  were 
found  associated  with  some  piles. 

LAKE    OF   MORAT    (MURTEN). 

Lying  directly  between  the  lakes  of  Neuchatel  and  Morat 
there  stretches  a  considerable  elevation  called  Mount  Vully,  which 
ends  abruptly  at  its  north-west  end  on  the  margin  of  the  Gross 
Moos.  At  the  base  of  this  declivity  lies  the  Broye,  and  as  the 
widening  and  deepening  of  its  channel  was  part  of  the  great 
scheme  for  the  Correction  des  Eaux  du  Jura,  a  similar  effect  was 
produced  on  Lake  Morat  as  on  the  lakes  of  Bienne  and  Neuchatel. 
Previous  to  the  lowering  of  its  waters,  however,  the  lake-dwelling 
stations  along  its  shores  were  carefully  examined  by  Colonel  Schwab 
Baron  von  Bonstetten,  and  the  Count  de  Pourtales,  the  proprietor 
of  an  estate  on  its  western  shore. 

In  Keller's  5th  report  (B.  61)  the  number  of  stations  in  this 
lake  was  given  as  16,  and  since  then  one  or  two  more  have 
been  added  to  the  list.  Many  of  these  were,  however,  mere 
indications  which,  on  the  lowering  of  the  level  of  the  water,  have 
turned  out  to  ba  only  stone  cairns  supposed  to  have  been  landing- 
places.  According  to  the  most  recent  researches  of  Mr.  Siiss- 
trunk  (B.  336  and  462),  the  number  may  be  reduced  to  11,  the 
positions  of  which  are  sufficiently  denned  on  the  accompanying 
Sketch  Map.  They  belonged  mostly  to  the  Stone  Age  period,  and 
only  three,  viz.  Montilier,  Greng-Insel,  and  Vallamand  survived 
during  the  most  flourishing  period  of  the  Bronze  Age. 

MONTILIER. — The  first  station  of  importance,  beginning  on 
the  east  side  of  the  lake,  was  situated  a  little  to  the  north  of 
the  present  village  of  Montilier.  It  contained  a  Steinberg,  and 
the  piles  were  stout  and  firmly  fixed.  Here  Colonel  Schwab 
found  not  only  objects  of  the  Stone  Period,  such  as  flint  knives, 
stone  hatchets,  etc.,  but  also  an  unusually  large  number  of  hand- 
some earthenware  vessels  presenting  a  style  of  ornamentation 
which  at  once  led  him  to  assign  the  settlement  to  the  Bronze 
Age — a  deduction  which  his  subsequent  discoveries  completely 
justified.  These  vessels  were  neatly  finished,  and  had  their 


68  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

surface  sometimes  rubbed  over  with  charcoal  or  graphite,  a 
process  which  gave  them  a  glossy  appearance.  They  were  made 
without  the  intervention  of  the  wheel,  and  from  not  giving  out 
a  ringing  sound  when  struck  with  a  hard  substance,  Colonel 
Schwab  concluded  they  had  been  burnt  in  open  fires.  The 
ornamentation  consisted  of  deeply  incised  lines,  circles,  triangles, 
etc.,  filled  with  a  white  chalky  substance.  In  some  instances 
strips  of  tin  were  plastered  over  the  surface,  which  took  the 
place  of  the  linear  incisions,  and  so  presented  a  pleasing  com- 
bination of  the  same  principles  of  ornamentation.  The  forms  of 
the  vessels  are  extremely  elegant  and  varied,  and  may  be  classed 
as  cups,  boiuls,  plates,  jars,  and  jugs.  Some  have  handles, 
others  spouts  springing  from  the  middle  of  the  bulge,  and  others 
a  series  of  symmetrical  perforations,  but  whether  for  orna- 
ment or  use  it  is  difficult  to  decide.  One  most  remarkable  dish 
like  a  saucer  has  its  inner  surface  ornamented  with  linear  in- 
cisions and  a  series  of  thirty  symmetrically  disposed  groups 
of  perforations.  The  colour  of  this  pottery  was  either  black,  red, 
or  grey,  and  sometimes  the  same  dish  had  a  combination  of  these 
colours.  Spindle  -  whorls  of  diversified  forms,  and  ornamented 
with  dots,  oval  depressions,  etc.,  were  also  abundant.  (B.  126, 
PI.  iv.  and  v.) 

Among  the  other  Bronze  Age  antiquities  collected  here  were 
some  stone  moulds,  hair-pins,  hatchets,  knives,  armlets,  rings, 
sickles,  fish-hooks,  beads  of  glass  and  amber,  a  small  flat  finger- 
ring  of  gold,  etc.  There  was  also  portion  of  an  armlet  of  tin.  The 
bronze  knives  were  not  numerous,  but  one  was  highly  ornamented 
with  a  series  of  three  flowing  patterns  of  semicircles  separated 
by  incised  lines  which  ran  along  its  curved  back. 

No  swords  or  bronze  dishes  are  recorded  from  this  station ; 
and  of  three  bronze  hatchets  in  the  Murten  Museum,  of  the  usual 
winged  type,  one  has  the  loop  transverse  to  the  cutting  edge, 
and  a  portion  of  its  wooden  handle  still  remains  between  the  wings. 

MURTEN. — This  station  lies  a  little  above  the  monument  of 
the  battle  of  Murten.  It  is  of  considerable  size,  and  has  yielded 
a  large  quantity  of  Stone  Age  objects,  such  as  large  perforated 
stone  axes,  staghorn  hammers,  flint  arrow-heads,  lumps  of 
carbonised  wheat  and  many  other  seeds,  weaving-weights,  and 
also  bits  of  burnt  cloth.  The  station  is  now  completely  worked 
out.  (B.  61  and  462.) 


LAKE   OF    MORAT.  69 

MEYRIEZ  (MERLACH). — This  station  belongs  to  the  early  Stone 
period,  and  no  perforated  axes  are  among  its  relics.  Among  the 
few  things  collected  on  its  site  the  following  ma}r  be  mentioned : — 
Bits  of  cloth,  burnt  corn,  stone  hatchet  in  wooden  handle,  another 
hatchet  of  jade,  etc.  The  woodwork  was  very  rotten,  and  the  piles 
could  hardly  be  distinguished.  A  canoe  with  ribbed  floor  (now 
in  the  Fribourg  Museum)  was  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
station.  (B.  462.) 

GRENG-!NSEL. — This  settlement  was  situated  at  the  end  of  a 
low  tongue  of  land  which  projected  into  the  lake,  and  covered 
an  area  of  49,000  square  feet.  Near  the  shore  the  relics  were 
entirely  of  the  Stone  Age,  but  farther  out  in  the  lake  they 
became  mixed  with  bronze  and  even  iron  objects.  During  low 
water,  previous  to  the  Correction  des  Eaux  du  Jura,  a  consider- 
able portion  of  this  station  could  be  visited  on  dry  land,  but 
now  it  is  entirely  dry.  In  its  vicinity  are  several  stone  cairns 
which  have  greatly  puzzled  antiquaries,  as  no  relics  have  been 
found  on  them.  Piles  were  observed  in  two  of  them — one  lying 
to  the  north-east  and  the  other  to  the  south-west  of  it. 

When  this  station  was  first  investigated  (1861-2),  it  yielded 
a  number  of  perforated  hammers  and  hatchets  (some  showing  un- 
finished perforations),  six  flint  knives,  corn-crushers,  a  stone  mortar, 
a  bronze  ring,  a  hair-pin,  and  several  implements  of  iron.  (B.  61.) 

Subsequently  the  proprietor,  Count  de  Pourtales,  with  the 
co-operation  of  the  local  archaeologists,  made  further  excavations, 
which  proved  that  it  essentially  belonged  to  the  Stone  Age. 
From  Dr.  Uhlmann's  Report  (1865),  it  appears  that  the  relic-bed 
was  from  1  to  4. feet  below  gravel  and  matted  roots.  The  piles 
were  generally  of  oak-stems  as  thick  as  a  man's  arm  or  leg,  and 
some  were  as  much  as  1  foot  in  diameter,  but  when  they  reached 
this  size  they  were  generally  split.  They  were  irregularly  set, 
and  penetrated  deeply  into  the  mud  below.  They  were  of  a 
blackish  colour,  well  preserved,  and  apparently  pointed  with 
stone  axes.  Among  the  relics  collected  were  daggers,  saws,  and 
arrow-heads  of  flint,  beautifully  made  (Fig.  14,  No.  9)  ;  stone  celts, 
neatly  bored ;  implements  of  bone,  as  chisels,  pointers,  etc.,  and 
staghorn  haf tings. 

Fragments  of  pottery  showed  two  qualities — a  reddish  thick 
earthenware,  badly  burnt,  and  a  finer  quality  with  some  linear 
ornamentation. 


70  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

The  bones  turned  up  were  very  numerous ;  among  which  Dr. 
Uhlmann  recognised  those  of  the  following  animals: — Urus  (a 
large  variety  of  horned  cattle)  and  the  small  marsh  coiv.  The 
sheep-bones  indicated  a  large  race  with  strong  horn  cores  bent 
backwards  and  outwards ;  but  those  of  the  goat  belonged  to  a 
more  slender  animal ;  stag,  elk,  and  roe-deer.  Amongst  the  car- 
nivora  were  the  great  bear,  the  teeth  of  which  were  perforated 
for  suspension,  the  dog  (larger  than  at  Moosseedorf),  fox,  hedge- 
hog, and  beaver.  Bones  of  the  frog,  and  the  scales  and  bones  of 
a  fish,  probably  a  species  of  pike.  Also  there  were  several 
portions  of  skulls  and  other  human  bones. 

Among  vegetal  remains  were  hazel  and  beech  nuts,  stones  of 
the  sloe  and  birdcherry ;  seeds  of  raspberries,  blackberries,  and 
strawberries;  and  carbonised  masses  of  wheat.  (B.  126.) 

When  the  station  became  dry  in  1874,  in  consequence  of  the 
drainage- works,  it  was  again  investigated  by  Mr.  Siisstrunk,  on 
behalf  of  the  town  of  Morat  and  the  Canton  of  Fribourg.  Among 
the  objects  then  found  were  two  flat  celts,  the  composition  of 
which,  according  to  Dr.  v.  Fellenberg's  analysis,  was  a  mixture 
of  carbonate  of  copper  and  sulphur,  without  any  traces  of  tin. 
Among  other  things  were  buttons  and  haftings  of  staghorn  ;  a 
conical  stone  set  in  a  long  hafting  of  staghorn ;  some  netting- 
needles  of  wood,  etc.  (B.  280.) 

Since  then  a  considerable  number  of  the  usual  class  of  bronze 
objects  as  hatchets,  knives,  hair-pins,  fish-hooks,  rings,  etc.,  have 
been  found  on  this  station.  (B.  462.)  Noteworthy  is  a  knife,  partly 
of  bronze  and  partly  of  iron  (Fig.  14,  No.  1). 

Among  the  objects  in  the  Museum  at  Morat  are  clay  weights, 
dishes  of  pottery  (Nos.  13  and  15),  staghorn  haftings  (some  with 
a  slit  at  their  handle-end) ;  a  curious  object  of  staghorn,  like  a 
large  earring  (No.  17);  beautifully  worked  flint  daggers  (No.  9), 
and  a  large  number  of  bone  chisels,  pointers,  etc.  In  the 
Museum  at  Bern  there  is  a  mould  for  a  flat  celt,  with  the 
casting  still  in  its  case,  like  one  in  the  Museum  at  Stuttgart 
from  the  Ueberlingersee. 

GRENG-MUHLE. — The  next  station  following  in  the  same 
direction  is  a  large  and  prolific  station  of  the  Stone  Age,  with 
staghorn  implements  predominating  among  its  relics.  The  per- 
forated stone  axes  are  wanting.  (B.  462.) 

FAOUG   (PFAUEN).  —  Near   the   railway   station,   in   the   course 


LAKE   OF   MORAT.  71 

of  digging  a  well,  the  relic-bed  of  a  pile-dwelling  belonging  to 
the  Stone  Age  was  encountered,  but  its  contents  have  not  yet 
been  excavated.  A  little  to  the  west  of  this  in  the  lake  some 
bronze  objects  were  found  associated  with  piles,  but  these  relics 
are  supposed  to  have  come  from  Vallamand.  (B.  462.) 

Near  Faoug  there  was  observed  a  curious  wooden  structure, 
which  Dr.  Keller  suggested  might  have  been  a  circular  lake- 
dwelling,  like  the  Irish  crannogs.  Mr.  Siisstrunk  wrote  a  short 
notice  of  it  (B.  336),  in  which  he  comes  to  the  conclusion  that 
it  was  more  likely  to  be  in  connection  with  fishing  than  with  the 
Pfahlbauten.  It  consisted  of  seven  concentric  circles  of  slender 
piles,  separated  by  an  interval  of  from  2  to  3  feet.  The 
diameter  of  the  largest  circle  was  hardly  14  yards,  so  that  little 
space  was  left  in  the  interior  for  any  supposed  dwelling.  The 
outer  circle  was  formed  of  boards,  about  10  inches  broad  and 
2  inches  thick,  standing  on  end,  and  penetrating  the  soil  to  the 
depth  of  3  feet  or  so,  and  so  closely  set  as  to  be  almost  touching. 
The  piles  in  the  other  circles  were  round  and  small,  and  their 
ends  penetrated  only  18  inches  into  the  earth. 

VALLAMAND. — This  station  was  extremely  rich  in  Bronze  Age 
objects,  and  was  known  to  Colonel  Schwab,  who  found  many  vessels, 
clay  rings,  discoidal  stones,  a  bronze  earring,  and  a  bronze 
shallow  plate,  about  10  inches  in  diameter  and  1  inch  deep. 
One  of  the  fictile  dishes  (No.  16)  is  shaped  like  a  water-bottle, 
and  has  its  neck  perforated  with  a  number  of  small  holes 
arranged  at  uniform  distances  and  so  as  to  be  in  perpendicular 
line.  From  each  hole  a  circular  line  runs  round  the  neck. 
(B.  61,  p.  49.) 

The  station  was  finally  explored  in  the  interests  of  the 
Museum  of  Lausanne,  where  there  is  now  a  splendid  collection 
of  its  relics.  Some  things,  however,  have  gone  to  the  Museum 
at  Bern  and  to  that  in  the  castle  ruins  at  Avenches.  One  of 
the  most  interesting  objects  from  this  station  is  a  razor  in  its 
wooden  case  (No.  8).  In  the  Lausanne  Museum  the  objects 
are  marked  Guevaux,  and  among  them  are  the  following : — 
Of  bronze — four  winged  celts  with  side  loops  (two  of  which  have  a 
terminal  catch),  three  large  hollow  rings  with  linear  ornamentations, 
one  bracelet,  two  cups  ornamented  with  small  repousse  prominences, 
six  sickles  (two  with  a  back  spur  and  one  with  an  upright  spur), 
a  large  cup-shaped  head  of  a  pin  like  the  one  from  Wollishofen 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


(Fig.  3,  No.  9)  several  pendants  (Fig.  14,  No.  10),  involved  rings 
(Nos.  2  and  4),  gouges,  buttons  (No.  7),  studs,  1,300  rings  found 
together,  combs  (Nos.  11  and  12),  and  a  curious  rod  hooked  at 


Pig.  14.— VALLAMAKD  AND  GRENG-INSEL  (1,9,  13,  15,  and  17).    Pottery  =^}, 
the  rest  =  £  real  size. 

the  ends  and  perforated  (No.  5).  A  fish-hook  with  attachments 
(No.  3),  a  pin  with  attached  chain  (only  a  portion  of  which  is  here 
represented,  No.  21),  and  a  curious  ornamented  dagger,  are  from 
other  collections. 


LAKE    OF    INKWYL. 


73 


A  few  specimens  of  pottery  (Nos.  14  and  18)  and  an  orna- 
namented  horn  (No.  20)  complete  the  illustrations  from  this  station. 

GUEVAUX,  ETC. — The  four  stations  on  this  part  of  the  coast — 
viz.  Guevaux,  Mlir,  Motier,  and  Sugiez-Zollhaus — have  furnished 
only  a  few  traces  of  their  existence,  from  which  it  would  appear 
that  they  belonged  to  the  pure  Stone  Age. 

The  group  of  well-preserved  piles  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Chandon  was  probably  a  Roman  landing-stage,  as  Roman  tiles 
have  been  found  along  with  them. 

At  Nant  were  found  two  kettles,  one  of  bronze  and  the 
other  of  copper  with  an  iron  ring,  two  daggers,  some  iron 
arrow-heads,  and  a  piece  of  sculptured  marble,  evidently  of  a 
later  period  than  the  lake- dwellings. 

Of  the  remaining  eight  or  nine  cairns  whose  tops  were  occa- 
sionally above  water,  none  have  yielded  industrial  relics,  and 
there  is  consequently  no  evidence  as  to  their  age  and  use. 
They  are  too  small  to  admit  of  even  a  single  hut.  (B.  462.) 


INKWYLERSEE. 

The  little  lake  of  Inkwyl  is  surrounded  by  low  pasture-land, 
and  in  the  middle  of  it  there  is  a  small  circular  island  thickly 
wooded,  which  in  appearance  suggests  the  idea  of  a  Scottish 
Crannog.  Professor  von  Morlot  first,  in  1854,  drew  attention  to 
the  probability  of  the  island  being  artificially  constructed,  and  a 
short  notice  to  this  effect,  which  appeared  in  1857  (B.  19), 
induced  Mr.  Amiet,  of  Soleure,  to  make  some  excavations.  In 
the  following  year  (1858)  these  explorations  were  continued  by 
Mr.  Roth,  the  proprietor  of  the  island.  The  result  of  their 
operations*  showed  that  there  was  originally  on  the  site  of  this 
island  a  pile-dwelling,  which  became  subsequently  a  solid  island, 
now  rising  about  ten  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  The 
island  measured  90  feet  by  80  feet,  and  in  the  interior  of  it, 
some  6  or  7  feet  deep,  there  was  a  rough  platform  of  logs 
supported  on  piles.  The  antiquities,  collected  immediately  on 
and  underneath  the  platform,  consisted  of  stone  axes  of  nephrite 
and  serpentine,  along  with  their  staghorn  haftings ;  corn- 
crushers ;  flint  arrow-heads;  bone  implements;  perforated  tusks; 
fragments  of  pottery,  both  rough  and  fine ;  clay  rings  and  weights ; 

*  Anzeiger,  1858,  p.  57;    "Supplement  an  Reoueil  d'Antiquites  Suisses.  I860."' 


74  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

spindle-whorls ;  broken  bones  of  various  animals,  such  as  stag,  roe, 
marsh  pig,  wild  boar,  ox,  beaver,  and  some  birds.    (B.  22.) 

In  the  superficial  layers  were  found  a  bronze  spoon,  fragments 
of  Roman  pottery  and  flanged  roofing  tiles,  an  iron  lance-head, 
and  a  spur,  apparently  relics  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

BURGASCHISEE. 

About  half  an  hour's  walk  from  Inkwyl  there  is  a  somewhat 
extensive  valley,  in  which  lies  the  small  Burgaschisee,  whose 
boggy  margins  were  for  some  time  surmised  to  contain  the 
remains  of  lake-dwellings,  as  several  objects  of  stone  and  a  couple 
of  bronze  pins  were  found  by  peat-cutters.  A  few  years  ago  the 
matter  was  put  beyond  doubt  by  investigations  conducted  under 
the  superintendence  of  Dr.  Uhlmann  and  Mr.  Jenner.  A  series 
of  pits  were  dug  in  the  peat  along  the  shore  of  the  lake,  and  at 
a  depth  of  2  to  4|  feet  they  came  upon  very  rotten  piles,  and 
a  large  assortment  of  the  usual  industrial  remains  of  the  lake- 
dwellers  of  the  Stone  Age.  The  relics  and  osseous  remains  were 
similar  to  those  from  Moosseedorfsee ;  and  among  the  former  were 
stone  axes,  flint  saws,  scrapers  and  daggers,  arrow-points,  of  flint 
and  of  rock  crystal,  with  traces  of  asphalt,  and  mealing-stones. 
Also  fragments  of  various  vessels,  one  with  a  handle ;  imple- 
ments of  bone  and  horn,  as  chisels,  pointers,  etc. ;  a  rubbing 
instrument,  made  of  the  under] aw  of  a  beaver ;  forked  implements 
of  ribs,  etc. 

Noteworthy  is  the  fact  that  some  stone  relics  show  evidence 
of  having  been  sawn.  A  short  notice  of  these  discoveries  is 
inserted  in  the  eighth  report  on  the  Pfahlbauten  by  Mr.  Keiser, 
of  Burgdorf.  (B.  336.) 

MOOSSEEDORFSEE. 

This  settlement,  known  as  Moosseedorf,  was  situated  in  the 
marsh  of  Miinchenbuchsee,  about  seven  miles  from  Bern.  The 
small  lake  of  this  name  is  now  nothing  more  than  a  moorland 
tarn,  surrounded  by  meadow- land  and  peat  bogs.  It  is  of  an 
oblong  form,  having  its  greatest  axis  (east  to  west)  corresponding 
with  that  of  the  valley.  During  the  winter  of  1855-6,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  canal  made  for  agricultural  purposes,  its  usual  level 
was  lowered  some  eight  feet,  and  thus  a  considerable  portion 
of  its  peaty  bed  became  exposed,  and  for  the  first  time  divulged 


LAKE   OF   MOOSSEEDORF.  75 

the  existence  of  two  pre-historic  pile  dwellings,  one  at  each  end 
of  the  lake.  The  western,  which  was  more  satisfactorily  investi- 
gated, owing  to  its  site  becoming  dry  land,  proved  to  be  a  small 
parallelogram  70  by  55  feet.  This  area  was  occupied  with 
piles  of  entire  or  split  stems  of  oak  and  other  woods,  and 
leading  from  it  and  running  to  the  shore,  there  was  a  kind  of 
faggot  roadway  of  branches.  The  relics  were  found  among  the 
piles  and  underneath  a  stratum  of  mud,  containing  the  roots  of 
reeds  and  water-plants.  This  relic-bed  varied  in  thickness  from 
5  inches  to  2  feet,  and  contained  stones,  gravel,  bones,  char- 
coal, etc.,  lying  immediately  over  the  shell-marl.  The  piles 
penetrated  into  this  shell-marl,  but  no  relics  were  found  in  it. 
During  the  succeeding  ten  years  after  its  discovery,  these  settle- 
ments and  their  industrial  remains  were  carefully  examined  by 
Messrs.  Jahn,  Morlot,  and  Dr.  Uhlmann.  (B.  19,  22,  34,  40,  126.) 

The  relics,  most  of  which  are  deposited  in  the  Bern  Museum, 
include  a  large  assortment  of  industrial  remains  : — 40  stone  celts 
(four  of  which  are  of  nephrite),  a  number  of  stones  perforated,  and 
one  stone  spindle-whorl ;  flint  saws  in  handles ;  arrow-points  of 
bone,  flint  (one  with  barbs),  and  rock  crystal ;  harpoons ;  horn 
fastenings  for  celts,  some  with  a  bifurcated  end ;  three  horn  cups, 
all  with  a  round  hole  at  the  edge ;  needles,  gouges,  chisels,  and 
pointers  of  bone  ;  a  comb  made  of  yew,  a  fish-hook  made  of  boar's 
tusk,  a  skate  from  the  leg-bone  of  the  horse,  pieces  of  cloth  and 
string,  bits  of  wood  perforated  as  for  net-floats,  rolls  of  birch- 
bark,  etc. 

Fragments  of  pottery  had  perforated  knobs  for  suspension, 
and  some  of  them  indicated  large  vessels — about  16  or  17  inches 
in  diameter.  In  1868  Dr.  Uhlrnann  found  a  fragment  of  pottery 
having  a  perforated  knob,  and  alongside  of  it,  evidently  for 
ornamentation,  there  were  triangular  bits  of  birch-bark  plastered 
over  the  surface  with  asphalt.  (B.  336,  p.  37.)  (Fig.  184,  No.  5.) 

Two  portions  of  stone  sawn  off  show  that,  the  art  of  sawing 
this  material  was  then  known. 

According  to  Dr.  Uhhnann's  analysis  of  its  flora  and  fauna 
the  following  species  were  identified  : — 

Flora. — Barley,  wheat  (Trit.  mdg.  and  compactum),  pea,  poppy, 
and  flax  (L.  angust.) ;  also  the  water-chestnut  (Trapa  natans). 

Fauna, — Among  domestic  animals  were  the  dog,  sheep,  and 
various  kinds  of  ox.  A  few  bones  of  the  horse  were  also  found 


76  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

among  the  osseous  remains,  but  as  it  is  not  yet  certain  that  the 
horse  was  domesticated  in  the  Stone  Age,  these  might  belong  to 
the  wild  species. 

The  remains  of  wild  animals  showed: — Bear,  badger,  polecat, 
marten,  wild  cat,  otter,  fox,  hedgehog,  beaver,  hare,  squirrel,  field- 
mouse,  marsh  pig,  wild  boar,  elk,  stag,  roe,  ox  (Bos  prim.),  bison, 
several  kinds  of  falcons,  owl,  wild  pigeon,  crow,  partridge,  heron, 
stork,  sea-gull,  wild  duck,  and  teal ;  also  those  of  the  tortoise, 
frog,  toad,  perch,  carp,  pike,  and  salmon.  (B.  284.) 

SEMPACHERSEE. 

In  1806  this  lake  was  lowered  to  the  extent  of  6  or  8  feet, 
and  on  the  shore  thus  exposed  a  number  of  piles  became  visible, 
among  which  it  was  reported  that  there  were  Celtic  weapons, 
hair-pins,  and  other  implements  found.  "  Keltische  Waffen,  die 
in  vii  Bande  des  Geschichtsfreundes  beschreiben  sind,  Nadeln 
und  andere  Gegenstande."  (B.  15,  p.  99.)  But  these  notices  and 
relics  of  a  past  civilisation  attracted  little  attention  at  the  time, 
and  it  was  only  in  the  light  of  Keller's  discovery  of  lake-dwellings 
that  the  recollection  of  the  find  at  Sempach  was  revived  and 
properly  interpreted.  Colonel  Schwab  in  his  lacustrine  pere- 
grinations extended  his  researches  also  to  Lake  Sempach,  and 
identified  seven  or  eight  stations  along  its  shores,  most  of  which 
were  then  on  dry  land.  These  settlements  were  situated  near  the 
following  places: — Eich,  Schenken,  Inselchen,  Mariazell,  Margar- 
ethen,  and  Nottwyl  ;  and  in  all  of  them  some  antiquities  either 
of  stone  or  bronze  were  collected.  (B.  61.) 

At  the  north  end,  near  the  site  of  the  lake-dwelling  at  Mariazell, 
but  about  20  feet  from  the  water  and  a  foot  underground,  there 
was  a  remarkable  bronze  hoard  found.  (B.  126.)  At  a  short 
distance  from  this  there  was  a  human  skull  disinterred,  and  along 
with  it  a  hair-pin  and  a  bronze  gouge ;  but  whether  or  not  these 
objects  belonged  to  the  lake-dwellers  it  is  impossible  to  say.  Most 
of  the  lake-dwelling  remains  from  the  Setnpachersee  are  deposited 
in  the  Museum  of  Lucerne,  among  which  I  have  noted  the  follow- 
ing : — One  or  two  discoidal  stones ;  a  few  clay  cylinders  with 
everted  edges;  whorls  of  various  forms  and  sizes,  some  ornamented 
with  lines  and  pitted  impressions;  pottery  ornamented  with  lines 
and  triangles,  finger-marks,  etc. ;  and  four  beautifully  -  worked 
stone  axes  (Fig.  15,  Nos,  8,  9,  and  10).  The  bronze  find  from 


LAKE    OF   8EMPACH. 


77 


Maria   Zellermoos   includes   seven   winged   and    two    Hat   celts,    a 
chisel,  two  knives,  one   dagger  with   six   rivets,  four  sickles  (one 


Fig.  15,—  SEMPACHERSEE. 

with  back  spur),  and  13  flat  bracelets.  Some  Roman  keys,  buckles, 
a  few  yellow  beads  of  glass  (one  of  amber),  etc.,  are  mixed 
with  this  find.  Specimens  of  these  bronze  implements  are  given 
on  Fig.  15,  Nos.  1  to  7,  and  11. 


78  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

WAUWYLERSEE.     (B.  34  and  126.) 

To  the  west  of  the  little  Lake  of  Wauwyl  there  is  an  exten- 
sive peaty  plain,  in  which,  upon  the  lowering  of  the  lake  for 
further  utilisation  of  the  peat,  the  remains  of  some  curiously- 
constructed  lake-dwellings  were  discovered.  Wooden  platforms 
were  met  with,  resting,  not  on  piles,  but  upon  a  series  of  suc- 
cessive beds  of  roughly-cut  steins  lying  transversely  to  each 
other,  the  lowest  of  which  reposed  on  the  lake-bottom.  Between 
these  layers  were  branches  and  brushwood,  mixed  with  clay,  and 
the  whole  mass  was  pierced  with  vertical  piles,  the  tops  of  which 
were  at  least  a  foot  above  the  upper  platform.  These  layers 
were  as  many  as  live,  and  the  total  thickness  of  the  mass  when 
exposed  was  about  3  feet,  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that, 
originally,  it  would  have  been  greater,  as  there  had  been  con- 
siderable condensation  of  the  mass  due  to  decay,  especially  of 
the  interposing  branches.  The  uprights  were  not  observed  to  have 
been  in  any  way  connected  with  the  platform,  and  the  only 
peculiarity  in  the  method  of  their  arrangement  was  that  they 
were  more  thickly  placed  at  the  corners,  as  if  to  keep  the  wooden 
mass  in  position.  These  artificial  structures  measured  only  10 
or  12  feet  square,  but  they  were  very  numerous,  and  so  close 
that  beams  from  one  sometimes  reached  to  the  one  next  it.  They 
were  found  in  various  parts  of  the  moor,  but  in  one  place  they 
were  crowded  into  a  rectangle  measuring  90  feet  by  50,  which 
was  surrounded  by  several  rows  of  upright  piles,  as  if  for 
common  protection.  The  upright  piles  were  made  of  oak,  alder, 
or  fir,  and  they  penetrated  deeply  into  the  shell  marl — the 
stoutest  being  of  oak,  measuring  5  inches  or  more  in  diameter. 
It  is  noteworthy  that  the  lowest  horizontal  woodwork  lay  on  the 
shell  marl,  showing  that  these  dwellings  were  constructed  before 
the  peat  commenced  to  grow.  The  peat  is  now  at  least  6  feet 
thick.,  i.e.  3  feet  of  peat  lying  above  the  uppermost  platforms. 

No  antiquarian  remains  were  found  underneath  the  wooden 
structures,  but  mostly  in  the  intervals  between  them,  where  the 
objects  lay  almost  directly  over  the  shell  marl.  The  settlement 
appears  to  have  come  to  an  end  before  the  Bronze  Age,  as  no 
metal  object  has  been  met  with.  A  small  glass  bead  is  there- 
fore of  interest,  as  showing  that  the  colonists  must  have  had 
commercial  relations  with  distant  countries.  Among  the  other 


LAKE    OF   ZUG. 


79 


antiquities  are  the  following : — Stone  celts  (some  of  nephrite)  halted 
in  staghorn  fixings,  and  flint  implements ;  chisels,  pointers,  flax- 
hecklers,  etc.,  of  bone ;  a  lump  of  asphalt,  harpoons  of  staghorn, 
knives  made  of  yew,  and  various  fragments  of  pottery  with 
perforated  knobs.  In  the  Museum  of  Lucerne  there  are  a  few 


Fig.  16.— LAKES  OF  WAUWYL  (1  and  2),  ZUG  (8),  and  BALDEGG.     No.  5  =  i. 

all  the  rest  =  ^  real  size. 

things,  among  which  are  one  or  two  objects  showing  that  the  art 
of  boring  stone  was  known  (Fig.  16,  Nos.  1  and  2). 

LAKE    OF   ZUG.     (B.  61  and  126.) 

The  site  of  the  first  discovered  settlement  in  this  lake  lay  a 
little  to  the  north  of  the  town  of  Zug.  A  section  of  some 
excavations  made  for  building  purposes  about  50  feet  from  the 
lake  showed  first  a  bed  of  common  mould  2J  feet  thick,  then  a 
layer  of  sand  and  rolled  stones  1J  foot  thick,  after  which  came 
the  relic-bed — a  blackish  band  of  decayed  organic  matter,  varying 
in  thickness  from  8  inches  to  1  foot,  and  containing  the  tops  of 
piles  and  various  industrial  remains.  The  heads  of  the  piles 


80  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

were  on  a  level,  and  in  some  places  cross-beams  were  observed. 
The  relics  include  some  stone  hatchets,  one  fragment  being  of 
nephrite  ;  a  few  flint  objects — lance  and  arrow-heads,  and  one  knife. 
There  were  also  portions  of  sawn  stones,  apparently  for  making 
implements.  From  a  small  collection  of  bones  Professor  Riiti- 
meyer  identified  the  horse,  cow,  dog,  marsh  pig,  red  deer,  roe, 
and  hare.* 

The  surface  of  the  soil  where  these  discoveries  were  made 
was  about  15  feet  above  that  of  the  water  in  the  lake,  which  of 
course  would  leave  the  relic-bed  still  on  dry  land — a  peculiarity 
which  is  accounted  for  by  the  reported  deepening  of  the  outlet 
in  former  times.  This  explanation  is  very  probable,  as  the 
channel  of  the  Lorze,  which  carries  off  the  surplus  waters  of 
Lake  Zug,  in  passing  through  the  town  of  Cham,  bears  evidence 
of  having  been  artificially  deepened.  The  large  amount  of 
detritus  conveyed  annually  into  this  end  of  the  lake  also  satis- 
factorily accounts  for  the  depth  at  which  the  relic-bed  lies  below 
the  surface. 

Farther  round  the  head  of  the  lake,  at  Koller,  near  Cham, 
another  site  was  discovered,  on  which  some  excavations  were 
made,  which  revealed  a  relic-bed  3  feet  below  the  surface. 
The  finds  here  were  broken  celts  of  serpentine,  fragments  of 
pottery  indicating  large  vessels.  The  present  level  of  the  lake 
is  :}  feet  below  this  relic-bed. 

A  third  station  was  at  St.  Andreas,  the  evidence  of  which 
was  the  finding  of  a  great  number  of  stone  celts,  flint  knives 
and  arrow-points,  over  a  certain  part  of  a  cultivated  field 
bordering  on  the  lake.  Peculiar  among  the  finds  here  are  some 
curious  oval  objects  made  of  limestone,  with  a  short  neck 
perforated  (Fig.  16,  No.  8). 

Traces  of  three  other  stations — viz.  at  Derschbach,  Zweieren, 
and  Badeplatz — have  been  noted  beyond  Cham,  but  they  have 
not  been  carefully  investigated.  Pottery  ornamented  with  tri- 
angular lines  and  the  "  meander "  pattern  would  seem  to  point 
to  a  later  period.  (B.  126,  PL  iii.) 

A  few  of  the  objects  collected  on  these  stations  are  in  a 
small  museum  in  Zug :  others  are  at  Zurich  ;  and  in  Bern  there 

*  The  catastrophe  which  befell  Zug  in  the  summer  of  1887,  by  which  a 
portion  of  the  town  slipped  into  the  lake,  has  completely  carried  away  the  site 
of  this  lake-dwelling1  station. 


LAKE   OF   BALDEGG.  81 

are  12  stone  celts   and   one   of  copper,  marked   as   coming   from 
the  station  at  Lorze. 

BALDEGGERSEE.     (B.  253  and  336.) 

In  the  year  1871  the  proprietors  of  the  land  around  this 
lake  reduced  its  level  by  drainage  some  2J  to  3  feet,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  indications  of  lake-dwellings  became  visible  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  outlet.  The  piles  were  irregularly  placed 
along  the  shore,  and  spread  over  a  wide  range.  In  one  place 
the  area  attained  a  breadth  of  400  or  500  feet,  and  again  it 
contracted  and  the  piles  only  appeared  in  groups.  In  making 
excavations,  the  tops  of  piles  became  more  numerous,  and  at  a 
depth  of  7  feet,  beds  of  charcoal,  containing  nutshells  and  bits 
of  pottery,  were  encountered. 

Professor  Amrein,  who  conducted  the  investigations,  could 
distinguish  two  kinds  of  piles,  some  older  than  others.  Hori- 
zontal beams  were  seldom  met  with.  There  was  no  regular 
relic-bed,  as  worked  implements  were  found  at  all  depths,  from 
1  to  8  feet.  Some  beautiful  specimens  of  bone  pointers  and 
serpentine  chisels  (Fig.  16,  Nos.  4  and  5)  were  turned  up  from 
a  depth  of  8  to  10  feet.  Beds  of  clay  were  occasionally  met 
Avith,  and  the  piles  appeared  to  have  been  arranged  so  as  to 
enclose  square  huts.  In  one  of  the  trenches  some  stone  celts 
were  lying  on  a  bed  of  clay  at  a  depth  of  6  or  7  feet.  One  of 
these  was  of  a  grass-green  colour  with  a  transparent  edge,  and 
so  hard  that  it  could  scratch  glass.  In  an  adjacent  digging,  at 
a  depth  of  4  feet,  a  large  flat  stone,  2  by  1J  feet,  was  found 
resting  on  the  tops  of  six  or  seven  piles,  which  penetrated 
through  the  bed  of  clay  to  the  shell  marl.  The  space  between 
these  supporting  piles  was  filled  with  clay,  and  around  the  stone 
itself  there  were  scattered  bits  of  charcoal,  fragments  of  pottery, 
hazel-nuts,  etc. 

Professor  Amrein  concludes  his  report  by  stating  his  opinion 
that  this  settlement  was  at  its  commencement  a  palafitte,  and 
that  subsequently  fascine  structures  were  constructed  over  its  ruins. 

The  relics  collected  are  partly  in  the  Archaeological  Museum 
and  partly  in  a  small  curiosity  booth  in  the  Gletscher  Garten 
at  Lucerne.  Among  those  in  the  museum  are  beautifully- 
formed  daggers  and  chisels  of  bone  and  horn  (No.  6);  four  large 
harpoons  (No.  7)  and  a  scoop  of  horn;  two  horn  hammers 
G 


82  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

(perforated),  and  three  small  cups  of  the  same  material  (No.  12); 
horn  handles,  etc.  ;  rubbers,  polishers,  and  celts  of  stone  in  large 
numbers ;  two  flat  pebbles  (perforated)  ;  and  some  fragments  of  stone 
hammer-axes,  one  showing  an  effort  to  re-bore  it  (No.  3);  several 
bits  of  rock  crystal  and  flints  worked  into  saws,  scrapers,  and 
arrow-points ;  fragments  of  pottery  with  knobs,  and  others  orna- 
mented with  groups  of  triangular  lines,  dots,  etc.,  the  forms  of 
which  are  extremely  elegant  (Nos.  9,  10,  11). 

LAKE   OF   GENEVA. 

Leaving  the  great  Jura  chain  of  lakes  we  come,  after  a  short 
journey  through  an  upland  glacial  valley,  to  the  Rhone  basin 
and  the  Lake  of  Geneva.  On  the  supposition  that  this  was  the 
route  followed  by  the  lake-dwelling  founders,  the  first  and  most 
natural  position  for  a  settlement  would  be  the  bay  of  Morges  ; 
and  it  is  somewhat  singular  that  in  this  very  place  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  instructive  settlements  on  this  lake  flourished 
for  successive  ages.  Here,  within  a  few  hundred  yards  of  each 
other,  three  sites  have  been  discovered,  whose  respective  remains 
mark  the  progressive  stages  of  civilisation  evinced  in  the  Stone 
Age,  the  transition  period,  and  the  most  flourishing  period  of  the 
Bronze  Age.  It  will  be  therefore  of  importance  to  examine  care- 
fully the  facts  disclosed  by  the  repeated  examination  of  these 
typical  stations  before  referring  to  the  others  in  this  lake.  Nor 
in  selecting  it  am  I  deviating  from  the  order  of  discovery,  as 
it  was  the  earliest  known  and  first  examined  in  this  part  of 
Switzerland,  after  Keller's  observations  and  researches  at  Ober- 
Meilen  had  roused  the  curiosity  of  antiquaries  in  the  matter. 

The  existence  of  piles  in  the  bay  of  Morges  was  known  to 
fishermen  for  a  long  time,  but  of  course  their  significance  was 
not  understood.  However,  on  the  22nd  of  May,  1854,  Messrs.  Morlot 
arid  Troy  on  examined  the  locality,  and  speedily  demonstrated,  by 
the  finding  of  actual  industrial  remains,  that  this  had  been  the 
site  of  a  habitation  lacuxtre.  The  part  of  the  bay  in  which 
these  piles  were  observed  was  about  500  feet  from  the  shore, 
and  in  a  depth  of  water  which  varied  from  8  to  10  feet,  even 
when  the  lake  was  at  its  lowest.  Under  these  circumstances  it 
will  be  readily  seen  that  it  was  no  easy  matter  to  make  inves- 
tigations ;  but,  notwithstanding  the  difficulties  involved,  there  was 
no  lack  of  energy  among  the  local  archaeologists,  who  for  many 


LAKE    OF   GENEVA.  83 

years  systematically  prosecuted  the  work  of  fishing  up,  by  means 
of  hand-dredgers,  nippers,  etc.,  the  submerged  remains  of  these 
lacustrine  villages.  Foremost  among  these  explorers  were  the 
MM.  Forel,  of  Morges,  father  and  son,  whose  reports  and  rich 
collection  of  antiquities  have  chiefly  supplied  the  facts  now 
communicated. 

When  Troyon  (1860)  published  his  well-known  book  on  the 
lake-dwellings  (B.  31),  considerable  progress  had  been  made  in 
the  exploration  of  the  station,  and  from  the  richness  of  the 
finds  it  got  the  name  of  "  La  grande  Cite  de  Morges ;"  but  it  had 
not  yet  been  ascertained  that  there  were  three  separate  stations, 
much  less  that  these  stations  represented  different  periods.  Ac- 
cording to  Troyon,  most  of  the  piles  were  of  oak,  and  some  had 
planchettes  to  prevent  them  sinking  too  far  in  the  mud.  A 
portion  of  one  of  these  supports  measured  13 \  inches  long, 
4  inches  broad,  and  1  inch  thick ;  and  contained  two  square- 
cut  holes  1J  inch  in  diameter  and  4  inches  apart.  The  relics 
found  up  to  this  period  were  of  much  interest.  Among  them 
were  bronze  hatchets  4  to  7  inches  long,  mostly  of  the  winged 
type,  only  one  having  a  socket.  Of  13  knives,  nine  had  tangs 
and  four  had  sockets.  Two  swords,  one  of  which,  with  flat  handle, 
was  whole ;  two  socketed  lance-heads ;  several  bracelets  of  different 
kinds ;  and  a  bronze  mould  for  casting  celts  *  (Fig.  17,  No.  8). 
Pottery,  clay  rings  for  supports,  discoidal  stones  with  marginal 
grooves,  spindle-whorls,  a  couple  of  canoes,  etc.  Subsequently 
the  MM.  Forel  began  to  distinguish  the  respective  stations,  to 
which  they  gave  the  following  names: — (1)  "La  grande  Cite  de 
Morges,"  (2)  "  La  Station  des  Roseaux,"  and  (3)  "  La  Station  do 
I'tfglise." 

(1)  The  Grand  City  was  some  500  feet  from  the  shore,  and 
occupied  an  area  1,200  feet  long  by  100  to  150  feet  broad.  The 
stumps  of  its  thickly-studded  piles  were  visible  in  the  water 
never  less  than  8  to  10  feet  deep,  and  among  them  were  detected 
some  crossbeams,  and  a  canoe,  2  feet  wide,  with  its  prow  sticking 
out  of  the  mud.  A  large  and  miscellaneous  assortment  of  relics  was 
also  collected.  Over  450  bronze  objects,  says  Dr.  Forel,  writing 
in  1876  (B.  286),  were  found  on  this  station,  and  they  all  belong 

*  This  mould  is  in  two  parts,  and  it  is  remarkable  as  having-  been  found  at 
different  times.  The  first  half  was  found  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Forel  on  the  25th  of  February. 
1855,  and  the  second  by  his  son,  Dr.  Forel.  on  the  18th  of  October,  1850.  (B.  31?  p.  111.) 


84 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


to  the  purest  type  of  what  Desor  calls  <;  le  bel  Age  du  Bronze," 
including  swords,  knives,  sickles,  hair-pins,  bracelets,  etc.  One  re- 
markable observation  then  made  was  that  among  60  bronze  winged 


Fig.  17.— MORGES,  THONON  (1,  2,  9,  10,  and  16  to  18),  and  ST.  PREX  (12). 
Nos.  7  and  8  =  |,  the  rest  =  i  real  size. 

celts  (Nos.  13  and  14)  there  was  not  one  single  specimen  of  the 
flat  kind.  In  1866  two  large  reniform  rings,  one  ornamented 
(Fig.  17,  No.  3)  and  the  other  plain,  were  added  to  the  list  of 


LAKE   OF   GENEVA.  85 

objects  from  Morges.  Only  one  object  of  iron,  viz.  a  poignard, 
analogous  to  one  from  Lake  Bourget,  was  found.  Among  the 
osseous  remains  the  stag,  goat,  sheep,  horse,  and  pig,  were 
identified. 

The  bronze  objects  from  this  station  up  to  the  present  date 
are  thus  enumerated  by  Dr.  Forel  (B.  462,  p.  55) : — 

Winged  celts,  66  ;  socketed  celts,  6  ;  chisels  and  gouges,  6 ; 
swords,  4  ;  lance -heads,  19 ;  knives,  61;  sickles,  23;  bracelets,  95; 
rings,  79 ;  hair-pins,  256  ;  divers,  23.  In  this  total  of  633  objects 
are  included,  probably  under  the  head  "  epingles,"  five  curious 
objects  of  bronze  with  handles  similar  to  those  from  Wollishofen 
and  Grosser  Hafner  at  Zurich.  (B.  280,  p.  699.) 

(2)  About    450    yards    from   the   northern   extremity   of  the 
Grand  City  there    was   another   settlement   (Roseaux),  of  smaller 
dimensions,  which   has   yielded  objects  essentially  different  from 
those  of  the  former.     Here,  in   marked   contradistinction   to   the 
Grand  City  celts,  there   were   18,  all  of  which  were   of  the   flat 
type  (No.  15),  and  not  one  with  wings  or  sockets.     But,  on  the 
other  hand,  there  were  a  few  polished  stone  celts  and  flint  objects, 
three   small   lances,  and   one   hair-pin  of  bronze,  and  a  few  iron 
sickles  of  modern  type.     The  pottery  was  also  of  a  mixed  character, 
showing   fragments    of   dishes   of  a  coarse   and    fine    kind.     The 
piles  showed  marks  as  if  produced  by  metal  tools. 

(3)  The  third  station  (1'Eglise)  lies  between  the  shore  and  the 
Grand    City,  and  is   separated  from  the   latter  by  a  sterile  band 
220   yards   wide.     Here  there   is   a   decided   Steinberg,  presenting 
the  unusual  feature  of  having  20  or  30  rectangular  or  oval  spaces 
measuring  13  to  20  feet  in   diameter   without   any   stones.     The 
antiquities   from   this   station   were   stone  celts  (of  which   86  are 
recorded  by  Dr.  Forel  up  to  the  present  date),  stone  spindle-whorls, 
sharpening  stones,  and  some  fragments  of  coarse  pottery ;  but  no 
objects  of  metal  of  any  kind. 

(4)  A  fourth  station  is  named  by  Dr.  Forel  as  lying  opposite 
the  ancient  poudriere  of  Morges,  and  containing  a  small  Steinberg, 
on  which  six  stone   celts  and   a  few  other   objects  of  the   Stone 
Age  have  been  found. 

The  search  for  lacustrine  remains  in  other  parts  of  the  lake 
was  so  actively  prosecuted  that  Troy  on  could  enumerate  no  less 
than  26  stations  discovered  during  the  six  years  prior  to  1860. 
(B.  31,  p.  31.)  Since  then  their  number,  as  recently  corrected 


86  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

by  Dr.  Forel  (B.  462),  has  increased  to  44,  notwithstanding  that 
eight  localities  (viz.  Villeneuve,  Creux  de  Plan,  Lutry,  Pully, 
St.  Sulpice,  Yvoire,  Amphion,  and  Evian)  where  supposed  lake- 
dwelling  remains  have  been  found  are  excluded  as  doubtful  or 
not  verified  by  subsequent  investigations. 

Though  no  such  fortuitous  circumstance  as  the  "  Correction 
des  Eaux  du  Jura  "  has  come  to  the  assistance  of  the  lacustreurs 
of  Geneva,  they  have  amassed  a  very  considerable  quantity  of 


LAKE  OF  GENEVA 
'LAC  LEMAN) 


LAKE  DWELLINGS 

in 
LAKE  OF  GENEVA 

English  miles 


relics.  Only  at  a  few  stations,  as  Thonon  and  the  Port  of 
Geneva,  have  they  benefited  from  dredging  operations  carried 
out  for  public  works.  From  the  results  obtained  during  these 
favourable  conditions,  it  is  quite  clear  that  an  enormous  quantity 
of  antiquities,  especially  of  the  Bronze  Age,  still  lies  buried  in 
the  waters  of  this  lake. 

We  shall  now  make  a  tour  of  the  lake,  jotting  the  various 
characteristics  of  the  lake-dwelling  stations  as  we  move  along. 
(See  accompanying  Sketch  Map.) 

Above  Morges  are  four  stations,  as  follows: — 

STATION  DE  CULLY. — Some  piles  to  the  east  of  the  town,  but 
in  water  from  10  to  13  feet  deep.  Only  a  few  isolated  objects 
of  stone  and  bronze  have  been  recorded. 


LAKE    OF    GENEVA.  87 

STATION  DE  LA  PIERRE  DE  COUR. — Near  Lausanne,  at  a  large 
erratic  block  known  to  bathers  as  Pierre  de  Cour,  there  are  a 
few  rows  of  piles  in  a  depth  of  13  feet,  and  at  a  distance  of 
nearly  300  yards  from  the  shore.  A  hair-pin  and  two  small  bits 
of  bronze  are  the  only  relics  recorded. 

STATION  DU  FLON  (ViDY). — A  number  of  discoidal  stones 
with  marginal  grooves,  and  some  stone  rubbers  and  polishers, 
are  recorded  from  this  station.  (B.  22.) 

STATION  DE  LA  VENOGE. — To  the  east  of  the  embouchure  of 
the  river,  near  St.  Sulpice,  and  greatly  covered  by  detritus. 

MORGES. — Four  stations,  already  noticed. 

FRAI  D'A'iGUE. — In  the  gulf  of  Frai  d'Ai'gue,  a  little  to  the 
north  of  St.  Prex,  are  three  stations — viz.  De  Terreneuve,  De 
Monnivert,  and  De  Frai  d'Ai'gue — extending  over  a  length  of  one 
kilometre.  They  all  belonged  to  the  Stone  Age,  and  represent 
probably  parts  of  one  and  the  same  village.  Mr.  Colomb  has 
collected  more  than  200  stone  celts  in  various  grades  of  manu- 
facture in  a  space  of  150  square  metres.  From  the  same  station 
there  are  in  the  Museum  of  Lausanne  some  40  stone  celts,  a  few 
flint  flakes  and  knives,  and  a  spindle-whorl. 

ST.  PREX. — In  the  gulf  to  the  south  of  St.  Prex  there  is  a 
station  of  the  Bronze  Age,  the  piles  of  which  are  to  be  seen  in 
a  depth  of  10  or  11  feet  of  Avater.  The  station  has  yielded  a 
considerable  number  of  relics,  some  of  which  are  deposited  in 
the  Lausanne  Museum,  viz.  a  flat  bronze  celt  (Fig.  17,  No.  12), 
clay  support-ring,  portions  of  clay  crescents,  seven  stone  celts, 
three  or  four  fragments  of  pottery  ornamented  with  curved 
lines  and  cable  pattern  (one  fragment  of  black  pottery  is 
ornamented  with  tin  strips),  a  bronze  pin  with  spherical  head,  a 
large  block  for  sharpening  tools.  The  other  bronzes  known  from 
the  station  are  four  knives,  one  bracelet,  five  rings,  and  11  pins. 

ROLLE. — Situated  opposite  this  town  there  appears  to  have 
been  a  lacustrine  village  of  considerable  size,  which  has  yielded 
objects  characteristic  of  both  the  Stone  and  Bronze  Ages.  Part  of 
the  area  occupied  with  piles  has  been  covered  over  by  an  artificial 
island,  now  bearing  a  monumental  obelisque.  Fragments  of  pottery 
of  the  same  character  as  those  from  Morges,  discoidal  stones, 
hammer  and  sharpening  stones,  were  among  the  relics. 

Dr.  Forel  enumerates  the  bronze  relics  from  this  station  as 
follows:— Two  winged  hatchets,  one  chisel,  one  lance,  two  knives, 


88  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

one    sickle    (now  in    the    Lausanne   Museum),   one    bracelet,  15 
rings,  and  nine  hair-pins.     (B.  462.) 

To  the  south  of  this  is  the  Station  de  Beaulieu,  of  considerable 
extent,  but  poor  in  relics,  only  some  10  bronze  objects  having  been 
found  on  it.  (Ibid.) 

STATION  DU  CHATAIGNIER. — A  small  Stone  Age  station  before 
the  village  of  Dully.  (Ibid.) 

STATION  DU  CREUX  DE  LA  DULLIVE. — A  great  circular  station 
of  the  Bronze  Age,  on  which  two  winged  celts,  two  bracelets,  and 
a  few  rings  and  hair-pins  have  been  collected.  (Ibid.) 

NYON. — According  to  Dr.  Forel  (B.  286),  there  are  two  stations 
in  the  bay  of  Nyon — one  at  Promenthoux  (Stone  Age),  to  the  right 
of  the  embouchure  of  the  river ;  and  the  other  (Bronze  Age)  to 
the  north  of  the  town  of  Nyon.  Mr.  A.  Revilliod  found  on  the 
latter  station  a  remarkable  object,  consisting  of  300  rings  of 
bronze,  from  7  to  8  inches  in  diameter,  which  became  adherent  to 
each  other  by  a  concretionary  deposit  from  the  lake.  The  total 
number  of  bronze  relics  from  Nyon  is  62,  thus  relegated : — Seven 
winged  celts,  one  chisel,  one  lance-head,  10  knives,  two  sickles, 
15  bracelets,  23  hair-pins,  and  three  undefined  objects. 

We  now  enter  the  lower  portion  of  the  lake,  where  its  breadth 
becomes  suddenly  contracted  from  8  to  3  miles ;  and  here  it  would 
appear  that  the  lake- dwellers  had  thickly  planted  their  peculiar 
villages  on  both  sides  of  the  lake.  Along  the  shore,  from  Nyon 
downwards  to  where  the  Rhone  makes  its  exit,  and  then  up  on 
the  other  side  to  the  opposite  point  of  Ivoire,  Dr.  Forel  (B.  462) 
enumerates  no  less  than  22  stations,  in  the  following  order : — 

STATION  DE  CELIGNY. — Just  before  the  landing-pier.  Bronze 
Age. 

STATION  DE  COPPET. — Discovered  in  1874  by  M.  Magnin. 
Bronze  Age. 

STATION  DE  MIES. — Discovered  in  1877,  opposite  the  Chateau 
des  Crenees.  Bronze  Age. 

STATION  DE  VERSOIX. — A  great  station  near  the  landing-pier. 
Bronze  Age.  Hatchets  and  knives  of  iron  are  said  to  have  been 
found  on  this  station. 

STATION  DE  BELLEVUE. — Discovered  in  1880,  to  the  north  of 
landing-pier.  Bronze  and  Stone  Ages. 

STATION  DES  PAQUIS. — Extends  southwards  from  the  jetty  of 
the  new  port.  Stone  Age. 


LAKE   OB'   GENEVA. 


89 


STATION  DES  EAUX-VIVES. — Outside  the  port,  along  the  suburb 
of  this  name.  Stone  Age. 

CITE  DE  GENEVE. — A  vast  station  occupying  the  present  port. 
Bronze  Age. 

STATION  DE  PLONGEON.— At  the  northern  end  of  the  Station  des 
Eaux-Vives,  in  a  contracted  spot,  Dr.  Gosse  has  found  some  30 
objects  of  iron,  some  of  which  resemble  those  of  La  Tene. 

The  last  four  are  generally  known  as  the  Stations  of  Geneva, 
so  that  the  lower  extremity  of  the  lake  must  have  been  actually 
studded  with  settlements.  At  the  foot  of  the  largest  of  the  two 
well-known  and  superstitiously-revered  boulders  called  Pierres  a 
Niton  were  found,  about  the  middle  of  last  century,  a  knife 
(Fig.  18,  No.  5)  and  a  celt  of  bronze  of  the  flat  type,  which  are 
still  preserved  in  the  Museum  of  the  town.  Near  this  was  the 
Bronze  Age  station  called  by  Dr.  Forel  "Cite  de  Geneve,"  but 
sometimes  described  as  the  Station  des  Eaux-Vives.  It  would 
appear  that  there  are  two  stations  described  under  the  latter 
name — one  of  the  Stone  Age,  about  100  yards  nearer  the  shore ; 
and  the  other  of  the  Bronze  Age  ("  Cite  de  Geneve  "). 

The  Cite  de  Geneve  is  now  the  richest  bronze  station  hitherto 
investigated  in  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  It  occupied  a  horseshoe- 
shaped  area,  filling  the  entire  space  presently  forming  the  port, 
and  even  sent  a  prolongation  down  to  Rousseau's  island.  Dr. 
Forel  estimates  the  number  of  bronze  objects  collected  here  at 
1,500,  being  rather  more  than  the  total  number  from  all  the 
other  stations  in  the  Lake  of  Geneva. 

At  its  northern  extremity,  next  the  Station  des  Eaux-Vives, 
Dr.  Gosse  came  upon  what  must  have  been  the  site  of  a  foundry. 
Here,  in  a  confined  space  not  exceeding  100  square  yards,  he 
fished  up  no  less  than  50  stone  moulds,  crucibles,  ingots  of 
bronze  and  tin,  scoriae,  and  other  materials  of  the  founder's 
art.  (B.  462.) 

Most  of  the  objects  of  general  interest  from  this  station  have 
been  deposited  in  the  Archaeological  Museum.  Dr.  Forel  classifies 
those  of  bronze  as  follows : — 25  winged  hatchets,  19  socketed 
hatchets,  four  flat  hatchets,  seven  chisels  and  gouges,  four  swords, 
seven  lance-heads,  72  knives,  22  sickles,  75  bracelets,  230  rings, 
1,000  hair-pins,  and  60  diverse  objects.  In  looking  over  this 
collection  I  made  the  following  notes: — The  socketed  celts  have 
the  loop  generally  at  right  angles  to  the  cutting  edge.  The 


90  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

knives  are  both  socketed  and  tanged.  Bracelets  show  a  great 
variety  of  forms,  but  the  solid  ones  predominate.  Sickles  have 
more  frequently  a  raised  button.  The  ceramic  art  shows  the 
usual  Bronze  Age  decoration  of  triangles,  and  the  paste  is  of 
two  qualities.  Clay  ring-supports,  spindle-whorls,  discoidal  stones, 
etc.,  are  very  abundant.  Among  the  odds  and  ends  are  to  be 
noted  pins  with  large  perforated  heads,  fish-hooks,  buttons,  a 
large  plaque  with  repousse  work  of  slightly-raised  bosses,  a  rude 
image  like  a  stag  of  bronze,  a  variety  of  pendants,  small  tin 
wheel-like  objects  in  concentric  circles,  etc,  A  few  of  these  objects 
are  represented  on  Fig.  18,  all  of  which,  except  Nos.  9,  10,  12, 
and  13,  are  from  this  station  and  deposited  in  the  Museum  at 
Geneva. 

STATION  DE  LA  BELOTTE. — A  large  station,  rich  in  Stone  Age 
relics.  A  couple  of  bracelets  and  a  few  rings  and  hair-pins  of 
bronze,  in  all  21  objects,  are  among  the  treasures  from  this  settle- 
ment, which  comprise  no  less  than  1,400  stone  celts. 

STATION  DE  LA  POINTE  DE  LA  BISE. — Immediately  to  the 
north  of  La  Belotte  there  is  another  station,  said  to  be  one  of 
the  transition  period,  owing  to  its  having  supplied  a  couple  of  flat 
axes.  The  only  other  metal  objects  are  a  few  rings  and  hair-pins. 

STATION  DE  BELLERIVE. — A  large  station  yielding  objects  both 
of  the  Stone  and  Bronze  Ages. 

GABIULE. — Before  the  steamboat  landing-stage  are  two  stations 
— one  of  the  Stone  Age  ;  and  another,  in  deeper  water,  of  the 
Bronze  Age. 

STATION  D'ANIERE  (BASSY). — A  small  Bronze  Age  station  in 
deep  water. 

We  next  come  to  a  group  of  four  stations,  all  within  a  compass 
of  two  miles,  which  are  sometimes  confounded  with  one  another, 
and  described  as  "  Les  Stations  de  Tongues."  One  is  near  Her- 
mance,  and  is  known  as  the  Station  de  la  Vie  a  1'Ane  or  du 
Moulin;  a  second  is  vis-a-vis  de  la  Fabrique  Canton;  a  third 
is  opposite  the  Chateau  Beauregard ;  and  a  fourth,  Creux  de 
Tougues,  lies  before  the  village  of  Chens.  These  settlements 
were  all  parallel  to  the  shore,  and  their  remains  are  in  deep 
water.  Their  relics  are  of  a  mixed  character,  and  would  indicate 
that,  while  founded  in  the  Stone  Age,  they  subsisted  during  that 
of  Bronze. 

The    station   at   Creux  de  Tougues  is   the  most  important  of 


LAKE   OF   GENEVA. 


91 


Fig.  18. -GENEVA  AND  TOUGUES  (9,  10,  12,  and  13).     Nos.  6,  12,  and 
the  rest  =     real  size. 


92  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

the  group,  and  it  has  furnished  a  large  number  of  antiquities. 
It  is  about  130  yards  from  the  shore,  in  a  depth  of  water  varying 
from  5  to  10  feet.  Ordinary  stone  celts,  27  of  which  have  been 
collected  (B.  462),  were  found  on  the  part  next  the  shore.  The 
collection  of  bronze  objects  consists  of:  —  Four  winged  celts 
(Fig.  18,  No.  10),  one  flat  celt,  two  socketed  chisels,  one  sword, 
one  lance-head,  21  knives,  five  sickles  (No.  9),  14  bracelets, 
120  rings,  170  hair-pins,  and  six  diverse  objects.  Pottery  from 
this  station  (Nos.  12  and  13)  comes  largely  to  the  front,  and  in 
the  Museum  of  Geneva  there  are  fine  specimens  of  plates,  cups, 
vases,  and  other  vessels  of  a  fine  black  ware  which,  both  in  form 
and  ornamentation,  resemble  those  from  the  palafittes  of  Lake 
Bourget  and  others  of  the  Bronze  Age  in  Switzerland.  Spindle- 
whorls,  discoidal  stones  with  a  marginal  groove,  rubbing  stones, 
etc.,  are  also  abundant.  A  peculiarly-shaped  stone  object  known 
as  "  gorge  de  poulies "  comes  here  to  be  noted.  (B.  31,  281 
and  462.) 

MESSERY. — Piles  are  here  seen  projecting  above  the  mud 
2  to  5  feet,  in  a  depth  of  about  12  feet  of  water.  One  of  the 
piles  pulled  up  by  Troyon  showed  markings  of  a  metal  tool. 
Numerous  fragments  of  pottery  characteristic  of  the  Bronze  Age 
have  been  found,  but  only  two  objects  of  this  metal,  viz.  a  winged 
celt  and  a  sickle. 

NERNIER. — Two  stations  are  described  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
village  of  this  name.  One,  near  the  shore,  and  partly  covered  up 
with  gravel,  belonged  to  the  Stone  Age.  Here  Troyon  observed 
r,ome  large  piles  in  a  depth  of  6  feet  of  water,  and  others  he 
found  on  the  shore  buried  in  the  gravel.  Among  the  objects 
collected  arc  flint  flakes,  spindle-whorls,  hatchets  of  serpentine 
(a  perforated  one  is  in  the  Museum  of  Annecy),  some  worked 
bones,  etc. 

The  Bronze  Age  station  is  600  yards  to  the  west  of  the 
village,  and  150  from  the  shore.  The  relics  consist  of  pottery, 
spindle- whorls,  ring-supports,  etc.  Among  the  bronze  objects  are: 
—Eight  winged  celts,  two  chisels,  one  sword,  two  lance-heads,  three 
knives,  three  sickles,  five  bracelets,  three  rings,  and  five  hair-pins. 
Among  the  rings  is  included  a  pendeloque,  in  the  form  of  a 
large  hollow  ring,  attached  to  which  is  a  small  ring  for  sus- 
pension. 

STATIONS   D'EXCENEVREZ    ET    DE    COUDRE\ — In  rounding   the 


LAKE   OF   GENEVA.  93 

point  of  Ivoire  we  come  to  a  sheltered  bay,  into  which  a 
couple  of  streams  discharge  their  waters,  carrying  down  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  debris,  so  that  the  lake-dwelling  remains 
are  here  deeply  buried.  Traces  of  two  stations  have,  however, 
been  observed,  one,  station  De  Moulin-Paquis,  near  Excenevrex, 
and  the  other,  De  Coudre,  opposite  Chateau  Bartholoni,  not  far 
from  the  village  of  Sciex.  Both  appear  to  belong  to  the  Stone 
Age,  and  in  the  latter,  in  1874,  12  stone  hatchets  were  found. 

THONON. — There  were  two  separate  settlements  at  Thonon. 
One  (Stone  Age),  about  20  yards  from  the  shore,  was  discovered 
in  1862,  when  the  new  port  was  being  formed.  The  objects 
there  collected  were  piles,  flint  implements,  stone  hatchets, 
spindle-whorls,  and  some  coarse  pottery. 

The  Bronze  Age  station  was  considerably  in  advance  of  the 
former,  and  in  a  depth  of  3  to  4  yards.  The  settlement  was  exten- 
sive, and  ran  parallel  to  the  shore,  and  from  its  remains  a  large 
assortment  of  relics  has  been  collected.  Being  among  the  earliest 
discovered  in  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  it  has  been  industriously 
searched  by  a  number  of  well-known  archaeologists,  as  Troyon, 
Forel,  Revon,  Monod,  Revilliod,  Carrard,  etc.,  and  consequently 
its  treasures  are  widely  distributed.  The  bronze  objects,  according 
to  Dr.  Forel  (B.  462),  amount  to  48,  viz.  11  winged  celts,  two 
lance-heads,  six  knives,  two  sickles,  14  bracelets,  two  rings,  five 
hair-pins,  and  six  diverse  objects.  One  of  the  knives,  which  is 
finely  ornamented  and  one  foot  in  length,  has  the  peculiarity 
that  the  handle  contains  less  tin  than  the  blade  (Fig.  17, 
No.  16).  Another  knife  was  adapted  for  side-plates  to  be  riveted 
on  its  handle  (No.  11);  while  others  were  socketed  and  tanged 
(Nos.  17  and  18).  Some  of  the  hatchets  have  a  side  loop,  and 
others  are  devoid  of  it.  Among  other  things  are  a  large  ring, 
armilla  sacra  (Carrard),  (No.  2) ;  a  pendant  of  three  involved 
rings,  together  with  various  other  pendants  (No.  9).  Among 
the  pottery  are  fragments  with  perforated  knobs,  herring-bone 
pattern  (No.  1),  etc. ;  and  some  charming  vases,  clay  ring- 
supports,  etc. 

There  are  thus,  according  to  Dr.  Forel,  11  stations  of  the 
Stone  Age  ;  three  of  the  period  of  transition  (i.e.  with  hatchets 
of  bronze  of  the  flat  type),  six  with  mixed  objects,  19  of  the 
Bronze  Age,  and  one  (Station  de  Plongeon)  which  furnished 
objects  characteristic  of  the  early  Iron  Age. 


04 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


These  notes  have  been  collected  from  a  fragmentary  and 
widely-scattered  literature,  including  the  following  original  sources : 
-B.  22,  31,  34,  40,  121,  126,  138,  152,  280,  282,  286,  315,  377, 
and  462. 

LAKE    LUISSEL,  CANTON    DE   VAUD. 

In  a  small  valley  among  the  heights  above  Bex,  adjoining  the 
Rhone  valley,  there  were  found,  in  1791,  while  a  canal  was  being 
dug  for  facilitating  the  cutting  of  peat,  some  industrial  remains 


Fig.  19.— LUISSEL.     All  £  real  size. 

which  point  to-  the  existence  of  a  lake-dwelling  of  the  Bronze 
Age.  At  the  -n&rth  of -the  -  basin,  and  at  a  depth  of  6  feet,  a 
quantity  of  bones  (some  human),  grains  of  corn,  bronze  rings,  the 
tip  of  a  scabbard,  and  three  remarkable  swords  (from  23  to  26 
inches  in  length)  were  encountered  (Fig.  19).  The  swords  are  still 
preserved,  and  indubitably  belong  to  the  most  flourishing  period 
of  the  Bronze  Age.  In  the  summer  of  1859  Mr.  Troy  on  made 
excavations  in  the  turf  of  the  former  bed  of  this  lake,  but  found 
only  a  portion  of  worked  wood,  which  might  have  been  used  as 
a  handle  for  a  stone  hatchet.  According  to  an  old  tradition  in 
the  neighbourhood,  a  chateau  once  existed  here  which  had  been 
engulfed  in  the  lake.  (B.  31.) 


SETTLEMENTS    IN    LAKE    BOURGET. 


95 


LAKE    BOURGET. 

As  early  as  1856,  while  the  Mont  Cenis  and  Culoz  railway 
was  being  constructed,  some  antiquities  were  dredged  up  in  the 
bay  of  Gresine,  in  Lake  Bourget,  which  the  engineers  surmised 
to  be  remains  of  a  lake-dwelling.  Though  this  information  was 
formally  communicated  to  the  Societe  Savoissienne,  it  was  not  till 
1862,  in  consequence  of  renewed  attention  to  these  discoveries  by 
Baron  Despine  and  M.  Desor,  that  this  society  took  steps  to 
investigate  the  matter.  A  preliminary  investigation  conducted 
by  a  committee  of  seven  gentlemen  was  considered  so  satisfactory 
that  the  committee  was  renewed,  with  funds  at  its  disposal  for 
systematic  researches  among  the  palafittes.  Since  then  several 


archaeologists  have  conducted  independent  researches,  among 
whom  may  be  noted  particularly  Le  Comte  Costa  de  Beauregard, 
MM.  Rabut,  Perrin,  Revon,  Cazalis  de  Fondouce,  and  Chantre. 
(B.  73,  138,  176,  179,  282.) 

The  combined  results  of  these  explorers  have  now  established 
the  fact  that  there  were  eight  settlements  in  this  lake,  all  of  them 
belonging  to  the  Bronze  Age.  The  antiquities  fished  up  have 
been  very  numerous,  but  unfortunately  they  are  widely  distributed, 
many  indeed  being  in  private  collections.  The  largest  proportion 
is,  however,  to  be  found  in  the  Museums  of  Chambery,  Aix-les- 
Bains,  Annecy,  and  St.  Germain,  and  the  private  collection  of 
Count  de  Beauregard  in  his  chateau  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva, 
(For  relative  position  of  these  stations  see  Sketch  Map  of  Lake 
Bourget.) 

CONJUX. — This  station  is  200  yards  from  the  shore,  opposite 
the  village  of  the  same  name.  A  group  of  piles  only  50  yards 


96  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

from  the  shore  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  ruins  of  a 
Roman  pottery  business,  on  account  of  the  abundance  of  char- 
acteristic ware  found  among  them.  A  peculiarity  of  this 
station  is  the  number  of  moulds  found  on  it  in  proportion 
to  the  other  objects,  no  less  than  13  being  recorded  up  to 
1875,  representing  all  manner  of  industrial  implements,  as 
knives,  winged  and  socketed  celts,  sickles,  hammers,  pins,  rings, 
and  buttons. 

CHATILLON. — This  settlement  occupied  a  sheltered  position 
about  500  feet  from  the  shore.  In  one  part  the  piles  project 
out  of  the  mud,  and  are  all  inclined  towards  the  east  at  an 
angle  of  45°,  but  in  the  rest  of  the  station  they  are  straight.  A 
vessel  of  earthenware,  like  the  later  productions  of  the  lake- 
dwellers,  was  found  among  these  piles  with  the  name  Severinus 
stamped  on  it  in  Roman  characters.  (B.  176,  p.  24.)  Here  were 
found  some  40  or  50  of  these  very  remarkable  vessels  of  black 
earthenware,  ornamented  with  tin  strips  forming  a  combination  of 
pleasing  designs  (Fig.  193,  Nos.  4  and  5) ;  also  some  fragments 
of  Gallo-Roman  pottery,  and  others  of  a  very  early  type.  Among 
the  relics  are  eight  moulds  (one  of  which  is  for  a  lance-head) 
and  about  320  objects  of  bronze. 

GRESINE. — The  bay  of  Gresine  contains  the  sites  of  two 
settlements — one  close  to  the  railway,  and  the  other  farther  out 
and  of  larger  extent.  The  latter  appears  to  have  been  connected  » 
with  the  Pointe  de  Gresine,  as  a  gravel  bank  runs  from  this  part 
of  the  shore  to  the  site  of  the  palafitte;  and  the  two  stations 
were  connected  with  a  gangway,  the  remains  of  which  have  been 
traced.  The  railway  just  touches  the  site  of  the  inner  station, 
to  which  accident  the  discovery  of  palafittes  in  Lake  Bourget  is 
due.  Although  the  stations  at  Gresine  have  been  more  fre- 
quently searched  than  any  others,  owing  to  their  proximity  to 
Aix-les-Bains,  they  have  continued  for  a  long  time  to  be  the  x 
richest  in  all  kinds  of  antiquities,  carbonised  fruits,  etc.  Among 
the  moulds  is  one  for  the  handle  of  a  sword  on  one  side,  and 
a  buckle  on  the  other.  (B.  282,  PL  liv.  2.)  No  less  than 
five  bronze  hammers  have  been  found  on  this  station,  all  of 
which  are  socketed  and  cylindrical  in  shape.  Last  summer 
some  remarkable  objects  were  fished  up,  which  I  saw  in  the 
collection  of  the  finder  at  the  Restaurant  Lacustre  (Port  Puer), 
some  of  which  are  here  figured  (Fig.  21,  Nos.  4,  6,  and  12). 


LAKE   OF   BOURGET.  97 

MEIMART. — The  debris  of  this  settlement  lies  about  100  yards 
from  the  shore,  under  16  to  20  feet  of  water,  and  hence  it  has 
been  less  searched,  although  it  is  of  considerable  extent,  and 
has  yielded  a  few  antiquities,  notably  a  bronze  sword,  moulds, 
fragments  of  pottery,  and  a  Roman  vase. 

LE  SAUT. — This  settlement,  like  the  others,  was  on  a  slight 
elevation  some  110  yards  from  the  shore,  and  at  low  water  its 
relics  have  to  be  fished  from  a  depth  of  about  10  feet.  The 
station  has  been  well  explored,  and  it  has  been  observed 
that  the  ceramic  remains  indicate  greater  technical  skill  the 
farther  out  in  the  lake  they  are  picked  up,  and  where  the 
piles  are  seen  to  project  higher  above  the  mud.  A  piece  of 
timber  22  feet  long,  with  numerous  mortises  at  each  end, 
and  a  bone  harpoon  with  one  barb,  like  those  of  bronze  from 
Peschiera,  are  the  only  objects  which  distinguish  the  antiqui- 
ties of  this  station,  which  in  general  are  very  similar  to  those 
from  Gresine. 

LES  FIOLLETS. — A  small  settlement  in  15  to  20  feet  ot 
water.  The  few  bronze  objects  found  here  are  covered  with  cal- 
careous matter.  Some  of  the  pins  collected  on  it  are  of  novel 
forms,  but  the  most  interesting  object  is  a  small  file,  which  may 
be  seen  in  the  Museum  at  Chambery.  Mortised  beams  were  also 
fished  up  from  this  station. 

CHARPIGNAT.  — Some  piles  have  been  observed  near  the  village 
of  Bourget,  but  the  associated  industrial  remains,  if  any,  have 
not  yet  been  revealed. 

In  1875  Mr.  Perrin  made  a  series  of  elaborate  statistics,  by 
which  he  estimated  the  entire  number  of  bronze  objects  from 
the  palafittes  in  Lake  Bourget  at  a  little  over  4,000,  and  tabu- 
lated them  in  various  categories  according  to  their  uses,  indi- 
cating the  stations  on  which  they  were  found,  and  the  museums 
or  collections  in  which  they  were  then  located.  (B.  282.)  Since 
then  so  many  additional  relics  have  been  recovered  from  the 
palafittes  that  Mr.  Perrin's  tables  can  offer  no  approximation 
to  accuracy ;  but,  nevertheless,  they  have  a  certain  value  in 
showing  the  relative  frequency  of  the  different  objects.  I  have, 
therefore,  taken  the  liberty  of  reconstructing  from  Mr.  Perrin's 
data  the  following  list  of  the  objects  found  in  Lake  Bourget, 
which  gives  a  better  general  idea  of  the  culture  and  civilisation 
of  its  lake-dwellers  than  pages  of  descriptive  details : — 
H 


98 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


LAKE    BOURGET. 


Gresiue. 

All  Stations. 

Founders' 
Materials 

Utensils 
and         < 
Instruments 

Arms         ...< 

Objects 
of 
Ornament 

Diverse  Obj 

f  Moulds                                            

22 
46 
5 
19 
2 
1 
7 
35 
4 
18 

32 
1 

115 
46 
38 
5 
2 
9 
5 
23 
1 
163 
2 
82 
1 
32 
4 
1 
140 
7 
7 
35 
43 
115 
8 
34 

49 
171 
7 
38 
4 
1 
23 
126 
13 
32 
1 
164 
2 

1 
248 
190 
144 
7 
3 
12 
16 
49 
2 

798 
2 
252 
2 
121 
22 
1 
598 
16 
50 
63 
185 
488 
73 
108 

[Ingots  and  Castings 
'Hammers... 
Hatchets  .  .  . 
Chisels 
Gouges 
Sickles 
Knives 
Paring  Knives  (Tranchets) 
Razors 
Stamp 
Borers,  etc. 

Saws 
File 
Rivets  and  Nails 
Needles     ...                                    
Fish-hooks 
Pincers 

1  Swords 
Daggers    ... 
Lances 

Arrow-heads 
^Shields      ... 

/Hair-pins... 
Fibulae      ... 
Bracelets  ... 
Torques     ... 
Finger-rings 
Earrings  ... 
Girdles 

Buckles,  Rings,  etc. 
Pendants  ... 

Clasps 

Buttons    ... 
Brackets,  etc. 

Beads 

\Tubes  and  Spirals 
sets 

Total 

1,110 

4,002 

LAKE    OF    BOURGET. 


99 


GENERAL  REMARKS  ON  THE  PALAFITTES  OF  LAKE  BOURGET. 
— Count  Costa  de  Beauregard,  in  his  excellent  article  on  the 
"Habitations  Lacustres  du  Lac  du  Bourget"  (B.  176),  states  that 
the  stakes  on  which  these  villages  were  reared  were  generally  of 
oak,  measuring  from  six  to  eight  inches  in  diameter,  and  that 
they  were  placed  at  a  distance  of  100  to  200  yards  from  the 
shore,  in  a  depth  of  4  or  5  yards  of  water.  Their  lower  extremities 
almost  always  bore  cutting  marks,  which  could  only  be  made 
by  metal  tools.  The  great  differences  as  regards  their  state  of 
preservation  show  that  the  settlements  had  been  occupied  for  a 
long  time,  necessitating  the  renewal  of  the  piles  at  different  epochs. 

The  Count  also  believes  that  all  the  palafittes  of  Lake  Bourget 
were  constructed  during  the  Bronze  Age,  in  regard  to  which 
he  thus  writes : — "  Malgre  les  quelques  instruments  de  silex  et 
les  hachettes  de  pierre  rencontres  dans  nos  fouilles,  il  est  pen 
probable,  comme  je  1'ai  deja  dit,  que  ces  bourgades  aient  ete 
fondees  a  I'Epoque  de  la  Pierre.  Tout  nous  porte  a  croire,  an 
contraire,  qu'elles  florissaient  a  I'Epoque  du  Bronze,  periode  qui 
a  du  etre  de  fort  longue  duree  en  Savoie,  car  il  a  fallu  bien  des 
siecles  pour  accumuler  sur  les  differents  points  que  nous  avons 
explores  une  pareille  quantite  d'objets  et  de  debris  de  toute 
sorte."  (Ibid.,  p.  23.) 

RELICS. —  Weapons. — The  swords  recovered  are  few,  and  of  one 
type  (Fig.  20,  No.  16).  That  they  are  of  home  manufacture  is 
more  than  probable  from  the  finding  of  portion  of  a  mould  of  the 
same  class  of  weapon,  now  deposited  in  the  Museum  of  Chambery. 
Only  a  few  tips  of  scabbards  hitherto  found  (Fig.  21,  No.  20). 
The  daggers  were  both  tanged  and  riveted  to  their  handles. 
Lance-heads  (Nos.  1  to  4)  are  all  socketed,  with  only  one  or  two 
exceptions  (Nos.  5  and  12),  which  might  be  daggers.  They  are 
generally  unornamented.  Arrow-points  are  formed  for  the  most 
part  of  triangular  plates  of  bronze,  with  two  or  four  holes  for 
fastening  them  to  the  stem ;  but  other  forms  are  met  with  (Fig.  21, 
Nos.  13,  22  to  26,  and  32). 

Implements.— Hatchets  (Fig.  20,  Nos.  9,  10,  11,  and  17)  are 
both  winged  and  socketed,  and  the  latter  have  their  sockets  round, 
oval,  or  rectangular.  The  chisels  and  gouges  are  all  socketed 
(No.  19).  Sickles  (Nos.  20  and  21)  have  nearly  all  a  raised  button 
for  fixing  the  handle  (in  which  respect  they  differ  from  those 
of  Switzerland),  and  may  be  classified  under  a  variety  of  groups 


LAKE-DWELLINGS   OF  EUROPE. 

A 


Tig.  20.— LAKE  BOUBGET.    All  £  real  size. 


LAKE   OF   BOURGET. 


101 


Fig.  21.— LAKE  BOURGET.    Nos.  34  to  37  =  £,  the  rest=«i  real  size. 


102  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

dependent  on  the  degree  of  curvature  and  the  disposition  of 
their  raised  ribs.  The  knives  are  socketed,  tanged,  and  with 
a  solid  handle  (Nos.  6,  7,  8,  13,  and  14) ;  the  former  being  most, 
and  the  latter  less,  frequent.  Razors  are  of  two  kinds,  with  or 
without  a  handle  (Nos.  22  and  23).  Needles  have  the  eye 
either  at  the  end  or  middle.  Awls  and  a  variety  of  fish-hooks 
are  abundant;  but  spears  or  harpoons  are  very  rare.  Rivets, 
nails,  and  bits  of  thin  bronze  plates,  are  in  some  places  abundantly 
met  with.  Examples  of  saws  and  files  have  been  found,  but  in 
small  numbers. 

Ornaments. — Pins  with  large  round  heads  are  very  rare,  as  are 
also  those  with  wheel  heads  (the  various  forms  are  shown  in  Fig.  21, 
Nos.  10,  18,  19,  21,  30,  and  31).  Bracelets  (Nos.  16,  17,  and  29), 
which  are  numerous,  and  mostly  open,  are  either  solid  or  hollow 
(one  is  of  tin) ;  fibulte  and  torques  rare ;  finger-rings  are  of  two 
kinds,  plain  and  spiral  (No.  7) ;  portions  of  girdles,  buckles, 
pendants  (No.  5),  buttons  (No.  33),  bronze  beads,  and  small  spirals, 
are  abundant ;  a  clasp  is  like  one  from  Morigen  (Fig.  20,  No.  25). 
Tin  appears  in  ingots,  in  a  bracelet,  discs,  and  thin  strips  for 
ornamentation  to  dishes ;  also  gold  in  the  form  of  a  few  portions  of 
twisted  wire  or  leaf.  Several  bronze  vessels.  One  charming  little 
vase  (Fig.  21,  No.  14)  of  cast  bronze,  figured  by  Count  Costa  de 
Beauregard,  and  now  in  his  possession,  was  found  at  Gresine  along 
with  a  sword  (Fig.  20,  No.  16),  a  knife  (No.  8),  and  about  250 
nails  supposed  to  have  been  used  in  the  manufacture  of  a  shield. 
Nos.  1  and  2  of  Fig.  21  represent  two  remarkable  objects  from 
Gresine,  now  exhibited  in  the  Museum  at  Aix-les-Bains.  A  similar 
object,  but  more  worn  and  minus  some  of  its  rings,  is  in  the 
Museum  at  Chambery ;  and  a  fourth  is  in  the  Museum  Lacustre 
at  the  Port  (Fig.  195,  No.  4).  Crescents,  spindle-whorls,  fragments 
of  cloth,  bits  of  plaited  rushes  and  basket-work,  glass  in  small 
coloured  beads,  and  amber  (Fig.  21,  Nos.  27  and  28),  also  in  small 
beads,  are  all  fully  represented. 

The  articles  represented  by  Nos.  4,  6,  and  12,  may  be  the  brass 
ornaments  on  a  set  of  harness ;  but  as  to  the  two  curious  vessels 
of  bronze  (Nos.  8  and  11),  I  am  unable  to  assign  any  use. 

The  pottery  shows  great  skill  in  the  ceramic  art.  It  is  of  a 
grey,  black,  or  red  colour  (Nos.  34,  35,  36,  and  37).  Vessels 
combining  the  three  colours,  in  various  geometrical  forms,  with 
linear  ornamentation,  have  been  found  among  them,  and  others 


LAKE    ANNECY. 


103 


with  ornamentation  reminding  one  of  the  impressions  of  fern- 
leaves  (Poly podium  vulgare). 

A  few  iron  spear-heads  (Fig.  198)  and  knives,  as  well  as  Roman 
tiles  and  pottery,  have  also  been  collected  from  these  palafittes. 

The  domestic  and  wild  animals,  so  far  as  they  have  been 
identified,  are  similar  to  those  from  the  Swiss  lake-dwellings. 

LAKE  ANNECY. 

Since  1856  piles  have  been  discovered  in  several  places  in  Lake 
Annecy,  but  owing  to  the  depth  of  water  and  the  accumulation 


Fig.  22. — LAKE  ANNECY.    All  |  real  size. 

of  mud,  their  associated  relic-beds  could  not  be  easily  examined. 
Up  to  the  present  time  only  four  stations  have  been  sufficiently 
investigated  to  enable  us  to  form  some  idea  of  their  chronological 
position  with  respect  to  the  other  remains  of  lake- dwellings.  These 
are  Stations  du  Port,  De  Yieugy,  Du  Chatillon,  and  Du  Roselet. 

The  first-named  (Station  du  Port)  came  to  light  only  in  the 
beginning  of  1884,  when  the  little  harbour  at  the  town  of 
Annecy  was  being  deepened  to  facilitate  the  movements  of  the 
pleasure-steamers  which  ply  on  the  lake  during  the  season.  In  the 
course  of  these  operations  the  dredging-machines  came  into  contact 
with  piles,  and  brought  up  various  kinds  of  stone  implements,  etc., 
in  the  mud,  which,  unfortunately,  were  mostly  re-deposited  in  deep 
water.  The  spot  where  these  remains  were  found  lies  just  at  the 


104  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

extremity  of  the  Swan  Island ;  and  after  the  public  works  were 
completed,  the  dredger  was  put  at  the  disposal  of  the  Societe 
Florimontane,  who  conducted  systematic  investigations,  both  there 
and  at  the  stations  of  Roselet  and  Vieugy.  Previous  to  this  time 
all  the  stations  examined  had  yielded  more  or  fewer  bronze  ob- 
jects, and  they  were  therefore  considered  to  be  analogous  to 
those  of  Lake  Bourget,  all  of  which  were  founded  during  the 
Bronze  Age.  The  explorations  conducted  at  the  Station  du 
Port  upset  this  view,  as  from  the  character  of  the  relics  found 
on  it  there  could  be  no  doubt  that  its  inhabitants  lived  chiefly 
during  the  Stone  Age,  but  the  station  survived  to  the  Bronze  Age. 
The  objects  collected  from  it  consist  of  perforated  hammer-axes 
of  serpentine  (Fig.  22,  Nos.  8  and  9),  polished  hatchets  of 
serpentine,  stone  spindle- whorls,  beautifully- worked  daggers  arid 
lance-heads  of  flint  (Nos.  5,  6,  and  7),  as  well  as  arrow-heads,  (one 
of  shale  stone  No.  10),  saws,  scrapers,  etc.,  of  the  same  material. 
Only  two  metal  objects,  viz.  a  bronze  hair-pin  (No.  2),  and  a  bead 
(No.  3),  probably  of  copper,  like  those  from  Yinelz  are  recorded ; 
but  these  are  said  to  have  been  on  the  surface  of  the  relic-bed. 

STATION  DU  ROSELET  was  the  first  discovered  in  this  lake, 
but  it  has  yielded  only  a  few  relics,  among  which  are  fragments 
of  pottery,  some  fine  spindle-whorls,  a  hatchet  of  serpentine,  and 
a  bronze  bracelet. 

CHATILLON  was  in  a  depth  of  8  to  13  feet,  and  among  its 
relics  are  a  socketed  knife  and  a  couple  of  bracelets  (No.  4). 

The  settlement  at  Vieugy  was  discovered  in  1868,  and  the 
most  important  objects  from  it  are  a  bronze  hatchet  of  the 
flat  type  (No.  1),  some  stone  moulds,  and  a  few  rubbers. 
(B.  315.) 

LAKES   OF   AIGUEBELLETTE  AND   THUILLE. 

M.  Troyon  reported  the  existence  of  piles  at  two  places  in 
the  Lake  Aiguebellette,  and  one  in  Lake  Thuille ;  but  of  these 
I  find  no  further  records.  (B.  31.) 

LAKE   CLAIRVAUX   (FRANCE). 

The  Lake  of  Clairvaux  is  situated  on  the  first  rising  plateau 
of  the  Jura  mountains,  not  far  from  the  town  of  Lons-le-Saulnier, 
and  covers  an  area  of  about  200  acres.  At  its  north-west  ex- 
tremity there  is  a  tongue  of  land  projecting  into  the  lake  called 


LAKE    OF   CLAHIVAUX.  105 

La  Motte-aux-Magnins,  which  is  believed  to  have  been  an  island 
in  former  times,  but  is  now  continuous  with  a  tract  of  marshy 
ground  which  extends  between  the  Motte  and  the  town  of 
Clairvaux. 

It  has  been  recorded  that  at  various  times  prior  to  1870 
diverse  antiquities  were  found  in  the  course  of  drainage  opera- 
tions in  this  marshy  ground,  such  as  horn  implements,  stone 
axes  of  flint  and  jade,  boars'  tusks,  bits  of  pottery,  bronze  celts,  a 
fibula,  and  an  armilla;  also  Gallo-Roman  remains,  including  a 
Gaulish  gold  coin  and  Roman  coins.  In  the  lake  itself  there 
were  no  discoveries  made,  with  the  exception  of  a  group  of  five 
piles  known  to  fishermen.  But  none  of  these  discoveries  had 
ever  suggested  to  any  one  the  idea  of  a  lake-dwelling,  the 
common  and  accepted  opinion  being  that  they  were  remains  of 
Druidical  times  and  customs. 

On  the  27th  of  June,  1870,  when  the  water  was  about 
its  lowest,  Mr.  Le  Mire  happened  to  be  walking  on  the  shore 
and  accidentally  stumbled  on  the  top  of  a  black  pile  of 
oak.  His  attention  being  thus  directed  to  such  a  curious 
object,  he  looked  about  and  detected  many  others  just  pro- 
truding from  the  lake-bottom.  He  then  determined  to  in- 
vestigate the  matter,  and  at  once  employed  some  labourers  to 
make  excavations.  The  place  selected  was  100  yards  to  the 
west  of  the  Motte-aux-Magnins,  and  25  yards  to  the  east  of 
the  canal  which  forms  the  outlet  of  the  lake.  Trenches  were 
dug  about  1  yard  in  width  and  the  same  in  depth  (a  greater 
depth  being  prevented  by  the  oozing  up  of  water).  During 
these  operations  piles  were  abundantly  met  with,  but,  no  relics 
were  found,  and  it  was  remarked  that  there  was  no  change 
in  the  stuff  thrown  up  from  the  trenches,  it  being  the  ordi- 
nary whitish  deposits  similar  to  what  is  seen  on  the  present 
surface  of  the  strand.  The  piles  were  of  oak,  fir,  yew,  pop- 
lar, willow,  and  hazel,  and  measured  from  4  to  6  inches  in 
diameter. 

Mr.  Le  Mire  then  shifted  his  operations  to  the  south  side 
of  the  Motte-aux-Magnins,  and  after  passing  through  6  to  8  inches 
of  the  whitish  surface  deposits  he  came  upon  a  blackish  peaty 
layer  containing  roots  of  water-plants  and  other  organic  ddbris, 
which  turned  out  to  be  the  veritable  relic-bed  of  the  lake- 
dwellers. 


106 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Here  he  continued  the  excavations  for  about  three  weeks 
with  a  couple  of  workmen,  and  in  this  way  an  area  of  about  120 
square  yards  was  examined,  which  he  thinks  was  not  more  than  a 
twentieth  part  of  the  total  site  of  the  lake-dwelling.  The  piles  did 
not  reach  the  surface,  but  they  were  met  with  abundantly,  no 


Fig.  23. — CLAIBVAUX.    Xos.  5,  7,  and  15  =  J,  the  rest  =  £  real  size. 

less  than  150  being  counted  in  the  space  examined.  The  breaking- 
out  of  the  war  put  a  stop  to  these  excavations,  and  the  subsequent 
return  of  the  water  to  its  ordinary  level  prevented  their  renewal. 

Mr.  Le  Mire  has  published  an  illustrated  report  of  his 
investigations  (B.  219),  from  which  these  notes  are  taken, 
but  the  accompanying  illustrations  (Fig.  23)  are  from  a  selection 
of  objects  exhibited  in  the  anthropological  section  of  the  Paris 
International  Exposition  of  1889.  In  this  collection  I  note  that 
there  are  a  few  relics,  such  as  the  two  bronze  objects,  to  which 
Mr.  Le  Mire  does  not  refer  in  his  report ;  probably  these  may 
have  been  found  since  its  publication. 


LAKE   OF    CLAIRVAUX.  107 

Among  the  relics  staghorn  implements  take  a  prominent  place. 
Handles  and  fixers  for  stone  weapons  amounted  to  49,  and  the 
two  here  illustrated  (of  five  exhibited  in  Paris)  still  retain  their 
celts  (Nos.  6  and  8).  There  are  several  perforated  horn  hammers, 
one  of  which  (No.  7)  retained  portion  of  its  wooden  handle  when 
found ;  another  is  a  foot  long,  and  the  perforation  is  nearer  the 
burr  of  the  horn  which  forms  the  hammer-end.  A  tyne  11  inches 
long  forms  the  handle  to  a  small  stone  chisel.  Another  object 
(No.  5)  is  a  unicum  of  its  kind.  It  is  a  chisel  of  horn  formed 
from  the  tyne,  with  the  body  of  the  horn  forming  a  neatly- 
polished  handle. 

The  polished  daggers  or  pointers  are  also  finely  made,  and 
almost  remind  one  of  those  at  Laibach.  Twenty-six  were  ex- 
hibited in  Paris,  three  of  which  are  here  represented,  including 
the  largest  and  smallest  (Nos.  9,  13,  and  14). 

About  a  dozen  triangular  or  leaf-shaped  arrow-points,  and 
one  or  two  spear-heads  of  flint.  Of  the  latter,  one  (No.  2)  is 
remarkable  for  its  size  and  elegant  workmanship. 

Wooden  dishes  formed  out  of  the  solid,  all  having  a  round 
base,  were  collected  to  the  number  of  15,  and  some  large  globular 
pieces  of  wood  were  supposed  to  be  the  primary  stage  of  their 
manufacture.  One  dish  figured  by  Le  Mire  is  here  reproduced, 
and  shows  a  neat  handle  (No.  15).  There  were  also  wooden 
mallets  perforated  for  a  handle.  Three  bits  of  a  bow,  one  showing 
the  tip  with  a  notch  for  the  string.  An  axle-tree  for  a  waggon 
Le  Mire  considers  interesting,  as  showing  a  knowledge  and  use 
of  traction  by  wheels. 

Besides  a  few  stone  celts  and  chisels,  most  of  which  were  still 
in  their  horn  handles,  there  were  a  few  flint  knives  (No.  1),  three 
sharpening  stones,  two  curious  and  novel  objects  of  polished 
stone,  one  of  which  is  illustrated  (No.  10). 

The  pottery  includes  140  fragments  of  dishes,  showing  various 
forms  of  handles  and  linear  ornamentation. 

Of  bronze  there  are  just  two  objects,  a  small  awl  or  chisel  and 
a  much- worn  dagger  (Nos.  11  and  12). 

Animal  bones  collected  to  the  amount  of  150  kilogrammes 
were  not  reported  on  by  a  skilled  person ;  but,  according  to 
Le  Mire,  they  belonged  chiefly  to  the  ox,  stag,  boar  and  pig ; 
among  them  was  a  fine  specimen  of  a  bear's  skull.  Among 
other  organic  remains  were  a  few  grains  of  wheat  and  acorns. 


108  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

MARSH  DWELLING  IN  THE  TOWN  OF  BORDEAUX. 

In  1867  Mr.  Delfortrie  (B.  136)  published  a  notice  of  pre- 
historic antiquities  of  the  Neolithic  Age  found  in  the  course  ot 
excavations  for  the  improvement  of  the  town  of  Bordeaux, 
which  point  to  the  existence  of  some  kind  of  marsh  dwelling  in 
the  very  centre  of  the  town.  Attention  was  first  directed  to  the 
matter  by  the  quantity  of  bones  thrown  up  from  the  lower  part 
of  the  excavations,  among  which  Delfortrie  detected  some  worked 
ones,  and  associated  with  them  were  various  stone  and  flint 
implements. 

In  regard  to  the  osseous  remains,  he  observes  that  the  lower 
jaws  of  ruminants,  which  were  relatively  in  great  abundance, 
had  their  incisor  teeth  purposely  removed,  but  the  molars  were 
retained.  On  the  other  hand,  the  upper  jaws  were  entirely 
absent  or  broken,  like  all  other  marrow  bones. 

At  three  different  points  forming  an  almost  equilateral  tri- 
angle of  200  metres  the  side,  he  procured  sections  of  these 
street  cuttings,  in  all  of  which  the  succession  of  strata  and 
relics  indicated  similar  conditions.  At  one  point  he  gives  the 
following  details  of  a  section  :— 

Metres. 

A.  Earth  and  subsoil  . .  1 

y        ...          ...      4  * 

B.  Terramare  of  Gallo-Roman  period  / 

C.  Marine  bed  with  shells     ...          ...          ...          ...  '10 

D.  Sandy  peat              ...                        -50 

E.  Bed  of  ashes  with  oyster  shells,  worked  bones,  etc.  -50 

F.  Lacustrine  sand      ...          ...          ...          ...          ...  -45 

G.  Black  peat  with  sand  and  gravel            ...          ...  1*55 


7-10 

The  bones  represented  the  following  animals : — Great  ox, 
smaller  ox,  stag,  pig,  wild  boar,  horse  (a  small  kind),  goat, 
sheep,  and  dog.  Mr.  Delfortrie  thinks  the  bones  of  the  horse 
show  that  the  animal  was  not  domesticated.  No  piles  were 
discovered  except  in  the  Gallo-Roman  period.  The  following 
shells  were  found  in  the  marine  bed  C. : — Ostrea  edulis,  Pecten 
maximus,  Mytilus  edulis,  Venus  decussata,  Cardium  edule, 
Mactrea  solida,  Turbo  neritoides,  and  Trochus  cinerarius. 

The  relics  were  found  chiefly  in  bed  E.,  among  the  ashes,  a 
few  being  from  the  sandy  peat  above  it.  These  consist  of 


MARSH-DWELLINGS   IN    BORDEAUX.  109 

pointers,  needles,  polishers,  spatulae,  arrow-points,  and  an  imple- 
ment of  bone  called  a  whistle ;  flint  saws,  a  polished  celt  also  of 
flint,  three  small  polished  stone  celts  of  serpentine  or  quartzite, 
and  about  a  dozen  flint  knives. 

The  opinion  of  the  narrator  is  that  there  was  here  a  marsh 
dwelling  of  the  nature  of  the  Kokkenmodings  of  Denmark 
which  in  point  of  time  preceded  the  Swiss  lake- dwellings,  but 
was  posterior  to  the  Reindeer  Period  of  Central  France. 

In  my  opinion,  the  character  and  finish  of  the  relics  furnish 
no  grounds  for  supposing  that  this  habitation  was  prior  to  the 
early  Swiss  lake-dwellings ;  nor  are  we  warranted,  from  such 
limited  explorations  as  could  be  made  in  the  streets  of  a  town, 
to  exclude  the  more  probable  idea  that  this  was  an  ordinary 
palafitte,  notwithstanding  that  piles  were  not  observed. 


Zrrttut, 


SETTLEMENTS    IN    EASTERN    SWITZERLAND,    THE 
DANUBIAN  VALLEY,  AND  CARNIOLA. 

THE  remains  of  lake- dwellings  which  I  have  hitherto  described 
were,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  situated  on  the  borders  of 
large  lakes,  and  the  industrial  remains  recovered  from  them  were 
found  more  or  less  buried  in  the  lake  sediment.  But  these  are  not 
the  invariable  circumstances  in  which  such  antiquities  are  met 
with,  as  has  already  been  noticed  in  the  case  of  Wauwyl;  but 
their  differentiating  points  I  did  not  then  discuss,  reserving  them 
for  this  special  occasion. 

Every  careful  observer  of  natural  phenomena  must  have 
noticed  how,  under  certain  well-defined  conditions,  the  superficial 
areas  of  lakes  are  b3coming  gradually  encroached  upon,  not  only 
by  the  accumulation  of  debris  carried  into  them  by  streams  and 
rainwash,  but  by  the  growth  of  peat  on  their  margins.  This 
latter  process  occurs  more  frequently  in  the  smaller  lakes — so 
much  so  that  some  of  them  have  now  almost  entirely  disappeared 
owing  to  the  complete  filling  up  of  their  basins.  Though  the 
growth  of  peat  is  slow,  and  almost  imperceptible  to  individual 
observers,  whose  lifetime  is  generally  too  short  to  mark  its  pro- 
gressive character,  it  has  proved  a  most  formidable  antagonist  to 
lake  settlements  by  destroying  their  lacustrine  character,  and 
thus  compelling  their  inhabitants  to  abandon  them  altogether. 
The  peat  has,  in  some  instances,  actually  engulfed  entire  villages, 
with  the  accumulated  debris  of  their  industrial  equipments,  thus 
hermetically  sealing  up  everything  in  one  of  the  best  antidotes 
to  natural  decay.  Cities  and  mighty  empires  have  risen,  flourished, 
and  disappeared,  without  transmitting  to  future  ages  a  single  record 
of  then*  existence,  like  flowers  born  to  blush  unseen.  Such,  indeed, 


ROBENHAUSEN.  Ill 

might  have  been  the  fate  of  many  of  these  pile- villages,  notwith- 
standing the  favourable  conditions  in  which  their  ruins  have 
been  sealed  up,  had  it  not  been  for  the  mere  accident  of  peat- 
cutting,  which  has  disclosed  so  many  of  their  buried  treasures. 
These  remarks  are  peculiarly  applicable  to  the  celebrated  settle- 
ment at  Robenhausen,  with  which  I  begin  to-day's  lecture. 

LAKE    OF    PFAFFIKOK 

The  small  lake  of  Pfaffikon,  which  lies  to  the  east  of  Lake  Zurich, 
contained  two  settlements,  viz.  Robenhausen  and  Irgenhausen. 

ROBENHAUSEN. — This  well-known  station,  which  has  furnished 
specimens  of  lake-dwelling  remains  to  most  of  the  European 
museums,  is  situated  near  the  middle  of  an  extensive  tract  of 
pasture-land  on  the  south  side  of  the  lake.  Although  its  site  is 
now  several  hundred  yards  from  the  lake,  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that,  originally,  it  was  completely  surrounded  by  water;  the 
nearest  land,  that  on  the  west,  being  some  2,000  yards  distant. 
On  the  east  side  the  old  lake-shore  is  3,000  yards  distant,  and 
towards  this,  notwithstanding  its  greater  distance,  there  extended 
a  gangway,  the  remains  of  which  can  still  be  traced.  Underneath 
the  grass  there  is  a  thick  deposit  of  peat,  which  has  been  utilised 
as  fuel  according  to  the  needs  of  the  surrounding  community ; 
and  a  mere  glance  at  the  locality  shows  that  the  whole  expanse 
is  but  an  encroachment  of  the  peat  on  what  was  formerly  part 
of  the  lake.  The  meadow  belongs  to  peasant  proprietors,  among 
whom  it  is  parcelled  into  small  plots.  During  the  winter  of 
1857-8  Mr.  Jacob  Messikommer,  the  owner  of  one  of  these  plots, 
discovered  the  remains  of  a  pile-dwelling  on  his  portion,  and  to 
its  investigation  he  has  ever  since  devoted  himself.  His  efforts 
were  greatly  encouraged  by  Dr.  Keller  and  other  members  of  the 
Antiquarian  Society  at  Zurich,  to  whose  museum  many  of  the 
principal  relics  have  been  sent.  A  few  years  after  its  discovery, 
the  project  of  deepening  and  widening  the  outlet,  which,  as  it  so 
happened,  passed  through  the  lake-dwelling,  afforded  a  splendid 
opportunity  to  archaeologists  for  investigating  its  antiquarian 
remains.  Messikommer  was  appointed  superintendent  of  the 
proposed  excavations.  Since  then  he  has  on  several  occasions 
when  the  waters  were  low,  as.  in  the  years  1864,  1865,  1870,  1875, 
1882,  1884,  and  1886,  made  more  or  less  extensive  diggings  in 
different  parts  of  the  settlement  for  the  purpose  of  clearing  up 


112  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

obscure  or  disputed  points.  Altogether  he  has  made  good  use  of 
his  advantages,  and  to  his  intelligent  and  watchful  care  we  are 
indebted  for  a  careful  record  of  the  relics,  as  well  as  a  series  of 
shrewd  observations  bearing  on  the  character  and  duration  of  this 
settlement,  which  has  made  it  one  of  the  most  instructive  in  the 
whole  range  of  lacustrine  research. 

The  space  occupied  by  the  settlement  formed  an  irregular 
quadrangle,  little  short  of  three  acres  in  extent.  The  piles  were 
made  from  the  round  or  split  stems  of  trees — oak,  beech,  and 
pine  being  the  prevailing  kinds.  On  the  supposition  that  they  were 
placed  at  uniform  distances  throughout,  Messikommer  calculates 
from  the  data  supplied  by  the  Aabach  Canal,  which  involved  an 
area  of  about  4,000  square  feet,  that  100,000  piles  were  required 
for  the  construction  of  the  entire  lake-village. 

In  order  to  get  at  the  relics,  one  has  to  dig  through  5  or 
G  feet  of  peat,  in  which  no  relics  are  found,  with  the  exception  of 
the  piles,  the  tops  of  Avhich  nearly  reach  to  the  surface.  Such 
pits  are  soon  filled  with  water,  as  all  the  relic-beds  are  below  the 
level  of  the  lake. 

As  the  excavations  progressed,  Messikommer  made  the  impor- 
tant observation  that  the  piles  could  be  distinguished  into  three 
sets,  corresponding  with  so  many  relic-beds. 

The  first  set  of  piles  penetrated  into  the  shell  marl  some 
10  or  11  feet  below  the  present  surface  ;  and  immediately  over 
this  marl  there  was  a  bed  of  greasy  peat  only  4  or  5  inches  thick 
containing  a  few  relics.  Then  followed  a  bed  of  charcoal  with 
carbonised  wheat,  barley,  cloth,  etc.,  the  result,  according  to  our 
investigator,  of  a  general  conflagration  which  destroyed  the 
entire  settlement.  After  this  catastrophe  a  new  superstructure  was 
reared,  the  piles  of  which  were  so  closely  set  that,  on  an  average 
three  or  four  could  be  counted  in  each  square  foot.  This  new 
village  appears  to  have  flourished  for  a  long  time,  as  its  duration 
is  represented  by  a  peaty  deposit  nearly  3  feet  thick  containing  a 
variety  of  relics,  as  bones,  pottery,  portions  of  clay  flooring,  etc. 
Then  followed  a  second  bed  of  burnt  materials,  as  corn,  fruits, 
bread,  and  the  usual  industrial  implements  of  stone — all  of  which 
point  to  a  second  conflagration.  But,  apparently  undiscouraged, 
the  lake- dwellers  again  undertook  the  task  of  reconstructing 
their  peculiar  dwellings,  and  Messikommer  distinguishes  this 
third  series  of  piles  by  their  not  penetrating  so  deeply  as  those 


ROBENHAUSEN.  113 

of  the  previous  habitations.  While  the  piles  of  the  earlier 
dwellings  penetrated  into  the  shell  marl,  those  of  the  third 
structure  fell  short  of  the  former  by  2J  feet  and  terminated  in 
the  intervening  accumulated  debris.  On  the  other  hand,  how- 
ever, their  tops  reached  higher  in  the  peat,  coming  nearly  to  the 
present  surface.  Further,  he  observed  that  it  was  only  in  the 
third  settlement  that  the  piles  were  split,  those  of  the  two  former 
being  round  and  much  more  decayed.  Also,  corresponding  to 
its  duration,  there  was  a  deposit  of  peat  3  feet  in  depth  containing 
various  relics,  but  no  evidence  of  a  conflagration,  and  above  this 
point  the  peat  was  entirely  destitute  of  the  remains  of  human 
industry.  It  would  thus  appear  that  the  lake-dwellers  voluntarily 
abandoned  their  village,  either  on  account  of  the  accumulation 
of  peat  or  because,  in  the  exigencies  of  civilisation,  they  found 
more  congenial  conditions  of  habitation  elsewhere. 

During  the  excavations  in  the  Aabach  canal  the  above  facts 
were  amply  demonstrated,  as,  indeed,  they  can  be  at  the  present 
time  by  any  one  who  chooses  to  make  the  necessary  excavations, 
permission  for  which  the  proprietor  freely  gives, 

From  the  peculiar  grouping  and  distribution  of  the  relics  over 
certain  areas  Mr.  Messikommer  came  to  the  conclusion  that  while 
each  cottage  had  its  special  appliances,  as  a  hearth,  a  millstone, 
sharpening  stones,  and  weaving  materials,  there  were  other  relics 
specially  localised.  Thus  there  were  large  quantities  of  corn  in 
one  place,  dried  fruits  in  another,  flax  in  a  third,  etc.  He  also 
learned  to  recognise  from  the  kind  of  litter  used,  and  the 
droppings  of  the  animals,  where  the  stalls  for  cattle,  sheep,  and 
goats  were  located ;  which,  according  to  him,  were  in  the  intervals 
between  the  cottages.  Bones,  scales  of  fish,  dried  fruits,  water- 
chestnuts,  beech  and  hazel-nuts,  acorns,  and  other  remains  of 
food,  were  very  abundantly  met  with.  The  following  are  some 
of  the  more  interesting  relics  from  this  vast  deposit  of  the  indus- 
trial remains  of  many  ages: — 

Wooden  Objects. — A  bow  of  yew,  five  feet  long,  still  retaining 
the  notch  at  both  ends  for  the  string ;  another  specimen  measures 
only  3J  feet  in  length.  A  large  tub- like  dish,  nearly  16  inches 
in  diameter,  and  a  variety  of  ladles.  A  yoke  for  cattle,  made  of 
a  hazel  branch.  A  large  door  of  wood,  so  arranged  as  to  turn  on 
a  pivot,  and  measuring  4  feet  9  inches  by  2£  feet  wide,  and 
1J  inch  thick;  a  canoe  12  feet  long,  2J  feet  wide,  and  5  inches 
i 


114  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

deep;  a  large  assortment  of  handles,  knives  (Fig.  24,  No.  15),  clubs 
(No.  26),  dishes,  suspension  hooks,  etc. 

Horn  and  Bone. — Haftings  for  stone  axes  and  chisels  (Nos. 
8  and  9),  daggers,  chisels,  perforated  axe-hammers  (No.  12),  arrow- 
points  (No.  2),  agricultural  implements,  small  cup  (No.  7),  etc. 

Stone. — Axes  of  nephrite  are  scarce,  but  they  are  abundant  of 
the  ordinary  materials  (No.  23) — some  are  perforated  ;  flint  saws  in 
their  handles,  hammer-stones  (No.  10),  pendants  (No.  3),  a  stone 
disc  polished  and  perforated  in  the  centre  with  a  round  hole 
(No.  13),  arrow-points  and  scrapers  of  flint  (No.  1),  two  small 
objects  of  redstone  perforated  with  a  series  of  holes  (Nos.  5  and  6). 

Pottery. — Earthenware  cups,  spoons,  and  various  kinds  of  vessels 
(Nos.  14,  16,  17,  and  18).  Particularly  noteworthy  is  one  with  a 
conical  base  requiring  a  ring-support  (No.  18).  Several  coarse 
crucibles  with  handles  (No.  22).  When  the  first  of  these  objects 
was  discovered,  it  was  supposed  to  be  a  large  spoon,  but  latterly 
traces  of  copper  were  found  in  the  pores  of  one,  and  thus  their 
true  nature  was  recognised.  These  crucibles  were  found  a  few 
years  after  the  discovery  of  the  lake-dwelling,  and  although 
Messikommsr  was  constantly  on  the  look-out  for  metal  objects  it 
was  not  till  1882  that  his  search  was  rewarded.  This  was  a  small 
copper  celt  of  the  flat  type  (No.  4),  but  as  it  was  in  stuff  thrown 
out  of  the  trenches  for  some  time,  it  was  impossible  to  say  to  which 
settlement  it  belonged.  (B.  383,  p.  324.)  In  1884  Messikornmer 
announced  that  a  crucible  which  had  evidently  been  used  was 
found  in  the  stratum  of  debris  corresponding  with  the  second 
settlement  at  Robenhausen.* 

On  the  4th  of  October,  1887  (B.  454),  Mr.  H.  Messikommer,  while 
making  excavations  in  an  undisturbed  part  of  this  lake-dwelling, 
found  near  the  surface  of  the  peat,  and  on  a  level  with  the  tops  of 
the  piles,  another  hatchet  of  the  flat  type  made  of  bronze  (No.  11). 
It  is  clear  from  these  respective  finds  that  the  Robenhausen  lake- 
dwelling  came  to  an  end  before  bronze  came  into  general  use. 

Weaving  Materials. — A  great  many  specimens  of  flax,  yarn  ropes, 
balls  of  thread,  bits  of  ribbon,  and  variously-woven  cloths,  fishing 
and  hair  nets,f  plaited  borders,  fringes,  and  mats  (Fig.  25).  Loom- 
weights  (Fig.  24,  Nos.  20  and  21)  and  clay  pirns  were  also  met  with, 
but,  singularly  enough,  hardly  any  spindle-whorls.  It  is  not  very 

*  Dag  Ausland,  1884,  p.  479  ;    Antiqua,  1884,  p.  70. 
f  Antiyua,  1885,  p.  1. 


ROBENHAtJSEN. 


115 


Fig.  24.— ROBENHAUSEN.     Nos.  12  to  14,  16  to  22,  and  24  =  £,  23  =  |,  26  =  JQ, 
and  the  rest  =  f  real  size. 


116  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

clear  in  what  position  these  recorded  relics  have  been  found ;  but 
in  1882,  when  the  water  happened  to  be  very  low,  the  lowest  relic- 
bed  was  carefully  searched,  and  similar  remains  were  found  in  it. 
In  consequence  of  these  finds,  Messikommer  announced,  in  1882 
(B.  383a,  p.  379),  that  he  was  convinced  that  all  manner  of  weaving 
was  thoroughly  known  at  the  very  commencement  of  the  Roben- 
hausen  lake-dwelling. 

The  third  settlement  has  yielded  very  little  cloth  or  thread, 
probably  owing  to  the  fact  that  no  conflagration  took  place,  by  the 
charring  of  which  such  remains  are  preserved  from  decomposition. 
On  the  other  hand,  jade  implements,  among  which  is  an  arrow- 
head of  nephrite,  and  some  60  seeds,  and  fruits,  have  been  col- 
lected. Among  the  latter  the  water-chestnut  (Trapa  natans}  may 
be  especially  noted,  as  it  no  longer  grows  in  the  locality.  (B.  462.) 

IRGENHAUSEN. — Only  one  other  settlement  has  been  recognised 
as  a  true  lake-dwelling  in  this  lake-basin,  viz.  Irgenhausen, 
situated  about  half  an  hour's  walk  to  the  east  of  Robenhausen. 
The  station  ran  parallel  to  the  shore  for  a  distance  of  about  300 
feet,  with  a  breadth  of  only  30  feet.  The  relics  found  on  it  are 
similar  in  character  to  those  from  Robenhausen,  the  most  remark- 
able of  which  are  specimens  of  embroidered  cloth  and  checked 
muslins.  (B.  126,  PI.  xvi.  Fig.  2  and  2a.)  Messikommer  believes 
that  only  one  row  of  cottages  occupied  this  site.  Almost  the 
whole  site  of  this  lake-dwelling  has  disappeared  into  the  depths 
since  1881,  and  can  no  longer  be  found.*  Only  a  yawning  deep 
(eine  gahnende  Tiefe)  is  now  to  be  seen  where  formerly  stood 
the  remains  of  the  Pfahlbau.  This  phenomenon  is,  however,  not 
singular  in  the  Swiss  lakes,  as  evidence  of  which  we  have  the 
recent  catastrophe  in  Lake  Zug,  which  demolished  not  only  the 
site  of  a  pre-historic  lake-dwelling,  but  also  a  large  part  of  the 
town  of  Zug. 

Close  to  the  water's  edge  on  the  south  shore,  and  about  ten 
minutes'  walk  directly  north  of  Robenhausen,  there  is  an  arti- 
ficial mound  called  Himmereich,  which  formerly  was  supposed 
to  be  the  site  of  a  pile-dwelling.  It  is  constructed  of  small 
and  large  stones,  among  which  flint  saws,  arrow-points,  and 
pottery  of  the  lake-dwelling  type,  were  found  associated  with 
Roman  tiles  and  pottery  (terra  sigillata).  There  were,  however, 
no  piles  or  any  evidence  of  structural  dwellings,  and  the  opinion 

*    Corr.-Blatt,  vol.  xv.  p.  55. 


ROBENHAUSEX 


11' 


Fig.  25.— ROBENHAUSEX.    All  f  real  size 


118  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

now  generally  held  in  regard  to  it  is  that  it  was  a  pre-Roman 
Refugium,  which  subsequently  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Romans.* 
Remains  of  a  Roman  station  are  also  close  to  Irgenhausen, 
which  might  have  something  to  do  with  the  Himmereich  mound. 
(B.  462.) 

The  records  of  the  numerous  discoveries  made  at  Roben- 
hausen  from  time  to  time,  according  to  the  favourableness  of 
the  weather,  are,  like  the  relics  themselves,  widely  scattered.  In 
addition  to  the  reports  of  Keller  and  J.  Messikommer  (B.  22, 
34,  40,  61,  126,  336,  and  462)  in  the  proceedings  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  of  Ziirich,  we  have  a  number  of  further  notices 
in  various  journals,  such  as  Anzeiger,  Antiqua,  Das  Ausland, 
etc.  (B.  143a  and  143b,  154,  256,  383,  385a  and  385b,  402,  403, 
406c  and  406d  434c,  449b,  454b,  etc.),  from  which  more  or  less 
important  information  is  to  be  Cleaned. 


o 


EGELSEE,    NEAR   FRAUENFIELD. 

NIEDERWYL. — The  settlement  of  Niederwyl  was  situated  in  a 
small  basin  covering  only  about  60  acres,  which,  though  now 
entirely  overgrown  with  peat,  must  have  been  formerly  a  lake, 
as  its  ancient  name  Egelsee  implies.  Immediately  to  the  south 
there  is  an  open  valley,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  narrow 
ridge  of  land,  through  which  its  proprietors  made  a  deep  exca- 
vation for  its  better  drainage,  thereby  facilitating  the  removal  of 
the  peat.  While  the  peasants  were  thus  occupied,  they  came 
upon  a  portion  of  the  basin  near  its  centre,  where  the  peat 
began  to  thin  out ;  and  as  they  advanced,  it  turned  out  that 
there  was  something  like  a  mound  entirely  submerged  in  the 
peat,  and  composed  of  clay,  wooden  beams,  stones,  charcoal,  and 
all  sorts  of  rubbish.  On  the  centre  of  this  mound  the  depth  of 
peat  was  only  2  or  3  feet,  while  all  around  it  amounted  to  8 
or  10  feet.  This  curious  elevation  was  simply  passed  over  by 
the  workmen  after  removing  its  covering  of  peat ;  and  so  it 
remained  exposed,  till  one  day  the  Reverend  Mr.  Pupikofer 
happened  to  pass  along  the  moor,  when  he  recognised  its 
archseological  importance.  This  was  in  1862,  and  immediately 
the  Historical  Society  of  Thurgau  arranged  to  have  the  matter 
investigated ;  and  Mr.  Jacob  Messikommer,  whose  experience  of 
the  lake-dwelling  at  Robenhausen  had  made  him  an  authority 

*  Antiqua,  1884,  p.  HO. 


NIEDERWYL.  119 

on  such  matters,  was  asked  to  conduct  the  necessary  researches. 
Upon  making  sections  through  the  exposed  part  of  this  mound, 
he  found  an  artificial  sub-structure  of  faggot-sticks,  laid  trans- 
versely, and  mixed  with  upright  piles  which  penetrated  to  the 
original  lake-bottom.  It  was  fortunate,  however,  that  the  whole 
of  the  mound  had  not  been  bared  of  peat,  and  Messikommer 
wisely  selected  an  undisturbed  portion  for  his  subsequent  ex- 
cavations. The  following  quotation  from  his  report  will  convey  a 
better  idea  of  these  structures  than  any  abstract  I  could  make : — 

"  When  I  began  the  excavation  with  a  few  workmen  on  the 
18th  of  June,  I  was  surprised  to  find,  under  a  pavement  of  clay 
and  gravel,  from  2  to  4  inches  thick,  and  from  the  top  of  which 
3  feet  of  peat  had  been  removed,  a  structure  of  faggot-sticks, 
regularly  laid  and  perfectly  solid ;  and  as  the  wood  was  exceed- 
ingly soft,  we  had  to  use  every  care  in  uncovering  as  large  a 
portion  of  it  as  we  could.  We  first  bared  a  space,  which  was 
in  perfect  condition,  20  feet  long,  6  feet  wide  at  the  ends,  and 
10  feet  wide  in  the  middle.  The  upper  platform  was  of  split 
timber  or  boards  of  oak,  laid  down  with  great  care,  and  it 
rested  on  round  timber,  or  faggot-sticks,  from  3  to  4  inches  in 
diameter,  which  were  surrounded  with  piles.  The  back  part  of 
the  space  was  covered  with  charcoal,  and  was  somewhat  charred ; 
there  were  also  found  tolerably  large  stones  (hearthstones)  in 
their  original  position.  A  most  striking  fact  was  that  the  lowest 
part  of  the  side  wall  was  still  standing ;  it  consisted  of  a  kind 
of  shutter  pushed  in  between  the  upright  piles  surrounding  the 
space.  On  this  I  had  other  portions  uncovered,  and  everywhere 
met  with  the  same  construction,  only  differing  in  having  the 
platform  or  floor  made  of  faggot-sticks  instead  of  boards.  Here 
and  there  the  floor  had  sunk  considerably,  often  one  or  one  inch 
and  a  half  in  six  inches. 

"  This  place  was  then  left  to  be  examined  by  the  members 
of  the  associations  of  Thurgau  and  Zurich,  and  excavations  were 
made  in  another  place  to  examine  the  sub-structure.  The  result 
proved  no  less  interesting;  for  1  foot  deep,  under  the  first 
platform,  we  came  upon  a  second ;  a  foot  deeper  we  found  a 
third;  then  a  fourth,  and  so  on;  so  that  the  arrangement  is 
similar  to  that  of  Wauwyl.  The  huts  were  placed  on  masses  of 
wood,  consisting  of  five  or  six  platforms,  one  above  the  other, 
the  spaces  between  which  were  filled  in  with  brushwood  and 


120  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

branches  of  trees,  chiefly  alder,  rushes,  gravel,  and  clay.  We 
were  surprised  to  meet  with  bones,  cones  of  earthenware,  and  a 
great  wooden  mallet  between  the  platforms ;  we  also  found 
woven  cloth  under  the  fifth  platform,  and  charcoal  close  to  the 
bed  of  the  lake.  From  this  I  conclude  that  the  platforms  were 
not  made  at  the  same  time,  but  at  intervals,  one  after  the 
other ;  or  that  they  had  been  repaired,  a  portion  at  a  time,  as 
we  found  single  charred  stems  under  fresh  wood."  (B.  119, 
2nd  ed.,  p.  77.) 

In  another  section  Messikommer  observed  a  slight  variation 
in  the  fascine  structures  above  described,  which  he  thus  explains  : 
"  What  I  have  called  the  lattice  or  trellis  work  consisted  of  thin 
stems  of  trees,  which  were  not  laid  close  together,  but  at  inter- 
vals of  from  one  to  two  inches  apart ;  the  uppermost  stems  rested 
on  others  lying  under  them  at  right  angles,  and  these  again  on 
others  parallel  with  those  on  the  upper  layer.  The  spaces 
between  the  timbers  were  filled  in  with  charcoal  and  burnt  clay." 

Each  structure  seemed  to  have  been  adapted  for  one  cottage, 
as  between  them  there  were  narrow  spaces  which  had  got  tilled 
up  with  debris,  and  contained  relics  such  as  broken  stone  hatchets, 
carbonised  cloth  and  fruits,  etc. 

"  We  cannot  imagine,"  continues  Messikommer,  "  that  this 
settlement  was  destroyed  by  fire,  for  although  we  occasionally 
met  with  burnt  beams,  not  a  single  trace  of  conflagration  was  to 
be  seen  in  the  upright  piles,  which  projected  as  much  as  2J  feet 
above  the  floor — nay,  even  in  most  of  them  the  bark  was  still 
in  good  preservation. 

"  The  products  of  the  potter's  art  were  in  general  very  coarse, 
and  yet  we  found  a  few  fragments  which  had  been  ornamented, 
and  also  parts  of  the  rims  of  vessels  made  with  washed  or 
purified  clay,  and  without  quartz  grains.  Fragments  of  vessels 
also  were  found  neatly  polished,  blackened,  and  with  handles  of 
a  convenient  form.  No  smaller  implements  were  met  with, 
such  as  pins,  little  chisels,  etc.  It  is  very  singular  that  so  few 
bones  were  found ;  the  cow,  stag,  and  the  pig  were  the  only 
animals  the  remains  of  which  were  discovered  here. 

"  At  the  bottom  of  some  broken  earthenware  vessels  there 
still  remained  grains  of  wheat  and  barley  and  hazel-nuts.  Doubt- 
less all  the  food,  whether  animal  or  vegetable,  was  kept  in  large 
or  small  vessels  of  earthenware." 


NIEDERWYL. 


121 


Subsequently,  on  two  occasions,  Messikommer  was  asked  by 
archaeological  societies  to  give  a  practical  exposition  of  this 
interesting  Packwerkbau  for  the  edification  of  their  members — 
once  in  1872,  when  the  meeting  of  the  Swiss  Natural  History 
Society  was  held  at  Frauenfield ;  and  again  in  1877,  when  the 
German  Anthropological  Association  met  at  Constance.  (B.  406c.) 

On  all  these  occasions  Messikommer  paid  particular  attention 
to  the  size  and  kind  of  cottages  the  lake-dwellers  possessed.  In 
1862,  from  the  stumps  of  piles  protruding  through  a  portion  of 
undisturbed  flooring,  he  estimated  the  size  of  the  habitable  area  for 
each  cottage  at  24  feet  long  by  18  feet  broad.  On  these  floorings 
were  seen  the  remains  of  food  and  industry,  just  as  fresh  as  if 
the  people  had  recently  left  the  place.  ("  Die  Miihle  mit  Gerste 
und  Weizen  daneben,  als  ware  sie  erst  gestern  noch  bewohnt 
gewesen.")  He  believes  that  each  cottage  possessed  not  only  its 
own  domestic  utensils  but  also  its  weaving  and  corn-grinding 
machines,  etc. 

The  area  occupied  by  the  entire  settlement  was  20,000  square 
feet,  and  the  nearest  shore,  when  the  basin  was  a  lake,  would  be 
30  or  40  yards  distant. 

The  industrial  remains  collected  from  time  to  time  at 
Niederwyl  consist  of :  —  Wheat,  barley,  flax,  cakes  of  bread, 
wooden  implements,  clay  weights  (Fig.  26,  No.  3),  stone  hatchets 
(Nos.  7  and  8),  flint  saws  (No.  1)  and  scrapers ;  some  well-made 
dishes  (Nos.  4,  5  and  6),  one  a  remarkable  jug  (No.  6)  with 
handle ;  another,  of  black  earthenware,  had  been  mended  with 
asphalt.  A  strip  of  birch-bark  (now  in  the  Museum  at  Zurich) 
had  been  neatly  sewn  (No.  10).  In  the  same  Museum  there  is 
a  stone  (perforated)  axe-hammer  head  which  vies  in  elegance  of 
workmanship  with  any  from  Scandinavia  (No.  9). 

Kecently  Messikommer  has  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
Packwerkbau  at  Niederwyl  existed  during  the  early  Bronze 
Age,  as  he  found  a  piece  of  oak  wood  having  cuts  which  could 
not  have  been  made  by  a  stone  implement.  From  various 
considerations  of^the  more  recent  facts  brought  to  light  in  the 
course  of  his  frequent  excavations  here  and  at  Robenhausen  he 
enunciates  the  opinion  that  wherever  split  oak  beams  or  piles 
are  found  we  may  with  certainty  conclude  that  the  settlement 
belongs  to  the  early  metal  age.  ("Man  darf  mit  Bestimmtheit 
annehmen,  dass  alle  jene  Niederlassungen,  in  welchen  gespaltenes 


122 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Eichenholz  in  grosserer  Menge  zum  Yorschein  kommt,  auch 
das  Me  tall  in  einfacher  [Kupfer]  oder  zusammengesetzter  Form 
[Bronze]  gekannt  haben.")  (B.  454c,  p.  2.) 

Second  Station. — Adjacent  to  the  Egelsee  basin,  and  separated 


Fig.  26.— XIEDERWYL.     Nos.  5  to  7  =  £,  10  =  f,  and  the  rest  =  £  real  size. 

from  it  only  by  about  a  dozen  paces,  is  another  small  peat-basin 
known  as  the  Riedsee,  in  which  were  recently  found  the  remains 
of  a  true  pile-dwelling.  Here  for  some  time  fragments  of  pottery, 
stone  hatchets,  horns  and  bones  of  various  animals,  were  met  with 
in  the  peat ;  but  in  August,  1884,  Messikommer  discovered  the 
actual  piles  associated  with  the  usual  objects  of  a  Stone  Age 


HEIMENLACHEN.  123 

dwelling.  The  area  of  this  Pfahlbau  was  small,  measuring  only 
13  yards  by  10.  Its  site  lay  near  the  margin  of  the  peat,  and 
the  antiquities  were  met  with  1  foot  under  the  surface.  Among 
these  were  a  small  earthenware  dish  or  cover  ornamented  with 
four  prominences  and  a  few  rows  of  punctured  dots  (No.  2), 
several  wooden  dishes  in  all  stages  of  manufacture,  entire 
handles  of  stone  hatchets,  worked  horn,  etc.  A  crucible  similar 
to  those  from  Robenhausen  was  also  found  near  the  same  place. 
Among  the  osseous  remains  are  portions  of  a  skull  of  the 
urus  with  both  horn-cores  attached.  The  other  animals  represented 
are  the  bison,  stag,  ox,  pig,  goat,  etc.  (B.  420d.) 

GREIFENSEE. 

During  the  winter  of  1865-6,  when  the  water  was  low, 
Messikommer  recognised  the  site  of  a  pile-dwelling  in  the 
Greifensee,  near  Riedikon,  but  it  has  proved  of  little  importance, 
as  only  a  few  objects — some  flints  and  stone  celts,  fragments  of 
pottery,  shells  of  hazel-nuts,  and  some  grains  of  barley — were 
found.  Its  site  was  covered  with  broken  stones,  and  being  about 
100  feet  from  the  shore,  in  a  depth  of  3  or  4  feet  even  when  the 
water  was  low,  it  was  difficult  to  make  a  satisfactory  examination. 
(B.  126,  p.  308.) 

Traces  of  a  second  station  are  said  to  have  been  observed 
between  Riedikon  and  the  village  of  Greifensee,  near  where  the 
Aabach  enters  the  lake.  (B.  462.) 

HEIMENLACHEN. 

Near  the  village  of  Heimenlachen,  in  the  Canton  of  Thurgau, 
there  is  a  peat-moor  covering  about  15  acres,  in  which  the  peasants 
while  cutting  peat  were  occasionally  turning  up  objects  of  human 
industry  deeply  buried,  but  they  have  been  either  dispersed  among 
the  curious  or  thrown  away.  A  large  skull  of  an  ox,  supposed  to 
be  that  of  a  urus,  lay  for  years  exposed  among  a  heap  of  rubbish, 
but  when  subsequently  searched  for,  it  could  not  be  found.  Among 
these  relics  were  celts  of  nephrite,  stone  hammers,  various  articles 
of  bone  and  horn,  and  some  fragments  of  pottery  and  basket-work. 
Mr.  Burkhard  Raeber,  of  Weinfelden,  drew  attention  to  these 
current  reports,  and  made  some  excavations  in  the  moor,  in  the 
course  of  which  he  discovered  numerous  piles  and  some  transverse 
beams  which  he  considered  to  have  belonged  to  a  platform. 


124  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Another  site  in  the  same  moor  was  discovered  in  1875,  which 
yielded  similar  evidence  of  a  pile-dwelling.  The  woodwork  was 
not  encountered  till  4  feet  of  peat  had  been  removed.  Mr.  Raeber 
calculates  that  the  settlement  was  from  80  to  100  yards  in  length. 
(B.  182a,  199,  and  336.) 

KRAHENRIED,  NEAR  KALTENBRUNNEN  IN  THURGAU. 

Mr.  Raeber  found  evidence  of  the  existence  of  a  pile  settle- 
ment in  a  peat  bog  at  Krahenried.  Here  the  relic-bed  was  5  or  6 
feet  deep,  and  contained  remains  of  piles,  charcoal,  hazel-nuts, 
fragments  of  pottery,  and  a  well-made  celt  of  serpentine.  The 
ornamentation  on  the  pottery  consisted  in  many  cases  of  regular 
rows  of  dots  impressed  on  a  fine  quality  of  paste  with  a  smooth 
surface.  The  peat-cutters  assured  Mr.  Raeber  that  similar  objects 
had  been  frequently  found  by  them,  but,  considering  them  of  no 
value,  they  were  thrown  away.  (B.  288.) 

LAKE   OF   NUSSBAUMEN. 

In  an  open  valley  between  Stein  and  Frauenfield  there  is  a 
chain  of  three  small  lakes,  the  upper  of  which  goes  by  the 
name  of  Nussbaumen.  Here  there  is  an  artificial  island,  on  which 
Mr.  Morlot  had  observed  piles  and  other  indications  of  a  lake- 
dwelling,  but  the  matter  has  never  been  thoroughly  investigated. 
According  to  Morlot,  this  island  measures  110  feet  by  60  feet, 
is  surrounded  by  piles,  and  has  a  similar  appearance  to  that  in 
the  little  lake  at  Inkwyl.  (B.  31,  p.  84.) 

LAKE   OF   CONSTANCE. 

The  district  around  the  Lake  of  Constance  appears  to  have 
had  great  attractions  for  the  early  lake-settlers.  This  predilection 
was  no  doubt  due  to  the  exceptionably  favourable  conditions 
which  the  lake  afforded  for  the  construction  of  their  pile-villages, 
viz.  a  gently-sloping  lake-bottom,  with  a  wide  tract  of  grazing 
or  agricultural  land  beyond.  In  every  sheltered  bay  around 
the  Untersee,  Ueberlingersee,  and  lower  parts  of  the  Bodensee, 
traces  of  these  settlements  have  been  found ;  but  owing  to  the 
difficulties  and  expense  of  investigation  they  have  not  yet  yielded 
their  due  quota  of  relics. 

WANGEN. — The  first  discovered  was  that  at  Wangen.  It  is 
recorded  that  Mr.  Caspar  Lohle,  after  reading  Keller's  first  report 


LAKE   OF    CONSTANCE.  125 

of  the  Pfahlbauten,  recollected  having  seen  on  the  shore  near 
his  own  house  similar  antiquities  to  those  figured  from  Ober- 
Meilen.  He  then  commenced,  in  the  autumn  of  1856,  to  collect 
them ;  and  when  the  water  was  low  he  made  excavations,  which 
by  degrees  rewarded  him  with  some  remarkable  remains  of 
human  industry.  The  station  was  in  a  small  bay  to  the  east 
of  the  village,  in  front  of  a  considerable  extent  of  flat  land  which 
intervened  between  it  and  the  sunny  slopes  beyond.  This  bay, 
owing  to  its  sheltered  position,  was  subject  to  an  unusual  de- 
position of  lake  sediment,  so  that  in  the  course  of  time  the  debris 
of  the  settlement  became  covered  over  with  3  or  4  feet  of  mud 
and  gravel.  As  this  deposition  went  on,  from  year  to  year,  the 
bed  of  the  lake  became  gradually  raised,  and  the  water  was 
displaced,  so  that  at  certain  seasons,  when  the  water  in  the  lake 
was  very  low,  the  relic-bed  of  the  settlement  could  be  investigated 
by  digging  on  dry  land. 

Mr.  Lohle,  in  the  course  of  his  extensive  excavations,  ascer- 
tained that  the  settlement  extended  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram 
some  700  paces  in  length  and  120  in  breadth.  The  piles  were 
made  of  round  or  split  stems  of  various  kinds  of  wood,  as  oak, 
beech,  elm,  birch,  ash,  fir,  elder,  maple,  and  two  species  of  willow. 
They  were  thickly  placed,  sometimes  three  or  four  together,  and 
Mr.  Lohle  calculates  that  in  the  entire  settlement  40,000  or 
50,000  must  have  been  used.  The  relics  collected  were  very 
numerous,  but  they  are  widely  dispersed.  The  best  public  collec- 
tions that  I  have  seen  are  in  the  Museums  at  Zurich,  Constance, 
and  Sigmaringen.  The  following  notes  and  accompanying  illus- 
trations (Fig.  27)  will  give  a  fair  idea  of  their  character. 

Stone. — Celts,  hammer -stones,  grain -rubbers,  etc.,  were  in 
hundreds,  and  in  all  stages  of  manufacture,  but  the  great  majority 
were  badly  made.  Perforated  tools  were  comparatively  rare 
(Nos.  7,  8,  9,  and  20).  Flint  saws  hafted  in  wood  (No.  15),  arid 
flint  arrow-heads  and  lance-heads,  were  in  tolerable  abundance 
(Nos.  1,  2,  and  3).  The  celts  and  chisels  were  made  from  the 
ordinary  water-worn  materials  found  in  the  neighbourhood 
(Nos.  6  and  10),  and  only  a  few  small  specimens  were  of  nephrite 
and  jadeite.  Very  few  had  horn  fasteners,  and  the  prevalent 
method  of  using  these  implements  was  to  insert  the  celt  into 
a  cleft  in  a  branch  with  a  long  handle  and  a  crook  at  the  other 
end.  Slabs  for  grinding  and  polishing  these  celts,  as  well  as 


126 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


others  with  marks  of  fire,  and   supposed   to  have   been   used   as 
hearths,  were  also  frequently  met  with. 


Fig.  27. — WANGEN.    Nos.  5,  and  17  to  19  =£,  and  the  rest  =  £  real  size. 

Bone  and  Horn. — Pointers,  daggers,  awls,  small  chisels,  and 
arrow-points  were  found  in  large  numbers.  Some  of  the  bone 
arrow-heads  had  still  the  asphalt  adhering  to  them  by  which  they 


LAKE    OF    CONSTANCE.  127 

were   fastened  to  the  stems.      Also  flax-hecklers    (No.   4),  and  a 
variety  of  fish-hooks  (Nos.  11  and  16). 

Clay. — The  fragments  of  pottery  indicated  dishes  of  a  plain 
shape,  generally  cylindrical,  and  rarely  ornamented,  but  smeared 
over  with  a  black  sooty  substance  (Nos.  17,  18,  and  19).  Spindle- 
whorls  of  burnt  clay  (Nos.  12  and  13),  and  large  clay  balls,  per- 
forated, probably  loom- weights. 

Wood. — A  plank  of  oak  7  or  8  feet  long  and  1J  foot  wide  is 
supposed  to  have  been  a  working  bench.  Another  board,  also  of 
oak,  was  like  a  round  table,  and  measured  2J  feet  in  diameter 
and  2J  inches  thick. 

Organic  Remains. — The  most  remarkable  feature,  however,  of 
the  settlement  at  Wangen  was  the  quantity  of  charred  corn  dug  up 
from  its  debris.  Mr.  Lohle  believes  that  altogether,  and  at  various 
times,  he  has  collected  as  much  as  100  bushels.  Sometimes  he  found 
the  entire  ears,  at  other  times  the  grain  only ;  but  always  in  a  charred 
condition.  The  two-rowed  barley  and  two  kinds  of  wheat  could  be 
readily  identified.  Cakes  of  bread  showing  roughly-crushed  grain, 
wild  apples  and  pears — all,  of  course,  in  a  charred  condition,  other- 
wise they  would  not  have  been  preserved  from  decomposition.  In 
some  places  there  were  large  quantities  of  the  husks  of  pine-cones, 
apple-cores,  beech  and  hazel-nuts,  as  well  as  the  seeds  of  raspberries 
and  brambles.  From  the  quantity  of  apple-cores  found  in  one 
place  it  has  been  suggested  that  the  lake-dwellers  made  some  kind 
of  liquor  of  fruits.  Flax  in  all  stages  of  manufacture,  from  the 
crude  bundles  of  stems  with  the  seed-vessels  still  attached,  to  the 
yarn,  and  a  variety  of  beautifully-woven  cloth.  Quantities  of 
moss,  rushes,  bark  of  trees,  straw,  etc.,  were  also  collected.  These 
antiquities  were  not  promiscuously  all  over  the  area  of  the  settle- 
ment, but  each  group  had  a  well-defined  area  for  itself,  from  which 
Mr.  Lohle  inferred  that  the  different  trades  were  kept  apart. 

Bones  were  not  numerous,  but  among  them  the  following 
animals  are  represented : — Urns,  aurochs,  stag,  roe,  wild  boar, 
wolf,  fox,  and  dog. 

In  one  part  of  the  settlement  Mr.  Lohle  observed  some  piles 
that  had  become  bent  and  twisted  like  the  letter  S,  evidently  from 
superincumbent  pressure ;  and  in  these  places  some  additional  piles 
had  been  inserted  by  way  of  support. 

No  metal  objects  were  found,  nor  any  support- rings  of  clay,  nor 
discoidal  stones.  (B.  22,  34,  35,  and  40.) 


128  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

OBERSTAAD. — Starting  from  Wangen,  we  shall  now  make  a 
circuit  of  the  Untersee,  briefly  noting  its  various  stations  as  we 
move  along.  The  number  now  amounts  to  upwards  of  20,  and 
their  respective  positions  can  be  ascertained  from  the  accompany- 
ing Sketch  Map  (page  129).  Below  Wangen,  the  first  we  come 
to  is  in  the  bay  between  Oberstaad  and  Kattenhorn.  From  its 
widely  scattered  remains  this  station  appears  to  have  extended  over 
a  large  area ;  but  its  piles  are  sparingly  seen,  and  its  site  has  been 
little  investigated.  The  relics  found  are  a  few  stone  celts  and  pottery. 

HOF  BEI  STEIN. — A  little  below  the  bridge  which  crosses  the 
outlet  of  the  Rhine  at  Stein  there  is  a  shallow  part  of  the  river 
known  as  "  Auf  dem  Hoi,"  which  on  rare  occasions,  when  the  water 
is  low,  becomes  exposed.  This  was  the  case  on  two  occasions 
within  the  memory  of  persons  now  living,  viz.  in  1858  and  1883. 
On  the  last  of  these  dates  Mr.  B.  Schenk,  naturalist,  of  Stein,  dis- 
covered that  it  contained  the  remains  of  a  pile-dwelling  buried  in 
the  mud.  The  piles  in  this  structure  were  strong  and  firmly  fixed, 
and  among  them  were  some  transverse  beams,  and  others  slantingly 
placed,  as  if  to  protect  the  structure  against  the  stream.  Notwith- 
standing the  difficulty  of  working  here,  Mr.  Schenk  collected  a  large 
number  of  the  industrial  remains  of  its  inhabitants,  such  as  flint 
implements,  about  1 50  stone  axes  (three  of  which  were  of  nephrite), 
and  a  perforated  stone  disc  like  a  large  spindle-whorl,  measuring 
2f  inches  in  diameter,  and  1J  inches  thick.  Perforated  stone  axes 
were  rare,  but  some  of  them  are  of  interest,  especially  a  portion  of 
one  made  of  basalt.  There  were  also  worked  objects  of  horn  and 
bone,  remains  of  linen  cloth,  thread,  and  a  woven  fabric  made  of 
bast.  Noteworthy  among  bone  objects  is  the  scapula  of  a  deer 
perforated  with  a  round  hole,  and  having  its  central  ridge  rubbed  off, 
so  as  to  make  it  into  a  polishing  implement.  An  urn-shaped  vessel 
12  inches  high  is  preserved  in  the  Zurich  Museum.  A  few  metal 
objects  are  also  recorded,  viz.  a  small  copper  celt  2f  inches  long, 
also  a  bronze  ring  and  a  bronze  hatchet.  Bones  representing  the 
ox,  pig,  stag,  roe,  bear,  and  beaver.  (B.  462  ;  Antiqua,  1883,  p.  68.) 

DAS  WEERD. — The  existence  of  the  remains  of  a  lake-dwelling 
at  the  east  end  of  the  Insel  Weerd  has  been  known  for  a  long 
time.  The  site  is  close  to  where  a  Roman  bridge  extended 
from  Eschenz  to  Arach ;  but  the  piles  are  somewhat  scattered, 
and  embrace  both  sides  of  the  river.  In  1882  Mr.  Schenk  suc- 
ceeded in  finding  its  relic-fced,  which  he  describes  as  composed 


LAKE   OF   CONSTANCE. 


129 


Plan  of  Lake-dwellings  in  i 
BODENSEE 


BODENSEE      I 


Ukldingen 
{Jnl-Ukldin 


_      ,.  .  Radolfzell 

English  miles 


130  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

of  two  distinct  layers — the  upper  one  being  of  a  dark  colour 
probably  the  result  of  the  conflagration  which  destroyed  the 
settlement;  and  a  lower  of  a  yellowish  colour,  containing  much 
organic  debris.  About  4  cubic  metres  of  this  Kulturgeschicht 
was  examined,  and  among  the  relics  collected  were  three  human 
skulls,  one  of  which  is  perfect,  but  the  others  were  in  bits ; 
a  knife,  a  hair-pin,  and  some  rings  of  bronze ;  a  copper 
celt  (B.  420b,  p.  174) ;  polished  stone  celts,  one  of  which  was 
made  of  jadeite.  In  addition  to  these,  there  were  various 
objects  of  Roman  times  collected  on  or  in  the  vicinity  of  this 
station,  including  a  tile  with  an  inscription,  a  bronze  statue, 
Roman  coins,  etc.  In  the  Rosgarten  Museum  there  is  a  bronze 
sword,  said  to  be  from  this  station ;  also  a  quern  stone  21 
inches  in  diameter,  with  a  central  hole  3  inches  in  diameter. 
But  it  is  not  probable  that  either  of  these  objects  really  belonged 
to  the  lake-dwellers.  The  bronze  knife,  three  pins,  and  some  per- 
forated stone  implements  (Fig.  28,  Nos.  4  to  7,  and  10),  are  also  in 
this  museum,  and  labelled  "  Insel  Weerd."  The  human  skull  has 
been  reported  on  by  Professor  Kollmann,  who  shows  it  to  be 
dolicho-cephalic.  (Antigua,  1883,  p.  69 ;  and  1884,  p.  174 ;  Das 
Ausland,  1885,  p.  219 ;  B.  462.) 

MAMMERN.— In  the  bay  above  Mammern,  at  a  place  called 
Neuenburgerhorn,  there  is  an  extensive  area  containing  very 
decayed  piles.  It  was  investigated  by  Messikornmer  in  1861  on 
behalf  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Thurgau.  (B.  41.)  The  piles 
commenced  about  160  feet  from  the  shore,  and  extended  some 
400  feet  along,  covering  an  area  of  40,000  square  feet.  The  antiqui- 
ties were  all  found  on  the  surface,  and  consisted  of  hundreds  of 
stone  celts,  flint  implements,  pottery,  and  bones.  No  small 
bone  tools,  nor  any  trace  of  the  lighter  industrial  remains  or 
food  material,  were  met  with,  nor  was  there  a  relic-bed  under- 
neath. Hence  Messikommer  concluded  that  the  finer  contents 
of  the  relic-bed  had  been  washed  away  by  the  current  of  water, 
which,  it  seems,  is  pretty  strong  at  this  place.  (B.  40,  p.  26.) 

FELDBACH  and  STECKBORN.  —  A  station  called  "  Pfahlbati 
Turgi,"  near  Feldbach,  has  been  long  known,  and  several  pre- 
historic objects  have  been  found  on  it  from  time  to  time.  The 
water  being  low  in  1882,  the  Historical  Society  of  Thurgau 
undertook  some  systematic  explorations.  From  various  indi- 
cations it  was  inferred  that  this  station  was  not  among  those 


LAKE    OF   CONSTANCE.  131 

destroyed  by  fire.  The  antiquities  collected  belonged  to  the 
pure  Stone  Age,  among  which  are :— Stone  celts,  bone  and  horn 
objects,  specimens  of  barley  and  wheat,  cloth  made  of  bast,  and 
fragments  of  basket-work.  From  the  observations  of  Mr.  Schenk, 
it  '  would  appear  that  this  pile-dwelling  had  been  protected 
from  the  waves  by  a  kind  of  wooden  bulwark.  (B.  383a.) 


Fig.  28.— UNTERSEE  (1.4  to  7.  13,  16,  18,  and  19),  MINDLISEE  (2?  3,  11,  12,  14,  and 
15),  and  BUSSENSEE.     Nos.  10  and  12  =  £,  and  the  rest  =  £  real  size. 

Near  Steckborn  there  was  another  small  station,  known  as 
"Der  Pfahlbau  Schariz,"  on  which  some  interesting  objects — as 
dishes,  harpoons,  etc. — were  found.  In  1885  it  was  again  searched 
by  Messikommer  (B.  434b,  p.  33),  and  among  the  objects  then 
collected  were  stone  celts  (Fig.  28,  No.  13),  harpoons  of  horn 
(No.  19),  a  flax-heckler,  and  an  implement  called  a  whistle 
(No.  18)  made  of  the  short  foot-bone  of  a  cow.  According  to 
Messikommer,  this  settlement  had  been  twice  destroyed  by  fire 


132  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

and  the  usual  carbonised  materials — as  cloth,  grain,  charcoal,  etc. 
—were  abundantly  found.     (B.  462.) 

BERLINGEN. — In  the  bay  above  this  town  are  piles,  but  not 
readily  discernible,  and  stone  celts  have  been  found  all  along  the 
shore. 

ERMATINGEN. — This  settlement  occupied  the  bay  below  the 
village,  and  its  site  is  particularly  rich  in  flint  implements  and  the 
refuse  of  their  manufacture.  Stone  celts  are  also  abundant,  and 
among  them  are  a  few  of  nephrite.  Some  fragments  of  pottery 
showing  a  net-like  ornamentation  on  their  inside  are  noted  from 
this  locality.  The  station  appears  to  have  been  voluntarily 
abandoned,  as  there  are  no  carbonised  materials  among  its  debris. 
(B.  40  and  462.) 

LANGENRAIX. — Below  Gottlieben,  at  the  north  end  of  a  small 
island  formed  by  a  divergent  branch  of  the  Rhine,  Dr.  Nageli,  of 
Ermatingen,  discovered  in  1882  the  remains  of  a  pile-dwelling  of 
the  Bronze  Age.  Some  of  the  piles  were  seen  in  the  wrater 
projecting  from  the  mud,  but  they  are  mostly  concealed  by  the 
deposits  imported  by  a  stream  (Wollmatinger-Bach)  which  here 
falls  into  the  Rhine.  They  are  partly  round  and  partly  split  stems, 
sharpened  by  metal  tools,  and  occupy  an  area  about  100  yards 
in  length  and  15  in  breadth.  The  relic-bed  was  covered  with  a 
layer  of  mud  from  1  to  2J  feet  in  thickness.  Among  the  objects 
recorded  from  this  station  are  a  winged  celt,  two  lance-heads, 
and  two  hair-pins  of  bronze,  fragments  of  pottery  (some  of  which 
are  ornamented  with  the  meander  pattern),  and  two  bits  of  clay 
crescents,  Also  various  bones  of  animals  and  portions  of  a  human 
skull,  the  latter  being  found  in  the  presence  of  Mr.  Leiner  at  a 
depth  of  2i  feet  from  the  surface.  (B.  462.) 

OBERZELL, — The  first  station  on  the  island  of  Reichenau,  and 
only  lately  discovered,  lies  to  the  north  of  Oberzell.  (B.  462.) 

HEGNE,  ALLENSBACH,  and  MARKELFINGEN. — Of  the  settlements 
along  this  part  of  the  shore  Mr.  IJehorT  has  given  a  long  account 
in  Keller's  fifth  report  of  the  Pfahlbauten.  (B.  61.)  Since  then 
a  new  station  has  been  discovered  at  Hegne,  but  otherwise  no 
important  discoveries  have  been  recorded  from  these  stations. 
They  all  belong  to  the  Stone  Age.  At  Markelfingen  the  piles 
were  observed  round  a  small  Steinberg  some  30  paces  from  the 
shore,  which,  when  the  water  was  low,  became  a  low  island.  No 
piles  were  seen  on  this  island,  but  it  yielded  a  large  number  of 


BAY   OF   CONSTANCE.  133 

coarsely-made  stone  celts.  From  this  place  I  noticed  in  the 
Museum  at  Friedrichshafen  a  beautiful  polished  chisel  of  stone 
in  a  staghorn  handle  (Fig.  28,  No.  1)  and  a  metal  (copper  or 
bronze)  bracelet  (No.  16). 

Near  Allensbach  piles  extended  as  a  broad  band  for  about  1,000 
paces  parallel  to  the  shore.  In  one  place  rows  of  piles  took  the 
direction  of  the  shore  in  such  a  manner  as  to  suggest  a  bridge  or 
stage  entrance.  The  piles  were  generally  round  stems,  but  some  of 
the  oak  ones  were  split,  and  measured  in  some  instances  14  to  10 
inches  in  diameter.  They  projected  only  a  few  inches  above  the 
mud.  In  some  places  horizontal  beams  of  split  oak  were  found 
lying  buried  in  the  mud,  but  in  deep  water,  and  measuring 
15  feet  in  length  and  4  to  6  inches  in  diameter. 

The  antiquities  collected  were  chiefly  the  heavier  implements, 
as  stone  celts,  which  varied  very  much  both  in  size  and  form- 
being  from  less  than  an  inch  to  21  inches  in  length.  Only  a  few 
fragments  showed  perforated  axes.  Corn-crushers  were  in  great 
abundance,  as  well  as  flint  saws  and  other  objects  of  this  material. 
Another  station  just  opposite  Allensbach  has  largely  supplied 
collectors  with  stone  celts,  and  a  considerable  number  of  per- 
forated hammer-axes.  At  Hegne  the  stone  celts  show  better 
workmanship,  and  among  the  relics  are  some  beautifully-made 
saws,  daggers,  and  lance-heads  of  yellow  and  dark  flint.  Two 
earthen  vessels  slightly  bulging  in  the  middle,  and  having  per- 
forations for  cords  instead  of  handles,  are  noted  by  Dehoft'  as 
containing  a  black  sooty  substance,  and  a  third  was  filled  with 
hazel-nuts. 

The  remaining  stations  in  the  Untersee  are  at   IZNANG,  GUN- 

DOLZEN,   (B.   462,    p.    12),    HORNSTAAD,    GAIENHOFEN,    and    HEMMEN- 

HOFEN,  but  they  present  the  same  features  as  those  already 
noticed  of  the  Stone  Age.  (B.  22.) 

CONSTANCE. — In  the  Bay  of  Constance  there  were  several  of 
these  lake-dwellings,  the  remains  of  which  have  only  more 
recently  come  to  light.  In  Keller's  eighth  report  of  the  Swiss 
lake-dwellings  (B.  336),  Mr.  Leiner,  keeper  of  the  Eosgarten 
Museum,  gives  a  short  account  of  the  antiquities  found  in  the 
harbour  (Rauenegg)  when  it  was  being  enlarged.  Among  several 
rows  of  ancient  piles  of  oak  and  cross-beams  running  in  a 
southerly  direction  towards  the  Kreuzlingen  shore  there  were 
found  Iv.iried  in  the  mud,  chiefly  lying  over  the  shell  marl 


134 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


(uberkalkter  Canchylien),  fragments  of  ornamented  pottery 
(Fig.  29,  Xos.  4  to  10),  loom-weights,  spindle- whorls,  portions 
of  clay  plaster  for  huts,  stone  celts,  and  perforated  axe- 
hammers,  together  with  a  variety  of  flint  implements  (Nos.  11 
and  12).  Mr.  Leiner  remarks  that  while  the  pottery  found  in  many 


Pig.  29. — BAY  OF  CONSTANCE.     Nos.  6  to  10  =  j,  and  the  rest  =  £  real  size. 

of  the  neighbouring  stations  was  rude  and  entirely  hand-made, 
that  from  the  Rauenegg  station  would  almost  indicate  a  know- 
ledge of  the  potter's  wheel.  This  pottery  was  burnt  into  a  grey, 
black,  or  yellowish  colour,  and  belonged  to  the  Bronze  Age  ;  in 
proof  of  which  he  instances  among  the  antiquities  a  few  bronze 
objects  (Nos.  1  to  3),  a  small  bit  of  amber,  and  some  fragments  of 
a  fine  green  and  blue  glass.  One  of  the  bronze  objects  (No.  1)  is 
quite  unique,  but  of  its  purpose  nothing  seems  to  be  known. 
In  1882  the  site  of  a  station  was  discovered  just  opposite  the 


UEBERLINGERSEE.  135 

public  gardens,  which  goes  under  the  name  FRAUENPFAHL.  Its 
area  was  determined  to  be  about  130  yards  long  and  100  yards 
wide.  The  antiquities  from  it  are  hatchets  of  serpentine  and 
chloromelanite,  fragments  of  vases,  a  large  bead  of  blue  glass, 
a  bronze  hatchet,  and  a  canoe. 

During  the  same  season  (the  water  being'  then  very  low) 
another  large  station  was  discovered,  running  along  the  north 
shore  of  the  bay  near  HINTERHAUSEN.  It  extended  in  length 
for  about  400  yards,  with  an  average  breadth  of  50;  and  among 
its  piles  were  found  some  hundreds  of  stone  hatchets,  worked 
objects  of  bone  and  horn,  pottery,  and  a  large  assortment  of  the 
bones  of  various  animals.  (B.  381,  382,  and  462.) 

In  passing  to  the  Ueberlingersee  the  first  station  we  come 
,to  is  Staad,  which  lies  immediately  below  Allmannsdorf ;  and  a 
little  farther  on  there  is  another,  opposite  the  village  of  EGG,  both 
of  which  are  recent  additions  to  the  long  list  of  lake-settlements 
known  in  this  branch  of  the  Lake  of  Constance.  Beyond  the 
bridge  which  joins  INSEL  MAINAU  to  the  mainland  lies  the  debris 
of  a  very  large  settlement  which  formed  at  least  two  villages.  That 
next  to  LUTZELSTETTEN  is  characterised  by  its  high-class  pottery 
of  the  Stone  Age.  Along  the  shore  stone  celts  are  met  with  all 
the  way  to  the  village  of  DINGELSDORF,  immediately  opposite  to 
which  is  a  settlement  of  the  Stone  Age. 

The  next  station  was  near  WALLHAUSEN,  which,  owing  to  the 
number  of  flint  implements  collected  on  it,  goes  among  collectors 
under  the  name  of  "Flint  Island."  Among  the  celts  found  here 
are  a  few  of  nephrite  and  one  of  polished  flint.  (B.  462,  p.  4.) 
Large  collections  have  been  made  from  this  station,  one  of  which, 
according  to  Mr.  Boll,  was  lately  sold  for  £60.  (B.  378.) 

From  Wallhausen  northwards  neither  piles  nor  any  industrial 
remains  are  met  with  till  we  come  to  Bodrnann.  This  is,  no 
doubt,  owing  to  the  abrupt  nature  of  the  coast  which  renders 
the  lake-margin  unsuitable  for  such  structures. 

BODMANN. — At  this  town  the  hills  again  recede,  and  leave 
an  open  valley  stretching  away  westwards,  through  which  the 
stream  Stockach  flows  and  empties  itself  into  the  head  of  the 
lake.  Here  there  were  two  settlements  which  have  yielded  an 
enormous  amount  of  industrial  remains.  The  most  recent  haul 
was  in  1888,  the  largest  portion  of  which  went  to  the  Rosgarten 
Museum.  When  I  last  visited  Constance  (August,  1888),  the  stuff' 


130  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

was  still  at  Mr.  Leiner's  privato  residence,  and  it  was  perfectly 
appalling  to  see  the  number  of  boxes,  barrels,  etc.,  in  which  the 
materials  were  stowed  away.  Besides  the  Rosgarten  Museum, 
there  are  good  collections  from  these  stations  at  Friedrichshafen, 
the  Steinhaus  Museum  at  Ueberlingen,  and  at  Bodmann  itself 
(formerly  in  the  Schloss,  but  now  at  the  private  residence  of 
Mr.  Ley). 

The  results  of  the  earlier  explorations  have  been  described  by 
MM  Ley  and  Dehoff(B.  61  and  126),  and  some  notes  of  the  more 
recent  finds  are  given  by  Leiner  and  Boll.  (B.  378,  381,  and  382.) 

The  first  station  was  close  to  the  present  landing-stage,  and 
the  piles  have  been  observed  to  hug  the  shore  in  a  narrow  band 
for  several  hundred  yards.  In  one  spot  measuring  some  30  yards 
by  10,  flint  implements  and  refuse,  including  all  manner  of  chips, 
were  found  in  such  astonishing  quantity  as  to  give  rise  to  the  opinion 
that  it  was  the  site  of  a  flint  factory.  Mr.  PehofF  states  that 
so  numerous  were  the  flints  here  that,  before  the  introduction  of 
lucifer  matches,  and  as  far  as  the  memory  of  man  goes  back,  it 
supplied  the  whole  neighbourhood  with  the  flints  required,  and 
was  actually  worked  as  a  business  for  this  purpose.  Mr.  Ley 
describes  the  relic-bed  as  consisting  of  two  strata,  separated  by 
a  thin  layer  of  mud,  and  buried  beneath  a  bed  of  gravel  1J  to 
2  feat  thick.  The  lower  stratum  was  from  half  a  foot  to  a  foot 
thick,  and  lay  immediately  over  the  original  lake -sediment.  In 
some  parts  this  layer  appeared  to  be  covered  by  a  thin  deposit 
of  carbonised  materials. 

The  S3cond  relic- bed  was  but  half  the  thickness  of  the 
former,  and,  according  to  Mr.  Ley,  it  was  only  in  it  that  perforated 
axe-heads  were  found ;  and  in  its  other  remains,  such  as  pottery, 
he  sees  evidence  of  progress  and  improved  handicraft. 

Among  the  more  noteworthy  objects  from  Bodmann  (Fig.  30) 
are  fish-spears  of  horn,  with  two  and  four  prongs  (Nos.  3  and  5) ; 
fish-hooks  and  other  implements  of  bone  (Nos.  1,  2,  4,  6,  7,  8,  10,  14 
and  19)  ;  a  bow  of  yew  wood  ;  a  celt  and  a  sickle  of  flint ;  a  vessel 
containing  no  less  than  600  perforated  beads  of  Jura  limestone  ; 
goblet-like  dishes  of  blackish  earthenware  with  conical  bases 
(No.  21) ;  and  curiously-ornamented  vases  (No.  20) ;  a  saw  in  its 
casing,  supposed  to  be  made  of  reindeer  horn  (No.  17);  clay 
spindle-whorls  (No.  18).  Nos.  7,  8,  14,  15,  17,  and  18,  are  from 
the  recent  find. 


UEBERLINGERSEE. 


Fig.  30.— BODMANX.     Xos.  20  and  21  =  j,  and  the  rest=  J-  real  sixo. 


138  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

,  About  500  or  600  yards  farther  north,  and  close  to  the  farthest 
off 'point  of  the  Ueberlingersee,  Mr.  Ley  discovered  the  remains  of 
a  second  settlement,  which  he  thinks  was  constructed  in  the 
Bronze  Age.  Not  only  were  bronze  and  iron  objects  found  on  it, 
but  the  piles  are  much  less  decayed  than  those  of  the  previously- 
described  station ;  moreover,  there  were  marks  on  some  he  had 
drawn  up  from  a  depth  of  six  feet  which  could  only  have  been 
produced  by  sharp  cutting  implements.  It  goes  under  the  name 
of  SCHACHEN  ;  but  it  is  difficult  to  say  from  which  station  the 
numerous  objects  exposed  in  the  museums  have  come,  as  they 
are  indiscriminately  marked  "  Bodmann."  According  to  Mr.  Ley, 
this  settlement  was  of  large  extent,  but  the  greater  part  of  it  ip 
deeply  buried  in  mud,  and  not  easily  explored.  The  bronze 
objects  described  by  Mr.  Ley  are  three  celts,  two  of  the  flat  type 
(Nos.  12  and  13)  and  one  winged  (No.  11),  and  a  pin.  Those  of 
iron  are  a  knife,  two  arrow-heads,  and  portion  of  a  fish-hook.  A 
fibula  in  Rosgarten  Museum  marked  "  Bodmann  "  is  of  the  Roman 
period  (No.  9),  but  this  is  not  surprising,  as  there  are  many  Roman 
remains  in  the  neighbourhood.  Split  beams  of  oak,  and  others  with 
square  mortised  holes  (like  those  from  Zurich,  Fig.  2,  Nos.  13 
and  14)  were  fished  up  here,  thus  bearing  out  Keller's  idea  that 
such  beams  were  only  used  where  the  mud  is  soft.  Some  elegant 
vases,  one  ornamented  like  those  from  Schussenried  (No.  20),  and 
horn  objects,  are  reported  from  it.  (B.  462.)  In  the  Museum  at 
Ueberlingen  there  are  a  few  bronze  and  iron  objects  from  Pfahlbau 
Bodmann,  as  a  bracelet  of  bronze  wire,  pins,  needles^  a  ring,  a  lance- 
head,  and  two  small  figurines  (Fig.  195,  Nos.  15  and  16). 

LUDWIGSHAFEN. — Turning  the  head  of  the  LTeberlingersee  we 
come  to  the  village  of  Ludwigshafen,  where  recently  piles  have  been 
detected  in  two  places,  one  of  which  has  turned  out  to  be  exceed-* 
ingly  rich  in  staghorn  implements — so  much  so  as  to  suggest  the 
idea  that  it  was  a  special  factory  for  this  material.  This  station 
was  about  30  yards  from  the  shore,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  its  remains 
it  was  long  known  that  Roman  tiles  lay  scattered  about.  These 
tiles  are  of  two  kinds,  hollow  and  flat,  the  latter  measuring 
12  by  7  inches. 

SIPPLINGEN. — There  are  two  stations  at  Sipplingen — one,  at  the 
east  end  of  the  village,  covering  nearly  30  acres.  The  second  is 
only  about  4  acres  in  extent,  but  it  has  not  been  carefully 
explored.  Its  chief  interest  lies  in  the  statement  made  by 


FEBERLINGERSEE.  139 

Mr.  Boll  that  a  large  quantity  of  wood  was  observed  lying  in  the 
mud,  and  among  the  beams  an  iron  sword,  believed  to  be  of 
Roman  origin,  was  found.  Close  to  this  station  was  found  the 
wreck  of  a  badly-constructed  boat,  which  had  no  nails,  but  was 
kept  together  by  copper  wire.  (B.  378,  p.  97.)  The  former  station 
is  the  more  interesting,  as  it  has  furnished  objects  characteristic 
of  the  three  Ages  of  Stone,  Bronze,  and  Iron,  as  well  as  of  Roman, 
Allemanish,  and  Frankish  times.  According  to  Dr.  Lachmann 
(B.  126),  the  great  majority  of  the  relics  belong  to  the  Stone  Age, 
with  very  few  of  the  Bronze  Age.  Among  the  objects  of  more 
recent  times  were  the  following  of  iron : — A  lance-point,  three 
arrow-heads,  two  sickles,  a  one-edged  sword,  and  a  Roman  key. 
What  is  still  more  puzzling  is  the  finding  of  glass  in  considerable 
quantities  here.  It  is  of  two  kinds,  and  one  bit  was  ornamented 
with  gold  enamel.  Among  the  more  recent  finds  are  pottery 
representing  large  vessels,  with  a  rim  and  perforated  knobs  for 
suspension,  and  a  large  flint  celt  weighing  three  pounds.  (B.  378.) 

Some  goblets  with  conical  bases,  supposed  to  be  crucibles,  have 
been  found  here,  as  well  as  at  Bodmann  (Fig.  30,  No.  21),  but 
they  appear  to  me  to  indicate  the  commencement  of  the  Bronze 
Age  when  such  forms  came  into  general  use. 

It  may  be  further  noted  that  among  these  relics  are  about 
100  examples  of  egg-shaped  stones  which  were  found  in  one  place, 
a  few  hatchets  and  chisels  of  nephrite,  and  a  small  copper  celt 
encased,  when  found,  in  a  clay  coating,  probably  the  mould  in 
which  it  was  cast. 

Another  small  station,  the  debris  of  which  is  deeply  buried, 
was  near  St.  Catherina,  not  far  from  Briinnensbach,  which  has 
also  yielded  objects  of  more  recent  times.  (B.  462.) 

NUSSDORF. — The  settlement  at  Nussdorf  covered  about  three 
acres  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram.  The  piles  are  mostly  round, 
generally  about  two  feet  apart,  but  sometimes  in  groups.  This 
station  was  the  first  discovered  by  Mr.  Ullersberger,  in  1862,  and 
is  important  for  the  number  of  antiquities  it  has  yielded  of 
the  pure  Stone  Age.  Dr.  Lachmann  describes  the  early  in- 
vestigations and  discoveries  with  great  minuteness.  (B.  126.) 
Among  the  flint  objects  were  about  100  specimens  of  arrow-points 
and  lance-heads  (Fig.  31,  Nos.  1  to  5),  in  all  gradations  of  sizes, 
and  80  saws,  piercers,  and  knives.  The  saws  were  in  general  3J  inches 
in  length  and  2  wide,  and  eight  still  retain  their  handles.  Stone 


14r) 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


celts,    chisels,  and  hammer-axes  (No.   29)  numbered  about  1,000, 
and  of  these  about  50  celts  were  made  of  nephrite.     Horn  fixings 


w 

M  A 


Fig.  31. — XUSSDORF,  MAUEACH,  LUTZELSTETTEN,  ETC.    No.  24  =  ^,  20  and  27  =  £, 

and  the  rest  =  ^  real  size. 

were  used  for  some  of  the  celts  ;  but  there  were  wooden  handles 
with  a  cleft,  which  showed  that  they  were  hafted  in  a  variety 
of  ways.  The  perforated  axes  were  comparatively  rare,  only 


UEBERLINGERSEE.  141 

about   50   being   in   the   collection.       The   perforations    are    both 
circular  and  oval. 

Clay  spindle-whorls  (Nos.  14  and  15)  and  loom- weights  were 
well  represented,  but  pottery  was  both  scarce  and  of  indifferent 
quality.  Of  bone  and  horn  there  were  several  hundred  objects, 
including  chisels  (No.  8),  awls,  daggers  (Nos.  11  to  13),  various 
kinds  of  pins  (No.  10),  three  combs  (Nos.  6  and  7),  16  perforated 
hammers  of  staghorn  (No.  23),  perforated  teeth,  a  fish-hook  of 
boar's  tusk  (No.  22),  etc. 

MAURACH. — About  half-way  between  Nussdorf  and  Unter- 
Uhldingen  lies  the  site  of  the  famous  station  at  Maurach.  It  was 
discovered  during  the  winter  of  1862-3,  and  was  among  those 
investigated  by  Mr.  Ullersberger.  It  appears  that  in  1839  a  dam 
or  dyke  was  built  here,  which  covered  a  portion  of  the  area  occupied 
by  the  lake-settlement,  so  that  it  could  only  be  partially  explored. 
The  piles  came  close  up  to  the  shore,  but  stretched  out  into  the 
lake  for  about  1,000  feet,  covering  some  8  acres.  According  to 
Dr.  Lachmann,  the  antiquities,  about  600  of  which  were  collected, 
were  precisely  similar  to  those  from  Nussdorf.  Stone  axes  were 
met  with  in  all  stages  of  manufacture,  but  hardly  any  pottery. 
A  flattened  bead  of  amber  and  four  copper  celts  (Fig.  31, 
Nos.  16  to  19)  are  the  only  further  noteworthy  objects  included 
among  those  from  the  earlier  investigations.  (B.  126.) 

It  was  not  till  1880,  when  the  dyke  above  referred  to  was  being 
repaired,  that  the  special  feature  which  now  chaiacteiises  this 
settlement  became  known.  Among 'the  stone  hatchets  then  found 
were  nearly  500  of  nephrite,  of  which  two-thirds  were  tolerably 
well  made.  But  more  interesting  is  the  fact  that  nephrite  was 
f  jund  in  the  crude  state,  in  the  form  of  unworked  bits  and  chips, 
from  the  size  of  a  finger-nail  up  to  3  inches  in  length  and  2 
inches  in  breadth ;  so  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  material 
was  worked  on  the  spot.  These  later  finds  have  gene  chiefly  to  the 
Rosgarten  Museum.  Mr.  Leiner,  writing  in  1882  (B.  381),  states 
that  from  the  various  stations  on  the  Ueberlingersee  he  received 
800  nephrite,  12  jadeite,  11  chloromelanite,  and  one  saussurite, 
hatchets  or  chisels. 

UNTER-UHLDINGEN. — Dr.  Lachmann  describes  two  settlements 
which  have  left  their  remains  near  the  village  of  Unter-Uhldingen, 
about  1,000  feet -from  the  shore  and  nearly  a  mile  apart,  and  each 
covering  about  8  to  10  acres.  On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Eoll 


14-2  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUKO1E. 

makes  mention  of  only  one  station,  which  he  characterisss  as  the 
largest  in  Lake  Constance,  covering  some  80  acres.  Both  stations 
contained  several  well-defined  Steinbergs  —  three  in  one  and 
four  in  the  other — in  which  were  cross-beams  binding  the  piles 
together,  like  the  Steinberg  at  Nidati.  The  relics  belong  to  all  ages, 
and  indicate  a  continued  duration  from  the  Stone  Age  down  to  the 
Roman  period,  if  not  even  for  some  centuries  later.  The  Stone  Age 
relics  are  similar  to  those  found  on  the  other  stations  in  the 
Ueberlingersee.  Dr.  Lachmann  describes  among  the  flint  saws  one 
9 1  inches  long.  The  celts,  chisels,  and  axes  numbered  about  300, 
and  the  spindle-whorls  40.  Pottery  was  more  abundantly  met 
with  here,  and  better  made,  than  in  any  of  the  other  stations.  About 
130  fragments  and  whole  dishes  indicate  a  great  variety  of  vessels — 
cups,  jars,  vases,  covers,  etc.  Some  had  handles,  and  others  were 
ornamented  in  a  variety  of  ways  (Fig.  32,  No.  27) ;  and,  besides  the 
Bronze  Age  pottery,  there  were  bits  of  red  earthenware,  the  well- 
known  Samian  ware  (terra  sigillata)  of  the  Romans. 

The  special  feature,  however,  of  this  station  lies  in  the  number 
of  bronze  objects  it  has  yielded.  In  the  Ullersberger  collection 
Dr.  Lachmann  describes  six  lance-points  (No.  17);  16  hatchets 
with  wings  (Nos.  2  and  3),  two  with  sockets  (No.  1),  and  a  few  of 
the  flat  type  (Nos.  29  and  30);  25  knife-blades  (Nos.  9  and  12); 
four  armlets,  two  ornamented  (Nos.  21  and  22) ;  some  sickles 
(No.  23),  fish-hooks  (Nos.  18  and  19),  rings,  and  more  than  100  hair- 
pins (Nos.  4  to  8,  14,  24,  and  25).  Also  about  40  objects  of  iron, 
including  a  few  lance  (No.  26)  and  arrow-heads,  one  axe,  several 
knives,  two  pruning-hooks  (No.  11),  some  iron  rings,  a  fibula 
(No.  15),  portion  of  a  two-edged  sword,  a  short  sword  with  a 
wooden  handle,  an  implement  like  a  fork,  a  pair  of  pincers,  etc. 
Besides  these,  there  is  another  collection  of  similar  implements 
of  bronze  and  iron  in  the  Museum  of  Friedrichshafen.  Among  the 
iron  objects  here  are  two  of  the  so-called  priming-knives  (Hippen), 
a  hammer-axe,  two  harpoons,  some  arrow-heads  and  rings,  a  fibula 
(La  Tene  type),  six  horseshoes,  a  dagger,  and  a  girdle-hook. 

Here,  as  well  as  at  Sipplingen,  a  quantity  of  well-made  glass 
was  found  on  the  site  of  the  settlement,  consisting  chiefly  of 
the  bottoms  of  goblets  of  a  greenish  colour,  which,  according 
to  Mr.  Hofrath  Klemm,  of  Dresden,  belonged  to  the  sixth  or 
seventh  century  after  Christ.  Very  few  objects  of  bone  and 
horn  were  found  at  Unter-Uhldingen. 


UEBERLINGERSEE 


143 


Fig.  32.— UNTER-UHLDINGEX.     Nos.  20  and  2(J=-J,  and  the  rcst  =  |  real 


144  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Tli3  collection  of  antiquities  from  the  north  shore  of  the 
Ueberlingersee,  including  the  settlements  Nussdorf,  Maurach, 
Unter-Uhldingen,  and  Sipplingen,  made  by  Mr.  Ullersberger  and 
Dr.  Lachmann,  previous  to  1865,  was  purchased  by  the  Wurtem- 
burg  Government,  and  is  now  in  the  Museum  at  Stuttgart. 
Since  then  a  considerable  number  of  objects  have  been  found, 
which  are  dispersed  among  the  local  museums  and  private  col- 
lections, as  may  be  seen  from  an  inspection  of  the  Museums 
at  Constance,  Ueberlingen,  Friedrichshafen,  Bregenz,  and 
Bodmann. 

Leaving  the  northern  branch  of  the  Lake  of  Constance,  and 
still  following  the  coast,  we  come,  a  little  beyond  Meersburg,  to 
a  couple  of  stations,  Haltnau  and  Hagnau,  both  of  which 
subsisted  during  the  early  Bronze  Age.  From  HALTNAU  a  con- 
siderable number  of  mixed  relics,  including  a  bronze  spear- 
head and  hatchet,  two  large  vases,  beautiful  stone  chisels  and 
perforated  axes,  implements  of  nephrite,  etc.  (B.  378.)  In  the 
Rosgarten  Museum  there  are  a  few  things  of  bronze,  as  a 
knife,  a  small  chisel  or  awl,  like  Fig.  32,  No.  13,  a  Hat  hatchet 
(Fig.  33,  No.  3),  and  a  pendant  (No.  13).  Of  late  years  HAGNAU  has 
yielded  a  large  number  of  bronze  objects,  including  knives  (No.  9), 
sickles,  spirals,  bracelets  (No.  6),  flat  hatchets  (Nos.  1,  2,  and  4), 
two  with  wings,  also  pendants,  lance-heads,  portion  of  sword-blade, 
and  about  200  hair-pins  (Nos.  7,  8,  and  10).  (B.  381  and  462.) 
The  few  illustrations  of  these  objects  here  given  are  from  the 
Museums  of  Constance  and  Friedrichshafen.  The  stations  at 
IMMENSTAAD,  FISCHBACH,  and  MANZELL  are  rich  in  good  speci- 
mens of  jade.  From  Manzell  comes  one  of  the  finest  chloromelanite 
hatchets  found  in  this  neighbourhood,  and  also  a  small  one  of 
jadeite,  both  of  which  are  in  the  Museum  at  Friedrichshafen. 

Near  Lindau,  between  the  Villa  Amsee  and  Aeschbach,  there 
appears  to  have  been  a  settlement,  from  which  a  few  relics  have 
gone  to  the  Museums  at  Munich  and  Bregenz.  (B.  462.) 

The  stations  along  the  southern  shore  of  the  Bodensee  have 
not  as  yet  been  so  productive  in  industrial  remains  as  those  of 
the  more  sheltered  Untersee  and  Ueberlingersee,  but  never- 
theless there  is  sufficient  evidence  to  show  that  they  existed 
along  the  coast,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  list  of  their 
sites,  which  are  successively  met  with  between  Rorschach  and  the 
town  of  Constance,  viz.  AIIBON,  ROMANSHOUN,  KESSWIL,  MOOSBURG, 


BODENSEE. 


145 


and  ROTHFARB  near  Giittingen,  ALTNAU,  LANDSCHLACHT,  MUNSTER- 
LINGEN,  BOTTIGHOFEN,  and  KREUZLiNGEN.  With  the  exception 
of  the  station  at  Arbon,  the  remains  of  these  settlements  consist 
of  more  or  fewer  piles,  and  a  sprinkling  of  stone  and  flint  im- 
plements. The  shore  from  Kreuzlingen  to  Constance  was  found 
in  1882  to  be  continuously  studded  with  piles,  and  among  them  a 
large  number  of  relics  was  picked  up,  including  several  implements 


Fig.  33.— HALTNAU  (3,  5,  and  13),  AND  HAGNAU.    No.  H  =  i,  the  rest  =  £  real  size. 

of  nephrite  and  jadeite,  an  amber  bead,  and  a  large  flint  hatchet. 
(B.  462.)  The  two  fragments  of  stone  axes,  Nos.  14  and  15, 
illustrated  on  Fig.  29,  are  from  this  part  of  the  lake. 

BLEICHE-ARBON. — In  1885  Messikommer  relates  that  during 
the  very  low  state  of  the  lake  in  1882  he  was  requested  to  visit 
Arbon,  and  make  an  inquiry  regarding  the  discovery  of  some 
pre-historic  implements  along  the  shore,  which  were  supposed  to 
indicate  the  existence  of  a  lake-dwelling  in  the  neighbourhood. 
In  the  places  referred  to  he  found  some  flint  saws  and  other 
implements,  but,  notwithstanding  his  well-known  experience  in 
lake-dwelling  research,  he  failed  to  find  piles;  and  the  only 


146  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

result   of  his  visit  was   the   discovery  of  the  ruins  of  a  Roman 
watch-tower  near  the  mouth  of  the  harbour. 

On  the  19th  of  September,  1885,  Messikommer  again  received 
a  message  from  the  authorities  of  Arbon  to  repair  to  their  town, 
as  this  time  there  could  be  no  doubt  that  the  remains  of  a  true 
Pfahlbau  had  been  found.  The  site  of  this  new  discovery  was 
not  the  sea-shore,  but  the  flat  land  stretching  between  Arbon 
and  Steinach.  Here,  in  the  course  of  excavations  for  a  water 
supply  to  the  town,  the  workmen  came  upon  piles  with  cross- 
timbers,  among  which  were  interspersed  various  relics  of  human 
industry.  The  place  where  these  discoveries  were  made  was 
about  a  kilometre  from  Arbon,  and  close  by  the  road  to  St. 
Gallon.  On  a  section  being  exposed,  the  following  layers  were 
observed :— First  half  a  foot  of  soil,  then  a  foot  of  loam,  and 
under  this  a  stratified  deposit  of  sand  and  gravel,  about  3  feet 
in  thickness,  containing  fresh-water  shells,  The  relic-bed  was 
from  1  foot  to  1 J  foot  thick,  and  in  it  were  found  stone  hatchets ; 
fragments  of  sawn  stones,  apparently  the  refuse  of  manufactured 
implements  ;  corn-crushers  ;  four  perforated  horn  hammers,  "  Feld- 
hacken ; "  several  bone  objects — needles,  chisels,  awls,  daggers ; 
a  knife-like  implement  made  of  a  wild  boar's  tusk,  and  another  made 
of  yew- wood ;  an  oar  ;  fragments  of  ornamented  pottery,  etc,  Also 
there  were  barley,  numerous  seeds  and  fruits,  shells  of  hazel-nuts, 
the  skull  of  a  dog,  and  a  quantity  of  osseous  remains,  representing 
the  urus,  bison,  stag,  cow,  pig,  bear,  etc,  (B.  431,  434c,  and  462.) 

MINDLISEE   AND   BUSSENSEE, 

In  the  vicinity  of  Constance  are  two  small  lakes  or  bogs 
which  have  yielded  important  remains  of  lake-dwellings.  These 
are  the  BUSSENSEE  and  MINDLISEE,  both  situated  in  the  tract  of 
country  stretching  between  the  Untersee  and  the  Ueberlingersee. 
The  former  is  near  Liitzelstetten,  and  in  its  marginal  peat  there 
have  been  found  the  following  antiquities  \— A  wooden  dish  cut 
out  of  an  alder-trunk,  measuring  13  inches  in  diameter ;  two 
amber  beads— one  a  perforated  disc  1  \  inch  in  diameter  (Fig.  28, 
No.  8),  similar  to  one  found  at  Ober-Meilen,  and  said  to  have 
been  in  the  possession  of  the  late  Mr.  Aepli,  and  the  other  a 
small  ordinary  bead  (No.  9),  Also  several  articles  of  stone,  horn, 
copper,  and  bronze.  A  curiosity  is  a  portion  of  the  shell  of  a 


FEDERSEE.  ]  47 

tortoise  perforated  with  two  holes  for  suspension  (No.  17).     Also 
a  female  human  skull  of  the  dolicho-cephalic  type."* 

The  Mindlisee  is  near  Mb'ggingen,  and  its  Pfahlbau  is  more 
difficult  of  investigation,  owing  to  the  bogginess  of  the  peat. 
Some  of  the  antiquities  from  this  locality,  and  now  in  the 
Museum  at  Constance,  consist  of  fragments  of  pottery,  two  orna- 
mented pins  and  a  dagger  of  copper  (Nos.  2,  3  and  11),  some*  bronze 
objects  (Nos.  14  and  15),  and  a  curiously  shaped  stone,  like  a 
hatchet  and  handle  in  one  piece  (No.  12).  (B.  381  and  462.) 

FEDERSEE. 

The  settlement  in  the  Federsee  was  reported  on  by  Oberforster 
Frank,  of  Schussenried,  in  1876,  being  the  result  of  systematic 
investigations  conducted  by  him  during  the  previous  year.  (B.  285.) 
It  was  situated  in  the  south-east  corner  of  an  extensive  tract 
of  peat  which  now  largely  occupies  the  ancient  basin  of  the 
Federsee,  at  a  place  about  three  miles  distant  from  the  present 
small  lake,  and  380  yards  from  its  ancient  or  glacial  margin.  Im- 
mediately over  the  glacial  debris  in  which  this  basin  is  formed 
there  lies  a  layer  of  whitish  clay,  "  Weissergrund,"  about  15  inches 
thick,  and  then  follows  peat  for  a  thickness  of  10  or  12  feet. 
The  lake-dwelling  remains  are  met  with  at  a  depth  of  6-i  feet, 
but  it  is  impossible  to  form  a  correct  idea  of  the  extent  of  the 
entire  settlement,  as  it  is  only  a  portion  that  has  been  exposed. 
At  this  depth  in  the  peat  wooden  platforms  are  met  with,  formed 
of  layers  of  round  or  split  timbers  lying  transversely  one  above 
the  other,  and  forming  a  kind  of  fascine  structure.  Between  the 
wooden  layers  there  is  always  placed  a  bed  of  clay,  the  number 
of  which  varies  from  three  to  eight,  so  that  there  is  no  uniformity 
in  the  thickness  represented  by  these  structures. 

Inserted  through  these  solid  masses  of  clay  and  wood,  at 
intervals  of  about  2|  feet,  were  upright  beams,  only  some  of  which 
reached  the  Weissergrund.  These  piles  were  slender,  only  about 
-4  inches  in  diameter,  and  showed  no  evidence  of  having  either 
mortises  or  tenons  by  which  they  could  be  joined  with  the 
horizontal  beams. 

Relics  were  found  not  only  on  the  surface  of  these  fascine 
structures,  but  also  in  the  clay  between  the  successive  layers  or 
platforms,  and  even  underneath  the  lowest,  down  as  far  as  the 

*  Antiqva,  1883,  p.  14  ;  and  ilitf.,  1885,  p.  2. 


148  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Weissergrund,  but  never  actually  in  the  latter.  Between  the 
lowest  layers  of  woodwork  and  the  Weissergrund  there  is  some- 
times a  space  of  4  or  5  feet  in  which  horns,  broken  bones,  and 
other  relics  are  found ;  but  it  is  "  above  and  between  the  hori- 
zontal layers  of  timbers,  and  chiefly  in  the  immediate  neighbour- 
hood of  the  upright  piles,  that  implements  of  all  kinds  are  met 
with — of  flint,  stone,  horn,  bone,  teeth,  and  wood  ;  also  earthenware 
vessels  and  spoons  quite  perfect." 

In  June,  1879,  Mr.  Frank  was  fortunate  in  finding  the  actual 
foundation  of  a  hut,  showing  the  flooring  and  portions  of  the 
side  walls,  the  dimensions  and  other  particulars  of  which  I  will 
afterwards  discuss.* 

There  was  no  evidence  that  this  settlement,  like  so  many  in 
Switzerland,  came  to  an  end  by  means  of  a  conflagration ;  and, 
indeed,  the  freshness  of  the  upper  woodwork  and  the  absence  of 
burnt  faggots,  etc.,  negatived  the  idea  of  such  a  catastrophe. 

The  antiquities  found  on  these  remarkable  peat  dwellings 
are  supposed  to  belong  exclusively  to  the  Stone  Age,  as  hitherto 
no  objects  of  metal  have  been  found  among  them  (Figs.  34 
and  35). 

Pottery. — A  large  quantity  of  whole  and  broken  dishes  are 
in  Mr.  Frank's  collection.  They  are  sometimes  of  a  greyish 
colour,  and  at  other  times  black,  as  if  polished  with  soot  or 
graphite.  The  paste  is  either  fine  and  smooth  or  mixed  with 
coarse  sand,  and  it  is  of  this  latter  quality  that  the  larger  vessels 
are  made.  Of  some  140  specimens  in  Mr.  Frank's  collection 
the  largest  is  12  inches  high.  Both  handles  and  perforated  knobs 
have  been  in  use.  A  few  fragments  of  a  fine  yellowish  paste 
are  highly  ornamented  (Fig.  34,  Nos.  17,  24,  and  25).  The  fine 
black  pottery  consists  of  pretty  jars,  bowls,  spoons,  etc.,  which 
are  often  ornamented  with  a  combination  of  lines,  points,  checks, 
knobs,  etc.  It  is  curious  that  there  are  no  spindle-whorls,  and 
only  one  object  that  can  be  considered  to  be  a  loom- weight. 

Stone. — Flint  implements  to  the  number  of  40,  such  as  saws, 
arrow-points,  and  scrapers,  are  well  made  (Nos.  1  to  8).  One  semi- 
circular saw  is  interesting  as  being  a  northern  type,  which, 
however,  is  not  in  Mr.  Frank's  collection,  but  in  the  Museum  of 
Natural  History  at  Stuttgart  (No.  20).  Of  several  stone  hatchets 
some  are  plain  and  others  perforated  and  beautifully  polished, 

*  Matei'iaux,  vol.  xvii.  p.  321. 


149 


Fig.  34. — SCHUSSENRIED.    All  £  real  size. 


150 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


a  few  of  which  are  still  in  their  horn  or  wooden  handles  (Nos.  9 
.-to  14  and  19).  (No  horn  holders  with  square  tops  for  insertion 

into  wooden  handles  are  in  the  collection.)  The  stone  implements 
iare  generally  made  of  granite  or  serpentine,  one  only  being  of 


Fig.  35.— SCHUSSENRIED.    All  £  real  size. 

jadeite  (sp.  gr.  3*360).  A  small  bit  of  red  stone  is  perforated 
with  three  holes,  precisely  like  similar  objects  from  Robenhausen 
(Fig.  24,  Nos.  5  and  6). 

Horn  and  Bone,  etc. — Of  horn  there  are  two  scoops  (Fig.  35, 
No.  6),  and  some  perforated  hammers  (No.  7),  one  of  which  has 
portion  of  the  wooden  handle  in  it.  There  are  also  spoons  of  horn, 


FEDERSEE.  151 

as  well  as  small  bone  chisels,  daggers,  pins,  knives,  haftings,  etc. 
(Fig.  34,  Nos,  15  and  16),  perforated  teeth,  and  some  cutting 
implements  of  boars'  teeth.  Portion  of  the  handle  of  a  stone  celt, 
still  in  its  socket,  is  interesting,  as  showing  a  Wedge  which  had 
been  inserted  so  as  to  fix  it  more  thoroughly »  just  as  is  done  at  the 
present  day.  A  piece  of  wood,  showing  clearly  the  marks  of  a 
stone  axe,  is  preserved  by  Mr,  Frank  in  a  liquid,  as  well  as  various 
wooden  dishes. 

Organic  and  other  Remains, — Bits  of  rope  and  coarse  matting 
made  of  bast,  but  no  cloth,  were  found,  As  regards  the  latter,  it 
was  with  special  interest  that  I  was  shown  a  large  consolidated 
mass  of  a  black  material,  made  of  grains  of  wheat,  which  most 
distinctly  retained  the  impression  of  a  finely  woven  tissue,  evidently 
that  of  the  sack  in  which  the  grain  had  been  kept.  Other  curious 
objects  are  two  lumps  of  asphalt,  one  of  which  weighs  three-quarters 
of  a  pound,  and  a  dish  filled  with  birch-bark  in  little  rolls. 
Dr.  Dom,  of  Tubingen,*  believes  that  this  so-called  asphalt  was 
a  product  of  birch-bark,  used  by  the  lake-dwellers  when  mixed 
with  a  black  powder  for  smearing  over  their  dishes. 

The  eminent  Professor  Fraas,  of  Stuttgart,  identified  the 
following  animals  among  the  osseous  remains  submitted  to  him, 
viz.  stag,  roe,  pig,  bear,  wolf,  fox,  lynx,  hare,  and  bison  (wild) ;  and 
the  dog,  ox,  marsh-pig,  and  sheep  (domestic).  It  is  noteworthy 
that  neither  the  horse  nor  goat  is  here  represented.  (B.  303.) 

Wheat,  found  plentifully,  was  determined  by  Professor  Hegel- 
maier  to  be  a  large- grained  variety  of  the  common  species 
(Triticum  vulgare).  Among  other  fruits  and  seeds  were  linseed, 
acorns,  beech-nuts,  hazel-nuts,  etc.  Pine  was  not  among  the  wood. 

In  ajar  was  found  a  greyish-black  powder,  which  on  analysis 
proved  to  be  carbonate  of  lime  in  combination  with  a  bituminous 
substance.  Another  powder  was  found  to  be  red  oxide  of  iron. 

One  small  bead,  of  bright  red  colour,  like  coral,  finds  a  place 
in  the  Schussenried  Collection ;  but  the  following  objects  are 
wanting,  viz.  clay  ring  supports,  leather,  cloth,  bread,  apples  and 
pears,  usually  found  in  lake-dwellings. 

From  the  facts  recorded  in  Mr.  Frank's  long  article,  it  would 
appear  that  the  settlers  at  Schussenried  commenced  their  residence 
before  the  girdle  of  peat,  which  now  covers  so  largely  the  ancient 
bed  of  the  Federsee,  extended  very  far  from  the  shore  assigned  to 

*  Vrreins  fur  Vater.  Naturltunde,  Stuttgart,  1878,  p.  95. 


152  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

it  by  the   retiring  glaciers ;  and  that  since  they  abandoned    their 
dwellings  not  less  than  6  or  7  feet  of  peat  have  grown  over  them. 

OLZREUTHERSEE. 

About  two  kilometres  north-east  of  Schussenried  lies  a  small 
lake— Olzreuthersee  —  in  which  Mr.  Frank  has  discovered  the 
remains  of  a  Pfahlbau  of  similar  character  to  that  just  described. 

Being  informed  that  flint  and  staghorn  implements  were 
turned  up  in  a  field  close  to  this  lake,  he  at  once  visited 
the  spot,  and  recognised  the  site  of  a  lake-dwelling,  situated  in 
a  small  peninsula  some  800  square  yards  in  extent,  and  rising 
1£  foot  above  the  water,  which  enclosed  it  on  three  sides.  Here 
woodwork,  pottery,  and  other  debris  of  human  occupancy  were 
found  embedded  in  a  relic-bed  rather  less  than  a  foot  in  thick- 
ness. The  pottery  was  much  broken,  but  it  resembled  that 
from  Schussenried,  both  in  quality  and  style  of  ornamentation. 
As  at  Schussenried  also,  neither  spindle-whorls  nor  net-weights 
were  found.  Of  784  bits  of  flint  collected,  178  were  worked. 
They  are  thus  classified : — 47  arrow-points,  57  scrapers,  38  knives, 
16  saws,  and  20  of  an  undetermined  character.  Some  of  the  arrow- 
points  and  saws  are  particularly  well  made.  Of  stone  implements 
there  were  11  axes  of  local  materials  (a  few  of  which  were  per- 
forated), and  3  hatchets  and  4  chisels  of  nephrite.  The  nephrite 
hatchets  were  small,  the  largest  measuring  only  1J  inch  by 
1  j  inch,  and  the  chisels  were  2  inches  to  3  inches  in  length  by 
J  inch  to  1  inch  in  breadth.  There  were  besides  several  corn- 
crushers,  28  staghorn  implements,  some  perforated,  and  rolls  of 
birch-bark,  etc.,  but  no  trace  of  any  metal.  Also  a  few  needles, 
awls,  and  small  chisels. 

Mr.  Frank  draws  attention  to  the  remarkable  fact,  that  while 
here  there  were  nephrite  objects,  and  no  jadeite,  the  very  opposite 
was  the  case  at  Schussenried.  (B.  395.) 

DANUBIAN    BASIN. 

Crossing  over  to  the  great  Bavarian  plateau  which  commands 
the  sources  of  the  Danube,  there  are  on  the  northern  flanks  of 
the  Alpine  chain  of  mountains  a  series  of  lakes,  many  of  which 
have  been  shown  to  contain  remains  of  lake-dwellings.  Those 
which  have  been  sufficiently  investigated  to  claim  a  notice  here 


LAKE   OF   STARNBERG.  153 

are  the  following : — Wiirmsee,  Mondsee,  Fuschlsee,  Attersee,  and 
Neusiedlersee. 

LAKE    OF    STARNBERG    (WURMSEE). 

The  Lake  of  Starnberg  lies  about  18  miles  to  the  south  of 
Munich,  close  to  the  spurs  of  the  great  Alpine  chain  of  mountains. 
The  coast  is  an  undulating  upland,  interspersed  with  woods, 
villas,  pleasure-grounds,  and  pretty  villages  —a  passing  glimpse 
of  which,  together  with  a  constant  view  of  the  snow-clad  moun- 
tains in  the  distance,  renders  a  trip  on  this  lake  one  of  the  most 
enjoyable  attractions  to  Munich.  At  its  northern  end,  where 
its  surplus  water  is  carried  off  by  the  Wiirm,  it  is  only  about 
a  mile  in  breadth,  but  as  we  sail  southwards  it  expands  con- 
siderably, and  ultimately  attains  a  breadth  of  three  or  four 
miles,  with  a  total  length  of  12  miles.  About  four  miles  up  on 
its  western  side  there  is  a  low  but  prettily  wooded  island, 
called  Rosen  Insel  since  1850,  because  it  was  then  purchased 
by  the  King  of  Bavaria.  Here  a  royal  residence  was  built  on 
the  ruins  of  an  old  ecclesiastical  establishment,  and  when  its 
foundations  were  being  dug  various  sepulchral  remains  of  a  mixed 
character  were  met  with — prehistoric,  Roman,  and  mediaeval. 
Tradition  says  that  the  island  was  originally  the  site  of  a 
heathen  temple  and  a  sacred  bury  ing-place,  which  was  sub- 
sequently appropriated  by  the  Christians  and  used  for  similar 
purposes. 

When  Professor  Desor  visited  the  locality  in  1864  in  search 
of  lake-dwelling  remains,  he  found  on  the  western  margin  of 
this  island  numerous  piles,  associated  with  some  antiquities  of 
the  lacustrine  kind  so  largely  found  in  the  Swiss  lakes,  from 
which  he  concluded  that  this  was  the  site  of  a  pile-village,  and 
suggested  that  the  whole  island  might  be  of  an  artificial  nature 
During  the  following  year  some  further  excavations  were  made, 
but  no  important  results  ensued  beyond  corroborating  the  opinion 
of  Desor. 

In  1874,  however,  advantage  was  taken  of  the  low  state 
of  the  water,  and  extensive  excavations  were  made  under  the 
superintendence  of  Mr.  v.  Schab,  the  Government  law-officer  at 
Starnberg.  Numerous  shafts  were  dug  on  the  margin  of  the 
island,  and  in  all  cases  a  relic-bed  was  encountered  containing 
antiquities,  apparently  of  very  different  ages.  Not  only  was 


154 


LAKE-DWELLINGS   OF   EUROPE. 


Fig.  36.— STARNBEBG.    All  i  real  size. 


LAKE    OF   STARNBERG. 


155 


there  abundance  of  the  usual  relics  of  the  Stone  Age,  but  also 
some  of  bronze,  iron,  glass,  amber,  etc.  The  collection  of  objects 
then  made  is  thus  summarised  in  Mr.  v.  Schab's  report  (B.  291) : — 
Of  staghorn  187,  bronze  158,  stone  69,  bone  48,  wood  7,  iron  6, 
glass  3,  and  amber  1.  The  collection  is  deposited  in  the 
Ethnological  Museum  of  Munich,  from  which  I  have  had  the 


Fig.  37.— STAKNBEKG.     Nos.  1  =  £,  13  =  £,  and  the  rest  =  f  real  size. 

privilege  of  taking  most  of  the  accompanying  illustrations 
(Figs.  36  and  37).  There  appear  to  be  more  objects  in  the  case 
in  the  Museum  from  the  Starnberg  lake-dwelling  than  Von  Schab 
describes,  as,  for  example,  the  bronze  socketed  celt  (Fig.  36,  No.  9), 
but  on  the  other  hand  it  is  well  known  that  some  have  fallen 
into  private  hands. 

Stone.—  The  flint  from  this  station  is  of  a  bluish-grey  colour, 
and  does  not  correspond  with  the  French  kind.  The  articles 
made  from  this  substance  are  chips,  arrow-points,  lance-heads, 
scrapers,  saws,  etc.  (Fig.  37,  Nos.  14  and  15).  Of  nephrite  there 


156  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

are  one  or  two  specimens  in  the  form  of  small  cutting  imple- 
ments ;  of  ordinary  stone  celts  there  are  a  few  more  or  less 
perfect  (No.  17),  and  one  is  in  a  horn  casing  (No.  12);  also  some 
polishers,  and  grindstones. 

Horn,  etc. — Various  kinds  of  hafting ;  about  12  bridle-guiders, 
a  few  of  which  are  whole  (Nos.  2  and  3) ;  several  perforated 
hammer-axes  (Nos.  11  and  13);  bone  daggers,  perforated  boars' 
tusks,  awls,  etc.  The  most  remarkable  objects  are  two  or  three 
large  bone  discs  ornamented  (Fig.  36,  Nos.  24  and  30). 

Bronze. — Portion  of  a  solid  bracelet  ornamented  with  lines 
and  concentric  circles,  awls  and  chisels  (Nos.  5  and  19),  knives 
(Nos.  1,  2,  and  7),  daggers  (No.  8),  hatchets  (Nos.  9,  12,  and  20), 
ornamented  pins  (Nos.  3,  4,  G,  etc.),  fibula)  (Nos.  21  and  22), 
needles  (No.  13),  arrow-points  (No.  14),  fish-hooks  (No.  27),  one 
sickle  (No.  18),  portion  of  an  ornamented  plate  (No.  25). 

Iron. — A  large  knife  (Fig.  37,  No.  1),  a  horseshoe,  two 
spear-heads. 

Pottery. — Fragments  of  pottery  were  very  numerous,  probably 
indicating  100  vessels ;  but  no  entire  dish  is  among  them.  The 
ornamentation  is  varied,  and  consists  sometimes  of  parallel 
grooves,  like  that  of  the  terramara  pottery  in  North  Italy 
(Fig.  37,  No.  16).  The  paste  used  was  also  of  a  varied  quality. 
Spindle-whorls  of  various  sizes  and  forms,  clay  support-rings, 
and  conical  and  quadrilateral  clay  weights ;  also  large  beads  of 
burnt  clay  of  an  orange  colour,  ornamented  with  concentric  circles 
of  blue  and  white  (Fig.  36,  No.  17). 

Glass,  etc. — A  few  glass  beads  of  variegated  colours  (No.  23), 
and  one  of  amber. 

Wood. — Wooden  wedges,  spoons,  a  fragment  of  basket- 
work,  etc. 

Organic  Remains. — Hazel-nuts,  burnt  corn,  and  various  other 
seeds.  As  to  osseous  remains,  those  of  the  domestic  animals  were 
twice  as  numerous  as  those  of  the  wild  species.  It  may  be  interest- 
ing to  note  that  amongst  the  latter  are  included  the  reindeer  (one 
portion  of  a  horn),  cat  (one  lower  jaw  of  large  size),  beaver  (four 
individuals),  and  two  kinds  of  dog  (Canis  familiaris  and  matris 

opt). 

MONDSEE. 

A  couple  of  miles  to  the  west  of  the  southern  end  of  the 
Attersee  lies  the  Mondsee,  followed  farther  up  in  the  same  valley 


MONDSEE.  157 

by  the  small  lake  of  Fuschl,  both  of  which  send  their  united 
surplus  water  into  the  former.  Just  opposite  the  outlet  of  the 
Mondsee,  at  a  place  called  See,  the  site  of  a  very  interesting  lake- 
dwelling  was  discovered,  which  since  1872  has  been  very  carefully 
investigated  by  Dr.  Much,  of  Vienna,  with  the  result  that  this 
indefatigable  explorer  is  now  in  possession  of  one  of  the  most 
instructive  collections  of  lake-dwelling  remains  in  Europe.  The 
SEE  station  covered  an  area  of  some  3,500  square  yards.  The  piles 
were  round,  3J  inches  to  8  inches  in  diameter,  and  irregularly 
placed,  and  the  relic-bed  was  deeply  covered  with  mud.  The 
antiquities,  many  of  which  are  here  illustrated  (Figs.  38,  39, 
and  40),  may  be  thus  classified. 

Stone. — Flint  arrow-points,  in  great  numbers,  are  of  a  triangular 
shape  and  very  neatly  made.  One  or  two  have  still  traces  of 
asphalt,  by  means  of  which  they  were  attached  to  the  stem  (Fig.  38, 
Nos.  10  to  12).  Some  of  them  are  in  an  unfinished  state,  and 
one  is  of  transparent  rock-crystal.  Among  the  flint  saws  are 
several  half-moon-shaped  implements  similar  to  those  so  frequently 
met  with  in  the  Scandinavian  archaeological  area  (Nos.  2  to  4). 
Some  of  this  type  were  made  with  a  projection  for  a  handle  like 
the  knives  used  by  modern  leather-cutters.  Lance-heads  and 
scrapers  are  also  numerous  and  well  made.  From  the  presence 
of  a  quantity  of  chips  and  flint  refuse  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  all  these  implements  were  manufactured  in  situ,  a  remark 
which  equally  applies  to  the  knives  (Krummesser)  of  Danish 
type,  which  were  made  of  the  same  kind  of  flint,  the  raw 
material  for  which  could  be  readily  found  in  the  gravel  of  the 
neighbouring  streams.  Among  the  ordinary  stone  implements 
are  about  two  dozen  perforated  and  highly  finished  axe-hammer 
heads  (Nos.  13  to  15).  The  material  is  often  a  variegated 
serpentine.  The  polished  celts  amount  to  nearly  100  specimens, 
of  which  the  largest  is  6f  inches  long  and  the  smallest  1J 
inch.  One  highly  polished  circular  stone  with  central  perforation 
might  have  formed  the  head  of  a  club  (Fig.  40,  No.  9). 

Horn  and  Bone. — Of  this  class  of  remains,  there  is  a  remark- 
able assortment  of  chisels  (Fig.  38,  Nos.  16,  27,  and  28),  pointers, 
etc.,  and  particularly  noteworthy  are  the  double-pronged  daggers 
(Fig.  39,  Nos.  9  and  12).  These  are  invariably  well  made  and  beauti- 
fully polished,  and  some  have  a  groove  as  if  for  attaching  a  string. 
There  is  only  one  staghorn  hafting  for  a  celt,  and  it  is  bored  in  the 


158 


LAKE-DWELLINGS   OF   EUROPE. 


Fig.  38.— MONDSEE.    All  ^  real  size. 


MONDSEE. 


159 


Tig,  39.-MONDSEE  AND  ATTERSEE  (17,  18,  and  20  to  22),    All  i  real  si 


8130. 


160  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

middle  for  a  handle,  but  the  number  of  perforated  hammers  of  this 
material  is  considerable.  One  triangular  arrow-point  is  of  bone 
(Fig.  38,  No.  23). 

Metal. — From  the  commencement  of  the  investigation  of  this 
settlement  it  was  inferred,  from  the  finding  of  a  number  of  coarse 
crucibles  with  projecting  handles,  that  its  inhabitants  were  ac- 
quainted with  the  art  of  smelting.  Not  only  was  there  a  little 
copper  found  in  the  pores  of  these  utensils,  but  there  were, 
among  the  wooden  objects,  some  crooked  clubs  with  a  slit  at 
the  end  (Fig.  185,  No.  14),  which  could  only  be  used  as  handles 
for  flat  celts  such  as  those  generally  made  of  copper.  Within 
the  last  few  years  these  surmises  have  been  confirmed  by  the 
discovery  of  several  metal  objects,  chiefly  of  copper,  among 
which  are : — 14  flat  celts  (some  are  in  a  fragmentary  condition) 
(Fig.  39,  Nos.  1,  2,  and  5),  six  daggers  (Nos.  3,  4,  and  6),  three 
spirals,  three  awls,  one  fish-hook  (No.  14),  arid  two  small  in- 
definite objects.  Of  bronze  there  are  only  two  articles,  viz. 
a  portion  of  a  dagger  showing  rivet-holes,  and  a  portion  of  the 
stalk  of  a  pin.* 

Pottery. — The  larger  vessels  are  made  of  coarse  clay  mixed 
with  sand,  and  are  both  clumsy  and  unornamented,  with  the 
exception  sometimes  of  nail  marks  round  the  rim.  Instead  of 
handles  they  have  perforated  knobs  below  the  rim  or  on  the  bulge 
of  the  vessel.  In  striking  contrast  to  these  coarse  dishes  are 
richly  ornamented  jugs  made  of  a  fine  paste,  and  other  small  dishes 
with  or  without  handles.  The  ornamentation  is  peculiar,  con- 
sisting of  deep  broad  lines,  arranged  in  a  variety  of  patterns,  in 
which  a  white  chalky  substance  was  inserted,  and  to  retain  it 
better  the  bottom  of  the  incised  lines  was  sometimes  corrugated 
(Fig.  40,  No  6).  The  colour  of  this  pottery  is  now  greyish,  but 
originally  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  black,  so  that  the  white 
ornamentation  on  a  black  ground  must  have  had  a  striking  effect. 
A  few  objects  of  clay,  in  the  form  of  rude  figurines,  which  might 
be  conceived  to  represent  some  common  quadruped,  as  a  dog, 
or  a  pig,  or  a  cow,  may  also  be  noted  (Fig.  39,  No.  15). 

Other  Objects. — It  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  in  the  whole 
of  this  large  collection  there  are  only  three  small  perforated 
objects  of  stone  which  could  be  taken  for  spindle-whorls,  and 
only  one  clay  weight ;  nor  is  there  anything  eke  that  would 

*  ';  Kupferzeit  in  Europa,"  p.  9. 


MONDSEE 


101 


Pig.  40.-MOXDSEK.     tfos.  (I,  8y  and 
L 


'  =  1,  and  the  restj  =  £  real  size. 


162  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

indicate  the  art  of  weaving,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  knotted 
strings  and  a  closely  plaited  mat  made  of  bast. 

The  personal  ornaments  are  very  various.  Perforated  teeth, 
imitations  of  the  claws  of  birds  in  white  marble  (Fig.  38,  No.  22), 
.and  circular  plates  of  marble  in  the  form  of  buttons,  beads,  etc. 
(Fig.  39,  Nos.  13  and  16).  In  one  place  not  less  than  48  of 
the  latter  were  brought  up  at  one  haul  of  the  dredger,  which, 
when  restored  in  order,  reproduce  a  bracelet  (No.  16). 

In  1874  Dr  Much  discovered  a  second  station  at  SCHARFLING 
on  the  south  shore  of  the  Mondsee,  but  being  in  deep  water,  and 
subject  to  the  deposition  of  much  debris  brought  down  by  the 
Kienbach,  the  difficulties  of  a  thorough  investigation  have  not 
yet  been  overcome. 

Of  the  investigations  conducted  from  time  to  time  in  the 
Mondsee,  and  the  antiquities  collected,  Dr.  Much  has  given  several 
accurate  reports.  (B.  223,  257,  and  287.) 

ATTERSEE   (UPPER   AUSTRIA). 

The  first  notices  of  investigations  of  the  lake-dwellings  in  the 
Attersee  were  published  in  1871  by  Count  Wurmbrand  and  Mr. 
Simony,  and  these  were  continued  by  the  former  during  the 
following  five  years,  according  as  fresh  discoveries  were  made. 
(B.  200,  201a,  202,  229,  and  276.)  There  were  five  settlements 
in  the  lake — one,  SEEWALCHEN,  near  the  outlet ;  two,  ATTERSEE 
and  AUFHAM,  on  the  west  shore ;  and  two,  WEYEREGG  and 
PUSCHACHER,  on  the  east  shore. 

SEEWALCHEN. — This  settlement  formed  an  irregular  quad- 
rangle, some  500  by  180  feet,  and  distant  from  the  nearest 
shore  between  200  and  300  feet.  The  water  here  is  about  5 
feet  deep,  and  though  clear,  no  relics  or  piles  are  visible,  as 
the  debris  are  covered  over  with  a  bed  of  gravel,  which  had  to  be 
removed  by  dredging.  The  piles  were  round  timbers  6  to  8 
inches  in  diameter,  and  3  to  4  feet  apart,  which  penetrated  so 
deeply  into  the  shell-marl  that  it  was  with  difficulty  any  of 
them  could  be  pulled  up.  The  relic-bed  was  a  blackish  con- 
glomerate of  organic  debris,  about  a  foot  thick,  and  greatly 
compressed  by  the  superincumbent  gravel.  Count  Wurmbrand 
does  not  think  this  settlement  had  been  destroyed  by  fire,  as  the 
usual  symptoms  of  such  a  catastrophe  are  entirely  wanting.  The 
antiquities,  though  numbering  among  them  a  few  metal  objects, 


ATTEIISEE.  163 

are  essentially  of  the  Stone  Age,  among  which  the  following  are 
the  most  typical. 

Stone. — The  arrow-points  of  flint  are  all  triangularly  shaped, 
no  example  with  a  central  stem  having  been  discovered.  One 
remarkable  object  is  a  small  knife-flake  of  obsidian.  Stone  celts 
(a  few  perforated  and  mostly  broken)  were  made  of  diorite, 
greenstone,  granite,  hornblende,  etc.,  but  none  of  nephrite.  Grind- 
ing and  polishing  stones  were  abundant. 

Horn  and  Bone. — Of  these  materials  there  were  pointers 
(some  with  double  prongs),  chisels,  scrapers,  but  none  of  the 
haftings  for  celts,  such  as  those  so  frequently  met  with  on  the 
sites  of  the  Swiss  lake -dwellings ;  some  bone  rings,  probably  in- 
tended for  beads,  and  others  of  cannel-coal. 

Pottery. — -Pottery  was  not  abundant,  but  judging  from  its 
character,  Count  Wurmbrand  thought  that  it  was  smeared  over 
with  graphite  or  some  colouring  matter,  and  burnt  in  an  open 
fire.  The  ornamentation  was  made  with  the  finger-nail,  or  with 
small  pointed  implements,  in  the  soft  clay.  Some  fragments 
showed  handles  and  others  perforated  knobs. 

Metal. — Two  small  bronze  pins,  one  with  conical  head,  and 
perforated  in  the  stem  a  little  below  the  head.  It  is  quadri- 
lateral in  its  lower  two-thirds,  and  ornamented  with  dots,  The 
other  objects  are  an  awl,  sharpened  at  both  ends,  a  lump  of 
bronze,  and  two  small  fragments  of  iron. 

The  animal  remains  belonged  to  the  pig,  bear,  beaver,  ox,  and  stag, 

Among  the  woods  used  were  fir,  lime,  beech,  oak,  hazel,  birch, 
and  cornel-cherry. 

WEYEREGG. — The  station  next  in  importance  is  Weyeregg,  about 
a  third  of  the  way  up  the  lake.  It  has  yielded  well-made  bone  imple- 
ments, worked  tines  of  horns,  perforated  boars'  teeth,  and  some  finely 
polished  stone  hatchets.  One  is  of  a  sea-green  colour  like  jade, 
and  another  has  an  elegant  form  (Fig,  39,  No.  22).  Latterly  a  few 
metal  objects  have  been  found  on  this  station,  among  which  are 
the  two  daggers  here  represented  (Nos.  17  and  18).  On  the 
remaining  stations  only  a  few  objects  of  stone  and  pottery  have 
been  collected,  sufficient,  however,  to  show  that  they  were  similar 
to  those  already  described.  On  PUSCHACHER  there  were  found  two 
half-moon-shaped  flint  knives  (Krummesser)  (Nos.  20  and  21),  and 
a  round  stone  ball  of  polished  serpentine  neatly  perforated,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  a  mace. 


164  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

FUSCHLSEE. 

On  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Fuschl  there  is  a  small  island 
of  circular  form,  and  about  50  paces  in  diameter,  which,  it  seems, 
is  of  artificial  construction,  and  strikingly  analogous  to  our 
Scottish  and  Irish  crannogs.  The  island,  which  is  a  little  raised 
above  the  level  of  the  water,  lies  close  to  the  shore,  being  only 
separated  from  it  by  a  narrow  ditch  or  canal,  which  in  the  course 
of  time  has  got  filled  up  with  moss  and  the  debris  of  marsh 
plants.  On  digging  a  hole  in  its  interior  there  was  encountered 
first  a  thick  layer  of  moss  and  heather,  and  then  a  mass  of  decayed 
wood,  chiefly  branches  of  pine  and  dwarf  birch.  This  mass  was 
kept  together  by  small  piles,  but  around  the  margin  there  were 
stronger  piles  and  a  quantity  of  other  beams  to  be  seen.  Few 
antiquities  were,  however,  found  on  it,  and  its  investigation  from 
this  point  of  view  did  not  seem  very  encouraging.  (B.  257.) 

NEUSIEDLERSEE. 

Over  the  vast  territory  drained  by  the  Danube  there  are  some 
further  lacustrine  remains  indicative  of  lake  or  pile  dwellings,  but 
which  are  probably  only  a  small  fraction  of  what  could  be  revealed 
with  careful  and  systematic  research.  In  1872  Jeitteles  published 
a  notice  of  pile  structures  discovered  in  the  town  of  Olrniitz  (B.  221); 
and  more  recently  at  Nimlau,  in  the  same  neighbourhood,  similar 
wooden  structures  were  detected  in  a  pond.  In  this  case  there 
were  five  rows  of  oak  piles  associated  with  cross-beams ;  each 
row  was  five  feet  apart,  and  the  whole  was  covered  with  mud  to  the 
extent  of  nearly  two  feet.* 

In  1874  Count  Bela  Szechenyi  (B.  283)  made  some  important 
discoveries  at  the  south  end  of  the  bed  of  the  Neusiedlersee,  which 
can  hardly  be  explained  on  any  other  hypothesis  than  that  they 
were  the  industrial  debris  of  a  lake-dwelling.  This  is  a  large  lake  of 
brackish  water  measuring  about  72  miles  in  circumference,  but  so 
shallow  that  in  its  deepest  part  it  attains  only  a  depth  of  10  or  12 
feet.  It  terminates  at  its  south-east  side  in  a  swamp  called 
Hansa\g,  ("  floating  turf  "),  of  greater  extent  than  the  lake  itself.  It 
appears  to  be  subject  to  great  fluctuations  in  its  extent,  so  much  so 
that  in  1854  its  area  commenced  to  decrease  till  in  a  few  years 
later  its  bed  became  completely  dried  up.  Cultivation  of  the  land 

*  Mitt.  Anth.  Gc*.  Wicii,  vol.  xv.  p.  1LM). 


NEUSIEDLERSEE. 


165 


occupied  by  it  was  then  begun,  but  the  water  has  since  returned. 
It  was  in  1874,  on  land  reclaimed  from  this  lake  in  these  circum- 
stances, that  Count  Szechenyi  found,  scattered  over  the  surface,  bits 
of  pottery,  stone  celts,  flint  implements,  etc.  On  making  systematic 
investigations  of  these  finds,  along  with  some  of  his  scientific 
friends,  he  found  that  in  two  spots  these  relics  were  met  with  in 
greater  profusion,  and  that,  corresponding  with  these  productive 


Fig.  41. — XEUSIEDLERSEE  AND  KEUTSCHACHERSEE  (10).    All  ^  real  size. 

areas,  there  was  a  substratum  of  blackish  mould  which  became 
more  clearly  defined  by  the  rankness  of  its  vegetation.  These 
were  supposed  to  have  been  the  sites  of  habitation,  and  accordingly 
excavations  were  undertaken  to  clear  up  the  matter,  but  they 
revealed  nothing  new.  Only  the  same  classes  of  relics  were  found 
as  on  the  surface,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  bones  very  much 
decayed.  No  piles  were  observed,  and  after  digging  to  the  depth 
of  about  three  feet  water  came  into  the  trenches  and  so  stopped 
further  progress  in  this  direction.  About  10()  square  yards  were 
explored,  during  which  the  following  relics  were  collected: — 31 
perforated  stone  axes  or  hammers,  of  which  only  two  were  whole ; 


1G()  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

96  plain  stone  axes,  of  which  about  two-thirds  were  well  formed, 
the  rest  being  more  or  less  fragmentary;  six  stone  chisels,  and 
14  worked  stones  or  polishers,  corn-grinders,  etc. ;  a  net-sinker  and 
two  small  beads,  together  with  a  few  scrapers  and  flint-flakes  ;  and 
pottery  to  the  amount  of  200  to  300  fragments,  among  which  only 
three  vases  were  still  entire.  Illustrations  of  some  of  these  relics 
are  given  on  Fig.  41,  Nos.  1  to  9. 

The  osseous  remains  were  much  decayed,  but  among  them  the 
following  animals  were  identified,  viz.  stag,  urns,  ox,  pig,  and  horse 
(represented  only  by  two  teeth). 

Flints  were  comparatively  rare,  but  the  stone  implements  were 
varied  both  in  form  and  material,  being  made  of  such  materials 
as  serpentine,  diorite,  basalt  and  schist. 

The  pottery,  though  rude,  appeared  to  have  been  partly  made 
on  the  wheel,  but  yet  had  finger-nail  marks  and  other  curved 
impressions  as  ornamentation.  All  sorts  of  handles  were  used,  from 
mere  perforations  for  strings  to  the  most  perfectly  made  handle. 
The  paste  was  mixed  with  coarse  materials. 

The  non-appearance  of  piles  and  organic  matter  may  probably  be 
accounted  for  by  their  rapid  decomposition  from  alternate  exposure 
to  air  and  water. 

Further  notices  of  these  finds  were  given  by  Count  Wurmbrand 
(B.  259),  Dr.  Much  (B.  318),  and  Yon  Luschan  (B.  365). 

PILE    STRUCTURES    IN    HUNGARY. 

On  the  right  bank  of  the  Theiss,  a  few  miles  from  the  railway- 
station  of  Szolnok,  and  near  the  village  of  Tdszeg,  there  is  an 
artificial  mound  called  "  Kuczorgtf  or  Lapos-halom,"  to  which,  since 
the  meeting  of  the  International  Congress,  at  Buda-Pesth,  in  1876, 
much  importance  is  attached  on  account  of  the  opinion  expressed 
by  Pigorini  that  it  is  identical  in  structure  with  the  terrainara 
mounds  of  Northern  Italy.  The  mound,  though  now  considerably 
undermined  by  the  river  Theiss  during  the  great  floods  of  1876,  is 
still  of  considerable  extent,  measuring  some  360  metres  in  length, 
and  100  in  breadth,  and  rising  to  a  maximum  height  of  8  metres 
over  the  surrounding  plain.  It  is  only  in  times  of  flood  that  the 
waters  reach  the  mound,  its  usual  bed  being  about  1|  mile 
distant.  When  the  artificial  nature  of  this  mound  became  known 
by  the  section  exposed  by  the  floods,  some  extensive  investiga- 
tions were  made  to  determine  its  archaeological  character.  The 


TERREMARE   IN   HUNGARY.  167 

objects  collected  in  these  researches  were  exhibited  at  the 
Congress  as  a  special  find,  and  among  them  were  the  following 
(Catalogue,  pp.  85-87):— 

1.  Perforated  hammers  of  staghorn,  various  pointed  implements 
of  horn  and  bone,  perforated  teeth  of  pigs,  and  a  leg-bone  perforated 
in  two  places,  probably  a  skate. 

2.  Polished    stone    celts    and    perforated  hammers,   four    flint 
flakes,  and  one  of  obsidian,  corn-crushers,  and  various  other  worked 
stones. 

3.  Fragment  of  a  bronze  pin,  a  bronze  knife,  and  a  small  ingot 
of  bronze. 

4.  Pottery,  showing  a  variety  of  dishes,  some  with  handles,  etc. ; 
various  objects  of  burnt  clay,  as  a  whistle,  buttons,  a  spoon,  IS 
pyramidal  clay  weights  (perforated),  etc. 

5.  A   considerable   amount  of   food  refuse,  as  bones,  scales  of 
fish,  shells,  charred  wheat,  etc. 

When  the  International  Congress  was  held  at  Buda-Pesth, 
Pigorini,  Virchow,  and  Miss  Mestorf  visited  this  mound,  and  made 
some  further  researches,  which  not  only  confirmed  Pigorini  in  his 
suspicions  about  the  structure  of  the  mound,  but  also  led  his 
distinguished  fellow-investigators  to  accept  the  main  portion  of 
his  theory.  Upon  their  return  home  they  *  published  separate 
accounts  of  this  excursion  to  T6szeg  and  the  results  obtained,  from 
which  I  must  here  be  content  to  notice  that  the  following  propo- 
sitions are  admitted  facts  : — 

1.  The  existence  of  piles  and  wooden  beams  was  satisfactorily 
proved,  and  Pigorini  asserts  that  these  corresponded  with  three 
different  levels,  precisely  as  they  occur  in  the  terramara  mounds. 

2.  The   materials    containing    the   debris   of    occupancy   were 
distinctly  stratified,  forming  parallel  or  undulating  layers,  amount- 
ing to  a  total  thickness  of  4  metres. 

3.  The  antiquities  collected  represented  all  ages,  including  stone 
celts,  bronze  and  iron  implements,  and  a  skate  made  of  the  leg- 
bone  of  a  horse. 

Subsequently  Dr.  Roiner  gave  an  account  of  the  excavations 
conducted  at  T(5szeg  previous  to  the  meeting  of  the  International 
Congress,  in  an  article  entitled  "  Les  Terramares  en  Hongrie," 
along  with  which  he  describes  similar  deposits  at  other  places,  as 

*  Pigorini,  B.  298<? ;  Virchow,  B.  293  ;  Mestorf,  "  Der  Intern.  Anthrop.  und  Arch. 
Con^.  in  Buda-Pesth." 


168  LAKE-DWELLINCiS    OF    EUROPE. 

Nagy-Rev,  Szeleveny,  Kemenyteto,  and  Asott-haloin.  In  regard  to 
the  latter  station  he  remarks  that  rotten  piles  were  observed  in  its 
lowest  stratum  before  Pigorini  called  attention  to  their  importance. 
Some  of  the  objects  from  Asott-halom  were  exhibited  at  the 
Congress  (see  Cat,  p.  44),  and  included  polished  stone  axes  and 
hammers,  flakes  of  obsidian,  perforated  hammers  of  staghorn,  etc. 
The  author  concludes  his  article  by  stating  that  the  terramara 
deposits  are  by  no  means  confined  to  the  valley  of  the  Tisza,  as 
they  have  already  been  observed  in  various  other  low-lying  districts 
along  the  Danube,  Garam,  etc.  (B.  316.) 

RESEARCHES    IN    THE    LAKES    OF    CARTNTHTA    AND 

CARNTOLA. 

In  1864  Professor  Ferdinand  v.  Hochstetter  gave  a  report 
of  researches  conducted  by  him,  at  the  request  of  the  Royal 
Academy  of  Sciences  of  Vienna,  in  the  lakes  of  Carinthia  and 
Carniola  in  search  of  remains  of  lake-dwellings.  (B.  1)8.)  But 
the  results  were,  in  the  main,  of  a  negative  character,  as  no  traces 
whatever  were  found  in  the  lakes  of  Millstatter,  Afritzer,  Brenn, 
and  Weissen,  in  Carinthia ;  nor  in  those  of  Weldeser,  Wocheiner, 
and  Zirknitzer,  in  Carniola.  In  the  latter  lake  it  was  confidently 
expected  that  lake-dwelling  remains  would  be  discovered,  as  the 
chronicler  Valvasor  (1689)  relates  that  in  this  lake  there  was 
an  old  bridge,  whose  piles  he  himself  had  seen ;  but  upon 
Von  Hochstetter  and  Deschmann  visiting  the  locality  nothing 
whatever  could  be  seen  of  this  character.* 

On  the  other  hand,  Yon  Hochstetter  believed  that  he  had 
succeeded  in  rinding  traces  of  these  settlements  in  no  less  than 
five  lakes  in  Carinthia,  viz.  Worther,  Keutschacher,  Rauschelen, 
Ossiacher,  and  Ldngsee.  The  Keutschackersee  is,  however,  the 
only  one  which  has  yielded  positive  remains  of  a  sufficiently 
varied  character  to  render  the  evidence  of  Pfahlbauten  more 
than  problematical.  This  small  lake,  known  also  as  the  Plos- 
chischersee,  which  lies  to  the  south  of  the  Worthersee,  contains 
near  its  middle  a  shallow  portion  which  can  be  readily  distin- 
guished from  the  shore  by  the  rushes  which  grow  over  it.  The 
area  of  the  space  thus  marked  out  is  not  great,  measuring  only 
20  fathoms  long  (Klafter)  by  10  fathoms  broad,  and  it  is  covered 

*  Mitt,  (leg  Hint.  Vervins  fih'  Kra\n,  October  and  November,  1864. 


LAIBACH.  169 

by  water  never  less  than  4  to  6  feet  in  depth.  Here  piles  and 
large  beams  were  seen  embedded  among  stones  and  mud,  but  so 
firmly  that  they  could  not  be  drawn  up.  Notwithstanding  the 
difficulty  of  examination,  some  relics  of  human  occupancy  were 
collected.  These,  which  were  subsequently  augmented  by  a 
further  investigation  by  Mr.  Ullepitsch,  of  Klagenfurt,  are  de- 
posited in  the  museum  of  that  town ;  they  consist  of  portions 
of  half-burnt  clay  with  the  impression  of  wattling,  and  are  supposed 
to  be  part  of  the  walls  of  a  cottage.  There  are  also  one  or  two 
fragments  of  black  and  grey  pottery,  one  of  which  is  ornamented 
(Fig.  41,  No.  10);  a  sharpening  or  grinding  stone;  a  bit  of 
staghorn,  together  with  charcoal ;  heaps  of  shells  (Adonta) ; 
hazel-nuts,  and  portion  of  a  wooden  pile. 

Dr.  v.  Hochstetter  draws  attention  to  the  extraordinary  number 
of  submerged  cairns  which  he  discovered  along  the  shores  of  the 
Worthersee  and  Ossiachersee.  On  the  eastern  shore  of  the  latter 
he  counted  no  less  than  29.  These  cairns  are  about  6  feet  high, 
with  a  diameter  of  15  to  20  feet,  and  their  tops  are  generally 
covered  with  4  to  6  feet  of  water.  It  will  be  remembered  that 
similar  cairns  were  observed  in  Lake  Morat. 

The  only  other  place  which  suggested  the  existence  of  lake- 
4wellings  was  the  "Laibacher  Morast,"  in  which,  a  few  years 
previously,  a  couple  of  canoes,  and  some  other  industrial  relics, 
were  dug  out  of  the  peat,  the  full  significance  of  which  only  now 
became  apparent.  Since  then  the  vast  morass  has  yielded  a  large 
quantity  of  the  debris  of  these  settlements,  which  I  shall  now 
proceed  to  describe. 

LAIBACH   MOOR   (CARNIOLA). 

What  is  known  as  Laibach  Moor  is  an  extensive  but  irregularly 
shaped  plain  now  nearly  all  well  cultivated,  which  extends  south- 
wards from  the  town  of  Laibach  to  Ober-Laibach,  some  12  miles 
distant.  Previous  to  a  series  of  drainage  schemes,  executed  at 
various  times  during  the  last  fifty  years,  the  whole  of  this  plain 
was  a  morass  or  peat  bog,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  in 
pre-historic  times  it  was  a  navigable  sheet  of  water.  It  covers 
an  area  of  about  85  English  square  miles,  and  is  interspersed 
here  and  there  with  six  or  seven  rocky  eminences,  which,  when 
the  locality  was  under  water,  formed  so  many  islands.  It  is  also 
intersected  by  the  rivers  Laibach,  Isca,  and  some  smaller  streams, 


170  .LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

which  unite  before  reaching  the  town  of  Laibach,  and  about 
half  way  up  it  is  crossed  by  the  railway  to  Trieste.  Some  years 
ago  a  new  road  was  constructed  along  the  valley  of  the  Isca,  from 
Laibach  to  Brunndorf,  and  in  1875,  in  the  course  of  excavating 
a  ditch  alongside  of  it,  various  bone  implements  and  fragments 
of  pottery  were  turned  up  by  the  workmen.  Mr.  Martin  Peruzzi, 
the  proprietor,  recognising  the  archaeological  value  of  these  objects, 
at  once  gave  information  of  the  discovery  to  the  authorities  of 
the  Landesmuseum  at  Laibach.  This  led  to  an  extensive  series 
of  investigations,  which  were  continued  during  the  following  two 
years  under  the  care  of  Dr.  Karl  Deschmann,  curator  of  this 
museum.  An  illustrated  report  of  the  first  year's  operations  was 
published  by  the  eminent  archaeologist,  Baron  von  Sacken  (B.  290), 
while  those  of  the  two  following  years  have  found  an  able  ex- 
ponent in  Dr.  Deschmann.  (B.  302  and  317.) 

The  first  year's  working  revealed  the  foundations  of  a  pile- 
dwelling  close  to  the  road  on  its  west  side,  where,  by  the  removal 
of  some  3,000  square  yards  of  peat,  quite  a  forest  of  piles  was 
disclosed.  These  were  irregularly  placed,  but  on  an  average  they 
numbered  three  or  four  in  a  dozen  square  feet.  They  were  made 
of  aspen,  poplar,  elm,  and  fir,  the  last,  however,  being  sparingly 
used.  The  peat  was  about  6  feet  thick,  and  below  it  was  the 
ancient  sediment  of  the  lake  into  which  the  piles  were  driven, 
their  heads  now  merely  entering  into  the  peaty  stratum.  Between 
the  peat  and  lake  sediment  there  was  a  thin  layer  of  organic 
debris,  4  or  5  inches  thick,  in  which  alone  the  relics  of  the  lake- 
dwellers  were  found.  In  the  following  year  some  2,000  square 
yards  were  cleared  of  peat,  partly  in  the  same  place,  and  partly 
on  the  other  side  of  the  road.  In  this  new  locality  the  piles 
were  more  closely  set  and  the  deposit  of  peat  was  a  little  thicker, 
but  the  character  of  the  relics  was  exactly  the  same,  only  a 
larger  proportion  of  the  fragments  of  pottery  were  ornamented. 

During  the  autumn  of  1877  the  site  of  a  third  pile-dwelling 
was  come  upon,  about  300  yards  from  the  last  mentioned,  and 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Isca  (see  Sketch,  p.  171),  under  precisely 
similar  conditions  as  the  two  former,  but  owing  to  want  of  funds 
the  excavations  were  discontinued  before  the  entire  area  was 
searched.  Dr.  Deschmann  is  of  opinion  that  these  are  by  no 
means  the  only  portions  of  the  moor  in  which  lake-dwellings  ex- 
isted, as  indications  of  them  were  found  in  several  other  places 


LAIBACH. 


171 


along  the  bed  of  the  Isca.  In  further  support  of  this  opinion  I 
may  mention  that  in  1857,  before  lake-dwellings  had  attracted 
attention  in  this  quarter,  some  objects  were  found  at  Moosthal,  in 


' 


Plan  of  Lake-dwellings  in 
LAIBACH  MOOR 


'Lai  baclicr 


Ober-Laibach      /•'' 
o  i 


quite  a  different  part  of  the  moor,  which  point  to  its  being  the 
site  of  a  lake-dwelling.  Here  the  peat  was  10  feet  deep,  and  at 
this  depth,  and  lying  immediately  over  the  lake- silt,  were  found 
three  perforated  staghorn  hammers,  two  canoes,  and  some  other 


172  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

objects  of  human  industry,  which,  howe.ver,  were  dispersed  before 
Dr.  Deschmann  became  aware  of  the  discovery. 

The  relics  of  human  industry  collected  during  these  systematic 
explorations,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  in  the  Museum  of 
Vienna,  are  deposited  in  the  handsome  new  Museum  at  Laibach, 
where  they  form  a  remarkably  complete  and  interesting  demon- 
stration of  the  culture  and  civilisation  of  the  lake-dwellers.  Some 
of  these  are  illustrated  on  Figs.  42,  43,  and  44. 

Potteri). — Vessels  for  household  use  are  extremely  abundant, 
and  varied  in  form  and  ornamentation.  They  are  all  hand-made, 
and  the  quality  of  the  paste  appears  to  have  been  good — that 
for  the  larger  dishes  was  mixed  with  rough  sand.  All  the 
pottery  has  a  darkish  appearance,  but  most  of  the  smaller 
vessels  had  been  smeared  over  with  some  black  composition. 
Not  a  few  of  these  dishes  were  quite  whole,  so  that  their 
varied  forms  and  uses  may  be  readily  distinguished.  They  may 
be  classified  as  jars,  vases,  cups,  plates,  jugs,  bowls,  flasks, 
spoons,  etc.  ;  and  ordinary  handles,  perforated  knobs,  tubular 
borings  (a-ma  canal  icidar  is)  appear  to  have  been  indiscrimi- 
nately used. 

Some  of  the  smaller  dishes  have  four  or  five  stud-like 
processes  or  rudimentary  feet,  and  others  have  a  pedestal-like 
base,  slightly  expanding  at  the  lowest  point,  on  the  underside 
of  which  there  is  often  impressed  the  shape  of  a  broad  cross 
(Fig.  42,  No.  20).  The  ornamentation,  when  reduced  into  its 
simple  elements,  may  be  thus  stated  : — 

(1)  Straight  or  wavy  ridges,  sometimes  notched  across,  and 
running  upwards  or  across  the  body  of  the  vessel;  (2)  linger 
or  nail  marks ;  (3)  checks  made  with  groups  of  incised  lines 
crossing  each  other ;  (4)  lozenge-shaped  spaces  alternately  plain 
and  lined  ;  (5)  herring-bone  pattern  ;  (6)  triangles,  crosses,  wheels, 
rhombs,  and  other  simple  geometrical  figures,  sometimes  with 
inscribed  figures  or  lines ;  (7)  impressions  of  strings,  points, 
etc.  The  style  of  the  more  highly  ornamented  vessels  is,  though 
complicated,  artistic,  and  when  the  incised  lines  were  filled  with 
a  white  material,  as  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  case  with 
some  of  them,  these  patterns  on  a  dark  or  black  ground  must 
have  been  very  effective.  Ornamentation  is  not  always  confined 
to  the  outside  of  the  vessel,  as  may  be  seen  from  Fig.  43,  No.  8. 
Dr.  Deschmann  sees  a  striking  resemblance  between  the  Laibach 


LAIBACH. 


173 


wm  iff 

ljml&,  pt 
&&  * 


Fig.  42.— LAIBACH.     Nos.  19  to  24  =  j.  and  the  rest  =  i  real  size. 


174  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

pottery,  both  in  manufacture  and  ornamentation,  to  that  repre- 
sented in  Dr.  Schliemann's  works  on  Troy. 

Besides  the  ordinary  dishes,  there  fall  to  be  enumerated 
under  this  heading  some  two  or  three  hundred  spindle- 
whorls,  one  or  two  cylindrical  weights,  perforated  cones  (Fig.  43, 
No.  5),  a  few  crucibles  of  superior  workmanship  (Fig,  45,  No.  14), 
a  mould  for  an  axe-head  (Fig.  42,  No.  22),  and  some  other  small 
objects,  apparently  toys  (Fig.  42,  No.  21).  Among  the  most 
remarkable  and  mysterious  objects  are  some  ornamented  images, 
more  or  less  fragmentary,  of  animals  and  human  beings  with 
fantastically-formed  heads  (Fig.  42,  Nos.  11,  23,  and  24;  and 
Fig.  195,  Nos.  5  to  <S). 

Stone. — The  stone  implements,  with  the  exception  of  rubbers, 
hammers,  and  sharpening-stones,  are  comparatively  rare.  The 
sharpening-stones  are  well  represented  by  a  variety  of  implements — 
from  the  small  portable  hone  with  a  string  perforation,  to  a  large 
hollow  block  weighing  220  pounds.  Of  simple  stone  axes  and 
chisels  there  are  only  about  a  dozen  good  examples,  but  amongst 
them  are  two  little  gems — one  a  hatchet  of  nephrite  (Fig.  42, 
No.  12),  and  the  other  a  miniature  chisel  of  greenstone  (No.  9). 
Perforated  axe-hammers  number  about  two  dozen  (Fig.  43, 
No.  10) ;  they  are  mostly  of  serpentine  and  well  shaped,  and  the 
boring  is  neatly  executed.  The  flint  objects,  which  amount  to 
about  four  dozen,  consist  chiefly  of  neatly-formed  lance-heads  ;  but 
amongst  them  are  a  few  scrapers  and  flakes,  but  hardly  one  that 
could  be  called  an  arrow-point  (Fig.  42,  Nos.  1  to  5).  Almost 
unique  are  two  conical  anvils,  one  of  which  (No.  18)  has  metallic 
particles  of  copper  or  bronze  on  its  flat  surface.  There  is  also  a 
polished  stone  disc  showing  the  commencement  of  a  perforation 
near  its  centre  with  the  core  still  remaining. 

Bone  and  Horn. — A  characteristic  feature  of  the  Laibach 
settlements  is  the  abundance  of  implements  of  bone  and  horn 
which  they  have  yielded,  and  which  may  be  thus  classified  : — 

1.  Perforated  hammer-axes  of  staghorn,  numbering  between  300 
and  400,  in  all  stages  of  manufacture.     The  most  typical  forms  of 
these  implements  are  sketched  on  Fig.  44. 

2.  Polished  daggers,  pointers,   chisels,  etc.,  varying    in    length 
from   4  to  10  inches,  amount  to   many  hundreds.      The    smaller 
pointers,  awls,  and  pins,  were  made  of  bone  splinters  and  ground 
to  tine   points.     The  finer  daggers  were  invariably  made   of  the 


LAIBACH. 


175 


Fig.  43.— LAIBACH.    All  -|  real  size. 


170 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


leg-bones  of  a  deer  or  other  animal.  It  appears  that  they  were 
manufactured  by  sawing  or  cutting  the  bone  lengthways  and 
slightly  diagonally,  so  as  to  have  two  weapons  out  of  the  one  bone, 
leaving  each  with  a  joint  for  its  hilt.  One  or  two  bones  were  found 
showing  this  operation  in  an  uncompleted  stage.  Some  of  these 


Fig.  44.— LAIBACH.     All  about  I  real  size. 

daggers   had   perforations   near   the  extremity  of  the  handle-end 
for  suspension. 

3.  The  tynes  of  deer-horns  were  converted  into  coarse  needles 
(Fig.  42,  No.  13),  and  used  probably  in  the  manufacture  of  nets. 
Over  a  score  of  these  implements  have  been  collected. 

4.  A  few  finely-polished   objects   like  hooks   are   supposed   to 
have  been  used  as  dress-fasteners  or  buckles  (Nos.  6  and  16). 

5.  Another   set    of  curious  objects  (No.   7),  of  which  about  a 
score  have  been  collected,  is  supposed  by  Dr.  Deschmann  to  have 
been  used  as  artificial  bait  to  catch  large  fish,  just  as  we  at  the 
present  day  use  an  imitation  minnow.     They  are  made  of  the  tynes 
of  deer-horns,  and  vary  in  length  from  2  to  5  inches. 


LAIBACH.  177 

6.  About   a    dozen   or  so    of   very  sharp    and    finely-polished 
needles  made  from  the  superficial  lamina  of  a  rib.     The  eye,  which 
is  at  one  end,  is  either  round  or  elongated  (No.  15.) 

7.  Several  hollow  bones  (some  of  the  wild  swan),  open  at  both 
ends,  and  varying  in  length  from  5  to  10  inches,  have  marks  inside, 
as  if  made  by  the  friction  of  running  threads.     They  are  supposed 
to  have  been  used  in  the  preparation  of  thread,  and  hence  go  under 
the  name  of  "  Zwirndreher." 

8.  Some   flat   portions  of  the  horns  of  the  elk  and  the  under- 
jaws  of  oxen,  minus  their  teeth,  were  used  as  polishers. 

Metal  Objects. — (Fig.  45.)  The  total  number  of  metal  objects 
now  in  the  Museum  at  Laibach,  and  tabulated  as  coming  from  the 
lake-dwellings,  is  24.  They  are  all  either  of  bronze  or  copper,  as 
hitherto  not  a  trace  of  iron  has  anywhere  been  met  with.  The 
following  is  a  list  of  them : — 

1.  Two   flat-handled   bronze   swords    21   and    14  \   inches   long 
(Nos.  3  and  4). 

2.  Three  bronze  daggers,  11|,  8,  and  7J,  inches  long  (Nos.  2, 
1,  and  7).     The  larger  has  four  rivets  for  fastening  a  handle ;  the 
next  has  six  rivets,  and  the  blade  is  beautifully  ornamented ;  and 
the  third  has  two  rivet-holes,  arranged  differently  from  those  in 
the  other  two. 

3.  A  winged   bronze   celt  (No.  5) ;    and   one   of  the   flat  type 
(No.  9),  said  to  be  of  copper. 

4.  Portions  of  three  bronze  pins  (Nos.  12  and  13). 

5.  Two  thin  bracelets  of  bronze,  much  worn. 

6.  Five  peculiar  objects  of  copper,  like  awls  (Nos.  6  and  8). 

7.  Seven   objects  like   daggers,  lance  -  heads,  or  knives,  rudely 
hammered,   are   also    supposed    to    be    of   pure    copper   (Nos.  10 
and  11). 

The  winged  celt  and  the  larger  of  the  two  swords  are  not 
noticed  in  either  of  the  reports  of  the  various  investigations, 
but  I  am  assured  they  form  part  of  the  same  find;  and,  in 
corroboration  of  .this,  I  find  they  are  included  in  a  pho- 
tograph issued  by  the  authorities  of  the  Museum,  purporting 
to  be  a  representation  of  all  the  metal  objects  from  the 
Pfahlbauten. 

Objects  of  Wood.— A  canoe  15J  feet  long  and  2J  feet  wide 
was  pointed  at  both  ends.  Also  a  toy  canoe.  Fragments  of  a 
few  dishes,  such  as  a  large  plate,  a  spoon  of  yew  wood,  and  some 
M 


178 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


bowls — one   of   which   is   scooped   out   of  a   large   round   natural 
protuberance  of  a  tree.     A  few  elongated  pebbles  rolled  in  birch 


Fig.  45.— LAIBACH.    Nos.  14  and  15  =  £,  and  the  rest  =  |  real  size. 

bark.     Portions  of  bast  ropes,  and  some  coils  of  very  fine  car- 
bonised linen  threads. 


BEAVER-TRAPS. 


179 


Two  remarkable  machines  ("  Biberfalle  ")  (Fig.  46),  each  con- 
structed out  of  one  solid  piece  of  wood,  and  having  two  movable 
valves  in  the  centre  worked  by  projecting  pivots  resting  loosely 
in  corresponding  holes  in  the  machine.  These  valves  are  freely 
movable  when  pushed  upwards,  but  this  motion  is  arrested 
just  a  little  short  of  the  perpendicular  by  the  slanting  shape  of 
their  posterior  edges,  so  that,  when  left  to  themselves,  they  always 
fall  together,  and  never  backwards.  The  one  here  represented 
is  in  a  very  perfect  state  of  preservation  ;  and  the  other,  though 
now  in  a  fragmentary  condition,  clearly  shows  that  in  its  structure 
it  was  precisely  similar  to  the  former.  These  peculiar  implements, 
though  found  at  a  little  distance,  are  considered  of  contemporary 


Fig.  46. — LAIBACH.    Wooden  machine,  supposed  to  be  a  Beaver-trap. 

date  with  the  lake-dwelling  remains,  as  they  were  in  the  same 
archaeological  stratum,  and  about  the  same  depth  in  the  peat.. 
The  one  here  figured  is  made  of  oak,  and  measures  32  inches  long, 
12  inches  broad,  and  4  inches  deep.  The  aperture,  when  the 
valves  are  open,  measures  9  by  5  inches.  The  most  recent 
opinion  as  to  the  use  of  these  machines  is  that  they  were 
beaver  traps — an  opinion  that  derives  much  probability  from 
the  extraordinary  number  of  the  skeletons  of  this  animal  which 
have  been  found  among  the  food-refuse  of  the  inhabitants  of 
this  lake-dwelling. 

-  Such  machines  are  not  absolutely  new  to  archaeology,  and  the 
little  that  is  known  about  them  rather  strengthens  the  opinion 
above  given  as  to  their  use.  The  first  discovered  to  which 
attention  was  directed  in  archaeological  journals  was  figured  and 
described  in  1873*  by  Dr.  Hildebrandt,  of  Tribsees,  Neu-Vor- 
pommern.  It  measures  29  J  inches  long,  and  6  inches  broad  at 
the  ends,  and  has  two  movable  valves  in  the  centre.  It  was 

*  Zcit.  fur  Eth.,  voL  v.,  VerJiand.,  p.  119. 


180 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


found  in  a  peat  bog  at  a  depth  of  5  to  (5  feet  below  the 
surface,  and  is  now  preserved  in  the  Museum  at  Greifswald. 
Dr.  Hildebrandt  conjectured  that  it  was  some  kind  of  trap  for 
catching  fish. 

In  reply  to  Dr.  Hildebrandt's  notice  of  the  machine  found 
at  Tribsees,  Professor  F.  Merkel,  of  Rostock,  wrote  to  say*  that 
two  similar  ones  were  found  in  different  parts  of  North  Germany, 
which  he  considered  to  be  otter  traps  rather  than  fish  traps. 
One  of  them  was  found  in  the  moor  of  Samow,  near  Gnoien,  at 
a  depth  of  6  or  7  feet,  and  is  now  in  the  Museum  at  Rostock. 


Fig.  47. — Wooden  machine,  3  feet  lon«f,  from  North  Germany. 

It  is  remarkably  like  the  one  from  Laibach,  and  differs  only  in 
being  4  inches  longer,  and  having  three  holes  in  the  valves  instead 
of  two  (Fig.  47).  A  third  f  was  found  in  a  moor  at  Friedrichs- 
bruch,  near  Flatow,  in  the  province  of  West  Preussen,  which  was 
sent  to  the  Markisches  Museum.  At  no  time  within  historical 
times  were  such  machines  known  to  be  in  use,  so  that  their 
function  still  remains  conjectural,  unless  the  circumstantial  evi- 
dence derived  from  the  Pfahlbau  at  Laibach  decides  them  to  be 
"  Biberfalle." 

[While  the  proofs  of  the  above  remarks  were  still  in  my 
hands,  I  received  from  Dr.  Luigi  Meschinelli,  of  the  Geological 
Museum  of  the  Royal  University  of  Naples,  a  copy  of  an  article 
by  him,  entitled  "Studio  Sugli  Avanzi  Preistorici  della  Valle 

*  Zrit.  fiii-  Eth.,  vol.  vi.,  Verkand.,  p.  180,  1874. 
f  Ibid.,  vol.  ix.,  Vcrltand.,  p.  168. 


WOODEN   MACHINES   FROM   FONTEGA. 


181 


di  Fontega."*  The  objects  described  in  this  memoir  were  found, 
in  the  course  of  excavating  peat,  in  a  small  valley  which  opens 
into  Lake  Fimon  in  the  vicinity  of  Vicenza.  Among  numerous 
industrial  remains  of  man,  consisting  of  fragments  of  pottery, 
various  implements  of  stone  and  flint,  a  bronze  celt,  and  a 
Roman  coin  of  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Adrian,  were  three 
curious  and  novel  objects  of  wood  shaped  like  small  canoes. 
One  of  these  machines — the  best  preserved,  though  not  the 
largest — is  carefully  described  and  figured  by  Dr.  Meschinelli, 
and  from  his  minute  description  there  can  be  no  doubt  it  is 
another  example  of  the  same  apparatus  which  I  have  just  de- 
scribed as  having  been  found  in  North  Germany  and  Laibach  Moor. 


Fig.  47«. — Wooden  machine  from  FONTEGA,  28  inches  long-,  with  detached 
valves,  and  some  worked  sticks  found  along  with  it. 

The  body  of  the  Italian  machine  was  constructed  out  of  one 
piece  of  oak,  and  measured  28  inches  long,  6|  inches  broad,  and 
2|  inches  thick  (Fig.  47«).  The  opening  in  the  centre,  which 
was  closed  by  two  valves  revolving  on  projecting  pivots,  and 
resting  along  their  axis  in  a  deep  groove  cut  on  each  side  of 
the  machine,  measured  6J  inches  by  3J  inches  on  the  under 
side,  so  that  this  would  be  the  actual  size  of  the  aperture 
when  the  valves  were  open.  Associated  with  the  machine,  as 
will  be  seen  from  the  illustration,  were  several  worked  portions 
of  sticks,  evidently  the  debris  of  some  kind  of  mechanism  attached 
to  it.  Similar  sticks  were  found  along  with  the  Laibach 
examples.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  dimensions  of  the 

*  Atti  della  Soc.  Veneto  Trentina  di  Sc.  Nat.,  vol.  xi.,  1889. 


182  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Italian  one  are  a  little  less  than  those  of  the  previously  de- 
scribed machines,  but  that  in  all  other  respects  they  are  identical. 
The  other  two  found  at  Fontega  were,  according  to  Dr.  Meschinelli, 
precisely  similar  to  the  one  he  describes. 

Among  the  organic  remains  from  these  peat  excavations  I 
find  no  mention  made  of  the  osseous  remains  of  the  beaver, 
neither  is  this  animal  included  by  Lioy  among  the  fauna  of  the 
lake-dwellings  at  Fimon.  So  far,  therefore,  there  is  no  presump- 
tive evidence  that  the  machines  described  by  Dr.  Meschinelli 
were  beaver-traps.  That,  however,  the  beaver  frequented  the  Po 
valley  during  prehistoric  times  we  have  positive  evidence  in  the 
discovery  of  its  bones  in  several  localities — as,  for  example,  the 
terremare  of  Castellaccio  (JB.  457)  and  Cogozzo  (B.  389a). 

Puzzled  to  account  for  these  curious  machines  which  so  for- 
tunately attracted  the  attention  of  Dr.  Meschinelli,  he  concludes 
his  notice  of  them  thus: — 

"A  che  cosa  poteva  servire  questo  oggetto?  Era  forse  un  modello 
per  costruire  poi  una  piroga  di  dimensioni  maggiori  per  utilita  pratica? 
Portata  a  queste  dimensioni,  serviva  essa  al  trasporto,  o  meglio  quei 
congegni  erano  stati  inventati  a  facilitare  la  pesca  1  Voile  invece 
Fartefice  sbizzarrire  il  suo  genio  inventivo  nel  costruire  un  trastullo  cosi 
grazioso?  E  perchd  allora  costruirne  due  di  eguali?" 

It  may  be  interesting  to  add  that  in  1859  a  wooden  machine, 
which  evidently  comes  under  the  same  category  as  the  above, 
was  found  in  a  bog  in  the  townland  of  Coolnarnan,  parish  of 
Aghadowey,  county  Derry,  Ireland.  It  is  figured  in  The  Ulster 
Journal  of  Archaeology  (vol.  vii.  p.  ]  65),  as  an  "  antique  wooden 
implement,"  which  is  thus  described  by  the  editor: — 

"It  was  discovered  embedded  in  a  solid  bank  of  turf,  at  a  depth 
of  4  feet  from  the  surface,  the  bog  extending  to  a  great  depth  under- 
neath. No  other  article  was  found  near  it.  It  is  entirely  of  wood, 
and  measures  as  follows : — Extreme  length,  3  feet  5  inches  ;  breadth 
across  the  centre,  7£  inches;  depth,  2£  inches;  lid,  14  inches  long 
and  3J  inches  broad;  under  hole,  12J  inches  long  and  3J  inches  broad. 
The  upper  edges  have  evidently  been  higher  on  all  sides,  when  perfect 
— probably  on  a  level  with  the  lid  or  small  door — or  even  extending 
still  higher,  so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  trough.  The  lid  is  now  somewhat 
narrower  than  the  opening  which  it  is  intended  to  close,  but,  no  doubt, 
was  made  to  fit  accurately  when  in  use.  It  moves  up  and  down  on  a 
hinge  formed  by  two  projections  which  lie  in  corresponding  hollows, 


WOODEN    IMPLEMENT   FROM   IRELAND. 


183 


and  seems  to  have  been  opened  and  shut  by  means  of  a  handle  inserted 
into  a  hole  in  its  centre.  These  hinges  have,  no  doubt,  been  kept  in 
their  place  by  some  part  of  the  wood  above  them  which  is  now  lost. 
From  each  end  of  the  lid  and  on  a  level  with  its  upper  surface  there 
runs  a  hollow  groove,  sloping  regularly  downwards  to  the  end  of  the 
implement,  and  terminating  in  a  hole  which  perforates  the  bottom, 
seemingly  for  the  discharge  of  a  liquid.  Towards  each  end  are  two 
lateral  holes  placed  opposite  to  each  other,  one  in  each  lip  of  the 
groove,  apparently  to  receive  a  rope  passed  through  them  to  serve  as 
a  handle  for  removing  the  article  from  place  to  place.  The  under 
side  of  the  implement  is  flat,  having  in  its  centre  an  oblong  hole  (the 
bottom  opening  of  the  cavity  covered  by  the  lid),  which  has  all  its 
four  edges  sloped  or  bevelled.  .  .  .  Coolnaman,  which  gives  name 


Fig.  47#. — Antique  wooden  implement  from  Ireland,  showing-  upper  and 
under  surfaces.     Length,  3  feet  5  inches. 

to  the  townland,  is  a  considerable  hill,  entirely  cultivated,  but  sur- 
rounded at  its  base  by  a  bog  of  unknown  depth,  which  evidently 
occupies  the  site  of  an  ancient  lake.  On  the  side  of  the  hill  where 
the  implement  was  discovered  the  turf  has  become  quite  solidified,  and 
forms  a  dense  black  mass  up  to  the  surface." 

In  looking  at  Fig.  47&,  which  shows  the  upper  and  under 
sides  of  this  implement,  it  will  be  at  once  seen  that  it  differs 
from  the  Continental  examples  only  by  having  one  valve  or  lid 
closing  the  central  aperture  instead  of  two.  Neither  the  editor 
nor  any  of  the  parties  who  had  examined  this  curious  machine 
at  the  time  had  ever  seen  anything  of  the  kind  before,  and  no^ 
rational  explanation  of  its  use  has  ever  since  been  offered.  One 
thought  it  was  a  fish-trap  intended  to  be  placed  in  a  river; 
another,  that  it  was  a  kind  of  pump ;  a  third,  that  it  was  a 


184  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

machine  for  making  peats ;  and  a  fourth,  that  it  was  a  cheese- 
press  (Ibid.,  p.  289). 

To  find  so  many  of  these  machines,  of  unknown  use  and  so 
remarkably  similar  in  structure,  in  such  widely  separate  districts 
as  Ireland,  North  Germany,  Styria,  and  Italy,  must  be  a  matter 
of  interest  to  archaeologists,  and  no  one  can  say  that  the  correct 
explanation  of  their  use  is  to  be  found  in  any  of  the  suggestions 
hitherto  offered  on  this  point.  I  may  mention  one  element 
which  may  help  in  the  solution  of  this  problem,  viz.  that  all 
the  examples  from  Italy,  Laibach,  and  Ireland  were  found  in 
bogs  that  were  formerly  lakes.  Perhaps  this  is  true  in  regard 
to  those  from  North  Germany,  but  the  point  is  not  referred  to 
in  the  short  notices  which  have  appeared  of  them.  If  these 
machines  are  really  traps  they  could  only  be  used  in  water 
where  the  animal  could  insert  its  head  from  below,  and  among 
amphibious  animals  the  otter  and  beaver  are  the  only  ones  to 
which  all  the  conditions  involved  in  the  trap  theory  could  apply.]* 

Organic  Remains. — In  the  report  of  the  investigations  for 
the  year  1877  Dr.  Deschmann  gives  the  following  analysis  of  the 
osseous  remains  collected,  which  shows  the  relative  frequency  of 
the  respective  animals  :— 

Individuals.  Individuals. 


Sheep,  a. horned  variety          ...    147 
Stag 131 


Wild  Boar       ...  ..28 

Bear  18 


Beaver  52       ^.  1(- 

Bison   ...          ...          ...          ...      1 1 

Domestic  Ox,  with  48  pieces  of 

16 


horn          35 

Q1       Roe      12 

Goat     ...          ...          ...          ...      31 

Wolf    ...          2  to  3 

Elk  3  to  4 


Badger  ...      31 

Marsh  Pig       ...  ...      35 


Some  of  these  bones  contained  crystals  of  vivianite,  resembling 
in  this  respect  the  osseous  remains  found  on  some  of  the  Scottish 
crannogs,  especially  that  at  Lochlee.  (B.  373,  p.  88.) 

The  Bos  primigenius  is  also  represented  by  a  portion  of  horn 
21  inches  long.  The  presence  of  hazel  nuts  with  gnawed  holes 

*  Dr.  Meschinelli.  in  reply  to  my  observations  on  the  Laibach  machine,  the 
advanced  proofs  of  which  I  sent  to  him,  rejects  the  beaver-trap  theory  as  a  possible 
explanation  of  the  use  of  the  Fontega  machines,  but  suggests  that  they  might  have 
been  used  as  traps  for  catching  wild-fowl.  (B.  469.) 


LAIBACH.  185 

also  points  to  the  existence  of  some  small  rodents,  probably  the 
dormouse.  One  or  two  bones  (metacarpal  bone  of  a  deer  and 
an  ulna  of  the  bear)  are  covered  all  over  with  groups  of  peculiarly- 
striated  markings,  as  if  made  with  a  file ;  but  for  what  purpose, 
or  whether  the  work  of  man  or  of  some  rodent  animal,  remains 
a  mystery. 

There  is  also  a  considerable  quantity  of  the  bones  of  birds, 
the  spine  bones  of  fish,  jawbones  of  large  pike,  carp,  etc.,  and 
a  portion  of  the  shell  of  a  tortoise  (Emis  lutaria). 

Of  human  remains  there  are  two  skulls  of  adults,  minus  the 
facial  part,  another  of  a  child,  a  lower  jaw,  and  a  few  bones  of 
the  extremities. 

Notwithstanding  a  minute  search,  no  traces  of  any  kind  of 
corn  have  hitherto  come  to  light ;  but  we  must  not  therefore 
conclude  that  the  lake-dwellers  were  ignorant  of  agriculture  and 
the  ordinary  cereals,  as  grain  is  so  apt  to  decompose  unless  it 
happens  to  be  in  a  carbonised  state.  It  is,  however,  probable 
that  the  cultivation  of  grain  was  not  the  chief  industry  of 
the  colony,  and  that  the  mealing-stones  which  were  in  such 
abundance  must  have  been  used  for  grinding  some  other 
kind  of  food  as  well  as  grain,  such  as  the  kernels  of  hazel-nuts 
and  water  -  chestnuts.  The  water  -  chestnut  (Trapa  natans), 
according  to  Deschmann,  does  not  grow  at  the  present  time  in 
Carniola ;  nor  has  it  ever,  since  the  earliest  botanical  examina- 
tion of  the  country  by  Scopoli,  been  considered  a  native  plant 
in  the  Flora  Carniolica.  In  the  last  century  the  monks  of  the 
Cistercian  order,  at  Sittich,  cultivated  "it  in  their  ponds.  Pliny, 
however,  distinctly  states  that  in  ancient  times  it  was  used  as  a 
food.  "  Thraces  qui  ad  Strymona  habitant  foliis  tribuli  equos 
saginant,  ipsi  nucleo  vivunt,  panem  facientes  prsedulcem,  et  qui 
contrabit  ventrem."  (H.  Nat.,  xxii.  10-12.) 

Among  the  vast  quantity  of  osseous  remains  there  is  not  a 
single  fragment  of  the  skeleton  of  the  horse.  On  the  other  hand, 
it  is  calculated  that  the  deer  is  represented  by  no  less  than  500 
individuals,  and  the  beaver  by  at  least  140.  For  the  latter  this 
is  a  colossal  figure,  seeing  that  the  richest  station  in  beaver 
remains  among  the  Swiss  lake-dwellings,  viz.  Moosseedorfsee, 
numbers  only  eight  individuals.  The  animal  is  now  extinct  in 
the  country,  nor  has  it  ever  been  mentioned  in  any  of  the  historical 
annals  of  Carniola. 


Cftiri   Xrrturc* 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    AND    PILE-STRUCTURES    IN    ITALY. 

ON  the  20th  of  July,  1860,  M.  G.  do  Mortillet  wrote  a  letter  to 
Sig.  Comalia,  president  of  the  Italian  Society  of  the  Natural 
Sciences,  at  Milan,*  in  which,  while  mentioning  the  discoveries 
made  in  Switzerland,  he  suggested  that  similar  antiquities  might  be 
found  in  the  lakes  of  Lombardy.  The  reading  of  this  letter  led  to 
a  discussion  which  at  once  elicited  one  or  two  statements  of 
archaeological  importance.  The  vice-president,  Sig.  Antonio  Villa, 
recalled  the  fact  that  a  bronze  axe-head  and  some  flint  arrow-heads 
were  found  in  the  turf-bog  of  Bosisio,  at  a  depth  of  10  feet,  which 
were  described  and  figured  in  a  Milan  journal,  II  Fotografo, 
2nd  August,  1856.  The  president  also  mentioned  that  he  possessed 
weapons  of  a  similar  character,  which  were  found,  along  with  some 
human  bones,  in  the  peat-beds  of  Brenna.  Shortly  afterwards  the 
celebrated  naturalist  Gastaldi,  in  an  article  in  II  Nuovo  Cimento, 
directed  attention  to  certain  antiquities  which  the  turf- cutters  were 
in  the  habit  of  finding  in  the  "  torbiera  di  Mercurago."  (B.  37.) 
Subsequently  Gastaldi  visited  this  locality,  and  along  with  Professor 
Moro,  of  Arona  (who  first  recognised  the  importance  of  the  objects 
in  question),  made  further  researches  in  the  peat  at  Mercurago,  the 
result  of  which  was  to  leave  no  doubt  that  they  had  here  to  deal 
with  the  remains  of  a  true  palafitte  analogous  to  the  pile-dwellings 
in  the  Swiss  lakes.  During  the  next  two  years  Gastaldi's  report 
was  considerably  enlarged  by  further  finds  at  Mercurago.  (B.  43 
and  52.) 

About  the  same  time  that  these  discoveries  at  Mercurago 
were  being  made  the  existence  of  a  palafitte  in  Lake  Garda 
was  surmised  from  the  finding,  at  various  times,  of  bronze 

*  Atti  delta  Soc.  It,  di  Sc.  Nat.,  vol.  ii.  p.  177. 


LAKE    OF    VARESE.  187 

implements  and  weapons  in  the  harbour  at  Peschiera ;  but 
nothing  further  of  a  very  definite  character  occurred  till  the 
summer  of  1863,  when  Professors  Desor  and  De  Mortillet  visited 
Lombardy  in  search  of  lake-dwellings.  These  eminent  archae- 
ologists were  joined  by  Professor  Stoppani,  and  the  immediate 
result  of  their  investigations  was  the  discovery  of  several  settle- 
ments in  the  Lake  of  Varese  and  elsewhere.  (B.  67.)  Since  then 
the  lacustrine  stations  south  of  the  Alps  have  greatly  increased  in 
number,  there  being  now  scarcely  any  of  the  smaller  lakes  and 
turbaries  of  North  Italy  that  have  not  yielded  more  or  fewer 
remains  of  this  character. 

In  addition  to  these  ordinary  lake -dwellings,  whether  in  water 
or  in  peat,  there  are,  in  the  valley  of  the  Po,  other  ancient  remains 
known  as  "Terremare,"  which  are  now  shown  to  be  so  closely 
analogous  to  the  former  that  they  fall  to  be  described  as  land 
palafittes.  They  are  found  only  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  valley, 
and  as  some  of  their  relics,  in  common  with  those  of  the  adjacent 
palafittes,  present  some  characteristics  which  are  not  found  'in 
western  Lombardy,  I  fasten  on  this  distinction  as  a  convenient 
principle  of  classifying  the  lake  and  peat  dwellings  into  a  western 
and  an  eastern  group,  reserving  the  "  terremare "  for  separate 
treatment.  Accordingly  we  begin  with  Lake  Varese,  whose  settle- 
ments appear  to  have  been  the  most  important  and  the  most 
central  in  the  western  group. 

LAKE    OF    VARESE. 

Lake  Varese  is  irregularly  shaped,  about  5|  miles  in  length,  and 
less  than  half  that  in  breadth.  It  occupies  a  somewhat  shallow 
basin,  its  greatest  depth  being  85  feet,  and,  although  bounded  on 
the  north  by  high  hills,  its  banks  are  generally  flat  or  shelving.  Its 
surface  is  770  feet  above  sea-level,  and  134  feet  above  that  of  Lake 
Maggiore,  to  which  its  surplus  water  is  carried  by  the  Bardello,  a 
stream  which  has  its  outlet  at  the  north  end  of  the  lake.  The 
district  around  is  rich  and  well  cultivated,  except  on  the  south  side, 
where  the  lake  becomes  contiguous  with  an  extensive  peat -bog 
called  "  torbiera  della  Brabbia."  When  Stoppani  and  his  illustrious 
friends,  along  with  Desor's  experienced  fisher,  Benz,  commenced 
their  lacustrine  explorations  in  Lombardy,  they  selected  Lake 
Varese  to  start  with,  on  account  of  the  suitability  of  its  shores  for 
such  structures.  On  the  very  first  day  (21st  April,  1863)  their 


188  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

labours  were  rewarded  by  the  discovery  of  the  sites  of  two  settle- 
ments—one at  the  south-east  side  of  the  little  island  then  called 
Tsolino,  or  Isola  Camilla,  but  now  I.  Virginia,*  and  the  other 
opposite  the  village  of  Bodio. 

Professor  Stoppani  continued  his  researches  after  the  departure 
of  his  friends,  and  made  further  discoveries,  not  only  in  Lake 
Varese,  but  in  some  of  the  other  lakes  of  Lombardy.  In  November 
of  the  same  year  Captain  Angelo  Angelucci,  of  Turin,  was  attracted 
to  the  scene  of  these  discoveries  in  Lake  Varese,  and  henceforth 
took  an  active  part  in  the  investigation  of  its  palafittes.  (B.  63.) 
Nor  must  I  omit  to  mention  the  Abate  Ranchet  among  the  list 
of  the  early  explorers.  He  discovered  in  the  same  year  not  only 
a  new  station  on  the  south  side  of  the  outlet,  but  also,  in 
the  following  year,  two  others  in  the  adjoining  lake  of  Monate. 
(B.  85.)  At  the  end  of  the  first  year's  explorations  we  find, 
from  the  reports  of  Stoppani  and  Angelucci,  that  no  less 
than  six  stations  were  determined  in  Lake  Varese,  all  situated 
on  its  south-western  shore.  In  1868,  when  Dr.  Camillo  Marinoni 
published  a  report  on  "Le  abitazioni  lacustri  e  gli  avanzi 
di  umana  industria  in  Lombardia"  (B.  159),  the  number  had 
increased  to  seven.  Although  no  addition  has  since  been  made 
to  their  number,  much  attention  has  been  given,  especially  in  these 
later  years,  to  their  investigation.  The  Sketch  Map  of  Lake  Varese 
(page  189)  shows  the  names  and  the  respective  positions  of  these 
settlements,  which  I  shall  now  shortly  describe. 

ISOLA  VIRGINIA. — This  is  a  small  egg-shaped  island  lying  along 
the  west  shore,  from  which  it  is  distant  about  80  yards.  It  is  240 
yards  long,  with  a  maximum  breadth  of  100  yards,  and  contains 
besides  some  fine  trees,  a  house  with  two  storeys,  the  upper  of  which 
is  converted  into  an  archaeological  museum,  and  at  a  little  distance 
there  is  a  cafe  for  the  convenience  of  the  numerous  visitors  that 
frequent  the  locality.  Its  area  is  nearly  3  acres,  and  its  highest 
point  is  barely  8  feet  above  the  average  level  of  the  lake. 

Piles  were  discovered  in  the  lake  at  the  south-east  side  of  the 
island,  in  a  space  extending  along  its  margin  for  about  100  yards, 
and  about  half  that  distance  in  breadth.  Two  years  ago,  when  I 
visited  the  locality,  the  heads  of  piles  were  readily  seen  through  the 
water,  just  cropping  above  the  sandy  bottom.  In  some  cases  it  was 

*  So  called  by  the  Congress  of  Italian  Naturalists  who  met  here  in  1878,  after 
Virginia  Ponti,  wife  of  the  proprietor. 


LAKE    OF    VARESE. 


189 


difficult  to  distinguish  them  from  stones  ;  but  a  poke  with  the  oar 
or  a  long  stick  at  once  determined  which  they  were.  Professor 
Stoppani,  in  his  first  report  (B.  67),  describes  this  as  a  Steinberg, 
but  the  idea  of  the  whole  island  being  artificial — an  idea  first 
suggested  by  Desor,  who  found  analogous  instances  in  the  Rosen 
Insel,  Lake  Starnberg,  in  the  little  island  at  Inkwyl,  and  in  the 


Irish  Crannogs — gained  strength  by  the  discovery  of  similar  stumps 
of  piles  on  its  north-west  side.  Although  the  local  antiquaries — 
Ranchet,  Regazzoni,  Quaglia,  Castelfranco,  and  others — occasionally 
visited  these  lacustrine  stations  and  made  considerable  investiga- 
tions, with  the  result  of  adding  to  their  private  collections,  it  was 
not  till  1878  that  any  systematic  researches  were  made  with  the 
view  of  testing  Desor's  suggestion  that  the  island  was  a  gigantic 
crannog.  This  was  first  attempted  by  an  Englishman,  Mr.  W.  K. 


190  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Foster,  of  London,  who  happened  to  be  residing  in  the  neighbour- 
hood. In  carrying  out  the  necessary  excavations  he  had  the 
assistance  of  Ranchet  and  Regazzoni,  both  experienced  investigators 
of  lacustrine  antiquities.  Five  trenches,  covering  on  the  aggre- 
gate about  80  square  yards,  were  dug  in  different  parts  of  the 
island,  and  in  all  these,  piles,  fragments  of  pottery  (one  ol 
which  had  the  impression  of  plaited  reed- work),  and  various  other 
relics  of  human  industry,  were  encountered.  In  the  sections 
presented  by  these  trenches  the  following  strata  were  successively 
passed  through : — 

1.  Surface  Soil  for  about  ...          ...          ...  14  inches. 

2.  Vegetable  Mould,  of  a  dark  colour  ..  10       „ 

3.  Sand  and  Gravel        21       „ 

4.  Sand  and  Earth,  with  much  organic  debris  16        ,, 

5.  Sand  and  Mud  (the  original  lake-sediment). 

The  most  noteworthy  objects  collected  in  these  operations  were 
as  follows : — In  the  first  layer  a  Roman  coin  of  Marcus  Aurelius, 
and  a  portion  of  a  mould  for  a  socketed  lance-head  (Fig.  48,  No.  19). 
In  the  second,  two  fragments  of  bronze.  In  the  third,  two  polished 
stone  celts,  with  a  portion  of  a  third,  and  two  clay  weights.  In  the 
fourth,  a  flint  saw  with  a  wooden  handle,  two  bone  pins,  and  some 
sharpening-stones. 

The  piles  were  evidently  in  their  natural  position,  and  the 
conclusion  that  the  entire  island  had  been  a  pile-dwelling  was 
irresistible ;  but  the  questions  when  and  by  what  means  was  the 
transformation  accomplished,  were  as  obscure  as  before.  Mainly  for 
the  purpose  of  clearing  this  matter,  Sig.  Ettore  Ponti,  in  September 
of  the  following  year,  gave  instructions  to  have  further  excavations 
made  in  different  parts  of  the  island.  On  this  occasion  1 2  trenches 
were  dug,  covering  an  area  of  about  230  square  yards  with  an 
average  depth  of  3  to  4  feet. 

The  stratification  and  composition  of  the  stuff  were  very  similar 
to  those  experienced  in  the  former  excavations.  In  this  space  440 
piles  were  counted,  and  Regazzoni  calculates  that  at  this  rate  the 
original  number  of  piles  requisite  for  the  construction  of  the  entire 
lake-village  would  be  from  35,000  to  40,000.  Some  horizontal 
beams  were  also  found  among  the  debris.  Among  the  relics  the 
following  are  noteworthy : — A  tyne  of  deer's  horn,  with  a  flint 
implement  inserted  into  the  end  of  it  (No.  3) ;  a  small  clay  weight 


LAKE   OF   VARESE. 


191 


Fig.  48.— ISOLA  VIKGINIA.     No.  25  =  |,  and  the  rest  =  i  real  size. 


192  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

shaped  like  a  pear;  several  objects  of  worked  bone,  as  needles 
(Nos.  7  to  9),  pointers,  chisels  (No.  25),  handles,  etc.  A  knife  (No.  5) 
and  a  dagger  of  bronze  (No.  6),  and  two  oblong  beads  of  coloured 
glass  with  transverse  grooves,  were  found  in  the  stratum 
immediately  below  the  surface  soil. 

As  a  rule,  the  tops  of  the  piles  in  these  trenches  were  on  a  level 
with  the  surface  of  the  water,  while  those  in  the  lake  were  several 
feet  lower — more  or  less,  according  to  the  depth  of  water.  The  cause 
of  this  was  no  doubt  the  protection  given  to  the  former  by  the 
accumulation  of  debris  around  them.  It  was  observed  that  the 
uppermost  layer  alone  had  yielded  Roman  coins,  but  along  with 
them  were  objects  of  both  the  Stone  and  Bronze  Ages — a 
juxtaposition  which  might  be  accounted  for  by  agricultural  and 
other  operations  to  which  the  island  has  been  subjected  in  historical 
times.  The  fourth,  or  that  which  lay  immediately  over  the  ancient 
lake-sediment,  was  alone  exclusively  deposited  under  water,  as  it 
contained  some  entire  dishes,  and  the  associated  debris  were  just 
the  usual  contents  of  lake-dwelling  relic-beds,  viz.  the  shells  of  hazel- 
nuts,  acorns,  charred  bits  of  wood,  bones  of  various  animals  (among 
others  the  skull  of  an  enormous  wild  boar),  as  well  as  implements 
of  bone,  horn,  and  flint,  pottery,  etc.  The  second  and  third  layers 
were  composed  of  much  the  same  materials  as  the  fourth,  but  they 
appeared  to  have  been  the  contents  of  a  previously-deposited  relic- 
bed  artificially  heaped  up,  as  they  contained  portions  of  wooden 
beams  which  had  no  definite  purpose,  but  lay  in  the  soil  in  all 
directions. 

The  relics  of  humanity  collected  on  the  Isola  Virginia  in  the 
course  of  these  various  excavations  are  so  numerous  that  one  of 
the  two  rooms  set  apart  by  Sig.  Ponti  as  an  archaeological  museum 
for  the  lacustrine  remains  of  Lake  Varese  is  entirely  devoted 
to  their  exhibition  and  preservation,  where  they  have  been 
carefully  and  neatly  arranged  under  the  skilful  care  of  Professor 
Regazzoni. 

Pottery. — As  in  the  other  lacustrine  stations  in  this  lake,  there 
are  two  kinds  of  pottery — one  black,  and  made  of  line  paste,  of 
which  most  of  the  smaller  vessels  were  made ;  the  other  is  of 
a  greyish  colour,  but  sometimes  it  has  a  reddish  tinge,  and  contains 
a  mixture  of  fine  gravel  or  coarse  sand,  which  gives  it  a  rough 
appearance.  The  fragments  and  entire  dishes  in  the  Ponti  Museum 
decidedly  testify  to  considerable  skill  in  the  ceramic  art.  Besides 


LAKE   OF   VARESE.  193 

perforated  knobs  and  tubular  borings  for  the  insertion  of  cords 
(No.  17),  there  are  various  forms  of  handles,  as  in  Nos.  14  and 
16,  the  latter  of  which  is  interesting,  as  it  suggests  the  primary 
stage  of  the  ansa  lunata  which  is  such  a  prominent  characteristic 
of  the  pottery  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  Po  valley. 

The  diversity  of  ornamentation  is  also  worthy  of  notice — raised 
dots,  nail-marks,  perforated  rims,  lines,  corrugated  grooves,  and 
cord-markings,  forming  a  variety  of  combinations  (Nos.  13,  15, 
22,  23,  26,  and  27).  One  bit  shows  the  impression  of  plaited  reed- 
work  (No.  29).  Another,  an  entire  dish  made  of  fine  black 
paste,  is  a  curiosity  in  its  way  ;  it  consists  of  three  cups  united, 
and  having  a  communication  with  each  other  by  a  small  hole 
in  the  dividing  septa  (No.  24).  The  coarse  pottery  indicates 
vessels  of  large  dimensions.  There  are  also  loom- weights,  spindle- 
whorls  (No.  21),  some  conical  objects  pierced  vertically  (No.  10), 
and  casts  of  wicker-work,  supposed  to  be  the  remains  of  the 
cottage  walls. 

Bone  and  Horn. — Objects  of  this  class  are  numerous,  as 
polished  daggers,  pointers,  chisels  (No.  25),  needles  (Nos.  7  to  9): 
also  a  few  perforated  teeth. 

Stone. — Celts  and  chisels  are  fairly  abundant,  and  among  them 
are  one  or  two  of  jade.  Though  I  noted  only  one  fragment  of  a 
perforated  axe-head,  the  art  of  boring  stone  was  known  and 
skilfully  practised,  as  there  are  several  spindle-whorls  and  other 
implements  with  neat  perforations  (No.  18).  There  are  also 
hammer  -  stones  (some  with  finger  -  marks),  corn  -  grinders,  and 
polishers.  Among  the  latter  are  large  flat  polishing  slabs,  and 
a  few  hand-polishers  made  like  a  stone  celt  (No.  11),  which  are 
peculiar  to  North  Italy,  if  not,  indeed,  to  the  Yarese  lake- 
dwellers,  as  I  have  seen  only  one  other  out  of  the  district,  viz. 
at  Viadana. 

Among  the  flint  objects  are  knives,  scrapers,  saws,  arrow-points, 
chisels  (like  those  in  Fig.  68,  Nos.  8,  14,  and  15),  cores,  and  a  large 
quantity  of  flakes  (Nos.  1  to  3).  For  small  cutting  implements 
flint  was  not  the  only  substance  used  by  these  lake-dwellers,  as 
there  are  36  fine  flakes  of  obsidian  (No.  4),  and  some  arrow-heads 
of  rock  crystal. 

Bronze. — The  bronze  objects  in  the  museum,  including  frag- 
ments, amount   only  to  15,  and  represent   knives,  fish-hooks,  etc. 
(Nos.  5,  6,  and  12). 
K 


194  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Amber. — There  is  also  a  bit  of  amber  which  appears  to  have 
been  an  ornament. 

Small  square  or  oblong  pieces  of  wood  perforated  (No.  20) 
are  supposed  to  have  been  floats  for  nets. 

The  organic  remains  collected  in  the  fourth  stratum,  which 
was  considered  to  be  the  true  relic-bed  of  the  palafitte,  were 
submitted  to  Professor  Sordelli,  who  recognised,  among  other 
seeds  and  fruits,  the  following: — Millet  (Patiicum  miliaceum) 
wheat  (Trit  vuh/(ire),  bramble  (R.  fniticosuv),  and  the  vine  (Vitis 
vinifero). 

Among  the  bones  of  animals  identified  were  those  of  the  bear, 
wolf,  badger,  beaver,  wild  boar,  stag,  roe,  etc.  The  ordinary 
domestic  animals  were  also  represented,  and  in  addition  to  them 
1  have  to  mention  portions  of  two  human  jaws  which  were  found 
a  few  inches  below  the  tops  of  the  piles.  (B.  324,  326,  341,  343a, 
359,  and  437.) 

Professor  Castelfranco  (B.  450),  who  has  carefully  studied  the 
phenomena  presented  by  these  repeated  excavations,  formulates 
the  following  theory  as  to  the  succession  of  events  which  have 
brought  about  the  evolution,  so  to  speak,  of  the  Isola  Virginia : — 

(1)  The  original  palafitte  had  been  destroyed  by  a  conflagra- 
tion towards  the  close  of  the  Bronze  Age  or  the  beginning  of  the 
Iron  Age. 

(2)  Its   inhabitants   were   hunters,  fishers,  rearers  of  domestic 
animals,  and  agriculturists. 

(3)  Shortly   after   the   destruction  of  the   pile-village,  its  sub- 
sequent occupiers  converted  the  larger  portion  of  its  site — which 
had  already,  in  parts  at  least,  reached  the  surface  by  the  gradual 
accumulation  of  debris — into  a  veritable  island,  by  heaping  over 
it  stuff  dug  from  the   margin   and  especially  from  the  landward 
side,  where  there  is  now  a   channel   separating   the   island   from 
the  mainland.     Thus  the  upper  layers  contain   the  debris  of  the 
earlier   people,  mixed  with  sand,  gravel,  and  mud.     This  view  is 
rendered   probable   by   the   fact   that   in   one   place,   towards   the 
north  of  the  island,  the  second  layer  was  displaced  by  an  artificially 
constructed  bed  of  large  pebbles. 

(4)  The   newcomers,  to   whom  Castelfranco  assigns  the  trans- 
formation of  the  palafitte  into  an  island,  were  the  Ligurians,  whose 
"  sepultures  a  cineration  "  are  so  numerously  found  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood. 


LAKE    OF    VARESE.  195 

BODIO. — The  bay  opposite  this  village  contains  the  remains  of 
three  stations,  the  most  southerly  of  which  is  known  as  "  Keller  " 
or  "  Del  Gaggio,"  the  next  as  "  Bodio  Centrale  "  or  "  Delle  Monete," 
and  the  third  as  "  Desor "  or  "  Del  Moresco."  All  these  are  com- 
paratively near  the  shore,  being  only  about  30  yards  distant,  and 
the  central  one  is  about  equidistant — some  800  yards — from  the 
other  tAvo.  (B.  327,  p.  47.)  The  central  station  appears  to  have  been 
a  true  Steinberg,  as  its  area  was  covered  with  stones ;  regarding 
which  Stoppani  remarks  that  formerly  they  were  more  numerous, 
because  within  recent  times  some  were  known  to  have  been 
removed  for  building  purposes.  At  first  more  bronze  objects  were 
found  on  Keller,  and  more  pottery  on  Desor,  while  the  Centrale 
was  characterised  by  the  discovery  on  it  of  a  hoard  of  Roman 
coins.  Subsequent  investigations  have  not  borne  out  these  early 
distinctions  based  on  the  character  of  their  relics,  and  they  are 
now  generally  acknowledged  to  belong  to  the  same  age. 

The  coins  found  on  the  Centrale  were  mostly  small  silver 
pieces,  much  decomposed,  belonging  to  the  last  half-century  of 
the  Republic.  Stoppani  collected  about  70,  and  Angelucci,  who 
explored  shortly  after  him,  no  less  than  1*28.  One  found  by 
Regazzoni  in  1876  (B.  327,  p.  52)  has  on  it,  along  with  the 
head  of  Mark  Antony,  the  following  legend : — M.  ANT.  IMP. 
AUG.  in.  VIR.  R.P.C.  M.  BARBAT.  Q.P.,  etc.,  which  would  make  the 
date  about  40  B.C.  The  hoard  is  supposed  to  have  been  lost 
or  deposited  here  long  after  the  lake-dwelling  ceased  to  be 
inhabited — a  supposition  that  is  borne  out  by  the  fact  that  the 
coins  were  confined  to  one  limited  spot,  only  a  couple  of  yards 
square.  In  1876-7  Sig.  Ponti  made  researches  on  Desor  which 
greatly  enriched  his  museum  both  in  stone  and  bronze  objects. 
(B.  327.)  A  selection  of  objects  from  these  stations  is  given 
on  Fig.  49. 

CAZZAGO-BRABBIA. — This  station  is  situated  opposite  the 
village  of  the  same  name,  and  at  first  it  gave  such  poor  results 
that  Stoppani  called  it  a  trial  station,  or  an  attempt  to  found 
a  settlement.  From  the  researches  made  in  1877  it  was  found 
to  be  rich  in  xernains,  and  exactly  similar  to  those  at  Bodio. 
It  was,  however,  farther  from  the  shore,  and  extended  parallel 
to  it  for  about  150  yards.  Its  breadth  was  somewhat  irregular, 
and,  judging  from  the  disposition  of  its  piles,  it  would  appear  to 
have  been  two  quadrangularly-shaped  stations  nearly  in  contact 


196 


LAKE-DWELLINGS   OF   EUROPE. 


Fig.  49.— BODIO,  CAZZAGO,  AND  BAKDELLO.    Nos.  24,  31,  39,  43,  and  44 

and  the  rest  =     real  size. 


TORBIERA   DI    BIANDRONO.  197 

with  each  other.  Among  the  bronze  objects  collected  on  this 
station  are  four  lance-heads,  a  chisel,  an  awl,  10  fish-hooks,  four 
hair-pins,  a  fibula,  etc.  (B.  456.)  There  are  also  some  fine  arrow- 
points  of  flint. 

BARDELLO. — Near  the  mouth  of  the  river  are  two  stations, 
one  on  the  left  and  the  other  on  the  right  shore.  The  former, 
called  Ranchet,  after  its  discoverer,  is  a  small  settlement  some 
200  yards  from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  6  or  7  from  the 
shore.  It  measures  about  60  yards  long  and  50  broad.  A  large 
quantity  of  the  bones  of  domestic  animals  was  found  here,  as  well 
as  some  flint  and  bone  arrow-points,  spindle- whorls,  and  various 
fragments  of  pottery.  Ranchet  records  also  a  small  lance-head 
of  bronze,  a  portion  of  a  vase  containing  some  black  stuff  adhering 
to  it  (supposed  to  be  remains  of  food),  and  portions  of  another 
of  fine  black  paste.  The  station  on  the  north  shore,  called  after 
Professor  Stoppani,  by  Regazzoni,  is  about  100  yards  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Bardello,  in  the  direction  of  Gavirate.  It  is  in 
the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  65  by  45  yards,  and,  like  the 
previous  station,  has  the  piles  arranged  in  parallel  rows.  Among 
its  relics  are : — Bones  of  the  ox,  goat,  stag,  and  pig ;  flint  arrow- 
heads, scrapers,  etc.,  of  the  usual  kind ;  some  bone  implements. 
Two  bronze  pins  and  a  winged  celt  are  sufficient  to  show  that 
the  station  was  similar  to  the  others  in  Lake  Varese  (Nos.  23 
and  44). 

Marinoni  (B.  159)  mentions  another  station  opposite  Gavirate, 
but  neither  Regazzoni  nor  Ranchet  could  find  any  traces  of  it. 
(B.  327,  p.  66.) 

TORBIERA  DI  BIANDRONO. — Lake  Biandrono,  which  formerly 
occupied  a  larger  area  than  at  present,  has  on  its  north-west 
side  an  extensive  peat-bog,  in  which  Dr.  B.  Quaglia  has  discovered 
the  remains  of  a  true  palafitte  lying  under  a  deposit  of  about 
6  feet  of  moss.  The  station  is  some  200  yards  distant  from  the 
lake,  and  of  a  quadrangular  shape,  with  massive  piles  scattered 
over  its  area.  It  is  remarkable  as  haying  supplied  objects  which 
might  be  considered  characteristic  of  all  periods— from  the 
earliest  polished  Stone  Age  down  to  that  in  which  knives, 
spears,  hooks,  and  spurs  of  iron  were  manufactured.  (B.  327, 
p.  89.)  Other  objects  recorded  from  this  station  are  polished 
stone  hatchets ;  arrow  and  lance-heads  of  yellow  and  dark  flint ; 
fragments  of  pottery,  some  of  which  were  made  of  fine  paste  by 


198  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

the  aid  of  the  potter's  wheel,  and  had  extremely  elegant  forms 
(B.  423,  p.  86) ;  two  fish-hooks  of  bone  and  two  oars  now  in  the 
Museum  at  Varese.  Four  curious  objects  similar  to  one  from 
Torbiera  di  Cazzago-Brabbia  (Fig.  50,  No.  18)  were  found  here. 
(B.  327,  p.  87.)  These  relics  have  been  widely  dispersed,  some 
having  gone  to  the  Museums  of  Pavia,  Milan,  Varese,  and  Como. 
An  iron  spur  figured  by  Regazzoni  is  in  the  Como  Museum. 

TORBIERA  DELLA  BRABBIA. — Some  forty  years  ago  the  peasants 
commenced  to  cut  peats  in  the  extensive  turbary  which  lies  on 
both  sides  of  the  canal  Brabbia,  and  it  is  recorded  that  objects 
of  antiquity  were  from  time  to  time  found,  to  which,  however, 
little  attention  was  paid.  As  early  as  1856,  Angelo  Quaglia  directed 
attention  to  worked  beams  in  the  peat,  and  since  1863,  when  such 
objects  began  to  be  more  inquired  after,  other  piles  were  detected  in 
one  or  two  places.  The  most  important  of  these  stations  is  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Brabbia,  on  its  east  bank.  Here,  during  the 
last  few  years,  many  interesting  relics  have  been  found.  While 
the  usual  flint  and  stone  objects  (Nos.  2  to  8)  are  abundant,  several 
others  of  a  more  novel  character  have  to  be  added  to  the  list. 
Especially  noteworthy  are  some  peculiarly-shaped  fibula  (Nos.  9 
to  15),  one  being  of  iron  (No.  12);  and  a  curious  object  made  of 
bronze  rings  (No.  18),  supposed  to  be  an  epaulette,  is  also  from 
this  station.  Other  objects  of  bronze  are  some  hair-pins  (Nos.  22 
to  28),  an  ornamental  pendant  (No.  17),  a  winged  celt  (No.  21), 
and  a  ring  (No.  19).  There  is  also  one  flat  celt  of  copper  (No.  20). 
Among  the  stone  celts  and  chisels  some  are  now  recognised  to 
b3  of  jade.  (B.  423,  p.  80.)  No.  33  represents  a  hatchet  of 
chloromelanite.  Quaglia  figures  a  curious  flat  stone  like  a  wheel, 
with  a  wide  circular  perforation,  and  brought  to  a  sharp  edge 
along  its  outer  margin.  There  were  also  spindle- whorls  of  terra- 
cotta (No.  29)  and  a  quantity  of  pottery  (Nos.  34  and  35) ;  also 
two  small  pendants  of  amber.  Of  staghorn  there  are  two 
magnificent  harpoons,  one  of  which  is  here  figured  (No.  32). 
Square  bits  of  wood  with  central  perforations  (No.  36)  are 
supposed  to  have  been  used  as  floats  for  fishing-nets.  Among 
the  osseous  remains  is  the  skull  of  a  deer  with  part  of  the  horns 
attached. 

PUSTENGA. — Between  Galliate  and  Doverio,  and  not  very  far 
from  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Varese,  there  exists  in  the  plain 
called  "Pustenga"  a  turbary  of  some  17  acres  in  extent,  which 


TORBIERA  BELLA  BRABBIA. 


199 


k    Hi 


Fig.  50.— TORBIERA  m  CAZZAGO-BRABBIA  (except  No.  1).    Nos.  18  and 
35  =  £,  32  =  ^,  and  all  the  rest  =  A  real  size. 


200  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

was  formerly  a  small  lake,  and  in  which  G.  Quaglia  (B.  423,  p.  90) 
has  detected  the  remains  of  a  palafitte.  Among  the  objects 
recorded  from  this  station  are  two  arrow-points,  a  knife  and  a 
saw  of  flint,  six  stone  celts,  and  a  large  jaw  of  an  ox.  Of  the 
stone  hatchets  four  are  of  serpentine,  one  of  jadeite  (?),  and  one  of 
chloromelanite.  The  latter  is  figured  by  Quaglia.  (B.  423,  PI. 
iv.  45.) 

LAKE    MONATE. 

In  the  month  of  April,  1863,  Stoppani,  Desor,  and  De  Mortillet 
searched  this  lake  unsuccessfully,  and  consequently  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  it  was  unsuitable  for  lake-dwellings  ("non  potesse 
offrire  piaggia  opportuna  per  le  palafitte  ").  Notwithstanding  this 
opinion,  the  Abate  Ranchet,  with  the  assistance  of  two  local 
fishermen,  succeeded  shortly  afterwards  in  discovering  the  sites  of 
two  settlements  on  the  east  shore  of  the  lake,  near  the  village  of 
Cadrezzate.  (B.  159.)  The  stations  were  in  water  from  6  to  9 
feet  deep,  and  about  200  yards  apart,  and  their  sites  were  marked 
by  large  mounds  of  stones  ("  enormi  cumuli  di  grossi  ciottoli "). 
Fragments  of  pottery  were  found  in  abundance,  which  in  quality  of 
paste  and  form  corresponded  with  those  of  the  palatittes  in  Lake 
Varese.  One  dish  had  also  a  quantity  of  black  stuff,  which  was 
supposed  to  have  been  the  remains  of  some  kind  of  porridge.  A 
saw,  two  arrow-points,  and  a  few  chips,  of  flint,  and  bits  of  char- 
coal, were  the  only  objects,  in  addition  to  the  pottery,  collected. 

Little  was  done  by  way  of  exploring  these  stations  till  the 
year  18*75,  when  the  brothers  Borghi,  the  proprietors  of  the  lake, 
became  interested  in  its  submerged  antiquities,  and  proposed  to 
make  further  researches.  To  the  experienced  archaeologist  Castel- 
franco  they  entrusted  the  conduct  of  these  researches,  and  it  is 
to  his  report  I  am  indebted  for  the  following  facts.  (B.  321.) 

SABIONE. — The  most  northerly  and  largest  of  the  two  stations 
at  Cadrezzate  is  about  60  yards  from  the  shore,  and  occupies  a 
quadrangular  space  of  about  100  yards  in  length,  and  rather  more 
than  the  half  of  this  in  breadth.  This  area  was  overspread  with 
stony  mounds  having  intervals  of  from  two  to  four  yards  between, 
and  for  this  reason  it  was  difficult  to  operate  with  the  drag. 
Piles  were  found  in  the  intervals  between,  as  well  as  on,  these 
Steinbergs ;  but  Castelfranco  thinks  the  former  were  the  roadways 
between  the  huts,  which  were  built  on  the  piles  supported  by 
the  stones. 


LAKE   OF   VARANO.  201 

The  relics  collected  were  similar  to  those  from  Varese,  of 
which  the  following  are  the  principal  objects : — 

A  bronze  hatchet  (coltello-ascia)  5  inches  long,  and  1  to  2J 
inches  broad. 

Pottery,  including  fragments  with  handles  of  various  forms. 

Dishes  containing  a  black  crust  ("  simile  al  residuo  che  la 
polenta  lascia  in  fondo  al  painolo  dopo  la  cottura  ")  were  frequent. 
Some  of  this  stuff  was  submitted  to  Professor  Sordelli  for 
analysis,  and  he  thinks,  from  detecting  in  it  the  halves  of 
acorns,  that  it  was  a  kind  of  porridge  made  from  this  fruit. 
One  thin  spindle- whorl  2  inches  in  diameter  had  a  few  punc- 
tured dots  on  its  surface,  intended  as  an  ornamentation.  One 
flint  arrow-point,  and  a  stone  hatchet  converted  into  a  polisher, 
like  those  already  described  from  Varese.  There  were  also  shells 
of  hazel-nuts,  and  the  kernels  of  the  cornel  cherry. 

POZZOLO. — This  station  was  similar  to  the  former  as  regards 
the  stony  mounds,  but  only  about  half  its  size.  The  principal 
relics  from  it  were  : — 

Bronze. — A  triangularly-shaped  spear-head  or  dagger  3J  inches 
long  and  an  inch  broad  at  its  base,  where  there  were  two  rivet- 
holes  ;  a  hair-pin  3  J  inches  long,  with  a  ring  head  ;  also  a  fish- 
hook. 

Stone. — A  few  chips,  arrow-points,  and  a  chisel  of  dark  flint ; 
a  hammer  and  polisher  of  the  hatchet-shaped  kind. 

Pottery. — Fragments  of  a  coarse  and  fine  kind.  Vases  con- 
taining the  "  sostanza  terrosa "  already  noticed.  One  bone  was 
found,  and  in  one  spot  there  was  a  large  quantity  of  cherry-stones. 

OCCHIO. — The  "  Stazione  dell'  Occhio "  is  near  Monate,  and 
consists  of  a  mass  of  stones  in  water  from  10  to  14  feet  deep ; 
but,  notwithstanding  the  difficulty  of  searching  in  such  a  depth, 
the  following  industrial  remains  were  collected  : — Chips  of  flint, 
charcoal,  fragments  of  pottery,  shells  of  hazel-nuts,  and  a  bronze 
hook — sufficient  to  show  that  it  belonged  to  the  same  period  as 
the  others. 

LAKE    VARANO,    TERNATE,    OR    COMABBIO. 

The  previous  failure  of  the  early  explorers  and  subsequently 
of  the  experienced  fisherman  known  as  "  Lo  Spariss "  in  their 
search  for  palafittes  in  Lake  Varano  did  not  prevent  Castelfranco 
from  trying  his  luck  in  this  lake  also.  In  July,  1878,  with  the 


202  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

assistance  of  two  fishermen  experienced  in  lake-dwelling  researches, 
he  made  a  tour  of  the  lake  (some  5  miles  in  circumference),  and 
discovered  traces  of  no  less  than  eight  stations  in  different  localities, 
chiefly  on  the  east  shore.  But  the  objects,  though  sufficiently 
distinctive  to  show  their  origin,  are  too  few  and  unimportant  to 
require  any  detailed  notice. 

Professor  Castelfranco  cornes  to  the  conclusion  that  in  both  the 
lakes  of  Monate  and  Varano  the  palafittes  are  coeval  with  those  in 
Lake  Varese.  He  is,  however,  struck  with  the  entire  absence  of 
bones  from  both  of  them — a  fact  which  appears  to  him  unaccount- 
able. (B.  321.) 

TORBIERA    DI    MOMBELLO. 

Between  the  villages  of  Mombello  and  Cerro,  on  the  east  shore 
of  Lake  Maggiore,  and  a  few  miles  south  of  Laveno,  there  was 
a  small  turbary  in  which  Dr.  Carlo  Tinelli  discovered  the  remains 
of  a  palafitte.  The  peat  was  being  excavated  from  1844,  but 
it  was  20  years  later  before  the  remains  of  the  palafitte  were 
detected.  The  further  progress  of  the  peat-cutting  was  carefully 
watched  by  Tinelli  and  a  priest,  Guiseppe  Delia  Chiesa,  in  the 
interests  of  archaeology.  Some  of  the  piles  were  extracted,  and 
were  said  to  show  marks  of  having  been  fashioned  by  stone 
implements. 

The  relics  collected  here  are : — Flint  objects  in  considerable 
abundance,  among  which  were  two  saws,  a  lance-head,  and  a 
beautiful  knife-flake  (Fig.  50,  No.  1),  now  in  the  Museum  at 
Varese ;  fragments  of  coarsely-made  dishes  without  handles  or 
ornamentation.  Three  canoes,  roughly  made  and  similar  to  those 
from  Mercurago,  were  found  at  a  depth  of  8  feet.  One  of  the 
canoes,  7  feet  long,  was  presented  to  the  Museum  at  Varese. 
Along  with  these  objects  were  bones  of  the  stag,  goat,  and 
roe.  (B.  171.) 

TORBIERA    DI    VALCUVIA. 

In  1870  Professor  Leopoldi  Maggi  described  the  remains  of  a 
palatitte  found  in  "un  bacino  torboso"  between  Santa  Maria  di 
Cuveglio  and  Cavona.  (B.  187.)  This  basin  lies  among  glacial 
debris,  and  was  formerly  a  small  lake,  but  in  modern  times  it 
became  entirely  filled  up  with  peat.  On  the  surface  there  was  a 
layer  of  vegetable  soil  10  inches  thick,  then  spongy  peat  to  the 
depth  of  3  feet,  and  then  a  layer  of  more  solid  peat  about  1  foot 


LAKE   OF   LECCO.  203 

8  inches  thick.  Underneath  these  layers  was  a  blackish  muddy 
deposit,  extending  to  an  unknown  depth,  into  which  the  piles 
were  inserted.  These  piles  were  from  5  to  10  feet  long,  and 
8  to  10  inches  in  diameter.  They  were  closely  set,  and  along 
with  them  were  several  beams  lying  horizontally.  The  relics 
consisted  of  pottery,  knives  of  bronze  and  iron,  charcoal,  etc.,  all 
of  which  were  dispersed. 

TORBIERA    DI    BRENNO. 

Another  locality  that  has  yielded  interesting  remains,  of  "  stazioni 
palustri,"  is  the  "torbiera  di  Brenno-Useria,"  situated  along  the 
road  from  Varese  to  Porto  Ceresio,  on  Lake  Lugano.  Here,  some 
years  ago,  a  canoe  was  dug  out  by  the  peat-cutters,  and  associated 
with  it  were  a  large  number  of  weapons  of  bronze  and  iron, 
bracelets,  fibulae  (Fig.  51,  No.  14),  bones  of  domestic  animals  and 
of  man,  but  no  objects  of  flint.  (B.  327,  p.  92.) 

LAKE    OF    LECCO. 

As  early  as  1860  Desor  thought  he  had  discovered  indications 
of  a  palafitte  in  Lake  Maggiore,*  but  this  was  subsequently 
disproved,  and  up  to  the  present  time  no  remains  of  these  ancient 
dwellings  have  been  found  in  this  lake.  The  explanation  of  their 
absence  in  the  larger  lakes  of  Italy  is  to  be  found  in  the  physical 
conditions  of  these  glacial  and  rock-cut  basins,  which,  owing  to 
the  depth  of  water  and  their  rapidly-shelving  shores,  afford  no 
holding  for  piles. 

Stoppani,  in  his  first  exploratory  tour,  turned  his  attention  to 
Lago  di  Lecco  as,  in  his  opinion,  a  suitable  locality,  and  having 
found  a  group  of  piles  half-way  between  the  Bridge  of  Lecco  and 
Malgrate  stretching  towards  the  western  shore,  he  concluded  this 
was  "  una  bella  palafitta  a  cui  nulla  mancherebbe  per  ritrarre  per- 
fettamente  quelle  della  eta  del  bronzo."  The  only  resemblance  of 
this  supposed  palafitte  to  those  of  the  Bronze  Age  was  the  fact 
that  the  tops  of  the  piles  projected  1  or  2  feet  above  the  lake  mud, 
as  no  relics  of  any  kind  were  found.  Further  researches  have  not 
confirmed  the  genuineness  of  this  palafitte,  and  Regazzoni  throws 
out  the  hint  that  the  piles  observed  by  Stoppani  might  be  the 
work  of  modern  fishermen,  who  are  in  the  habit  of  inserting  stakes 

*  Atti  della  Soc.  It.  di  Sr.  Nat.,  vol.  ii. 


204  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

for  fixing  their  nets  and  which,  among  themselves,  go  under  the 
name  of  serrade  or  gueglie.     (B.  67  and  327,  p.  70.) 

LAKE    OF    ANNONE. 

In  the  narrow  strait  which  connects  the  small  lake-basins  of 
Sale  and  Annone,  Stoppani  found  some  piles  projecting  from  a 
heap  of  stones  in  a  depth  of  6  or  7  feet  of  water,  which  he  took 
to  be  indications  of  a  palafitte.  In  1877  Castelfranco  (B.  307) 
re-examined  the  locality,  and  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
submerged  piles  and  stones  observed  by  Stoppani  were  merely 
the  remains  of  a  bridge  which,  at  some  former  period,  connected 
the  peninsula  Isella  with  the  southern  shore  ;  and  so  the  matter 

still  rests. 

LAKE    OF    PUSIANO. 

More  satisfactory  discoveries  were,  however,  made  by  Stoppani 
in  his  preliminary  tour  in  the  Lake  Pusiano,  where,  at  the  north 
end  of  the  Isola  dei  Cipressi,  he  recognised  the  existence  of  a  pile- 
dwelling.  The  genuineness  of  this  station  has  been  confirmed 
both  by  Castelfranco  and  Regazzoni,  who  had  subsequently  made 
some  investigations  in  the  locality.  The  industrial  remains  were 
confined  to  a  few  objects  of  flint — saws,  scrapers,  flakes,  and  arrow- 
points,  a  portion  of  a  terra-cotta  whorl,  and  some  bones  and  teeth 
of  animals.  In  1877  Regazzoni  found  piles  at  the  other  end  of 
the  Isola  dei  Cipressi  buried  in  a  heap  of  stones.  (B.  327,  p.  72.) 

TORBIERA    DI    BOSISIO. 

To  the  east  of  Lake  Pusiano  lies  the  torbiera  di  Bosisio,  which 
came  early  under  the  notice  of  archaeologists  by  the  discovery  in 
it,  at  a  depth  of  10  feet,  of  a  beautiful  bronze  axe-head  (Fig.  51, 
No.  10).  Since  then  a  great  many  relics  have  been  from  time 
to  time  found  in  this  peat,  but  they  have  been  widely  dispersed, 
and  as  the  deposit  is  now  nearly  exhausted  no  more  finds  can 
be  looked  for.  Sig.  G.  B.  Villa,*  in  his  descriptive  notices  of  this 
peat  moor,  speaks  of  arrow-points,  burnt  wood,  bits  of  straw, 
trunks  of  trees,  etc.  Among  other  things  which  have  been  sent 
to  different  museums  are  a  bronze  spoon  (No.  11),  (probably  of 
much  later  date  than  the  other  objects),  some  beautiful  arrow-points 
(Nos.  1  to  7),  and  a  lance-head  of  flint.  An  iron  hook  of 
modern  shape  was  found  at  a  depth  of  3  feet.  (B.  327,  p.  97.) 

*  B.  90,  and  Giornale  delV  Iny.  Arch,  ed  Agri.,  an.  xii. 


TORBIERA    DI    MAGGIOLINO. 


205 


TORBIERA    DI    CAPRIANO. 

In  1869  Dr.  Marinoni  described  a  turbary  at  Capriano,  near 
Renate  (B.  169),  in  which  some  remarkable  objects  of  bronze 
were  found  at  a  depth  of  about  7  feet.  Similar  objects  are  pre- 
valent among  the  relics  from  the  Swiss  lake-dwellings,  and,  judging 
from  what  we  know  of  the  early  Iron  Age  in  Italy,  they  appear 
to  belong  to  this  period.  The  find  comprised  a  hair-pin  (Fig.  51, 
No.  13),  a  fibula  (No.  18),  three  bracelets  (Nos.  15  and  16),  a 


4  A  4  i 

i      ^  ;/'/- 

/¥l  *     t"  fr 


iflf  T 


Fig.  51.— BOSISIO  (1  to  7,  10  and  11),  CAPRIANO  (13,  and  15  to  19),  BRENNO  (14), 
and  CASCINA  (9  and  12).     Nos.  9  to  12       £.  and  the  rest  =  |  real  size. 

pendant  (No.  17),  and  a  spiral  ring  (No.  19),  all  of  which  are  here 
reproduced  from  Marinoni's  work.     (Ibid.,  Mem.,  vol.  vi.  PI.  1.) 


TORBIERA    DI    MAGGIOLINO. 

Sig.  G.  B.  Villa,  in  his  "  Notizie  sulle  Torbe  della  Brianza " 
(B.  90),  describes  another  locality  not  far  from  Bosisio,  in  the 
territory  of  Rogeno,  called  Maggiolino,  in  which  piles,  bones, 
fragments  of  pottery,  flint  knives,  and  arrow-points,  etc.,  were 
found — evidently  the  usual  cUbris  of  a  palafitte.  (See  also  B.  327, 
p.  97.) 


206 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


TORBIERA    DI    MERCURAGO. 

Since  Gastaldi  published  his  first  report  on  the  discovery  of 
palafittes  in  the  bog  of  Mercurago  by  Professor  Moro,  many 
additional  objects  from  this  locality  have  come  to  light,  some 
of  which  have  been  noticed  and  figured  by  Gastaldi  in  his 
numerous  articles  on  the  antiquities  of  Lombardy.  The  peat  is 
now  exhausted,  but  from  these  notices,  together  with  an  inspection 
of  the  relics  still  preserved  in  the  Turin  Museum,  we  can  have  a 


Fig.  52.— Plan  and  Section  of  portion  of  TORBIERA  DI  MERCURAGO,  showing 
distribution  of  piles. 

tolerably  correct  notion  of  this  the  first  discovered  lake-dwelling  in 
Italy.     (B.  43,  52,  91,  168,  and  294.) 

The  peat  basin  of  Mercurago  is  of  an  oblong  shape,  and  the 
antiquities  and  piles  were  in  a  circumscribed  place  at  its  northern 
end,  about  130  feet  from  the  bank.    Here  in  a  space  of  30  feet  square, 
cleared   for   antiquarian   purposes,  were   counted   22   piles   bound 
together    with    cross    timbers    (Fig.     52). 
The  superficial  deposit  of  peat  was  about 
6  feet   in  thickness,  and  the  tops   of  the 
piles  reached  half-way  upwards,  while  their 
lower  ends  penetrated  from  3  to  4  feet  into 
the  lake  mud    below.      Between  this  mud 
and  the  superincumbent  peat  there  was  a 
bed   of  fern,   and   lying  immediately  over 
it  were  three  earthen  dishes  in  good  pre- 
servation, one  of  which  appears  to  be  a  lid  or  cover  for  another 
dish  (Fig.  53),  together  with  a  large  quantity  of  the  broken  frag- 
ments of  others,  a  bronze  pin  (Fig.  60,  No.  6),  a  scraper  4f  inches 


Fig.  53.— Cover  of  Earth 
enware  Vessel  (). 


TORBIERA   DI    MERCURAGO. 


207 


long  (No.  7),  several  arrow-heads  (Fig.  54),  and  quite  a  litter  of 
flint  flakes,  some  shells  of  hazel-nuts,  and  stones  of  the  cornel 
cherry,  etc. 

The  pottery  was  made  of  a  blackish  paste  mixed  with  coarse 


Fig.  54.— Flint  Arrow-heads  (f). 

grains  of  sand  or  quartz,  and  a  few  dishes  were  ornamented  with 
patterns  of  zig-zag  scratches  separated  by  parallel  lines  (Fig.  60, 
No.  13).  Some  had  handles,  and  others  small  ears  or  perforated 
knobs,  two  of  which  had  portions  of  string  still  attached  to 
them  (Figs.  55  and  56). 

Among  other  relics  from  this  station  were: — Two  daggers  of 


Fig.  55. — An  Earthenware  Vessel,  with  portions  of  string" 
attached  to  handles  Q). 

bronze,  one  still  retaining  a  couple  of  rivets  for  fixing  the  handle 
(Fig.  60,  No.  1);  two  bronze  pins  (Nos.  2  and  4);  a  wooden 
anchor  3J  feet  long,  terminating  at  one  end  with  two  hooks  and 
at  the  other  with  a  hole  as  if  for  attaching  a  rope  ;  a  canoe  6  feet 
long,  3  J  feet  wide,  and  about  a  foot  in  depth  (Fig.  57) ;  near  the 


208 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


canoe  lay  a  bronze  drill  (Fig.  60,  No.  5) ;  and  a  neat  spindle-whorl 
of  baked  clay  1J  inch    in    diameter   (No.  22).     Among  the  more 


Fig.  56.— Earthenware  Vessel  (.}). 

recent  finds  are  numerous  flint  arrow-heads  and  scrapers  (No.  8) ; 
a   spindle- whorl  of  soapstone,  pietra   ollare  (No.  16);   a   wooden 


1.    30 

PijT.  57.— Portion  of  Canoe. 


dish  and  perforated  floats  for  nets ;   earthenware  dishes  of  great 
variety   (No.  12);  and   16  conical  beads  of  vitreous  paste,  which, 


Fig.  58.— Wooden  Wheel. 

when  strung  together,  formed  a  handsome  necklace  (No.  9) ;  and  a 
large  cake  of  burnt  clay  perforated  in  the  middle  (No.  18). 

But  the  most  remarkable    objects   were   two   wooden  wheels. 
One  (Fig.  58)  was  made  of  threo  boards  kept  together  with  two 


TORBIERA    DI   BORGO-TICINO. 


209 


cross-bars  dovetailed  into  the  boards,  and  in  the  centre  was  a 
round  hole  having  on  each  side  of  it  a  semilunar  space.  This 
wheel,  which  was  not  quite  circular,  had  an  average  diameter  of 
2  feet.  The  other  wheel  (Fig.  59)  was  differently  constructed. 
It  had  six  spokes:  two  of  them  were  made  of  the  same  piece  of 
wood  as  the  nave,  and  their  extremities  formed  part  of  the  rim; 
the  other  four,  two  on  each  side,  connected  the  fellies  with 
the  central  piece.  The  fellies  were  neatly  mortised  together  and 
the  workmanship  was  very  good.  These  wheels  were  so  far 


Fig.  59.— Wooden  Wheel. 

decayed   that   they  could  not   be   preserved,   but    casts    of  them 
were  taken,  which  may  now   be  seen  in  the  Museum  at  Turin. 

TORBIERA    DI    BORGO-TICINO,    ETC. 

Analogous  remains  to  those  in  Mercurago  have  been  found 
in  several  other  localities,  especially  in  the  districts  called  Pennino 
near  Borgo-Ticino,  and  the  moor  of  Gagnano  ;  but  the  objects 
were  dispersed  or  thrown  away.  A  stone  celt  from  this  place  is 
figured  by  Gastaldi  (Fig.  60,  No.  19). 

In  the  neighbouring  moor  of  Conturabia  a  group  of  piles 
was  observed  in  the  centre  of  the  bog  which  appears  to  have 
belonged  to  a  palafitte  of  a  later  date,  as  some  of  the  piles  were 
said  to  have  been  tipped  with  iron.  Gastaldi  procured  one  of 
these  piles,  and  although  this  particular  one  had  no  iron  on  it 
he  was  convinced  that  it  had  been  sharpened  by  instruments 
similar  to  those  in  use  at  the  present  day.  (B.  52.) 


210  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

TORBTERA    DI    SAN    MARTINO    (SAN    GIOVANNI    DEL 

BOSCO). 

This  morainic  basin  is  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  Ivrea, 
immediately  to  the  south  of  the  village  of  Giovanni,  and  it 
also  has  yielded,  from  time  to  time,  antiquities  which  leave  no 
doubt  that  it  was  a  home  of  the  lake-dwellers.  The  bog  is  of 
an  oval  shape,  about  1J  mile  in  length,  and  half  this  in  breadth, 
and  is  beautifully  situated  amidst  groves  of  chestnut  and  walnut 
trees  interspersed  through  rich  meadows  and  fields.  On  its 
margin  are  found  the  trunks  of  trees,  from  1  to  2  feet  in 
diameter,  still  attached  to  their  roots  and  lying  just  as  they  had 
fallen  with  their  points  directed  to  the  centre  of  the  bog.  These 
trees  are  generally  pine,  oak,  hazel,  alder,  etc. 

Below  the  ordinary  peat  there  is  a  layer  of  blackish  mud 
which,  on  being  dried,  is  combustible,  and  underneath  it  lie  the 
stratified  layers  of  ancient  lake  silt,  consisting  of  a  whitish 
clayey  substance.  In  the  blackish  intermediate  layer  there  was 
found,  in  September,  1864,  a  canoe  8  feet  4  inches  long, 
1  foot  9i  inches  broad,  and  8  inches  deep.  (A  model  of  this 
canoe  is  now  in  the  Museum  at  Turin.)  A  few  years  later 
(1868)  another  canoe  was  found  in  this  turbary,  of  slightly 
larger  dimensions,  having  two  paddles  in  it  (Fig.  60,  No.  17). 
The  following  objects  are,  among  others,  described  and  figured 
by  Gastaldi  as  coming  from  the  same  place,  viz.  : — Specimens  of 
pottery  (Nos.  14  and  23),  one  of  which  (No.  23)  is  a  lid  of  a 
vessel  precisely  similar  to  the  one  from  Mercurago  (Fig.  53) ; 
flint  and  stone  implements  (Fig.  60,  No.  20) ;  wooden  net-floats 
(No.  21);  two  bronze  pins  (Nos.  10  and  11);  and  a  remarkable 
bronze  pendant  (No.  15),  supposed,  however,  to  be  of  Etruscan 
or  Roman  origin,  and  of  later  date  than  the  other  remains. 
(B.  168  and  294.) 

Other  turbaries  in  the  western  districts  of  the  Po  that  have 
yielded  prehistoric  remains,  but  with  which  there  were  no  piles 
or  other  indications  of  lake-dwellings,  are  : — 

TORE.  DI  TORRE  BAIRO. — Fragments  of  vessels  made  on  the 
wheel.  In  another  small  bog  a  quern-stone  was  found  which  is 
supposed  to  be  of  Roman  times. 

TORE.  DI  MONGENET. — A  bronze  paalstab.     (B.  294,  tav.  xiii.  4.) 

TORE.  DI  BOLENGO. — A  bronze  arrow-point.    (Ibid.,  tav.  xiii.  9.) 


RELICS   FROM    VARIOUS   TURBARIES. 


211 


Fig.  60.— MEECURAGO  (1  to  9,  12,  13,  18,  and  22),  BORGO-TICINO  (19),  and  SAN 
MARTINO.  Nos.  12,  14,  18,  21,  and  23  =  £,  13  =  £,  17  =  JT  (the  paddles  -J5), 
and  the  rest  =  ^  real  size. 

TORE.  DI  TRANA. — A  sword  of  bronze  27  inches  long  (B.  294, 
PL  xi.),  and  a  celt  of  the  flat  type,  (B.   168,  PL  viii.) 

LAGO  DI  PIVERONE. — A  bronze  sword.   (B.  168,  PL  viii.) 
TORE.  DI  OLEGGIO-CASTELLO. — A  bronze  sword  and  a  socketed 
spear-head.     (Ibid.) 


212  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


LAGOZZA. 

Lagozza  is  the  name  given  to  a  small  natural  "  bacino 
torbosa"  situated  in  an  undulating  plateau  of  morainic  ddbris, 
about  4  miles  from  Gallarate  in  the  province  of  Milan.  It  is 
roughly  oval  in  shape  and  covers  a  superficial  area  of  10  or  12 
acres.  Till  recently  this  basin  was  a  peaty  bog,  passable  in 
summer,  with  certain  precautions,  to  "  Cacciatori ; "  but  in  former 
times,  as  its  name  implies,  it  was  a  stagnant  lake.  In  1875  the 
proprietor,  Count  Cornaggio,  an  ardent  and  skilful  agriculturist, 
determined  to  remove  the  peat  altogether,  and,  for  this  purpose, 
commenced  operations  by  cutting  a  central  canal  to  carry  oft' 
the  water.  While  the  workmen  wore  thus  engaged  they  began 
to  find  near  the  middle  of  the  bog  bits  of  pottery,  charcoal,  and 
rotten  piles,  which,  on  skilled  attention  being  directed  to  them, 
turned  out  to  be  undoubted  indications  of  a  prehistoric  lake- 
dwelling.  The  process  of  clearing  out  the  peat  was  therefore 
watched  with  great  interest  by  local  antiquaries,  as  the  operation 
would  involve  a  more  thorough  investigation  of  the  antiquities 
imbedded  in  the  peat  than  any  researches  that  were  likely  to 
be  undertaken  solely  from  the  scientific  point  of  view.  It  was 
not  till  the  spring  of  1880  that  the  main  portion  of  the  palafitte 
was  reached  by  the  peat-cutters,  and  then  various  antiquarian 
objects  were  met  with.  The  turf  is  now  entirely  removed,  and 
the  relics  collected  are  deposited  partly  in  the  Museo  Civico  in 
Milan,  and  partly  in  the  Museo  Archoologico  at  Como. 

The  pile-dwelling  occupied  a  rectangular  space,  near  the  centre 
of  the  bacino,  about  80  yards  long  from  north  to  south  and  30  to 
40  yards  broad.  The  turf  hero  varied  in  thickness  from  1  to  2 
yards,  according  to  the  state  of  moisture  ;  below  which  there  was  a 
muddy  stratum  containing  the  roots  of  water  plants  (fango  con 
radice),  among  which  the  tops  of  the  piles  appeared.  This  layer 
was  16  inches  thick,  and  immediately  below  it  was  the  strata 
archeologico,  which  varied  in  thickness  from  2  to  8  inches,  and 
contained  the  usual  ddbris  of  human  occupancy  embedded  in  a 
matrix  of  black  peat  mud  and  earth.  Below  this  again  was  a 
stratum  of  black  earth,  mixed  with  the  whitish  clay  or  marl  of  the 
ancient  lake  bottom,  in  which  the  points  of  the  piles  were  firmly 
fixed.  The  piles  were  pointed  at  the  base  and  irregularly  fixed, 
4  or  5  to  the  square  yard,  and  varied  in  length  from  3J  to  5 


LAGOZZA.  213 

feet,  with  a  diameter  of  4  to  8  inches.  Many  prepared  beams 
either  of  round  or  split  stems,  some  over  20  feet  in  length,  lay  buried 
in  the  peat,  as  if  they  had  fallen  from  a  platform.  Regazzoni  draws 
attention  to  some  short  beams  having  a  square-cut  hole  at  each 
end.  One  of  these  beams  measured  24  J  inches  long,  4f  broad,  and 
,*H  thick,  and  the  holes  were  2|  by  1J  inches.  The  top  of  a 
tree  whose  branches  were  neatly  chopped  off  at  the  distance  of  6  or 
7  inches  from  the  stem  was  supposed  to  have  been  used  as  a 
ladder. 

Castelfranco  thinks  the  points  of  the  piles  were  fashioned  by 
some  sharp-cutting  instrument  of  metal,  as  some  of  the  cuts  were 
11  inches  long,  and  such  as  no  stone  weapon  could  have  produced 
('•'  non  credo  che  una  scure  di  pietra  sia  mai  stata  capace  di  tanto"). 
This  observation  is  very  significant  in  face  of  the  fact  that  there 
is  no  object  of  metal  among  the  relics  from  Lagozza,  with  the 
exception  of  a  fibula  (Fig.  61,  No.  18),  found  in  the  lower  part  of 
the  turf  and,  therefore,  outside  the  well-defined  relic-bed.  This 
fibula  belongs  to  the  early  Iron  Age,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  it 
belonged  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  palafitte.  The  same  author  also 
states  that  where  charcoal  and  partially  burnt  wood  were  in  greater 
'abundance  there  also  the  relics  were  more  numerous,  and  hence 
he  concludes  that  the  settlement  came  to  an  end  by  a  conflagration 
("  il  risultato  di  un  incendio  generale  o  di  parecchi  parziali "  ). 

Among  the  industrial  remains  collected  from  Lagozza  pottery 
takes  the  chief  place.  The  quality  is  of  two  kinds,  coarse  and  fine, 
the  latter  having  a  smooth  black  appearance  and  without  any 
admixture  of  coarse  sand.  The  vessels,  of  which  a  considerable 
number  are  whole  or  nearly  so,  consist  of  cups,  bowls,  plates,  vases, 
spoons,  etc.  They  are  generally  without  handles,  having,  instead, 
perforated  knobs,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  accompanying  illustra- 
tions (Fig.  62,  Nos.  2,  6,  7,  9,  and  15).  The  plates  are  sometimes 
ornamented  with  panels  containing  impressions  of  circles,  dots,  and 
lines  (Nos.  3,  10,  and  13).  Some  of  the  larger  dishes  have 
conical  protuberances  or  finger-marks  round  the  margin  (Nos.  1 
and  4). 

The  spindle-whorls,  about  40  of  which  are  in  the  Museum  at 
Como,  are  somewhat  peculiar,  being  flat  circular  cakes  of  burnt 
clay  with  a  hole  in  the  centre,  and  often  ornamented  with  lines  or 
rows  of  elliptical  impressions  (Fig.  61,  Nos.  12  to  17). 

There  are  some  clay  weights  of  the  usual  conical  shape,  and 


214 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


others  kidney-shaped  with  a  perforation  at  each  end  (Fig.  62, 
No.  14).  In  some  of  these  weights  bits  of  straw  and  grains  of 
barley  and  wheat  have  been  detected. 

There  is  not  a  f-ingb  article  made  of  bone  or  horn,  nor  any 
trace  of  fishing  or  hunting  gear,  with  the  exception  of  one  or  two 
arrow-heads  (Fig.  61,  Nos.  5  and  6). 


Fig.  61. — LAGOZZA.    All  |  real  size. 

Stone  celts  are  scarce,  only  about  30  in  all,  and  none 
psrforated  (No.  10).  One  small  implement  is  in  the  form  of 
a  double-edged  axe,  and  adapted  for  cutting  at  both  ends  (No.  8). 

Flint  flakes  or  knives  (Nos.  1  to  4)  are  numerous,  but  cores 
and  chips  are  less  frequent.  Arrow-points  are  extremely  few- 
only  three  have  I  seen  in  the  Museum  at  Como,  but  their 
authenticity  seems  to  be  questioned  by  Castelfranco,  who  thinks 


LAGOZZA. 


215 


Fig.  62.— LAGOZZA.    All  \  real  size. 


216  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

they  were  not  actually  from  the  relic-bed  in  the  palafitte. 
Among  the  usual  stone  objects,  such  as  hammers,  rubbers,  etc., 
are  to  be  noticed  a  number  of  white  quartz  pebbles  and  eight 
or  nine  small  polished  stones  with  scratched  markings  on  them 
(Fig.  62,  Nos.  11  arid  12). 

A  wooden  comb  (Fig.  61,  No.  11),  with  teeth  at  one  side,  is,  I 
believe,  the  only  spsciinon  from  any  of  the  lake-dwellings  in  Italy. 

Ornaments  or  charms  are  represented  by  one  small  pendant 
of  green  steatite  perforated  for  suspension  (No.  7). 

As  evidence  that"  the  inhabitants  were  in  the  habit  of 
spinning  and  weaving,  there  are,  besides  the  spindle- whorls  and 
clay  weights,  bits  of  thread  and  cord,  and  one  small  fragment  of 
coarsely-made  linen  tissue  (No.  9).  According  to  Professor 
Sordelli,  this  was  made  from  wild  flax  (Linuin  angustifolium), 
of  which  he  found  the  seeds  and  fibres  in  abundance,  but  no 
trace  of  the  cultivated  species.  On  the  other  hand,  there  were 
two  kinds  of  wheat  and  the  six -eared  barley.  Among  the  food- 
remains  were  the  wild  apple,  acorns,  hazel-nuts,  stones  of  the 
cornel  cherry,  poppy-seeds,  etc. 

But  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  Lagozza  is,  that  no 
animal  bones  of  any  description  were  found — not  a  tooth,  or 
horn,  or  bone  of  any  kind.  Neither  were  there  any  warlike 
weapons,  with  the  exception  of  the  few  questionable  arrow-points. 
Castelfranco  therefore  suggests  that  the  inabitants  of  Lagozza 
might  have  been  vegetarians.  (B.  354,  359b,  372d',  387,  409, 
452,  456,  and  459c.) 

LAKE    GARDA. 

In  1851,  while  the  harbour  of  Peschiera  was  being  deepened, 
numerous  bronze  implements,  associated  with  piles  deeply  buried 
in  the  bed  of  the  lake,  were  found  at  a  particular  spot  near 
the  north  mole  of  the  fortress  ;  but  no  special  attention  was  paid 
to  them.  The  bronze  objects  were  laid  aside  by  the  workmen, 
and  it  is  said  that  a  quantity  of  them,  weighing  some  15  or  20 
pounds,  was  sold  as  old  metal.  Of  this  find  a  very  few  were 
ssnt  to  the  K.  K.  Antiken  Cabinet  in  Vienna.  In  1860  further 
deepening  of  the  harbour  became  necessary,  and  again  similar 
objects  were  found  in  the  dredged-up  stuff.  These  operations 
were  conducted  under  the  supervision  of  M.  Lorenz  and 
Col.  von  Silber,  who,  in  the  interests  of  archaeology,  collected 


LAKE    GARDA.  217 

and  preserved  the  bronze  objects.  Subsequently,  on  its  being 
suggested  that  this  was  a  palafitte  like  those  recently  discovered 
in  the  Swiss  lakes,  Col.  von  Silber  forwarded  an  assortment  of 
the  relics  to  Dr.  Keller  at  Zurich,  with  the  following  explanatory 
notice  of  the  circumstances  in  which  they  were  found : — 

"  In  deepening  the  entrance  of  the  harbour  at  Peschiera  for 
the  newly-built  gunboat,  which  was  done  by  means  of  a  mud- 
machine  (called  a  '  paternoster ')  to  a  depth  of  7  or  8  feet 
below  the  usual  level  of  the  water,  the  workmen  found  amongst 
the  mud  and  sand  brought  up  by  the  machine  a  great  number 
of  bronze  implements.  These  were  carefully  preserved,  for  the 
sake  of  archaeology,  by  Mr.  Lorenz,  the  marine  engineer,  now 
residing  at  Pola,  and  myself.  I  was  so  uninitiated  in  this 
science,  that  when  I  found  that  the  greater  part  of  the  objects 
had  been  taken  up  from  a  space  of  a  very  few  square  fathoms, 
I  had  the  notion  that  a  ship,  laden  with  bronze,  had  been 
wrecked  here,  and  it  was  not  till  a  conversation  which  I  had 
with  Dr.  Freudenberg,  of  Bonn,  that  I  was  led  to  believe  that 
a  lake-dwelling  probably  existed  on  this  spot.  This  idea  was 
corroborated  by  the  fact  that  just  in  this  place  the  working  of 
the  mud-machine  was  very  much  impeded  by  a  number  of 
burnt  piles  which  were  quite  covered  with  the  mud.  Unfortu- 
nately, I  fancied  at  first  that  these  piles  came  from  the  fisher- 
men's huts,  which  abound  in  this  neighbourhood  at  the  present 
day,  so  that  I  paid  no  attention  to  their  position  or  arrangement. 
The  piles  which  were  drawn  up  were,  on  an  average,  4  or  5  feet 
long,  quite  hidden  under  the  sand,  and  burnt  to  such  a  degree 
that  it  is  quite  impossible  for  me  to  say  with  certainty  what 
kinds  of  wood  they  were  made  of.  I  imagine,  however,  that 
the  wood  was  chiefly  that  of  the  stone  oak  (Quercus  ilex).  The 
piles  were  4  or  5  inches  in  diameter. 

"  Besides  the  bronze  implements  one  of  stone  was  found,  which 
I  believe  to  be  a  sling-stone.  Lately,  when  reading  the  reports 
of  the  Swiss  lake-dwellings,  I  remember  the  occurrence  of  a  great 
number  of  pieces  of  burnt  clay  found  in  the  mud.  These  pieces 
were  of  a  blackish  colour,  remarkably  thick,  and  without  any 
definite  form.  I  do  not  doubt  that  they  have  been  fragments  of 
the  clay  covering  the  huts  of  the  lake-dwellings."  (B.  119,  2nd 
ed.,  p.  364.) 

These   discoveries   induced   the   eminent   archaeologist,   Dr.    E. 


218  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Freiherr  von  Sacken,  to  visit  Peschiera  for  the  purpose  of  inves- 
tigating into  the  reported  Pfahlbau.  In  addition  to  his  own 
special  researches  he  had  correct  details  of  the  results  already 
obtained  from  Captain  von  Kostersitz,  who  was  present,  and 
carefully  watched  the  excavations  during  the  years  1860-1-2, 
and  from  these  he  drew  up  an  admirable  report,  published  in 
1864  (B.  75),  which  clearly  proved  that  there  was  here  a  true 
pile-dwelling  of  the  Bronze  Age. 

In  this  report  the  following  sectional  description  of  the  sedi- 
mentary strata  is  given  : — 

(1)  In  a  depth  of  about  5  feet  of  water  there  was  first  a  sandy 
layer  from  2J  to  3  feet  thick  in  which  no  relics  were  found. 

(2)  Beneath   this   layer  of  sand  was  the  relic-bed,  from   2  to 
3i  feet  thick,  composed  of  a  mossy  deposit  containing  the  remains 
of  plants,  organic  debris,  the  industrial  objects  already  referred  to, 
and  the  tops  of  numerous  piles. 

(3)  Underlying  the  relic-bed  was  a  thick  bed  of  stiff  loam  and 
sand,  into  which  the  piles  deeply  penetrated.     These   piles  were 
generally    of    pine    and    oak,   the    former   predominating   in   the 
proportion  of  two  to  one. 

The  dimensions  of  the  lake-dwelling  were  not  accurately 
ascertained,  but  the  area  covered  by  the  dredging  operations 
exceeded  10,000  square  yards,  and  in  most  of  this  space  piles 
were  found.  No  stone  implements  were  found,  with  the  exception 
of  the  polished  discoidal  stone  sent  to  Dr.  Keller ;  but  the  number 
of  bronze  objects  amounted  to  250,  most  of  which  were  sent  to 
Vienna. 

Professor  Franz  linger  made  a  careful  study  of  the  organic 
remains,  and  amongst  the  various  fruits,  plants,  and  wood  iden- 
tified by  him  the  most  interesting  are  rye  (Secede  cereale)  and 
the  vine  (Vitis  vinifera).  The  former  has  not  yet  been  found  in 
any  of  the  terrernare  or  lake-dwellings  of  North  Italy. 

The  osseous  remains  represented  the  ordinary  domestic  animals 
— dog,  sheep,  goat,  ox,  horse,  and  pig — as  well  as  the  stag,  roe,  wild 
boar,  etc. 

Besides  the  bronze  objects  there  were  fragments  of  pottery  and 
one  or  two  Roman  coins — one  of  Trajan  and  one  of  Domitian. 

Meantime  archaeologists  were  on  the  look  out  for  palafittes  in 
other  parts  of  the  lake.  It  appears  that  as  early  as  1861  Cav. 
Martinati  detected  piles  at  a  place  called  Rooca  di  Garda,  near 


LAKE    GARDA.  219 

Bardolino,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  the  lake,  which  he  considered  to 
be  the  remains  of  a  pile-dwelling.  Dr.  Alberti  also  discovered 
similar  evidence  in  two  localities  farther  south,  II  Bor  and  Porto 
di  Pacengo,  which  he  described  in  a  letter  to  Martinati  in  1864. 
(B.  77  and  355.)  This  stimulated  the  Accad.  d'Agricoltura,  Arti, 
e  Commercio  di  Verona  to  appoint  a  Commission  to  investigate  the 
matter  ;  but  their  labours  were  soon  afterwards  discontinued  owing 
to  the  political  disturbances  of  1866,  and  it  was  not  till  ten  years 
later  that  these  proposed  archaeological  researches  were  resumed 
and  the  Commission  re-constituted.  Although  on  this  occasion  no 
bronze  objects  were  found,  it  cannot  be  said  that  the  explorations  were 
altogether  devoid  of  interest,  as  the  existence  of  the  reported  palafittes 
was  not  only  confirmed,  but  a  considerable  quantity  of  the  osseous 
remains  of  the  ordinary  domestic  animals,  fragments  of  pottery 
(including  handles  known  as  anse  lunate),  and  a  wooden  spoon 
were  collected.  But  the  Commission  soon  abandoned  the  .work  as 
profitless.  Then  it  was  that  Mr.  Alberto  Cavazzocca,  of  Verona, 
commenced  to  search  I]  Bor  on  his  own  account,  and  succeeded 
in  a  couple  of  seasons  in  securing  from  it  a  small  collection  of 
antiquities,  including  objects  of  stone  and  bronze. 

On  the  western  and  more  sheltered  shores  of  Lake  Garda 
Professor  Stoppani,  of  Milan,  found  traces  of  several  stations, 
particularly  in  the  Gulf  San  Felice  di  Scovolo,  three  of  which 
were  situated  close  to  its  northern  shore,  and  two  close  to  the 
Isola  Lecchi  on  the  landward  side  of  the  island.  As  few  relics 
were  found — only  a  few  flint  objects — and  as  the  piles  in  all  these 
stations  were  near  the  shore  and  in  comparatively  shallow  water, 
Stoppani  concluded  they  belonged  to  the  Stone  Age.  These 
explorations  were  a  sequence  to  the  first  researches  in  Lake 
Varese,  so  auspiciously  initiated  by  Desor  and  Mortillet,  and 
which  Stoppani  followed  up  by  making  an  exploratory  tour  of 
the  lakes  of  North  Italy.  The  observations  of  Stoppani,  however, 
have  not  been  confirmed  by  any  subsequent  researches,  the  ugh 
this  particular  locality  is  pre-eminently  the  most  fitted  for  lake- 
dwellings  in  the  whole  of  this  extensive  sheet  of  water.  (B.  87.) 

In  1879,  under  the  skilful  management  of  Cav.  Stefano  de 
Stefani  (R.  Ispettore  degli  Scavi,  Verona),  dredging  operations  were 
resumed  at  the  old  place  in  the  harbour  of  Peschiera,  which  con- 
siderably added  to  the  number  of  relics  from  this  station. 

In  the  spring  of  the  following  year  De  Stefani  transferred  his 


220  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

operations  to  an  entirely  new  locality  in  the  river  Mincio,  below  the 
railway  bridge,  where  the  stream  divides  into  a  number  of  separate 
channels.  Among  the  islands  thus  formed  he  had  reason  to  suspect 
the  existence  of  pile-dwellings,  and  in  this  expectation  he  was  not 
disappointed,  as  he  succeeded  in  finding  not  only  the  submerged 
piles  and  transverse  beams,  but  also  a  large  number  of  flint,  and 
some  bronze  objects,  and  even  a  few  Roman  remains. 

As  both  these  investigations  were  undertaken  by  orders  from 
the  Minister  of  Public  Instruction  and  at  the  expense  of  Govern- 
ment the  relics  were  sent  to  enrich  the  prehistoric  department 
of  the  Kircherian  Museum  at  Rome. 

The  people  of  Verona  were  greatly  chagrined  to  find  that  these 
successive  discoveries,  which  had  now  attained  much  celebrity  in 
archaeological  circles,  were  constantly  slipping  out  of  their  hands, 
and  that  in  their  own  local  museum  there  was  scarcely  a  single 
article  illustrative  of  the  culture  and  social  condition  of  these  early 
lake-dwellers.  To  rectify  this  state  of  matters  and  make  some 
amends  for  their  past  neglect  the  Academical  Commission  was 
induced  to  order  a  fresh  investigation  under  De  Stefani,  whose 
recent  success  was  characterised  as  "risultati  splendidissimi." 
Again  the  excavations  of  De  Stefani  were  crowned  with  great 
success.  In  1881  his  attentions  were  directed  to  Peschiera,  which 
yielded  him  a  considerable  number  of  articles,  being  the  fourth 
important  supply  since  its  discovery  in  1851.  In  1883  the  station 
in  the  Mincio  was  subjected  to  further  explorations,  and  De 
Stefani's  labours  were  rewarded  by  a  rich  harvest  of  relics,  mostly 
of  the  Stone  Age,  which  included  many  flint  implements,  as 
knives,  hatchets,  saws,  arrow-points,  etc. 

The  relics  collected  on  both  these  occasions  are  now  deposited 
in  the  Museo  Civico  at  Verona,  and  at  last  this  town  shares  with 
Rome,  Vienna,  and  Zurich,  the  honour  of  possessing  a  collection  of 
these  remarkable  remains.  (B.  342,  358,  370,  424,  and  "  Notizie 
degli  Scavi,  1880  and  1884.") 

From  those  general  remarks  it  will  be  seen  that  there  are  only 
three  lake-dwellings  in  Lake  Garda  that  have  yielded  remains 
sufficiently  comprehensive  in  quantity  and  variety  to  enable  us 
to  form  some  idea  of  the  period  to  which  they  belonged,  viz.  the 
station  close  to  the  fortress  of  Peschiera,  that  in  the  Mincio,  and 
that  known  as  II  Bor  on  the  south-east  shore  of  the  lake. 

PESCHIERA. — Since  the  report  of  Baron  v.  Sacken  the  various 


LAKE    GARDA.  221 

researches  conducted  here  have  not  thrown  additional  light  on 
the  general  condition  and  distribution  of  the  piles.  De  Stefani 
bears  testimony  to  the  accuracy  of  the  facts  as  to  the  archaeological 
stratum  in  which  the  relics  were  found,  and  observes  that  the 
overlying  bed  of  sand  and  gravel  sometimes  attained  a  depth  of 
over  4  feet.  (B.  424,  p.  9.)  In  it  were  found  decomposed  organic 
matter,  bits  of  charcoal,  fragments  of  pottery,  and  bronze  objects. 
In  the  previous  discoveries  only  one  stone  implement  was  recorded, 
so  that  the  station  was  considered  to  be  exclusively  of  the  Bronze 
Age.  Nor  was  its  character  in  this  respect  much  altered  by  the 
recent  researches,  as  only  a  few  implements  of  stone  were  found, 
viz.  two  knives  or  scrapers,  one  arrow-point  and  a  few  chips  of  flint, 
a  round  sling-stone  of  granite,  and  another  of  an  oval  form  with 
marks  of  having  been  used.  Nothing  of  importance  was  added  as 
regards  its  flora  and  fauna.  De  Stefani  describes  a  curious  object 
like  a  biscuit,  picked  out  of  the  dredged  stuff,  which  he  considered 
might  have  been  a  cake  of  bread.  It  was  made  of  viscous  matter 
and  measured  4  inches  in  diameter  and  f  of  an  inch  thick,  and 
contained  bruised  cereals ;  but,  as  he  was  examining  it,  it  slipped 
through  his  fingers  and  again  fell  into  the  water.  (B.  424,  p.  10.) 

This  settlement  appears  to  have  flourished  exclusively  in  the 
Bronze  Age,  as  may  be  seen  from  a  glance  at  the  accompanying 
illustrations  (Figs.  63,  64,  and  65). 

Pottery. — The  fragments  of  earthenware  indicate  a  great  variety 
of  vessels  made  of  two  kinds  of  paste — a  coarse  and  a  fine  quality. 
Of  the  latter,  Nos.  26  to  30,  Fig.  65,  are  sufficient  to  show  that 
the  ceramic  art  of  the  lake-dwellers  was  identical  at  one  period  of 
their  existence  with  that  of  the  terramaricoli  in  which  the  anse 
lunate  (No.  26)  are  so  characteristic. 

Bronze. — -Weapons,  implements,  and  ornaments  of  this  material 
are  extremely  numerous,  numbering  upwards  of  300  objects. 
Among  the  weapons  we  find  socketed  lance-heads  (Fig.  64,  No.  10), 
daggers  (No.  1  to  7),  single -edged  knives  (No.  11),  and  a  re- 
markable series  of  double-edged  dagger-knives  with  riveted  tangs 
or  sword-like  handles  (Fig.  65,  Nos.  10,  and  12  to  14). 

The  implements  include  three  kinds  of  hatchets  (Fig.  63,  No.  30  ; 
Fig.  64,  No.  32,  and  Fig.  65,  No.  11),  chisels  and  gouges  (Fig.  63, 
No.  36),  sickles  (No.  33),  various  forms  of  razors  with  handle  and 
double  cutting  edges  (Nos.  1  to  5),  needles  (No.  7),  and  fish-prongs 
and  hooks  (Fig.  64,  Nos.  18  to  21,  30  and  31). 


222 


LAKE-DWELLINGS   OF   EUROPE. 


Fig.  63.—  PESCHIEBA.    All  £  real  size. 


LAKE   GARDA. 


223 


Fig.  61— PESCHIERA.    No.  82  =  £,  and  all  the  rest  =  f  real  size. 


224  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

The  ornamental  objects  are  hair-pins,  combs,  pendants,  bracelets, 
fibula?,  and  a  torque.  Hair-pins  are  in  great  numbers  and  of  extreme 
elegance  both  in  form  and  ornamentation  (profusely  illustrated 
in  Figs.  63,  64,  and  65) ;  among  them  are  some  with  amber  heads 
(Fig.  63,  Nos.  9  and  10);  some  have  flat,  others  disc-shaped,  heads 
(Nos.  17,  18,  and  25) ;  especially  interesting  are  those  with  heads 
made  of  various  combinations  of  spirals  (Nos.  21  to  27),  as  being 
identical  with  the  hair-pins  of  the  terremare.  Combs  are  of  bone 
(No.  29)  as  well  as  of  bronze  (No.  28).  Pendants  of  curious  and 
varied  forms  are  also  abundant  (Fig.  64,  Nos.  27  to  29),  among 
which  one  (Fig.  63,  No.  34)  is  of  lead.  The  small  ornamental 
cross  represented  by  No.  26,  Fig.  64,  is  of  tin.  The  fibulae  are 
also  of  diversified  forms,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  illustrations 
(Fig.  64,  Nos.  8,  and  22  to  25).  The  bracelets  are  of  two  kinds, 
made  of  thin  bands  (Fig.  63,  Nos.  31  and  32),  one  closed  with 
a  hook  and  the  other  open.  Only  one  torque  (No.  19)  has  been 
found  at  Peschiera,  and  in  form  it  is  similar  to  the  few  recorded 
from  the  Swiss  lake-dwellings  (Fig.  10,  No.  3). 

Finally  there  are  a  few  spirals,  bits  of  wire,  and  one  special 
object  of  unknown  use  (Fig.  64,  No.  17). 

The  relationship  which  these  objects  have  to  analogous  remains 
in  foreign  countries  is  most  exhaustively  and  ably  dealt  with  by 
Professor  Pigorini.  (B.  310.) 

MINCIO. — As  the  surplus  water  of  Lake  Garda,  under  the 
name  Mincio,  passes  beyond  the  railway-bridge,  it  divides  into 
two  larger  channels  and  some  smaller  ones,  forming  a  series  of 
acutely-pointed  islands.  The  bed  is  here  irregular,  and  at  various 
points  the  tops  of  piles  were  seen  in  groups  projecting  from  the 
bed  of  the  river.  The  first  explorations  were  in  the  larger 
channel  to  the  left.  Here  De  Stefani  found  several  objects  of 
antiquity,  among  which  the  following  are  the  principal  (B.  358) : — 

Bronze. — The  corroded  blade  of  a  knife-dagger  (double-edged), 
portion  of  a  dagger-blade  with  a  mid-rib,  portion  of  another  with 
deep  longitudinal  grooves,  portion  of  a  small  disc  and  portion  of 
a  spiral. 

Flint. — Two  rectangularly-shaped  hatchets,  a  saw  (curved),  a 
javelin,  an  arrow-point,  a  lance-head,  small  knives,  and  a  large 
quantity  of  chips,  cores,  and  crude  flints. 

Pottery. — Two  spindle- whorls,  a  quantity  of  handles  and  frag- 
ments of  dishes. 


ARE    GAUD  A. 


225 


Fig.  65.— PESCHIEEA  (10  to  14,  21,  26  to  29,  and  31),  IL  MINCIO  (1  to  9, 17  to  19,  22, 
23,  25,  and  30),  and  IL  BOB  (15,  1C,  20,  and  24).     All  f  real  size. 


226  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Staykorn. — A  portion  converted  into  the  form  of  a  hatchet,  a 
hair-pin,  and  several  other  worked  bits. 

Bones,  etc. — A  large  quantity  of  teeth  and  bones  of  the 
ordinary  domestic  animals. 

At  another  spot,  200  yards  lower  down  in  the  central  canal, 
amidst  a  group  of  piles  he  collected : — 

Bronze. — A  knife  (Fig.  65,  No.  17),  two  small  dagger-blades 
with  rivet-holes,  the  point  of  a  sickle,  two  bits  of  the  cutting- 
ends  of  axes  (paalstabs),  two  hair-pins  10  inches  long  and  three 
smaller  ones,  a  disc-shaped  head  of  a  pin,  portions  of  a  fibula, 
together  with  fragments  of  various  other  undetermined  objects. 
One  interesting  relic  is  supposed  to  be  the  knob  of  a  handle 
(No.  25). 

Stone. — One  portion  of  a  polished  stone  of  basalt  (No.  19). 

Flint. — The  implements  of  this  material  were  here  in  great 
abundance  (Nos.  1  to  9).  Eighteen  hatchets,  mostly  of  a 
rectangular  form  (No.  9) ;  GO  saws  (Nos.  5  and  6) ;  49  arrow- 
points  (Nos.  1  to  4),  of  which  one  (No.  4)  has  four  barbs  and 
another  is  chisel-shaped  (No.  8) ;  13  lance-heads  (No.  7),  etc. 

Amber, — Two  beads,  one  reddish  and  the  other  yellow. 

Pottery. — Various  fragments,  especially  handles  of  vessels  of 
different  forms — cornuta,  lanata,  lagotis,  bitubercolata,  etc.  Some 
of  the  dishes  were  of  tine  black  ware,  among  which  I  may  note  a 
spoon  (No,  30),  but  generally  the  coarser  kinds  predominated. 
Spindle-whorls  were  also  numerous  and  varied  in  form,  not  less 
than  31  being  collected.  There  were  also  two  large  net  weights, 
one  round  and  the  other  ring-shaped. 

Stagkorn. — Several  worked  bits :  one  was  a  portion  of  an  orna- 
mented comb  and  another  part  of  a  handle  of  some  sort. 

Money. — Four  coins,  much  corroded,  supposed  by  De  Stefani 
to  be  of  the  second  half  of  the  third  century. 

In  1883  De  Stefani  resumed  his  researches  in  the  same  place. 
(B.  424.)  On  this  occasion  the  bronze  objects  were  limited  to 
one  or  two  insignificant  fragments ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
flint  implements  increased — knives,  saws,  javelins,  lance-heads 
and  arrow-heads  being  in  abundance.  Among  the  other  things  I 
may  mention  two  small  stone  discs  perforated,  probably  used  as 
spindle- whorls  ;  a  small  bit  of  green  glass,  together  with  portions 
of  worked  and  unworked  horn,  bone,  etc. 

The  ornamental  blade  (Fig.  65,  No.  18),  a  neat  spiral-headed 


LAKE    F1MON.  227 

pin  (No.  22),  and  a  stud  (No.  23),  all  of  bronze,  are  in  the  collection 
of  Dr.  Rambotti,  and  said  to  be  from  the  station  in  the  Mincio. 

IL  BOR. — Previous  to  the  investigations  of  II  Bor  by  Cavazzocca 
(B.  355),  Dr.  Alberti  had  estimated  the  number  of  heads  of  piles 
visible  on  this  station  at  500,  but  this  number  the  former  considers 
rather  high.  The  station  stretched  parallel  to  the  shore,  from 
which  its  site  is  now  distant  about  a  hundred  yards  ;  but  it  is 
supposed  that  the  present  level  of  the  water  stands  higher  than 
it  was  in  the  days  of  the  lake-dwellers.  One  reason  for  this  opinion 
is  that  a  triple  row  of  piles  which  runs  shorewards,  and  is  considered 
to  be  the  remains  of  a  gangway,  was  found  to  terminate  suddenly 
about  half-way.  The  strata  archeologico  lies  under  a  thin  covering 
of  sand  and  gravel,  which  Cavazzocca  explains  to  be  the  debris 
of  the  disintegrated  morainic  coast  carried  outwards  by  the 
boisterous  action  of  the  waves, 

The  principal  relics  collected  by  Cavazzocca  are  as  follows,  most 
of  which  are  illustrated  in  his  monograph  :— 

Bronze. — Four  knife  daggers  similar  to  those  from  Peschiera; 
three  pin-heads,  "  capocchie  di  aghi  crinali "  (Fig,  65,  No,  24), 
like  those  from  the  terremare ;  one  axe-head  with  wings,  like 
No.  30,  Fig.  63 ;  one  conical  button ;  two  chisels  (Fig.  65,  No,  15) ; 
four  hair-pins  ;  two  fragments  of  spiral  tubes  (No.  20),  and  six  un- 
determined objects. 

Pottery  showed  diverse  forms,  including  anse  lunate,  and 
fragments  of  vessels,  spindle-whorls,  etc* 

Stone. — Three  fragments  of  stone  moulds,  several  whetstones, 
and  an  arrow,  knife,  and  several  chips  of  flint. 

An  arrow- point  of  bronze  (No.  16)  and  a  couple  of  small 
daggers  from  II  Bor  are  in  the  Museum  of  Rome. 

LAKE    FIMON.     (B.  83,   110,  132,  AND  295.) 

About  four  miles  to  the  south  of  Vicenza,  at  the  southern- 
most point  of  an  irregularly-shaped  valley  of  rich  meadow-land, 
lies  the  small  lake  of  Fimon.  At  the  present  time  it  is  hardly 
a  couple  of  miles  in  circumference,  but  before  the  Debba  Canal, 
which  carries  its  surplus  water  to  the  river  Bacchiglione,  was 
cut,  it  is  known  to  have  been  considerably  larger,  and  in 
prehistoric  times  it  is  supposed  to  have  covered  the  larger  part 
of  the  valley,  In  a  meadow  called  Pascalone,  near  its  north 
end,  and  close  to  where  the  Debba  Canal  begins,  Mr.  Lioy 


228  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

detected  the  tops  of  piles  jutting  out  of  the  grass,  which  he  at 
once  concluded  to  be  the  remains  of  a  lake-dwelling — a  suppo- 
sition which  was  completely  veritied  by  extensive  excavations. 
The  surface  of  the  meadow  where  these  piles  were  visible  was 
less  than  2  feet  above  the  level  of  the  lake,  and  on  making 
excavations  over  a  selected  portion  the  following  facts  were 
ascertained  :— 

Piles. — The  piles  were  from  8  to  12  inches  in  diameter, 
singly  and  irregularly  placed,  but  sometimes  in  groups ;  some 
were  hard  and  black  (oak),  and  others  soft,  but  they  bore  no 
traces  of  any  cutting  implements.  In  some  instances  they  were 
surrounded  with  heaps  of  stones.  They  penetrated  deeply,  and 
one  which  was  pulled  up  measured  18  feet  in  length.  No 
traces  of  a  gangway  stretching  to  the  shore  could  be  discovered. 

Relic-bed, — -Below  a  thin  covering  of  vegetable-mould  there 
was  a  peaty  bed  about  16  inches  thick,  and  underneath  this, 
lake-marl  containing  various  kinds  of  freshwater  shells  to  the 
ext3nt  of  3  feet  4  inches.  To  this  succeeded  the  str<do  archeo- 
loyico  with  its  various  contents — decomposed  organic  matter, 
broken  bones,  fragments  of  pottery,  flint  implements  and  other 
worked  stones,  bits  of  straw,  reeds,  charcoal,  clay  plaster,  burnt 
faggots,  etc.  This  bed  was  about  12  inches  thick,  and  its  matrix 
was  of  a  yellowish-black  colour,  which,  when  cut  into,  had  a 
doughy  consistency  and  emitted  a  strong  sulphurous  smell. 

Relics. — The  rough  stone  implements  were  made  out  of  the 
limestone  of  the  neighbouring  hills,  very  seldom  of  sandstone, 
but  more  frequently  of  flint  from  the  spurs  of  the  Alps.  These 
flints  were  in  considerable  numbers  in  the  form  of  chips,  nuclei, 
and  unfinished  implements,  very  few  of  which  were  well  formed ; 
a  few  rudely-formed  arrow-points,  lance-heads,  knives,  and  saws 
or  scrapers ;  pebbles  of  limestone,  probably  hammer-stones ;  stone 
discs,  2  to  4  inches  in  diameter  (only  one  was  perforated) ;  also 
numerous  slingstones  made  of  sandstone,  basalt,  and  serpentine  ; 
one  fragment  of  granite,  flattened  and  polished  on  all  the  four 
sides,  but  only  one  small  polished  stone  celt.  Many  of  the 
bones  were  worked,  and  there  were  tynes  of  staghorn,  sharpened 
at  the  top  and  perforated  at  the  base ;  also  pointers,  spear-heads, 
spatulae,  and  splinters  of  all  kinds. 

The  fragments  of  pottery  were  so  plentiful  that  a  handful 
of  mud  could  not  be  taken  up  without  finding  some  pieces  in 


LAKE    FIMON.  220 

it.  Amongst  some  thousands  of  fragments  about  50  vessels  in 
a  more  or  less  perfect  condition  were  picked  out.  They  are  all 
of  a  dark  colour,  with  handles  attached,  generally  below  the 
rim,  and  flat  bases.  Some  of  them  have  everted  lips,  and  many 
are  ornamented  with  knobs,  depressions,  or  raised  ridges  (circular, 
wavy,  or  confluent).  Some  of  the  handles  approach  the  form 
known  as  anse  lunate,  others  terminate  in  a  round  button 
(ansa  mono-appendiculata).  One  small  bowl  had  two  handles. 
The  paste  was  of  two  qualities :  one  fine,  and  the  other  mixe:l 
with  coarse  bits  of  gravel,  quartz,  and  carbonate  of  lime. 

Numerous  specimens  of  spindle-whorls.  They  are  flat  circular 
cakes  of  clay,  like  small  wheels,  perforated  and  unornamented. 

Organic  Remains.  —  Fruit  of  the  water -chestnut  (Trapa 
natans),  kernels  of  cherries,  hazel-nuts,  acorns,  bramble  seeds,  etc. 

The  bones  of  the  stag  and  wild  boar  seem  to  predominate 
among  those  of  the  sheep,  ox,  roe,  badger,  etc. ;  also  a  large 
quantity  of  the  broken  carapaces  of  a  small  fresh-Avater  turtle 
(Emys  lutaria). 

Some  five  or  six  years  later  (1871)  Mr.  Lioy  made  further 
excavations  near  the  same  place,  and  came  upon  a  relic -bed 
8  inches  in  thickness  and  only  16  inches  below  the  surface, 
which  he  considered  to  be  the  remains  of  a  pile-dwelling  of  a 
later  age.  In  this  relic-bed  he  found  a  bronze  celt  (Fig.  66, 
No.  1)  and  some  flints  of  a  grey-reddish  or  yellowish  colour 
(different  from  the  blue  variety  in  the  earlier  dwelling),  but  no 
stone  implements  and  no  arrow-points.  Pottery  was  not  abundant, 
but  it  was  made  of  a  finer  quality  and  the  ornamentation  shows 
a  higher  style  of  art.  Mr.  Lioy  also  observes  that  the  bones  of 
the  domestic  animals,  such  as  sheep  and  oxen,  are  now  in  excess 
of  those  of  wild  animals. 

As  a  final  report  of  the  abitazioni  laeustri  of  Lake  Fimon 
(B.  295)  Mr.  Lioy  has  published  a  lengthy  monograph  with 
numerous  plates  of  illustrations.  The  work,  however,  deals  more 
with  extraneous  and  general  considerations  than  specific  facts  or 
details  bearing  on  the  remains  of  the  palafittes  in  this  lake. 
I  consider  the  station  at  Polada,  with  its  remarkable  relics,  far 
more  typical  of  the  Stone  Age  lake-dwellings,  and  I  have 
accordingly  selected  it  as  a  standard  for  such  remains  in  the 
eastern  valley  of  the  Po.  Moreover,  Mr.  Lee  (B.  119,  2nd  ed.) 
has  already  presented  to  English  readers  an  abridgement  of  Mr. 


230  LAKE- DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Lioy's  work,  with  no  less  than  nine  plates  of  illustrations ; 
whereas  a  report  of  the  discoveries  at  Polada  has  not  yet  been 
published  at  all.  I  have,  therefore,  restricted  my  illustrations  from 
Lake  Fimon  to  the  few  objects  on  Fig.  66,  which  include  a  bronze 
flat  celt,  a  large  clay  ring,  and  a  few  specimens  of  pottery. 

ARQU  A-  PETR  ARCA. 

In  the  neighbourhood  of  Padua  remains  of  lake-dwellings 
presenting  in  many  respects  similar  characteristics  to  those  in 
Lake  Fimon,  have  recently  been  discovered  in  the  small  lake  of 
Arqua-Petrarca  situated  in  the  Euganean  hills.  It  was  discovered 
in  the  autumn  of  1885  by  Professor  Frederico  Cordenons,  who, 
with  the  aid  of  funds  from  the  Museums  of  Padua  and  Este, 
made  excavations  during  this  and  the  following  summer,  the  result 
of  which  he  has  just  published.  (B.  464)  It  appears  that  the 
lake,  though  now  only  covering  some  dozen  acres,  was  formerly 
of  much  greater  extent  and  occupied  the  whole  of  the  present 
valley.  In  the  slime  of  this  ancient  lake-basin,  which  is  now 
overlaid  with  a  deposit  of  peat  over  3  feet  in  thickness,  the  remains 
of  two  stations  were  found,  one  on  the  eastern  and  the  other  on 
the  western  margin  of  the  present  lake.  These  remains,  which 
consist  of  piles,  portions  of  transverse  beams,  and  a  large  assort- 
ment of  the  industrial  debris  of  the  inhabitants,  are  entirely 
confined  to  the  ancient  mud  deposit,  nothing  being  found  in  the 
peat  above  it.  Mr.  Cordenons  does  not  give  as  minute  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  relic-bed  and  its  surroundings  as  could  be  desired  ; 
but  as  only  a  fourth  of  the  area  occupied  by  the  piles  has  been 
excavated  (1,000  square  yards),  the  present  report  may  be  only 
a  first  instalment  of  the  researches. 

Among  the  objects  collected,  the  following  will  give  a  general 
idea  of  its  chronological  position  with  respect  to  analogous  remains 
in  the  Po  valley : — Several  perforated  stone  axes,  half  of  a  perfor- 
ated hammer-axe  of  green  serpentine  beautifully  polished,  a  large 
hammer-stone,  a  beautiful  flint  saw  four  inches  long  ("  un  bellissimo 
coltello-sega  "),  portion  of  a  finely-worked  laurel-leaf-shaped  lance- 
head  of  flint,  a  number  of  arrow-heads,  lance-heads,  saws,  knives, 
etc.,  of  flint. 

Objects  of  staghorn  were  not  numerous,  and  only  some  per- 
forated rings  of  this  material  are  recorded. 

The  pottery  is  abundant,  and  with  the  description  of  it  much 


ARQllX-PETRARCA. 


231 


Fig.  66.—  FIMON  (1  to  8),  and  ARQUA-PETRARCA  (9  to  12).    All 

except  No.  2  =  £. 


real  size 


of  Cordenons's  monograph  is  taken  up.  The  paste  in  the  gene- 
rality of  the  vessels  is  mixed  with  sand  and  bits  of  mica,  recog- 
nised to  be  the  ddbris  of  the  surrounding  hills.  Only  one  dish 
(Fig.  66,  No.  11)  showed  ornamentation  of  incised  lines,  but,  on 


232  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

the  other  hand,  raised  lines  meeting  in  points,  forming  triangles, 
etc.,  were  most  common.  The  handles  were  of  various  shapes  and 
showed  a  complete  series  of  the  progressive  stages,  from  the  single 
button-shaped  top  to  the  almost  perfect  ansa  cornuta. 

No  metal  objects  were  found,  and  consequently  Mr.  Cordenons 
concludes  that  the  station  belonged  to  the  pure  Stone  Age,  a  con- 
clusion which,  however,  Pigorini  disputes.  (B.  46  6b.) 

The  pottery  is  very  similar  to  that  from  the  adjacent  lake- 
dwellings  at  Fimon,  and  by  no  means  dissimilar  to  that  from 
Polada. 

POLADA. 

About  half-way  between  Desenzano  sul  Lago  and  the  village  of 
Lonato,  and  a  little  to  the  south  of  the  direct  railway  between 
Milan  and  Venice,  there  is,  in  the  midst  of  a  series  of  morainic 
hillocks,  a  small  bowl-shaped  hollow,  scarcely  300  yards  in 
diameter,  which  at  one  time  formed  a  stagnant  lake  called  Polada. 
It  appears  that  at  some  former  period,  of  which  there  is  now  no 
record,  this  pool  had  been  partially  drained  by  means  of  a  small 
tunnel  which  was  pierced  through  the  morainic  lip  on  its  north 
side,  and  so  carried  off  the  water  to  a  lower  valley.  The  result 
of  this  was  to  expose  a  considerable  portion  of  the  lake-bottom, 
one  part  of  which  formed  a  tongue-like  projection  or  promontory 
attached  to  its  eastern  margin.  This  continued  to  be  the  condition 
of  Polada  for  many  ages,  and  in  course  of  time  the  remaining 
portion  of  the  lake  became  completely  filled  up  with  peat.  Some 
years  ago  the  proprietors  of  this  bog  commenced  to  utilise  its 
contents  as  fuel,  and,  to  facilitate  this  operation,  the  margin  of 
the  crater-like  cavity  was  pierced  by  a  second  tunnel  at  a  lower 
level  than  the  former,  so  as  to  get  rid  of  the  water.  It  was  then 
found  that  the  promontory  of  land,  which  since  its  original 
exposure  had  been  cultivated,  had  been  only  partially  bared 
by  the  first  drainage,  as  on  its  inner  side  there  was  a  thin  covering 
of  peat,  which  a  little  farther  on  suddenly  sank  to  a  great  depth.  In 
the  course  of  removing  this  covering  of  peat  from  the  tip  of  the 
promontory,  and  just  on  the  margin  of  the  cultivated  land,  some 
rotten  piles  and  other  indications  of  a  prehistoric  dwelling  were 
discovered.  Dr.  Giovanni  Rambotti,  President  of  the  Liceo 
Ginnasio  at  Desenzano,  recognised  this  to  be  the  remains  of  a 
lake- dwelling  erected  on  piles,  and  so  greatly  did  he  interest 
himself  in  the  objects  recovered  and  daily  turning  up  that  he 


POLADA.  233 

arranged  with  the  workmen  to  preserve  all  the  relics  for  him.  This 
discovery  was  made  in  1872,  and,  as  the  operation  of  clearing  out 
the  peat  progressed  during  the  following  two  or  three  years,  the 
settlement  turned  out  to  be  very  rich  in  industrial  remains.  Now 
that  the  turf  is  entirely  removed  and  all  the  relics  kept  together 
Dr.  Rambotti  finds  himself  the  possessor  of  one  of  the  most  valu- 
able and  instructive  collections  of  lake -dwelling  remains  in  Italy. 

From  an  inspection  of  the  original  outlet  Dr.  Rambotti  calcu- 
lates that  before  the  first  tunnel  was  executed  this  tongue  of  land 
would  be  covered  by  eight  to  ten  feet  of  water,  and  he  thinks 
that  in  this  depth  of  water  the  lake-dwellers  must  have  erected 
their  piles  and  platform.  That  portion  of  the  site  might  have 
been  exposed  and  destroyed  when  the  first  drainage  was  made,  is 
probable  ;  but  at  any  rate  sufficient  remained  to  be  able  to  form 
some  opinion  as  to  its  size.  When  I  visited  the  locality  with 
Dr.  Rambotti  he  gave  me  the  following  dimensions,  which  he 
derived  from  a  careful  study  of  the  locality  and  disposition  of 
the  piles.  Its  form  was  that  of  an  oblong  parallelogram,  65  yards 
long  and  about  one- third  of  this  distance  in  breadth.  Its 
longest  diameter  ran  nearly  east  and  west,  and  the  dwelling  thus 
presented  its  short  side  to  the  nearest  shore.  Two  rows  of  piles, 
about  two  feet  apart,  stretched  to  the  shore,  a  distance  of  about 
100  yards,  and  Dr.  Rambotti  justly  concluded  this  to  be 
the  remains  of  a  gangway.  A  shallow  canoe,  25  feet  long  and 
30  inches  wide,  having  traces  of  fixtures  for  oars  at  three  equi- 
distant spots  on  each  side,  was  found  near  the  site  of  the  lake- 
dwelling.  Portions  of  a  second  canoe,  apparently  of  smaller 
dimensions,  were  disinterred  at  the  land  end  of  the  gangway. 

But  the  valuable  feature  of  this  lake-dwelling  is  the  large 
and  unique  assortment  of  industrial  remains  which  it  has  fur- 
nished, all  of  which  are  kept  together  at  the  private  residence 
of  Dr.  Rambotti,  where  they  constitute  a  respectable  museum. 

Pottery. — The  larger  vessels  were  made  of  coarse  greyish 
clay,  mixed  with  rough  sand  or  pebbles ;  but  the  smaller  and 
more  ornamental  were  composed  of  a  fine  black  homogeneous 
paste.  Besides  a  large  quantity  of  fragments,  there  are  in 
Rambotti's  collection  about  150  vessels,  more  or  less  entire, 
showing  a  considerable  variety  of  size  and  form,  according  to  the 
uses  for  which  the  vessels  were  intended.  Some  were  large 
wide-mouthed  jar?,  with  two,  or  sometimes  four,  handles.  The 


234  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

largest  of  this  class  measured  15  inches  across  the  mouth  and 
9  inches  in  depth.  One  flat  dish  was  12  inches  in  diameter 
and  only  4  deep,  while  another  was  flower-pot-shaped  and 
measured  10  inches  across  at  the  top,  5J  at  the  base,  and  12 
in  depth.  Another  dish  (Fig.  68,  No.  37)  was  perforated  all 
over  with  small  round  holes,  arranged  in  upright  and  equi- 
distant rows,  of  which  there  were  in  all  thirty,  each  row  having 
eight  holes.  The  measurements  of  this  curious  percolator  are 
10|  inches  across  the  mouth,  8  at  the  base,  and  4J  in 
depth.  Some  vessels,  especially  the  larger  vases,  were  ornamented 
with  a  line  of  perforations  or  projecting  knobs  round  the  rim ; 
others  again  had  a  ridge  marked  here  and  there  with  a  knob 
round  its  bulging  part  (Fig.  67,  No.  6).  Few  were  without 
handles.  In  one  or  two  instances  there  was  a  hollow  protuber- 
ance, instead  of  a  handle,  sufficiently  prominent  to  be  grasped, 
and  the  hollow  part  communicated  with  the  interior  of  the 
vessel.  The  handles  were  attached  generally  at  the  rim,  but 
often  below  it,  and  sometimes  half-way  down  the  side  of  the 
vessel.  The  largest  handle  I  noticed  measured  (>  inches  from 
its  two  points  of  attachment.  Some  of  the  handles  were 
surmounted  by  a  button-shaped  prominence  (No.  10) ;  others 
terminated  in  a  bifurcation  like  a  couple  of  horns,  which 
strongly  suggests  a  rudimentary  form  of  the  awsa  lunata,  so 
characteristic  of  the  terremare  (Nos.  13  and  14).  Of  the  finer 
kind  of  pottery  there  are  a  great  variety  of  dishes,  which  may 
be  classed  as  cups,  bowls,  plates,  jugs,  etc.,  some  of  which  were 
ornamented  with  simple  designs  made  with  dots  and  lines 
(Nos.  9,  10,  and  11).  One  handle  had  the  form  of  a  cross  punc- 
tured on  it,  having  one  arm  prolonged  into  a  long  stem  running 
downwards,  just  like  a  modern  Christian  cross. 

About  140  spindle-whorls  of  terra-cotta,  some  of  which  are 
variously  ornamented  (Fig.  68,  Nos.  28,  29,  and  36).  A  con- 
siderable number  of  perforated  clay  weights,  of  which  five  are 
flat,  with  the  hole  in  the  centre  (Fig.  67,  Nos.  19  and  20).  The 
most  novel  objects  were  a  few  oblong  cakes  of  terra-cotta  orna- 
mented with  repeating  lines  of  small  circular  depressions  (Fig.  68, 
Nos.  22  to  24). 

Stone  Objects. — A  large  sandstone  polisher,  together  with  a 
number  of  smaller  ones.  About  40  hammer-stones  of  quartz, 
serpentine,  etc.,  some  having  finger-depressions.  A  few  perforated 


POLADA. 


235 


Fig.  67.— POLADA.     All  $  real  siae. 


236.  LAKE-DWELLINOS    OF    EUROPE. 

stones,  used  as  sinkers  or  hammers.  Six  round  stones  about  the 
size  of  an  egg,  found  in  the  canoe.  Of  polished  celts  there  were 
only  six  of  the  usual  type  (Fig.  67,  Nos.  15  and  16).  One  of 
the  most  remarkable  features  of  the  collection  is  the  number  of 
arrow-points,  which  exceed  300,  presenting  in  this  respect  a  re- 
markable contrast  to  Lagozza.  As  will  be  seen  from  the  illus- 
trations (Fig.  68,  Nos.  1  to  19)  these  arrow  and  lance-heads 
are  varied  in  form  and  exceedingly  well  made.  Eight  are  of  a 
rhomboidal  shape,  and  a  similar  number  have  only  one  barb 
(No.  7).  Three  rectangular  plates  of  polished  stone,  perforated 
at  the  corners,  were  probably  used  to  protect  the  wrist  of  the 
archer  (Nos.  34  and  35).  Flint  saws  to  the  extent  of  nearly 
100,  of  which  a  few  are  unique.  One  has  slanting  teeth  as  shown 
in  No.  20,  which  represents  both  sides  of  the  flint.  A  few  were 
still  in  their  handles  when  found.  One  is  very  remarkable 
(Fig.  67,  No.  12)  as  being  formed  of  four  separate  flints  fixed 
in  a  wooden  casing  by  means  of  a  groove  and  asphalt.  This  casing 
or  handle  has  a  grasping  portion  at  each  end — in  short,  it  is 
a  double-handed  saw.  The  illustration  represents  this  implement 
lying  flat,  and  the  horn-like  ending  projects  upwards  at  an  angle 
of  about  40°,  so  that  when  placed  in  working  position  with  the 
flints  downwards,  the  horn-like  projection  would  be  directed  to 
the  left.  Hence  Dr.  Rambotti  thought  the  lake-dwellers  were 
left-handed  men.  There  were  two  other  wooden  casings,  precisely 
similar,  but  minus  the  flints. 

Horn  und  Bone. — About  40  daggers  and  pointers  of  bone,  of 
which  12  are  made  from  split  leg-bones  and  beautifully  polished 
like  those  from  Laibach  and  other  places.  A  number  of  small 
pointed  objects  of  bone,  chisels,  pins,  etc  (Fig.  68,  Nos.  25  to  27). 
Seven  perforated  axe  hammer-heads  of  staghorn  (Fig.  67,  No.  17), 
also  similar  to  those  from  Laibach. 

Bronze. — A  bronze  dagger  (No.  1)  with  a  neatly- worked  bone 
handle  terminating  in  a  button-shaped  capsule.  The  blade  was 
attached  to  a  semilunar  capsule  of  thin  bronze  by  rivets.  Portions 
of  worked  bone  similar  to  the  handle  of  this  weapon  were  supposed 
to  belong  to  other  analogous  weapons.  Three  flat  celts  of  the 
terramara  type  (Nos.  2  and  3). 

Ornaments. — Eight  bone  rings,  one  of  which  is  ornamented 
with  small  circles  (Fig.  68,  No.  33).  Three  perforated  buttons 
or  spindle- whorls  of  marble  (No.  30).  Several  other  forms  of 


POLADA. 


237 


buttons  in  stone  or  marble  (Nos.  21  and  32).    Several  perforated  teeth 
of  dog,  wolf,  bear  (No.  31),  and  wild  boar ;  also  one  perforated  shell. 


A     A 


I 


Ml       <<MT  <  H\ 

w   iCyft® 

I*/.    /   af  —— — **_^_ 

P/f       ,«^$\ 

! 

^*  -^        ^^X  ^..^L.  -          3  I 


Fig.  68.— POLADA.    Nos.  37  and  38  =  £,  and  all  the  rest  =  £  real  size. 

Wood. — Several  articles  of  wood  are  preserved,  as  handles  of 
implements,  a  portion  of  an  oar,  fragments  of  the  casings  for  flint 


238  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

saws.  A  stool  with  six  legs  cut  out  of  the  solid.  These  are  now 
mostly  shrivelled  up  and  scarcely  recognisable. 

Osseous  Remains.  —  Upper  part  of  a  human  skull.  Also 
numerous  bones  of  the  following  animals : — the  urns  and  some 
other  breeds  of  cattle,  horse,  sheep,  goat,  dog,  cat  (one  skull),  wild 
boar,  pig,  stag,  and  roe. 

Dr.  Rainbotti  thinks  that  there  was  satisfactory  evidence  to 
conclude  that  the  settlement  had  been  destroyed  by  lire. 

No  report  of  this  remarkable  lake-dwelling  has  yet  been  pub- 
lished in  Italy,  but  the  principal  objects  were  exhibited  at  a 
Congress  of  Art  and  Arclueology  held  at  Brescia  in  the  autumn 
of  1875.  On  this  occasion  no  less  than  fourteen  pages  of  the  pub- 
lished catalogue  of  the  exhibition  are  devoted  to  the  enumeration 
of  Dr.  Rambotti's  collection  from  Polada, 

CASCINA,   ETC. 

The  Torbiera  di  Cascina,  situated  between  Castelnuovo  and 
Sun  Gcorgio,  in  Salice,  has  from  time  to  time  yielded  objects 
which,  there  can  be  no  doubt,  belonged  to  ancient  pile-dwellers. 
The  station  was  first  recognised  by  Martinati  (Adi ye,  1874,  No.  23), 
who  found  flint  arrow-points,  a  laurel-leaf-shaped  lance-head,  some 
stone  implements,  bits  of  staghorn,  etc.  In  1878  Pigorini  gives 
a  further  account  (B.  328d')  of  some  of  the  objects  since  discovered, 
including  18  flint  pieces — arrow-points  of  various  forms,  including 
one  of  the  so-called  rhomboidal  type  (selce  romboidale),  a  magni- 
ficent lance-head,  a  fine  saw,  and  one  small  triangular  chisel. 
In  the  Museo  Kircheriano  at  Rome  there  are  also  preserved  a 
bronze  axe  of  the  flat  type  (Fig.  51,  No.  9)  and  a  curious  knife 
of  bronze  (No.  12),  similar  to  those  from  the  lake-dwelling  at 
Peschiera,  which  were  found  in  this  place. 

Martinati  (B.  279,  p.  179)  also  describes  another  small  torbiera 
in  the  vicinity  of  Lazise,  in  which  three  rows  of  piles  were  en- 
countered, and  associated  with  them  were  fragments  of  black 
pottery.  It  was  also  reported  that  in  past  years  entire  vessels  of 
the  same  kind  were  found  in  the  locality. 

TERREMARE. 

Shortly  after  the  middle  of  last  century  certain  artificial 
deposits  of  an  earthy  substance  found  scattered  in  the  shape  of 
large,  flattish  mounds,  over  the  provinces  of  Parma,  Reggio,  and 


TERREMARE.  239 

Modena,    became   known   to    agriculturists    as    possessing    great 
fertilising    power — a  property   which   they   henceforth   turned   to 
advantage    by   using    their    contents    as   manure.      To    such   an 
extent  has  this  practice  been  carried  that  many  of  these  deposits, 
notwithstanding  th3ir  great   extent,  covering,  in    most    instances, 
many  acres,  have  now  entirely  disappeared.     This  substance  looks 
like  a  mixture  of  clay,  sand,  ashes,  etc.,  arranged  in  differently- 
coloured  strata — yellowish-brown,  green  or  black — and  goes  among 
the    peasants    under    the    name    of    marna   or    merne ;    but    in 
scientific  circles  it  is  generally  called  terramara,  more   especially 
since  ths  meeting  of  the  International  Congress  at  Bologna.     In 
the    course    of    these     annual     excavations    various     objects     of 
antiquity     were     noticed     by     the     workmen,     such    as    Eoman 
coins   and    tiles ;    implements    of    bone,   horn,    bronze,    etc. ;  the 
bones   of   domestic    and   wild    animals ;  and  even  human    bones, 
were   occasionally  turned    up.      But    these    popular    observations 
failed    to    lead    to    any   scientific   investigation,   and    when   these 
mysterious  mounds  happened  to  be  noticed  by  the  early  writers 
of  this  century  each  had   a  theory   of  his   own    to    account   for 
them.     Thus   the    celebrated    naturalist   Venturi,  in    his    "  Storia 
di  Scandiano,"    published    in    1822,   assigns   them   partly   to   the 
Boii,  a  Celtic    race  wha   here,  according  to   him,  cremated  their 
dead    warriors    and    ceremoniously    threw     their     weapons     and 
animals   taken   in   war  into  the  burning'  pile ;  and   partly  to    the 
Romans,  who   subsequently  inhabited   the   country,   and   selected 
these  heaps  for   their   dwellings   and   burial-places.      Others   sup- 
posed   them     to    be    the    sacred    or    traditional     cemeteries    of 
successive  races,  and  hence  their  contents  are  called   "terrecime- 
teriale  " ;  and  it  is  a  curious  fact   that   many  of  these  truncated 
mounds    are     to    this    day    crowned     by   a   modern   church     or 
convent,  around  which   the   Christians  have    been   in   the    habit 
of    burying     their    dead.      Nor    did    the    opinion    of    Gastaldi, 
published   in   1861  (B.  43),  throw    much    light    on    the    matter. 
Seeing  that   the  terremare  were  invariably  situated  near  running 
streams,  he   considered    them  heaps  of  the   remains   of  different 
ages — Roman  graves,  cremations,   and   funeral  feasts,  which   had 
been  washed  down   and   re-arranged   by   floods.      But   these    and 
similar    theories,   based   on    the   supposition   that   they   were    the 
abodes   of    the   dead,  were   not    in    harmony   with   the  domestic 
character    of    the    pottery    and     implements     turned    up.      The 


240  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

starting-point  of  a  long  series  of  researches  which  have  now  cleared 
up  the  problem  was  the  announcement  by  Professor  Strobel  of 
Parma,  in  1861  (B.  44),  that  the  remains  of  a  palafitte,  analogous 
to  those  found  in  lakes  and  marshes,  were  to  be  seen  below 
the  true  terramara  deposits  at  Castione  dei  Marchesi. 

This  celebrated  and  best  known  of  all  these  settlements  is 
situated  about  four  miles  north-west  of  Borgo  San  Donino,  in  the 
province  of  Parma.  It  was  discovered  about  seventy  years  ago,  and 
continued  to  be  excavated  solely  for  agricultural  purposes  till 
1861,  when  Gastaldi's  publications  directed  attention  to  the  pre- 
historic remains  of  North  Italy.  Till  then  the  numerous  objects 
of  human  industry  disinterred  by  the  workmen  excited  little 
or  no  curiosity.  Things,  however,  were  very  different  after  tho 
northern  wave  of  archaeological  inquiry,  now  greatly  quickened 
by  the  discovery  of  the  Swiss  lake-dwellings,  had  reached  the 
Parmensian  antiquaries.  Henceforth  instructions  went  forth  from 
the  proprietor,  Sig.  Ugolotti,  that  these  objects  were  to  be  care- 
fully preserved,  and  now  they  constitute  a  special  and  most 
interesting  collection  in  the  Archaeological  Museum  at  Parma, 
On  visiting  Castione  one  sees  a  slight  elevation  rising  about 
10  feet  above  the  plain  and  surmounted  by  a  church  and  con- 
vent. These  buildings,  which  are  both  lofty  and  extensive,  are 
approached  on  the  west  side  by  a  stone  bridge,  spanning  a 
canal-like  pool  of  stagnant  water,  which  lies  along  the  margin 
of  the  mound  and  partly  surrounds  it.  Elsewhere  the  slope  from 
this  plateau  to  the  level  plain  is  gradual,  except  where  the 
more  recent  excavations  have  been  made,  which  present  much 
the  same  appearance  as  a  roadside  sand-pit.  Of  the  original 
size  and  form  of  the  mound  it  is  now  difficult  to  form  a  correct 
estimate,  owing  to  the  amount  of  stuff  yearly  carted  away,  but 
the  portion  still  undisturbed  or  covered  by  buildings  may  be 
estimated  at  two  acres. 

A  perpendicular  section,  which  can  be  readily  obtained  at 
various  points,  presents  the  following  succession  of  layers  from 
above  downwards : — 

1.  Ordinary  mould  or  disturbed  soil  for   a  depth   of  6   feet, 
said  to  contain  Roman  and  more  recent  remains. 

2.  The    terramara     beds    proper,    arranged     in     thin,     wavy 
laminations  of   variously-coloured  earths.     Sometimes   a  thickish 
bed  of  clay  or  a  black  band  of  charcoal   catches   the    eye ;     in 


TERREMARE. 


241 


another  place  an  overlapped  bed  is  seen  to  shelve  out  and 
disappear  altogether.  But,  notwithstanding  a  wavy  or  undulating 
appearance,  the  general  horizontality  of  these  layers  is  main- 
tained. Their  average  total  thickness  amounts  to  8  feet. 


Fig.  68«.— Pottery  from  the  Terremare. 

3.  Underneath  these  beds  lies  a  blackish  peaty  substance, 
some  3  feet  thick,  in  which,  as  already  mentioned,  Strobel 
detected  the  remains  of  a  palafitte. 

Below   this  peaty  stratum   there  is  a  greenish  clayey  deposit, 
similar   in   composition    to    that    found    at    some   depth    in   the 
surrounding  plain,  into  which   the  piles  were  driven. 
Q 


242 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Strobel's  discovery  caused  much  speculative  interest,  especially 
when  correlated  with  the  researches  initiated  by  Gastaldi  regarding 


Fig.  68£>. — Anse  Lunate  or  Cornutc  from  the  Terremare. 

lake-  and  pile-dwellings,  the  existence  of  which  in  Italy  had  just 
been  demonstrated  at  Mercurago  and  Lake  Garda. 

Reflecting  on  these  novel  revelations  and  impelled,  no  doubt,  by 
the  growing  interest  in  such  studies,  Strobel  and  Pigorini,  both  then 


Fig.  69.— Bone  Comb  ( 

from    VlCO-FERTILE. 


Fig.  70.— Bone  Wheels  from 
CAMPEGGINE. 


residing  at  Parma,  commenced  a  series  of  observations  and  inquiries 
regarding  the  terremare  in  their  vicinity,  the  outcome  of  which 
was  a  joint  report,  first  published  in  1862  as  part  of  Gastaldi's 
weU-known  article,  "  Nuovi  cenni  sugli  oggetti  di  alta  antichita 
trovati  nelle  torbiere  e  nelle  mariniere  dell'  Italia."  (B.  52.) 


TERREMARE. 


243 


In  this  report  the  authors  discussed  the  works  of  man  found 
in  the  marl-beds  under  the  following  five  heads — viz.  habitations, 


Fig.  73.— Portion  of  a 
Fig.  71.— Horn  implement.  Fig.  72.— Bone  (|).  Bone  Handle  from 

Both  from  CAMPEGGINE.  CASTIONE  (£). 

vessels,   utensils,  arms,  and  things  of  uncertain  use.     The  pottery 


Fig.  74.— Two  Bone  objects 
from  CAMPEGGINE  (|). 


Fig.  75.— Discoidal  Stone  from 
CAMPEGGINE  (). 


they  recognised  as  having  degrees  of  quality  according  to  the  uses 
to  which  the  vessels  were  put.     The  larger   vases   were   roughly 


244 


LAKE-DWELLINGS  OF  EUROPE. 


Fig.    76.— Bronze     Sickle 
from  CAMPEGGINE  (-'-). 


4 


Tig.  77.— Bronze  Spear-head  from 
BAHGONE  DI  SALSO    £. 


Fig.  78.  -  Bronze  Celt  from 
CASTELLAZZO. 


Fig.  79.— Bronze  Awl  with  bone 
handle,  from  CAMPEGGINE  Q). 


TERREMARE. 


245 


kneaded,  the  grains  of  sand  were  larger  and  more  visible,  and  the 
colour  of  the  paste  was  ash-black  inside  and  reddish  outside. 
They  had  no  glaze.  The  smaller  dishes  were  made  of  fine  homo- 
geneous paste,  with  very  thin  walls,  smooth  surface,  and  a  blackish 
surface  approaching  to  varnish.  According  to  their  form  they 
might  be  divided  into  a  great  many  varieties,  as  plates,  cups, 
basins,  bottles,  vases,  etc.  (Fig".  68a).  In  the  makers  of  this 
pottery  the  authors  recognised  an  inclination  to  vary  their  handi- 
works, and  this  was  especially  manifested  in  the  various  forms 
and  different  embellishments  of  the  handles,  called  appendiculati, 
which  turned  up  in  large  quantities.  These  were  ordinary  handles 
with  an  addition  on  the  top,  either  in  the  form  of  an  upright 


Fig.  80.— Various  forms  of  Spindle-whorls  or  Beads  (£)  from  CAMPEGGINE. 

button-like  process  or  transverse  bar.  To  the  latter  the  greatest 
interest  was  attached,  as  the  ends  of  the  bars  were  bent  in  a 
variety  of  ways  so  as  to  assume  the  form  of  ears  or  horns  as  in 
Fig.  686. 

Among  the  utensils  they  distinguished  ti  variety  of  industrial 
objects  such  as  needles,  pins,  ornamented  combs,  small  wheels, 
handles,  etc.,  made  of  bone  or  horn  (Figs.  69  to  74).  Of  stone 
there  were  numbers  of  rubbers,  corn-grinders,  and  grooved  spher- 
oidal stones  (Fig.  75),  but  very  few  hatchets  and  chisels. 

Of  bronze  they  found  sickles  (Fig.  76),  spear-heads  (Fig.  77), 
flat  celts  (Fig.  78),  awls  (Fig.  79),  chisels,  pins,  etc. 

Among  the  objects  of  uncertain  use  were  classified  a  series  of 
spindle- whorls  of  different  forms  (Fig.  80). 

From  the  existence  of  metal  slag  and  stone  moulds  (Fig.  81) 
the  authors  inferred  that  the  terrarnaricoli  knew  the  art  of  founding 
in  metals. 

Professor  Strobel  gave  also  a  minute  description  of  the  bones 


246 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


and  other  organic  remains,  to  which  I  shall  afterwards  refer  when 
treating  of  his  subsequent  investigations  in  this  wide  and  important 
field  of  research. 

In  summing  up,  the  authors  used  the  following  words  : — 
"  As  to  the  first  origin  of,  the  marl-earths,  it  is  clear  that  the 
banquets,  as  you  assert,  are  a  considerable  part ;  but  there  seems 
to  us  to  appear  in  the  scoriae,  the  millstones,  the  heaps  of  grain, 
the  palisades,  the  potsherds,  already  cited,  together  with  the  arms 
and  utensils  of  all  sorts  which  are  found  in  these  earths,  something 


Fig,  81.— Stone  Mould  from  CASTELNUOVO. 

more  than  a  mere  meeting-place  to  banquet.  It  seems  to  us,  if 
we  do  not  err,  that  there  is  something  of  settlement  and  duration. 
Man  did  not  meet  there  only  to  arrange  and  devour  the  feast, 
but  to  employ  himself  besides  in  domestic  avocations,  in  preparing* 
implements  and  arms,  to  sew  garments,  and  make  nets — in  a  word, 
to  inhabit  them  ;  besides,  to  exercise  the  practices  of  their  religious 
worship,  and,  perhaps,  also  to  burn  their  dead,  and  all  these  after 
the  fashion  of  barbarians,  such  as  the  people  of  the  marl-beds  must 
have  been.  These  people,  according  to  the  place  and  time,  were 
fishermen,  hunters,  shepherds,  and  even  agriculturists."  (B.  91, 
p.  83.) 

These  words  contain  the  most  important  feature  of  this  report. 
The  authors,  though  not  absolutely  free  from  the  previous  notions 
that  floods  and  inundations  had  something  to  do  with  the  strati- 
fication of  the  debris,  distinctly  recognise  that  the  terremare  must 
be  considered  as  the  remains  of  the  habitations  of  the  living,  and 
not,  as  hitherto  supposed,  the  resting-places  of  the  dead. 


TERREMARE.  247 

Interest  in  the  whole  subject  now  rapidly  increased,  and  ex- 
tended to  agriculturists  and  local  observers.  Yearly  excavations 
were  carefully  scanned  and  even  special  researches  were  carried  on 
in  the  interests  of  science.  Strobel,  a  professed  naturalist  with 
remarkably  precise  and  accurate  habits,  devoted  his  great  energies 
to  the  elucidation  of  the  organic  remains,  especially  the  rich  and 
varied  products  of  the  peaty  bed  (terra  uliginosa)  at  Castione,  in 
which  the  piles  were  detected.  Pigorini,  on  the  other  hand, 
was  an  archaeologist  pure  and  simple,  but  endowed  with  great 
ability  and  much  fertility  in  the  correlation  and  generalisation  of 
facts — qualities  which  have  since  gained  him  the  chair  of  archae- 
ology at  Rome,  which  he  now  fills  with  so  much  distinction.  Thus 
associated  these  two  men  may  be  said  to  have  developed  a  new 
school  of  archaeology,  especially  anent  the  terremare,  having  as  its 
primary  and  indispensable  object  the  collection  of  authenticated 
data,  without  which,  they  asserted,  no  deductions  however  brilliant 
could  be  scientific. 

In  the  course  of  researches  conducted  by  Strobel  at  Castione, 
during  the  years  1862  and  1863,  he  observed  that  the  piles 
were  placed  in  a  sort  of  basin,  either  natural  or  artificial ;  that 
they  supported  transverse  beams  over  which  clay  floorings  had 
been  placed;  and  that  they  were  more  thickly  set  towards  the 
margin,  and  slanting,  as  if  to  strengthen  the  inner  superstructures. 
Moreover,  he  proved  that  the  supposed  peaty  formation  (terra 
uliginosa)  had  nothing  in  common  with  true  peat,  but  was 
simply  a  subaqueous  deposit  of  ordinary  earth,  associated  with 
decomposed  organic  debris.  Another  terramara  in  Parma  having 
similar  characteristics  to  that  at  Castione  was  investigated  in  the 
following  year  by  Pigorini,  and  thus  the  theory  of  an  occasional 
palafitte  converted  into  a  land-dwelling  seemed  to  them  to  be 
confirmed.  Previous  to  this  the  stratification  of  the  beds — one 
of  the  most  remarkable  features  of  these  deposits — had  not  excited 
any  unusual  surprise,  but  now  it  began  to  be  commented  upon. 

These  and  some  other  noteworthy  observations  here  and  there 
coming  to  light  induced  Strobel  and  Pigorini  to  issue  a  second 
report  on  the  terremare  of  Parma.  (B.  89.)  But  in  this 
brochure,  which  appeared  in  1864,  there  does  not  appear  to  be 
any  striking  departure  from  the  views  expressed  by  the  authors 
in  their  previous  report.  They  asserted  that  the  people  who 
constructed  and  inhabited  these  dwellings  were  a  nomadic  or 


248  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

agricultural  race,  belonging  to  the  Bronze  Age,  and  were  probably 
allied  to  the  Swiss  lake-dwellers ;  and  that  their  habitations 
varied  in  structural  character  according  to  the  exigencies  of 
the  site  chosen.  No  significance  was  attached  to  the  piles  at 
Castione  and  elsewhere,  beyond  supplying  a  proof  that  different 
methods  of  construction  had  been  in  use,  the  adoption  of 
which  depended  on  local  conditions.  The  composition  of  the 
strata  as  "earthy  beds,  now  ashy,  now  yellowish,  now  reddish 
or  black,"  and  their  peculiarly  wavy  arrangement,  were  supposed 
to  mark  merely  a  variety. 

The  terremare  now  became  a  controversial  focus  between  the 
adherents  of  the  old  and  new  schools.  To  the  former  Cavedoni, 
Coppi,  and  subsequently  Crespellani,  lent  their  influence ;  while 
the  latter  were  reinforced  by  Boni,  Canestrini,  Calegari,  and 
Chierici.  Amongst  all  these,  during  the  next  few  years,  Chierici 
stood  pre-eminent.  Already  an  ardent  collector  of  the  antiquities 
of  his  native  country,  he  found  in  the  mysterious  terremare  a 
congenial  field  and  a  new  outlet  for  his  love  of  practical 
research.  For  minute  observation  and  lucid  exposition  of  the 
phenomena  observed  in  explorations,  Chierici  had  few  superiors. 
To  him  must  undoubtedly  be  assigned  the  next  great  contri- 
butions towards  the  elucidation  of  the  terremare  problem. 
Observing  in  several  instances  that  an  earthy  dyke  of  a 
rectangular  shape,  with  a  ditch  outside,  surrounded  the  ter- 
ramara  mound,  and  that  upright  beams,  or  traces  of  them,  were 
to  be  seen  in  all  parts  of  the  deposits,  he  suggested  that  these 
were  normal  features  in  their  structure.  Although  some  of  his 
contemporary  explorers  had  incidentally  noticed  piles  in  a 
stratum  different  from  that  in  which  their  original  discovery  was 
made  at  Castione,  and  even  recorded  the  fact  (B.  407,  p.  7),  it 
remained  to  Chierici  alone  to  interpret  the  true  significance  of 
the  discovery.  In  support  of  the  theory  of  universality  of  the 
palafitte  system,  he  showed  that  in  many  cases  the  piles  had 
entirely  disappeared  by  decomposition,  and  that  the  only  traces 
of  their  existence  were  the  holes  they  had  occupied.  Some  of 
these,  indeed,  had  subsequently  become  filled  up  by  infiltrated 
matter,  so  that  on  section  they  presented  the  appearance  of 
inverted  cones.  On  this  point  he  relates  that  in  one  space 
measuring  210  square  metres  he  counted  no  less  than  124 
"buchedipali."  (B.  206,  p.  9.) 


TERREMARE.  249 

It  must  be  remembered  that,  previous  to  this,  archaeologists 
had  no  clear  notion  of  the  order  or  relative  position  of  the 
products  of  different  ages  and  races,  and  the  same  confusion 
extended  to  the  terremare.  For  instance,  at  Castelnuovo,  Chierici 
seemed  puzzled  at  finding,  underneath  a  Bronze  Age  terramara, 
indications  of  an  older  period.  At  Campeggine,  on  the  other 
hand,  objects  of  the  early  Iron  Age  appeared,  but  chiefly  in  the 
upper  strata,  while  Etruscan  remains  had  been  recognised  in 
several  instances. 

Another  point  to  which  Chierici's  attention  was  directed  was 
the  frequency  with  which  rectangular  enclosures  were  disposed 
so  as  to  have  their  four  sides  facing  the  cardinal  points ;  and 
this  orientation  within  certain  limits,  varying,  it  would  seem, 
according  to  the  direction  of  the  sunrise  when  the  settlement 
was  founded,  he  considered  also  applicable  to  all  the  terramara 
villages.  On  this  point  see  also  Helbig.  (B.  308.) 

In  his  famous  theory  of  the  structure  of  the  terramara 
villages  (B.  206)  Chierici  conceived  the  idea  that  they  had 
been  constructed  over  artificial  basins  to  which  a  running  stream 
was  made  to  flow  so  as  to  convert  the  bacino  into  a  pool  of 
water.  This  pool  was  surrounded  by  an  earthen  dyke  inside 
of  which  a  wooden  platform  was  erected  on  piles  and  covered 
with  a  layer  of  clay.  Huts  were  then  erected  over  this  plat- 
form at  regular  intervals,  and  the  refuse  from  them  was  thrown, 
by  means  of  holes  here  and  there,  into  the  space  below.  The 
water  entering  at  one  side  of  the  enclosure  made  its  exit  at 
the  opposite  side.  Thus  the  space  below  the  platform  was  more 
or  less  occupied  with  water,  and  the  debris  thrown  into  it 
became  arranged  into  sedimentary  strata,  and  so  continued  to 
accumulate  until  the  entire  space  was  filled  up.  When  the 
accumulation  of  debris  reached  this  extent  it  became  necessary 
to  elevate  their  floorings,  and  this  was  done  by  repeating  the 
same  process  at  a  higher  level ;  and  in  this  manner  Chierici 
accounted  for  the  successive  platforms  and  palafittes  which  were 
to  be  met  with  in  the  terramara  beds. 

Thus  in  the  hands  of  Chierici  almost  every  feature  of  the 
terramara  deposits  excited  fresh  interest  and  an  eagerness  for 
further  inquiries.  Piles  or  their  traces  were  found  almost  im- 
mediately in  all  the  stations  wherever  they  were  carefully  looked 
for.  In  1872  Chierici  and  Mantovani  explored  two  stations,  one 


250  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

at  Monte  Venere  and  the  other  at  Monte,  in  which  were  found  not 
only  the  dyke  surrounding  the  basin  and  palafitte,  but,  in  one  of 
them,  three  series  of  piles,  one  superimposed  above  the  other,  thus 
clearly  showing  that  when  the  spaces  around  the  piles  and  under- 
neath the  platform  had  got  filled  up  with  debris,  a  second  palafitte 
had  been  resorted  to,  which  in  its  turn  had  been  succeeded  by  a 
third.  (B.  233  and  247.)  It  was  on  all  hands  acknowledged  that 
in  many  parts  the  peculiar  stratification  of  the  layers  in  certain 
beds  could  only  be  accounted  for  on  the  supposition  that  water  had 
somehow  to  do  with  the  sorting  of  their  ingredients,  as  floating 
materials,  such  as  bits  of  charcoal,  were  often  eliminated  and  formed 
separate  layers.  So  far  Chierici's  theory  might  be  taken  as  offering 
a  complete  explanation  of  the  phenomena.  But  the  deposition  of 
the  higher  portions  of  the  mound  remained  to  be  accounted  for, 
as  it  was  difficult  to  conceive  of  pools  of  water  at  the  requisite 
heights.  A  still  more  formidable  objection  was  the  impossibility 
of  transporting  water  without  the  intervention  of  a  system  of 
hydraulics  to  sites  placed  on  elevations  far  above  the  level  of 
any  adjacent  streams,  and  of  this  class  several  had  been  known,  as 
at  Monte  Venere,  Roteglia,  Castellaccio,  etc.  (B.  407,  p.  9) ;  yet,  in 
most  cases,  they  also  contained  the  palafitte  and  dyke.  This  was 
the  weakest  part  of  the  theory  and  found  few  supporters,  but  in 
other  respects  every  additional  discovery  only  tended  to  confirm  it. 
Strobel,  however,  declined  to  believe  in  the  universality  of  either 
dykes  or  palafittes.  Thus,  writing  in  1874  (B.  267),  he  says :  "  At 
the  conclusion  of  an  article  which  I  wrote  in  1872  on  shells  of 
Unio  found  in  the  mariere,  etc.,  I  asserted  that  the  terremare,  those 
pre-historic  settlements,  were  terrestrial ;  that  in  some  of  them  man 
lived  in  pile-dwellings  on  dry  ground,  in  others  he  dwelt  in  tents 
or  huts ;  and  that  in  some  of  the  terramara  beds  earthworks  can  be 
seen,  which  may  have  been  used  as  dykes  or  bulwarks,  and  which 
in  all  probability  were  fortified  with  ditches."  After  showing  how 
impossible  it  would  be  for  the  terramaricoli  of  Roteglia  and 
Castellaccio  to  have  pools  of  water  at  such  an  elevation  as  they  had 
been,  he  goes  on  to  say :  "  And  here  I  may  be  permitted  to  raise  my 
voice  against  those  who  imagine  that  prehistoric  men,  and  more 
especially  those  of  the  mariere,  and  of  our  terremare  and  pile- 
dwellings  of  the  Bronze  Age,  always  and  everywhere  followed 
constantly  one  uniform  and  invariable  order  in  arranging  their 
abodes,  as  if  they  were  inferior  to  the  animals,  nay,  even  to  the 


TERREMARE.  251 

invertebrates,  who  modify  their  constructions  according  to  circum- 
stances. But,  in  fact,  there  is  much  less  uniformity  in  these 
terremare  than  is  often  found  in  the  dwellings  of  animals ;  therefore 
I  maintain  logically,  that  even  prehistoric  men  changed  their  mode 
of  living  according  to  place,  time,  and  circumstances  ;  and  that  the 
terramaricoli  did  not  live  solely  in  pools  of  water,  as  some  assert, 
but  had  settlements  both  in  the  water  and  on  dry  land,  and  that 
the  terramara  beds  are  the  results  of  the  latter.  In  some  of  the  ter- 
restrial settlements  they  probably  had  pile-dwellings,  while  in  others 
they  lived  in  huts  or  tents.  Some  at  least  of  the  land  settlements 
were  defended  by  dykes  and  ditches."  (B.  119,  2nd  ed.,  p.  402.) 

Pigorini,  on  the  other  hand,  looked  favourably  on  the  major 
portion  of  Chierici's  generalisations,  and  in  the  course  of  explora- 
tions conducted  by  him  at  Casaroldo  in  1874  (B.  266  and  297)  he 
found  everything  not  only  in  harmony  with  his  views  but  some 
additional  facts  that  seemed  to  strengthen  that  portion  of  his 
theory  in  which  he  maintained  that  the  palafitte  was  the  normal 
method  adopted  in  the  structure  of  the  terremare,  whatever  the 
nature  of  the  locality  might  be  in  which  they  were  constructed. 
Thus  at  Casaroldo,  although  there  was  both  a  ditch  and  a  dyke 
surrounding  the  basin  containing  the  palafitte,  it  had  no  peaty 
understratum  (terra  uliginosa),  as  at  Castione,  but  a  substance 
precisely  identical  with  the  superimposed  deposits.  Here  also 
there  were  traces  of  piles  on  a  higher  level. 

Almost  coincident  with  the  publication  of  Chierici's  theory  of 
the  terremare,  in  1871,  was  the  International  Congress  of  Anthrop- 
ology and  Prehistoric  Archaeology  at  Bologna,  which  gave  an  im- 
mense impetus  to  such  studies.  Indeed,  the  decade  which  followed 
may  be  characterised  as  the  Augustan  age  in  the  department  of 
prehistoric  archaeology  in  Italy.  The  remarkable  discoveries  in  the 
old  cemeteries  of  Bologna,  and  in  Etruscan  tombs  elsewhere  in  the 
Circumpadana  district,  together  with  the  increasing  number  of 
prehistoric  stations  in  lakes,  turbaries,  caverns,  etc.,  greatly  widened 
the  field  of  research  and  added  to  the  difficulty  of  deciphering, 
from  amidst  the  endless  overlappings  of  their  remains,  the  history 
of  the  various  civilisations  which  formerly  characterised  the  country. 
In  order  to  facilitate  these  studies  the  Bullettino  Paletnologia 
Italiana  was  established  at  the  commencement  of  1875,  under  the 
joint  editorship  of  Chierici,  Pigorini,  and  Strobel.  This  periodical 
has  done  much  good  and  is  still  in  a  flourishing  condition. 


252  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

SPECIAL  INVESTIGATIONS  AT  CASTIONE. 

Such  was  the  general  tenor  of  the  opinions  in  regard  to  the 
terremare  up  to  1877,  when,  owing  to  the  interest  then  taken  in 
these  singular  remains  and  with  the  view  of  clearing  up  some  of 
the  contested  points,  the  Minister  of  Public  Instruction  ordered 
a  fresh  excavation  to  be  made  at  Castione  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  Professor  Pigorini.  The  portion  selected  was  an  oblong 
space  at  the  north  side  of  the  church,  beginning  at  the  margin  and 
stretching  inwards  for  a  considerable  distance.  The  result  of  this 
was  the  disclosure  of  a  new  and  remarkable  feature  in  its  structural 
arrangement.  At  the  inside  of  the  earthen  dyke,  and  intervening 
between  it  and  a  forest  of  piles  which  extended  towards  the  interior, 
was  a  series  of  small  rectangular  enclosures  constructed  of  hori- 
zontal beams  laid  one  above  the  other.  These  enclosures,  which 
extended  side  by  side  like  a  string  of  log-houses,  formed  an  abrupt 
facing  to  the  dyke.  The  beams  were  roughly  hewn,  and  partially 
mortised  into  each  other  at  the  points  of  crossing,  from  which  their 
ends  projected  irregularly,  some  even  extending  from  one  com- 
partment to  the  next.  Inside  these  log-houses  there  was  nothing 
but  rubbish — clay,  gravel,  bits  of  wood,  etc. — packed  firmly  together. 
But  it  is  needless  to  enter  upon  all  the  details  of  this  curious 
structure ;  suffice  it  to  say  that  Pigorini  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
their  purpose  was  to  support  the  inside  of  the  earthen  dyke  (con- 
trafforte  deW  argine).  The  piles  were  in  rows  about  two  feet  apart, 
and  each  pile  was  separated  from  its  neighbour  by  an  interval  of 
one  foot.  When  the  space  was  cleared  there  was  quite  a  forest  of 
these  piles,  and  it  is  noteworthy  that  they  were  all  inclined  in  one 
direction,  viz.  north-east,  a  fact  which  is  well  shown  in  the  first  of 
the  two  photographic  illustrations  here  given  (Fig.  82). 

From  an  examination  of  the  composition  of  the  soil  outside  the 
limits  of  the  station  Pigorini  ascertained  that  the  bluish  clay  bed 
forming  the  subsoil  of  the  terramara  mound  corresponded  to  what 
was  the  surface  of  the  surrounding  plain  when  the  terramaricoli 
founded  their  settlement,  and  that  the  thick  mass  of  alluvial 
yellowish  clay  in  which  the  mound  is  now  partially  buried  has 
been  subsequently  deposited. 

Other  interesting  details  are  given  in  Pigorini's  exhaustive  and 
admirable  report  regarding  the  structure  of  the  ditch,  dyke,  plat- 
forms, hearths,  etc.,  and  the  peculiarity  and  composition  of  the 


TERREMARE. 


253 


Fig.  82. — Two  Views  of  the  Piles  and  Woodwork  exposed  at  CASTIONE  during 
the  special  excavations  conducted  by  Prof.  Pigorini  in  1877. 


254  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

strata.  But  these  the  limits  at  my  disposal  in  this  work  compel 
me  to  pass  over,  and  I  must  be  content  with  quoting  the  following 
summary  of  his  conclusions  in  regard  to  the  origin  of  the 
station : — 

"The  terramaricoli  having  arrived  at  the  place  now  called 
Castione  dei  Marchesi  did  not  select  for  their  encampment  a  low- 
lying  spot  subject  to  inundations,  but  the  top  of  a  slight  elevation  of 
bluish  clay  not  yet  covered  with  the  more  recent  alluvial  deposits. 
The  space  measured  out  for  the  station  was  of  a  rectangular  shape 
and  covered  about  a  couple  of  acres.  This  area  they  surrounded 
with  a  ditch,  the  excavated  soil  being  thrown  to  the  inside  and 
so  they  formed  a  dyke  6  feet  in  height,  which  consequently 
enclosed  a  bacino  having  its  base  on  the  original  soil  of  the  plain. 
The  area  thus  defined  had  an  orientated  position  with  a  deviation 
of  30°  from  east  to  north. 

"  Having  completed  the  surrounding  ditch  and  dyke,  the  next 
step  was  to  construct  along  the  inner  margin  of  the  dyke  a  series 
of  log-houses,  bound  together  and  filled  with  debris,  over  which 
they  finally  laid  a  gravel  pavement.  The  main  object  of  this 
elaborate  structure  was  to  support  the  earthen  dyke.  Next  they 
planted  all  over  the  bacino  rows  of  piles  at  regular  intervals, 
whose  tops  reached  to  the  level  of  the  surface  of  the  contra fforte, 
and  over  them  they  laid  horizontal  planks  of  wood  which,  in 
certain  places,  were  covered  with  beds  of  clay  (tavole  coperte 
d'argilla). 

"  On  this  platform  were  constructed  the  huts  of  the  people. 
The  exact  form  of  these  huts  has  not  been  ascertained,  but  they 
were  certainly  made  of  wood,  straw  and  clay,  no  other  material 
having  been  used  either  at  Castione  or  any  other  terramara.  The 
village  was  now  complete,  and  the  inhabitants,  in  the  course  of 
their  domestic  avocations,  threw  the  refuse  of  food  and  other 
debris  into  the  space  below,  probably  by  means  of  holes,  which 
gradually  accumulated  until  the  space  became  completely  filled  up. 

"  When  this  stage  was  reached  the  people  did  not  change 
their  chosen  site,  but  proceeded  to  erect  a  new  palafitte  above 
the  old  one.  They  elevated  the  dyke  by  extending  its  base,  placed 
new  contrafforte  along  its  inner  side  superimposed  on  the  older 
ones,  and  thus  continued  to  convert  the  surface  of  the  first 
platform  into  the  base  of  the  new  bacino.  Here  they  repeated 
the  operation  of  planting  it  with  piles,  and  over  these  a  new 


TERREMARE. 


255 


Fig.  83.— CASTIONE  and  various  other  Terremare  in  the  vicinity  of  PARMA. 
Nos.  1  to  12  and  18  to  20  =  £,  and  the  rest  =  £  real  size. 


256  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

platform  and  huts  were  erected,  which  were  occupied  as  befoie, 
until  the  accumulation  of  debris  again  drove  the  inhabitants  to 
construct  a  third  dwelling-place  at  a  still  higher  level."  (B.  407, 
p.  44.) 

Illustrations  of  some  of  the  industrial  remains  found  at  Castione, 
and  other  places  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Parma,  are  given  on 
Fig.  83. 

MONTALE. 

Another  instructive  station,  which  I  visited  along  with  the 
distinguished  archaeologist,  Sig.  Crespellaiii,  is  that  at  Montale,  a 
few  miles  south  of  Modena.  Here  the  elevation  of  the  mound  is 
more  marked  than  at  Castione,  as  the  entire  mass  stands  clear 
above  the  surrounding  plain,  and,  like  it,  the  central  part  is 
occupied  by  a  church  and  some  other  religious  buildings.  The 
discovery  of  this  terramara  was  not  made  till  1868,  but,  its  contents 
being  readily  accessible,  the  progress  of  its  demolition  has  been 
rapid.  In  1871  it  was  selected  as  the  most  suitable  to  be  visited 
by  the  members  of  the  International  Congress,  and,  for  their 
special  benefit,  a  new  section  was  then  opened  up.  The  annual 
explorations  conducted  in  this  mound,  of  course  regulated  by 
agricultural  demands,  are  now  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  autho- 
rities of  the  Museo  Civico  at  Modena,  who  appropriate  all  rare 
objects  for  the  enhancement  of  their  large  and  valuable  prehistoric 
collection.  The  director  of  the  Museum,  Sig.  Boni,  publishes, 
from  time  to  time,  a  report  of  the  excavations  and  of  the  results 
obtained.  (B.  386  and  421.) 

According  to  Boni,  the  area  of  the  mound,  including  the  dyke, 
was  9,000  square  metres  (about  2  acres),  of  which  about  4,000  are 
occupied  by  the  ecclesiastical  buildings  already  referred  to.  Of  the 
remaining  space  available  for  explorations  about  one  half  has  been 
cleared  away.  On  the  north  side  of  the  church,  just  on  the  verge 
of  the  pit  where  the  workmen  were  riddling  and  preparing  the 
saleable  stuff,  stood  an  enormous  chestnut  tree,  whose  roots  could 
be  seen  below  the  grassy  surface  projecting  from  the  perpendicular 
face  of  the  section.  The  priest,  whose  house  forms  part  of  the 
ecclesiastical  buildings  on  the  mound,  soon  joined  our  party,  and 
expatiated  on  the  fabulous  age  of  this  tree,  but  which  Crespellani 
reduced  to  something  like  150  or  200  years.  The  entire  height  of 
the  section  here  exposed  would  be  from  15  to  20  feet,  the  upper 


TERREMARE.  257 

five  of  which  consisted  of  mouldy  soil,  which  has,  of  course,  to  be 
removed  before  the  commercially  valuable  stuff  is  reached.  In 
the  course  of  the  removal  of  this  upper  stratum  the  following 
objects  were  found,  viz.  an  iron  hatchet,  fragments  of  a  spur, 
several  keys,  and  some  much  corroded  coins  of  the  Old  Empire. 
The  remains  of  fifteen  human  burials  were  also  encountered,  three 
of  which  had  the  bodies  enclosed  in  cists  made  of  large  bricks. 
Indeed,  some  large  tiles,  apparently  part  of  a  sepulchre,  were  still 
to  be  seen  protruding  from  a  part  of  this  layer.  Near  one  of 
the  unenclosed  burials  lay  a  terracotta  lamp  and  a  bone  comb 
with  a  double  row  of  teeth.  Sunk  into  the  upper  part  of  the 
terramara  beds  was  a  primitive  lime-kiln,  "  evidently,"  says  Boni, 
"introduced  into  the  cuinulo  marnoso  at  a  later  period  than  its 
formation."  (B.  386,  p.  13.) 

The  great  depth  of  this  upper  bed  of  mould,  which  exists  in  all 
the  terremare,  is  very  remarkable  and  most  puzzling  to  archaeo- 
logists. Boni  thinks  it  was  spread  over  the  mound  at  some 
posterior  time,  either  for  agricultural  purposes,  or  as  hygienic 
precautions,  or  perhaps  from  motives  of  respect  to  the  supposed 
sacred  character  of  its  contents. 

All  the  rest  of  the  section  was  terramara  proper,  whose  contorted 
and  wave-like  beds  could  readily  be  distinguished.  Sticking  in 
the  face  of  the  section  were  innumerable  fragments  of  black 
pottery,  broken  bones,  and  bits  of  charcoal.  All  the  stuff,  before 
being  disposed  of,  was  passed  through  riddles,  and  what  remained 
was  thrown  aside  as  useless  rubbish,  the  heaps  of  which  could  only 
be  estimated  by  cart-loads.  The  riddlings  consisted  almost 
entirely  of  broken  pottery,  among  which  were  occasional  clay 
weights  and  more  frequently  spindle -whorls,  together  with  the 
bones  and  horns  of  animals,  many  of  which  were  converted  into 
implements.  Bronze  objects  were  comparatively  rare. 

Part  of  a  large  earthen  dyke  which  is  supposed  to  have  sur- 
rounded the  entire  mound  is  still  left  exposed  on  the  north  side. 
It  measured  from  20  to  30  feet  in  breadth  at  the  base  and  1H  feet 
in  height.  Boni,  in  his  description  of  this  dyke,  states  that  a 
section  which  ought  to  be  conical  is  not  so,  but  more  slanting  on 
the  outside ;  also,  at  the  inner  side,  its  contents  are  occasionally 
seen  to  overlap  the  terramara  beds.  From  this  and  some  other 
structural  details  he  adduces  evidence  to  show  that  the  dyke  had 
been  subsequently  added  to  by  the  terramaricoli  during  their 


258 


LAKE-DWELLINGS   OF   EUROPE. 


Fig.  84.— MONTALE.    All  I  real  size. 


TERREMARE. 


259 


Fig.  85.— MONT  ALE  and  various  other  Terremare  in  the  vicinity. 
All  i  real  size. 


260  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

occupation  of  the  settlement.  Bearing  in  mind  what  Pigorini  says 
about  Castione,  the  significance  of  these  observations  will  be  readily 
perceived. 

For  illustrations  of  relics  from  Montale  see  Fig.  84  and 
Fig.  85,  Nos.  1  to  6;  and  for  its  literature  B.  157,  184,  186, 
204,  231,  298b,  367,  386,  421,  422,  425a'.  An  account  ot  the 
excursion  to  Montale  by  the  members  of  the  International  Con- 
gress is  given  in  their  Proceedings  for  1871  (Bologna). 


CASALE     ZAFFANELLA. 

Another  typical  example  of  the  terremare,  which  I  wish  to 
describe  shortly,  lies  1J  mile  north  of  the  Po,  near  the  town 
of  Viadana.  This  station  was  accidentally  discovered  a  few  years 
ago  by  the  brothers  Pietro  and  Giacomo  Tassoni,  the  peasant 
proprietors  of  a  field  in  which  they  were  making  trenches  for 
planting  vines.  In  the  course  of  their  operations  they  dug  up 
fragments  of  pottery,  which  they  brought  to  the  Arciprete 
Antonio  Parazzi  of  Viadana  (already  widely  known  as  a  skilled 
archaeologist  and  the  founder  of  an  excellent  museum  of  the 
local  antiquities  of  the  district).  Some  of  the  fragments  of 
pottery  turned  out  to  be  Roman,  while  others  were  undoubtedly 
pre-Roman,  and  this  led  to  a  preliminary  investigation  of  the 
locality,  in  which  the  experienced  eye  of  Parazzi  soon  detected 
the  site  of  a  terrarnara  dwelling.  A  full  report  of  the  subsequent 
excavations  and  results  obtained  was  published  by  Parazzi  in 
the  Bullettino  for  1886  (B.  451) — a  monograph  which  is  a 
perfect  model  of  the  descriptive  details  of  an  investigation  con- 
ducted on  scientific  methods. 

First  of  all  let  me  emphasise  the  fact  that  there  was  here 
no  mound  at  all.  The  field  was  quite  flat,  and  to  reach  the 
surface  of  the  terramara  beds  a  stratum  of  considerable  thick- 
ness, varying  from  1  to  2  feet,  of  the  ordinary  alluvial  deposits 
had  to  be  passed  through.  The  terramara  beds  then  continued 
for  a  depth  of  8  or  10  feet,  underneath  which  came  the  sub- 
soil on  which  the  settlement  was  originally  constructed.  It  is 
noteworthy  that  in  one  part  of  the  area,  underneath  the 
terramara  beds  proper,  a  peaty  bed,  similar  to  that  at  Castione, 
was  discovered.  To  make  the  resemblance  still  more  striking, 
this  terra  idiyinosa  also  contained  the  remains  of  a  palafitte. 


TERREMARE.  261 

These  piles  were  very  well  preserved,  and  some  of  them  may  now 
be  seen  in   the  Museum  at  Viadana. 

It  was  impossible,  without  enormous  labour,  to  explore  this 
settlement  to  a  great  extent ;  but  by  a  few  well-directed  trenches 
Parazzi  ascertained  that  it  was  of  a  quadrangular  shape,  and 
orientated  to  within  11  degrees,  and  that  it  was  surrounded  by 
a  ditch  and  a  dyke.  The  enclosure,  exclusive  of  the  area  of  the 
dyke,  had  a  superficial  area  of  about  one  English  acre.  Its  four 
sides  measured,  respectively,  208  (N.),  218  (S.),  227  (W.),  and 
237  (E.)  feet.  The  dyke  was  26  feet  broad  at  its  base,  and 
11  feet  6  inches  high,  and  showed  that  it  had  been  added  to 
on  three  different  occasions.  Its  inner  edge  appeared  to  have 
been  very  steep,  a  fact  which  suggests  that,  as  at  Castione,  there 
had  been  some  kind  of  support  to  prevent  the  earth  from 
falling  in.  The  ditch  was  34  feet  wide,  and  its  maximum 
depth  was  6J  feet. 

The  underlying  peaty  stratum,  containing  the  piles,  occupied 
much  of  Parazzi's  attention,  and  he  goes  largely  into  its 
minutiae.  One  curious  fact  which  he  records  is  that  the 
dyke  passed  over  its  middle,  leaving  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  terra  torbosa  and  palafitte  outside  the  area  of  the  terra- 
mara  deposits.  This  undoubtedly  suggests  the  idea  that  the 
palafitte  existed  prior  to  the  terramara  settlement.  From  the 
character  of  the  relics  we  shall,  however,  see  that  both 
belonged  to  the  same  age  and  people. 

On  the  surface  of  the  terramara  beds  Roman  remains  were 
largely  met  with,  and  in  one  place  they  came  upon  a  rectangular 
excavation,  measuring  18  square  metres,  containing  ordinary 
earth,  bricks,  tiles,  fragments  of  jars,  and  other  Roman  pottery. 
When  this  was  cleared  out  there  was  found  at  the  bottom,  at 
a  depth  of  7  feet  6  inches,  a  Roman  pavement,  and  the 
stratified  terramara  layers  could  be  distinctly  seen  in  the  per- 
pendicular walls.  Clearly  this  cellar  was  constructed  long  after 
the  deposition  of  the  terramara  beds. 

Nor  is  the  settlement  of  Casale  Zaffanella  a  solitary  example 
in  the  Viadana  district.  Already  Parazzi  has  prepared  a  large  map 
of  the  neighbourhood,  which  finds  a  suitable  position  on  the  wall  of 
his  museum,  with  no  less  than  12  terramara  stations  marked  on  it. 
Among  these  there  is  one  Cogozzo  (B.  372b)  situated  about  one- 
and-a-quarter  rnile  from  the  town  and  within  200  yards  of  the  Po, 


262  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

which  presents  the  same  features  as  that  at  Casale  Zaffanella,  and 
also  contains  traces  of  a  palafitte.  Its  area  is  an  orientated  quad- 
rangle covering  about  an  acre,  but  it  is  completely  buried  in  mud,  its 
highest  point  being  31  inches  below  the  surface.  It  is  surrounded 
by  a  ditch  and  dyke  ;  and,  moreover,  the  inner  edge  of  the  dyke  was 
found  to  be  almost  perpendicular,  showing  that  originally  it  must 
have  had  some  kind  of  contrafforte. 

Some  of  the  objects  from  this  group  of  terramara  stations,  now 
deposited  in  the  Viadana  Museum,  are  represented  in  Fig.  86, 
Nos.  1  to  13. 

GORZANO  (MODENA). 

The  old-school  views  advocated  by  Dr.  Coppi,  viz.  that  the 
terremare  were  remains  of  funeral  pyres  (roghi),  so  much  biassed 
his  mind  that  for  many  years  he  appeared  to  have  paid  little 
attention  to  the  significance  of  the  strata,  and  consequently  the 
first  two  volumes  of  his  magnificently  illustrated  monograph  on 
the  terramara  settlement  at  Gorzano  (B.  207  and  261)  lose  much 
of  their  value  from  having  the  objects  of  different  ages  indis- 
criminately mixed.  This  defect  is  so  far  removed  in  the  third 
volume  that  he  divides  the  deposits  into  upper  and  lower,  corre- 
sponding to  the  historic  and  prehistoric  periods.  But,  notwith- 
standing this  defect  in  Dr.  Coppi's  earlier  works,  his  investigations 
are  of  considerable  scientific  value,  as  his  numerous  matter-of- 
fact  observations  are  strictly  to  be  depended  on. 

The  accompanying  plan  and  sections  of  Gorzano  will  convey 
some  idea  of  the  position  of  the  terramara  beds  in  respect  to  their 
immediate  surroundings.  The  deposits  (marked  c  on  section  A) 
extended  in  length  about  90  to  100  metres  from  north  to  south, 
and  70  metres  in  breadth,  with  an  average  thickness  of  3|  metres. 
The  settlement  was  constructed  on  a  natural  elevation,  rising 
about  9  metres  above  the  rest  of  the  plain  and  11  above  the  bed 
of  the  adjacent  stream  Tiepido.  It  was  surrounded  by  a  ditch 
and  a  dyke,  and  it  also  contained  the  remains  of  a  palafitte.  The 
existence  of  piles  is  clearly  proved  by  Dr.  Coppi  himself,  who  gives 
a  section  (C)  showing  their  respective  positions,  but  at  the  same 
time  he  denies  that  they  indicate  the  remains  of  a  palafitte. 

Of  the  comparative  frequency  of  industrial  remains  in  the  terra- 
mara deposits,  a  correct  notion  will  be  got  from  a  study  of  Dr. 
Coppi's  report  of  the  excavations  at  Gorzano  during  the  year  1875. 


TERREMARE. 


263 


In  this  year  there  were  274  cubic  metres  excavated,  covering  an 
area  of  1 80  square  metres  ;  and  from  this  mass  of  debris  there  were 
collected  3,051  objects,  of  which  173  belonged  to  the  upper  or 
Romano-mediaeval  stratum,  which  varied  from  1  to  1J  metres 
in  thickness.  The  rest  of  the  objects,  which  came  from  the  under 
strata,  and  were  reckoned  prehistoric,  are  thus  classified: — 852 


6   >    2  3 

Distribution  of  Piles    in.    Gorzano 


industrial  objects,  1,544  remains  of  vertebrate  animals,  285  remains 
of  molluscs,  153  vegetable  remains. 

The  852  industrial  remains  are  again  thus  assigned: — 

Bronze. — 50  objects :  viz.  eight  pins,  four  axes,  12  daggers,  one 
chisel,  two  awls,  six  discs,  one  spindle- whorl,  two  fragments  of 
sickles,  and  14  diverse  bits. 

Bone. — 80  objects :  viz.  38  needles  and  pins  (of  which  23  are 
entire),  nine  spatulse,  17  pointers,  three  chisels,  six  teeth,  one 
lamina,  five  awls,  and  one  handle. 

Horn. — 62  objects :  viz.  seven  small  wheels,  one  cylinder,  one 
comb,  two  arrow-points,  17  spatulse,  12  pointers,  two  awls,  three 
ornaments,  two  picks,  four  handles,  and  17  diverse  pieces. 


264  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Stone. — 68  objects  :  viz.  two  flint  knives,  two  pendants,  four 
spindle-whorls,  two  discs,  four  weights,  six  grinding-stones,  one 
polisher,  three  flint  nodules,  four  flint  flakes,  and  30  worked  stones. 

Terracotta. — 585  objects :  viz.  494  spindle- whorls  (Fig.  85,  No. 
17),  two  cylinders,  12  weights,  68  vases,  three  covers,  five  percola- 
tors, and  one  small  animal  figure. 

The  bones  capable  of  being  determined  represented  the  following 
animals : — 15  oxen,  25  sheep  or  goats,  seven  stags,  eight  roes, 
30  pigs,  two  wild  boars,  14  dogs  or  wolves,  one  cat,  eight  birds, 
one  tortoise,  and  15  toads. 

The  industrial  remains  from  the  upper  stratum  were  as  fol- 
lows:— The  central  part  of  a  Byzantine  crucifix,  one  lamp,  two 
fibulae,  three  rings  of  bronze,  12  spindle- whorls  of  terracotta  (of 
which  four  were  glazed),  one  spindle-whorl  of  amber,  one  spindle- 
whorl  of  glass,  two  spindle-whorls  of  talc ;  of  iron  there  were 
20  darts,  two  lance-heads,  eight  knives,  seven  keys,  one  lock, 
eight  buckles,  one  horse-shoe,  one  bullock-shoe,  and  11  undeter- 
mined fragments ;  five  fragments  of  glass  vessels ;  one  sword- 
handle  of  wood  with  bronze  mountings ;  four  bronze  fragments ; 
25  pieces  of  potter)7  (three  with  potter's  mark) ;  a  small  basin  of 
brick  ;  52  coins  (of  which  46  were  together)  ;  and  some  slag,  etc. 

The  objects  in  the  upper  stratum  were  mostly  associated  with 
the  Oratorio  di  S.  Alberto,  built  about  the  early  part  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  other  mediaeval  buildings  now  entirely 
demolished.  It  was  found  to  have  been  built  over  a  still  older 
church,  which  dated  from  the  third  century.  A  few  of  the  coins 
were  Roman  of  about  the  same  date,  but  the  largest  number 
dated  from  the  end  of  the  twelfth  or  commencement  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  and  a  few  were  of  still  later  date.  There  was 
also  a  Christian  cemetery  found  containing  a  number  of  skeletons. 

In  1879  Coppi  published  (B.  340)  an  account  of  further 
discoveries,  and  among  other  objects  he  describes  several  stone 
moulds  (10  for  pins,  five  for  lance-heads,  and  seven  for  daggers), 
a  stone  weapon  of  nephrite,  two  flint  knives,  a  weight  of  white 
marble,  etc.  Of  bronze  there  are  12  pins,  three  needles,  20  dagger- 
blades,  five  chisels,  nine  awls,  and  a  small  wheel  ornamented 
with  graffiti,  besides  a  quantity  of  other  objects  of  horn,  bone, 
pottery,  etc. 

In  1885  the  workmen  came  upon  a  grave  embedded  in  the 
virgin  soil  underneath  the  terramara  beds,  and  supposed  to  be 


TERREMARE.  265 

anterior  to  their  formation.  It  was  constructed  of  small  unhewn 
stones,  and  the  space  enclosed  measured  5  feet  10  J  inches  long, 
1  foot  broad,  and  1  foot  deep.  This  grave  contained  a  human 
skeleton  which  lay  on  the  right  side  with  the  head  towards  the 
east,  and  along  with  it  were  found  a  spatula  of  staghorn,  fragments 
of  fossil  shells,  and  some  bits  of  carbonised  vegetable  matter. 
(Crespellani,  "  Scavi  del  Modenese,"  1886,  p.  11.) 

A  few  of  the  bronze  objects  from  Gorzano  are  illustrated  on 
Fig.  85,  Nos.  9,  12  to  14,  and  19  to  23. 

GENERAL    REMARKS    ON    THE    TERRAMARA 
SETTLEMENTS. 

In  the  above  sketch  of  the  progress  of  scientific  research  into 
the  terremare  I  have  selected  four  typical  examples  for  special 
description.  We  have  seen  that  in  one,  viz.  Montale,  accumulated 
debris  stood  as  a  clear  mound  on  the  surface  of  the  surrounding 
plain,  while  that  of  Gorzano  rested  on  a  natural  hillock.  The 
Castione  deposits  also  assumed  the  same  form,  but  in  this  case  the 
mound  was  only  partially  above  the  plain,  the  rest  being  buried  in 
it.  The  tops  of  the  piles  found  in  its  peaty  stratum  (terra  uliginosa) 
were  on  an  average  3  feet  below  the  level  of  the  present  surface  of 
the  surrounding  plain,  and  the  lowest  portion  of  this  bed  was  a 
couple  of  feet  still  lower.  In  the  fourth  example,  Casale  Zaffanella, 
there  was  no  mound  at  all  visible,  but  on  examination  the  remains 
of  the  settlement  were  found  to  be  precisely  similar  to  those  of  the 
others,  only  the  mound  was  completely  buried,  as  it  were,  in  a  sea 
of  hardened  mud. 

The  explanation  of  this  will  be  readily  perceived  when  we 
remember  that  the  amount  of  submergence  respectively  shown  in 
these  instances  is  in  the  inverse  ratio  to  their  distance  from  the 
lower  parts  of  the  plain  and  its  great  water  channels.  The  yearly 
inundations  of  the  Po  and  its  tributaries  extend  far  and  wide,  each 
time  leaving  a  film  of  mud,  by  the  repetition  of  which,  in  the  course 
of  ages,  the  surface  of  the  plain  has  become  considerably  elevated. 
Thus,  the  increase  of  silt  since  the  terramara  settlement  of  Casale 
Zaffanella  was  founded,  amounts  to  12  J  feet — a  depth  sufficient  to 
cover  the  highest  part  of  the  mound.  It  is  difficult  to  say  how 
much  this  levelling  up  process  is  accountable  for  the  scarcity  of 
these  stations  in  the  lower  parts  of  the  Po  valley.  That  they  existed, 
however,  in  close  proximity  to  the  river  is  amply  proved  by  those 


266 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


stations  at  Viadana,  as  well  as  one  or  two  others,  for  example,  at 
Brescello,  in  the  Parmensian  district,  on  the  south  side  of  the  river. 
Distribution. — Formerly  the  terramara  deposits  were  supposed 
to  be  peculiar  to  the  middle  reaches  of  Parma,  Reggio,  and 
Modena ;  but  later  discoveries  have  upset  this  generalisation,  as 


Distribution  of 

LAKE  DWELLINGS  *   TERRAMARE 
in.    llic 

PO  VALLEY 


they  are  now  shown  to  have  a  much  wider  distribution,  embracing 
the  provinces  on  both  sides  of  the  Po.  (See  Sketch  Map,  page  266.) 
Dr.  Giacometti  first  (1868)  directed  attention  to  the  terramara 
deposits  in  the  province  of  Mantua,  and  showed  their  similarity  to 
those  of  Emilia.  A  few  miles  north-east  of  the  town  of  Mantua 
there  was  found  a  group  of  seven  or  eight  stations,  regarding  one  of 
which,  Bigarello,  he  stated  that  it  contained  the  same  kind  of  pottery 


TERREMARE.  267 

and  the  same  forms  of  stone  implements  as  that  at  Castelnuovo  in 
Emilia,  the  only  difference  being  in  the  kind  of  stone  used,  the  one 
being  taken  from  the  debris  of  the  Alps  and  the  other  from  the 
Apennines.  Among  the  fragments  of  pottery  he  drew  particular 
attention  to  the  variety  of  handles,  which  showed  all  the  transitional 
forms  from  knobs  up  to  the  most  elegant  anse  lunate.  "  Havvene," 
says  he,  "  di  bicornute,  di  lunate,  di  bitubercolate,  bilanceolate, 
cincinnate,  transverse,  appendiculate,  ecc.,  quasi  tutta  in  somma, 
la  famiglia  designata  dal  Mortillet  ('  Les  Terrarnares  du  Reggianais,' 
1865),  colla  speciale  caratteristica  di  anse  lunate." 

In  1874  Marinoni  gave  an  interesting  account  of  the  prehistoric 
remains  of  the  district  of  Seniga  in  the  province  of  Brescia,  especially 
those  of  the  terremare  at  Chiavichetto  and  Gottolengo.  (B.  265.) 
The  former,  which  is  the  most  interesting  of  a  group  of  seven 
stations,  is  situated  in  the  angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  the 
Mella  with  the  Oglia,  nearly  20  miles  south  of  the  town  of  Brescia. 
In  excavating  soil  for  making  a  dyke  the  workmen  found  objects  of 
human  industry — scrapers  and  saws  of  flint,  three  hatchets  of 
serpentine,  one  large  stone-adze,  various  stone  rubbers,  etc.,  several 
fragments  of  worked  horn,  and  an  extraordinary  quantity  of  broken 
pottery.  The  further  objects  discovered  here  were  chiefly  of  stone, 
rarely  of  bronze,  and,  according  to  Marinoni,  they  were  very  similar 
to  those  from  the  terramara  stations  of  Bigarello  and  Pomella  to 
the  east  of  Mantua. 

The  station  at  Gottolengo,  discovered  in  1871,  is  situated  five 
miles  to  the  north  of  Regona,  and  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mella. 
Before  being  disturbed  it  presented  the  form  of  a  flattish  mound, 
which  on  examination  yielded  relics  similar  to  those  of  the  other 
well-known  terremare,  of  which  the  following  may  be  mentioned : — 

Upwards  of  20  arrow-points — pedunculated,  triangular,  or  heart- 
shaped.  Some  fragments  of  polished  hatchets  of  serpentine ; 
spindle- whorls  of  terracotta  (Fig.  86,  No.  17): — one  very  large, 
4f  inches  in  diameter  (No.  28),  was  similar  to  another  found  at 
Chiavichetto.  Broken  bones,  portions  of  deer-horns,  some  of  which 
were  made  into  daggers  and  pointers ;  two  bone  combs  ornamented 
with  triangular  lines  and  graffitti,  similar  to  those  from  Castione  and 
Noceto.  An  oval  cake  or  ring  of  wood  like  the  supports  for  vases 
(No.  25).  Of  bronze  there  were  various  tools  and  implements. 
Spear-heads  with  a  tang  were  most  common  ;  No.  19  represents 
one  with  two  rivet-holes,  a  type  which  was  also  represented  at 


268 


LAKE-DWELLINGS   OF   EUROPE. 


Fig.  86. — VIADANA  and  stations  on  the  north  side  of  the  Po.    No.  3 
28  =  £,  and  the  rest  =  \  real  size. 


TERREMARE.  269 

Chiavichetto.  A  double-edged  implement  still  held  the  rivet  which 
had  fixed  it  to  a  handle  (No.  22).  One  arrow-point  (No.  23)  is 
similar  to  one  found  in  the  terramara  station  at  Campeggine  in  the 
province  of  Parma.  Several  fragments  of  pins,  wires,  spirals,  and 
small  plates  of  bronze.  Among  iron  objects,  all  of  which  were 
much  corroded,  was  a  spear-head  (No.  24).  Portions  of  greenish 
vitreous  paste. 

The  following  animals  were  identified  among  the  osseous 
remains : — stag,  ox,  goat,  sheep,  horse,  and  pig. 

Not  only  as  regards  the  relics  but  also  in  internal  structure  the 
terramara  stations  on  the  north  of  the  Po  have  been  shown  to  be 
identical  with  those  on  the  south  side.  This  we  have  already  seen 
in  the  description  of  Casale  Zaffanella.  But  the  point  was  first 
established  by  the  indefatigable  researches  of  Chierici,  who,  in 
1881,  along  with  a  few  other  antiquaries,  explored  the  stations  at 
Bellanda  and  Villa  Cappella  in  the  commune  of  Gazzoldo,  about 
10  miles  west  of  Mantua.  Here  all  the  characteristic  features  of 
the  terremare — the  surrounding  dyke,  palafitte,  and  orientation- 
were  clearly  established.  (B.  372a.) 

The  best  investigated  terramara  in  the  Bologna  district  is  that 
at  Castellaccio,  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  to  the  south  of 
Imola.  (B.  457.)  The  deposits  repose  on  an  isolated  elevation 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  river  Santerno,  and  rising  nearly 
120  feet  above  its  bed ;  but  on  it  there  are  no  remains  of  ancient 
stone  buildings,  as  the  name  would  seem  to  imply.  The  hill  is  of 
yellowish  sand,  belonging  to  the  Upper  Pliocene.  Scarabelli, 
who  has  recently  published  an  illustrated  monograph  of  its 
peculiarities  and  the  antiquities  found  on  it,  states  that  piles  were 
numerous,  though  many  had  disappeared  by  decomposition,  only 
traces  of  their  holes  being  then  detected.  Some  of  the  piles  were 
large,  measuring  over  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  they  were  placed 
irregularly.  No  less  than  26  hearths  were  met  with  at  different 
levels,  and  those  on  the  same  level  were  from  4  to  6J  metres  apart. 

The  peculiarity  of  this  terramara  is  that  its  antiquities  would 
appear  to  belong  to  both  the  Stone  and  Bronze  Ages.  The  flint 
implements  included  about  20  roughly-chipped  tools  like  scrapers, 
some  badly-made  arrow-points,  and  saws  resembling  those  found 
in  the  palafittes  in  the  Mincio.  Altogether  216  worked  flints  and 
about  600  chips  and  cores  were  collected.  Some  polished  stone 
axes,  together  with  four  portions  of  perforated  implements. 


270  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Among  about  120  spindle- whorls  of  burnt  clay  there  was  only 
one  ornamented.  There  were  various  implements  of  staghorn  and 
bone,  a  few  of  the  former  being  perforated  and  apparently  used 
as  axe  and  hammer  heads  like  those  from  Gorzano.  Some  per- 
forated shells  are  also  recorded. 

The  pottery  was  precisely  similar  to  that  usually  found  on 
the  well-known  terramara  deposits  of  Emilia,  showing  various 
forms  of  handles,  horn-like  projections,  perforated  knobs,  etc. 

The  total  number  of  bronze  articles  amounted  only  to  seven 
pieces,  and  included  a  small  sickle,  a  coltello-ascia  like  that  from 
Bosisio  (Fig.  51,  No.  10),  and  a  small  dagger  with  two  rivets — the 
rest  being  of  an  undetermined  character.  Two  objects  of  pietra 
ollare  (a  small  spindle-whorl  and  a  dish  turned  on  the  wheel) 
and  a  bronze  buckle  were  found  among  the  disturbed  beds  on  the 
surface. 

Beyond  the  valley  of  the  Po  no  decided  remains  of  palafittes 
or  terremare  have  come  to  light,  and  the  obscure  indications 
that  have  been  recorded  leave  it  doubtful  whether  they  are  ot 
a  prehistoric  character.*  Of  these  the  only  one  worthy  of  detailed 
notice  here  is  the  dwelling  found  near  Offida,  in  the  Piceno  district 
(Central  Italy),  and  described  by  Professor  Pigorini.  (B.  343b.) 

About  one  and  a  half  miles  from  Offida,  in  a  small  valley  sur- 
rounded by  hills,  there  was  formerly  a  small  lake,  which  has  become 
drained  by  the  erosion  of  a  stream  which  falls  into  the  Tresino.  Here, 
covered  with  16  feet  of  sand  and  debris,  the  Marquis  Allevi  found  a 
platform  50  yards  long,  15  yards  wide,  and  2  feet  thick.  Below 
the  platform  there  was  lake-mud,  containing  fresh- water  shells,  to 
the  depth  of  9J  feet,  in  which  were  charcoal,  bones  of  animals, 
fragments  of  pottery,  and  other  remains  of  human  occupancy. 
This  platform  was  constructed  of  large  trunks  deprived  of  their 
branches  and  laid  horizontally  at  intervals  of  about  four  feet, 
above  which  came  smaller  beams  irregularly  laid  without  any  order 
and  then  a  layer  of  clay  and  moss.  On  this  platform  were  found 
calcined  round  stones,  the  bottom  of  a  dish,  and  some  12  fragments 
of  other  vessels,  some  of  fine  and  some  of  coarse  pottery.  One 
bit  had  a  recurved  lip,  and  another  was  ornamented  with  a  kind 
of  zigzag  ornamentation  in  incised  lines.  There  were  also  about 
20  pieces  of  copper,  some  of  which  looked  like  crucibles. 

Extent. — As  to  the  actual  dimensions  of  the  terramara  mounds, 

*  Brizio,  "  La  Grotta  del  Fame. ' 


TERREMARE. 


271 


it  is  difficult  to  procure  accurate  measurements,  for  several  reasons. 
In  many  instances  they  are  either  built  over  by  modern  buildings, 
or  there  is  nothing  to  distinguish  their  debris  from  the  surrounding 
soil  without  making  extensive  excavations.  Even  when  the  site 
is  a  clearly-defined  mound,  as  at  Montale,  one  estimate  may  differ 
from  another  according  as  the  area  of  the  surrounding  dyke  is 
or  is  not  included  in  the  measurements.  Generally  speaking  they 
are  rectangular  in  form  and,  according  to  Chierici,  their  average 
superficial  area  is  about  seven  acres.  (B.  311,  p.  105.)  But  their 
respective  areas  vary  very  much,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following 
stations,  in  addition  to  those  already  given,  whose  measurements 
have  been  accurately  ascertained  by  competent  authorities: — 

Casaroldo  (Parma),  200  by  160  by  3*70  metres.     (B.  297,  p.  360.) 

Parma,  300  by  28  metres.  (Strobel  e  Pigorini,  Seconda  Relazione, 
p.  149.) 

Castiglione  di  Marano  (Modena),  114  by  64,  and  3  metres  thick. 
(B.  422,  p.  19.) 

Pragatto  (Bologna),  200  by  150,  and  3  metres  thick.  (B.  372, 
p.  138.) 

In  his  description  of  Bellanda  (Mantua),  Chierici  observes 
that  the  bacino  was  a  rectangle  96  metres  across,  giving  an  area 
of  about  two  acres,  to  which  he  adds  "ampiezza  ordinaria  delle 
terremare."  (B.  372,  p.  80.)  On  the  other  hand,  the  two  whose 
measurements  have  been  accurately  given  by  Parazzi,  viz.  Cogozzo 
and  Casale  Zaffanella,  show  a  superficial  area  of  only  half  this 
size,  a  fact  which  induced  Parazzi  to  observe  that  the  terremare 
in  Viadana  seemed  to  be  smaller  than  those  of  Emilia  and  that  at 
Bellanda.  (B.  451,  p.  4.) 

Number. — The  total  number  of  terramara  stations  in  the  Po 
valley  is  over  100,  which  are  thus  (approximately)  distributed 
among  the  provinces: — Parma,  30;  Reggio,  25;  Modena,  16; 
Bologna,  5  or  6  ;  Mantua,  about  20 ;  and  Brescia,  8. 

Relics. — More  trustworthy  knowledge  of  the  social  conditions 
and  general  culture  of  the  terramaricoli  is  to  be  derived  from  a 
study  of  the  remains  of  their  villages  than  if  they  had  come  within 
the  scope  of  the  earliest  written  records.  The  ordinary  debris  here 
accumulated,  such  as  the  more  imperishable  portions  of  food  refuse, 
stray  objects,  etc.,  are  arranged  in  chronological  sequence  like 
geological  strata,  the  more  recent  being  on  the  surface,  and  the 
oldest  at  the  bottom.  Wherever  an  object  of  human  industry 


272  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

happened  to  drop  there  it  remained,  marking  in  all  time  coming 
its  relative  place  in  the  duration  of  the  community.  The  industrial 
remains  show  that  these  people  founded  their  dwellings  in  the 
early  Bronze  Age.  The  existence  of  a  few  flint  implements  and 
other  objects  of  the  Stone  Age  is  quite  in  harmony  with  the  usual 
overlap  of  the  relics  of  dying  customs  in  the  transition  period. 
That  the  weaving  of  cloth  was  largely  practised  by  them  is  proved 
by  the  extraordinary  variety  and  abundance  of  spindle- whorls 
and  loom-weights.  They  made  ornamental  buttons  of  terra- 
cotta, horn,  and  bone ;  as  well  as  pins,  combs,  and  other  objects 
of  the  latter  materials.  Wood  was  also  largely  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  a  great  variety  of  things,  as  handles,  dishes,  spoons, 
floorings,  etc.  (B.  328e.)  That  they  worked  their  implements  and 
ornaments  of  bronze  is  proved  by  the  number  of  foundry  objects 
collected,  as  bronze  slag,  stone  moulds,  etc.  (Fig.  83,  Nos.  14  to  17). 
We  have  already  seen  that  the  terramaricoli  had  an  extensive 
knowledge  of  the  ceramic  art.  The  vessels  in  daily  use  were  no  less 
varied  and  elegant  in  shape  than  our  modern  jugs,  teapots,  cups, 
bowls,  basins,  saucers,  flower- vases,  etc.  Some  had  everted  rims 
and  the  majority  flat  bases.  The  ornamentation  consisted  of 
parallel  and  wavy  ridges,  knobs  (sometimes  perforated),  triangles, 
and  crosses  of  incised  grooves,  circular  or  semi-circular  impressions, 
etc.  But  most  characteristic  are  the  appendages  attached  to  the 
tops  of  the  handles  (Fig.  84,  Nos.  21  and  22),  which  were  of  the 
most  varied  and  fanciful  forms.  These  remarkable  handles  are  not 
found  on  pottery  beyond  the  area  circumscribed  by  the  terremare. 
Nor  is  the  fully-developed  ansa  lunata  found  in  the  lake-dwellings 
within  this  area,  with  the  exception  of  the  stations  at  Peschiera, 
Mincio  and  II  Bor,  in  the  south-east  corner  of  Lake  Garda. 
Rudimentary  forms  of  these  handles,  such  as  those  from  the  lake- 
dwellings  of  Polada  (Fig.  67,  Nos.  13  and  14),  Arqua  Petrarca  and 
Fimon  (Fig.  66),  are  also  found  in  the  western  district  of  the  Po 
valley  (Fig.  48,  No.  16).  The  terremare  would,  therefore,  appear 
to  be  somewhat  posterior  to  the  earlier  lake-dwellings.  But,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  later  lake-dwellings  (Peschiera  and  Mincio)  were 
posterior  to  the  terremare.  Not  only  does  the  pottery  of  the  pala- 
fitte  at  Peschiera  include  the  characteristic  anse  lunate  (Fig.  65, 
No.  26),  but  among  its  bronze  relics  are  examples  of  almost  every 
object  found  in  the  terremare,  as  razors,  pins,  sickles,  knives,  etc.— 
a  fact  which  will  be  at  once  seen  from  a  comparison  ot  their 


TERREMARE.  27-3 

respective  objects  here  illustrated.  (Compare  Figs.  63,  64,  and  65, 
with  Figs.  83,  84,  and  85.)  Moreover,  from  this  comparison 
a  further  inference  will  be  drawn,  viz.  that  the  lake-dwelling 
remains  contain  various  objects  which  are  not  found  in 
the  terremare,  as  fibulae  (Fig.  64,  Nos.  8  and  22  to  25),  bracelets 
(Fig.  63,  Nos.  31  and  32),  one-edged  knives  (Fig.  64,  No.  11), 
torques  (Fig.  63,  Nos.  13,  19),  etc.,  all  of  which  are  indisputably  of 
later  date  than  the  relics  of  the  terremare  proper. 

Organie  Remains. — The  principal  food  of  the  terramaricoli 
consisted  of  the  produce  derived  from  agricultural  and  pastoral 
farming.  An  exhaustive  analysis  of  their  vegetable  remains  has 
not  yet  been  made ;  but,  from  the  occasional  stores  of  grain,  chiefly 
in  a  carbonised  state,  and  other  provisions  met  with,  they  are 
believed  to  have  been  in  the  habit  of  eating  the  following  seeds 
and  fruits : — wheat  (two  varieties),  beans,  millet,  acorns,  beech- 
nuts, apples,  pears,  sloes,  cornel-cherries,  brambles,  pistachio-nuts 
(8taphylea  pinnata),  hazel-nuts,  and  grapes  (  Vitis  vinifera).  Flax 
was  largely  cultivated,  and  its  seeds  were  supposed  to  have  been 
used  as  food,  while  of  course  its  fibres  were  converted  into  thread, 
ropes,  and  cloth.  Among  the  vegetal  remains  from  Casale 
Zaffanella  submitted  to  Professor  Oreste  Mattirolo  in  Turin,  wheat 
and  both  the  seeds  and  wood  of  the  vine  were  recognised. 

O 

As  regards  the  domestic  and  wild  animals  on  which  the 
terramaricoli  subsisted,  we  are  in  possession  of  more  definite 
information,  owing  to  the  persevering  watchfulness  of  Professor 
Strobel.  The  following  is  his  corrected  list  down  to  the  year 
1883  (B.  410c):— 

Erinaceus  europceus,  L.  (hedge-hog).     Gorzano. 
Ursus  arctos    L.  (bear).     Castellaccio,  Gorzano,   Campeggine,  etc. 
Vulpes    vulg.y    Brisson    (fox).       Castellaccio,     Gorzano,     Montecchio, 
Ronchi  di  Viadana. 

Canis  familiar  is,  S.  (domestic  (log). 

var.    Spalletti,    Strob.      Montecehio,    Castione(?),    Cogozzo(?), 

Casale  Zaffanella. 
„      pcdustris,  Rut.     Common, 
sub.     var.    matris    optionee.      Gorzano,    Montale,    Montecchio, 

Demorta. 

Lupus  vulgar  is  (wolf).     Castellaccio,  Redu. 
Meles  vulyaris  (badger).     Montale. 
Maries  foina,  L.  (pole-cat).     Gorzano. 
Felis  catus,  L.  (wild-cat).     Gorzano(?),  Montale(?). 
S 


274  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

SIM  scrofa  (ferus),  L.  (wild  boar).     Widely  spread,  but  not  common. 

Sus  palustris,  Riit.  (domestic  pig).     Common. 

Asinus  africanus,  Sans.  (ass).     Common. 

Equus  caballus  (liorse).     Widely  spread  and  not  rare.     The  remains 
are  of  two  races,  one  large  and  the  other  small. 

Capreolus  vulgaris  (roe).     Less  common  on  the  south  side  of  the  Po. 

Cervus  elaphus,  L.  (deer).     Common. 

Dama  platyceros,  Plinius  (fallow  deer).     Gorzano.     Very  rare. 

Cervus  tarandus  (reindeer).     Gorzano  (Coppi). 

Ilircus  cegagrus,   L.,  palustris  (goat).     Widely  spread  and  common. 

Ovis  aries,  L.  (sheep).     Emilia,  Mantua,   Brescia. 

var.  palustris,-  Rut.,  capricornis,   Can.     Not  rare. 
,,      0.  inusimom.     Castellaccio. 

Bos  primigenius,    Boj.,    domesticus.     Emilia,    Mantua,    and    Brescia. 
Not  common. 

Bos  brachyceros,  Riit.     Yery  common  as  domestic  cattle. 

Lepus  timidus  (hare).     Gorzano  (Coppi). 

Mus  sylvaticus  (wood-mouse).     Castione. 

Hystrix  cristata,  L.  (porcupine).  Portion  of  a  quill  of  this  animal 
was  found  in  the  socket  of  an  arrow-head  of  bronze  from  Campeggine. 

Castor  fiber,  L.  (beaver).     Castellaccio,  Cogozzo. 

Frugilegus  segetem  (raven).     Gorzano  (Coppi). 

Gallus  domesticus,  L.  (domestic  fowl).  S.  Ambrogio,  Gorzano,  Bis- 
mantova,  Castellazzo  di  Fontanellato,  Parma,  Bozzoletto. 

Ciconia  alba,  W.  (stork).     Montale. 

Ardea  cinerea,  L.  (heron).     S.  Ambrogio. 

Anser  segetum  (wild-goose).     S.  Ambrogio,  Possioncella  near  Viadana. 

Anas  boschas,  L.  (duck).     Montale,  Parma,  Cogozzo. 

Emys  europcea,  Sch.  (tortoise).  Gorzano,  Montale,  S.  Ambrogio 
(Boni),  Campeggine  (Chierici),  Casale  Zaffanella  (Parazzi). 

Bufo  (a  species  of  toad). 

Esox  lucius,  L.  (pike).     Parma,  Casale  Zaffanella  (Parazzi). 

As  coming  under  the  category  of  organic  remains  I  may  add 
that  a  great  variety  of  shells,  both  of  living  and  fossil  species,  are 
found  in  the  terramara  deposits.  Many  of  them  are  perforated, 
especially  the  more  ornamental  fossil  varieties,  and  were  undoubtedly 
used  as  ornaments.  Some  of  the  flat  shells  of  bivalves  give  a 
tingling  noise  when  struck,  and  are  therefore  supposed  to  have 
been  used  to  produce  some  kind  of  musical  sound.  Land  and 
fresh-water  species  were  also,  no  doubt,  used  as  food.  Coppi 
in  his  monograph  (vol.  ii.  p.  100)  describes  and  illustrates  a  variety 
of  the  more  striking  forms  collected  in  Gorzano  ;  and,  in  summing 
up  his  list,  he  states  that  479  were  of  marine  origin  (either 


TERREMARE.  275 

recent  or  fossil),  388  belonged  to  fresh- water  species,  and  31  were 
land  shells. 

From  the  existence  of  the  horny  cases  of  various  kinds  of 
insects,  some  living  in  air  and  others  in  water,  and  their  larvae  in 
various  stages  of  evolution,  Pigorini  adduces  an  argument  against 
the  supposition  that  the  bacino  was  kept  constantly  filled  with 
water.  (Strobel,  B.  88,  p.  18,  and  89,  p.  36  ;  Pigorini,  B.  407,  p.  38 ; 
Parazzi,  B.  451,  p.  54.) 

The  protracted  discussion  as  to  whether  or  not  amber  has 
been  found  in  the  terremare  proper  was  finally  settled  by  the 
statement  of  Pigorini  that,  in  his  recent  explorations  (1877)  at 
Castione,  it  was  found  in  the  lowest  stratum.  ("  Ora  siamo  certi 
che  1'ambra  si  trovo  in  Castione  sepolta  nello  strato  infimo,  e  colla 
certezza  che  vi  fosse  penetrata  nei  giorni  in  cui  lo  strato  stesso 
si  formava."  (B.  407,  p.  51.) 

As  early  as  1863  Strobel  and  Pigorini  announced  the  discovery 
at  Castione  of  a  couple  of  amber  beads,  but  as  their  position  in 
the  debris  had  not  been  determined,  no  inferences  could  be  drawn 
from  this  discovery.  In  1871  Coppi  found  a  large  one  (fusaiuola) 
at  Gorzano ;  and  later,  another  of  the  same  kind.  One  was  also 
found  at  Montale,  and  another  at  Casinalbo.  As  these  are  all 
the  records  of  amber  up  to  the  decided  discovery  of  Pigorini, 
it  is  clear  that  it  was  a  very  scarce  object  among  the  terra- 
maricoli.  The  number  from  Montale,  however,  now  amounts  to 
16,  the  largest  of  which  is  If  inches  in  diameter.  (B.  279b, 
298b,  311a'.) 

Age. — In  the  spring  of  1865  Pigorini  explored  and  described 
a  station  in  the  district  of  Parma  called  Fontanellato,  which, 
at  the  time,  he  considered  to  be  a  terramara  containing  a  fascine 
structure  belonging  to  the  Iron  Age.  (B.  112.)  In  the  excava- 
tions which  were  conducted  here  the  following  different  strata 
were  exposed  from  above  downwards : — (1)  2  feet  of  soil ;  (2)  a 
bed  of  alluvial  deposits  4  inches  thick;  (3)  a  bed  of  materials 
similar  in  colour  and  composition  to  those  of  the  ordinary 
terramara  deposits,  1  foot  10  inches  thick ;  (4)  a  mass  of  mixed 
materials  2  feet  7  inches  thick,  containing  roots,  branches, 
leaves,  etc.,  mixed  with  clay,  together  with  pottery,  short  piles, 
charcoal,  bones  of  animals,  shells,  fruits,  seeds,  etc. 

The  objects  of  special  interest  collected  were  fragments  of 
coarse  pottery,  made,  however,  on  the  wheel,  and  particularly 


276  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

some  vessels  made  of  potstone ;  a  large  stone  splinter,  showing 
marks  of  usage  ;  a  bronze  ring,  and  some  iron  slag. 

In  1883  Pigorini  recurs  to  the  remains  at  Fontanellato  (B.  408) 
and  explains  that,  owing  to  the  great  progress  made  in  the  investi- 
gations of  the  terramara  deposits,  and  the  additional  light  thrown 
on  the  subject,  he  has  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  station 
at  Fontanellato  was  not  a  direct  continuation  of  the  terramara 
system  which  prevailed  in  the  Bronze  Age,  but  a  "palafitta 
barbarica,"  in  which  he  sees  the  practical  evidence  of  the 
incursions,  into  the  Po  valley  many  centuries  later,  of  the  northern 
hordes  of  barbarians  which  gave  the  final  coup  to  the  Roman 
empire.  That  these  people  were  conversant  with  such  structures 
there  is  ample  evidence  in  the  analogous  remains  of  terpen  in 
Holland,  the  burgwalle  and  lake-dwellings  of  Germany,  the  Tc5szeg 
and  other  mounds  in  Hungary,  etc.  (B.  410b.) 

Nor  does  the  station  at  Fontanellato  stand  as  an  isolated 
example  of  these  later  structures.  Chierici  found  one  at 
Marmirolo,  in  the  district  of  Reggio.*  Another  is  recorded  by 
Cornalia,f  and  Pigorini  thinks  that  several  other  stations  which 
have  been  more  or  less  described  belong  to  the  same  class  as 
those  in  the  Thrasimene  district  J  and  that  at  Offida,  near 
Piceno.  (B.  343.)  With  these  exceptions,  there  are  no  terramara 
mounds  of  the  Iron  Age,  and  the  system  is  supposed  to  have 
flourished  in  the  early  Bronze  Age  and  to  have  fallen  com- 
pletely into  desuetude  before  the  commencement  of  the  Iron 
Age. 

*  Ilul.  Palct.  It.,  1883,  p.  17. 

t  Atti  dclla  Soc.  It.  di  So.  Nat.,  vol.  vii. 

J  Brizio,  "  La  Grotta  del  Fame,"  p.  45, 


jfmirtft    £ertmt* 


SPECIAL  CHARACTER  OF  THE  REMAINS  FOUND  AT  LA 
T&NE  AND  IN  LAKE  PALADRU  :  LACUSTRINE  AND 
MARINE  DWELLINGS  IN  THE  LOWER  RHINE  DIS- 
TRICT AND  NORTH  GERMANY, 

LA   TENE, 

THE  celebrated  lacustrine  station,  La  Tene,  is  situated  at  the 
north  end  of  Lake  Neuchatel,  just  close  to  the  present  artificially 
formed  outlet  where  the  land  end  of  its  mole  or  dyke  begins. 
Stretching  from  this  point  eastwards  there  is  a  gravelly 
elevation,  some  200  yards  long  by  50  wide,  which,  before  the 
"  Correction  des  Eaux  dti  Jura,"  formed  a  shallow  part  of  the 
lake,  and  for  this  reason  it  was  called  among  the  fishermen 
La  Tene  (the  shallows).  As  early  as  1858,  Col.  Schwab  dis- 
covered this  to  be  the  site  of  a  rich  repository  of  antiquities 
of  a  totally  different  character  from  those  found  in  any  of 
the  hitherto  explored  Pfahlbauten.  Subsequently  Professor  Desor 
directed  his  attention  to  the  locality  and  made  a  collection 
of  its  antiquities,  among  which  he  announced  some  Gallic  coins 
(Fig.  92,  No.  8)  and  a  sword-sheath  ornamented  with  the  forms 
of  three  fantastic  animals  (Fig,  87,  No.  9).  Further  discoveries 
of  its  remarkable  antiquities  were  made  by  M,  Dardel-Thorens, 
who  for  many  years,  while  resident  superintendent  of  the  Lunatic 
Asylum  of  Prefargier,  situated  close  by,  devoted  his  spare  time 
to  the  investigation  of  La  Tene.  As  the  relics  were  associated 
with  numerous  piles  there  appeared  to  be  no  doubt  among  these 
antiquaries  that  the  station  was  quite  analogous  to  the  ordinary 
pile-dwellings  of  the  Stone  and  Bronze  Ages,  the  only  difference 
being  that  it  represented  a  later  age. 

Notwithstanding   the   facilities    for    investigation   afforded  by 
the   lowering  of  the   waters  of  the   lake  in  1876,  which   had  the 


278  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

effect  of  making  La  Tene  dry  land,  nothing  further  was  done 
till  1880,  when  M.  E.  Vouga,  schoolmaster  at  Marin,  interested 
himself  in  the  matter.  One  reason  for  this  neglect  was  the 
opinion  that  the  whole  area  had  been  already  so  thoroughly 
examined  by  previous  explorers,  that  nothing  remained  to  be 
done.  Before,  however,  describing  the  discoveries  of  M.  Vouga, 
it  will  be  necessary  to  look  more  minutely  at  the  situation 
of  La  Tene  and  the  nature  of  the  substratum  in  which  its 
antiquities  were  found. 

In  making  a  section  through  the  La  Tene  elevation  there 
is  first  encountered  a  bed  of  water-worn  gravel  and  sand, 
varying  in  thickness  from  three  or  four  feet  to  as  many  yards. 
This  gravel  had  evidently  been  thrown  up  by  the  action  of 
the  waves,  and  in  it  there  are  no  antiquities  found,  with  the 
exception  of  occasional  fragments  of  Roman  pottery  and  tiles. 
Beneath  this  superficial  gravel  there  lies  a  blackish  bed  of 
peat  of  considerable  thickness,  below  which  is  the  ancient  lake 
sediment.  It  is  on  the  surface  of  this  intermediate  mossy 
bad,  and  sometimes  buried  in  it,  that  the  objects  characteristic 
of  La  Tene  are  found.  From  these  stratigraphical  glimpses  of 
Nature's  workings  it  would  appear  that  during  prehistoric  times 
the  whole  low-lying  district  from  Prefargier  to  the  lake  of 
Biennc  was  a  shallow  bay,  which  became  ultimately  overgrown 
with  marsh  plants  and  peat  to  the  extent  of  forming  the 
"Gross  Moos."  Scattered  throughout  the  deposits  of  this  quiet 
bay,  and  especially  along  the  waterway  to  Bienne,  are 
frequently  found  antiquities  belonging  to  all  the  three  ages  of 
prehistoric  times  previous  to  the  occupation  of  the  locality  by 
the  Romans,  remains  of  whom  are,  of  course,  also  met  with. 
Professor  Desor,  and  others  who  have  carefully  examined  the 
locality  from  a  geological  point  of  view,  account  for  the  subse- 
quent overspreading  of  La  Tene  as  the  combined  result  of  two 
natural  causes,  viz.  first,  the  elevation  of  the  level  of  the  lake 
owing  to  sedimentary  deposits  or  accidental  obstruction  in  the 
channels  through  which  the  surplus  water  found  its  escape ; 
and,  second,  the  gradual  removal,  by  the  action  of  the  waves, 
of  a  protective  barrier  in  the  shape  of  a  projecting  moraine 
of  sand  and  gravel,  which  stretched  outwards  from  Prefargier 
in  the  direction  of  La  Sauge,  and  sheltered  La  Tene  for  many 
ages  from  the  action  of  the  open  lake.  But  whatever  the 


LA   TENE.  279 

explanation  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  a  considerable  change 
has  taken  place  since  these  sedimentary  deposits  of  fine  silt 
were  formed,  as  at  the  present  time  the  amount  of  gravel 
thrown  up  on  the  shore  of  La  Tene  is  so  great  as  to  advance 
the  beach  at  the  annual  rate  of  two  or  three  yards ;  and  this 
occurs  notwithstanding  that  the  level  of  the  water,  owing  to  the 
operations  necessitated  by  the  "  Correction  des  Eaux  du  Jura,"  is 
even  lower  than  it  was  when  the  neighbouring  lake-dwellings  of 
the  Stone  and  Bronze  Ages  flourished. 

RECENT  EXPLORATIONS. — While  M.  Vouga  was  one  day  making 
excavations  near  a  group  of  piles,  which  he  considered  to  have 
been  supports  for  a  bridge,  he  came  upon  the  foundations  of  a 
wooden  house,  and  in  the  course  of  clearing  it  out  he  made  the 
important  discovery  that  it  had  been  situated  on  the  brink  of 
a  deep  channel,  which  had  subsequently  become  filled  up  with 
sand  and  gravel.  The  most  natural  explanation  was  that  this 
channel  was  an  ancient  river-bed  which,  when  the  house  was 
constructed,  formed  the  outlet  of  the  lake.  With  this  idea 
paramount  in  his  mind,  Vouga  determined  to  trace  out  its 
direction  and  bearings.  About  20  yards  farther  up — i.e.  in  the 
direction  of  the  lake — he  came  upon  the  remains  of  a  second 
wooden  house,  with  its  foundation  beams  still  in  situ,  and  two 
of  its  containing  walls  (which  had  evidently  fallen  over)  lying 
one  over  the  other.  Here  the  bank  of  the  channel  formed  a 
steep  descent  of  10  feet  deep.  The  floor  of  this  structure  was 
formed  of  two  square-cut  beams,  each  over  16  feet  in  length 
and  8  inches  in  thickness,  having  a  series  of  closely-set  mortised 
holes  for  transverse  beams.  Its  breadth  was  9  feet  2  inches, 
and  it  lay  2  J  feet  below  the  surface,  and  about  7 .  feet  higher 
than  the  bottom  of  the  river.  The  two  sides  of  the  building 
were  formed  of  three  beams  corresponding  in  length  with  that 
of  the  flooring,  and  about  2J  feet  apart,  and  having  transverse 
mountings  and  a  trellis-work  of  branches.  One  of  these  had 
apparently  fallen  into  the  river,  as  its  end  reached  nearly  to  the 
bottom  of  the  channel.  Pursuing  his  investigations  still  in  the 
direction  of  the  lake,  he  came  upon  the  remains  of  a  third 
building,  near  which  were  the  piles  of  a  second  bridge.  The 
space  between  the  two  bridges  was  about  100  yards,  and, 
judging  from  the  position  of  the  piles,  this  bridge  was  directed 
to  the  same  point  as  the  former — probably  La  Sauge,  at  the 


280  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

opposite  corner  of  the  lake.  These  bridges  were  supported  on  a 
succession  of  parallel  rows  of  oak  piles  4  to  6  inches  in 
diameter,  and  placed  at  intervals  of  3  to  20  yards ;  and  each 
row  contained  five  or  six  piles,  from  half  a  foot  to  3  feet  apart. 
About  50  yards  above  the  second  bridge  a  fourth  dwelling  was 
encountered,  but  it  appeared  to  have  been  already  pillaged  of  its 
contents.  Near  this  our  explorer  proceeded  to  clear  a  portion 
of  the  bed  of  the  river,  and  lying  in  the  mud  and  gravel  at  a 
depth  of  10  feet  from  the  original  surface  he  found  a  large  quantity 
of  antiquities — swords,  lances,  axes,  chains,  razors,  various  wooden 
implements,  fragments  of  a  large  vase,  the  entire  wheel  and 
other  parts  of  a  chariot,  together  with  the  bones  of  men,  horses, 
and  oxen.  A  fifth  building  was  subsequently  discovered  between 
the  third  and  fourth,  so  that  we  have  here  the  evidence  of  a 
row  of  five  houses  situated  along  the  right  bank  of  the  ancient 
river,  and  all  within  a  distance  of  200  yards. 

On  the  left  bank  of  this  supposed  river  only  one  habitation, 
opposite  No.  1,  was  discovered,  which  M.  Vouga  thought  had 
already  been  pillaged.  It  was  reported  that  near  this  spot 
several  human  skeletons  had  been  discovered,  one  of  which  had 
a  rope  round  the  neck !  Below  this  the  channel  becomes  deeply 
buried,  and  the  superficial  gravel  attains  the  depth  of  some  ten 
feet ;  but,  nevertheless,  Vouga  succeeded  in  making  excavations 
which  decided  the  chronological  sequence  of  the  Roman  and 
Gallic  remains.  "  It  was,"  says  he,  "  in  the  midst  of  these  gravels 
that  I  found  the  layer  containing  Roman  remains — tiles  and 
fragments  of  pottery,  nails,  etc. — at  a  height  of  two  and  a  half  to 
three  feet  above  the  Gallic  objects."  (B.  428,  p.  13.)  These  Gallic 
objects  consisted  of  the  well-known  fibulae  and  other  articles 
characteristic  of  La  Tene,  so  that  superposition  clearly  indicates 
the  Roman  occupation  to  be  posterior  to  that  of  its  original 
constructors. 

M.  Vouga  believes  that  the  channel,  along  the  banks  of 
which  he  found  the  remains  of  so  many  houses,  was  the  right 
branch  of  two  outlets  which  at  that  time  existed,  and  which 
united  lower  down  to  form  the  Thielle.  The  left  branch  was 
nearer  the  rising  ground  towards  Epagnier,  but  it  is  now  covered 
over  with  gravel,  and  has  never  yet  been  examined.  Some  300 
or  400  yards  lower  down  there  are  some  gravel  pits,  which  are 
occasionally  worked  for  road  metal,  in  which  I  saw  in  the 


LA 


281 


'summer  of  1886  a  great  many  piles,  singly  and  in  groups, 
cropping  up  through  a  black  peaty  deposit  underneath  the  gravel. 
I  mentioned  the  matter  to  M.  Vouga,  and  he  informed  me  that 
the  few  things  found  there  indicate  a  Gallo-Roman  period. 

According  to  M.  Vouga,  the  site  of  La  Tene  station 
extended  from  the  south  bank  of  the  outlet  to  the  small 
island  formed  by  its  two  branches  before  they  became  united. 
The  upper  part  of  this  island,  now  denuded  of  its  peaty 
deposits  by  the  action  of  the  waves,  forms  part  of  the  lake. 
This  denuding  process  is  still  going  on  at  the  margin  of  the 
lake  all  the  way  from  La  Tene  to  Prefargier.  Large  masses 
of  the  ancient  sedimentary  deposits,  containing  piles  and  relics 
of  the  lake-dwellers,  become  undermined  and  broken  up  by  the 
waves,  leaving  their  more  solid  relics,  such  as  stone  hatchets, 
mixed  with  the  gravel.  These  are  often  thrown  up  on  the 
beach,  and  in  this  way  many  beautiful  jade  hatchets  have  been 
picked  up  from  the  sites  of  the  four  lake-dwellings  now  almost 
entirely  disintegrated,  which  existed  along  the  north  shore  from 
La  Tene  to  Prefargier.  It  is  in  the  gravel  at  the  upper  end 
of  La  Tene  that  most  of  the  coins  have  been  collected. 

The  success  attending  Tonga's  excavations  induced  M.  Borel, 
on  behalf  of  the  Museum  of  Neuchatel,  to  make  further 
excavations  along  the  banks  and  bed  of  the  ancient  river 
discovered  by  the  former,  but  without  much  success.  Finally, 
in  1884,  the  Cantonal  Government  having  granted  to  the 
Historical  Society  the  exclusive  right  of  conducting  explorations 
at  La  Tene,  this  society  undertook  fresh  excavations  under  the 
management  of  Messrs.  Vouga  and  W.  Wavre.  During  these 
researches  portions  of  a  gold  torque  and  some  gold  coins  were 
the  principal  finds.  These  coins  are  valuable  inasmuch  as 
they  were  found  in  situ,  and  not,  as  most  of  the  others,  among 
the  shifting  gravel. 

From  Keller's  description  (B.  126)  of  the  earlier  discoveries 
on  La  Tene  it  appears  that  Col.  Schwab,  on  removing  some- 
large  mortised  beams,  found  many  weapons  and  other  antiquities 
all  huddled  together.  In  the  light  of  Vouga's  researches  it  is 
probable  that  this  spot  was  a  dwelling  similar  to  those  I  have 
already  described,  as  we  are  told  that  there  were  three  beams 
of  fir  wood,  from  15  to  20  feet  long,  lying  parallel  to  each  other 
and  a  few  feet  apart.  These  beams  rested  on  upright  piles,  and 


282  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

contained  a  series  of  triangular  holes  as  if  for  the  tenons  of 
wooden  superstructures. 

RELICS. — Like  the  fate  of  most  lacustrine  remains,  those  from 
La  Tene  have  been  widely  scattered.  Many  are  deposited  in  the 
Cantonal  Museums  of  Bienne,  Neuchatel,  and  Berne.  The  Gross 
collection,  being  now  public  property,  finds  also  a  temporary 
lodgment  in  a  room  in  the  Federal  Hall  in  the  latter  town.  A* 
few,  including  some  of  the  most  interesting  relics,  have  been 
secured  for  the  Museum  of  Geneva.  The  largest  of  the  private 
collections  are  those  of  Messrs.  Vouga,  of  Marin,  and  Dardel- 
Thorens,  of  St.  Blaise.  With  the  exception  of  the  articles  in  the 
possession  of  the  latter  gentleman  (which  are,  however,  copiously 
illustrated  in  Antiqua  and  the  works  of  Vouga  and  Gross),  I 
have  studied  more  than  once  all  these  collections.  As  the 
principal  objects  have  already  been  more  or  less  described  and 
illustrated  in  the  excellent  works  of  Keller,  Desor,  Gross,  and 
Vouga,  I  wish  here  to  acknowledge  that  in  the  production  of 
the  accompanying  illustrations  I  have  made  free  use  of  all  these 
publications,  either  to  rectify  my  own  sketches,  or  (and  this  more 
especially)  to  give  me  the  correct  size  of  the  objects — a  point 
which  is  rather  troublesome  to  attain  through  a  glass  case  when, 
as  it  often  happens  as  regards  the  smaller  museums,  authorita- 
tive officials  may  not  be  at  hand  to  give  access  to  the  cases. 

Owing  to  the  peaty  nature  of  the  matrix  in  which  the  relics 
from  La  Tene  were  embedded  they  are  in  a  remarkably  good 
state  of  preservation.  They  consist  chiefly  of  iron  implements 
and  weapons,  presenting  a  striking  difference  not  only  in  material 
but  also  in .  form  and  style  of  manufacture  from  any  found  in 
the  ordinary  lake-dwellings.  Articles  of  bronze  are  sparingly  met 
with,  and  they  are,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  very  dissimilar 
to  those  from  the  true  palafittes  of  the  Bronze  Age.  In  giving 
a  short  description  of  these  relics  it  will  be  convenient  to  group 
them  under  the  following  heads  : — (1)  Arms  ;  (2)  Implements 
and  Utensils  ;  (3)  Articles  of  Ornament  and  Dress  ;  (4)  Horse- 
Trappings  and  Waggons ;  (5)  Money,  and  Objects  of  Amuse- 
ment, etc.  ;  (6)  Osseous  Remains. 

1.  ARMS. — Swords  (Fig.  87).  —  The  swords  from  La  Tene, 
which  now  number  considerably  over  100,  are  all  made  after  one 
characteristic  type.  They  vary  in%  total  length  from  30  to  38 
inches  (or  even  more),  of  which  the  handles  occupy  4  to  6J 


LA   TENE. 


283 


Fig.  87.-LA  TENE.    Nos.  9  to  12,  and  15  =  £,  and  the  rest  =  i  real  size. 


284  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

inches.  The  blade  is  always  double-edged,  generally  without  a 
defined  median  ridge,  and  scarcely  tapers  in  its  whole  length  till 
within  a  few  inches  of  the  extremity,  when  it  gradually  forms  a 
round  blunt  tip.  It  is  devoid  of  ornamentation,  except  in  one 
or  two  instances  where  parallel  grooves  run  along  the  median 
line,  or  the  surface  becomes  thickly  dotted  with  small  impres- 
sions. Others  again  have  small  incised  figures  upon  them  (No.  15), 
but  these  are  supposed  to  be  makers'  marks — an  interpretation 
which  seems  to  be  corroborated  from  the  fact  that  those  bearing 
such  marks  are  of  a  superior  quality.  The  handle  is  separated 
from  the  blade  by  a  prominent  curved  ridge  attached  to  the 
hilt  of  the  blade,  into  the  concave  side  of  which  the  end  of  the 
scabbard  neatly  fits.  Although  all  the  swords  hitherto  found  at 
La  Tene  have  this  dividing  ridge  in  the  form  of  a  graceful 
curve  such  as  is  represented  in  the  illustrations,  I  may  remark 
that  some  of  the  same  type  from  other  stations  are  straight. 
What  now  remains  of  the  handle  is  merely  the  central  tang,  over 
which  there  was  a  grip  of  horn  or  wood.  On  this  tang  were 
sometimes  small  transverse  plaques  for  fastening  the  handle 
(No.  8) ;  and  Vouga  figures  one  with  two  small  circles  from  a 
grave  of  the  Iron  Ago  at  Bevaix,  which  I  here  reproduce  (No.  7) 
on  account  of  its  striking  similarity  to  the  sword-handles  from 
Lisnacroghera.  (See  Fig.  124,  Nos.  1  and  2.) 

The  sheaths  are  formed  of  two  plates  of  iron  (rarely  bronze), 
one  of  which  overlaps  the  other  at  the  margins,  where  they  are 
riveted  together.  Sometimes  these  plates  are  strengthened  by 
one  or  more  cross  ridges,  and  about  the  lower  third  a  raised 
bead  begins  which  runs  round  the  tip.  These  attachments  often 
assume  an  ornamental  character  (Nos.  3,  4,  and  5).  The  upper 
surface  of  the  sheath  is  also  generally  ornamented  with  a 
variety  of  curious  designs,  in  which  spiral  and  recurring  scroll 
patterns  play  a  conspicuous  part  (Nos.  8,  10,  and  11).  But 
perhaps  the  most  remarkable  design  is  that  of  three  fantastic 
animals  (No.  9),  which,  from  their  resemblance  to  the  figures  on 
Gallic  coins,  first  led  Desor  to  the  conclusion  that  the  weapons 
had  a  similar  origin.  Only  three  sheaths  are  known  to  have 
been  ornamented  along  their  entire  length — viz.  Nos.  1,  2,  and  12. 
That  on  No.  12  was  repeated  three  times  at  regular  intervals. 
The  underside  of  the  sheath  has  always  a  suspension  clasp, 
which  assumes  various  elegant  shapes  (Nos.  4,  13,  and  14).  In 


LA   TENE. 


285 


one  instance  the  upper  sheath-plate  was  of  bronze,  and  another 
had  both  plates  of  iron,  but  the  surrounding  bead  was  of  bronze. 
No.  6  represents  a  piece  of  iron  (being  one  of  about  a  dozen 


Fig.  88.— LA  TENE.     Nos.  7,  10,  13,  and  14  =  $,  and  the  rest  =  £  real  size. 

similar  pieces   found  at  La   Tene),  which  is   supposed   to  be   the 
rudimentary  stage  of  the  sword-blade. 

Lance  and  Javelin  Heads  (Fig.  88).  —  These  weapons  are 
extremely  varied  in  shape  and  size,  as  may  be  seen  from  a  glance 
at  the  illustrations.  They  all  have  sockets,  and  the  smallness  of 
the  bore  at  once  distinguishes  them  from  Roman  weapons  of  the 
same  class.  Sometimes  the  socket  is  short,  while  the  blade  is 


286  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

large  and  leaf-shaped,  and  at  other  times  it  runs  nearly  the  whole 
length  of  the  latter.  Two  nail  holes,  and  sometimes  small  pro- 
minences, are  seen  at  the  lower  end  of  the  socket,  by  which  the 
wooden  handle  was  more  firmly  fastened.  In  a  few  instances  (No. 
12)  there  is  no  median  ridge,  but  generally  this  is  a  prominent 
feature  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  blade,  and  sometimes 
it  assumes  a  triangular  form,  like  that  in  our  modern  bayonet 
(Nos.  3,  4,  etc.).  Another  peculiarity  of  some  of  these  weapons 
is  the  cutting  away  of  segments  and  semilunar  portions,  either  at 
the  edges  (Nos.  1,  3,  and  17)  or  in  the  body  of  the  blade 
(Nos.  1  and  2).  One  fine  weapon  has  an  oval  blade  with  a 
crenated  or  wavy  edge  (No.  5). 

The  butt  end  of  the  wooden  handle  was  protected  by  an  iron 
knob  (Nos.  7,  10,  13,  and  14),  cither  simply  conical  or  multi- 
lateral, above  which  there  was  a  neat  ferule  (No.  13). 

Arrow-heads. — It  is  only  in  the  later  excavations  that  a  few 
arrow-points  have  come  to  light.  Like  the  spear-heads,  they  are 
all  socketed  (Nos.  15  and  16). 

Shields,  etc.  (Fig.  89). — Several  objects  have  been  found  at 
La  Tene  which  must  be  considered  as  shield-mountings.  The 
limbo  was  of  thin  iron,  arched  in  the  centre,  and  attached  to  the 
shield  by  large  studs  or  sometimes  small  nails  (No.  1).  The 
handle  was  made  of  a  curved  iron  rod  riveted  to  two  rectangu- 
lar plates  of  iron  attached  to  the  shield  (No.  2).  Some  large 
handsome  plaques  of  bronze,  of  a  flamboyant  character,  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been  ornaments  on  the  face  of  the  shield  (Nos.  3 
and  4),  of  which  about  half  a  dozen  altogether  have  been  found. 
Besides  these  there  are  several  discs  and  other  objects  of  bronze 
(Nos.  5,  8,  9  to  11,  and  21),  many  of  which  were  probably 
ornaments  for  horse-harness,  and  there  are  some  which  Dr. 
Gross  conjectures  to  have  been  ornaments  for  helmets.  (B.  446, 
p.  28.)  The  curious  object  of  thin  bronze  represented  by  No.  20 
is  also  supposed  to  be  an  ornament  for  a  helmet. 

2.  IMPLEMENTS  AND  UTENSILS. — Hatchets  (Fig.  90). — Though 
comparatively  rare,  the  hatchets  are  of  various  kinds  (only  about 
twenty  have  been  hitherto  found).  One  form  (Nos.  1,  2,  and  7) 
reminds  one  of  the  winged  celt  of  the  Bronze  Age.  The  former, 
however,  has  only  two  wings,  instead  of  four  as  in  the  latter, 
and  its  cutting  edge  is  more  expanded.  Others  are  like  our 
modern  axes  and  adzes  (Nos.  4,  5,  and  6).  One  of  this  type  is 


LA   TENE. 


287 


Fig.  89.-LA  T^NE.     NOB.  8  =  f ,  20  =  &  12  =  about  ^,  and  the  rest  =     real  size. 


288  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

made  of  bronze,  but  of  so  diminutive  a  size  as  to  give  rise  to 
the  idea  that  it  was  a  toy  (Fig.  91,  No.  31). 

Chisels  and  Gouges. — These  tools  differ  only  from  those  of  the 
Bronze  Age  in  being  made  of  iron.  They;  are  in  considerable 
numbers  (Fig.  90,  Nos.  33  and  34). 

Hammers. — Only  a  very  few  hammers  are  recorded ;  they  are 
small,  and  generally  hafted  by  means  of  a  central  hole  (No.  22). 
The  almost  entire  absence  of  implements  from  La  Tene,  re- 
quired in  the  forging  of  iron,  is  somewhat  remarkable,  and  in 
striking  contrast  with  the  number  of  foundry  materials  collected 
from  the  palafittes  of  "  le  bel  age  du  bronze" 

Saws. — Also  sparingly  represented.  Two  found  by  Vouga  had 
handles,  one  of  horn  (No.  25)  and  the  other  of  wood  (No.  24). 
Another  has  a  solid  handle  of  iron,  and  terminates  at  the  other 
end  in  a  curious  raised  hook  (No.  29). 

File. — Only  one  object  of  this  class  (No.  37)  is  recorded. 

Shears.  —  Three  of  these  implements  are  here  illustrated 
(Nos.  15,  16,  and  17),  from  which  it  will  be  seen  that  they  are 
precisely  similar  to  those  still  used  for  sheep-shearing.  They  are 
elegant  in  shape,  and  some  even  still  retain  their  elasticity.  The 
number  collected  from  La  Tene  is  over  a  dozen. 

Sickles  and  Scythes. — The  few  sickles  recorded  resemble  those 
of  modern  times,  and  some  of  them  had  teeth.  Scythes,  more 
numerous  than  the  sickles,  vary  in  size  from  14  to  20  inches  in 
length,  and  1£  to  3  inches  in  breadth.  They  were  hafted  by  a 
crooked  tang  and  a  ring,  precisely  like  those  still  in  use 
(Nos.  30  and  32). 

Knives. — As  regards  style  and  ornamentation,  the  knives  of 
the  Iron  Age  are  greatly  inferior  to  those  of  the  preceding  age 
Their  size  and  special  characters  are  sufficiently  shown  in  the 
illustrations  (Nos.  8  to  12).  One,  like  the  saw  already  noticed, 
has  a  peculiar  hook  at  the  point  (No.  23). 

Razors. — The  so-called  razors  are  short,  thick,  and  heavy 
blades  with  a  rounded  cutting  edge,  and  a  small  prolongation 
as  a  handle  (Nos.  18,  27,  and  28).  One  of  these  implements 
was  found  adhering  by  its  rust  to  a  pair  of  shears  (Nos.  •  17 
and  18). 

Pruning  Hooks. — Under  this  category  I  reckon  some  large 
cutting  implements  in  the  form  of  a  bent  knife,  similar  to  that 
in  present  use  for  cutting  hedges.  The  one  here  figured  from 


LA  TENE. 


289 


fig.  90.— LA  T&NE.    All  £  real  size. 


290  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

La  Tene  (No.  31)  is  very  similar  to  those  found  on  some  of  the 
palafittes  in  Lake  Constance.  (See  Fig.  32,  No.  11.) 

Pincers. — Pincers  are  of  bronze  and  iron,  and  vary  con- 
siderably both  in  size  and  form,  as  may  be  seen  from  the 
illustrations  (Fig.  91,  No.  11  to  14). 

Pots  and  Dishes. — Of  earthenware  only  a  few  fragments 
have  come  to  light,  and  it  is  said  to  be  of  a  totally  different 
kind  from  that  of  the  true  palafittes.  It  is  black  and  coarse, 
and  shows  no  evidence  of  having  been  made  on  the  wheel ; 
but  as  to  this  there  appears  to  be  difference  of  opinion. 
(B.  428,  p.  27,  and  446,  p.  48.)  In  addition  to  this  kind,  -how- 
ever, there  are  usually  found  on  the  surface  of  the  peaty  bed 
and  in  the  superimposed  gravel  beds  fragments  of  tiles,  pottery, 
etc.,  the  Roman  origin  of  which  cannot  be  mistaken ;  but  such  in- 
dustrial remains,  according  to  the  explorers,  are  more  superficial, 
and,  consequently,  posterior  to  the  Gallic  remains.  (B.  428,  p.  27.) 

On  the  other  hand,  La  Tene  has  furnished  several  large 
pots  of  beaten  bronze,  with  rims  and  ring-handles  of  iron 
(Fig.  92,  No.  19),  some  bronze  cups  (No.  18),  a  large  iron 
ladle  (No.  20),  and  one  or  two  chains  with  large  hooks,  probably 
pot-hangers  (No.  1).  The  cup  here  represented  was  found 
on  the  shore  in  the  vicinity  of  La  Tene,  but  it  is  supposed 
to  have  come  from  this  station.* 

Fishing  Materials  (Fig.  90). — Among  this  class  of  objects  are 
some  large  spears  with  two  or  three  prongs  (No.  14),  fishing- 
hooks  of  bronze  and  iron  (Nos.  39  and  40),  and  some  imple- 
ments like  the  iron  tips  of  boating  gaffs  (Nos.  13  and  26). 

Diverse. — Hammorstones,  polishers,  and  corn-grinders  are 
like  those  used  in  the  preceding  ages. 

3.  OBJECTS  OF  ORNAMENT  AND  DRESS. — As  regards  the  objects 
coming  under  this  category,  if  we  exclude  the  fibuke  and 
torques,  which  we  now  know  to  have  been  worn  by  men  as 
well  as  women,  it  is  noteworthy  that  those  peculiar  to  female 
adornment  are  extremely  rare,  if  not  entirely  awanting — a 
fact  which  strongly  supports  the  theory  that  this  station  was 
a  military  fort. 

Fibulce  (Fig.  91). — The  number  of  fibulie  from  La  Tene 
now  amounts  to  several  hundreds.  They  are  all  made  on  one 
principle,  viz.  that  of  our  modern  safety-pins.  This  principle 

*  Antiqua,  1886,  p.  65. 


LA  T£NE. 


291 


is   simply   an   evolutionary  stage  of  the  function  of  the  straight 
pin,   by   which   the   point   is   bent    round    so    as    to    meet    the 


Fig.  91.  —LA  TENE.    No.  32  =  ^,  and  the  rest  =  £  real  size. 

top  after  having  subjected  the  stem  to  several  twists  so  as  to 
give  it  elasticity.  In  the  part  corresponding  to  the  top  of  the 
pin  there  is  a  catch  far  the  point  when  fastened.  The  orna- 
mentation on  the  uppsr  part  and  the  number  of  spiral  twists 


292  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

on  the  stem  are  so  varied  that  each  fibula  has  a  distinct 
individuality  of  its  own,  and  no  two  specimens  exactly  alike 
have  ever  yet  been  found.  Their  average  size  is  from  two  to 
six  inches  in  length,  but  sometimes  they  exceed  this,  as  in 
one  here  figured  (No.  1),  which  is  10 J  inches  in  length.  They 
are  almost  exclusively  made  of  iron  (Nos.  1  to  6),  the  exceptions 
being  one  or  two  of  bronze  (Nos.  18  and  26),  and  a  small 
circular-shaped  brooch  of  gold  (B.  428,  p.  28),  which  are  some- 
what analogous  to  those  of  the  Hallstadt  period. 

Pins,  Needles,  etc. — The  ornamental  pins  are  few  in  number, 
and  generally  made  of  bronze.  Of  four  here  figured  (Nos.  8,  9, 
10,  and  36)  one  has  a  double  stem,  and  is  so  similar  to  some 
half-dozen  found  in  the  Pfahlbauten  of  the  Bronze  Age  that  it 
is  more  likely  to  be  a  stray  object  from  the  latter  than  a 
relic  of  La  Tene.  Nor  is  this  at  all  improbable,  as  we  have 
already  seen  that  there  were  several  of  these  stations  quite  in 
the  vicinity  of  La  Tene,  the  relic-beds  of  which  have  become 
almost  entirely  disintegrated  by  the  waves. 

A  remarkable  object,  found  by  Youga,  consists  of  an  orna- 
mental bronze  tube,  closed  at  one  end,  and  having  six  mov- 
able rings  symmetrically  arranged  (No.  19).  There  can  be  no 
doubt  this  was  a  needle-holder,  as  it  contained  a  well-formed 
needle  of  iron  (No.  20).  Another  curious  object,  having  an  eye 
like  that  of  a  needle,  terminating  in  an  elongated  bulb  instead 
of  a  sharp  point,  is  represented  by  No.  15. 

Buckles,  Rings,  etc. — A  large  assortment  of  iron  clasps 
(Nos.  27  and  30),  buckles  (Nos.  28  and  32),  rings  (No.  33),  etc., 
is  to  be  found  in  all  the  collections  from  La  Tene.  There  are 
also  to  be  met  with  a  few  beads  and  buttons  of  bronze 
(No.  23),  and  some  glass  beads  of  a  pretty  blue  colour,  or 
variegated  with  blue,  yellow,  and  white  (Nos.  22,  24,  and  25). 
One  has  part  of  a  bronze  twisted  wire  passing  through  it 
(No.  21). 

Bracelets. — In  striking  contrast  to  the  fibulae,  bracelets  are 
very  rare.  Dr.  Gross  figures  one  of  bronze  wire  ;  another  of  an 
iron  rod,  with  the  inside  flattened  ;  and  a  third  of  iron  plate, 
riveted,  forming  a  hollow  tube,  reminding  one  of  the  ornamental 
hollow  rings  of  the  Bronze  Age.  (B.  446,  PL  x.  17,  18,  and  27.) 
Of  the  two  here  figured  (Nos.  34  and  35),  one  is  a  spiral  rod, 
and  the  other  a  flat  band,  both  of  iron.  Fragments  of  glass 


LA  T£NE.  293 

bracelets,  in  the  form  of  a  flat  band,  having  the  outside  orna- 
mented with  wavy  corrugations,  have  also  been  found.  (B.  126, 
p.  294.) 

Neck-Rings. — Several  portions  of  massive  neck  rings,  pre- 
cisely similar  to  those  represented  on  ancient  statuary  as 
peculiar  to  distinguished  Gallic  warriors,  as,  for  example,  that 
on  the  neck  of  the  "  Dying  Gladiator  "  in  Rome,  have  been  found 
at  La  Tene.  They  appear  to  have  been  made  of  two  symmetrical 
portions,  which,  when  worn,  were  united  at  the  back  of  the  neck, 
and  then  formed  a  large  penannular  ring,  with  an  expanded 
bulb  at  each  end  (Nos.  16  and  17).  They  were  sometimes  plain 
rings,  but  generally  they  were  more  or  less  worked  into  some 
artistic  pattern.  That  represented  on  the  dying  gladiator  is 
distinctly  seen  to  be  twisted  spirally  immediately  above  the 
terminal  bulbs.  Of  the  two  here  represented,  one  (No.  16)  is  of 
gold,  and  weighs  7 2 '90  grammes,  and  the  other  of  bronze  (No.  17). 

4.  HORSE-TRAPPINGS,  WAGGONS,  ETC. — Among  the  objects  under 
this  class  we  have  not  only  bridle-bits  (Fig.  89,  Nos.  14  to  18), 
spurs  (No.  6),  various  discs  and  other  objects  of  brorze,  supposed 
to  have  been  ornaments  on  horse-harness  (Nos.  5,  7,  8,  10,  11, 
and  21),  but  the  actual  remains  of  waggons,  as  wheels  (No.  1 2), 
part  of  the  wooden  pole,  linch-pins  (No.  19),  and  other  attach- 
ments. The  wheel  here  figured  shows  a  nave  with  10  spokes 
and  fellies,  which  are  bound  together  by  an  iron  hoop,  pre- 
cisely similar  to  the  wheels  now  in  use.  "  La  roue  entiere," 
writes  its  discoverer,  "  a  un  metre  de  diametre ;  trouvee  en 
compagnie  d'epees  gauloiscs,  elle  avait  sur  le  moyeu  un  umbo  de 
bouclier.  Le  cercle  de  fer  qui  1'entoure,  d'environ  un  centimetre 
d'epaisseur,  a  5  centimetres  de  largeur,  le  moyeu  a  60  centi- 
metres de  longueur,  il  est  forme  de  deux  pieces,  reliees  de  chaque 
c6te  par  un  ou  deux  petits  cercles.  Les  rais  sont  en  chene  au 
nombre  de  dix  et  la  jante  est,  ou  plut6t  etait,  d'une  seule  piece 
courbee  et  parait  de  frene ;  elle  avait  ete  raccommode'e  et  la  piece 
est  assujettie  au  moyen  d'un  clou  et  d'une  embrasse  de  fer. 

"  Elle  etait  encore  entiere,  mais,  en  la  transportant,  quelques 
rais  tomberent  et  comme  je  ne  pus  pas  la  mettre  immediate- 
ment  et  entierement  dans  1'eau,  la  jante  se  retira  en  peu  de 
jours,  laissant  un  espace  entre  le  bois  et  le  fer,  de  sorte  que, 
quand  je  voulus  mettre  la  roue  entiere  dans  son  bassin  de  zinc, 
elle  se  separa  en  plusieurs  morceaux. 


294  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

"Dans  la  raeme  couche,  mais  dans  la  partie  inferieure, 
puisqu'elle  allait  en  pente,  on  trouvait  des  parties  d'autres 
roues,  des  rais,  moyeux  calcines,  des  manches  de  haches  droits 
ou  coudes  pour  celts,  des  parties  de  bois  de  lances,  des  poches 
en  bois  avec  manches  des  fragments  de  grandes  e"cuelles  en 
bois,  etc.,  de  grandes  et  fortes  poutres  avec  mortaises."  (B.  428, 
p.  22.) 

The  fragments  of  this  interesting  relic  are  now  carefully  pre- 
served in  liquid  in  a  large  trough  in  the  Museum  at  Neuchatel. 

The  number  of  bridle-bits  (excluding  objects  represented 
by  Nos.  15  and  16,  which  are  also  supposed  to  have  been 
used  for  this  purpose)  amounts  to  about  a  dozen.  They  are 
all  made  of  well-beaten  iron,  with  the  exception  of  one  (No.  17) 
which  has  a  superficial  layer  of  bronze  over  the  iron,  and  have 
large  side-rings,  and  a  central  mouth-piece  divided  into  two 
symmetrical  halves. 

5.  MONEY,  OBJECTS  OF  AMUSEMENT,  ETC. — Coins. — But  perhaps 
the  most  interesting  feature  of  La  Tene  is  the  discovery  of  coins 
among  its  strange  assortment  of  relics.  Some  of  these  are 
Roman,  but  others  are  undoubtedly  of  Gallic  origin,  being 
identical  with  those  otherwise  known  to  have  been  current  among 
the  various  tribes  in  Gaul,  prior  to  any  intervention  in  their 
affairs  by  the  Romans.  In  most  cases  they  were  picked  up  on 
the  surface  or  amongst  constantly  shifting  gravel,  and  of  course 
no  conclusive  inferences  could  be  drawn  from  them.  This  un- 
certainty is  now,  however,  removed  by  the  discovery  of  two 
gold  pieces  at  a  depth  of  10  feet  below  the  present  surface,  and 
associated  with  the  usual  characteristic  objects  of  La  Tene.  "  En 
creusant  a  la  drague,"  says  Vouga,  "les  pecheurs  de  M.  Schwab 
ont  decouvert  une  monnaie  d'or  et  plusieurs  monnaies  d'argent 
et  de  potin  ou  de  bronze.  Plus  tard,  M.  Alexis  Dardel  et  d'autres 
personnes  en  ont  aussi  trouve  en  assez  grand  nombre,  surtout 
sur  la  tourbe  et  sur  les  bords  du  lac  ou  les  vagues  les  entrain- 
aient,  et  une  quantite  de  monnaies  romaines  avec  des  monnaies 
de  Marseille,  de  Nimes,  de  Lyon,  de  Yienne.  Le  plus  grand 
nombre  a  du  se  trouver  sur  1'ile,  entre  les  deux  bras  de  la 
Thielle ;  mais  de  la,  a  mesure  que  le  terrain  etait  enleve",  ces 
monnaies  e"taient  balayees  et  entrainees  an  bord  avec  les  graviers. 

"  Comme  elles  se  trouvent  toutes  pele-mele,  on  ne  petit  en  tirer 
des  conclusions  bien  sftres.  II  n'en  est  pas  de  ineine  de  deux 


LA   T&NE. 


295 


rnonnaies  en  or  trouvees  a   trois  metres   de   profondeur   avec   les 
objets  memes   de   la   Tene,  en  fevrier,  1884  ;   ce  sont,  d'apres  les 


Fig.  92.— LA  T£NE.    Nos.  1,  15,  19  and  20  =  about  £,  18  =  i,  and 
the  rest  =  f  real  size. 

descriptions  qu'en  a  faites  M.  le  Dr.  Trachsel,  de  Lausanne,  qui 
les  croit  Carnutes,  du  pays  Chartrain.  Une  monnaie  gauloise,  en 
or  pale,  concave,  du  poids  de  7.783  grammes  (Fig.  92,  No.  2): 


296  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

A.  Tete  a  bandeau  royal;  R.  Aurige  conduisant  un  char  attele 
de  deux  chevaux ;  a  1'exergue,  inscription  etrusque  ou  grecque, 
indistincte."  (B.  428,  p.  29.)  The  other  coin  is  very  like  the 
above  in  every  respect,  except  that  it  is  smaller,  being  only  about 
one  quarter  of  its  weight. 

The  gold  coins  are  rare,  only  seven  in  all,  according  to 
Vouga,  being  recorded.  One,  in  the  Museum  of  Bienne,  is  de- 
scribed by  Keller  (B.  126,  p.  302,  and  PI.  xv.  34)  as  a  bad 
imitation  of  the  Macedonian  coins  of  Philip.  Another  (described 
in  the  Anzeiger  for  1883,  p.  401)  is  similar  to  Fig.  92,  No.  2. 
A  fifth  is  a  fragment,  and  the  remaining  two  consist  of  small 
elongated  rolls  of  gold  (No.  10).* 

Besides  the  gold  coins  from  La  Tene,  there  are  about  100 
of  silver,  and  about  the  same  number  of  bronze  or  potin  (a  mixture 
of  copper,  tin,  and  lead),  representing  a  great  variety  of  coinages, 
both  native  and  foreign  (Nos.  3  to  9,  and  11). 

Dr.  Gross,  having  submitted  some  specimens  of  these  coins, 
intended  as  illustrations  for  his  work  on  La  Tene,  to  M.  A.  de 
Barthelemy,  publishes  the  following  as  the  opinion  of  this  eminent 
numismatist  as  to  their  date : — 

"  En  resume  les  monnaies  dessinees  sur  la  planche  XI,  a  1'excep- 
tion  des  Nos.  23  et  24  [gold  coins]  qui,  a  cause  de  leur  me"tal, 
ont  eu  un  cours  prolonge,  sont  de  la  seconde  moitie  du  premier 
siecle  avant  1'ere  chretienne,  principalement  de  la  fin."  (B.  446, 
p.  47.) 

Amusements. — Among  objects  of  this  nature  are  several  dice, 
some  of  bronze  and  others  of  bone  (Nos.  12  to  14).  Also,  about 
a  dozen  small  stones  of  the  size  of  ordinary  marbles,  and 
perfectly  round,  except  on  one  side,  where  there  is  a  segment, 
as  it  were,  cut  off,  are  supposed  to  have  been  used  for  some 
kind  of  game. 

Diverse. — In  concluding  this  summary  of  the  relics  from  La 
Tene,  I  have  merely  to  mention  as  unclassified  objects  a  four- 
footed  figurine  and  a  small  wheel,  both  of  bronze-,  and  in  the 
collection  of  Mr.  Dardel  (Nos.  16  and  17).  Dr.  Gross  describes  a 
bronze  object  resembling  a  tobacco-pipe  (No.  21)  which,  he  be- 
lieves, was  found  on  this  station. 

6.  OSSEOUS  REMAINS. — To  these  relics  is  further  to  be  added 
a  large  quantity  of  the  osseous  remains  of  men  and  domestic 

*  Antiqu^  1884,  p.  128  ;  and  Bui.  de  la  Soc>  suisse  de  Num.,  1884,  No.  7. 


LA  T£NE.  297 

animals.  Of  the  circumstances  in  which  the  earlier  finds  of  this 
description  were  made  we  have  not  very  definite  information. 
Keller,  writing  in  1866  (B.  126,  p.  295),  speaks  of  a  basketful  of 
human  bones  representing  some  eight  individuals;  and  Desor 
about  the  same  time  found  a  human  skull,  which  he  figures  in 
his  work  on  the  palafittes.  (B.  95.)  M.  Youga,  however,  gives 
precise  and  most  interesting  information  regarding  the  conditions 
in  which  he  encountered  the  osseous  remains  of  human  beings, 
as  well  as  those  of  the  horse,  ox,  pig,  and  dog. 

We  have  already  seen  how  M.  Vouga  came  upon  the  debris 
of  a  series  of  wooden  houses  constructed  on  the  banks  of  an 
ancient  river.  Referring  to  these  establishments  he  thus  writes  : — - 

"  Devant  le  premier  etablissement  je  trouvai  un  crane  en  tier 
de  femme.  Devant  le  second,  je  trouvai  pareillement  les 
ossements  de  trois  ou  quatre  personnes  et  trois  cranes,  dont  un 
portait  les  traces  de  coups  d'epee  sur  le  sommet ;  un  second 
etait  remarquable  par  sa  deformite  et  1'extension  de  la  partie 
posterieure.  Devant  le  quatrieme,  deux  inachoires  inferieures  et 
les  ossements  d'une  trentaine  de  personnes,  avec  un  tres  grand 
nornbre  d'os  de  chevaux,  de  boeufs,  et  de  pores.  Devant  le 
troisieme,  un  crane  de  chien  grand  et  entier.  Devant  le 
cinquieme,  trois  squelettes  entiers  dont  un  portait  une  corde  au 
cou(?). 

"Outres  ces  cranes  et  ces  ossements  dont  je  puis  indiquer 
la  provenance,  il  a  ete  trouve  un  grand  nombre  d'autres 
squelettes,  d'ossements  divers,  de  cranes  de  chevaux  appar- 
tenant  a  une  petite  race. 

"Je  ne  pourrais  pas  garantir  Tage  de  tous  les  squelettes, 
puisque,  comme  je  1'ai  dit  en  commen^ant,  deux  doivent  etre 
bourguignons,  ayant  retrouve"  I'emplacement  de  la  tombe  avec 
un  poignard  de  cette  epoque,  et  que  six  autres  se  sont  trouves 
a  mi-hauteur,  non  loin  d'un  chenau  en  bois,  et  que  la  couche 
romaine  paraissait  s'incliner  vers  ce  cote" -la,"  (B.  428,  p.  31.) 

CONCLUDING  REMARKS  ON  LA  T&NE. — In  face  of  the  above 
facts,  the  opinion  of  the  earlier  investigators  that  La  Tene  was 
an  ordinary  palafitte  of  the  Iron  Age,  analogous  to  the  lake- 
villages  of  the  preceding  ages,  can  no  longer  be  entertained.  Its 
geographical  position,  commanding  the  great  highway  between 
Constance  and  Geneva,  and  the  vast  preponderance  of  warlike 
weapons  among  its  relics,  clearly  point  to  its  having  been  a 


298  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

military  station  or  outlook.  Nor  does  it  require  much  penetra- 
tion to  learn  from  its  present  ruins  something  of  its  final  fate. 
The  quantity  of  human  bones  representing  some  30  or  40  indi- 
viduals, some  with  gashes  on  the  tops  of  their  skulls;  the  number 
of  abandoned  swords,  still  in  their  scabbards ;  the  incongruous 
medley  of  relics  found  by  Vouga  at  the  bottom  of  the  ancient 
river-bed — all  indicate  that  its  capture  by  an  enemy  was  sudden 
and  the  struggle  fierce.  The  discovery  of  Roman  remains,  such 
as  coins,  tiles,  pottery,  bricks  (one  with  the  mark  of  the  21st 
legion,  "  Rapax  "),*  on  and  around  La  Tene,  leave  little  doubt 
that  its  conquerors  were  the  Romans. 

Literature.— B.  22,  31,  72,  95,  119,  126,  419,  420a',  4206',  420c, 
428,  434a,  446,  449a",  and  463c.  Also  Virchow  on  the  human 
remains  in  vols.  xv.  and  xvL,  Zeit.  fur  Ethn.  Verhand. 

LAKE    PALADRU. 

From  time  immemorial  a  legend  prevailed  among  the 
inhabitants  around  Lake  Paladru  that  a  city  had  been  buried 
in  its  waters — a  catastrophe  brought  about  by  the  maledictions 
of  the  monks  of  the  neighbouring  Carthusian  establishment  of 
Sylve  Benite.  On  the  24th  September,  1864,  M.  Yallier,  of 
Grenoble,  and  some  friends  arranged  a  boating  excursion  for 
the  purpose  of  examining  the  lake  as  to  the  reported  existence 
of  piles  in  it,  with  the  view  of  accounting  for  the  currency  of 
the  above  legend,  and  found  no  less  than  six  different  sites 
where  piles  were  to  be  seen  projecting  more  or  less  from  the 
mud.  These  were  supposed  to  be  the  remains  of  lacustrine 
villages  of  which  the  following  particulars  were  ascertained : — 

1.  STATION  DES  GRANDS  ROSEAUX. — This  station  was  situated 
near  the  head  of  the  lake,  and  about    two  hundred  yards  from 
shore  ;  depth  of  water  from  one  to  two  feet ;  piles  sometimes  three 
feet  apart,  and  sometimes  much  less  ;  over  150  were  counted. 

2.  STAT.  DE  L'!LE  DE  LOYASSE. — Two  hundred  and  fifty  yards 
from  the  former,  and  about  100  yards  from  shore.     Only  about 
twenty  piles  were  counted. 

3.  STAT.  DE  LA  GENEVRIERE.— About  600  yards  farther  on  and 
70  yards  from   shore.     About  twenty   piles  counted. 

4.  STAT.  DE  LA  NEYRE.— About  200  yards  from  the  preceding, 
and  close  to  the  shore. 

*  Rev.  arcktologique,  1884.  p.  194. 


LAKE    PALADRF.  290 

5.  STAT.  DU  PLATRE. — About  thirty  piles  counted  in  water  from 
10   to   13   feet   deep. 

6.  STAT.  DU  PUITS  DBS  CARPES. — Fifty  or  sixty  piles  observed 
close   to   each   other  and   about   20   yards  from   the   shore. 

These  indications  of  pile-dwellings,  though  strengthened  by 
further  observations  by  M.  Vallier  in  the  following  year,  really 
contributed  little  to  the  elucidation  of  the  problem  as  to  the  period 
to  which  they  belonged ;  so  that  the  work  of  M.  Vallier,  "  La 
Legende  de  la  Ville  d'Ars  sur  les  Bords  du  Lac  de  Paladru,"  leaves 
the  question  much  in  the  same  position  as  it  was  left  by  Professor 
Fournet,  who  had  already  suggested,  in  I860,*  that  the  legend 
of  the  buried  city  had  its  origin  in  the  former  existence  of 
lake-dwellings.  It  remained  to  M.  Ernest  Chantre,  of  Lyons, 
to  make  the  first  practical  investigations  to  clear  up  the 
mystery.  To  this  line  of  research  he  was  led  by  the  en- 
couragement and  knowledge  he  had  received  at  the  first 
meeting  of  the  International  Congress  of  Prehistoric  Archaeology, 
held  at  Neuchatel,  in  1866,  when  he  had  an  opportunity  of 
being  initiated  by  Professor  Desor  and  others  in  lacustrine 
research.  His  first  efforts,  an  account  of  which  was  published 
n  the  Mater iaux  for  1867,  showed  that  two  of  the  stations 
mentioned  by  M.  Vallier  belonged  to  the  Iron  Age.  Learning 
then  that  engineering  works  were  in  progress  for  regulating 
the  outflow  of  the  waters  of  this  lake,  which  would  have  the 
effect  of  lowering  its  level,  M.  Chantre  deferred  his  proposed 
excavations  till  these  more  favourable  conditions  should  be 
accomplished.  His  subsequent  investigations,  conducted  in  the 
autumn  of  1870,  were  confined  to  the  first-named  station 
(Grands  Roseaux),  which,  from  his  former  experience,  gave 
greater  promise  of  archaeological  results.  From  it  he  had 
already  picked  up  some  bones  of  the  ox,  pig,  stag,  etc.,  the 
kernels  of  a  species  of  small  cherry  and  of  two  kinds  of  plums, 
fragments  of  pottery  of  a  different  kind  from  any  found  in 
the  Swiss  lake-dwellings,  an  iron  knife,  and  a  wooden  comb. 
Owing  to  the  lowering  of  the  lake  the  station  was  now  (1870) 
a  foot  above  water,  and  it  could  be  easily  examined  by  the 
spade  on  terra  firma.  In  the  excavations  which  ensued  the 
following  strata  were  met  with : — (1)  Eight  inches  of  peaty  mud 
and  roots  of  water  plants ;  (2)  About  eighteen  inches  of  peat 

*  Acad.   de  Lyini,  tome   xi.  p.   229. 


300  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

containing  bits  of  worked  wood  and  bones ;  (3)  Ten  inches  of 
peat  contain'ng  bones,  fragments  of  pottery,  and  a  great  variety 
of  antiquities ;  (4)  Underneath  this  peat  was  the  whitish  lake 
sediment  known  as  shell-marl. 

The  area  occupied  by  the  piles  and  wooden  beams  was  about 
1,600  square  yards  in  extent,  and  of  a  somewhat  circular  shape. 
The  tops  of  the  piles  were  water- worn,  and  projected  above  the 
mud  from  one  foot  to  one  foot  and  a  half.  They  were  made  of  the 
stems  of  trees  from  10  to  16  feet  long,  and  7J  to  15  inches  in 
diameter,  some  being  squared  and  pointed  with  the  hatchet,  and 
most  of  them  penetrated  to  the  shell-marl.  Their  distance  from 
each  other  varied  very  much.  Many  were  observed  to  be  in 
groups  of  four,  rectangularly  placed,  with  cross  timbers  stretching 
between  them,  thus  forming  a  series  of  square  or  rectangular 
chambers.  The  cross-beams  overlapped  each  other,  and  each  had 
a  cut-away  cavity  at  the  point  of  crossing,  which  kept  it  in 
position,  precisely  on  the  principle  on  which  the  Swiss  chalets 
are  constructed  at  the  present  day.  The  walls  of  the  sub- 
merged compartments  contained  some  four  or  five  of  these 
transverses,  and  the  space  enclosed  varied  from  7  to  30  feet 
long.  In  the  larger  spaces  the  uprights  were  not  restricted  to 
the  corners,  but  occupied  intermediate  positions  inside  the  en- 
closed area.  Numerous  tenons,  mortises,  pegs,  and  other  portions 
of  worked  timbers,  proved  that  these  structures  were  erected  by 
the  hatchet  and  chisel  alone,  as  none  showed  any  evidence  of  the 
use  of  the  saw ;  nor  were  there  any  iron  nails  found. 

The  woodwork  was  so  abundant,  that  the  removal  of  it  became 
a  regular  employment ;  and  for  its  discovery  the  mud  was  probed 
with  iron  rods. 

In  two  places  a  double  row  of  piles  stretched  to  the  shore, 
one  230  feet  and  the  other  130  feet  long,  which,  there  can  be 
little  doubt,  were  the  remains  of  gangways. 

The  industrial  relics  (Fig.  93)  consisted  largely  of  iron  objects, 
among  which  were  several  knives  (No.  3),  an  axe  (No.  11),  an 
awl,  a  gimlet,  part  of  a  pair  of  shears  (No.  2),  a  chisel,  part  of  a 
lock  (No.  8),  chains  (No.  7),  several  keys  (No.  9),  horseshoes 
(Nos.  5  and  6),  a  curry-comb  (No.  10),  a  spur  (No.  12),  a  lance 
(No.  4),  and  portions  of  a  javelin. 

Of  other  materials  there  were  two  bone-counters  (Nos.  14 
and  15),  a  sharpening  stone,  the  half  of  a  leaden  bracelet  (No.  1), 


LAKE   PALADBU. 


301 


Fig.  93.— PALADBU.    All  £  real  size. 


802  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

and  a  number  of  wooden  objects,  viz.  two  combs  (No.  21), 
spoons  (No.  19),  pestles  (No.  17),  a  bobbin  (No.  20),  and  some 
perforated  bits,  like  floats  for  nets  (Nos.  13  and  16). 

Pottery  is  of  a  greyish-black  colour,  well  baked,  and  fashioned 
on  the  wheel,  with  an  ornamentation  of  a  very  unusual  character 
(Nos.  18,  22,  23,  and  24).  The  only  entire  vessel  was  flask- 
shaped,  having  a  hole  in  the  middle  of  one  of  its  sides  (No.  24). 
Some  pieces  of  cloth  like  Roman  tissues,  and  a  portion  of  a 
Roman  vase,  were  also  found. 

The  animals  identified  from  the  bones  were  the  ox,  sheep, 
goat,  horse  (a  small  race),  pig,  dog,  and  a  large-sized  otter. 
Among  the  remains  of  fruits  were  two  species  of  cherry,  two 
species  of  plums,  peaches,  walnuts,  hazel-nuts,  acorns,  etc. 

Oak  was  the  only  wood  used  in  the  construction  of  the 
submerged  foundations,  with  the  exception  of  one  trunk  of  a 
chestnut  tree  ;  but  ash,  cornel-cherry,  and  box  had  been  used  for 
making  utensils.  (B.  193.) 

In  1885,  owing  to  the  lowness  of  the  water  in  the  lake,  further 
discoveries  were  made  on  this  station  (Grands  Roseaux).  Imme- 
diately in  front  of  the  lacustrine  village,  on  its  lake  side,  a  triple 
row  of  piles  was  detected,  which  appeared  to  have  acted  as  a 
breakwater ;  and  on  its  site,  along  with  some  great  oak-beams, 
were  found  various  relics  of  a  similar  character  to  those  already 
described.  Among  these  were  the  following  iron  objects  of  the 
Carlovingian  period — viz.  17  knives,  2  keys,  a  hook,  a  pair  of 
shears,  a  stirrup,  2  spurs,  a  portion  of  the  umbo  of  a  shield,  and 
some  horseshoes  of  a  small  size.  The  other  objects  recorded 
were  two  portions  of  wooden  spoons,  fragments  of  a  comb  made 
of  yew,  and  a  piece  of  goat-skin.* 

RHINE   DISTRICT. 

In  the  two  lacustrine  stations  just  described  we  had  to  deal 
with  remains  essentially  different  from  any  that  have  hitherto 
come  under  our  notice.  In  La  Tene  both  stone  and  bronze 
objects  are  quite  the  exception,  while  those  of  iron  are  not  only 
in  great  abundance,  but,  from  their  variety  and  style  of  art, 
clearly  show  that  the  working  and  forging  of  this  metal  had 
reached  a  great  state  of  perfection.  In  short,  we  have  inherent 

*  Association  Frangawc  pour  Vavancement  des  Sciences,  1885.  vcl.  i.  p.  175. 


LOWER   RHINE    DISTRICT. 


303 


evidence  that  the  civilisation  of  the  Bronze  Age  was  now 
superseded  by  one  of  a  totally  different  character,  and  yet  it 
would  seem  that  this  complete  change  had  been  accomplished 
independent  of,  and  prior  to,  the  advent  of  the  Romans.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  class  of  antiquities  found  in  Lake  Paladru 
brings  us  down  to  Carlovingian  times,  probably  as  late  as  the 
ninth  or  tenth  century.  In  pursuing  our  investigations  north- 
wards we  find  records  of  many  lake-dwellings  which,  like  these, 
are  the  products  of  later  ages  than  those  in  which  the  Swiss 
Pfahlbauten  flourished.  But,  at  the  same  time,  there  is  satis- 
factory evidence  as  regards  others  in  the  same  localities  that  they 
belonged  to  the  Prehistoric  Ages.  Professor  Virchow  (B.  165) 
considers  that,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  all  the  lake-dwellings 
of  North  Germany  were  founded  during  the  Iron  Age,  and,  like 
our  Scottish  and  Irish  crannogs,  continued  down  to  the  Middle 
Ages.  As  regards  many,  however,  no  conclusive  inferences  can  be 
drawn,  as  they  are  imperfectly  or  entirely  unexplored. 

THE    PALATINATE. 

Mr.  C.  Mehlis  (B.  400)  states  that  in  the  low-lying  land  near 
Billigheiin,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  evidences  of  a  pile- 
dwelling  have  for  many  years  been  observed.  In  one  place  piles 
were  found  in  their  original  position.  They  consisted  of  square- 
cut  oak  beams,  about  six  feet  long,  and  placed  in  the  form  of 
a  rectangle.  Near  them  were  collected  in  great  numbers  tiles 
of  a  dark-red  colour,  fragments  of  pottery  peculiar  to  the  period 
from  the  tenth  to  the  thirteenth  century,  and  bones  of  the  deer. 
In  addition  to  these  relics,  which  point  to  the  early  Middle  Ages, 
there  were  others  at  a  greater  depth  which  no  less  conclusively 
point  to  a  much  earlier  period.  These  are  described  as  implements 
of  stone  and  flint,  such  as  knives,  axes,  spear-heads,  etc. 

Other  indications  were  noticed  in  the  turf-beds  at  Landstuhl 
and  Durkheim  ;  and  below  Mayence,  Lindenschmit  has  shown  that 
a  pile-dwelling  existed  in  Roman  times.  Other  stations  are  said 
to  be  at  Wlirzburg,  Wiesentheid,  arid  Niedissigheim,  in  which  the 
bones  of  various  oxen  and  pigs  were  found  associated  with  piles. 
(400a,  p.  254.) 

DEULE-A-HOUPLIN. 

In  1876  M.  Rigaux  announced  the  existence  of  a  pile-dwelling 
in  the  marsh  of  Deule-a-Houplin,  in  the  Departement  du  Nord, 


304  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

in  which  were  found  not  only  broken  bones,  flint  objects  chipped 
and  polished,  and  pottery,  but  also  some  metal  objects.* 

MAESTRICHT    (HOLLAND). 

In  the  valley  of  the  Meuse,  near  Maestricht,  Mr.  Ubaghs  (B.  413 
describes  a  sort  of  artificial  island  composed  of  trunks  of  trees 
brushwood,  leaves,  etc.,  which  came  to  light  in  1883  in  the  course 
of  railway  excavations.  This  curious  structure  lies  close  to  the 
canal  from  Maestricht  to  Bois-le-Duc ;  and  it  appears  that  when 
this  canal,  many  years  ago,  was  being  constructed,  it  is  recorded 
that  the  workmen  had  come  upon  much  wood  and  bones,  which 
were  thrown  away  as  of  no  importance.  The  portion  now  exposed 
by  the  railway  excavations  was  about  16  feet  below  the  surface 
and  extended  parallel  to  the  canal  for  about  50  yards,  with  a 
breadth  of  11  yards,  and  Mr.  Ubaghs  estimates  that  4  or  5  yards 
more  were  destroyed  by  the  canal  operations.  The  trunks  were 
from  6  to  13  feet  long  and,  in  some  instances,  1  foot  in  diameter. 
The  larger  ones  were  underneath  and  reposed  on  a  bed  of  gravel, 
in  which  they  were  partially  embedded.  Above  the  beams  were 
decayed  branches  and  leaves,  forming  a  bed  of  vegetable  debris 
some  eight  or  nine  inches  in  thickness,  but  no  upright  piles  were 
anywhere  observed.  Mr.  Ubaghs  considers  this  was  in  former 
times  an  island  constructed  partly,  at  least,  artificially,  like  the 
Irish  crannogs  or  the  Pfahlbauten  at  Schussenried,  and  that  it 
served  as  a  dwelling-place  for  hunters,  who  left  the  remains  of 
feasts  and  broken  weapons  behind  them. 

Among  the  objects  of  archaeological  value  collected  were  the  fol- 
lowing : — Portion  of  a  human  skull,  and  various  bones  of  the  horse, 
urus,  ox,  stag,  goat,  dog,  pig,  beaver,  and  the  humerus  of  a  bird. 
The  industrial  relics  consisted  of  various  kinds  of  implements  and 
weapons  of  bone  and  staghorn,  as  harpoons,  perforated  clubs, 
daggers,  etc.,  of  which  a  few  are  here  represented  (Fig.  94).  As 
these  illustrations  are  merely  copied  from  Ubaghs'  work,  and 
are  not  drawn  to  scale,  I  give  the  respective  lengths  of  the 
objects,  viz.  (1)  15|,  (2)  10,  (3)  6J,  (4)  13£,  (5)  4|,  (6)  3,  and 
(7)  3J  inches. 

No  complete  skeleton  of  any  animal  was  found,  because,  as  Mr. 
Ubaghs  remarks,  these  hunters  only  carried  certain  portions  of 

*  Jfateriaux,  etc.,  vol.  xi.  p.  95. 


MAESTRICHT. 


305 


the  dead  animals  to  their  abodes.  It  was  also  observed  that  the 
spongy  portions  of  the  bones  had  been  gnawed  away,  probably 
by  dogs. 

To  the  portion  of  the  human  skull  (dolicko-cephalic)  there  is 
now  more  than  ordinary  interest  attached,  as  it  was  near  the  same 
spot  that  Professor  Crahay  discovered  the  celebrated  human  jaw 
known  as  the  "  Smeermaas  machoire,"  and  subsequently  described 
by  Sir  Charles  Lyell  in  his  "  Antiquity  of  Man  "  as  coeval  with  a 


Fig.  94. — MAESTRICHT. 

mammoth  tusk  found  in  the  vicinity.  The  present  skull  was 
found  11  to  13  feet  below  the  surface,  lying  upon  the  gravel  bed 
on  which  the  wooden  structures  reposed.  From  a  careful  com- 
parison of  it  with  the  "Crahay  jaw,"  now  in  the  cabinet  of 
anatomy  in  the  University  of  Leyden,  Mr.  Ubaghs  found  that  the 
two  relics  were  identical  as  to  patina,  consistency  of  bone,  and  the 
composition  of  the  material  in  which  they  were  embedded  (traces 
of  which  still  adhered  to  them),  and  he  comes  to  the  prosaic 
conclusion  that  the  two  belonged  to  the  Maestricht  crannog: 
"  Cette  machoire,  ainsi  que  les  autres  ossements  de  la  meme  pro- 
venance, ont  appartenu  a  notre  station  lacustre  pres  de  Maestricht." 
M.  Kerkhoffs*  attacks  Sir  Charles  Lyell  for  some  palpable 
mistakes  he  has  made  regarding  the  relative  positions  of  the 

*  Bvl.  Soc.  Antlt.,  1884.     (See  also  "Crannia  Ethnica":  "Les  Prehistoriques  " 
(Mortillet)  ;  Bui.  Soc.  Anth.,  1874,  22nd  Jan. 

U 


306  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Crahay  jaw  and  the  mammoth  tusk.  According  to  Sir  Charles,  the 
tusk  was  found  "  six  yards  removed  from  the  human  jaw,  in 
horizontal  distance."  *  M.  Kerkhoffs  gives  the  following  quotation 
from  Crahay's  original  notice  of  the  discovery : — "  Dans  une 
pointe  que  forme  le  plateau  de  Kaberg,  en  s'avan^ant  dans  la 
plaine,  pres  de  Smeermaas,  on  a  rencontre  dans  la  terre  argileuse  a 
6m59  au-dessous  du  sol,  la  machoire  inf^rieure  d'un  homme 
garnie  de  ses  dents,  sans  etre  accompagnee  d'aucun  autre  reste  ;  elle 
ne  semblait  pas  avoir  rou!6  ;  les  ouvriers  assurent  que  la  terre  n'y 
avait  pas  ete  remuee.  L'os  est  tres  fragile,  mais  n'a  pas  et£  dans 
cet  etat  de  mollesse  des  ossements  d'elephants ;  aussi  n'est-ce  pas 
la  meme  couche  de  terre ;  car  au-dessous  de  cette  machoire 
s'etendait  une  couche  irreguliere  de  gravier  et  de  cailloux  de  2  a  3 
metres  d'epaisseur,  au-dessous  de  laquelle  etait  placee  une  nouvelle 
couche  argileuse  dans  laquelle  on  a  trouve  des  restes  d'elephants 
a  14  metres  au-dessous  du  sol." 

From  these  remarks  it  would  appear  that  Sir  Charles  Lyell's 
account  of  the  position  of  the  macho  ire  is  neither  a  fact  nor  in 
accordance  with  Professor  Crahay's  description  of  the  conditions 
in  which  it  was  found,  as  the  tusk  is  here  described  as  having 
been  over  24  feet  deeper,  f 

NORTH  GERMANY.— (A)  MECKLENBURG. 

LATTMOOR. — The  discovery  of  lake-dwellings  in  North  Germany 
dates  back  to  the  summer  of  1863,  when  Dr.  Lisch,  Curator  of  the 
Antiquarian  Museum  at  Schwerin,  accompanied  one  Sergeant 
Biisch  to  inspect  a  peat  bog  at  a  place  called  Gagelow,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Wismar,  where  the  latter  reported  that  some  stone 
implements  had  been  found.  Dr.  Lisch  recognised  in  this  place 
the  site  of  a  lake-dwelling  and  looked  upon  the  discovery  as  one  of 
great  importance.  Soon  afterwards  Biisch,  who  was  a  member  of 
the  Antiquarian  Society  of  Schwerin,  and  took  an  active  part  in 
collecting  objects  for  the  museum,  ascertained  that  similar  remains 
were  often  met  with  in  the  peat  bog  known  as  the  Lattmoor, 

*  "  Antiquity  of  Man,"  4th  edition,  p.  241. 

•j-  In  a  footnote  on  page  241  of  his  "Antiquity  of  Man,"  Sir  Charles  states  that 
the  Memoir  of  Professor  Crahay  was  published  in  1836,  in  the  Bulletin  de 
V  Academic  Roy  ale  de  Belgique,  tome  iii.  p.  43.  I  find,  however,  that  in  this 
reference  Crahay  merely  notices  in  a  few  lines  the  finding  of  the  bones  of  the 
elephant  in  the  excavations  above  referred  to,  and  makes  no  mention  whatever  of 
the  hi  man  jaw. 


LATTMOOR   (WLSMAR).  307 

situated  about  a  mile  to  the  north  of  the  town  of  Wismar.  On 
the  4th  July,  1864,  Biisch  so  greatly  astonished  the  members  of 
the  society  with  the  number  and  variety  of  objects  he  placed  before 
them  that  Dr.  Lisch  again  accompanied  him  to  this  new  field  of 
discovery,  and  again  came  to  the  conclusion  that  it  was  the  site  of 
a  true  Pfahlbau.  Sergeant  Biisch,  to  whom  the  credit  of  these 
discoveries  was  undoubtedly  due,  became  greatly  elated  over  his 
successes,  and  continued  to  supply  Dr.  Lisch  with  the  most  extra- 
ordinary objects  from  this  lake-dwelling,  all  of  which  were  accepted 
without  exciting  the  slightest  suspicion  that  any  of  them  had  been 
falsified.  In  1865  Dr.  Lisch  published  an  illustrated  report  of  the 
Wismar  lake-dwellings  (B.  100),  and  the  subject  attracted  much 
attention  in  archaeological  circles  on  account  of  their  analogy  to 
those  in  Switzerland.  Shortly  after  the  appearance  of  Lisch's  work 
Dr.  Lindenschmit,  of  Mayence,  announced  that  certain  objects 
included  in  a  small  collection  which  Btisch  had  sent  to  him  were 
falsifications,  and  especially  pointed  out  a  bone  comb  and  some 
other  bone  objects  which  undoubtedly  came  under  this  category. 
The  doubts  thus  cast  on  the  relics  from  the  Wismar  lake-dwelling 
became  intensified  when  soon  afterwards  Biisch  got  into  trouble 
in  regard  to  some  money  matters,  which  ended  in  his  being  con- 
victed and  punished  for  forgery.  Not  only  was  there  now  doubt 
cast  upon  the  genuineness  of  the  entire  relics,  so  much  prized  at 
the  Schvverin  Museum,  but  the  very  existence  of  the  lake-dwelling 
was  called  in  question.  After  this  untoward  event  Dr.  Lisch 
became  more  cautious  and  carefully  inspected  all  the  relics  that 
had  already  come  to  the  museum,  the  result  of  which  was  that 
Biisch  had  not  only  fabricated  a  considerable  number,  but  also 
included  real  objects  of  antiquity  found  elsewhere  as  coming  from 
the  lake-dwelling.  All  the  doubtful  specimens  were  then  carefully 
eliminated  from  the  collection,  and  further  investigations  were  under- 
taken by  competent  and  trustworthy  men,  notably  Messrs.  Fromm 
and  Mann  of  Wismar.  The  result  of  this  inquiry  was  such  as  to 
leave  no  doubt  whatever  as  to  the  genuineness  of  the  Wismar 
lake-dwelling,  as  the  same  class  of  objects  continued  to  be  found 
after  the  disappearance  of  the  unfortunate  Biisch  altogether  from  the 
scene.  A  couple  of  years  later  Dr.  Lisch  published  a  second  report 
of  the  Wismar  Pfahlbau  ten  (B.  142),  in  which  he  notes  those  articles 
he  considered  to  have  been  forgeries,  chiefly  objects  of  bone  and 
horn,  in  his  previous  report,  and  incorporates  the  further  discoveries. 


308  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF     EUROPE. 

Since  1867  little  peat-cutting  has  been  carried  on  in  this  part  of  the 
moor,  and  the  antiquities  have  correspondingly  decreased.  A  final 
report  of  this  lake-dwelling  was,  however,  given  in  1873,  by  Dr. 
Lisch,  which  in  every  respect  confirms  its  previous  character. 
(B.  242.)  Professor  Virchow,  who  also  visited  the  locality  and,  with 
his  usual  critical  acumen,  investigated  the  whole  matter,  came  to 
the  conclusion  that,  notwithstanding  Btisch's  incomprehensible 
mystifications,  the  lake-dwelling  at  Wismar  was  undoubtedly  trust- 
worthy. (B.  165.) 

I  visited  the  Museum  of  Schwerin  during  the  summer  of  1888 
for  the  express  purpose  of  seeing  these  remains,  and  after  a  careful 
inspection  of  them  I  could  not  differ  from  the  conclusions  arrived 
at  by  Lisch  and  Virchow.  Moreover,  I  had  the  assurance  of  Miss 
Buchheim,  custodian  of  the  antiquarian  department,  that  there  could 
be  no  doubt  at  all  that  the  entire  collection  from  Wismar  now  in 
the  museum  was  as  genuine  as  anything  of  the  kind  in  Europe. 

The  lake-dwelling  remains  occupy  a  separate  compartment  in 
one  of  the  wall-cases.  Among  those  from  Wismar  are  32  flint 
hatchets  and  chisels  more  or  less  perfect  (Fig.  95,  No.  6),  three  per- 
forated stone  axe-heads  (Nos.  16  and  17),  eight  semilunar  flint  saws 
(Nos.  11  and  12),  one  or  two  arrow-points  (No.  20),  a  flint  dagger 
with  handle  (No.  10),  some  flint  flakes  and  a  number  of  polishers 
(No.  18).  Of  horn  and  bone  there  are  many  worked  portions, 
among  which  are  three  perforated  implements  (No.  14),  one  perforated 
bead  of  amber,  portions  of  piles  and  worked  wood,  and  a  large  heap 
of  bones.  But,  of  course,  all  the  objects  have  not  come  to  this 
museum,  as  there  are  some  described  in  Dr.  Lisch's  reports  which 
have  evidently  found  a  resting-place  in  some  other  collections. 
Among  the  relics  are  not  only  large  hollow  polishing-stones  and 
round  rubbers,  but  also  fragments  of  true  querns  or  handmills,  the 
presence  of  which  appeared  to  have  astonished  Dr.  Lisch,  as  he 
considered  the  latter  to  be  of  much  later  date  than  any  of  the  other 
associated  objects. 

Of  bronze  only  one  socketed  celt  with  side  loop  and  portion 
of  an  arm  band  are  mentioned. 

The  pottery  was  of  a  peculiar  character,  much  broken  and 
difficult  to  make  out.  One  portion,  which  is  here  represented  (No.  9), 
shows  groups  of  lines  running  up  and  down  the  bulge  of  the  vessel. 
A  few  clay  spindle-whorls  were  also  found. 

Among  the  osseous  remains  Professor  Riitimeyer  identified  the 


WISMAR   AND   GAGELOW. 


309 


15  ^y  ^-    17  •« 

Fig.  95.— WISMAR  AND  GAGELOW  (1  to  5,  7,  8,  and  19).    All  £  real  size. 


310  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

following  animals  : — ox  (Bos  taurus  and  primigenius),  sheep,  goat, 
pig  (8 us  scrofa  ferus  and  domesticus),  stag,  roe,  horse,  dog,  beaver, 
rat,  wild  duck,  seal,  tortoise,  and  pike.  A  few  human  bones  were 
also  collected. 

The  site  of  this  lake-dwelling  is  in  the  low  ground  known  as 
the  Lattmoor,  a  short  distance  to  the  north  of  the  town  of 
Wismar.  Judging  from  the  nature  of  the  locality  and  its  sur- 
roundings, all  authorities  are  agreed  that  in  prehistoric  times  it 
was  the  bed  of  an  irregularly  shaped  lake,  but  of  no  great  depth. 
The  piles  were  found  by  the  peat-cutters  in  a  somewhat  con- 
tracted portion  some  260  yards  to  the  south  of  the  Muggenburg 
tile  works.  On  excavating  into  the  accumulated  deposits  of  this 
basin  the  following  layers  were  encountered  : — (1)  ordinary  turf, 
about  5  feet ;  (2)  a  layer  of  alluvial  mould,  about  1  foot  thick  ; 
(3)  black  muddy  stuff,  containing  the  remains  of  water  plants 
for  a  depth  of  10  feet.  It  was  in  the  latter  that  rotten  piles, 
were  detected,  which  penetrated  its  whole  depth  to  the  under- 
lying glacial  clay.  These  piles  were  about  10  feet  long  and  6  or 
7  inches  thick  ;.  and  they  were  placed  about  2  feet  apart,  with 
their  present  tops  at  least  6  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  bog. 
From  the  arrangement  of  the  woodwork  Dr.  Lisch  formed  the 
opinion  that  the  huts  erected  over  them  were  both  round  and 
square,  and  he  thought  he  recognised  three  of  the  former  and  two 
of  the  latter.  The  round  huts  had  a  diameter  of  14  to  18  feet, 
and  were  placed  at  intervals  of  6  to  8  feet.  Horizontal  beams 
were  found  both  on  the  supposed  sites  of  these  huts  and  in  the 
intervals.  Leading  from  one  of  the  huts  to  the  shore  there  was 
a  line  of  seven  or  eight  large  granite  stones. 

GAGELOW. — The  site  of  the  Giigelow  lake-dwelling,  the  first 
discovered  in  North  Germany,  is  a  small  hollow  near  the  sea- 
shore a  few  miles  to  the  west  of  Wismar.  This  hollow  contained 
a  rich  deposit  of  mould,  which  Herr  Seidenschnur,  the  proprietor, 
was  in  the  habit  of  utilising  as  manure  for  his  fields.  It  appears 
that  as  early  as  1861  some  horn  objects  were  found  in  the  stuff 
taken  out  of  this  place,  which,  on  being  presented  to  the  Museum 
at  Schwerin,  then  led  Dr.  Lisch  to  make  the  suggestion  of  a 
lake-dwelling — a  suggestion  which  was  afterwards  confirmed  by 
his  visit  to  the  place  in  May,  1863. 

By  the  removal  of  the  mould  from  year  to  year,  this  hollow 
had  been  partially  converted  into  its  pristine  aqueous  condition, 


MARINE   PILE-DWELLINGS. 


311 


which,  however,  could  hardly  be  dignified  by  the  name  of  a  lake, 
being  nothing  more  than  a  pond,  some  40  yards  long  by  30 
broad.  Here  a  semicircular  area  containing  oak  piles  was 
detected,  which  measured  about  22  feet  in  diameter.  The  piles 
were  7  to  10  feet  long,  and  7  to  8  inches  thick,  and  interspersed 
among  them  were  some  horizontal  beams.  Associated  with  this 
wooden  structure  were  found  various  kinds  of  antiquities — viz. 
four  polished  or  chipped  axes  of  flint  (Fig.  95,  Nos.  2  and  3), 
two  perforated  axe-hammer  heads  of  diorite  (No.  4),  a  portion  of 
a  third  (No.  7),  and  some  flint  daggers  (No.  1)  and  flakes.  A  four- 
cornered  mortar  of  grey  basalt,  3J  inches  high  by  2J  broad 
(No.  8)  ;  the  corners  of  this  vessel  are  rounded,  and  its  surface 
neatly  polished.  A  hand-millstone  or  quern,  1  foot  in  diameter 
and  2J  inches  thick,  made  of  porous  basalt :  this  quern  had  a 
hole  in  the  centre,  with  two  swallow-tail  notches  on  each  side  for 
fixing  the  handle,  and  its  under  surface  was  worked  into  a  series 
of  narrow  grooves,  precisely  similar  to  those  of  Roman  and  post- 
Roman  times.  There  were  also  some  spindle-whorls  (No.  19), 
a  portion  of  a  clay  weight,  and  fragments  of  dishes  of  black 
and  red  pottery,  some  of  which  had  handles.  The  bones  were 
all  of  the  ordinary  domestic  animals. 

Marine  Pile-dwellings. — The  spirit  of  antiquarian  research 
aroused  in  the  neighbourhood  by  these  discoveries,  led  to  the 
recognition  of  the  remains  of  marine  pile-dwellings  (Meer- 
pfahlbauten)  in  the  bay  of  Wismar.  Attention  was  first  directed  to 
this  subject  by  Mr.  Mann,  who  pointed  out  that  for  several  years 
past  flint  hatchets,  daggers,  and  knives,  as  well  as  various  objects 
of  horn  and  bone,  and  even  bronze  implements,  were  frequently 
turned  up  by  the  dredging  machines  used  in  the  harbour.  The 
matter,  however,  excited  no  interest  among  the  workmen,  and 
thus  many  valuable  objects  were  re-deposited  in  deep  water  along 
with  the  dredged  mud.  It  was  reported  that  some  bronze  objects 
had  been  sold  to  the  smith,  Vossech,  and  melted  ;  while  others 
of  stone  and  horn  had  been  dispersed.  It  appears  also  that  at  a 
particular  place  called  the  Baumhaus  piles  of  oak  had  been  ob- 
served. In  1864  the  workmen  engaged  at  the  dredging  machines, 
having  their  attention  called  to  the  matter,  reported  the  existence 
of  piles  at  various  places  in  the  bay,  one  of  which  was  between 
the  shore  and  the  little  island  Wallfisch,  and  the  other  close  to 
the  island  Poel.  One  peculiar  horn  object  which  had  been  sent 


312  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

to  the  museum  was  supposed  to  have  been  a  Taschenbugel  or 
rim  for  a  pouch.  (B.  100,  p.  101,  and  vol.  xxix.  p.  132.) 

BUTZOW. — There  was  also,  according  to  Dr.  Lisch,  a  lake-dwelling 
in  a  turf  moor  called  the  "  Siihring,"  near  the  town  of  Biitzow. 
Here  at  a  given  place  near  the  margin  of  the  moor  the  peat-cutters 
were  occasionally  finding  antiquities  associated  with  piles,  which, 
on  being  sent  to  the  Schwerin  Museum,  led  to  the  recognition  of 
the  true  character  of  the  find.  Over  60  objects  were  collected, 
among  which  Dr.  Lisch  enumerates  the  following: — two  round 
stone  rubbers,  three  semilunar  flint  saws,  a  flint  celt,  a  perforated 
axe-head,  a  bronze  pin  three  and  a  half  inches  long,  several  objects 
of  horn  and  bone,  a  piece  of  reindeer  horn,  and  shells  of  hazel- 
nuts.  (B.  142.) 

VIMFOU. — Dr.  Weichmann-Kadow  (B.  142)  describes  a  lacustrine 
dwelling  found  in  a  small  lake  at  Vimfou,  near  Goldberg.  The 
lake  was  drained  and  converted  into  meadow  land  in  1865,  and  in 
its  former  bed  three  localities  containing  piles  had  been  observed, 
only  one  of  which,  however,  was  subjected  to  any  examination. 
This  was  near  the  middle  of  the  lake,  and  the  piles,  which  appeared 
to  have  been  the  foundations  of  a  burnt  -  down  hut,  occupied  a 
circular  area  about  12  feet  in  diameter.  Inside  the  piled  area 
were  bits  of  burnt  wood,  charcoal,  and  some  broken  pottery  and 
three  whole  vessels.  Some  of  these  vessels  were  well  made  and 
had  handles  and  a  style  of  ornamentation  which  corresponded 
with  the  early  Iron  Age.  The  only  other  remains  were  a  few 
grinding  stones  (Quetschmuhle),  some  small  round  pebbles  sup- 
posed to  have  been  used  as  draughtsmen,  bits  of  bone,  and  the 
shells  of  hazel-nuts. 

(B)    POMERANIA    AND    CENTRAL    PRUSSIA. 

RYCK. — Almost  contemporary  with  Lisch's  discoveries  in  the 
vicinity  of  Wismar  were  those  by  Von  Hagenow  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  Wiek.  (B.  97.)  Rumours  of  the  discovery  of  various 
ancient  objects  of  flint,  bronze,  and  iron,  while  the  bed  of  the 
river  was  being  deepened,  induced  Mr.  von  Hagenow  to  investigate 
the  matter.  These  reported  discoveries  extended  backwards  for  up- 
wards of  twenty  years,  embracing  the  years  1839-47-59-62  and  '64. 
It  was  only  in  the  latter  year  that  it  became  surmised  that  the 
antiquities  indicated  a  lake-dwelling.  There  was  no  doubt  of  the 
existence  of  piles,  which  Von  Hagenow  unhesitatingly  concluded 


LAKE    OF   PERSANZIG.  313 

had  been  used  for  this  purpose ;  but  others  thought  they  were 
the  remains  of  a  bridge.  Prof.  Virchow,  writing  in  1869  (B.  165), 
after  examining  into  all  the  circumstances,  was  unable  to  form  an 
opinion  or  to  decide  whether  these  remains  pointed  to  a  bridge  or 
to  a  lake-dwelling. 

HEGAR  LAKE. — This  lake  is  situated  in  the  district  of  Dramburg, 
near  Sabin,  and  in  it  were  found  many  iron  objects,  upwards 
of  100  arrow  and  lance-heads,  spurs  and  horse- bits,  associated  with 
the  remains  of  a  small  wooden  house.  No  objects  characteristic 
of  the  Stone  or  Bronze  Ages  were  found,  so  that  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  this  station  was  of  a  comparatively  late  age.  (B.  119, 
2nd  e<L,  p.  629.) 

WERBELINSEE.  —  According  to  Professor  Virchow,  this  lake 
contains  the  remains  of  a  most  interesting  pile-dwelling.  (B.  165.) 
The  lake  is  situated  not  far  from  Joachimsthal  and  Angermiinde, 
and  on  its  south  side,  near  the  village  of  Altenhof,  piles  were 
detected  which,  by  a  vague  tradition,  were  supposed  to  mark  the 
site  of  a  bridge.  Professor  Virchow,  however,  by  placing  long 
wooden  poles  in  the  water  where  the  submerged  ancient  piles  were 
observed,  demonstrated  the  existence  of  a  vast  area  which  even 
the  sceptical  boatmen  admitted  could  only  have  been  intended 
for  the  foundations  of  a  village. 

PERSANZIGERSEE. — This  lake,  according  to  Kasiski  (B.  125  and 
362),  is  situated  four  and  a  half  miles  to  the  west  of  Neustettin, 
and  formerly  covered  about  186  acres ;  but  in  1863  it  was  lowered 
some  10  feet  by  the  construction  of  a  drainage  canal,  thereby 
reducing  its  area  to  less  than  as  many  roods.  At  the  north  end 
of  the  lake,  and  170  yards  from  the  shore,  there  appeared  a  small 
island,  which  was  found  to  have  been  surrounded  by  a  remarkable 
structure  of  piles  and  cross-beams.  Sixty  yards  to  the  north  of 
this  island  there  was  a  flat  prominence,  called  the  "  Werder,"  which 
was  completely  cut  off  from  the  mainland,  partly  by  bogs  and 
partly  by  an  arm  of  the  lake  55  yards  wide.  (See  accompanying 
Sketch  Map.) 

Stretching  between  the  island  and  the  point  of  the  Werder 
the  stumps  of  a  double  row  of  piles,  doubtless  the  remains  of  a 
bridge,  were  detected.  A  similar  bridge  also  extended  from  the 
Werder  to  the  shore ;  and  to  the  south  of  this  were  the  remains  of 
a  third  bridge,  which  appears  to  have  never  been  finished,  as 
it  stopped  suddenly  short  after  reaching  some  40  yards  into  the 


314 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


lake  in  the  direction  of  the  island.  Another  row  of  piles,  com- 
mencing at  the  outer  end  of  the  bridge  which  connected  the 
island  with  the  Werder,  extended  circularly  for  a  considerable 
distance  in  the  bed  of  the  lake,  as  if  intended  to  protect  the  island. 
The  chief  point  of  interest,  however,  lay  in  the  peculiar 
structures  which  surrounded  the  island.  These  consisted  of  a 
series  of  rectangles,  some  60  in  number,  formed  of  horizontal 
beams  16  feet  long  and  8  to  12  inches  in  diameter;  they  over- 
lapped each  other  near  their  extremities,  leaving  about  18  inches 
free,  and  each  beam  had  deep  cuts  by  which  it  was  kept  in 
position,  exactly  similar  to  the  plan  used  in  the  construction  of  a 


Plan  of  Pfahlbauten 
in 

Persanzig  See 


log  house.  The  rectangular  spaces  measured  four  or  five  square 
yards,  and  had  30  or  40  piles  placed  on  both  sides  of  the  chamber- 
walls,  apparently  for  the  purpose  of  strengthening  the  horizontal 
beams,  as  shown  in  the  plan.  These  chambers  appear  to  have 
formed  a  complete  girdle  to  the  island,  but  they  were  partly 
destroyed  on  the  south  side.  The  quantity  of  wood  used  was 
enormous,  as  the  piles  alone  numbered  about  1800.  On  the  north 
side  the  structures  were  remarkably  well  preserved,  being  pro- 
tected by  a  covering  of  slime  and  rushes  eight  to  twelve  inches 
thick.  At  first  Major  Kasiski  believed  that  the  rectangles  were 
cottages,  but  subsequently,  after  comparison  with  similar  structures 
in  other  lakes  in  North  Germany,  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
they  formed  merely  the  submerged  foundations  over  which  the 
cottages  had  been  built. 

The   bridges   from   the    Insel   to   the   Werder,   and   from   the 
Werder  to  the  shore,  were  built  on  two  rows  of  piles,  8  feet  apart, 


LUBTOWSEE.  315 

and  the  piles  in  each  row  were  about  7  feet  apart.  Major  Kasiski 
inferred  from  the  remains  of  the  unfinished  bridge,  which  showed 
the  use  of  tenons  and  mortises,  that  it  was  of  later  date  than  the 
others. 

Among  the  relics  collected  on  the  island  or  amidst  its  sur- 
rounding structures  are  two  halves  of  an  upper  quern,  14  J  inches 
in  diameter  and  5  inches  thick.  The  under  side  is  concave,  and 
the  centre  hole,  which  has  a  diameter  of  1J  inches,  widens  upwards 
like  a  funnel.  Querns  have  been  found  in  several  lake-dwellings 
in  North  Germany,  as  Gagelow,  Wismar,  and  Cottbus,  in  Neumark.* 
Other  relics  consist  of  wooden  clubs,  two  portions  of  leather,  a 
skate  made  of  the  leg-bone  of  a  horse,  staghorn  hammers,  five 
sharpening-stones,  a  few  spindle-whorls  of  stone  and  clay,  a  bit 
of  coral,  seven  portions  of  worked  wood — a  shovel,  rudder,  etc. 
Of  metal  there  are  a  fragment  of  bronze  and  an  iron  hatchet. 
The  latter  implement  is  small,  measuring  only  3J  inches  long,  and 
2£  inches  wide  at  its  cutting-edge,  and  has  a  round  hole  for  the 
handle. 

The  pottery,  of  which  45  fragments  were  collected,  was  made 
of  fine  clay,  by  means  of  the  potter's-wheel,  and  from  the  variety 
of  its  ornamentation  and  characteristic  wavy  lines,  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  it  belonged  to  the  type  of  the  Burgwalle — an 
inference  which  is  greatly  strengthened  by  its  resemblance  to  that 
found  in  the  Wallberg  in  the  Raddatzsee,  a  noted  Burgwall 
situated  in  the  close  vicinity.  Illustrations  of  a  few  specimens 
of  this  pottery  are  given  on  Fig.  96,  Nos.  6  to  9. 

From  an  examination  of  the  bones  collected  the  following 
animals  were  identified,  viz.  : — horse,  ox,  goat,  sheep,  pig,  dog,  fox, 
deer,  and  roe. 

In  the  Virchowsee  a  little  to  the  north  of  Persanzig  there  is  a 
huge  Burgwall  surrounded  by  water,  in  which  the  remains  of  piles 
have  been  found.  (B.  165.) 

STREITZIGSEE. — On  the  lowering  of  this  lake  a  very  large 
assortment  of  piles  became  exposed,  but  although  several  excava- 
tions were  made,  both  by  Professor  Virchow  and  others,  no  decided 
results  were  obtained  bearing  on  their  character  and  scope. 
(B.  165.) 

LUBTOWSEE. — Another  locality  which  has  furnished  remains  of 
pile-dwellings  lies  to  the  right  of  the  Oder,  in  the  vicinity  of 

*  Das  Ausland,  1877,  p.  960. 


316  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Llibtow.  (B.  165.)  Here  the  river  Plone  traverses  a  long  lake, 
and  on  its  being  lowered  in  1859,  an  extensive  area  covered  with 
piles  bscame  visible  towards  its  northern  end.  It  is  said  that 
many  relics  were  found  among  these  piles,  some  of  which  were 
collected  by  the  proprietor ;  but  the  idea  of  their  belonging  to 
lake-dwellings  was  not  mooted  till  several  years  afterwards.  Pro- 
fessor Yirchow  visited  the  locality  in  1865,  and  again  in  1869,  and 
on  the  latter  occasion  he  made  extensive  excavations,  which  con- 
vinced him  that  this  was  a  regular  lake-settlement.  Later  on  the 
foundations  of  a  quadrangular  wooden  building  came  to  light,  from 
which,  owing  to  its  being  3  feet  under  the  late  lake  level,  Mr.  Kiihne 
inferred  that  the  lake  must  have  formerly  stood  at  a  lower  level. 
That  this  structure,  however,  as  well  as  the  piles,  belonged  to 
the  Iron  Age,  he  says  there  can  be  no  doubt  whatever,  as  the 
antiquities  collected  in  both  were  precisely  similar,  being  generally 
iron  objects,  such  as  swords,  lance  and  arrow-heads,  stirrups,  spurs, 
knives,  and  bricks  of  the  thirteenth  or  fourteenth  century.  In 
the  rectangular  building,  in  addition  to  such  objects,  were  found  a 
helmet  and  greaves.  But  what  was  considered  still  more  singular, 
there  was  found  among  the  piles  a  number  of  stone  chisels  and 
hammers,  together  with  one  bronze  celt.  (B.  119,  2°  ed.,  p.  629.) 

Adjacent  to  this  lake  at  Bonin,  and  deeply  buried  in  the 
turf,  indications  of  wooden  structures  came  to  light  which,  in 
1872,  attracted  the  attention  of  Professor  Yirchow,  who,  in  com- 
pany with  the  local  antiquaries,  made  excavations  which  revealed 
structures  analogous  to  those  in  the  Persanzigersee.  (B.  227.) 
In  excavating  they  passed  through  the  following  distinct  layers: — 
First,  5  to  8  feet  of  peat ;  second,  some  thin  layers  of  marl,  sand, 
and  mud  ;  and  third,  a  relic-bed,  2  to  4  feet  in  thickness.  The 
woodwork  appeared  to  the  investigators  to  have  been  cut  by 
sharp  metal  tools.  Among  the  relics  collected  were  four  sharp- 
cning-stones,  a  few  perforated  staghorn  hammers,  a  bone  chisel 
6£  inches  long,  some  large  horn  handles,  a  small  iron  knife,  bits 
of  leather,  fragments  of  wooden  dishes,  and  part  of  a  boat.  Pottery 
was  also  found  which  belonged  to  the  Burgwalle  type. 

SOLDINERSEE.— In  1857  this  lake  was  lowered  7  to  8  feet, 
when  two  islands  became  visible,  one  of  which  turned  out  to  be 
the  site  of  a  lake-dwelling,  and  yielded  a  considerable  number 
of  antiquities,  among  which  was  portion  of  a  reindeer  horn. 
(B.  165,  p.  407.) 


ALT    FRIESACK.  317 

In  1873  Major  Kamienski  examined  it  with  greater  care,  and 
published  a  short  notice  of  the  results.  (B.  241.)  The  island  was 
150  yards  from  the  shore,  and  measured  85  by  30  yards.  It 
contained  many  piles,  and  showed  no  evidence  of  having  been 
destroyed  by  fire.  The  relics  were  of  a  mixed  character.  With 
flint  flakes  and  broken  stone-axes  were  various  iron  objects,  as  a 
hook,  a  spear-head,  three  knife-blades,  and  three  halves  of  horse- 
shoes. There  were  also  arrow-points  of  bone,  two  portions  of 
bows,  a  clay  spindle-whorl,  a  bone  shuttle,  beautifully  worked, 
and  a  piece  of  horn  with  a  kind  of  ornamentation  cut  on  it.  The 
fragments  of  pottery  also  indicated  different  kinds.  Stones,  which 
looked  as  if  they  had  been  exposed  to  fire,  were  supposed  to  have 
been  used  as  hearths.  Among  the  osseous  remains  were  those  of 
the  ox,  pig,  stag,  roe,  fox,  bear,  beaver,  wild  boar,  and  a  single 
vertebra  of  a  fish. 

A  Burgwall  was  on  the  land  near  the  lake-dwelling — a  fact 
which  is  somewhat  significant,  as,  according  to  Virchow,  there  was 
often  a  close  connection  between  these  two  classes  of  remains. 

DABERSEE  (HINTER  POMMERN). — The  Pfahlbauten  in  this  lake 
were  shown  by  Professor  Virchow  to  be  connected  with  an  adjacent 
Burgwall  by  a  wooden  bridge.  (B.  165.)  He  also  found  that  the 
piles  were  associated  with  submerged  wooden  rectangles  similar  to 
those  already  described  in  the  Persanzigersee.  Together  with 
pottery  of  the  Burgwalle  type,  he  found  bone  skates,  an  iron 
hatchet,  and  an  ornamented  comb,  constructed  of  several  pieces 
of  bone  banded  together  with  iron  rivets.  About  this  comb  he 
remarks  that  the  teeth  were  sawn  after  the  pieces  were  put 
together — a  peculiarity  which  I  have  noted  of  the  bone  combs 
found  on  the  Ayrshire  crannogs.* 

LUBBINCHENERSEE  (KR.  GUBEN). — In  1877  a  lake-dwelling  of 
the  Slavish  period  (Spdtwendischer  und  daruber  Mittelalter- 
licher  Pfahlbciu)  was  examined  by  members  of  the  Markisches 
Museum,  in  Berlin,  from  which  they  collected  a  large  quantity 
of  iron  objects,  pottery,  bones,  etc.,  which  may  now  be  seen  in 
this  museum.  The  base  of  this  lacustrine  dwelling  was  con- 
structed precisely  similar  to  that  at  Persanzig,  and  the  beams 
had  similar  cuts  near  their  extremities,  where  they  overlapped 
each  other. 

ALT    FRIESACK    (KR.    RUPPIN). — A   similar   Slavish    Pfahlbau 

*  "Ancient  Scottish  Lake-Dwellings,"  p.  219. 


318 


LAKE- DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


was  found  at  Alt  Friesack,  from  which  there  is  now  in  the 
Markisches  Museum  a  large  quantity  of  debris — wooden  beams, 
quern-stones,  some  perforated  clay  sinkers  (Fig.  96,  No.  5),  an 
iron  hatchet  (No.  2)  with  traces  of  ornamentation  on  it,  an 
iron  oblong  ring  (No.  1),  and  pottery  with  the  characteristic 
wavy  lines  (Nos.  3  and  4). 

KLOPPSEE    (NEUMARK). — A    lake-dwelling    in    the    Kloppsee, 
near   Woldenburg,    has    yielded    a    line    black    pottery,    so    well 


Fig.  96.— FRIESACK  (1  to  5)  AND  PERSANZIG.     No.  5  =  \,  the  rest  |  real  size 

burnt  that  it  gives  a  metallic  ring  when  struck.  The  vessels 
found  here  are  well  shaped,  and  the  fragments  show  handles, 
feet,  and  well-formed  recurved  rims.  (B.  165.) 

SPANDAU. — One  of  the  most  remarkable  lacustrine  discoveries 
in  North  Germany  was  made  a  few  years  ago  (1881)  at  the 
town  of  Spandau,  near  Berlin.  Here,  in  a  flat  space  called 
Stresow,  close  to  the  river  Havel,  in  which  workmen  were 
excavating  the  foundations  of  a  military  powder-house,  oak  piles 
and  bronze  weapons  were  turned  up  from  considerable  depths. 

The  locality  was  almost  surrounded  by  the  adjacent  sluggish 
waters,  and  so  wet  that  two  pumps  had  to  be  kept  going 


SPANDAU.  319 

before  the  men  could  carry  out  the  necessary  excavations. 
From  the  sedimentary  character  of  the  deposit,  as  well  as  the 
abundance  of  freshwater  shells,  there  could  be  no  doubt  that 
formerly  the  place  had  been  occupied  by  a  lake.  There  was, 
first  of  all,  a  bed  of  peat  about  five  feet  thick,  arid  under  this 
came  a  deposit  of  mud  and  sand.  On  the  south  side  of  the 
space  being  excavated  there  was  observed  at  a  depth  of  nearly 
12  feet  a  layer  of  greenish  stuff',  mixed  with  bones,  impreg- 
nated with  vivianite,  and  through  this  layer  the  piles  were  found 
to  have  penetrated  to  the  sand  underneath.  It  was  in  the 
muddy  deposit  immediately  beneath  the  peat  that  the  tops  of 
the  piles  appeared,  and  they  were  arranged  sometimes  in 
parallel  rows,  and  sometimes  without  any  apparent  regularity. 
Some  were  of  oak,  and  others  of  soft  wood.  There  was  also 
much  timber  lying  transversely,  and  many  of  the  beams  showed 
signs  of  charring. 

The  relics  were  collected  between  and  around  these  piles,  and 
uniformly  all  over  the  area.  They  consisted  of  a  remarkable  series 
of  bronze  implements  and  weapons,  together  with  a  few  of  stone 
and  horn.  There  were  also  found  the  bones  of  tame  and  wild 
animals,  a  human  brachycephalic  skull  and  some  other  human 
bones,  a  portion  of  a  canoe,  and  a  very  small  quantity  of  pottery  of 
an  indeterminate  character.  The  bones  were  very  much  broken, 
but,  notwithstanding,  they  were  identified  as  belonging  to  the 
following  animals,  viz.  : — stag,  roe,  hare,  bear,  ox,  horse,  pig, 
and  dog.  It  is  noteworthy  that  the  reindeer  and  elk  were  both 
unrepresented. 

Relics. — It  is,  however,  the  relics  that  distinguish  this  lacus- 
trins  find  from  others  in  North  Germany,  and  these  I  shall  now 
describe  shortly : — three  swords  with  handles  (Fig.  97,  Nos.  8,  9, 
and  10),  one  sword-blade  attached  by  rivets  (No.  11) ;  an  orna- 
mented commandostab  (No.  18),  and  a  small  button-like  object, 
ornamented  with  a  running  scroll  of  double  spiral ;  three  daggers 
have  rivet-marks  and  one  has  a  tang  (Nos.  5,  6,  7,  and  12) ;  one 
dagger,  still  in  its  bronze  handle  (No.  13),  has  its  butt  end  orna- 
mented with  concentric  circles  and  spirals  characteristic  of  the 
Scandinavian  archaeological  area  ;  two  lance-heads  with  sockets 
(Nos.  4  and  17),  one  of  which  is  ornamented  with  lines  and  cross- 
bars (No.  17) ;  one  socketed  celt  (No.  3) ;  five  paalstabs  (Nos.  1 
and  2) ;  and  a  piece  of  bronze  wire. 


320 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF     EUROPE. 


Fig.  97.— SPANDAU.    Nos.  8  to  11=^,  and  the  rest  £  real  si/e  (socket 
of  No.  "17  =     . 


LAKE    OF    CZESZEWO.  321 

Of  stone  objects  there  were  two  round  grindstones  or  polishers 
(No.  15)  and  some  sharpening  stones,  a  polished  perforated  stone 
(No.  16),  a  portion  of  a  hammer  of  greenstone,  and  a  round  stone 
ball  4  inches  in  diameter,  like  a  cannon-ball. 

Five  staghorn  axe-heads,  a  disc  of  horn  perforated,  a  portion  of 
a  horn  spear,  five  bits  of  rough  unornamented  pottery,  and  a  large 
perforated  ball  of  clay.  Fragments  of  a  canoe  showing  a  length  of 
10  feet.  Report  goes  that  an  iron  implement,  and  a  portion  of  a  dish 
like  earthenware  of  the  twelfth  century,  were  found  ;  but  probably 
they  had  no  connection  with  the  bronze  objects  above  described. 
It  is  noteworthy  that  all  the  relics  are  of  a  military  character, 
there  being  among  them  no  spindle- whorls,  combs,  hair-pins,  fibulae, 
bracelets,  or  any  other  objects  that  can  be  said  to  belong  to 
domestic  life.  For  this  reason  this  lacustrine  abode  is  generally 
supposed  to  have  been  a  military  fort  like  La  Tene.  (B.  384  and 
396.) 

(c)  POSEN  AND  POLAND. 

OBJEZIERZE. — In  the  province  of  Posen  there  are  several 
localities  to  be  recorded  which  have  yielded  unequivocal  indica- 
tions of  lake-dwellings,  two  of  which,  viz.  Objezierze  and  Czeszewo, 
are  supposed  by  local  archaeologists  to  date  as  far  back  as  the  Stone 
Age.  The  former  existed  in  a  swamp  now  filled  up  with  peat, 
which  has  thus  preserved  and  concealed  piles  and  other  remains 
recently  brought  to  light  by  peat-cutters.  The  relics  collected 
from  this  place  are  now  deposited  in  the  Posen  Archreological 
Museum,  and  among  them  I  have  noted  the  following: — A  few 
remarkably  fine  knife-flakes  of  flint,  one  of  which  is  7  J  inches  long, 
a  perforated  bead,  four  large  clay  rings  (Pig.  98,  No.  8),  and  three 
flint  celts  of  the  Scandinavian  type  (No.  7).  In  the  same  turf 
moor  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  lake-dwelling  was  found  a  large 
bronze  torque  ornamented  as  shown  in  No.  9.* 

CZESZEWO  (KR.  WAGROWICE). — Although  for  many  years  the 
existence  of  piles  in  a  particular  spot  in  this  lake  was  known  to 
fishermen,  it  was  not  till  1871  that  their  true  nature  was  recognised 
by  Professor  Lepkowsky  of  Krakow.  The  lake  was  surrounded  by 
marshy  borders  and  peat  bogs,  and  at  various  times  its  level  was 
lowered,  which  thus  considerably  reduced  its  area.  Firewood  being 
scarce  in  the  district,  the  fishermen  were  in  the  habit  of  pulling  out 

*  Zt'it.fiirEthn-.,  Vcrlniwl.,  p.  39.  vol.  viii. 


322 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


the  piles,  and  in  this  way  the  structures  were  greatly  damaged 
before  a  competent  archaeologist  saw  them.  The  site  of  the 
Pfahlbau  was  near  a  large  tumulus  constructed  close  to  the 
original  lake  margin.  The  area  occupied  by  the  piles  was  in  the 
form  of  a  segment  of  a  circle,  the  base  of  which  was  250  paces  long 
and  its  greatest  breadth  75.  Transverse  beams  from  10  to  12  feet 


t 


Fig.  98.— CZESZEWO  (1  to  r>),  OBJEZIERZE  (7  to  9),  AND  LAGIEWNICKI. 
All  £  real  size. 

long  were  found  interspersed  among  the  uprights,  which  were  sup- 
posed to  have  bound  the  latter  together,  though  neither  wedges 
nails,  nor  mortises  were  detected.  It  was  observed  that  the  up- 
rights had  their  tops  charred  and  that  the  portions  remaining  were 
longer  the  farther  they  were  placed  from  the  shore,  and  hence  it  was 
supposed  that  the  dwelling  had  been  destroyed  by  a  conflagration. 
The  remains  of  human  industry  collected  from  this  station  are 


LAGIEWNICKI.  323 

now  deposited  partly  in  the  Jagellon  Museum  at  Krakow,  and 
partly  in  the  Archaeological  Museum  at  Posen.  Among  them  are 
fragments  of  pottery,  one  being  part  of  a  dish  perforated  with  small 
holes  (Fig.  98,  No.  5),  perforated  stone  and  horn  hammers 
and  axes  (Nos.  1  and  2),  one  or  two  plain  celts  (No.  6),  some 
fragments  of  clay  rings  (No.  3),  two  fragments  of  human  skulls, 
and  a  large  quantity  of  the  osseous  remains  of  different  animals. 
One  object  of  bronze  is  said  to  have  been  found  on  this  station,  and 
one  of  the  stone  implements  is  only  partially  perforated,  the  opera- 
tion having  been  unfinished.  The  stone  objects  are  made  of  dark 
granite. 

Messrs.  Kohn  and  Mehlis  have  published  a  small  photographic 
view  of  the  objects  in  the  Krakow  Museum,  but  the  more  interesting 
ones,  though  fewer  in  number,  are  at  Posen,  from  which  the 
illustrations  here  shown  are  taken.  Notices  of  this  lake-dwelling 
have  been  published  by  Count  Przezdiecki  (B.  156  and  195),  by 
Kohn  and  Mehlis  (B.  338),  and  by  Ossowski  of  Krakow  (B.  361)— 
the  last  being  in  Polish  and  French. 

GROSSESEE. — At  Alt-Gortzig,  in  the  Grossesee,  there  was 
a  small  island  which  became  visible  on  the  lowering  of  the 
lake  some  10  feet,  around  which  were  found  piles  and  the  usual 
debris  of  a  lacustrine  dwelling,  among  which  were  pottery  with 
parallel  and  wavy  lines,  charcoal,  and  an  iron  axe-head,  together 
with  numerous  osseous  remains.  (B.  228  and  352.) 

PAWLOWICE. — Mr.  Schwartz,  of  Posen,  describes  what  he  con- 
siders to  have  been  a  lake-dwelling  near  Pawlowice.  Here,  in 
a  turf-moor  which  had  formerly  been  a  lake,  he  found,  at  a 
depth  of  five  feet,  bits  of  clay  plaster,  hearthstones,  fragments 
of  cooking  vessels,  etc.*  Also  at  Kornorowo,  in  the  Bythinersee, 
indications  of  lake-dwellings  have  been  found. j- 

LAGIEWNICKI. — Another  interesting  locality,  discovered  a  few 
years  ago,  is  at  Lagiewnicki  (Posen).  Here  the  tops  of  oak  piles 
were  found  at  a  depth  of  five  feet  in  the  peat,  and  associated 
with  them  were  fragments  of  two  kinds  of  pottery — one  rough, 
like  that  used  in  the  manufacture  of  urns,  and  the  other  of 
the  Burgwalle  type.  Among  the  relics  were  a  wooden  mallet, 
a  perforated  bone  implement,  some  flint  flakes,  the  pin  of  a 
bronze  fibula  of  La  Tene  type  (Fig.  98,  No.  11),  and  a  silver 

*  Zeit.Jvtr  Etlin.,  vol.  vi.,  VcrJiand.,  p.  228. 
t  Ibid.,  vol.  x..  V.'i'hand.,  p.  52. 


324  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

necklace    (No.    10),   terminating   at   one   end   in   a   raised  button 
which  clasped  with  an  eye  at  the  other  when  fastened.     (B.  430.) 
KWACZALA.— At   the  request  of  the    Academy  of  Sciences   of 
Krakow,  Mr.  Adam  Kirkor,  curator  of  the  Archaeological  Museum 
at   Wilna,    investigated,   in    the    summer   of    1873,   a   peat-moor 
near   the   village     of    Kwaczala,  said    to    contain    pile-dwellings. 
Mr.  Kirkor  found  beams  and   piles  in   several  spots  pointed   out 
by   the   proprietor,   where    the    peat-cutters    were    said    to    have 
formerly  encountered  woodwork.     Water  came  upon  his  trenches 
at   a   depth   of  three   feet.     Both  upright  and   transverse   beams 
of  oak  were  found,  some  being  over  a  yard  in  circumference  and 
cS.1,   yards  long.     The  area  containing  structural  remains  of  wood- 
work was    70   yards    long    by   40    broad.      The    foundation   was 
of  horizontal  beams,  spread  out  in  all  directions,  which  he  con- 
cluded   to    have  been  arranged  after  some   kind   of  architectural 
principle.     There   was    a    large    quantity    of   rude    pottery,    some 
showing    linear     or    punctured    ornamentation.      Two    perforated 
axe-hammer  heads  of  stone,  and  about   300  bits  of  worked  flint 
were  collected   among  the  debris,  as    well   as  some   bones  of  the 
horse.      Altogether,    this    primitive    habitation    appears   to    have 
been    of  a  peculiar  kind.     (B.  338.) 

BIALKA  (LuBLiNER    KR.). — In   the   moor   of    Bialka,   formerly 
covered  with   water,  there   is  a   small  island  about  100  paces  in 
diameter,  on  which  tradition  says  there  was   once  an  enchanted 
castle.     Professor    Joseph    Przyborowski,  of  Warsaw,   made  some 
excavations  ou  the  island,  and   found  on  the  surface  some  tiles 
and  modern   implements,   which   so    far  confirmed   the   tradition 
of    the    ancient    castle ;     but     upon    digging    he     came     upon 
wooden  piles  at  a  depth  of  four  feet.     His  excavations  extended 
some  twenty  feet  long  and  nine  feet  wide,  and  in  the   whole  of 
this   area  he  found    numbers    of   piles,  as  well    as    cross-beams. 
Associated  with  these  wooden  structures  there  was  also   a  relic- 
bed,   entirely    distinct    from    the    superficial  layer,   on   which   he 
found  two  well-formed  flint  arrow-heads,  a  portion  of  a  perforated 
axe  of  serpentine,   some   flint  implements,  and    broken  bones   of 
edible  animals.     If  this  site  were  properly  investigated  the  author 
prognosticated  results   of  considerable  scientific  value.     (B.  338.) 
Professor    Ossowski,    in    his    "  Carte    Archeologique "  (B.  361), 
gives  the  following  sites   of   lake-dwellings,  none   of  which,  how- 
ever, hrxve  been  carefully  investigated  : — (1)    Warhdne  (Kr.  Swiec). 


ARYSSEE.  325 

This  is  a  vast  peat  deposit  from  which  neolithic  implements 
and  staghorn  hammers  have  been  extracted  from  time  to  time. 
It  was  visited  by  Ossowski  in  the  year  1878,  who  found  some 
fragments  of  pottery  and  charcoal.  But  these  merely  strengthened 
the  suspicion  that  the  antiquities  were  due  to  Pfahlbauten. 
(2)  Similar  indications  were  found  at  Kowal&wo,  in  the  district 
of  Tormi.  (3)  At  Wabrzetno,  in  the  district  of  Chelmno,  there 
is  a  small  lake,  in  which  were  found  a  primitive  vase,  a  bronze 
fish-hook,  a  stone  hammer,  and  an  implement  of  staghorn.  (4) 
Lankorsz,  district  of  Lubawa. 

(D)  EAST    PRUSSIA    AND    LIVLAND. 

In  the  eastern  districts  of  Prussia  lake-dwelling  remains  have 
been  discovered  in  the  following  places,  which  have  been  more 
or  less  investigated  and  described  in  various  archaeological  pub- 
lications, especially  in  the  Altpreussiche  Monatsschrift  :— 

ARYSSEE  (KR.  LOTZEN). — A.  M.,  vol.  iv.  p.  667 ;  xii.  p.  89  ; 
xiv.  p.  181.  Zeit.  fur  Ethn.,  vol.  xix.,  Verhand,,  p.  491. 

CZARNISEE  (KR.  LOTZEN). — A.  M.,  vol.  xiv.  p.  181  ;  vol.  xv. 
•  p.  481. 

KOCKSEE  (KR.  ROSSEL). — A.  M.,  vol.  xxii.  p.  169  ;  Zeit  fur 
Ethn.,  vol.  xvi.,  Verhand,,  p.  560. 

PROBCHENSEE  (KR.  ROSSEL). — A.  M.,  vol.  xxii.  p.  169 

QUERTZ  (KR.  HEILSBERG). — A.  M.,  vol.  xxii.  p.  169. 

BONSLACK  (KR.  WEHLAU). — A.  M.,  vol.  xxii.  p.  485. 

TULEWOSEE  (KR.  LYCK). — A.  M.,  vol.  v.  p.  750. 

SZONTAGSEE  (KR.  LYCK). — A.  M.,  vol.  xxiv.  p.  488. 

KOWNATKENSEE    (KR.    NlEDENBURGY — A.  M.,   vol.    xxiv.    pp.    168 

and  496. 

LONKORRECKERSEE    (CULMERLANDE). — A.  M.,  Vol.  X.  p.  579. 

GESERICHSEE. — Phy.  Ok.  GeseL,  1874,  Verhand.,  p.  14. 

ARYSSEE.  --  The  existence  of  the  debris  of  a  remarkable 
lake-dwelling  in  the  Aryssee  became  known  in  1863,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  discontinuance  of  a  mill  which  had  its  motive 
power  supplied  by  the  surplus  water  from  this  lake,  and  the 
subsequent  deepening  of  its  outlet,  which  had  the  effect  of 
lowering  its  level  about  seven  feet.  Its  remains  have  been 
investigated  and  described  by  various  persons,  notably  Pro- 
fessor Hey  deck,  of  Konig^berg,  who  has  made  plans  and  models 


326  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

of  its  peculiar  structure.  These,  as  well  as  a  large  collec- 
tion of  relics,  are  now  deposited  in  the  Prussia  Museum  at 
Konigsberg.  It  appears  to  have  been  a  kind  of  Packwerk. 
There  were,  first  of  all,  two  or  three  layers  of  round  timbers  lying 
transversely  to  each  other  on  the  bottom  of  the  lake  in  the 
form  of  rectangles,  after  which  their  sides  only  were  continued 
upwards  by  single  beams,  laid  successively  on  each  side,  thus 
leaving  empty  spaces  above.  These  horizontal  beams  were  kept 
in  position  by  numerous  uprights,  which  here  and  there  flanked 
them  on  both  sides,  as  well  as  by  deep  cuts  towards  their  ex- 
tremities where  they  overlapped  each  other,  precisely  similar  to  the 
plan  adopted  at  Persanzig  and  elsewhere.  This  understructure 
had  a  thickness  of  three  to  four  feet,  and  over  it  was  laid  a 
wooden  platform,  above  which  the  huts  of  its  inhabitants  were 
constructed.  Clay  floorings  were  found  over  these  platforms,  with 
evidences  here  and  there  of  fire-places.  The  relics  were  found 
both  on  the  platform  and  in  the  originally  empty  spaces,  which, 
of  course,  were  now  filled  up  with  debris.  Upon  its  first  appear- 
ance there  was  a  layer  of  from  1J  to  2  feet  of  mud  over  the 
woodwork,  but  after  its  exposure  for  some  time  the  mud  dried 
and  became  greatly  contracted.  The  central  area  of  this  structure 
measured  72  by  36  feet,  and  was  surrounded  by  three  rows  of 
piles.  A  bridge  or  gangway,  also  constructed  on  a  triple  row 
of  piles,  extended  to  the  shore,  a  distance  of  about  fifty  yards. 

At  first,  and  for  several  years  after  its  discovery,  no  metal 
objects  were  found,  and  hence  it  was  supposed  to  belong  exclu- 
sively to  the  Stone  Age ;  but  this  is  no  longer  the  case,  as 
latterly  it  has  furnished  both  iron  and  bronze  objects. 

Among  the  relics  are  the  following: — fragments  of  an  iron 
socketed  lance-head  4  inches  long,  a  large  bronze  button  If 
inch  in  diameter,  and  a  portion  of  cast  bronze.  Wooden  hooks, 
like  those  from  Robonhausen,  and  perforated  square  bits,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  floats  for  nets.  Fragments  of  pottery  and 
some  whole  dishes,  the  largest  being  18  inches  high,  showing  nail 
and  finger  marks  (Fig.  99,  No.  11),  perforated  rims  (No.  10),  and 
sometimes  handles.  A  few  flakes,  arrow-points,  and  scrapers  of 
flint  (Nos.  8  and  9).  Fragment  of  a  perforated  axe-hammer  of 
diorite  and  some  mealing  stones.  Six  perforated  horn  axes,  the 
largest  6  \  inches  long;  pointers,  pins,  two  needles,  and  various  other 
objects  of  bone  (Nos.  1  to  7).  Arrow-points  of  bone  are  3  to  4 


KOWNATKENSEE. 


327 


inches   long,  and  scrapers   1J  to   3J  inches.     Portions  of  roofing 
thatch  of  rushes,  clay  flooring,"  etc. 

CZARNISEE  AND  TuLEWOSEE. — These  two  lakes  are  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Aryssee,  and  each  contained  a  lake-dwelling  similar 
to  that  in  the  latter,  both  in  structure  and  in  the  character  of 


Fig.  99.— ARYS  AND  KOWNATKEN  (12  to  14).    No.  10 
the  rest  =     real  size. 


11  =  £,  and 


its  relics.  On  the  station  in  the  Czarnisee  were  found  a  blue 
glass  bead ;  a  partially  perforated  stone  axe,  3J  inches  long,  with 
the  core  still  remaining  ;  and  two  socketed '  iron  lance-heads. 

The  KOWNATKEN  Pfahlbau  was  also  a  Packwerk  formed  of 
round  and  split  stems.  It  extended  along  the  margin  of  the 
lake  for  abcut  seventy  paces,  and  had  a  breadth  of  twelve  at 


828  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

the  east  end,  which  became  reduced  to  seven  or  eight  at  the 
west  end.  Some  of  the  pottery  from  this  station,  of  which  frag- 
ments of  twelve  vessels  were  found,  was  ornamented  with  finger 
marks  as  well  as  string  marks  (Sehnurornament).  Among  the 
relics  are  pointers  of  bone,  one  supposed  to  be  a  skate  (Fig.  99, 
No.  14);  some  round  sling-stones;  a  well-formed  stone  hatchet 
(No.  12);  worked  flint  flakes  (No.  13);  and  sharpening  stones. 
Among  the  bones  were  those  of  the  stag,  roe,  pig,  horse,  ox,  and 
portions  of  reindeer  horn. 

The  lacustrine  dwelling  in  the  KOCKSEE  was  discovered  on 
the  lowering  of  the  lake  in  the  autumn  of  1882.  When  its  level 
had  sunk  4J  feet,  the  structure  appeared  above  the  water.  It 
was  34  yards  long  by  15  broad,  and  stretched  lengthways  along 
the  shore,  with  which  it  was  connected  by  a  bridge.  The  woodwork 
appeared  to  have  been  cut  by  inetal  tools,  although  none  of  them 
have  hitherto  been  discovered  in  the  ddbris.  The  relics  consisted 
of  fragments  of  pottery  and  a  few  stone  and  bone  objects. 

In  the  neighbouring  PROBCHENSEE  a  lake-dwelling,  in  all  re- 
spects similar  to  that  in  the  Kocksee,  has  recently  come  to  light. 

At  BONSLACK  transverse  beams  were  observed,  tied  to  the 
uprights  by  means  of  birch  thongs  (BirJcengeftecht).  From  this 
station,  some  pottery,  perforated  like  a  sieve,  and  a  rnallet  of 
wood,  are  recorded. 

In  the  SZONTAGSEE  there  was  also  a  lake-dwelling  of  the  same 
class  as  those  above  described,  the  exact  details  of  which  have 
not  yet  been  published.  From  it  there  are  several  interesting 
objects  in  the  Prussia  Museum  at  Konigsberg,  among  which  I 
have  noted  bone  pointers  and  spatuke,  a  well-formed  needle  of 
bone  with  the  eye  at  one  end,  and  a  large  bronze  button  with  a 
raised  eye. 

As  to  the  other  localities  in  East  Prussia  where  indications 
of  lake-dwellings  have  been  observed,  the  discoveries  hitherto 
made  on  their  sites  are  too  indefinite  to  merit  a  detailed  notice 
here,  and  I  shall  content  myself  with  the  references  already  given 
as  to  where  such  observations  have  been  recorded. 

ARRASCHSEE  (LIVLAND). — In  1876  Count  Sievers  announced 
the  discovery  of  a  lake-dwelling  in  the  Arraschsee,  which  was 
subsequently  visited  by  the  indefatigable  Professor  Virchow. 
This  was  a  small  circular  island,  covered  with  birch  trees 
and  bushes,  which,  on  examination,  turned  out  to  have  been  an 


GENERAL    REMARKS   ON    NORTH    GERMANY.  329 

artificially-constructed  island,  like  our  own  crannogs.  Like  them, 
also,  it  was  surrounded  by  piles,  and  its  interior  was  constructed 
of  layers  of  wooden  beams  laid  transversely  over  each  other. 
Its  structure  was  ascertained  by  digging  two  large  square  holes 
in  different  parts  of  the  island,  and  in  one  nine  lavers  of  wood 
were  counted,  and  in  the  other  six.  The  chief  relics  collected 
were  a  bronze  ring-pin,  seven  inches  long ;  a  bronze  fibula  (eine 
lettische  Fibel) ;  portion  of  a  mould ;  a  few  clay  beads ;  a  pointed 
bone  implement ;  bits  of  string  and  rolls  of  birch-bark ;  also  frag- 
ments of  grey  and  black  pottery,  with  rude  knobs  and  finger- 
marks, and  without  handles.  From  marks  on  the  woodwork  it 
was  inferred  that  iron  tools  were  used.  The  osseous  remains 
belonged  to  the  horse,  ox,  pig,  and  beaver.  (B.  292.) 


GENERAL  REMARKS  ON  THE  LAKE-DWELLINGS  OF  NORTH 
GERMANY. 

Professor  Virchow,  as  early  as  1869,  published  an  excellent 
thesis  on  the  lake-dwellings  of  North  Germany  (B.  165),  in  which 
he  maintained  that  all  of  them,  with  perhaps  one  or  two  excep- 
tions, belonged  to  a  much  more  recent  period  than  those  of 
Switzerland  and  South  Germany.  This  opinion  he  founded  on  the 
following  considerations  : — 

(1)  Though  many  objects  of  stone  and  bronze  were  found  on 
the  former,   yet   in   almost  every  case  they  were  associated  with 
others  of  a  more  recent  type,  including  iron  implements,  etc. 

(2)  The   food  refuse  contained    most  commonly  the  bones  of 
the   ordinary   domestic   animals,   those  of  wild   animals,  such  as 
reindeer,  wild  boar,  stag,  wild  goat,  and  beaver,  being  but  rarely 
met  with. 

(3)  Many  of   the  lake-dwellings  were   synchronous    with    the 
Burgwalle,  a  fact  which  was  conclusively  proved  by  their  possessing 
the  characteristic  pottery  of  the  latter,  as  was  notably  the  case  in 
the    Persanzig  lake-dwelling.      Moreover,   Virchow    showed    that 
some  of  the  Burgwalle  had  direct  communication  with  adjacent 
lake-dwellings,  as  in  the  Dabersee,  Soldinersee,  and  Kloppsee. 

Referring  to  this  subject  at  a  later  date  (1877),  at  the  eighth 
Congress  of  the  German  Anthropological  Society  (B.  306),  Virchow, 
while  reviewing  the  further  discoveries  of  lake-dwellings  in  North 
Germany,  maintained  the  general  correctness  of  his  previous 


330  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

conclusions.  These  northern  Pfahlbauten,  according  to  him,  were 
due  to  the  immigration  into  the  country  of  the  Slavish  people, 
and  bear  the  same  relation  to  the  Burgwalle  that  the  pile-dwellings 
in  Italy  do  to  the  terremare.  "  Ich  denke,"  says  he,  "  wir  werden 
uns  entschliessen  miissen,  ganz  im  Gegensatze  zu  den  stiddeutsch- 
schweizerischen  Pfahlbauten,  die  Einfuhrung  der  nordlichen 
Pfahlbauten  an  die  Einwanderung  des  Slavo-lettischen  Stammes 
anzukniipfen." 

Virchow's  opinion  is  not,  however,  universally  accepted,  as 
many  of  the  local  archaeologists  maintain  that  there  are  several 
lake-dwellings  which  have  yielded  relics  that  can  only  be  explained 
on  the  supposition  that  they  were  founded  during  the  earlier 
prehistoric  ages.  The  chief  examples  relied  on  in  support  of  their 
contention  are  those  at  Wismar,  Spandau,  Czeszewo,  Objezierze, 
and  Aryssee. 

After  carefully  examining  the  relics  from  all  these  stations  I 
must  admit  that  much  could  bo  written  on  both  sides  of  this 
controversy.  Notwithstanding  the  number  of  typical  objects  of 
the  Stone  Age  from  Wismar  and  Gagelow,  Dr.  Lisch  records  that 
along  with  them  were  portions  of  querns.  Now,  querns  are  never 
found  among  the  remains  of  the  Swiss  lake-dwellings,  nor  am  I 
aware  of  their  existence  in  any  prehistoric  remains  in  northern 
or  western  Europe  prior  to  Roman  times.  The  station  at  Spandau, 
if  it  be  considered  a  true  Pfahlbau,  was  undoubtedly  of  the  Bronze 
Age.  Czeszewo  and  Objezierze  have  yielded  a  considerable 
quantity  of  Stone  Age  relics,  with  scarcely  any  of  the  succeeding 
ages.  Only  one  bronze  object  is  said  to  have  been  found  on  the 
former,  and  from  the  latter  there  is  in  the  Museum  of  Posen  a 
bronze  torque  (Fig.  98,  No.  9),  which  was  found  at  a  little  distance 
from  the  lake-dwelling.  As  regards  the  Aryssee  and  its  neigh- 
bouring lakes  of  Czarni  and  Tulewo,  with  their  respective  lake- 
dwellings,  all  of  which  are  of  the  Packwerk  type,  Professor 
Heydeck  relies  largely  on  the  presence  of  pottery  with  string  and 
finger  ornamentation,  as  a  proof  of  their  antiquity,  in  addition  to 
the  ordinary  stone  celts,  horn  clubs,  etc.  ;  but  yet  along  with  them 
were  found  iron  lance-heads  and  a  blue  glass  bead  (Czarnisee). 
Similarly  in  the  Packwerk  in  the  Kownatkensee,  polished  stone 
celts,  pottery  with  finger  marks  and  Schnur  ornament,  and  portion 
of  a  reindeer  horn,  were  found  associated  with  a  bone  skate,  and 
the  osseous  remains  of  the  domestic  animals,  as  the  horse,  pig, 


BURGWALLE.  331 

ox,  etc.  In  attempting,  therefore,  to  estimate  the  chronological 
range  of  these  lake-dwellings  from  an  examination  of  their  con- 
tents, which  (being  unnoticed  in  the  early  annals  of  the  country) 
is  the  only  available  means,  the  mixed  character  of  these  relics 
presents  a  considerable  difficulty — a  difficulty  which,  as  we  shall 
afterwards  see,  is  equally  applicable  to  the  Scottish  and  Irish 
crannogs.  But,  whatever  doubts  may  be  cast  on  their  antiquity 
and  early  origin,  there  can  be  none  as  to  the  comparatively  late 
occupancy  of  many  of  them.  A  bone  skate  and  a  comb  made  of 
square  bits  bound  together  by  cross  pieces,  and  showing  that 
the  teeth  were  cut  by  a  saw  after  the  pieces  were  put  together, 
precisely  as  may  be  seen  in  the  combs  from  the  Scottish  crannogs 
and  the  terp-mounds  of  Holland,  were  found  by  Virchow  in  the 
Dabersee  Pfahlbau.  Iron  hatchets  (Dabersee,  Persanzigsee,  and 
Alt  Friesack),  horse-shoes,  and  other  iron  implements  (Soldiner- 
see),  pottery  of  Slavish  type  (Bonin,  Kloppsee,  Persanzig,  etc.), 
leather  (Bonin),  and  even  armour  and  bricks  of  the  thirteenth 
century  (Llibtowsee),  leave  no  doubt  as  to  their  almost  mediseval 
character. 

Reindeer  horns  were  found  at  Butzow,  Soldinersee,  and  Kow- 
natkensee ;  but  these  objects  do  not  necessarily  indicate  great 
antiquity,  as  this  animal,  though  not  referred  to  in  the  early  annals 
of  North  Germany,  is  stated  to  have  been  an  inhabitant  of  the 
country  in  the  time  of  Caesar. 

The  undoubted  contemporaneity  of  many  of  these  lake-dwellings 
with  the  Burgwalle  opens  up  a  field  of  research  of  considerable 
importance  to  European  archeology ;  but  their  exact  chronological 
relationship  still  remains  an  obscure  problem,  owing  chiefly  to  the 
mystery  which  surrounds  the  latter. 

( Eurgwdlle  or  Rundwdlle  is  the  general  name  given  to  the  remains  of  a 
remarkable  class  of  prehistoric  constructions  found  scattered  over  the  larger 
portion  of  middle  and  north-western  Europe,  embracing  the  southern  parts 
of  Russia  around  the  shores  of  the  Black  Sea,  Roumania,  Bulgaria,  Tran- 
sylvania, Hungary,  Austria,  Bohemia,  Poland,  North  Germany,  France, 
Great  Britain,  and  the  southern  parts  of  Scandinavia.  Their  foundations 
now  only  remain  and  these  show  that  the  structures  were  generally  circular 
or  oval,  but  sometimes  square  and  semicircular.  They  may  be  divided 
into  three  kinds,  according  to  the  materials  of  which  their  foundations  are 
constructed,  viz.  : — earth,  stones  or  stones  in  vitrified  condition  (Erd-, 
Stein-  und  Schlackenwdlle).  Their  sizes  vary  from  20  to  100  paces  in 
diameter,  and  their  height  from  10  to  30  feet,  and  they  contained  one, 


332  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

two,  or  sometimes  three  walls.  Those  made  of  earth  were  circular  and 
generally  situated  in  swampy  land,  or  in  countries  where  stones  were  not 
readily  accessible.  The  Steinwalle  were  in  hilly  districts  and  varied  in 
form  according  to  the  nature  of  the  ground.  Sometimes  they  assumed  the 
irregular  outline  of  a  promontory  or  peninsula  in  a  lake,  at  other  times,  espe- 
cially when  placed  on  an  overhanging  cliff,  they  were  mere  semicircles.  These 
of  vitrified  materials  are  of  special  interest  to  Scottish  archaeologists  owing 
to  the  number  of  vitrified  forts  in  Scotland.  They  are  not  very  numerous 
on  the  Continent,  Saxony  and  Bohemia  containing  the  largest  number.  In 
the  former  country  eight  are  known,  viz.  : — Schafberg  by  Lobau,  Rothstein 
by  Sohland,  Stromberg  by  Weissenberg,  Landeskrone  by  Gorlitz,  Brand- 
wall  by  Blumberg,  Koschiitz  near  Dresden,  Burgberg  by  Lichtenberg,  and 
Vorberg  by  Kirchberg.  According  to  Jelinek,  Bohemia  is  rich  in 
Schlackenwalle,  those  best  known  being  near  Katovic,  Bukovec,  Litoradic, 
Hradiste  von  Hostem,  Hradiste  bei  Strakonic,  Hradec  bei  Domanic 
Burgberg,  Vladar,  etc.  ("Schutz-  und  Wehrbauten."  p.  102).  Instances  also 
occur  in  Silesia,  Thuringian  Forest,  Rhine  district,  Brittany,  and  Normandy. 

The  Burgwalle,  like  their  analogues  in  the  British  Isles,  have  not  yet 
been  systematically  investigated.  From  the  character  of  the  relics  found 
in  those  that  have  been  explored  in  North  Germany  they  are  divided  into 
Vorslai'isch,  Slavisch  and  Spdtslavisch,  a  distinction  which  has  been 
suggested  by  the  unique  character  of  Slavish  pottery.  These  Slavish 
dishes  are  always  without  handles,  but  of  well-burnt  pottery,  and  when 
ornamented  the  ornamentation  is  in  wavy  lines  running  parallel  to  the 
rim  forming  the  characteristic  Wellenlinie. 

Many  of  these  remains  have,  of  course,  now  entirely  disappeared  in  the 
interests  of  agriculture,  but  their  number  still  remaining  is  very  great. 
In  Eastern  Germany  Dr.  R.  Behla*  describes  and  tabulates  no  fewer  than 
1,100.  They  are  more  numerous  in  the  fertile  districts.  In  Oberlausitz, 
in  one  district  measuring  9  miles  long  by  3  to  16  broad,  they  number  100, 
and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Bautzen  within  a  one  mile  circle  20  can 
be  counted.* 

It  is  probable  that  the  material  used  in  the  upper  structures  of  the  Burg- 
walle was  wood,  which,  of  course,  has  now  completely  decayed,  except  in 
some  special  conditions,  as  in  swampy  ground  where  wooden  piles  were 
used  in  their  foundations.  This  is  another  point  of  contact  between  these 
buildings  and  the  lake-dwellings  which  has  not  been  overlooked  by 
archaeologists.  Virchow  describes  the  Burgwall  of  Potzlow,  and  that  of 
Zahsow  near  Cottbus,  as  constructed  over  former  Pfahlbauten  ;f  and, 
indeed,  the  town  of  Cottbus  seems  to  have  been  altogether  built  over 
piles,  as,  wherever  diggings  have  been  made,  piles  are  met  with,  and  in 
this  way  a  finely  ornamented  quern  was  found. }  Wooden  substructures, 

*  "  Die  vorgeschichtlichen  Rundwalle  in  ostlichen  Deutschland."     Berlin,  1888. 
f  Xflt.  fiir  Eth.,  vol.  vi.,  VerhanA.,  p.  115,  and  vol.  vii.,  Verhand.,  p.  127. 
\  Ibid.,  vol.  ix.,  lrc'rha?id..p.  449. 


MARINE    DWELLINGS.  333 

in  the  form  of  a  platform  or  Packwerkbau,  have  also  been  observed 
and  recorded  in  many  places,  as  at  Schlieben,  Gross  Topola  (Posen),  the 
Labenzsee,  Westpreussen.*  Moreover,  those  in  boggy  places  were  ap- 
proached by  means  of  wooden  gangways,  the  remains  of  which  have  been 
frequently  met  with  in  the  form  of  a  double  row  of  piles,  f) 

ANCIENT     MARINE     DWELLINGS     ON     THE     COASTS     OF 
HOLLAND     AND     WESTERN     GERMANY. 

Notwithstanding  the  striking  and  singular  appearance  the 
Swiss  lake-dwellings  must  have  presented  to  foreigners  and 
strangers,  it  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  Roman  writers  are  entirely 
silent  about  them.  Nor  can  this  silence  be  accounted  for  on  the 
supposition  that  the  lake-dwellings  had  entirely  come  to  an  end 
prior  to  Roman  times,  as  several  of  them  have  furnished  antiquities 
whose  Roman  origin  cannot  be  mistaken.  Some  archaeologists 
think  they  recognise  in  the  representation  of  a  Dacian  village 
on  the  Column  of  Trajan  a  true  pile- village  (B.  164) ;  but  this  is 
doubtful,  and,  even  if  true,  it  is  but  a  very  meagre  evidence  of 
the  custom,  and  leaves  the  problem  of  the  lake-dwellings  as 
mysterious  as  ever.  Such  reticence  on  the  part  of  classical  writers 
doss  not,  however,  extend  to  the  class  of  ancient  remains  I  am 
now  about  to  describe. 

Pliny  very  distinctly  states  that  the  Chauci  (Frisians  and 
other  races  along  the  coast  of  the  German  Ocean)  were  in  the 
habit  of  constructing  artificial  mounds,  on  which  they  built  their 
houses  so  as  to  be  beyond  the  influence  of  the  waves  and  tides. 
The  following  passage  from  his  "  Natural  History  "  J  will  be  read 
with  interest  in  relation  to  the  recent  discoveries  that  have  been 
made  in  the  localities  referred  to. 

"  I  have  myself  personally  witnessed  the  condition  of  the 
Chauci,  both  the  Greater  and  the  Lesser,  situate  in  the  regions  of 
the  far  north.  In  these  climates  a  vast  tract  of  land,  invaded  twice 
each  day  and  night  by  the  overflowing  waves  of  the  ocean,  opens 
a  question  that  is  eternally  proposed  to  us  by  Nature,  whether 
these  regions  are  to  be  looked  upon  as  belonging  to  the  land,  or 
whether  as  forming  a  portion  of  the  sea  ? 

"Here  a  wretched   race  is  found,  inhabiting  either  the  more 

*  Behla,  "Die  vcrgeschichtlichen  Rundwalle,"  p.  8. 

f  Ibid.,  p.  22. 

J  "  Nat.  Hist,"  lib.  xvi.  1. 


334  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

elevated  spots  of  land,  or  else  eminences  artificially  constructed, 
and  of  a  height  to  which  they  know  by  experience  that  the  highest 
tides  will  never  reach.  Here  they  pitch  their  cabins  ;  and  when 
the  waves  cover  the  surrounding  country  far  and  wide,  like  so 
many  mariners  on  board  ship  are  they  ;  when,  again,  the  tide 
recedes,  their  condition  is  that  of  so  many  shipwrecked  men,  and 
around  their  cottages  they  pursue  the  fishes  as  they  make  their 
escape  with  the  receding  tide.  It  is  not  their  lot,  like  the  adjoining 
nations,  to  keep  any  flocks  for  sustenance  by  their  milk,  nor  even 
to  maintain  a  warfare  with  wild  beasts,  every  shrub,  even,  being 
banished  afar.  With  the  sedge  and  the  rushes  of  the  marsh  they 
make  cords,  and  with  these  they  weave  the  nets  employed  in  the 
capture  of  the  fish ;  they  fashion  the  mud,  too,  with  their  hands, 
and  drying  it  by  the  help  of  the  winds  more  than  of  the  sun, 
cook  their  food  by  its  aid,  and  so.  warm  their  entrails,  frozen  as 
they  are  by  the  northern  blasts ;  their  only  drink,  too,  is  rainwater, 
which  they  collect  in  holes  dug  at  the  entrance  of  their  abodes  ; 
and  yet  these  nations,  if  this  very  day  they  were  vanquished  by 
the  Roman  people,  would  exclaim  against  being  reduced  to 
slavery  !  Be  it  so,  then — Fortune  is  most  kind  to  many,  just  when 
she  means  to  punish  them." 

Notwithstanding  the  preciseness  of  Pliny's  description  and  the 
fact  that  for  several  centuries,  since  the  great  sea-dykes  were 
erected,  the  scattered  remains  of  these  mounds  have  been  accessible 
on  dry  land,  they  have  only  quite  recently  attracted  the  attention 
of  archaeologists.  I  consider  their  investigation  important,  not 
only  for  the  large  amount  of  industrial  remains  they  contain,  but 
for  supplying  a  missing  link  in  the  evidence  of  continuity  in  the 
European  habit  of  constructing  pile-dwellings. 


TERPEN    (WEST   FRIESLAND). 

Before  the  construction  of  the  great  sea-dykes  in  Holland 
nearly  the  whole  of  West  Friesland  would  have  been  in  that 
hybrid  condition  described  by  Pliny  in  which  it  was  difficult  to 
say  whether  it  belonged  to  sea  or  land  (dubiumque  terrce  sit, 
an  pars  maris).  At  the  present  time,  however,  these  lands  are 
richly  cultivated  and  look  as  if  they  were  a  dead  level.  It  is 
only  on  close  inspection  that  the  monotony  is  relieved  by  certain 
elevations  of  considerable  extent  called  Terpen,  whose  summits  rise 


TERPEN.  335 

to  about  the  level  of  the  larger  dykes.  These  mounds  are  situated 
at  more  or  less  regular  intervals,  so  that  if  the  tides  by  any 
calamity  had  free  scope,  they  would  appear  as  so  many  islands 
scattered  over  the  country.  It  is  on  such  elevations  that 
modern  churches  and  villages  are  generally  built,  and,  till  they 
accidentally  attracted  the  attention  of  agriculturists,  nobody 
seemed  to  think  anything  about  their  origin.  A  few  years  ago 
it  was  discovered  that  their  interior  was  composed  of  a  rich 
amrnoniacal  deposit  which  agriculturists  found  valuable  as  a 
fertilising  agent  when  spread  over  their  fields.  The  excavation 
of  this  substance  for  manuring  purposes  now  forms  an  important 
industry,  and  any  landed  proprietor  who  happens  to  own  a 
workable  terp — i.e.  one  free  of  buildings — is  on  the  way  to  realise 
a  small  fortune.  When  a  terp  is  found  suitable  for  being  excavated 
they  generally  commence  by  digging  a  canal  close  up  to  its  base, 
sufficiently  large  to  admit  of  the  passage  of  good-sized  boats.  The 
boats  are  then  easily  loaded  with  the  stuff  and  so  it  is  conveyed 
to  all  parts  of  the  country.  As  the  workings  advance  the  canal 
is  also  advanced,  so  that  the  boats  are  always  in  close  proximity 
to  the  diggings.  In  the  course  of  these  operations,  bones  and 
horns  of  various  animals,  pottery,  and  other  relics  of  human 
industry,  were  occasionally  turned  up. 

By  degrees  these  repeated  discoveries  attracted  the  attention  of 
antiquaries,  and  Dr.  Pleyte,  of  Leyden,  is  now  publishing  a  large 
illustrated  work  on  the  antiquities  of  Holland  (B.  301),  in  which 
a  conspicuous  place  is  given  to  the  terp-mounds  and  their  contents. 
It  is,  however,  to  some  of  the  office-bearers  of  the  Museum  of  the 
Friesch  Genootschap  at  Leeu warden,  more  especially  Mr.  Corbelijn 
Battaerd,  its  conservator,  that  I  am  indebted  for  much  of  my  in- 
formation on  the  subject.  In  this  museum  are  stored  up  most 
of  the  objects  hitherto  found  in  the  terp-mounds,  and  the  col- 
lection, already  unique  of  its  kind,  is  daily  and  rapidly  increasing, 
as  orders  have  been  issued  in  regard  to  many  of  them  that  no 
relics  are  to  be  disposed  of  without  being,  in  the  first  place,  sub- 
mitted to  the  authorities  of  the  museum. 

Like  most  countries,  the  early  traditions  of  Holland  have  been 
forgotten  or  ignored,  and  in  its  annals  little  mention  is  made  of 
the  terpen.  In  explanation  of  the  origin  and  early  use  of  the 
word,  Dr.  Pleyte  quotes  from  Ocko  van  Scharl  a  passage  to 
the  effect  that  one  of  the  ancient  kings  of  Friesland,  named 


336  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Adgillus,  who  reigned  towards  the  end  of  the  sixth  century,  had 
caused,  on  account  of  the  ravages  of  an  inundation  which  took 
place  four  years  prior  to  his  accession,  a  large  number  of  elevated 
places  to  be  formed,  so  as  to  give  shelter  to  man  and  beast  in 
the  event  of  a  recurrence  of  this  danger.  These  mounds  were 
then  called  Terpen. 

Mr.  Dirks,  president  of  the  Friesch  Genootschap,  as  early  as  1871 
characterised  these  mounds  as  analogous  to  the  terramara  beds 
of  North  Italy  ("  ce  sont  des  terramares  historiques ") ;  *  but  it 
remained  to  Professor  Pigorini  of  Rome  to  show  that  they  were 
identical  as  regards  internal  structure.  This  he  did  in  1881 
(B.  37 2c),  after  a  visit  to  one  at  Aalzum  which  was  then  being 
excavated,  when  he  showed  that  there  was  a  circumscribing 
dyke,  and,  althoujh  no  actual  pile 3  were  then  visible,  he  was 
informed  by  the  proprietors  that  such  wooden  structures  had 
been  occasionally  met  with.  Prior  to  his  visit,  it  appears  that 
no  special  attention  was  directed  to  these  structural  remains. 
From  all  he  could  learn,  however,  on  this  point,  and  especially 
from  a  consideration  of  the  stratified  arrangements  of  the  debris, 
Pigorini  concluded  that  the  deposits  were  due  to  pile-dwellings, 
and  had  accumulated  under  presisely  similar  conditions  to  the 
terremare,  in  regard  to  which  he  is  such  a  distinguished  authority. 

The  terp  at  Aalzum  is  still  being  systematically  excavated, 
and,  though  only  as  yet  partially  cleared  off,  its  results,  from  an 
archaeological  point  of  view,  are  now  second  to  none  of  the  kind 
in  Holland.  Moreover,  the  excavations  are  conducted  on  an 
extensive  scale,  and  the  locality  is  readily  accessible.  I  can, 
therefore,  conceive  of  no  better  means  of  conveying  to  you  some 
knowledge  of  the  nature  and  structural  phenomena  of  these 
remarkable  deposits,  than  by  detailing  the  facts  which  came 
under  my  own  cognisance  during  a  visit  I  made  this  summer  to 
the  same  spot  under  the  guidance  of  my  excellent  friend,  Mr. 
Battaerd. 

The  terp  lies  about  a  mile  to  the  north  of  the  town  of 
Dokkurn,  some  twelve  miles  from  Leeu warden,  and  four  or  five 
from  the  sea-shore.  In  approaching  the  locality  from  Dokkum 
there  was  little  to  attract  special  notice  beyond  the  usual  Dutch 
scenery— canals,  rich  meadows,  herds  of  splendid  cattle,  and  here 
and  there  some  well-cultivated  cornfields.  In  front  of  us  a  sliglit 

*_  Inter.  Cong.  d'Anthrnjt.  ct  tFArclt.,  828.  V.,  p.  212. 


TERPEN.  337 

elevation  could  be  discerned,  crowned  by  a  small  church  in  the 
midst  of  a  clump  of  trees,  the  surroundings  of  which  were  neatly 
hedged  meadows  and  cornfields.  As  we  advanced  towards  this 
church,  and  within  a  few  hundred  yards  of  it,  we  entered  on  a 
sloping  road,  as  if  raised  on  a  dyke,  but  on  each  side  the  land 
was  perfectly  flat  and  bearing  a  splendid  crop :  here  a  field  of 
magnificent  beans,  and  there  an  equally  promising  one  of  wheat. 
These  fields,  said  Mr.  Battaerd,  were  formerly  part  of  the  terp- 
mound  from  which  the  fertilising  stuff  has  already  been  removed, 
but  this  road  was  left  undisturbed,  so  that  we  are  now  actually 
walking  on  a  portion  of  its  surface.  By-and-by  we  came  in  sight 
of  heaps  of  clayey  stuff,  the  tops  of  which  sparkled  with  reflected 
light,  and  in  their  midst  were  to  be  seen  the  masts  and  rigging 
of  three  boats.  Those  whitish  clay-like  heaps,  said  Mr.  Battaerd, 
formed  the  surface  soil,  which,  being  of  no  commercial  value,  had 
to  be  wheeled  off  before  the  saleable  deposits  could  be  got  at. 
At  last  the  actual  workings  were  reached,  and  we  found  ourselves 
in  front  of  a  perpendicular  section  some  15  or  18  feet  high, 
from  which  men  and  women  were  busily  engaged  in  loading  the 
boats.  Uppermost  in  my  thoughts  was  the  paramount  question 
of  the  existence  of  upright  piles,  which,  it  will  be  remembered, 
Pigorini  had  not  actually  seen.  Great  was  my  delight  when,  at 
the  very  first  glance,  my  eye  detected  an  undoubted  pile  of  oak 
just  in  face  of  the  cutting.  Close  by  it  I  soon  found  another 
and  as  we  moved  along  numbers  were  observed,  some  soft  and 
yielding,  scarcely  offering  any  resistance  to  the  spade  ;  and  others 
of  oak  very  hard  in  the  centre,  but  more  decayed  and  ragged- 
like  than  those  I  have  been  in  the  habit  of  seeing  among  the 
lake-dwelling  remains.  Those  seen  in  this  section  differed  con- 
siderably in  size ;  and  I  observed  that  some  penetrated  deeper 
than  others.  At  a  little  distance  lay  a  heap  of  oak  beams  which 
had  recently  been  removed  from  the  trenches — one  of  which  I 
measured  and  found  it  to  be  four  yards  in  length,  and  from  six  to 
eight  inches  thick.  Upon  inquiry,  I  ascertained  that  these  beams 
lay  horizontally,  and  about  half  way  down,  in  the  stratified  stuff. 
Those  who,  like  Professor  Pigorini,  are  acquainted  with  the 
structural  features  of  the  terremare  of  Northern  Italy,  will  not  be 
surprised  at  the  comparative  rarity  with  which  piles  are  met  with 
in  the  terpen,  because  of  the  rapidity  with  which  timbers,  when 
buried  in  dry  earth,  decay  and  disappear  altogether,  leaving  in 
w 


338  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

many  instances  no  traces  whatever  behind  them.  This  fact  was 
strikingly  shown  by  Chierici,  who  produced  positive  evidence  of 
the  former  existence  of  piles  in  the  upper  strata  of  some  of  the 
terremare,  by  showing  that  the  holes  left  by  the  piles,  after  the 
woody  fibre  had  completely  disappeared  by  decomposition,  had 
become  subsequently  filled  up  by  dust  and  infiltrated  material, 
which  ultimately  became  hardened,  and  so  retained  the  actual 
form  of  the  original  piles.  (See  page  248.)  In  short,  natural  casts 
of  the  original  piles  were  accidentally  formed,  which  thus  dis- 
closed a  knowledge  of  their  former  existence,  which  otherwise 
might  never  have  been  suspected.  To  the  soundness  of.  this 
deduction  I  have  myself  unconsciously  contributed  by  an  observa- 
tion which  I  made  some  years  ago,  while  digging  at  the  crannog  of 
Lochspouts,  and  having  recorded  it  I  may  perhaps  be  allowed  here 
to  repeat  my  words.  "  One  day  I  was  greatly  puzzled  by  finding 
what  was  evidently  a  portion  of  a  birch  tree,  from  6  to  9  inches  in 
diameter,  quite  flat,  and  with  scarcely  any  wood  left  inside  the 
thick  bark.  In  no  instance  previously  had  I  seen  the  evidence  of 
pressure  on  logs  of  this  size  ;  but  after  carefully  considering  the 
point  it  was  ascertained  that  such  effects  occurred  only  in  the 
upper  portion  of  the  mound,  and  above  the  log  pavement,  where 
the  wood  had  been  exposed  to  atmospheric  influences,  so  that 
when  the  woody  fibres  rotted  away  the  flattening  of  the  bark  was 
easily  produced.  All  the  logs  found  buried  in  water  or  mud 
retained  their  original  dimensions  and  showed  no  trace  of  having 
yielded  to  superincumbent  pressure."  * 

The  absence  of  piles  and  wooden  structures  from  many  of  these 
mounds  is,  therefore,  no  proof  that  they  have  not  formerly  existed  ; 
and,  indeed,  it  is  difficult  to  account  for  the  horizontality  and 
regularity  of  the  beds  on  any  other  hypothesis. 

While  I  wandered  about  amidst  the  various  sections  presented 
by  the  progressive  stages  of  the  excavations,  wondering  at  the 
distinctness  of  the  strata,  or  picking  up  stray  objects  from  the 
debris,  such  as  mussel  shells,  bits  of  bone,  fragments  of  pottery, 
etc.,  which  were  to  be  found  here  and  there  sticking  in  the  face  of 
the  cuttings,  my  friend,  Mr.  Battaerd,  was  deeply  occupied  in 
examining  a  heap  of  bones,  which  lay  weathering  in  a  sunny 
corner.  Having  joined  him  in  his  osteological  study,  I  found  that 
the  chief  point  of  attraction  was  the  head  of  a  urus  (Bos 

*  "Ancient  Scottish  Lake-Dwellings,"  p.  273. 


TERPEN.  339 

primigenius)  of  great  size,  and  with  splendid  horn  cores — the 
finest  example,  according  to  Mr.  Battaerd,  that  had  yet  found  its 
way  to  the  museum. 

The  land  close  to  the  brink  of  the  section,  and  extending  over 
a  considerable  portion  of  the  mound,  was  occupied  by  growing  corn, 
and  hence  its  dimensions  can  only  be  approximately  stated.  The 
proprietors,  Messrs.  W.  and  J.  Bierma,  obligingly  accompanied  us, 
and  one  of  them  assured  me  it  could  not  be  less  than  from  three 
to  four  hundred  yards  in  diameter.  Its  greatest  height  above  the 
water  in  the  canal  was  18  feet,  but  of  course  the  level  of  the 
canal  water  is  considerably  lower  than  that  of  high  tide  in  the 
open  sea.  The  commercially  valuable  stuff  commenced  some  3  or 
4  feet  below  the  surface,  and  continued  without  interruption  to 
within  a  few  feet  of  the  canal  water.  It  was  in  this  intermediate 
portion  that  the  relics  were  found :  but  their  exact  position, 
especially  that  of  the  smaller  objects,  was  seldom  determined, 
as  it  was  generally  after  the  stuff  had  become  partially  broken 
up  during  transport  that  they  were  found. 

The  stuff  in  situ  was  distinctly  stratified,  forming  layers  of 
various  thicknesses,  from  a  finger  breadth  up  to  3  or  4  inches, 
or  sometimes  more,  which  in  some  instances  could  be  continuously 
traced  for  long  distances.  Sometimes  they  shelved  out  altogether, 
and  others  commenced.  Here,  a  bed  of  fibrinous  matter,  in 
which  quantities  of  the  partly  decomposed  fibres  of  flax  could 
be  readily  recognisable  ;  there,  a  thickish  deposit  of  a  brownish 
glutinous  stuff*  like  peat.  Charcoal  and  ashes  permeated  the 
whole,  and  showed  themselves  sometimes  as  distinct  layers.  Clay 
and  sand  were  also  largely  mixed  with  these  deposits,  and 
occasionally  assumed  the  form  of  distinct  and  separate  beds. 

Having  so  far  satisfied  ourselves  as  to  the  structural  arrange- 
ments of  the  mound,  and  the  disposition  of  its  contents,  we 
walked  up  to  the  church,  which  is -but  a  short  distance  from 
the  workings.  This  small  edifice  is  surrounded  by  a  burying 
ground,  and  among  the  gravestones  are  some  ancient-looking 
ones.  Mr.  Battaerd  informed  me  that  it  dates  as  far  back  as 
the  eleventh  century. 

It  is  calculated  that  there  are  altogether  about  150  of  these 
mounds  in  West  Friesland  alone,  and  that  of  these  about  the 
half  have  been  more  or  less  examined,  some  being  now  entirely 
cleared  away.  They  are  also  to  be  found  in  the  province  of 


840  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Groningen  and  some  other  parts  of  Holland.  Dr.  Dirks  states 
that  the  town  of  Leeuwarden  is  built  over  two  terp-mounds ;  * 
and  Dr.  Pleyte  informed  me  that  he  has  reason  to  believe  that 
the  town  of  Leyden  also  reposes  on  similar  deposits. 

RELICS  (Fig.  100). — The  relics  of  human  industry  collected 
from  the  terpen  are  very  varied  and  numerous.  Of  these  the 
following  notes  and  illustrations,  taken  chiefly  from  the  large 
assortment  in  the  Leeuwarden  Museum,  will  serve  to  convey  some 
general  idea  of  the  social  economy  which  prevailed  among  the 
occupiers  of  these  singular  settlements,  as  well  as  of  the  period  in 
which  they  flourished. 

Prehistoric. — The  prehistoric  remains,  commonly  so-called,  such 
as  cutting  implements  of  stone,  are  cnly  feebly  represented,  but 
occasionally  they  do  turn  up,  in  which  respect  the  terpen  resemble 
the  Scottish  and  Irish  crannogs. 

Clay  Objects. — Perforated  loom- weights,  both  conical  and  flat ; 
spindle-whorls  in  great  numbers,  and  often  ornamented  with  finger 
marks  or  grooved  lines  (Nos.  2  and  3).  Some  flat  and  triangularly- 
shaped  objects  of  clay  (No.  22)  are  perforated  with  three  holes,  one 
at  each  angle,  which  are  sometimes  perpendicular  and  sometimes 
parallel  to  the  surface  ;  in  bulk  and  composition  they  correspond 
with  the  loom- weights. 

Pottery. — Pottery  is,  as  a  rule,  coarse  but  abundant,  and  repre- 
sents vessels  of  various  shapes  and  sizes,  generally  with  ears, 
but  a  few  with  handles  (Nos.  20  and  23).  Samian  ware  is 
represented  by  many  fragments  of  bowls  and  dishes.  A  few  vases, 
apparently  home-made,  have  some  traces  of  coloured  patches ; 
and  there  are  lids  with  raised  handles  and  ornamented  with 
hollowed  dots. 

Bone  and  Horn. — Bone  and  horn  implements  are  very  abundant, 
consisting  of  combs  (Nos.  1  and  16  to  19)  of  varied  forms,  and 
constructed  of  plates  riveted  together  with  iron  rivets,  and  orna- 
mented with  consecutive  circles,  lines,  dots,  and  curvilinear  figures  ; 
among  them  are  also  a  few  combs  with  very  long  teeth  (No.  30).  f 
There  are  also  pins  (Nos.  26  and  28),  needles  (No.  29),  buttons 
(No.  25),  dice  (No.  21),  finger  rings  (No.  12),  knife  handles,  pointers, 

*  Cong.  Inter,  d"  Anthrop.  et  d'Arch.,  Ses.  V.,  1871,  p.  212. 

t  A  comb  precisely  similar  to  the  one  here  figured  (No.  30)  is  described  and 
figured  by  Ossowski  as  coming  from  the  cavern  of  Wierzchowska-G6rna  in  Poland. 
Ant-iqva,  1887,  p.  41,  and  pi.  vii.  Fig.  1C. 


RELICS    FROM    TERP-MOUNDS. 


341 


Fig.  100.— TERPEN.     Nos.  24  =  £,  12,  21,  27,  and  29  =  |,  and  the  rest  =  J  real  size. 


342 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


etc.  (Nos.  10,  11, 13  and  27).  Many  so-called  skates  made  from  the 
long  bone  of  the  horse's  leg.  Two  or  three  short  bones  (foot  of  the 
ox)  are  covered  with  concentric  circles,  apparently  for  ornamenta- 
tion. A  curious  bone  object  (No.  7)  is  supposed  to  have  been  used 
in  making  twine  or  ropes. 

Glass. — Beads,  blue,  green  and  variegated  ;  also  glass  slag. 
Metal  Objects. — A  few  bronze  dishes  (No.  5),  one  a  tripod  with 
projecting  handle  (No.  15).  Figurines  of  men  and  animals ;  the 
hand  of  a  Roman  statue,  apparently  a  female  and  about  full  size  ; 
Roman  fibulae  ;  some  three  or  four  double  spirals  ;  a  small  pair  of 
shears  (No.  8),  and  a  few  bracelets  with  clasping-hooks.  All  these 

are  of  bronze.     Among  ob- 

&$k  (j$\  jects   of  ( iron    are    shears, 

y\  hammers,  bridle-bits  (Fig. 

101),  slag,  etc.  A  leaden 
bar  or  pig  weighing  17  kilo- 
grammes and  marked  with 
three  crosses,  so,  "xxx," 
was  found  at  Achlum. 

Coins. — Anglo  -  Saxon 
coins  very  abundant:  at 
Hallum  180  sceattce  were 
found  in  a  jar ;  Byzantine 
money  in  gold ;  Roman 
imperial  money,  generally  in  silver,  but  sometimes  in  gold ; 
Prankish  coins.  The  proprietors  of  Aalzum  found  a  few  silver 
coins  in  this  terp  with  the  following  inscription :  "  +  HLOTHARIVS. 
IMP.  DORE  STATVS  MON  (eta}!'  which  defines  their  date  to  be  between 
840  and  855  A.D.* 

WoJden  Objects. — Small  spades  precisely  similar  to  those  used 
by  children  while  amusing  themselves  by  digging  the  sand  on  the 
seashore.  Numbers  of  large  casks  the  staves  of  which  are  kept 
together  by  three  iron  hoops.  In  diameter  these  casks  are  not 
more  than  an  ordinary  herring  barrel,  but  in  length  they  are  from 
six  to  seven  feet,  and  about  one-third  from  the  top  there  is  a  small 
square  hole  4  or  5  inches  in  diameter.  The  ends  of  the  staves  at 
the  top  rim  of  some  are  much  decayed,  but  the  rest  is  perfectly 
sound,  and  for  this  reason  they  are  supposed  to  have  stood  in  water 
with  only  the  upper  parts  exposed.  They  have  been  found  in  almost 

*  flanflelingen  van  l\et  Friesch  Gcrwotxrliap,  1886-7,  p.  12. 


Fig.  101.— TKRPEN.     Iron  Bridle-bit, 
\  real  size. 


WARFEN.  343 

all  the  terpen  examined,  usually  at  regular  distances,  and  deeply 
buried.  One,  6  feet  high,  was  found  resting  inside  a  vat  3  feet  deep, 
and  its  highest  point  was  over  two  yards  below  the  surface  of  the 
mound.  Canoes  and  small  paddles  may  also  be  mentioned  as 
occasional  relics. 

Nondescript  Objects. — Cock  spurs ;  egg-shells  of  the  domestic 
fowl  and  goose,  some  of  which,  singularly  enough,  were,  when  found, 
still  unbroken ;  shells  of  various  kinds  of  sea-urchins,  star-fishes, 
and  mussels  ;  amber  beads,  also  this  material  in  the  unworked 
form ;  amorphous  vivianite  ;  large  quantities  of  the  debris  of  flax  ; 
one  curious  object  is  a  flute  made  of  the  shank  bone  of  a  small 
animal ;  one  small  fictile  dish  has  four  feet,  and  a  few  others  are  in 
the  form  of  three  cups  attached.  At  Aalzum,  on  the  occasion  of 
my  visit,  among  the  articles  purchased  by  Mr.  Battaerd  were  a 
mitten  and  some  sort  of  head-dress  like  a  felt  wide-awake.  The 
mitten  had  only  one  stall,  for -the  thumb. 

In  the  terp  called  Beetgum  there  was  found  an  urn,  like  those 
from  the  dolmens  of  the  Drenthe,  containing  some  burnt  bones. 
Human  bones  are  sometimes  found,  but  they  are  supposed  to  have 
belonged  to  secondary  burials.  At  Aalzum  a  grave  was  found 
containing  a  body  and  along  with  it  was  a  fibula  of  the  Merovingian 
period,  with  a  flat  back  containing  a  beautiful  mosaic  pattern  of 
variegated  glass  and  amber. 

Fauna. — Osseous  remains  representing  the  following  animals  : — 
Horse,  ox  (several  varieties — Bos  taurus,  primgenius,  longifrons, 
brevicornis),  cat,  dog,  sheep,  wild  boar,  deer,  roe,  and  fallow  deer. 
Among  the  skulls  of  these  animals  (of  which  there  are  many)  are 
one  or  two  of  the  four-horned  sheep.  It  may  be  of  interest  to  note 
that  the  osseous  remains  of  this  animal  were  among  those  identified 
by  Sir  W.  R.  Wilde  as  coming  from  the  crannog  of  Lagore  (page  351). 

WARFEN  (EAST  FRIESLAND). 

In  1879  Dr.  Tergast,  of  Emden,  published  a  short  account  of 
the  prehistoric  antiquities  of  East  Friesland,*  in  which  he  takes 
notice  of  the  existence  of  certain  mounds,  in  the  low-lying  regions, 
called  "  Warfen,"  which  he  believes  to  be  the  remains  of  very  ancient 
settlements  constructed  for  the  protection  of  their  inhabitants 
against  floods  and  the  fluctuations  of  the  surrounding  waters. 

*  "Die  heidnischen  Alterthiimer  Ostfrieslands."    Emden,  1879. 


344  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

The  author  does  not  give  many  details  about  these  mounds.  It 
would  appear,  however,  that  they  are  to  be  met  with  in  considerable 
numbers,  as  he  suggests  that  it  would  be  of  the  highest  interest  to 
archaeological  science  to  have  a  map  constructed  showing  their 
local  distribution.  Nor  do  they  appear  to  have  been  subjected  to 
much  practical  investigation,  as  only  three  objects  from  them  are 
illustrated  in  Dr.  Tergast's  book.  These  are  a  bone  implement 
(so-called  skate  or  cloth-polisher),  a  necklace  of  glass  and  amber 
beads,  and  an  iron  arrow-point.  He  also  figures  a  comb  (six  inches 
long)  similar  to  that  from  the  terpen  (Fig.  100,  No.  30),  but  with- 
out specifying  the  locality  where  it  was  found.  All  these  are 
precisely  similar  to  objects  found  in  the  terp-mounds  of  Holland. 
Every  indication,  therefore,  points  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
Terpen  and  Warfen  are  quite  analogous  to  each  other  and  belong 
to  the  same  period  of  time. 

WURTHEN    (DITHMARSCHEN). 

In  1883,  Dr.  Hartmann,  of  Marne  (B.  397),  gave  a  more  de- 
tailed account  of  similar  dwellings  in  the  Holstein  fen-district, 
near  the  embouchure  of  the  river  Elbe.  These,  in  the  form  of 
low  mounds,  are  met  with,  according  to  him,  in  all  the  marshes 
along  this  part  of  the  North  Sea  coast.  In  the  Dithmarschen, 
both  north  and  south,  they  are  very  numerous,  and  the  larger 
ones,  like  the  terp-mounds  of  Holland,  are  now  generally  occu- 
pied by  one  or  more  modern  buildings.  In  extent  they  vary 
from  II  to  15  acres,  and  in  height  from  13  to  23  feet  above 
ordinary  mean  tides.  On  several  occasions  in  recent  times,  in 
the  course  of  excavating  the  foundations  of  new  buildings,  the 
digging  of  wells,  etc.,  various  relics,  such  as  fragments  of  pottery, 
clay  weights,  iron  implements,  bits  of  manipulated  stag-horns, 
broken  bones,  etc.,  were  turned  out,  which,  however,  suggested  no- 
thing more  than  passing  comments.  But  their  real  nature  is  now 
clearly  pourtrayed  by  the  facts  recorded  by  Dr.  Hartmann,  the 
chief  of  which  were  ascertained  from  excavations  conducted  by 
himself  in  the  Fahrstedter  Wurth  situated  some  three  miles  to 
the  north  of  the  Elbe.  This  Wurth,  some  years  ago,  became 
the  property  of  a  brick  manufacturer,  of  the  name  of  Hues- 
mann,  who  was  in  the  habit,  from  time  to  time,  of  utilising 
its  contents,  partly  for  filling  up  old  clay-pits  and  partly  for 

V 


WURTHEN.  345 

manuring  purposes.  Such  was  the  condition  of  the  Fahrstedter 
Wurth  when  Dr.  Hartmann's  attention  was  directed  to  it  in 
August,  1881.  On  his  first  visit,  while  poking  about  the  open 
trenches,  he  picked  up,  at  a  depth  of  four  feet  from  the  surface, 
a  perforated  clay  weight,  four  inches  in  diameter,  and  two  and 
a  half  inches  thick.  After  this  he  continued  his  visits  to  the 
locality  regularly,  and,  in  a  short  time,  collected  a  number  of 
relics,  besides  determining  many  interesting  points  in  regard  to 
the  structure  of  the  mound.  The  greatest  depth  reached  by  the 
haphazard  excavations  of  Mr.  Huesmann  was  nine  and  a  half 
feet.  Along  the  exposed  section  down  to  this  point  Dr.  Hartmann 
distinguished  the  following  layers  : 

1.  Ordinary  soil  (Ackererde)  ...          ...      about  2  feet. 

2.  Greenish  sandy  earth  (hellgriine  sandige 

Erde\  supposed  to  be  due  to  sea 
action,  from  the  fact  of  its  contain- 
ing many  of  the  spicules  or  needles 
of  sponges  ...  ...  ...  ...  1  ,, 

3.  A  layer  of  reddish  clay  (r other  Estricli]  £  to  1      „ 

4.  Remains  of  wooden  structures  (Packwerk)       2  to  4     ,, 

5.  Earth  mixed  with  clay  (helle  Kleierde)  \\  „ 

This  Packwerk  is  described  as  made  up  of  decomposed 
branches,  from  the  size  of  a  finger  to,  occasionally,  the  thickness 
of  an  arm,  arranged  horizontally,  but  sometimes  perpendicularly. 
Its  lower  portion  was  composed  of  large  quantities  of  the  twigs 
of  birch  and  oak,  the  fibres  of  several  marsh  plants,  broken 
bones,  and  other  organic  debris.  In  the  underlying  clay  he 
noticed  some  holes,  which  he  concluded  to  have  been  due  to 
small  piles,  the  wood  of  which  had  disappeared  by  decomposition. 
Scattered  through  this  Packwerk  were  found,  besides  charcoal 
and  ashes,  a  varied  assortment  of  the  relics  of  human  industry, 
of  which  the  following  may  be  noted : — Fragments  of  pottery, 
(grey  and  black),  among  which  were  some  with  perforations  round 
the  rims ;  sharpening-stones ;  a  perforated  clay  weight ;  twelve 
portions  of  quern  stones,  made  of  basalt,  and  having  a  thickness 
of  one  and  a  half  to  two  and  a  half  inches — from  a  fragment, 
the  entire  diameter  of  one  was  ascertained  to  be  17  inches ; 
several  iron  knives,  a  socketed  lance-head,  and  some  nails,  together 
with  lumps  of  both  iron  and  glass  slag.  A  wooden  handle,  some 


346  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

worked  objects  of  bone  with  marks  of  rivets,  bits  of  birch-bark, 
etc.  A  black  mass  of  asphalt,  supposed  to  be  a  product  of  birch- 
bark,  had  embedded  in  it  the  shell  of  a  hazel-nut.  From  this 
it  was  inferred  that  the  mass  was  originally  in  a  fluid  condition. 

Among  the  osseous  remains  the  following  animals  were  iden- 
tified by  Dr.  Pfeffer,  of  the  Natural  History  Museum  at  Hamburg, 
and  Dr.  Rautenburg: — dog,  ox,  pig,  sheep,  stag,  horse,  bittern  (?), 
and  sturgeon  (recognised  by  its  scales). 

In  the  clay  below  the  Packwerk  (Kleierde)  were  found  the 
stumps  of  eight  piles,  rive  to  six  feet  apart,  which  Dr.  Hartmann 
concluded  had  originally  passed  upwards  through  the  fascine 
work,  but  now  only  the  portions  embedded  in  the  clay  remained, 
the  rest  having  disappeared  by  decomposition.  Of  these  piles  (four 
oak,  three  birch,  and  one  ash),  some  were  round  and  some  rect- 
angular, and  nearly  all  more  or  less  pointed  at  the  lower  extremity. 
The  exceptions  were  blunt  and  rested  on  some  fragments  of 
granite  stones.  One  of  the  piles,  which  measured  six  inches  broad, 
and  two  and  three-quarter  inches  thick,  contained  four  round 
holes,  in  one  of  which  a  portion  of  a  spar  still  remained. 

Having  satisfied  himself  as  to  the  condition  of  this  portion 
of  the  mound  already  exposed,  Dr.  Hartmann  got  permission  from 
the  proprietor  to  sink  a  shaft  into  the  undisturbed  portion  under- 
neath. The  superficial  area  of  this  shaft  was  12  feet  long  and  9 
broad,  and  it  was  excavated  until  the  sea-sand  was  reached,  at  a 
depth  of  11  \  feet — i.e.  about  21  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  mound. 

Continuing  now  our  inspection  of  this  section  (the  upper 
portion  of  which  I  have  already  detailed)  the  following  layers 
were  successively  passed  through  : — 

6.  Clay  earth  continued  ...          ...          ...  li  ft. 

7.  Packwerk  (No.  2)       l" 

8.  Blackish  clayey  stuff  (dunkle  Kleierde)        ...  1       „ 

9.  Light  clay  (containing  the  stumps  of  a  second 

series  of  piles,  four  in  number,  and  from 

three  to  five  and  a  half  inches  thick)   ...      1       „ 

10.  Packwerk  (No.  3)       3      „ 

11.  Whitish  clay,  mixed    with    twigs,  branches, 

reeds,  etc.  ...          ...          ...          ...      2 

12.  A    layer    of  cowdung  (Griingelblicher  fester 

KuJidiinger)  ...          ...          ...          ...      2 

13.  Sea  sand  (Meeressand) 


FAHRSTEDTER    WURTH.  347 

The  two  Packwerke  here  encountered  are  stated  to  be  similar 
to  the  first,  and  the  relics  are  also  much  of  the  same  character. 
The  under  portion  of  both  is  described  as  being  made  up  of  twigs 
of  oak,  birch,  and  hazel,  very  much  birch-bark,  worked  bits  of  wood, 
wooden  handles  of  tools,  burnt  faggots,  debris  of  marsh  plants 
(Schilf,  Binsen,  und  Samen  von  Polygonum),  small  bundles  of 
bast  and  other  fibres  of  fine  roots,  shells  of  hazel-nuts,  fragments 
of  pottery  (six  pounds),  lumps  of  iron  slag  (five  pounds),  broken 
bones  (sixteen  pounds),  charcoal,  a  piece  of  red-stone,  and  the 
shells  of  some  edible  molluscs  (Helix  fruticum  and  Striyella,  and 
Cardium  edule). 

Among  the  relics  to  be  noted  are  a  spindle-whorl,  an  iron 
buckle,  and  a  bit  of  leather. 

Of  special  interest  is  a  third  series  of  piles,  which  he  describes 
as  terminating  in  the  sea-sand  underneath  all.  These  piles  were 
five  in  number,  four  oak  and  one  birch,  2  to  5J  inches  in 
thickness,  and  18  to  33  inches  in  length.  They  were  placed  in 
a  zigzag  fashion  about  1J  foot  apart,  and  traced  through  the 
layer  of  "  Kuhdiinger "  to  the  "  Packwerk,"  where  they  became 
so  rotten  as  to  be  no  longer  recognised.  One  of  them  had  also  a 
hole,  which  still  retained  portion  of  a  projecting  spar. 

Our  investigator  made  observations,  but  of  a  much  more 
limited  character,  on  nine  other  Wurthen,  and  in  all  of  them  he 
found  the  "  Packwerk "  to  be  a  special  feature  in  their  structure. 

Such  is  an  epitome  of  the  facts  on  which  Dr.  Hartmann 
bases  his  opinion  that  not  only  the  Wurthen,  but  also  the  neigh- 
bouring War/en  and  Terpen,  were  constructed  like  the  fascine 
islands  of  prehistoric  Switzerland,  and  the  Scottish  and  Irish 
crannogs.  The  idea  of  pile-buildings  can  scarcely  be  entertained 
by  him,  and  he  stoutly  combats  Pigorini's  opinions  in  regard  to 
the  Terpen  of  West  Friesland. 

The  Fahrstedter  Wurth,  according  to  Hartmann,  consisted  of 
an  original  mound  some  seven  feet  high,  to  which  on  two  sub- 
sequent occasions  additions  were  made.  The  initiatory  process 
of  its  construction  was  to  form  a  basis  of  Kuhdunger  two  feet 
in  thickness.  Over  this  clay  and  rubbish  were  placed,  to  the 
extent  of  other  two  feet ;  and  then  came  the  fascine  structures, 
which  raised  the  mound  other  three  feet.  To  keep  the  mass 
together,  piles  were  driven  here  and  there  down  to  the  sandy 
bottom.  But  the  inhabitants  soon  found  that  this  was  too  low 


348  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

to  shelter  them  from  the  waves  and  floods,  so  they  constructed 
an  addition  to  their  mound,  which  raised  its  surface  to  ten  feet. 
But  this  was  not  enough,  and  so  a  third  addition  was  made, 
which  added  six  feet  more  to  the  mound.  At  this  height  its 
surface  would  be  about  twenty  feet  above  the  medium  sea  level 
(Normal  NuU),  and  at  this  height  Dr.  Hartmann  concludes  that 
cottages  would  be  quite  secure,  as  the  highest  tides  on  record — 
viz.  4th  February,  1825,  reached  only  12  feet  4  inches  above  the 
medium  sea  level,  a  result  which  would  leave  a  considerable 
margin  for  the  Fahrstedter  Wurth.  Of  course,  the  tides  never 
reach  it  now,  as  it  is  protected  by  the  sea-dykes,  the  first  of 
which  was  constructed  in  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century. 

Very  little  reflection  shows  the  inherent  improbability  of  Dr. 
Hartmann's  theory.  Where  could  the  primitive  builders  get  such 
a  quantity  of  "  Kuhdunger  "  to  start  with  ?  If  the  "  Packwerk  " 
was  constructed  as  a  solid  mass,  how  could  its  under  portions  be 
so  prolific  of  such  varied  relics,  and  other  odds  and  ends  of 
human  occupancy  ?  Moreover,  the  disproportion  between  the 
original  and  final  height  of  the  mound  is  incompatible  with  the 
supposition  that  the  successive  increases  were  merely  additions 
entailed  by  unforeseen  circumstances,  such  as  an  unusual  storm. 
The  three  platforms  with  their  corresponding  series  of  upright 
piles,  the  stratified  assortment  of  the  structural  materials,  and 
the  position  of  the  relics  and  debris  of  its  inhabitants  scattered 
throughout  the  entire  mound,  are,  in  my  opinion,  inexplicable  on 
any  other  hypothesis  than  that  we  have  here  the  remains  of 
pile-dwellings,  successively  erected  one  above  the  other,  precisely 
similar  to  the  terremare  already  described.  The  more  probable 
modus  operandi  was  to  construct  in  the  first  place  a  circum- 
scribing dyke  of  mud,  varying  in  size  according  to  the  number 
of  the  tribe  or  family,  behind  which  the  cottages  were  built  on 
platforms  supported  on  piles.  When  the  under  spaces  became 
filled  up  with  the  accumulated  debris  of  men  and  cattle,  and  all 
the  other  odds  and  ends  of  continued  occupancy,  the  process  was 
repeated  again  and  again,  until  the  whole  enclosed  area,  in  the 
course  of  some  centuries,  became  a  flattish  mound  or  island 
within  the  limits  of  the  tidal  shore. 


jTtftb  lecture* 


THE    LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    GREAT    BRITAIN    AND 

IRELAND. 

I.— IRISH    CRANNOGS. 

PUBLIC  attention  was  first  directed  to  Irish  crannogs  by  Sir  W. 
Wilde,  in  the  year  1839.  It  appears  that  early  in  this  year  Dr. 
Petrie's  curiosity  was  roused  by  the  frequency  of  the  visits  of  a 
local  dealer  offering  for  sale  objects  of  more  or  less  archaeological 
value,  which,  he  stated,  were  found  in  a  peat  bog  at  Dunshaughlin, 
in  the  county  of  Meath.  The  articles  exhibited  were  of  a  mis- 
cellaneous character,  and  their  assortment  in  such  a  place 
seemed  so  strange  that  Dr.  Petrie  determined  to  visit  the 
locality.  Accordingly  he  and  Surgeon  Wilde  (afterwards  Sir 
W.  R.  Wilde)  started  for  West  Meath  in  search  of  the  mysterious 
find,  and  were  conducted  to  the  peat-bog  of  Lagore,  near  the 
village  of  Dunshaughlin.  Here,  within  the  boundaries  of  a 
drained  lake,  they  found  an  artificial  mound  entirely  overgrown 
with  peat,  then  partially  exposed  by  turf-cutters.  On  making 
inquiries  as  to  the  antecedents  of  this  mound  they  were  in- 
formed that  it  had  been  well  known  to  bone-collectors  for  up- 
wards of  ten  years,  and  that  already  150  cart-loads  of  bones 
had  been  dug  out  and  forwarded  to  Scotland  for  manure. 
Altogether  the  find  was  considered  of  great  importance,  and  it 
was  arranged  between  the  two  antiquaries  that  Petrie  should 
write  a  description  of  the  antiquities,  while  Wilde  was  to  con- 
fine himself  to  an  analysis  of  the  animal  remains. 

According  to  Mr.  W.  F.  Wakeman,*  it  appears  that  Dr.  Petrie 
was  a  little  jealous  of  Surgeon  Wilde's  enthusiasm  for  archaeology, 
and  accordingly  wished  to  limit  the  scope  of  his  investigations. 
Wilde's  paper,  entitled  "  On  the  Animal  Remains  and  Antiquities 

*  Journ.  R.  H.  A.  A.,  vol.  v.,  4th  8.,  p.  325. 


350  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

recently  found  at  Dunshaughlin,"  was  read  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Irish  Academy  on  the  27th  April,  1840,  and  it  is  singular,  and 
perhaps  confirmatory  of  Wakeman's  suggestion,  that,  with  the 
exception  of  two  extracts  bearing  on  the  situation  and  structure 
of  the  mound,  it  is  reported  in  the  Proceedings  only  in  abstract. 
I  here  quote  these  extracts  as  the  most  authoritative  description 
of  this  remarkable  lake-dwelling  now  extant  :— 

LAGORE    OR    DUXSHAUGHLIX. 

"  About  a  mile  to  the  east  of  the  village  of  Dunshaughlin, 
on  the  townland  of  Lagore,  and  near  the  margin  of  a  '  cutaway ' 
black  bog,  is  a  circular  mound,  slightly  raised  above  the  sur- 
rounding plain,  its  highest  central  part  being  about  eight  feet 
above  the  margin,  and  the  circumference  of  the  mound  measur- 
ing 520  feet.  A  small  stream  passes  through  the  circle ;  and 
the  whole  bog  in  which  it  is  situated  occupies  a  slight  concavity 
of  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  circumference,  bounded  by  raised 
tillage  and  pasture  lands.  Within  the  memory  of  some  of  the 
old  inhabitants  of  the  neighbourhood,  this  bog  was  covered  with 
water  during  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  and  it  is  so  invari- 
ably during  winter  up  to  the  present  period.  A  large  pond  is 
still  in  existence  in  one  of  the  fields  adjoining  the  mound.  A 
few  years  ago  some  labourers,  while  clearing  the  stream-way, 
discovered  several  bones  protruding  from  its  sides ;  and  in  May, 
1839,  the  quantity  of  bones  found  in  the  drain  was  so  great, 
and  their  value  so  well  known,  that  a  further  examination  was 
made,  when  it  was  discovered  that  the  greater  part  of  the 
mound  was  composed  of  the  remains  of  animals,  placed  there 
in  the  following  manner : — 

"  The  circumference  of  the  circle  was  formed  by  upright  posts 
of  black  oak,  measuring  from  6  to  8  feet  in  height ;  these  were 
mortised  into  beams  of  a  similar  material,  laid  flat  upon  the 
marl  and  sand  beneath  the  bog,  and  nearly  16  feet  below  the 
present  surface.  The  upright  posts  were  held  together  by  con- 
necting cross-beams,  and  fastened  by  large  iron  nails ;  parts  of 
a  second  upper  tier  of  posts  were  likewise  found,  resting  on  the 
lower  ones.  The  space  thus  enclosed  was  divided  into  separate 
compartments,  by  septa  or  divisions  that  intersected  one  another 
in  different  directions ;  these  were  also  .formed  of  oaken  beams 
in  a  state  of  great  preservation,  but  joined  together  with  greater 


LAGORE.  351 

accuracy  than  the  former,  and  in  some  caies  having  their  sides 
grooved  or  rabbited  to  admit  large  panels  driven  down  between 
them.  The  interiors  of  the  chambers  so  formed  were  filled  with 
bones  and  black  moory  earth,  and  the  heap  of  bones  was  raised 
up  in  some  places  within  a  foot  of  the  surface.  It  was  generally 
found  that  the  remains  of  each  species  of  animal  were  placed 
in  separate  divisions,  with  but  little  intermixture  with  any 
other ;  and  the  antiquities,  etc.,  were  found  along  with  them, 
without  any  order  or  regularity,  but  for  the  most  part  near 
the  bottom."  (B.  4,  p.  420.) 

From  the  abstract  of  Wilde's  paper  I  find  that  among  the 
osseous  remains  the  following  animals  were  represented : — several 
varieties  of  oxen,  the  pig  (a  smaller  variety  than  is  now  bred  in 
Ireland),  the  horse,  the  ass,  the  common  and  fallow  deer,  the 
goat,  one  skull  of  the  four-horned  sheep,  a  large  species  of  the 
greyhound  tribe,  probably  the  Irish  wolf-dog,  and  the  fox.  A 
few  bones  of  birds,  the  shells  of  limpets  and  buccinums,  and  a 
large  quantity  of  the  broken  shells  of  hazel-nuts  were  also  noted. 
Nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  heap,  and  within  2  feet  of  the.  surface, 
were  found  two  human  skeletons  lying  at  length,  and  without 
any  surrounding  wood  or  stone  coffin.  Owing  to  the  prejudices 
of  the  peasants  these  bones  had  to  be  re-interred.  The  report 
then  goes  on  to  say : — 

"  The  antiquities  found  in  this  place  may  be  divided  into  the 
warlike,  the  culinary,  and  the  ornamental.  They  consisted  of 
iron  swords  of  different  lengths,  with  straight  edges  and  angular 
points,  and  bearing  a  resemblance  to  the  ancient  Roman  swords. 
Very  many  knives  were  found,  of  different  shapes  and  sizes, 
with  iron  spear,  javelin,  and  dagger  blades,  and  part  of  the 
boss  or  central  ornament  of  a  shield ;  but  no  brazen  weapons  of 
any  description.  Two  querns,  or  ancient  corn-mills,  were  found 
on  the  marl,  at  the  bottom  of  the  enclosure  ;  sharpening-stones, 
iron  chains,  an  iron  axe,  a  brazen  pot,  and  three  small  brass 
bowls  of  most  elegant  shape  and  workmanship ;  several  articles 
precisely  resembling  miniature  frying-pans,  of  about  three  inches 
in  diameter  (perhaps  incense- burners) ;  circular  discs  of  turned 
bone,  wood,  and  slate,  like  those  supposed  to  have  been  used 
at  the  end  of  the  distaff;  small  shears,  like  the  modern  sheep- 
shears  ;  brazen,  bone,  and  iron  pins,  from  4  to  6  inches  in 
length,  the  former  of  great  beauty  of  construction ;  brooches, 


352 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


and  parts  of  buckles,  containing  pieces  of  enamel  and  mosaic 
work ;  bracelets ;  wooden  (yew-tree)  combs,  toothpicks,  etwees, 
and  other  articles  belonging  to  the  toilet.  Several  of  these 
articles  show  an  extraordinary  state  of  perfection  of  the  arts 
at  the  period  of  their  construction. 

"A  very  curious  bone  was  likewise  found  (Fig.  102),  and  ex- 
hibited to  the  meeting,  with  a  number  of  devices  carved  on  it, 
as  if  by  way  of  practice  in  engraving;  these  devices  consisted 
of  scrolls  and  marks  precisely  similar  to  those  found  on  ancient 
Irish  crosses,  ornaments,  and  grave-stones.  There  were  no  crosses, 


Fig.  102. — LAGORE.     Carved  Bone,  showing  some  of  the  designs  real  size. 

beads,  or  Christian  sacred  ornaments  found  in  the  excavation  : 
but  a  number  of  pieces  of  stags'  horns  sawn  across,  and  also 
pieces  of  hazel-wood,  in  great  quantity,  as  if  laid  up  for  firewood, 
were  found  in  one  spot  near  the  bottom.  Some  of  the  articles 
exhibited  now  belong  to  the  collection  of  the  Dean  of  St.  Patrick's : 
but  the  greater  number  were  forwarded  for  the  inspection  of 
the  Academy  by  Mr.  Barnwall,  of  Grennanstown,  on  whose 
ground  the  discovery  was  made,  and  to  whom  Mr.  Wilde  was 
indebted  for  the  bones,  and  permission  to  make  any  researches 
he  might  require." 

The  lats  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide,  writing  in  the  Archceological 
Journal  of  June,  1849  (B.  10,  p.  101),  says,  in  regard  to  the 
Lagore  find:— 

"  A  great  portion  of  these  valuable  relics  became  the  property 
of  th  e  late  Dr.  Dawson,  Dean  of  St.  Patrick's ;  and  on  his  decease 
were  purchased,  with  the  rest  of  his  Irish  antiquities,  and  presented 


LAGORE. 


353 


to  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy.  Surgeon  Wilde 
also  presented  to  the  same  institution  a  valuable  collection  of  the 
bones  found  in  the  same  locality.  Mr.  Barnwall,  the  owner  of 
the  soil,  still  possesses  some  remnant  of  this  treasure,  after 


f), 


Fig.  103.— LAGORE.     Iron  Weapons,  a  peculiar  Iron  Pipe,  and  Ring  with 
portion  of  Chain  attached. 

having  been  plundered  to  a  considerable  extent  by  dishonest 
servants ;  and  those  specimens  which  I  possess,  representations 
of  some  of  which  are  given  in  illustration  of  this  paper,  I  owe 
to  the  liberality  and  kindness  of  the  same  gentleman." 


354 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


The  following  list  comprises  the  various  antiquities  from 
Lagorc  then  in  the  possession  of  Lord  Talbot,  and  laid  before 
the  members  of  the  Institute  at  the  monthly  meeting  on 
February  2nd  :— 

Objects  of  Iron. — Two  double-edged  swords,  one  measuring  22  J  inches, 
inclusive  of  the  tang  which  passed  through  the  hilt ;  the  blade,  18^  inches 


Fig.  104.  — LAGORE.    Two  Bronze  Pins  Q),  a  Bronze  Bowl,  and  a  Ladle 
and  an  Axe-head  of  Iron. 

long  and  1|  inch  wide,  was  formed  with  a  wide  shallow  groove  along  its 
entire  length.  The  other  sword-blade  measures  15 \  inches  and  is  formed 
with  a  central  ridge.  A  blade,  curved  towards  the  point,  in  some  degree 
resembling  certain  Oriental  weapons ;  the  curved  portion  alone  has  a 
cutting  edge  on  both  sides ;  length  1 3£  inches,  and  width  of  curved 
portion  1  inch.  Two  spear-heads,  in  fine  preservation  and  very  sharp  ; 
length  10  inches.  A  peculiar  single-edged  weapon,  resembling  the  glaive 
of  simplest  form,  but  of  diminutive  size,  the  blade  measuring  only  8  inches. 
An  iron  axe-head,  length  7  inches.  A  peculiar  iron  pipe.  (See  page  431.) 


LAGORE. 


355 


An  iron  ladle.     An    iron    ring  with  portion  of  chain  manacle  (Figs.  103 
and  104). 

Bronze. — A  small  bowl  5J  inches  diameter,  height  3  inches.  Three 
armillse  of  rude  fashion.  Portion  of  bronze  ornament  with  enamelled 
work  and  exquisite  finish.  Portion  of  a  ring  fibula,  with  the  extremities, 
between  which  the  acus  passed,  dilated  and  flat.  There  are  cavities  in 
the  metal  in  which  enamel  or  some  other  ornament  appears  to  have  been 
incrusted.  Portion  of  an  object  with  interlaced  ornamentation  (Fig.  105), 
of  unknown  use.  Several  bronze  pins  of  various  fashion  and  size,  from  3 
to  6  inches  in  length.  Four  of  these  have  movable  rings  appended  to 
one  extremity  in  lieu  of  a  head.  Another  pin  has  a  head  of  very  singular 


Fig.  105. — LAGORE.     Ornamented  Bone  Comb  (|),  portion  of  an  object  of  Bronze 
with  Interlacements,  a  Bronze  Dagger  Of  inches  long,  and  3  Beads. 

fashion,  as  shown  by  the  representation  here  annexed,  of  the  same  size  as 
the  original  (Fig.  104). 

Bone. — Two  bone  needles  or  bodkins,  being  perforated  at  the  ex- 
tremities, 2J  to  3J  inches  long.  A  double-toothed  comb  of  bone,  rudely 
ornamented  with  lines  and  concentric  circles,  3*  by  2£  inches. 

In  April,  1887,  through  the  courtesy  and  assistance  of  the 
present  Lord  Talbot  de  Malahide,  I  had  the  satisfaction  of  inspect- 
ing most  of  the  above  described  objects,  which  are  still  in  safe 
keeping  among  the  art  treasures  of  Malahide  Castle.  Illustrations 
of  most  of  them  are  given  on  Figs.  103  and  104 

The  objects  from  Lagore  which  went  to  the  Museum  of  the 
Irish  Academy,  together  with  those  in  the  Petrie  collection  (now 
belonging  to  the  Academy),  are  in  such  a  state  of  confusion,  owing 
to  the  absence  of  distinguishing  labels,  and  the  want  of  harmony 
between  the  numbers  on  the  objects  and  those  in  the  official 
catalogue,  that,  notwithstanding  several  visits  to  the  museum  with 


356 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


the  express  purpose  of  identifying  and  singling  out  some  of  the 
crannog  remains,  I  have  been  unable  to  make  much  addition  to 
those  already  illustrated. 


Fig.  106. — LAGOEE.     Iron  Implements  and  Weapons.    All  £  real  size. 

By  the  kind  permission  of  the  council  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy 
I  am  enabled  to  make  use  of  the  few  woodcuts  from  Wilde's 
catalogue  illustrative  of  objects  from  Lagore.  They  are  as  follows  : — 


DISCOVERY   OF   OTHER   CRANNOGS.  357 

The  top  of  a  pin  ornamented  with  three  movable  rings  (Fig.  104), 
an  ornamental  bone  comb,  a  bronze  dagger,  and  three  beads 
(Fig.  105).  The  ribbed  bead  is  opaque,  with  traces  of  a  light  green 
varnish,  and  is  almost  identical  with  beads  found  in  the  Scottish 
crannogs.  Another  is  an  inch  long  and  has  a  raised  ornament  in 
white  on  a  deep  blue  ground. 

The  objects  represented  on  Fig.  106  I  have  identified,  with  the 
assistance  of  Mr.  Wakeman,  as  coming  from  the  same  remarkable 
locality.  They  are  all  of  iron  and  represented  one-third  natural  size, 
and  will  be  readily  recognised  as  tools  and  weapons  of  ordinary 
use. 

In  regard  to  the  historic  notices  of  Lagore  Sir  W.  R.  Wilde 
writes  as  follows  : — 

"  As  the  earliest  discovered  and  examined  crannoge  in  modern  times 
has  been  that  of  Lagore,  near  Dunshaughlin,  County  of  Meath,  so,  upon 
looking  into  the  authorities,  we  find  it  the  first  alluded  to.  Loch  Gabhair 
is  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  nine  lakes  which  burst  forth  in  Ireland 
A.M.  3581  ('Annals  of  the  Four  Masters';  see  also  Colgan's  '  Acta 
Sanctorum,'  p.  422,  n.  14).  In  A.D.  848,  we  read  that  Cinaedh,  son  of 
Conaing,  Lord  of  Cianachta-Breagh,  in  Meath,  went  with  a  strong  force 
of  foreigners,  and  plundered  the  Ui-Neill  from  the  Sionainn  (the  Shannon) 
to  the  sea  ;  '  and  he  plundered  the  island  of  Loch  Gabhor,  and  afterwards 
burned  it,  so  that  it  was  level  with  the  ground.'  And  in  the  old  transla- 
tion of  the  '  Annals  of  Ulster,'  Codex  Clarendensis,  the  passage  is  thus 
rendered  : — "  And  brake  down  the  island  of  Loch  Gavar  to  the  very 
bottom.'  Again,  in  A.D.  933,  the  same  authority  informs  us  that — '  The 
iland  of  Loch-Gavar  [was]  pulled  down  by  Aulaiv  O'Hivair,'  and  the 
cave  of  Knowth,  on  the  Boyne,  plundered  during  one  of  the  Scandinavian 
marauding  expeditions  with  which  the  kingdom  was  then  troubled.  Thus 
we  have  evidence  that  Lagore  crannoge  was  occupied  upwards  of  one 
thousand  years  ago."  (B.  18,  p.  229.) 

DISCOVERY   OF    OTHER   CRANNOGS. 

Sir  W.  Wilde  states  that  a  few  months  after  the  discovery  of 
Lagore,  an  island  "  artificially  formed  of  timber  and  peat "  was 
brought  to  light  upon  lowering  the  water  of  Roughan  Lake,  near 
Dungannon,  on  which  "  numerous  fragments  of  ancient  pottery  and 
bones,  a  few  bronze  spear-heads,"  and  an  upper  ornamental  quern 
stone,  were  discovered.  Other  discoveries  of  a  similar  character 
are  successively  noted  as  having  been  made  in  various  other 
localities.  An  island  became  exposed  on  the  lowering  of  the 


358 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


waters  of  Lough  Gur,  county  of  Limerick,  from  which  it  is  said 
a  vast  collection  of  bones  and  a  great  number  of  antiquities  have 
from  time  to  time  been  obtained.  Among  the  latter  is  a  most 
interesting  stone  mould  (Fig.  107)  for  bronze  spear-heads.*  In 
1845,  Mr.  Shirley,  in  his  "account  of  the  kingdom  of  Farney" 
(B.  8,  p.  94),  describes  another  crannog  which  was  brought  to  light 
two  years  previously,  as  constituting  "  The  island  Ever  Mac 
Cooley's  house."  "  The  foundations,"  writes  Mr.  Shirley,  "  of  this 
ancient  residence  were  discovered  in  the  autumn  of  1843,  seven 
feet  below  the  present  surface  of  the  earth,  in  the  little  island  at 


Fig.  107.— LOUGH  GUR.     Stone  Mould,  G£  x  2%  x  If  inches. 

Lisanisk,  and  two  feet  below  the  present  water  level  of  the  lake 
a  double  row  of  piles  were  found  sunk  in  the  mud  ;  they  were 
formed  of  young  trees,  from  6  to  12  inches  in  diameter,  with  the 
bark  on.  The  area  enclosed  by  these  piles,  from  which  we  may 
judge  of  the  size  of  the  house,  was  60  feet  in  length  by  42  feet  in 
breadth."  In  the  following  year  the  same  writer  describes  two 
other  lake-dwellings  in  the  same  district,  one  in  Lake  Monalty  and 
the  other  in  Lough-na-Glack,  on  and  around  which  the  following 
relics  were  said  to  have  been  found  :— 

"  Three  bronze  celts  with  loops  on  the  sides,  and  the  remains  of  the 
stick  were  found  in  one  of  them  ;  a  very  perfect  small  dagger  of  bronze, 
one  foot  in  length  ;  two  bronze  arrow-heads,  double  pointed ;  a  bronze 
gouge  or  chisel,  rarely  found  in  Ireland ;  the  head  of  a  bronze  hunting- 
spear  ;  part  of  a  bronze  sword  or  dagger  ;  a  bronze  cap,  apparently  the 
end  of  a  wooden  hilt  of  some  weapon ;  the  bronze  handle  of  a  javelin 
or  spear,  with  loop  attached  ;  the  boss  of  a  shield  of  bronze ;  a  bronze 
knife  which  appears  to  have  been  gilt ;  a  bronze  knife  or  dagger,  mea- 
suring 10  J  inches  in  length ;  a  smaller  one  7  inches  in  length ;  a 

*  Archawlogical  Journal,  vol.  xx.  p.  170. 


BALLINDERRY.  359 

bronze  bolt,  with  loop,  measuring  16  \  inches  in  length — this  was  found 
sticking  in  the  mud,  close  to  the  island  on  Lough-na-Glack ;  another, 
12  inches  in  length,  has  been  since  found  in  the  island  itself.  Of  bronze 
ornaments  found  on  these  islands  there  are  the  following  :  Several  bronze 
rings  of  different  sizes,  two  of  them  with  transverse  spring  openings,  others 
hollow,  and  probably  parts  of  armour  or  horse  trappings ;  two  bronze 
needles,  one  of  them  with  the  eye  entire  ;  a  bronze  pin,  the  head  hollowed 
like  a  cup,  and  bearing  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  ends  of  the  golden 
ornaments  often  found  in  Ireland ;  several  bronze  pins  like  modern  shirt 
pins ;  parts  of  several  bronze  fibulae  or  brooches,  with  fragments  of  several 
bronze  instruments,  rivets,  etc.  ;  a  small  circular  bronze  bell,  like  a  sheep- 
bell  ;  three  harp  keys  of  bronze  of  different  sizes.  Of  other  ornaments 
found  on  the  island  on  Lough-na-Glack  I  may  particularly  mention  several 
amber  and  blue  glass  beads,  three  bone  pins,  and  a  comb  apparently  of 
ivory.  Of  iron  instruments,  an  iron  dagger,  measuring  with  the  hilt  15 
inches ;  several  iron  coulters  of  ploughs  of  very  primitive  form,  7  inches 
in  length  ;  parts  of  iron  instruments  the  use  of  which  it  is  impossible  to 
determine ;  a  long  gun-barrel,  3  feet  8  inches  in  length,  of  that  sort,  I 
believe,  formerly  called  a  calliver  ;  part  of  the  lock  of  a  pistol ;  many  large 
bullets  of  lead  were  also  found.  I  may  add  to  this  list  a  pair  of  quern  stones, 
found  on  the  Monalty  Island ;  some  burnt  corn ;  remains  of  coarse  broken 
earthenware  vessels,  and  bits  of  thick  dark  glass ;  an  earthen  pot,  shaped 
like  a  hat ;  another  of  Dutch  manufacture,  with  the  figure  of  a  man's  head 
below  the  spout,  used  in  Ireland  during  the  seventeenth  century,  and  called 
grey-beards  ;  some  small  Dutch  tobacco  pipes  ;  cut  oval  stones,  apparently 
intended  for  pounding  in  mortars  ;  several  circular  stones,  with  holes  in  the 
centres,  often  found  with  ancient  remains,  and  considered  in  Ireland  to 
belong  to  the  ancient  spinning  wheels  ;  also  several  stones,  or  hones,  of 
different  shapes  and  sizes,  for  sharpening  weapons  and  tools;  a  brass  token, 
nearly  defaced,  probably  of  the  reign  of  Charles  II."  (B.  9,  p.  44.) 

In  1845,  when  the  lake  of  Corcreevy,  county  of  Tyrone,  was 
drained,  its  crannog  was  examined  by  Mr.  Burnside,  when  the 
following  articles  were  recovered  from  among  its  remains : — A 
pair  of  bronze  and  iron  manacles,  an  ornamental  comb  of  bone, 
parts  of  a  musical  instrument,  an  arrow-head,  a  spear-head,  and 
a  hammer-stone."* 

BALLINDERRY. 

About  the  same  time  the  crannog  in  Ballinderry  Lough,  near 
Moate,  county  of  Meath,  became  known,  and  appears  to  have 
yielded  a  large  quantity  of  bones  and  antiquities,  together  with  one 
or  two  canoes.  From  the  number  of  objects  now  in  the  Museum 

*  Proc.  li.  I.  A.,  vol.  v.  p.  215. 


360  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  and  in  private  collections,  said  to  be 


Fig.  108.  — BALLiNDiittiiy.     Bone  Comb  (f),  3  Bone  Pins,  length  3|,  4§,  and 
;"4  inches,  and  Bronze  Tweezer  (T). 

found   on    this   crannog,   it   must   have   been   an   unusually   rich 
repository   of    lake-dwelling   relics ;    yet,   singular    to   relate,   Sir 


Fig.  109. — BALLINDERRY.    Stone  Amulets. 

W.  Wilde  dismisses  the  subject  by  stating  that  he  was  indebted 
to  Mr.  Hayes,  of    Moate,  for  a  description  of  the  find,  together 


BALLINDERRY. 


361 


with   a   plan   and   map   of    the    locality.      On   this   crannog   Mr. 
Graves,  writing  as  late  as  1883,  makes  the  following  remarks : — 

"  There  was  a  great  crannog  in  this  lakelet,  surrounded  by  a  stockade 
of  oak   piles.     Around  this   and  on  the  crannog  was  found  an  immense 


Fig.  110.— BALLINDEKRY.     Inscribed  Bone  Pins.     Real  size. 

quantity  of  the  antlers  of  the  red  deer,  and  the  bones  of  deer,  oxen,  sheep, 
and  other  animals,  which  were  sold  as  manure.  A  great  and  varied  mass 
of  objects  of  an  archaeological  nature  were  also  found  on,  in,  and  around 
the  crannog,  some  of  which  found  their  way  to  the  hands  of  various  col- 
lectors, and  some,  I  believe,  are  in  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  Irish  Aca- 
demy (Fig's.  108  and  112),  but  unhappily  no  record  or  connected  account 
of  that  great  crannog  or  its  finds  has  been  preserved.  Amongst  the  articles 
of  wood  which  Mr.  Browne  secured  was  a  portion  of  an  ancient  harp.  The 


362 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Fig.  111.— BALLINDERRY.    Inscribed  Bone  Pins.    Real  size 


Fig.  112. — BALLINDERRY  AND  STROKESTOWN.    Bone  objects.    All  f  real  size. 

pins  and  amulets  exhibited  on  the  occasion  referred  to  have  since  been 
engraved,  and  I  now  describe  them,  beginning  with  the  amulets  (Fig".  109), 
which  are  here  engraved  from  photographs  full  size."  (B.  391,  p.  196.) 


DISCOVERIES    BY   BOARD   OF   WORKS.  363 

It  is  suggested  by  Mr.  Graves  that  the  curious  scorings  on  these 
pins  are  of  the  nature  of  Ogham  and  Runic  writing  (Figs.  110 
and  111),  but  special  authorities  who  have  examined  them  do  not 
support  this  theory.  Moreover,  I  doubt  the  genuineness  of  both 
the  pins  and  amulets. 

LOUGH   FATJGHAN. 

Rev.  Charles  Archbold,  writing  of  a  crannog  in  Lough 
Faughan,  county  Down,  says  :  — 

"  I  found  that  the  island  was  in  a  great  measure,  if  not  altogether,  arti- 
ficial. There  were  large  stakes  driven  into  the  ground,  and  completely 
enclosing  the  space  within,  but  not  rising 
above  the  surface,  so  as  to  form  a  palisade, 
but  evidently  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  in 
the  soil  from  the  encroachment  of  the  water. 
The  tradition  respecting  it  is,  that  there  had 
been  a  castle  on  the  shore  opposite,  the  chief- 
tain of  which  caused  this  island  to  be  made 
as  a  place  of  refuge  from  the  sudden  on- 
slaughts of  the  O'Neills  ;  and  to  render  this 
retreat  more  secure  he  would  never  allow 
more  than  one  boat  or  canoe  on  the  lake. 
During  the  drainage  of  the  lake  some  years 
ago,  a  canoe  formed  out  of  a  solid  piece  of 
oak  was  found  near  the  island."  A  iu#  of 

,.  '       ,  *  Flg.llS.-LOTJGHFAUGHAN. 

excellent    workmanship    was    round    on    this 

Earthenware    Jug.    13 
crannog  (Fig.  113).     (B.  18,  p.  224.) 


DISCOVERIES  BY   BOARD   OF   WORKS. 

But  the  greatest  discoveries  were  due  to  the  workings  of 
the  Commission  for  the  Arterial  Drainage  and  Inland  Naviga- 
tion of  Ireland,  which  brought  no  less  than  twenty-two  additional 
crannogs  to  light  in  the  counties  of  Roscommon,  Leitrim,  Cavan, 
and  Monaghan.  Reports  of  these  crannogs  by  the  engineers  of 
the  Board  of  Works,  with  plans,  maps,  and  sections  of  the  more 
important  (Figs.  114  and  115),  as  well  as  the  relics  collected 
on  them,  were  given  to  the  Royal  Irish  Academy.  Unfor- 
tunately these  relics  are  now  indiscriminately  mixed  with  other 
Irish  antiquities,  and  are  virtually  beyond  identification. 

Mr.  Mulvany,  Commissioner  of  Public  Works,  makes  the 
following  remarks  on  the  general  features  of  construction  of 
the  crannogs  encountered  by  them  during  these  drainage  opera- 
tions prior  to  the  year  1852  :  — 


364 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


"  1.  They  are  surrounded  by  stakes,  driven  generally  in  a  circle  from 
60  to  80  feet  in  diameter ;  but  in  some  cases  the  inclosure  is  larger,  and  of 
an  oval  shape,  as,  for  instance,  that  in  Loughtown  Lake,  which  is  120  feet 


Fig.  114.— Section  of  ARDAKILLEN  Crannog-,  near  Strokestown. 

from  east  to  west  and  100  feet  from  north  to  south  ;  and  one  of  those  in 
Lough  Mac  Hugh,  which  measures  118  feet  in  one  direction  and  74  feet 
in  another. 

u  2.  These  outside  stakes  are  generally  of  oak  from  4  to  9  inches  in 


\  ^  °* 

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Fig.  115.— Plan  of  Crannog  in  DRUMALEAGUE  LOUGH.    Outer  circle 
60  feet  in  diameter. 

diameter;  sometimes  driven  in  a  single  row,  sometimes  double,  and  in 
some  cases,  as  that  of  island  No.  1  in  Drumaleague  Lake,  the  stakes 
are  found  in  a  single  row  in  parts  of  the  island,  and  in  double  or 
treble  rows,  or  clusters,  in  other  parts.  The  island  in  Loughtown  Lake 
differs  from  the  others  in  being  surrounded  by  a  mass  of  stakes  upwards 
of  15  feet  wide,  and  rather  inclined  towards  the  centre  of  the  island. 


STROKESTOWN   CRANNOGS.  365 

"  3.  The  portions  of  the  stakes  remaining  in  the  ground  are  evidently 
the  lower  ends  of  young  trees,  or  of  branches  of  large  trees,  which  were 
stuck  down  just  as  they  grew  in  the  wood  ;  the  thicker  end  downwards, 
and  bearing  the  marks  of  the  hatchet  by  which  they  were  felled.  A  con- 
siderable length  of  these  stakes  must,  therefore,  have  projected  over  the 
ground ;  and  they  may  probably  have  been  joined  together  by  horizontal 
branches,  interlaced  so  as  to  form  a  screen,  well  calculated  to  serve  for 
shelter  or  defence.  All  the  portions  of  the  stakes  which  were  above  ground 
have  been  destroyed  by  time  ;  but  the  portions  remaining  below  ground, 
particularly  where  the  stratum  is  pure  peat,  are  generally  very  sound  at 
heart,  and  have  become  as  black  as  the  oak  usually  found  in  bogs. 

"  4.  The  surface  within  the  staked  inclosure  is  usually  covered  over  with 
a  layer  or  two  of  round  logs,  cut  into  lengths  of  from  4  to  6  feet,  over 
which  are  found  more  or  less  stones,  clay,  and  gravel.  In  some  cases 
where  the  foundation  is  very  soft,  as  in  island  No.  2  of  Drumaleague  Lake, 
the  layers  of  timber  are  very  deep.  In  other  cases,  where  the  ground  is 
naturally  firm,  the  platform  of  timber  is  confined  to  a  portion  of  the  island. 

"5.  In  almost  every  case  a  collection  of  flat  stones  has  been  found 
near  the  centre  of  the  inclosure,  having  marks  of  fire  on  them,  and 
apparently  having  served  as  a  hearth.  In  the  island  No.  2  of  Druma- 
league Lake  there  were  three  of  these  hearths  found  in  different  parts 
of  the  enclosure. 

"6.  Considerable  quantities  of  bones  are  generally  found  upon  or 
around  the  island,  being  apparently  those  of  deer,  black  cattle,  and  hogs ; 
the  skulls  of  the  cows  being  long  and  narrow,  with  very  short  horns. 

"7.  In  almost  every  case  one  or  more  pairs  of  quern  stones  have  been 
found  within  the  enclosure. 

"8.  In  many  cases  pieces  of  oak-framing  have  been  found,  witli 
mortices  and  cheeks  cut  in  them.  Some  of  these,  such  as  what  were 
found  on  island  No.  2  of  Drumaleague,  appear  to  have  been  portions  of  an 
ordinary  door-frame  ;  but  others,  such  as  those  found  on  the  island  of 
Lough  Scur  and  in  Lough  town  Lake,  are  portions  of  a  heavy  frame,  the 
use  of  which  does  not  appear  so  evident."  (B.  13,  Ap.,  p.  44.) 

STROKESTOWN   CRANNOGS. 

Adjacent  to  the  ancient  palace  of  the  Kings  of  Connaught 
are  three  lakes,  viz.  Cloonfree,  Cloonfinlough,  and  Ardakillen,  in 
each  of  which  one  or  two  crannogs  became  exposed  during  the 
drainage  operations  of  the  Board  of  Works. 

The  following  antiquities  found  in  the  lake  of  Cloonfree 
were  presented  to  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  by 
Alonzo  Lawder,  Esq.  (B.  lla,  p.  219):— 

"  A  horseshoe,  made  of  iron  ;  a  fragment  of  iron,  probably  the  hilt  of  a 
sword  ;  an  iron  spike,  for  butt-end  of  a  spear ;  a  bone  spear-head  \  a  bone 


366  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

pin  ;  two  amber  beads  ;  a  bronze  tweezer  ;  ditto,  broken,  but  of  different 
matter  ;  a  bronze  pin  with  ornamented  head,  having  a  cross  and  arrow- 
shaped  device  carved  on  two  sides  of  it ;  a  very  long  bronze  pin,  with 
ornamented  spike,  head,  and  ring  (a  peculiarly  fine  specimen)  ;  a  small 
iron  pin,  with  head  bound  with  bronze  wire,  and  small  circular  disc 
pendant ;  a  boar's  tusk  ;  and  a  buckle." 

The  crannog  of  Cloonfinlough  was  no  less  than  130  feet 
in  diameter,  and  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  Dennis  H.  Kelly 
(B.  11,  p.  208):— 

"  It  is  constructed  on  oak  piles  (many  of  them  showing  the  action  of 
fire),  driven  into  the  soft  marl  at  regular  distances,  and  tied  together  by 
horizontal  stretchers,  so  as  to  form  a  triple  stockade  round  it,  with  an 
interval  of  about  five  feet  between  each  stockade.  Outside  of  this,  to  the 
north-westward,  are  a  number  of  irregularly  placed  piles,  stretching  a 
short  distance  from  the  islet,  and  it  was  adjoining  to  them  the  great 
deposit  of  bones  was  found.  The  centre  of  these  stockades  was  laid  with 
trunks  of  smallish  oak  trees,  placed  flat  on  the  marl,  arid  all  pointing 
to  a  common  centre,  thus  forming  a  platform  whereon  the  island  itself 
was  constructed.  When  it  was  first  observed,  there  was,  jutting  out  from 
the  island  to  the  lake,  towards  the  west,  a  kind  of  jetty  or  pier,  formed  of 
a  double  row  of  piles  and  stretchers  running  parallel,  about  8  feet  asunder, 
and  on  which  logs  of  timber  were  closely  laid  horizontally. 

"  Of  this  gangway,  and  of  the  stockades,  there  are  now  but  very  im- 
perfect remains,  so  much  has  been  broken  up  and  removed  by  the  peasantry. 

"  The  deposit  of  bones,  etc.,  close  to  this  island,  consisted  of  bones  of 
cattle,  deer,  horses,  swine,  sheep,  fowl,  dogs,  deer,  both  fallow  and 
red,  a  few  specimens  (in  general  much  broken)  of  the  horns  of  the  Irish 
elk,  and  one  or  two  specimens  of  human  remains,  and  amongst  them  a 
quantity  of  articles  of  a  most  miscellaneous  description,  some  of  apparently 
very  great  antiquity,  and  others  of  a  much  more  recent  date.  Amongst 
these  are  spear-heads,  bronze  pins,  some  of  exquisite  workmanship,  and 
scarcely  any  two  of  exactly  the  same  form.  A  brass  bowl,  hammered  out 
of  the  solid  ;  two  brass  vessels,  made  of  small  pieces  most  curiously  riveted 
together  ;  a  brooch  of  handsome  workmanship  ;  a  variety  of  bone  pins 
and  implements;  deer-horn  combs,  of  very  great  artistic  merit;  horn 
discs,  like  backgammon  men ;  knives,  hooks,  and  hatchets  of  iron  ;  swords 
and  spear-heads  ;  an  iron  implement,  like  what  a  baker  uses  for  putting 
his  loaves  in  the  oven,  made  of  sheet  iron,  curiously  riveted  together,  and 
having  in  the  centre  a  circular  ornament,  with  a  cross  in  it,  that  has 
evidently  once  had  an  arabesque  pattern  on  it ;  sundry  miniature  frying- 
pans,  and  a  small  whetstone  ;  single  and  double  bronze  rings  ;  one  coin  of  the 
Emperor  Hadrian ;  one  bulla,  Pope  Paul  V. ;  sundry  silver  coins,  most  of 
them  Edwards,  and  one  so  late  as  James,  1690,  and  one  silver  coin,  un- 
figured  in  any  collection  that  I  have  seen. 


STROKESTOWN    CRANNOGS.  367 

"  Between  the  island  and  the  ruined  church  were  found  two  canoes, 
hollowed  out  of  single  oak  trees,  but  neither  of  them  much  more  than  two 
feet  wide  ;  the  stern  of  one  of  them  was  perforated  with  numerous  auger 
holes,  about  one  inch  each  in  diameter. 

"  On  examining  the  structure  of  the  island  itself,  which  was  effected  by 
cutting  a  trench  20  feet  long  by  5  wide,  as  near  the  centre  as  possible, 
there  was  found,  at  about  eight  inches  under  the  surface,  which  was 
covered  with  rank  grass  growing  in  a  rich  mould,  a  very  close-laid  pave- 
ment of  irregular-sized  boulder  stones.  When  this  was  removed,  a  stratum 
of  black  earth  was  exposed,  with  occasional  fragments  of  bones  through  it 
of  swine,  fowl,  sheep,  cattle,  and  deer  ;  and  about  six  inches  beneath  this, 
a  considerable  layer  of  burned  earth,  with  several  inches  of  unburned 
clay  under  it.  Then  came  a  second  very  closely-laid  pavement  of  large- 
sized,  flat-surfaced  stones,  beneath  which  were  alternate  layers  of  black 
earth  and  burned  clay  and  marl,  reaching  down  to  the  log  platform,  and 
interspersed,  like  the  one  above  it,  with  occasional  bones  and  fragments 
of  bones ;  some  few  human  remains,  viz. 
one  skull,  and  portions  of  some  more  were 
got  on  the  exterior  edge.  No  coffin-stone, 
chest,  or  other  sepulchral  remains. 

"Amongst  these  relics  are  knives,  some 
of  which  have  failed  in  the  forging  ;  combs 

in    an    incomplete    state    of    manufacture, 
,       ,  .  ,  it,-  Tig.  116.  —  CLOONFINLOUGH. 

deer-horns  sawn  in  sunder,  and  shavings  as 

^  Bronze    Dish,   7|   inches 
if  left  after  a  turner.     V  roni  these  1  am  led  . ,  ,   ,  . 

.  ^                                                                     .  wide,  and  decorated  in- 
to think  that,  whatever  may  have  been  its  .  *, 

original  occupants,  in  later  times  the  little 

island  resounded  to  the  busy  hum  of  industry,  and  that  the  smith,  the 
brazier,  the  comb-maker,  and  the  turner,  there  drove  a  brisk  trade,  and 
sometimes  solaced  their  leisure  in  the  construction  of  pretty  toys,  like 
the  tiny  plate-bucket  in  the  possession  of  the  post-mistress  of  Strokes- 
town,  and  whose  neatness  of  finish  would  do  no  discredit  to  our  best 
modern  cabinet-makers.  It  is  turned  in  oak,  arid  hooped  with  brass,  four 
and  a  half  inches  high,  and  four  inches  diameter.  There  was  originally 
a  pair,  but  one  was  unfortunately  broken." 

From  Cloonfinlough  only  the  following  relics  went  to  the 
Museum  of  the  Irish  Academy : — 

"  Small  brass  bowl  (probably  Pig.  116),  iron  bill-hook,  long  iron  spear- 
head, iron  shears,  large  tooth,  portion  of  a  hone  stone,  bronze  pin  with 
ornamented  head  and  ring,  bronze  pin  with  ring,  small  bronze  pin  with 
perforated  head,  small  bronze  pin  and  piece  of  thick  wire,  bone  needle  and 
pin."  (Proc.  It.  I.  A.,  vol.  v.,  Ap.,  p.  61.) 

A  considerable   collection  from  the  same  place  has,  however, 


368 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


found  a  safe  resting  place  in  the  British  Museum,  of  which  the 
more  interesting  objects  are  here  illustrated  (Fig.  117). 

In  regard  to  the  Ardakillen  crannog  Mr.  Kelly  writes  :— 
"  Near  this  was  found  a  boat  40  feet  in  length  and  4  feet  across 
the  bow,  hollowed  out  of  a  single  oak ;  and  in  which  were  a  skull, 


Fig.  117.—  CLOONPINLOUGH.    Nos.  17  to  19,  21  and  22  =  £,  the  rest  =  f  real 
size.     No.  2  is  the  upper  portion  of  an  inlaid  Bronze  Pin.  enlarged. 

a  bronze  pin,  and  a  spear,  which,  by  the  liberality  of  Mr.  R.  Kelly, 
I  am  permitted  to  present  to  the  Academy.  The  skull  is  per- 
forated in  the  forehead,  and  has  the  mark  of  no  less  than  twenty 
sword-cuts  on  it,  showing  the  murderous  conflict  in  which  its 
owner  must  have  been  engaged ;  and  near  to  it  were  found  a 
neck-piece  of  iron  and  20  feet  of  rude  chain  attached,  that  would 
do  credit  to  the  dungeons  of  Naples,  and  by  which  its  unhappy 
victim  was  made  fast."  (B.  11,  p.  214.) 


STROKESTOWN    CllANNOGS. 


369 


On  this  crannog  about  fifty  tons  of  bones  are  said  to  have  been 
collected  by  the  peasants  and  sold  at  two  shillings  per  cwt.  Of  the 
industrial  remains  of  its  occupiers  the  following  relics  were  given 
to  the  Museum  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy  : — 

"  Large  ornamented  bronze  pin 
with  ring,  bronze  pin  with  solid 
ornamented  head,  five  small  bronze 
pins,  bronze  or  brass  harp  pin, 
bronze  hook,  two  bone  needles, 
two  bone  spears,  large  tooth,  spud 
of  deer's  horn,  piece  of  hone  stone, 
piece  of  stone  ring,  small  piece 
of  round  stick,  small  silver  orna- 
ment, iron  hatchet  and  handle, 
iron  gouge,  iron  knife  blade,  part 
of  iron  hinge  and  large  spike  nail, 
wooden  hoop  and  scoop,  together 
with  a  parcel  containing  portion 
of  wooden  hoop,  ashes  of  different 
kinds,  a  fragment  of  cinerary  urns, 
bones  and  teeth  of  animals,  old 
iron  nails,  knife-blades,  etc."  (Proc. 
R.I.  A.,  vol.  v.,  Ap.,  p.  61.) 


Fig.  118.— STROKESTOWN.  Carved  Bone. 
8^  inches  long.  Showing  3  of  the 
devices  full  size. 


Among  the  relics  from  these  crannogs  illustrated  in  Wilde's 
catalogue  I  find  the  following  in  addition  to  those  already  given. 


Fig.  119.— STROKESTOWN.     Bone  Comb,  10  inches  lon< 


Fig.  120.— ARDAKILLEN.     Bronze  Brooch  with  late  Celtic  ornamentation  ({-). 

A  bone  with  carved  devices  of  interlaced  work  (Fig.  118),  some- 
what similar  to  those   on  a  bone   from   Lagore   already   noticed. 

Y 


370  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Portion  of  a  handsome  bone  comb,  10  inches  in  length,  with  a 
frame  back  riveted  together  with  iron  nails.  The  engraving 
shows  the  comb  restored  (Fig.  119). 
From  Ardakillen  there  is  a  beautiful 
bronze  brooch  with  late  Celtic  ornamenta- 
tion (Fig.  120),  and  from  Lough  Scur  a 
stone  mould  for  casting  bronze  axes 
(Fig.  121). 


LOUGH  RAVEL  NEAR  RANDALSTOWN. 

In  addition  to  Sir  W.  R  Wilde's  notes 
on   the   great   crannog   near   Randalstown 
(B.  24),  some  very  interesting  observations 
Fig  121.— LOUGH  SCUR.       <->n  the   antiquities  found  on   it  are  given 
stone     Mould     for       jn  the   Ulster  Journal  of  Archceology,  vol. 

casting  Bronze  Celts,         y..     supplementary  to   Troyon's   account   of 
7|  inches  long1.  J          ^        * 

the    Swiss   Lake-dwellings.     (B.   27.)     The 

most  complete  account,  however,  is  that  of  the  late  Mr.  Ed.  Benn, 
from  which  I  take  the  following  extract: — 

"The  island  near  Randalstown,"  writes  Mr.  Benn,  "was  a  very  large 
and  important  one,  said  to  have  been  occupied  by  a  member  of  the  O'Neil 
family.  The  lake  on  which  it  stood  has  been  long  since  drained,  and  a 
peat  moss  now  occupies  the  place,  which  has  been  yielding  antiquities  for 
the  last  twenty  or  thirty  years,  and  still  produces  some  annually.  A  good 
idea  of  the  importance  of  this  island  may  be  formed  from  the  number  of 
tools  and  appliances  for  carrying  on  the  ordinary  trades  which  have  been 
discovered  on  it,  as  the  tongs  and  anvil  of  the  smith,  which  latter  is  a 
rough  lump  of  iron  somewhat  smoothed  on  one  side, -and  weighing  fifty  or 
sixty  pounds.  Its  use  as  an  anvil  is  only  conjecture  ;  but  it  is  thought  a 
highly  probable  one,  and,  if  correct,  it  shows  the  difficulty  of  procuring  in 
those  rude  times  a  piece  of  iron  large  and  heavy  enough  for  such  a  purpose. 
Then  there  were  found  also  the  crucibles  of  the  brass-founder,  one  unused, 
and  several  greatly  worn  and  burned  out.  The  perfect  one  is  very  neat 
and  good,  and  about  the  size  of  a  small  hen's  egg.  Then  we  have  next 
the  scissors  and  two  needles  of  the  tailor;  one  of  the  needles  is  about 
the  size  of  what  is  called  a  darning-needle ;  the  other  long  and  strong 
resembling  a  packing-needle,  such  as  is  used  for  sewing  sackcloth  : 
bath  are  made  of  brass,  and  well  formed.  There  was  also  found 
the  awl  of  the  shoemaker,  a  very  curious  article,  and  apparently  older 
than  the  other  things  ;  the  blade  of  this  awl  is  of  brass,  and  the  handle  of 
stone.  Several  axes  or  hatchets  of  the  carpenter  have  turned  up,  very 
like  those  of  the  present  day  ;  also  a  pair  of  small  shears,  such  as  are  used 


LOUGH    RAVEL. 


371 


by  weavers.  Connected  with  agriculture  were  found  a  very  small  sock  of 
a  plough,  a  curious  spade,  very  light,  about  four  feet  long,  all  of  wood,  but 
nearly  tipped  with  iron  on  the  edge  \  and  a  pair  of  very  large  shears,  for 
clipping  sheep.  There  was  also  a  netting-needle  of  iron  ;  but  few  warlike 
weapons  of  any  kind.  None  of  the  latter,  indeed,  came  within  my  obser- 
vation but  an  iron  sword  and  a  very  good  battle-axe,  such  as  was  used  by 
the  galloglasses ;  it  is  shaped  like  the  axe  used  by  coopers,  and  is  very  in- 
teresting from  its  rarity."  The  further  objects  described  by  Mr.  Benn  are 


Fig.  122.—  LOUGH  RAVEL.     No.  2=£,  3  and 


,  and  the  rest  =  |  real  size. 


pins  of  brass,  iron,  bone,  and  wood,  generally  from  3  to  5  inches  long  ;  a 
large  glass  bead  and  a  small  crescent-shaped  piece  of  glass  ;  a  button  with 
two  eyes  ;  a  horse-shoe  ;  a  few  fragments  of  pottery  ;  a  wooden  scoop  ;  a 
brass  dish  15  inches  across,  including  the  rim,  which  is  an  inch  and  a  half 
broad  :  it  is  rather  more  than  2  inches  deep;  some  knives;  a  comb,  neatly 
made  of  bone  and   riveted  with    iron   nails.      "  Besides  the  things    here 
enumerated,  the  bog  around  the  Raiidalstown  crannog  has  already  yielded 
several  boats  and  parts  of  boats  ;  these  were  all  hollowed  out  of  large  trees 
and  were  very  well  formed.     One  of  large  size,  and  quite  perfect,  has  been 
taken  out  lately  from  beneath  sixteen  feet  of  moss.     It  has  been  stated, 
when  first  raised,  it  retained  its  original  form  entire,  but  soon  became 
warped  and  out  of  shape.     In  the  bottom  of.  this  boat  lay  a  very  neatly 
made  oak  paddle,  about  three  feet  and  a  half  long,  and  a  wooden  bowl 


372  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

capable  of  holding  nearly  a  quart.  It  was  very  thick  and  rude-looking, 
not  made  by  turning,  but  by  hollowing  out  of  a  solid  piece,  like  the  boat 
itself."  (B.  29,  p.  86.) 

Some  of  the  relics  from  the  Randalstown  crannog  I  have  been 
able  to  identify  in  the  Belfast  Museum,  and  a  few  others  from  the 
same  place  I  found  in  the  collection  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  at 
Dublin.  These,  together  with  a  silver  brooch  copied  from  the 
Journal  of  the  Royal  Historical  a.nd  Archaeological  Association  of 
Ireland  (B.  215),  and  three  bronze  brooches  from  the  Ulster 
Journal  of  Archaeology,  vols.  iv.  p.  269,  and  vi.  p.  103,  are  illus- 
trated on  Fig.  122. 

TONYMORE. 

The  next  important  lacustrine  discoveries  were  made  in  the 
loch  of  Tony  more,  county  Cavan.  It  appears  that  this  small  lake 
was  celebrated  for  its  pike-fishing,  and  contained  a  dry  mound  or 
island  about  50  yards  in  diameter,  which  was  much  resorted  to  by 
sportsmen.  That  this  island  was  a  crannog  was  never  suspected 
till  a  considerable  time  after  it  had  been  drained  in  consequence 
of  the  railway  having  to  pass  through  it.  Though  wooden  piles 
and  some  relics  were  then  found,  the  real  nature  of  the  discovery 
was  not  understood  till  the  publication  of  Sir  W.  R.  Wilde's 
catalogue  of  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  in  1857, 
which  gave  an  account  of  several  similar  stations.  Among  the 
relics  then  collected  at  Tonymore  were  several  querns,  sharpening 
stones,  a  yew  bow,  and  (in  the  lake  mud)  two  elks'  heads. 

In  1862  Lord  Farnham  caused  further  examination  of  the 
mound  to  be  made  under  Dr.  Malcomson,  of  Cavan,  from  whose 
report  the  following  facts  are  derived  (B.  60,  p.  274) : — 

"The  piles  or  stakes  were  arranged  in  two  circles,  one  within  the  other; 
the  diameter  of  the  greater  one  being  120  feet,  that  of  the  other  about 
ninety  feet.  The  piles  in  the  outer  circle  were  very  numerous  ;  and,  in 
some  instances,  driven  in  close  proximity  to  each  other.  A  few,  having 
withstood  the  ravages  of  time,  appeared  about  three  feet  above  the  surface, 
and,  upon  being  withdrawn  and  examined,  were  found  to  have  been  care- 
fully pointed.  The  stakes  in  the  inner  row  were  not  so  numerous,  nor 
were  they  altogether  composed  of  oak,  some  of  them  being  of  sallow  or 
other  soft  wood. 

"  Within  the  stockades  were  observed  two  small  mounds  (upon  which 
the  grass  was  much  more  verdant  than  upon  any  other  part  of  the  island), 
one  at  the  north  and  the  other  at  the  south.  Corresponding  with  the 


TONYMORE.  373 

depression  between  these,  and  3  feet  under  the  soil,  we  found,  during  the 
excavation,  a  flat  stone,  about  four  feet  square  and  3  inches  thick,  resting 
on  a  number  of  upright  blocks  of  decayed  oak.  This,  no  doubt,  was  a 
hearthstone.  Besides  the  wooden  stakes  entering  into  the  formation  of 
the  circles,  others  appear  to  have  been  laid  horizontally,  their  beam- 
like  ends  showing  at  that  part  of  the  enclosure  which  was  disturbed  by 
the  passage  of  the  railway.  When  the  excavation  had  been  carried  to  the 
centre,  the  cut  surface  presented,  from  above  downwards,  the  following 
section  :  1st,  clay  ;  2nd,  black  and  grey  ashes  with  small  stones  and  sand  ; 
3rd,  bones  and  ashes,  with  lumps  of  blue  and  yellow  clay  ;  4th,  a  quantity 
of  grey  ashes  ;  and  5th,  the  horizontal  sleepers  or  stretchers,  and  hazel 
branches  resting  on  the  peat  bottom. 

"  On  the  same  marsh,  and  about  one  hundred  yards'  distance  from  the 
island,  but  nearer  to  Tonymore  Castle,  are  two  other  stockaded  forts,  on  a 
raised  plateau.  They  do  not  appear  to  have  been  islands,  as  an  elevated 
causeway  leads  from  them  to  the  mainland  ;  but  otherwise  they  resemble 
the  crannoge  in  their  stockaded  and  mound-like  appearance." 

The  antiquities  collected  on  the  crannog  were  presented  to  the 
Museum  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  among  which  were  the 
following,  thus  described  by  Sir  W.  R.  Wilde  :— 

"A  very  perfect  quern,  17  inches  in  diameter,  witli  the  upper  surface 
of  the  top  stone  highly  decorated ;  found  at  the  bottom  and  near  the 
centre  of  the  crannog.  Several  pieces  of  iron  slag  ;  a  barrel-shaped  piece 
of  wood  3J  inches  long,  hollow  throughout,  and  perforated  with  six  holes  ; 
three  flat  circular  stone  discs  or  quoits,  averaging  3|  inches  in  diameter, 
and  half  an  inch  thick  ;  a  most  perfect  and  highly  decorated  mortar,  8 
inches  high  by  17^  wide,  decorated  at  the  corners  with  four  grotesque 
figures  ;  a  stone  mould  ;  a  four-sided  whetstone  20  inches  by  3,  and  eleven 
fragments  of  smaller  sharpening  stones,  of  which  two  are  perforated. 

"A  large  oval  and  five  globular  stones  ;  a  flat  red  touchstone  of  jasper 
and  a  stone  shot  3  inches  in  diameter ;  two  weapon-sharpeners  of  re- 
markably hard  stone. 

"  Two  large  bone  beads  ;  a  variegated  enamel  bead  ;  a  large  irregularly 
shaped  amber  bead  ;  a  smaller  one  of  enamel  paste,  showing  a  mixture  of 
red,  yellow,  and  blue  colours ;  and  also  a  small  blue  glass  bead. 

"  Two  imperfect  bone  combs,  like  those  already  figured  in  the  catalogue 
at  p.  272  (FigS.  105,  108,  and  119). 

"  A  bone  ferrule  2*-  inches  long,  solid  at  one  end. 

"  Fourteen  portions  of  pottery,  some  rudely  glazed,  others  burned,  and 
some  only  backed  ;  and  consisting  of  fragments  of  various  vessels  used 
either  in  the  arts  or  for  domestic  and  culinary  purposes,  such  as  crucibles, 
pitchers,  and  bowls.  Among  these  is  a  fragment  of  a  bowl  or  urn,  of 
unglazed  pottery,  highly  decorated  with  deeply  grooved  lines  on  the 
outside,  and  slight  indentations  on  the  everted  lip.  It  is  of  great 


374  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

antiquity  ;  composed  of  very  black  clay,  darkened  still  more  by  the  long- 
continued  action  of  the  bog,  and  mixed  with  a  quantity  of  particles  of 
white  quartz  or  feldspar,  which  was  probably  added  to  give  it  stability.  A 
similar  description  of  art  may  be  remarked  in  some  of  our  oldest  mortuary 
urns.  When  we  consider  that,  except  the  urns  which  must  be  referred  to 
the  Pagan  period,  we  have  scarcely  any  examples  of  ancient  Irish  pottery, 
these  specimens  possess  a  peculiar  interest  for  the  investigators  of  fictile  ware. 

"  Fragments  of  Kimmerage  coal  rings  ;  probably  part  of  a  bracelet, 
which  seems  to  have  been  jointed  at  one  end. 

"  The  bowls  of  two  small  pipes,  similar  to  those  in  the  Museum,  and 
usually  but  erroneously  denominated  '  Danish  tobacco  pipes.' 

"  An  enclosed  ring  of  bronze,  3  J  inches  in  diameter  ;  a  large  decorated 
bronze  pin,  7i-  inches  long  ;  and  a  smaller  one,  3  inches  in  length. 

"  An  iron  knife-blade,  with  perforated  haft,  8£  inches  long  :  this  article 
looks  as  if  it  had  been  attached  to  a  long  handle  ;  a  smaller  blade,  with 
tang  for  haft,  2f  inches  in  length  ;  a  globular  piece  of  iron  2f  inches  in 
diameter,  like  a  crotal,  with  an  aperture  on  one  side  ;  the  head  of  a  small 
iron  hammer  ;  three  portions  of  rings,  and  eleven  other  iron  fragments, 
the  uses  of  which  have  not  been  determined. 

u  A  small  perforated  stone,  like  a  whorl  or  distaff  weight."  (Ibid., 
p.  290.) 

FURTHER    DISCOVERIES. 

Mr.  G.  H.  Kinahan's  observations  on  the  Irish  crannogs,  which 
now  (1863)  began  to  appear,  have  greatly  contributed  to  the 
dissemination  of  a  correct  knowledge  of  their  structure  and 
geographical  distribution.  His  notes  on  the  crannogs  of  Lough  Rea 
(B.  58),  Ballinlough  (B.  70a),  Lough  Nahinch  (B.  70b),  and  Lough 
Naneevin  (B.  118),  which  successively  appeared  in  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  were  followed  in  1872  by  an  article  on 
"  Lake  Stone-dwellings  in  Connaught  "  (B.  214),  in  which  he  shows 
that  in  some  cases  dry  stones  were  substituted  for  the  ordinary 
wooden  structures  and  rubbish  of  which  the  artificial  islands  were 
usually  constructed — a  fact  which  finds  many  parallel  illustrations 
in  Scotland. 

Mr.  Kinahan  says  that  Reed's  Island,  Shore  Island,  Ash  Island, 
and  Island  M'Coo,  in  Loughrea,  are  crannogs  ;  while  Blake's  Island 
may  also  be  one.  From  Shore  Island  300  tons  of  bone  were 
procured,  among  which  was  the  head  of  a  Megaceroa  Hibernicus 
which  measured  13  feet  from  tip  to  tip  of  its  horns.  Amongst  many 
relics  found  here  made  of  stone,  horn,  and  wood  were  a  few  metal 
objects,  as  iron  shears,  a  brass  pin,  a  crozier  made  of  brass,  a 
battle-axe,  a  cast  for  a  coin,  and  a  hammered  iron  vessel. 


BALLYDOOLOUGH.  375 

The  only  other  writer  on  Irish  crannogs  to  whom  I  find  it 
necessary  to  allude  in  a  special  manner  is  Mr.  W.  F.  Wakeman. 
Personally  acquainted  with  Petrie  and  Wilde,  and  probably  deriving 
inspiration  from  their  enthusiastic  devotion  to  archaeology,  and  an 
eye-witness  of  the  first  great  crannog  find  at  Dunshaughlin,  Mr. 
Wakeman  has  ever  since  been  a  careful  observer  of  the  antiquities 
of  his  country.  His  special  attention  to  crannogology  dates  only 
from  1870,  but  since  then  scarcely  a  year  has  passed  without  his  pen 
and  pencil  being  in  requisition  to  record  some  fresh  discovery  in 
this  field  of  research. 

In  early  times  no  district  in  Ireland  presented  more  favour- 
able conditions  for  aquatic  retreats  than  the  county  of  Fermanagh, 
with  its  countless  lakes  and  bogs,  interspersed  and  embosomed 
in  the  primeval  forests  which  were  thsn  extant.  These  advantages 
would  appear  to  have  been  fully  recognised  by  the  crannog- 
builders,  as  we  find  more  remains  of  these  lacustrine  abodes 
here  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  island.  The  number  of 
crannogs  now  recorded  in  this  county  amounts  to  about  40, 
but  of  course  this  is  by  no  means  the  full  quota  that  might 
be  disclosed  by  the  adoption  of  a  general  system  of  explora- 
tion. Such  exhaustive  methods  of  research  have  not  as  yet, 
however,  taken  deep  root  in  Ireland,  so  that  the  few  reliable  data 
of  this  character  that  have  come  to  light  we  cannot  afford  to 
pass  over,  even  in  this  brief  sketch.  The  following  extracts  from 
Mr.  Wakeman's  reports  are  selected  for  the  purpose  of  illustrat- 
ing the  structure  of  these  remains  in  this  part  of  Ireland,  and  the 
general  character  of  the  relics  left  on  them  by  their  inhabitants. 

BALLYDOOLOUGH. 

Ballydoolough  ("  town  of  the  dark  loch ")  is  a  small  sheet  of 
water  some  five  miles  from  Enniskillen,  in  which  there  is  a 
small  island  which,  in  1870,  was  recognised  as  a  crannog,  and 
subsequently  investigated. 

"  It  contained,  in  wonderful  preservation,  three-fourths  of  the  founda- 
tion of  its  original  log-house,  the  beams  of  which  were  mortised  together, 
and  further  fastened  witli  pegs  of  oak.  The  antiquities  here  discovered 
were  very  interesting,  and  consisted  of  stone,  wood,  bronze,  iron,  a  mixed 
metal,  probably  findruine,  and  pottery  of  which  I  have  given  examples  in 
this  and  former  papers.  The  most  curious  relic  noticed  here  was  an  Ogham 
stone,  which  has  been  pronounced  the  most  northern  monument  of  its  class 


376  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

yet  discovered  in  Ireland.  The  pieces  of  pottery  were  very  numerous,  and 
usually  exhibited  ornamentation  of  an  extremely  early  kind,  amongst 
which  chevron  patterns  similar  to  those  found  upon  *  sepulchral  urns  ' 
were  conspicuous.  The  bronze  articles  were  a  thin  plate  of  genuine 
antique  bronze,  supposed  to  be  part  of  a  vessel ;  a  looped  pin  about  4| 
inches  in  length  ;  a  thin  ribbon,  and  an  article  apparently  belonging  to 
horse-furniture.  Two  iron  knives,  one  of  which  had  traces  of  bronze- 
mounting,  were  also  picked  up  :  these  resembled  like  articles  found  in 
barrows  in  England.  A  brooch,  partly  composed  of  a  white  metal,  probably 
findruine,  also  occurred,  as  well  as  a  portion  of  a  shoe  of  a  small  horse  or 
ass.  There  were  quern  stones,  whetstones,  a  crucible,  and  numerous  pieces 
of  iron  slag.  All  the  portions  of  vases  found  were  composed  of  earth  and 
sand,  fire-hardened.  There  was  no  glazing  or  trace  of  the  use  of  the 
wheel.  Many  of  the  specimens  were  furnished  with  handles  or  ears.  A 
solitary  vessel  of  wood,  probably  yew,  was  discovered  entire,  but  reduced 
almost  to  a  state  of  pulp.  Among  other  relics  were  so-called  sling-stones, 
immense  quantities  of  hazel-nuts,  three  canoes,  each  formed  of  a  single  piece 
of  oak,  and  a  small  oaken  vessel  formed  of  staves."  (B.  217,  p.  314.) 

•'THE    MIRACLES." 

At  another  locality  bearing  the  singular  name  of  "  The 
Miracles,"  situated  near  Monea,  and  now  a  bog,  but  formerly 
a  lake,  a  erannog  was  revealed  by  the  turf-cutters. 

"  Amongst  the  stone  articles  were  the  usual  class  of  whetstones, 
and  two  circular  grinding-stones,  the  only  specimens  of  their  kind 
I  have  ever  heard  of  as  having  occurred  in  a  erannog.  The  larger 
measures  8  inches  across ;  the  smaller  is  now  in  the  Museum  of 
our  (Kilkenny)  Association,  it  having  been  presented  by  Mr. 
Plunket.  The  material  of  both  is  close,  yellow  sandstone.  The 
bones  here  were  numerous,  and  of  the  usual  erannog  class.  Single- 
piece  canoes  had  from  time  to  time  been  found  in  the  surround- 
ing loch.  The  remains  of  pottery  found  here  were  unimportant ; 
but  at  least  one  very  good  crucible,  as  well  as  iron  slag  and 
charcoal,  were  turned  up."  (B.  217,  p.  820.) 

LOUGH  EYES. 

Lough  Eyes  (anciently  Tobernasoul,  i.e.  "the  Well  of  the 
Eyes  "),  a  small  lake  only  two-thirds  of  a  mile  long  and  a  quarter 
broad,  contained  a  number  of  crannogs.  The  largest  is  288  feet 
in  circumference,  and  has  a  maximum  height  above  the  lowest 
summer  level  of  10  feet,  and  is  therefore  never  entirely  sub- 
merged. "  Stockading  still  exists  in  a  very  interesting  state  of 


DRUMDARRAGH.  377 

preservation.  To  the  west  and  north-west  the  stakes  are  four 
deep,  and  are  placed  so  close  together  as  almost  to  touch.  They 
are  all,  or  nearly  all,  of  oak,  roughly  worked,  and  sharply 
pointed  by  a  metal  axe  or  adze." 

A  large  quantity  of  broken  pottery,  like  that  from  Ballydoo- 
lough,  and  some  flat  pieces,  apparently  lids,  and  a  club  of  deer- 
horn,  were  found  on  it.  Iron  slag,  pottery,  bones,  etc.,  were  found 
on  all  these  crannogs.  (B.  191,  p.  553.) 

DRUMDARRAGH,    OR   TRILLICK. 

This  lake  is  now  nearly  drained,  and  its  crannog,  which 
measured  130  feet  in  diameter,  has  recently  been  re-investigated 
by  Mr.  Wakeman,  who  thus  describes  the  result  :— 

"Upon  examination,  the  work  presented  the  usual  layers  of  bog,  earth, 
and  stones,  mixed  with  small  trunks  and  boughs  of  ash,  alder,  beech,  yew, 
oak,  and  other  trees.  Here  and  there,  at  different  levels,  were  masses  of 
ferns  and  furze.  The  outer  edge  was  strongly  piled  with  young  trees,  of 
the  description  above  referred  to  ;  the  great  majority,  however,  being 
oak.  Owing  to  the  softness  of  the  surroundings  it  was  impossible  to  com- 
pletely trace  the  piling  on  the  side  of  the  island  which  faces  the  ancient  loch 
bed  ;  but  on  what  may  be  called  the  land  side  the  stakes  formed  six  rows 
placed  somewhat  regularly,  with  usually  a  space  of  about  two  feet  between 
each  set,  sometimes,  however,  they  were  close  together,  nearly  touching. 
The  stakes  stood  about  thirty  inches  asunder,  and  such  of  their  numbers 
as  were  disturbed  for  the  purpose  of  examination  presented  sharply -pointed 
ends,  the  result  evidently  of  powerful  and  well-laid  strokes  of  a  very 
keen  metallic  hatchet  or  adze. 

"  Being  anxious  to  find  whether  the  crannog  rested  upon  a  frame  of 
timber,  as  a  tradition  of  the  place  stated,  and  in  order,  if  possible,  to 
discover  the  internal  construction  "of  the  work,  I  caused  several  trenches 
to  be  excavated  in  various  places  within  the  staked  enclosure,  and  then, 
with  a  long  crowbar,  probed  as  far  as  that  instrument  would  reach.  The 
result  was  that  we  struck  upon  several  large  and  solid  pieces  of  timber, 
but  in  what  position  they  were  laid  or  whether  in  any  way  attached  to 
others  it  was  impossible  to  determine,  owing  to  the  influx  of  water,  and  to 
the  spongy  character  of  the  bog-stuff,  branches,  etc.,  through  which  the 
iron  pierced.  Throughout  the  island — placed  apparently  without  any 
attempt  at  symmetrical  arrangement — were  several  stakes  of  the  same 
kind,  but  larger  than  any  found  in  the  inclosing  lines  of  piles.  These 
timbers  I  believe  to  have  been  simply  intended  to  act  as  stays  or  binders 
to  the  body  of  the  crannog.  They  certainly  did  not  indicate  partitions. 
There  was  no  trace  of  wattlework,  nor  was  there  any  example  of  timber 
presenting  mortise-holes  observable. 


378  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

"  During  the  process  of  excavation  it  became  perfectly  manifest  that 
the  mound  of  the  crannog  was  the  work  of  three  several  periods.  Within 
a  couple  of  feet  of  the  present  surface,  near  the  centre  of  the  island,  were 
found  several  large  red  sandstone  flags,  still  exhibiting  traces  of  the  action 
of  fire,  and  surrounded  by  charcoal,  pieces  of  charred  wood,  bones  of  deer, 
sheep,  pigs,  goats,  and  other  animals,  many  of  them  evidently  split  for  the 
marrow.  Here  also  were  some  fragments  of  pottery  which  had,  no  doubt, 
formed  portions  of  culinary  vessels ;  part  of  an  iron  knife  of  early  type  ; 
a  second  and  much  smaller  knife  of  iron,  to  which  a  wooden  handle  had 
been  attached  by  rivets ;  a  piece  of  iron  spirally  twisted  ;  a  nail  or  pin  of 
the  same  metal,  and  a  broken  whetstone  of  the  usual  crannog  class.  I 
should  here  observe  that  for  many  years  past  the  mound  had  been  sub- 
jected to  rude  tillage,  and  consequent  denudation,  and  that  quern  stones  of 
the  'pot'  and  more  ordinary  type,  belonging  in  all  probability  to  this 
layer,  had  been  found  near  the  hearth,  and  but  a  few  inches  above  it. 
These  are  now  preserved  in  a  neighbouring  cottage. 

"  The  second  hearth  was  about  two  and  a  half  feet  lower  in  the  soil, 
and  placed  at  a  distance  of  a  few  feet  south-east  of  the  former,  from  whicli 
it  scarcely  differed,  except  that  its  vicinity  was  much  more  prolific  in  bones, 
broken  pottery,  charcoal,  and  other  '  kitchen-midden  '  waifs. 

"  The  third  and  lowest  hearth,  or  rather  fire-place,  for  no  large  stones 
appeared,  lay  about  eighteen  inches  lower  than  that  last  described,  and 
nearly  beneath  it.  In  connection  with  both,  and  mingled  generally  in  the 
soil — above,  below,  and  for  a  considerable  distance  around — were  broken 
animal  remains ;  innumerable  teeth  of  swine,  deer,  etc.,  boar-tusks ; 
charcoal ;  '  burnt  stones  ; '  a  bead  of  jet ;  a  bronze  harp  peg  ;  an  animal's 
head  in  iron,  probably  the  leg  of  a  pot ;  an  article  of  iron  resembling  a 
small,  narrow,  double  axe-head  or  pick  ;  rude,  oval-shaped  hammer-stones  ; 
a  well-formed  knife  of  trap  ;  an  admirably-worked  '  thumbflint ; '  a  core  of 
flint  from  which  flakes  had  been  struck  ;  portion  of  a  whetstone,  and, 
finally,  fragments  of  the  sides  and  bottoms  of  fictile  vessels,  together  with 
ears  or  handles  of  the  same  ware."  (B.  441,  p.  372.) 

COAL-BOG,    NEAR    BOHO. 

Mr.  Plunket,  who  examined  the  remarkable  find  which  was 
brought  to  light  here  in  1880,  thus  describes  the  wooden  structures 
met  with : — 

"After  a  minute  inspection,  I  perceived  that  we  were  standing  on 
what  was  once  an  artificial  island,  oval  in  shape,  slightly  elevated  in  the 
centre,  and  dipping  with  a  gentle  slope  on  all  sides,  the  outlines  of  whicli 
can  still  be  easily  traced.  It  is  60  yards  long,  and  14  yards  across  at  its 
greatest  width.  Piles,  or  stakes,  with  rudely-sharpened  ends  and  varying 
in  size,  are  found  at  intervals  all  over  this  area,  and  rough  oak  planks, 
about  the  size  of  railway  sleepers,  may  be  seen  lying  in  rows  here  and 


LIhNACROGHERA.  379 

there,  and  generally  resting  on  a  layer  of  branches,  the  whole  being  covered 
over  with  a  stratum  of  clay  and  'stones,  mingled  with  charcoal  and  ashes. 
It  is  quite  manifest  that  this  is  the  site  of  an  ancient  crannog,  or  artificial 
island.  The  surrounding  depression,  now  filled  with  peat,  known  as  the 
Coal-Bog,  and  covering  some  scores  of  acres,  once  formed  a  large  sheet  of 
water."  (B.  345,  p.  66.) 

Here  perforated  posts  and  frameworks  of  what  were  supposed 
to  have  been  wooden  huts  were  found.  In  one  place  a  wooden 
structure  measuring  11  feet  10  inches  by  6  feet  3  inches,  formed 
of  rude  wooden  beams,  with  roughly-executed  mortises,  was 
found  no  less  than  21  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  peat.  Two 
flint  implements,  several  fragments  of  hand-made  pottery,  devoid 
of  ornamentation,  broken  hazel-nut  shells,  and  in  the  vicinity, 
at  the  same  depth  in  the  peat,  a  few  wooden  dishes.  The  stool 
of  a  huge  pine  tree,  which,  "  before  its  decay,  must  have  measured 
14  feet  in  diameter,"  was  found  2  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
floor  of  the  hut,  which  sent  its  roots  downwards. 

Subsequently  Mr.  Wakeman  states  that  near  this  crannog 
lumps  of  "  bog  butter,"  rolled  up  in  cow-hides,  were  found,  and 
that  the  wood  of  the  huge  root  of  the  tree  above  referred  to 
turned  out  on  analysis  to  be  yew,  and  not  pine.* 

LISNACROGHERA. 

Amongst  the  more  recently  discovered  lake-dwellings  were 
one  at  Lisnacroghera,  near  Broughshane,  and  two  in  Lough 
Mourne,  both  localities  being  in  county  Antrim.  The  former 
came  into  notice  some  six  years  ago  in  consequence  of  the  dis- 
covery in  a  peat  bog  of  some  remarkable  iron  swords,  with 
bronze  sheaths,  together  with  other  military  weapons.  The  bog 
in  which  these  objects  were  found  occupies  the  site  of  a  former 
lake,  which,  till  recently,  retained  so  much  water  as  to  prevent 
the  working  of  the  peat  for  fuel.  To  remedy  this  the  outlet 
was  deepened,  and  so  new  or  undisturbed  portions  of  the  bog 
were  brought  within  reach  of  the  peat-cutters.  The  antiquities 
were  found  from  time  to  time  in  a  circumscribed  area,  within 
a  small  plot  belonging  to  one  of  the  neighbouring  farmers.  When 
attention  was  first  directed  to  the  locality,  and  the  workers 
questioned  as  to  the  circumstances  in  which  the  relics  came  to 

*  7?.  //.  Arch.  A*.,  vol.  v.,  4th  S..  p.  330. 


880  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

light,  it  appears  that  some  kind  of  wooden  structure  was  en- 
countered, which,  however,  had  been  entirely  removed  before 
being  seen  by  anyone  competent  to  form  an  opinion  as  to  its 
nature.  In  August,  1866,  I  visited  the  locality,  and  closely 
questioned  the  farmer  about  this  woodwork,  but  failed  to  elicit 
any  definite  information.  He  was  quite  clear,  however,  about 
the  existence  of  stakes  and  irregularly  disposed  beams  and 
brushwood,  which  at  the  time  he  thought  little  about.  From 
his  description,  and  some  remnants  of  oak  beams,  some  showing 
the  usual  mortises,  there  can,  I  think,  be  little  doubt  that  it 
was  a  crannog,  but  of  no  great  dimensions.  Close  to  where  the 
peat  had  been  cut  there  is  an  undisturbed  structure  of  stones 
just  cropping  through  the  turf,  which  may  yet  turn  out  to  have 
some  relationship  with  the  crannog.  As  to  the  relics,  there 
is  no  record  of  their  association  with  the  crannog  beyond  the 
fact  of  their  being  found  in  its  vicinity.  Canon  Grainger,  who 
has  taken  much  interest  in  this  find,  has  secured  for  his  private 
museum  a  large  number  of  the  relics  from  Lisnacroghera,  but 
he  fears  that,  since  the  crannog  has  become  famous,  he  has 
occasionally  been  imposed  upon  by  having  presented  to  him, 
as  coining  from  it,  objects  which  in  reality  had  been  found 
elsewhere.  This,  in  my  opinion,  partly  explains  the  presence 
of  such  incongruous  objects  as  are  now  to  be  seen  in  the 
Canon's  collection.  Among  these  are  especially  some  arrow- 
heads and  scrapers  of  flint  which  cannot  be  distinguished  from 
analogous  objects  picked  up  on  the  neighbouring  fields.  Besides 
the  weapons  with  bronze  mountings,  there  is  in  short  an  assortment 
of  remains  which  might  be  classed  as  belonging  to  all  ages— 
a  stone  celt,  rubbers,  flint  arrow-heads  and  scrapers,  down  to 
an  iron  reaping-hook,  a  hedge-cutter's  knife,  and  a  portion  of  an 
old  gunlock. 

But  the  special  interest  of  the  Lisnacroghera  crannog  lies 
in  the  remarkable  series  of  military  weapons  which  it  has 
yielded,  consisting  of  iron  swords  and  ornamented  sheaths  of 
bronze,  iron  spears  with  long  wooden  handles  and  bronze  mount- 
ings, together  with  a  variety  of  other  bronze  objects,  probably 
the  mountings  of  shields.  These  I  shall  now  proceed  to  describe. 

Sword-sheaths. — Up  to  the  present  time  four  sheaths  (Fig. 
123,  Nos.  1  to  4)  have  been  recovered,  but  only  one  is  entire, 
the  rest  being  more  or  less  in  a  fragmentary  condition.  They 


LISNACROGHERA. 


381 


are  all  made  of  thin  bronze  riveted  together  at  the  margins,  and 
over  this  there  is  a  bead  which,  towards  the  lower  third,  develops 
into  an  elegant  ornamentation  very  similar  to  that  which  we  have 


Fig.  123. — LISNACBOGHEEA.     Sword  Sheaths  of  Bronze.     All  ^  real  size. 

already  seen  on  the  sword-sheaths  of  La  Tene  (See  Fig".  87.)  The 
perfect  sheath  (No.  1)  is  devoid  of  ornamentation,  except  that 
formed  by  the  marginal  bead ;  but  the  other  three  (of  which  only 


382  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

one  side  of  each  remains)  are  decorated  with  highly  artistic  designs 
formed  by  incised  lines,  the  details  of  which  will  be  readily  seen  from 
the  illustrations.  No.  1,  which  still  retains  the  blade  of  an  iron 
sword  firmly  adhered  to  it,  is  17  £  inches  long.  No.  2  is  defective 
at  the  tip,  besides  having  lost  its  surrounding  bead ;  it  measures, 
in  its  present  condition,  19  inches  in  length.  The  illustration 
here  is  a  reproduction  of  a  rubbing  reduced  half  size  and  shows 
only  the  upper  half.  The  design  which  comes  out  in  white  lines 
is  in  reality  incised  lines  and  corresponds  to  the  dark  lines  in 
the  other  two.  No.  3,  the  largest  of  the  group,  measures  22 
inches  in  length.  Both  ends  are  here  represented.  No.  4  is  the 
smallest,  being  only  16  J  inches  in  length.  It  is  supposed  that 
the  incised  lines,  which  are  sharply  defined  and  deeply  cut,  con- 
tained a  black  enamel,  but  no  traces  of  it  now  remain.  The 
circular  cavities  in  the  surrounding  bead  at  the  tips  were  also 
intended  for  the  reception  of  enamel,  probably  of  some  brilliant 
colour.  These  designs,  which  belong  to  the  so-called  "late  Celtic  " 
style  of  ornamentation,  when  so  treated  must  have  had  a  striking 
effect  on  the  bright  bronze  surface. 

In  Nos.  1  and  4  it  will  be  observed  that  there  is  a  transverse 
raised  band,  the  purpose  of  which  was,  no  doubt,  to  strengthen 
the  sheath.  Such  bands  were  a  feature  in  the  La  Tene  sheaths, 
which  in  some  instances  were  repeated  several  times  at  intervals 
on  the  body  of  the  sheath.  In  Canon  Grainger's  collection  I  saw 
one  or  two  broad  rings  compressed  in  the  middle,  which  I  took 
to  be  the  cross-bands  of  other  sheaths. 

Swords. — The  swords  which  belonged  to  these  sheaths  were 
all  of  iron,  a  fact  which  probably  accounts  for  their  being  in  a 
more  dilapidated  condition.  Of  four  recovered  up  to  this  date 
only  one  is  in  a  good  and  perfect  condition  (Fig.  124,  No.  1). 
Its  total  length  is  19i  inches,  of  which  the  handle  takes  up  five 
inches,  measuring  from  the  extremity  of  the  tang  to  the  nearest 
part  of  the  curved  ridge  which  separates  it  from  the  blade.  The 
blade  has  a  sharply  defined  ridge  and  tapers  gracefully  to  a  point. 
The  other  swords  are  all  fragmentary.  One,  as  already  mentioned, 
is  still  in  its  sheath  ;  another,  portion  of  a  blade  14  inches  long, 
has  a  sharp  central  ridge  and  otherwise  corresponds  exactly  with 
the  entire  weapon.  Of  the  fourth  there  remains  merely  the  handle 
(No.  2),  the  blade  having  apparently  disappeared  by  oxidation. 
So  far  it  also  closely  corresponds  with  the  entire  weapon.  Both 


RELICS    FROM    LISNACROGHERA. 


383 


Fig.  124.-LISNACRJGHERA.     Iron  Weapons,  etc.     Nos.  4,  5,  and  10  =  $,  the 

rest  =     real  size. 


384  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

handles  have  bronze  mountings,  which,  though  differing  in  some 
details,  are  so  peculiar  in  their  plan  and  method  of  execution, 
that  we  have  no  hesitation  in  recognising  them  as  belonging  to 
one  and  the  same  group — a  group  which,  so  far  as  my  knowledge 
goes,  finds  its  parallel  only  in  a  few  examples  from  La  Tene.  (See 
Fig.  87,  Nos.  7  and  8.)  As  to  the  material  of  which  the  grip 
was  made  there  is  no  evidence.  The  bronze  circlets  and  flanges 
on  the  tangs,  if  in  their  original  position,  involve  the  necessity  of 
having  the  handles,  whether  of  bone  or  horn,  divided  in  several 
pieces.  That  these  bronze  sheaths  and  iron  swords  were  counter- 
parts of  each  other  there  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt.  Their 
points  of  agreement,  besides  general  dimensions  and  style  of 
manufacture,  are  too  remarkable  to  be  accidental.  Thus  the 
peculiar  curve  at  the  opening  of  the  sheaths  tits  that  of  the 
band  of  separation  between  the  handle  and  blade  of  the 
swords.  Also  the  prominent  midribs  in  the  two  sword-blades 
have  corresponding  prominences  in  two  of  the  sheaths  (Nos.  3 
and  4). 

Lances. — Though  there  is  only  one  spear-head  in  the  Lisna- 
croghera  collection,  there  is  ample  evidence  to  show  that  it  was 
not  an  isolated  example  of  this  kind  of  weapon.  Certain  objects, 
like  the  brass  knob  of  a  door  (Nos.  28,  29,  and  30),  amounting 
in  all  to  seven  or  eight,  are  now  known  to  have  adorned  the 
butt  end  of  the  wooden  handles  of  so  many  spears.  One  of  these 
handles,  8  feet  in  length,  though  now  greatly  shrunk  and  contorted, 
is  still  preserved  by  Canon  Grainger  and  conclusively  proved  their 
use  as  well  as  that  of  some  other  objects  which  previously  seemed 
equally  mysterious.  At  the  other  end  of  the  spear-shaft,  close  to 
where  it  entered  the  socket,  was  a  ferrule  of  the  same  style  of 
art  as  the  sword-sheaths  (Nos.  23,  24,  and  25).  Several  of  these 
ferrules  have  been  found  which,  like  the  ornaments  on  the  butt 
end,  differ  considerably  in  regard  to  size.  They  are  all  ornamented 
with  elegant  designs  in  incised  lines  which  also,  it  is  supposed, 
contained  enamel.  One  is  here  represented  with  a  piece  of  the 
handle  and  a  bronze  rivet  (No.  23),  probably  that  which  fixed 
the  spsar  more  firmly  in  its  shaft ;  but  of  the  spear  itself  nothing 
remains.  The  only  spear-head  that  has  been  found  is  of  iron. 
It  is  a  magnificent  blade  16J  inches  in  length,  with  a  slim  socket 
containing  two  rivets  (No.  3). 

A  curious  object  here  represented  as  No.  27  consists  of  an  oval 


LISNACROGHERA.  385 

ring,  "  richly  decorated  with  bands,  in  which  are  remains  of  white 
and  red  enamelled  designs  in  a  chevron  or  wavy  pattern."  On  one 
edge  there  are  two  forms  like  that  of  a  bird.  Mr.  Wakeman  con- 
siders it  to  ba  the  terminal  ornament  or  pommel  to  a  sword  or 
dagger.  (B.  411,  p.  391.) 

Various  Bronze  Mountings. — Among  the  other  objects  which 
from  their  character  and  style  of  art  belonged  to  the  same  group  as 
we  have  just  described  are  the  following : — (a)  Two  ornaments  of 
thin  bronze  in  repousse.  One  is  a  disc  (No.  22),  slightly  impaired 
at  the  margin,  bearing  in  the  centre  a  triquetrurn  of  symmetrical 
spirals,  and  surrounded  by  a  slightly  raised  border.  The  other 
(No.  20)  is  in  a  more  fragmentary  condition,  but  sufficient  remains 
to  show  the  design  to  be  a  swastika  or  croix  gammee,  worked  after 
the  same  fashion  as  the  former  and  probably  serving  as  the  central 
ornament  of  a  disc,  (b)  Three  cup-shaped  ornaments  each  having 
a  small  aperture  in  the  centre.  One  (No.  18)  is  surrounded  by  a 
broad  margin  like  a  wide-awake  hat,  which  is  copiously  ornamented 
with  incised  lines.  On  the  supposition  that  this  was  intended  to 
adorn  the  face  of  a  wooden  shield  the  cup  must  have  been  embedded 
in  the  wood,  as  it  is  clear  that  its  concave  side  is  the  front,  there 
being  no  ornamentation  on  the  other.  Another  of  the  same  kind  is 
represented  by  No.  19,  and  differs  from  the  former  only  by  having 
a  smaller  and  less  decorated  border.  In  a  third  specimen  the  orna- 
mented border  entirely  disappears,  and  its  place  is  taken  by  a  mar- 
ginal bead,  (d)  A  variety  of  annular  and  penannular  rings,  some 
hollow  (Nos.  6  and  7)  and  others  solid  (No.  17).  Some,  as  Nos.  8 
and  9,  are  ornamented  with  designs  (one  of  which  still  retains  an 
enamel  of  a  vermilion  tint)  and  were  probably  attached  to  pins 
and  used  as  ring-brooches.  A  curious  object  like  a  doubly  coiled 
bangle  with  the  coils  adherent  and  ornamented  with  zig-zag  lines  is 
supposed  to  have  been  the  rim  of  an  oval  brooch  (No.  15).  (e)  A 
plain  but  elegantly  shaped  drinking-cup  of  thin  bronze  (No.  10) 
has  neither  handle  nor  any  marks  of  rivets.  (/)  Among  minor 
things  are  a  couple  of  bronze  pins,  one  with  a  round  top  and  the 
other  with  a  small  ring;  also  a  rude  finger  ring  (No.  16),  an  orna- 
mental stud  (No.  21),  and  a  rivet  with  one  side  deeply  serrated  like 
a  cog-wheel  (No.  26). 

In  addition  to  the  above  list  of  objects,  all  of  which  may  be  con- 
sidered as  part  of  one  special  and  indeed  unique  group  which  by 
some  chance  found  their  way  into  the  Lisnacroghera  crannog,  there 
z 


386  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

are  others  similar  to  the  usual  class  of  crannog  relics ;  and  among 
these  I  have  noted  the  following : — 

Iron.  — Two  large  iron  cauldrons  in  a  fragmentary  state ;  a  large 
curved  knife,  like  that  of  a  hedge-cutter,  still  retaining  its  wooden 
handle ;  an  axe  (No.  4),  also  containing  a  portion  of  the  handle ;  an 
adze  (No.  5) ;  a  reaping  hook ;  portion  of  a  gunlock,  together  with 
various  bits  of  an  undefined  character. 

Beads. — Several  coloured  and  variegated  beads  (blue,  red,  and 
white)  (Nos.  11,  12,  and  14).  One  bead  is  of  stone,  another  large 
one  is  of  jet,  and  another  of  amber  (No.  13). 

Stone. — One  small  stone  axe  of  a  dark  colour  and  wedge-shaped, 
some  elongated  four-sided  hones,  hammer-stones,  etc. ;  a  few  flint 
flakes,  and  rude  arrow-points. 

Pottery. — A  few  fragments  of  coarse  earthenware,  indicating 
large  wide-mouthed  vessels. 

Miscellaneous. — A  portion  of  "  bog-butter  "  bearing  the  impres- 
sion of  a  coarse  cloth.  Several  pieces  of  wood  with  round  and 
square-cut  holes. 

LOUGH    MOURNE. 

In  consequence  of  the  partial  drainage  of  Lough  Mourne  during 
the  summer  of  1882,  while  its  basin  was  being  converted  into  a 
reservoir  for  the  supply  of  water  to  the  town  of  Belfast,  two  arti- 
ficial islands  became  exposed  which  were  at  once  recognised  to  be 
the  remains  of  submerged  lake-dwellings.  Shortly  after  exposure  I 
visited  them  in  company  with  Mr.  Robinson,  the  assistant  engineer 
to  the  Belfast  waterworks,  and  subsequently  recorded  my  observa- 
tions in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland 
(B.  439),  of  which  the  following  is  a  short  abstract. 

The  first,  which  was  easily  accessible  on  foot,  was  very  much 
disturbed  by  the  repeated  "howkings"  of  visitors.  Its  form,  as 
determined  by  the  area  containing  the  stumps  of  piles,  was  irregu- 
larly circular,  but  nowhere  exceeding  60  feet  in  diameter.  Included 
within  this  area  were  four  small  separate  elevations,  composed  of  a 
few  stones,  clay,  and  ashes  interspersed  with  burnt  twigs  and  bits  of 
charcoal.  None  of  these  elevations  had  as  large  a  diameter  as  10 
feet,  and  it  only  required  one  turn  over  of  the  spade  to  reach  the 
undisturbed  bed  of  the  lake.  Digging  on  these  so-called  islets,  and 
in  the  spaces  around  them,  I  found  stumps  of  upright  piles  and 
fragments  of  burnt  faggots,  the  latter  forming  a  thin  layer  over  the 


LOUGH  MOURNE. 


387 


true  lake-sediment.  The  piles  were  closely  set,  about  one  or  one 
and  a  half  foot  apart,  and  uniformly  occupied  the  whole  area  of  the 
dwelling  without  any  appearance  of  circular  stockades ;  nor  was 
there  any  semblance  of  a  fascine-structure  indicating  an  artificially 
constructed  island.  From  the  margin  or  outskirts  of  the  area 
occupied  by  these  piles  a  double  row  of  stumps  extended  towards 
the  shore,  which,  on  being  traced,  were  found  to  have  stopped  half 
way  to  the  ordinary  water-level  mark.  The  conclusion  which  I 
came  to  was  that  this  lacustrine  dwelling  was  a  true  palafitte, 
over  whose  wooden  platform  two  or  three  hearths  were  constructed 
of  incombustible  materials,  as  stone  and  clay.  Probably  these 


Fig.  125.— LOUGH  MOUENE.    No.  1  =  \,  and  2  =  |  real  size. 

hearths  would  have  been  surrounded  by  some  kind  of  huts. 
During  the  conflagration  which  had  destroyed  the  entire  wooden 
structures  (of  which  final  catastrophe  there  appeared  little  doubt 
from  the  amount  of  burnt  faggots  and  beams  that  lay  scattered 
over  the  lake  bed  all  over  the  area  containing  piles),  the  materials 
of  these  hearths  would  ultimately  drop  down  to  the  bottom  of  the 
lake,  still,  however,  retaining  their  relative  position,  and  so  present 
the  appearance  of  low  mounds  over  the  bed  of  the  lake  with  the 
stumps  of  their  supporting  piles  penetrating  them. 

Among  the  relics  recorded  from  this  lake-dwelling  are  "  two 
small  stone  crucibles  "  (B.  320),  an  iron  hatchet,  part  of  a  canoe,  a 
hammer-stone,  a  rubbing-stone,  two  small  urns  (?),  part  of  a  large 
crucible,  charred  bones,  teeth,  shells  of  hazel-nuts.  (B.  439,  p.  324.) 
Flint  flakes,  scrapers,  and  arrow-points  have  been  found  in  the 


388  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

vicinity  along  the  shore,  but  on  the  crannog  itself  only  a 
quantity  of  line  chips  was  discovered.  Some  of  these  relics  I  saw 
in  the  possession  of  a  young  man  of  the  name  of  Macdonald,  who 
lived  in  the  neighbourhood  and  took  an  active  part  in  searching 
for  relics.  The  iron  hatchet  turned  out  to  be  of  exceptional 
interest.  It  is  a  socketed  celt,  with  a  loop  at  one  side  for  fixing 
the  handle,  part  of  which  was  still  remaining  in  the  socket.  (Fig.  125, 
No.  1.)  Bronze  celts  of  this  description  are,  of  course,  very  common, 
but  specimens  made  of  iron  are  extremely  rare,  especially  in  the 
British  Isles,  and  only  exceptionally  to  be  seen  in  the  museums  of 
Europo.  This  is  the  only  one  hitherto  recorded  from  a  British 
lake-dwelling,  and,  moreover,  it  is,  as  regards  size  and  form,  quite 
unique.  It  measures  6f  inches  long  and  3J  inches  broad  im- 
mediately above  the  cutting  edge.  The  longest  diameter  of  the 
socket  is  2J  inches,  and  this  breadth  is  continued  for  about 
two-thirds  of  its  length,  except  where  the  loophole  causes  it  to 
bulge  outwards. 

One  of  the  crucibles,  which  I  believe  is  now  presented  to  the 
Belfast  Museum,  is  rather  poculiar  in  having  a  short  projecting 
handle  (No.  2). 

It  would  thus  appear  that  the  inhabitants  of  this  lake-dwelling 
practised  the  art  of  metallurgy,  which  would  entail  at  least  one 
tire-proof  furnace,  and  thus  partly  account  for  the  existence  of  so 
many  hearths  on  such  a  small  area. 

The  second  dwelling  was  about  150  yards  from  the  shore, 
in  deep  water,  and  lying  over  a  great  depth  of  quaking  mud. 
It  was  a  small  example  of  the  ordinary  stockaded  island,  but 
owing  to  the  softness  of  the  mud  and  oozing  of  water  no  satis- 
factory investigation  could  be  undertaken.  Mr.  Robinson  calcu- 
lates the  extent  of  its  submergence  at  15  feet.  Its  entire  surface 
was  occupied  by  a  heap  of  stones  which  gave  it  the  appearance  of 
a  hillside  cairn.  Digging  underneath  these  stones  we  came  upon 
a  thick  bed  of  heather  and  brackens  interspersed  with  beams  and 
brushwood.  Near  the  margin  were  to  be  seen  a  few  piles  and 
beams  rudely  mortised,  from  which  one  or  two  long  beams  radiated 
towards  the  centre  like  the  spokes  of  a  wheel 

In  the  first  described  lake-dwelling  no  submergence  could  have 
taken  place,  as  the  lake  bottom  was  composed  of  compact  sand 
in  which  the  piles  had  a  firm  hold. 

In  different  parts  of  the  lake  two  single-tree  canoes  were  found 


LIST   OF   IRISH   CRANNOGS.         .  389 

embedded  in  the  mud,  both  of  which  are  now  preserved  in  the 
Belfast  Museum.  One  is  a  plain  trough  of  a  rectangular  shape 
with  slightly  sloping  sides,  measuring  12  J  feet  long,  2|  wide  and 
9  inches  deep  (No.  3).  Its  flat  base  is  perforated  with  six  circular 
holes  f  inch  in  diameter.  The  other  is  pointed  at  both  ends,  and 
altogether  much  more  artistic  in  its  structure.  It  was  originally 
about  13  feet  long  and  3J  feet  wide,  but  the  fore-part  is  consider- 
ably damaged.  The  stern  portion  is  here  figured  (No.  4).  It  had 
two  seats  formed  of  neat  planks  of  oak,  seven  inches  broad,  and 
supported  on  projecting  ledges  on  each  side  cut  out  of  the  solid,  as 
shown  in  the  section  No.  6.  The  seats  (No.  5)  were  kept  in 
position  by  two  wooden  pins  at  each  end  which  penetrated  into 
the  solid  supports.  For  the  oars  there  were  also  two  arrangements 
on  each  side  consisting  of  perforated  projections  left  out  of  the 
solid  as  shown  on  the  margin  of  the  portion  here  sketched.  But 
the  most  remarkable  feature  of  this  canoe  consists  of  four  pro- 
minences with  abrupt  edges  (also  left  in  the  solid)  for  the  feet  of 
the  rowers,  as  seen  in  the  illustration.  The  distances  from  the 
centre  of  the  seats  to  their  corresponding  foot  marks  were  33 
and  34  inches  respectively. 

LIST   OF   IRISH   CRANNOGS   ALPHABETICALLY  ARRANGED,   WITH 
NOTES   AND   REFERENCES. 

Aconnick  Lough,  co.  Cavan.     B.  13,  Ap.  p.  43. 

Acrussel  Lough,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  444,  p.  187. 

Allen  Lough,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  9,  p.  45. 
1  Aghakilconnel  Lough,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  13,  Ap.  p.  43. 

Aghnamullen  ("Glebe  Island  "),  co.  Monaghan.     B.  931),  p.  229. 
3  Annagh  Lough,  two  crannogs,  between  King  and  Queen's  County.     B. 
149,  p.  154. 

Annagh,  parish  of  Kilbarron,  co.  Tipperary.     B.  444,  p.  212. 

Ardakillen,  four  crannogs.     B.  13,  p.  208,  and  Ap.  p.  48  ;  B.  18,  p.  230. 
3  Ardmore  Bay,  submarine  crannog,  co.  Waterford.     B.  329,  p.  61,  and 
B.  330,  p.  154. 

1  Three  iron  pots  were  found  on  this  crannog,  one  of  them  being  of  a  triangular 
shape. 

2  Various  mediaeval  objects  collected  in  the  mud  on  and  near  the  crannog  sites  : 
iron  cuirass,  matchlock  guns,  pistols,  antique  keys,  spurs,  implements  of  iron,  bronze 
ladle,  bronze  spear-head.    The  swords  and  gun-barrels  were  found  sticking  up  in  the 
mud  from  the  lake-bottom. 

3  A  great  many  piles  covering  an  oval  enclosure  about  100  feet  in  diameter. 
On  submarine  crannogs,  see  Kinahan's  "  Manual  of  the  Geology  of  Ireland,"  p.  264, 
and  Note  83  (p.  443)  of  Scottish  list  of  crannogs. 


390  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Arrow  Lough,  co.  Sligo,  several  stone  islands  near  the  Abbey  of  Ballin- 

doon.     B.  444,  p.  245. 
Aughlish,  about  five  miles  from  Enniskillen,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  217, 

pp.  323. 

Ballaghmore,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  217,  p.  322. 
Ballinafad,  co.  Galway.     B.  214,  p.  12. 

1  Ballinahinch,  co.  Galway.     B.  214,  p.  12. 
Ballinderry,  near  Moate,  co.  Westmeath.     B.  391,  p.  196. 
Ballinlough,  four  crannogs,  co.  Galway.     B.  70a. 

Bally doolough,  five  miles  from  Enniskillen,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.    191, 

pp.  360  and  569,  and  B.  217,  p.  314. 
Ballygawley  Lake,  co.  Sligo.     B.  444,  p.  246. 

2  Ballyhoe  Lough,    two  crannogs,    near   Carrickmacross,    co.   Monaghan. 

B.  13,  p.  417,  and  B.  135,  p.  8. 
Ballykinler,  co.  Down.     B.  29,  p.  86. 
Ballylough  Baile-an-Locha.       "Annals  of  the    Four   Masters,"   B.    27, 

p.  193,  and  B.  438,  p.  168. 
Ballywoolen,  co.  Down.     B.  29,  p.  86. 
Bohermeen,  co.  Meath.     B.  444,  p.  82. 
Bola  Lough,  co.  Galway,  lake  stone-dwelling.     B.  214,  p.  11. 

3  Breagho,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  217,  p.  322. 
Camlough,  co.  Armagh.     B.  444,  p.  178. 

4  Cargaghoge,  Barony   of  Farney,  co.  Monaghan.     B.   162,  p.   269,  and 

vol.  v.,  4th  S.,  p.  330. 

Castleforbes,  co.  Longford.     B.  24,  p.  150. 
Castlefore    Lough,    two    crannogs,    co.    Leitrim.      B.    13,    Ap.    p.    43  ; 

B.  438,  p.  409. 
Clogherny,  co.  Tyrone.     B.  119,  2nd  ed.,  p.  649. 

5  Cloncorick  Castle  L.,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  440,  p.  408. 
Cloneygonnell  L.  (Tonymore),  three  crannogs,  co.  Cavan.     B.  60. 
Cloonbo  L.,  two  crannogs,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  13,  Ap.  p.  43. 

1  O'Flahertie  in  his  history  mentions  that  the  ancient  castle  of  the  O'Flaherties 
of  Bunowen,  in  Ballinahinch  Lake,  was  built  on  an  artificial  island. 

2  Two  crannogs,  one  large  and  the  other  small.     The  former  is  only  separated 
from  the  mainland  by  a  shallow  channel,  and  is  accessible  in  summer  by  a  narrow 
causeway.      On  it  were  found  ';  two  fine  specimens  of  bronze  pins,  besides  other 
articles  of  less  interest  in  lead  and  iron,  and  a  flint  spear-head." 

3  A  stockaded  enclosure,  about  35  feet  in  diameter,  lying  some  12  or  14  feet 
below  the  bog  surface.     "A  magnificent  pair  of  quern  stones"  and  a  large  bowl- 
shaped  vessel  of  oak  are  known  to  have  been  found  on  it. 

4  A  curious  wooden  flooring,  buried  14  feet  in  the  bog.     It  rested  on  "a  thick 
deposit  of  hazel  and  birch  branches."     Over  it  was  a  "collection  of  stone  slabs, 
closely  fitted  together  with  a  substratum  of  blue  clay,  but  all  laid  on  planks  of 
timber  forming  part  of  the  floor.     On  this  there  were  quantities  of  ashes,  proving 
that  this  was  the  fire-place  of  the  ancient  dwelling." 

5  "With  piles  round  the  margin  and  amongst  the  stones  on  its  surface  were 
found  querns,  some  perfect,  some  in  a  broken  state."    A  canoe  became  visible  at  a 
depth  of  2|  to  3  feet  when  the  water  of  the  lake  was  unusually  low 


LIST   OF   IRISH   CRANNOGS.  391 

Cloonboniagh  L.,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  13,  Ap.  p.  43,  and  B.  438,  p.  408. 

Cloonfinnen  L.,  co.  Leitrim.     Ibid.,  and  B.  438,  p.  408. 

Cloonfinlough,    two    crannogs,    co.    Roscommon.     B.    13,  p.    208,    and 

Ap.  p.  40. 

Cloonfree,  two  crannogs.     Ibid.,  p.  219,  and  Ap.  p.  48. 
Cloonturk  L.,  two  crannogs,  co.  Leitrim.     Ibid.,  Ap.  p.  43. 

1  Clough water  Bog,  near  Ballymena,  co.  Antrim.     B.  148,  p.  21. 

Coal    Bog    (Kilnamaddo),    near    Boho,    co.    Fermanagh.      Jour.    Arch. 

Association,  xxxvi.  p.  271  ;  B.  345,  p.  66. 
Coolcranoge,  co.  Limerick.     B.  444,  p.  28. 
Corcreevy  (Loch-Laoghaire)  co.  Tyrone.    "  Annals  of  the  Four  Masters/' 

B.  13,  p.  215. 
Corrib  L.,  a  few  lake  stone-dwellings,  co.  Gal  way.     B.  214,  p.  11. 

2  Cornagall  L.,  co.  Cavan.     B.  19 la,  p.  461. 

3  Cornaseer,  co.  Cavan.     B.  438,  p.  148. 
Craigy warren,  co.  Antrim.     B.  444,  p.  110. 
Crannagh  MacKnavin,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  18,  p.  233. 
Crannagh  Lough,  co.  Antrim.     B.  24,  p.  157. 
Crannog-na-n-Duini,  co.  Donegal.     B.  18,  p.  233. 
Crannog-boy,  parish  of  Inishkeel,  co.  Donegal.     B.  444,  p.  28. 
Crannog  Mac  Samhradhain,  co.  Cavan.      "  Annals  of  the  Four  Masters." 

B.  9,  p.  45. 

Creenagh  L.,  two  crannogs,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  438,  p.  408. 
Cullina,  near  Maryborough,  Queen's  County.     B.  444,  p.  210. 

4  Curry grane  L.,  two  crannogs,  co.  Longford.     B.  443,  p.  410. 
Derreen  L.,  co.  Roscommon.     B.  13,  Ap.  p.  62. 
Derreskit  L.,  co.  Cavan.     B.  13,  Ap.  p.  43. 

Drumaleague  L.,  two  crannogs,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  18  ;  B.  13,  Ap.  p.  43. 
Drumdarragh  or  Trillick,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  441  ;  B.  217,  p.  324. 

1  A  small  crannog  discovered  by  turf -cutters,  and  "  interesting-  from  the  fact  of 
instruments  made  of  iron  and  stone  having:  been  found  tog-ether."    Among-  other 
things  were  a  bronze  pin,  frag-ments  of  crucibles,  bits  of  anthracite  coal,  a  socketed 
iron  implement,  two  small  flint  knives,  a  stone  celt,  a  round  flat  stone  with  an 
oblong-worked  indentation  on  each  side,  and  several  bits  of  rude  pottery. 

2  An  artificial  island,  30  yards  in  diameter,  thickly  planted  with    timber  and 
surrounded  with  piles.     In  1870  a  canoe  was  found  on  the  shore  of  this  islet,  em- 
bedded in  the  mud  and  half  destroyed  by  fire.     In  the  stuff  lying-  on  its  floor  were 
found  some  iron  tools — an  adze,  a  hammer  (both  with  handles),  a  socketed  chisel,  two 
whetstones,  and  some  frag-ments  of  iron. 

3  A  small  lake,  scarcely  a  mile  in  circumference,  and  about  three  miles  from 
Cavan.     About  a  hundred  yards  from  shore  a  heap  of  stones,  surrounded  by  circles 
of  stockades  about  fifty  feet  in  diameter.     In  the  moss  near  the  lake  two  canoes  were 
found  21  and  18  feet  long. 

4  This  lake  is  in  the  parish  of  Clonbroney,  and  contains  two  crannog-s,  called 
;'  Round  Island  "  and  "  Fry's  Island."     The  former  is  18^  yards  in  diameter,  and  the 
"  wooden  piles,  though  in  a  pulpy  and  rotten  state,  are  still  to  be  seen.     In  the  lake 
a  small  canoe,  9|  feet  long,  an  iron  spear,  the  nether  stone  of  a  grain-rubber,  and  the 
antlers  (with  eighteen  points)  of  a  deer  were  found  embedded  in  the  silt." 


392  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

1  Drumgay,  three  crannogs  and  one  stone-island,  co.  Fermanagh.      B.  189, 

p.  232,  and  B.  217,  p.  314. 

2  Drumkeery  L.,  near  Bailieborough,  co.  Cavan,     B.  57,  p.  483. 

3  Drumkelin,  parish  of  Inver,  co.  Donegal.     B.  3,  p.  361. 

4  Drumlane,  eight  miles  from  Cavan,  two  crannogs,  co.  Cavan.  B.  438,  p.  149. 
Drumskimly,  three  crannogs,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  189,  p.  583,  and  B. 

217,  p.  320. 

5  Drumsloe,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  217,  p.  321. 
Eflfernan,  co.  Clare.     B.  346,  p.  336. 

Eyes  Lough,  six  crannogs,  co.  Fermanagh.      B.  189,  p.  553  and  B.  217, 

p.  317. 

Faughan  L.,  co.  Down.      B.  24  and  25  ;  B.  18,  p.  158. 
Fort  L.,  co.  Donegal.     B.  444,  p.  181. 
Funshinagh  L.,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  13,  Ap.  p.  43. 
Galbally,  co.  Tyrone.      B.  217,  p.  197. 

Glencar  L.,  five  crannogs,  co.  Sligo  and  Leitrim.      B.  444,  p.  243. 
Gortalough,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  346,  p.  336. 
Grantstown,  co.  Queen.     B.  93,  p.  228. 
Guile  L.,  co.  Antrim.     B.  148,  p.  20. 
Gur  L.,  co.  Limerick.     Evans'  "  Ancient  Bronze  Implements,  etc.,"  p. 

436  ;     B.  18,  p.  223. 
Hackett  Lough  (L.  Cimbe),  co.  Galway.      "Annals  of  Lough  Ce,"  1067  ; 

B.  119,  2nd  ed.,  p.  654  ;  B.  18,  p.  230. 

Hilbert  L.,  Goromna  Island,  a  lake  stone-dwelling,  co.  Galway.      B.  214. 
Inishrush  (Green  Lough),  co.  Deny.     B.  25,  p.  212. 

1  This  is  a  small  lake,  three  and  a  half  miles  north  of  Enniskillen,  about  a  mile 
in  length  and  half  a  mile  in  breadth.     It  contains  three  crannogs,  the  largest  of 
which  is  105  feet  in  diameter.     "  Here  were  found  querns,  whetstones,  worked  pieces 
of  deer-horn,  some  fragments  of  iron  plated  with  bronze,  many  pieces  of  ornamented 
pottery,  some  of  which  were  furnished  with  ears  or  handles ;  a  very  curious  stone 
(apparently  a  tombstone),  sculptured  with  a  cross  and  ornamented  with  four  human 
heads,  and  scroll  work,  and  a  large  boulder,  upon  which  a  cross-like  figure  had  been 
picked  or  punched  out." 

2  A  large  crannog,  covering  about  an  acre,  but  only  partly  artificial.      About 
thirty  thousand  piles  used  in  strengthening  the  island,  which  had  a  jetty,  and  near 
this  a  canoe  was  found.     The  principal  relics  are — some  stone  hammers,  three  pieces 
of  flint  scrapers,  a  bead  of  amber  and  another  of  glass,  a  small  stone  ring  the  size  of 
a  finger-ring,  fragments  of  pottery,  a  crucible,  some  articles  of  brass,  and  portions  of 
bog-ore.     The  piles  were  cut  by  very  sharp  metal  implements. 

3  In  1833  Captain  W.  Mudge,  R.N.,  discovered  here   a  wooden  hut  made  of  a 
framework  of  large  oak  beams  mortised  at  the  four  corners.     It  measured  12  feet 
square  and  9  feet  high,  and  about  half  way  up  there  was  a  flooring  which  divided 
the  space  into  two  storeys.    The  roof  of  this  unique  hut  was  buried  in  the  peat 
16  feet  from  the  surface,  and  its  base  rested  on  a  substratum  of  brushwood  resemb- 
ling a  crannog.    (See  p.  489). 

4  Two  crannogs,  one  large,  100  feet  in  diameter.     An  iron  cauldron,  found  near 
the  shore  of  lake,  made  on  the  same  principle  as  the  usual  bronze  cauldrons,  of 
beaten  iron,  and  riveted. 

8  Ornamented  quern  stone  found  on  the  crannog. 


LIST   OF    IRISH   CRANNOGS.  393 

Joristown,  in  the  river  Deal,  co.  Westmeath.     B.  13,  Ap.   p.  55,  and 

B.  444,  p.  205. 

Kilglass  L.     B.  13,  Ap.,  p.  48. 

Killynure,  near  Enniskillen,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  217,  p.  323. 
Kilmore  L.,  two  crannogs,  co.  Monaghan.     B.  13,  Ap.  p.  43. 
Kilknock  L.,  co.  Antrim.     B.  24,  p.  153. 
Knockany  (Lough  Cend),  co.  Limerick.     B.  444,  p.  156. 
Lagore,  or  Dunshaughlin,  co.  Meath.     B.  175,  p.  462;  B.  14,  p.  35;  B. 

18;  B.  4,  p.  425;  B.  10,  p.  101. 

Lane  L.,  co.  Roscommon.      CaL  State  Papers  Ireland,  vol.  156,  p.  374. 
Lankhill,  near  Enniskillen,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  441,  p.  372. 
Leesborough  L.,  co.  Monaghan.     B.  13,  p.  43. 
Lenaghan,  co.  Fermanagh.      B.  444,  p.  188. 
Lisanisk,    co.   Monaghan.       "  The  island  Ever  McCooley's  house  "  ;  B. 

18,  p.  231  ;  B.  9,  p.  46,  and  B.  8,  p.  94. 
Lisnacroghera,  near  Broughshane,  co.  Antrim.      B.  411. 
Lochanacrannog,  co.  Sligo.      B.  444,  p.  246. 

1  Loughran's  Island  ("  Innis-an-Lochan  "),  in  the  river  Bann,  near  Coler- 

aine,  co.  Antrim.     B.  13,  p.  417  ;  B.  27,  p.  192. 
Loughannaderriga,  Achille  Island,  co.  Mayo.     B.  444,  p.  230. 
Loughinsholin,  co.  Derry.     B.  18,  p.  233  ;  B.  25,  p.  157. 
Loughavarra,   co.  Antrim.      Ulster  J.  Arch.,    vol.  vii.  p.  192;   "Annals 

of  the  Four  Masters,"  1544. 
Loughavilly,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  217,  p.  321  ;  B.  346,  p.  332. 

2  Lochlea,  three  crannogs,  co.   Roscommon.      B.  13,  Ap.  pp.  48  and  61  ; 

B.  18,  p.  29. 

Lough-na-Glack,  co.  Monaghan.      B.  9,  p.  46. 
Lough  Cam,  lake  stone-dwelling,  co.  Gal  way.      B.  214,  p.  12. 
Loughmagarry,  co.  Antrim.     B.  24,  p.  156. 

3  Loughtamend  ("  Lough  toman  "),  co.  Antrim.     Ibid.,  p.  155. 
Loughtown,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  13,  Ap.  43. 

Loughrea,  four  crannogs,  co.  Galway,  B.  58,  p.  412. 

Lough  Oughter,  three  or  more  crannogs,  co.  Cavan.     B.  438,  p.  151. 

Lynch  Lough  ("Loch-Leith-innsi "),  co.  Antrim.     B.  27,  p.  193. 

1  "  Six   stone   and  two   bronze  celts,  an  iron  spear-head  and  a  bayonet,    three 
fibulae,  one  bridle-bit  and  two  cheek-plates  made  of  bronze,"  found  011  this  island. 

2  From  this  crannog  the  following  objects  were  presented  to  the  Museum  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy  : — "  A  piece  of  circular  grindstone,  block  of  flint,  old  iron  key, 
two  portions  of  blades  of  iron  swords,  and  a  piece  of  bone  spike." 

3  A  well-defined  stockade,  with  horizontal  beams.     A  canoe  and  the  following- 
objects  recorded  from  this  crannog  : — '•  Two  iron  swords  ;  a  small  anvil,  very  bright 
and  clean  ;  a  pair  of  scales  and  several  hammers  ;  several  gold  pins  ;  metal  dishes  ; 
small  axe-heads ;   an  iron  cauldron  of  a  low  dilated  shape  ;   a  stone  of  yellowish- 
white  colour,  beautifully  polished,  about  twelve  inches  long,  three  and  a  half  broad, 
and  two  thick,  accurately  squared  at  the  sides,  having  a  round  hole  about  one  and  a 
quarter  inch  deep  and  half  inch  in  diameter  at  each  end,  the  top  surface  and  one  of 
the  sides  being  covered  with  carved  devices  ;  and  a  quern." 


394  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Mac   Hugh  L.,  two  crannogs,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  13,  Ap.  p.  43,  and  B. 

440,  p.  408. 

Macnean  L.,  three  crannogs,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  217,  p.  323. 
Mac  Nevin  (Mac  Cnaimhain)  crannog,  co.  Galway.     B.  70,  p.  176. 
Manorhamilton,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  25,  p.  346,  and  B.  18,  p.  552. 
Marlacoo,  co.  Armagh.     R.  H.  A.  A.,  vol.  vi.,  4th  S.,  p.  432. 
Mask  L.,  Hag's  Castle,  lake  stone-dwelling.     B.  214,  p.  11. 
Melvin  L.  (Melge),  between  co.  Fermanagh  and  Leitrim.     "Annals  of 

the  Four  Masters  " ;  B.  18,  p.  231,  and  B.  13,  p.  215. 
Moinenoe,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  217,  p.  322. 
Monaincha,  co.  Tipperary.     B.  444,  p.  212. 
Monalty,  half  a  mile  from  Carrickmacross,  co.  Monaghan.     B.  8,  p.  94, 

and  B.  9,  p.  46. 

Monea,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  217,  p.  318. 

Mongavlin,  co.  Donegal.     "Annals  of  Lough  Ce  "  ;  B.  444,  p.  151. 
Monnachin  L.,  co.  Monaghan.     Ibid.,  p.  151. 
Mourne  L.,  two  crannogs,  co.  Antrim.     B.  390,  pp.  194  and  371,  and  B. 

439,  p.  321. 

Moynagh  L.,  co.  Meath.     Notes  by  Col.  Wood-Martin. 
Muickeanagh  L.  (Lough  Leisi),  co.  Roscommon.     B.  18,  p.  230. 
Mucknoe  L.,  co.  Monaghan.     B.  444,  p.  151. 
Muintir  Eolais,  co.  Leitrim.     "  Annals  of  the  Four  Masters  "  ;  B.  18, 

p.  231  ;  B.  9,  p.  45. 

Nahinch  L.,  Tipperary  and  King's  County.     B.  70b  ;  Wakefield's  "  Ire- 
land," vol.  i.  p.  94. 

Naneevin  L.,  co.  Galway.     B.  118,  p.  31. 
Coney  L.  ("  Loch-n-Uithiie  "),  co.  Monaghan.      "Annals  of  Lough  Ce"; 

B.  444,  p.  156. 

Owel  L.,  co.  Westmeath.     Pro.  £.  L  A.,  vol.  ix.  p.  210. 
Pad  or  Boat  L.,  near  Lough  Eyes,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  217,  p.  318. 
Ravel    L.,    "  Derryhollow,"     "  Aghaloughan,"    near    Randalstown,    co. 

Antrim.     B.  24  and  25 ;  B.  148,  p.  22 ;  B.  215,  pp.  74  arid  194; 

Kttk.  A.  S.,  2nd  S.,  vols.  iii.  p.  88,  and  iv.  p.  36. 

1  Rahan's  L.,  near   Carrickmacross,  co.    Monaghan.      K.  A.  S.,   vol.  iv., 

2nd  S.,  p.  379. 
Ramor  L.,  co.  Cavan.     B.  438,  p.  152. 

2  Rinn  L.,  three  or  four  crannogs,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  24,  p.  147 ;  B.  440, 

p.  408. 

1  "  In  another  crannog  in  Rahan's  Lake,"  says  Mr.  Morant,  "  we  found  five  Queen 
Mary  shillings,  fused  into  a  mass  ;  a  bronze  pin  ;  a  flat  spear-head,  and  a  stone  celt. 
We  also  found  the  hearthstones  and  a  quantity  of  ashes.    The  piles  around  the  island 
are  still  visible  above  the  water." 

2  Contained  three  or  four  crannogs.     "  In  the  one  opposite  Cloncahir  were  found 
several  querns  of  different  sizes  and  patterns  (chiefly  flat-shaped,  ornamented  with 
the  usual  cross  design,  varied  more  or  less),  and  many  of  these  were  taken  away  by 
Mr.  Kane  to  preserve  at  Mohill  Castle.     When  the  water  was  at  a  low  level  a  slight 


LIST   OF   IRISH    CRANNOGS.  395 

Ross  L.,  near  Crossmaglen,  co.  Armagh.     J.  R.  II.  A.  As.,  vol.  vi.,  4th  S., 

p.  432. 

Roughan  L.,  near  Dungannon,  co.  Tyrone.     B.  438,  p.  152. 
Rouskey  L.,  co.  Monaghan.     B.  444,  p.  151. 
Scur  L.,  two    crannogs,  co.   Leitrim.      "Annals  of   Lough   Ce,"   1345, 

1390,  and  1580  ;  B.  13,  Ap.  p.  43.     B.  18,  p.  223. 

1  St.  John's  Lough,  four  crannogs,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  13,  Ap.,  pp.  43  and  59. 
Talogh  L.,  at  Feenagh,  several  crannogs,  co.  Leitrim.     B.  440,  p.  408. 
The  Miracles,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  217,  p.  319,  and  B.  346,  p.  331. 
Toome  Bar,  co.  Antrim.     B.  92,  p.  227. 

2  Tully  L.,  three  crannogs,  co.  Cavan.     B.  438,  p.  150. 
Tullyline,  co.  Cavan.     B.  13,  p.  215. 

Veagh  L.,  co.  Donegal.      "Annals,"  B.  18,  p.  231. 
Yoan  L.,  co.  Fermanagh.     B.  217,  p.  324. 

examination  was  made  in  regard  to  the  construction  of  the  crannog.  It  was  found 
that  there  were  two,  possibly  three,  concentric  circles  of  piles  of  small  size,  enclosing 
an  area  considerably  larger  than  that  of  the  present  island,  and  the  space  so  enclosed 
seemed  to  have  been  filled  with  rough  unhewn  logs  of  wood  up  to  about  the  present 
summer  level  of  the  water.  Upon  this  had  been  deposited  a  stratum  of  stones  and 
gravel,  amongst  which  were  found  the  querns  already  mentioned.  In  the  same 
lake  are  three  other  crannogs — Man  Island,  Crane  Island,  and  another." 

1  Three   silver  coins  of  the  reigns   of  Edward  I.,  II.,  and   III.  found  on  this 
crannog. 

2  Three  crannogs  in  this  loch,  two  close  to  each  other,  and  are  approached  by  a 
causeway  which  terminates  about  sixteen  feet  from  the  crannogs,  both  about  twenty- 
five  feet  in  diameter.     On  the  margin  of  this  crannog,  under  water,  a  bronze  spear- 
head was  found,  5|  inches  long,  and  a  looped  celt  4  inches  long. 


396  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


II.— SCOTTISH  LAKE-DWELLINGS  OR  CRANNOGS. 

It  was  not  till  after  the  discoveries  on  the  Continent  had 
attracted  universal  attention  that  archaeologists  began  to  look  for 
similar  remains  in  Britain.  It  was  then  found  that  early  historic 
references  to  island  forts,  and  some  incidental  notices  of  the 
exposure  of  buried  islands  artificially  constructed  of  wood  and 
stone,  and  other  remains  of  lacustrine  abodes,  during  the  drainage 
of  lochs  and  marshes  in  the  last  and  early  part  of  this  century,  had 
been  entirely  overlooked.  The  merit  of  correctly  interpreting  these 
remains  in  Scotland,  and  bringing  them  systematically  before 
antiquaries,  belongs  to  the  late  Joseph  Robertson,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
Scotland,  who  read  a  paper  on  the  subject  to  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries  of  Scotland  on  the  14th  of  December,  1857,  entitled, 
"  Notices  of  the  Isle  of  the  Loch  of  Banchory,  the  Isle  of  Loch 
Canmor,  and  other  Scottish  examples  of  the  artificial  or  stockaded 
islands,  called  crannogs  in  Ireland,  and  Keltischen  Pfahlbauten 
in  Switzerland." 

Mr.  Robertson's  paper,  though  not  published,  at  once  attracted 
attention,  and  stimulated  so  much  further  inquiry  on  the  part  of 
the  members,  that,  at  the  very  next  meeting  of  the  Society, 
another  contribution  on  the  subject  was  read  by  Mr.  John 
Mackinlay,  F.S.A.,  Scotland  (B.  21),  from  which  it  appeared  that 
as  early  as  1812  this  gentleman  had  observed  some  remains  (now 
surmised  to  be  a  crannog)  in  Dhu  Loch,  in  the  island  of  Bute, 
which  were  described  in  a  letter  dated  the  13th  February,  1813. 
This  communication  found  its  way  to  George  Chalmers,  Esq., 
author  of  "  Caledonia,"  regarding  which,  writing  on  the  26th  of 
April,  1813,  he  says: — "  It  goes  directly  to  illustrate  some  of  the 
obscurest  antiquities  of  Scotland.  I  mean  the  wooden  castles, 
which  belong  to  the  Scottish  period  when  stone  and  lime  were  not 
much  used  in  building.  I  will  make  proper  use  of  this  discovery 
of  Mr.  Mackinlay."  In  1863,  Dr.  John  Grigor,  of  Nairn,  described 
"  two  ancient  lake-dwellings  or  crannoges  in  the  Loch  of  the  Clans, 
Nairnshire."  (B.  55.)  The  remains,  however,  were  too  imperfect 
to  be  of  value  in  illustrating  their  structure,  and  the  only  relics 
found  were  a  portion  of  a  small  stone  cup  or  lamp,  two  whetstones, 
an  iron  axe-head,  and  some  charcoal  and  bits  of  bone. 

A  more  important  discovery,  made  about  the  same  time,  was  a 


DISCOVERY    OF    SCOTTISH    CRANNOGS.  397 

group  of  artificial  islands  in  Loch  Dowalton,  Wigtownshire,  which 
were  first  described  by  his  Grace  the  Duke   of  Northumberland 
(then  Lord  Lovaine)  in  a  paper  read  at  the  Newcastle-upon-Tyne 
meeting  of  the  British  Association  in  1863.     (B.  56.)     About  two 
years  later  Mr.  John  Stuart,  Secretary  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
of  Scotland,  visited  Dowalton,  and,  owing  to  a  greater  drainage  of 
the  loch  having  been  made  in  the  interval,  was  enabled  to   re- 
examine  the  Dowalton  islands  under  more  favourable  circumstances. 
The  result  of  his  labours  was  an  elaborate  paper  to  the  Society,  in 
which  he  gave  a  detailed  account  of  the  structure  and  relics  of  these 
crannogs,  and  also  took  the  opportunity  of  incorporating  into  his 
article  all  the  facts  he  could  glean,  so  as  to  afford  a  basis  for  com- 
paring the  Scottish  examples  with  those  in  other  countries.  (B.  94.) 
Since  the  publication  of  Dr.  Stuart's  paper  in  1866,  little  progress 
was  made  in  the  investigation  of  Scottish  crannogs,  though  traces 
of  them  were  occasionally  noticed  in  various  parts  of  Scotland,  till 
the  discovery  and  examination  of  the  Lochlee  crannog,  Ayrshire, 
in   1878-9.     The  work  done  at  Lochlee  was  important,  not  only 
because  of  the  varied  collection  of  relics  secured,  but  also  on  account 
of  the  interest  it  had  excited  in  archaeological  research,  the  fruit 
of  which  has  already  been  reaped  by  the  discovery  of  no  less  than 
five  other  lake-dwellings  in  the  south-west  of  Scotland,  all  of  which 
have    now    been   carefully   investigated.       Full   details    of    these 
investigations  are  given   in   the  Collections   of  the  Ayrshire  and 
Galloway  Archaeological  Association,  as  well  as  in  my  recent  work 
on  the  "  Scottish  Lake-Dwellings."     (B.  331,  344,  373,  and  426.) 

While  such  general  indications  of  lake-dwellings  can  hardly  be 
said  to  limit  their  geographical  distribution  to  any  given  area  in 
Scotland,  it  is  a  singular  fact  that,  so  far  as  the  discovery  of  actual 
remains  illustrative  of  the  civilisation  and  social  condition  of  their 
occupiers  is  concerned,  we  are  almost  entirely  dependent  on  the 
investigations  made  at  Dowalton,  Lochlee,  Lochspouts,  Buston, 
Airrieoulland,  Barhapple,  and  Friar's  Carse,  all  of  which  are 
situated  within  the  counties  of  Ayr,  Dumfries,  and  Wigtown.  In 
instituting  a  comparison  between  the  relics  of  these  respective 
groups  their  resemblance  is  so  wonderfully  alike  that  we  have  no 
difficulty  in  dispensing  with  the  necessity  of  discussing  the  merits 
of  each  group  separately ;  so  that  whatever  inferences  can  be 
legitimately  derived  from  a  critical  examination  of  any  one  group 
may  be  safely  applied  to  the  whole. 


398  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

As  a  preliminary  to  this  inquiry  the  following  details  of  the 
investigation  of  lake-dwellings  in  Scotland  will,  I  trust,  be 
sufficient  to  give  general  readers  a  tolerably  correct  notion  of  the 
social  conditions  and  environments  of  the  people  whose  history, 
solely  from  an  archaeological  standpoint,  it  is  our  object  here  to 
pour  tray. 

DOWALTON. 

The  loch  of  Dowalton  was  of  an  irregular  form,  about  1J  mile 
long,  and  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  in  greatest  breadth,  and 
without  any  marked  outfall  for  drainage.  Sir  William  Maxwell 
effected  this  by  making  a  cut,  25  feet  deep,  through  the  wall  of 
whinstone  and  slate  which  closed  it  in  at  its  south-eastern 
boundary.  When  the  waters  were  allowed  to  run  off  in  the 
summer  of  1863  no  less  than  five  artificially  constructed  islands 
became  visible.  One  of  these  had  a  cairn  of  stones  on  it  which 
always  remained  above  water,  and  was  known  as  the  "  Miller's 
Cairn,"  from  the  fact  of  its  having  been  used,  like  the  Nilometer, 
to  measure  the  quantity  of  water  in  the  lake,  and  thereby  to 
regulate  its  supply  to  neighbouring  mills.  "  On  approaching  the 
cairn,"  says  Dr.  Stuart,  "  the  numerous  rows  of  piles  which  sur- 
rounded it  first  attracted  notice.  These  piles  were  formed  of 
young  oak-trees.  Lying  on  the  north-east  were  mortised  frames 
of  beams  of  oak,  like  hurdles,  and,  below  these,  round  trees  laid 
horizontally.  In  some  cases  the  vertical  piles  were  mortised  into 
horizontal  bars.  Below  them  were  layers  of  hazel  and  birch 
branches,  and  under  these  were  masses  of  ferns,  the  whole  mixed 
with  large  boulders,  and  penetrated  by  piles.  Above  all  was  a 
surface  of  stone  and  soil,  which  was  several  feet  under  water  till 
the  recent  drainage  took  place.  The  hurdle  frames  were  neatly 
mortised  together,  and  were  secured  by  pegs  in  the  mortise  holes. 
On  one  side  of  the  island  a  round  space  of  a  few  feet  in  size 
appeared,  on  which  was  a  layer  of  white  clay,  browned  and  cal- 
cined as  from  the  action  of  fire,  and  around  it  were  bones  of 

animals  and  ashes  of  wood Lines  of  piles,  apparently  to 

support  a  causeway,  led  from  it  to  the  shore."     (B.  94.) 

The  other  islands  were  constructed  in  a  similar  manner,  and 
of  like  materials.  The  largest  and  farthest  from  the  shore 
measured  twenty-three  yards  in  diameter,  and  its  surface  was 
three  feet  lower  than  that  of  the  others.  Several  canoes  and 


LOCH    OF   DOWALTON.  399 

bronze  dishes  were  found  in  the  mud  in  the  vicinity  of  these 
islands,  and  in  making  excavations  on  them  many  relics  and 
broken  bones  were  collected,  of  which  the  following  is  a  list  as 
far  as  known  up  to  the  present  time : — 

RELICS    FROM    THE   CRANXOGS   IN   LOCH   DOWALTOX. 

Metal. — "  Pot  or  patella  of  yellowish-coloured  bronze  (Fig.  126), 
with  a  handle  springing  from  the  upper  edge,  7  inches  in 
length,  on  which  is  stamped  the  letters  P.  CIPIPOLIBI.  At  the 


Fig.  126. — Bronze  Dish  (height,  5^  inches). 

farther  extremity  is  a  circular  opening.  The  bottom  is  orna- 
mented with  five  projecting  rings,  and  measures  in  diameter 
6  inches ;  it  is  8  inches  in  diameter  across  the  mouth ;  the 
inside  appears  to  be  coated  with  tin,  and  has  a  series  of  incised 
lines  at  various  distances.  The  vessel  is  ornamented  on  the 
outside  opposite  to  the  handle  by  a  human  face  in  relief,  sur- 
rounded by  a  movable  ring,  which  could  be  used  in  lifting 
the  pot."  (B.  94,  p.  109.) 

A  bronze  basin,  measuring  10  inches  in  diameter  and  4 
inches  in  depth,  shows  several  patches  or  mendings  (Fig.  127). 
It  is  formed  of  several  separate  pieces  of  sheet-metal  riveted 
together,  and  appears  to  have  had  an  iron  handle. 

Two  bronze  dishes,  hammered  out  of  the  solid.  One  measures 
12  inches  in  diameter  and  4  inches  in  depth.  The  other  has 
the  same  diameter  as  the  former,  but  is  1  inch  less  in  depth, 
and  has  a  turned-over  rim  1  inch  in  breadth  (Fig.  128). 


400 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


A  bronze  ring,  having  attached  to  it  a  portion  of  the  vessel 
of  which  it  had  been  a  handle  (Fig.  129). 


Fig.  127.— Bronze  Dish,  10  inches  in  diameter. 


Fig.  128.— Bronze  Dish,  12  inches  in  diametor. 


Fig.  129.— Bronze  Ring-handle,  £  real  size. 

A  penannular  brooch  and  a  circular  ornament,  with  trumpet  - 
shaped  spaces,  probably  intended  for  enamel*  (Fig.  130).  Also 
a  small  ring,  a  fragment  of  bronze,  and  iron  slag. 

*  Proc.  S.  A.  Scot.,  vol.  xv.  p.  153. 


LOCH    OF    DOW  ALTON.  401 


Three  iron  hammers  or  axe-hammers  (Fig.  131). 

Glass. — Two    beads    of     earthenware     of    a     ribbed     pattern, 


Fig.  130.— Bronze  Brooch  Q)  and  Bronze  Ornament 
(2  inches  in  diameter). 


Fig.  131.— Iron  Hammer-Axes  (£). 

showing  traces  of    a   green   glaze ;   one    of  vitreous    paste    of  a 
whitish  colour,   with   red  spots;   half  of  another  bead  of   white 
A  A 


402 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


glass,  streaked  with  blue  ;  and  a  large  bead,  1 J  inch  in  diameter, 
of  a  somewhat  remarkable  character.  The  latter  has  in 
the  central  perforation  a  tube  of  bronze,  and  the  edge  of 
both  sides  of  the  perforation  is  ornamented  by  three  minute 


Armlet  of  Whitish  Glass 
streaked  with  Blue  (. 


Portion  of  Armlet  (\). 


Blue  Glass  Bead,  1  inch  long 
and  li  wide. 


Beads  all  real  size. 
Fig.  132.— Objects  of  Glass  or  Vitreous  Paste. 

bands  of  twisted  yellow  glass,  while  the  body  is  of  blue  glass, 
of  a  ribbed  pattern  (Fig.  132). 

Several  portions  of  armlets  of  glass.  Half  of  one  is  of  white 
glass,  and  streaked  with  blue.  Others  are  of  a-  yellowish  or  whitish 
colour  (Fig.  132).  A  small  portion  of  blue  glass. 

Leather. — Portion  of  a  leather  shoe,  7  inches  in  length, 
nearly  covered  with  ornamental  stamped  patterns  (Fig.  133). 

Stone. — A  thin  flat  stone,  of  a  rectangular  shape  and  highly 


LOCHLEE. 


403 


polished,  is  supposed  to  have  been  used  as  a  mirror ;  five  querns, 
a  flake  of  yellow  flint,  and  several  whetstones. 

Wood. — Five   canoes,   measuring   from   18   feet   to   25   feet  in 


Fig.  133.— Portion  of  Leather  Shoe  (length,  7  inches). 

length,  and  from  2  feet  7  inches  to  4  feet  2  inches  in  breadth. 
Dr.  Stuart  describes  one  as  being  "  25  feet  in  length,  and 
strengthened  by  a  projecting  cross-band  towards  the  centre, 
left  in  the  solid  in  hollowing  out  the  inside."  A  large  wooden 


Tig.  134.— Bit  of  Samian  Ware  (*)  and  portion  of  a  Crucible  (£). 

vessel,  roughly  cut  out  of  the  solid,  and  a  portion  of  a  bowl,  with 
circular  grooves  made  by  means  of  a  wood-turner's  lathe. 

Pottery. — A  small  fragment  of  Samian  ware  and  an  earthen 
crucible  (Fig.  134). 

Miscellaneous. — A  small  shale  ring,  unfinished,  a  bead  of 
amber,  and  a  copper  coin. 

LOCHLEE. 

The  site  of  the  Lochlee  crannog  was  a  small  lake,  which 
formerly  occupied  about  nineteen  acres  of  what  is  now,  and  has  been 
for  many  years,  arable  land,  on  the  farm  of  Lochlee,  near  Tarbolton. 


404 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Before  it  was  artificially  drained,  some  fifty  years  ago,  no  one 
appears  to  have  surmised  that  a  small  island,  which  became 
visible  in  the  summer-time,  and  formed  a  safe  habitation  for 
gulls  and  other  sea-birds  during  their  breeding  season,  had 
been  formerly  the  residence  of  man ;  nor  does  it  appear  to  have 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  poet  Burns,  who  lived  on  this  farm 
for  four  years  as  ploughman  to  his  father,  then  tenant  of  the 
place.  The  crannog  was  near  the  outlet,  of  the  lake,  and  the 
nearest  land,  its  southern  bank,  was  about  seventy-five  yards 
distant.  When  the  first  drainage  of  the  lake  was  carried  out, 
the  wrought  woodwork  exposed  in  the  drains  running  through 


Fig.  135. — General  View  of  Site  of  Lochlee  Crannog. 

the  island,  and  especially  the  discovery  of  two  canoes  buried 
in  the  moss,  attracted  some  attention.  It  was  not,  however, 
till  1878,  in  consequence  of  some  discoveries  during  the  re-drainage 
of  the  locality,  that  this  most  important  crannog  was  investigated. 

The  general  appearance  which  it  presented  before  the  ex- 
cavations were  commenced,  as  seen  in  Fig.  135,  was  that  of  a 
grassy  knoll,  drier,  firmer,  and  slightly  more  elevated  than  the 
surrounding  field.  Towards  the  margin  of  this  mound  were  seen 
the  tops  of  a  few  wooden  piles,  barely  projecting  above  the 
grass,  which  at  once  suggested  the  idea  that  they  might  be 
portions  of  a  stockaded  island. 

The  diameter  of  the  island  was  about  one  hundred  feet ;  and  its 
superficies  was  thus  occupied :— In  the  centre  was  a  flat  circular 
area  about  sixty  feet  in  diameter.  Then  followed  a  double  line  of 
upright  piles  from  2  to  3  feet  apart.  These  were  bound  together 


LOCHLEE. 


405 


by  short  transverse  beams  with  a  hole,  generally  square,  at  each  end 
(Fig.  136),  into  which  the  tops  of  the  uprights  penetrated,  while 


Fig.  136.  —  Mortised  Beam  with  portion  of  an  Upright 
Wooden  Peg  (£). 


and  a 


others  stretched  along  the  circumference  forming  a  firm  network. 
The  surface  of  these  horizontal  binders  was  about  three  feet  above 


Fig.  137. — Sketch  showing  part  of  surrounding-  Stockade  with  Mortised  Beams. 

the  level  of  the  inner  area,  and  thus  the  stockade  presented  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  breastwork.  At  the  north-east  corner  this  arrange- 
ment was  more  perfect  than  elsewhere  (see  sketch,  Fig.  137)  and 


406  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

constituted  what  was  supposed  to  have  been  a  landing  stage, 
as  from  it  a  neatly-constructed  flooring  of  wood  extended  for 
some  yards  inwards.  Outside  the  stockade  on  the  north  side  there 
was  a  mass  of  brushwood  and  stakes  forming  a  kind  of  trelliswork, 
as  if  intended  for  further  protection  to  the  island.  In  the  centre  of 
the  inner  area  there  was  a  square  portion,  measuring  89  feet  on 
each  side,  covered  with  closely  laid  beams  of  split  stems  of  trees 
having  the  appearance  and  size  of  railway  sleepers,  which  appeared 
to  have  been  the  flooring  of  a  wooden  house.  This  log-pavement 
(as  we  called  it)  had  been  surrounded  by  a  wooden  wall,  the  stumps 


Fig.  138. — Grooved  and  Mortised  Beams  lying-  over  Log-Pavement. 

of  which  then  only  remained,  and  a  line  of  similar  stumps  ran 
across  it,  from  east  to  west,  thus  bisecting  the  building  into  two 
nearly  equal  compartments.  The  sides  of  this  wooden  foundation 
looked  towards  the  four  cardinal  points,  and  its  corners  just  reached 
to  the  surrounding  stockades.  On  the  surface  of  the  wooden  pave- 
ment were  found  some  fragments  of  curiously  worked  beams  and 
some  large  broad  boards.  Some  were  grooved  and  had  also  square- 
cut  holes,  in  which  both  transverse  and  upright  beams  could  be  mor- 
tised. (See  sketch,  Fig".  138.)  A  doorway,  the  stumps  of  the  side- 
posts  of  which  were  readily  distinguished,  opened  to  the  south  ;  and 
in  front,  but  more  to  the  left,  was  an  extensive  refuse  heap,  in 
which  many  relics  were  found.  This  midden  occupied  the  space 
between  the  south  margin  of  the  log-pavement  and  the  surround- 
ing stockades — some  10  or  12  feet  in  breadth  by  about  double 
that  in  length. 


LOCHLEE.  407 

About  the  middle  of  the  northern  half  of  the  log-pavement  was 
found  a  remarkable  series  of  four  hearths,  or  fire-places,  super- 
imposed one  above  the  other.  The  lowest  was  placed  a  little  above 
the  log-pavement,  and  had  a  layer  of  stones,  clay,  and  earth  inter- 
vening between  it  and  the  wood.  About  one  and  a  half  foot  higher 
there  was  a  second  hearth  ;  at  a  similar  interval,  a  third  ;  arid  at  2  J 
feet  still  higher,  a  fourth.  These  hearths  were  formed  of  small 
boulders  laid  closely  together,  like  a  stone  causeway,  embedded 
in,  and  surrounded  by,  a  layer  of  clay  (Pig.  139).  They  were 
oval  or  circular  in  shape  and  about  four  feet  in  diameter.  The 


3rd  Hearth  ... 


2nd      do. 


1st       do. 


Log-pavement.., 


Fig.  139.— Perpendicular  Section  through  the 
Three  lowest  Hearths. 


corresponding  layers  of  clay  extended  considerably  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  hearths  around  which  they  appeared  to  form  a  flooring. 
The  third  hearth  (counting  from  below  upwards)  had  been  more 
elaborately  constructed  than  the  others,  and  it  was  surrounded  by  a 
number  of  stumps  of  stout  uprights  which  no  doubt  were  the 
remains  of  a  secondary  building,  as  their  lower  ends  did  not  pene- 
trate much  beyond  the  level  of  the  hearth.  The  space  underneath 
the  clay  bed  corresponding  to  this  hearth,  and  extending  down- 
wards to  the  log-pavement,  was,  next  to  the  refuse  heap,  the  most 
prolific  in  relics.  In  it  were  found,  about  the  level  of  the  second 
fire-place,  nearly  the  entire  skeletons  of  two  animals  like  a  goat 
or  sheep,  the  skulls  of  which  had  short  horn-cores  attached 
to  them. 

Gangway. — Beyond  the  midden,  outside   the  island,  the  tops 
of  a    few    piles    were    detected,    and    upon    making    exploratory 


408  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

excavations,  these  turned  out  to  be  the  remains  of  a  gangway. 
As  this  structure  was  very  peculiar  and  somewhat  comparable  to 
the  wooden  structures  described  by  Virchow  and  others  in  the 
German  Pfahlbauten,  I  will  here  quote  my  original  description  of 
it  in  extenso.  (See  plan  and  sections,  facing  page  416) : — 

"  We  commence:!  this  inquiry  by  excavating  a  rectangular  space, 
30  feet  long,  16  feet  broad,  and  3  to  4  feet  deep,  in  the  line  of  direction 
indicated  by  the  piles,  and  exposed  quite  a  forest  of  oak  stakes.  Other 
trendies  were  then  made  with  exactly  similar  results.  The  stakes  thus 
revealed  did  not  at  first  appear  to  conform  to  any  systematic  arrangement, 
but  by-and-by  we  detected,  in  addition  to  six  single  piles,  small  groups  of 
three,  four,  and  five,  here  and  there  at  short  intervals.  This  observation, 
however,  conveyed  little  or  no  meaning,  so  that  AVC  could  form  no  opinion 
as  to  the  manner  in  which  they  were  used.  Up  to  this  point  no  trace  of 
mortised  beams  was  anywhere  to  be  seen.  In  all  these  trenches  the  stuff 
dug  up  was  of  the  same  character.  First  or  uppermost  was  a  bed  of  fine 
clay  rather  more  than  2  feet  thick,  and  then  a  soft  dark  substance  formed 
of  decomposed  vegetable  matter.  The  source  of  the  latter  was  evident 
from  the  occurrence  in  its  upper  stratum  of  large  quantities  of  leaves, 
some  stems,  branches,  and  the  roots  of  stunted  trees  in  situ.  The  tops  of 
the  piles  in  the  trench  next  the  crannog  were  from  2  to  3  feet  below 
the  surface  of  the  field,  but  they  rose  gradually  as  we  receded  from  the 
crannog,  and  in  the  trench  next  the  shore  one  or  two  were  found  on  a 
level  with  the  grass.  About  4  feet  deep  the  stuff  at  the  bottom  of  the 
trench  was  so  soft  that  a  man  could  scarcely  stand  on  it  without  sinking 
ankle-deep.  It  was  not  nearly  so  heavy  as  the  upper  strata,  but  more 
adhesive,  and  of  a  nutty-brown  colour,  which,  on  exposure,  quickly  turned 
dark.  Notwithstanding  the  flabbiness  of  this  material,  the  piles  felt  quite 
firm,  and  this  fact,  together  with  the  experience  derived  from  our  ex- 
amination of  the  deeper  structures  of  the  island,  led  to  the  supposition 
that  the  piles  must  terminate  in  some  more  solid  basis  than  had  yet  been 
made  apparent.  To  remove  all  doubts  on  this  point,  though  a  long  iron 
rod  could  be  easily  pushed  downwards  without  meeting  any  resistance,  we 
ordered  a  large  deep  shaft  to  be  dug  in  the  line  of  the  piles,  and  the 
cutting  nearest  the  crannog  was  selected  for  this  purpose.  This  was 
accomplished  with  much  difficulty,  but  we  were  amply  rewarded  by  coming 
upon  an  elaborate  system  of  woodwork,  which  I  found  no  less  difficult  to 
comprehend  than  it  now  is  to  describe.  The  first  horizontal  beam  was 
reached  about  7  feet  deep,  and  for  other  3  feet  we  passed  through  a 
complete  network  of  similar  beams,  lying  in  various  directions.  Below 
this — i.e.  10  feet  from  the  surface — the  workmen  could  find  no  more  beams 
and  the  lake  silt  became  harder  and  more  friable.  We  then  cleared  a 
larger  area,  so  as,  if  possible,  to  exhibit  the  structural  arrangement  of  the 
woodwork.  The  reason  of  grouping  the  piles  now  became  apparent.  The 


LOCHLEE.  409 

groups  were  placed  in  a  somewhat  zigzag  fashion  near  the  sides  of  the 
gangway,  and  from  each  there  radiated  a  series  of  horizontal  beams,  the 
ends  of  which  crossed  each  other  and  were  kept  in  position  by  the 
uprights.  One  group  was  carefully  inspected.  The  first  or  lowest  beam 
observed  was  right  across,  the  next  lay  lengthways  and  of  course  at  right 
angles  to  the  former,  then  three  or  four  spread  out  diagonally  like  a  fan, 
and  terminated  in  other  groups  at  the  opposite  side  of  the  gangway,  and 
lastly,  one  again  lay  lengthways.  Thus  each  beam  raised  the  level  of  the 
general  structure  the  exact  height  of  its  thickness,  though  large  lozenge- 
shaped  spaces  remained  in  the  middle  quite  clear  of  any  beams.  The 
general  breadth  of  the  portion  of  this  unique  structure  examined  was  about 
10  feet  (but  an  isolated  pile  was  noticed  farther  out),  and  its  thickness 
varied  from  3  to  4  feet.  A  large  oak  plank,  some  10  feet  long,  showing  the 
marks  of  the  sharp-cutting  instrument  by  which  it  was  formed,  was  found 
lying  on  edge  at  its  west  side,  and  beyond  the  line  of  piles,  but  otherwise 
no  remains  of  a  platform  were  seen.  All  the  beams  and  stakes  were  made 
of  oak,  and  so  thoroughly  bound  together  that,  though  not  a  single  joint, 
mortise,  or  pin  was  discovered,  the  whole  fabric  was  as  firm  as  a  rock. 
No  relics  were  found  in  any  of  the  excavations  along  the  line  of  this 
gangway."  (B.  373,  pp.  99-101.) 

Structure  of  the  Island. — Having  now  collected  the  chief  facts 
regarding  the  log-pavement,  its  surrounding  structures  and  super- 
incumbent materials,  we  determined  to  sink  a  shaft  about  the 
centre  of  the  crannog  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining,  if  possible, 
the  thickness,  composition,  and  mode  of  structure,  of  the  island 
itself.  This  shaft  was  rectangular  in  form,  and  large  enough  to 
allow  three  men  to  work  in  it  together.  (See  plan  and  sections, 
page  416.)  After  removing  the  three  or  four  layers  of  oak  planks 
which  constituted  this  portion  of  the  log-pavement,  we  came  upon 
a  thin  layer  of  brushwood,  and  then  large  trunks  of  trees  laid 
in  regular  beds  or  layers,  each  layer  having  its  logs  lying  parallel 
to  each  other,  but  transversely  or  sometimes  obliquely  to  those 
of  the  layer  immediately  above  or  below  it.  At  the  west  end  of 
the  trench,  after  removing  the  first  and  second  layers  of  the  log- 
pavement,  we  found  part  of  a  small  canoe  hollowed  out  of  an 
oak  trunk,  evidently  part  of  an  old  worn-out  one,  thus  economised 
and  used  instead  of  a  prepared  log.  Much  progress  in  this  kind 
of  excavation  was  by  no  means  an  easy  task,  as  it  was  necessary 
to  keep  two  men  constantly  pumping  the  water  which  copiously 
flowed  from  all  directions  into  the  trench,  and  even  then  there 
always  remained  some  at  the  bottom.  As  we  advanced  downwards 
we  encountered  layer  upon  layer  of  the  trunks  of  trees  with  the 


410  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

branches  closely  chopped  off,  and  so  soft  that  the  spade  easily 
cut  through  them.  Birch  was  the  prevailing  kind  of  wood,  but, 
occasionally,  beams  of  oak  were  found  with  holes  at  their  ex- 
tremities, through  which  pegs  of  oak  penetrated  into  other  holes 
in  the  logs  beneath.  One  such  peg,  some  three  or  four  inches  in 
diameter,  was  found  to  pass  through  no  less  than  four  beams  in 
successive  layers,  and  to  terminate  ultimately  in  a  round  trunk 
over  thirteen  inches  in  diameter.  One  of  the  oak  beams  was  ex- 
tracted entire,  and  measured  8  feet  3  inches  in  length  and  10 
inches  in  breadth,  and  the  holes  in  it  were  5  feet  apart.  Others 
had  small  round  projecting  bars,  which  fitted  into  mortised  holes 
in  adjacent  beams.  Down  to  a  depth  of  about  four  feet  the  logs 
ware  rudely  split,  but  below  this  they  were  round  rough  trunks, 
with  the  bark  still  adhering  to  them.  Their  average  diameter 
would  be  from  six  inches  to  one  foot,  and  amongst  them  were 
some  curiously  gnarled  stems  occasionally  displaying  large  knotty 
protuberances.  Of  course,  in  the  act  of  digging  the  trench  the 
wood  was  cut  up  into  fragments,  and,  on  being  uncovered,  its 
fibres  had  a  natural  and  even  fresh-like  appearance,  but  in  a 
few  minutes  after  exposure  to  the  air  the  freshly  cut  pieces  became 
as  black  as  ink.  Amongst  the  debris  thrown  up  from  a  depth  of 
6  feet  below  the  log-pavement  I  picked  up  the  larger  portion  of 
a  broken  hammer-stone  or  polisher,  which,  from  the  worn  appear- 
ance presented  by  its  fractured  edges,  must  have  been  used 
subsequently  to  its  breakage.  After  considerable  labour,  when 
indeed  the  probability  of  total  discomfiture  in  reaching  the  bottom 
was  freely  talked  of,  our  most  energetic  foreman  at  last  announced, 
after  cutting  through  a  large  flat  trunk  14  inches  thick,  that 
underneath  this  he  could  find  no  trace  of  further  woodwork.  The 
substance  removed  from  below  the  lowest  logs  consisted  of  a  few 
twigs  of  hazel  brushwood,  embedded  in  a  dark,  firm,  but  friable 
and  somewhat  peaty  soil,  which  we  concluded  to  be  the  silt  of 
the  lake  deposited  before  the  foundations  of  the  crannog  were 
laid.  The  depth  of  this  solid  mass  of  woodwork,  measuring  from 
the  surface  of  the  log-pavement,  was  9  feet  10  inches,  or  about 
sixteen  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  field.  Amongst  the  very 
last  spadefuls  pitched  from  this  depth  was  found  nearly  one 
half  of  a  well-formed  and  polished  ring  made  of  shale,  the 
external  and  internal  diameters  of  which  were  3|  and  2  inches 
respectively. 


LOCHLEE.  411 

RELICS    FROM    LOCHLEF. 

Stone. — Several  hammer-stones  and  sling-stones,  etc.  Five  whet- 
stones or  hones  of  the  ordinary  form.  They  are  made  of  hard  clay- 
stone  or  sometimes  fine  sandstone,  and  vary  in  length  from  5  to 
7  inches.  One  6J  inches  long  has  a  groove  running  nearly  its 
whole  length  (Fig.  140).  A  large  oval  pebble  of  white  quartz  used 
as  an  anvil.  A  flat  circular  stone,  3  inches  in  diameter  and  If 
inch  thick,  shaped  like  a  cheese.  One  stone  celt  made  of  a  hard 


Fig.  140. — Hone,  6j  inches  long. 

mottled  greenstone  (Fig.  141).  Five  upper  and  some  bits  of  lower 
millstones  or  querns,  mostly  of  granite.  The  former  are  all  some- 
what elongated,  with  a  funnel-shaped  hole  in  the  centre  and 
generally  a  small  round  hole  near  the  margin,  as  seen  in  the 
accompanying  illustration.  Two  cup-marked  stones,  one  with  two 
concentric  circles  (Fig.  141).  One  spindle-whorl  of  stone  and  three 
of  clay  (Fig.  141).  Two  flint  flakes  and  one  scraper  (Fig.  141). 
Several  worked  portions  of  stones. 

Bone  and  Horn. — Two  chisels,  five  pointed  objects,  a  small 
spoon,  a  needle  with  its  eye  in  the  middle,  a  small  ring,  and  several 
worked  bits  of  ribs  were  of  bone.  Of  horn  there  were  about  forty 
worked  pieces — clubs,  hooks,  bodkins,  handles,  etc.  (Fig.  142). 

Wood. — A  neat  trough,  like  a  butcher's  tray,  cut  out  of  the  solid 
wood  (Fig.  143).  Five  dishes  turned  on  the  lathe,  bowls,  plates, 
a  ladle,  etc.  A  piece  of  ash  wood,  5  inches  square,  having  a  curious 
design  carved  on  both  sides  (Figs.  144  and  145).  Six  club-like 
implements,  a  mallet,  and  a  few  things  apparently  intended  for 


412 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Stone  Whorl,  \. 


Clay  Whorl,  }. 


Flint  Scraper,  { 


Stone  Axe.  $  Flint  Flake. 

Fig.  141.— Objects  of  Stone  and  Clay. 


LOCHLEE. 


413 


agricultural  purposes.  Five  varieties  of  pegs  from  five  to  fourteen 
inches  in  length,  with  heads  and  sometimes  perforations.  One 
here  figured  is  14  inches  long  (Fig.  136).  Stern-piece  of  a  canoe, 


Fig.  142.— Objects  of  Bone  and  Horn. 

a  double  paddle,  portion  of  a  large  oar,  and  three  canoes.     The 
paddle  and  mallet  are  here  figured  (Fig.  146). 

Iron. — An   axe-head  with   a  piece  of  the   handle  still  in  the 


Fig.  143,-Wooden  Tray  (£). 

socket  (Fig.  146) ;  a  gouge  8  inches  long,  and  a  chisel  10  inches 
long,  both  having  tangs  on  which  there  is  a  thick  ridge  to 
prevent  their  insertion  too  far  into  the  handle;  two  knives  with 


414 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


tangs ;  a  small  punch,  an  awl,  and  other  pointed  implements ; 
a  cross-cut  saw,  in  three  fragments,  together  38  inches  in  length ; 
a  large  iron  ring ;  a  pair  of  shears ;  and  a  large  three-pronged 


Fig.  144.- Carved  Wood  (}). 

implement  of  a  remarkable  character.  The  last  two  objects  are 
illustrated  on  Fig.  147.  Two  spear-heads  with  sockets  and  por- 
tions of  the  wooden  handle  remaining  in  each.  The  larger,  13 
inches  long,  has  a  prominent  centre  ridge.  Five  daggers,  all 
with  tangs,  one  of  which  has  a  bone  handle  and  a  brass  ferrule. 
Bronze  or  Brass. — A  curious  spatula-like  object  of  beaten 


LOCHLEE. 


415 


bronze  (Fig.  147).  Three  fibulae  and  a  ring  pin  (Fig.  148).  The 
square-shaped  portion  at  the  top  of  the  latter  has  a  swastika 
or  croix  gammde  on  one  side  and  a  cross  with  four  equal  arms 


Fig.  145.— Carved— other  side  of  Fig.  144  Q). 

on  the  other.  A  spiral  finger-ring  with  three  twists,  two  por- 
tions of  stout  wire,  and  an  object  of  unknown  use. 

A  bridle-bit  having  the  centre-piece  of  iron  and  the  side-pieces 
partly  of  iron  and  partly  of  bronze — the  rings  being  iron  and 
the  looped  portion  bronze  (Fig.  149). 

Lead. — One  round  knob  like  the  hilt  of  a  handle. 


41 G 


LAKE-DWELLINGS   OF   EUROPE. 


Fig.  146.— Iron    Axe   (£),   Wooden 
Mallet  (|),  and  Paddle 


Fig.  147.— Iron  Prong  Q),  Iron  Shears,  (§),  and  Bronze  Spatula  (|). 


LOCHLEE. 


417 


Pottery.— Portion  of  the  bottom  of  a  dish  like  Saurian  ware, 
and  five  fragments  of  a  whitish  unglazed  ware  with  parallel 
strise,  as  if  made  on  the  Avheel  Fragment  of  a  small  crucible. 


Fig.  148.— Two  Fibulas  Q)  and  a  Ring-  Pin  (i). 

Glass. — Two  beads,  one  of  earthenware  of  ribbed  pattern  and 
coated  with  green  glaze,  like  those  from  Dowalton.  (See  Fig.  132.) 
The  other  is  of  green  glass,  smooth  and  shaped  like  dumb-bells. 


Fig.  149.—  Bridle-bit 


Leather.  —  Portion  of  a  shoe  and  various  bits  of  leather,  one 
being  closely  set  with  copper  nails  (Fig.  150). 

Miscellaneous.  —  Three  portions  of  plain  jet  bracelets  ;  another 
portion  of  jet  is  like  part  of  a  button  ;  a  boar's  tusk  worked 
into  a  sharp  point  ;  lumps  of  blue  and  red  pigment,  and  large 

B  B 


418 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


quantities  of  the  horny  coverings  of  insects  like  beetles,  and  one 
or  two  brilliant-coloured  elytra;  one  solitary  shell  (Littorina 
llttorea). 

An    object    which    has    excited    considerable    curiosity    is   an 
apparatus  made  like  a   fringe    by   plaiting   together   at   one   end 


Fig.  150. — Fringe  made  from  Stems  of  a  Moss  (Polytrichwnt  commune')  (-£), 
and  piece  of  Thick  Leather  with  Copper  Nails  ({), 

the  long  stems  of  a  kind  of  moss  (Fig.  150).  Portions  of  similar 
articles  were  found  in  three  different  parts  of  the  crannog  and  all 
deeply  buried.  One  portion  of  this  moss  was  plaited  in  four 
plies  and  shaped  like  a  cue  or  pig- tail.  It  measured  17  inches 
long  and  2  broad  in  the  middle,  and  tapered  to  a  point. 


LOCHSPOUTS. 

Lochspouts  is  a  small  lake  basin,  about  three  miles  to  the 
south-west  of  Maybole,  somewhat  oval  in  shape,  and  ensconced  at 
the  base  of  hilly  ground,  which  encompasses  it,  except  towards 
the  north,  where  a  narrow  trap-dike  runs  across  and  cuts  it  off 
from  the  open  valley  beyond.  It  is  thus  a  natural  dam,  formed 
in  the  face  of  a  declivity,  which,  beyond  the  trap-ridge,  still 


LOCHSPOUTS.  419 

continues  to  slops  rapidly  downwards  for  a  few  hundred  yards.  No 
outlet  could  therefore  at  any  time  exist,  except  along  this  barrier, 
and  an  inspection  of  its  present  condition  reveals  several  deep 
gashes  through  which  at  one  time  the  surplus  water  made  its 
escape.  Indeed,  some  of  the  oldest  inhabitants  state  that  the 
name  "  Lochspouts "  was  given  to  it  because,  in  former  times, 
during  heavy  floods,  its  waters  spouted  across  this  ridge  at  dif- 
ferent points.  Within  the  recollection  of  some  of  them  an  arti- 
ficial cutting  was  made  through  the  rocky  outlet,  with  the  view 
of  utilising  its  waters  for  a  "  walk-mill,"  an  operation  which 
reduced  the  level  of  the  lake  about  ten  feet,  and  its  area  to  about 
two  acres.  A  small  island  must  have  then  appeared,  but,  ap- 
parently, its  nature  was  unsuspected ;  and  so  it  remained  till 
1879,  when  Mr.  James  Macfadzean  recognised  it  as  the  site  of 
an  ancient  lake-dwelling.  This  singular  and,  when  surrounded 
by  primeval  forests,  secluded  little  lake  is  now  restored  to  its 
pristine  dimensions ;  but  its  water,  instead  of  acting  as  a  defence 
to  an  island  fortress,  or  propelling  a  primitive  water-wheel, 
forms  a  reservoir  for  the  domestic  supply  of  the  town  of  May- 
bole.  The  necessary  alterations  entailed  by  this  transformation 
of  ths  home  of  the  crannog-builders — one  of  which  was  to  clear 
out  the  accumulated  debris  of  many  a  jovial  feast  in  which, 
judging  from  the  osseous  remnants,  pigs,  oxen,  and  sheep  were 
no  rarity — came  very  opportunely,  as  it  enabled  archaeologists 
to  complete  an  investigation  which  was  in  the  first  instance 
initiated  through  the  liberality  of  Sir  James  Fergusson,  the 
proprietor. 

The  remains  of  the  crannog,  in  the  form  of  a  low  circular 
mound  overgrown  with  coarse  grass,  lay  at  the  north  side  of  the 
lake,  near  the  middle  portion  of  the  rocky  ridge,  and  so  close  to 
the  present  margin  that  it  formed  a  peninsula  easily  approached 
on  terra  firma. 

At  first  the  only  possible  investigation  was  to  remove  the 
(Ubris  down  to  the  level  of  the  water,  and  in  the  course  of  this 
operation  the  following  facts  were  ascertained : — 

(1)  Composition  of  the  Mound. — The  surface  of  the  mound 
was  composed  of  coarse  grass,  having  tough  matted  roots  spread- 
ing in  a  thin  layer  of  soil,  which  overlay  about  a  foot  and  a  half 
of  stones  and  rubbish,  in  which  no  relics  were  found.  Below 
this  the  materials  were  of  a  very  variable  character;  sometimes 


420  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

vegetable  mould,  stems  of  grasses  jointed  like  straw,  and  beds  of 
heather  and  moss,  which  could  readily  be  separated  into  layers ; 
and  at  other  times  heaps  of  ashes  and  charcoal  mixed  with  quan- 
tities of  the  shells  of  whelks,  limpets,  and  hazel-nuts.  Inter- 
mingled with  this  heterogeneous  mass  were  large  and  small  stones, 
broken  bones,  portions  of  deer-horns,  and  various  relics.  Though 
several  ash-heaps  were  distinctly  discernible  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
hearths,  no  regular  refuse-heap  was  met  with ;  and  the  broken 
bones  and  horns  seemed  to  be  dispersed  over  the  general  area  of 
the  crannog. 

(2)  Log-Pavement. — About  five  feet  deep  (measuring  from  the 
centre   of  the  mound),  and  only  a  few  inches  above  the  level  of 
the   surrounding   water,    there   was    exposed    a    rude,    imperfect, 
and    irregularly    shaped    wooden   pavement,   formed   of   flattened 
oak-bearns.      It    covered    only   the   central   portion   of    the   area 
contained    within    the   circle   of   piles,    the   rest   being   laid   with 
branches  and  stems  of  trees.     On  digging  beneath  this  log-pave- 
ment large  beams    and    brushwood    were    generally   encountered, 
but    the   voluminous    gushing    up   of    water    prevented    reliable 
observations  from  being  made  regarding  these   deeper  structures. 
Occasionally    ashes    and    charcoal   were    turned    up,   and   in   one 
spot   near   the   centre,   and   under  my  own   inspection,   the   men 
succeeded  in  digging  downwards  more   than  two  feet  below   the 
log-pavement    before    the    water    oozed    up,     in    the    course    of 
which  nothing  was  turned  out  but  pure  ashes,  bits  of   charcoal, 
and  large  quantities  of  the  shells  of  limpets  and  common  whelks. 
At  the   bottom    of   this   hole    were    solid    oak-beams,   apparently 
flattened  ;  but   no   sooner   were   their  surfaces  exposed   than   the 
water  rushed  in  and  filled  the  trench.      These  observations  gave 
rise  to    the    conjecture    that    this  understratum  represented   the 
accumulated  debris   of  another,  and,   of  course,  an  older,  period 
of    human    occupancy — a   conjecture    which    also   derived    some 
support  from  the  fact  that  the  surface  of   the  log-pavement  was 
on  a  higher  level  than  the  tops  of  the  encircling  piles. 

(3)  Hearths. — Over  the  log-pavement,  and  a  few  yards   apart 
from    each    other,  were    three    circular   hearths,   each    about   five 
feet  in  diameter,  formed   of  flat    stones   embedded   in   a   bed   of 
yellow  clay,  and  raised  on  a  sort  of  pedestal   composed  of  clay 
and   stones,   to  the  extent   of  one   to   one-and-a-half  foot.      One 
of  them,  on  being  demolished,  was  found  to  have  been  built  directly 


LOCHSPOUTS.  421 

over  a  former  similarly  constructed  hearth,  with  an  interval  of 
about  a  foot.  These  hearths  were  situated  near  the  centre 
of  the  crannog,  but  on  its  southern  half — i.e.  the  semicircle  farthest 
from  the  shore. 

(4)  Gangway. — On  making  a  few  trial  trenches  in  the  space 
directly  between  the  shore  and  the  crannog  in  search  of  a  gang- 
way, we  could  find  no  indications  of  woodwork.  One  day, 
however,  my  attention  was  directed  to  a  portion  of  the  log- 
pavement  which  looked  like  a  wooden  roadway  projecting  to 
the  margin  of  the  island,  and  pointing  in  a  north-western 
direction,  towards  a  prominence  in  the  trap-ridge.  Observing 
also,  that,  before  the  lake  was  lowered,  this  prominence  would 
be  the  nearest  land  to  the  crannog,  it  immediately  struck  me 
that,  if  there  was  a  gangway  at  all,  it  would  be  found  along 
this  line.  Hypothesis  was  right  this  time.  The  adhesive  nature 
of  the  lake  sediment  prevented  the  water  from  oozing  up  so 
quickly  as  it  did  on  the  crannog,  so  that  we  were  enabled  to 
expose  the  woodwork  several  feet  below  the  level  of  the  lake. 
Close  to  the  crannog  the  upper  beams  of  the  gangway  were 
about  three  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  grass ;  but  as  we 
neared  the  shore  with  the  digging  they  became  less  buried,  and 
some  of  the  uprights  were  found  even  projecting  above  the 
ground. 

The  general  plan  on  which  this  gangway  was  constructed 
appeared  to  be  identical  with  that  adopted  by  the  crannog- 
builders  of  Lochlee.  Upright  piles,  singly  and  in  groups,  were 
placed  in  a  zigzag  fashion,  between,  and  from  which,  the  horizontal 
beams  stretched,  fan-like,  and  so  formed  a  sort  of  latticework, 
with  empty  lozenge-shaped  spaces  between. 

From  one  of  these  holes,  or  meshes,  some  five  feet  below 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  a  fine  granite  quern-stone  was  extracted. 
The  piles  projected  some  two  feet  or  more  above  the  body  of 
the  gangway ;  but  there  was  no  appearance  of  a  subaqueous  or 
superaqueous  platform.  It  would  thus  appear  that  its  upper 
transverses  were  originally  under  water — a  remark  equally  ap- 
plicable to  the  analogous  remains  at  Lochlee — but  to  what 
depth  the  wooden  structures  reached  could  not  be  ascertained. 

Further  Excavations. — In  order  to  facilitate  the  projected 
operations  of  clearing  out  the  bed  of  the  lake  the  Engineers  of  the 
Maybole  Waterworks  caused  the  rocky  outlet  to  be  cut  down  to  the 


422  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUHOI'E. 

extent  of  3  feet,  which  thus  enabled  them  to  remove  a  correspond- 
ing section  of  the  crannog.  The  result  of  this  was  to  show,  as 
was  conjectured  from  the  facts  ascertained  in  the  previous 
explorations,  that  there  was,  about  2i  feet  underneath  the  log- 
pavement  and  its  hearths  already  described,  another  habitable  zone 
with  its  log-pavement,  mortised  beams,  etc.,  together  with  various 
relics  of  human  industry.  It  would  appear  that  this  was  the 
original  surface  of  the  crannog,  as  it  corresponded  with  the 
surrounding  stockades,  some  of  which  were  found  in  position. 
Others  were  seen  among  a  heap  of  wood  collected  from  the 
excavated  debri*,  amongst  which  were  a  few  of  the  ordinary 
transverses  containing  square-cut  holes  at  their  extremities.  One 
thick  beam  was  deeply  grooved  and  resembled  the  one  found  at 
Lochlee.  (See  Fig".  138.)  A  few  large  flat  planks,  having  a  round 
handle-like  projection  some  1 8  inches  long  at  one  end,  had  only 
one  square-cut  hole,  placed  sometimes  close  to  this  handle,  and  at 
other  times  at  the  opposite  extremity.  Another  stout  oak  beam, 
G  feet  long,  contained  a  series  of  round  holes  about  an  inch  in 
diameter,  and  from  5  to  6  inches  apart,  The  holes,  which  were  on 
the  broad  side  of  the  beam,  were  about  two  inches  in  depth,  but 
only  penetrated  half  through  it,  and  from  one  of  them  a  portion  of 
a  wooden  pin  was  extracted.  This  beam  was  in  a  fragmentary 
condition,  being,  like  many  others,  partially  charred. 

RELICS. 

titone. — About  a  barrowful  of  hammer-stones  and  round  pebbles 
from  1  to  G  inches  in  diameter.  Polishers  and  whetstones  also 
numerous,  the  latter  sometimes  perforated  for  suspension.  Three 
portions  of  sandstone  had  each  a  circular  perforation  funnel-shaped 
on  both  sides.  Twelve  quern  stones,  nearly  all  made  of  granite,  of 
which  nine  or  ten  are  the  upper  stones.  One  spindle-whorl  1  f  inch 
in  diameter.  Two  polished  discs,  one  being  the  segment  of  a 
circle  (Fig.  151),  are  supposed  to  have  been  used  as  mirrors. 
An  oval  implement  with  two  hollowed  surfaces  like  the  one 
represented  on  Fig.  175 ;  its  length  is  3J  inches,  breadth  2|, 
and  thickness  1  inch.  The  cup-shaped  cavities  are  too  large  for 
mere  finger-marks.  It  is  made  of  a  hard  grey  trap  rock  and, 
though  well  wrought  all  over,  is  not  polished,  nor  does  it  exhibit 
any  markings  such  as  are  seen  on  the  ordinary  hammer-stones. 
Two  flint  scrapers,  one  of  which  is  here  figured  (Fig.  151). 


LOCHSPOUTS. 


Bone  and  Horn.— A  pin,  chisel  (Fig.  152),  awl,  two  pointers, 
and  a  knife-handle  are  of  bone.     Of  horn  there  are  also  only  a  few 


Fig.  151.— Stone  Disc  (-|)  and  Flint  Scraper  (}). 

objects,  as  a  pick,  club,  and  some  pointed  implements  of  the  tines 
of  staghorn. 

Wood. — No  specific  object,  except  the  stave  of  a  vessel  like  that 
of  a  milk  cog,  was  found  in  the  earlier  explorations ;  but  from  the 
lowest  stratum  there  were  some  curious  Avooden  implements.  (See 
B.  373,  p.  310.) 

Iron. — Articles   of  iron  Avere  very  rare  and  much  corroded — 


Fig.  152— Bone  Chisel  (|). 

only  one  retained  its  form  sufficiently  well  to  be  recognised  as  a 
small  dagger. 

Bronze. — Two  curious  objects,  a  key  and  a  spiral  of  bronze 
wire,  are  shown  on  Fig.  153.  A  small  finger-ring.  An  armlet  is 
said  to  have  been  also  found,  but  unfortunately  could  not  be 
procured  for  descriptive  purposes. 

Lead. — A  small  bead-shaped  portion  of  lead  perforated  with  a 
round  hole  is  supposed  to  b3  a  spindle-whorl. 

Pottery. — Several  fragments  of  Samian  ware,  one  ornamented 


424 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Fig.  153.— Objects  of  Bronze  G). 


Fig.  154. — Fragment  of  Samian  Bowl  (|). 


Fig.  155. — Fragments  of  Tottery  Q). 


LOCH     BUSTOX.  425 

(Fig.  154).     Another  kind  of  earthenware  was  of  light  colour,  and 
showed  handles  and  well-formed  rims  (Fig.  155). 

Glass. — Two  ribbed  beads  covered  with  a  greenish  glaze  like 
those   from    Loch    Dowalton    (Fig.    132),  one  of  an    amber    tint 


Fig.  156.  -  A  Conical  Ornament  of  Rock-crystal,  a  Glass  Bead,  and  a 
Ring  and  Pendant  of  Jet  (all  f). 

beautifully  variegated  (Fig.  156),  and  another  of  yellow  vitreous 
paste. 

Rock-Cry st«l. — A  conical  piece  of  rock-crystal,  polished  and 
evidently  ground  to  its  present  form,  is  here  shown  in  outline 
(Fig.  156). 

Jet  or  Lignite. — Several  bits  showing  workmanship  ;  a  polisned 
ring  1J  inch  in  diameter  (Fig.  156),  and  portions  of  two  larger 
ones,  probably  bracelets ;  and  a  remarkable  pendant  in  the  form  of 
an  encircled  cross  (Fig.  156).  The  arms  of  the  cross  as  well  as 
the  surrounding  circle  are  adorned  with  a  succession  of  incised 
circles  alternating  with  short  lines  which  are  supposed  to  have 
been  intended  for  the  reception  of  some  kind  of  enamel. 

BUSTOX. 

About  half-way  between  Stewarton  and  Kilmaurs  there  is  a 
shallow  basin  of  meadowland  which  formerly,  according  to  Blaeu's 
Atlas,  was  the  bed  of  a  lake  of  considerable  size  called  Loch  Buston. 
Within  the  recollection  of  the  present  generation  this  area  was  a 
mossy  bog  in  summer  and  a  sheet  of  water  in  winter ;  and  about 
fifty  years  ago,  when  the  present  tenant,  Mr.  Robert  Hay,  came  to 
reside  on  the  farm,  there  was  a  small  mound  situated  about  its 
centre  known  as  the  Sivan  Knowe,  on  account  of  the  number  of 
wild  swans  that  formerly  used  to  frequent  it.  When  subsequently 


420  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

engaged  in  reclaiming  the  bog,  Mr.  Hay  states  that  as  many  as 
thirteen  cart-loads  of  timber  were  removed  from  the  "  Knowe,"  and 
he  distinctly  remembers  that,  in  consequence  of  the  difficulty  of 
detaching  some  of  the  mortised  beams,  his  father  made  the  remark, 
"  there  maun  hae  been  dwellers  here  at  ae  time."  He  also  states 
that  until  the  land  was  thoroughly  redrained,  a  few  years  ago,  there 
was  still  a  considerable  mound  to  be  seen ;  but  at  the  beginning  of 
December,  1880,  when  I  first  visited  the  locality,  there  was  hardly 
any  elevation  to  distinguish  it  from  the  surrounding  field. 

Notwithstanding  the  havoc  committed  on  the  woodwork  of 
the  crannog  by  a  long  exposure  to  atmospheric  agencies  before 
it  finally  sank  under  the  protective  influence  of  the  muddy  water, 
and  subsequently,  by  the  ruthless  hands  of  the  agriculturist,  there 
still  remained  sufficient  materials  to  give  one  not  only  a  general, 
but  particular  and  instructive  notion  of  the  mechanical  principles 
on  which  the  island  and  its  superincumbent  structures  were  con- 
structed. The  general  results  of  the  investigation  may  be  cate- 
gorically summed  up  as  follows : — 

1.  The   island   was   composed  of  a  succession  of  layers  of  the 
trunks  and   branches   of  trees,  intermingled  in  some  places  with 
stones,  turf,  etc. ;  and   the  whole   mass   was   firmly  knit  together 
by  means  of  upright  piles  and  horizontal  beams  arranged  in  three, 
ami  in  one  part  four,  concentric  circles. 

2.  The  outer  circle  was  intended  more  for  protection  than  for 
giving  stability  to  the  island,  and   in   some  parts,  as  at  the  east 
side  of  the  refuse-heap,  the  piles  were  closely  set  with  their  tops 
fixed  into  a  transverse  beam  after  the  manner  of  a  stair-railing; 
while  those  of  the   inner   ones   not   only  penetrated   deeply  and 
gave  stability  to  the   island,  but   also   were  used   as   part   of  the 
wall  of  the  central  building. 

3.  The  area   enclosed   by  the   stockades   was   slightly  oval   in 
shape,  measuring  61  feet   by  56,  and   rudely  paved  with  wooden 
beams,  many  of  which  were  firmly   fixed  to  the  lower  woodwork 
by  stout  wooden  pegs  as  well  as  to  the  encircling  stockades,  thus 
affording  here  and  there,  as  it  were,  points  d'appui. 

4.  While  there  was  one  general  hearth  situated  near  the  centre, 
evidence  of  one  or  two  fire-places  elsewhere  was  quite  conclusive. 
One  of  these  appeared   to   have   been   a   smelting-furnace,  as   it 
contained  flat   stones   much   stained   with   fire-marks  and  several 
masses  of  heavy  slag. 


LOCH     BUSTOX. 


427 


5.  The  entrance  to  the  central  area,  which  was  determined  by 
the  stumps  of  two  massive  door-posts,  had  a  south-easterly  aspect, 


and  in  front  of  it  there  was  a  well-constructed  wooden  platform, 
made  of  large  oak  planks  supported  on  solid  layers  of  wood,  to 
which  they  were  pinned  down. 

6.  Beyond  this  platform,  and  separated  from  it  by  a  massive 


42S  KAKE-DWELUXCJS    OK     EUROPE. 

wooden  railing  which  was  continuous  with  the  inner  circle  of 
stockades,  was  the  refuse-heap ;  and  to  the  right  a  wooden  pathway, 
also  protected  on  its  outer  side,  led  downwards  and  westwards  to 
the  outer  circle,  where  there  appeared  to  have  been  a  landing-stage. 
(See  Figs.  157  and  158.)  About  twelve  yards  in  advance  of  this 
stage,  and  4  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  field,  a  canoe  was  found 
buried  in  the  ancient  mud  of  the  lake  (Fig.  159). 

This  canoe  was  22   feet  long,  3    feet   6    inches   broad   at   the 
stern,  widening  to  about  four   feet   in  the  middle,  and  1  foot  10 


Fig.  158.— Portion  of  north  side  of  Buston  Crannog,  with  the  space  between 
Inner  and  Second  Circles  of  Piles  dug  out,  showing  arrangement  of 
Mortised  Beams  and  structure  of  Island. 

inches  deep.  It  is  remarkable  as  showing  evidence  of  having  been 
repaired  in  two  places  by  neatly  fitting  pieces  of  oak  planking, 
which  were  kept  in  position  by  transverse  ribs  and  wooden  pins. 
The  stern-piece  was  movable  and  fitted  into  a  groove  in  the  sides 
of  the  boat.  In  the  mud  removed  from  its  interior  were  a  few 
stones  and  portion  of  the  skull  of  an  ox. 

The  refuse-heap  occupied  an  oblong  position  immediately  in 
front  of  the  southern  entrance.  It  measured  some  30  feet  long  by 
15  or  20  broad,  and  5  feet  deep  alongside  the  above-mentioned 
railing.  Here  nearly  all  the  relics  and  some  massive  bones  were 
found.  These  bones  were  abundantly  impregnated  with  the  mineral 
vivianite,  both  in  its  amorphous  and  crystalline  condition,  but 
the  specimens  of  crystals  here  were  much  inferior  to  those  from 
Lochlee.  The  position  of  the  refuse-heap  is  seen  in  the  immediate 
foreground  of  Fig.  157,  after  the  removal  of  its  contents,  as  a  pit 
partially  occupied  with  water. 


LOCH     BUSTON. 


429 


The  crannog  was  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  yards  from  the 
nearest  shore,  and  there  was  no  trace  of  a  gangway  observed. 


LIST    OF    RELICS. 


Stone. — Hammer-stones,  polishers,  and  whetstones   were    com- 
paratively rare,  only  some  half  dozen   being  found.     Among   the 


Fig.  159. — Appearance  of  Canoe  in  situ  after  exposure. 

latter  are  fragments  of  a  circular  grindstone  of  fine  red  sandstone, 
showing  a  diameter  of  about  fifteen  inches,  and  a  large  oblong 
smooth  stone  perforated  at  one  end. 

Two  blocks  of  sandstone  with  irregularly  shaped  cavities  in 
each ;  a  third  has  a  large  cup-shaped  cavity  5J  inches  in  diameter 
and  2J  inches  deep,  and  on  it  are  the  marks  of  sharpening  tools  ; 
hence  the  cup  is  supposed  to  have  been  for  holding  water  for 


4:30 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


facilitating  the  operation  of  sharpening.  Another  small  fragment 
has  a  neatly  formed  cup-shaped  cavity.  Two  querns,  both  upper 
stones;  one  is  of  the  usual  form,  but  the  other  is  flat  and  more 


Fig.  160.— Flint  Knife  and  Clay  Crucible  (})• 

like  a  modern  millstone.     It  measures  18  inches  across  and  the 
central  hole  is  3  inches  in  diameter,  but  not  funnel-shaped.    For  the 
insertion  of  a  handle  there  is  a  square-cut  hole  near  the  margin. 
Two  spindle-whorls,  one  of  which  was  of  cannel  coal.     Three 


Fig.  161.— Four  Pins  and  a  Needle  of  Bone,  and  one  Pin  of  Bronze.    All  (f). 

crucibles,  one  having  particles  of  gold  in  its  crevices  and  another 
the  remains  of  a  yellowish  slag  (Fig.  160).  One  flint  knife  (Fig. 
160),  two  scrapers,  two  cores,  and  a  few  chips. 


LOCH     BUSTOX. 


481 


Bone. — Twenty  pins,  of  which  only  one  was  ornamented  with 
•a  check  pattern  (Fig.  161).  One  darning-needle  (Fig.  161).  Three 
round  knobs  and  one  curiously  worked  object.  One  of  the  knobs 
is  ornamented  with  circular  lines.  Three  nearly  perfect  toilet 
combs  and  fragments  of  others  (Fig.  162). 

Horn. — A  polished  dagger  7J  inches  long,  another  roughly  cut, 
and  a  few  handles. 

Wood. — Fragments  of  a  wooden  bowl,  ornamented  with  three 
incised  lines  parallel  to  the  rim,  which  must  have  been  made  on 


Fig.  162. —Bone  Comb  ({). 

a  wood-turner's  lathe  ;  one  small  fragment  had  a  clasp  of  thin 
brass  over  it  as  if  it  had  been  mended.  Portions  of  an  oar,  a 
canoe,  a  board  pierced  with  holes,  and  some  large  pins  like  those 
found  at  Lochlee. 

Iron. — Axe-head  (Fig.  163),  a  gouge,  six  knife-blades,  all  with 
tangs,  a  punch,  and  three  awls.  Socketed  spear-head,  ornamented 
with  two  groups  of  circular  lines  on  the  socket  portion  (Fig.  164). 
Three  large  arrow-points  or  tips  of  the  crossbow  bolt ;  portion 
of  an  ancient  kind  of  padlock ;  *  two  spiral  objects,  and  a  small 
instrument  bifurcated  at  the  point  (Fig.  164). 

*  Among1  the  objects  from  Lahore  mentioned  by  Lord  Talbot  (Fig.  103)  is  a 
peculiar  iron  pipe,  desoribed  as  of  unknown  use.  It  is  rather  remarkable  that  it  and 
this  bayonet-like  object  from  Buston  should  be  the  counterparts  of  a  kind  of  padlock 
in  use  in  the  earlier  Middle  Ages,  which  acted  in  the  following  manner  : — When  a 
spring-bolt  (like  that  of  the  object  from  Buston)  was  passed  through  the  tube 


432 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUKOl'E. 


Bronze.— A  circular  brooch  (Fig.  164),  two  pins,  one  with  an 
ornamented  stone  and  a  blue  bead  setting  in  the  top  of  the  head 
(Fig.  161),  and  several  little  bits  of  brass-foil. 

Quid. — Two  spiral  tinger-rings,  and  a  small  coin,  doubled  up 
when  found  (Fig.  165).  Regarding  this  coin,  Dr.  Evans  reports 
as  follows  :- 


Fig.  163.— An  Iron  Axe  (ij). 

"  The  two  plates  of  gold  seem  originally  to  have  formed  the  shell  of  an 
early  forgery  of  a  coin,  the  oxidised  core  of  which  forms  the  contents  of 
the  small  tube.  I  thought  at  first  that  the  substance  might  be  resinous, 
but  I  think  it  is  some  salt  of  copper.  Some  chemist  could  readily  try  this 
[this  has  since  been  proved  to  be  a  salt  of  copper].  The  coin  itself  belongs 
to  a  class  of  trientes  which  have  been  found  almost  exclusively  in  England, 
and  are  probably  of  Saxon  origin.  See  Smith's  "Coll.  Ant.,"  vol.  i.  PI.  xxii. 
9.  Others  were  in  the  Bagshot  Heath  or  Crondale  find.  See  Num.  (77mm., 
vi.  These  probably  belong  to  the  sixth  or  seventh  century.  The  find  is  of 
value  as  helping  to  assign  a  date  to  the  crannog."  (B.  373,  p.  231.) 

upwards,  the  spike  attached  to  the  latter  passed  through  the  perforation  in  the 
former.  Inside  the  tube  there  were  two  small  prominences,  which  when  the  bolt  was 
pushed  sufficiently  home  caught  the  tips  of  its  springs  and  prevented  its  return.  In 
this  state  the  padlock  was  securely  locked,  and  it  could  only  be  opened  by  a  key 
consisting  of  another  but  smaller  tube,  which,  when  passed  through  the  other  end 
of  the  larger  tube  and  over  the  springs,  pressed  the  latter  close  to  the  body  of  the 
bolt  until  their  tips  became  clear  of  the  internal  catches,  and  so  allowed  the 
spring-bolt  to  be  extracted. 


LOCH    BUSTON. 


433 


Fig.  164.— Bolt  of  Padlock  Q),  Spear-head  (£),  and  a  small  Tool 
of  Iron  (i),  and  a  circular  Brooch  of  Bronz3  (f). 


Fig.  165.— Two  Gold  Rings,  a  Gold  Coin,  and  a  Glass  Bead.     (All 
C  C 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Glass.— A.  cylindrically-shaped  bead,  variegated  with  three 
different  colours,  red  and  yellow  predominating  over  patches  of 
transparent  glass  (Fig.  165) ;  a  tiny  bead  of  yellow  paste ;  a 
round  object  of  the  size  of  a  marble,  made  of  variegated  paste, 
but  without  any  aperture  ;  a  flattened  drop  of  a  whitish  paste 


Fig.  166. -Fragment  of  Pottery  (}). 

about  the  size  of  a  shilling ;  one  or  two  bits  of  dark  slag ;  three 
fragments  of  bright-green  glass. 

Several  strips  of  leather. 

Jet — Fragments  of  three  armlets,  and  a  small  ornament 
like  the  terminal  link  of  an  antique  necklace. 

Pottery. — Fragment  of  Samian  ware,  and  fragments  of  dishes 
of  other  pottery. 

One  portion  is  here  figured  showing  a  curious  aperture  like 
the  spout  of  a  jug  and  a  neatly  formed  rim  (Fig.  166). 

AIRRIEOULLAND. 

"  This  crannog,"  writes  Sir  H.  Maxwell,  "  is  situated  in  the 
centre  of  a  peat  moss,  formerly  a  lake,  and  still  in  most  summers 
and  all  winters  a  quaking  morass.  Towards  the  centre  of  this 
moss,  which  is  about  sixty  acres  in  area,  there  is  a  circular  en- 
closure 54  feet  in  diameter,  surrounded  by  a  low  wall.  This  is 
marked  in  the  Ordnance  Survey  maps  as  a  fort ;  but  no  fort, 


AIRRIEOULLAND.  435 

in  the  ordinary  acceptation,  could  exist  in  the  centre  of  what 
had  been,  at  no  very  great  distance  of  time,  a  lake.  Although 
no  timbers  were  visible  at  the  time  of  our  visit,  the  whole 
surface  of  the  enclosure  being  green  with  grass,  and  the  surround- 
ing moss  covered  with  heather  and  bog  plants,  its  situation 
and  character  indicated  its  true  nature  to  those  experienced 
in  lake-dwellings,  and  a  very  slight  excavation  at  once  confirmed 
this  view.  Beginning  in  the  centre,  the  diggers  exposed  beneath 
the  shallow  layer  of  vegetable  soil  the  familiar  features  of  a 
fascine-dwelling.  The  only  novel  and  most  interesting  feature 
in  this  crannog  is  the  surrounding  fence,  which,  doubtless,  was 
the  usual  mode  of  protecting  the  huts  or  wigwams  of  the 
interior,  but  which  in  most  crannogs  hitherto  examined  has 
been  reduced  by  the  action  of  the  waves  to  a  shapeless  mound 


Fig.  167.— Scarlet  Beads  of  Vitreous  Paste  ({). 

or  beach  of  small  boulders.  Here,  however,  owing  to  flat  flags 
having  been  used,  the  structure  is  perfect,  surrounding  the  entire 
islet  to  a  height  of  about  three  feet.  The  depth  of  the  structure 
from  the  surface  to  the  alluvial  bed  of  the  lake  was  4  feet.  The 
lake  bottom,  into  which  the  piles  were  driven,  was  soft  peat, 
7  feet  deep.  The  moss  around  the  island  had  grown  since 
the  structure  was  made  to  the  level  of  the  island ;  but  no  de- 
ductions could  be  made  from  that  fact  as  to  the  age  of  the 
crannog,  owing  to  the  varying  rate  of  the  growth  of  moss,  and 
to  the  uncertainty  as  to  when  the  lake  became  filled  up  and 
moss  ceased  to  grow.  In  the  wonderfully  accurate  and  laborious 
map  of  Timothy  Pont,  published  in  1672,  the  present  moss 
appears  as  a  lake.  Three  days'  labour  sufficed  to  clear  out  the 
greater  part  of  the  contents  of  the  enclosure.  The  chief  relics 
disclosed,  besides  great  quantities  of  bones  of  the  usual  kind, 
including  those  of  the  goat  and  the  roe-deer,  were  17  small 
beads  of  scarlet  vitreous  slag  (Fig.  167),  forming  a  portion  of 
a  necklace  ;  a  rough  shale  ring,  several  excellent  hammer  and 
grinding-stones,  many  quartz  pebbles,  which  had  been  brought 


43<> 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


for  some  unknown  reason  [sling-stones  ?]  from  the  seashore,  distant 
about  a  mile;  two  broken  crucibles  (Fig.  168),  a  spinning- whorl 
of  bone  or  horn.  From  a  depth  of  three  feet,  flint  flakes,  a  small 


Fig.  1G8.  -Broken  Crucible  and  a  Bronze  Button  (}). 

jet  ring,  a  portion  of  a  perforated  jet  ornament,  and  a  remarkable 
button-like  object  of  bronze  (Fig.  168)."     (B.  426,  p.  113.) 


BARHAPPLE. 

Barhapple  ("  horse  hill ")  Loch  is  a  small  lake  some  500 
yards  long  and  300  broad.  Here,  in  1880,  in  consequence  of 
drainage  operations,  a  crannog  became  visible ;  but,  owing  to 
the  sponginess  of  its  surface,  no  effective  examination  could 
be  carried  out.  The  Earl  of  Stair,  finding  that  during  the 
summer  of  1884  the  island  had  become  much  drier  and  harder, 
made  arrangements  to  have  it  thoroughly  investigated.  That  the 
increased  firmness  and  consolidation  of  the  island  was  due  to 
shrinkage  was  manifest  from  the  fact  that  the  upright  piles, 
which,  when  discovered,  barely  showed  above  the  mud,  now 
projected  2  or  3  feet,  and  presented  the  appearance  of  a  decayed 
forest,  with  its  stunted  trunks  still  standing.-  It  was  also  ob- 
served that  this  shrinkage  extended  to  all  parts  of  the  mossy 
lake-bed ;  and,  as  a  consequence  of  this,  two  double  lines  of 
piles  became  visible  in  the  long  grass,  one  commencing  at 
the  north  and  the  other  at  the  east  shore  of  the  lake.  Both 
lines  were  directed  to  the  crannog,  but  stopped  short  of  it  by 
some  20  or  30  yards.  As  to  the  structure  of  the  crannog,  it 
was  remarked  that  not  only  the  uprights,  but  the  horizontal 


BARHAPPLE    LOCH. 


437 


beams  were  more  methodically  arranged,  and  of  a  stronger 
character  towards  the  margin.  Here  the  uprights,  many  of 
which  wero  made  of  young  trees  of  oak  and  ash,  were  firmly 
supported,  especially  in  the  outer  circle,  by  the  intertwining 
among  them  of  horizontal  timbers.  On  the  north  side,  in  a 
line  with  the  piles  of  one  of  the  gangways,  a  distinct  roadway, 
made  of  round  beams,  was  traced,  running  from  the  margin  of 
the  island  to  the  dwelling-house,  which  was  situated  on  the 
east  side,  directly  facing  the  other  gangway.  In  this  building 
two  fire-places  were  recognised,  one  a  little  north  of  the  other, 
and  around  them  was  a 
layer  of  charcoal  from  5  to 
12  inches  thick,  containing 
the  fag-ends  of  burnt  beams, 
heather,  and  brushwood. 
From  among  these  embers 
some  large  prepared  beams, 
also  partially  burnt,  were 
disinterred,  two  of  which 
terminated  in  round  tenons, 
having  at  a  little  distance 
from  their  extremities  a 
raised  head  or  flange.  From 
these  and  other  appearances 
it  was  inferred  that  the 
crannog  had  been  destroyed 
by  a  conflagration  during  a  strong  north-west  gale,  and  as  there 
was  no  evidence  of  much  accumulated  debris,  it  was  supposed 
that  this  catastrophe  occurred  shortly  after  its  erection.  On 
making  a  trench  through  the  island  it  was  found  that  below 
the  burnt  layer  there  were  beds  of  brushwood,  ferns,  etc.,  to 
a  depth  of  2  or  3  feet.  Beneath  this  lay  the  peaty  sub- 
stance of  the  lake-bottom,  through  which  an  iron  rod  could 
be  readily  plunged  to  the  extent  of  4  feet,  Avhen  it  struck 
some  hard  material,  probably  rock  or  silt  of  the  original  glacial 
bottom. 

Although  this  was  the  largest  crannog  hitherto  found  in 
Scotland,  being  157  yards  in  circumference,  it  was  extremely  poor 
in  relics,  a  fact  which  may  be  accounted  for  by  the  shortness  of  its 
duration.  The  list  of  relics  includes  three  shale  rings  (Fig.  169), 


Fig.  169.— A  Rin£,  Cannel  Coal  ({). 


438  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

two  of  which  were  only  fragments  ;  half  a  canoe  ;  a  broken  paddle, 
and  some  worked  pieces  of  wood. 

WHITE  LOCH  OF  RAVEXSTOXE. 

This  small  loch,  which  is  within  a  few  minutes'  walk  of  Raven 
stone  Castle,  is  surrounded  by  a  broad  fringe  of  marsh  and  tall 
reeds.  Within  this  marshy  area,  and  just  skirting  the  water's  edge 
on  its  western  side,  there  is  a  flat  mound,  some  80  feet  square  and 
6  or  7  feet  high,  having  on  its  surface  the  ruins  of  dry  stone 
buildings.  These  ruins  consist  of  the  foundations  of  walls,  a  foot 
or  so  high,  which  clearly  define  the  outline  of  a  superstructure 
divided  into  five  rectangular  compartments.  This  building  did  not 
occupy  the  whole  surface  of  the  island,  measuring  only  55  feet  by 
47.  The  mound  was  composed  of  large  flags  and  boulders,  on  the 
top  of  which  a  few  trees  found  a  suitable  habitat,  and  no  less  than 
four  of  the  compartments  were  occupied  each  by  the  trunk  of  a 
venerable  looking  ash.  Upon  investigating  the  base  of  the  mound, 
piles  and  the  projecting  ends  of  transverse  beams  were  discovered 
in  several  places,  and  the  conjectured  opinion  that  the  entire 
mound  was  built  over  a  substratum  of  woodwork  was  con- 
clusively proved  by  digging  a  central  pit  through  the  only  vacant 
compartment  in  the  stone  building.  The  result  of  this  was  to 
reveal,  at  a  depth  of  eight  feet,  a  network  of  beams  lying  trans- 
versely to  each  other,  but  to  an  undetermined  depth. 

The  north  or  land  side  of  the  island  showed  signs  of  having 
been  roughly  built  up  with  large  undressed  flags,  but  the  rest  of 
its  stony  perimeter  was  quite  dilapidated.  That  the  wooden  island 
was  inhabited  as  a  crannog,  before  its  level  was  raised  to  its  present 
height  by  the  addition  of  the  enormous  mass  of  stones  and  earth 
underlying  its  final  buildings,  an  idea  suggested  by  the  discovery 
of  charcoal  and  the  shells  of  hazel-nuts  over  the  woodwork,  is  a 
hypothesis  that  requires  further  proofs  before  it  can  be  accepted  as 
well  founded  in  fact.  (B.  426,  p.  121.) 

FRIAR'S  CARSE. 

The  site  of  the  crannog  at  Friar's  Carse  was  a  small  pear^ 
shaped  basin  situated  behind  a  wooded  knoll,  close  to  the  Parlia- 
mentary road  to  Dumfries,  and  in  the  midst  of  a  well-cultivated 
but  singularly  undulating  district.  By  deepening  the  outlet  of  this 


FRIAR'S  CARSE.  439 

lake  to  the  extent  of  two  feet,  a  partial  drainage  was  effected, 
which  reduced  its  area  from  10  to  3  acres.  It  was  only  then 
(1878)  that  it  became  generally  known  that  a  small  bushy  island 
near  the  middle  of  the  loch  had  been  artificially  constructed  of  oak- 
planks  and  trunks  of  trees.  As  the  weather  was  dry  for  some 
weeks  previous  to  our  visit,  and  the  water  particularly  low,  we 
readily  stepped  on  to  the  island,  over  what  appeared  to  have  been 
the  old  bed  of  the  lake,  then  presenting  a  hard,  crisp,  and  dried-up 
surface  of  aquatic  plants.  The  island  was  nearly  circular  in  shape, 
measuring  80  by  70  feet,  strongly  built,  and  surrounded  by  piles, 
some  of  which,  however,  were  only  visible  through  the  water.  The 
log-pavement,  which  by  this  time  had  been  completely  bared,  was 
composed  of  parallel  beams  of  oak,  arranged  in  groups,  lying  in 
various  directions,  and  firmly  united  together  by  the  overlapping 
and  sometimes  mortising  of  their  ends.  At  the  margin  of  the 
island  there  was  a  large  quantity  of  stones,  especially  on  its  north 
side — i.e.  the  side  towards  the  deepest  portion  of  the  lake. 

Through  these  stones,  which  shelved  under  the  water,  a  few 
heads  of  the  surrounding  piles  projected,  some  above  and  some 
below  the  water.  Mortised  holes  were  here  and  there  to  be  seen 
in  the  horizontal  beams,  but  there  was  no  appearance  of  a  breast- 
work surrounding  the  wooden  pavement — thus  differing  from  the 
Lochlee  crarmog.  In  the  centre  were  a  few  ends  of  uprights,  in 
rectangular  rows,  seemingly  the  remains  of  partitions,  one  of  which 
I  traced  for  40  feet  in  a  straight  line. 

Upon  inquiring  where  the  rubbish  removed  from  the  island  was 
located,  we  were  informed  that  it  had  been  wheeled  to  the  west 
side  of  the  crannog,  and  heaped  up  close  to  where  we  had  stepped 
on  to  the  island.  Here  it  lay  for  some  days ;  but  one  morning,  to 
the  great  astonishment  of  the  workmen,  it  was  nowhere  to  be  seen. 
Upon  examination,  it  turned  out  that  the  apparently  dry  bed  of 
the  lake  was  a  matted  crust  of  mud  and  the  roots  of  aquatic  plants, 
which,  virtually  floating  over  the  water,  suddenly  gave  way  under 
the  accumulated  weight  and  so  the  entire  mass  of  the  crannog 
rubbish  disappeared  in  the  water  beneath.  With  this  singular, 
but  unfortunate,  catastrophe  terminated  all  prospects  of  finding 
any  more  relics.  It  appears  that  there  was  not  a  great  depth  of 
debris  on  the  island,  its  maximum  thickness  being  only  2  to  3 
feet  in  the  centre,  where  it  formed  a  heap  of  ashes,  charcoal,  and 
some  broken  bones.  Here  a  few  fragments  of  pottery  were  found. 


440 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


A  circular  portion  of  the  log-pavement,  near  its  centre,  was 
covered  with  small  stones,  as  if  to  protect  it  from  fire  ;  some 
remains  of  clay-flooring  were  observed  in  other  parts  of  the 
island. 

Regarding  the  deeper  structures  little  can  be  said.  Mr. 
Nelson  attempted  to  cut  a  hole  through  the  timber,  and,  as 
far  as  the  water  allowed  the  men  to  penetrate,  he  saw  nothing 
but  layer  upon  layer  of  oak-beams  lying  transversely  to  each 

other.  Judging,  however,  from  the 
solidity  and  firmness  of  the  island, 
the  great  size  of  some  of  the  logs, 
and  the  depth  of  the  surrounding 
water  (still  about  twelve  feet  a  little 
to  the  west  of  the  island),  the  total 
thickness  of  this  mass  of  timber  can- 
not be  less  than  12  or  16  feet. 

In  Grose's  "  Antiquities  of  Scot- 
land "  the  following  reference  to 
this  island  occurs  : — 

"  Here  was  a  cell  dependent  on  the 
rich  abbey  of  Melrose,  which,  at  the 
Reformation,  was  granted  by  the  Com- 
mendator  to  the  Laird  of  Elliesland,  a 
cadet  of  the  Kirkpatricks  of  Closeburne. 
From  whom  it  passed  to  the  Maxwells  of 
Tinwald,  and  from  them  to  the  Barn- 
cleugh  family,  also  cadets  of  the  Lords  of 
Maxwell.  From  whom  it  went  to  the 
Riddells,  of  Glenriddell,  the  present  pos- 
sessors. The  old  refectory,  or  dining- 
room,  had  walls  8  feet  thick,  and  the 

chimney   was   12  feet   wide.     This  old  building  having  become   ruinous, 
was  pulled  down  in  1773,  to  make  way  for  the  present  house. 

'Near  the  house  was  the  Lough,  which  was  the  fish-pond  of  the  friary. 
In  the  middle  of  which  is  a  very  curious  artificial  island,  founded  upon 
large  piles  and  planks  of  oak,  where  the  monks  lodged  their  valuable  effects 
when  the  English  made  an  inroad  into  Strathnith." 

The  relics  collected  during  the  operations  above  recorded  are 
very  few.  A  canoe  22  feet  long,  and  a  ponderous  axe-hammer 
head  of  whinstone  (Fig.  170)  were  found  at  some  distance  from 

*  Vol.  i.  p.  146. 


Fig.  170.— Perforated   Stone 
Axe        . 


STONE    LAKE-DWELLINGS.  441 


the   crannog.     Two   handles   of  jars   with   traces    of  a   yellowish 
glaze,  some  fragments  of  pottery  ornamented  with  rows  of  pitted 


Fig.  171.— Fragments  of  Pottery  (§). 

impressions  (Fig.  171),  a  circular  stone  polisher,  and  an  oval-shaped 
mass  of  vitreous  paste,  are  all  that  were  found  on  the  crannog 
itself. 

STONE    LAKE-DWELLINGS    AND    OTHER    ARTIFICIAL    ISLANDS. 

But  besides  the  wooden  islands  there  are  others,  still  extant 
in  several  of  our  Scottish  lakes,  which  appear  to  be  composed 
entirely  of  stones  and  earth  irregularly  heaped  together.  In  the 
absence  of  any  historical  knowledge  as  to  their  age  there  is  no 
prima  facie  reason  why  some  of  these  should  not  be  contem- 
porary with  the  former,  as  it  cannot  be  assumed  that  the 
crannog-builders  made  wood  a  sine  qua  non  in  the  structure  of 
islands.  There  were,  no  doubt,  certain  stagnant  marshes  and 
small  lochs  in  which  a  wooden  foundation  was  essential  for  the 
construction  of  an  island,  owing  to  the  softness  and  yielding 
nature  of  the  mud  ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  there  were  others 
with  compact  rocky  or  gravelly  beds,  in  which  any  solid 
materials,  as  stones,  earth,  turf,  etc.,  would  be  equally  applicable. 
The  outlets  of  the  larger  lakes,  more  especially  such  as  were 
formed  in  glacial  and  rock-cut  basins,  were  more  adapted  for 
the  latter,  and  as  far  as  my  observations  have  enabled  me  to 


442  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

form  an  opinion,  these  are  the  very  situations  in  which  the  lake 
stone-dwellings  abound.  Some  of  them  are  mere  shapeless  cairns, 
without  any  indications  of  having  been  formerly  inhabited,  while 
on  others  some  remains  of  stone  buildings  are  to  be  seen.  As 
to  wooden  huts  or  houses,  had  such  structures  ever  been  erected 
on  them,  it  is  not  likely  that  they  could,  for  any  length  of  time, 
have  resisted  the  decaying  tendencies  of  atmospheric  agencies,  so 
that  all  traces  of  them  would  have  disappeared  long  ago. 

The  social  or  military  exigencies  that  led  people  to  construct 
artificial  islands  would  also  lead  them  to  take  advantage  of  such 
natural  ones  as  would  be  found  most  suitable,  and  we  may 
reasonably  infer  that  it  is  in  the  absence  of  the  latter  that  the 
former  would  be  resorted  to.  The  great  and  primary  object  of 
the  island-builder  was  the  protection  afforded  by  the  surrounding 
lake  or  morass,  the  securing  of  which  has  continued  to  be  the 
ruling  principle  in  the  erection  of  defensive  works  down  to  the 
Middle  Ages,  long  after  the  wooden  islands  ceased  to  be  con- 
structed. The  transition  from  the  crannog  to  the  massive 
mediaeval  castle,  with  its  moat  and  drawbridge,  is  but  a  stage  in 
the  progressive  march  of  civilisation. 

GEOGRAPHICAL    DISTRIBUTION    OF    SCOTTISH    LAKE-DWELLINGS. 

To  these  remarks  on  the  structural  details  of  a  few  typical 
crannogs,  as  disclosed  by  systematic  research,  I  subjoin  a  tabulated 
list  of  all  the  sites  hitherto  recognised  in  Scotland,  comprising 
not  only  the  artificial  islands,  whether  of  wood  or  other  materials, 
but  also  some  natural  ones  known  to  have  been  artificially 
strengthened,  as  well  as  a  few  examples  of  castles,  etc.,  now  or 
formerly  located  in  bogs  or  drained  marshes. 


LIST   OF   SCOTTISH    CRANNOGS   ALPHABETICALLY  ARRANGED, 
WITH   NOTES   AND   REFERENCES. 

N.B. — An  obelisk  (f)  before  a  name  in  this  text  indicates  that  the  island  is,  in 
whole  or  in  part,  constructed  of  wood.  N.S.A.  or  O.S.A.  stand  for  New  or  Old 
Statistical  Account  of  Scotland. 

fAchilty  L.,  co.  Ross.     N.  S.  A.,  vol.  xiv.  p.  238. 

Achray  L.,  co.  Perth.     B.  94,  pp.  172-7. 
fAirrieoulland,  co.  Wigtown.     B.  426. 

Ard  L.,  co.  Perth.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  x.  p.  130. 


LIST    OF    SCOTTISH    CRANNOGS.  443 

1  fArisaig  L.,  co.  Inverness.     B.  150,  p.  576. 

fBanchory  (L.  of  the  Leys),  co.  Aberdeen.      Proc.  S.  A.  Scot.,  vol.  i. 

p.  26;  vol.  vi.  p.  126. 
fBarean  L.,  co.  Kirkcudbright.     B.  373,  p.  37,  and  Dumf.  and  G.  N.  If. 

Soc.,  1865. 
fBarhapple  L.,  co.  Wigtown.      "Ayr  and  Wig.  Col.,"  vols.  iii.  and  v.  ; 

B.  373;  B.  192. 

2  fBarlockhart  L.,  co.  Wigtown.     Proc.  S.  A.  Scot.,  vol.  xi.  p.  583  ;  vol. 

xv.  p.  267. 

fBarnsallzie  L.,  co.  Wigtown.     Ibid.,  vol.  ix.  p.  377. 
Battleknowes,  co.  Berwick.     N.  S.  A.,  vol.  ii.  p.  171. 

3  f  Black  Cairn,  Beauly  Firth,  co.  Ross.     "  Hill  Forts  and  Stone  Circles 

of  Scotland,"  p.  89  ;  N.  S.  A.,  vol.  xvii.  p.  350. 
fBoghall  (Beith),  co.  Ayr.     N.  S.  A.,  vol.  v.  p.  580. 
Borgue,  co.  Kirkcudbright.     N.  S.  A.,  vol.  iv.  p.  54. 
Brora  L.,  co.  Sutherland.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  x.  p.  303  ;  N.  S.  A.,  vol.  xv. 

p.  151. 

4  fBruich  L.  (Beauly),  co.  Ross.     B.  442. 

1  This  crannog  is  of  a  rectangular  shape,  43  feet  by  41  feet,  and  formed  of  layers 
of  large  trunks  laid  transversely. 

2  See  Note  3,  p.  447. 

3  The  question  of  submarine  crannogs  is  still  obscure,  and  the  few  facts  that  have 
come  to  light  leave  the  matter  in  doubt  as  to  whether  the  structures  were  originally 
constructed  in  the  water  or  on  dry  land  and  subsequently  submerged,  in  consequence 
of  changes  in  the  relative  levels  of  sea  and  land.    The  only  remains  of  this  character 
that  I  know  of  in  Britain  are — (1)  a  cairn  of  stones  on  a  substratum  of  wood  near 
the  island  of  Eriska,  at  the  mouth  of  Loch  Crerar ;  (2)  the  Black  Cairn,  in  the 
Beauly  Firth ;   and  (3)  some  stumps  of  piles   in  Ardmore  Bay.  county  Waterford. 
The  mound  at  Eriska,  which  was  found  on  examination  to  be  of  circular  shape  and 
00  feet  in  diameter,  was  dry  at  low  water,  but  submerged  at  spring-tides  to  the  extent 
of  five  feet.     Some  ashes  and  charcoal  and  the  broken  bones  of  sheep  and  small  oxen 
were  the  only  relics  of  human  occupancy  found.     The  Black  Cairn  is  noticed  in  the 
Statistical   Account  of   Scotland,  and  also  by  Miss  Maclagan.      It  is  about  four 
hundred  yards  within  flood -mark.      The  top  is  only   visible   at   low    water,  and 
the  base  is  said  to  be  composed  of  very  large  wooden  beams. 

4  Mr.  Wallace  describes  the  island  as  entirely  artificial,  "  raised  upon  piles  and 
cross-beams,  about  fifty  yards  from  the  shore,  and  189  feet  long,  with  an  average  of 
112  feet  wide.    The  water  immediately  surrounding  it  is  deep,  and  the  margin  of  the 
island  rises  perpendicularly  from  the  deep  water,  which  is  about  seven  or  eight  feet 
deep  on  the  north  and  east  sides,  and  ten  or  twelve  feet  on  the  south  and  west.     The 
piles  and  cross-beams,  on  which  it  has  been  raised,  lie  like  a  pavement  all  round  it, 
inclining  to  the  centre.     The  beams  are  of  oak,  pine,  and  birch.     Those  of  pine  and 
oak  are  the  largest.     Between  the  beams,  and  all  over  the  island,  numerous  pieces  of 
charcoal   were  picked  up.      The  island  rises  in   the  centre,   and,   after  clearing 
away  part  of  the  luxuriant  nettles  and  long  grass,  portions  of  a  walled  structure 
were  disclosed.      No  trace  of  lime-cement  could  be  detected,  but  the  stones  were 
large  and  well  placed  together.     The  ruins  of  this  building  raised  the  island  to  the 
height  of  seven  feet  above  the  present  water-mark."     The  island  is  noticed  in  the 
historical  annals,  and  in  1596  gave  refuge  to  the  Earl  of  Arran.     The  occurrence  of 
vitrified  materials  on  the  surface  gives  to  this  crannog.  according  to  Mr.  Wallace,  a 


444  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

fBuston,  co.  Ayr.     "  Ayr  and  Wig.  Col.,"  vol.  iii. ;  B.^373. 
tCanmcr  (Kinorcl)  L.,  co.  Aberdeen.     B.  94,  pp.  167-71. 
i  fCarlingwark  L.,  two  crannogs,  co.  Kirkcudbright.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  viii. 
p.  304  ;    B.  94,  p.   126  ;  Proc.  S.  A.  Scot.,  vol.  vii.  p.  7,  and  x. 
p.  286. 

tCastle  Loch,  co.  Wigtown.     Rev.  G.  Wilson's  "  Notes." 
Castletown,  co.  Roxburgh.     N.  S.  A.,  vol.  iii.  p.  164. 


Fig.  172. — A  large  Bronze  Cauldron  from  Carlingwark  Loch. 

peculiar  interest.  I  could  understand  this  interest  had  it  been  proved  that  vitrified 
bni Mings  had  been  constructed  over  the  crannog.  In  the  construction  of  the 
crannog,  of  course,  stones  taken  from  the  shore  were  used,  and  in  this  way  the 
vitrified  materials  might  be  accounted  for.  or,  what  is  more  probable,  they  are  the 
slag  of  a  smelting  furnace.  The  following  are  Mr.  Wallace's  words  :  "  I  visited  the 
island  in  July.  1KK.~>,  and  scarcely  had  I  set  my  foot  on  shore  when  I  found  a  small 
piece  of  true  vitrified  rock  ;  and  great  was  my  astonishment  when  I  discovered  that 
the  whole  island  was  covered  with  fragments  of  different  sizes  of  the  same  material. 
It  was  found  among  the  piles  and  cross-beams  in  great  quantities.  Several  larger 
masses— one  measuring  four  feet  by  three — were  found  on  the  western  margin  of  the 
island,  and  deeply  embedded  among  the  stones  and  above  the  piles  and  cross-beams, 
close  to  the  water's  edge.  After  careful  examination  the  vitrified  material  was  found 
to  differ  in  no  way  from  that  forming  our  vitrified  forts.  Between  the  crannog  and 
the  shore  there  is  a  smaller  island  of  large  stones,  which  is  only  visible  when  the  loch 
is  exceptionally  low,  as  it  was  this  season.  This  island,  which  measures  90  feet  by 
«o  feet,  appears  to  be  entirely  built  of  stones.  The  sides,  like  those  of  the  larger 
island,  are  perpendicular.  One  piece  of  vitrified  rock  was  found  here.  The  distance 
between  the  islands  is  about  sixty  feet,  and  between  the  smaller  one  and  the  shore 
about  twenty  feet." 

1  Upon  the  partial  drainage  of  Carlingwark  Loch,  in  1765,  various  kinds  of 
artificial  structures  were  observed,  as  wooden  roadways,  dams  built  of  stone  and  clay, 
and  a  couple  of  islets  constructed  on  a  framework  of  black  oak.  In  the  mud  were 
also  found  various  relics,  as  a  brass  dagger,  22  inches  long,  mounted  with  gold 
plaiting  ;  a  brass  pan  ;  a  remarkable  cauldron  (Fig.  172),  containing  bronze  and  iron 
implements  ;  and  S3veral  large  stag-heads. 


LIST     OF    SCOTTISH    CRANNOGS.  445 

Oloseburn,  co.  Dumfries.     Phil.   Trans.,  1756,  p.   521  ;  Grose,   "Ant. 
of  Scot.,"  vol.  i.  p.  150. 

Clunie  L.,  co.  Perth.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  ix.  p.  231. 

Collessie,  co.  Fife.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  ii.  p.  418. 
fCorncockle  (Applegarth),  co.  Dumfries.     B.  94,  p.  163. 
fCot  L.,  co.  Linlithgow.     Ibid.,  p.  159. 

1  fCroy,  co.  Inverness.     N.  S.  A.,  vol.  xiv.  p.  448. 
fDhu  Loch,  co.  Bute.     B.  21,  p.  43. 

Dolay  L.,  co.  Sutherland.     B.  94,  pp.  172-7. 
Doon  L.,  co.  Ayr.     N.  S.  A.,  vol.  v.  p.  337. 

fDowalton,  five  crannogs,  co.  Wigtown.     B.  56,  94,  373,  and  426. 
Earn  L.,  co.  Perth.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  xi.  p.  180. 
Eldrig  L.,  three  crannogs,  co.  Wigtown.      Rev.  G.  Wilson's  "  Notes." 

2  fEriska,  co.  Argyll.     B.  427,  p.  192. 

Fasnacloich  (Appin),  co.  Argyll.      B.  94,  p.  175. 
Federatt,  co.  Aberdeen.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  ix.  p.  191. 
Fell  L.,  co.  Wigtown.     B.  192,  vol.  ix.  p.  378. 

3  Fergus  L.,  co.  Kirkcudbright.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  xi.  p.  25. 
fFlemington,  L.,  co.  Nairn.     B.  55,  p.  118. 

Forfar,  Loch  of,    co.  Forfar.      B.  1  ;  O.  S.  A.,  vol.  vi.  p.  528 ;  B.  94, 
p.  125;  B.  216,  p.  31. 

Freuchie  L.,  co.  Perth.     B.  94,  p.  173. 
fFriar's  Carse,  co.  Dumfries.     B.  373,  p.  152,  and  B.  374,  p.  73. 

Fullah  L.,  co.  Perth.     B.  94,  p.  172. 

Glass  L.,  co.  Ross.     0.  S.  A.,  vol.  i.  p.  282. 

Granech  L.,  co.  Perth.     B.  94,  p.  177. 

fGreen  Knowe,  co.  Lanark.      N.  S.  A.,  vol.   vi.  p.  346;  Proc.  >S'.  A.  /S'., 
vol.  vi.  p.  160,  and  vol.  viii.  p.  19. 

Gynag  L.,  co.  Inverness.      N.  S.  A.,  vol.  xiv.  p.  65. 

Heron  L.,  two  islands,  co.  Wigtown.     B.  192,  vol.  ix.  p.  378. 

Hogsetter  L.,  Shetland.     Proc.,  S.  A.  Scot.  vol.  xv.  p.  303. 

4  fKielziebar  L.,  co.  Argyll.     B.  134,  pp.  332  and  516. 


1  "  In  draining  a  lake  at  the  east  end  of  the  parish  of  Croy,  an  artificial  mound 
appeared  within  a  few  yards  of  the  shore,  about  sixty  feet  in  circumference  and  five 
in  height.     It  was  formed  of  alternate  strata  of  stones,  earth,  and  oak  ;  piles  of  oak 
being  driven  in  the  ground  were  kept  strongly  fixed  by  transverse  beams  of  smaller 
size.     Over  these  were  round  stones,  and  on  the  surface  some  inches  of  fine  black 
mould.     Some  fragments  of  brass  rings,  pieces  of  pottery,  and  the  bolt  of  a  lock  of 
no  ordinary  size,  were  found  on  the  mound.     At  about  a  hundred  yards  distance 
there  is  a  circle  of  large  piles  of  oak,  driven  deep  in  the  earth,  apparently  the  com- 
mencement of  a  second  mound  ;  but  for  what  purpose  they  were  intended  it  is  im- 
possible to  conjecture.    At  the  same  time  a  canoe,  of  most  beautiful  workmanship,  was 
found,  which  some  modern  Goth  has  since  cut  down  for  mean  and  servile  purposes." 

2  See  note  3,  p.  443. 

3  Artificial  lake,  with  two  islands,  said  to  be  seats  of  Fergus,  Lord  of  Galloway. 

4  Rev.  R.  J.  Mapleton  thus  sums  up  his  observations  : — "  Altogether,  I  think  that 
it  is  evident  that  the  crannog  was  entirely  composed  of  rock  and  walling,  with  the 


446  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

fKilbirnie  L.,  co.  Ayr.     B.  268,  p.  284. 
Kilchonan,  co.  Argyll.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  xi.  p.  281. 

1  fKinder  L.,  co.  Kirkcudbright.     Old.  S.  A.,  vol.  ii.  p.  139. 
fKinellan  L.,  co.  Ross.     N.  S.  A,  vol.  xiv.  p.  238  ;  B.  94,  p.  126. 

Laggan  L.,  co.  Perth.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  xviii.  p.  327. 

2  fLedaig,  co.  Argyll.     B.  190. 

8  fLeven  L.,  co.  Kinross.     B.  460,  p.  118. 

fLoch-of-the-Clans,  two  crannogs,  co.  Nairn.     B.  55,  pp.  116  and  332. 

fLoch-in-Dunty,  co.  Nairn.     B.  55,  p.  118. 
*  tLoch-inch-Cryndil,  co.  Wigtown.     B.  212,  pp.  381  and  388. 


Fig.  173. — Wooden  Comb  from  Ledaig  (f). 

middle  part  filled  up  with  smaller  stones  ;  that  there  existed  considerable  works  of 
wood  on  the  east,  south,  and  west  sides,  at  least,  but  whether  a  rampart  outside  or  a 
building  on  the  structure  itself,  is  not  quite  clear  ;  that  there  was  a  partial  causeway, 
now  under  water,  and  the  interval  either  filled  in  with  brushwood  or  passed  over  in 
a  canoe." 

1  •'  In  Loch  Kinder  there  is  an  artificial  mount  of  stones,  rising:  six  or  seven  feet 
above  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  resting  on  a  frame  of  large  oaks,  which  is  visible 
when  the  weather  is  clear  and  calm." 

2  An  oval-shaped  crannog,  50  feet  long  by  28  feet  broad,  constructed  of  layers  of 
young  trees  laid  transversely.     Three  fireplaces  were  exposed  over  the  structure,  and 
among  the  rubbish  were  found  two  broken  combs  made  of  wood,  one  of  which  is 
here  figured  (Fig.  173),  and  a  piece  of  wood  with  a  Greek  cross,  with  crosslets  burnt 
on  it. 

*  Half  a  century  ago  Loch  Leven  was  lowered  nine  feet  by  drainage,  and  at  the 
present  time  the  remains  of  the  lake-dwelling  are  always  from  one  to  three  feet 
under  water.  The  mound  measures  35  yards  by  20  yards,  and  1^  to  2  feet  in 
height.  In  this  area  were  detected  the  stumps  of  two  rows  of  piles,  twelve  feet  apart, 
and  each  pile  was  four  or  five  feet  apart.  Also,  in  a  line  stretching  to  the  shore, 
which  is  about  sixty  yards  distant,  there  were  one  or  two  piles  encountered,  as  if 
forming  part  of  a  gangway.  The  lake-bottom  is  here  firm,  and  not  liable  to  com- 
pression, so  that  the  structure,  whether  ancient  or  modern,  was  really  a  pile-building. 
The  only  relics  are  a  bit  of  carved  wood,  which  might  have  been  a  handle,  and  a 
fragment  of  archaic-like  pottery. 

4  The  island  is  oval  in  shape,  180  feet  long  and  135  feet  broad  in  the  widest  part. 
Fire-places,  wooden  floorings,  and  other  woodworks  were  exposed,  and  a  few  relics, 
viz.  an  ornamented  bone  comb  (Fig.  174),  a  flat  loop  of  bronze,  part  of  the  rim  of  a 
large  vessel  of  cast  bronze  3  inches  in  length,  and  portion  of  an  armlet  of  greenish 
glass,  with  a  blue-and-white  twisted  cable  ornament  running  round  it. 


LIST    OF    SCOTTISH     CRANNOGS.  447 

fLochindorb,  co.  Moray.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  vii.  p.  259. 

fLochlee,  co.  Ayr.      "  Ayr  and  Wig.  Col.,"  vol.  ii.  ;  B.  331  and  373. 

fLoehmaben,  co.  Dumfries.     B.  94,  p.  160  ;  Arch.  Scot.,  vol.  iii.  p.  77. 

fLoch-na-Mial,  Island  of  Mull.     B.  172,  p.  465. 

fLochnell,  co.  Argyll.     B.  190,  vol.  ix.  p.  105. 

fLochore,  co.  Fife.     B.  94,  p.  160. 

fLochrutton,  co.  Kirkcudbright.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  ii.  p.  37. 

fLochspouts,  co.  Ayr.     "Ayr  and  Wig.  Col.,"  vol.  iii.  p.  18;  iv.  p.  9; 

B.  373,  pp.  158  and  305. 
Lochwood,  co.  Dumfries.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  iv.  p.  224. 

1  fLochy  L.,  co.  Inverness.     B.  94,  p.  160. 

2  fLomond  L.,  co.  Sterling.     Ibid.,  p.  131. 

fLotus  L.,  co.  Kirkcudbright.     Proc.  S.  A.  Scot.,  vol.  xi.  p.  21. 
8    Machermore  L.,  several  crannogs,  co.  Wigtown.     B.  192. 
fMerton  L.,  co.  Wigtown.     B.  94,  p.  123. 

Mochrum  L.,  co.  Wigtown.     B.  192. 

Monivaird  L.,  co.  Perth.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  viii.  p.  570. 

Morall  L.,  co.  Perth.     B.  94,  p.  176. 


Fig.  174. — Bone  Comb  from  Crannog  in  Loch-inch-Cryndil  (f). 

1  Dr.  Stuart  quotes  the  following  account  of  a  crannog  in  Loch  Lochy  from 
Mr.  Robertson's  notes,  extracted  by  the  latter  from  a  MS.  in  the  Advocate's  Library, 
written  towards  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  :  ';  Ther  was  of  ancient  ane  lord 
in  Loquhaber,  called  my  Lord  Gumming,  being  a  cruell  and  tyirrant  superior  to  the 
inhabitants  and  ancient  tenants  of  that  countrie  of  Loquhaber.     This  lord  builded 
ane  iland,  or  an  house,  on  the  south-east  head  of  Loghloghae ;     .     .     .     and  when 
summer  is,  certain  yeares  or  dayes,  one  of  the  bigge  timber  jests,  the  quantitie  of  an 
ell  thereof  will  be  sein  above  the  water.   And  sundrie  men  of  the  countrie  were  wont 
to  goe  and  se  that  jest  of  timber  which  stands  there  as  yett ;  and  they  say  that  a  man's 
finger  will  cast  it  too  and  fro  in  the  water,  but  fortie  men  cannot  pull  it  up,  because 
it  lyeth  in  another  jest  below  the  water."     B.  94,  p.  160. 

2  In  Maitland's  "  History  of  Scotland  "  the  curious  observation  is  made  that  Boece 
states  that  in  Loch  Lomond  there  were  fish  without  fins,  waves  without  wind,  and 
a  floating  island.     (Boet.  "  Scot.  Reg.  Descript.,"  fol.  7.) 

3  The  relics  from  the  Wigtownshire  crannogs,  besides  those  already  mentioned, 
are  not  numerous.     From  Barlockhart  there  is  a  stone  ring  (Fig.  175),  two  querns, 


448  LAKE-DWELLINOS    OF    EUROPE. 

Morton,  co.  Dumfries.     N.  S.  A.,  vol.  iv.  p.  96. 
Moulin  L.,  drained,  co.  Perth.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  v.  p.  69. 
Mountblairy,  co.  Moray.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  iv.  p.  399. 
fMoy    L.,   Ellan-na-Glack,  co.   Inverness.      N.  S.  A.,   vol.   xiv.    p.   1 

B.  94,  p.  129. 
1  fOban  (Lochavoullin),  co.  Argyll. 

Orr  L.,  co.  Dumfries.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  ii.  p.  342. 
Peel  Hog,  co.  Aberdeen.     N.  S.  A.,  vol.  xii.  p.  1089 
tQuien  Loch,  co.  Bute.     B.  21,  p.  45. 

tUannoch  L,  co.  Perth.     N.  S.  A.,  vol.  x.  p.  539  ;  B.  94,  p.  129. 
tUavenstone  L.,  co.  Wigtown.     B.  426,  p.  121. 

Kcscobie  L.,  co.  Vorfar.     B.  94,  p.  176. 

tHothMMiiurchus,  Loch-an-Eilan,  co.  Moray.     N.  8.  A.,  vol.  xiii.  p.  137  ; 
I',.  94,  p.  14."). 


Fig.  175.— Stanc  King  (])  and  Stone  Implement  with  a  hollow  surface 
on  each  side  (i). 

and  a  spindle-whorl  of  clay-slate.  From  one  of  the  crannogs  at  Machermore  Loch 
there  is  a  stone  implement,  with  circular  hollows  on  each  face  (Fig.  175).  Regarding 
Much  implements  Rev.  George  Wilson  writes  thus  :— "  These  are  of  two  types,  elong- 
ated and  oval,  approaching  a  circular  form,  and  I  wish  to  direct  attention  to  them 
because,  as  yet  [1S79],  only  eight  have  been  reported  in  Scotland,  seven  of  them  being 
from  Wigtownshire"  (Proc.  S.  A.  Scot.,  vol.  xiv.  p.  127).  Shortly  afterwards 
another,  described  at  page  422,  was  found  on  the  crannog  of  Lochspouts,  in 
Ayrshire. 

1  Lochavoullin,  situated  to  the  east  of  the  Oban  railway  station,  was  formerly, 
as  the  name  implies,  used  as  a  dam  for  a  water-mill,  but  for  many  years  it  was  a 
marsh  in  the  summer  time,  and  much  frequented  by  sportsmen  on  account  of  the 
number  of  snipes  which  it  sheltered.  It  is  now  in  the  process  of  being  utilised, 
partly  as  a  green,  by  filling  up  its  bed,  and  partly  as  a  skating-pond  ;  and  in  the 
course  of  these  operations  a  submerged  platform  of  wooden  beams,  laid  in  transverse 
layers,  was  detected  about  the  centre  of  the  marsh.  I  visited  the  locality  in  the 
spring  of  1888,  but  beyond  seeing  portions  of  the  woodwork,  and  determining,  by 
probing  the  mud,  that  it  extended  for  several  yards  in  all  directions,  nothing  of 
archaeological  value  was  discovered.  So  far,  however,  it  has  all  the  appearance  of 
the  usual  crannog,  an  opinion  which  is  strengthened  by  the  physical  conditions  of 
the  environment. 


REVIEW   OF    RELICS    FROM   SCOTTISH   CRANNOGS.  449 

1  fSanquhar,  Black  Loch  of,  co.  Dumfries.     Proc.  Dumf.  and  Gal.  N.  H. 

Soc.,  1863-4,  p.  12,  and  B.  373,  p.  36. 
Shin  L.,  co.  Sutherland.     B.  94,  pp.  172-7. 
fSpinie  L.,  co.  Moray.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  x.  p.  625. 
Stravithy,  co.  Fife.     K  S.  A.,  vol.  ix.  p.  365. 
fSunonness  L.,  co.  Wigtown.     B.  192,  p.  738. 
Tay  L.,  co.  Perth.    B.  94,  p.  173 ;  O.  S.  A.,  vol.  xvii.  p.  465  ;  K  S.  A., 

vol.  x.  p.  465. 

fTolsta,  Lewis,  co.  Ross.     Proc.  S.  A.  8.,  vol.  x.  p.  741. 
Torlundie,     drained    loch     at,     co.     Inverness.        Proc.     S.    A.    Scot., 

vol.  vii.  p.   519. 

tTullah  L.,  co.  Perth.     B.  94,  p.  172. 

Tummell  L.,  co.  Perth.     O.  S.  A.,  vol.  ii.  p.  475 ;  B.  94,  p.  129. 
Urr  L.,  co.  Dumfries.     B.  94,  p.  160. 
Vennachar  L.,  co.  Dumfries.     B.  94,  p.  177. 
Weyoch  L.,  co.  Wigtown.     B.  192. 
Yetholm  L.,  co.  Rosburgh.     N.  S.  A.,  vol.  iii.  p.  164. 

CRITICAL    EXAMINATION    OF    RELICS. 

The  great  value,  however,  of  the  investigations  of  the  lake- 
dwellings,  especially  in  the  south-west  of  Scotland,  depends  on 
the  quantity  and  variety  of  the  remains  of  human  industry  dis- 
covered in  and  around  their  sites.  It  is  from  such  fragmentary 
remains  as  food  refuse,  stray  ornaments,  broken  weapons,  useless 
and  worn-out  implements,  and  such-like  waifs  and  strays  of 
human  occupancy,  that  archaeologists  attempt  to  reconstruct  the 
outlines  of  the  social  life  and  organisation  of  the  prehistoric  past. 
To  those  who  may  wish  to  occupy  themselves  with  this  problem 
these  explorations  have  furnished,  as  we  have  just  seen,  a  vast 
collection  of  objects  made  of  stone,  bone,  horn,  wood,  bronze, 
iron,  and  gold. 

Among  the  stone  objects  are — querns,  hammer-stones,  whet- 
stones, so-called  sling-stones,  a  few  cup-marked  stones  (one  sur- 
rounded by  concentric  circles),  spindle-whorls,  flint  flakes,  and 

1  This  loch  covers  about  two  acres.  At  the  north  end  there  is  a  small  island, 
covered  with  a  rank  vegetation  and  a  few  stunted  trees  of  Scottish  fir  and  birch.  A 
rough,  crooked  causeway  extended  from  it  to  the  shore.  "  Round  the  island  could 
be  seen  driven  piles,  to  which  were  attached  strong  transverse  beams,  and  upon 
making  a  cut  six  or  seven  feet  wide  into  the  side  of  the  island  to  ascertain  its 
structure,  we  found  a  platform  of  about  four  feet  in  depth,  raised  by  transverse 
beams  placed  alternately  across  each  other,  and  kept  in  position  by  driven  piles. 
These  last  were  generally  small  oak  trees,  but  dressed  and  sharpened  by  a  metal  tool, 
some  of  them  mortised  at  the  heads,  where  a  transverse  rail  or  beam  could  be 
fixed." 

D  D 


450  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

scrapers,  a  polished  celt,  a  perforated  axe-hammer  head,  portions 
of  two  polished  circular  discs,  and  some  oval  implements  with  a 
wrought  hollowed  surface  on  each  side. 

Bones  and  horns  of  deer  were  utilised  in  various  ways  and 
manufactured  into  pins,  needles,  bodkins,  awls,  picks,  toilet-combs, 
knife-handles,  etc.  The  combs  are  neatly  formed  of  three  or 
four  flat  pieces  kept  in  position  by  two  transverse  slips,  one  on  each 
side,  and  riveted  together  by  iron  rivets.  They  are  frequently 
ornamented  by  a  series  of  incised  circles,  which  are  sometimes 
connected  by  a  running  scroll,  as  in  Fig.  174. 

The  wooden  articles  consist  of  bowls,  ladles,  mallets,  hoes, 
clubs,  etc.,  together  with  a  variety  of  other  objects  apparently 
intended  for  agricultural  purposes. 

Implements  and  weapons  of  iron  are  numerous  Amongst  the 
former  are  gouges,  chisels,  knives,  shears,  saws,  hatchets,  awls, 
hammers,  a  bridle-bit,  the  bolt  of  a  padlock,  and  other  objects 
of  unknown  use.  The  weapons  consist  of  leaf-shaped  spear-heads, 
both  socketed  and  tanged,  daggers,  and  arrow-heads  resembling 
those  of  the  crossbow  bolt. 

The  objects  made  of  bronze  are  mostly  of  an  ornamental 
character,  comprising: — harp-shaped  fibulae,  circular  and  penan- 
nular  brooches,  finger-rings,  a  spiral  ornament,  ornamented  pins, 
one  with  a  ring  top  and  another  with  a  glass  setting,  a  small 
key,  and  some  other  articles  of  an  indeterminate  character.  From 
Dowalton  there  are  basins  or  cauldrons  of  beaten  bronze,  some 
clouted  and  riveted ;  one,  presumably  a  Roman  saucepan,  has  the 
name  of  the  maker  on  the  handle. 

On  the  Buston  crannog  were  found  two  handsome  and  mas- 
sive spiral  finger-rings  made  of  gold.  One  is  plain  with  five  and 
a  half  twists;  the  other,  besides  an  additional  twist,  has  both 
ends  ornamented  by  a  series  of  circular  grooves.  From  the  same 
place  there  is  a  curious  gold  coin,  of  Saxon  origin,  and  a  forgery 
of  the  sixth  or  seventh  century. 

Pottery  is  represented  by  numerous  fragments,  some  of  which 
are  of  so-called  Samian  ware,  but  the  most  of  them  are  of  vessels 
of  a  glazed  ware,  while  a  few  are  of  an  archaic  type.  Several 
neatly  formed  crucibles,  containing  traces  of  gold  and  slag,  are 
also  in  the  collection. 

Among  miscellaneous  objects  are  bracelets  and  beads  made 
of  coloured  and  of  variegated  glass  or  vitreous  paste ;  also  some 


REVIEW   OF    RELICS    FROM    SCOTTISH    CRANNOGS.  451 

jet  ornaments,  one  of  which  is  a  handsome  pendant  in  the  form 
of  an  equal-armed  cross,  inscribed  in  a  circle  and  having  one 
surface  ornamented  by  a  series  of  incised  circles  which  contained 
the  remains  of  a  yellow  enamel.  Dr.  Joseph  Anderson  considers 
this  a  Christian  relic  of  a  very  early  type.  A  smooth  and  flat 
piece  of  ashwood,  with  peculiar  spiral  carvings  on  both  sides, 
and  a  fringe-like  apparatus  made  of  the  long  stems  of  a  moss, 
are  among  the  objects  which  have  excited  the  greatest  curiosity. 
Regarding  a  finely  polished  conical  object  made  of  rock-crystal 
found  at  Lochspouts,  a  reviewer  in  the  Academy,  October  14th, 
writes : — "  Is  it  a  charm  or  can  it  have  formed  the  centre  knob 
or  boss  in  the  binding  of  some  richly  decorated  breviary  or 
gospel  book  ?  Crystals  very  similar,  but  oblong  in  form — like  a 
Brazil  nut — may  be  seen  in  some  of  the  rich  covers  of  books  of 
early  date,  and  a  few  that  have  been  detached  are  preserved  in 
collections.  One  such  object  forms  part  of  a  crystal  necklace  in 
the  Ashmolean  Museum,  and  another  in  private  hands  was  em- 
ployed, not  so  very  many  years  ago,  in  the  West  Riding  of 
Yorkshire,  for  the  purpose  of  seeing  spirits.  If  this  relic  be, 
indeed,  a  book-boss,  it  makes  it  probable  that  the  crannog  was 
at  one  time  inhabited,  or  at  least  visited,  by  Christian  mission- 
aries." Dr.  Joseph  Anderson  has  also  pointed  out  that  this 
object  is  extremely  like  a  "  large  circular  rock  crystal  which 
forms  the  central  ornament  on  the  inferior  surface  of  the  foot 
of  the  famous  silver  chalice,  dug  up  at  the  Rath  of  Reerasta, 
near  Ardagh,  county  Limerick,  Ireland,  in  1868,  and  now  in  the 
Museum  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy,  Dublin.  According  to  the 
Earl  of  Dunraven,  this  most  beautiful  example  of  our  ancient 
art  was  executed  either  in  the  ninth  or  tenth  century."  (See 
Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  Scot,  December  4th,  1882.) 

From  the  respective  reports  of  Professors  Owen,  Rolleston, 
and  Cleland,  on  a  selection  of  osseous  remains  taken  from  the 
lake-dwellings  at  Dowalton,  Lochlee,  and  Buston,  we  can  form  a 
fair  idea  of  the  food  of  the  occupiers.  The  Celtic  shorthorn  ox, 
the  so-called  goat-horned  sheep,  and  a  domestic  breed  of  pigs 
were  largely  consumed.  The  horse  was  only  scantily  used.  The 
number  of  bones  and  horns  of  the  red-deer  and  roebuck  showed 
that  venison  was  by  no  means  a  rare  addition  to  the  list  of 
their  dietary.  Among  birds,  only  the  goose  has  been  identified, 
but  this  is  no  criterion  of  the  extent  of  their  encroachment  on 


452  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

the  feathered  tribe,  as  only  the  larger  bones  were  collected  and 
reported  on.  To  this  bill  of  fare  the  occupiers  of  Lochspouts 
crannog,  being  comparatively  near  the  sea,  added  several  kinds 
of  shell-fish.  In  all  the  lake-dwellings  that  have  come  under 
my  own  observation  the  broken  shells  of  hazel-nuts  were  in 
profuse  abundance. 

From  the  number  of  querns,  and  the  great  preponderance  of 
the  bones  of  domestic  over  those  of  wild  animals,  it  may  be 
inferred  that,  for  subsistence,  they  depended  more  on  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  soil  and  the  rearing  of  cattle,  sheep,  and  pigs,  than 
on  the  ordinary  produce  of  the  chase. 

Proofs  of  a  prolonged  but  occasionally  interrupted  occupancy 
are  also  manifested  by  the  great  accumulation  of  debris  over  the 
wooden  pavements,  the  size  and  contents  of  the  kitchen-middens, 
and  the  superimposed  hearths. 

Let  us  now  look  at  the  remarkable  series  of  implements, 
weapons,  ornaments,  and  nondescript  objects  here  presented  to 
us,  with  the  view  of  abstracting  from  them  some  scraps  of  in- 
formation regarding  their  original  owners.  The  fragments  of 
Siimian  ware,  bronze  dishes,  harp-shaped  fibulae,  and  the  large 
assortment  of  beads,  bronze  and  bone  pins,  bone  combs,  jet  orna- 
ments, etc.,  are  so  similar  to  the  class  of  remains  found  on  the 
excavated  sites  of  Romano-British  towns,  that  there  can  hardly 
be  any  doubt  that  Roman  civilisation  had  come  in  contact  with 
the  lake-dwellers.  The  Celtic  element  is,  however,  strongly 
developed,  not  only  in  the  general  character  of  many  of  the  in- 
dustrial implements  of  stone,  bone,  and  iron,  but  also  in  the 
style  of  art  manifested  in  some  of  the  ornamental  objects  in- 
cluded in  the  collection.  Thus  the  piece  of  ashwood  with  its 
carved  spiral  patterns  (Figs.  144  and  145),  the  combs,  especially 
the  one  showing  a  series  of  concentric  circles  connected  by  a 
running  scroll  design  (Fig.  174),  and  some  of  the  bronze  brooches 
and  ornaments  (Fig.  130)  present  a  style  of  ornamentation  which 
is  considered  peculiar  to  Celtic  art.  The  spiral  finger-rings  seem 
also  to  have  been  of  native  origin,  and  the  probability  is  that 
they  were  manufactured  where  they  were  found,  as  several 
crucibles  are  amongst  the  relics  from  the  same  lake-dwelling,  one 
of  which,  from  the  fact  that  it  still  contains  particles  of  gold, 
proves  that  it  had  been  used  in  melting  this  metal.  (B.  373, 
p.  230.) 


REVIEW   OF    RELICS    FROM    SCOTTISH    CRANNOGS. 


453 


On  the  other  hand,  the  forged  gold  coin  is  the  only  relic 
that  can  with  certainty  be  said  to  have  emanated  from  a  Saxon 
source — at  least,  that  cannot  otherwise  be  accounted  for. 

But  if  from  internal  evidence  a  presumptive  case  is  made 
out  in  favour  of  the  Celtic  origin  and  occupation  of  these  lake- 
dwellings,  it  is  greatly  strengthened  when  we  consider  that  the 
neighbouring  Celtic  races,  especially  in  Ireland,  were  in  the  habit 
of  erecting  similar  island  abodes,  while  there  is  not  a  particle  of 
evidence  in  favour  of  the  idea  that  such  structures  originated 
with  the  Roman  conquerors  of  Britain  or  its  Saxon  invaders. 


Comb  from  the  Roman  City  of  Uriconium  (|).  C°lllb  froni  tlie  Knowe  of  Saverougli, 

Orkney  (£). 


Two  Combs  from  the  Broch  of  Burrian,  Orkney  (£). 

Fig.  176. — Bone  Combs,  for  comparison  with  those  from  the 
Lake-Dwellings. 

The  resemblance  between  the  remains  found  in  the  Scottish 
and  Irish  lake-dwellings,  as  well  as  other  antiquarian  finds  of 
Celtic  character,  must  also  not  be  overlooked.  Combs,  similar  in 
structure  and  ornamentation  to  those  from  Buston,  have  been 
found  in  several  of  the  Irish  crannogs,  in  the  brochs  and  other 
antiquities  of  the  north  of  Scotland,  and  in  many  of  the  ruins 
of  the  Romano-British  towns  in  England.  (See  Figs.  105,  108,  and 
176.)  Iron  knives  and  shears,  variegated  beads  of  impure  glass 
with  grooves  and  spiral  marks,  ornaments  of  jet  and  bronze, 
implements  of  stone,  bone,  and  horn,  besides  querns,  whetstones, 
etc.,  are  all  common  to  Celtic  antiquities,  wherever  found. 


454  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

That  many  of  these  relics  were  the  products  of  a  refined 
civilisation  is  not  more  remarkable  than  the  unexpected  and 
strangely  discordant  circumstances  in  which  they  have  been 
found.  For  this  reason  it  might  be  supposed  that  the  crannogs 
were  the  headquarters  of  thieves  and  robbers,  where  the  proceeds 
of  their  marauding  excursions  among  the  surrounding  Roman 
provincials  were  stored  up.  The  inferences  derived  from  a  careful 
consideration  of  all  the  facts  do  not  appear  to  me  to  support 
this  view,  nor  do  they  uphold  another  view,  sometimes  propounded, 
viz.  that  they  were  fortified  islands  occupied  by  the  guardian 
soldiers  of  the  people.  Indeed,  amongst  the  relics  military 
remains  are  only  feebly  represented  by  a  few  iron  daggers  and 
spear-heads,  one  or  two  doubtful  arrow-points,  and  a  quantity  of 
round  pebbles  and  so-called  sling-stones.  On  the  other  hand,  a 
very  large  percentage  of  the  articles  consists  of  querns,  imple- 
ments and  tools,  crucibles,  various  domestic  utensils,  etc.,  from 
which,  not  to  mention  the  great  variety  of  ornaments,  there  can 
be  no  ambiguity  as  to  the  testimony  they  afford  of  the  peaceful 
Drosecution  of  various  arts  and  industries  by  the  lake-dwellers. 

There  is,  in  my  opinion,  only  one  hypothesis  that  can  satis- 
factorily account  for  all  the  facts  and  phenomena  here  adduced, 
viz.  that  the  lake-dwellings  in  the  south-west  of  Scotland  were 
resort* 'd  to  by  the  Celtic  inhabitants  as  a  means  of  protecting 
their  lives  and  movable  property  when,  upon  the  frequent  with- 
drawal of  the  Roman  soldiers  from  the  district,  they  were  left, 
single-handed,  to  contend  against  the  Angles  on  the  east  and 
the  Picts  and  Scots  on  the  north.  It  is  not  likely  that  these 
provincials,  so  long  accustomed  to  the  luxury  and  comforts  of 
Roman  civilisation,  or  their  descendants  in  the  subsequent  kingdom 
of  Strathclyde,  would  become  the  assailants  of  such  fierce  and 
lawless  enemies,  from  whom,  even  if  conquered,  they  could  derive 
no  benefit.  Hence  their  military  tactics  and  operations  would 
assume  more  the  character  of  defence  than  aggression,  and  in  order 
to  defeat  the  object  of  the  frequent  and  sudden  inroads  of  the 
northern  tribes,  which  was  to  plunder  the  inhabitants  rather 
than  to  conquer  the  country,  experience  taught  them  the  necessity 
ot  being  prepared  for  emergencies  by  having  certain  places  of 
more  than  ordinary  security  where  they  could  deposit  their  wealth, 
or  to  which  they  could  retire  as  a  last  resource  when  hard  pressed. 
These  retreats  might  be  caves,  fortified  camps,  or  inaccessible 


ENGLISH   LAKE-DWELLINGS.  455 

islands,  but  in  localities  where  no  such  natural  strongholds  existed 
the  military  genius  of  the  Celtic  inhabitants,  prompted  perhaps 
by  inherited  notions,  led  them  to  construct  these  wooden  islands. 
From  the  final  departure  of  the  Romans  to  the  conquest  of  the 
kingdom  of  Strathclyde  by  the  Northumbrian  Angles,  a  period  of 
several  centuries,  this  unfortunate  people  had  few  intervals  of  peace, 
and  with  their  complete  subjugation  ended  the  special  functions  of 
the  lake-dwellings  as  a  national  system  of  protection.  No  doubt 
some  of  them,  as  well  as  caves  and  such  hiding-places,  would 
continue  to  afford  refuge  to  straggling  remnants  of  natives,  rendered 
desperate  by  the  relentless  persecution  of  their  enemies ;  but 
ultimately  all  of  them  would  fall  into  the  hands  of  their  Saxon 
conquerors,  when  henceforth  they  would  be  allowed  to  subside 
into  mud  or  crumble  into  decay. 


III.— ENGLISH    LAKE-DWELLINGS. 

The  discovery  of  lacustrine  abodes  south  of  the  Scottish  border, 
though  the  examples  are  by  no  means  so  numerous  or  so  prolific 
in  industrial  remains  as  those  of  Scotland  and  Ireland,  is,  never- 
theless, of  special  interest  on  account  of  the  intermediary  position 
in  which  England  stands  geographically  to  the  areas  of  their 
earliest  and  latest  development  in  Europe.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  some  of  the  recorded  observations  here  reproduced  were 
actually  made  before  antiquaries  realised  the  importance  of  the 
subject ;  otherwise  it  is  impossible  to  conceive  how  such  highly 
suggestive  facts  did  not  at  once  lead  to  more  definite  information. 

THE  MERES  OF  NORFOLK  AND  SUFFOLK. 

WRETHAM  MERE. — Sir  Charles  F.  Bunbury,  as  early  as  1856, 
noticed  some  appearances  in  a  drained  mere  near  Wretham  Hall 
which  clearly  point  to  being  the  remains  of  a  lake-dwelling.  In 
a  communication  on  the  subject  to  the  Geological  Society  he 
says  : — 

"  Wretham  Hall,  the  seat  of  W.  Birch,  Esq.,  is  situated  about  six  miles 
north  of  Thetford,  in  that  extensive  tract  of  open  sandy  plains  which 
may  be  called  upland  in  comparison  with  the  fens,  but  of  very  moderate 


456  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

elevation  above  the  sea-level  as  is  shown  by  the  slow  course  of  the  streams 
flowing  from  it.  About  Wretham  there  are  several  meres  or  small  natural 
sheets  of  water  without  any  outlet.  The  one  to  which  my  attention  was 
particularly  directed  by  Mr.  Birch  occupied  about  forty -eight  acres,  and  was 
situated  in  a  slight  natural  depression,  the  ground  sloping  gently  to  it  from 
all  sides.  The  water  has  been  drawn  off  by  machinery,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  use,  as  manure,  of  the  black  peaty  mud  which  formed  the  bottom. 
This  black  mud,  which  is  in  parts  above  twenty  feet  deep,  is  nothing  else 
than  a  soft,  rotten,  unconsolidated  peat ;  or  perhaps  it  should  be  described 
as  vegetable  matter  in  a  more  complete  state  of  decomposition  than 
ordinary  peat,  showing  no  distinct  trace  of  vegetable  structure.  Numerous 
horns  of  red  deer  have  been  found  in  this  peaty  mud,  generally  (as  I  was 
informed)  at  5  or  6  feet  below  the  surface,  seldom  deeper  ;  many  attached 
to  the  skull,  others  separate,  and  with  the  appearance  of  having  been  shed 
naturally.  What  is  most  remarkable,  several  of  those  which  were  found 
with  the  skulls  attached  had  been  saicn  off  just  above  the  brow  antlers — 
not  broken,  but  cut  off  clean  and  smoothly,  evidently  by  human  agency. 
Some  of  the  horns  are  of  large  size,  measuring  9  inches  round  immediately 

below  the  brow  antler 

"  Numerous  posts  of  oak-wood,  shaped  and  pointed  by  human  art, 
were  found  standing  erect,  entirely  buried  in  the  peat." 

It  appears  that  in  1851  a  more  remarkable  "find"  became 
visible  on  draining  another  mere  on  this  same  estate,  though  the 
events  remained  unrecorded  till  the  years  1858  and  1862.  The 
following  notice  is  compiled  mainly  and  almost  verbatim  from 
.Mr.  Newton's  observations,  which  he  states  were  directly  obtained 
from  Mr.  Birch,  the  proprietor  :  — 

In  this  mere  (West  Mere)  there  was  ordinarily  about  four  feet  of 
water,  and  beneath  it,  about  eight  feet  of  soft  black  mud,  partly  held  in 
suspension  and  requiring  to  be  removed  in  scoops.  Near  the  centre  of 
the  mere,  lying  below  the  black  mud,  was  found  a  ring  or  circular  bank 
of  fine  white  earth,  sufficiently  solid  to  allow  Mr.  Birch  to  ride  upon  it 
without  yielding  to  the  weight  of  his  pony.  Outside  this  ring  the  bottom 
of  the  mere  was  so  soft  and  deep  as  to  be  almost  impassable  until  the  mud 
was  cleared  away.  The  ring  was  some  twenty  or  thirty  feet  across,  a  foot 
wide  at  the  top,  and  about  four  feet  in  height.  Not  far  from  its  inner 
circumference  was  a  circular  hole,  about  four  feet  and  a  half  in  diameter 
and  some  six  feet  deeper  than  the  bottom  of  the  mire.  It  was  marked 
out  by  a  circle  of  stout  stakes  or  small  piles,  apparently  of  alder,  and  it 
We  traces  of  having  been  wattled.  Between  these  two  circles  were  the 
remains  of  a  wall,  about  two  feet  high  and  consequently  lower  than  the  top 
of  the  ring,  composed  of  flints  packed  together  with  marl  or  soft  chalk. 
In  the  same  place  was  some  earth  of  a  bright  blue  colour,  which,  when 


BARTON   MERE.  457 

dried,  crumbled  to  powder,  and  was  not  preserved,  though  traces  were  still 
to  be  seen  on  the  bones.  In  this  interspace  a  still  greater  number  of 
bones  was  found,  and  also  the  remains  of  a  much  decayed  ladder,  the  sides 
and  rounds  of  which  were  15  inches  apart.  The  stakes  were  about  four 
inches  in  diameter,  very  hard,  as  heavy  as  stone,  and  of  a  dark  grey 
colour.  The  fragments  of  the  ladder,  on  the  contrary,  were  very  rotten 
and  light,  but  the  remains  of  both,  after  being  kept  some  time,  exfoliated 
and  crumbled  entirely  to  dust.  In  and  around  this  ring  there  lay  a  vast 
number  of  bones,  of  which  no  small  portion  were  the  upper  parts  of  the 
skulls  of  Bos  longifrons,  with  the  horn  cores  attached,  and  many  antlers 
of  the  red  deer,  either  entire  or  in  fragments.  All  the  former,  excepting 
one  unusually  large  example,  had  a  fracture  the  size  of  half-a-crown  in 
the  forehead  (Babington).  Of  the  deer's  antlers,  some  have  certainly  been 
shed  in  the  due  course  of  nature ;  but  others,  on  the  contrary,  have  been 
separated  from  the  head  by  sawing.  Of  the  other  bones  found  in  West 
Mere,  and  I  am  told  there  were  hundreds  of  them,  most  of  the  larger  ones 
have  been  fractured  at  one  or  other  extremity,  doubtless  in  order  to  extract 
the  marrow  they  contained.  Another  bone,  and,  as  far  as  I  can  make 
out,  the  only  one  found  which  presents  this  peculiarity,  has  been  polished 
on  one  side  ;  but  the  reason  why  is  not  very  obvious,  unless  it  has  served, 
as  I  before  suggested  in  the  case  of  a  similar  specimen,  for  a  skate.  I 
must  add  that  no  weapons  or  implements  of  metal  which  can  be  referred 
to  a  period  at  all  remote  were  brought  to  light  in  this  or  any  of  the 
adjoining  meres,  but  a  great  number  of  flint  discs  were  found,  which, 
according  to  the  description  I  have  received  (for  unfortunately  none  of 
them  seem  to  have  been  preserved),  must  have  closely  resembled  those 
known  to  the  Danish  antiquaries  as  "Sling-Stones,"  from  the  probable  use 
made  of  them.  (B.  46,  p.  17.) 

BARTON  MERE. — In  1869  the  Rev.  Harry  Jones  communicated 
a  paper  to  the  Suffolk  Institute  of  Archaeology  and  Natural 
History  "  on  the  discovery  of  some  supposed  vestiges  of  a  pile- 
dwelling  in  Barton  Mere,  near  Bury  St.  Edmund's,"  of  which  the 
following  is  an  abstract : — 

Barton  Mere  is  situated  in  a  natural  depression,  about  four  miles  east 
of  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  and  is  mainly  supplied  by  springs,  but  at  some 
seasons  water  flows  into  it  from  the  high  land  on  the  south,  west,  and 
north.  When  full  it  consists  of  about  ten  acres,  and  averages  7  feet  in 
depth.  On  the  north  side  of  the  mere  there  is  a  marly  chalk,  which, 
indeed,  forms  the  main  bottom  of  the  mere,  being  overlaid  with  a  dark 
clay  deposit  from  1  to  5  feet  deep.  The  bottom  layer  of  this  deposit  con- 
sists of  a  peaty  coloured  clay,  so  tenacious  as  to  keep  its  shape  upon  the 
potter's  wheel.  Most  of  the  bones  and  some  fragments  of  pottery  were 
found  in  this  lower  layer,  which  varies  in  thickness  from  a  few  inches  to 


458  LAKE- DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

about  a  foot  and  a  half.  The  mere  is  subject  to  occasional  droughts.  It 
has  been  dry  at  least  four  times  in  the  last  forty  years.  About  thirty-eight 
years  ago  (1830),  the  mere  being  then  dry,  his  grandfather,  Mr.  Quayle, 
who  lived  at  Barton  Mere,  dug  out  a  quantity  of  stuff  for  the  purpose  of 
laying  it  on  the  land.  His  digging  resulted  in  a  hole,  which  on  two  suc- 
ceeding occasions  when  the  water  was  low,  saved  enough  to  keep  some  of 
the  fish  alive,  and  provide  a  pond  for  the  cattle.  Bones  and  horns  of  deer, 
and  several  spear-heads  and  rings  of  bronze,  were  reported  to  have  been 
found  amidst  six  or  seven  stakes  of  wood  sticking  up  out  of  the  bottom  and 
about  as  thick  as  the  thin  part  of  a  man's  leg. 

The  excavations  conducted  by  Mr.  Jones  in  1867  were  made  by  digging 
several  holes  about  three  feet  square.  In  the  first  two  holes  nothing  was 
found,  but  in  the  third  an  ox  skull,  broken  bones,  portions  of  pointed  im- 
plements of  bone,  and  a  bronze  socketed  spear-head  were  disinterred.  The 
latter,  which  was  only  18  inches  below  the  surface  and  above  the  peaty 
clay,  measured  13  inches  long  and  two  inches  at  its  widest  part.  The 
bones  were  of  Bos  lonyifrons,  stag,  pig,  sheep  or  goat,  large  dog  or  wolf, 
urns  (Bos  primigenius},  and  hare.  These  were  all  in  the  peaty  stratum. 
Beside,  and  along  with  the  bones,  were  found  two  or  three  flint  flakes, 
cores,  and  rude  flint  implements.  There  were  several  pieces  of  sandstone, 
burnt,  with  the  mark  of  fire  plainly  upon  them,  and  divers  calcined  flints. 
Also  a  fragment  of  a  thin  hand-made  vessel.  Besides  the  bones  were 
several  stags'  antlers,  one  or  two  of  which  were  gnawed,  probably  by  dogs, 
and  another  had  marks  of  some  small-toothed  animal,  such  as  a  rat. 
Others  were  cut  by  human  hands.  One  antler  had  a  hole  rudely  worked 
in  it  at  its  broadest  part.  There  were  also  divers  horns  of  the  Bos  longi- 
fnms,  and,  curiously  enough,  one  of  the  vertebrae  of  a  Saurian.  The 
latter  was  a  short  distance  oft'  from  the  chief  "find,"  and  it  was  suggested 
that  it  might  have  been  used  as  a  hammer  by  some  of  the  natives  who 
brought  it  to  the  spot. 

The  portion  of  the  »'  find  "  which  caused  most  conjecture  was,  however, 
a  fabric  of  stake  and  wattle.  "I  found  one  stake  2J  inches  thick,  and  2 
feet  long,  lying  close  over  the  spot  where  we  found  most  of  the  bones,  but 
the  fabric  to  which  I  now  allude  occurred  some  twenty-eight  inches  below 
the  surface  of  the  deepest  part  of  the  mere.  The  soil  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  it  had  been  disturbed,  so  I  took  a  spud  and  trowel  and  worked  the 
thing  out  with  my  own  hand.  It  resulted  in  an  oval  or  egg-shaped  struc- 
ture of  wattle,  5  feet  7  inches  long,  and  3  feet  10  inches  wide.  There 
were  14  uprights,  varying  from  2  to  2|  inches  in  thickness,  at  nearly 
equal  distances  apart.  Twigs  and  sticks  were  worked  in  these  like  the 
side  of  a  very  rough  basket.  At  first  I  thought  it  might  have  been  a 
sunken  coracle,  but  on  scooping  out  the  clay  with  which  it  was  filled,  I  found 
that  the  wattle  ceased  about  14  inches  down,  and  that  the  uprights  were 
merely  stakes,  from  21  to  27  inches  long,  driven  originally  into  the  chalk 
marl.  The  bottom  of  this  fabric  was  filled  with  broken  flints  which  were 


FENLAND.  459 

also  found  outside  the  lower  part  of  the  uprights  and  between  them.  The 
flints  must  have  been  put  in,  the  points  and  edges  of  the  points  of  the 
stakes  being  so  sharp  and  clean  that  they  could  not  have  been  driven 
through  the  bed  of  flints." 

"  The  top  of  the  wattle  was  on  the  level  of  the  chalk  marl,  on  which 
most  of  the  bones,  fragments  of  pottery,  etc.,  were  strewn,  and  which  had 
been  covered  over  to  a  depth  of  from  2  to  4J  feet  of  dark  clay.  No  more 
stakes  were  found,  but  there  occurred  divers  holes  in  the  chalk  marl,  some 
of  them  nearly  in  line,  in  which  we  could  not  help  thinking  they  might 
have  once  stood.  Yet  we  found  no  remains  of  wood  in  these  holes." 
(B.  161,  p.  31.) 

Professor  Boyd  Dawkins,  under  the  heading  "  Habitations  in 
Britain  in  the  Bronze  Age,"  writes  as  follows  :— 

"  Sometimes,  for  the  sake  of  protection,  houses  were  built  upon  piles 
driven  into  a  morass  or  bottom  of  a  lake,  as  for  example  in  Barton  Mere, 
near  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  where  bronze  spear-heads  have  been  discovered, 
one  13  inches  long,  among  piles  and  large  blocks  of  stone,  as  in  some  of 
the  lakes  in  Switzerland.  Along  with  them  were  vast  quantities  of  the 
broken  bones  of  the  stag,  roe,  wild  boar,  and  hare,  to  which  must  also  be 
added  the  urus,  an  animal  proved  to  be  wild  by  its  large  bones,  with 
strongly-marked  ridges  for  the  attachment  of  muscles.  The  inhabitants 
also  fed  upon  domestic  animals — the  horse,  short-horned  ox,  and  domestic 
hog,  and  in  all  probability  the  clog,  the  bones  of  the  last-named  animal 
being  in  the  same  fractured  state  as  those  of  the  rest.  Fragments  of 
pottery  were  also  found.  The  accumulation  may  be  inferred  to  belong  to  the 
late,  rather  than  the  early,  Bronze  Age,  from  the  discovery  of  a  socketed 
spear-head.  This  discovery  is  of  considerable  zoological  value,  since  it 
proves  that  the  urus  was  living  in  Britain  in  a  wild  state  as  late  as  the 
Bronze  Age.  It  must,  however,  have  been  very  rare,  since  this  is  the  only 
case  of  its  occurrence  at  this  period  in  Britain  with  which  I  am  acquainted." 
("  Early  Man  in  Britain,"  p.  352.) 

LAKE-DWELLINGS    IN    THE    FENLAND. 

The  discovery  of  so  many  submarine  dwellings  in  Holland  and 
the  adjacent  coasts  of  Germany  which  I  have  already  described 
suggests  that  similar  remains  might  be  found  in  the  Fens  and 
other  low-lying  districts  in  Britain.  The  only  reference,  however, 
to  such  dwellings  with  which  I  am  acquainted  is  the  following 
short  notice  by  Mr.  Skertchly  :— 

"  I  detected  the  remains  of  one  (lake-dwelling)  at  Crowland  in 
the  year  1870,  during  some  excavations.  The  piles  were  of  sallow 
planted  very  closely  together,  upon  these  was  laid  brushwood,  and 


460  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

over  this  a  layer  of  gravel.  Immense  quantities  of  bones,  chiefly  of 
the  Keltic  shorthorn,  were  found,  together  with  a  few  bone  imple- 
ments, and  a  curious  ornament  of  jet.  Near  Ely,  stakes  have  been 
found  in  the  peat,  but  they  do  not  seem  to  belong  to  a  lake-dwelling," 
("  The  Fenland  Past  and  Present,"  by  Miller  and  Skertchly.  1878.) 

PILE-STRUCTURES    IN    LONDON. 

On  December  18th,  18G6,  Col.  Lane  Fox  (now  General  Fox-Pitt- 
Rivers)  read  a  paper  at  the  Anthropological  Society  entitled,  "  A 
Description  of  certain  Piles  found  near  London  Wall  and  South- 
wark,  possibly  the  Remains  of  Pile-Buildings." 

The  author  commenced  by  observing  that  his  attention  was 
directed  to  this  locality  by  a  short  paragraph  in  the  Times  of  the 
2()th  October,  stating  that  upwards  of  twenty  cartloads  of  bones  had 
been  dug  out  of  the  excavations  which  were  being  made  for  the 
foundations  of  a  wool  warehouse  near  London  Wall  The  excava- 
tion commenced  at  40  yards  south  of  the  street  pavement :  there- 
fore, in  all  probability,  at  about  70  or  80  yards  from  the  site  of  the 
old  wall.  The  area  then  excavated  was  of  an  irregular  oblong  form, 
(il  yards  in  length,  running  north  and  south,  and  23  yards  wide. 

A  section  of  the  soil  consisted  of— 

"  1.  Gravel  similar  to  Thames  ballast  at  a  depth  of  17  feet  towards  the 
north,  inclining  to  22  feet  towards  the  south  end. 

"  '2.  Above  this,  peat  of  unequal  thickness,  varying  from  7  to  9  feet. 

"3.  Modern  remains  of  London  earth  composed  of  the  accumulated 
rubbish  of  the  city." 

Between  the  bottom  of  the  peat  and  the  highest  spring  tide 
water-mark,  as  at  present  existing,  there  is  a  margin  of  5  feet ;  but, 
of  course,  this  might  have  been  different  in  Roman  times. 

Regarding  the  remains  of  piles  in  this  locality  the  author  makes 
the  following  observations : — 

"  Upon  looking  over  the  ground,  my  attention  was  at  once  attracted 
by  a  number  of  piles,  the  decayed  tops  of  which  appeared  above  the  un- 
excavated  portions  of  the  peat,  dotted  here  and  there  over  the  whole  of  the 
space  cleared.  I  noted  down  the  positions  of  all  that  were  above  ground 
at  the  time  ;  and  as  the  excavations  continued  during  the  last  two  months, 
I  have  marked  from  time  to  time  the  positions  of  all  the  others  as  they 
became  exposed  to  view. 

"  Commencing  on  the  south,  a  row  of  them  ran  north  and  south  on  the 
west  side,  to  the  right  of  these  a  curved  row,  as  if  forming  part  of  a  ring. 


PILE-STRUCTURES    IN   LONDON.  461 

Higher  up  and  running  obliquely  across  the  ground  was  a  row  of  piles, 
having  a  plank  about  an  inch  and  a  half  thick  and  a  foot  broad  placed 
along  the  south  face,  as  if  binding  the  piles  together.  To  the  left  of  these 
another  row  of  piles  ran  east  and  west ;  to  the  north-east  again  were 
several  circular  clusters  of  piles  ;  these  were  not  in  rings  but  grouped  in 
clusters,  and  the  piles  were  from  eight  to  sixteen  inches  apart.  To  the 
left  of  this  another  row  of  piles  and  a  plank  two  inches  thick  ran  north 
and  south.  There  were  two  other  rows  north  of  this  and  several  detached 
piles,  but  no  doubt  several  towards  the  north  end  had  been  removed  before 
I  arrived. 

"  The  piles  averaged  6  to  8  inches  square;  others  of  smaller  size  measured 
4  inches  by  3  ;  and  one  or  two  were  as  much  as  a  foot  square.  They  ap- 
peared to  be  roughly  cut,  as  if  with  an  axe,  and  pointed  square ;  there  was 
no  trace  of  iron-shoeing  on  any  of  them,  nor  was  there  any  appearance  of 
metal  fastenings  in  its  planks  ;  they  may  have  been  tied  to  the  piles,  but 
if  so,  the  binding  material  had  decayed.*  The  grain  of  the  wood  was  still 
visible  in  some  of  them,  and  they  appear  to  be  of  oak.  The  planks 
averaged  from  one  to  two  inches  thick.  The  points  of  the  piles  were 
inserted  from  one  to  two  feet  in  the  gravel,  and  were,  for  the  most  part, 
well  preserved,  but  all  the  tops  had  rotted  off  at  about  two  feet  above  the 
gravel,  which  I  conclude  must  have  been  the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  of 
the  water,  at  the  time  these  structures  were  in  existence." 

These  relics  were  exclusively  found  in  the  peat  or  middle  stratum 
(which  varied  from  7  to  9  feet  in  thickness),  and  "interspersed  at  different 
levels  from  top  to  bottom  throughout  it." 

"  Amongst  the  articles  of  human  workmanship  found  in  the  peat  the 
vast  majority  are  undoubtedly  of  the  Roman  era.  Amongst  them  are 
quantities  of  broken  red  Samiaii  pottery,  mostly  plain,  but  some  of  it 
depicting  men  and  animals  in  relief  ;  one  specimen  is  stamped  with  the 
name  of  Macrinus.  All  this  pottery,  in  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Franks,  to 
whom  I  showed  it,  is  of  foreign  manufacture.  Other  samples  are  of  the 
kind  supposed  to  have  been  manufactured  in  the  Upchurch  Marshes  in 
Kent,  and  upon  the  site  of  St.  Paul's  Churchyard.  Bronze  and  copper 
pins,  iron  knives,  iron  and  bronze  stylus,  tweezers,  iron  shears,  a  piece  of 
polished  metal  mirror  so  bright  that  you  may  see  your  face  in  it  (this  Dr. 
Percy  has  pronounced  to  be  of  iron  pyrites,  white  sulphuret  of  iron  with- 
out alloy),  an  iron  double-edged  hatchet,  an  iron  implement,  apparently 
for  dressing  leather,  a  piece  of  bronze  vessel,  and  other  bronze  and  iron 
implements,  which,  thanks  to  the  preserving  properties  of  the  peat,  are  all 
in  excellent  preservation.  Amongst  these  were  also  a  quantity  of  leather 
soles  of  shoes  or  sandals,  some  apparently  much  worn,  and  others,  being 
thickly  studded  with  hob-nails,  may  be  recognised  as  the  caliga  of  the 

*  Towards  the  north,  the  author  subsequently  found  a  "plank  with  several 
Roman  nails  in  it ;  and  the  number  of  loose  nails  found  in  the  soil  above  it  showed 
that  they  must  probably  have  belonged  to  some  wooden  superstructure  which  had 
perished." 


469  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Roman  legions;  also  a  piece  of  tile  with  the  letters  P.  PR.  BR.  stamped 
upon  it.  Specimens  of  these  are  on  the  table.  The  coins  found  are  those 
of  Nerva,  Vespasian,  Trajan,  Adrian,  and  Antoninus  Pius.  .  .  . 

"  In  addition  to  the  Roman  relics  above  mentioned,  others  of  ruder 
construction  remain  to  be  described.  They  consist  of  what,  in  the  absence 
of  any  evidence  respecting  their  uses,  may  be  called  handles  and  points  of 
bone.  The  former  are  composed  of  the  metacarpal  bones  of  the  red-deer 
and  Bos  lonyifrons  cut  through  in  the  middle,  and  roughly  squared  at  the 
small  end  ;  the  others,  which  are  called  by  the  workmen  spear-heads,  are 
pointed  at  one  end  and  hollowed  out  at  the  other,  as  if  to  receive  a  shaft. 
Both  Professor  Owen  and  Mr.  Blake  concur  in  thinking  these  implements 
may  possibly  have  been  formed  with  flint,  but  I  cannot  ascertain  that  they 
were  found  at  a  lower  level  than  the  Roman  remains,  nor  have  any  flint 
implements,  to  my  knowledge,  been  found  in  the  place.  With  them  were 
also  found  the  two  bone  skates  on  the  table  ;  they  are  of  the  metacarpal 
bone  of  a  small  horse  or  ass,  one  of  which  has  been  much  used  on  the  ice. 
Exactly  similar  skates  also  of  the  metacarpal  of  the  horse  or  ass  have  leen 
found  in  a  tumulus  of  the  Stone  Period  at  Oosterend  in  Friesland;  a  draw- 
ing of  them  is  given  in  Lindenschmit's  Catalogue  of  the  Museum  at 
Mayence,  etc.  Others  have  also  been  found  in  Zeeland,  at  Utrecht,  and 
in  Guelderland,  and  there  is  a  specimen  in  the  Museum  at  Hanover. 
Professor  Lindenschmit  attributes  all  these  to  the  Stone  Period,  but  the 
specimens  on  the  table  are  evidently  of  the  Iron  Age,  the  holes  in  the  back 
having  been  formed  for  the  insertion  of  an  iron  staple.  Similar  skates 
have  been  found  in  the  Thames,  but  they  have  not  hitherto  been  con- 
sidered to  date  so  early  in  England  as  in  Roman  times." 

Throughout  the  peat  were  several  kitchen-middens.  One,  deposited  a 
foot  and  a  half  above  the  gravel,  is  thus  described  : — "  A  layer  of  oyster 
and  mussel  shells  about  a  foot  thick,  with  a  filtration  of  carbonate  of 
lime  permeating  through  the  moss.  In  this  kitchen-midden,  Roman 
pottery  and  a  Roman  caliga  were  found.  Close  by,  the  point  of  a  pile, 
part  of  which  is  exhibited,  was  found  upright  in  the  peat ;  it  had  been 
driven  in  in  such  a  manner  that  the  point  descends  to  the  level  of  the 
kitchen-midden  and  no  farther.  Now,  as  a  pile,  in  order  to  obtain  a 
holding,  must  have  been  driven  at  least  two  feet  in  the  ground,  it  is 
evident  the  peat  must  have  grown  at  least  one  foot  above  the  summit  of 
the  kitchen-midden  before  this  pile  was  driven  in." 

A  second  kitchen-midden  is  noted  at  a  height  of  3i  feet  above  the 
gravel,  "  composed  of  oyster,  cockle,  and  mussel  shells,  and  periwinkles, 
with  Roman  pottery  and  bones  of  the  goat  and  Bos  longifrons,  etc.,  split 
lengthwise  as  if  to  extract  the  marrow,  with  the  skulls  broken  and  the 
horns  cut  off.  It  is  about  a  foot  and  a  half  thick  in  the  centre,  thinning 
out  towards  the  ends  as  a  heap  of  refuse  would  naturally  do,  and  from 
12  to  14  feet  long  ;  above  this  is  peat  for  about  a  foot  or  a  foot  and  a  half, 
and  above  the  peat  another  kitchen-midden  of  the  same  kind  as  the 


PILE-STRUCTURES   IN   LONDON.  463 

preceding.  Lastly,  the  soles  of  shoes  and  Roman  pottery  of  the  same 
kind  as  that  found  lower  down  have  been  taken  out  at  the  very  top  of  the 
peat." 

The  distinguished  investigator,  being  anxious  to  obtain  further  evidence 
as  to  the  thickness  of  the  stratum  in  which  the  Roman  remains  were 
found,  states  that  he  determined  to  watch  the  workmen  for  four  or  five 
hours  together  during  several  successive  days,  while  they  dug  from  top  to 
bottom,  commencing  with  the  superficial  earth,  and  passing  through  the 
peat  to  the  gravel  below.  The  result  was  as  follows  : — "  Roman  red  Samian 
ware  is  found  as  high  as  13  feet  from  the  surface,  but  very  rarely,  and  in 
small  quantities.  At  15  feet  it  is  frequently  found,  and  from  that  depth 
it  increases  in  quantity  till  the  gravel  is  reached  at  18  to  21  feet.  The 
chief  region  of  Roman  remains  is  within  two  or  three  feet  of  the  gravel." 

Amongst  the  animal  remains  were,  according  to  Professor  Owen,  those 
"  of  the  horse  or  ass,  the  red  deer,  the  wild  boar,  the  wild  goat  (bouquetin^ 
the  dog,  the  Bos  lonyifrons,  and  the  roebuck.  The  horns  of  the  roebuck, 
I  afterwards  ascertained,  were  all  found  at  a  higher  level.  These,  and 
also  the  horse  and  goat,  entered  the  superficial  earth,  in  which  glazed 
pottery  was  also  found ;  but  the  remainder,  including  the  red  deer,  wild 
boar,  and  Bos  lonyifrons,  appeared,  so  far  as  my  observations  enabled  me 
to  judge,  to  be  confined  to  the  peat." 

Subsequently  Mr.  Carter  Blake  identified  amongst  these  osseous  remains 
no  less  than  four  different  kinds  of  the  genus  Bos — viz.  primigenius, 
trochoceros,  longifrons,  and  frontosus ;  as  also  a  specimen  of  the  ibex  of 
the  Pyrenees. 

Some  human  skulls  were  found  in  the  lowest  formation  of  the  peat,  or 
immediately  over  the  gravel.  Along  with  these  skulls  only  three  other 
human  bones  were  found  ;  but  this,  according  to  the  author,  might  not  be 
the  result  of  an  oversight,  as  both  the  Celts  and  the  Romans  were  known 
to  have  practised  decapitation. 

The  piles  at  the  south  end  were  identified  as  elm,  the  remainder  were 
oak  (Quercus  robur). 

From  the  above  carefully  observed  and  recorded  facts  it  will 
be  observed  that  in  addition  to  the  primary  piles  which  were 
inserted  into  the  gravel  there  were  others  which  did  not  penetrate 
so  deeply,  one  having  been  carefully  noted  which  terminated  in 
the  peat  a  foot  and  a  half  above  the  gravel.  Facts  precisely 
similar  have  been  observed  in  almost  all  pile-dwellings  whether  on 
land  or  in  water,  showing  that  the  elevations  on  which  the  plat- 
forms and  huts  were  reared  were  successively  renewed.  Another 
conclusion  which  we  are  entitled  to  draw  from  the  character  of 
the  relics  and  the  conditions  in  which  they  were  found  is  that 
in  the  low-lying  districts  of  London  the  system  of  pile-dwellings 


404  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

was  known  in  Britain  in  post-Roman  times.  Nor  can  it  be  said 
that  this  was  a  solitary  instance,  for  similar  remains  were  found 
in  New  Southwark  Street,  in  regard  to  which  the  author  writes 
as  follows: — 

"  The  piles  are  of  the  same  scantling,  also  of  oak,  but  somewhat  longer 
than  those  of  London  Wall  ;  the  points  are  driven  into  the  gravel ;  the 
peat  is  three  to  four  feet  thick  ;  large  beams  of  the  same  size  as  the  piles 
have  been  laid  across  them  horizontally,  and  Roman  pottery  is  found 
at  all  depths  in  the  peat.  Judging  from  the  extent  over  which  these  piles 
have  been  discovered,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  in  digging  for  the 
foundations  of  the  many  large  warehouses  and  other  buildings  that  are 
now  being  built  within  this  district  the  remains  of  early  habitations  are 
constantly  turning  up  and  are  destroyed  without  receiving  attention." 

As  to  the  relics  from  these  London  pile-dwellings  let  me  finally 
observe,  that,  to  a  certain  extent,  both  in  character  and  surround- 
ing conditions  they  correspond  with  those  from  the  Terp  mounds 
in  Holland  and  North  Germany,  from  which  it  is  probable  the 
earliest  Anglo-Saxon  invaders  hailed. 

CRAXXOG    IX    LLAXGORSE    LAKE,    XEAR    BRECOX,    SOUTH    WALES. 

Only  one  lake-dwelling  has  hitherto  been  recorded  in  Wales, 
viz.  that  of  Llangorse.  The  partial  exploration  to  which  it  has 
been  subjected  was  undertaken  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Dumbleton,  and 
the  results  are  recorded  by  him  in  the  Archcvologia  Cambrensis 
for  LS70  and  1872.  (B.  173.)  The  following  extracts  from  these 
reports  clearly  show  that  the  island  was  entirely  artificial  and 
constructed  after  the  manner  of  the  Scottish  and  Irish  crannogs. 
Its  structural  features  were  well  seen  in  the  surrounding  stockades 
and  log-floorings,  while  the  heaps  of  charcoal,  remains  of  food- 
refuse,  and  other  indications  point  to  a  prolonged  period  of  human 
occupancy.  Mr.  Dumbleton  states  that  until  about  seven  years 
ago,  when  the  lake  was  artificially  lowered  a  foot  and  a  half,  this 
island  was  not  half  its  present  size.  He  then  advances  various 
evidences  to  show  that  formerly  the  level  of  the  water  was  still 
lower,  when,  therefore,  the  island  would  have  been  larger  than 
now.  This  opinion  may  be,  and  probably  is,  correct ;  but  we  must 
remember  that  another  factor  has  to  be  taken  into  account  when 
discussing  the  invariable  submergence  of  these  islands,  viz.  their 
own  pressure  on  a  yielding  lake  sediment,  together  with  the  decay 
of  the  brushwood  and  other  organic  materials  which  generally 


LLANGORSE    LAKE.  465 

formed  their  under  strata.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  no  relics 
were  found  on  this  island,  and  I  cannot  help  thinking  that,  in 
the  circumstances,  a  more  careful  search  would  have  furnished 
some  scraps  of  the  handiwork  of  its  occupiers.  From  the  de- 
scription it  is  clear  that  metal  tools  were  used  in  manipulating 
the  woodwork,  but  otherwise,  and  in  the  absence  of  any  historical 
notice,  we  have  no  means  of  determining  either  the  age  of  this 
singular  lacustrine  abode  or  the  social  condition  of  its  inhabitants. 

"  Immediately  beneath  the  southern  spurs  of  the  Black  Mountains, 
and  in  the  hollow  of  the  great  geological  fracture  which  parts  that  chain 
from  the  Brecknockshire  Beacons,  is  situated  a  sheet  of  water  now  called 
the  Lake  of  Llangorse.  Its  name  was  formerly  Llyn  Savathan,  or  the 
lake  of  the  sunken  land.  The  area  of  water  was  once  far  more  extensive 
than  it  is  now ;  and  it  has  subsequently  been,  as  I  think,  considerably  less 
than  at  present.  A  circuit  of  five  miles  will  now  enclose  it.  The  margin 
is  flat  and  swampy,  except  on  the  north-east,  where  the  mountain  descends 
upon  the  shore-line  somewhat  abruptly.  The  depth,  though  by  vulgar 
report  vast  and  fearful,  Leland  has  rather  overstated  in  assigning  to  it 
thirteen  fathoms." 

"  Within  a  bow-shot  of  the  flat  meadows  on  the  north  side  there  is  an 
island  that  would  appear  but  little  above  the  water,  were  it  not  for  some 
small  trees  and  brushwood  that  have  fastened  upon  it. 

"  Sailing  by  the  island  one  day  in  1867,  I  observed  that  the  stones 
which  stand  out  on  the  south  and  east  sides  were  strangely  new  looking, 
and  most  unlike  the  water-worn,  rounded  fragments  that  on  the  main 
shore  have  been  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  waves ;  neither  did  there 
seem  to  be  any  original  rock-basis  at  all.  It  was,  in  fact,  nothing  less 
than  a  huge  heap  of  stones  thrown  into  water  two  or  three  feet  in  depth. 
Was  this  the  key,  I  thought,  to  the  old  tradition  of  a  city  in  the  lake?  In 
the  summer  of  last  year,  my  brother,  then  living  in  the  neighbourhood, 
first  discovered  a  row  of  piles  or  slabs ;  some  standing  a  few  inches  above 
water,  for  the  lake  was  very  low.  We  have  together  made  some 
investigations  during  the  past  month,  the  results  of  which  I  will  detail. 

"  The  island,  as  now  above  water,  measures  90  yards  in  circumference, 
its  form  being  that  of  a  square  with  the  corners  rounded  off.  The  highest 
part  is  nearly  in  the  centre,  and  is  5  feet  above  the  water-level.  The 
sides  most  exposed  to  weather,  where  also  the  water  is  deepest,  are  com- 
posed of  stones  sloping  into  the  water,  and  extending  to  the  distance  of 
fifteen  yards  from  the  edge.  Under  the  water,  however,  they  are  not 
nearly  so  thickly  strewn  as  above.  It  is  remarkable  that  on  the  leeward 
or  northern  side,  about  one  quarter  of  the  island  is  almost  destitute  of 
stone  protection  with  which  the  greater  part  is  covered.  There  is  simply 
a  surface  of  vegetable  mould,  inclined  towards  the  water.  Neither  in  the 
water,  which  is  there  very  shallow,  are  there  more  than  a  score  of  stones 
E  E 


466  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

to  be  found  on  that  side.  I  must  now  speak  of  the  piles.  These  are  of 
two  sorts,  the  most  obvious  being  either  at  the  margin  or  within  a  few 
feet  of  it.  Like  the  stones,  they  are  most  numerous  where  the  action  of 
the  storm  would  be  most  felt,  and  upon  the  shallow  side  they  disappear 
entirely.  They  have  been  disposed  in  segments  of  circles,  the  stones  being 
heaped  inside  them,  and  thus  saved  from  being  torn  away  by  the  waves. 
These  piles  (or  rather  slabs)  are  of  cleft  oak,  and  have  been  pointed,  as  it 
seems,  by  cuts  from  a  metal  adze.  We  have  counted  about  sixty.  They 
Irive  been  driven  tightly  into  the  shell-marl,  to  the  depth  cf  four  feet. 
There  are  also  other  piles,  which  are  round,  generally  of  soft  wood,  and 
are  found  outside  the  present  edge  of  the  island.  Several  are  in  water 
two  feet  deep,  and  are  driven  into  the  marl  only  twelve  or  eighteen  inches. 
These  would  have  been  quite  powerless  to  confine  the  stones,  and  were 
evidently  for  another  purpose.  .  .  .  Is  it  not  likely  that  the  island 
itself  was  central  common  ground  1  and  that  the  habitations  were  projected 
from  its  edge  towards  the  water  and  were  supported  by  these  thick 
round  piles?  Something  like  a  ring  of  these  is  found  near  the  oak 
slabs  before  mentioned  ;  and  traces  of  a  second  set  are  at  the  distance 
of  twelve  or  fifteen  yards,  in  water  about  two  feet  deep.  Between 
the  two,  small  wood  is  found  abundantly,  a  few  inches  in  the  marl. 
At  about  ten  yards  from  the  shore,  and  in  two  feet  of  water,  there 
appear  to  be  the  actual  remains  of  a  sunken  platform.  Three  trunks  of 
soft  wood  lie  nearly  parallel  to  one  another.  A  6  feet  stem  of  oak,  which 
I  cannot  account  for,  was  with  them.  The  top  of  this  we  sawed  oft',  as  it 
exhibits  the  marks  of  some  heavy  cutting  instrument  where,  in  modern 
days,  a  saw  would  have  been  used. 

"I  have  to  add  to  this  subject  the  discovery  of  two  much  more  perfect 
platforms  in  a  perplexing  situation,  namely,  within  the  oak  slabs.  They 
were  composed  of  eight  straight  trunks,  about  six  inches  in  diameter,  lying 
side  by  side.  Their  direction  is  from  the  centre  to  the  water  ;  their  ends, 
towards  the  shore,  are  thrust  against  the  slab  piles  ;  others  are  closed  in 
one  case  by  a  transverse  oak  beam.  .  .  . 

"  The  examination  of  the  interior  would,  of  course,  unfold  the  process 
of  the  construction.  We  therefore  made  several  perpendicular  openings  ; 
and  these  invariably  led  us  down  to  the  shell-marl,  showing  first  a  stratum 
of  large,  loose  stones,  with  vegetable  mould  and  sand  ;  next  (about  eighteen 
inches  above  the  marl),  peat,  black  and  compact ;  and  beneath  this,  the 
remains  of  reeds  and  small  wood.  This  faggot-like  wood  presented  itself 
abundantly  all  round  the  edges  of  the  island,  and  in  the  same  relative 
position,  namely,  immediately  upon  the  soft  marl ;  the  object  of  it  being, 
of  course,  to  save  the  stones  from  sinking. 

On  digging  through  the  before-mentioned  low  portion  of  the  crannog 
a  different  order  of  materials  exhibited  itself.  As  I  said,  the  stones  are 
very  few  ;  the  depth  is  3  feet  instead  of  5  ;  18  inches  of  vegetable  mould  ; 
6  inches  of  earth  mixed  thickly  with  charcoal ;  and  1  foot  of  peat,  small 


COLD    ASH    COMMON.  467 

wood  or  reeds.  I  may  here  say  that  this  charcoal  is  found  under  water, 
in  very  frequent  small  fragments,  on  this  north-eastern  side ;  and  is 
covered,  not  with  marl  or  stones,  but  with  sand.  Bones  are  found  in 
numbers  amongst  the  stones  where  the  water  is  quite  shallow  ;  every 
spadeful  of  marl,  in  some  parts,  would,  as  the  water  dripped  off,  show  one 
or  more  small  bone  fragments  or  teeth." 

The  osseous  remains  were  more  or  less  identified  by  Professors  Owen, 
Rolleston  and  Boyd  Dawkins  as  belonging  to  Bos  longifrons,  horse  (small 
and  large  variety),  red  deer,  and  wild  boar. 

LAKE-DWELLINGS    IN    BERKS,    ETC. 

In  1878,  Professor  T.  Rupert  Jones,  F.R.S.,  communicated  to 
Nature  a  short  notice  of  "  English  Lake-Dwellings  and  Pile- 
Structures,"  in  which,  after  drawing  attention  to  the  previously 
published  articles  of  General  Lane  Fox  and  Sir  Charles  Bunbury, 
he  writes  as  follows  : — 

"  Since  writing  the  above  I  have  been  informed  that  Mr.  W.  M.  Wylic, 
F.S.A.,  referred  to  this  fact  in  Arckceologia,  vol.  xxxviii.,  in  a  note  to  his 
excellent  memoir  on  lake-dwellings.  I  can  add,  however,  that  remains  of 
Cervus  elaphus  (red  deer),  C.  dama  ?  (fallow  deer),  Ovis  (sheep),  Bos 
lonyifrons  (small  ox),  Sus  scrofa  (hog),  and  Canis  (dog),  were  found  here, 
according  to  information  given  me  by  the  late  C.  B.  Rose,  F.G.S.,  of 
Swaffham,  who  also  stated  in  a  letter  dated  August  llth,  1856,  that  in 
adjoining  meres,  or  sites  of  ancient  meres,  as  at  Saham,  Towey,  Carbrook, 
Old  Buckenham,  and  Hargham,  cervine  remains  have  been  met  with  ; 
thus  at  Saham  and  Towey,  Cervus  elaphus  (red  deer)  ;  at  Buckenham, 
Bos  (ox)  and  Cervus  capreolus  (roebuck) ;  at  Hargham,  Cervus  tarandus 
(reindeer). 

"  The  occurrence  of  flint  implements  and  flakes  in  great  numbers  on  the 
site  of  a  drained  lake  between  Sandhurst  and  Frimley,  described  by 
Captain  C.  Cooper  King  in  the  Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute, 
January,  1873,  p.  365,  etc.,  points  also  in  all  probability  to  some  kind  of 
lake-dwelling,  though  timbers  were  not  discovered. 

"  Lastly,  the  late  Dr.  S.  Palmer,  F.S.A.,  of  Newbury,  reported  to  the 
Wiltshire  Archaeological  Society  in  1869  that  oaken  piles  and  planks 
had  been  dug  out  of  boggy  ground  on  Cold  Ash  Common,  near  Faircross 
Pond,  not  far  from  Hermitage,  Berks."  (B.  312,  p.  424.) 

The  following  is  Dr.  Palmer's  notice  of  the  pile-structures  at 
Cold  Ash  Common  above  referred  to  : — 

"  Recurring  to  the  antiquities  of  the  peat  proper,  I  would  refer  to  the 
subject  of  lake-dwellings.  I  do  not  despair  of  finding  them  in  our 
neighbourhood,  for  I  believe  traces  of  them  have  been  found  near  Cold 


468  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Ash,  some  such  structure  having  been  uncovered  in  digging  bog-earth  for 
horticultural  purposes.  It  was  circular,  measuring  30  feet  across,  and  the 
planks  were  16  to  18  feet  in  length,  roughly  hewn,  and  with  beams  crossing 
from  side  to  side,  and  resting  on  the  piles.  There  .was  also  a  kind  of 
causeway  to  it.  It  was  on  the  borders  of  a  morass,  the  resort  of  wild 
fowl  within  the  memory  of  man.  The  general  appearance  of  the  valley  at 
this  place  leads  me  to  surmise  that  it  was  not  long  since  covered  with 
water  ;  there  is  still  a  pond  in  the  centre.  The  bog-earth  had  been  carted 
away  before  I  heard  of  the  discovery,  so  that  I  had  no  chance  of  examining 
it  for  animal  or  other  remains." 

The  editor  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Newbury  District  Field 
Club  adds  the  following'  note  to  the  above  extract . — 

"  Mr.  Walter  Money,  F.S.A.,  has  gathered  some  information  about 
this  interesting  relic  of  the  past.  It  is  situated  on  a  part  of  what  was 
Cold  Ash  Common  .  .  .  and  has  long  been  known  as  '  Wild  Duck 
Pond  ; '  it  is  now  an  oval  piece  of  water,  not  much  more  than  20  feet 
across,  surrounded  by  arable  land. 

"About  thirty  years  ago,  before  the  Common  was  enclosed,  the  season 
being  dry,  the  '  Wild  Duck  Pond  '  was  cleared  by  Mr.  Whiting,  of  Long- 
lane  Gate,  who  thought  the  accumulated  soil  or  mud  might  be  useful  on 
the  land.  After  the  removal  of  the  top  soil,  some  rough  timber  framing 
was  met  with,  lying  across  the  centre  of  the  pit,  forming,  it  would  seem,  a 
rude  platform.  A  space  was  cleared  about  ten  feet  deep,  where  a  heavy 
log  of  oak  was  found  lying  across  from  side  to  side.  This  was  not  removed. 
The  work  was  then  abandoned  ;  the  soil  taken  out  being  found  to  be  of 
no  use  to  the  land.  About  thirteen  years  ago,  the  excavation  was  repeated 
by  Mr.  Lancaster,  the  then  tenant  of  this  part  of  Col.  Loyd-Lindsay's 
property  ;  but  the  investigation  was  not  pursued  far,  and  the  water  having 
flowed  into  the  digging,  « Wild  Duck  Pond  '  was  again  restored  nearly  to 
its  former  condition."  (Trans,  of  Newbury  District  Field  Club,  vol.  ii. 
p.  148.) 

Remains  suggestive  of  a  pile-structure  were  also  observed  by 
Mr.  Dolby  in  1870  in  one  of  the  ponds  at  Fence  Wood,  near 
Hermitage.  Here  in  digging  they  found  "a  sort  of  pyramidal 
dwelling  beneath  the  ground,  the  roof  being  covered  with  clay 
about  a  foot  thick.  This  roof  was  supported  by  a  large  piece  of 
timber,  some  twenty-six  feet  long,  which  they  had  got  out. 
There  were  causeways  there  also  at  a  depth  of  fifteen  or  sixteen 
The  water  had  long  since  rushed  in  and  filled  up  the  ex- 
cavation, so  that  nothing  further  is  known  of  this  place."  (Ibid., 
vol.  i.  p.  123.) 


HOLDERNESS.  469 


LAKE-DWELLINGS  IN  HOLDERNESS,  COUNTY  OF  YORK. 

The  discovery  of  lake-dwellings  in  Holderness  is  due  to  Mr. 
Thomas  Boynton,  Bridlington  (lately  of  Ulrome  Grange),  whose 
attention  was  first  directed  to  the  subject  in  the  spring  of  1880. 
Previous  to  the  excavation  of  a  great  drainage  scheme  about 
the  beginning  of  the  present  century  this  district  appears  to 
have  been  intersected  by  a  series  of  sinuous  and  irregularly  shaped 
lakes,  whose  surplus  waters  partly  found  an  outlet,  not  in  the 
present  artificially  constructed  channels  which  convey  them 
directly  into  the  German  Ocean,  but  in  quite  a  different 
direction,  along  a  sluggish  watercourse,  still  extant,  which  falls  into 
the  Humber  near  Hull.  That  this  latter  was  in  former  times  the 
natural  drainage  course  of  the  entire  waters  of  Holderness  is  the 
opinion  of  Mr.  Boynton  and  other  geologists  with  whom  I  had  the 
pleasure  of  discussing  the  matter.  Mr.  G.  W.  Lamplugh  believes 
that  the  Gypsey  Race — a  stream  which  now  enters  the  sea  at 
Bridlington — at  some  former  period  continued  its  course  through 
this  chain  of  lakes  and  finally  debouched  by  the  same  route  into 
the  Humber.  The  natural  causes  which  have  effected  this  great 
change  in  the  hydrographical  conditions  of  Holderness  are  to 
be  found  in  the  steadily  progressing  encroachment  of  the  sea  on 
tho  land,  which  here  goes  on  at  a  very  rapid  rate.  When  the  sea 
lay  many  miles  farther  off,  which  undoubtedly  was  the  case  in 
former  times,  it  is  supposed  that  the  intervening  land  stood  some- 
what higher,  arid  that  consequently  Holderness  was  a  complete 
water-basin,  with  its  outlet  towards  the  Humber.  But  as  the  sea 
advanced,  gradually  undermining  and  washing  away  the  soft 
glacial  deposits  which  here  form  its  shores,  this  natural  basin 
became,  as  it  were,  tapped  in  the  middle  and  so  allowed  the  waters 
of  its  upper  reaches  to  escape  directly  into  the  sea — a  process 
precisely  analogous  to  that  by  which  its  final  drainage  was  effected 
by  human  agencies. 

Nor  is  this  opinion  based  exclusively  on  geological  considera- 
tions, as  we  have  positive  historical  proofs  in  the  early  annals  of  tho 
country  that  formerly  towns  existed  whose  sites  are  now  far  out 
in  the  sea.  Thus  Mr.  Poulson  ("  History  of  Holderness,"  p.  467) 
states  that  "  the  writer  of  the  chronicle  of  the  Abbey  of  Meaux,  in 
lamenting  the  losses  which  the  abbey  had  sustained,  observes  that 
they  received  nearly  £30  from  the  town  of  H}  the,  in  the  parish  of 


470  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Skipsea,  chiefly  from  the  tithe  of  fish  ;  but  now,  says  he,  1306, 
the  plnce  i»  totally  destroyed— *  proof  that  it  was  gone  into  the  sea 
before  the  commencement  of  the  fifteenth  century."  The  lake  of 
Withou,  which  is  recorded  as  having  paid  tithe  for  its  fish  in  1288 
(Ibid.,  468),  is  not  only  at  present  completely  drained,  but  more 
than  half  of  its  bed  is  washed  away,  and  the  sea  beach,  which  runs 
right  across  it,  presents  a  most  instructive  section  of  its  sedimentary 
deposits  and  subsequent  growth  of  peat. 

From  these  remarks  it  will  be  seen  that,  in  estimating  the 
precise  physical  conditions  that  prevailed  when  the  lacustrine 
abodes  I  am  now  about  to  describe  were  constructed,  we  have  to 
deal  with  problems  of  a  somewhat  discursive  character,  and  which, 
consequently,  lie  beyond  the  scope  of  this  work.  It  is  clear,  how- 
ever, that,  previous  to  its  artificial  drainage,  the  district  was 
overspread  with  a  succession  of  shallow  lakes  and  marshes, 
pre-eminently  well  adapted  for  the  construction  of  lake-dwellings. 
The  lakes  are  now  gone  and  instead  of  them  we  have  artificial 
drains  winding  along  the  lowest  portions  of  their  former  beds.  It 
is  along  the  steep  banks  of  these  sluggish  water-channels  that  Mr. 
Boynton  has  detected,  in  various  places,  piles  and  transverse  beams, 
which  he  justly  considers  to  be  the  remains  of  ancient  lake- 
dwellings.  Up  to  the  present  time  indications  of  five  stations 
have  been  observed,  which  for  facility  of  reference  the  discoverer 
names  as  follows — (1)  West  Furze,  (2)  Hound  Hill,  (3)  Barmston, 
(4)  Gransmoor,  and  (5)  Little  Kelk. 

These  are  situated  at  considerable  intervals  from  each  other, 
varying  from  half  a  mile  to  two  or  three  miles,  and  as  they  are 
deeply  buried  their  investigation  entails  a  considerable  amount  of 
labour  and  expense.  It  is  only  the  stations  at  West  Furze  and 
Round  Hill  that  have  as  yet  been  subjected  to  anything  like  a 
systematic  exploration.  A  few  years  ago  Mr.  Boynton  at  his  own 
expense  carried  out  a  series  of  excavations  at  the  former  station 
by  which  its  character  has  been  satisfactorily  determined,  and 
subsequently  he  has  undertaken  to  examine  the  second  with  a 
grant  from  the  Society  of  Antiquaries ;  but  these  works  are  not 
yet  completed,  and  at  present  they  are  entirely  suspended  owing 
to  the  volume  of  water  in  the  drain. 

I  may  state  that  I  have  on  several  occasions  visited  the 
locality  and  so  became  practically  conversant  with  the  general 
features  of  these  discoveries.  Moreover,  for  the  special  object  of 


HOLDERNESS.  471 

this  work,  Mr.  Boynton  has  freely  placed  all  the  materials  in 
his  possession  at  my  disposal  and  given  me  permission  to  add 
to  my  notes  the  accompanying  illustrations  of  a  few  of  the 
more  interesting  objects. 

West  Furze. — This  was  the  first  discovered,  and  the  circum- 
stances that  led  to  the  discovery  are  thus  described  by  Mr. 
Boynton  (B.  373,  p.  300)  :— 

"In  the  spring  of  the  year  1880  the  Commissioners  of  Beverley  and 
Barmston  Drainage  found  it  necessary  to  deepen  one  of  these  drains 
(the  branch  called  the  Skipsea  drain). 

"  A  short  time  after  this  was  done  I  was  walking  in  one  of  my  fields 
adjoining,  and  picked  up  some  perforated  bone  implements,  I  shortly 
afterwards  had  the  earth,  which  had  been  excavated  at  this  place,  turned 
over,  and  found  more  implements  of  the  same  class.  Also  two  made  from 
the  antlers  of  the  red-deer,  and  a  small  piece  of  red  ochre,  with  several 
stones  which  bear  traces  of  having  been  utilised. 

"  In  the  month  of  May,  1881,  the  water  in  the  drain  at  that  time 
being  very  low,  and  having  obtained  the  services  of  half  a  dozen  men 
accustomed  to  similar  work,  I  had  the  water  dammed,  and  dug  through 
peat  to  a  bed  of  gravel,  9  feet  6  inches  from  the  surface. 

"  We  found  three  more  perforated  bone  implements,  all  in  the  side  of 
the  drain,  and  at  the  depth  of  7  feet,  also  several  stakes  and  piles  with 
remains  of  brushwood.  I  then  determined,  when  opportunity  offered,  to 
excavate  in  the  field,  and  proceeded  to  do  so  in  December  last  (1881).  We 
commenced  by  digging  a  trench  parallel  with  the  drain  and  60  feet  in 
length.  This  trench  and  the  drain  formed  two  sides  of  a  square,  running 
north  and  south." 

Subsequently  Mr.  Boynton  cleared  out  the  entire  enclosure  thus 
marked  out  by  these  primary  trenches  and  found  the  whole  of  it 
to  be  occupied  with  an  artificial  structure  of  wood  like  the  so-called 
fascines  of  Switzerland  or  the  crannogs  of  Scotland  and  Ireland. 
The  depth  of  decayed  brushwood  was  very  considerable,  and  it  was 
pierced  here  and  there  with  upright  piles.  At  the  margin  these 
piles  were  thicker,  and  in  one  place,  the  south-east  corner,  he  states 
that  they  met  with  great  "  numbers  of  stakes,  with  some  brush- 
wood, the  earth  being  a  peaty  marl."  Further  progress  from  this 
point  is  thus  described : — 

"  When  clear  of  the  slope  there  is  a  decided  layer  of  brushwood  about 
two  feet  thick,  also  studded  with  stakes,  and  along  the  inner  side  of  the 
south  trench  we  found  a  number  of  piles  from  5  to  7  inches  in  diameter, 
in  a  line,  and  mostly  upright.  One  of  these  we  got  out  quite  perfect.  Tt 


472  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF     EUROPE. 

is  of  oak  wood,  4  feet  in  length,  6  inches  in  diameter,  and  lias  a  forked 
top  which  has  apparently  been  intended  for  carrying  a  horizontal  beam  or 
support.  The  piles  are  about  4  feet  apart.  One  had  given  way  and  had 
been  replaced. 

"  As  the  trench  is  not  exactly  in  a  line  with  the  piles,  several  are  now 
left  standing  and  partially  exposed.  In  this  portion  of  the  digging  we 
found  several  bones  of  animals,  a  peculiar  grinding-stone  of  whinstone  or 
granite,  almost  semicircular  in  shape,  12  inches  long  by  7  broad,  a  flint 
core,  a  stone  with  the  centre  hollowed,  a  hammer-stone,  and  two  fragments 
of  rude  pottery. 

"  Hazel  nuts  are  numerous  ;  several  I  have  picked  out  appear  to  have 
l>een  opened  by  squirrels." 

The  drain  appears  to  have  intersected  the  woodwork,  and 
as  the  excavations  were  confined  to  one  side,  the  exact  dimen- 
sions of  the  lake-dwelling  cannot  be  stated.  Its  length  was 
approximately  about  70  feet,  and  its  breadth  probably  one- 
third  less.  On  my  first  inspection  of  the  locality  after  these 
excavations  had  been  completed  I  was  struck  with  the  narrow- 
ness of  the  lacustrine  area  in  which  the  structure  was  reared. 
From  the  nature  of  the  adjacent  ground  it  was  readily  seen 
that  the  lake  widened  very  considerably  both  above  and  below ; 
but  here  it  was  so  contracted  that  the  woodwork  appeared  to 
occupy  the  entire  breadth  of  the  waterway — a  fact  which 
suggested  to  me  the  idea  of  its  being  a  bridge  or  military 
stronghold.  However,  on  closer  inspection  I  saw  that  the  accu- 
mulation of  rain-wash  had  considerably  encroached  on  the 
original  bed  of  the  lake,  and  I  am  satisfied  that  there  would 
be,  in  former  times,  sufficient  space  for  giving  to  the  dwelling 
a  complete  insular  character. 

The  following  relics,  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Boynton, 
were  collected  in  the  course  of  the  investigations  : — 

Horn  and  Bone. — The  perforated  bone  implements  (Fig.  176«, 
Nos.  1  and  2),  of  which  not  less  than  eighteen  were  collected,  are 
the  most  remarkable  objects.  They  all  consist  of  the  articulate 
extremities  of  the  long  bones  of  some  large  bovine  animals, 
with  the  exception  of  two,  one  of  which  was  the  thick  end  of 
a  scapula  and  the  other  a  cervical  vertebra.  The  latter  was 
not  manipulated,  and  the  reason  it  is  here  classified  as  an  imple- 
ment is  that  a  portion  of  a  wooden  handle,  which  had  been 
inserted  into  the  spinal  aperture,  still  remained.  In  this  manner 
the  vertebra  became  a  formidable  weapon,  which,  when  used  as  a 


HOLDER  NESS. 


478 


club  or  skull-cracker,  could  scarcely  be  matched  by  any  work 
of  art.  I  am  of  opinion  that  all  these  perforated  bone  imple- 
ments were  simply  warlike  weapons.  Three  handpicks,  made 
from  the  horns  of  the  red  deer — the  brow  antler  forming  the 
pick  and  the  body  of  the  horn,  stripped  of  its  antlers,  the 
handle.  Also  a  club,  or  broken  pick,  and  several  portions  of 
worked  tines. 

Stone. — Three  hammer-stones  of  natural  pebbles  ;  two  anvils, 


Fig.  176  1.  —  HOLDERNESS.     All  |  real  size. 


one  flat  and  circular  and  the  other  having  a  slight  cavity  on 
one  side  ;  six  polishers,  or  rubbers  ;  two  flint  cores,  and  about  50 
substantial-looking  flakes.  One  flake  was  a  good  example  of 
a  knife,  and  showed  evidence  of  having  been  used  ;  three  other 
flakes  were  secondarily  chipped  and  converted  into  neat  scrapers 
and  a  saw  (No.  3). 

Bronze  and  Jet.  —  One  bronze  spear-head  (No.  4),  and  a 
fragment  of  a  jet  arm-band,  like  those  from  the  Ayrshire  crannogs. 

Pottery.  —  Fragments  of  a  coarse  unornamented  pottery  were 
found,  out  of  which  one  vessel  has  been  restored,  having  the 
following  dimensions  :  —  11  inches  wide  at  mouth  ;  12  inches  in  the 
widest,  a  little  below  the  mouth  ;  and  7J  at  base.  Height,  7  J 
inches. 


474  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

About  thirty  yards  distant  from  the  lake-dwelling,  in  a  peaty 
hollow  in  the  field,  Mr.  Boynton  found  pottery  of  a  similar 
character.  It  was  buried  about  three  feet  in  the  peat.  The 
depth  of  peat  over  the  lake-dwelling  was  somewhat  more,  being 
nowhere  less  than  4  feet. 

F,tu,n(i.—So  expert  has  as  yet  made  a  report  on  the 
osseous  remains,  but  they  are  believed  to  represent  the  following 
animals: — Bos  longifrom  and  primigenius,  horse  (a  small  breed), 
dog  or  wolf,  boaver,  ox,  pig,  sheep  or  goat,  deer,  otter  (?),  goose, 
and  some  small  birds. 

( )ne  well-formed  human  skull,  with  portion  of  an  upper  jaw. 

ROUND  HILL. — So  far  as  the  excavation  of  this  station  has 
been  prosecuted  the  woodwork  appears  to  have  been  precisely 
similar  to  the  former,  but  the  area  occupied  is  of  larger  dimen- 
sions. Mr.  Boynton  thinks  that  the  piles  here  belong  to  different 
periods  of  time,  and  a  curious  fact  which  he  pointed  out  to 
Canon  Green  well  and  myself  seems  to  support  this  view.  He 
showed  us  the  point  of  one  pile  which  had  penetrated  and 
terminated  in  the  stump  of  another,  from  which  he  inferred 
that  before  the  former  had  been  inserted  the  latter  had  already 
been  in  a  state  of  decay.  The  decayed  brushwood  had  also  a 
greater  thickness  than  at  West  Furze.  The  station  has  not, 
however,  yielded  many  relics,  the  principal  objects  being  a  small 
stone  celt,  portion  of  a  perforated  stone  hammer,  and  the  half 
of  a  jet  bracelet.  The  latter  appears  to  be  unique.  It  is  of  a 
flattish  form,  and  ornamented  on  its  outer  side  by  five  prominent 
ridges,  running  circularly.  The  marginal  ridges  are  separated 
from  the  three  central  ones  by  a  wider  interval,  in  which  runs 
a  smaller  ridge  or  bead.  These  ridges  were  evidently  manipulated 
without  the  use  of  a  turning  machine,  as  they  are  not  perfectly 
uniform,  though  the  artist's  intention  was  to  make  them  so. 

In  regard  to  the  other  three  stations  there  are  only  indications 
of  their  being  of  a  similar  character,  such  as  piles  and  transverse 
woodwork  along  the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  drain.  At  Barmston, 
a  stone  axe,  a  perforated  bone  implement,  like  those  from  West 
Furze,  and  bits  of  charcoal  were  found.  At  Gransmoor  a  very 
large  quantity  of  broken  bones  lay  exposed  in  the  bottom 
of  the  drain,  amidst  a  profusion  of  oak  piles  and  beams,  but 
among  them  no  implements  have  been  found. 


GENERAL   REMARKS   ON    BRITISH    LAKE-DWELLINGS.  475 


IV.—  GENERAL    REMARKS    ON    THE    LAKE-DWELLINGS 
OF    GREAT    BRITAIN    AND    IRELAND. 

Having  placed  before  you,  with  a  considerable  amount  of  fullness, 
certain  details  of  ths  investigations  of  ancient  lake -dwellings  that 
have  been  made  within  the  British  Isles  during  the  last  half 
century,  I  proceed  now  to  the  discussion  of  some  facts  bearing 
on  the  ultimate  question  of  their  origin  and  development.  As 
my  conclusions  are  of  a  somewhat  argumentative  character,  in- 
volving the  consideration  of  some  collateral  phenomena  as  well 
as  a  critical  analysis  of  the  special  materials  derived  from 
archaeological  research,  it  will  be  advisable,  in  order  to  secure,  as 
far  as  possible,  precision,  at  least  in  methods,  to  concentrate  attention 
on  a  few  definite  problems — convenient  foci  as  it  were  for  grouping 
my  observations.  I  propose  accordingly  to  deal  successively  with 
their  structural  peculiarities ;  their  range  in  space  and  time,  and 
how  far  this  range  coincides  with  ethnography  ;  and,  finally,  their 
relation  to  analogous  remains  in  Europe. 

Except  in  a  very  tew  instances,  which  will  be  afterwards  more 
specially  referred  to,  all  the  lake-dwellings  hitherto  examined 
in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  were  constructed  on  artificial 
islands  made  generally  of  wood,  but  sometimes  of  stones  and  such 
other  materials  as  might  be  considered  suitable.  Although  no 
such  instructive  examples  as  those  at  Lochlee,  Buston,  etc.,  have 
been  recorded  in  Ireland,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  those  of 
the  latter  country  were  built  on  the  same  general  principles. 
Indeed,  few  of  the  writers  on  Irish  crannogs  have  paid  much 
attention  to  the  structure  of  the  islands,  and,  beyond  the  mere 
statement  that  they  were  stockaded,  palisaded,  or  surrounded  by 
one  or  more  circles  of  piles,  they  have  supplied  no  explanation 
of  the  attachments  and  proper  function  of  the  surrounding  piles. 
But  though  the  purpose  of  the  mortised  beams  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  at  first  well  understood  in  Ireland,  it  is  of  importance 
to  observe  that  their  existence  has  not  been  entirely  overlooked. 
Dr.  Reeves,  writing  of  a  crannog  in  the  county  of  Antrim,  says : 
"These  piles  were  from  17  to  20  feet  long,  and  from  6  to  8  inches 
thick,  driven  into  the  bed  of  the  lough,  and  projecting  above 
this  bed  about  5  or  6  feet.  They  were  bound  together  at  the  top 
by  horizontal  oak-beams,  into  which  they  were  mortised,  and 


470  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

secured  in  the   mortise   by  stout   wooden   pegs."     (Proc.  R  I.  A., 
vol.  vii.  p.  155.) 

Mr.  G.  H.  Kinahan  in  a  paper  on  the  crannogs  of  Lough 
Rea  thus  incidentally  alludes  to  the  subject : — "  A  little  north- 
west of  the  double  row,  in  the  old  working,  there  is  a  part  of  a 
circle  of  piles ;  and  in  another,  a  row  of  piles  running  nearly 
east  and  west.  Mr.  Hemsworth  of  Danesfort,  who  spent  many 
of  his  younger  days  boating  on  the  lake,  and  knows  every  part 
of  it,  informs  me  that  on  the  upper  end  of  some  of  the  upright 
piles  there  were  the  marks  of  where  horizontal  beams  were  mortised 
on  them.  These  seemed  now  to  have  disappeared,  as  I  did  not 
remark  them."  (Ibid.,  vol.  viii.  p.  417.) 

These  are  by  no  means  isolated  observations  on  this  point, 
and  when  we  consider  how  readily  the  exposed  woodwork  of  an 
uninhabited  crannog  would  be  destroyed,  either  by  the  hand  of 
man  or  the  natural  processes  of  decay,  we  need  not  wonder  that 
it  is  only  the  stumps  of  the  piles  and  generally  submerged  portions 
of  these  singular  structures  that  remain  to  the  present  day. 

The  construction  of  a  crannog  must  have  been  a  gigantic 
operation  in  those  days,  requiring  in  many  cases  the  services  of 
the  whole  clan.  Having  fixed  on  a  suitable  locality — the  topo- 
graphical requirements  of  which  seemed  to  be  a  small  mossy  lake, 
with  its  margin  overgrown  with  weeds  and  grasses,  and  secluded 
amidst  the  thick  meshes  of  the  primaeval  forests — the  next  con- 
sideration was  the  selection  of  the  materials  for  constructing 
the  island.  In  a  lake  containing  soft  and  yielding  sediment  of 
decomposed  vegetable  matter,  it  is  manifest  that  any  heavy  sub- 
stances, such  as  stones  and  earth,  would  be  totally  inadmissible, 
owing  to  their  weight,  so  that  solid  logs  of  wood,  provided  there 
was  an  abundant  supply  at  hand,  would  be  the  best  and  cheapest 
material  that  could  be  used. 

The  general  plan  adopted  was  to  make  an  island  of  stems  of 
trees  and  brushwood  laid  transversely,  with  which  stones  and 
earth  were  mingled.  This  mass  was  pinned  together,  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  series  of  stockades,  which  were  firmly  united  by 
intertwining  branches,  or,  in  the  more  artistically  constructed 
crannogs,  by  horizontal  beams  with  mortised  holes  to  receive  the 
uprights.  These  horizontal  beams  were  arranged  in  two  ways. 
One  set  ran  along  the  circumference  and  bound  together  all  the 
uprights  in  the  same  circle,  while  others  took  a  radial  direction 


GENERAL   REMARKS   ON   BRITISH   LAKE-DWELLINGS.  477 

and  connected  each  circle  together.  Sometimes  the  latter  were 
long  enough  to  embrace  three  circles.  The  external  ends  of  these 
radial  beams  were  occasionally  observed  to  be  continuous  with 
additional  strengthening  materials,  such  as  wooden  props  and 
large  stones,  which,  in  some  cases,  appeared  also  to  have  acted 
as  a  breakwater.  The  mechanical  skill  displayed  in  their  structure 
was  specially  directed  to  give  stability  to  the  island  and  to  prevent 
superincumbent  pressure  from  causing  the  general  mass  to  bulge 
outwards. 

South  of  the  Scottish  border  the  remains  of  lake-dwellings 
are  too  much  decayed  or  imperfectly  observed  to  furnish  many 
reliable  data  bearing  on  this  subject.  So  far,  however,  as  the 
evidence  goes  it  would  appear  that  the  artificial  island  in  Llan- 
gorse  and  the  lacustrine  dwellings  in  Holderness  were  true 
fascines ;  the  former,  indeed,  having  all  the  appurtenances  of  the 
typical  crannog. 

The  crannogs  were  made  accessible  by  various  means.  Some 
had  moles  or  stone  causeways,  the  existence  of  which,  in  some 
instances,  became  known  only  upon  the  drainage  of  the  lake. 
Hence  it  is  conjectured  that  these  approaches  might  have  been 
always  submerged,  and  so  supplied,  on  emergencies,  a  secret 
means  of  communication  with  the  shore.  This  idea  was  sug- 
gested by  the  tortuous  direction  which  many  of  them  assumed, 
as  for  example  the  causeway  discovered  in  the  Loch  of  Sanqu- 
har  which  had  a  zig-zag  direction  and  so  could  only  be  waded 
by  persons  intimately  acquainted  with  its  windings.  Others  were 
approached  by  a  wooden  gangway,  the  evidence  of  which  now 
consists  only  of  the  stumps  of  a  double  row  of  piles.  Others 
again  were  completely  insulated  and  accessible  only  by  boats. 
One  feature  regarding  some  of  the  wooden  gangways  deserves 
particular  attention.  Both  at  Lochlee  and  Lochspouts  the  piles 
were  found  to  be  tightly  embraced  at  their  lower  extremities  by 
a  curiously  constructed  network  of  transverse  beams.  As  the 
surface  of  these  elaborate  structures  was  buried  from  3  to  7  feet 
beneath  the  lake-bed,  my  first  impression  was  that  they  might 
have  been  used,  like  the  submerged  stone  causeways,  as  a  con- 
cealed means  of  communicating  with  the  shore.  To  test  this 
suggestion  I  had  a  special  excavation  made  along  the  line  of  a 
gangway  at  the  Miller's  Cairn  in  Loch  Dowalton.  (B.  420,  p.  102.) 
After  digging  through  3  feet  of  the  consolidated  and  hardened 


478  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

mud,  we  came  upon  a  stratum  of  fine  blue  clay,  extremely  tena- 
cious, and  little  liable  to  displacement.  -The  pointed  stakes  of 
the  gangway,  which  penetrated  into  this  clay  only  a  few  inches, 
here  met  with  a  firm  resistance.  It  then  occurred  to  me  that 
the  ingeniously  arranged  wooden  beams  at  Lochlee  and  Loch- 
spouts  served  merely  the  same  end  as  the  blue  clay  at  the 
Miller's  Cairn,  and  that  they  were  to  be  found  only  in  localities 
where  there  was  a  great  depth  of  mud  incapable  ol  affording  a 
sufficient  basis  of  resistance  to  the  piles.  Such  difficulties  have 
been  encountered  by  the  constructors  of  pile-dwellings  in  all 
countries ;  and  it  is  curious  to  note  the  variety  of  methods  by 
which  they  were  overcome.  The  Swiss  lake-dwellers  sometimes 
surrounded  the  piles  with  heaps  of  stones  which  now  go  under 
the  name  of  Steinbergs;  at  other  times  split  planks  were  laid  on 
the  soft  mud  into  which  the  piles  were  mortised.  The  former 
plan  was  adopted  on  rocky  shores  too  hard  for  piles  to  be  driven 
in,  and  the  latter  where  there  was  a  great  depth  of  soft  mud,  as 
at  Wollishofen  and  other  stations  adjacent  to  the  town  of  Zurich. 
In  North  Germany,  as  Persanzig,  Aryssee,  and  other  localities, 
the  log-house  principle,  which  greatly  economised  the  materials, 
was  adopted  in  the  construction  of  the  subaqueous  foundations. 
It  appears  to  me  that  this  was  the  principle  adopted  in  the 
structure  of  the  great  Irish  crannog  of  Lagore,  as  Sir  W.  Wilde 
distinctly  states  that  it  was  "  divided  into  separate  compartments 
by  septa  or  divisions  that  intersected  one  another  in  different 
directions."  It  was  in  these  compartments,  which  were  filled 
with  bones  and  black  mud,  that  the  antiquities  were  found ;  so 
that  the  crannog-dwellers  must  have  used  them  as  kitchen- 
middens.  Originally  they  contained  only  water,  but  in  the 
course  of  time  they  became  filled  with  food  refuse  and  other 
debris.  House-cleaning  was  thus  reduced  to  a  minimum,  while 
the  laws  of  sanitation  were  not  more  violated  than  in  the  under- 
ground cess-pools  of  many  of  our  modern  dwellings.  A  curious 
statement  by  Wilde  in  regard  to  the  disposal  of  bones  at 
Lagore  is  that  "  the  remains  of  each  species  of  animal  were 
placed  in  separate  divisions,  with  but  little  intermixture  with  any 
others." 

It  may  be  also  mentioned  that  the  log-house  structures 
described  by  Pigorini  as  lining  the  inside  of  the  surrounding 
dyke  in  the  terramara  of  Castione  were  perfectly  analogous, 


GENERAL    REMARKS   ON    BRITISH    LAKE-DWELLINGS.  479 

only  in   this   case   the   compartments   were   filled   with   clay  and 
rubbish,  so  as  to  act  better  as  contraforte  to  the  clay  wall. 

Canoes  are  so  invariably  found  associated  with  crannogs  that 
their  discovery  in  lakes  and  bogs  has  been  considered  by  Dr. 
Stuart  as  an  indication  of  the  existence  of  the  latter.  This  may 
ba  true  in  some  cases ;  but  in  others,  such  as  Closeburn,  Loch- 
winnoch,  and  Loch  Doon,  three  of  the  examples  cited  by  him,  it 
is  more  probable  that  the  canoes  were  used  by  the  occupiers  of  the 
mediaeval  castles  in  the  vicinity  of  Avhich  they  were  found.  From 
these  and  other  instances  that  have  come  under  my  notice 
I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  dug-out  canoes  do  not 
indicate  such  great  antiquity  as  is  commonly  attributed  to 
them,  nor  do  they  therefore  necessarily  carry  us  back  to  pre- 
historic times. 

There  is  no  peculiarity  in  the  structure  or  form  of  these 
dug-outs  which  distinguishes  their  age  or  nationality.  There  is 
a  good  collection  of  them  in  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy.  Some  have  pointed  prows  and  square-cut  sterns  ;  others 
have  both  ends  pointed ;  some  have  cross  bands,  like  ribs,  left  in 
the  solid  oak  at  regular  intervals,  as  if  to  strengthen  the  vessel ; 
while  others  are  uniformly  scooped  out  without  any  raised  ridges. 
They  vary  much  in  size  and  shape.  The  largest  is  thus  referred 
to  in  the  small  handbook  to  the  Museum : — "  Down  the  centre 
of  the  room  extends  the  largest  known  canoe,  formed  of  a  single 
tree.  The  remains  measure  42  feet  in  length,  and  the  canoe 
was  probably  45  feet  long,  by  4  to  5  feet  wide,  in  its  original 
state.  It  was  recovered  from  the  bottom  of  Loch  Owel,  in 
West  Meath,  and  cut  into  eight  soctions  for  purposes  of  trans- 
port. There  is  a  curious  arrangement  of  apertures  in  the 
bottom,  apparently  to  receive  the  ends  of  uprights  supporting  an 
elevating  deck." 

One  of  the  canoes  found  at  Lochlee,  the  remains  of  which 
are  still  preserved  in  the  Burns'  Museum  at  Kilmarnock, 
measured  when  disinterred  10  feet  long,  2J  broad,  and  If  deep. 
There  were  nine  apertures  in  its  bottom,  arranged  in  two  rows, 
four  on  each  side,  with  the  odd  one  at  the  apex.  These  holes 
were  perfectly  round,  and  exactly  one  inch  in  diameter ;  but 
when  the  boat  was  found  they  were  quite  unobserved,  being  all 
tightly  plugged  up,  and  it  was  only  long  afterwards  that  the 
plugs,  upon  drying,  dropped  out  and  so  revealed  their  existence. 


4SO 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


I  hiring  the  summer  of  1874  a  canoe  (Fig.  177)  was  discovered 
in  Loch  Arthur,  or  Lotus  Loch,  in  the  stewartry  of  Kirkcudbright, 
in  the  vicinity  of  a  small  artificial  island,  which  is  thus  described 
by  Rev.  James  Gillespie  :— 

"  When  fully  exposed  to  view  by  the  trench  which  was  dug  around  it, 
the  canoe  was  seen  to  be  of  great  size,  ornately  finished,  and  in  a  fair  state 
of  preservation.  It  had  been  hollowed  out  of  the  trunk  of  an  oak,  which 
must  have  been  a  patriarch  of  the  forest,  the  extreme  length  of  the  canoe 
bring  4o  feet  and  the  breadth  at  the  stern  5  feet.  The  boat  gradually 
tapers  from  the  stern  to  the  prow,  which  ends  in  a  remarkable  prolonga- 
tion resembling  the  outstretched  neck  and  head  of  an  animal.  When 
excavated  this  portion  of  the  canoe  was  entire.  At  the  neck  of  the  figure- 
head there  is  a  circular  hole,  about  5  inches  in  diameter,  from  side  to  side. 
At  the  prow  a  small  flight  of  steps  has  been  carved  in  the  solid  oak  from 


Fig.  177.— Forward  half  of  the  Canoe  found  in  Loch  Arthur. 


the  top  to  the  bottom  of  the  canoe.  The  stern  is  square,  and  formed  of  a 
separate  piece  of  wood,  inserted  in  a  groove  about  an  inch  and  a  half  from 
the  extremity  of  the  canoe. 

"  Along  the  starboard  side  (which  when  found  was  in  good  preserva- 
tion, except  near  the  stern)  there  could  be  traced  seven  holes  about  three 
inches  in  diameter.  The  three  front  holes  were  nearly  perfect,  but  at  the 
stern  the  side  was  so  broken  that  only  the  lower  parts  of  the  holes  could 
be  observed.  They  are  about  five  feet  apart,  and  the  front  hole  is  about 
that  distance  from  the  prow — the  last  being  about  seven  feet  from  the 
stern.  There  are  three  holes  pierced  through  the  bottom  at  irregular 
intervals."  (/Vm\  Soc.  Antiq.  tfcof.,  vol.  xi.  p.  21.) 

A  curious  feature  presented  by  some  of  these  canoes  was  that 
accidental  defects  had  been  repaired,  and  the  method  adopted  in 
its  execution  is  worth  noticing.  The  canoe  found  close  to  the 
Huston  crannog  already  described  (page  428),  showed  this  pecu- 
liarity in  a  marked  degree.  Another  from  the  Loch  of  Canmor 
is  thus  described  by  the  Rev.  James  Wattie  :— 

"On  the  16th  June,  1859,  there  was  fished  up  from  the  bottom  of  the 
loch,  near  the  north  shore,  opposite  to  the  Prison  Island,  a  canoe  (Fig. 
178)  hollowed  out  of  a  single  oak-tree,  22J  feet  long,  3  feet  2  inches  wide 
over  the  top  at  the  stern,  2  feet  10  inches  in  the  middle,  and  2  feet  9 


GENERAL   REMARKS   ON   BRITISH   LAKE-DWELLINGS.  481 

inches  at  6  feet  from  the  bow,  which  ended  nearly  in  a  point.  The  edges 
are  thin  and  sharp,  the  depth  irregular — in  one  place  5  inches,  the  greatest 
9  inches.  There  are  no  seats,  nor  rollocks  or  places  for  oars ;  but  there 
may  have  been  seats  along  the  sides,  secured  by  pins  through  holes  still  in 
the  bottom.  There  are  two  rents  in  the  bottom,  alongside  of  each  other, 
about  eighteen  feet  long  each  ;  to  remedy  these,  five  bars  across  had  been 
mortised  into  the  bottom  outside,  from  22  to  27  inches  long  and  3  inches 
broad,  except  at  the  ends,  where  they  were  a  kind  of  dovetailed,  and  4 


Fig.  178. — Canoe  found  in  Loch  Canmor. 

inches  broad.  One  of  these  bars  still  remains,  and  is  of  very  neat  work- 
manship, and  neatly  mortised  in.  The  other  bars  are  lost,  but  their  places 
are  quite  distinct.  They  have  been  fastened  with  pins,  for  which  there  are 
five  pairs  of  holes  through  the  bottom  of  the  canoe,  at  the  opposite  side, 
at  a  distance  of  from  18  to  20  inches,  the  bottom  being  flattish.  There 
are  also  five  pairs  of  larger  holes  through  the  bottom,  etc."  (B.  94,  p.  167.) 

Exact  parallels  to  all  these  have  been  found  in  the  Continental 
lake-dwellings.  Of  two  found  at  Vingelz,  Lake  of  Bienne,  the  largest 
was  43J  feet  long,  4  feet  4  inches  wide,  and  had  4  ribs  left  in  the 
solid.  It  had  iron  cramps  also,  apparently  to  strengthen  it,  and 
belonged  to  the  pre-Roman  Iron  Age.  One  at  Cudrefin  had  also 
these  solid  cross  ribs.  One  of  the  best  preserved  was  found  a  few 
years  ago  at  Vingrave  (Lake  of  Bienne)  covered  with  2  J  feet  of  mud, 
and  is  now  deposited  in  the  Museum  of  Neuveville.  It  is  roughly 
made,  having  thick  sides  and  a  square-cut  stern,  with  a  groove  for  a 
movable  stern-piece.  From  measurements  lately  taken  by  myself 
I  found  it  to  be  30 1  feet  long,  rather  less  than  3  feet  wide,  and  its 
greatest  depth  1  foot.  Its  sides  had  four  or  five  cuts  along  their 
margin,  apparently  for  the  use  of  oars.  (B.  392,  p.  20.) 

That  the  crannogs  in  Scotland  and  Ireland  lingered  on  suffi- 
ciently long  to  come  within  the  borderland  of  history  requires 
no  great  amplification  here.  The  references  to  crannogs  in  the 
Irish  annals  are  very  numerous,  extending  over  a  period  from 
the  middle  of  the  ninth  to  the  seventeenth  century. 

In  1870  there  was  published  in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Histori- 
cal and  Archaeological  Association  of  Ireland  (B.  I7la)  an  account 
of  an  unsuccessful  attack  on  a  crannog  near  Omagh,  in  the  year  1566, 
by  an  English  army  under  the  command  of  Deputy  Lord  Sydney. 
F  F 


482  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

This  document,  which  was  copied  by  Dr.  Caulfield  from  despatches 
in  the  Public  Record  Office,  London,  gives  a  vivid  description  of  the 
methods  adopted  in  the  attack  and  defence.  A  kind  of  pontoon  was 
constructed  on  "floating  barrels,"  which  conveyed  the  attacking 
party  to  the  island ;  but  they  found  it  "  so  bearded  with  stakes  and 
other  sharp  wood,  as  it  was  not  without  extreme  difficulty  scaleable, 
and  so  ramparted  as  if  the  hedge  had  been  burned — for  doing 
whereof  the  fireworks  failed — without  a  long  time  it  was  not  to  be 
digged  down.  Yet  some  scaled  to  the  top,  whereof  Edward  Vaughan 
was  one,  who,  being  pushed  with  a  pike  from  the  same,  fell  between 
the  hedge  and  the  bridge,  and  being  heavily  armed — albeit  he 
could  swim  perfect  well — was  drowned,  and  two  others  hurt  upon 
the  rampart  and  drowned,"  etc. 

That  these  island  forts,  however  impregnable  they  might  be 
considered  in  previous  ages,  had  ultimately  to  succumb  before 
the  more  modern  resources  of  warfare,  is  shown  by  the  follow- 
ing narrative  taken  from  the  Calendar  of  State  Papers  of  Ireland, 
vol.  156,  p.  374:— 

"  There  was  one  Dualtagh  O'Conner,  a  notorious  traitor,  that  of  all  the 
rest  continued  longest  as  an  outlaw,  of  power  to  do  mischief.  He  had 
fortified  himself  very  strongly  after  their  manner  in  an  island  or  crannoge 
within  Lough  Lane,  standing  within  the  county  of  Roscommon  and  on 
the  borders  of  that  country  called  Costelloghe.  A  few  days  ago,  as  oppor- 
tunity and  time  served  me,  I  drew  a  force  on  the  sudden  one  night  and 
laid  siege  to  the  island  before  day,  and  so  continued  seven  days,  restraining 
them  from  sending  any  forth  or  receiving  any  in,  and  in  the  meantime  I 
had  caused  divers  boats  from  Athlone  and  a  couple  of  great  iron  pieces  to 
be  brought  against  the  island,  and  on  the  seventh  day  we  took  the  island, 
without  hurt  to  any  on  our  side,  save  my  brother  John,  who  got  a  bullet- 
wound  in  the  back.  When  our  men  entered  the  island  there  was  four.d 
within  it  26  persons,  whereof  7  were  Dualtagh 's  sons  and  daughters  ;  but 
himself  and  18  others,  seeking  to  save  themselves  by  swimming,  and  in 
their  cot  to  recover  the  wood  next  the  shore,  were  for  the  most  part 
drowned.  Some  report  that  Dualtagh  was  drowned,  but  the  truth  is  not 
known.  It  was  scarce  daylight,  and  the  weather  was  foggy  when  they 
betook  themselves  to  flight.  The  Irishry  held  that  place  as  a  thing  in- 
vincible."—Sir  R.  Bingham  to  Burghley,  Dec.  16th,  1590. 

In  addition  to  the  historical  evidence  we  have  that  of  the 
relics  found  on  many  of  these  crannogs,  which  includes  iron  pots, 
guns,  leaden  bullets,  coins,  etc.  Thus  associated  with  two  crannogs 
in  Lough  Annagh  were  an  iron  cuirass,  matchlock  guns,  pistols, 


GENERAL   REMARKS   ON    BRITISH    LAKE-DWELLINGS. 


483 


antique  keys,  spurs,  various  implements  of  iron,  a  bronze  ladle, 
bronze  spearhead,  etc.     (B.  149,  p.  156.) 

To  the  literary  researches  of  the  late  Dr.  J.  Robertson  we 
are  indebted  for  equally  explicit  historical  notices  regarding  the 
Scottish  crannogs  : — "Among  the  more  remarkable  oc<  the  Scottish 
crannogs  is  that  in  the  Loch  of  Forfar,  which  bears  the  name  of 
St.  Margaret,  the  Queen  of  King  Malcolm  Canmore,  who  died 
in  1097.  It  is  chiefly  natural,  but  has  been  strengthened  by  piles 
and  stones,  and  the  care  taken  to  preserve  this  artificial  barrier 
is  attested  by  a  record  of 
the  year  1508.  Another  cran- 
noge — that  of  Lochindorb,  in 
Moray — was  visited  by  King 
Edward  I.  of  England  in 
1303,  about  which  time  it 
was  fortified  by  a  castle  of 
such  mark  that,  in  1336, 
King  Edward  III.  of  Eng- 
land led  an  army  to  its  re- 
lief through  the  mountain 
passes  of  Athol  and  Eade- 
noch.  A  third  crannoge  — 
that  of  Loch  Cannor  or 
Kinord,  in  Aberdeenshire — 
appears  in  history  in  1335,  pig  179_Brass  Vessel  found  in  Loch 

had    King    James    IV.   for   its  Canmor.     Height,  10|  inches. 

guest  in  1506,  and  continued 

to  be  a  place  of  strength  until  1648,  when  the  Estates  of 
Parliament  ordered  its  fortifications  to  be  destroyed.  It  has  an 
area  of  about  an  acre,  and  owes  little  or  nothing  to  art  beyond 
a  rampart  of  stones  and  a  row  of  piles.  In  the  same  lake 
there  is  another  and  much  smaller  crannoge,  which  is  wholly 
artificial.  Forty  years  after  the  dismantling  of  the  crannoge  of 
Loch  Cannor,  the  crannoge  of  Loch-an-Eilan,  in  Strathspey,  is 
spoken  of  as  'useful  to  the  country  in  times  of  troubles  or 
wars,  for  the  people  put  in  their  goods  and  children  here,  and 
it  is  easily  defended.'  Canoes  hollowed  out  of  the  trunks  of 
oaks  have  been  found,  as  well  beside  the  Scotch  as  beside  the  Irish 
crannoges.  Bronze  (brass)  vessels,  apparently  for  kitchen  purposes 
(Fig.  179),  are  also  of  frequent  occurrence,  but  do  not  seem 


484 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


to  be  of  a  very  ancient  type.  Deers'  horns,  boars'  tusks,  and  the 
bones  of  domestic  animals,  have  been  discovered ;  and  in  one 
instance  a  stone-hammer,  and  in  another  what  seem  to  be  pieces 

for  some  such  game  as  draughts  or 
backgammon,  have  been  dug  up " 
(Fig.  180). 

"  Before  the  recent  drainage  of  the 
Loch  of  Leys — or  the  Loch  of  Ban- 
chory,  as  it  was  called  of  old — the 
loch  covered  about  140  acres,  but,  at 
some  earlier  date,  had  been  four  or 
tive  times  as  large.  It  had  one  small 
island,  long  known  to  be  artificial, 

oval  in  shape,  measuring  nearly  200  feet  in  length  by  about  100  in 
breadth,  elevated  about  10  feet  above  the  bottom  of  the  loch,  and 
distant  about  100  yards  from  the  nearest  point  of  the  mainland. 
What  was  discovered  as  to  the  structure  of  this  islet  will  be  best 
given  in  the  words  of  the  gentleman,  of  whose  estate  it  is  a 
part,  Sir  James  Horn  Burnett,  of  Crathes.  '  Digging  at  the  Loch 


Fig.  180.  -Bone  Object  found 
in  the  Loch  of  Forfar. 
Natural  size. 


Fig.  181.— Brass  Pots  found  in  Loch  of  Banchory. 

of  Leys  renewed.  Took  out  two  oak  trees  laid  along  the  bottom 
of  the  lake,  one  5  feet  in  circumference  and  9  feet  long;  the 
other  shorter.  It  is  plain  that  the  foundation  of  the  island  has 
baen  of  oak  and  birch  trees  laid  alternately,  and  filled  up  with 
earth  and  stones.  The  bark  was  quite  fresh  on  the  trees.  The 


GENERAL   REMARKS   ON    BRITISH   LAKE-DWELLINGS.  485 

island  is  surrounded  by  oak  piles  which  now  project  2  or  3  feet 
above  ground.  They  have  evidently  been  driven  in  to  protect 
the  island  from  the  action  of  water.'  Below  the  surface  were 


Fig.  182. — Brass  Pot  (height,  11  inches),  and  Brass  Jag  (height,  9  inches), 
found  in  the  Loch  of  Banchory. 

found  the  bones  and  antlers  of  a  red  deer  of  great  size,  kitchen 
vessels  of  bronze  (brass)  (Figs.  181  and  182),  a  millstone  (taking  the 
place  of  the  quern  in  the  Irish  crannogs),  a  small  canoe,  and  a 


Fig.  183.— View  of  Surface  of  the  Isle  of  the  Loch  of  Banchory, 
showing  foundations  of  Stone  Buildings. 

rude,  flat-bottomed  boat  about  9  feet  long,  made,  as  in  Ireland  and 
Switzerland,  from  one  piece  of  oak.  The  surface  of  the  crannog 
was  occupied  by  a  strong  substantial  building  (Fig.  183).  This 


486  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

has  latterly  been  known  by  the  name  of  the  Castle  of  Leys, 
and  tradition,  or  conjecture,  speaks  of  it  as  a  fortalice,  from 
which  the  Wauchopes  were  driven  during  the  Bruces'  wars, 
adding  that  it  was  the  seat  of  the  Burnetts  until  the  middle 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  when  they  built  the  present  castle  of 
Crathes.  A  grant  of  King  Robert  I.  to  the  ancestors  of  the 
Burnetts  includes  lacum  de  Banchory  cum  insula  ejusdem.  The 
island  again  appoars  in  record  in  the  years  1619  and  1654  and 
1664,  under  the  name  of  '  The  Isle  of  the  Loch  of  Banchory.' " 

That  Scottish  lake-dwellings  were  known  by  the  same  name, 
crannog,  as  the  Irish,  Dr.  Robertson  adduces  the  following  extract 
from  the  Register  of  the  Privy  Council  to  show  :— 

"  Instructions  to  Andro  bischop  of  the  Yllis,  Andro  lord 
Stcuart  of  Ychiltrie,  and  James  lord  of  Bewlie,  comptroller,  etc.  .  .  . 
That  the  haill  houssis  of  defence,  strongholdis  and  cranokis  in 
the  Yllis  perteining  to  thame  and  their  foirsaidis  sal  be  delyverit  to 
his  Maicstio  and  sic  as  his  Heynes  sail  appoint  to  ressave  the 
same  to  be  vsit  at  his  Maiesty's  pleasour,  etc.,  14  Aprilis,  1608." 

While  the  comparative  late  occupancy  of  the  crannogs  in  both 
countries  is,  therefore,  unquestionable,  their  early  origin  is 
enveloped  in  the  deepest  mystery.  Was  the  system  an  indigenous 
invention — the  result  of  circumscribed  local  exigencies — or  derived 
from  foreign  sources  ?  and  when  was  it  founded  or  introduced  ? 
are  questions  that  have  elicited  responses  of  different  characters. 
Sir  W.  R.  Wilde,  undoubtedly  one  of  the  foremost  authorities  on 
Irish  crannogs,  assigns  them  to  the  Iron  Age.  "  Certainly,"  says 
he,  "the  evidences  derived  from  the  antiquities  found  in  ours, 
and  which  are  chiefly  of  iron,  refer  them  to  a  much  later  period 
than  the  Swiss;  while  we  do  not  find  any  flint  arrows  or  stone  celts, 
and  but  very  few  bronze  weapons,  in  our  crannogs.  Moreover, 
we  have  positive  documentary  evidence  of  the  occupation  of 
many  of  these  fortresses  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth,  and  some 
even  later."  (B.  24,  p.  152.)  Mr.  G.  H.  Kinahan,  on  the  other 
hand,  thus  formulates  his  opinion  in  a  short  article  contributed 
to  Keller's  book  (B.  119,  2nd  ed.,  p.  654) :— "  Of  the  time  when 
the  crannogs  were  first  built  there  is  no  known  record,  but  that 
they  must  have  been  inhabited  at  an  early  period  is  evident,  as 
antiquities  belonging  to  the  Stone  Age  are  found  in  them.  Some 
were  in  use  up  to  modern  times,  Crannough  Macknavin,  county 
Galway,  having  been  destroyed  in  A.D.  1610,  by  the  English, 


GENERAL   REMARKS   ON   BRITISH   LAKE-DWELLINGS.  487 

while  Bally-na-huish  Castle  was  inhabited  fifty  years  ago.  Some 
crannogs  seem  to  have  been  continuously  occupied  until  they 
were  finally  abandoned,  while  others  were  deserted  for  longer  or 
shorter  periods.  In  Shore  Island,  Lough  Rea,  County  Galway, 
there  is  a  lacustrine  accumulation  over  3  feet  thick,  marking  the 
time  that  elapsed  between  two  occupations." 

That  objects  supposed  to  be  typical  of  the  Stone  and  Bronze 
Ages  have  been  found  on  many  of  the  Irish  crannogs  there  can 
be  no  doubt  at  all.  For  example,  among  the  remains  described 
by  Mr.  Shirley  from  the  crannogs  of  MacMahon's  country  are 
stone  celts,  arrow-heads  of  flint  and  bronze,  three  looped  celts 
of  bronze,  etc.  ;  but  these  were  associated  with  many  iron 
objects  of  comparatively  modern  manufacture,  such  as  a  gun- 
barrel,  pistol-lock,  ploughshares  of  iron,  parts  of  harps,  and 
spinning-wheels,  etc.,  etc. 

"  The  oldest  article,"  writes  Mr.  Benn,  "  from  the  crannog  at 
Randalstown  found,  so  far  as  I  know,  was  a  stone  hatchet, 
rather  of  a  small  size,  but  not  remarkable  or  uncommon. 
The  most  recent,  and  the  only  piece  of  coin  I  ever  heard 
of,  discovered  in  such  a  locality,  is  a  base  coin  of  Philip  and 
Mary."  (B.  29,  p.  88.)  In  the  crannog  of  Roughan  Lake,  the 
last  retreat  of  Sir  Phelim  O'Neil,  some  bronze  spear-heads 
were  found,  along  with  a  highly  ornamented  quern  stone.  On 
the  lowering  of  Lough  Gur  an  island  became  visible  which  is 
said  to  have  been  a  crannog,  and  on  it  were  found,  among  other 
things,  a  remarkably  fine  bronze  spear-head,"*  having  its  socket 
ornamented  with  gold,  a  stone  mould  for  spear-heads  (Fig.  107), 
and  some  bones  of  the  reindeer ;  but  yet  it  existed  as  a  strong- 
hold till  1599,  when  it  was  surrendered  by  the  English  to  the 
Earl  of  Desmond. t  The  sword-blades  figured  by  Wood-Martin 
(B.  444,  pi.  xxx vii.)  as  coming  from  crannog  sites  at  Toome 
Bar  are  undoubtedly  characteristic  specimens  of  the  Bronze  Age 
weapons ;  but  then  the  evidence  that  they  are  crannog  relics  at  all 
is  so  slender  that  for  determinative  purposes  they  may  be  considered 
valueless.  Moreover  they  were  associated  with  objects  equally 
typical  of  all  ages — from  palaeolithic  flints  to  mediaeval  silver  orna- 
ments. "All  these  flint  flakes  are  of  the  earliest  type,"  says  Mr.  Day, 
who  describes  this  locality,  "  many  closely  resembling  those  found 

*  Evans,  "  An.  Br.  Implements,"  p.  436. 

f  Proc.  R.  I.  A.,  vol.  ix.  p.  176  ;  and  vol.  i.,  2nd  Ser.,  p.  223. 


488  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

in   the  '  drift '  at  Abbeville  ; "  and   the   relics  include  flint  cores, 
stone  and  bronze  objects,  a  "  ring    brooch,  enamelled  bead,  and 
a  silver  armlet."    (B.   92,  p.  227.)     Similar   remarks  are  equally 
applicable  to  all  the    Scottish    crannogs  on  which  objects  appa- 
rently belonging  to  different  ages  have  been  found.     A  reviewer 
of    my   work  on  "  Ancient  Scottish  Lake-dwellings  "  (B.  373),  in 
which  I  gave  it  as  my  opinion  that  the  Lochlee  crannog  must 
be  assigned  to  post-Roman  times,  takes  exception  to  this  opinion 
on    the    grounds  that   amongst   the   relics   are   a   polished   stone 
celt  of  neolithic  typo,  flint  scrapers,  which,  he  says,  "may  be  of 
the  Bronze  Age,  but  could  hardly  be  considered  as  post-Roman," 
and   portions  of   the   antlers  of    the    reindeer,    which,   according 
to   him,   "  can   hardly   have   ranged   as   far   south  at  any  period 
later  than  the  neolithic  age."     Had  my  reviewer  read  the  remarks 
in    my    book    at   page    147,   regarding   this   polished  greenstone 
hatchet,   he   would  hardly   have   selected   it   to   prove    that   this 
crannog  existed  during  the  neolithic  age.      My  words  are  :  "  As 
many  of  the  relics,  if  judged  independently  of  the  rest  and  their 
surroundings,   might    be   taken   as   good    representatives    of    the 
three  so-called  Ages  of  Stone,  Bronze,  and  Iron,  it  is  but  natural  for 
the   reader   to  inquire   if    superposition   has   defined   them    by    a 
corresponding   relationship.      On   this   point   I   offer   no   dubious 
opinion.       The    polished    stone    celt    (that    referred    to    by   my 
reviewer)  and  an  iron  knife  were  found  almost  in  juxtaposition 
about  the  level  of  the  lowest  fireplace."      The  iron   implements 
on  this  crannog  included  hatchets,  chisels,  gouges,  and  a  cross- 
cut saw,  and  the  very  lowest    logs    bore  unmistakable  evidence 
of   having  been  manipulated  with  sharp  metal  tools.     The  entire 
absence  of  cutting  instruments  of   bronze  renders  it  more  than 
probable  that  such  tools  were  made  of   iron,  and  were    similar 
to  those  found  on  the  crannog.     As  for  the  conclusions  educed 
from    the    presence   of    the   horns   of   the   reindeer   (hesitatingly 
identified   by   the   late    Professor    Rolleston),   it   is   now   actually 
proved  that  this  animal  was  not  extinct  in  Scotland  before  the 
twelfth  century.     In  the  "  Orkneyinga   Saga "  *   it  is  stated  that 
"every  summer  the   Earls  were   wont   to   go   over  to  Caithness, 
and   up  into  the  forests,  to  hunt  the  red  deer  or  the  reindeer." 
The  recent  discovery  of  its  bones  and  horns  in  refuse  heaps  in 

*  See  translation  of    O.  S..  edited    by   Dr.    Joseph    Anderson,   p.    182  •    also 
Proe.   S.  A,  Scot.,  vol.  viii. 


GENERAL   REMARKS   ON    BRITISH    LAKE-DWELLINGS.  489 

Caithness,  and  in  many  of  the  brochs  in  the  north  of  Scotland, 
amply  proves  that  the  reindeer  was  hunted  and  eaten  by  the 
Norsemen  as  late  as  the  above  date. 

Whatever  explanation  may  be  forthcoming  as  to  the  prevalence 
of  prehistoric  relics  on  these  crannogs,  there  is  no  possibility  of 
denying  that  the  vast  majority  of  them  were  not  only  inhabited, 
but  constructed  during  the  Iron  Age.  Mr.  Wakeman,  in  the 
most  carefully  investigated  of  all  the  crannogs  in  Fermanagh, 
viz.  that  at  Drumdarragh,  describes  three  periods  of  occupation  ; 
yet  among  the  relics  corresponding  to  the  earliest  period  were 
several  iron  objects,  one  being  "  an  animal's  head  in  iron,"  which 
he  considers  might  be  the  leg  of  a  pot.  Nor  am  I  aware  that 
superposition  has  denned  in  any  clear  instance  the  hetero- 
geneous mixture  of  relics  that  usually  turn  up  on  crannogs. 

It  must  also  be  noticed  that  few,  if  any,  of  them  can  be 
classified  as  exclusively  belonging  to  the  earlier  ages,  like  those 
so  numerously  recorded  in  Central  Europe.  Indeed,  there  are 
only  two  or  three  which  have  any  claim  to  such  delimitation, 
viz.  those  in  Coal-bog  (Kilnamaddo),  in  Drumkelin  bog,  county 
Donegal,  and  in  Holderness.  On  the  two  former  sites  were  found 
the  most  perfect  examples  of  log-huts  that  have  yet  come  to 
light,  and  as  they  were  both  deeply  buried  in  peat,  17  and  25 
feet  respectively,  they  undoubtedly  point  to  some  antiquity. 
But  the  relics,  which  include  a  stone  axe  and  some  flint  objects, 
are  too  few  to  justify  such  a  sweeping  conclusion  as  that  these 
dwellings  were  constructed  at  a  period  when  metal  implements 
were  unknown  in  the  country.  At  any  rate,  there  can  be  no 
reasonable  doubt  that  the  period  of  greatest  development  of 
the  Scottish  and  Irish  lake-dwellings  was  during  the  Iron  Age, 
and,  at  least,  as  far  posterior  to  Roman  civilisation  as  that  of 
the  Swiss  Pfahlbauten  was  anterior  to  it. 

In  instituting  an  inquiry  as  to  how  far  the  geographical 
distribution  of  crannogs  coincides  with  that  of  the  various 
nationalities  of  the  period,  we  arrive  at  some  striking  results. 
Thus  adopting  Skene's  division  of  the  four  kingdoms  into  which 
Scotland  was  ultimately  divided  by  the  contending  nationalities 
of  Picts,  Scots,  Angles,  and  Strathclyde  Britons,  after  the  final 
withdrawal  of  the  Romans,  I  find  that  of  the  fifty  or  sixty 
crannogs  proper  none  are  located  within  the  territories  of  the 
Angles ;  ten  and  seven  are  respectively  within  the  confines  of 


490  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

the  Picts  and  Scots;  while  all  the  rest  are  situated  in  the 
Scottish  portion  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Strathclyde.  That 
they  have  not  been  found  in  the  south-eastern  provinces  of 
Scotland  may  be  due  to  the  rarity  of  suitable  lakes,  or  the  want 
of  proper  research  on  the  part  of  antiquaries ;  but,  as  the  matter 
actually  stands,  their  absence  suggests  the  theory  that  these 
districts  had  been  occupied  by  a  foreign  element  before  Celtic 
civilisation  gave  such  a  prominence  to  the  lake-dwellings.  It 
will  be  thus  seen  that  in  the  early  centuries  of  the  Christian  era 
the  distribution  of  crannogs  in  Scotland  and  Ireland  closely 
coincides  with  a  well-derined  area  in  which  the  Celtic  language 
was  spoken.  For  proof  that  in  those  days  this  was  the  language 
of  the  south-west  of  Scotland,  I  need  only  point  to  the 
recent  work  of  Sir  Herbert  Maxwell  on  the  topography  of 
Galloway. 

But  from  an  etymological  analysis  of  the  earliest  topographical 
nomenclature  of  Britain,  it  is  inferred  that,  during  still  earlier  times, 
a  much  larger  portion  of  Britain,  if  not  the  whole  of  it,  was 
under  the  sway  of  the  Celts.  Hence  it  becomes  interesting  to 
inquire  if,  in  these  localities,  from  which  Celtic  influence  was 
expelled,  there  exist  traces  of  lake-dwellings.  In  localities 
where  the  Celtic  races  were  never  supplanted  by  foreigners,  it 
would  be  strange  indeed,  and  altogether  at  variance  with  archaeo- 
logical experience,  if  the  habit  of  resorting  to  isolated  and  in- 
accessible islands  for  safety  would  be  all  at  once  abandoned, 
whenever  the  greater  security  afforded  by  stone  buildings  became 
known.  Hence  the  persistence  with  which  the  island  forts 
continued  in  these  Celtic  regions.  But  in  this  wider  Celtic  area, 
on  the  supposition  that  the  Celts  were  the  introducers  or  founders 
of  the  system,  we  ought  to  find  some  vestiges  of  these  dwellings 
along  the  regions  traversed  by  them  before  they  became  isolated 
from  their  Continental  brethren,  and  cooped  up  in  the  western 
districts  of  Britain.  This  is  precisely  what  the  general  researches 
into  British  lake-dwellings  have  shown  in  the  stray  remnants 
of  them  that  have  been  found  in  Llangorse,  Holderness,  the 
meres  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  Cold  Ash  Common,  etc.  All  these, 
with  perhaps  the  exception  of  the  pile-structures  at  London 
Wall,  appear  to  be  older  than  the  majority  of  the  crannogs  of 
Scotland  and  Ireland. 

Taking  all  these  facts  into  account,  together  with  the  distinct 


GENERAL   REMARKS   ON    BRITISH    LAKE-DWELLINGS.  401 

statement  made  by  Caesar  that  the  Britons  were  in  the  habit 
of  making  use  of  wooden  piles  and  marshes  in  their  mode  of 
entrenchments,  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  we  have  here 
evidence  of  a  widely  distributed  custom  which  underlies  the 
subsequent  great  development  which  the  lake-dwellings  assumed 
in  Scotland  and  Ireland.  Moreover,  I  believe  it  probable  that 
the  early  Celts  had  got  this  knowledge  from  contact  with  the 
inhabitants  of  the  pile-villages  in  Central  Europe.  On  this 
hypothesis  it  would  follow  that  the  Celts  had  migrated  into 
Britain  when  these  lacustrine  abodes  were  in  full  vogue  in 
Switzerland,  and  that  they  retained  their  knowledge  of  the 
art  long  after  it  had  fallen  into  desuetude  in  Europe.  Subsequent 
immigrants  into  Britain,  such  as  the  Belgse,  Angles,  etc.,  would 
cultivate  new  and  improved  methods  of  defensive  warfare ; 
whilst  the  first  Celtic  invaders,  still  retaining  their  primary 
ideas  of  civilisation,  when  harassed  by  enemies  and  obliged  to 
act  on  the  defensive  would  have  recourse  to  their  inherited 
system  of  protection,  with  such  variations  and  improvements 
as  better  implements  and  the  topographical  requirements  of 
the  country  suggested  to  them.  It  is  as  defenders,  not  as  con- 
querors, that  the  Celts  constructed  their  lake-dwellings. 

This  hypothesis,  which  was  first  enunciated  in  my  work  on 
"  Ancient  Scottish  Lake-dwellings "  as  a  mere  conjecture,  has 
elicited  a  considerable  diversity  of  opinion  on  the  part  of  critics. 
In  the  Times  of  October  4th,  1882,  it  is  thus  referred  to  : — "  This 
is  pure  theory,  and  is  quite  unnecessary  to  account  for  the 
facts :  as  well  might  one  argue  a  connection  between  the  pile- 
dwellers  of  New  Guinea  and  Central  Africa  and  those  of  the 
Swiss  lakes."  Sir  John  Lubbock  (Nature,  December  24th,  1882) 
confesses  that  he  is  disposed  to  doubt  that  there  is  any  connection 
between  the  geographical  distribution  of  the  Scottish  lake-dwell- 
ings at  present  known  and  that  of  the  ancient  Celts.  On  the 
other  hand,  another  reviewer  attempts  to  defend  it  on  the 
ground  that  "  in  the  Swiss  lake-dwellings  of  the  Iron  Age  there 
are  indications,  especially  in  the  ornamentation  of  the  sword- 
sheaths  and  other  articles,  of  a  style  of  art  which  closely  corre- 
sponds to  the  style  of  decoration  prevalent  in  the  crannogs  of 
Scotland  and  Ireland  (Scotsman,  November  22nd,  1882). 

The  indications  above  alluded  to  in  support  of  this  hypothesis 
as  based  on  a  comparison  of  the  relics,  will  be  more  appropriately 


492  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

discussed  in  my  next  lecture,  when  I  come  to  review  the  lake- 
dwellings  of  the  Iron  Age  in  Central  Europe.  There  are,  however, 
one  or  two  objections  urged  on  the  other  side — as,  for  example, 
the  difference  of  structure  and  late  occupancy  of  the  crannogs, 
as  compared  with  the  Swiss  lake-dwellings — that  require  now  to 
be  shortly  considered. 

As  to  the  supposed  difference  in  structure,  I  need  only  refer 
to  the  structural  details  of  various  fascine-dwellings,  as  in  the 
lakes  of  Fuschl,  Schussenried,  Niederwyl,  Inkwyl,  Wauwyl,  etc., 
as  a  sufficient  proof  of  the  resemblance  between  them  and  the 
Scottish  and  Irish  crannogs.  It  is  true  that  the  pile-dwellings 
were  more  numerous  on  the  Continent  than  the  fascine  structures, 
while  the  reverse  is  the  case  in  Scotland  and  Ireland — if  indeed 
the  former  can  be  said  to  have  existed  at  all  in  these  countries. 
That  the  pile  system  was,  however,  known  to  the  crannog- 
builders,  and  occasionally  acted  upon,  we  are  not  devoid  of 
some  positive  evidence.  Mr.  G.  H.  Kinahan  says  that  a  few 
of  the  Irish  crannogs  were  built  on  piles  (B.  119,  2nd  ed.  p.  654), 
and  instances  an  example  in  Loch  Cimbe  (now  Loch  Hackett), 
county  Galway,  which  was  so  frequently  blown  down  that  the 
occupiers  were  obliged  to  convert  it  into  an  island,  which  they 
did  by  adding  boat-loads  of  stones  to  its  site.  One  of  the  lake- 
dwellings  in  Lough  Motirne  I  concluded  to  have  been  a  pile- 
dwelling  (see  page  386),  and  it  was  connected  to  the  shore  by  a 
wooden  gangway.  Mr.  Burns  Begg  describes  remains  of  a 
pile-dwelling  in  Loch  Leven  as  an  "oblong  wooden  platform, 
raised  above  the  water  on  piles,  twelve  feet  or  upwards  in 
height."  (B.  460.) 

Subsequently  I  had  an  opportunity  of  visiting  the  locality, 
along  with  Mr.  Burns  Begg,  and  I  am  convinced  these  remains 
could  not  have  been  an  ordinary  submerged  crannog  or  artificial 
island.  The  lake  bottom  is  not  soft  and  compressible,  but,  on  the 
contrary,  very  compact  and  quite  incapable  of  yielding  to  any 
great  extent.  The  structures,  even  in  the  present  reduced  level 
of  the  loch,  are  never  less  than  1  or  2  feet  below  the  surface  ;  but 
as  formerly  there  would  have  been  9  feet  more  of  water  over 
them  it  is  quite  improbable  that  this  amount  of  submergence 
could  be  accounted  for  by  the  usual  subsidence  or  compression 
of  the  submerged  materials. 

Some  of  the  examples  of  lake-dwellings  recorded  in  England, 


GENERAL    REMARKS   ON    BRITISH    LAKE-DWELLINGS.  493 

such  as  those  described  by  Sir  Charles  Bunbury  and  Dr.  Palmer, 
would  appear  also  to  have  been  pile-structures. 

If,  therefore,  both  principles  were  known  among  the  crannog- 
builders  of  the  British  Isles,  why,  it  may  be  asked,  did  they  give 
a  preference  to  the  fascine  structures  ?  I  have  already  remarked 
that  these  structures  on  the  Continent  were  confined  to  small 
mossy  lakes,  which,  owing  to  the  yielding  nature  of  their  sediments 
and  peaty  deposits,  were  unsuitable  for  pile-dwellings.  In  such 
conditions,  which  are  generally  prevalent  in  Scotland  and  Ireland, 
the  wooden  island  supplied  more  readily,  and  perhaps  with  less 
labour,  the  requisite  stability  for  platforms  in  boggy  lakes  and 
marshes  intended  for  huts  and  other  superstructures,  especially 
when  these  platforms  were  small  and  the  islands  sparsely  placed. 

The  wide  chronological  interval  which  separates  the  crannogs 
from  the  lake-dwellings  of  Central  Europe  is  also  supposed  to 
militate  against  the  supposition  of  there  being  any  causal  con- 
nection between  them.  But  this  gap  is  more  apparent  than  real, 
as,  when  carefully  looked  into,  it  will  be  found  to  have  been 
bridged  over  by  a  closer  series  of  links  than  was  hitherto  imagined. 
Not  only  were  there  some  lake-dwellings  in  Switzerland  during 
the  Iron  Age,  but  in  several  instances  Roman,  Gallo-Roman  and 
even  Allemanish  remains  were  found  on  their  sites,  as  in  the  lakes 
of  Starnberg,  Ueberlingen,  Zurich,  etc.  (See  page  543.)  Among 
the  antiquities  collected  on  the  site  of  the  dwellings  in  Lake 
Paladru  were  horse-shoes,  curry  combs,  and  a  variety  of  other 
antiquities  which,  in  the  opinion  of  M.  G.  de  Mortillet  and  other 
archseologists,  could  not  be  accounted  for  as  the  products  of  any 
civilisation  prior  to  Carlo vingian  times.  We  have  also  seen  that 
in  North  Germany  they  existed  at  equally  late  times,  having 
overlapped  considerably  into  the  Slavish  period ;  while  the  Terp- 
mounds  in  Holland  and  other  places  were  only  superseded  by  the 
construction  of  the  great  sea-dykes.  It  must  also  be  remembered 
that  the  custom  of  constructing  lake-dwellings  was  not  universally 
adopted  in  Europe.  Their  absence  in  Northern  Europe,  Spain 
and  Portugal,  and  other  places  cannot  be  accounted  for  by  a 
deficiency  in  the  topographical  and  hydrographical  requirements 
for  such  structures.  They  appear  to  have  spread  from  the  great 
central  area  of  their  first  development  in  Europe  in  sporadic  fringes, 
but  never  extending  beyond  the  limits  to  which  the  ordinary 
waves  of  human  intercourse  and  civilisation  would  likely  reach. 


494  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Taking  all  these  circumstances  into  consideration,  I  repeat  that, 
while  we  are  justified  in  ascribing  the  remains  of  lake-dwellings, 
so  far  as  they  are  at  present  known  within  the  British  Isles,  to 
a  Celtic  source,  I  see  no  prima  facie  improbability,  as  regards 
their  structure  and  distribution  in  space  and  time,  against  the 
hypothesis  that  the  Celts  derived  their  knowledge  of  this  custom 
from  the  great  system  of  Central  Europe,  though  founded  and 
developed  at  a  much  earlier  period. 

The  only  exception  to  the  general  statement  that  the  Celts 
were  the  sole  constructors  of  lake-dwellings  in  Britain  (without 
taking  into  account  the  earlier  vestiges  of  such  structures  in 
England  from  which,  owing  to  the  scarcity  of  industrial  remains, 
there  is,  as  yet,  no  ethnological  evidence  either  way),  is  the  dis- 
covery at  London  Wall  recorded  by  General  Pitt-Rivers.  I  have 
already  remarked  (page  464),  on  the  similarity  of  these  remains 
to  those  from  the  Terp-mounds  in  Friesland.  Especially  interesting 
are  the  two  bone  skates,  made  from  the  metacarpals  of  the  horse, 
recorded  from  the  former,  because  such  implements  are  common 
in  the  latter.  I  do  not  agree  with  Lindenschmit  (page  462)  in 
assigning  all  these  so-called  skates  to  the  Stone  period.  On  the 
contrary,  they  are  mostly  of  post-Roman  date.  In  lake-dwellings 
they  are  very  rarely  met  with,  and  only  one  is  recorded  as  coming 
from  a  station  of  the  Stone  Age,  viz.  Moosseedorf  (page  75).  The 
other  localities  from  which  examples  have  been  recorded  are 
Persanzig  (page  315),  Dabersee  (page  317),  Kownatken  (page  328), 
Starnberg  (B.  119,  2nd  ed.,  p.  593),  and  a  Terramara  in  Hungary 
(page  167). 

Though  the  Anglo-Saxons,  in  coming  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Elbe  and  the  low-lying  districts  between  it  and  the  Rhine,  must 
have  been  familiar  with  marine  pile-structures,  they  do  not  appear 
to  have  cultivated  the  system  to  any  great  extent  after  immigra- 
ting into  Britain.  But  this  may  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact 
that  very  soon  they  became  the  conquerors  of  the  country.  It 
is  only  for  defence  that  lake  and  marsh-dwellings  have  been 
resorted  to. 


THE     LAKE-DWELLERS     OF     EUROPE  —  THEIR     CULTURE 
AND    CIVILISATION. 

I. -STONE    AGE. 

IN  the  summary  of  the  remains  of  lake-dwellings  which  I  have 
brought  under  your  notice  in  the  previous  lectures,  you  will 
have  observed  that  there  was  often  a  great  diversity  in  the 
character  of  the  relics  even  in  stations  that  were  lying  close  to 
each  other.  From  the  study  of  this  feature  alone  we  must 
conclude  that  some  flourished  at  a  time  when  the  use  of  metals 
was  entirely  unknown  to  their  inhabitants,  as  all  tools  and 
weapons  recovered  from  the  debris  were  made  of  such  materials 
as  stone,  bone,  horn,  etc.  The  substitution  of  bronze  for  these 
materials  marks  a  decided  change  in  the  culture  and  civilisation 
of  the  lake-dwellers — a  change  which  becomes  further  modified 
by  the  introduction  of  iron.  We  have  thus  a  great  variety  of 
lake-dwellings,  distinguishable  from  each  other  generally  by  the 
character  of  their  industrial  remains,  according  to  the  particular 
civilisation  which  prevailed  at  the  period  of  their  habitation, 
some  dating  from  the  pure  Stone  Age,  others  from  the  Bronze 
Age,  while  others  again  bear  the  imprint  of  various  later  civi- 
lisations, as  Roman,  Celtic,  Carlo vingian,  Slavish,  etc.  In  dealing, 
therefore,  with  lacustrine  remains  as  a  whole,  we  have  to  take 
into  account  not  only  their  distribution  over  a  wide  geographical 
area,  but  also  their  continuance  in  various  parts  of  Europe  for  a 
long  period  extending  from  the  Neolithic  Age  to  the  dawn  of 
written  history. 

The  outlying  parts  of  this  wide  field,  comprising  more  par- 
ticularly the  lake-dwelling  remains  in  North  Germany  and  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  I  have  already  sufficiently  dealt  with 


400  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

when  treating  of  their  archreological  details,  so  that  it  is  un- 
necessary to  bring  them  again  prominently  forward.  There 
remains,  therefore,  only  the  central  area  of  Europe,  where  they 
originally  developed  and  so  extensively  flourished  during  the 
Stone  and  Bronze  Ages.  To  draw,  from  a  general  criticism  of  the 
mass  of  recovered  materials  which  I  brought  before  you  in  the 
first  three  lectures,  some  general  notion  of  the  culture  and 
civilisation  which  characterised  their  occupiers  is  therefore  the 
first  and  primary  object  of  this  lecture 

Though  the  famous  three  ages  of  Stone,  Bronze,  and  Iron  had 
been  established  as  a  method  of  classification  before  lacustrine 
treasures  became  known,  I  question  if  there  is  in  the  whole  range 
of  prehistoric  archeology  any  class  of  antiquities  that  gives  greater 
support  to  this  remarkable  chronological  sequence,  or  throws 
more  light  on  the  introduction  of  metals  into  Europe  than  those 
collected  from  the  lake-dwellings.  The  period  of  duration  of  the 
early  pile-dwellings  in  Central  Europe  entirely  covers  and  overlaps 
that  which  witnessed  the  introduction  of  the  great  art  of  metal- 
lurgy in  Europe.  While  the  contents  of  graves  and  ceremonial 
burials  are  important  in  preserving  special  products  of  the  technical 
skill  of  a  people,  we  have  from  some  of  these  lacustrine  dwellings 
materials  for  reconstructing  the  entire  life  history  of  their  in- 
habitants, giving,  as  it  were,  a  complete  picture  of  their  arts, 
industries,  luxuries,  and  amusements. 

That  many  of  these  lake-villages,  built  as  they  were  on  wooden 
platforms  and  constructed  of  combustible  materials,  were  liable 
to  conflagrations,  we  can  readily  believe,  and  we  have  had  con- 
clusive evidence  that  many  of  them  came  to  an  untimely  end  in 
this  manner.  It  is,  indeed,  to  such  catastrophes  that  we  owe 
much  of  our  information,  as  the  sudden  interruption  of  busy  life- 
scenes  in  such  a  manner  and  especially  when  accompanied  by 
circumstances  that  tended  to  preserve  the  ruins  from  decay,  has  been 
the  means  of  supplying  us,  as  it  were,  with  a  photographic  picture 
of  the  habits,  customs,  and  industries  of  the  people  ;  and  it  requires 
only  a  sufficient  number  of  such  instances  to  be  able,  from  a 
comparative  examination  of  the  recovered  relics,  to  construct  a 
fair  scale  of  the  progressive  civilisation  and  culture  of  the  lake- 
dwellers.  On  the  other  hand,  there  are  lacustrine  villages  which 
have  existed,  through  various  ages,  such  as  Nidau,  but  the  asso- 
ciation of  objects  so  widely  separated  in  point  of  time  in  one 


STONE    AGE.  497 

place  becomes  misleading,  especially  if  their  relative  ages  cannot 
be  tested  by  superposition  in  the  relic-bed — which  can  rarely  be 
the  case  in  lacustrine  investigations,  as  in  the  act  of  dredging 
the  relics  are  all  jumbled  together. 

Professor  Desor,  observing  that  large  quantities  of  pottery  of 
every  description  were  found  in  certain  localities,  which  could 
not  belong  to  one  family,  and  that  many  of  the  bronze  weapons 
and  implements  were  new  and  unused,  suggested  that  the  palafittes 
in  Lake  Neuchatel  were  merely  magazines  or  shops,  and  not  the 
ordinary  residences  of  the  people.  (B.  252,  p.  3.)  But  this  opinion 
has  not  been  adopted  by  Swiss  archaeologists ;  nor  indeed  is  it  at 
all  justified  from  a  study  of  the  character  of  the  multifarious 
objects  discovered  among  their  debris,  which  undoubtedly  point 
to  village  life  and  the  exercise  of  social  and  domestic  avoca- 
tions on  the  spot.  Dr.  Gross,  in  combating  Desor's  opinion, 
so  far  as  founded  on  the  unused  condition  of  many  of  the  relics, 
remarks: — "Je  possede  dans  ma  seule  collection  les  tron£ons  de 
plus  de  dix  epees  reduites  a  1'etat  fragmentaire  par  un  long  usage. 
Un  grand  noinbre  d'outils  s'y  montrent  alteres  et  modifies  par 
la  merne  cause."  (B.  392,  p.  xii.) 

The  settlements  of  the  pure  Stone  Age  are  found  only  in  a 
limited  area  in  Central  Europe.  Their  greatest  development  has 
been  in  the  lakes  bordering  on  both  sides  of  the  Alps,  and  it  is 
especially  from  the  data  there  supplied  that  we  become  acquainted 
with  their  characteristic  features.  This  area  may  be  more  speci- 
fically defined  as  including  the  lakes  of  Lombardy,  Laibach, 
Bavaria,  Switzerland,  and  Savoy,  with  the  exception  perhaps  of 
Lake  Bourget — whose  palafittes  appear  to  have  been  constructed 
exclusively  in  the  Bronze  Age. 

One  of  the  most  striking  facts,  and  one  to  which  I  invite 
special  attention,  is  the  advanced  state  of  the-  culture  and  social 
organisations  which  prevailed  amongst  the  earliest  constructors 
of  these  singular  abodes.  It  is  beyond  doubt  that,  from  the  very 
start,  their  inhabitants  were  acquainted  with  various  industries, 
especially  weaving,  which  they  sedulously  practised ;  that  they 
reared  the  ordinary  domesticated  animals ;  and  that  they  cultivated 
flax,  fruits,  and  various  kinds  of  grain.  For  example,  at  Wangen 
two  varieties  of  wheat  and  the  two-rowed  barley  were  distinctly 
recognised  both  in  whole  ears  and  in  the  separate  grain,  the  latter 
in  quantities  that  could  be  measured  in  bushels.  The  stones  of 
G  G 


408  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF     EUROPE. 

the  grape,  which  Professor  Heer  (B.  123)  somewhat  hesitatingly 
announced  among  the  fruits  from  this  station,  may  now  be  accepted 
as  genuine,  as  the  grape  (Vitis  vinifera)  has  recently  been  found  at 
Steckborn,  another  station  of  the  pure  Stone  Age,*  and  at  Haltnau. 
(B.  402,  p.  58.)  Several  varieties  of  well-made  cloth  of  flax,  and 
mats  of  bast,  were  also  found  at  Wangen.  There  is  preserved  in  the 
Museum  of  Fribourg  a  carbonised  spindle  from  Lake  Morat,  which 
shows  tine  threads  still  coiled  round  it,  and  Dr.  Gross  figures  a  similar 
object  from  Locras.  (B.  :«)2.)  Most  antiquaries  are  acquainted  with 
tlu-  ivmarkable  varieties  of  cloth,  fringes,  nets,  cords,  and  ropes 
brought  to  light  by  Messikonnner  from  the  very  lowest  relic-bed 
ut  Robenhausen  (Fig.  25).  Even  specimens  of  embroidery  were 
found  at  the  adjoining  station  of  Irgenliaiisen.  (B.  126,  PL  xvi.) 
Remains  of  linen  cloth,  thread,  nets,  basket-work,  etc.,  have  also  been 
found  in  u  great  many  other  stations,  as  Yinelz,  Locras,  Schaffis, 
Lagoxxu,  Laibach,  etc.  But  the  absence  of  such  fragile  and 
perishable  relics  from  many  other  stations  is  not  to  be  taken  as 
evidence  that  their  inhabitants  were  unacquainted  with  such 
industries:  for  it  must  be  remembered  that  it  is  only  when  fabrics 
an- carbonised,  or  deposited  in  circumstances  exceptionally  favour- 
able to  their  preservation,  that  they  are  prevented  from  under- 
going the  natural  process  of  decay.  Thus,  at  Schussenried,  though 
there  was  no  actual  cloth  found,  the  impression  of  a  well-woven 
fabric  is  clearly  seen  on  a  consolidated  mass  of  wheat — probably 
that  of  the  sack  in  which  the  grain  had  been  stored — and  at 
Laibach  a  similar  impression  was  observed  on  a  fragment  of  pottery. 
One  of  the  stations  in  Moosseedorfsee  which  became  completely 
exposed  in  consequence  of  drainage  operations,  and  was  carefully 
examined  by  the  experienced  archaeologists  Messrs.  Jahn,  Morlot, 
and  Uhlmann,  yielded  a  large  assortment  of  the  osseous  remains 
of  animals,  amongst  which  the  following  were  supposed  to  have 
been  in  a  state  of  domestication,  viz.  : — dog,  sheep,  goat,  pig,  and 
various  kinds  of  oxen.  A  few  bones  and  teeth  of  the  horse  were 
also  found,  but  these  might  have  belonged  to  the  wild  species, 
as  it  is  not  agreed,  nor  is  there  any  evidence,  that  this  animal 
was  domesticated  till  the  Bronze  Age.  The  cultivated  plants  from 
this  station  were  barley,  two  kinds  of  wheat,  pea,  poppy,  and  flax. 
Among  an  assortment  of  its  industrial  remains,  now  in  the  Bern 
Museum,  are  about  a  dozen  celts  of  nephrite  (one  of  jadeite),  bits 

*  Antique,  1883,  p.  15. 


STONE   AGE. 


499 


of  cord,  a  wooden  comb,  a  fish-hook  made  of  a  boar's  tusk,  flint 
saws  in  their  wooden  handles,  and  fragments  of  pottery,  some  of 
which  are  ornamented  with  nail-marks  or  perforations  round  the 
rim.  One  piece  of  dark  pottery  (Fig.  184,  No.  5)  has  a  series  of 
triangular  bits  of  birch  bark  stuck  on  its  surface  by  means  of 
asphalt.  (B.  336,  p.  37.)  If  any  further  evidence  were  required 


Fig.  184.— MISCELLANEOUS  OBJECTS.     No.  1  =  about  r^,  4  =  4£  feet  long, 
3  and  8  =  5,  and  the  rest  =  ^  real  size. 

to  show  the  skill  of  the  early  lake-dwellers  in  the  arts  of  spinning 
and  weaving,  and  the  extent  to  which  they  followed  agricultural 
pursuits  and  the  rearing  of  domestic  animals,  I  have  only  to  call 
attention  to  the  vast  number  of  spindle-whorls,  loom-weights,  etc., 
which  are  everywhere  to  be  met  with ;  the  corn-crushers,  yokes 
for  cattle  (Fig.  184,  No.  1),  field  hoes,  picks,  and  other  agricultural 
implements  found  on  the  sites  of  the  earliest  settlements,  as 
Robenhausen,  Schaffis,  Schussenried,  etc. 

That  the  potter's  art  was  well  known  to,  and  practised  by,  the 
early  lake-dwellers  hardly  needs  any  demonstration  when  we  look 
at  the  mass  of  fragments,  and  even  whole  dishes,  consisting  of 
bowls,  plates,  cups,  jugs,  spoons,  and  large  vases,  now  tabulated 
and  stored  in  the  various  museums  of  lacustrine  objects.  These 


500  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

dishes  were  made  without  a  knowledge  of  the  potter's  wheel,  and 
the  paste  generally  contained  coarse  sand  or  small  pebbles;  but 
a  finer  kind  was  also  used  for  the  smaller  vessels.  Generally 
speaking  they  are  coarsely  made  in  the  earlier  stations,  having 
perforated  knobs  instead  of  handles,  yet  occasional  examples  turn 
up  which  show  that  handles  were  not  unknown.  The  ornamenta- 
tion consists  of  finger  and  string  marks,  irregular  scratchings  with  a 
pointed  tool,  raised  knobs,  perforations  round  the  rim,  together  with 
dots  and  lines  in  various  fantastic  combinations.  No  two  vessels 
exactly  alike  in  style  and  ornamentation  have  ever  been  found. 
The  only  approach  that  I  have  seen  is  in  the  case  of  two  vases, 
one  from  Bodmann  (Fig.  30,  No.  20),  and  the  other  from  Schus- 
senried  (Fig.  35,  No.  4),  which  certainly  suggest  that  the  vessels 
were  made  under  the  influence  of  the  same  artist.  In  Lagozza 
and  Polada  artistic  patterns  were  made  from  the  impressions  of 
a  small  tube,  probably  a  stiff  straw  or  a  bone  instrument,  alternating 
with  panels  of  crossed  lines.  In  Laibach  great  skill  is  exhibited, 
not  only  in  the  variety  and  elegance  of  the  vessels,  but  also  in 
their  ornamentation,  which  consists  of  various  figures,  rectangles, 
crosses,  rhombs,  triangles,  etc.,  the  lines  of  which  are  flanked  with 
small  pointed  impressions.  In  the  Mondsee  a  similar  taste  for 
geometrical  figures  is  displayed,  and  here  the  lines  are  large  and 
deeply  cut  so  as  to  admit  of  the  insertion  into  them  of  a  white 
substance  which,  on  the  originally  black  pottery,  must  have  had 
a  striking  effect.  Associated,  however,  with  these  fantastically 
ornamented  dishes,  both  in  Laibach  and  the  Mondsee,  are  others 
of  a  much  inferior  type. 

To  the  food  supply  derived  from  agriculture,  the  rearing  of 
domestic  animals,  and  the  seeds  and  fruits  of  wild  plants,  they 
added  the  produce  of  hunting  and  fishing;  and  the  remains  of 
the  weapons  used  in  these  pursuits  are  numerous.  Arrow-points 
of  flint  and  sometimes  of  other  minerals,  as  rock  crystal  and 
jade,  and  of  bone,  are  amongst  the  most  common  relics  ;  and  even 
a  few  of  the  bows  made  of  yew  wood,  notwithstanding  their  liability 
to  decay,  have  come  to  light,  two  from  Kobenhausen,  and  one 
from  each  of  the  stations  of  Vinelz,  Sutz,  and  Clairvaux. 

It  appears  that  the  earlier  arrow-points  were  of  the  triangular 
type,  with  or  without  stems,  and  it  is  supposed  that  the  addition 
of  barbs  was  an  evolutionary  process  of  improvement,  and  of 
course  of  later  date.  Thus  none  of  the  arrows  from  Schaffis  have 


STONE   AGE.  501 

barbs,  but  on  the  other  hand  Vinelz  has  supplied  some  beautiful 
examples  (Fig.  7).  The  barbed  forms  are  also  prevalent  on  the 
palafittes  of  Lake  Varese  and  Polada,  but  they  are  entirely  absent 
from  the  stations  in  the  Mondsee,  Attersee,  and  Laibach  Moor. 

The  discovery  of  some  arrow-points  with  a  portion  of  the  wooden 
shaft  still  attached  has  disclosed  the  fact  that  this  union  was 
accomplished,  at  least  in  some  instances,  by  means  of  an  adhesive 
material  like  asphalt.  In  the  Neuchatel  district  this  material 
might,  indeed,  be  the  natural  product  of  this  name,  as  it  is  so 
readily  found  in  the  neighbouring  Val  de  Travers.  It  is  more 
probable,  however,  that,  as  suggested  by  Dr.  Dom,  of  Tubingen, 
it  was  the  manufactured  product  of  birch-bark — a  suggestion 
which  explains  the  frequency  with  which  rolls  of  this  material 
were  found  among  the  debris  of  so  many  lake-dwellings.  This 
adhesive  material  was  used,  not  only  for  fixing  arrow-points  and 
other  implements  in  their  handles,  but  also,  when  mixed  with 
charcoal,  to  give  a  black  gloss  or  varnish  to  pottery.  Its  discovery 
and  application  for  such  purposes  in  Polada,  Mondsee,  Schussenried, 
and  many  of  the  Swiss  stations  of  the  Stone  Age,  as  St.  Aubin, 
Locras,  Moosseedorf,  etc.,  proves  that  its  use  was  prevalent  over 
the  whole  lake-dwelling  area  of  the  Stone  Age. 

Spear-heads  and  daggers  were  manufactured  from  flint,  and 
specimens  of  the  latter  have  been  found  inserted  into  a  wooden 
handle  or  surrounded  by  a  withe  so  as  to  give  a  better  grip  to 
the  weapon.  There  were  also  very  effective  weapons  of  this  class 
made  from  the  leg-bones  of  deer  and  other  animals,  as  well  as 
from  the  tines  of  staghorns,  etc. 

For  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  the  ordinary  avocations  of 
domestic  and  social  life  the  lake -dwellers  were  in  possession  of 
a  varied  assortment  of  tools  and  implements,  the  precise  function 
of  some  of  them,  however,  being  difficult  to  determine.  They 
had  hatchets,  knives,  saws,  scrapers,  borers,  etc.,  of  flint  and  other 
hard  stones.  Cutting  instruments  were  also  made  of  horn, 
bone,  and  the  tusks  of  the  wild  boar,  as  well  as  an  endless  variety 
of  pointers,  chisels,  etc.  With  such  tools  they  constructed 
wooden  houses,  scooped  out  canoes,  and  shaped  wood  into  various 
kinds  of  dishes,  clubs,  and  handles.  The  stone  celt  or  axe-head, 
the  most  indispensable  of  all  implements  to  the  Stone  Age  people, 
was  mounted  in  a  variety  of  ways.  Most  frequently  there  was 
a  casing  of  horn  into  which  the  axe  was  fixed,  and  this  casing 


502  LAKE-  DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

was  then  fitted  into  a  wooden  handle  (Fig.  185,  Nos.  8  and  10). 
Sometimes  the  horn  fixing  had  a  V-shaped  slit  in  the  opposite 
end  from  the  hatchet  (Fig.  7,  No.  13),  which  fitted  into  a  cor- 
responding slit  in  a  crooked  handle  (Fig.  185,  Nos.  1,  13,  and  14). 
When  locked  the  instrument  became  a  kind  of  adze,  the  cutting 
edge  transverse  to  the  axis  of  the  handle.  This  method  Dr.  Gross 
thinks  was  more  especially  used  in  the  Copper  Age.  At  Wangen 
horn  fixings  were  rarely  used,  the  hatchet  being  inserted  into 
a  split  cleft  in  a  crooked  branch.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that 
this  method  was  in  use  among  the  prehistoric  salt-miners  at 
Hallein,  near  Salzburg,*  and  at  Castione  in  Italy  (Fig.  185, 
No.  13).  t  The  smaller  axes  and  chisels,  as  well  as  a  variety 
of  flint  implements,  were  not  infrequently  inserted  directly  into 
suitable  portions  of  deer-horn,  as  shown  in  many  of  the  accom- 
panying illustrations. 

The  perforated  axe  of  stone  or  horn  had  simply  a  wooden 
handle  firmly  fixed  by  a  wedge  inserted  into  a  split  at  its  end 
in  the  perforation,  an  example  of  which,  found  at  Schussenried, 
Mr.  Frank  carefully  preserves.  Besides  these  there  is  a  variety 
of  objects  of  horn  and  bone  which  might  have  been  used  as 
implements  or  weapons,  but  mostly,  I  should  say,  for  agricultural 
purposes,  such  as  picks  (Fig.  185,  Nos.  4  and  7),  hammers,  clubs, 
etc.  Some  of  the  smaller  bone  implements  were  also  inserted 
into  handles,  specimens  of  which  were  particularly  numerous 
at  St.  Aubin. 

Flint  saws  were  extremely  abundant,  and  are  to  be  found 
among  the  remains  of  almost  all  the  earlier  stations,  many  of 
which  still  retain  their  wooden  or  horn  handles.  Only  in  Polada 
has  the  compound  and  double-handed  saw  been  found  (Fig.  67, 
No.  12).  It  consists  of  a  casing  of  wood  with  four  flints  cemented 
into  a  groove  along  one  of  the  edges.  J 


,  etc.,  vol.  xvi.  p.  215. 

t  HuUi'ttino  Pah-t.  It.,  An.  i.  p.  7. 

I  While  visiting  Mr.  Flinders  Petrie's  collection  of  antiquities  from  Egypt  lately 
exhibited  in  London,  I  was  much  interested  in  seeing  a  well-shaped  wooden  sickle 
with  a  groove  in  which  a  flint  saw  was  still  cemented  in  its  place.  The  groove  is 
adapted  for  three  such  saws,  but  only  one  remained  in  its  place.  The  wooden  portion 
of  this  unique  instrument  is  shaped  like  a  modern  corn-hook,  with  the  exception  that 
the  handle  turns  downwards  at  a  right  angle  to  the  cutting  plane,  and  the  opposite 
end  runs  out  into  a  long  sharp  point.  It  measures  12£  inches  from  tip  to  tip,  and 
1  7  from  the  point  to  the  most  bulging  part  of  the  body.  From  the  same  place  were 
various  other  flint  implements  and  some  S3milunar  knives  or  saws,  precisely  similar 


STONE   AGE. 


503 


Fig.  185. — MISCELLANEOUS  OBJECTS.    Nos.  20  to  24  =  f ,  and  the  rest, 
except  No.  25  =  £  real  size. 


504  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Another  curious  implement  supposed  to  be  a  saw  was  found 
at  Vinelz,  and  is  now  in  the  Cantonal  Museum  at  Berne  (Fig.  185, 
No  17). '  It  consists  of  a  massive  handle  of  wood,  evidently 
fashioned  for  the  hand,  with  three  worked  flints  stuck  in  a  row 
and  kept  in  their  place  by  asphalt. 

Among  domestic  utensils,  in  addition  to  pottery,  are  small 
cups  and  boxes  made  of  horn  (Nos.  12  and  18).  There  are 
also  spoons,  pins,  needles,  buttons,  awls,  knives,  flax-combs,  etc., 
of  bone.  Combs  for  the  hair  were  generally  made  of  wood  in 
the  usual  form  (Fig.  11,  No.  7).  Another  most  ingenious  method 
was  by  binding  together  a  series  of  prepared  twigs  with  their 
ends  folded  one  way,  as  seen  in  Fig.  185,  No.  19. 

Wooden  dishes  cut  out  of  the  solid,  such  as  ladles,  bowls,  tubs, 
etc.,  have  been  found  in  many  stations,  but  especially  at  Roben- 
hausen;  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  similar  vessels  were  in 
general  use  among  the  early  lake-dwellers. 

I  have  already  noticed  the  finding  of  fishing-nets  at  Roben- 
hausen  and  Vinelz,  and  a  fish-hook  ingeniously  made  from  a 
boar's  tusk.  Other  fish-hooks  were  made  of  bone,  as  seen  in  the 
illustrations  from  Bodmann,  Wangen,  and  Bauschanze. 

Nor  were  these  early  settlers  insensible  to  the  charms  of 
personal  ornament.  Shells  (both  recent  and  fossilised),  coloured 
pebbles,  the  teeth  of  carnivorous  animals,  ornamented  pieces  of 
bone  and  horn,  stone  and  clay  beads,  and  even  roundlets  of  the 
human  skull,  were  pierced  for  suspension,  and  worn  either  as 
pendants  or  necklaces  (Nos.  9,  11,  and  20  to  24). 

The  skill  displayed  in  the  manufacture  of  the  perforated 
stone  axes  and  hammers  has  often  excited  the  astonishment  of 
antiquaries  ;  and  many  of  them  thought  that  it  was  hardly  possible 
to  bore  perfectly  round  or  oval  holes  through  such  hard  materials 
without  the  use  of  metal  tools.  Yet  this  was  undoubtedly  done, 
as  we  find  not  only  bored  implements,  but  smoothly  sawn  por- 
tions, in  the  very  earliest  stations,  as,  for  example,  Schaflis, 
Moosseedorf,  Wangen,  Robenhausen,  etc.  From  the  former  there 
are  in  the  Berne  Museum  stone  celts  with  a  round  hole  and  one 
with  an  oval-shaped  perforation.  Quite  as  inexplicable  are  the 

to  those  so  common  in  the  Scandinavian  archaeological  area.  Mr.  Petrie  also  pointed 
out  some  flint  objects  which  weru  undoubtedly  an  imitation  of  implements  of  copper 
and  bronze  with  which  they  were  associated.  The  tombs  of  Hawara  in  which  these 
relics  were  discovered  are  said  to  be  of  the  12th  dynasty,  dating  some  2,600  years  B.C. 


STONE    AGE.  505 

numerous  fragments  of  stone,  clearly  indicating,  from  the  parallel 
grooving,  that  they  were  sawn  off.  Some  of  these  pieces  are  by 
no  means  small,  and  such  as  could  be  readily  accounted  for  by 
the  use  of  flint  saws.  In  the  Museum  of  Ziirich  there  is  a  large 
water-rolled  stone  of  serpentine,  measuring  14  by  9  by  8  inches, 
which  was  dredged  up  at  Wollishofen,  showing  a  cut  11  inches 
long  and  f  inch  deep.  One  side  of  the  cut  was  broken  off,  but 
the  fragment  was  fortunately  also  recovered  and  when  made  to 
fit  in  its  place,  which  it  does  to  a  nicety,  the  maximum  breadth 
of  the  cut  can  be  readily  ascertained  to  be  f  of  an  inch.  The 
sides  of  this  cut  are  finely  striated  with  parallel  grooves,  which  are 
not  exactly  straight,  but  bent  slightly  downwards  in  the  middle. 
Before  the  sawing  was  begun  there  are  clear  indications  of  a 
superficial  groove  having  been  made  by  chipping,  evidently  with 
the  intention  of  guiding  the  saw  in  the  initiatory  stages  of  the 
process.  What  could  this  saw  have  been  made  of?  I  do  not 
think  that  with  a  flint  implement  this  cut  could  have  been  made. 
It  is  as  regular  as  that  from  a  modern  steel  instrument.  It  is 
now  supposed  that  the  sawing  of  stones  was  performed  with  a 
thin  wooden  board  and  some  dry  sand.  The  late  Dr.  Keller 
experimented  with  these  simple  means,  and  found  that  they  were 
quite  sufficient  for  the  purpose.  He  also  practically  proved  that 
in  the  same  way,  with  a  wooden  tube  set  in  rapid  motion  round 
its  axis,  he  could  easily  bore  a  hole  in  the  hardest  stone. 
(B.  336,  p.  49.)  Anyone  visiting  the  Museum  in  Ziirich  may 
practically  test  the  efficacy  of  these  processes  for  himself,  and  the 
obliging  custodian  delights  in  showing  the  method  of  working. 
Soft  wood  is  found  to  be  better  than  hard,  as  the  former  takes 
up  more  of  the  particles  of  the  sand,  which  act  like  fine  teeth 
in  grinding  the  stone.  That  tubes  of  some  kind  were  used  for 
boring  stones  by  the  lake-dwellers  is  demonstrated  by  the  finding 
of  hundreds  of  round  cores,  the  result  of  boring  on  this  principle, 
as  well  as,  sometimes,  implements  with  the  boring  begun  but  in- 
completed,  showing  the  round  core  still  in  the  hole  as  shown  in 
Fig.  184,  No.  6.  In  the  Zurich  Museum  there  is  also  a  stag- 
horn  hammer  from  Robenhausen  with  a  partially  bored  hole 
having  a  core  in  its  centre,  thus  proving  that  horns  were  also 
manipulated  in  the  same  way  (Fig.  24,  No.  12). 

No   problem   has   for   many  years  puzzled  archaeologists  more 
than  the  effort  to  account  for  the  finding,  from  time  to  time  in 


50<)  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

various  parts  of  Europe,  of  those  remarkably  elegant  implements 
made  from  the  mineral  substance  commonly  known  as  jade. 
Hitherto  they  have  been  generally  found  isolated  in  the  soil  or 
in  graves  of  the  Stone  Age,  such  as  the  dolmens  of  Brittany. 
The  favourite  theory,  seeing  that  no  local  habitat  could  be 
assigned  to  this  mineral,  was  that  these  implements  were  im- 
ported by  the  original  neolithic  people,  who  were  supposed  to 
have  migrated  westwards  from  the  plains  of  Northern  India. 
The  discovery  of  a  large  number  of  celts  and  small  chisels 
in  the  lake-dwellings,  together  with  a  few  other  objects  made  of 
nephrite,  jadeite,  and  chloromelanite,  has  reopened  the  problem 
as  to  their  origin,  with  the  result,  however,  of  making  the 
controversial  flame  burn  brisker  than  ever.  Independent  of  the 
hike-dwelling  Hnds,  the  number  of  jade  objects  now  known  in 
Europe  may  be  roughly  stated  at  200,  about  the  half  of  which 
come  from  some  44  departments  of  France.  Of  the  remaining 
100  about  NO  are  from  Western  Germany,  the  rest  being  assigned 
to  various  localities  in  Italy ,*  Austria,  and  Greece.  According  to 
the  opinions  of  competent  mineralogists  the  vast  majority  of  those 
from  Western  Europe  are  made  of  jadeite  and  chloromelanite,  the 
mimlMT  made  of  the  former  being  slightly  in  excess  of  the  latter. 
In  the  French  group  there  is  only  one  of  nephrite,  from  the 
vicinity  of  Kheims,  and  in  the  German  group  three  or  four,  found 
in  Baden  and  Bavaria.  Mr.  A.  B.  Meyer  states  that,  with  the 
exception  of  one  from  Posen,  all  the  German  examples  were  found 
to  the  west  of  the  Elbe. 

In  appearance,  nephrite,  jadeite,  and  chloromelanite  closely 
resemble  each  other,  and,  owing  to  considerable  variations  in  the 
colour  to  which  they  are  all  more  or  less  liable,  it  is  difficult  to 
distinguish  them  by  the  unaided  eye.  Generally  speaking  nephrite 
has  a  somewhat  soapy  feel,  with  a  lighter  and  more  transparent 
tint  of  green  than  jadeite,  while  chloromelanite  is  darker  and  less 
transparent  than  either.  According  to  Meyer  their  specific  gravity 
is :— nephrite  2'9  to  3'2,  jadeite  3'3,  and  chloromelanite  3'4  to  3'6. 
From  the  large  number  of  implements,  especially  hatchets,  small 
chisels,  and  sometimes  knives  (Fig.  185,  No.  28) — rarely  arrow- 
points  and  ornaments— found  in  almost  all  the  lake-dwelling 
stations  of  the  Stone  Age,  it  would  appear  that  they  were  greatly 
admired  and  much  sought  after  by  the  inhabitants  of  these 

*  B.  423,  pp.   80,  90  ;  Bui.  Paid.  Ital.,  An.  xii.  p.  80. 


JADE.  507 

settlements.  Dr.  Gross  thinks  they  were  in  greatest  abundance 
in  those  stations  which  flourished  in  the  period  immediately 
preceding  that  of  the  introduction  of  metals,  and  that  after  this 
event  they  disappear  altogether.  (B.  392,  p.  10.) 

From  Lake  Constance  the  number  of  jade  implements  now 
considerably  exceeds  1,000,  as  may  be  verified  by  an  inspection  of 
the  museums  in  the  neighbourhood.  One  station  alone,  Maurach, 
has  supplied  349  tolerably  well,  and  141  badly,  made  implements, 
and  no  less  than  154  chips  and  sawn  portions  varying  from  the  size 
of  a  finger-nail  to  a  few  inches.  (B.  378,  p.  78.)  Similar  chips  have 
also  been  occasionally  met  with  in  other  stations.  This  at  once  settles 
one  important  point,  viz.  that  the  lake-dwellers  were  in  actual 
possession  of  the  raw  material,  which  they  worked  on  the  spot. 
Although  most  of  the  settlements  in  Lake  Constance  have  yielded 
more  or  less  specimens,  there  is  none  that  even  approaches 
Maurach  in  point  of  numbers,  the  next  highest  being  Unter- 
Uhldingen,  Irnmenstadt,  and  Sipplingen,  from  each  of  which  two  or 
three  score  have  been  collected.  In  moving  eastwards  towards 
the  Danubian  valley  they  become  much  rarer.  Thus  Schussenried 
has  yielded  only  one  (jadeite),  Olzenreuthe  seven  (all  neph- 
rite), Starnbergersee  two  (nephrite),  Laibach  one  (nephrite). 
Only  one  (jadeite)  is  recorded  from  the  Mondsee,  and  none  from 
the  Attersee.  According  to  Fischer  *  97  per  cent,  of  the  imple- 
ments from  Lake  Constance  are  of  nephrite,  while  the  other 
three  per  cent,  are  nearly  equally  divided  between  jadeite  and 
chloromelanite.  In  the  Zurich  Museum  he  found  28  implements 
of  nephrite,  one  of  jadeite,  and  six  of  chloromelanite.  Of  the 
former,  22  are  from  Meilen  and  four  from  Robenhausen.  Out  of 
295  in  the  museums  of  Berne  (which  came  from  the  lakes  of 
Neuchatel,  Bienne,  Morat,  Inkwyl,  and  Moosseedorfsee),  118  are 
of  nephrite,  124  of  jadeite,  and  53  of  chloromelanite.  From 
these  approximate  calculations  we  see  that  while  nephrite  was 
greatly  in  excess  of  jadeite  in  the  settlements  of  Lake  Con- 
stance and  its  neighbourhood,  this  inequality  becomes  grad- 
ually removed  as  we  move  westwards,  till  we  come  to  France, 
where  their  relative  frequency  becomes  actually  reversed.  Chloro- 
melanite, on  the  other  hand,  though  as  a  whole  much  rarer  than 
either  nephrite  or  jadeite,  seems  to  have  been  more  evenly  dis- 
tributed. Roundly  speaking,  we  have  in  all  Europe  between  300 

*  Archiv  fur  Antliropologie,  vol.  xvi. 


5(),S  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

and  400  worked  objects  of  jadeite,  and  about  200  of  chloromelanite, 
while  those  of  nephrite  amount  to  twice  these  numbers  combined. 

These  facts  are  very  suggestive,  and  undoubtedly  give  some 
support  to  the  theory  that  these  minerals  were  found  by  the 
lake-dwellers  somewhere  in  their  own  neighbourhood.  But  not- 
withstanding the  most  careful  searching  on  the  part  of  geologists 
and  mineralogists  not  a  particle  of  any  of  them  has  yet  been 
found  in  *ita  in  any  part  of  Switzerland.  As  an  inducement 
to  country  people  to  be  on  the  look-out  a  reward  of  200  francs 
was  ottered  a  few  years  ago  *  to  anyone  who  could  produce  a 
bit  of  nephrite,  found  in  situ,  of  the  size  of  a  man's  fist,  but 
as  far  as  I  know,  the  reward  still  lies  unclaimed. 

Three  isolated  portions  have  been  found  in  Germany,  one  in 
the  alluvial  sands  of  Potsdam,  another  in  the  vicinity  of  Meers- 
burg,  and  a  third  in  the  vicinity  of  Leipzig. f  Also  in  somewhat 
similar  circumstances  two  portions  have  been  recorded  from  Styria.J 
It  is  said  to  have  been  found  i.n.  situ  in  small  quantities  in  the 
rocks  of  Silesia,  as  recorded  by  H.  Traube,  of  Breslau,  in  an  article 
entitled  "  (Jber  den  Nephrit  von  Jordansmtihl  in  Sclilesien."  §  Mr. 
Koediger  directs  attention  (by  a  note  mAntiquu,  1884,  p.  150)  to 
the  fact  that  it  was  stated  to  have  been  found  in  the  Canton 
Freiburg,  in  a  work  published  in  1834.  A  few  chips  were  found  in 
the  prehistoric  caves  at  Mentone  associated  with  worked  flints.  || 

To  these  remarks  on  the  jade  question  I  have  only  to  add 
that  l)r.  Arzruni*  maintains  that  the  nephrite  and  jadeite  of  the 
lake-dwellings  can  be  microscopically  shown  to  differ  from  the 
Asiatic  mineral.  It  may  also  be  interesting  to  note  that  13 
small  axes  or  chisels  of  jade  were  found  by  Schliemann  in  the 
prehistoric  cities  of  Troy  (Ilios,  p.  240). 

As  to  the  huts  or  cottages  in  Avhich  the  lake-dwellers  lived 
the  evidence  is  still  somewhat  scanty.  For  a  long  time  the  only 
indications  that  huts  were  erected  over  the  platforms  consisted 
of  portions  of  clay  having  the  impressions  of  round  timber 
(Fig.  184,  No.  2),  hearth-stones,  and  some  stray  beams  and 
bits  of  thatching.  Recently,  however,  more  definite  information 

*  Antiqua.  1883,  p.  80. 

f   Corr.-Matt,  1882,  1883,  and  B.  401. 

J  Mitt,  dcr  Antli.  Gc*.  Wirn,  B.  xiii.  pp.  213  and  216. 

§  Xt-iifK  Jahrb.fiir  Mnvralog'tc,  B.  iii.,  1884. 

||  Archfpnlixjwal  Journal,  vol.  xxxvi.,  1880. 

K  Xt-lt.  fur  Ethn.,  bd.  xv.  pp.  1G3— 190. 


HUTS   OF   THE    LAKE-DWELLERS.  509 

has  been  brought  forward  by  Mr.  Frank,  the  investigator  of  the 
lake-dwelling  at  Schussenried.  This  settlement  had  none  of  the 
signs  of  having  been  destroyed  by  fire,  and  it  is  supposed  that 
its  inhabitants  voluntarily  abandoned  it  on  account  of  the  growth 
of  the  surrounding  peat.  In  this  case  it  is  probable  that  the 
huts  would  be  allowed  to  fall  into  natural  decay,  but  before  this 
happened  there  was  a  chance  that  some  part  of  the  buildings 
would  become  overtaken  by  the  moss,  and  so  become,  as  it  were, 
hermetically  sealed  up.  That  something  like  this  actually  occurred 
is  now  proved  by  the  discovery  at  this  station  of  the  foundations 
and  portions  of  the  walls  of  a  cottage  deeply  buried  in  the  moss. 
Upon  the  discovery  being  known  Mr.  Frank  had  the  ruins  at 
once  uncovered,  and  before  the  crumbling  materials  disappeared 
there  was  a  plan  of  the  building  taken,  which  by  the  courtesy 
of  the  investigator  I  had  an  opportunity  of  inspecting.  The 
structure  was  of  an  oblong  rectangular  form,  about  33  feet  long 
and  23  feet  wide,  and  was  divided  by  a  partition  into  two  chambers. 
On  the  south  side  there  was  'a  door,  a  little  over  3  feet  wide, 
which  opened  into  one  of  the  chambers.  The  other,  or  inner 
chamber,  was  somewhat  larger,  and  had  no  communication  with 
the  outside,  except  through  the  former  by  means  of  a  door  in 
the  partition.  There  were  no  relics  found  in  these  chambers,  but 
in  the  outer  there  was  a  mass  of  stones  which  showed  signs  of 
having  been  a  fire-place.  The  walls  were  constructed  of  split 
stems  set  upright  and  their  crevices  plastered  over  with  clay. 
The  flooring  in  both  chambers  was  composed  of  four  layers  of  closely 
laid  timbers  separated  by  as  many  layers  of  clay.  These  repeated 
floorings  may  have  been  necessitated  by  the  gradual  rise  of  the 
surrounding  peat  which  ultimately  drove  the  inhabitants  away. 

,Mr.  Messikommer  (B.  406c)  in  the  course  of  his  investigations  at 
Robenhausen  found,  over  an  area  of  33  yards  long  and  10  broad, 
indications  of  what  he  considered  to  be  four  separate  dwellings. 
From  a  study  of  the  peculiar  grouping  and  distribution  of  the 
industrial  remains  over  this  area  he  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
each  cottage  had  its  own  special  furniture,  a  hearth,  weaving  appli- 
ances, a  mill-stone,  sharpening-stones,  etc.,  and  on  this  principle 
he  determines  the  size  of  the  huts.  From  these  calculations  the  size 
of  the  Robenhausen  cottages  would  be  almost  identical  with  that 
at  Schussenried,  each  having  an  area  of  about  750  square  feet.  From 
observations  made  at  Irgenhausen  similar  results  were  obtained. 


510  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

At  Niederweil,  where  the  limits  of  contiguous  dwellings  were  clearly 
definable,  the  area  assigned  to  each  was  found  to  be  somewhat  less. 
Swiss  archaeologists  pretend   to  see,  in   the   remains   of  their 
lacustrine  villages  of  the    Stone  Age,  evidence  of  three  distinct 
poriods,  which  are  thus  formulated  by  Dr.  Gross  :— 

"  Les  fouilles  que  j'ai  faites,  depuis  une  dizaine  d'annees,  dans  les  villages 
lacustres  de  lage  de  la  pierre,  m'ont  prouve  qu'ils  n'ont  pas  tous  etd 
habites  a  la  inline  epoque,  mais  qu'ils  remontent  a  trois  periodes 
ditte  rentes  bicn  caracterises. 

"  Dans  la  premiere  periode,  je  range  les  stations  les  plus  anciennes, 
representees,  dans  le  lac  de  Bienne,  par  la  palafitte  de  Chavannes 
(Tschattis),  pres  de  Neuveville.  Les  produits  de  1'industrie  humaine 
trouves  sur  ces  emplacements,  denotent  un  art  tout-a-fait  primitif  ;  les 
haclies  de  pierre  sont  petites,  a  peiiie  polies  et  presques  toutes  en  mineral 
indigvMie ;  les  liaches-marteaux  n'apparaissent  que  sous  forme  de  grossieres 
ebauehes,  et  les  outils  en  corne  et  en  os  sont  mal  travailles.  On  ne 
remarque  aucune  trace  d'ornementation,  ni  sur  les  armes  et  les  instru- 
ments, ni  sur  les  produits  de  la  ceramique.  La  poterie,  du  reste,  est 
faymnee  d'une  argile  grossiere,  sans  Faide  du  tour  naturellemente,  et 
revet  des  formes  qui  trahissent  1'enfance  de  Tart  du  potier. 

"  La  gpconde  periodc,  <\  la  quelle  appartient  Fancienne  station  de  Locras, 
celle  de  Latrigen  et  en  general  la  plus  grande  partie  de  nos  etablissements 
de  1'age  de  la  pierre,  presente  deja  un  notable  progres  sur  la  precedente, 
en  ce  que  les  armes  et  les  outils  sont  perfectionnes,  les  haches  en  pierre, 
quelquefois  perforees  pour  recevoir  le  manche,  sont  fort  bien  travaillees, 
polies  avec  soin  et  revetent  parfois  des  dimensions  colossales.  On 
constate  aussi  dans  ces  stations  une  abondance  relative  de  hachettes 
en  nephrite,  jadeite  et  chloromelanite.  En  effet,  tandisque  ces  objets  en 
mineral  etranger  font  presque  entierement  d^faut  pendant  la  premiere  et  la 
troisieme  periode,  on  les  rencontre  dans  les  stations  qui  nous  occupent  dans 
une  proportion  qui  peut  varier  du  5  au  8  %  des  haches  en  mineral  indigene. 

"  Le  mdtal  n'apparait  pas  encore  dans  cette  periode,  ou  du  moiiis  pas 
dans  la  couclie  archeologique  ;  exceptionnellement,  on  trouve,  ici  et  la, 
entre  les  pilotis,  quelques  lamelles  de  cuivre,  et  plus  rarement  de  bronze. 

"  La  poterie,  faite  d'une  pate  plus  fine  et  mieux  fagonnee,  presente 
quelques  traces  d'ornementation  sous  forme  d'eminences  perches  et  de 
dents  de  loup. 

"  Enh'n  la  troisieme  periode  comprend  les  stations  de  1'epoque  de  transi- 
tion de  la  pierre  au  bronze.  C'est  1'epoque  du  cuivre,  si  je  puis  1'appeler 
ainsi,  caracterisee  par  la  presence  dans  la  couche  archeologique  meme, 
d'armes  et  d'instruments  de  cuivre  pur  (tres-rarement  de  bronze),  de 
haches-marteaux  habilement  perforees,  d'outils  de  bois  et  de  corne  tres- 
bien  faeonne's,  et  surtout  de  vases  de  formes  variees,  quelques-uns  munis 
d'anses  et  la  plupart  erne's  de  dessins  faits  avec  les  doigts  ou  au  moyen 


SUBDIVISIONS   OF   STONE    AGE.  511 

de  ficelle  imprimee  dans  Fargile  encore  molle.  Comme  je  1'ai  deja  fait 
remarquer  plus  haut,  les  haches  en  nephrite  et  jadeite  sont  de  venues  plus 
rares  et  font  meme  presque  entierement  d^faut."  (B.  392,  p.  2.) 

It  will  be  remembered  that  a  similar  subdivision  of  the  Stone 
Age  was  adopted  by  M.  Borel  in  his  essay  on  the  lacustrine 
stations  along  the  Bevaix  shore.  (See  page  49.)  In  my  opinion 
there  are  no  archaeological  grounds  for  such  a  classification  ;  but 
I  retain  its  nomenclature  as  a  matter  of  convenience,  especially 
the  term  "Transition"  period.  The  inhabitants  of  Schaffis  (referred 
to  by  Dr.  Gross,  and  acknowledged  to  be  one  of  the  oldest  stations 
in  Switzerland),  knew  and  practised  the  art  of  boring  and  sawing 
stones ;  they  possessed  implements  of  nephrite  and  jadeite  (Fig. 
185,  No.  29),  and  in  the  manufacture  of  the  usual  flint  implements 
they  were,  according  to  Dr.  v.  Fellenberg,  pre-eminent.  In  the 
assortment  of  objects  from  this  station  in  the  Cantonal  Museum 
at  Berne  are  to  be  seen  some  fantastically-shaped  and  perforated 
clubs  of  horn  and  bone,  a  large  needle,  and  five  peculiar  objects 
of  horn,  similar  to  those  found  on  so  many  of  the  stations  of 
the  period  of  transition  as  Sutz,  Gerlafingen,  etc.  (Nos.  26 
and  27),  pieces  of  cloth,  flax  combs,  a  variety  of  clay  weights, 
stone  axe-hammers  in  all  stages  of  manufacture,  well-shaped 
daggers  of  flint  and  bone,  flint  saws  in  their  wooden  handles.  On 
this  station  Dr.  Gross  also  describes  the  finding  of  portions  of 
a  ladder ;  and  Dr.  Keller  (B.  336,  p.  48)  part  of  a  door  or 
window  containing  a  long  bolt  (No.  25).  It  is  true  that  the 
specimens  of  pottery  are  coarse  and  devoid  of  ornamentation ;  but 
this  might  have  been  due  to  social  causes  rather  than  a  deficiency 
of  knowledge,  as  we  find  that  in  some  of  the  other  early  stations, 
as  for  example  Schussenried,  the  pottery  is  highly  ornamented. 
In  the  struggle  for  existence  the  original  founders  of  the  lake- 
dwellings,  surrounded  by  fierce  aborigines  and  wild  animals,  had 
to  pay  more  attention  to  the  mere  necessaries  of  life  than  to  art. 
With  the  progress  of  time  there  are  indications  of  considerable 
prosperity  and  a  corresponding  advancement  in  culture,  but 
nothing  worthy  of  being  characterised  as  a  separate  period 
till  the  introduction  of  bronze,  which,  by  facilitating  all  mechanical 
and  industrial  operations,  produced  a  social  revolution.  But  this 
change  was  only  by  degrees,  and  the  overlap  of  the  Stone  and 
Bronze  Ages  is  appropriately  designated  the  period  of  transition. 
However  long  or  short  the  lake-dwellers  existed  in  the  pure 


512  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

Stone  Age  (in  regard  to  which  there  is  not  much  evidence),  one 
thing  is  clear,  that  during  all  that  time  the  essential  elements 
of  their  culture  and  civilisation  underwent  little  or  no  change. 

II.— TRANSITION   PERIOD. 

Before  proceeding  to  describe  the  changes  brought  about  in 
the  social  economy  of  the  lake-dwellers  by  the  introduction  of 
the  metals,  there  is  an  important  problem  that  demands  a  few 
passing  remarks,  viz.  the  evidence  as  to  the  existence  of  a 
Copper  Age  in  Europe.  The  theory  of  those  who  advocate 
the  affirmative  of  this  problem,  among  whom  are  notably  Pro- 
fessor v.  Pulszky,  of  Buda-Pesth,  and  Dr.  Much,  of  Vienna,  is  that 
the  pro-historic  people  of  Europe  became  first  acquainted  with 
th-j  art  of  extracting  copper  from  its  ore,  which  they  fashioned 
both  by  smelting  and  hammering  into  various  kinds  of  weapons, 
implements,  and  ornaments.  In  the  first  instance  these  were 
mere  imitations  of  objects  previously  in  use.  Thus  the  flat  axe 
or  celt,  almost  the  only  form  ever  found  in  copper  in  Europe 
(except  Hungary),  was  clearly  formed  on  the  model  of  the  stone 
implements  previously  in  use.  Daggers  and  spear-heads  are  also 
imitations  of  their  flint  prototypes,  as  may  be  strikingly  seen 
by  a  comparison  of  Fig.  7,  No.  11,  with  Fig.  8,  No.  2,  the 
former  being  flint,  and  the  latter  copper. 

As  the  very  strongest  arguments  in  support  of  a  Copper  Age 
are  derived  from  the  number  and  variety  of  objects  of  pure  copper 
that  have  come  to  light  through  lake-dwelling  researches,  I  will 
endeavour,  as  briefly  as  possible,  to  point  out  their  general  bearing 
on  this  problem.  We  have  already  seen  that  in  many  instances 
celts,  daggers,  beads,  and  other  objects  of  copper  were  found  on 
various  stations,  but  almost  invariably  associated  with  bronze 
objects,  as  was  the  case,  for  example,  at  Wollishofen.  There  can 
hardly  be  any  doubt  that  the  transition  from  Stone  to  the  most 
flourishing  period  of  the  Bronze  Age  took  place  during  the 
occupation  of  this  lacustrine  settlement,  but  to  infer  that  its 
copper  objects  were  the  products  of  a  Copper  Age  would  manifestly 
be  overstepping  the  limits  of  a  legitimate  conclusion.  From  these 
long-lived  settlements,  with  their  promiscuous  contents,  we  must 
turn  to  those  which  have  come,  as  it  were,  to  a  premature  end, 
just  shortly  after  the  first  metal  objects  began  to  be  used,  but  before 
the  full  development  of  the  Bronze  Age.  From  such  stations  in 


COPPER    AGE. 


513 


the  lake-dwelling  area  I  select  the  following  seven  as  the  most 
interesting,  viz. : — Polada,  Laibach,  Mondsee,  Robenhausen,  Locras, 
Vinelz,  and  St.  Blaise.  In  the  following  table  I  have  tabulated  all 
the  metal  objects  that  I  can  find  on  record,  or  deposited  in  local 
collections,  as  coming  from  these  stations. 


NAME    OK 

COPPER. 

BRONZE. 

REFERENCES. 

STATION. 

POLADA 



1  dagger,  3  flat  celts, 

Dr.  Rambotti's 

Collection,    De- 

senzano,  Fig.  67 

LAIBACH 

1  flat  celt,  6  daggers 

1  winged  celt,  3  pins, 

Fig.    45;    B.    302 

(crucibles) 

and  cutting-  blades, 

2    swords,    1    orna- 

and 317 

5  awls,  1  fragment 

mented    dagger,    2 

plain  do.,  2  bracelets 

! 

MONDSEE 

14  flat  celts,  6  daggers, 

1  portion  of  dagger,  1 

Fig.   39  ;     Much  : 

(crucibles. 

3  spirals,  3  awls,  1 

hair-pin 

Kupfcrzeit      in 

Fig.    184, 

fish-hook,    2    frag- 

Euro pa 

No.  3) 

ments 

ROBEN- 

1 flat  celt 

1  flat  celt 

Fig.  24 

HAUSEN 

(crucibles) 

LOCRAS 

4  daggers,  2   awls,   1 

1  flat-handed  sword,  1 

Fig.  186,  No.  1  ;  B. 

double  celt  (No.  10, 

dagger,  2  hair-pins 

336,  p.  33  ;  Mn- 

Fig.  186),  1  bead 

teriaux,      vols. 

xiv.     and    xv.  ; 

Antiqua,    1885, 

p.  lOfi 

VINELZ 

41)  beads  (45  of  which 



Fig.  7  ;    Antiy-na, 

are  in  Bern  and  4  in 

1885,  p.  107  ;  B. 

Gross  Coll.),  9  dag- 

402, PL  xv.  and 

gers,  6  awls,  1  flat 

xvi. 

celt,   8  pendants,  1 

spiral,     1     tube,    3 

punches,  1  hair-pin, 

1  chisel 

ST.  BLAISE 

5  daggers,  2  portions  of 

1  dagger  with  midrib. 

Fig.  8  ;    Antigua, 

(crucibles) 

flat  celts.  3  knives, 

Anzeiger,   1882,  PI. 

1883,     p.      61  ; 

3    beads,   4    arrow- 

xix.  3 

Ibid.,  1884,  pp. 

points,  2  earrings,  1 

59      and      60  ; 

spiral 

Ibid.,  1885,  pp. 

10,     108  ;     and 

7&M/.,1886,p.l3 

H  H 


514  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

The  total  number  of  copper  objects  tabulated  by  Mr.  Forrer, 
in  his  carefully  prepared  "  Statistick  der  in  der  Schweiz  gefundenen 
Kupfergerathe,"  *  amounts  to  250.  Of  these,  107  are  beads  or 
ornaments,  and  of  the  remaining  number,  37  are  flat  celts — the 
rest  being  chisels,  knives,  daggers,  hammers,  etc.  The  copper 
finds  on  the  other  stations,  except  the  seven  here  mentioned, 
may  be  dispensed  with  as  weakening  rather  than  strengthening 
the  evidence  for  a  separate  Copper  Age,  because  there  was  a  pre- 
ponderance of  bronze  objects  associated  with  them,  as  was  the 
case,  for  example,  at  Lattringen  and  Gerlafingen. 

Looking  now  at  our  seven  selected  stations  we  see,  from  the 
general  character  of  the  relics  with  which  the  metal  objects  were 
associated,  that  they  belonged  essentially  to  the  Stone  Age;  and 
it  would  appear  as  if  the  use  of  the  metals  had  not  been  suffi- 
ciently long  known  to  alter  their  prevailing  character.  Now  it 
will  be  observed  that  in  all  these  seven  stations,  except  one, 
viz.  YineJz,  objects  of  bronze  were  also  found  associated  with 
those  of  copper.  On  the  other  hand,  Polada  has  yielded  only  a 
few  bronze  weapons,  and  yet  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  this 
station  existed  during  the  earliest  Transition  period.  Nor  is  it  in 
this  respect  singular,  as  at  Ober-Meilen  there  were  two  objects  of 
bronze,  viz.  a  flat  celt  and  a  bracelet,  associated  with  relics  of 
the  Stone  Age,  but  none  of  copper.  Also  in  the  transition 
station  at  Morges  (Roseaux)  there  were  no  less  than  18  bronze 
celts  of  the  same  type,  together  with  a  few  other  objects  of 
this  material,  but  none  of  copper.  On  the  supposition  that 
a  Copper  Age  prevailed  for  any  length  of  time  as  a  preliminary 
to  that  of  Bronze,  it  would  follow  that  the  station  at  Yinelz 
was  earlier  than  the  others.  The  character  of  its  relics  does  not, 
however,  bear  this  interpretation,  as  the  perforated  hatchets  and 
other  relics  are  more  numerous  and  more  elegant  than  anywhere 
else,  and  some  of  its  pottery  is  highly  ornamented  and  in  some 
respects  resembles  that  of  the  Bronze  Age.  The  arrow-points 
and  daggers  of  flint  are  exceedingly  well  formed,  and  among 
a  variety  of  types  of  the  former  there  are  some  with  recurved 
barbs.  Also  this  station  is  rich  in  cloth,  nets,  thread,  bone 
buttons,  etc.,  and  corresponds  in  every  respect  with  that  of  Locras, 
on  which  a  sword  and  a  dagger  of  bronze  were  found  along  with 
a  few  copper  implements.  The  mere  absence  of  bronze  in  Vinelz 

*  Anttqua,  1885,  p.  138. 


COPPER    AGE.  515 

is  not  a  sufficient  reason,  per  se,  to  suppose  that  it  existed  in  a 
pure  Copper  Age  without  a  knowledge  of  bronze.  All  the  copper 
objects  from  the  other  stations  bear  the  same  evidence  of 
primitive  workmanship  as  those  from  it. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  earliest  bronze  objects,  wherever  found, 
such  as  the  swords  and  daggers,  etc.,  from  Locras,  Polada,  and 
Laibach,  show  a  totally  different  and  a  much  higher  style  of 
manufacture ;  but  yet  there  is  not  even  presumptive  evidence 
in  favour  of  the  idea  that  they  represent  a  later  date  than  the 
crude  copper  tools  and  weapons  of  Vinelz.  The  contemporaneity 
of  more  or  fewer  bronze  objects  in  the  six  other  stations  of  the 
Transition  period  above  named  entirely  outweighs  the  exceptional 
evidence  of  this  one.  Admitting  that  these  copper  objects  were 
fabricated  by  the  lake-dwellers,  a  supposition  which  is  rendered 
highly  probable  by  the  finding  of  so  many  crucibles  at  Roben- 
hausen,  Mondsee,  Laibach,  and  other  places,  we  must  also 
admit  that  their  fabricators  were  somehow  acquainted  with  the 
superior  qualities  of  bronze  implements.  Consequently  the  manu- 
facture of  these  inferior  articles  must  be  explained  on  some  other 
grounds  than  the  supposition  of  a  Copper  Age,  in  the  sense  that 
it  preceded  and  gradually  developed  into  that  of  Bronze.  I 
fancy  the  true  explanation  is  that  the  lake-dwellers  became 
first  acquainted  with  metal  instruments  in  the  form  of  imported 
bronze  objects,  especially  swords  and  daggers,  and  that  this 
suggested  to  them,  and  directly  led  to,  the  discovery  of  the  art 
of  reducing  the  pure  metal  from  the  copper  ore.  Local  or  peri- 
patetic coppersmiths,  in  trying  to  imitate  these  imported  imple- 
ments, went  on  manufacturing  copper  objects  until  they  learned 
the  art  of  hardening  it  by  the  proper  admixture  of  tin.  This 
knowledge  might  have  been  originally  kept  a  great  secret. 
But,  however  this  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  the  secret  was  not 
long  kept,  as  we  soon  find  the  lake-dwellers  in  full  possession  of 
the  art  of  manufacturing  all  manner  of  bronze  objects.  Ignorance 
of  the  nature  of  the  alloy  or  perhaps  the  scarcity  or  dearness  of 
tin,  leading  to  wilful  deception  on  the  part  of  the  fabricators, 
may  partly  account  for  the  production  of  some  of  these  copper 
implements.  It  has  also  been  suggested  that  the  repeated 
melting  of  bronze  causes  the  tin  to  disappear,  and  that  in  this 
way  copper  objects  may  have  come  about.  But  this  explanation 
is  inapplicable  to  those  from  the  lake-dwellings,  as  they  are  all 


510  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

of  the  most  primitive  type,  and  were  undoubtedly  manufactured 
during  the  initiatory  stages  of  the  metallurgic  art. 

III.— BRONZE    AGE. 

The  art  of  manufacturing  cutting  implements  of  bronze,  when 
once  known,  must  have  come  quickly  into  general  use,  owing  to 
their  vast  superiority  over  those  in  previous  use,  whether  of  stone 
or  copper.  Not  only  was  there  a  great  impulse  given  to  the 
ordinary  affairs  of  life,  but  actually  new  industries  must  have 
been  developed.  In  lieu  of  the  primitive  weapons  and  tools 
previously  in  use,  we  have  now  a  splendid  array  of  swords, 
daggers,  lances,  axes,  knives,  rasors,  chisels,  gouges,  sickles,  etc. 
The  simple  dagger  of  bone  or  flint,  which  could  only  be  used  by 
a  thrusting  blow,  became  not  only  more  specialised  and  a  more 
powerful  weapon,  but  developed  into  a  new  weapon — the  double- 
edged  sword.  The  rirst  form  of  this  weapon  which  found  its  way 
to  the  lake-dwellers  appears  to  have  been  that  with  a  flat  handle 
(Fig.  186,  Nos.  1,  7,  and  9),  with  a  series  of  rivet  holes  for 
attaching  plates  of  bone  or  wood,  so  as  to  give  a  better  grip 
to  the  wielder.  Subsequently  the  handle  was  cast  separately  of 
solid  bronze,  and  the  blade  was  then  attached  to  it  by  means  of 
rivets.  One  of  the  most  elegant  of  these  forms  was  that  ter- 
minating at  the  hilt  in  a  couple  of  spirals,  several  examples 
of  which  are  illustrated  on  Figs.  11,  19,  and  186.  From  Moer- 
iugen  there  is  a  very  rare  sword  of  this  type,  but  portion  of  the 
handle  is  broken  oft'.  The  blade  is  of  iron  and  the  handle  of 
bronze  ornamented  with  encrusted  bands  of  iron  (Fig.  186,  No.  6). 

Such  sharp-edged  weapons  entailed  the  necessity  of  caution 
when  carried  about  the  person,  and  accordingly  sheaths  were  used, 
probably  in  the  first  place  made  of  wood  and  tipped  with  bronze. 
Objects  supposed  to  be  these  tips  have  been  found  at  various 
places,  as  Moeringen,  Auvernier,  Champreveyeres,  Luissel  (Fig.  19, 
No.  4),  Bourget,  etc.  (Fig.  21,  No.  20). 

While  daggers  were  riveted  to  handles  of  solid  bronze,  horn,  or 
other  materials  (Fig.  186,  No.  8),  a  form  which  they  retained  during 
the  whole  Bronze  Age,  lance-heads  were  from  the  earliest  times 
made  with  sockets.  Arrow-points  were  subject  to  greater  variations, 
as  we  find  them  tanged,  socketed,  or  merely  triangularly-shaped 
ilat  pieces.  The  latter  had  generally  two  or  four  small  holes  by 
means  of  which  they  were  fastened  to  the  stem  by  a  wire  or 


BRONZE    AGE.  517 

thread  (Pig.  21,  Nos.  22  to  26).  Hatchets  display  a  series  of 
evolutionary  improvements,  the  various  stages  of  which  can  be 
readily  traced.  Thus  the  primitive  stone  form,  which  was  alone 
adhered  to  in  the  few  copper  examples  hitherto  found,  was  also 
continued  in  bronze,  and  in  this  form  the  bronze  axe  spread 
largely  over  Europe.  But  it  gradually  gave  way  to  that  with  flaps, 
or  wings,  with  or  without  loops  for  fixing  the  instrument  more 


Fig.  186.— BUONZE  WEAPONS  AND  COPPER  CELT.    Nos.  10  and  1 1  =  £. 

and  all  the  rest  =  3-  real  size. 

firmly  to  its  handle.  Finally  we  have  the  socketed  hatchet, 
which  appears  to  have  been  considered  the  best  form  in  use 
during  the  Bronze  Age.  It  was  only  when  iron  superseded  bronze 
in  the  use  of  cutting  implements  that  the  modern  type,  i.e.  with 
a  transverse  hole  for  the  handle,  came  into  general  use,  although 
ths  principle  was  well  known  in  previous  ages,  and,  indeed,  acted 
upon,  as  in  the  perforated  stone  hammers  and  axes.  Bronze  saws 
(Fig.  6,  No.  7)  appear  to  have  been  used  to  an  extremely  limited 
extent,  as  only  some  half-a-dozen  examples  have  been  found  on  the 
whole  lake-dwelling  area  of  Central  Europe.  Their  rarity  in  com- 
parison with  the  superabundance  of  flint  saws  in  the  Stone  Age 
may  be  accounted  for  by  the  large  number  of  sharp  cutting 
instruments  that  were  now  prevalent,  and  which  were  better 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

adapted  for  many  of  the  purposes  to  which  the  saws  were  formerly 
put,  such  as  the  making  of  arrow-stems,  wooden  handles,  etc.  The 
ordinary  knives  of  the  palafittes  are  extremely  elegant  in  form, 
the  blade  being  always  more  or  less  curved,  and  frequently  orna- 
mented with  parallel  or  wavy  lines  and  running  patterns  of 
concentric  circles  and  dots.  They  were  generally  hafted  by 
means  of  a  tang  or  socket,  but  sometimes  the  blade  and  handle 
were  made  in  one  solid  casting.  Numerous  examples  of  all  these 
different  forms  are  given  in  our  illustrations. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  socketed  knives  are  very 
rare  in  Eastern  Switzerland,  not  a  single  example  being  recorded 
from  the  great  find  at  Wollishofen,  while,  as  we  move  westward, 
they  increase  relatively,  till  in  Lake  Bourget  they  become  the 
rule  and  not  the  exception. 

The  blades  which  go  under  the  name  of  razors,  though  of 
di versified  forms,  may  be  divided  into  two  kinds,  according  as 
they  arc  single-  or  double-bladed.  The  former  have  a  ridged 
back,  which  generally  projects  at  one  end,  so  as  to  become  a 
short  handle,  often  assuming  the  form  of  a  terminal  ring,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  20,  Nos.  22  and  28.  One  in  the  Gross  collec- 
tion has  a  handle  of  staghorn.  The  latter,  or  double-bladed, 
have  the  handle  placed  intermediately  between  the  blades, 
and  arc  common  in  the  terremare  and  the  palafitte  of  Peschiera 
(Fig.  63),  but  they  do  not  occur  in  Lake  Bourget.  The  small 
pincers  supposed  to  be  for  epilation,  so  common  in  La  Tene  and 
in  Gallo-Roman  times,  appear  to  have  come  into  use  towards  the 
close  of  the  Bronze  Age,  as  they  are  extremely  rare  in  the  pala- 
tittes  of  Central  Switzerland,  but  more  common  in  those  of  Lake 
Bourget.  One  is  figured  by  Dr.  Gross,  from  Moeringen,  similar  to 
the  one  here  represented  from  Lake  Bourget  (Fig.  20,  No.  24). 

Sickles  were  also  widely  distributed  over  the  lake-dwelling  area 
of  the  Bronze  Age,  including  the  terremare.  They  are  flat  on  the 
under  side,  but  on  the  upper  side  they  have  two  or  more  ridges 
running  lengthways,  the  object  of  which  was  to  strengthen  the  im- 
plement. By  means  of  a  raised  knob,  or  rivet-hole,  and  sometimes  a 
projecting  spur,  it  was  firmly  fixed  into  a  wooden  handle,  as  seen 
in  Fig.  187.  That  represented  here  was  found  at  Moeringen,  and 
5  adroitly  fashioned  by  hollows  and  rounding  ridges,  adapted 
for  the  right  hand.  That  this  was  the  normal  condition  of  these 
handles  is  probable  from  the  fact  that  other  two  similar  objects 


BRONZE    AGE. 


519 


were  found  at  Corcelettes,  which  are  now  preserved  in  the  Museum 
at  Lausanne. 

As  regards  hammers,  chisels,  gouges,  punches,  awls,  needles, 
hooks,  and  spears  for  fishing,  etc.,  it  is  unnecessary  to  add  to  the 
descriptive  details  already  given,  and  their  general  characters  are 
sufficiently  patent  from  the  illustrations. 

In  the  category  of  objects  used  for  the  toilet  and  personal 
ornament  we  have  a  large  as- 
sortment' of  new  and  fanciful 
forms,  such  as  bracelets,  pen- 
dants, necklaces,  fibulse,  pins, 
combs,  belt-clasps,  finger-rings, 
buttons,  studs,  earrings,  chains, 
as  well  as  a  few  ornaments  of 
gold,  amber,  and  glass. 

First  in  importance  are  the 
armlets  or  anklets,  which  greatly 
differ  as  regards  size,  form,  and 
ornamentation  (Fig.  188,  etc.). 
They  are  closed  or  open.  The 
former  are  solid  or  hollow  rings, 
and  either  plain  or  ornamented 
with  the  usual  geometrical  figures 
of  incised  lines,  circles,  and  dots 
variously  combined.  The  open 
bracelets  are  more  numerous, 
and  have  a  wider  range  of  style 
and  pattern.  Some  consist  of 

a  stout  wire,  spirally  grooved,  in  single  or  double  ply  (Fig.  3, 
No.  15),  or  a  flat  band  with  a  terminal  hook  and  eye  for  fas- 
tening when  worn  over  the  arm.  Others  are  penannular,  with 
flat  expansions  at  each  end,  and  the  more  massive  are  hollowed 
in  the  centre  so  as  to  reduce  their  weight.  These  latter  are 
peculiar  to  the  palafittes  of  Western  Switzerland,  having  their 
greatest  development  in  the  lakes  of  Netichatel,  Bienne,  and 
Morat.  They  occur  in  Lake  Bourget,  but  not  to  the  same  extent 
as  the  solid  forms.  Jet  bracelets  are  rare,  only  one  or  two  being 
recorded  from  the  Swiss  palafittes  (Fig.  11,  No.  14) ;  but  they  are 
more  numerous  in  Lake  Bourget.  One  is  of  tin  (Fig.  188,  No.  3). 

Pendants   and  such   like   ornaments  affect    so  many  different 


Fig.  187.  —  Wooden  Handle  with 
Bronze  Sickle  (£),  The  smaller 
figure  shows  the  manner  of  using 
this  implement. 


520 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


forms  that  it  would  be  idle  here  to  attempt  to  classify  them.  They 
have  all  one  common  element,  viz.  a  perforation  or  ring  at  the  top 
for  suspension,  and  it  is  probable  that  many  of  them  are  merely 
individual  parts  of  a  compound  ornament,  like  that  found  at 
Auvernier,  and  figured  by  Dr.  Gross  (B.  392,  PL  xxiii.  33),  in  which 
there  are  no  less  than  fourteen  different  pendants  hanging  from 


Fig.  188.— BRONZE  AND  TIN  BRACELETS.    All  |  real  size. 

a  central  wheel.  But  no  doubt  many  of  them,  especially  the 
larger  forms,  such  as  those  found  on  the  palafitte  at  Onens 
(Fig.  189,  Xos.  1  to  3),  must  have  been  used  as  single  decorations. 

Necklaces  formed  by  stringing  together  beads  of  various 
materials,  such  as  that  represented  on  Pig.  11,  No.  1,  were 
probably  a  common  method  of  personal  adornment;  but  of 
course  they  are  seldom  met  with  except  as  individual  beads. 
I  rings  for  the  neck,  or  torques,  are  extremely  rare,  their 
entire  number  recorded  from  the  lake-dwellings  of  the  Bronze 
Age  being  less  than  half-a-dozen.  They  are  all  of  one  type  and 


BRONZE    AGE. 


521 


similar    to   the    two   illustrations   given   in  Fig.  10,  No.  3,   from 
Cortaillod,  and  Fig.  63,  No.  19,  from  Peschiera. 

Fibulae  were  not  quite  so  rare  as  the  torques,  and  they  appear 


Fig.  189.— PENDANTS,  ORNAMENTS,  etc.,  of  Bronze  and  Tin.    Nos.  1  to  3, 
and  17  to  20  =  -j,  and  the  rest  =  §  real  size. 

to  have  been  pretty  equally  distributed  over  the  lake-dwelling 
area,  both  north  and  south  of  the  Alps.  Though  well  repre- 
sented at  Peschiera,  their  existence  in  the  true  terramara  deposits 
is  still  a  matter  of  contention  among  archaeologists.  From  a 
glance  at  the  various  examples  given  in  our  illustrations  (Fig.  3, 


522  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

No.  20;  Fig.  6,  Nos.  4,  9,  and  10;  Fig.  12,  Nos.  4,  12,  14,  and 
26),  etc.,  it  will  be  seen  that  they  occupy  an  intermediate  place 
between  the  straight  pin  and  the  more  highly  developed  and 
elaborate  forms  found  among  relics  of  later  ages. 

Pins  are  the  most  common  objects  among  the  industrial 
remains  of  the  lake-dwellings,  the  total  number  found  in  the 
Swiss  stations  alone  being  approximately  over  10,000.  Their 
principal  function  was  to  adorn  the  hair,  but  no  doubt  some 
were  used  for  other  purposes,  such  as  the  fastening  of  garments, 
and  so  they  took  the  place  of  the  fibulae.  They  are  extremely 
varied  in  size  and  style  of  manufacture,  being  of  all  grades  from 
an  inch  up  to  30  inches  in  length,  and  from  the  simple  unadorned 
stem  with  »  mere  knob  for  a  head  up  to  the  highly  decorated 
examples  so  numerously  represented  in  our  illustrations,  such  for 
example  as  those  with  massive  heads  in  the  form  of  a  hollow 
globe  (Fig.  13,  No.  12),  or  cup  (Fig.  3,  No.  9),  or  expanded 
disc  (Fig.  10,  No.  24).  Some  had  a  loose  ring  for  a  head,  to 
which  in  some  instances  bits  of  chains  were  attached  (Fig.  3, 
No.  G).  In  Like  Bourget  a  few  were  found  with  flat  wheel-shaped 
heads  (Fig.  189,  Nos.  4  and  5). 

Bronze  combs  are  fairly  well  represented  both  in  the  terremare 
and  the  lacustrine  dwellings.  They  are  almost  invariably  small, 
with  a  single  or  double  row  of  teeth.  Clasps  for  girdles  like  the 
one  figured  from  Bourget  (Fig.  20,  No.  25)  are  in  the  Gross 
collection,  as  well  as  a  few  others  of  a  slightly  different  form. 
Buttons,  studs,  chains,  finger-rings  of  single  or  more  coils,  ear-rings, 
glass  and  amber  beads  are  also  so  numerous  and  widely  spread 
as  to  show  that  they  were  not  merely  exceptional  objects  among 
the  lake-dwellers. 

Several  bronze  dishes,  not  exceeding  a  dozen  in  all,  have  been 
found  on  several  of  the  Swiss  stations.  They  are  in  the  form 
of  small  wide-mouthed  cups  of  beaten  bronze,  with  or  without 
handles,  and  often  ornamented  with  slightly  raised  knobs  of 
repousse  work  (Fig.  10,  No.  20),  or  like  small  jars  of  cast  bronze 
(Fig.  3,  No.  22,  and  Fig.  6,  No.  2).  Fragments  of  larger  dishes, 
like  the  Etruscan  situlaj  made  of  thin  sheets  riveted  together, 
with  massive  handles  also  attached  by  rivets,  have  been  found 
at  Wollishofen  (Fig.  4,  Nos.  17  and  22). 

Gold  is  only  sparingly  met  with,  and  the  objects  are  generally 
small  or  fragmentary.  In  this  condition  specimens  of  the  precious 


FOUNDRY    MATERIALS.  523 

metal  are  among  the  relics  from  Nidau,  Moeringen  (Fig.  189,  No.  8), 
Auvernier,  Concise,  Cortaillod,  Montilier,  Wollishofen,  and  Lake 
Bourget,  etc.  A  few  objects  are  of  tin,  the  most  frequently  met 
with  being  small  wheels  with  four,  five,  or  eight  spokes,  which 
are  recorded  from  several  stations,  portion  of  a  ring  and  a  bracelet 
from  Montilier  (Fig.  188,  No.  3),  a  small  bar  pierced  with  16 
holes  from  Corcelettes  (Fig.  189,  No.  12),  and  a  pendant  from 
Auvernier  (No.  7),  a  small  cross  from  Lake  Garda  (Fig.  64, 
No.  26),  etc.  Tin  is  also  represented  in  small  ingots  and,  as 
we  shall  afterwards  more  particularly  notice,  it  was  used  to 
decorate  the  inside  of  various  dishes  of  earthenware. 

To  these  industrial  objects,  many  of  which  had  their  prototypes 
in  the  Stone  Age,  we  have  to  add  a  variety  of  appliances  for 
carrying  on  the  metallurgical  art.  Stone  anvils  gave  place  to  bronze 
ones,  and  of  these  the  most  remarkable  is  that  from  Wollishofen 
(Fig.  4,  No.  21).  Moulds  were  generally  made  of  sandstone  or 
hardened  clay,  the  former  being  the  most  numerous,  and  specimens 
may  be  seen  in  all  the  collections  from  the  stations  both  north 
and  south  of  the  Alps.  It  will  be  recollected  that  the  two  valves 
of  a  mould  for  a  winged  celt  made  of  bronze  were  found  at 
Merges  at  a  very  early  stage  in  lacustrine  investigations  (Fig.  17, 
No.  8).  For  many  years  this  apparatus  remained  as  a  solitary 
and  unique  example  of  this  kind  of  mould,  but  now  three  other 
valves,  similar  to  those  from  Morges,  have  been  found,  one  on 
each  of  the  stations  of  Auvernier,  Corcelettes,  and  Estavayer  (Fig.  9, 
No.  22).  Crucibles  are  abundantly  represented.  They  are  of 
various  shapes  and  sizes,  sometimes  with  a  solid  handle,  as  those 
from  Rohenhausen  and  St.  Blaise,  and  at  other  times  with  a  short 
projection  having  a  perforation  through  which  a  wooden  stick 
could  be  inserted  as  a  handle  (Fig.  184,  No.  3,  and  Fig.  45,  No.  14). 
As  further  evidence  that  the  founder  practised  his  art  in  situ 
we  have  various  records  of  the  finding  of  ingots  of  copper, 
tin,  and  lead ;  also  slag,  defective  castings,  scoria  and  refuse  of 
smelting  furnaces.  In  the  Gross  collection  there  is  a  circular 
cake  of  tin  with  a  small  ring  for  suspension  similar  to  a  leaden 
cake  figured  from  Wollishofen  (Fig.  4,  No.  23).  The  huge  mass 
of  copper  in  the  form  of  a  double  celt  (Fig.  186,  No.  10)  was 
probably  for  the  same  end,  and  not  intended  as  an  imple- 
ment at  all. 

In  Dr.  Evan's  collection   there  is  a   remarkable  bronze   knife 


504  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

(Fig,  190)  from  Bourget,  having  the  handle  and  blade  made  of 
one  solid  casting,  which  appears  as  if  it  had  just  been  freshly 
extracted  from  the  mould.  It  has  evidently  undergone  no  sub- 
sequent polish,  and  still  retains  a  thin  irregular  rim  all  round, 
corresponding  with  the  junction  of  the  two  halves  of  the  stone 

mould. 

It  is  not,  however,  to  be  supposed  that  I  claim  all  the  multi- 
farious objects  found  in  the  debri*  of  the  lake-dwellings  as 
products  of  native  art;  on  the  contrary,  I  believe  there  are  many 
objects,  especially  the  more  complicated  and  ornamental,  which 
can  be  traced  to  foreign  sources.  But  on  the  other  hand  the 
iiH-iv  inspection  of  the  extensive  assortment  of  foundry  materials, 
especially  the  variety  of  moulds  which  include  swords  (B.  282, 


Fig.  190.— Bronze  Knife  Q). 

PI.  liv.  Fig.  2,  and  B.  392,  PI.  xxix.  Fig.  11),  daggers,  spears, 
knives,  sickles,  all  kinds  of  celts  and  chisels,  bracelets,  buckles, 
pins,  rings,  wheels,  etc.,  leaves  no  doubt  that  the  home  industry 
in  the  manufacture  of  bronze  was  extensive  and  skilfully  conducted. 
Indeed,  the  skill  and  ingenuity  displayed  in  casting  such  a  variety 

of  objects  can  only  excite  our  astonishment.     How  the  series  of 
j  j 

involved  and  massive  rings  of  cast  bronze  represented  on  Fig.  10, 
No.  1,  was  produced,  is  really  a  mystery.  A  model  of  such  an 
object  made  of  wax  if  embedded  in  soft  clay,  and  subsequently 
hardened  by  exposure  to  heat  so  as  to  melt  the  wax  and  thus 
allow  it  to  escape,  might  supply  the  founder  with  the  requisite 
mould.  But  that  this  was  the  method  adopted  by  the  lacus- 
trian  founder  is,  of  course,  a  mere  conjecture. 

That  the  horse  was  now  domesticated  and  under  the  control 
of  the  lake-dwellers  we  have  very  circumstantial  evidence  in  the 
discovery  of  bridle-bits,  various  ornaments  for  harness,  and  even 
a  wheel  and  other  mountings  of  a  chariot  or  biga.  For  many 
years  some  curious  and  highly  polished  portions  of  horn  from 
4  to  7  inches  in  length,  and  perforated  with  three  or  more  holes, 


DOMESTICATION    OF    THE    HORSE. 


525 


one  in  the  centre  and  the  other  at  the  extremities,  were  among 
the  unexplained  relics  of  the  Bronze  Age  stations  (Fig.  191, 
Nos.  3  and  4).  The  holes  in  these  objects  had  a  worn  appearance, 
and  it  was  noticed  that  the  direction  of  the  central  aperture  was 


Fig.  191. — BRIDLE-BITS,  HOUSE  TRAPPINGS,  etc.    All  |  real  size. 

always  at  right  angles  to  those  at  the  extremities.  Their  use 
however,  remained  a  complete  puzzle  till  the  year  1872,  when  a 
remarkably  fine  and  well  preserved  horse-bit  of  bronze  was 
discovered  at  Moeringen  (No.  7).  The  similarity  of  these  horn 
objects  to  the  side  pieces  of  the  bronze  bit  led  to  the  conjecture 
that  -they  were  the  analogous  parts  of  horse -bits  made  of  horn. 


.526'  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

The  subsequent  discovery  of  several  other  bronze  bits,  all  of  the 
same  type,  gradually  strengthened  this  opinion ;  but  whatever 
doubt  might  remain  as  to  their  function  is  now  dispelled  by  the 
discovery  at  Corcelettes,  in  1888,  of  a  complete  specimen  made 
of  two  tines  of  staghorn  with  a  transverse  mouthpiece  of  bone 
(No.  1).  Of  the  bronze  bridle-bits  found  up  to  this  time  only  three 
are  entire,  but  there  arc  several  isolated  side  and  centre  pieces 
from  the  stations  of  Nidau,  Moeringen,  Auvernier,  Corcelettes,  and 
Estavayer  (Nos.  5,  G,  and  9).  It  will  be  observed  that  all  the 
examples  here  figured  (which  include  the  most  diverse  forms), 
though  differing  in  some  details,  are  of  the  same  type.  The  only 
marked  difference  in  the  two  entire  specimens  is  that  one  (No.  7) 
has  the  mouthpiece  divided  in  the  middle,  whereas  the  other 
(No.  8)  is  one  solid  piece.  This  latter  was  found  at  Corcelettes 
and  is  now  in  the  Lausanne  Museum.  The  third  entire  specimen, 
which  was  also  found  at  Corcelettes,  appears  from  its  illustration 
(B.  462)  to  be  identical  with  No.  8. 

According  to  Dr.  Gross,  No.  7  was  made  in  one  casting,  thus 
proving  the  perfection  to  which  bronze  working  was  carried. 
All  these  specimens  of  horse-bits,  so  far  as  can  be  judged  from 
the  breadth  of  the  mouthpiece,  indicate  very  small  horses,  No  7 
being  :U  inches  between  the  side  pieces,  and  No.  8  rather  less  than 
4  inches. 

The  entire  bridle-bit  of  horn  is  even  still  smaller,  being  only 
2}  inches  wide.  It  is  thus  described  by  Dr.  Briere  (B.  461):— 

"Cette  inteVessante  piece,  en  parfait  e^at  de  conservation,  se  com- 
pose cle  2  branches  en  bois  de  cerf,  perce'es  chacune  de  3  trous  evidees 
a  la  partie  superieure  sur  un  profondeur  de  3  centimetres  et  mesurant 
18  centimetres  de  longeur,  relie'es  entre'  elles  par  la  barre  du  mors 
qui  est  en  os  et  mesure  exactement  7  centimetres  entre  les  2  branches. 
Cette  barre  en  os  est  creuse  et  pour  assujettir  la  piece  aux  branches, 
on  a  enfonce  de  petits  coins  en  corrie  de  cerf  pour  combler  le  vide  et 
pour  la  rendre  solide."— Antigua,  1888,  p.  37. 

Judging  from  the  frequency  with  which  the  isolated  side- 
pieces  of  bridle-bits  made  of  horn  have  been  found  on  almost  all 
the  bronze  stations,  no  less  than  12  being  now  preserved  in  the 
Munich  Museum  from  Starnberg,  and  14  in  the  Lausanne  Museum 
from  Corcelettes,  the  horse  must  have  been  common  among  the 
lake-dwellers.  It  will  also  be  remembered  that  similar  objects 


SWORD-PINS.  527 

have  been  found  in  the  terremare,  and  Dr.  Carlo  Boni  thinks  that  a 
piece  of  rope  was  used  instead  of  the  stiff  mouth-piece  in  the 
manner  shown  in  No.  2. 

There  are  various  other  objects  which  are  supposed  to  have 
been  used  as  ornaments  for  horse  harness,  such  as  the  phalercv 
.or  bronze  discs,  rings,  knobs,  etc.  The  former  (Nos.  11  to  13)  are 
often  slightly  convex  on  one  side  and  decorated  with  circles  or 
small  knobs  formed  in  repousse  work,  and  on  the  other  side 
there  is  a  small  loop  for  fastening  it.  Several  horn  and  bone 
discs,  especially  those  from  Starnberg  (Fig.  36,  Nos.  24  and  30) 
suggest  a  similar  usage. 

Two  curious  bronze  objects  (Fig.  191,  No.  10)  found  on  the 
eastern  shore  of  Lake  Neuchatel,  one  at  Chevroux  and  the  other 
at  Estavayer,  together  with  portion  of  a  hollow  tube  of  a  similar 
style  of  ornamentation,  remained  for  a  long  time  unexplained. 
However,  coupled  with  the  bronze  wheel  found  at  Cortaillod 
(Fig.  10,  No.  17)  Dr.  Keller  showed  that  they  were  the  handles 
and  part  of  the  top  railing  of  an  Etruscan  biga  or  war  chariot. 
(B.  336.) 

The  use  of  the  long  pins  of  brass  with  sword-like  handles 
(Sdblenadeln)  found  on  the  stations  of  Wollishofen  (Fig.  4,  Nos. 
9  and  10),  Grosser  Hafner  (Fig.  2,  No.  32),  and  the  Grand 
City  of  Merges,  is  not  yet  sufficiently  understood.  In  1886 
Major  v.  Troltsch,*  in  a  note  to  the  Society  of  Anthropology 
in  Berlin,  directed  attention  to  the  fact  that  an  object  of  the 
same  kind  was  preserved  in  the  Museum  at  Donaueschingen, 
which  had  been  found  in  a  Burgwall  (Lagerplatz)  on  the  Hohen- 
howen,  "  einern  der  vulkanischen  Bergkegel  des  Hegau's  bei 
Singen."  The  object  thus  described  by  Major  v.  Troltsch  is 
precisely  similar  to  that  here  figured  from  the  Grosser  Hafner 
(Fig.  2,  No.  32).  Its  total  length  is  16 £  inches,  of  which  the 
pin  takes  up  13  inches  and  the  terminal  ring  If  inch.  The 
stem  presents  a  square  section,  and  in  this  respect  it  agrees 
with  the  examples  found  at  Zurich  and  Morges.  Subsequently 
Dr.  L.  v.  Rau,f  Mr.  R  Forrer,J  and  Mr.  Heierli  §  contributed  to 
the  Society  some  further  notes  on  these  singular  implements, 
but  without  coming  to  any  agreement  as  to  their  function. 

*  Xeit.  fur  Etlm.,  vol.  xviii.,  Verhand.,  p.  83. 
f  Ibid.,  p.  411.  %  Ibid.,  vol.  xix.  p.  97. 

§  Ibid.,  p.  140. 


528 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


In  addition  to  these  bronze  relics  so  numerously  described 
and  illustrated  in  the  previous  pages,  there  are  many  objects 
which  cannot  be  classified  under  any  of  the  previous  headings, 
as  their  use  is  unknown.  Fragments  of  small  hollow  globes  are 
supposed  to  have  been  used  as  children's  rattles.  Examples  of 
these  have  been  found  at  Moeringen  made  of  pottery,  two  of 
which,  now  in  the  Museum  at  Berne,  are  still  perfect  (Fig.  193, 
No.  9).  Both  objects  are  ornamented,  and  contain  inside  a  piece 
of  hardened  clay  which,  when  shaken,  makes  a  jingling  noise. 
In  the  Museum  at  Zurich  there  is,  also  from  Moeringen,  a  small 
pendant  like  a  bell  now  used  on  horse  harness  (Fig.  189,  No.  17). 

Dr.  Gross  (B.  392,  p.  75)  describes  a 
similar  object  found  at  An  vernier  (Fig. 
189,  No.  18)  as  a  perfume-box  (cassolette). 
Among  the  more  recent  finds  is  the 
object  represented  on  Fig.  192,  which  is 
supposed  to  be  part  of  a  mirror  similar 
to  those  so  frequently  met  with  among 
Etruscan  and  Roman  remains.  (B.  420, 
p.  167.)  We  have  already  observed  that 
on  several  of  the  Scottish  crannogs  there 
were  found  some  thin  stones,  highly 
polished  and  circular  or  square,  which 
are  supposed  to  have  been  used  for  the 
same  purpose.  These  stones,  when  moist- 
ened with  water  and  looked  at  in  cer- 
tain  conditions  as  regards  light,  are  by 
no  means  a  bad  substitute  for  the  more 
perfect  reflecting  mirrors  of  the  present  day. 

These  great  innovations  following  in  the  wake  of  the  metals 
could  hardly  fail  to  influence  such  a  plastic  art  as  that  of  the 
potter.  Accordingly  we  find  a  better  quality  of  paste,  greater 
variety  and  elegance  of  form,  and  some  approach  to  systematic 
decoration.  There  is  one  new  form  quite  characteristic  of  this 
age  which,  were  it  not  for  the  extreme  elegance  and  harmony  of 
all  its  parts,  one  would  suppose  indicated  a  retrograde  move- 
ment. This  was  a  small  water-bottle-shaped  vase,  which,  having 
a  conical  base,  could  not  be  made  to  sit  upright  upon  a 
flat  surface  without  some  kind  of  support.  This  support  is 
supposed  to  be  a  clay  ring  (Fig.  2,  Nos.  2,  5,  and  31),  great 


Fig.  192.— BRONZE  MIRROR 
FROM  PORT  ALBAN  (AX 


BRONZE   AGE — POTTERY.  529 

numbers  of  which  have  been  found   in   the  Bronze  Age  stations. 
Ultimately  colouring  materials  were  introduced  which  considerably 
enhanced    the    effect   of   ornamentation    on   the    dishes.     Besides 
systematic   patterns   of  recurring  geometrical   figures   formed   by 
lines  in  the  soft  clay,  we   sometimes   find  similar  patterns  traced 
on  the  surface    of  the    vessels   by   means   of  thin   strips  of  tin- 
foil  made    to    adhere   by  means    of   a   kind   of  gum  or   asphalt. 
The  vessels   thus   manipulated  were   of  extremely  elegant   forms, 
and   made   of  a   fine   paste    with  a  smooth   black   surface.     This 
custom  was  particularly  prevalent  in  Lake  Bourget,  but  specimens 
have   been   found    in    some    of   the    other    lakes,   as    at   Nidau, 
Hauterive,    Cortaillod,    Montilier,    Estavayer,   etc.,    but    it   is    ex- 
tremely rare  in  Eastern  Switzerland.     On  Fig.  193  I  have  shown 
a  few   additional   specimens   of  pottery.     No.  1  is  the  quarter  of 
a   dish   shaped    like    a    milk    plate    having    a    small    flat    base. 
It  is  perforated  with  groups  of  holes   arranged    systematically  as 
shown   in   the   illustration,  and   the   inside  is  ornamented  with  a 
few  incised  circles.     This  dish,  or  rather  percolator,  was  found  in 
Lake  Bourget,  and  formed  part  of  Mr.  Rabut's   collection  now  in 
the  British  Museum.     Another  percolator,  of  similar  shape  and  size, 
differently  ornamented,  and  having  a  slight  variation  in  the  dis- 
position of  the  grouped  perforations,  was  found  at  Montilier,  and 
is   figured   by  Keller.     (B.  126,  PL  v.  26.)     No.   2  represents  the 
quarter  of  a  dish   of  the   same   form   as   the   above,  but  without 
perforations.     Its  interior   is  adorned  with  strips  of  tin-foil  (here 
represented  in  white)  producing  a  wonderfully  complicated  design. 
This   dish  was   found   at   Cortaillod,  and   is  now  in    the    Schwab 
Museum,  along  with  an  extremely  handsome  wide-mouthed  vase, 
also  from  Cortaillod,  the  outside  of  which  is  similarly  ornamented. 
In  the  latter  case  the  upper  part  of  the  vessel  is  surrounded  by 
small   panels   all  having   different  designs   made  of  circles,  lines, 
and  crosses.    (See  B.  126,  PL  xvi.  1.)     No.  6  is  a  vase  with  conical 
base,    from    Hauterive,    also    adorned    in    the   same    fashion.     In 
looking    at    these    vessels    ornamented    with   tin   it  is  difficult  to 
make  out  the  designs,  as   the  tin  is  now   even  blacker  than    the 
pottery.     Hence,  in   Nos.  4  and  5,  both  of  which  are  from  Lake 
Bourget,  the  tin  is  represented  by  the   dark   lines.     No.  3  repre- 
sents  a  fragment  of  pottery,  now   preserved   in   the   Museum   at 
Aix-les-Bains,  which  shows  how  a  broken  dish  had  been  mended 
by  passing  two  or  three  plies  of  a  tough  grass  or   rush  through 
i  i 


580 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF     EUROPE. 


«  perforation  on  each  side  of  the  crack.  After  the  fragments 
were  thus  brought  together  one  of  the  rushes  was  twisted  in  a 
spiral  manner  round  the  others,  evidently  for  protecting  them 


Fig.  193.— Sjxjcimens  of  POTTERY  of  the  Bronze  Age.    Nos.  1  and  2  =  J, 
and  the  rest  =  \  real  size. 

from  wear  and  tear.  The  remaining  Nos.  (7  to  10)  illustrate  some 
toy  dishes  and  children's  playthings  from  Moeringen  and  Auvernier. 
The  spindle- whorls  of  the  Bronze  Age  are  generally  made  of 
earthenware,  and  often  highly  ornamented,  thus  showing  the 
improved  taste  of  the  people. 


OBJECTS   SUGGESTIVE   OF    RELIGION.  531 

Among  the  more  notable  objects  peculiar  to  the  Bronze  Age 
are  certain  polished  stones,  in  the  form  of  circular  or  oval  discs 
with  a  marginal  groove  (Fig.  194).  These  stones  were  formerly 
reckoned  to  be  sling-stones,  but  now  they  are  generally  re- 
cognised as  potters'  implements,  used  probably  for  fashioning  the 
bases  of  the  dishes. 

There   are    many   problems    worthy   of    careful    consideration 
suggested  by  the  facts  disclosed  in  these  pages,  but  in  this  rapid 
sketch    I  can  only  refer  to  one   or  two  in 
a  cursory  manner.     First  of  all  we  have  to 
inquire   if  the   lake-dwellers  practised  reli- 
gious rites.     In  support  of  the  affirmative 
to  this  inquiry  there  are  some  indications, 
and    the    few   objects   capable   of  such   an 

J     ...  Fig.  194.-Discoidal 

interpretation    are   illustrated   on   Fig.  195.  Stone  ^ 

In  this  category  I  include  the  following:— 

(1)  The  highly  ornamented  wooden  sticks  or  batons  de  com- 
mandement,  from  Castione  (Nos  1  and  2),  and  from  Moeringen  (No. 
3).     The  only  perfect  example  (No.  1)  is  rather  less  than  sixteen 
inches  in  length,  and  the  others  do  not  appear  to  have  been  larger. 

(2)  The  four  remarkable   bronze  tubes   with   ring  appendages 
from  Lake  Bourget   (Gresine).      These,   though   differing   in   size 
and  some  other  respacts,  are  all  of  one  type,  and  were  clearly  con- 
ceived and  wrought  out  on  a  uniform  plan,  and  for  some  specific 
purpose.     The  most  perfect  of  these  objects  (see  page  102)  appears 
to  be  complete,  and  consists  of  an  ornamental  tube,  surrounded 
by  three  rows  of  fixed  loops,  three  in  each  row,  placed  at  regular 
distances,  and  to  each  loop  there  are  three  loose  rings  appended, 
as    shown    in    the    illustration    (No.    4).      The    two    previously 
illustrated  (Fig.  21,  Nos.  1   and  2)  have  only  one   ring  in   each 
of  the  nine  loops,  and  it  does  not  appear  that  there  had  been  any 
more.     The  fourth,  now  preserved  in  the  Museum  at  Chambery, 
is  nearly  as  large  as  the  perfect  one ;   but  it  is  greatly  worn,  and 
retains  now  only  a  few  rings,  some  of  the  loops  being  broken  or 
worn  through.     It  is  illustrated  by  Perrin.     (B.  282,  PL  Ixiv.  1.) 

(3)  The  ornamental  reniform  rings  (Sck'wurring)  from  Morges 
and  Thonon  (Fig.  17,  Nos.   2  and  3),  could  not  have  been  used  as 
bracelets,  and  Dr.  Forel  suggests  that  they  are   analogous  to  the 
armilla  sacra  on  which  the  ancient  Germans  were  wont  to  place 
their  hands  when  about  to  swear  a  solemn  oath.     (B.  286,  p.  46.) 


532 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


In  the  Museum  at  Brunswick,  in  Germany,  I  noticed  three 
of  these  rings,  one  of  which  is  almost  identical  with  the  one 
from  Merges,  differing  from  it  only  in  the  details  of  the  orna- 
mentation ;  but  of  their  history  and  origin  nothing  seems  to 


Fig.  195.— Objects  suggestive  of  Religious  Ideas.    Nos.  4,  9  to  13,  15  and  1G  =  £; 
1  to  3,  5  to  8,  H  and  19  =  J;  and  17  and  18  =  $  real  size. 

have  been  known.  Another  is  in  the  Museo  Civico,  at  Turin,  as 
well  as  a  large  circular  ring  like  that  from  the  lacustrine  station 
at  Wollishofcn  (Fig.  188,  No.  2),  both  of  which  have  been  figured 
by  Gastaldi.  (B.  294,  PL  xii.)  I  believe  it  more  probable  that 


INTERCOURSE   WITH    FOREIGN   COUNTRIES.  533 

these  large  circular  rings,  though  generally  considered  to  be 
bracelets,  were  used  for  the  same  purpose  as  the  reniform  rings. 
Among  the  objects  in  the  pre-historic  and  Roman  collection  of 
antiquities  in  St.  Ulric,  at  Regensberg  (Ratisbon),  there  is  a  large 
hollow  ring  of  bronze,  ornamented  with  three  lines  of  concentric 
circles,  which  measures  six  inches  in  external  and  three  inches  in 
internal  diameter,  thus  leaving  one  and  a  half  inch  for  the 
thickness  of  the  ring.  It  was  found,  along  with  several  other 
things,  in  a  pre-Roman  grave  (Hugel-grab)  near  Velburg. 

(4)  The  clay  images  of  animals  found  on  several  stations  in 
different  parts  of  the  lake-dwelling  area,  as  well  as  those  of  the 
terremare  (Fig.  84,  Nos.  23  and  24),  and  more  especially  the 
human  images  from  Laibach,  are  probably  idols.  On  Fig.  195, 
along  with  four  clay  figures  from  the  lakes  of  Neuchatel  and 
Bourget  (Nos.  9,  10,  13,  and  14),  I  represent  two  of  bronze  (Nos. 
15  and  16),  which  I  noticed  in  a  collection  from  Bodmann,  in  the 
Steinhaus  Museum,  at  Uberlingen.  One  of  these  was  evidently 
used  as  a  pendant,  and  the  other  appears  to  have  been  intended 
for  a  human  being.  The  clay  figures  from  Laibach  (Nos.  5  to  8), 
though  fragmentary,  are  undoubtedly  representations  of  the  human 
body.  Nos.  5  and  6  represent  the  back  and  front  view  of  the 
trunk  of  a  female,  while  No.  7  shows  a  human  body  with  a 
prominent  nose.  These  two  figures  are  hollow  in  the  interior, 
and  richly  ornamented  exteriorly  with  designs  which  are  supposed 
to  be  imitations  of  embroidered  garments.  Another  of  these 
human  figures  from  Laibach,  as  well  as  the  image  of  a  small 
animal,  is  represented  on  Fig.  42,  Nos.  11,  23  and  24. 

The  extraordinary  number  of  implements  and  chips  of 
nephrite  found  at  Maurach,  and  the  equal  predominance  of  flint 
refuse  and  implements  in  all  stages  of  manufacture  at  some  of 
the  other  stations,  as  Wallhausen,  Nussdorf,  etc.,  suggest  the  idea 
that  the  various  industries  prosecuted  by  the  inhabitants  of  the 
lake-villages  had  already  developed  to  such  an  extent  as  to 
become  localised  in  certain  centres.  Again,  the  localisation  of 
certain  industries,  as  comestibles  in  one  place,  flax  in  its  various 
preparatory  stages  in  another,  the  complete  kit  of  foundry  tools 
in  a  third,  etc.,  all  point  to  the  knowledge  and  practice  of  the 
principles  of  the  division  of  labour. 

That  the  lake-dwellers  kept  up  commercial  relations  with 
foreign  countries  is  proved  by  their  possessing  materials,  not  only 


534  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

peculiar  to  distant  or  limited  areas,  such  as  amber,  jade,  flint,  etc., 
but  also  certain  objects  having  such  peculiarities  in  form  or  style 
of  ornamentation  as  have  enabled  experienced  archaeologists  to 
trace  them  to  their  original  areas  of  evolution.  Thus  at  Corcelettes 
were  found  an  ornamental  bronze  dish,  and  portion  of  a  fibula 
(Fig.  189,  Nos.  19  and  20),  which,  when  seen  by  Montelius  in 
the  Museum  at  Lausanne,  were  at  once  recognised  by  him  as  of 
northern  origin.  (V.  348.)  Dr.  Keller  has  also  shown,  as  already 
stated,  that  certain  bronze  objects  found  in  the  Lake  of  Neuchatel, 
which  for  a  long  time  remained  a  puzzle  to  archaeologists,  belonged 
to  tin  Etruscan  carriage  or  biga.  The  few  fibulae  found  in  the 
Swiss  lake-dwellings  have  also  been  traced  to  their  native  habitats 
in  Northern  Italy.*  The  half-moon-shaped  flint  knives,  so  char- 
acteristic of  Scandinavia  and  Northern  Germany,  have  been  found 
as  fur  south  as  the  Mondsee,  and  one  solitary  representative 
(Fig.  34,  No.  20),  now  in  the  Museum  of  Natural  History  at 
Stuttgart,  is  said  to  have  come  from  Schussemied  station. 

One  notable  fact  about  the  distribution  of  lake- dwellings  is 
that  their  relics  conform  in  style,  ornamentation,  and  general 
characteristics,  to  contemporary  antiquities  in  the  surround- 
ing districts  ;  and  I  find  no  special  characters  in  their  industrial 
remains  that  bind  the  lake-dwellers  together  as  one  clannish 
people.  The  relics  from  the  lake-dwellings  of  the  Stone  Age 
in  Northern  Germany  are  readily  seen  to  be  closely  related  with 
those  of  the  Scandinavian  archaeological  area.  Whatever  the 
original  resemblances  and  points  of  agreement  of  the  founders 
may  have  been,  they  were  soon  modified  and  adapted  to  the 
physical  conditions  and  requirements  of  their  environments. 

That  continued  attention  was  paid  to  the  rearing  and  breeding 
of  domesticated  animals  during  the  Bronze  Age  is  attested  by 
their  osseous  remains,  which  have  been  critically  examined  by 
such  competent  authorities  as  Rlitimeyer  (B.  42),  Studer  (B.  404), 
Uhlmann  (B.  836),  and  others.  While  the  lake-dwellers  of  the 
earlier  Stone  Age  had  only  as  domestic  animals  one  small  species 
of  dog,  a  small  ox,  a  horned  sheep,  and  the  goat,  we  find  that 
towards  the  end  of  this  period  and  during  the  succeeding  Bronze 
Age  not  only  new  and  large  breeds  were  developed,  but  another 
was  added  to  the  list,  viz.  the  horse.  From  the  remains  of  the 
domestic  horse  found  at  Moeringen  and  elsewhere  it  appears  to 

*  Castelfranco  :  Bui.  Palct.  ItaL,  Anno  iv.  p.  50. 


DOMESTICATED   ANIMALS.  535 

have  been  a  small  and  slender-limbed  animal  with  small  hoofs, 
and  altogether  much  inferior  to  the  wild  horse  as  hunted  and  eaten 
by  the  cave  men  of  palaeolithic  times,  from  which  it  is  supposed 
to  have  been  a  direct  descendant.  When  the  Aar  canal  was 
being  excavated  the  bones  of  the  smaller  or  domestic  horse  were 
found  associated  with  bronze  objects  in  no  less  than  nine  different 
localities,  all  of  which  agree  with  the  above  characteristics.  (B.  404.) 
The  horse  of  the  terremare,  according  to  Professor  Strobel,  pre- 
sents the  same  characters  as  that  of  the  Swiss  lake-dwellings, 
and  as  we  have  already  seen  from  the  bridle-bits  and  other 
horse  trappings,  there  can  be  no  doubt  it  was  also  in  a  state  of 
domestication.  I  may  also  mention  that  a  skull  found  at 
Auvernier  was  believed  by  Riitiineyer,  after  most  careful  delibera- 
tion, to  be  that  of  the  ass.  Professor  Strobel  has  also  recognised 
the  osseous  remains  of  the  ass  in  the  terremare.  (B.  389b.)  The 
sheep  diverged  considerably  from  its  earlier  form,  and  lost  much 
of  its  goat-like  appearance,  being  now  larger,  and  developed  into 
various  breeds.  Still  more  varied  were  the  breeds  of  cattle, 
especially  in  the  vicinity  of  the  lakes  of  Bienne  and  Neuchatel. 
The  Bos  primigenius  appears  to  have  been  tamed  and  crossed 
with  the  earlier  type,  giving  rise  to  a  variety  of  breeds,  such  as 
trococeros  and  frontosus,  one  of  which  had  wide  branching  horns, 
as  is  proved  from  its  remains  found  at  Concise,  Chevroux,  Locras, 
etc.  The  small  dog  of  the  Stone  Age  (Canis  domesticus  palustris, 
Rut.)  gave  place  to  a  much  larger  kind,  somewhat  resembling 
our  modern  greyhound.  The  domestic  pig  also  appears  to  have 
passed  through  various  evolutionary  phases ;  but  the  wild  boar 
still  retained  its  individuality  intact.  Dr.  Uhlmann  in  his  report 
on  the  osseous  remains  from  the  Grosser  Hafner,  at  Zurich  (B.  336), 
describes  three  varieties  of  the  pig,  as  well  as  three  of  cattle. 

With  the  exception  of  the  domestic  fowl  and  the  tame  cat, 
the  domestic  animals  reared  by  the  lake-dwellers  were  similar  to 
those  now  extant.  Nor  is  there  much  change  as  regards  the 
wild  animals  and  birds  then  prevalent.  The  animals  that  now 
frequent  the  higher  Alps,  such  as  the  marmot,  chamois,  and  wild 
goat,  are  very  scarce  in  the  lake-dwellings,  showing  that  already 
nature  had  consigned  them  to  the  zone  of  their  present  habitation. 
Altogether,  with  the  more  improved  weapons  of  the  Bronze  Age, 
there  ensued,  according  to  Riitimeyer,  a  marked  diminution  in  the 
relative  proportion  of  the  ordinary  wild  animals  of  the  chase, 


536  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


and  a  corresponding  increase  in  those  of  the  domestic  breeds. 
The  great  wild  oxen,  the  urus  and  bison,  disappeared  from  the 
neighbourhood  altogether. 

Such  progressive  strides  in  agricultural  pursuits  are,  however, 
not  discernible  in  the  vegetable  remains,  notwithstanding  the 
minute  investigations  of  Professor  Heer.  (B.  123.)  From  the 
very  commencement  the  lake-dwelling  colonists  cultivated  flax, 
two  or  three  varieties  of  barley  and  wheat,  millet  and  peas.  The 
only  addition  that  appears  to  have  been  made  in  the  Bronze 
Age  were  the  oat  (Avena  sativa),  and  the  dwarf  field  bean 
(Faba  vulgaris)  of  a  strikingly  small  size.  On  the  other  hand 
we  have  to  note  the  absence  of  winter  wheat,  rye,  hemp,  and 
most  of  the  culinary  and  garden  vegetables.  Fruits  and  berries 
were  largely  used  as  food,  but  there  is  no  evidence  to  show  that 
they  were  cultivated.  Among  these  the  following  have  been 
identified : — apples,  pears,  plums,  sloes,  one  or  two  species  of 
cherry,  raspberries,  blackberries,  and  strawberries,  hazel  and 
beech  nuts,  water-chestnuts,  poppies,  etc.  Grape-stones  from 
Wangen  were  hesitatingly  included  in  Professor  Heer's  list  of 
fruits  from  the  lake-dwellings ;  but,  as  already  mentioned,  this 
doubt  is  now  diminished  by  the  finding  of  grape-stones  at  Steck- 
born,  another  station  of  the  Stone  Age.  Stones  of  the  grape  were 
early  recognised  among  the  debris  of  the  palafittes  of  Lake  Garda, 
and  quite  recently  Mr.  A.  Goiran  has  identified  those  of  the 
olive  (Oleo  europcea)  and  peach.* 

Bread  was  made  only  of  wheat  and  millet,  that  of  the  latter 
generally  containing  some  grains  of  wheat  and  linseed.  Cakes 
made  of  the  seeds  of  the  poppy  were  also  found  at  Robenhausen. 

Various  portions  of  the  osseous  remains  of  man,  comprising 
the  skull  and  other  portions  of  the  skeleton,  have  been  found  in 
several  stations,  as  Meilen,  Wollishofen,  Grosser  Hafner,  Schaffis, 
Sutz,  Locras,  Vinelz,  Nidau,  Wauwyl,  Bevaix,  Insel  Weerd,  etc. 
All  these  remains  have  been  more  or  less  critically  examined 
and  reported  on  by  Virchow  (B.  305  and  433),  Studer  (B.  419 
and  432),  and  Kollmann  (B.  420),  but  notwithstanding  a  number 
of  minute  measurements  and  learned  disquisitions,  contradictory 
opinions  are  held  by  these  scientists  as  to  the  race  or  races  of 
men  that  inhabited  the  lake-dwellings.  Dr.  Studer  advocates 
the  theory  of  Troyon,  that  with  the  introduction  of  bronze  there 

'   .V//,.i-,»  (ihrnal,-  Dot.  Ital.,  vol.  xxii.,  N.  1,  1890. 


OSSEOUS   REMAINS   OF   THE   LAKE-DWELLERS.  537 

was  also  a  new  race  of  people,  and  this  opinion  he  bases  on 
the  fact  that  at  Sutz  and  Vinelz  two  kinds  of  human  skulls 
were  found,  viz.  brachycepkalic  and  dolichocephalic,  whereas  in  the 
pure  Stone  Age  stations  only  brachycephalic  skulls  were  met 
with.  Segments  of  the  upper  parts  of  human  skulls  supposed  to 
have  been  used  as  drinking  cups  were  found  at  Gerlafingen  (B.  392, 
p.  107),  Sutz,  Schaffis,  and  Locras,  and  from  the  latter  there  was 
also  a  skull  having  a  circular  portion  of  it  cut  out,  as  if  trepanning 
had  been  performed.  (B.  336,  p.  31.) 

Although  it  is  now  pretty  well  established  that  in  these  pre- 
historic times  trepanning  was  practised  as  far  back  as  the  Stone 
Age,*  it  does  not  appear  that  this  skull  from  Locras  (B.  336, 
PL  v.  28)  had  been  operated  on  during  the  lifetime  of  the 
individual.  Roundlets,  cut  out  of  skulls,  are  supposed  to  have 
been  used  as  charms,  and  they  are  frequently  met  with  in  the 
graves  of  the  period.  From  the  lake-dwellings  two  of  these  objects 
have  been  recorded ;  one  from  Concise  (Fig.  185,  No.  20)t  has 
two  small  perforations  for  suspension,  and  another,  with  one 
hole,  is  figured  by  Dr.  Gross.  (B.  392,  PI  xxiii.  65.)  On  the 
Trajan  column  a  Dacian  village  is  represented  having  human 
skulls  set  on  poles  before  the  walls.  (B.  164)  The  finding  of 
skulls  of  a  different  race  in  the  lake-dwellings  might  therefore 
be  accounted  for  on  the  supposition  that  they  were  trophies  of 
their  enemies  and  not  those  of  the  occupiers  of  the  lake- 
dwellings.  Anatomical  deductions  from  the  few  long  bones  of 
skeletons  that  have  come  to  light  indicate,  so  far  as  the  evidence 
goes,  that  the  Bronze  Age  men  were  of  small  stature — a  con- 
clusion which  is  also  supported  by  the  small  size  of  the  handles 
of  the  swords  and  other  weapons  of  the  period. 

Professor  Yirchow  in  a  long  review  of  the  craniology  of  the  Swiss 
lake-dwellers  comes  to  the  following  conclusions  (B.  433,  p.  300) : — 

(1)  In    the    stations    of  the   pure   Stone   Age,  brachycephalic 
skulls  only  are  known  to  a  certainty  to  have  existed. 

(2)  In  the  Transition  period,  both  brachycephalic  and  dolicho- 
cephalic are  known. 

(3)  In  the  full  Bronze  period  the  skulls  are  more  inclined  to 
the  dolichocephalic  type. 

*  An  excellent  summary  of  the  evidence  establishing  this  fact  is  given  by  Baron 
de  Baye  in  his  recent  work  "  Archseologie  Prehistorique,"  chap.  vi. 
f  Zeit.  fur  Ethn.,  vol.  xviii.,  Verhand.,  p.  368. 


538  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

(4)  The  people  of  La  Tene  were  of  a  highly  mixed  character, 
among  whom,  however,  brachycephalic  types  predominated. 

The  eminent  Berlin  anthropologist  thinks  that  during  the 
Bronze  Age  a  new  people  joined  the  original  lake-dwellers  by 
degrees,  but  not  as  one  great  immigration  subverting  the  previous 
order  of  things.  This  opinion  seems  to  be  greatly  strengthened 
by  collateral  circumstances.  We  have  already  seen  how  gradually 
bronze  was  introduced  among  the  lake-dwellers.  No  violent 
disturbance  of  the  previous  conditions  of  life  is  anywhere  to  be 
detected.  The  original  system  of  constructing  lake-villages  is 
continued  exactly  the  same,  and  the  only  changes  are  such  as 
can  be  accounted  for  by  the  use  of  better  implements.  The 
lake-dwellings  of  the  Bronze  Age  are  built  in  deeper  water,  and 
consequently  further  from  the  shore  than  those  of  the  Stone 
Age,  and  the  piles  are  more  slender,  often  stems  split  into  two 
or  four.  The  Steinbergs  appear  to  have  been  discontinued,  or 
were  only  used  over  a  hard  and  stony  shore  into  which  piles 
could  not  be  easily  driven.  The  sites  of  the  latest  villages  are 
on  the  same  ground  as,  or  in  close  proximity  to,  those  of  the 
earliest  ones.  Remains  of  cottages  are  still  the  same,  viz.  bits 
of  plaster,  with  marks  of  round  timbers,  and  some  hearth-stones. 
From  Lake  Bourget  there  are  portions  of  clay  plaster  of  this 
character,  ornamented  with  incised  lines  and  the  impressions  of 
groups  of  concentric  circles  (Fig.  21,  No.  15)  or  the  swastika 
(Fig.  195,  No.  12).  Also  from  the  same  place  there  are  bits  of 
clay  tubes,  the  interiors  of  which  are  blackened  with  soot,  supposed 
to  have  been  small  chimneys  (Fig.  184,  No.  8). 

In  Eastern  Switzerland  and  the  Danubian  valley  the  number 
of  stations  greatly  decreased  during  the  Bronze  Age,  while  in  the 
Lake  of  Geneva  they  rather  increased,  and  in  Lake  Bourget  its 
eight  stations  belonged  almost  exclusively  to  this  period. 

The  stations  at  Laibach,  the  Mondsee,  Attersee,  and  Schus- 
senried  came  to  an  end  in  the  Transition  period,  and  to  the 
east  of  Lake  Constance  only  one,  viz.  that  in  the  Starnberger- 
see,  continued  during  the  Bronze  Age.  In  the  lakes  of  Con- 
stance, Zurich,  Neuchatel,  Morat,  and  Bienne,  they  were  also 
greatly  reduced  in  numbers;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  they 
occupied  larger  areas,  and  show  a  greater  concentration  to 
selected  localities,  often  the  outlets  of  the  lakes. 

It  was  not  till  1876  that   any  sepulchral   remains   bearing  on 


CEMETERIES   OF   THE   LAKE-DWELLERS.  539 

the  question — how  the  lake-dwellers  disposed  of  their  dead — 
came  to  light.  In  this  year  some  work-men  engaged  in 
digging  the  foundation  for  a  house  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
site  of  the  lake-dwelling  at  Auvernier,  and  some  50  yards 
from  the  shore,  carne  upon  a  large  flagstone  measuring  5J  by 
4J  feet,  which  turned  out  to  be  the  covering  of  a  stone  coffin 
containing  the  remains  of  15  or  20  skeletons.  The  grave  was 
constructed  in  the  usual  way  by  setting  four  large  flags  on  edge, 
which  formed  its  sides,  and  over  them  a  fifth  was  laid  as  a 
covering.  These  upright  flags  were  of  granite  and  gneiss,  and 
the  largest  measured  6|  feet  long,  6  feet  wide,  and  11  inches 
thick.  The  rectangular  space  thus  enclosed  measured  5  feet 
3  inches  long,  3  feet  8  inches  wide,  and  5  feet  10  inches 
deep.  Dr.  Gross,  who  superintended  the  clearing  out  of  its 
contents,  states  that  the  bodies  had  been  placed  in  a  sitting 
posture  round  the  grave,  with  the  heads  to  the  walls  and  the 
feet  directed  towards  the  centre.  External  to  this  cist,  on  two 
of  its  sides,  there  was  another  series  of  upright  flags,  which 
formed  two  smaller  chambers,  and  in  one  of  them  there  were 
also  human  bones. 

The  relics  associated  with  this  burial  consisted  of  some  per- 
forated teeth  (boar,  bear,  and  wolf) ;  a  small  polished  bone  disc, 
perforated  (Fig.  196,  No.  3) ;  two  small  stone  celts — one  with  a 
perforation  for  suspension  in  the  end  opposite  the  cutting  edge. 
Of  bronze  objects,  found  actually  in  the  grave,  there  were  only 
three,  viz.  a  plain  pin  6j  inches  long  (No.  1),  a  small  ring 
(No.  6),  and  a  bead  which  looked  like  copper  (No.  2). 

Six  feet  to  the  east  of  this  tomb,  and  about  the  same  depth, 
the  workmen  subsequently  came  upon  the  skeleton  of  a  child 
buried  simply  in  the  earth  without  any  stone  coffin,  and  near  it 
were  found  the  following  objects : — Two  pairs  of  small  oval 
bracelets  (Nos.  4  and  5),  a  curious  pendant  like  a  stud  (No.  7), 
and  an  amber  bead. 

Two  of  the  human  skulls  were  sent  to  Riitimeyer,  who  pro- 
nounced them  to  be  of  the  Type  de  Sion,  and  identical  with 
those  he  had  already  examined  from  several  lake-dwellings  at 
Nidau,  Meilen,  Robenhausen,  and  Wauwyl. 

From  these  data  it  would  appear  that  the  tomb  of  Auvernier 
belonged  to  the  Transition  period.  (B.  286.) 

In  1876  and  1877  several  interments  were  found  near  the  quay 


540 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


at  Montreitx,  some  with,  and  some  without,  stone  cists,  and 
along  with  them  were  associated  various  relics,  as  bracelets 
(Nos.  10  and  11),  hair-pins  (Nos.  12  and  13),  some  pottery  orna- 
mented with  geometrical  figures  (No.  14),  flint  knives,  a  small 
stone  crescent,  and  a  horse's  tooth  much  smaller  than  those  of 
our  modern  horse.  (B.  336.)  Again,  in  1884,  some  more  tombs 
were  discovered  near  the  same  place  which  yielded  objects  of  the 


Fig.  1%.— Objects  from  Tombs  of  the  Lake-Dwellers  of  the  Bronze  Age. 
No.  14  =  ],  and  the  rest=  |  real  size. 

Bronze    Age,    viz.    a    bronze   pin,    six    bronze    bracelets   (Nos.  8 
and  9),  and  two  or  three  urns  (Antigua,  1884,  p.  101). 

Dr.  F.  A.  Forcl  (B.  28G,  p.  48)  describes  "  cimetieres  de 
1'epoque  lacustre "  in  the  vicinity  of  Morges  and  St.  Prex.  In 
the  former  group  some  skeletons  were  found  in  stone  cists,  one  of 
which  had  two  bracelets  still  adhering  to  the  bones.  "  Ces  brace- 
lets," says  Dr.  Forel,  "  qui  sont  actuellement  an  musee  cantonal 
de  Lausanne,  et  a  la  bibliotheque  de  Morges,  appartiennent  in- 
contestablement  par  lour  beau  travail  et  leur  ornamentation  riche 
et  tres-caracteristique  a  la  belle  epoque  du  Bronze,  a  1'epoque 
de  la  grande  cite  de  Morges."  In  the  cemetery  near  St.  Prex 
were  found  some  thirty  skeletons  deposited  in  free  earth,  and 
associated  with  them  were  some  bronze  ornaments  (une  vingtaine 


CEMETERIES   OF   THE    LAKE-DWELLERS.  541 

de  bracelets,  epingles  a  cheveux,  anneaux,  etc.),  which,  according 
to  Dr.  Forel,  incontestably  belonged  to  the  bel  Age  du  Bronze. 
Moreover,  in  the  very  same  place,  and  almost  alternating  regularly 
with  the  free  burials,  there  were  urns  containing  ashes  and 
charcoal.  One  of  these  urns  (still  preserved  at  the  date  of 
Dr.  Forel's  description,  1876),  which  measured  6J  inches  in 
diameter  and  5  inches  in  height,  presented  all  the  characters  of 
the  pottery  of  the  lake-dwellings  of  the  Bronze  Age. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  here  the  association  of  the  two 
modes  of  burial  in  the  same  cemetery.  That  both  systems  were 
prevalent  in  Switzerland,  at  least  as  far  back  as  the  Transition 
period,  has  recently  been  shown  by  Mr.  Heierli  in  his  description 
of  "  Eine  Gruppe  prahistoricher  Graber,"  and  "  Vorromische 
Graben  iin  Kanton  Zurich."  As  the  result  of  these  investigations 
he  proves  that  burnt  bodies  were  deposited  under  mounds, 
associated  with  clay  vessels  which  were  ornamented  with  dots, 
lines,  and  string  marks,  precisely  similar  to  those  on  the  vessels 
found  at  Yinelz. 

As  a  further  contribution  to  the  subject,  we  have  the  pre- 
historic graves  at  Chamblandes,  near  Fully,  which,  according  to 
the  late  Morel-Fa tio,  who  describes  them  (B.  377),*  belonged  to 
the  lake-dwellers  of  the  Stone  Age.  It  appears  that  a  cultivator, 
while  digging  the  foundations  of  a  house,  came  upon  a  series  of 
ancient  graves,  at  a  depth  of  six  or  seven  feet,  formed  of  four 
flags  set  on  edge,  with  a  fifth  as  a  covering.  Along  with  each 
skeleton  were  found  40  flakes  of  the  tusks  of  the  wild  boar, 
pierced  at  each  extremity.  In  one  a  marine  shell,  also  pierced 
by  two  holes,  was  noted.  In  the  following  year  further  discoveries 
of  similar  graves  were  made  in  the  same  place,  and  this  time  their 
contents  were  more  carefully  examined.  The  sides  were  formed 
of  four  flags  set  on  edge  with  an  additional  one  as  a  covering. 
On  the  average  these  cists  measured  a  metre  in  length,  and  half 
this  in  breadth  and  depth,  but  one  or  two  of  smaller  dimensions 
were  noted.  When  a  single  skeleton  was  found  it  always  lay 
with  the  feet  towards  the  east.  One,  however,  contained  four 
skeletons,  and  in  this  case  the  heads  were  in  the  four  corners. 
About  the  position  of  the  breast  some  40  doubly-perforated 
boar's  teeth  were  found,  which  must  have  been  attached  to  the 
garments.  Besides  these  there  were  some  perforated  shells  and 

*  See  also  Anzttiger,  1880,  p.  46  ;  and  1882,  p.  221. 


542  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

two  portions  of  colouring  matter,  one  yellow  and  the  other  red. 
Another  tomb  contained  a  complete  skeleton,  and  on  the  neck 
lay  five  doubly-perforated  marine  shells,  while  near  the  head 
were  four  pieces  of  yellow  and  red  colouring  matter,  and  two 
amulets  of  human  skulls.  Dispersed  in  this  grave  were  beads 
which  looked  like  amber,  but,  according  to  some,  were  coral. 
One  grave  contained  a  spherical  hammer-stone,  slightly  flattened; 
another  had  a  perforated  and  beautifully  made  axe  of  serpentine, 
GJ  inches  long;  and  a  third,  that  of  a  child  (27  inches  by  13), 
had  three  small,  flat,  and  circular  pebbles,  like  unperforated 
spindle-whorls,  placed  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  and  at  one  of 
the  corners  of  the  grave  were  some  charcoal  and  fragments  of 
burnt  bones. 

According  to  Mr.  Morel- Fatio  everything  found  in  these  graves 
had  their  exact  analogues  in  the  early  lake-dwellings  such  as 
Chevroux.  Not  far  off,  at  Pierra-Portay  and  Chatelard  sur 
Lutry,  other  burials  of  the  Stone  Age  were  discovered,  which 
also,  in  his  opinion,  belonged  to  the  Lake-dwellers  (Lacustres). 


IV.— IRON    AGE. 

In  reviewing  the  salient  features  of  the  Iron  Age  we  have 
still  more  complicated  problems  to  deal  with.  There  are,  in 
reality,  no  lake-dwellings  of  the  early  Iron  Age  in  Central  Europe, 
showing  a  Transition  period,  as  we  have  seen  to  have  been  the 
case  between  the  Stone  and  Bronze  Ages  ;  nor,  indeed,  any  which 
can  be  said  to  have  a  continued  sequence  to  the  great  system  of 
pile-dwellings  which  prevailed  so  extensively  in  earlier  times. 
No  doubt  iron  shows  itself  in  a  few  objects  characteristic  of  the 
Bronze  Age,  such  as  a  few  swords  and  bracelets  encrusted  with 
ornamental  bands  of  this  material,  but  there  are  no  tools  or 
weapons  made  of  iron  at  all  analogous  to  those  which  charac- 
terise the  Bronze  Age.  No  Transition  period  such  as  we  find  in 
the  relics  from  the  graves  at  Hallstadt,  where  iron  is  seen, 
as  it  were,  competing  with  bronze.  On  the  contrary,  in  the 
Swiss  lake-dwellings  iron-working  appears  in  a  state  of  great 
perfection.  The  few  objects  found  on  their  sites  are  mostly  of  the 
La  Tene  type,  which  we  have  seen  to  be  entirely  different  in 
character,  manufacture,  and  style  of  ornamentation,  from  any- 
thing known  in  the  previous  ages.  In  some  stations  we  find 


IRON    AGE.  543 

not  only  La  Tene  types,  but  Roman  tiles,  pottery,  and  coins,  and 
even  objects  of  a  still  later  period,  such  as  Gallo-Roman,  Alle- 
manisch,  and  Merovingian  remains.  Thus,  at  Starnberg,  we  have 
of  iron,  two  spear-heads,  a  horse- shoe,  and  a  remarkable  kind  of 
knife  (Fig".  37,  No.  1).  In  the  investigations  conducted  during 
the  winter  of  1864-5  in  the  Uberlingersee,  Dr.  Lachmann 
records  the  following  iron  objects  from  the  bronze  station  of 
Unter-Uhldingen  : — one  lance-head,  five  arrow-points,  one  axe,  two 
chisels,  12  knife-blades,  two  sickle-like  objects,  one  dagger-knife, 
one  ring,  one  triangular  plate  with  attached  ring,  one  fibula,  one 
pin,  part  of  a  two-edged  sword,  a  short  sword  with  a  wooden 
handle,  a  fork,  a  stamp,  a  pair  of  pincers,  etc. — in  all  40  objects. 
Also  at  Sipplingen  there  were  three  arrow-heads,  two  sickles,  one 
lance-head,  a  one-edged  sword,  and  a  Roman  key.  In  the 
Museum  at  Friedrichshafen  are  several  objects  of  iron  taken  from 
Uhldingen,  viz.  two  knives  like  pruning-hooks  (hipperi),  a  hammer- 
hatchet,  a  fibula  (La  Tene)  9  inches  long,  two  harpoons,  several 
arrow-heads,  six  horse-shoes,  one  dagger,  and  a  girdle-hook.  Still 
more  interesting  are  fragments  of  fine  glass  found  on  both  these 
stations,  as  well  as  at  the  Rauenegg  in  the  Bay  of  Constance. 
One  bit  of  this  glass,  of  a  grey  greenish  colour,  had  been  orna- 
mented with  gold  enamel  According  to  the  opinion  of  Mr. 
Hofrath  Klemm,  of  Dresden,  this  glass  belongs  to  the  sixth  or 
seventh  century.  (B.  378.) 

In  Lake  Zurich  on  the  station  of  Grosser  Hafner  were  found  an 
iron  spear-head  like  those  from  La  Tene,  Roman  tiles,  and  pottery 
of  the  kind  known  as  terra  sigillata,  and  coins  of  the  time  of 
Augustus,  Tiberias,  and  Vespasian,  etc.,  thus  bringing  the  station 
down  to  the  end  of  the  first  century  of  the  Christian  era.  From 
Nidau  and  Sutz  there  are  some  curious  iron  spear-heads,  and  from 
Chevroux  a  three-pronged  harpoon  identical  with  analogous 
objects  from  La  Tene  (Fig.  13,  No.  15).  Moeringen  has  yielded 
an  iron  horse-bit,  an  iron  sword  (La  Tene),  a  curious  iron  fork,  etc. 
On  the  south  side  of  St.  Peter's  Island,  in  the  Lake  of  Bienne,  Colonel 
Schwab  found  among  some  piles  objects  of  the  stone,  bronze,  and 
Gallo-Roinan  periods,  together  with  40  Roman  coins.  From  the 
same  place  there  is  in  the  Berne  Museum  an  iron  hatchet  with  a 
wooden  handle  of  the  La  Tene  type  (Fig.  197).  On  several  stations 
in  Lake  Neuchatel  similar  objects  have  occasionally  turned  up. 
In  Lake  Morat  iron  objects  and  Roman  remains  were  found  at 


544 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Greing,  Faoug,  Guevaux,  and  Metier.     Also  a  knife,  the  blade  of 
which  was  partly  of  iron  and  partly  of  bronze  (Fig.  14,  No.  1). 

Iron  objects  have  also  been  occasionally  found  on  a  few  stations 


Fig.  197.— Iron  Axe  with  portion  of  Wooden  Handle  (£). 

in  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  as  at  Plongeon  and  Morges ;  from  the  latter 
of  which  Dr.  Forel  records  a  number  of  sickles  of  various  forms,  some 
of  which  were  like  those  of  La  Tene.  In  Lake  Bourget  a  knife 
with  a  bronze  handle  and  an  iron  blade  (International  Congress, 


Fig.  198. — Iron  Spear  ornamented  with  Bronze  (about  £). 

Paris,  p.  2GG),  and  a  piece  of  pottery  with  the  name  Severinus 
stamped  on  it.  (B.  176,  p.  24.)  In  the  Museum  of  Chambery  there 
is  a  large  spear-head  of  iron  encrusted  with  broad  lines  of  copper 
or  bronze  from  this  lake  (Fig.  198)  which  is  very  similar  to  one 
found  near  the  Pont  de  la  Thiele. 

But  in  all  these  instances  the  occurrence  of  iron  is  so  ex- 
ceptional that  only  probable  deductions  can  be  founded  on  them. 
Most  of  the  iron  objects  have  undoubtedly  the  same  origin  as 


IRON   AGE.  545 

those  of  La  Tene.  The  rare  bronze  objects  with  encrusted  iron 
bands,  such  as  a  few  bracelets  (Moeringen,  Auvernier,  Cortaillod, 
and  Corcelettes),  and  one  or  two  swords  (Moeringen),  need  not 
cause  surprise  when  we  remember  the  extent  to  which  commercial 
intercourse  seems  to  have  been  carried  on  by  the  lake-dwellers 
with  eastern  nations ;  and  that  both  iron  and  bronze  were  in  use 
in  Greece  at  least  1,200  years  before  the  Christian  era,  while  in 
Egypt  and  Central  Asia  these  metals  were  known  some  1,500 
years  earlier.  Between  those  objects  in  which  iron  is  used  as  an 
ornament  (all  of  which  are  of  the  same  style  as  the  bronze  objects), 
and  the  La  Tene  weapons,  there  is  a  wide  gap  which  is  not  bridged 
over  by  any  relics  found  in  the  lake-dwellings.  In  short,  the 
evolutionary  stage  between  the  smelting  of  bronze  and  the  forging 
of  iron  is  here  represented  by  a  corresponding  hiatus  between  the 
styles  of  art  of  the  two  periods  more  striking  than  that  which 
distinguishes  the  neolithic  from  palaeolithic  industrial  remains. 

So  far  as  I  have  looked  into  these  matters  I  can  only  conclude 
that,  with  the  introduction  of  iron  into  general  use  in  Switzerland, 
we  have  a  new  people  who  conquered  and  subjugated  the  lake- 
dwellers  and  gave  the  death-blow  to  their  systsm  of  lake -villages. 
Henceforth  these  villages  fell  into  decay,  and  in  the  general 
destruction  which  ensued  these  La  Tene  implements  might  have 
been  introduced  by  the  invaders.  In  Koman  times  there  remained 
only  the  ruins  of  a  few  stations.  One  thing  is  clearly  established, 
that  the  conquerors  of  the  lake-dwellers  had  a  full  knowledge  of 
the  working  of  iron  in  all  its  phases.  The  important  point  here 
is  not  the  date  of  the  discovery  of  this  metal,  but  that  of  its 
application  to  the  manufacture  of  all  weapons  and  cutting  im- 
plements. It  is  not  likely  that  an  art  so  complicated  and  requiring 
so  much  metallurgical  and  technical  skill  as  that  of  the  smelting 
and  forging  of  iron  had  a  sudden  origin ;  and  consequently  we 
must  look  for  its  birthplace  and  evolutionary  stages  elsewhere. 
The  remarkable  collection  of  weapons,  implements,  and  ornaments 
found  at  La  Tene,  to  which  I  specially  directed  attention  in  a 
previous  lecture,  gives  us  a  striking  picture  of  the  metallurgical 
skill  to  which  their  owners  had  attained  prior  to  any  influences 
from  Roman  art.  So  important  are  these  antiquities  considered  by 
archseolo'gists  that  the  name  La  Tene  has  now  become  a  generic 
expression,  and  represents  a  special  group  which,  both  in  form  and 
style  of  ornamentation,  cannot  be  confounded  with  any  other, 
j  J 


540  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

either  Greek,  Roman,  Etruscan  or  Phoenician.  Who  were  these 
new  comers  into  Switzerland  who  so  suddenly  intruded  themselves 
on  the  peaceful  lake-dwellers?  To  this  question  there  is  no 
response  from  the  skulls  and  other  portions  of  human  skeletons 
found  at  La  Tene.  Out  of  ten  skulls  submitted  to  Professor 
Yirchow  he  found  that  five  were  brachy cephalic  and  two  dolicho- 
cephalic, while  the  other  three  had  intermediate  cranial  indices. 
We  must  therefore  fall  back  on  the  character  of  the  antiquities ; 
and  for  this  purpose  I  place  before  you  some  typical  examples  of 
this  remarkable  group  (Fig.  199)  culled  from  various  sources  for 
the  purpose  of  showing  their  complete  identity  with  those  from 
the  oppidum  La  Tene.  Having  satisfied  ourselves  on  this  point 
I  proceed  to  glance  rapidly  over  the  geographical  area  in  which 
such  objects  are  found,  with  the  view  of  showing  to  what  people 
they  belonged. 

In  the  course  of  making  the  high-road  from  Berne  to  the 
bridge  of  Tiefenau  in  1849-50  the  workmen  came  upon  a 
large  quantity  of  weapons  and  implements  of  iron  which,  though 
very  much  rusted  and  decayed,  can  be  clearly  identified  as 
belonging  to  the  La  Tene  group.  These  objects,  now  preserved 
in  the  Museum  at  Berne,  consist  of  the  debris  of  arms,  coats  of 
mail,  chariots,  bridle-bits,  bones  of  horses,  pottery  fine  and  coarse, 
some  thirty  pieces  of  money  (massaliotea  et  celtiques),  glass  beads, 
iron  and  bronze  buttons,  sickles,  knives,  hatchets,  etc.  These 
objects,  which  were  all  mixed  together  in  a  miscellaneous  manner, 
some  two  or  three  feet  below  the  surface,  had  no  appearance  of 
ordinary  burial,  and  are  therefore  considered  to  be  the  huddled 
up  debri*  of  a  battle-field.  The  objects,  so  far  as  they  can  be  made 
out,  are  described  and  figured  by  Baron  de  Bonstetten  in  his 
"  Supplement  an  Recueil  d'Antiquites  Suisses,  1860,"  and  "  Notice 
sur  les  Armes  et  Chariots  de  Guerre  decouverts  a  Tiefenan,  1851." 

During  the  excavations  for  the  "  Correction  des  Eaux  du  Jura," 
some  remarkable  discoveries  were  made,  especially  while  deepening 
and  rectifying  the  lower  Thielle  between  Nidau  and  Meyenried. 
Immediately  below  the  village  of  Port  the  cUbris  of  a  pile-village 
was  encountered,  to  which  I  have  already  alluded.  Above  this 
village  the  dredgers  came  in  contact  with  a  row  of  piles  which 
Dr.  v.  Fellenberg  concluded  to  have  been  the  supports  of  a  bridge. 
These  piles  were  from  8  to  12  inches  thick,  and  near  them  were 
collected  over  100  weapons  of  the  La  Tene  types,  including  swords, 


LA    TENE   TYPES. 


547 


Fig.  199.— Objects  of  La  Tene  types  for  comparison.     Nos.  1,  7,  8,  12  and  16  —  \  ; 
2  =  £ ;  and  the  rest  (including  the  designs  on  No.  7)  =  £  real  size. 


54S  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

spears,  etc.  Another  locality  was  a  little  below  Briigg,  where  traces 
of  two  bridges  were  encountered,  one  of  the  Gallo-Roman  period 
and  the  other  supposed  to  be  of  later  date.  Near  the  former  a 
large  collection  of  antiquities  was  made,  including  objects,  not 
only  of  the  La  Tone  type,  but  also  others  of  Etruscan  and 
Roman  origin.  Amongst  the  La  Tene  objects  collected  during 
these  operations  are  swords  and  sheaths  (one  of  the  latter  being 
of  bronze),  spear-heads,  axes,  sickles,  etc.,  which  are  identical  with 
those  figured  from  La  Tone.  One  of  the  spear-heads  is  ornamented 
with  incised  lines  producing  two  designs,  one  on  the  right  side 
of  each  surface,  as  shown  iu  Fig.  199,  No.  7. 

In  France  similar  antiquities  have  been  collected  -on  the 
Helvetico-Romauo  battle-fields,  such  as  Alise  St.  Renne  (Alesia 
of  Cii'sar),  and  Mont  Beuvray  (Bibracte),  as  well  as  in  some 
graves  in  northern  France,  particularly  in  the  valleys  of  the 
Munie  and  the  Aube.  Some  of  these  graves  were  evidently  the 
final  resting  place  of  Gaulish  chiefs,  and  contained  in  addition  to 
the  body  a  complete  suite  of  military  equipments.  For  compari- 
son I  have  given  here  some  illustrations  of  these  discoveries. 
No.  1  represents  the  famous  bronze  helmet  known  as  the  Casque 
de  Berru,  described  by  Bertram!,  which  is  particularly  interesting 
on  account  of  the  ornamental  designs  which  it  displays.*  No.  2 
is  a  similar  helmet  ornamented  with  a  kind  of  fretwork,  and 
along  with  it  in  the  same  grave  were  a  great  many  objects, 
weapons,  ornaments,  the  bronze  mountings  of  horses'  harness,  and 
the  ilebri*  of  a  chariot. t  A  few  of  these  are  here  illustrated,  viz. 
an  iron  spear  (No.  8),  a  sword  and  its  sheath  both  of  iron  (No.  16), 
two  bronze  fibuLe  (Nos.  10  and  11),  a  gold  bracelet  (No.  13),  a 
bronze  horse-bit  (No.  12),  and  some  specimens  of  mountings 
for  a  chariot  (Nos.  14  and  15),  and  harness  (No.  9). 

Characteristic  finds  of  this  period  have  also  been  found  in 
Savoy,  the  Alpine  Passes,  and  North  Italy.  In  the  Museums 
of  Bologna,  Este,  Milan,  Turin,  etc.,  are  deposited  the  contents  of 
numerous  warrior -graves,  which  show  unmistakable  examples 
of  the  characteristic  swords  and  scabbards  and  other  objects  of 
La  Tene  civilisation.  Its  central  home,  however,  appears  to  have 
been  the  middle  and  upper  Rhine  districts,  Baden,  Bavaria,  and 

*  Arrlieulogic  Critique  ct  Gauloixc,  p.  308. 

t  Dt^blc  Sepulture  Ganloise  lU  la  Gorge-Mclttet  (Marne).  By  Ed.  Fourdrignier. 
Paris,  1878. 


LA  TENE  TYPES.  549 

eastwards  to  Bohemia  and  Laibach.  Northwards  sporadic  examples 
are  found  as  far  as  the  Baltic. 

One  of  the  most  important  finds  of  this  character  in  Europe 
was  discovered,  investigated,  and  described  some  ten  years  ago.* 
Near  the  village  Stradonic  in  Bohemia  there  is  a  truncated 
eminence  known  under  the  name  "der  Berg  Hradischt,"  which, 
owing  to  the  precipitous  nature  of  its  slopes,  is  only  accessible 
on  one  side.  By  nature  this  rocky  eminence  is  admirably  adapted 
for  a  military  camping  place,  and  that  it  was  occupied  in  such  a 
capacity  in  prehistoric  times  is  evident  from  the  mass  of  industrial 
remains  of  all  ages  found  at  various  depths  on  its  summit.  Among 
these,  however,  by  far  the  largest  number  were  of  the  La  Tene 
type,  including  a  large  quantity  of  money  precisely  similar 
to  that  found  on  La  Tene.  Gold  pieces  were  particularly 
numerous,  some  200  being  found  in  one  place.  Others  were  of 
silver  and  potin,  some  imitating  the  coins  of  Philip  of  Macedon, 
and  others  bearing  impressions  of  the  fantastic  horse  with  the 
long  tail  and  horn  (Fig.  92,  Nos.  5  to  8).  Roman  coins  were  aiso 
present,  but  very  sparingly.  Among  industrial  and  ornamental 
remains  were  fragments  of  glass  bracelets  of  a  yellow,  blue,  or 
red  colour  (Nos.  3  and  4),  pincers,  torques,  grotesque  figures  of 
animal  heads,  iron  axes,  bridle-bits,  etc.  Upwards  of  100  dice 
pieces  of  bone  (Nos.  17  and  18).  The  characteristic  fibula)  were 
of  iron  and  bronze,  the  former,  however,  predominating.  I  have 
here  placed  side  by  side  two  bronze  fibulae  precisely  alike  except 
in  dimensions,  one  (No.  5)  being  from  La  Tene  and  the  other 
(No.  6)  from  Hradischt.  The  former  is  after  Youga  (B.  428, 
PL  xvi.  17),  who  describes  it  as  of  the  Hallstadt  type,  and  probably 
of  an  older  date  than  the  ordinary  La  Tene  objects.  The  presence 
of  two  objects  so  similar  in  style  and  ornamentation  in  such 
distant  localities  not  only  proves  that  they  are  forms  of  fibulae 
then  prevalent,  but  also  becomes  a  striking  confirmation  of  the 
contemporaneity  of  oppidum  La  Tene  and  the  occupation  of 
the  camp  on  Hradischt.  That  they  were  the  same  people  who 
occupied  both  places  there  can  be  little  doubt. 

The  repeated  incursions  of  the  Gauls  into  North  Italy,  prior 
to  its  conquest  by  the  Romans,  so  often  referred  to  in  classical 
writers,  have  been  strikingly  confirmed  by  recent  archaeological 

*  W.  Osborne,  Zur  Bcurtlivilung  dot  prdhittoriscken  Fundcs  avf  dcm  Ilnidisclit 
bci  Stmdonic  in  Bohmeti.     Mitt,  do'  Antli.  Gcx.  Wien,  vol.  x. 


550  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

researches.  In  the  cemeteries  of  Benacci,  Villanova,  and  Marza- 
botto,  in  the  vicinity  of  Bologna,  the  Gallic  element  has  been 
for  some  time  recognised  by  many  of  the  most  competent 
archaeologists.  During  the  excavations  at  Benacci  three  series  of 
graves  were  observed,  at  different  depths,  the  contents  of  which 
clearly  prove  that  they  were  the  cemeteries  of  different  races. 
The  first,  or  uppermost,  were  burials  of  the  Roman  period. 
Underneath  them  was  a  group  of  twelve  graves  which,  from 
the  long  iron  swords  and  characteristic  fibulae  found  along  with 
the  bodies,  are  now  universally  accepted  as  Celtic  or  Gaulish. 
Helow  these,  again,  was  a  third  group  which  in  every  respect 
corresponded  with  the  Etruscan  cemetery  of  Yillanova.*  Helbig 
assigns  the  date  of  the  Celtic  graves  at  Marzabotto  to  the  end 
of  the  fifth  or  beginning  of  the  fourth  century  B.C.  (B.  335, 
p.  35.) 

In  l.sT.s  Castelfranco  investigated  a  cemetery  at  Soldo,  in  the 
Brianza  district,  in  which,  among  other  things,  he  found  the 
following  relics : — A  bronze  fibula  and  an  iron  knife,  precisely 
similar  to  those  here  figured  from  the  Starnberg  lake-dwelling 
(Fig1.  36,  No.  22,  and  Fig.  37,  No.  1);  an  iron  shears  like  those  from 
La  Teiie :  a  Celtic  silver  coin ;  a  vase  with  the  word  VITILIOS 
scratched  on  it  in  rude  f/r,(ffiti.,  which  Fabretti  ascribes  to  a  Celtic 
source  ("  La  direi  celtica  per  la  desinenza,  come  pure  per  la  forma 
del  T  ").  See  B.  343,  pp.  (5  to  2<S,  and  PL  i. 

More  recently  (1880)  the  same  author  described  several  groups 
of  cemeteries  scattered  over  Lombardy,  particularly  on  the  left 
side  of  the  Po,  in  which  he  found  characteristic  examples  of  the  La 
Tene  civilisation — swords,  spears,  knives,  fibula?,  saws,  shears,  nodu- 
lated rings,  etc.f 

During  the  earlier  discoveries  of  objects  of  this  peculiar  phase 
of  art  there  was  considerable  diversity  of  opinion  as  to  the  people 
and  period  to  which  they  should  be  referred.  The  Tiefenau  "  find  " 
was  assigned  by  Mr.  Albert  Jahn  to  the  old  Helvetians 
("  Canton  Hern  "),  while  Baron  do  Bonstetten  referred  it  to  the 
German  races  who  invaded  Helvetia  in  the  fourth  century.  M. 
Veschere  de  Retfye,  in  describing  the  discoveries  at  the  ancient 
fortress  of  Alesia,  assigned  the  weapons  found  in  the  trenches, 
which  turned  out  to  be  of  the  same  character  as  those  of  La  Tene, 

*  Hull.  di-lV  Inxt.,  1875,  pp.  50  and  178,  and  1877,  p.  74. 
t  Bull.  Paid.  It.,  anno  xii.,  p.  194,  etc.,  with  six  plates. 


ORIGINAL   FOUNDERS.  551 

to  the  Helvetians.*  Acting  on  this  suggestion,  Desor  expressed 
the  opinion  that  the  La  Tene  iron  weapons  and  other  implements 
were  introduced  into  Switzerland  by  the  Helvetians,  who  hailed 
from  Germany,  and  entered  the  country  as  conquerors.  Dr.  Keller, 
apparently  prejudiced  by  his  preconceived  notion  that  the  lake- 
dwellings  of  the  Stone  and  Bronze  Ages  were  due  to  the  Celts, 
had  a  difficulty  in  believing  that  the  advanced  civilisation  of  La 
Tene  was  a  direct  evolutionary  product  of  the  Bronze  Age  ;  but  yet 
he  would  not  agree  with  the  opinion  that  these  civilisations  in- 
dicated different  races. 

But  perhaps  the  most  important  contribution  to  the  subject  was 
by  Mr.  Franks,t  who  demonstrated  by  an  analysis  of  the  style  of 
ornamentation,  together  with  an  array  of  historical  references 
bearing  on  the  customs  of  the  ancient  Celtic  races,  that  to  them 
alone  must  be  assigned  the  remarkable  remains  now  in  question. 
The  few  additional  notices  of  later  discoveries  here  introduced  only 
strengthen  this  opinion.  In  my  investigations  of  the  British  lake- 
dwellings,  almost  the  only  instance  in  which  analogous  remains 
have  come  to  light  is  the  "  find "  at  Lisnacroghera ;  but  the 
prevalence  of  such  antiquities  in  Britain  from  about  the  second 
century  B.C.  till  the  introduction  of  Christianity,  when  the  spiral 
and  trumpet-shaped  ornamentation  became  modified,  and  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  superseded,  by  the  addition  of  interlacements,  has 
been  so  fully  established  by  Mr.  Franks  that  on  this  point  nothing 
remains  to  be  said. 

From  these  remarks  you  see  that  we  are  among  the  class 
of  antiquities  (described  and  illustrated  in  "Horae  Ferales")  to  which 
Mr.  Franks  has  given  the  name  "Late  Celtic."  The  owners  of 
these  La  Tene  weapons  in  Switzerland  were  the  Helvetians,  of 
Roman  celebrity,  who,  according  to  Caesar,  were  a  branch  of  the 
great  Celtic  family  who  so  long  dominated  over  the  rest  of  the 
Aryan  races,  and  whose  civilisation  is  only  now  in  its  death 
struggle  in  the  outlying  districts  of  Western  Europe.  Who  these 
Celts  were  is  a  question  which  still  puzzles  historians,  philologists, 
and  archaeologists.  The  term  "  Late  Celtic "  is  sufficiently  clear, 
and,  as  we  have  seen,  accurately  defines  a  most  remarkable  group 
of  antiquities;  but  it  necessarily  involves  a  counterpart,  viz.  an 
"  Early  Celtic "  period,  in  regard  to  which  no  archaeologist  has 

*  Revue  Archeologique,  1864. 
f  "Horse  Ferales,"  pp.  172  to  189. 


552  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

offered  any  opinion  beyond  mere  conjecture.  Before  my  rambles 
among  the  ruins  and  relics  of  the  lacustrine  villages  I  had  no 
reason  to  doubt  the  correctness  of  the  opinion  advanced  and 
promulgated  by  the  late  Dr.  Keller,  viz.  that  the  early  lake- 
dwellers  belonged  to  the  Celtic  race.  I  do  not  think  that  archae- 
ology supports  this  opinion.  If  the  "Late  Celtic"  relics  correctly 
represent  the  Celts  of  that  period  they  must  have  been  a  large- 
bodied  race,  wielding  great  swords  with  massive  grips,  totally  out 
of  keeping  with  the  small-handed  weapons  of  the  Bronze  Age 
as  found  on  the  sites  of  the  lake-dwellings.  The  few  indications 
derived  from  the  data  supplied  by  lake-dwelling  research  sug- 
gest the  idea  that  the  evolution  of  the  Celts  in  Europe  coin- 
cides with  the  substitution  of  iron  for  bronze  in  the  manu- 
facture of  the  more  important  cutting  implements  and  weapons, 
and  that  the  earlier  stages  of  this  transition  are  to  be  found 
considerably  to  the  east  of  the  Rhine  districts — as,  for  example, 
at  Hallstadt. 

In  hazarding  an  opinion  as  to  the  original  founders  of  the 
lake-dwellings  in  Central  Europe  I  would  say  that  they  were 
part  of  the  first  neolithic  immigrants  who  entered  the  country 
by  the  regions  surrounding  the  Black  Sea  and  the  shore  of  the 
Mediterranean,  and  spread  westwards  along  the  Danube  and  its 
tributaries  till  they  reached  the  great  central  lakes.  Here  they 
founded  that  remarkable  system  of  lake-villages  whose  ruins  and 
relirs  are  now  being  disinterred  as  it  were  from  another  or  forgotten 
world.  Those  following  the  Drave  and  the  Save  entered  Styria, 
where  they  established  their  settlements  on  what  was  then  a  great 
lake  at  Laibach.  From  this  they  crossed  the  mountains  to  the 
Po  valley,  where  they  founded  not  only  the  pile-villages,  but 
subsequently  the  terremare.  The  Danubian  wanderers  having 
reached  the  upper  sources  of  the  Danube,  crossed  the  uplands 
by  way  of  Schussenried,  and  arrived  on  the  shores  of  Lake 
Constance,  from  which  they  quickly  spread  over  the  low-lying 
districts  of  Switzerland.  From  Lake  Neuchatel,  still  continuing 
a  westward  course,  they  reached  the  Rhone  valley  by  way  of 
Morges,  where  they  erected  one  of  their  earliest  and  largest 
settlements.  From  the  Lake  of  Geneva  they  had  easy  access  to 
the  lakes  of  Annecy  and  Bourget. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  almost  the  only  historical  notices 
of  the  habit  of  constructing  lake-dwellings  which  have  come 


CONCLUDING   REMARKS.  553 

down  to  us  refer  to  districts  along  this  supposed  route.  The 
following  quotation  from  Herodotus  (v.  16)  gives  a  vivid  descrip- 
tion of  a  lake-village  which  flourished  some  500  years  before  Christ. 
The  Lake  Prasias  here  referred  to  is  situated  in  the  south  of 
Roumelia,  not  far  from  the  mouth  of  the  river  Strymon,  and  the 
rather  remarkable  fact  which  is  here  recorded  shows  that  its 
lake-dwellers  were  so  powerful  as  to  successfully  defy  the  resources 
of  a  Persian  army. 

"They,  on  the  other  hand,  who  dwelt  about  Mount  Pangseum  and 
in  the  country  of  the  Doberes,  the  Agrianians  and  the  Odomantians, 
and  they  likewise  who  inhabited  Lake  Prasias,  were  not  conquered 
by  Megabazus.  He  sought,  indeed,  to  subdue  the  dwellers  upon  the 
lake,  but  could  not  effect  his  purpose.  Their  manner  of  living  is  the 
following  : — Platforms  supported  upon  tall  piles  stand  in  the  middle  of 
the  lake,  which  are  approached  from  the  land  by  a  single  narrow 
bridge.  At  the  first  the  piles  which  bear  up  the  platforms  were  fixed 
in  their  places  by  the  whole  body  of  the  citizens ;  but  since  that 
time  the  custom  which  prevails  about  fixing  them  is  this  :  they  are 
brought  from  a  hill  called  Orbelus,  and  every  man  drives  in  three  for 
each  wife  that  he  marries.  Now  the  men  have  all  many  wives  apiece, 
and  this  is  the  way  in  which  they  live.  Each  has  his  own  hut,  wherein 
he  dwells,  upon  one  of  the  platforms  ;  and  each  has  also  a  trap  door 
giving  access  to  the  lake  beneath  ;  and  their  wont  is  to  tie  their  baby 
children  by  the  foot  with  a  string,  to  save  them  from  rolling  into  the 
water.  They  feed  their  horses  and  their  other  beasts  on  fish,  which 
abound  in  the  lake  to  such  a  degree  that  a  man  has  only  to  open  his 
trap-door  and  to  let  down  a  basket  by  a  rope  into  the  water,  and  then  to 
wait  a  very  short  time,  when  up  he  draws  it  quite  full  of  them." 

Another  reference  to  lake-dwellings  occurs  in  a  passage  by 
Hippocrates  ("  De  ^Eribus,"  etc.,  xxxvii.),  and  the  locality  to  which 
the  remarks  were  applied  lies  to  the  east  of  the  Black  Sea. 

"  Concerning  the  people  of  the  Phasis,  that  region  is  marshy  and 
hot,  and  full  of  water,  and  woody  ;  and  at  every  season  frequent  and 
violent  rains  fall  there.  The  inhabitants  live  in  the  marshes,  and  have 
houses  of  timber  and  of  reeds  constructed  in  the  midst  of  the  waters; 
and  they  seldom  go  out  to  the  city  or  the  market,  but  sail  up  and 
down  in  boats  made  out  of  a  single  tree-trunk,  for  there  are  numerous 
canals  in  that  region.  The  water  they  drink  is  hot  and  stagnant, 
putrefied  by  the  sun,  and  swollen  by  the  rainfall,  and  the  Phasis  itself 
is  the  most  stagnant  and  quiet-flowing  of  all  rivers." 

In  the  works  of  recent  travellers  I  find  statements  corroborating 


554  LAKE-DWELLINGS   OF   EUROPE. 

the  opinion  already  published  by  Dr.  Keller  (B.  119,  2nd  ed.,  p.  G6G), 
that  the  remains  of  lake-dwellings  have  been  detected  in  Asia 
Minor,  more  especially  in  the  Caucasus  and  the  region  between 
the  Black  Sea  and  the  Caspian.  As  early  as  1849  Bayern  dis- 
covered palafittcs  in  Lake  Gok-chai  and  in  Lake  Paleostrum, 
not  far  from  the  embouchure  of  the  Rion  (Phasis).  Mr.  Chantre 
states  that  on  the  lowering  of  Lake  Toporovan,  near  the  village 
of  Choucha  at  the  embouchure  of  the  Koura,  and  in  some  other 
lakes  on  the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea,  indications  of  their  existence 
have  been  observed.*  None  of  these  have,  however,  been  suffi- 
ciently explored  to  be  of  arch.tological  value. 

While  the  lake-dwellers  of  Switzerland  were  quietly  living 
in  the  poculiar  habitations  which  the  hydrographical  conditions 
of  the  country  enabled  them  to  develop  so  largely,  great  and 
progressive  changes  were  going  on  elsewhere  among  the  neolithic 
settlers  in  Europe.  Probably  other  immigrants  soon  found  their 
way  to  the  far  west,  and  brought  with  them  a  knowledge  of 
bronze.  As  time  rolled  on,  considerable  divergences  from  the 
primitive  civilisation  took  place,  partly  the  outcome  of  geographical 
and  climatal  conditions,  and  partly  the  result  of  innovations  by  freer 
intercourse  with  the  inhabitants  of  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean. 
Then  were  laid  gradually  the  germs  of  the  historical  nationalities 
of  Europe.  Just  at  the  dawn  of  history  we  find  the  Celts,  not  in 
the  sunshine  of  their  power,  but  with  faded  strength  and  departed 
glory,  confined  to  a  limited  area  in  Europe.  After  the  collapse 
of  the  great  lake-villages  it  is  not  singular  to  find  that  a  know- 
ledge of  the  system  remained  among  the  surrounding  nationalities 
which  subsequently  germinated  into  activity  in  various  sporadic 
corners,  and  produced  not  only  the  Scottish  and  Irish  crannogs, 
but  the  analogous  remains  in  Friesland,  North  Germany,  Pala- 
dru,  etc.  As  the  great  extinct  mammals  are  known  to  have 
lingered  in  the  recesses  of  mountain  ranges  and  other  secluded 
localities,  so  the  artificial  islands  or  crannogs  and  other  lake- 
habitations  of  the  Iron  Age  are  but  the  deteriorated  remnants  of 
a  doomed  system  which,  like  every  dying  art  before  final  extinc- 
tion, passed  through  a  stage  of  decay  and  degeneration. 

"Recherches  Anthropologiques  dans  le  Caucase,"  vol  i.  p.  70. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


OF 


LAKE-DWELLING  RESEARCHES  IN  EUROPE. 


1. — 1822.  JAMIESON,  REV.  DR.  An  Account  of  some  Remains  of  An- 
tiquity in  Forfarshire  (Queen  Margaret's  Inch,  Loch  of 
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(b)  List   by   W.   T.   Mulvany,    Esq.,   on   the  part  of  the 

Commissioner  of  Public  Works    in    Ireland.     Ibid. 


550  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

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500  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

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85.—  HAXCHET,  G.     Delle  abitazioni  lacustri  nel  lago  di  Varese. 

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86.  „      STOPPAXI,  A.     Abitazioni  lacustri  in  Lombardia.    Politecnico, 

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87.  ,,      Sulle  antiche  abitazioni  lacustri  del  lago  di  Garda. 

Affi  d^hi  S.  It.  Sc.  Naf.,  vol.  vi. 

88.  v      STKOBEL,   P.     Avanzi  preromani  raccolti    nelle   terremare  e 

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89.  ,,      STHOBEL  e  PKJORIXI.     Le  terremare  e  le  palafitte  del  Par- 

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90.  ,,      VILLA,  G.  B.     Notizie  sulle  torbe  della  Brianza.     Ibid. 

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92.  ,,      DAY,   R.     Note  on  antiquities  collected   at  Toome   Bridge. 

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93.  „       FITZPATRICK,   B.     (a)  Note  on    a  Crannoge  in   Grantstown 

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94.  ,,      STUART,  J.     Notices  of  a  group  of  Artificial  Islands  in  the 

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98.  „      HOCHSTETTER,    F.      Bericht     iiber    Nachforschungen     nach 

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99.  -     ,,      KXEK,    R.      Bericht    iiber    die   Untersuchungen    der   Seen 

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100.—     „      LISCII,  G.  C.  F.     Pfahlbauten  in  Mecklenburg.     Jahr.  des 
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K  K 


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di  Sc.  Nat.,  vol.  viii. 
133.  —     „      PIGORINI,  L.     Sopra  due  terremare  nelk  provincia  di  Parma. 

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136.—     „      DELFORTRIE,  E.     Cite  palustre  au  centre  meme  de  la  ville 

de  Bordeaux.     Ten   pages,    with   five  plates.     Soc.  des 

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(a)  Die  Form  und  Grosse  der  Pfahlbauten.   Ausland,  no.  9. 

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150. —     ,,      MAPLETON,  R.  J.     Description    of    Stockaded    Remains    re- 
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Robenhausen  im  Jahre  1868.     Ausland,  no.  48. 
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121. 
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Golancz,  Posen.    Arch,  far  Anth.,  bd.  iii. 
157.—     „      BONI,  C.     Scoperta  di  una  terramara  al  Moiitale.    II  Panaro, 

no.  237. 


564  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


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159.  _     ••    "  MARINONI,  C.     Le  abitazioni  lacustri  e  gli  avanzi  di  umana 

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160.  -     „      PAGLIA,   E.    Terremare  de  Bigarello.    Mater,  pour  Vhist.,  etc., 

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161.  —  1869.  JONES,  H.     On  the  Discovery  of  some  supposed  Vestiges  of 

a  Pile-Dwelling  in  Barton  Mere  near  Bury  St.  Edmunds. 
Quart.  Journ.  Suffolk  Institute  of  Arch,  and  Nat.  Hist. 

162.  ,,      MORANT,  G.     On  Wooden  Structures  in  the  Bog  of  Cargag- 

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163.  ,,      KELLER,  F.     Gegenstande  aus  dem  Pfahlbau  von  Estavayer. 

Anzeiger,  p.  1.  Ueber  den  Einbaum.   Ibid.,  pp.  33  and  69. 
164.--     „      RiJCKERT,    E.     Die    Pfahlbauten  und    Volkerschichten  Ost- 

europas,  besonders  der  Donaufiirstenthumer.    Wurzburg. 

(Contains  the  representation  of  a  supposed  Dacian  lake- 

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1867.) 
166.--     „      VIRCHOW,  R.     Die  Pfahlbauten  des  nordlichen  Deutschlands. 

Zeit.fiir  Eth,,  vol.  i. 
166.  —     ,,      CHIERICI,    G.       Ragguagli    di    Scavi   a    Sampolo.     L'  Italia 

Centrale,  no.  16. 
167.-      „      DE  STEFANI,  STEFANO.      Del  bacino  torboso  al  Vallese  presso 

Verona  e  clegli  avanzi  preistorici  che  vi  si  rinvengono. 

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antichita  rinvenuti  in  Italia.       Forty-eight   pages  and 

ten   plates.       Mem.  della  R.  Ac.    delle    Sc.    di    Torino, 

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169.-      „      MARINONI,   C.       Nuova   localita   preistorica    dell'  epoca   del 

bronzo  in  Lombardia.     Atti  della  Soc.  It.  di  Sc.  Nat., 

vol.  xii. 
170.-  STROBEL,   P.      Die  Terramare.     Tagblatt  der  43.  Ver.  deut. 

Nat.,  etc.,  in  Innsbruck. 
171.—     „      TINELLI,  C.  Palafitte  de  Mombello  pres  de  Laveno.  Matcriaux, 

etc.,  vol.  v.  p.  76. 
171^.—  1870.  Account   of   an  Expedition  undertaken  by    Lord   Deputy 

Sydney  to  attack  a  Crannoge  in  a  Lough  near  Omagh. 

Copied  by  Dr.  Caulfield  at   the   Public  Record  Office, 

London.     Journ.  R.H.A.A.,  4th  S.,  vol.  i. 
172.—     „      CAMPBELL,  F.     Note  on  an  Artificial  Island  and  Ancient 

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Proc.  S.  A.  Scot.,  vol.  viii. 


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173. — 1870.  DUMBLETON,  E.  N.     On  a  Crannoge,  or  Stockaded  Island,  in 

Llangorse    Lake,    near   Brecon,    Wales.      Arch.   Comb., 

4th  S.,  vol.  i.  pp.  146  and  192. 
174.—     „      ROSEHILL,  LORD.     Exhibition  and  Description  of  a  Collection 

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etc.     Proc.  S.  A.  Scot.,  vol.  viii. 
175.—     „      WAKEMAN,   W.   F.      Remarks  on  Three  hitherto  unnoticed 

Crannoges  in   Drumgay  Lake,   near  Enniskillen.     Two 

notices.     Journ.  R.  H.  A.  A.,  4th  S.,  vol.  i. 
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177. —     „      DESOR,  E.     Des  porte-monnaies  lacustres  de  1'age  du  bronze. 

Anzeiyer,  p.  187. 
178.—     „      GRANGIER,    PROF.      Antiquites    lacustres  pres    d'Estavayer. 

Ibid.,  p.  169. 
179. —     5,      PERRIN,  A.    Etude  prehistorique  sur  la  Savoie.    With  Album 

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180.—     „      HARTMAX,   R.     Ueber  Pfahlbauten,  namentlich  der  Schweiz, 

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and  iv. 
181. —     ,,      HEER,  O.      Getreidereste,    neugefundene    aus    Pfahlbauten. 

Anzeiger,  p.  161. 
182.—     „      KELLER,   F.     Pfahlbauansiedler  an  der  Miindung  der  Donau. 

Ibid.,  p.  120. 

(a)  Pfahlbauansiedelung  zu    Heimenlachen  bei  Berg,  Ct. 

Thurgau.     Ibid.,  p.  167. 

(b)  Durchborung  der  Steinbeile,  der  Hirschhornwerkzeuge 
und  anderer  Gerathe  aus  den  Pfahlbauten.    Ibid.,  p.  139. 

183. —      55      NIEDERBERGER,    P.    M.       Pfahlbauten    in    obern    Ziirichsee. 

Ibid,,  p.  119. 
184. —     ,,      BONI  e  G-EXERALI.     Sulle  terremare  Modenese.     Ninety-eight 

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an.  v. 
186. —     ,5      CRESPELLANI,    A.     Marne   Modenesi    e   monumenti   antichi 

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nogs.     Journ.  R.  H.  A.  A.,  4th  S.,  vol.  i. 


5(J(j  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

190  -1«S71.  SMITH,  A.     Descriptive  list  of  Antiquities  near  Loch  Etive, 

Argyleshire,  etc.     Proc.  S.  A.  Scot.,  vols.  ix  and  x. 

191  »      WAKEMAN,  W.  F.     Remarks  on  the  Crannog  at  Ballydoo- 

lough,  County  Fermanagh.  R.  If.  A.  A.,  4th  S.,  vol.  i. 

(a)  Observations  on  some  Iron  Tools  and  other  Antiquities 

lately  discovered  in  the  Crannog  of  Cornagall,  County 
Cavan.     Ibid. 

(b)  The    Crannogs    in    Lough   Eyes,    County    Fermanagh. 

Ibid. 

192.  „      WILSON,  G.     Notes  on   tlie   Crannoges  and  Lake-Dwellings 

of  Wigtownshire.     Proc.  /S'.  A.  /Scot.,  vols.  ix.  and  x. 

193.  v      CIIANTRE,    E.     Les  palafittes   ou   constructions  lacustres   du 

lac  de  Paladru.      Grenoble. 

194.  ^      GRANGIEK,    PROF.     C.inot  lacustre   de    Cudrefin.     Anzeiger, 

p.  279. 

195.  ,1      PKZKZDZIKCKI,  LE  COMTE.     Restes  de  1'habitation  lacustre  la 

plus  orientale  qui  ait  ete  decouverte  en  Europe  jusqu'a 
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196.  ,,      v.    FELLENBERC;,     E.       Pfahlbaustationen     des     Bielersees. 

Anzeiger,  p.  281. 

197.  ,,      KELLER,  F.     Bronzenadel  aus  dem  Pfahlbau  von  Moringen 

am  Bielersee.     Ibid.,  p.  236. 

198.  „      MEYN,  L.     Ueber  wahrscheinliche  Pfahlbauten  am  Kunden- 

see.     Zeit.filr  Eth.  (Sitz.,  p.  2),  bd.  iii. 

199.  <,      RAEBER,  B.     Pfahlbau  zu  Heimenlachen.     Anzeiger,  p.  286. 

200.  „       WURMBRAND,   LE    COMTE.     Sur    les    palafittes    de   la   Haute 

Autriche.     Cong.  Int.  d'Anth.  ft  d'Arch.,  session  v. 

201.  ,,       WiTRMBKAND,    GRAF.       Untersuchung    der    Pfalilbauten    in 

Salzkammergut,  etc. 

(a)  Ergebnisse    der     Pfahlbau -Untersuchungen.       Erster 
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202.  „      SIMONY,  F.     Die  Pfalilwerke  bei  Kammer  und  Litzelberg  im 

Attersee.     Ibid. 

203.  „      ANCJELUCCI,  A.     Le  palafitte  del  lago  di  Varese  e  le  armi  di 

pietra  del  Museo  Nazionale  d'Artiglieria.      Torino. 

204.  „      Boxi,  C.     Le  valve  dell'  unio  nella  terramara  del  Montale. 

An.  delta  Hoc.  dei  Nat.  in  Modena,  vol.  vi. 

205.  „      CHIERICI,  G.     Sur  la  ville  de  Marzabotto  et  la  terramara  de 

Castellarano.      Cony.  Intern.   d'Anth.   et  d'Arch.    Preh. 
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208.         ,,      CHIERICI,    G.     Le   antichita   preromane   della    provincia   di 

Reggio  nell'  Emilia.     Reyyio. 

207.  „  COPPI,  F.  Monografia  ed  iconografia  della  terra-cimiteriale 
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di  Parma,  nos.  41  and  290. 
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215. —     ,,      PATTERSON,  W.  H.     Notice  of  a  Silver  Brooch  found  at  the 

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216. —     ,,      STUART,  J.     Note  of  recent  Excavations  at   St.  Margaret's 

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218. —     ,,      GROSS,   V.       Les   habitations   lacustres   du    lac    de    Bienne. 

Forty-six  pages,  with  eight  plates.     Delemont. 

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(b)  Un  mors  de  cheval  en  bronze,  trouve  a  Moringen. 

Ibid.,  p.  358. 
219. —     „      LE  MIRE,  J.     Decouverte  d'une  station  lacustre  de  1'age  de  la 

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220. —     ,,      RABUT,  L.     Histoire  des  habitations  lacustres  de  la  Savoie. 

Sabaudia,  Nov.  15th  and  Dec.  15th. 
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226. 1872.  UHLMAXX,  J.     Eigenthiimliche  Verzierung  ernes   Pfahlbau- 

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227          ,,      VIRCIIOW,  R.     Ausgrabungen  in  dem  Pfahlbau  bei  Bonin  ar.i 

Liiptowsee  in   Pomraern.     Zeit.  fur  Eth.,   Verhand.,  p. 

165,  bcl.  iv. 
228.—      „      WITT.     Pfahlbauten  von  Alt-Gortzig  (Prov.  Posen).     Ibid., 

Verhand.,  p.  175;  also  bd.  xii.,   Verhand.,  p.  161. 
229          „      WUKMBRAND,  GRAF.      Ergebnisse  der  Pfahlbau-Untersuchun- 

gen.     Zweiter  Bericht.     Mitt.  Anth.  Ges.  Wien,  bd.  ii. 

230.  Schreiben    am    Sectionsrath    Ritter    von    Hauer, 
iiber  die  in  den  oberosterreichischen  Seen  fortgesetzten 
Pfahlbau-Untersuchungen.     Ibid.,  ii.  and  iii. 

231.  11      BONIZZI    P.     Relazione  e  conclusioni  sugli  scavi  fatti  nella 

terramara    del     Montale    nel     Settembre,     1871.      An. 
della  Soc.  del  Nat.  in  Modena,  an.  vi.  and  vii. 

232.  ,,       FORESTI,  L.     Terramara  di  Rastellino,  provincia  di  Bologna. 

Rend.  delV  Ac.  delle  Sc.  dell'  Inst.  di  Bologna. 
233.-       ,,      MANTOVANI,  P.     Monte  Venere.     La  Settirnana,  June  22nd. 

234.  „      PICJORINI,     L.     Terramara  dell'  epoca  del  bronzo  in  Monte- 

pelato  (Parma).      Gaz.  di  Parma,  no.  276. 

235.  ,,      QUAOLIA,    B.     Oggetti    trovati    nella    torbiera    di    Bardello. 

La  Cron.  Varesina,  an.  vii.,  no.  21  ;  an.  viii.,  no.  40. 

236.  -     ,,      STROBEL,  P.     Le  valve  degli  unio  nelle  marniere  deU'Emilia 

e    nei  Paraderos  della  Patagonia.      Archiv  delVAntrop. 
e  la  Etnol.,  vol.  ii.      Firenze. 

237.  —     ,,      ZAXXETTI,  A.     Di  alcuni   oggetti   trovati  nella  torbiera  di 

Mercurago.     Ibid. 

238.  —1873.  GROSS,  V.     Objets    nouveaux  de  la    station  de  I'e'poque  du 

bronze  de  Moringen.     Anzeiyer,  p.  402. 

(a)  Objets  en  bronze,  trouves  a  File  de  St.  Pierre.     Ibid., 

p.  425. 

(b)  Une  fonderie  lacustre  a  Moringen.     Ibid.,  p.  439. 

239.  -     ,,      AEBY,    C.     Ueber    das    relative   Alter    der  schweizerischen 

Pfahlbauten.      Corr.-blatt  der  Ges.  fur  Anth. 

240.  „      JENTZSCII,    A.     Ueber   die  Auffindung  von  Pfahlbauten  in 

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241.  ,,     v.  KAMIEXSKI.     Ueber    den    Pfahlbau  der   Mowen-Insel   ira 

Soldinersee.     Zeit.  fur  Eth.,  bd.  v.,    Verhand.,  p.  108. 

242.  „      LISCH,   G.    C.    F.     Pfahlbauten    von    Wismar.      Verein  fur 

Meek.  Gesch.,  Jahrgang  38. 

243.-  „  v.  SCHAB,  Sio.  Die  Ergebnisse  der  neuesten  Forschungen  in 
den  Pfahlbauten  des  Wiirmsees.  Corr.-blatt  der  d.  Ges. 
far  Anth.  Geschichte  und  Urgeschichte  der  Rosen- 
Insel  in  Sta  rnbergersee.  Ibid. 


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(b)  BONIZZI,  P.     Intorno  all'  ambra  del  Montale. 

(c)  CHIERICI,  G.     I  pugnali-coltelli  delle  terremare. 

(d)  MARIOTTI,   G.     Di   alcuni  pugnali  di  bronzo  scoperti 

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300.         »      RODE,  PROF.     Tombeaux  du  temps  des  habitations  lacustres. 

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301          }>      PLEYTE,    W.      Nederlandsche    Oudheden    van    de   vroegste 
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308.  „      HELBKJ,  W.     L'Orientazione  delle  terremare.     Bui.  dell'  Inst. 

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309.  -     „      LEVI,  A.  S.     Alcuni  cenni  di  studi  preistorici  sulla  Savoja. 

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313.-     „      GRANGIER,     PROF.       Les     stations     lacustres     d'Estavayer. 
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(d)  PIGORINI,    L.       Ricerche    paletnologiche    a    Cavriana. 

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337.  —     ,,  Etruskische  Streitwagen  aus  Bronze  in  den  Pfahl- 

bauten.     Anzeiger,  p.  887. 

338.  -     ,,      KOHN    und    MKIILIS.       Materialen    zur    Vorgeschichte    des 

Menschen  in  Ostlichen  Europa.     Jena. 

339.  -     ,,      STUDER,  T.     Beitrag   zur  Kenntniss  der  Hunderacen  in  den 

Pfahlbauten.     Arch,  fur  Anth.,  bd.  xii. 

340.  —      .,      COPPI,  F.     Lo  scavo  e  gli  oggetti  della  terramara  di  Gorzano 

neir   anno  1879.      Twenty -three  pages    and   one  plate. 
Affi  della  R.  Ac.  delle  Sc.  di  Torino,  vol.  xv. 

341.  -     ,,       REGAZZONI,    I.      Dei  nuovi  scavi  nell'    Isola    Virginia,  lago 

di  Varese.     Twenty-two  pages,  with  three  plates.     Riv. 
Arcli.  della  pro  v.  di  Como. 

(a)  Di  alcuni  oggetti  preistorici  raccolti  iielle  stazioni 
del  lago  di  Varese.     Ibid. 

342.  „      DE  STEFANI,  S.     Ricerche  paletnologiche  nel  lago  di  Garda. 

Nelle  notizie  degli  scavi,  etc.,  R.  Ac.  dei  Lincei. 

343.  „       Jhdlettino  di  Paletnoloyia  Italiana,  an.  v.  :— 

(a)  CIIIERICI,  G.      Sun  to  critico  della  Memoria  di  Ranchet 

e  Regazzoni :  Le  nuove  scoperte  all'Isolino  nel  lago 
di  Varese. 

(b)  Pir;oRiNi,  L.     Stazione  lacustre  nel  Piceno. 

(C)  STROBEL,  P.  Sunto  critico  della  Memoria  di  Castel- 
franco  :  Le  stazioni  lacustri  dei  laghi  di  Monate  e 
Varano. 

344.  -1880-4.  MUNRO,  R.     Ayrshire  Crannoges.      Collections  of  Ayr  and 

Galloway  Arch.  Association,  vols.  ii.  iii.  and  iv. 

345.— 1880.  PLUNKET,  T.  On  an  Ancient  Settlement  found  about 
twenty-one  feet  beneath  the  surface  of  the  peat,  in  the 
Coal-bog  near  Boho,  county  Fermanagh.  Proc.  R.  I.  A., 
vol.  ii.,  2nd  S. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  575 

346. — 1880.  WAKEMAN,  W.  F.  On  certain  recent  Discoveries  on  Ancient 
Crannog  Structures,  chiefly  in  the  County  Fermanagh. 
Journ.  R.  H.  A.  A.,  vol.  v.,  4th  S. 

347. —  ,,  GROSS,  V.  Dernieres  trouvailles  dans  les  habitations 
lacustres  du  lac  de  Bienne.  Materiaux,  etc.,  vol.  xv. 

(a)  Une  double  hache  en  cuivre  de  Locras.     Ibid. 

(b)  Le  canot  lacustre  de  Vingreis  (lac  de  Bienne).     An- 

zeiger,  p.  69. 
348. —      ,,       MONTELIUS,     O.     Deux    bronzes    d'origine    Scandinave    de- 

cou verts  en  Suisse.     Materiaux,  etc.,  vol.  xv.  p.  14. 
349. —      ,5       PILLOT,    E.     Notice    sur    les    habitations    prehistoriques    de 

Fepoque  lacustre  de  Yillchetif,  pres  de  Trqyes. 
350. —     „      BOLL,  A.       Die  neuesten  Pfahlbauten  am  Ueberlinger-See. 

Sch.  des  V.  fiir  Ges.  des  Bodensees. 

351. —     ,,      KELLER,  F.    Funde  auf  dem  grossen  Hafner.    Anzeiger,  p.  25. 
352.—      „       WITT.     Pfahlbauten  in  Alt-Gorzig.     Zeit.  fur  Eth.  Verhand. 
353. —     ,,      BRIZIO,  ED.     I  Liguri  nelle  terremare.     Nuova  Antologia. 
354.—     „      CASTELFRANCO   E    SORDELLI.     Notizie   intorno   alia   stazione 

lacustre  della  Lagozza.     Fifty -two  pages  and  one  plate. 

Atti  della  Soc.  It.  Sc.  Nat.,  vol.  xxiii. 
355.—     „      CAVAZZOCCA,   A.     Abitazioni   lacustri  del    lago  di  Garcia — 

Palafitta    del    Bor.     Nineteen    pages    with    five    plates. 

Verona. 
356.—     „      COPPI,  F.     Breve  rapporto  sugli  scavi  di  Gorzano  nel  1880. 

Atti  della  R.  Ac.  della  Sc.  di  Torino,  vol.  xvi. 
357. —     i,      PARAZZI,  ANT.     Stazioni  preistoriche  del  Viadanese.     Notizi 

degli  Scavi  Com.     R.  Ac.  dei  Lincei. 
358. —     ,,      DE  STEFANI,  S.  Degli  oggetti  preistorici  raccolti  nella  stazione 

delF  eta  del  bronzo  scoperta  nel  Mincio,  presso  Peschiera. 

Atti  deW  Ac.  d'Agri.,  Arti  e  Com.  de  Verona,  vol.  Ivii. 
359. —      ,,      Bullettino  di  Paletnologia  Italiana,  an.  vi. : — 

(a)  CHIERICI,  G.     Dei  nuovi  scavi  nelF  Isola  Virginia. 

(a')  Degli  oggetti  preistorici  raccolti  nella  stazione 
dell'  eta  del  bronzo  scoperta  nel  Mincio. 

(b)  REGAZZONI,  I.     Stazione  preistorica  della  Lagozza. 

(c)  STROBEL,  P.     Le  razze  del  cane  nelle  terremare.     (c') 

Istrumento  d'  osso  umano  d'  una  terramara. 
360. — 1881.  DE  MORTILLET,  G.     Importation  de  la  nephrite  et  du  bronze. 

Materiaux,  etc.,  vol.  xvi. 
361.—     „      OSSOWSKI,  G.     Carte  archdologique  de  la  Prusse  occidentale. 

Krakow. 

362.—     „      KASISKI,   F.  W.     Beschreibung   der   vaterlandischen  Alter- 
thiimer  in  Neustettiner  und  Schlochauer  Kreise.    Danzig. 
363. —     ,,      KELLER,  F.     Zinn  in  Pfahlbauten.     Anzeiger,  p.  133. 
(a)  Rammblock  in  den  Pfahlbauten.     Ibid. 

i 


576  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

354 1881.  v.  LUSCHAU,  F.     Ueber  die  menschlichen  Schadel  aus  den 

Laibacher  Pfahlbauten.     Mitt.  Anth.  Ges.  Wien,  bd.  x. 
365.—      M      Ueber   einige   Funde   aus    den    Pfahlbauten    des 

Neusiedlersees.     Ibid. 
366.—     M      TISCHLER,     O.       Gliederung     der    vorromischen    Metallzeit. 

Bericht  iiber  die  xii.  Allgemeine  Versammlung  der  d. 

Anth.  Ges.     Corr.-Blatt. 

367.  ,,      CRESPELLANI,  A.     Di  alcuni  oggetti  delle  terremare  Modenesi. 

An.  delta  Soc.  dei  Nat.  di  Modena,  an.  xv.  p.  233.  See 
vols.  x.  44,  106;  xii.  45;  xiv.  39.  Also  the  author's 
annual  reports  on  the  excavations  at  Modena.  Atti 
e  Mem.  delle  Dep.  di  Storia  pat.  per  le  Prov.  Mod.  e 
Farm. 

368.  ,,      GOZZADINI,  G.     Di  una  terramara  a  Crespellano  nel  Bolog- 

nese.     Notizie  degli  Scavi,  etc. 

369.  „      PORTIOLI,  A.     Le  terremare  di  Villa  Cappella  e  di  Gazzoldo 

nel  Mantovano.     Seventeen  pages.     Mantova. 

370.  „      DE   STEFANI,   S.     Stazioni   lacustri   nel  Garda   ai   piedi   del 

Monte   Rocca  e  nel  Golfo  di  Peschiera.     Notizie  degli 

ticavi  d'Ant. 
371. —     ,,      ZANNONI,    A.     Scoperta   di    una    terramara   nel    Bolognese. 

LJ  Opinione,  7  Ottobre. 
372.  -     ,,      Bullettino  di  Paletnologia  It.,  an.  vii. : — 

(a)  CHIERICI,  G.     La  terramara  di  Bellanda  nel  Manto- 

vano.    (a')  La  paletnologia  italiana  nel  3°  Congresso 
geografico  internazionale. 

(b)  PARAZZI,  A.     La  terramara  di  Cogozzo  nel  Yiadanese. 
(C)   PIGORINI,  L.     I  Terpen  della  Frisia.     (c')  Terramara 

e  sepolcreto  dell'  eta  del  bronzo  nel  Bolognese.     (c") 
Di  una  scoperta  paletnologica  nel  Modenese. 

(d)  REGAZZONI,  IN.     Nuove  tracce  di  palafitta  e  un'  ascia 

di  rame  del  lago  di  Varese.     (d')  Nuovi  scavi  nella 
stazione  palustre  della  Lagozza. 

(e)  STROBEL,    P.       Oggetti    di    legno    della    mariera    di 

Castione. 

373. — 1882.  MUNRO,  R.  Ancient  Scottish  Lake-Dwellings,  or  Crannogs, 
etc.,  pp.  xx.,  313,  with  numerous  illustrations.  Edin- 
burgh. 

374. —     „  Notes  of  a  Crannog  at  Friar's  Carse,  Dumfries- 

shire.    Proc.  8.  A.  Scot.,  vol.  xvi. 

375.-      „      WILSON,  G.     Notice  of  a  Crannog  at  Barhapple  Loch,  Glen- 
luce.     Col.  Ayr.  and  Gal.  A.,  vol.  iii. 
376.—     „      GROSS,  V.     Station  de  Corcelettes.     Neuveville. 

(a)  La  station  de  1'age  de  la  pierre  a  St.  Blaise.     Anzeiger, 
p.  259. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  577 

(b)  Un  poignard  en  silex  avec  sa  poignee  de  la  station  de 

Fenel.     Ibid.,  p.  324. 

(c)  Un  chariot  du  premier  age  du  fer,  trouve  a  la  Tene. 

Ibid.,  p.  325. 
377. — 1882.  MOREL-FATIO,    A.       Sepultures     des     populations    lacustres 

Chamblandes,  pres  Pully,  Suisse.     Materiaux,  vol.  xvii. 
378.—     ,,      BOLL,  A.     Die  neuesten  Pfahlbaufunde  am  Ueberlingersee. 

Sch.  des  V.fiir  Gesch.  des  Bodensees,  etc.,  p.  93. 
379. —      ,,       HAAG,   G.      Pfahlbau   und  Entwasserung  Julius.     Baltische 

Studien,  Jahrg.  32. 
380.—     „      JENNY.      Pfahlbauten  bei  Steckborn.     Jahrbuch  des  V.  von 

Alter,  im  Rheinlande,  Heft  73. 
381.—     „      LEINER,   L.     Die  Entwickelung  von  Konstanz.     Sch.  des  V. 

filr  Gesch.  des  Bodensees,  p.  73. 
382. —      ,,  Zum  Pfahlbau-Leben  am  Bodensee  um  Konstanz. 

Corr.-Blatt,  p.  35. 
383. —      ,,       MESSIKOMMER,  J.       Neue   Funde  auf    den   Pfahlbauten   von 

Steckborn,  Robenhausen,  etc.     Ibid.,  p.  36. 

(a)  Neue  Funde  in  den  Schweizerischen  Pfahlbauten.     Das 

Ausland,  p.. 377. 

(b)  Kupfer  aus  der  Pfahlbau te  Robenhausen.       Anzeiyer, 

p.  324. 

(c)  Riickblick    auf    die    neuesten     in     der    Nordschweiz- 

aufgefiihrten     Pfahlbau -Untersuchungen.        Ibid., 
p.    321. 
384.—      „       VATER  und  Voss.      Bronze  Fund  von   Spandau.     Zeit.  filr 

Eth.,  bd.  xiv.,  Verhand.,  pp.  112  and  371. 

385. —  ,,  Antiqua:  Unterhaltungsblatt  filr  Freunde  der  Alterthums- 
kunde,  Jahrg.  i. : — 

(a)  FORRER,  R.  Metall  auf  der  Pfahlbaute  bei  Robenhausen. 

(b)  MESSIKOMMER,  H.     Die  Industrie  der  Pfahlbauten. 

(c)  MESSIKOMMER,    J.     Die    Pfahlbauten    am     Untersee. 

Pfahlbau  tenbrod. 

386. —  ,,  BONI,  C.  La  terramara  di  Montale.  Nineteen  pages  with 
one  plate,  part  i. 

387. —  ,,  REGAZZONI,  E.  Gli  scavi  della  Lagozza.  Kir.  A.  del  Pror. 
di  Como. 

388.  —  „  STROBEL,  P.  II  teschio  del  porco  delle  mariere,  Studio  com- 
parative. Atti  della  Soc.  It.  Sc.  Nat.,  vol.  xxv. 

389§_      ?j       Bullettino  di  Pal.  It.,  an.  viii. : — 

(a)  PARAZZI,  A.     La  terramara  di  Cogozzo  nel  Viadanese. 

(b)  STROBEL,  P.     Gli  avanzi  dell'  asino  nelle  terremare. 
39Q. — 1883.  LOCKWOOD,  W.  J.     Account  of  the  examination  of  Crannogs 

in  Lough  Mourne,  near  Carrickfergus.  Journ.  R.H.A.A., 
vol.  vi.,  4th  S. 

L  L 


578  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

391 1883.  GRAVES,  J.  Notes  on  Stone  and  Bone  Antiquities,  some  with 

Oghamic  Inscriptions,  found  at  a  Crannog  in  Ballinderry 
Lough,  Co.  Westmeath.  Ibid. 

392. ,,  GROSS,  V.  Les  Protohelvetes  on  les  premieres  colons  sur  les 

bords  des  lacs  de  Bienne  et  Neuchatel.  One  hundred  and 
fourteen  pages  and  thirty-three  phototype  plates.  Berlin. 

393.  -  *<  VOUGA,  A.  Les  stations  lacustres  de  Cortaillod.  Anzeiger, 
p.  456. 

394.—  }j  FORRER,  R.  Die  Pfahlbaute  auf  dem  Grossen  Hafner. 
Ibid.,  p.  463. 

395.  „      FRANK,  E.     Die  Pfahlbautstation  Olzreuthe.     Corr.-Blatt,  p. 

57. 

396.  -     ,,      FRIEDEL.       Der   Bronzepfahlbau    in    Spandau.       Arch,  fur 

Ant 1\.,  bd.  xiv. 

397.  „      HARTMANN,  R.     Ueber  die  alten  Dithmarscher  Wurthen  und 

ihren  Pack werk ban.     Thirty-eight  pages.     Marne. 

398.  -     „      KAMIENSKI,  V.     Bericht  ueber  den  Pfahlbau  im  Soldiner-See 

in  der  Neumark.     Sitz.,  Altp.-Monat.,  bd.  xx. 

399.  „      LEINER,  L.     Gerathe  von  Kupfer  und   kupferischer  Bronze 

aus  der  Vorzeit  der  Geschichte  unserer  Gegend.  8ch. 
des  V.fiir  Gesch.  des  Bodensees. 

400.  „      MEHLIS,  C.      Pfahlbauten  in  der  Siidpfalz.      Corr.-Blatt,  p.  48. 

(a)  Der  Stand  der  Pfahlbautenfrage.     Deutsche  Rev.,  vol. 
iii.  p.  251. 

401.  ,,      MEYER,  A.  B.   Die  Nephritfrage  kein  ethnologisches  Problem. 

Berlin. 

402.  „      MESSIKOMMER,  H.     Samereien  und   Friichte  auf  der  Pfahl- 

baute Robenhausen.    Zeit.  fur  Eth.,  Verh.,  bd.  xv.  p.  233. 

403.  -  Holzgerathe  und  Industrie  aus  der  Pfahlbaute  Ro- 
benhausen.    Das  Ausland. 

404.  „      STUDER,  Tn.     Die  Thierwelt  in  den  Pfahlbauten  des  Bieler- 

sees.     Mitt,  der  Nat.  Ges.  Bern,  1883-4. 

405.  „      Voss,  A.     Pfahlbauten  bei  Schussenried  und  in  Olzreuthersee. 

Zeit.  far  Eth.,  Verhand.,  bd.  xv.  p.  272. 

406.  „      Antigua,  etc.     Jahrgang  ii. : — 

(a)  BECK,  F.     Zur  Nephritfrage. 

(b)  FORRER,  R.     Haben  einzelne  Pfahlbauten  bis  in  die 

Romerzeit  bestanden?  Schmuckgegenstande  aus 
vorgeschichtlicher  Zeit. 

(C)  MESSIKOMMER,  J.  Die  Grosse  der  Pfahlhiitten  zu  Ro- 
benhausen und  Niederweil. 

(d)  MESSIKOMMER,  H.  Die  Gewinnung  von  Samereien 
und  Friichten  auf  den  Pfahlbautopfen.  (d')  Ver- 
zierungen  auf  Pfahlbauten.  (d")  Neue  Funde  aus 
den  Pfahlbauten  der  West-Schweiz. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  579 

407.— 1883.   PIGORINI,    L.     Terramara    dell'    eta    del    broiizo    situata    in 

Castione  de'  Marches!.    Fifty-seven  pages  with  five  plates. 

Atti  della  R.  Ac.  dei  Lincei,  an.  280. 
408. —      „      Delle  stazioni    barbariche  esistanti  nelle  provincie 

dell'  Emilia.     Ibid, 
409. —     ,,      REGAZZONI,  I.     Gli  scavi  della  Lagozza   nel   1882.     Eleven 

pages  with  one  plate.     Riv.  Arch,  della  Prov.  di  Como. 
410.—      „      Bull,  di  Palet.  It.,  an.  ix.  :— 

(a)  CHIERICI,     G.      Scavo    su    Monte    Castagneto    nella 

provincia  di  Reggio  dell'  Emilia. 

(b)  PIGORINI,  L.      Palafitta  barbarica  in  Foiitanellato  nel 

Parmigiano.  (b')  Le  spade  e  gli  scudi  delle  terre- 
mare  dell'  eta  del  bronzo  e  delle  necropoli  laziali. 
(b")  Terramara  detta  la  Gatta  nel  couiune  di  Noceto 
in  provincia  di  Parma. 

(c)  STROBEL,   P.     Specie  di  vertebrati  di  cui  si  trovarono 

avanzi  nelle  mariere  dell'  Alta  Italia. 

(d)  UNDSET,  J.     Se  la  fibula  esista  nelle  terremare. 
411.— 1884.  WAKEMAN,  W.  F.     On  the  Trouvaille  from  the  Crannog  at 

Lisnacroghera,  near  Broughshane,  Co.  Antrim.     Journ. 

R.  II.  A.  A.,  vols.  vi.  and  ix.,  4th  S. 

412.—      „      SERAND,  E.     Palafittes  clu  lac  d'Anndcy.     Rev.  Sav.,  31st  Dec. 
413.  —      ,,      UBAGHS,  C.    L'age  et  1'homme  prehistoriques  et  ses  ustensiles 

de  la  station  lacustre  pres  de  Maastricht.       Liege. 
414. —      ,,       VOUGA,  A.      La  station  lacustre  de  1'age  de  la  pierre  polie  de 

Forel,  dansle  canton  de  Fribourg,  en  1883,  p.  1  ;  (a)  Les 

stations  lacustres  de  Cortaillod  dans  le  canton  de  Neu- 

chatel,  pp.  36,  57,  139;  (b)  Quelques  objets  rares  de  la 

station  lacustre  de  1'age  de  la  pierre  polie  de  Forel,  p.  199  ; 

(c)  Station  lacustre  du  bronze  de  la  Creuse  ou  Crousa 

pres  Estavayer,  p.  140  ;    (d)  Station  lacustre  du  bronze 

de  Concise,  p.  175  ;   (e)  Station  du  bronze  de  Chevroux, 

p.   199.     Anzeiger,  vol.  v. 
415.—     „      v.  FELLENBERG,  ED.    Zur  Nephritf rage.     Zeit.fiir  Eth.,  Verh., 

p.  256. 
416.—     „      FORRER,  R.  und  ED.     Pfahlbau  Wollishofen  bei  Zurich  und 

Pfahlbaute  bei  der   "Bauschanze."       Anzeiyer,    vol.  v. 

pp.  3,  33,  85,  109. 
417. —     ,,       HEYDECKundViRCHOW.  Pfahlbauten  inOstpreussen.  Zeit.fiir 

Eth.  Verhand.,  p.  560 ;  Altp.  Mon.  Sitz.  der  Gesel.  Prus. 

418.—     „      MESSIKOMMER,  H.  Die  Niederlassung  St.  Blaise.  Das  Ausland. 

(a)  Die  neuesten  Ausgrabungen  auf  der  Pfahlbaute  Roben- 

hausen.     Ibid.,  p.  479. 
419.  —     „      STUDER,  TH.     Mittheilungen  iiber  die  Menschen  Schadel  der 

Pfahlbauer.     Mitt,  der  Nat.  Ges.  Bern. 


580  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

420. — 1884.  Antigua,  etc.     Jarg.  iii.  :— 

(a)  FORRER,  R.     Ein  Pfahlbau  bei  Erlenbach  ;  (a')  Gall- 

ische  Bronzefigur  von  la  Tene ;  (a")  Statistik  der 
in  der  Schweiz  gefundenen  Kupfergerathe. 

(b)  KOLLMANN,  J.  Craniologische  Mittheilungen.    Mensch- 

liche  Schadel  auf  P.  stationen  in  Ziirichsee  und  von 
der  Pfahlbau  bei  Bevaix  ;  (b')  Calvaria  von  la  Tene; 
(b")  und  von  der  Insel  Weerd. 

(c)  MESSIKOMMKR,  H.     Die  gallische  Niederlassung  "La 

Tene "  und  die  Sammlung  von  M.  Dardel-Thorens 
in  St.  Blaise ;  (c')  Neue  Funde  aus  den  Pfahl- 
bauten. 

(d)  MESSIKOMMER,  J.     Ein  neuer  Pfahlbau  bei  Niederwyl. 

(e)  TRACHSEL,  C.  F.     Ueber  die  Miinzen  von  La  Tene. 
421  —     ,,      BOM,  C.     La  terramara  di  Montale.      Parte  ii.     Thirty -two 

pages  and  six  plates.     Modena. 

422.  ,,      CRESPELLANI,    A.      La    carta    topografica    delle    terremare 

Modensi.     Twenty-nine  pages  with  map.     Modena. 

423.  ,,      QuAttLiA,   (jr.     Laghi  e  torbiere  del    circondario    di  Varese, 

provincia  di  Como.      Ninety-two  pages,  with  four  plates. 

Varese. 
424.-       „      DE'  STEFANI,   S.     Sopra  gli    scavi  fatti   nella  palantta  Cen- 

trale  del    golfo  di   Peschiera  ed  in    quella    del   Mincio. 

Forty  pages,  with  one  plate.     Atti  della  Ac.  d'Ag.,  Arti  e 

Com,  di  Verona. 
425.—     „      Hull,  di  Palet.  It.,  an.  x. :.— 

(a)  PKJORINI,   L.      Comparazioni   tra  i  fondi    di   capanne 

dell'  eta  della  pietra,  le  terremare  dell'  eta  del  bronzo 
e  le  necropoli  del  periodo  di  Villanova.  (a')  Sopra 
alcuni  oggetti  della  terramara  di  Montale. 

(b)  STROBEL,  P.     Provenienza  dei  manufatti  preistorici  di 

Nefrite  e  di  Giadaite  (see  also  an.  ix.,  p.  177). 
426.     1885.  MUNRO,    R.     The   Lake-Dwellings    of   Wigtownshire.      Col. 

Ayr.  and  Galloway  Arch.  A.,  vol.  v. 
427-  Notice  of  an  Artificial  Mound  or  Cairn,  situated 

fifty  yards  within   the  tidal   area  on   the   shore  of  the 

island  of   Eriska,    Argyllshire.     Proc.  8.   A.   Scot.,    vol. 

xix. 

428.  „      VOUCJA,   E.     Les   Helvetes   a   la    Tene  :     Notice     historique 

avec   un  plan   et  vingt  planches.      Forty  pages.      Neu- 
chutel. 

429.  „      FORRER,    R.      Ueber   die    Totenbestattung   bei    den    Pfahl- 

bauern.     Das  Ausland,  p.  151. 

„      KOHLER,  DR.     Pfahlbau  ten    von    Lagiewnicki,   Kr.    Kosten 
am  Posen.     Zeit.filr  Etlt.,  Verhand.;  p.  176. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  581 

431. — 1885.  MESSIKOMMER,    J.      Die    neuentdeckte    Pfahlbaute    Bleiche- 
Arbon.     Das  Ausland,  p.  1003. 

432.  ,,      STUDER,     T.       Westschweizerischeri     Pfahlbau-Bevolkerung. 

Zeit.fur  Ethn.,  Verliand.,  p.  548. 

433.  „      VIRCHOW,  R.     Pfahlbau-Bevolkerung.     Ibid.,   pp.    283    and 

548. 
434. —      „      Antiqua,  etc.     Jahrg.  iv. : — 

(a)  FORRER,  R.     Spielwiirfel  aus  La  Tene.     (a')  Statistik 

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(a")  Zur  Aechtheitsfrage  der  punktirten  Horn  und 
Knochenobj  ecte. 

(b)  MESSIKOMMER,   H.     Die  neuesten  Ausgrabungen   bei 

Steckborn.  (b')  Die  Verbreitung  der  P.  in  der 
Schweiz  wahrend  Stein  und  Bronzezeit. 

(c)  MESSIKOMMER,   J.     Die  jiingsten  Nachgrabungen  auf 

der  P.  Robenhausen.  (c')  Der  neuentdeckte  Pfahl- 
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435. —     „      COSTA,    T.     Studio    sull'    origine    delle    terremare.     Thirty- 
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436. —     ,,      PARAZZI,    ANT.     Sopra    una    nuova   terramara    scoperta   ed 

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Notizie  degli  Scavi  Corn. 
437. —     „      REGAZZONI,    I.     Paletnologia.    (Hsepli's  series  of    manuals.) 

Degli  scavi  nell'  Isola  Virginia.     Riv.  Arch,  della  Prov. 

di  Como. 
438.—      „       MILLIGEN,  S.  F.     On  the  Crannogs  in  county  Cavan.    Journ. 

R.H.A.A.,  vol.  vii.,  4th  S. 
439. — 1886.  MUNRO,  R.     Notes   on    Lake-Dwellings  in  Lough  Mourne, 

county  Antrim.     Proc.  S.  A.  Scot.,  vol.  xx. 
440.—     „      DE  V.  KANE,  W.    Notes  on  Crannogs  in  Leitrim.    R.  H.  A.  A., 

vol.  vii.,  4th  S. 
441.—     ,,      WAKEMAN,  W.  F.    The  Crannogs  of  Drumdarragh,  otherwise 

Trillick,  and  Lankill,  county  Fermanagh.     Ibid. 
442. —     ,,      WALLACE,   T.     Notes   of   Ancient    Remains  in  the   Beauly 

Valley:  Artificial  Island  in   Loch  Bruich.     Proc.  S.  A. 

Scot.,  vol.  xx. 
443. —     „      WOOD-MARTIN,    W.    G.     Notes    on  Crannogs  in    Longford. 

R.H.A.A.,  vol.  vii.,  4th  S. 
444. —     ,,      The     Lake-Dwellings     of     Ireland :     or    Ancient 

Lacustrine     Habitations     of     Erin,     commonly     called 

Crannogs.     Two  hundred   and    sixty-eight   pages,  with 

numerous  illustrations.     Dublin. 
445. —     „      BOREL,  A.  et  M.    Notice  sur  les  stations  lacustres  de  Bevaix 

(avec  carte).     Musee  Neuchdtelois,  No.  6. 


582  LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 

446.— 1886.  GROSS,    V.     La    Tene.     Un    Oppidum    Helvete.     Sixty-two 

pages  with  thirteen  plates.     Paris. 

(a)  Uber  die  eigenthiimliclien  Knochenschnitzereien  aus  den 
Schweizer  Pfahlbauten.  Mitt.  Anth.  Ges.  Wien, 
bd.  xvi. 

447.  „      FISCHER,   H.      Begleitworte   zu    der  Karte  ueber   die   geo- 

graphische  Verbreitung  der  Beile  aus  Nephrit,  Jadeit 
und  Chloromelanit  in  Europa.  Mit  einer  Karte.  Arch, 
fiir  Anth.,  bd.  xvi. 

448.  „      HEIERLI,  J.     Der  Pfahlbau  Wollishofen.     Thirty-two  pages 

with  four  plates.     Mitt,  der  Antiq.  Ges.  Zurich,  bd.  xxii. 

449.  „      Antigua,  etc.     Jahrg.  v. :— 

(a)  FORRER,    R.      Der    Pfahlbau  Wollishofen.       (a')  Die 

Handelsbeziehungen  der  Schweizerischen  Pfahlbauer 
nach  dera  Ausland.  (a")  Was  war  la  Tene,  Schluss- 
worte.  (a'")  Pfahlbaufunde  aus  der  Westschweiz. 
(a"")  Neue  Pfahlbaufunde. 

(b)  MESSIKOMMER,  J.     Kahn-Ruder  aus  Pfahlbauten. 

450.  „      CRESPELLANI,   A.     Terramara  delle  Trinita.     Atti  delta  Soc. 

Nat.  di  Modeno.  Rend,  delle  Adunanze,  3  S.,  vol.  iii. 
p.  36, 

451.  „       PARAZZI,  A.     Terramara  e  sottostante  torbiera  con  palafitta 

nel  Casale  Zafianella  presso  Viadana.  Thirty-three 
pages  with  three  plates.  Bui.  di  Palet.  It.,  an.  xii. 

452.  ,,      REGAZZONI,  I.      Oggetti  preistorici  della  Lagozza  nel  museo 

di  Como.  (a)  II  museo  preistorico  Ponti  all'  Isola  Vir- 
ginia nel  lago  di  Varese.  Riv.  Arch,  della  Prov.  di 
Como. 

453.  ,,      STROBEL,  P.     L'  ainbra  podana.     Ibid. 
454.— 1*87.  Antigua,  etc.:— 

(a)  FORRER,    R.     Die    Verbreitung   der    Pfahlbauten    in 

Europa. 

(b)  MESSIKOMMER,  H.     Ein  Bronzebeil  auf  Robenhausen. 

(b')  Die  verschiedene  Resistenzfahigkeit  des  Pfahl- 
bau holzes  im  Wasser. 

(c)  MESSIKOMMER,  J.     Nachgrabungen  auf  dem  Packwerk- 

bau  Niederwyl  im  Jahre  1886. 

455. —  „  BRIZIO,  ED.  Di  una  terramara  scoperta  al  Poggio  della 
Gaggiola  e  di  altra  a  Santa  Maria  Villiana  nel  Commune 
di  Poretta.  Notizie  degli  Scavi,  1887,  p.  387. 

456.—  „  CASTELFRANCO,  P.  Les  villages  lacustres  et  palustres  et  les 
terramares.  Rev.  d'Anthrop.,  p.  706  ;  and  1888,  p.  568. 

457. —  „  SCARABELLI,  G.  Stazione  preistorica  sul  Monte  del  Castel- 
laccio  presso  Imola.  Ninety-five  pages,  with  twenty- 
three  plates.  Imola. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  588 

458. — 1887.  ZANNONI,    AXT.     Terramara   a    Faenza.      II   Lamone,    10th 

April. 
459. —     „      Bullettino  di  Paletnologia  Italiana,  an.  xiii. : — 

(a)  MEYER,    A.    B.     Dell'  ambra   preistorica   lavorata   in 

Sicilia. 

(b)  PlGOBINI,   L.     Sull'  origine  del  tipo  di  varie  stoviglie 

fabbricate  dagl'  Italici  della  prima  eta  del  ferro. 

(c)  REGAZZONI,  I.     La  stazione  preistorica  della  Lagozza. 

(d)  STROBEL,    P.      Mandibule   di    cignale    traforate    della 

mariera   di   Castione.      (d')  Oggetti   di    pietra    della 
mariera  di  Castione. 
460.— 1888.  BURNS-BEGG,  R.     Notice  of  a  Crannog  discovered  in  Loch- 

leven,  Kinross-shire.     Proc.  S.  A.  Scot.,  vol.  xxii. 
461. —     ,,      BRIERE,   DR.     Une  nouvelle  trouvaille  de  la  station  Corce- 

lettes.     Anzeiger,  p.  69. 
462. —     „      HEIERLI,    J.      Pfahlbauten.       Neunter    Bericht.      Sixty-six 

pages,    with    twenty-one  plates.     Mitt,   der  Antiq.    Ge?. 

Zurich,  bd.  xxii. 
463. —      „       Antigua,  etc.: — - 

(a)  BRIERE,  DR.     Nouvelles  trouvailles  a  Corcelettes. 

(b)  REBER,  B.     Thier  und  Menschenreste  aus  Pfahlbauten 

des  Ct.  Thurgau. 

(c)  VOUGA,  E.     Nouvelles  fouilles  de  la  Tene. 

(d)  ZAKRZEWSKI,  S.  V.     Slavischer  Pfahlbau  in  Breslau. 
464. —     >_,       CORDENONS,  F.     Antichita  preistoriche  anariane  della  regione 

Euganea,   Padova.     Thirty -five    pages    in  8°,  with   four 

plates.     Atti  del  Soc.  Veneto-Trentina  di  Sc.  Nat.,  vol.  xi. 
465. —     ,,      PIGORINI,  L.      Appunti  per  lo  studio  delle 'stazioni  lacustri 

e  delle    terremare   italiane,    Roma.     Rend.   d.   Ace.   dei 

Lincei,  ser.  4a,  vol.  iv. 
466. —      ,,      Bullettino  Paletnologia  Italiana,  an.  xiv. : — 

(a)  CANESTRINI,    G.       Cenni   sugli    avanzi    animali    della 

palafitta  di  Arqua. 

(b)  PIGORIXI,    L.     Abitazioni    lacustri  di  Arqua-Petrarca 

in  Provincia  di  Padova. 
467. — 1889.  MESCHINELLI,   L.     Studio  sugli  avanzi  preistorici  della  valle 

di    Fontega.     Atti  della  Soc.  Veneto-Trent.  di  Sc.  Nat., 

vol.  xi. 
468. —     „      STROBEL,  P.     Accampamenti  di  terramaricoli  nel  Parmense. 

Bui.  Palet.  It.,  anno  xv. 
469. — 1890.  MESCHIXELLI,  L.     Su  alcuni  strumenti  di  legno  provenienti 

da'  varie  abitazioni  lacustri  di  Europa.     Rend,  della  R. 

Accad.  delle  Sc.  Fis.  e  Matemat.  di  Na/poli. 


INDEX. 


Aalzum,  Description  of  Terp  at,  336 

Aar,  Eiver,  diverted  into  the  Lake  of  Bienne, 
22 

Abbaye,  Lake-dwelling  at,  51 

Achilty,  Crannog  in,  442 

Achray  L.,  Crannog  in,  442 

Aconnick,  Crannog  in,  389 

Acrussel,  Crannog  in,  389 

Adze  (iron),  386,  391 

jEppli,  Mr.,  first  draws  attention  to  the 
lacustrine  remains  at  Ober-Meilen,  4 

Aghakilconnel,  Crannog  in,  389 

Aghaloughan.     (See  Lough  Ravel.) 

Aghnamullen,  Crannog  at,  389 

Aiguebellette,  Lake -dwellings  at,  104 

Airrieoulland,  Crannog  of,  434,  442 

Alberti,  Dr.,  219,  227 

Alesia  (Alise  St.  Eenne),  Fortress  of,  546 

Allen  L.,  Crannog  in,  389 

Allensbach,  Lake-dwellings  at,  132 

Allevi,  Marquis,  on  remains  at  Offida,  270 

Alt-Friesack,  Lake  -  dwelling  of  Slavish 
period  at,  317 

Alt-Gortzig,  Lake-dwelling  at,  323 

Altnau,  Lake-dwelling  at,  145 

Amber  (generally  as  beads),  5,  12,  16,  25, 
28,  45,  53,  58,  63,  68,  77,  102,  134,  141, 
153,  194,  198,  226,  308,  343,  359,  366,  373, 
386,  392,  403 

— ,  as  heads  of  pins,  224 . 
,  Bead  of,   with  portion  of   wire  at- 
tached, 59 

,  Disc  of,  146 

in  Terremare,  275 


Amiet,  Mr.,  73 

Ammonite,  Fossil,  as  ornament,  41,  503 

Amphibolite,  Implements  of,  65 

Amrein,    Professor,     on    lake-dwelling    in 

Baldeggersee,  81 

Amulets  of  human  skulls,  537,  542 
— •• —  of  stone  from  Ballinderry,  362 
Anchor,  Wooden,  207 
Ancient  Scottish  lake -dwellings  quoted,  338, 

408 

Angelucci,  Augelo,  188,  195 
Anglo-Saxon  coins  in  Terpen,  342 

—  in  Scottish  craimog,  432 
Aniere,  Lake-dwelling  at,  90 
Animal's  head  in  iron,  378 
Animals,  Breeding  of,  534 


Animals,  Wild,  in  lake -dwellings,  535 
Annagh  L. ,  Cranuog  in,  389 
Annecy,  Lake -dwellings  in,  103 
Annone,  Palafittes  in,  204 
Anvils  of  bronze,  16,  28,  523 

—  of  iron,  393 

-  of  stone,  174,  411,  473 

— ,  set  in  a  wooden  casing,  44 
Ansa  canalicularis,  172 
Anse  lunate,  221,  229,  232,  234,  272 
Anse,  Various  forms  of,  226 
Arbon  (Bleiche),  Lake-dwelling  at,  145 
Archaeology,  First  application  of  scientific 

methods  to,  1 
Archbold,  Eev.   C.,  on   crannog  in  Lough 

Faughan,  363 
Ard  L.,  Crannog  in,  442 
Ardakillen,  Crannog  of,  364,  368,  389 

— ,  Objects  from,  sent  to  Museum  of 

E.I.A.,  369 
Ardmore  Bay,  Submerged  crannog  in,  389, 

443 

Arisaig  L.,  Crannog  in,  443 
Armilla  sacra,  93,  531 
Armlets.     (See  Bracelets.) 
Arqua-Petrarca,  Lake -dwellings  at,  230 
Arraschsee,  Lake-dwellings  in,  328 
Arrow  Lough,  Crannog  in,  399 
Arrow-points,  47,   99,    160,   227,   236,   238, 

286,  386,  500,  516 
Arthur  L.,  Crannog  in,  480 
Aryssee,  Lake -dwelling  in,  325,  330,  478 
Arzruni,  Dr. ,  on  composition  of  jade,  508 
Asia  Minor,  Lake -dwellings  in,  553 
Asott-halom,  Terramara  of,  168 
Asphalt  for  fixing  arrow-points,  flint  saws, 

etc.,  126,  157,  236 
,  Jug  mended  with,  121 

—  largely  used  in  Stone  Age,  501 
— ,  Lumps  of,  151 

—  made  of  birch  bark,  346,  501 
Ass,  Eemains  of,  at  Auvernier,  535 
Attersee,  Lake- dwellings  iu,  162 
Aube,  Gaulish  graves  in,  546 
Aufham,  Lake-dwelling  at,  162 
Aughlish,  Crannog  at,  390 

Auveraier,  Lake-dwelling  at,  42,  516,  520, 
523,  526 

,  Eemarkable  pendant  from,  520 

,  Sepulchre  at,  539 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Axes.     (See  Hatchets  and  Celts.) 
—  of  stone,  perforation  of,  50-) 

Backgammon  men,  366,  484 
Badeplatz,  Lake-dwelling  at,  80 
Baldegg  L.,  Lake-dwellings  in,  81 
Ball  of  stone  like  cannon-ball,  321 
Ballaghmoro,  Crannog  at,  390 
Ballinafad,  Cranuog  at,  390 
Ballinahinch,  Craunog  at,  390 
Bullinderry,  Craunog  at,  339,  390 
Bullinlough,  Crannog  at,  374,  390 
Ballydoolough,  Crannog  in,  37-),  390 
Ballygawley  L.,  Crannog  in,  390 
Ballyhoo  L.,  Cranuog  in,  390 
Ballykinler,  Crannog  at,  390 
Ballylough,  Crannog  at,  390 
Ballynahuish  Castle,  487 
Ballywoolen,  Crannog  at,  390 
Banchory  L.,  Crannog  in,  443,  48 1 
Bardello,  Lake  dwelling  of,  197 
Barean  L.,  Craunog  in,  443 
Barhapple  L.,  Crannog  in,  436,  443 
Barlockhart  L.,  Cranuog  in,  443,  447 
Barusallxie  L.,  Cranuog  in,  443 
Barnwull,  Mr.,  352 
Barthelemy,  M. ,  on  Coins  from  La  Tone, 

296 

Barton  Mere,  Pile-dwellings  in,  457 
Basins  of  bronze.     (See  Dishes.) 
Hdtvnx  de  commandement,  331 
Hattaerd,  Mr.,  on  terpen,  333,  338 
Battle-axe,  371,  374 
Battleknowes,  Crannog  at,  443 
Bauachanxe,  Lake-dwelling  at,  8,  12 
Have,  Baron  de,  on  trepanning,  337 
Bayeni,    M.,     on    lake-dwellings    in     Asia 

Minor,  333 

Bayonet  of  iron,  etc.,  393 
Beads  of  amber.     (See  Amber.) 

of  burnt  clay,  ornamented,  156 

— ,  Enamelled,  from  Toome  Bar,  488 
-  of  glass.     (See  Glass.) 
of  glass  or  vitreous  paste,  208,  292, 


337,  373,  3S6,  401,  417,  423,  434,  433 

—  of  glass,  with  bronze  tube,  402 

—  of  Jura  limestone,  136 

—  like  coral  from  Schusseriried,  151 
Beams,  Wooden  mortised,   10,  97,  138,  213, 

405,  422,  437,  447,  476 

—  in  Steinbergs,  21,  142 

—  tied  with  birch  thongs,  328 
Beaver,  51,  70,  76,  12S,  156,  163,  182,  185, 

194,  317,  329,  474 

— ,  Rubbing  implement  made  of  jaw- 
bone of,  74 

Beaver-traps,  179 — 184 

Beaulieu,  Lake  dwelling  at,  88 

Beauregard,  Comte  de,  95 

Behla,  Dr.,  on  Burffw.iI/e,  332 

Bell    (bronze)   found  on   Lough-na-Glack 
359 


Bell-like   object   from  Lake   Bourget,    101 

(Fig.  21,  No.  5) 

Bellanda,  Terramara  of,  269,  271 
Bellerive,  Lake-dwelling  at,  90 
Bellevue,  Lake-dwelling  at,  88 
Belotte,  Lake-dwelling  at,  90 
Benacci,  Cemeteries  at,  550 
Benn,  Mr.,   on  crannog  in  Lough  Ravel, 

370,  487 

Berks,  Lake-dwellings  in,  467 
Berliugen,  Lake -dwelling  at,  132 
Berru,  Casque  de,  548 
Bertrand,  M.,  on  the  Casque  de  Berru,  548 
Bevaix,  Lake -dwellings  of,  49,  536 
Bialka,  Lake -dwelling  at,  324 
Biandrono,  Lake-dwelling  at,  197 
Biberfalle,  179 

Bibracte,  Ancient  fortress  of,  548 
Bienne,  Lake  of,  20—38 
Bierma,  Messrs.  W.  and  J.,  339 
Biga,  Etruscan,  527,  534 
Billigheim,  Lake-dwelling  at,  303 
Bingham,  Sir  R. ,  attack  on  an  Irish  cranuog, 

482 

Bipschal,  Lake-dwelling  at,  37 
Birch,  W.,  Esq.,  455 
Birch  bark,  Object  of,  121 

— ,  Product  from,  316 
— ,  Rolls  of,  321) 
—  surrounding  pebbles,  178 
Black  caini,  submerged  in  Beauly  Firth,  443 
Blake,  Mr.  Carter,  462,  463 
Board  of  Works  in  Ireland,  Discoveries  by, 

363 

Boar's  teeth  decorating  garments,  541 
Boat  fastened  with  copper  wire,  139 
Boat  L.,  Crannog  in,  394 
Bodio  Centrale,  Lake -dwelling  of,  195 
Bodmann,  Lake-dwellings  at,  135,  500,  533 
Boece  on  Loch  Lomond,  447 
Bog- butter,  378,  386 
Bog-ore,  392 

Boghall,  Crauuog  at,  443 
Bohemia,  Objects  of  La  Tene  types  found  in, 

519 

Bohermeen,  Craimog  at,  390 
Bola  L.,  Stone-dwellings  in,  390 
Bolengo,  Torbiera  di,  210 
Bone  carved  with  devices,  352,  369 

implements  from  Holderness,  472 


Boni,  Dr.  Carlo,  248,  256 

Bouin,  Lake-dwelling  at,  316 

Bonslack,  Lake- dwelling  at,  325,  328 

Bonstetteu,  Baron  de,  67,  546,  550 

Bordeaux,  Marsh  dwelling  in,  108 

Borel,M.,47— 53,  281,  511 

Borgo-Ticino,  Lake -dwelling  at,  209 

Borgue,  Crannog  at,  443 

Boring- stones  known  in  Stone  Age,  79,  505 

Bosisio,  Torbiera  di,  186,  204 

Bos  primigenim  in  Britain,  458,  459,  463,  474 

Bottighofen,  Lake-dwelling  at,  145 


INDEX. 


587 


Bourget  L.,  Lake-dwellings  in,  95 — 103, 
516,  523,  529,  531,  533 

Bows,  Wooden,  13,  25,  107,  113,  136,  317, 
372,  500 

Boynton,  Thomas,  Esq.,  on  lake -dwellings 
in  Holderness,  469 

Brabbia,  Torbiera  della,  Lake-dwelling  in, 
198 

Brachycephalic  skulls,  537 

Bracelets,  forms  peculiar  to  Western  Swit- 
zerland, 519 

—  from  La  Tene,  292 
of  bronze,  519,  et  passim 

—  of  glass,  292,  402,  446,  549 
of  jet,  417,  425,  473,  474,  519 

—  of  lead,  300 

— •  of  marble  beads,  162 

—  of  silver,  488 

—  of  tin,  68,  102,  519 

—  with  terminal  hook,  59,  224 
Brass  vessels,  366,  371,  483—485 
Bread,  Cakes  of,  121,  127,  221,  536 
Breagho,  Crannog  at,  390 
Brenna,  Objects  in  peat  beds  of,  186 
Brenno,  Torbiera  di,  203 

Bricks  of  13th  century,  316 
Bridle-bits,  59,  156,  393,  524 

—  in  La  Tene,  293 

—  in  Terpen,  342 

—  lackered  with  bronze,  294 

—  of  iron  and  bronze,  415 
Briere,  Dr.,  on  bridle-bits,  59,  526 
Brittany,  Jade  in  dolmens  of,  506 
Brooch,  with  Celtic  ornamentation,  370 

— ,  Circular,  432 
-,  Penannular,  400 

—  of  silver,  372 

—  of  an  oval  form,  385 
Brora  L.,  Crannog  in,  443 

Briigg,  La  Tene  objects  found  at,  546 

Bruich  L. ,  Crannog  in,  443 

Bucheim,  Fraulein,  308 

Buckets  in  miniature,  367 

Buckles,  rings,  etc.,  from  La  Tene,  292 

Bullettino  Palet.  It.,  founded,  251 

Bullets  of  lead,  359 

Bunbury,  Sir  Charles  F.,  455,  493 

Burgaschisee,  Lake-dwellings  in,  74 

Burns-Begg   on  palafitte  in  Loch  Leven, 

492 

Hurgivalh,  276,  315,  317,  331 
Burnett,  Sir  J.  H.,  on  crannog  in  Loch  of 

Leys,  484 
Burnside,  Mr.,  359 
Burki,  Mr.,  45 
Burrian,  Broch  of,  453 
Busch,  Sergeant,  falsification  of  objects,  306 
Bussensee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  146 
Buston,  Crannog  at,  425 
Button  of  bronze,  Eemarkable  form  of,  436 

—  with  two  eyes,  371 
Buttons,  Varieties  of,  at  Polada,  236 


Buttons  of  bronze,  102  (et  passim) 

—  in  La  Tene,  292 
Butzow,  Lake-dwelling  at,  312 
Bythinersee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  323 
Byzantine  money,  342 

Cadrezzate,  Lake -dwellings  at,  200 
Caesar,  on  use  of  piles  by  the  Britons,  491 
Cairns  in  Lake  of  Morat,  67—74 

in  the  Lakes  of  Carinthia,  169 

Cake-shaped  objects  of  earthenware,  234 
Calegari  on  terremare,  248 
Caliga  (Roman),  461,  462 
Camlough,  Crannog  at,  390 
Campeggine,  Terramara  at,  249 
Canestrini  on  terremare,  248 
Cannel-coal,  Objects  of,  163.     (See  Jet) 
Cannor,  Canmor,  or  Kinnord  L.,  Crannogs 

in,  444,  480,  483 
Canoes,  18,  30,  37,  38,  52,  66,  69,  83,  113, 

135,  177,  207,  210,  233,  359,  367,  368,  371, 

376,  388,  390,  391,  392,  393,  403,  413,  428, 

431,  438,  440,  445,  481,  485 
— ,  General  remarks  on,  479 
— ,  Repaired,  480 
Capriano,  Torbiera  di,  205 
Carbonate  of  copper,  Celts  of,  70 
Carbrook  mere,  467 
Cargaghoge,  Crannog  at,  390 
Carinthia,  Pile-dwellings  in  lakes  of,  168 
Carlingwark  L.,  Crannog  in,  444 
Carlo vingian  period,  Objects  of,  302 
Carniola,  Lake -dwellings  in,  168 
Carrard,  M.,  93 
Carved  wood,  411,  446 
Casale-Zaffanella,  Terramara  of,  260 
Casaroldo,  Terramara  of,  251,  271 
Cascina,  Pile  structures  at,  238 
Casks  with  iron  hoops  in  terpen,  342 
Castelfranco,  Professor,  189,  194,  200,  204, 

213,  534,  550 

Castellaccio,  Terramara  at,  250,  269 
Castelnuovo,  Terramara  at,  249 
Castiglione  di  Marano,  Terramara  at,  271 
Castione,  Terramara  at,  and  investigations 

in,  248,  252 

Castle  Loch,  Crannog  at,  444 
Castleforbes,  Crannog  at,  390 
Castlefore  L.,  Crannog  in,  390 
Castletown,  Crannog  at,  444 
Cat,  Remains  of,  156,  238,  264 

— ,Domestic,  not  in  Swiss  lake-dwellings, 

535 

Caucasus,  Lake-dwellings  in,  553 
Cauldron  (bronze),  444 

—  (iron),  386,  392,  393 
Causeways  to  crannogs,  395 

—  submerged,  446,  449 
Cavazzocca,  Sig.  Alberto,  219,  227 
Cavedoni  on  terremare,  248 
Cazalis  de  Fondouce,  M.,  95 
Cazzago -Brabbia,  Lake-dwelling  of,  195 


588 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Celigiiy,  Lake-dwelling  at,  88 

Celts,  bronze,  passim,  in  early  lake-dwell- 
ings, 517 

, ,  flat  forms  only  in  Transition 

period,  84,  85,  93,  514 

-,  with  cutting  edge  parallel  to 


wings,  13,  43,  143 

-,  socketed  with  loop  transverse 


to  cutting  edge,  59,  91,  100 

from  cranuogs,  etc.,  316,  319, 


386,  393,  411 

-,  Copper,  16,  30,  40,  114,  128,  130,  139, 


141,  160,  177,  198,512—516 
, ,  with  double-cutting  edge,  33, 


523 


-  of  flint,  47,  136,  139,  145,  308,  310,  321 
-,  Iron,  socketed,  and  with  loop,  388 

-  of  stone,  501,  ft  passim,  in  early  lake- 


dwellings 


-,  Mounting  of,  501 

-  with  double-cutting  edge,  214 

-  from  craunogs,  386,  393,  394, 


411 

Cend  L.,  Cranuog  in,  393 
Chable  a  Perron,  Lake-dwelling  at,  60 
Chains  (iron),  290,  300,  351,  368 
Chalmers,   Mr.  George,  on   Scottish  Cran- 

nogs,  396 
Chamblandes,   Sepulchres   of  lake-dwellers 

at,  541 
Chamblon  Mount,    Lake-dwellings  at  foot 

of,  59 

Champ  Martin,  Lake-dwelling  at,  66 
Champre'veyres,  Lake-dwelling  at,  42,  516 
Chantre,  M.  E.,  95,  299,  553 
Chariot,  63,  6t,  524,  527,  548 
Charpignat,  Lake-dwelling  at,  97 
Chataiguier,  Lake-dwelling  at,  88 
Chateau  Beauregard,  Lake-dwelling  at,  90 
Chatelard  (Bevaix),  Lake-dwelling  at,  52 

—  sur  Lutry,  Sepulchres  at,  542 
Chatillon  (Bourget),  Lake-dwellings  at,  96 

—  (Anuecy),  Lake-dwelling  at,  104 
Cheseaux,  Lake-dwelling  at,  60 
Chevroux,  Lake- dwellings  at,  64,  527 
Chez  les  Moines,  Lake-dwelling  at,  53 
Chiavichetto,  Terramara  at,  267 

Chierici  on  terremare,  248,   249,  269,  271, 

276,  338 

Chimneys  of  ovens,  538 
Chisels  (La  Ten»),  288 

Chloromelanite,  65, 135,  141, 144, 193, 200,507 
Christian  relics  found  on  craunogs,  451 
Cimbe  L.,  Craunog  in,  392,  492 
Circular  stones,  Perforated,  114,  157, 163, 198 
Cite  de  Geneve,  Lake-dwelling  of,  89 
Clairvaux,  Lake-dwelling  of,  104 
Clasps  of  bronze,  522 
Clay  weights,  kidney-shaped,  214 
Clelaud,  Professor,  451 
Clement,  Dr.,  61,  53 
Clendy,  Lake-dwelling  at,  60 


Clogherny,  Cranuog  at,  390 
Cloncorick  L.,  Crannog  in,  390 
Cloneygonnell.     (See  Tonymore.) 
Cloonbo  L.,  Crannogs  in,  390 
Cloonboniagh  L.,  Crannog  in,  391 
Cloonfinlough,  Crannogs  in,  366—368,  391 
Cloonfinnen  L.,  Crannog  in,  391 
Cloonfree  L.,  Crannogs  in,  365,  391 
Cloonturk  L.,  Crannogs  in,  391 
Closeburn,  Kemains  at,  445 
Cloth,  Impressions  of,  386,  498 
Clough water,  Crannog  in,  391 
Clunie  L. ,  Crannog  in,  445 
Coal-Bog,  Crannog  in,  378,  391,  489 
Cogozzo,  Terramara  at,  261 
Coins,  12,  31,  60,  190,  195,  218,  226,  281,  294, 

342,  366,  395,  403,  432,  462,  543,  549 
Cold  Ash  Common,  Pile  structures  at,  467 
Collessie,  remains  at,  445 
Colomb,  Mr.,  87 

Colombier,  Lake- dwelling  at,  42 
Comabbio  L.,  Remains  in,  201 
Combs  of  bone  or  horn,  32,   141,  226,  317, 

340,  359,  366,  369,  373,  431,  446 

—  for  comparison  with  those  from  Scot- 
tish crannogs,  453 

— ,  Mode  of  making,  504 

—  of  bronze,  16,  72,  224,  341,  355,  522 
of  wood,  55,  64,  75,  216,  302,  352, 


446,  499 
Commandostab,  319 
Commerce  among  lake -dwellers,  533 
Concise,  Lake-dwellings  at,  54,  523,  537 
Conjux,  Lake-dwelling  at,  95 
Constance,  Lake  of,  124—146 

— ,  Lake-dwellings  in  Bay  of,  133 
Conturabia,  Lake-dwellings  in  peat  moor  of, 

209 

Coolcranoge,  Crannog  at,  391 
Coolnaman,  Antique  wooden  machine  found 

at,  182 

Copper  Age,  Theory  of,  examined,  512 — 516 
— ,  Objects  of,  13,  16,  30,  33,  34,  40,  48, 

49,  66,  81,  104,  114,  128,  130,  139,  141,  146, 

147,  160,  177,  198 
Coppet,  Lake-dwelling  at,  88 
Coppi,  Professor,  on  terramara  of  Gorzano, 

248,  262 
Coral,  151,  315 

Corbiere,  La,  Lake-dwellings  at,  63 
Corcelettes,  Lake-dwellings  at,  57,  523,  525, 

526,  534 

Corcreevy,  Crannog  at,  359,  391 
Cordenous,  Professor,  on  lake-dwellings  at 

Arqua-Petrarca,  230 
Cornalia,  Sig.,  186,  276 
Cornaseer,  Crannog  at,  391 
Corncockle,  Crannog  at,  445 
Correction  des  Eaux  du  Jura,  20 — 24 
Comb  L.,  Stone-dwellings  in,  o91 
Cortaillod,  Lake-dwellings  at,  44,  521,  523, 

529 


INDEX. 


589 


Costa  de  Beauregard,  Le  Comte,  on  age  of 

the  palafittes  in  the  Lake  of  Bourget,  99 
Cot  L. ,  Crannog  in,  445 
Cottbus,  Quern  from,  315 
Coudre,  Lake-dwelling  at,  93 
Coulters  of  iron,  359 
Counter  of  bone,  300 
Crahay,  Professor,  305 
Craigywarren,  Crannog  at,  391 
Crane  Island,  395 

Craniology  of  Swiss  lake -dwellers,  537 
Crannagh  L.,  391 

Macknavin,  391,  486 

Crannog-boy,  391 
Crannog  Mac  Samhradhain,  391 
Crannog-nan-Duini,  391 
Crannogs,  Irish,  349 

— , ,  List  of,.  389—395 

, ,  attacked  by  the  English,  481, 


482 


-,  Scottish,  Discovery  of,  396 

-,  —    — ,  List  of,  442—449 

-,  —   — ,  Critical  examination  of  relics 


from,  449 


-,  Celtic  origin  of,  452 


in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  Late  occu- 


pancy of,  481 


489 


relation  to  ethnology, 

— ,  Antiquity  of,  486 
— ,  Structure  of,  475 
— ,  Access  to,  477 
— ,  General  remarks  on,  494 
Cranokis,  name  given  to  crannogs  in  Scot- 
tish annals,  486 
Creenagh  L.,  Crannog  in,  391 
Crescents,  12,  18  (et  passim} 

—  as  religious  emblems,  532 

—  of  stone,  25 
Crespellani  Cav.,  248,  256 
Cret,  Lake-dwelling  at,  42 

Creuse  la  (Crasaz),  Lake-dwelling  at,  63 
Creux  de  la  Dullive,  Lake -dwellings  at.  88 

—  de  Tougues,  Lake-dwellings  at,  90 
Groix  yammee,  385,  415 

Cross,  Form  of,  on  pottery,  234 

— ,  Greek  form  of,  on  a  piece  of  wood,  446 

—  of  tin,  224,  523 
— ,  Sculptured,  392 

Crossbow,  Bolts  of,  431 

Crowland,  Lake-dwelling  at,  459 

Croy,  Crannog  at,  445 

Crozier  (brass),  374 

Crucibles,  18,  89,  114, 123,  160, 174,  370,  373, 

376,  387,  391,  392,  417,  430,  436,  523 
Cudrefin,  Lake-dwelling  at,  66 

,  Canoes  at,  481 

Cuirass,  389 

Cullina,  Crannog  at,  391 

Cully,  Lake-dwelling  at,  86 

Cups  of  bronze,  48,  63,  71,  290,  385,  522 

—  of  horn,  82,  114,  504 


Cups  of  human  skulls,.  33,  37,  537 
,  Trilocular,  18,  44,  193 


Cup-marked  stones,  60,  411 
Curry-comb,  300 
Currygrane,  Crannog  at,  391 
Czarnisee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  325,  327 
Czeszewo,  Lake-dwelling  at,  321 

Dabersee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  317,  331 
Dacian  village  represented  on>  the  column  of 

Trajan,  537 
Daggers,  501,  516  (et  passim} 

—  of  brass,  mounted  with  golds  444 

—  of  bronze,  with  horn  handles,  236 

—  of  flint,  with  solid  handles,  308,  311 

—  of  horn,  double-pronged,  157 

—  of  iron,  ornamented  with  silver  wire, 


— ,  Unique  form  of,  28 
Danubian  basin,  Lake-dwellings  in,  152 
Dardel-Thorens,  M.,  39,  40,  277,  296 
Dawkins,  Professor  Boyd,  459,  467 
Day,  Mr. ,  on  antiquities  at  Toome  Bar.  487 
Deer,  Antlers  of,  with  eighteen  points,  391 
Dehoff,  Herr,  132,  136 
Delfortrie,  M.,  108 
Dereen  L.,  Crannog  in,  391 
Derreskit  L.,  Crannog  in,  391 
Derryhollow.     (See  Lough  Kavel..) 
Derschbach,  Lake-dwelling  at.  80 
Deschmann,  Dr.  Karl,  168,  170,  184 
Desor,  Professor,  28,  42,  45,  49,  66,.  95,  153, 

187,  200,  277,  297,  497,  551 
"Desor,"  or  "Del  Moresco,"  Lake-dwell- 
ing of,  195 
Despine,-  Baron,  95 
Dhu  L.,  Crannog  in,  396,.  445 
Dice,  296,  340 

Dingelsdorf,  Lake-dwelling  at,  135 
Dirks,  M.,  on  terpen,  336 
Discs  of  bone,  ornamented,  42,  156 

—  of  bone  or  bronze,  527 
Discoidal  stones,  218,  531 

Dishes  of  bronze,  16,  29,.  48,  58,  63,  71,  102, 
290,  355,385,  399,,  446,  461,  522 

—  of  Scandinavian  origin,  534 

—  of  wood,  403,  411,  431,  504 
Dithmarschen,  Pile  structures  in,  344 
Division  of  labour,  127,  533 

Dog  of  Lake-dwellings,  535 

Dolay  L. ,  Crannog  in,  445 

Dolby,  Mr.,  468 

Dolichocephalic  skulls,  537 

Dom,  Dr.,  on  asphalt,  151 

Domestic  fowl  not  in  Swiss  Lake-dwellings, 

535 

Doon  L.,  Canoes  in,  445 
Door  of  wood,  113,  365 
Douanne.     (See  Twann.) 
Dowalton  L.,  Crannogs  in,  398,  445,  477 
Drumaleague  L.,  Crannogs  in,  364,  391 
Drumdarragh,  Crannog  at,  377,  391,  489 


590 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Drumgay,  Craniiog  at,  392 
Drumkeery,  Crannog  at,  392 
Drumkelin,  Supposed  crannog  at,  392,  439 
Drumlane,  Crannog  at,  392 
Drumskimly,  Craunog  at,  392 
Drumsloe,  Crannog  at,  392 
Dumbleton,  Rev.  Mr.,  464 
Dunraven,  Earl  of,  451 
Dunshaughlin.     (See  Lagore.) 
Durkheim,  Lake-dwellings  at,  303 

Earn  L.,  Crannog  in,  445 
Eaux-Vives,  Lake-dwellings  at,  89 
Eburodunum,  Roman  city  of,  60 
Effernan,  Crannog  at,  392 
Egelsee,  Lake-dwellings  in,  118 
Egg,  Lake-dwelling  at,  135 
Eggs,  Shells  of,  in  terpen,  343 
Egg-shaped  stones,  139 
Eich,  Lake-dwelling  at,  76 
Eldrig  L.,  Crannog  in,  445 
Elk,  Honis  of,  used  as  polishers,  177 

— ,  Irish,  366,  372,  374 
Ellan-na-glack,  448 
Embroidered  cloth,  116 
Enamel  work,  355,  385 
Epaulettes,  198 

Eriska,  Submarine  crannog  at,  443,  445 
Erlenbach,  Lake-dwelling  at,  19 
Ermatingen,  Lake-dwelling  at,  132 
Estavayer,  Lake-dwellings  at,  61,  523,  527 
Este,  Gaulish  remains  in  museum  of,  548 
Etruscan  remains,  63,  64,  249,  522,  534 
Evans,  Dr.,  55,  432,  523 
Excsnevrez,  Lake-dwelling  at,  92 
Exposition  International,  Paris,  106 
Eyes  L.,  Cranoogs  in,  376,  392 

Fabretti  on  graffiti  on  pottery,  550 
Fabrique  Canton,  Lake-dwelling  at,  90 
Factories  of  special  objects,  47,  136,   138; 

141,  533 

Fahrstedter  Wurth,  344 
Faoug,  Circular  wooden  structure  at,  71 

— ,  Lake-dwelling  at,  70 
Farnham,  Lord,  372 
Fasnacloich,  Remains  at,  445 
Faughan  L.,  Crannog  in,  363,  392 
Fauna  of  Lagore,  351 

—  of  Swiss  lake -dwellings,  534 

—  of  terremare,  273 
Favre,  M.,  28 
Federatt,  Remains  at,  445 
Federsee,  Lake-dwellings  in,  147 
Feldbach,  Lake-dwelling  at,  130 
Fell  L.,  Crannog  in,  445 

Felleuberg,  Dr.  von,  26,  27,  31,  34,  36,  70, 

511,  546 

Felsite,  Implements  of,  65 
Fence  Wood,  Dwellings  in  ponds  at,  468 
Feniand,  Lake-dwellings  in,  459 
Fergus  L.,  Crannog  in,  445 


Fergusson,  Sir  James,  419 

Fermanagh,  Crannogs  in,  375 

Ferrule  of  brass,  414 

Fibulse,  16,  28,  48,  63,  66,  102, 138, 142,  156, 

197,  198,  203,  205,  213,  224,  226,  290,  323, 

329,  342,  393,  415,  543,  546 

of  Bronze  Age,  521 

of  Scandinavian  type,  58,  534 


Figures  of  animals  of  clay,  25,  59,  160,  533 
of  bronze,  90,  138,  296,  533 


File  of  bronze,  97 
of  iron,  288 


Fimon,  Lake-dwelling  of,  227 
Findruine,  Brooch  of,  376 
Finger  rings  of  gold,  432 
Fiollets,  les,  Lake-dwelling  at,  97 
Fischbach,  Lake-dwelling  at,  144 
Fischer  on  distribution  of  jade,  507 
Fish-hooks  of  Stone  Age,  75, 127, 141, 176,504 

—  of  bronze,  16,  48,  72,  et  passim 

—  in  La  Tene,  290 

Fish- spears  of    horn,    with    two    or    four 
prongs,  136 

—  of  bronze,  221 
— —  of  iron,  290 

Flax-combs,  13,  48,  66,  79,  127,  131 

Flemiugton  L.,  Crannog  in,  445 

Flint,  Objects  of,  in  British  lake -dwellings, 

378,  391,  392,  411,  422,  430,  436,  458,  473 
Flon,  Lake-dwelling  at,  87 
Flora  of  Swiss  lake-dwellings,  536 
Flute  of  bone,  343 
Font,  Lake -dwelling  at,  60 
Fontanellato,  terramara  of  Iron  Age  at,  275 
Fontega,  Wooden  machines  from,  181 
Foreign  objects  in  lake-dwellings,  524 
Forel,  Lake-dwelling  at,  64 
Forel,  M.,  83 
Forel,  Dr.,  on  stations  in  Lake  of  Geneva, 

83—93 

— ,  on  sepulchres  near  Morges,  540 
Forf ar  L. ,  Remains  in,  445,  483 
Forgeries  of  objects  in  Switzerland,  64 
Fork,  Iron,  64,  543 

Forrer,  Mr.  R.,  on  copper  objects,  514,  527 
Fort  L.,  Crannog  in,  392 
Foster,  Mr.  W.  K.,  190 
Founders  of  lake-dwellings,  552 
Foundry  materials,  18,  28, 44,  89,  98,  174,  523 
Fourdrignier,  M.,  on  Gaulish  cemetery,  546 
Fox,  General  Lane  (Pitt-Rivers),  460 
Fraas,  Professor,  on  fauna  from  Schussen- 

ried,  151 

Frai  d'A'igue,  Lake-dwelling  at,  87 
Frank,  Oberforster,  147,  152,  502,  509 
Franks,  Mr.,  on  pottery  from  pile -structures 

in  London,  461 

— ,  on  "late  Celtic"  remains,  551 
Frauenpfahl,  Lake-dwelling  at,  135 
Freiburg,  Jade  at,  508 
Freuchie  L.,  Crannog  in,  445 
Freudenberg,  Dr.,  217 


INDEX. 


591 


Friar's  Carse,  Crannog  at,  438,  445 
Friedrichsbruch    Moor,    Wooden    machine 

found  in,  180 
Fromm,  Herr,  307 
Fruits  from  lake -dwellings,  536 
Fry's  Island,  391 
Fullah  L.,  Crannog  in,  445 
Funshinagh  L.,  Crannog  in,  392 
Fuschlsee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  164,  492 

Gabiule,  Lake-dwelling  at,  90 

Gaff  tipped  with  iron,  290 

Gagelow,  Lake-dwelling  at,  310 

Gaienhofen>  Lake-dwelling  at,  133 

Galbally,  Crannog  at,  392 

Gallo-Ilooian  remains,  31,  96,  108 

Gangways,  407,  421 ,  437,  446,  477 

Garda,  Lake  of,  216-227,  536 

Gastaldi,  Professor,  186,  206,  239 

Gauls  in  North  Italy,  549 

Geneva,  Lake  of,  Stations  in,  82—94 

Gerlafingen  (G-erofln),  Lake-dwellings  at, 
28,  oil 

Geserichsee,  Lake-dwellings  in,  325 

Giacometti,  Dr.,  266 

Gillespie,  Eev.  James,  480 

Gimlet  of  iron,  300 

Girdles,  16,  28 

Guile  L.,  Crannog  in,  392 

Gladiator,  The  dying,  293 

Glass  L.,  Stone  island  in,  44.5 

Glass,  16,  28,  30,  45,  52,  53,  57,  58,  68,  77, 
78,  102,  134,  142,  156,  192,  226,  292,  342, 
392,  402,  417,  425,  434,  446,  543 

—  bracelets,  293,  402,  446,  549 

—  of  the  6th  or  7th  century,  543 

—  slag,  345 

—  with  gold  enamel,  139 
Glebe  island,  Crannog  of,  389 
Glencar  L.,  Crannogs  in,  392 
Gletterens,  Lake -dwelling  at,  66 
Goiran,  Mr.  A..  536 
Gok-chai,  Lake  of,  553 
Gold,  Objects  of,  16,  31,  53,  57,  63,  68,  432, 
522 

—  in  crucible,  430 

as  mounting  on  a  bronze  spear,  487 

—  on  a  dagger,  444 

— ,  Coins  of,  295,  342,  432 

— ,  Pins  of,  393 

— ,  Torque  of,  293 
Gortalough,  Crannog  of,  392 
Gorzano,  Terramara  of,  262,  264 
Gosse,  Dr.,  89 

Gottolengo,  Terramara  of,  267 
Gouge  (iron),  413 

Grain,  Enormous  quantity  of  found  at  Wan- 
gen,  127 

— ,  Cultivation  of,  497 
Grainger,  Canon,  380 

Grands  Roseaux  (Paladru),  Lake-dwelling 
of,  293 


Granech  L.,  Cramiog  in,  445 

Grangier,  Professor,  60,  63,  66 

Grantstown,  Crannog  at,  392 

Grapes.     (See  Vine.) 

Graseren,  Lake -dwelling  at,  25 

Graves,  Mr.,  on  inscribed  pins  from  Ballin- 

derry,  361 

Greaves  and  other  mediaeval  objects,  316 
Green  Knowe,  445 
Green  L.,  Crannog  in,  392 
Greifensee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  123 
Greng-Insel,  Lake-dwelling  of,  69 
Greng-Muhle,  Lake-dwelling  of ,  70 
Gresine,  Lake-dwelling  at,  96 
Greybeards,  359 
Grigor,  Dr.,  390 
Grindstones  found  on  Crannogs,  376,  393, 

429 

Grose's  antiquities  of  Scotland  quoted,  440 
Gross,  Dr.,  26,  28,  31,  36,  40,  44,  57,  497, 

498,  507,  510,  526,  539 
Gross  Moos,  21,  22,  67,  278 
Grosser-Hafner,    Lake-dwelling  of,    8,    10, 

527,  543 

Grossesee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  323 
Gueglie,  204 

Guevaux,  Lake-dwelling  at,  73 
Gun-barrel,  359 
-  locks,  386 
Guns,  389 

Gundolzen,  Lake-dwelling  at,  133 
Gur  L.,  Crannog  in,  358,  392,  487 
Gynag  L. ,  Crannog  in,  445 

Hackett  L.,  Crannog  in,  392,  492 
Hadrian,  Coin  of,  366 
Hafting  stone  celts,  method  of,  12),  501 
Hagenow,   Mr.  von,   on  lake-dwellings   at 

Ryck,  312 

Hagneck,  Lake-dwelling  at,  30 
Haguau,  Lake-dwelling  at,  144 
Hag's  Castle,  394 

Haltnau,  Lake-dwelling  at,  144,  498 
Hammers  of  bronze,  16,  29,  44,  59,  63,  98,  100 

—  of  iron,  288,  374,  401 
Hammerstones,  114,  422,  et  passim 
Hargham  Mere,  467 
Harp,  Portions  of,  361,  369,  378 
Harpoon  of  bone,  26,  37,  et  passim 
with  one  barb,  97 


of  bronze,  221 
of  iron,  142,  543 


Hartmann,  Dr.,  on  structure  of  Wurthen, 

347 
Hatchets  of  flint.     (See  Celts.) 

of  bronze,  Evolution  of,  517 

of  iron,  286,  300,  315,  317,  318,  323, 

331,  351,  354,  366,  386,  413,  431,  461 
HaumessergruHcl,  10 
Hauterive,  Lake-dwelling  at,  41,  529 
Hay,  Mr.  Robert,  42-3 
Hayes,  Mr.,  360 


592 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Hearths,  365,  407,  420,  437,  446,  452 

Hearthstones,  394 

Heer,  Professor,  498,  536 

Hegar,  Lake  of,  313 

Hegue,  Lake-dwelling  at,  132 

Heierli,  Mr.,  527,  541 

Heimenlachen,  Lake-dwellings  at,  123 

Helbig,  Mr.,  249,  552- 

Helmet,  316 

— ,  Supposed  ornament  for,  2S6 
Hemmenhofen,  Lake -dwelling  at,  133> 
Herodotus  on  Lake  Prasias,  553 
Heron  L.,  Crannog  in,  445 
Heydeck,  Professor,  325 
Hilbert  L.,  Stone-dwelling  in,  392 
Hildebrandt,  Dr.,  179 
Himmereich,  Remains  at,  116 
Hinterhausen,  Lake-dwelling  at,  133 
Hippen,  142,  543 
Hippocrates  on  the  Phasis,  553 
Hochstetter,  Professor  von,  168,  169 
Hof  bei  Stein,  Lake-dwelling  of,  128 
Hogsetter,  Remains  at,  445 
Hohenhowen,  Sword-pin  found  on,  527 
Holderness,    Lake-dwellings  in,    469,   474, 

490 

Hook,  Reaping,  386 

Hooks,  Wooden,  peculiar  forms  of,  115,  326 
Horn,  Various  objects  of,  504 

—  fixers  for  stone  celts,  25,  26,  47,  53, 

61,  70,  75,  502 

Hornstaad,  Lake-dwelling  at,  133 
Horse,  Domesticated,  in  Bronze  Age,  524 
— ,  Remains  of,  534,  536 
-  -bits,  21,  25,  28,  58,  59,  63,  313,  524, 

513,  516 

-shoes,  142,  156,  300,  302,  317,  365, 


371,  543 

-trappings,  293,  525,  527 


Hradischt,  La  Tene  objects  at,  549 

Huesmann,  Mr.,  344 

Human  remains,  18,  32,  33,  37,  51,  55,  70, 

76,  94,  130,  132,  203,  238,  237,  304,  351, 

367,  368,  463,  504,  536,  539 
Hungary,  Pile  structures  in,  166 
Huts,  113,  121,217,392,  508 

II  Bor,  Lake-dwelling  at,  219,  227 

He  de  St.  Pierre,  Lake  dwelling  at,  30,  543 

He  des  Lapins,  31 

Images  of  animals  and  human  beings,  533 

—  of  pottery,  174 

Immenstaad,  Lake-dwelling  at,  144,  507 
Ingots,  61,  89,  102,  167,  523 
loishrush,  Crannog  of,  392 
Inkwyl,  Lake  dwelling  of,  73,  74,  492 
Insects,  Horny  cases  of,  275,  418 
Insel  Mainau,  Lake-dwellings  at,  135 
Inselchen,  Lake-dwelling  at,  76 
Irgenhausen,    Lake-dwelling   at,    116,  498, 

509 
Irlet,  Mr.,  37 


Iron  Age,  Lake-dwellings  of,  542 
— ,  Large  lump  of,  370 
— ,  Objects  of,  10,  12,  21,  24,  25,  38,  42, 
47,  64,  66,  69,  88,  89,  103,  138,  139,  142, 
156,    163,    165,    197,    203,   313,   316,   317, 
326,  329,  354,  356,  370,  431,  461,  543,  544 
—  on  piles  at  Conturabia,  209 
— ,  Oxide  of  in  powder,  151 

Slag,  276,  345,  347,  373,  376,  377 


Island  on  wooden  framework,  438,  444,  446 

— ,  Floating,  447 
Isola  dei  Cipressi,  204 

—  Lecchi,  Lake-dwellings  at,  219 

—  Virginia  (Camilla),  188 
Iznang,  Lake- dwelling  at,  133 

Jade,  193,  198,  200,  506,  507 
— ,  Problem  of,  505 
— ,  its  varieties,  506 
— ,  where  found  in  Europe,  508 
Jadeite,  Implements  of,  30,  32,  36,  40,  47, 

64,  65,  69,  125,  141,  144,  145,  150,498,  507 
Jahn,  Mr. ,  75,  498,  550 
Javelins,  La  Tene  forms,  285 
Jeitteles,  Mr.,  164 
Jenner,  Mr.,  32,  74 
Jet,  Objects  of,  59,  417,  425,  434,  436,  437, 

473,  474,  519 

Jones,  Professor  T.  Rupert,  467 
Jones,  Rev.  Harry,  457 
Joristown,  Crannog  at,  393 
Jura  Lakes,  Investigations  in,  20 

Kamienski,  Major,  317 

Kasiski,  Major,  313 

Keiser,  Mr.,  74 

Keller,  Dr.,  3,  7,  49,  51,  62,  111,  231,  297, 

505,  511,  534,  551 
"  Keller,"  or  Del  Gaggio,  Lake -dwelling  of , 

195 

Kelly,  Mr.,  on  Ardakillen  crannog,  368 
Kemenyteto,  Terramara  of,  168 
Kerkhoffs,  M.,  on  the  "  Crahay  jaw,"  305 
Kesswil,  Lake-dwelling  at,  144 
Keutschachersee,  Lake-dwellings  in,  168 
Keys,  300,  302,  389,  393,  423,  543 
Kielziebar  L.,  Crannog  in,  445 
Kilbirnie  L.,  Crannog  in,  446 
Kilchonan,  Island  in  loch  of,  446 
Kilglass,  Crannog  at,  393 
Kilknock,  Crannog  at,  393 
Killynure,  Crannog  at,  393 
Kilmore,  Crannog  at,  393 
Kilnamaddo.     (See  Coal-bog.) 
Kinahan,  Mr.  G.  H.,  374,  476,  486,  492 
Kinder  L. ,  Crannog  in,  446 
Kiuellau  L.,  Crannog  in,  446 
King,  Captain  Cooper,  on  remains  in  drained 

lake,  467 

Kinord.     (See  Caumor.) 
Kirkor,  Mr.  Adam,  324 
Kleiner  Haf ner,  Lake-dwelling  of,  8 


INDEX. 


593 


Klemm,  Mr.  Hofrath,  on  glass,  142,  543 
Kloppsee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  318 
Knife  of  bronze,    with  handle   containiug 
less  tin,  93 

,  Remarkable  form  of,  523 

Knives  of  bronze,  passim 

— ,  Double-edged,  221 
— ,  Elegance  of,  518 
— ,  socketed,    rare    in    Eastern 
Switzerland,  102,  518 

and  iron,  70,  544 


of  flint,  half -moon  shaped,  157,  534 
of  iron  (La  Tene),  288 

-,  Remarkable  forms  of,  156 


Knobs  of  bone  ornamented,  431 

Knockany,  Crannog  at,  393 

Kocksee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  325,  328 

Kohn  and  Mehlis,  MM.,  323 

Koller,  Lake-dwelling  at,  80 

Kollmann,   Professor,   on  human  remaius, 

18,  130,  536 

Komorowo,  Lake-dwelling  at,  323 
Kopp,  The  Brothers,  45 
Kostersitz,  Captain  V.,  218 
Kowalewo,  Lake-dwelling  at,  325 
Kownatkensee,  Lake-dwelling  at,  325,  327 
Krahenried,  Lake-dwelling  at,  124 
Kreuzlingen,  Lake-dwelling  at,  133,  145 
Kuczorgd  (Toszeg),  Terramara  of,  166 
Kuhne,  Mr.,  316 
Kwaczala,  Lake- dwelling  at,  324 

Lachmann,  Dr.,  139,  141,  142 
Ladders,  37,  213 
Ladle  of  iron,  290,  355 
Laggan  L.,  Crannog  in,  446 
Lagiewnicki,  Lake -dwelling  at,  323 

— ,  pottery  of  Burgwiille   type,  found 
at,  323 

Lagore,  Crannog  of,  349,  350,  393 
Lagozza,  Lake-dwelling  in,  212,  500 
Laibach-Moor,  Lake -dwellings  in,  169,  498, 

500,  507,  513,  533 
Lake,  Artificial,  in  Galloway,  445 
Lake-dwellers  of  Europe,  their  culture  and 
civilisation,  495 

— ,  Early,  not  Celtic,  550 
Lake-dwellings  of  Stone  Age,  Area  of,  497 

of    North    Germany  related 

with  Burgwalle,  317,  329,  332 
—  in  Italy,  186 

of  Bronze  Age,  516 ;  diminish 


in  number,  but  increase  in  size,  538 

of  Iron  Age  show  no  Transi- 


tion period,  542 
,  British  and  Continental,  Diff- 


erence in  structure  of,  492 

—  liable  to  conflagrations,  496 

—  of  Slavish  period,  493 

-,  Absence    of    in    Spain    and 


Northern  Europe,  493 
Lake  stone-dwellings,  374,  441 

M  M 


Lakes,  Filling  up  of,  110 

Lamplugh,  Mr.,  on  changes  in  watershed  of 

Holderness,  469 

Lance-handles,  Mountings  of,  285,  384 
-  -heads  (La  Tene),  284 

—  of  Bronze  Age,  516 
Lauderdon,  Lake-dwelling  at,  36 
Landschlacht,  Lake-dwelling  at,  145 
Landstuhl,  Lake-dwelling  at,  303 
Lane  L.,  Crannog  in,  393 
Lankorsz,  Lake -dwelling  at,  32  > 
Lapos-halom,  Terramara  at,  166 
"  Late  Celtic  "  period,  549 
Lattmoor,  Lake-dwelling  in,  306 
Lattringen,  Lake-dwelling  at,  26,  510 
Lazise,  Lake-dwelling  at,  238 
Lead,  16,  57,  415,  423 

— ,  Bracelet  of,  300 

— ,  Pendant  of,  224 

— ,  Pigs  of,  16,  57,  342 
Leather,  315,  316,  347,  402,  417,  434,  461 
Lecco,  Lake  of,  203 
Ledaig,  Crannog  at,  446 
Leesborough,  Crannog  at,  393 
Leiner,  Mr.,  133,  136,  141 
Leipzig,  Jade  found  near  508 
Leiiaghan,  Crannog  at,  393 
Lepkowsky,  Professor,  321 
Les  Uttins,  Lake-dwelling  at,  59 
Letten,  Remarkable  find  at,  19 
Leveii  L.,  Pile-structure  in,  446,  492 
Ley,  Mr.,  136 

Leys,  Loch  of,  Crannog  in,  443,  484 
Lignite.     (See  Jet.) 
Ligurians,  194 
Lime,  Carbonate  of,  151 
Limmat,  Objects  found  in  bed  of,  20 
Linch  pins,  293 
Lindau,  Lake-dwelling  at,  144 
Lindenschmit,  Professor,  303,  306 
— ,  on  bone  skates,  462 
Lioy,  Sig.  P.,  on  Lake-dwellings  at  Fimon, 

227 

Lisch,Dr.,  306,  312,  330 
Lisanisk,  Island  of,  358,  393 
Lisnacroghera,  Crannog  at,  379,  393 
Llangorse,  Lake  of,  Crannog  in,  464,  490 
Llyn  Savathan,  465 
Lochanacraunog,  393 
Loch-an-Eilan,  448,  483 
Lochavoullin,  Crannog  in,  448 
Lochindorb,  Crannog  in,  447,  483 
Loch-inch-Cryndil,  Crannog  in,  446 
Loch-iu-Dunty,  Crannog  in,  446 
Lochlea,  Crannog  in,  393 
Lochlee,  Crannog  of,  403,  447 

— ,  Age  of  crannog,  488 

— ,  Canoe  found  at,  479 

— ,  Gangway  to,  407 

— ,  Relics  from,  411 

,  Structure  of,  406 

,  Structure  of  island,  409 


594 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Lochmabeii,  Craimog  in,  447 

Loch-na-mial,  Craimog  in,  447 

Loch-of-the-Clans,  Crannogs  in,  446 

Lochore,  Cranuog  at,  447 

Lochrutton,  Craunog  in,  447 

Lochspouts,  Craunog  in,  418 

Lochwood,  Remains  at,  447 

Lochy  L.,  Craunog  in,  447 

Lock,  Portions  of,  300,  354,  431,  445 

Locras,  Lake -dwellings  at,  31,  33,  498,  510, 

513,  536,  537 
Liihle,  Herr  Ca&per,  124 
Lomond  L.,  Remains  in,  447 
Loudon,  Pile  structures  in,  460,  490 
Lonkorreckersee,  Lake-dwellings  in,  325 
Lorenz,  Mr.,  216 
"  Lo  Spariss,"  201 
Lotus  L.,  Crannog  in,  447,  480 
Loughannaderriga,  Craunog  iu,  393 
Loughavarra,  Crannog  iu,  393 
Loughavilly,  Craunog  in,  393 
Lough  Cam,  Stone-dwellings  in,  393 
Loughiusholiu,  Cranuog  iu,  393 
Lough  Mac-Hugh,  Crauuog  in,  364 
Loughmagarry,  Cranuog  in,  393 
Lough-na-Glack,  358,  393 
Lough  Oughter,  Crauuogs  in,  393 
Loughrau's  Island,  393 
Loughrea,  Crauuogs  iu,  374,  393,  487 
Lotightameud,  Crauuog  of,  393 
Loughtown  L.,  Craunogs  in,  364,  393 
Lubbincheuei  see,  Lake-dwellings  in,  317 
Lubbock,  Sir  John,  on  Scottish  lake-dwel- 
lings, 491 

Liibtowsee,  Lake-dwellings  in,  315 
Ludwigshafen,  Lake-dwellings  at,  138 
Luissel,  Lake  of,  Remains  in,  94,  516 
Luschau,  Mr.  Von.,  166 
Luscherz.     (See  Locras.) 
Lutzelstetten,  Lake-dwelling  at,  135 
Lyell,  Sir  Charles,  305 
Lynch  L.,  Crannog  in,  393 

Mace,  or  perforated  stone  ball,  163 

Macfadzean,  Mr.  James,  419 

Machermore  L.,  Crannogs  in,  447 

Machine  for  boring  stones,  40,  505 

MacHugh  L.,  Crannog  in,  394 

Mackiulay,  Mr.  J.,  396 

Maclagan,  Miss,  443 

Mannean  L.,  Crannogs  in,  394 

Maestricht,  Lake-dwelling  at,  304 

Maggi,  Leopoldi,  Professor,  202 

Maggiolino,  Lake-dwelling  at,  205 

Magiiin,  M.,  88 

Malahide  Castle,  Objects  from  Lagore  at,  355 

Malcomson,  Dr.,  372 

Mallets,  Wooden,  107,  411 

Mammern,  Lake-dwelling  at,  130 

Man  Island,  395 

Mann,  Mr.,  307,  311 

Mannedorf,  Lake-dwelling  at,  4,  18 


Manacles,  355,  359 
Manorhamilton,  Crannog  at,  394 
Mantovani,  Sig.,  on  terremare,  249 
Manzell,  Lake-dwelling  at,  144 
Mapleton,  Rev.  R.  I.,  445 
Marble,  Ornaments  of,  162 
Marbles,  Round  stones  like,  296 
Margaretheu,  Lake-dwelling  at,  76 
Mariazell,  Lake -dwelling  at,  76 
Marine  dwellings,  311,  333,  389,  443 
Marinoni,  Dr.  Camillo,  188,  197,  205,  267 
Markelfingen,  Lake- dwelling  at,  132 
Marlacoo,  Crannog  at,  394 
Marmirolo,  Terramara  of  Iron  Age  at,  276 
Marne,  Graves  of  La  Tene  period  in,  546 
Marsh -dwelling  at  Bordeaux,  108 
Martinati,  Cav.,  218,  238 
Marzabotto,  Gallic  graves  at,  550 
Mask  L.,  Stone- dwelling  in,  394 
Matthys,  M.  Ed.,  34 
Mattirolo,  Professor,  273 
Maurach,  Lake-dwelling  at,  141,  507,  533 
Maxwell,  Sir  William,  398 

— ,  Sir  Herbert,  434,  490 
Mayence,  Lake-dwelling  at,  303 
Mehlis,  Mr.  C.,  303 
Meimart,  Lake -dwelling  at,  97 
Melvin  L. ,  Crannog  in,  394 
Mercurago,  Lake-dwelling  at,  186,  206 
Meres  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  490 
Merkel,  Professor  F. ,  180 
Merlach  (Meyriez),  Lake-dwelling  at,  69 
Merovingian  graves  in  terpen,  343 
Mertou  L.,  Crauuog  in,  447 
Meschinelli,  Dr. ,  180 

Messikommer,  Mr.  J.,    Ill,   114,   118,  123, 
130,  131,  145,  498,  509 

—  Mr.  H.,  114 

Messery,  Lake-dwelling  at,  92 
Mestorf,  Fraulein,  167 
Metallurgical  appliances,  523 
Meuron,  M.  de,  57 

Meyer,  Mr.  A.  B.,  on  jade  implements,  506 

Meyriez,  Lake- dwelling  at,  69 

Mies,  Lake-dwelling  at,  88 

Milan,  Gallic  remains  in  Museum  of,  548 

Mill-stones,  430,  485 

Mincio,  Lake-dwelling  in,  224 

Mindlisee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  146 

Miracles,  The,  Crannog  at,  376,  395 

Mire,  M.  Jules  le,  105 

Mirrors  of  metal,  461,  528 

—  of  stone,  402,  422, 528 
Mochrum  L. ,  Crannogs  in,  447 
Moeringen,  Lake-dwelling  at,  27,  516,  523, 

525 

Moinenoe,  Crannog  at,  394 
Mombello,  Lake-dwelling  at,  202 
Monaincha,  Crannog  at,  394 
Monalty  L. ,  Crannogs  in,  358,  394 
Monate  L. ,  Lake-dwellings  in,  200 
Mondsee,  Lake-dwellings  in,  500,  513 


INDEX. 


595 


Monea,  Crannog  at,  394 

Money,  Mr.  Walter,  .468 

Mongavlin,  Crannog  at,  394 

Mongenet,  Torbiera  di,  210 

Monivaird  L.,  Crannog  in,  447 

Monnivert,  Lake-dwelling  at,  87 

Monod,  M.,  93 

Monruz,  Lake-dwelling  at,  42 

Montale,  Terramara  at,  256 

Monte  Venere,  Terramara  of,  250 

Montilier,  Lake-dwellings  at,  523,  529 

Montreux,  Graves  at,  540 

Moosburg,  Lake-dwelling  at,  144 

Moosseedorfsee,  Lake-dwellings  in,  74,  498, 

504 

Morall,  L. ,  Crannog  in,  447 
Morant,  Mr. ,  394 
Morat  (Murten),  Lake  of,  67—73 
Morel-Fatio,  M.,57,  541 
Morges,   Lake-dwellings  at,  82,    527,    531, 

540,  544 

Morlot,  M.,  61,  73,  75,  82,  124,  498 
Moro,  Professor,  206 
Mortar,  311,  373 

Mortilliet,  M.  G.  de,  186,  187,  200 
Morton,  Crannog  at,  448 
Moss  stems,  Objects  made  of,  418 
Metier,  Lake-dwelling  at,  73 
Moulds,  18,  44,  70,  83,  96,  98,  329,  358,  370, 

373,  374,  523 

—  of  bronze,  44,  83,  523 

—  for  hatchets,  70,  370 

—  for  knives,  100 

—  for  swords,  96 

Moulin,  Lake -dwellings  at,  52,  90 
Moulin  L.  (drained),  448 
Moulin-Paquis.     (See  Excenevrez.) 
Mont  Beuvray,  548 
Mountblairy,  448 

Mourne  L.,  Crannogs  in,  379,  386,  394 
Moy  L. ,  Cranuog  in,  448 
Moynagh  L. ,  Crannog  in,  394 
Much,  Dr.,  157,  166,  512 
Mucknoe,  Crannog  at,  394 
Muickenagh,  Craunog  at,  394 
Muintir  Eolais,  Crannog  of,  394 
Muller,  Mr.,  20,  27 
Mulvany,  Mr.,  on  Irish  craimogs,  363 
Munsterlingen,  Lake-dwelling  at,  145 
Miir,  Lake-dwelling  at,  73 
Murten  (Morat),  Lake-dwelling  at,  68 
Musical  instrument,  Parts  of  a,  359 

Nageli,  Dr.,  132 

Nagy,  Rev,  Terramara  at,  168 

Nahinch  L.,  Crannog  in,  374,  394 

Naneevin  L. ,  Crannog  in,  374,  394 

Nant,  Mediaeval  objects  found  at,  73 

Necklace  of  bronze,  45,  102,  224,  293,  321,  520 

—  of  Bronze  Age,  520 

—  of  bronze  and  copper,  48 
of  glass  aud  amber,  344 


Necklace  of  gold  (La  Tene),  281,  293 

—  of  iron,  293 

—  of  silver,  323 

(torques,  etc.)  of  bronze  and  gold,  57 


Needle-holder  of  bronze,  292 

of  burnt  clay,  521 


Needles  of  bone  and  bronze,  passim 
of  iron,  292 


Nelson,  Mr.,  440 

Nephrite,  Arrow-heads  of,  33,  116 

— ,   Implements  of,  8,   25,  26,   30,   32, 
36,  38,  40,  47,  54,  61,  64,  65,  73,  75,  79,  80, 
114,  123,  125,  128,  132,  139,  140,  141,  144, 
145,  152,  155,  174,  498,  507 
— ,  Knives  of,  30,  33,  39 

in  crude  state,  141,  506,  508 


Nernier,  Lake-dwelling  at,  92 

Nets,  Fishing,  504 

Neuchatel,  Lake  of,  38—67 

Neusiedlersee,  Remains  in,  164 

Newton,    Mr.,    on    remains    in    Wretham 

Mere,  456 
Nidau,  Lake-dwelling  at,  7,  20,  24,  496,  523, 

526,  536,  543 

Niederwyl,  Lake-dwelling  at,  118,  492,  510 
Niedissigheim,  Lake -dwelling  at,  303 
Mmlau,  Pile-structures  at,  164 
Northumberland,   Duke    of,    on    Dowalton 

crannogs,  397 

Nottwyl,  Lake-dwelling  at,  76 
Nussbaumen  L.,  Artificial  island  in,  124 
Nussdorf,  Lake-dwelling  at,  139,  533 
Nyon,  Lake-dwelling  at,  88 

Ober-Meilen,  Lake-dwelling  at,  3,  6,  507 
Oberstaad,  Lake-dwelling  at,  128 
Oberzell,  Lake-dwelling  at,  132 
Objezierze,  Lake-dwelling  at,  321,  330 
Obsidian,  Flakes  of,  163,  167,  168,  193 
Occhio,  Lake-dwelling  at,  201 
O'Conner,  Dualtagh,  defends  acrauuog,  482 
Ochre,  Red  and  yellow,  42 
Oefeliplatze,  Lake-dwelling  at,  30 
Offida,  near  Piceno,  Remains  at,  276 
Ogham  stone,  375 

—  writing  on  horn  pins,  363 
Old  Buckenham  Mere,  467 
Oleggio-Castello,  Torbiera  di,  211 
Olive,  Fruit  of,  found  in  lake-dwellings,  536 
Olmiitz,  Pile  structures  at,  164 
Olzreuthersee,  Remains  in,  152,  507 
Onens,  Lake-dwelling  at,  57,  520 
Ooney  L.,  Crannog  in,  394 
Ornaments  of  Stone  Age,  504 
Ornamentation  of  incised  lines  on  pottery 

containing  a  white  substance,  68,  160,  172 
Orr  L.,  Remains  in,  448 
Ossowski,   Professor,   on  lake-dwelliugs  in 

Poland,  323-4 
Oval    implement  of  stone   with    hollowed 

surfaces,  422 
Owen,  Professor,  451,  462,  467 


596 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Owel  L.,  Cauoe  found  iu.  394,  479 
Ox,  Celtic  shorthorn,  451 

PadL..  Cranuogin,  394 

Paladru.  Lake  of,  remains  in,  298,  493 

Falajitta  barbarica,  276 

Palatinate.  Lake-dwellings  iu,  303 

Paleostrum,  Lake,  551 

Palmer,  Dr.,  on  Cold  Ash  Common,  467,  493 

Pan  of  brass,  444 

Paquis,  Lake  dwelling  at,  83 

Parazzi,  Arciprete,  on  terremare,  260,  271 

Parma,  Terremare  at,  271 

Patella  of  bronze,  399 

Paul  V.,  Pope,  Bulla  of,  366 

Pavement,  Wooden,  406,  420,  439 

Pebbles  of  white  quartz,  216 

Peel  Bog,  Remains  in,  448 

Pegs,  Wooden,  used  in  cranuogs,  413 

Pendant  of  curious  composition,  48 

—  of  involved  rings,  49,  524 
--  of  jet.  425.  451 

of  lead,  224 

— .  Phallic,  210 

— .  Remarkable  form  of,  520 
Pendants  of  bronze,  519,  passim 
People  of  Bronze  Age,  536,  538 
Percolators,  68,  234,  529 
Perforation  of  stones  and  horn,  174,  504 
Pen-in,  M.,  on  Lake  Bourget,  95,  97 
Persanzig,  Lake-dwelling  at,  313 

— ,  Wooden  structures  at,  314,  478 
Peschiera,  Lake-dwellingat,  216, 220, 224, 521 
Petrie,  Dr. ,  349 

— ,  Mr.  Flinders,  502 
Peruzzi,  Mr.  Martin,  170 
Pfiiffikon,  Lake  of,  111 
Pfeffer,     Dr.,    on    animal    remains     from 

Wurthen,  346 
Phalenc,  527 
Phallic  pendant,  210 
Phasis.  Lake-dwellings  in,  553 
Philip  of  Macedon,  Coins  of,  296 
Pianta,  La,  Lake-dwelling  at,  61 
Piceno,  Terremare  in  district  of,  270 
Picks  of  horn,  473 
Pierra-Portay,  Sepulchres  at,  542 
Pierre  de  Cour,  Lake-dwelling  at,  87 
Pigments,  417,  542 
Pigorini,  Professor,  166,  224,  238,  251,  254, 

270,  336,  478 
Pile-driver  of  wood,  45 
Pile-dwellings  known  in  Britain,  446,  492 
Pile-structures  in  W.  Friesland,  334 
Piles  with  iron  spikes,  209 
Pillichordy,  Captain,  swords  found  by,  55 
Pin  of  bone  ornamented,  431 

—  of  bronze  with  glass  setting,  432 
Pins,  patmim 

— ,  double-stemmed,  30,  63,  292 

—  of  bronze,  horn,  and  silver,  63 
— ,  varieties  of,  522 


Pius  with  cup-shaped  heads,  14,  71 

—  with  wheel-shaped  heads,  102,  227 

—  with  disc-shaped  and  spiral  heads, 
224,  226 

Pin-holders,  521 

Pincers  of  bronze,  290,  518 

Pipes,  296,  359,  374 

Pirn-shaped  objects  of  clay,  18,  25,  76,  143 

Pleyte,  Dr.,  335 

Pliny  on  the  Chauci,  333 

Plongeon,  Lake -dwelling  at,  544 

Plunket,  Mr.,  on  remains  in  coal-bog,  378 

Poel,  Island  of,  311 

Poignard  of  iron,  85 

Pointe  de  la  Bise,  Lake-dwelling  at,  90 

Pointers  of  bone,  passim 

— ,  double-pointed,  163 
Polada,  Lake-dwelling  at,  232,  500,  502,  513 
Pole  (wooden)  of  carriage,  293 
Polishing  implements    of   bone  and  horn, 
128,  177 

—  of  stone,  Peculiar  forms  of, 
193,  201 

Pont  de  la  Thielle,  Lake-dwelling  at,  39 

Pont,  Mr.  Timothy,  435 

Ponti,  Sig.,  190,  195 

Poppy,  Cakes  made  of  seeds  of,  536 

Port,  Lake-dwelling  at,  38,  52,  103 

Portalban,  Lake -dwelling  at,  66 

Portemonnaie,  16,  66 

Porto  di  Pacengo,  Lake -dwellings  at,  219 

Potin,  Coins  of,  296 

Pot  (iron)  of  a  triangular  shape,  389 

—  hangers,  290 

Pots  of  bronze  and  iron,  290 
Potsdam,  Jade  found  at,  508 
Potter's  wheel,  290,  315 
Pottery,  passim 

—  of  Bronze  Age,  528 
— ,  Mended,  121,  529 

—  of  Stone  Age,  499 
— ,  Toy  dishes  of,  530 

—  ornamented  with  birch  bark,  75,  499 

—  with  string  marks,  25,  34,  66, 
328 

with    impression    like    fern- 

with  potter's  fingers,  58 

—  with  plaited  reed- Work,  190 

—  with  pitted  impressions,  441 

—  with  incised  lines  for  receiving  white 
substances,  68,  160,  172 

—  with  several  colours  in  panels,  102 

—  with  tin  strips,  529 

suggestive  of  being  made  on  wheel) 


leaves,  103 


134.  166,  302,  417 
—  with  Roman  name  stamped  on  it,  544 
with  graffiti,  553 


Poulson,  Mr.,  on  changes  in  Holderness, 
Pourtales,  Count,  67,  69 
Pozzolo,  Lake -dwellings  at,  201 
Pragatto,  Terramara  at,  271 


INDEX. 


597 


Prasias,  Pile-dwellings  iii  Lake  of,  553 
Probchensee,  Lake-dwellings  in,  325,  328 
Promenthoux,  Lake -dwellings  at,  88 
Przezdiecki,  Count,  323 
Przyborowski,  Professor,  324 
Pulszky,  F.  von,  on  Copper  Age,  512 
Pupikofer,  Rev.  Mr.,  118 
Puschacher,  Lake-dwelling  at,  163 
Pusiano,  Pile-dwellings  in  Lake  of,  204 
Pustenga,  Torbiera  di,  198 

Quaglia,  Sig.  G.,  189,  198,  200 
— ,  Dr.  B.,  197 
— ,  Sig.  Angelo,  198 

Querns  (handmills),  26,  308,  311,  315,  345, 
351,  357,  359,  365,  372,  376,  390,  392,  394, 
395,  403,  411,  422,  430 
Quertz,  Lake- dwelling  at,  325 
Quien  L.,  Crannog  in,  448 

Rabut,  M.,  on  palafittes  in  Lake  Bourget,  95 

Raddatzsee,  Burg  wall  in,  315 

Raeber,  Mr.  B.,  123,  124 

Rahan's  L.,  Crannog  in,  394 

Rambotti,  Dr.,  on  Polada,  227,  233 

Ramor,  L.,  Crannog  in,  394 

Ranchet  Abate,  188 

"  Ranchet,"  Lake-dwelling  of,  197 

Rannoch  L. ,  Crannog  in,  448 

"  Rapax,"  Mark  of  21st  legion,  203 

Rattles  of  earthenware,  523 

Rau,  Dr.  L.  von,  527 

Rauenegg,  Lake -dwelling  at,  133 

Rautenburg,  Dr.,  on  animal  remains  from 

Terpen,  346 

Ravel  L.,  Crannog  in,  370,  394 
Ravenstone  L.,  Crannog  in,  448 
Razor  hammered    out   of    fragment   of    a 

bracelet,  48,  58 
— ,  Double-bladed,  58,  221 

—  in  wooden  case,  71 

—  with  curved  handle,  66 
Razors  of  bronze,  518,  et  passim 

—  of  iron,  La  Tene,  288 
Reerasta,  Chalice  from,  451 

Reeves,  Dr.,  on  structure  of  a  crannog,  475 
Regazzoni,  Professor,  189,  195,  203,  213 
Regensburg,  Large  ornamented  ring  from, 

533 
Reindeer,  Horns  of,  136,  312,  316,  323,  331, 

467,  488 

Religion  of  lake -dwellers,  531 
Reniform  rings,  84,  531 
Rescobie  L.,  Crannog  in,  448 
Restaurant  Lacustre,  Objects  at,  96,  102 
Revilliod,  M.,88,  93 
Revon,  M.,  93,  95 
Rey,  M.  Henri,  61 
Riedsee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  122 
Rigaux,  M.,  303 

Ring-supports  of  clay  for  dishes,  523 
tubes,  531 


Rings,  Large  hollow  bronze  (ornamented), 

16,  45,  71,532 

of  bone  and  bronze,  passim 

Rinn  L. ,  Crannogs  in,  394 
Rion,  Lake-dwellings  in,  553 
Robenhausen,  Lake-dwelling  at,   111,   498, 

504,  507,  509,  513,  523,  536 
Robertson,  Dr.    J.,  on  Scottish  crannogs, 

396,  447,  483 
Robinson,    Mr.,    on    crannogs    in    Lough 

Mourne,  386 

Rocca  di  Garda,  Lake-dwellings  at,  219 
Rochat,  M.,  54,  60 

Rock-crystal,  Objects  of,  157,  193,  425,  451 
Roediger,  Mr.,  on  jade  at  Freiburg,  508 
Rolle,  Lake-dwelling  at,  87 
Rolleston,  Professor,  451,  467,  488 
Roman  remains,  12,  20,  30,  31,  50,  53,  60,  63, 

66,  67,  73,  77,  96,  103,  130,  138,  190,  195, 

218,  278,  290,  342,  543 
—  pottery,  Manufacture  of,  96 
— ,  with  inscriptions,  96,  130 
Romaushorn,  Lake -dwelling  at,  144 
Romer,  Dr.,  on  terremare  in  Hungary,  167 
Rose,  Mr.  C.  B.,  on  osseous  remains  from 

various  meres,  467 
Roseaux   (Morges),    Lake-dwelling   of,    85, 

514 

Roselet,  Lake-dwelling  at,  104 
Ross  L.,  Crannog  in,  395 
Roteglia,  Terramara  of,  250 
Roth,  Mr.,  73 

Rothfarb,  Lake-dwelling  at,  145 
Rothiemurchus  L. ,  Crannog  in,  448 
Roughan  L. ,  Crannog  in,  357,  395,  487 
Round  Island,  391 
Roundlets  of  human  skulls,  537 
Rouskey  L.,  Crannog  in,  395 
Rousselet,  M.,  52,  53 
Runic  writing  011  horn  pins,  363 
Riitimeyer,  Professor,  534,  535 
Ryck,  Lake-dwelling  at,  312 
Rye  found  at  Peschiera,  218 

Sabione,  Lake-dwelling  at,  200 

Sablenadeln,  527 

Sacken,  Baron  von,  170,  218 

Saham  Mere,  467 

Salt-mining  at  Salzburg,  502 

Samian  ware  (terra  sigillald),  12,  142,  340, 

403,  417,  423,  434,  461 
Samow,  Moor  of,  180 
Sandstone  blocks  with  cavities,  429 
San  Felice  di  Scovola,  Lake-dwelling  at,  219 
San  Giovanni  del  Bosco,  210 
San  Martino,  Torbiera  di,  210 
Sanquhar,  Black  Loch  of,  449,  477 
Sauge,  La,  Lake-dwelling  at,  67 
Saussurite,  Implements  of,  65,  141 
Saut,  Le,  Lake-dwelling  at,  97 
Saverough,  Knowe  of,  453 
Saws  of  bronze,  63,  98 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Saws  of  bronze,  Rarity  of,  517 

of  flint,  502—504.  et  passim 

— ,  compound,  34,  236,  502 
— ,  in  casing  of  reindeer  honi,  136 
— ,  half-moon  shaped,  148,   157, 
308,  534 

,  one  with  remarkable  arrange- 


ment of  teeth,  236 

-,  one  9i  inches  long,  142 


of  iron  (La  Teiie),  288 


Sawing  stones,  Method  of,  in  Stone  Age,  505 
Scabbard,  Bronze  tips  of,  48,  52,  99,  516 
Scales,  A  pair  of,  393 
Scandinavian  types,   Objects  of,   148,   157, 

308,  319,  534 
Sceatta,  342 

Schab,  Mr.  Sigmuud  von,  153 
Schachen  (Bodmami),  Lake-dwelling  at,  138 
Schaffis,  Lake-dwelling  at,  36,  50i,  510,  537 
Schanz,  Lake-dwelling  of,  131 
Scharfling,  Lake-dwelling  at,  162 
St-henk,  Mr.  B.,  128,  131 
Scheukeu,  Lake-dwelling  at,  76 
Schliemann,  Dr.,  508 
Schnttr-ornament,  25,  34,  66,  328 
Schussenried,   Lake-dwelling  at,    147,    492, 

498,  500,  502,  507,  511,  534 
Schwab,  Col.,  8,  20,  24,  27,  31,  33,  42,  45,  63, 

67,  277 

Schwartz,  Mr. ,  323 
Schwurring,  531 
Scur  L.,  Crannog  in,  370,  395 
See,  Lake-dwelling  at,  157 
Seewalchen,  Lake-dwelling  at,  162 
Seidenschnur,  Herr,  310 
Srlce  romboidale,  236,  238 
Sempach,  Lake  of,  76 
Sepulchres  of  lake-dwellers,  538,  512 
Serrade,  204 

Shears,  300,  302,  342,  414 
Sheaths,  284,  380,  516 
Sheep,  Four-horned,  343,  351 

— ,  rearing  of,  535 
Shells,  Perforated,  237,  541 
Shields,  286,  351 
Shillings  of  Queen  Mary,  394 
Shin  L. ,  Crannog  in,  449 
Shirley,  Mr.,  358,  487 
Shoes,  Leather,  368,  403,  417,  461 
Shore  Island,  487 
Shovel,  Wooden,  315 
Shuttle  of  bone,  317 
Sickles  of  bronze,  518,  passim 

—  with  raised  button  more  frequent  in 
Lake  Bourget,  99 

— ,  Handles  of,  59,  518 

—  of  iron,  85,  288 
Sickle-like  object  of  flint,  136 

—  of  jaw-bone,  64 

Sievers,    Count,    on   lake-dwellings  in  Ar- 

raschsee,  328 
Silber,  Col.  von,  217 


Silesia,  Jade  found  in,  508 

Silver,  Coins  of,  296,  342,  395 

— ,  Ornaments  of,  324,  369,  488 

Simony,  Mr.,  162 

Sipplingen,  Lake-dwelling  at,  138,  507,  543 

Situlae,  16,  522 

Skates  of  bone,  75,  167,  315,  317,  328,  342, 
344,  462,  494 

Skertchley,  Mr.,  on  lake -dwellings  in  Feu- 
land,  459 

Slavish  pottery,  Characteristics  of,  331,  332 

Smeermaas  machoire,  305 

Soapstone,  208 

Sock  of  a  plough,  371 

Soldinersee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  316 

Soldo,  Gallic  graves  at,  550 

Sordelli,  Professor,  194,  201,  216 

South wark  Street,  London,  Pile  structures 
in,  464 

Spaudau,  Lake-dwelling  at,  318,  321,  330 

Spatula  of  bronze,  414 

Spears  or  lance-heads  of  bronze,  passim 
— ,  La  Teiie  forms,  285 
— ,  British,  384,  414,   431,   458, 
473,  487,  544 

Spindle  with  coiled  thread,  32,  34,  498 

Spindle -whorls,  passim 

—  of  Bronze  Age,  530 

—  of  cannel  coal,  430 


—  of  lead,  423 
Spinie  L.,  Crannog  in,  449 
Spirals  of  bronze  (Lochspouts),  423 
Split  piles  indicate  Bronze  Age,  121 
Spoons  of  pottery,  213,  226 

— ,  Wooden,  302 
Spurs  of  the  cock,  343 

— ,  Riding,  197,  198,  293?  300,  302,  313, 
316,  389 

Staad,  Lake-dwelling  at,  135 
Stair,  Earl  of,  436 
St.  Andreas,  Lake -dwelling  at,  80 
St.  Aubin,  Lake-dwelling  at,  53 
St.  Blaise,  Lake-dwelling  at,  40,  513,  523 
St.  Catherina,  Lake-dwelling  at,  139 
St.  Jean,  Lake-dwelling  at,  36 
St.  John's  L.,  Crannogs  in,  395 
St.  Prex,  Lake-dwelling  at,  87 

— ,  Graves  at,  540 

Starnberg,  Lake-dwelling  of,  153,  526,  543 
Steatite,  216,  270,  276 
Steckborn,  Lake-dwelling  at,  130,  498 
Stefani,  Cav.  Stefano  de,  219—226 
Steinberg,  passim 
Stirrup  of  iron,  316 
Stone  Age,  Implements  of,  500—602 
,  Three  periods  of,  49,  510 

—  building  over  the  Isle  of  the  Loch  of 
Bauchory,  485 

—  carved  with  devices,  393 

— ,  circular  and  flat  like  a  cheese,  411 

—  disc,  showing  commencement  of  per- 
foration, 174 


INDEX. 


599 


Stone  implements,  with  hollowed  surfaces, 
391,  448 

—  lake -dwellings,  374,  441 
Stones,  Method  of  perforating,  504 
,  Sawing  of,  505 

—  with  curious  scratchings,  216 
Stool  (wooden)  with  six  legs,  238 
Stoppani,  Professor,  187,  197,  200,  203,  219 
Stradonic,  La  Tene  objects  at,  549 
Stravithy,  Crannog  at,  449 
Streitzigsee,  Piles  in,  315 
Strobel,  Professor,  240,  250,  273,  535 
Strokestown  crannogs,  365 
Structure  of  crannogs,  475 
Structures,  Submerged,  300,  314,  316,  317, 

318,  326,  327 
Stuart,  Dr.,  397,  447 
Studer,  Dr.,  534,  536 
Studs  of  bronze,  16,  24,  45,  72,  227,  522 
Styria,  Jade  found  in,  508 
Submarine  crannogs,  389,  443 
Sugiez-Zollhaus,  Lake-dwelling  at,  73 
Sunonness  L.,  Crannog  in,  449 
Surenbach,  Lake -dwelling  at,  18 
Susstrunk,  Mr.,  67,  70,  71 
Sutz,  Lake-dwelling  at,  25,  511,  536,  543 
Swan  Island,  104 

—  Knowe,  425 
Swastika,  385,  415,  538 

Swords  of  bronze,  13,  28,  31,  33,  44,  47,  55, 
58,  64,  83,  92,  94,  97,  99,  130,  144,  177, 
211,  319,  487,  516 

partly  of  bronze  and  partly  of  iron, 

31,  516 

—  with  spiral  handles,  516 

—  of  iron,  28,  139,  282,  316,  351,  354, 
371,  382,  393,  543—552 

Sword-needles,  12,  16,  23,  85,  527 
Sydney,  Lord,  attacks  an  Irish  cramiog,  481 
Szechenyi,  Count,  164 
Szeleveny,  Terraraara  at,  168 
Szontagsee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  325,  328 

Table  of  oak  (Wangen),  127 

Talbot,  Lord,  on  Lagore  crannog,  352,  354 

Talogh  L.,  Crannog  in,  395 

Tassoni,   Pietro  and   Giacomo,    discover   a 

terramara,  260 
Tay  L.,  Crannog  in,  449 
Tene,  La,  Lake-dwellings  of  Stone  Age  at,  39 
— ,  oppidum,  Description  of,  277 — 298 
-  ,  Human  skulls  at,  537 
— ,  Mixed  people  at,  546 
— ,  Relics  from,  form  a  specific  group, 
516 

— ,  Distribution  of  this  group  in  Europe, 
548 

Tergast,  Dr.,  on  War/an,  343 
Ternati,  Lake  of,  201 
Terpen,  Description  of,  333  to  344 

— ,  Relics  from,  similar  to  those  found 
at  London  Wall,  464,  494 


Terramaricoli,   Culture  and  civilisation  of, 
272 

Terremare,  Description  of,  238,  276 

Terreneuve,  Lake-dwellings  at,  87 

Thielle,  Pont  de  la,  Lake-dwelling  at,  39 
— ,  La  Tene  objects  at,  546 

Thonon,  Lake -dwellings  at,  93,  531 

Thrasimene,  Lake  of,  276 

Three-ages-system,  1  to  3 

— ,   Proofs    of,   in  lake- 
dwellings,  496 

Thuille,  Lake  of,  104 

Tiberias,  Coins  of,  12 

Tiefenau,  La  Tene  objects  at,  546 

Tile  with  Roman  letters,  462 

Tin,   Objects  of,  16,  42,  45,  55,   58,   59,  63, 
68,  89,  90,  102,  224,  519,  523,  524 

— ,  Strips  of,  used  to  ornament  pottery, 
42,  45,  58,  63,  68,  87,  96,  102,  529 

Tinelli,  Dr.  Carlo,  202 

Token  of  brass,  359 

Tolsta,  Crannog  at,  449 

Tonymore,  Crannog  in  lake  of,  372,  390 

Toome  Bar,  Remains  at,  395,  487 

Toporovan,  Lake  of,  553 

Torlundie  L.,  Crannog  in,  449 

Torques  of  bronze,  102,  224,  293,  321,  520 
—  of  gold,  281,  293 

Torre  Bairo,  Torbiera  di,  210 

Tortoise,  Shell  of,  147,  185 

Toszeg,  Terramara  at,  166,  276 

Tougues,  Lake -dwellings  at,  90 

Towey  Mere,  467 

Trachsal,  Dr.,  on  La  Tene  coins,  295 

Trajan's    Column,   Representation   of   pile 
village  on,  333,  537 

Trana,  Torbiera  di,  211 

Transition  period,  510,  512 

Trapa  natans,  116,  185,  229 

Traube,  Mr.  H. ,  on  jade,  508 

Tray,  Wooden,  411 

Trepanning,  537 

Treytel,  Lake-dwelling  at,  53 

Trillick.     (See  Dr umdarragh . ) 

Trilocular  dishes,  18,  44,  193 

Triquetrum,  385 

Troltsch,  Major  v.,  527 

Troy,  Jade  found  in,  508 
— ,  Pottery  from,  174 

Troyon,  Mr.  F.,  45,  49,  51,  54,  60,  82,  92, 
94 

Tubes  of  bronze,  with  rings  arranged  sym- 
metrically, 102,  531 

Tuiliere,  Lake-dwelling  at,  50 

Tulewosee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  325,  327 

Tullah  L.,  Crannog  in,  449 

Tully  L.,  Crannogs  in,  395 

Tullyline,  Crannog  at,  395 

TummellL.,  Crannog  in,  449 

Turgi,  Lake-dwelling  of,  130 

Twann,  Lake-dwelling  at,  136 

Tweezer  of  bronze,  366 


600 


LAKE-DWELLINGS    OF    EUROPE. 


Ubaghs,  M.,  on  Remains  at  Maestricht,  304 
Ueberlingersee,  135-164 
Uetikon,  Lake- dwelling  at,  19 
Uhlmann,  Dr.,  69,  74,  498,  534 
Ullepitech,  Mr.,  169 
Ullersberger,  Mr.,  139,  141 
Unger,  Professor  Franz,  218 
Unter-Uhldingen,   Lake-dwelling   at,     141, 

507,  543 

Uriconium,  Roman  city  of,  453 
Urr  L.,  Cranuog  in,  449 

Valcuvia,  Twbiera  di,  202 

Vallamand,  Lake-dwelling  at,  71 

Vallier,  M.,  on  Lake  Paladru,  298 

Valvasor,  168 

Varauo,  Lake  of,  Palafittes  in,  201 

Varese,  Lake  of,  187 

Vase,  with  marks  of  potter's  fingers,  58 

Vaux,  Des,  Lake-dwelling  at,  50 

Veagh  L.,  Crannog  in,  395 

Vegetarians  at  Lagozza,  216 

Vennacher  L. ,  Crannog  in,  449 

Venoge,  Lake-dwelling  at,  87 

Venturi  on  terremare,  239 

Verchere  de  Reffye  on  weapons  from  Alesia, 

550 

Versoix,  Lake-dwelling  at,  88 
Vespasian,  Coins  of,  12 
Vessels  of  bronze.  16,  29,  48,  71,  102,  446,  461 
—  of  pottery  witli  graduated  holes,  59, 

71 

Vevey,  M.  Beat  de,  61 
Vie  a  PAne,  Lake-dwelling  at,  90 
Vieugy,  Lake-dwelling  at,  104 
Villa,  Sig.  Antonio,  186 

— ,  Sig.  G.  B.,  204,  205 
Villa  Cappella,  Terramara  at,  269 
Vimfou,  Lake-dwelling  at,  312 
Vine,  194,  218,  273,  498,  536 
Vinelz.  Lake-dwelling  at,  33,  504,  513,  536 
Vingelz,  Lake-dwelling  at,  38,  481 
Virchow,  Professor,  167,  303,  308,  313,  316, 

317,  328,  329,  536,  537 
Virchowsee,  Burgwall  in,  315 
Vitreous  paste,  Oval  objects  of,  441 
Vitrified  forts,  331 

fort  over  crannog,  443 

Vivianite,  Amorphous,  38,  343 

— ,  Crystals  of,  in  bones,  184 
Vouga,  Mr.  A.,  40,  64,  66 

— ,  Mr.  E.,  278,  293,  294,  297 
Vully,  Mount,  67 

Wabrzezno,  Lake-dwelling  at,  325 
Waggons,  portions  of,  107,  293 
Wakeman,  Mr.  W.  F.,  349,  375,  385,  489 
Wallfisch,  Island  of,  311 


Wallhauseu,  Lake-dwellings  at,  135,  533 

Wangen,  Lake-dwelling  at.  124,  497,  502,  504 

War  fen  in  East  Friesland,  343 

Waiiubie,  Lake-dwelling  at,  324 

Water-chestnut,  116,  185,  229 

Wattie,  Rev.  James,  480 

Wauwyl,  Lake-dwelling  at,  78,  492,  536 

Wavre,  M.  W.,  281 

Wax  used  in  casting,  58,  524 

Weaving  materials,  102,  114,  116,  216,  302, 

498,  et  passim 
Wedges  of  wood  used  to  fix  the  handles  of 

perforated  stone  celts,  151 
Weerd,  Insel,  Lake-dwelling  at,  128,  536 
Weichmann-Kadow,  Dr.,  312 
Werbelinsee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  313 
Weyeregg,  Lake-dwelling  at,  163 
Weyoch  L.,  Crannog  in,  449 
Wheel -like  objects  of  pottery,  16 

—  of  tin,  16,  55,  58,  59,  90 
Wheels  for  waggon  for  chariot,  45,  208,  293 
Whetstones,  passim 
Whistles,  109,  131,  167 

White  Loch  of  Ravenstone,  Crannog  in,  438 
Wiesentheid,  Lake- dwelling  at,  303 
Wilde,  Sir  W.  E.,  349,  373,  478,  486 
Wilson,  Rev.  George,  448 
Wingreis  (Vingrave),  Lake-dwelling  at,  37, 

481 

Wismar,  Lake-dwellings  at,  306,  330 
Wollishofen,  Lake-dwelling  at,  9,  12,  478, 

505,  522,  527 
Wood,  Martin,  Mr.,  487 
Wooden  bench,  127 

—  dishes  mended  with  clasps  of  brass, 


431 


458 


huts,  379,  392 

objects  from  Terpen,  342 

structure,  Peculiar,  in  Barton  Mere, 

understructures  like  loghouses,  252, 


300,  314,  316,  317,  318,  326,  327 
Wretham  Mere,  Lake- dwelling  in,  455 
Wurmbrand,  Count,  162,  166 
Wurmsee,  Lake-dwelling  in,  153 
Wurthen,  Dr.  Hartmann  on,  344 
Wiirzburg,  Lake-dwelling  at,  303 

Yetholm  L.,  Crannog  in,  449 
Yoan  L. ,  Crannog  in,  395 
Yoke  for  cattle,  25,  113,  499 

Zintgraff,  Mr.,  40 
Zug,  Lake  of,  79 

— ,  Lake-dwelling  at,  79 
Zurich,  Lake  of,  1—20 
Zweieren,  Lake-dwelling  at,  80 
Zwirndreher,  111 


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F.  E.  HULME,  F.L.S.     Complete  in  Five  Series.     Cloth  gilt,  125.  6d.  each. 
Gardening,  Cassell's  Popular.    Illustrated.     Complete  in  4  Vols. ,  55.  each. 
Geometrical  Drawing  for  Army  Candidates.    By  H.  T.  LILLE Y,  M.A.    as. 
Geometry,  First  Elements  of  Experimental.    By  PAUL  BERT.     is.  6d. 
Geometry,  Practical  Solid.    By  Major  Ross.     25. 
Gleanings  from  Popular  Authors.     Two  Vols.      With  Original  Illustrations. 

4to,  95.  each.     Two  Vols.  in  One,  155. 

Grandison  Mather.    By  HENRY  HARLAND  (Sidney  Luska).    Cloth,  33.  6d. 
Great  Eastern  Railway,  The  Official  Illustrated  Guide  to  the.    is. ;  cloth,  23. 
Great  Northern  Railway,  The  Official  Illustrated  Guide  to  the.   is. ;  cloth,  23. 
Great  Western  Railway,  The  Official  Illustrated  Guide  to  the.     New  and 

Revised  Edition,     is.  ;  cloth,  2s. 

Gulliver's  Travels.  With  88  Engravings  by  MORTEN.  Cheap  Edition.  Cloth, 
35.  6d.  ;  cloth  gilt,  55. 

Four  Years   in  Parliament  with    Hard  Labour.      By  C.   W.    RADCLIFFS 

COOKR,  M.P.     Third  Edition,     is. 


Selections  from  Cassell  d:  Company's  Publications. 


Bun  and  its  Development,  The.    By  W.  W.  GREENER.     Illustrated.     los.  6d. 

Guns,  Modern  Shot.     By  W.  W.  GREENER.     Illustrated.    55. 

Bealth  at  School.    By  CLEMENT  DUKES,  M.D.,  B.S.    75.  6d. 

Health,  The  Book  of.     By  Eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons.     Cloth,  sis. 

Health,  The  Influence  of  Clothing  on.    By  F.  TREVES,  F.R.C.S.    as. 

Heavens,  The  Story  of  the.  By  .Sir  ROBERT  STAWELL  BALL,  LL.D.,  F.R.S. 
Coloured  Plates  and  Wood  Engravings.  Popular  Edition,  125.  6d. 

Heroes  of  Britain  in  Peace  and  War.  In  Two  Vols. ,  with  300  Original  Illus- 
trations. 55.  each  ;  or  One  Vol.,  library  binding,  los.  6d. 

Holiday  Studies  of  Wordsworth.    By  F.  A.  MALLESON,  M.A.    55. 

Horse,  The  Book  of  the.  By  SAMUEL  SIDNEY.  With  28  Fac-simile  Coloured 
Plates.  Demy  410,  355.  ;  half- morocco,  ^2  55. 

Houghton,  Lord :  The  Life,  Letters,  and  Friendships  of  Richard  Monckton 
Milnes.  First  Lord  Houghton.  By  T.  WEMYSS  REID.  Two  Vols.,  with 
Portraits,  325. 

Household,  CasselTs  Book  of  the.    Illustrated.  Complete  in  Four  Vols.  53.  each. 

How  Women  may  Earn  a  Living.    By  MERCY  GROG  AN.     Cheap  Edition,  6d. 

Hygiene  and  Public  Health.     By  B.  ARTHUR  WHITELEGGE,  M.  D.    75.  6d. 

India,  CasselTs  History  of.    By  JAMES  GRANT.     With  400  Illustrations.     155. 

In-door   Amusements,  Card  Games,  and  Fireside  Fun,  CasselTs  Book  of. 

With  numerous  Illustrations.     Cheap  Edition.     Cloth,  2s. 

Industrial  Remuneration  Conference.    The  Report  of.    23.  6d. 
Irish  Leagues,  The  Work  of  the.    The  Speech  of  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  HENRY 
JAMES,  Q.C.,  M.P.,  Replying  in  the  Parnell  Commission  Inquiry.     6s. 

Irish  Parliament,  A  Miniature  History  of  the.  By  J.  C.  HASLAM.  sd. 
Irish  Union,  The :  Before  and  After.  By  A.  K.  CONNELL,  M.A.  25.  6d. 
"Japanese"  Library,  Cassell' s.  Consisting  of  12  Popular  Works  bound  in 

Japanese  style.     Covers  in  water-colour  pictures,     is.  3d.  each,  net. 

Handy  Andy.  Oliver  Twist.  Ivanhoe.  Ingoldsby  Legends.  The  Last  of  the 
Mohicans.  The  Last  Days  of  Pompeii.  The  Yellowplush  Papers.  The  Last  Days  of 
Palmyra.  Jack  Hinton  the  Guardsman.  Selections  from  the  Works  of  Thomas 
Hood.  American  Humour.  Tower  of  London. 

John  Orlebar,  Clk.    By  the  Author  of  "  Culmshire  Folk."    25. 

John  Parmelee's  Curse.    By  JULIAN  HAWTHORNE.    25.  6d. 

Karmel  the  Scout    A  Novel.    By  SYLVANUS  COBB,  Junr.    Cloth,  35.  6d. 

Kennel  Guide,  Practical  By  Dr.  GORDON  STABLES.  Illustrated.  Cheap  Edition,  is. 

Khiva,  A  Ride  to.    By  CoL  FRED  BURNABY.    is.  6d. 

Kidnapped.    By  R.  L.  STBVENSON.     Illustrated  Edition,  55. 

King  Solomon's  Mines.    By  H.  RIDER  HAGGARD.    Illustrated  Edition,  55. 

Ladies'  Physician,  The.     By  a  London  Physician.    6s. 

Lake  Dwellings  of  Europe.  By  ROBERT  MUNRO,  M.D.,  M.A.    Cloth,  315.  6d. 

Latin-Quarter  Courtship,  A.  By  HENRY  HARLAND  (Sidney  Luska).  Cloth,  33. 6d. 

Law,  How  to  Avoid.    By  A.  J.  WILLIAMS,  M.  P.     Cheap  Edition,  is. 

Laws  of  Every-Day  Life,  The.     By  H.  O.  ARNOLD-FORSTER.     is.  6d. 

Letts's  Diaries  and  other  Time-saving  Publications  are  now  published  exclu- 
sively by  CASSELL  &  COMPANY.  (A  List  sent  post  free  on  application.) 

Loans   Manual    By  CHARLES  P.  COTTON.    55. 

Local  Option  in  Norway.    By  THOMAS  M.  WILSON,  C.E.     is. 

London  and  North  Western  Railway,  Official  Illustrated  Guide,     is. 

London  and  South  Western  Railway,  Official  Illustrated  Guide,     is. 

London,  Brighton  and  South  Coast  Railway,  Official  Illustrated  Guide,   is. 

London,  Greater.  By  EDWARD  WALFORD.  Two  Vols.  With  about  400 
Illustrations.  95.  each.  Library  Edition.  Two  Vols.  ;£i  the  set. 

London,  Old  and  New.     By  WALTER  THORNBURY  and  EDWARD  WALFORD. 

Six  Vols.,  each  containing  about  200  Illustrations  and  Maps.   Cloth,  95.  each.   Library 
Edition.     Imitation  roxburgh,  .£3. 

London   Street   Arabs.      By  MRS.   H.   M.   STANLEY  (DOROTHY  TENNANT). 

Collection  of  Pictures.     Descriptive  Text  by  the  Artist.     55. 

Master  of  Ballantrae.  The.    By  ROBERT  Louis  STEVENSON.    55. 


Selections  frovi  Cassell  &  Company's  Publications. 

Mechanics,  The  Practical  Dictionary  of.  Containing  15,000  Drawings.  Four 
Vols.  a  is.  each.  *b 

Medical  Handbook  of  Life  Assurance.     By  JAMES  EDWARD  POLLOCK,  M.D., 
F.R.C.P.,  and  JAMES  CHISHOLM,  Fellow  of  the  Institute  of  Actuaries,  London.  75.  6d. 
Medicine,  Manuals  for  Students  of.    (A  List  forwarded  post  free  on  application.} 
Metropolitan  Year-Book,  The.    Paper,  is. ;  cloth,  23. 
Metzerott.  Shoemaker.    55. 

Midland  Railway,  The  Official  Illustrated  Guide  to  the.    Cloth,  2s. 
Modern  Europe,  A  History  of.     By  C.  A.  FYFFE,  M.A.     Three  Vols.,  125.  each. 
Music,   niustrated  History  of.     By  EMIL  NAUMANN.     Edited  by  the  Rev. 

Sir  F.  A.  GORE  OUSELEY,  Bart.     Illustrated.     Two  Vols.     315.  6d. 
National  Library,   CasselTs.      In  Volumes.      Paper  Covers,   sd.  ;  cloth,   6d. 
(A  Complete  List  of  the  Volumes  post  free  on  application.') 

Natural  History,  CasselTs  Concise.    By  E.  PERCEVAL  WRIGHT,  M.A.,  M.D., 

F.L.S.    With  several  Hundred  Illustrations.     75.  6d.  ;  roxburgh,  IDS.  6d. 
Natural  History,  CasselTs  New.     Edited  by  Prof.  P.  MARTIN  DUNCAN,  M.R, 
F.R.S.,  F.G.S.   Complete  in  Six  Vols.  With  about  2,000  Illustrations.  Cloth,  gs.  each. 

Nature's  Wonder  Workers.    By  KATE  R.  LOVELL.     Illustrated.    53. 
Navy,  Royal,  All  About  The.    By  W.  LAIRD  CLOWES.    Illustrated.      Price  is. 
Nelson,  The  Life  of.    By  ROBERT  SOUTHEY.     Illustrated  with  Eight  Plates,  33.  6d. 
Noughts  and  Crosses :    Stories,  Studies,  and  Sketches.     By  Q.     Cloth,  53. 

Nursing  for  the  Home  and  for  the  Hospital,  A  Handbook  of.  By  CATHE- 
RINE J.  WOOD.  Cheap  Edition,  is.  6d.  ;  cloth,  25. 

Nursing  of  Sick  Children,  A  Handbook  for  the.  By  CATHERINE  J.  WOOD.  23.  6d. 

Orations  and  After-Dinner  Speeches.    By  the  Hon.  C.  M.  DEPEW.    73.  6d. 

Our  Own  Country.     Six  Vols.     With  1,200  Illustrations.     Cloth,  75.  6d.  each. 

Pactolus  Prime.    A  Novel.    By  ALBION  W.  TOURGEE.    53.  ** 

Painting,  The  English  School  of.  By  ERNEST  CHESNEAU.  Translated  by 
V*-  L.  N.  ETHERINGTON.  With  an  Introduction  by  Professor  RUSKIN.  55. 

Paxton's  Flower  Garden.     With  100  Coloured  Plates.     (Price  on  application). 

People  I've  Smiled  With.  Recollections  of  a  Merry  Little  Life.  By  MARSHALL 
P.  WILDER.  25. 

Peoples  of  the  World,  The.  By  Dr.  ROBERT  BROWN.  Complete  in  Six  Volumes. 
With  Illustrations.  ?s.  6d.  each. 

Phantom  City,  The.    By  W.  WEST  ALL.    53. 

Photography  for  Amateurs.  By  T.  C.  HEPWORTH.  Illustrated,  is. ;  or  cloth,  is.  6d. 

Phrase  and  Fable,  Dictionary  of.     By  the  Rev.  Dr.  BREWER.     Cheap  Edition, 

Enlarged,  cloth,  35.  6d.  ;  or  with  leather  back,  45.  6d. 
Picturesque  America.    Complete  in  Four  Vols.,  with  48  Exquisite  Steel  Plates, 

and  about  800  Original  Wood  Engravings.     £2  23.  each. 

Picturesque  Australasia,  Cassell's.  With  upwards  of  1,000  Illustrations.  Com- 
plete in  Four  Vols.,  75.  6d.  each. 

Picturesque  Canada.  With  about  600  Original  Illustrations.  Two  Vols., 
£3  35.  each. 

Picturesque  Europe.  Complete  in  Five  Vols.  Each  containing  13  Exquisite  Steel 
Plates,  from  Original  Drawings,  and  nearly  200  Original  Illustrations.  £21  \  half- 
morocco,  £31  los.  ;  morocco  gilt,  £52  los.  Popular  Edition.  In  Five  Vols.,  i8s.  each. 

Picturesque  Mediterranean,  The.     With  a  Series  of  Magnificent  Illustrations 

from  Original  Designs  by  leading  Artists  of  the  day.     Vol.  I.,  cloth,  £2  25. 

Pigeon  Keeper,  The  Practical    By  LEWIS  WRIGHT.     Illustrated.    33.  6d. 
Plgeons.The  Book  of.  By  ROBERT  FULTON.   Edited  by  LEWIS  WRIGHT.  With 

50  Coloured  Plates  and  numerous  Wood  Engravings.     315.  6d. ;  half-morocco,  £2  as. 
Pocket  Guide  to  Europe  (Cassell's).    Size  5$  in.  x  sf  in.     Leather,  6s. 
Poems,  Aubrey  de  Vere's.    A  Selection.     Edited  by  JOHN  DENNIS.     33.  6d. 
Poets,  Cassell's  Miniature  Library  of  the  :— 


Burns.    Two  Vols.    Cloth,  is.  each  ;  or  cloth, 
(fill  edges,  as.  6d.  the  set. 


edges, 
.    Tw 


set 


.      . 
Byron.    Two  Vols.    Cloth,  is.  each  ;  or  cloth, 

,  is.  each  ;  or  cloth, 
gilt  edges,  as.  6d.  the  set. 
Longfellow.    Two  Vols.    Cloth,  is.  each  ;  or 
cloth,  gilt  edges,  as.  6<1.  the  set 


pit  edges,  as.  6d.  the  se 
Hood.    Two  Vols.    Cloth, 


Shakespeare.    Twelve  Vols..  half  cloth,  in  box.  ITS. 


Milton.    Two  Vols.    Cloth,  is.  each  ;  or  cloth, 

gilt  edges,  as.  6d.  the  set. 
Scott.    Two  Vols.    Cloth,  is.  each;  or  clotx 

gilt  edges,  as.  6d.  the  set. 
Sheridan  and  Goldsmith,   a  Vols.  Cloth.  ii. 

each  ;  or  cloth,_gilt  edges,  as.  6d.  the  set    . 
Wordsworth.    Two  Vols.    Cloth,  is.  each ; 

or  cloth,  gilt  edges,  as.  6d.  the  set 


Selections  from   Cassell  &  Company's  Publications. 


Political  Questions  of  the  Day,  A  Manual  of.    By  SYDNEY  BUXTON,  M.P. 

New  and  Enlarged  Edition.    Paper  Covers,  is.;  or  cloth,  is.  6d.  ^ 

Polytechnic  Series,   The.     Practical  Illustrated  Manuals  specially  prepared  for 
Students  of  the  Polytechnic  Institute,  and  suitable  for  the  Use  of  all  Students. 
Forty  Lessons  in  Carpentry  Workshop  Practice,    is. 
Practical   Plane   and   Solid  Q-eometry,  including   Graphic   Arithmetic.    Vol.    J. 

ELEMENTARY  STAGE.    35. 

I*ort>  Lessons  in  Engineering  Workshop  Practice,    is.  6d. 

Technical  Scales.   Set  of  Ten  in  cloth  case,  is.       Also  on  celluloid  (in  case),  los.  6d.  the  set. 
Elementary  Chemistry  for  Science  Schools  and  Classes,    is.  6d. 
Building  Construction  Plates.    A  Series  of  40  Drawings,  Royal  Folio  size,  ijd.  each. 

Portrait  Gallery,  The  Cabinet.  Containing  36  Cabinet  Photographs  of 
Eminent  Men  and  Women  of  the  day.  With  Biographical  Sketches.  First  Series.  155. 

Poultry  Keeper,  The  Practical  By  LEWIS  WRIGHT.  With  Coloured  Plates 
and  Illustrations.  35.  6d. 

Poultry,  The  Book  Of.  By  LEWIS  WRIGHT.  Popular  Edition.  Illustrated.   IDS.  6d. 

Poultry,  The  Illustrated  Book  of.    By  LEWIS  WRIGHT.    With  Fifty  Exquisite 

Coloured  Plates,  and  numerous  Wood  Engravings.     Revised  Edition.  Cloth,  315.  6d. 

Queen  Victoria,  The  Life  and  Times  of.  By  ROBERT  WILSON.  Complete  in 
2  Vols.  With  numerous  Illustrations.  95.  each. 

Rabbit-Keeper,  The  Practical.     By  CUNICULUS.    Illustrated.    33.  6d. 
Railway  Library,  CasselTs.     Crown  8vo,  boards,  as.  each. 

Jack  Gordon,  Knight  Errant.    By  W.  C. 

Hudson  (B  relay  North). 
The  Diamond  Button :  Whose  Was  It  ? 

By  W.  C.  Hudson  (Barclay  North). 


The  Astonishing  History  of  Troy  Town. 
The  Admirable  Lady  Biddy  Fane.    By 

Commodore  Junk.    By  G.  Manville  Fenn. 
St.  Cuthbert  s  Tower.     By  Florence  War- 

The  Man  wifi  a  Thumb.     By  W.  C.  Hud- 
son  (Barclay  North). 

f  Bight  Not  Law.    By  R.  Sherard. 

ithin  Souni  of  the  \ATeir    By   Thomas 
St.  E.  Hake. 
Under  a  Strange  Mask.  By  Frank  Barrett. 
The  CoombsberrowMystery.  ByJ.Colwall. 
Dead  Man's  Book.    By  Q. 
A  Queer  Race.    By  W.  Westall. 
C  -ptain  Trafalgar.    By  Westall  and  Laurie. 
The  Phantom  City.    By  W.  Westall. 


By 

Wi 


By  w.  t 
other's 


Another's  Crime.    By  Julian  Hawthorne. 


The  Yoke  of  the  Thorah.  By  Sidney 
Luska. 

Who  is  John  Noman  P  By  C.  Henry  Beckett. 

The  Tragedy  of  Brinkwater.  By  Martha 
L.  Moodey. 

An  American  Penman.  Py  Julian  Haw- 
thorne. 

Section  558;  or,  The  Fatal  Letter.  By 
Julian  Hawthorne. 

The  Brown  Stone  Boy.  By  W.  H.  Bishop. 

A  Tragic  Mystery.    By  Julian  Hawthorne 


The   Great  Bank  Robbery.     By   Julian 
Hawthorne. 


;y  Julian 
'bbery. 


Redgrave,  Richard,  C.B.,  R.A.  Memoir.  Compiled  from  his  diary.  By  F.  M.  RED- 
GRAVE. IDS.  6d. 

Richard,  Henry,  M.P.  A  Biography.  By  CHARLES  MIALL.   With  Portrait.  75.  6d. 

Rivers  of  Great  Britain,  The:  Descriptive,  Historical,  Pictorial.  RIVERS 
OF  THE  EAST  COAST.  Royal  4to.  425. 

Rossetti,    Dante   Gabriel,    as    Designer   and   Writer.     Notes  by  WFLIAM 

MICHAEL  ROSSETTI.     75.  6d. 
Royal  River,  The :  The  Thames,  from  Source  to  Sea.    With  Descriptive  Text 

and  a  Series  of  beautiful  Engravings.     £2  zs. 

Russia,  Through,  on  a  Mustang.    By  THOMAS  STEVENS.    75.  6d. 
Russo-TurMsh  War,  CasselTs  History  of.    With  about  500  Illustrations.    Two 
Vols.,  95.  each  ;  library  binding,  One  Vol.,  153. 

Sanitary  Institutions,  English,  Reviewed  in  their  Course  of  Development, 
and  in  some  of  their  Political  and  Social  Relations.  By  Sir  JOHN  SIMON, 

K.C.B.,  F.R.S.     i8s. 

Saturday  Journal,  Cassell's.    Illustrated  throughout.    Yearly  Volume,  73.  6d. 
Science  for  All.    Edited  by  Dr.  ROBERT  BROWN,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  &c.     Revised 

Edition.     With  1,500  Illustrations.     Five  Vols.,  gs.  each. 

Sea,  The:  Its  Stirring  Story  of  Adventure,  Peril,  and  Heroism.  By 
F.  WHYMPER.  With  400  Illustrations.  Four  Vols.,  75.  6d.  each. 

Secret  of  the  Lamas,  The.     A  Tale  of  Thibet.     Crown  8vo,  53. 

Sent  Back  by  the  Angels ;  and  other  Ballads  of  Home  and  Homely  Life.  By 
FREDERICK  LANGBRIDGE,  M.A.  Popular  Edition,  is. 

Bhaftesbury,  The  Seventh  Earl  of,  K.G.,  The  Life  and  Work  of.    By  EDWIN 

HODDER.    With  Portraits.     Three  Vols.,  36s.     Popular  Edition,  in  One  Vol.,  7s.  6d. 

Shakespeare,  CasselTs  Quarto  Edition.  Edited  by  CHARLES  and  MARY  COWDEN 

CLARKE,  and  containing  about  600  Illustrations  by  H.  C.  SELOUS.  Complete  in 
Three  Vols.,  cloth  gilt,  £3  35.— Also  published  in  Three  separate  Volumes,  in  cloth, 
viz.  : — The  COMEDIES,  2is. ;  The  HISTORICAL  PLAYS,  i8s.  6d. ;  The  TRAGEDIES,  255. 


Selections  from  Cos  sell  &  Company's  Ptiblications. 
Shakespeare,  Miniature,     Illustrated.      In  Twelve  Vols.,  in  box,  125.  ;   or  in 

Red  Paste  Grain  (box  to  match),  with  spring  catch,  lettered  in  gold,  215. 

Shakespeare,  The  Plays  of.     Edited  by  Prof.  HENRY  MORLEY.     Complete  in 

Thirteen  Vols.     Cloth,  in  box,  2is..;  half- morocco,  cloth  sides,  425. 
Shakespeare,  The  England  of.  By  E.  GOADBY.  Illustrated.  New  Edition,  as.  6d. 
Shakspere,  The  International.    Edition  de  luxe. 

"Othello."     Illustrated  by  FKANK  DICKSEE,  A.R.A.     ,£3  los. 

"  King  Henry  IV."     Illustrated  by  Herr  EDUARD  GK()TZNER.     £3  los. 

"As  You  Like  It."     Illustrated  by  Mons.  EMILH  BAYARD.     £3  los. 

"Romeo  and  Juliet."     Illustrated  by  FRANK  DICKSEE,  A.R.A.   £7  xos. 
Shakspere,  The  Leopold.    With  400  Illustrations,  and  an  Introduction  by  F.  J. 

FURNIVALL.     Cheap  Edition,  35.  6d.      Cloth  gilt,  gilt  edges,  55.  ;  roxburgh,  75.  6d. 
Shakspere,  The  RoyaL     With  Exquisite  Steel  Plates  and  Wood  Engravings. 

Three  Vols.     155.  each. 

Skin  and  Hair,  The  Management  of  the.    By  MALCOLM  MORRIS,  F.  R.  C.S.    23. 
Social  Welfare,  Subjects  of.  By  the  Rt.  Hon.  SIR  LYON  PLAYFAIR,  M.P.  75. 6d. 
South  Eastern  Railway,  The  Official  Illustrated  Guide  to  The.    is.  ;  cloth,  23. 
Spectacles,  How  to  Select.     By  CHARLES  BELL  TAYLOR,  F.R.C.S.     is. 
Splendid  Spur,  The.     By  Q,  Author  of  "Dead  Man's  Rock,"  &c.     53. 
Sports  and  Pastimes,  CasselTs  Complete   Book  of.      With  more  than  900 

Illustrations.     Cheap  Edition,  35.  6d. 
Standard  Library,  CasselTs.     Stiff  covers,  is.  each  ;  cloth,  23.  each. 

ary  Barton.  The  Prince  of  the  House  of  David. 


?he  Antiquary. 


^ 


icholas  Nickleby.    Two  Vols. 
Jane  Eyre. 
Wuthering  Heights. 
The  Prairie. 

Dombey  and  Son.    Two  Vols. 
Night  and  Morning. 
Kenilworth. 

The  Ingoldsby  Legends. 
Tower  of  London. 

he  Pioneers. 


arles  O'Malley. 

rnaby  Rudge. 
Cakes  and  Ale. 
The  King's  Own. 

I 


eople  I  have  Met. 
"  e  Pathfinder, 
elina. 


Scott's  Poems. 

Las  i  of  the  Barons. 

Adventures  of  Mr.  Ledbury. 

Ivanhoe. 

Oliver  Twist. 

Selections  from  Hood's  Works. 


Lou 
Ben 


ngfellow's  Prose  Works. 

use  and  Sensibility. 
Alton's  Plays, 
lies,    Poems,     and     Sketches     (Bret 

Harte). 


Martin  Chuzzlewit.    Two  Vols. 


Sheridan's  Plays. 
Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 
Deerslayer. 
Eugene  Aram. 

Jack  Hinton,  the  Q-uardsman. 
Rome  and  the  Early  Christians. 
The  Trials  of  Margaret  Lyndsay. 
Edgar  Allan  Poe.    Prose  and  Poetry,  Selec- 
tions from. 
Old  Mortality. 
The  Hour  and  the  Man. 
Washington  Irving's  Sketch-Book. 
Last  Days  of  Palmyra. 
Tales  or  the  Borders. 
'Pride  and  Prejudice. 
Last  of  the  Mohicans. 
Heart  of  Midlothian. 
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Yellowplush  Papers. 
Handy  Andy. 
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American  Humour. 
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Macaulay's  Lays  and  Selected  Essays. 
Harry  Lorrequer. 


tarry! 
lid  Cu 


Old  Curiosity  Shop. 

Bienzi. 

The  Talisman. 

Pickwick.    Two  Vols. 

Scarlet  Letter. 


Stanley  in  East  Africa,  Scouting  for.  Being  a  Record  of  the  Adventures  of 
THOMAS  STBVKNS  in  search  of  H.  M.  STANLEY.  With  14  Illustrations.  Cloth,  75.  6d. 

Star-Land.    By  Sir  ROBERT  STA WELL  BALL,  LL.D.,  &c.     Illustrated.     6s. 

Storehouse  of  General  Information,  Cassell's.  Fully  Illustrated  with  High- 
Class  Wood  Engravings,  and  with  Maps  and  Coloured  Plates.  In  Vols.,  55.  each. 

Strange  Doings  in  Strange  Places.  Complete  Sensational  Stories  by  Popular 
Authors.  55. 

Teaching  in  Three  Continents.  Personal  Notes  on  the  Educational  Systems  of 
the  World.  By  W.  C.  GRASBY.  6s. 

Thackeray,  Character  Sketches  from.  Six  New  «md  Original  Drawings  by 
FREDERICK  BARNARD,  reproduced  in  Photogravure,  ais. 

Tot  Book  for  all  Public  Examinations.     By  W.  S.  THOMSON,  M.A.     is. 

Treasure  Island.     By  R.  L.  STEVENSON.     Illustrated.    53. 

Treatment,  The  Year-Book  of.     A  Critical  Review  for  Practitioners  of  Medicine 

and  Surgery.     Greatly  Enlarged.     503  pages.     75.  6d. 

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Two  Women  or  One?    From  the  Manuscripts  of  Doctor  LEONARD  DENARY.     By 

HENRY  HARLAND  (Sidney  Luska).     is. 
"Unicode":    The  Universal   Telegraphic   Phrase  Book.      Pocket  and  Desk 

Editions.     25.  6d.  each. 

United  States,  CasseU's  History  of  the.  By  the  late  EDMUND  OLLIER.  With  600 

Illustrations.     Three  Vols.,  gs.  each. 

Universal  History,  CasselTs  Illustrated.  With  nearly  ONE  THOUSAND 
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Vaccination  Vindicated.  An  Answer  to. the  leading  Anti-Vaccinators.  By  JOHN 
C.  McVAiL,  M.D.,  D.P.H.  Camb.  55. 

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i6th,  lyth,  and  i8th  of  June,  1815,  by  officers  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington's  staff  and 

others.      Edited,   with   Explanatory  Notes,    by    MAJOR-GENEKAL    SIBORNE,    C.  B. 

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Web  of  Gold,  A.      By    KATHARINE  PEARSON  WOODS,  Author  of  "  Metzeroti, 

Shoemaker."    6s. 

What  Girls  Can  Do.    By  PHYLLIS  BROWNE.    25.  6d. 
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Woman's  World,  The.     Yearly  Volume.     i8s. 

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Work.  -  An  Illustrated  Magazine  of  Practice  and  Theory  for  all  Workmen,  Pro- 
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World  Before  the  Deluge,  The.  Edited  and  Revised  by  the  late  H.  W. 
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World's  Lumber  Room,  The.    By  SELINA  GAYE.     Illustrated.    23.  6d. 

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V  Full  particulars  of  CASSELL  &  COMPANY'S  Monthly  Serial  Publications 
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Selections  from  Cassell  &  Company's  Publications. 

attb  JUlitjinus  HJorhs. 

Bible,    Cassell's  lUustrated   Family.     With  900  Illustrations.      Leather,  gilt 

edges,  £2  ios.  ;  full  morocco,  £3  ios. 
Bible  Dictionary,  Cassell's.    With  nearly  600  Illustrations.     75.  6d. ;   roxburgh, 

ios.  6d. 
Bible  Educator,  The.    Edited  by  the  Very  Rev.  Dean  PLUMPTRE,  D.D.     With 

Illustrations,  Maps,  &c.     Four  Vols. ,  cloth,  6s.  each. 

Bible  Student  in  the  British  Museum,  The.    By  the  Rev.  J.  G.  KITCHIN, 

M.A.     is. 

Biblewomen  and  Nurses.    Yearly  Volume,  35. 
Bunyan's   Pilgrim's    Progress,  and    the    Holy   War,   Cassell's    Illustrated 

Edition  Of.     With  200  Original  Illustrations.     Demy  410,  cloth,  i6s. 

Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Progress  (Cassell's  lUustrated).    410.    75.  6d. 
Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Progress.    With  Illustrations.     Cheap  Edition,  23.  6d. 

Child's  Bible,  The.  With  200  Illustrations.  Demy  4to,  830  pp.  iso/A  Thousand. 
Cheap  Edition,  75.  6d.  Superior  Edition,  with  6  Co'oured  Plates,  gilt  edges,  ios.  6d. 

Child's  Life  of  Christ,  The.  Complete  in  One  Handsome  Volume,  with  about 
200  Original  Illustrations.  CJieap  Edition,  cloth,  75.  6d. ;  or  with  6  Coloured  Plates, 
cloth,  gilt  edges,  ios.  6d.  Demy  410,  gilt  edges,  2is. 

"Come,  ye  Children."    By  the  Rev.  BENJAMIN  WAUGH.     Illustrated.    53. 
Commentary,    The  New   Testament,  for  English  Readers.     Edited    by  the 
Rt.  Rev.  C.  J.  ELLICOTT,  D.D.,  Lord   Bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol.     In  Three 
Volumes,  215.  each. 

Vol.     1.— The-  Pour  Gospels. 

Vol.    II.— The  Acts,  Romans,  Corinthians,  Q-alatians. 

Vol.  III.— The  remaining  Books  of  the  New  Testament. 

Commentary,  The  Old  Testament,  for  English  Readers.    Edited  by  the  RL 

Rev.  C.  J.  ELLICOTT,  D.D.,  Lord  Bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol.      Complete  in 
5  Vols.,  2is.  each. 

Vol.    I.— Genesis  to  Numbers.  I          Vol.  III.— Kings  I.  to  Esther. 

Vol.  II. — Deuteronomy  to  Samuel  II.  Vol.  IV. — Job  to  Isaiah 

Vol.  V.-Jeremiah  to  Malachi. 

Commentary,  The  New  Testament.  Edited  by  Bishop  ELLICOTT.  Handy 
Volume  Edition.  Suitable  for  School  and  general  use. 


t  Matthew.   35.  6d. 
Mark.    35. 
Luke.    35.  6d. 
John.    35.  6d. 

The  Acts    of  the    Apostles. 
3»-6d. 


Romans,    as.  6d. 
Corinthians  I.  and  II.    35. 
Galatians,    Ephesians,    and 

Philippians.    35. 
Colossians,     Thessalonians, 

and  Timothy.    33. 


Titus,   Philemon,    Hebrews, 

. 

John.    35. 

35. 

An  Introduction  to  the  New 
Testament.    25.  6d. 


and  James.  . 
Peter,  Jude,  and 
The  Bevelation. 


Commentary,  The  Old  Testament  Edited  by  Bishop  ELLICOTT.  Handy  Volume 

Edition.     Suitable  for  School  and  general  use. 

Genesis.    35. 6d.  I        Leviticus.    35.  I          Deuteronomy,    as.  6d. 

Exodus.    3$.  |        Numbers,    as.  6d.  ( 

Dictionary  of  Religion,  The.  An  Encyclopaedia  of  Christian  and  other 
Religious  Doctrines,  Denominations,  Sects,  Heresies,  Ecclesiastical  Terms,  History, 
Biography,  &c.  &c.  By  the  Rev.  WILLIAM  BENHAM,  B.D.  Cloth,  2is.  ;  roxburgh,  255. 

Dore  Bible.     With  230  Illustrations  by  GUSTAVE  DORE.       Original  Edition. 

Two  Vols.,  best  morocco,  gilt  edges,  £15. 

Early  Days  of  Christianity,  The.  By  the  Ven.  Archdeacon  FARRAR,  D.  D.,  F.  R.S. 
LIBRARY  EDITION.    Two  Vols.,  245. ;  morocco,  £2  25. 
POPULAR  EDITION.      Complete  in  One  Volume,   cloth,   6s.  ;    cloth,   gilt  edges, 

73.  6d.  ;  Per>ian  morocco,  ios.  6d.  ;  tree-calf,  155. 

Family  Prayer-Book,  The.  Edited  by  the  Rev.  Canon  GARBETT,  M.A.,  and 
the  Rev.  S.  MARTIN.  Extra  crown  410,  cloth,  55. ;  morocco,  i8s. 

Gleanings  after  Harvest    Studies  and  Sketches.     By  the  Rev  JOHN  R.  VERNON 

M.A.     Illustrated.     6s. 

Gospel  of  Grace,  The.     By  a  LINDESIE.     Cloth,  as.  6d. 

"Graven  in  the  Rock."     By  the  Rev.  Dr.  SAMUEL  KINNS,  F.R.A.S.,  &c.  &c. 

Illustrated.     ias.  6d. 


Selections  jrom  Cassell  &  Company's  Publications. 


'Heart  Chords."    A  Series  of  Works  by  Eminent  Divines.     Bound  in  cloth,  red 
edges,  is.  each. 


My  Father.    By  the  Right  Rev.  Ashton  Oxenden, 
late  Bishop  or  Montreal. 

My  Bible.    By  the  Rt.  Rev.  W.  Boyd  Carpenter, 
Bishop  of  Ripon. 

My  Work  for  G-od.    By  the  Right  Rev.  Bishop 
CotteriU. 

My  Object  in  Life.     By  the  Ven.  Archdeacon 
Farrar,  D.D. 

spirations.   By  the  Rev.  G.  Matheson.  D.D. 
motional  Life.    By  the  Rev.  Preb.  Chad- 
wick.  D.D. 

My  Body.    By  the  Rev.  Prof.  W.  G.  Blaikie,  D.D. 


My  Soul.    By  the  Rev.  P.  B.  Power,  M.A. 

My  Growth  in  Divine    Life.     By  the   Rev. 

Prebendary  Reynolds,  M.A. 
My  Hereafter.    By  the  Very  Rev.  Dean  Bicker- 

steth. 
My  Walk  with  Ood.     By  the  Very  Rev.  Dean 

Montgomery. 
My  Aids  to  the  Divine  Life.     By  the  Very 

Rev.  Dean  Boyle. 
My  Sources  of  Strength.    By  the  Rev.  E.  E. 

Jenkins,    M.A.,    Secretary    of    the   Wesleyan 

Missionary  Society. 


Helps  to  Belief.  A  Series  of  Helpful  Manuals  on  the  Religious  Difficulties  of  the 
Day.  Edited  by  the  Rev.  TEIGNMOUTH  SHORE,  M.A./Canon  of  Worcester,  and 
Chaplain-in-Ordinary  to  the  Queen.  Cloth,  is.  each. 


CREATION.    By  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Carlisle. 
MIRACLES.      By  the   Rev.  Brownlow  Mait- 

land,  M.A. 
PRAYER.    By  the  Rev.  T.  Teignmouth  Shore, 


THE  MORALITY  OF  THE  OLD  TESTAMENT.  By 
the  Rev.  Newman  Smyth,  D.D. 

THE  DIVINITY  OF  OUR  LORD.    By  the  Lord 
Bishop  of  Derry. 


THE  ATONEMENT.    By  William  Connor  Magee,  D.D.,  Late  Archbishop  of  York. 
Hid  Treasure.    By  RICHARD  HARRIS  HILL.     is. 

Holy  Land  and  the  Bible,  The.     A  Book  of  Scripture  Illustrations  gathered 
in  Palestine.   By  the  Rev.  CUNNINGHAM  GEIKIE,  D.D.     With  Map.   Two  Vols.    245. 

Life  of  Christ,  The.     By  the  Ven.  Archdeacon  FARRAR,  D.D.,  F.R.S.,  Chaplain- 
in-Ordinary  to  the  Queen. 

ILLUSTRATED  EDITION,  with  about  300  Original  Illustrations.      Extra  crown  410, 

morocco  antique,  423. 

LIBRARY  EDITION.    Two  Vols.     Cloth,  245. ;  morocco,  425. 

POPULAR  EDITION,  in  One  Vol.    8vo,  cloth,  6s.;    cloth,  gilt  edges,  75.  6d. ;    Persian 
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Marriage    Ring,    The.      By    WILLIAM    LANDELS,    D.D.       Bound    in  white 
leatherette.     New  and  Cheaper  Edition,  35.  6d. 

Moses   and  Geology;   or,  the  Harmony  of  the  Bible  with  Science.     By 

the  Rev.  SAMUEL  KINNS,  Ph.D.,  F.R.A.S.     Illustrated.     Cheap  Edition,  6s. 
My  Comfort  in  Sorrow.    By  HUGH  MACMILLAN,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  &c.,  Author  of 

"  Bible  Teachings  in  Nature,"  &c.    Cloth,  is. 
Protestantism,  The  History  of.    By  the  Rev.  J.  A.  WYLIE,  LL.D.     Containing 

upwards  of  600  Original  Illustrations.     Three  Vols.,  275.  ;  Library  Edition,  305. 

"Quiver"  Yearly  Volume,  The.      With  about  600  Original  Illustrations  and 

Coloured  Frontispiece.     75.  6d.     Also  Monthly,  6d. 
St.  George   for   England ;   and  other  Sermons  preached  to  Children.       Fifth 

Edition.     By  the  Rev.  T.  TEIGNMOUTH  SHORE,  M.A.,  Canon  of  Worcester.     55. 

St.  Paul,  The  Life  and  Work  of.      By  the  Ven.  Archdeacon  FARRAR,  D.D., 
F.R.S.,  Chaplain-in-Ordinary  to  the  Queen, 
LIBRARY  EDITION.    Two  Vols.,  cloth,  245.  ;  calf,  475. 
ILLUSTRATED  EDITION,  complete  in  One  Volume,  with  about  300  Illustrations, 

£1  is.  ;  morocco,  £2  25. 

POPULAR    EDITION.      One  Volume,   8vo,   cloth,  6s.  ;    cloth,   gilt  edges,  75.  6d. ; 
Persian  morocco,  IDS.  6d. ;  tree-calf,  153. 

Shall  We  Know  One  Another  in  Heaven  ?    By  the  Rt.  Rev.  J.  C.  RYLE,  D.D., 

Bishop  of  Liverpool.     New  and  Enlarged  Edition.     Paper  Covers,  6d. 
Signa  Christ! :  Evidences  of  Christianity  set  forth  in  the  Person  and  Work  of 

Christ.     By  JAMES  AITCHISON.    55. 
"Sunday:"  Its  Origin,  History,  and  Present  Obligation.     By  the  Ven.  Arch- 

?  deacon  HESSEY,  D.C.L.     Fijth  Edition,  75.  6d. 

Twilight  ot  Life,  The:    Words  of  Counsel  and  Comfort  lor  the  Aged.     By 

JOHN  ELLERTON,  M.A.     is.  6d. 


Selections  from  Cassell  <fc  Company's  Publications. 

(EtmcatiDitai  Morka  an&  ^tutents'  Jltamials. 

Alphabet,  CasseU's  Pictorial      Size,  35  inches  by  42$  inches.      Mounted  on 

Linen,  with  rollers.     35.  6d. 
Arithmetics,  The  Modern  School    By  GEORGE  RICKS,  B.Sc.  Lond.    With  Test 

Cards.     (List  on  application.) 

Atlas,  CasselTs  Popular.     Containing  24  Coloured  Maps,  33.  6d. 
Book  Keeping.     By  THEODORE  JONES.     FOR  SCHOOLS,  25. ;  or  cloth,  33.    FOR 

THE  MILLION,  as.  ;  or  cloth,  35.     Books  for  Jones's  System,  Ruled  Sets  of,  as. 
Chemistry,  The  Public  School    By  J.  H.  ANDERSON,  M.A.     23.  6d. 
Classical  Texts  for  Schools,  CasseU's.     (A  list  sent  post  free  on  application). 
Copy-Books,  Cassell's  Graduated.    Complete  in  18  Books.     2d.  each. 
Copy-Books ,  The  Modern  SchooL    Complete  in  12  Books.     2d.  each. 
Drawing  Copies,  Cassell's  "New  Standard."    Complete  in  14  Books.     2d.,  3d., 

and  4d.  each. 

Drawing  Copies,  CasseU's  Modern  School  Freehand.    First  Grade,  is.     Second 

Grade,  as. 

Electricity,  Practical.    By  Prof.  W.  E.  AYRTON.    75.  6d. 

Energy  and  Motion :  A  Text-Book  of  Elementary  Mechanics.    By  WILLIAM 

PAICE,  M.A.     Illustrated,     is.  6d. 
English  Literature.  A  First  Sketch  of,  from  the  Earliest  Period  to  the  Present 

Time.     By  Prof.  HENRY  MORLEY.     75.  6d. 
EucUd,  Cassell's.    Edited  by  Prof.  WALLACE,  M.A.     is. 
Euclid,  The  First  Four  Books  of.    New  Edition.     In  paper,  6d.  ;  cloth,  gd. 
French,  CasseU's  Lessons  in.     New  and  Revised  Edition.    Parts  I.  and  II.,  each 

as.  6d.  ;  complete,  4S.  6d.     Key,  is.  6d. 
French -English  and  English-French  Dictionary.    Entirely  New  and  Enlarged 

^  Edition.     1,150  pages,  8vo,  cloth,  35.  6d. 

French  Reader,  CasseU's  Public  School.     By  GUILLAUME  S.  CONRAD.    25.  6d. 
Galbraith  and  Haughton's  Scientific  Manuals. 

Plane  Trigonometry,  as.  6d.  Euclid.  Books  I.,  II..  III.  25.  6d.  Books  IV.,  V.,  VI.  2s.  6d. 
Mathematical  Tables.  35.  6d.  Mechanics.  35.  6d.  Natural  Philosophy.  35.  6d.  Optics, 
as.  6d.  Hydrostatics.  35.  6d.  Astronomy.  55.  Steam  Engine.  35.  6d.  Algebra.  Part  I., 
doth,  as.  6d.  Complete,  ?s.  6d.  Tides  and  Tidal  Currents,  with  Tidal  Cards,  35. 

Gaudeamus.    Songs  for  Colleges  and  Schools.     Edited  by  JOHN  FARMER.     55. 
Words  only,  paper,  6d.  ;  c'oth,  gd. 

Geometry,  First  Elements  of  Experimental.  By  PAUL  BERT.  Illustrated,  is.  6d. 
Geometry,  Practical  Solid.     By  Major  Ross,  R.E.    25. 

German  Dictionary,  CasseU's  New.    German-English,  English-German.    Cheap 
Edition,  cloth,  35.  6d. 

German  of  To-Day.     By  Dr.  HEINEMANN.     is.  6d. 

German  Reading,  First  Lessons  in.     By  A.  JAcsx.    Illustrated,     is. 

Hand-andEye  Training.      By  G.  RICKS,  B.Sc.     Two  Vols.,  with  16  Coloured 

Plates  in  each  Vol.     Crown  410,  6s.  each. 
"  Hand  and-Eye  Training "  Cards  for  Class  Work.    Five  sets  in  case.  is.  each. 

Handbook  of  New  Code  of  Regulations.    By  JOHN  F.  Moss.    New  and  Revised 

Edition,     is.  ;  cloth,  as. 
Historical  Cartoons,  CasseU's  Coloured.   Size  45  in.  x  35  in.   23.  each.   Mounted 

on  canvas  and  varnished,  with  rollers,  55.  each.     (Descriptive  pamphlet,  16  pp.,  id.) 

Historical  Course  for  Schools,  CasseU's.    Illustrated  throughout,     I.— Stories 

from   English  History,   is.       II.— The  Simple   Outline  of  English  History,    is.    3d. 
III.— The  Class  History  of  England,  2S.  6d. 

Latin-EngUsh  Dictionary,  CasseU's.    Thoroughly  revised  and  corrected,  and  in 
part  re-written  by  J.  R.  V.  MARCHANT,  M.A.     35.  6d. 

Latin  Primer,  The  New.    By  Prof.  J.  P.  POSTGATE.     23.  6d. 

Latin  Primer,  The  First    By  Prof.  POSTGATE.    is. 

Latin  Prose  for  Lower  Forms.    By  M.  A.  BAYFIELD,  M.A.     25.  6d. 

Laundry  Work  (How  to  Teach  It).     By  Mrs.  E.  LORD.    6d. 

Laws  of  Every-Day  Life.    For  the  Use  of  Schools.    By  H.  O.  ARNOLD-FORSTER. 

•3  is.  6d.     Presentation  Edition,  35.  6d. 

Lay  Texts  for  the  Young,   in  English  and  French.     By  Mrs.   RICHARD 

STRACHEY.    25.  6d. 


Selections  from  Cassell  <fc  Company's  Publications. 


Little  Folks' History  of  England.     By  ISA  CRAIG-KNOX.    Illustrated,     is.  6d. 
Making  of  the  Home,  The.     By  Mrs.  SAMUEL  A.  BARNETT.     is.  6d. 
Map-Building  Series,  Cassell's.      Outline  Maps  prepared  by  H.  O.  ARNOLD- 

FORSTER.     Per  set  of  12,  is. 
MarlborOUgh  Books: — Arithmetic  Examples.  35.     Arithmetic   Rules,  is.  6d.    French 

Exercises.  35.  6d.    French  Grammar,    as.  6d.    G-erman  Grammar.    35.  6d. 

Mechanics  and  Machine  Design,   Numerical  Examples  in  Practical    By 

R.  G.  ELAINE,  M.E.     With  Diagrams.     Cloth,  as.  6d. 

"Model  Joint"  Wall   Sheets,    for   Instruction   in    Manual  Training.      By  S. 
BARTER.     Eight  Sheets,  25.  6d.  each. 

Natural  History  Coloured  Wall  Sheets,   CasselTs  New.      Consisting  of  18 

subjects.      Size,  39  by  31  in.     Mounted  on  rollers  and  varnished.      35.  each. 

Object  Lessons  from  Nature.      By  Prof.  L.  C.  Mi  ALL,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.     Fully 

Illustrated.     2s.  6d. 

Poetry   Readers,    CasselTs    New.       Illustrated.     Twelve    Books,     id.  each. 

Complete  in  One  Volume,  cloth,  is.  6d. 

Popular  Educator,  CasselTs  New.  With  Revised  Text,  New  Maps,  New  Coloured 

Plates,  New  Type,  &c.  To  be  completed  in  Eight  Vols.,  53.  each. 
Popular  Educator,  Cassell's.  Complete  in  Six  Vols. ,  53.  each. 
Principles  of  Perspective  as  Applied  to  Model-Drawing  and  Sketching  from 

Nature,  The.     With  32  Plates  and  other  Illustrations.      By  GEORGE  TROBRIDGE. 
Revised  and  Enlarged.     Paper  covers,  is.  6d.  ;  or  in  cloth,  2s.  6d. 

Reader,  The  Citizen.     By  H.  O.  ARNOLD-FORSTER.     is.  6d. 
Reader,  The  Temperance.     By  Rev.  J.  DENNIS  HIRD.     Crown  8vo,  is.  6d. 
Readers,   CasseU's   "Higher  Class":— "The  World's   Lumber  Room,"   Illus- 
trated, 2S.  6d.  ;   "  Short  Studies  from  Nature,"  Illustrated,  2s.  6d.  ;  "The  World  in 
Q  Pictures."    (Ten  in  Series.)     Cloth,  25.  each.     (List  on  application.) 
Readers,  Cassell's  Historical.     Illustrated  throughout,  printed  on  superior  paper, 

and  strongly  bound  in  cloth.     (List  on  application.') 

Readers,  Cassell's  Readable.      Carefully  graduated,  extremely  interesting,  and ' 
Illustrated  throughout.     (List  on  application.}  <, 

Readers  for  Infant  Schools,   Coloured.     Three  Books.     Each  containing  48 

pages,  including  8  pages  in  colours.     4d.  each. 

Readers,  The  Modern  Geographical.  Illustrated  throughout.  (List on  application.} 
Readers,  The  Modern  School.     Illustrated.     (List  on  application.} 
Reading  and  Spelling  Book,  CasseU's  Illustrated,    is. 
Reckoning,   Howard's  Anglo-American  Art  of.    The  Standard  Teacher  and 

Referee  of  Shorthand  Business  Arithmetic.    By  C.  F.  HOWARD.  Paper,  is.  ;  cloth,  25. 

School  Bank  Manual,  A.    By  AGNES  LAMBERT.    6d. 

School  Certificates,  Cassell's.      Three  Colours,  6^x4!  in.,  id.  ;    Five  Colours, 

n|  x  9^  in.,  3d.  ;  Seven  Colours  and  Gold,  g|  x  6%  in.,  3d. 
Science  Applied  to  Work.     By  J.  A.  BOWER.     Illustrated,     is. 
Science  of  Every-Day  Life.     By  J.  A.  BOWER.     Illustrated,     is. 
Sculpture,  A  Primer  of.     By  E.  ROSCOE  MULLINS.     Illustrated.     25.  6d. 
Shade  from  Models,  Common  Objects,  and  Casts  of  Ornament,  How  to.     By 

W.  E.  SPARKES.     With  25  Plates  by  the  Author.     35. 
Shakspere  Reading  Book,  The.    By  H.  COURTHOPE  BOWEN,  M.A.    Illustrated. 

35.  6d.     Also  issued  in  Three  Books,  is.  each. 

Shakspere's  Plays  for  School  Use.     Illustrated.    5  Books.     6d.  each. 
Spelling,  A  Complete  Manual  of.     ByJ.  D.  MORELL,  LL.D.     is. 
Technical   Educator,    Cassell's.    Illustrated    throughout.      New    and  Revised 

Edition.     Four  Vols.,  55.  each. 
Technical  Manuals,  Cassell's.  Illustrated  throughout.  i6Vols.,  from  23.  1045.  6d. 

(List free  on  application.) 
Technology,   Manuals   of.      Edited  by  Prof.  AYRTON,   F.R.S.,    and  RICHARD 

WORMELL,  D.Sc.,  M.A.     Illustrated  throughout. 


The  Dyeing  of  Textile  Fabrics.    By  Prof. 

Hummel.    53. 
Watch  and  Clock  Making.    By  D.  Glasgow, 

Vice-President   of    the    British    Horological 

Institute.    4S.  6d. 
Steel  and  Iron.     By  Prof.  W.  H.  Greenwood, 

F.C.S.,  M.I.C.E.,  &c.    53. 


Design  in  Textile  Fabrics.  By  T.  R.  Ashen- 
hurst.  45.  6d. 

Spinning  •Woollen  and  Worsted.  By  W. 
S.  McLaren,  M.P.  4s.  6d. 

Practical  Mechanics.  By  Prof.  Perry,  M.E. 
33.  6d. 

Cutting  Tools  Worked  by  Hand  and  Ma- 
chine. By  I'tol.  Smith.  35.  6d, 


Test  Cards,  Cassell's  Combination.    In  sets,  is.  each. 
Test  Cards,  Cassell's  Modern  School.     In  sets,  is.  each. 


Selections  from  Cassett  <k  Company's  Publication*. 

for 

"  Little  Folks  "  Half- Yearly  Volume.   Containing  432  pages  of  Letterpress,  with 

Pictures  on  nearly  every  page,  together  with  Two  Full-pag*:  Plates  printed  in  Colours 
and  Four  Tinted  Plates.     Coloured  boards,  35.  6d.  ;  or  cloth  gilt,  gilt  edges,  53. 
Bo-Peep.     A  Book   for  the  Little  Ones.      With   Original    Stories  and   Verses. 
Illustrated  with  beautiful  Pictures  'on  nearly  every  page.     Yearly  Volume.     Elegant 
picture  boards,  25.  6d  ;  cloth,  35.  6d. 

Wanted— a  King ;  or,  How  Merle  set  the  Nursery  Rhymes  to  Rights.    By 

MAGGIE  BROWNE.  With  Original  Designs  by  HARRY  FURNISS.  Cloth  gilt,  gilt  top,  35. 6d. 

The  Marvellous  Budget:  being  65,536  Stories  of  Jack  and  Jill.     By  the 

Rev.  F.  BENNETT.     Illustrated.     Cloth  gilt,  2s.  6d. 

Magic  at  Home.  By  Prof.  HOFFMAN.  Fully  Illustrated.  A  Series  of  easy 
and  startling  Conjuring  Tricks  for  Beginners.  Cloth  gilt,  55. 

Schoolroom  and  Home  Theatricals.  By  ARTHUR  WAUGH.  With  Illustra- 
tions by  H.  A.  J.  MILES.  Cloth,  25.  6d. 

Lost  in  Samoa.  A  Tale  of  Adventure  in  the  Navigator  Islands.  By  E.  S.  ELLIS. 
3s.  6d. 

Tad  ;  or,  "  Getting  Even  "  with  Him.    By  E.  S.  ELLIS.    35.  6d. 

Little  Mother  Bunch.     By  Mrs.  MOLESWORTH.     Illustrated.     Cloth,  35.  6d. 

Flora's  Feast.  A  Masque  of  Flowers.  Penned  and  Pictured  by  WALTER 
CRANE.  With  40  pages  in  Colours.  55. 

Legends  for  Lionel.    With  Coloured  Plates  by  WALTER  CRANE.     55. 

Ships,  Sailors,  and  the  Sea.      By    R.    J.    CORNEWALL-JONES.      Illustrated 

throughout,  and  containing  a  Coloured  Plate  of  Naval  Flags.      Cheap  Edition,  25.  6d. 

Famous  Sailors  of  Former  Times,  History  of  the  Sea  Fathers.    By  CLEMENTS 

MARKHAM.     Illustrated.     25.  6d. 

The  Tales  of  the  Sixty  Mandarins.     By  P.  V.  RAMASWAMI  RAJU.    55. 
Gift  Books  for  Young  People.      By  Popular  Authors.      With    Four    Original 

f>  Illustrations  in  each.    Cloth  gilt,  is.  6d.  each. 
The    Boy    Hunters    of    Kentucky.      By 


Edward  S.  Ellis. 
Bed   Feather:   a  Tale  of  the  American 

Frontier.    By  Edward  S.  Ellis. 
Fritters ;  or,  "  It's  a  Long  Lane  that  has 


no  Turning."  that  G-litters. 

ixy;   or,  "  Those  who   Live 


Trixv;    or,  "Those  who   Live  in    Oil 

Houses  shouldn't  throw  Stones." 
The  Two  Hardcastlea. 
Seeking  a  City. 
Rhoda's  Reward. 


Jack  Marston's  Anchor. 

Frank's  Life-Battle. 

Major  Monk's   Motto;    or,  "Look   Before 

you  Leap." 
Tim  Thomson's  Trial;  or, "  All  is  not  Gold 


Ursula's  Stumbling-Block. 

Ruth's  Life- Work;  or,"No  Pains,  no  Gains  " 

Hags  and  Rainbows. 

Uncle  William's  Charge. 

Pretty  Pink's  Purpose. 


"Golden  Mottoes"  Series,  The.    Each  Book  containing  208  pages,  with  Four 

full-page  Original  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  cloth  gilt,  as.  each. 

Honour  is  my  Ghiide."     By  Jeanle  Herinc 
(Mrs.  Adams- Acton). 


"  Nil  Desperandum."  By  the  Rev.  F.  Lang- 
bridge.  M.  A. 

"  Bear  and  Forbear."  By  Sarah  Pftt 

"Foremost  if  I  Can."  By  Helen  Atteridge. 


Aim  at  a  Sure  End."  By  Emil/  Searchfield. 
He  Conquers  who  Endures."  By  the  Authoi 


of  "  May  Cunningham's  Trial,"  &c.' 


'Cross  and  Crown"  Series,  The.    With  Four  Illustrations  in  each  Book.  Crown 

8vo,  256  pages,  25.  6d.  each. 


Heroes  of  the  Indian  Empirej  or,  Stories  of 
Valour  and  Victory.    By  Ernest  Foster. 

Trial    to    Triumph;    or,  "The 

al  Way."    By  Madeline  Bonavia  Hunt. 

In  Letters     of  Flame ;    A   Story     of   the 
Waldenses.     By  C.  L.    Mateaux. 

o  Suffer;  A  Story  of  the  Jews.    By 


BBS, 


By  Fire  and  Sword;  a  Story  of  the  Hugue- 
nots. By  Thomas  Archer, 

Adam  Hepburn's  Vow ;  A  Tale  of  Kirk  and 
Covenant.  By  Annie  S.  Swan. 

No.  XIII.;  or,  the  Story  of  the  Lost  Vestal 
A  Tale  of  Early  Christian  Days.  By  Emm. 


arly  Christian  Days.       By  Emma 
Marshall. 

Freedom's  Sword;  A  Story  of  the  Days  of 
By  f      ' 


Wallace  and  Bruce.    By  Annie  S.  Swan. 


Strony, 

Five  Shilling  Books  for  Young  People.     With  Original  Illustrations.      Cloth 
gilt,  55.  each. 


Under  Bayard's  Banner.    By  Henry  Frith. 
The  Romance  of  Invention.  By  I  as.  Burnley. 
The  Champion  of  Odin ;  or.  Viking  Life 
.  in  the  Days  of  Old.  By  J.  Fred.  Hodgetts. 


Bound  by  a  Spell;  or,  the  Hunted  Witch 
of  the  Forest.  By  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Greene. 

The  King's  Command.  A  Story  for  Girls 
By  Maggie  Symington. 


Albums  for  Children.     Price  35.  6d.  each. 

The  Chit-Chat  Album.    Illustrated.  I     , 

Tne  Album  for  Home,  School,  and  Play.        My  Own  Album  of  Animals.    Illustrated. 
Set    a  bold  type,  and  illustrated  throughout  '    |    Picture  Album  of  All  Sorts.    Illustrated. 


Selections  from  Cassell  <k  Company's  Publications. 


Three  and  Sixpenny  Books  for  Young  People.     With  Original  Illustrations. 
Cloth  gilt,  35.  6d.  each. 


Polly :  A  New-Fashioned  GirL 


ByL.T. 

The  Palace  Beautiful.    By  L.  T.  Meade. 
"Follow  my  Leader;"  or,  the   Boys  of 

Templeton.     By  Talbot  Baines  Reed. 
For  Fortune  and  Glory;  a  Story  of  the 

Soudan  War.    By  Lewis  Hough. 
The  Cost  of  a  Mistake.    By  Sarah  Pitt 
A  World  of  Girls :  A  Story  of  a  School. 

By  L.  T.  Meade. 


smeral 
Leigh's  Log.    By  John  C.'  Hutch'eson. 

Lost    among    White    Africans :    A    Boy's 

Adventures  on  the  Upper  Congo.     By 

David  Ker. 
In  Quest  of  Gold ;  or,  Under  the  Whanga 

Falls.    By  Alfred  St.  Johnston. 
For    Queen    and    King;     or,    the    Loyal 

'Prentice.    By  Henry  Frith. 


Books  by  Edward  S.  Ellis.    Illustrated.     Cloth,  25.  6d.  each. 


The  Hunters  of  the  Ozark. 

The  Camp  in  the  Moun- 
tains. 

Ned  in  the  Woods.  A  Tale 
of  Early  Days  in  the  West. 

Down  the  Mississippi. 


The  Last  War  Trail. 
Ned  on  the  River.    A  Tale 

of  Indian  River  Warfare. 
Footprints  in  the  Forest. 
TJp  the  Tapajos. 


Ned  in  the  Block  House. 

A  Story  of  Pioneer  Life  in 

Kentucky. 
The  Lost  Trail. 
Camp-Fire  and  Wigwam. 
Lost  in  the  Wilds. 


Sixpenny  Story  Books.     By  well-known  Writers.    All  Illustrated. 


The  Smuggler's  Cave. 
Little  Lizzie. 
The  Boat  Club. 
Luke  Barnicott. 

Little  Bird. 
Little  Pickles. 
The  Elchester  College 
Boys. 

My  First  Cruise. 
The  Little  Peacemaker. 
The  Delft  Jug. 

CasseU's  Picture  Story 

Little  Talks. 
Bright  Stars. 
Nursery  Joys. 
Pet's  Posy. 
Tiny  Tales. 

Books.     Each  containing  6 

Daisy's  Story  Book. 
Dot's  Story  Book. 
A  Nest  of  Stories. 
Good  Night  Stories. 
Chats  for  Small  Chatterers. 

K>  pages.     6d.  each, 

Auntie's  Stories. 
Birdie's  Story  Book. 
Little  Chimes. 
A  Sheaf  of  Tales. 
Dewdrop  Stories. 

Illustrated  Books  for  the  Little  Ones.     Containing  interesting  Stories.    All 
•  Illustrated,     is.  each ;  or,  cloth  gilt,  is.  6d. 


Scrambles  and  Scrapes. 
Tittle  Tattle  Tales. 
Wandering  Ways. 
Dumb  Friends. 
Indoors  and  Out. 
Some  Farm  Friends. 

Shilling  Story  Books. 

srenteen  Cats. 
3unty  and  the  Boys. 
~  ie  Heir  of  Elmdale. 

ystery  at  Shoncliff 


Those  Golden  Sands. 
Little  Mothers  and  their 

Children. 
Our  Pretty  Pets. 
Our  Schoolday  Hours. 
Creatures  Tame. 


Creatures  Wild. 
Up  and  Down  the  Garden. 
AD.  Sorts  of  Adventures. 
Our  Sunday  Stories. 
Our  Holiday  Hours. 


Claimed  at  Last,  and  Roy's 

Reward. 
Thorns  and  Tangles. 


All  Illustrated,  and  containing  Interesting  Stories. 
The  Cuckoo  in  the  Robin's       Aunt  Lucia's  Locket. 
John's  Mistake.          [Nest.        The  Magic  Mirror. 
Diamonds  in  the  Sand.  The  Cost  of  Revenge. 

Surly  Bob. 
The  History  of  Five  Little 

Pitchers. 

The  Giant's  Cradle. 
Shag  and  Doll. 


Clever  Frank. 
Among  the  Redskins. 
The  Ferryman  of  Brill. 
Harry  Maxwell. 
A  Banished  Monarch. 


'Little   Folks"  Painting    Books.      With  Text,   and  Outline  Illustrations  for 

Water-Colour  Painting,     is.  each. 
Fruits  and  Blossoms  for  "  Little  Folks " 
to  Paint. 

The  "Little  Folks' 


I    The  "Little  Folks"    Proverb  Painting 

Book.    Cloth  only,  as. 
Illuminating  Book. 


Eighteenpenny  Story  Books. 

Wee  Willie  Winkle. 

Ups  and  Downs  of  a  Donkey's  Life, 

Three  Wee  Ulster  Lassies. 

Up  the  Ladder. 

Dick's  Hero;  and  other  Stories. 

The  Chip  Boy. 

Haggles,  Baggies,  and  the  Emperor. 

Roses  from  Thorns. 

Faith's  Father. 


All  Illustrated  throughout. 

By  Land  and  Sea. 

The  Young  Berringtons 

Jeff  and  Leff. 

Tom  Morris's  Error. 


Worth  more  than  Gold. 

"Through  Flood— Through  Fire;"  ar.d 

other  Stories. 

The  Girl  with  the  Golden  Locks. 
Stories  of  the  Olden  Time. 


The  "  World  in  Pictures  "  Series.    Illustrated  throughout.    23.  6d.  each. 


A  Ramble  Round  France. 

All  the  Russias. 
Chats  about  Germany. 


The  Land  of  the  Pyramids  (Egypt). 
Peeps  into 


ito  China. 


The  Eastern  Wonderland  (Japan). 
Glimpses  of  South  America. 
Round  Africa. 

The  Land  of  Temples  (India> 
The  Isles  of  the  Pacific. 


Selections  from  Cassell  &  Company's  Publications. 


Two-Shilling  Story  Booka 

Stories  of  the  Tower. 
Mr.  Burke's  Nieces. 
May  Cunningham's  TriaL 
The  Top  of  the    Ladder 

How  to  Beach  it. 
Little  Flotsam. 
Madge  and  her  Friends. 


All  Illustrated. 
The  Children  of  the  Court 
A  Moonbeam  Tangle. 


Maid  Marjory. 
Cats 
pertons. 


of  the  Tip- 


Marion's  Two  Homes. 
Little  Folks'  Sunday  Book 
School  Girls. 


Two  Fourpenny  Bits. 
Poor  Nelly. 
Tom  Heriot. 
Aunt  Tabitha's  Waifs. 
In  Mischief  Again. 
Through  Peril  to  Fortune. 
,  and  other  Tales. 


Half-Crown  Books. 

Little  Hinges. 

Margaret's  Enemy. 

Pen's  Perplexities. 

Notable  Shipwrecks. 

Golden  Days. 

Wonders  of  Common  Things. 

At  the  South  Pole. 

Three  and-Sixpenny  Library. 

The  Family  Honour. 
The  Half-Sisters. 


Truth  will  Out. 

Pictures  of  School  Life  and  Boyhood. 

The  Young  Man  in  the  Battle  of  Life.    By 

the  Rev.  Dr.  Landels. 
The  True  Glory  of  Woman.     By  the  Rer. 

Dr.  Landels. 
Soldier  and  Patriot  (George  Washington). 

Illustrated.     Cloth  gilt,  gilt  edges. 
I 

Fairy  Tales.    By  Prof.  Henry  Morley. 


Peggy.  Oglivie's  Inheritance. 
Krilof  and  his  Fables. 


Cassell's  Pictorial  Scrap  Book. 

cloth  back,  35.  6d.  per  VoL 
Our  Scrap  Book. 
The  Seaside  Scrap  Book. 
The  Little  Folks  Scrap  Book. 


In  Six  Sectional  Volumes.     Paper  Boards, 


The  Magpie  Scrap  Book. 
The  Lion  Scrap  Book. 
Ihe  Elephant  Scrap  Book 


Library  of  Wonders.    Illustrated  Gift-books  for  Boys.     Paper,  is.  ;  cloth,  is.  6d. 

lerful 


Wonderful  Adventures. 
Wonders  of  Animal  Instinct. 


Wondt 


Wonderful  Balloon  Ascents. 
Wonders  of  Bodily  Strength  and  SkilL 
Escapes. 


Books  for  Young  People. 


Perils  Afloat  and  Brigands  Ashore. 
Alfred  Elwes. 


Price  23.  6d.  each. 

By 


Heroes  of  Every-day  Life. 
Illustrated. 


By  Laura  Lane. 


Decisive  Events  in  History.     By  Thomas 
Archer.    With  Original  Illustrations. 

The  True  Robinson  Crusoes. 
Peeps  Abroad  for  Folks  at  Home. 


Early  Explorers.    By  Thomas  Frost. 

Modern  Explorers.    By  Thomas  Frost 

Wild  Adventures  in  Wild  Places.  Illus- 
trated. 

Home  Chat  with  our  Young  Folks.  Illus- 
trated throughout 

Jungle,  Peak,  and  Plain.    Illustrated. 

The  World's  Lumber  Room.   By  Selina  Gaye. 

The  England  of  Shakespeare.  By  E.  Goadby. 
With  i-ull-page  Illustrations. 


Books  for  the  Little  Ones.    Fully  Illustrated. 

Rhymes  for  the  Young  Folk.  By  William 
Allingham.  Beautifully  Illustrated.  35.  6d. 

The  Sunday  Scrap  Book.  With  One  Thou- 
sand Pictures.  Boards,  55. ;  cloth  75.  6d 

The  History  Scrap  Book.  With  nearly 
1,000  Engravings.  55.  ;  cloth,  75.  6d. 

Cassell's  Robinson  Crusoe.  With  TOO 
Illustrations.  Cloth,  35.  6d.  ;  gilt  edges  55 


The    Old   Fairy   Tales.      With  Original  Illus- 
trations.   Boards,  is.  ;  cloth,  is.  6d. 
My  Diary.     With  Twelve  Coloured  Plates  and 

366  Woodcuts,    is. 
The     Pilgrim's    Progress.       With  Coloured 

Illustrations,    as.  6d. 

Cassell's   Swiss  Family  Robinson.     Illus- 
trated.   Cloth,  35.  6d. ;  gilt  edges,  55. 


The  World's  Workers.     A  Series   of   New  and    Original  Volumes   by  Popular 
Authors.     With  Portraits  printed  on  a  tint  as  Frontispiece,     is.  each. 


Dr.  Arnold  of  Rugby. 
The  Earl  of  Shaftesbury. 
es  w 


.    By  Rose  E.  Selfe. 
eston,  and  Mrs. 
Samuel   F     B 


Sarah  Robinson,  Agnc 

Meredith. 
Thomas    A.  Edison    and 

Morse. 

Mrs.  Somerville  and  Mary  Carpenter. 
General  Gordon. 
Charles  Dickens. 

Sir  Titus  Salt  and  George  Moore. 
Florence  Nightingale,  Catherine  Marsh 

Frances  Ridley  Havergal,  Mrs.  Ran- 

yard  (    L.  N.  R. "). 


Dr.  Guthrie,  Father  Mathew,  Elihu   Bup- 

ritt,  Joseph  Livesey. 
Sir  Henry  Havelock   and  Colin  Campbell 

Lord  Clyde. 
Abraham  Lincoln. 
David  Livingstone. 

asa&sls^ Andrew  Beed- 

Benjamin  Franklin, 

Handel. 

Turner  the  Artist. 

George  and  Robert  Stephenson. 


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