THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
STATE OF INDIANA
W. A. GUTHRIE, CHAIRMAN
STANLEY COULTER
JOHN W. HOLTZMAN
RICHARD M. HOLMAN, SECRETARY
PUBLICATION No. 7
Volume I
RICHARD LIEBER
DIRECTOR OF CONSERVATION
INDIANAPOLIS:
B. BURFORD, PRINTER
192O
LAKE MAXINKUCKEE
A PHYSICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
BY
BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, A. M., PH. D.
Director of the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences
AND
HOWARD WALTON CLARK, A. B., A. M.
Scientific Assistant U. S. Bureau of Fisheries
Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa
VOLUME I
PUBLISHED BY
THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
STATE OF INDIANA
1920
Foreword
The Department of Conservation presents this monograph to
the public in the belief that it is a notable addition to the scien-
tific works of the present day. It is especially valuable because
Maxinkuckee is typical of thousands of lakes in the glaciated re-
gions of North America. It will be invaluable to future students
because here are authentically reported numerous species and con-
ditions which are rapidly disappearing because of the increased
use of all available lakes for summer resorts and their destruction
by drainage.
The actual work of investigation was financed by the U. S. Bu-
reau of Fisheries. Although they spent thirteen years of work
and much money, when the report was finally complete an insuffi-
cient printing fund prevented publishing.
When The Department of Conservation was inaugurated, April
1, 1919, the question of printing the Maxinkuckee report was placed
before the Conservation Commission. The great scientific value of
the work, the unquestioned authenticity, and the fact that the lake
is in Indiana led the Commission to approve of its publication.
The illustrations used in this monograph have come from vari-
ous sources. The halftones showing Lake Maxinkuckee scenery
(except that of Shady Point, which is from a photograph by Mr.
Clark), were supplied by the Culver Military Academy. Most of
the text-figures of fishes are chiefly from Jordan and Evermann's
"Fishes of North and Middle America" ; the others, as well as the
three figures of frogs, were furnished by the United States Bureau
of Fisheries. The Bureau of Fisheries very kindly supplied elec-
tros for all these text-figures. The halftone plates of the large-
mouth black bass, small-mouth black bass, rock bass, bluegill, red-
eared sunfish and yellow perch, are from photographs of live fishes
in the water, taken at Lake Maxinkuckee by A. Radcliffe Dugmore
for use in Jordan and Evermann's "American Food and Game
Fishes," published by Doubleday, Page & Company. For the col-
ored plates of thirty-three species of fishes we are indebted to Dr.
Stephen A. Forbes, Director of the Illinois State Natural History
Survey.
The Conservation Commission wishes to express to these vari-
ous gentlemen and institutions its appreciation of the courtesies
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
which they have so generously extended. Their kindly co-opera-
tion has added materially to the attractiveness and value of this
report.
To Dr. Evermann, Mr. Clark and their collaborators is due
praise and honor for the work. It is truly a scientific classic and
without peer in its field.
RICHARD LIEBER,
Director, The Department of Conservation.
April 7, 1920.
Contents
INTRODUCTION 13
SCOPE OF THE INVESTIGATIONS 15
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IS
SPECIAL LOCALITIES OFTEN REFERRED TO IN VARIOUS CHAPTERS OF TH'- REPORT. 19
PHYSICAL FEATURES 22
LOCATION 22
ELEVATION ABOVE SEA-LEVEL .- 22
SIZE, FORM, ETC 23
CHARACTER OF SURROUNDING COUNTRY 23
Soil .... 24
TRIBUTARY STREAMS 27
Culver Creek 27
Aubeenaubee Creek : 27
Norris Inlet 28
Overmyer's Brook 28
Flowing wells . - .28-35
SHORE AND BEACH 35
The ice-beach 39
HYDROGRAPHY 40
DEPTH 40
TOPOGRAPHY OF LAKE BOTTOM 42
The Deep Hole 42
The Sugarloaf 42
The Weedpatch 42
The Kettlehole 43
THE LAKE BOTTOM 45
Soils 45
Sand 45
Gravel 45
Boulders 46
Marl 46
THE LAKE LEVEL 49
Stage of water 49
Volume of outflow 53
THE OUTLET 54
LOST LAKE 55
OUTLET CREEK 56
METEOROLOGY 57
INTRODUCTION 57
SKY 58
AIR 60
Pressure 60
Temperatures 62-135
(7)
8 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
METEOROLOGY Continued Page
WINDS 136
Introduction 136
Character 139
RAIN 144
FROST '. . . 145
SNOW 145
Introduction 147
Depth 147
Direction 148
Form 148
Relation to lake 149
FOG 150
DEW 152
WATER TEMPERATURES 152
At surface of lake 152-194
At various depths 195-214
The turning over of the lake 214
CONDITION OF THE WATER 216
Clearness 216
Chemical condition 218
Deficient in Oxygen for only a brief period each year 221
ICE 223
Introduction 223
On Lake Maxinkuckee 226
On Lost Lake ,232
Thickness 233
BIOLOGY 236
INTRODUCTION 236
THE FISHES 238
Introduction 238
Methods of collecting 239
CONDITIONS FAVORABLE TO FISH-LIFE 260
FlSH AND FISH PROTECTION 263
ANGLING 264
The long cane pole 266
Trolling 267
Bait-casting 267
Baits and lures 268
Lake Maxinkuckee as an angling resort 271
Ice-fishing 275
FlSHES PLANTED IN LAKE MAXINKUCKEE 278
MORTALITY AMONG FISHES 281
COMMERCIAL FISHING 282
OBSERVANCE OF FISHING LAWS 282
MIGRATIONS AND SEASONAL MOVEMENTS OF THE FISHES 284
From one depth to another 284
From Lake Maxinkuckee to Lost Lake . . .... 287
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 9
BIOLOGY Continued Page
FOOD AND PARASITES OF THE FISHES 291
Introduction 291
Species studied 293
Insect larvae 302
Leeches 304
ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES 306
THE MAMMALS 452
Introduction 452
List of species 453
THE BIRDS 481
Introduction 481
List of species : 486
THE REPTILES 580
The snakes 580
List of species 581
The turtles 591
List of species 592
THE AMPHIBIANS 620
List of species 620
List of Illustrations
HALFTONE PLATES
Page
1 Large-mouth Black Bass Frontispiece
23 Calico Bass 383
23 Rock Bass 383
24a Warmouth Bass 392
25 Bluegill 398
25 Red-eared Sunfish 398
27 and 28 Small-mouth Black Bass '. 410, 412
32 Yellow Perch . . .426
COLORED PLATES
Facing page
2 Dogfish 318
3 Yellow Bullhead 324
4 Speckled Bullhead 324
5 Tadpole Cat ' 332
5 Grass Pike 332
6 Common Sucker 334
7 Hog-sucker 336
8 Chub Sucker 338
9 Stone Roller 340
10, 11 and 12 Carp 342
13 Golden Shiner 348
14 Cayuga Minnow 350
14 Straw-colored Minnow 350
16 Common Shiner 358
16 Blackfin 358
17 Mud Minnow 366
17 Grayback Minnow 366
18 Brook Stickleback 376
18 Skipjack 376
19 Fundulus dispar 372
20 White Crappie - 380
21 Black Crappie 382
'22 Rock Bass 388
24 Green Sunfish 394
26 Bluegill 402
(ID
12 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Facing page
29 Large-mouth Black Bass 416
30 Wall-eyed Pike 422
31 Yellow Perch 424
33 Log Perch , '...'.- 430
33 Black-sided Darter 430
34 Green-sided Darter 436
34 Johnny Darter '. 436
34 Iowa Darter 436
35 Short-nosed Gar 316
35 Brook Lamprey 316
36 Red-mouth Buffalo. . . 330
TEXT FIGURES
Page
Paddlefish 309
Short-nosed Gar 316
Black Bullhead 330
Common Buffalo-Fish . . . .' 333
Blunt-nosed Minnow 344
Common Chub 346
Variable-toothed Minnow 350
Spot-tailed Minnow 354
Silver-fin Minnow 356
Cavern-jawed Minnow 360
Black-nosed Dace 361
River Chub .363
Common Eel 365
Common Pike , 370
Long-eared Sunfish 395
Pumpkinseed Sunfish 406
Maxinkuckee Darter 436
Aubeenaubee Darter 445
Rainbow Darter 448
Least Darter 450
Spring Frog 632
Green Frog 642
Bullfrog 644
Map of Lake Maxinkuckee In back of book
LAKE MAXINKUCKEE
A PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
By BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, A. M., Ph. D.,
Director of the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences,
and
HOWARD WALTON CLARK, B. S., A. M.,
Scientific Assistant, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Biological Station,
Fairport, Iowa.
INTRODUCTION
Though the United States Fish Commission (now the Bureau
of Fisheries) was organized in 1871, it was not until 1888 that
any definite attempt was made to study either the biological or
physical characters of any of the streams and lakes of the United
States. In that year and the two or three years following, a
beginning was made toward working out the distribution of the
species of fishes in the streams of certain regions, and some little
attention was given to the larger crustaceans and to water tem-
peratures. Beginning with 1891, one or more field parties from
the Division of Scientific Inquiry of the Commission have been
in the field, usually for a brief period each summer. These par-
ties usually gathered data for each stream examined, upon the
following points: character of country through which the stream
flows; the volume of water which it carries; general character of
the water as to clearness and purity, and its temperature; the
fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, reptiles, batrachians and other ani-
mals inhabiting the stream or found about it, and the abundance,
distribution and habits of each; also, the species of aquatic
plants, their distribution, abundance, and relation to the fishes of
the same waters. The primary and immediate objects of these
investigations were to determine what fishes each stream already
contains and whether the conditions, physical and biological, are
favorable for the introduction of other species. Since 1890 inves-
tigations of this kind have been carried on in a number of States,
among which may be mentioned California, Oregon, Washington,
Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Missouri,
Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota, Texas, Florida, Tennessee, New York,
(13)
14 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and perhaps others. As many
of these investigations were made in response to resolutions of
Congress calling upon the Commission to determine the desirabil-
ity of establishing fish-cultural stations in certain States, it can
be seen that a wide area had to be covered and that the investi-
gations were necessarily hurried and incomplete except for the
specific purpose in view. Occasionally, however, it was possible
to confine the season's investigations for a longer period to a lim-
ited area, and more thorough work resulted ; as, for example, upon
the Redfish Lakes in Idaho in 1895 and 1896, the Connecticut
Lakes in 1904, and the Rangeley Lakes and Sebago Lake in Maine
in 1905-1913.
The need of exact knowledge of the physical and biological
conditions obtaining in the various types of lakes and streams
became increasingly evident. In the direct interest of fish cul-
ture, there was great need of more complete knowledge of the
habits not only of our most common food fishes, but also of the
animals and plants associated with them, and of the physical and
biological conditions under which they thrive.
Not until 1899, however, was any such work undertaken under
really favorable conditions. It was in that year decided to select
a small lake and make such a study of it as might serve as a-
model for the investigation of all similar lakes.
There are, in the upper Mississippi Valley, particularly in Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa, many
thousand lakes of glacial origin. With scarcely an exception, these
lakes teem with food and game fishes of the finest quality, besides
many other species of greater or less importance. Many of these
lakes are inhabited also by a large number of species of turtles,
batrachians, mollusks and crustaceans, some of which are already
used for food or otherwise utilized by man. They are the home
also of many other species of aquatic animals and many species
of aquatic plants which are known to serve an important purpose
in the economy of the lakes in their relation to food fishes, and of
still many other species whose status we do not yet know.
The value of exact knowledge concerning this type of lake and
the inhabitants thereof is appreciated by all biologists and fish-
culturists and can scarcely be overestimated.
In making selection of a particular lake for study along these
lines it was important that the lake chosen should meet certain
essential conditions. It must not be too large; it must be suffi-
ciently compact to enable any or all parts to be reached readily
from a central station; there should be no inlets or connecting
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 15
waters of a size great enough to complicate the problems ; in other
words, the conditions should be bunched and the environmental
unit should be a fairly homogeneous one; furthermore, the lake
should be one where there are fishing and angling interests and
which would afford a field for fish-cultural studies and operations.
Lake Maxinkuckee, in northern Indiana, was believed to meet
all these conditions. It was assumed to be typical of the class of
small glacial lakes. It was selected for study primarily because
of these facts. Its accessibility and the fact that the field expenses
there would be exceptionally small were also factors in determin-
ing the selection.
Scope of investigations: In planning the investigations to be
made, it was desirable to make them as comprehensive as pos-
sible, that the report, when published, would be really a mono-
graph of the lake. Among the more important purposes to be
considered were the following:
1. To gain a fairly good understanding of the physical and
biological conditions obtaining in a typical glacial lake. Accurate
knowledge of one lake of a type enables a study of other lakes of
that type to be made more readily and easily.
2. To study carefully and fully the habits of as many species
of animals and plants of the lake as time permitted. This field
is practically inexhaustible and the opportunities infinite. The
writers know of no place where one can study more problems of
interest to fish-culture and general biology than at Lake Maxin-
kuckee. This is because of the unusual abundance of aquatic
animals and plants in that lake. There are now known from
Lake Maxinkuckee 64 species of fishes, 9 species of turtles, 18
species of batrachians, about a dozen species of crustaceans, more
than 130 species of mollosks, and more than 100 species of aquatic
plants. Each of these groups is represented by a greater number
of species than is known from any other lake of similar or even
considerably greater size in the world; and most of the species
are each very abundant as to individuals.
3. To study carefully the physical and biological conditions
under which the more important of these species thrive.
In short, Lake Maxinkuckee was utilized as a biological station
where scores of interesting problems were studied and where many
more problems can be studied more effectively than at any other
lake with which the writers are acquainted.
In the spring of 1899 the senior author submitted to the Hon-
orable George M. Bowers, then United States Commissioner of
Fish and Fisheries, a memorandum setting forth reasons why an
217618
16 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
investigation of this kind should be made in the interest of fish
culture and the biology of freshwater fishes. Mr. Bowers approved
the recommendation and ordered the investigation to be entered
upon in the summer following.
The actual study of Lake Maxinkuckee by the U. S. Fish Com-
mission was begun in 1899. On July 5 of that year a station
was established at the Duenweg cottage (known now as Shady
Point) on the west side of the lake at the base of Long Point and
in front of the Arlington flag station of the Vandalia Railroad.
The party consisted of the following: Dr. Barton Warren Ever-
mann of the U. S. Fish Commission, in charge; Dr. Josiah T.
Scovell, teacher of biology, Terre Haute, Ind., high school, botany ;
Thomas Large, teacher of science, Evansville, Ind., high school,
hydrography; Chancey Juday, teacher of biology, Evansville, Ind.,
high school, plankton ; and T. Bronte Evermann, student Cornell
University, general assistant. During a portion of the season, H.
Walton Clark of Fort Wayne, Ind., and Harry Warren of Evans-
ville, Ind., were present as volunteer assistants.
The field work of 1899 was carried on from July 5 to Sep-
tember 5, though certain lines were continued until October 18,
and during the time from then until July, 1900, temperature and
various other meteorological observations, as well as notes on the
appearance and behavior of the water birds, fishes, etc., were
recorded by S. S. Chadwick, then resident on Long Point.
On July 1, 1900, the work was resumed by a regular field party
consisting of the following: Dr. Evermann, in charge; Dr. Scovell,
botany and general assistant; Leonard Young, teacher of biology,
Evansville, Ind., high school, plankton; Wm. F. Hill, U. S. Fish
Commission, surveyor ; T. Bronte Evermann, assistant to surveyor
and draughtsman ; Millard Knowlton of Sims, Ind., general assist-
ant ; Robert G. Gillum, professor of physics and chemistry, Indiana
State Normal School, physics and chemistry; H. Walton Clark,
botany. Regular investigations along a number of lines were car-
ried on until about the middle of September. Dr. Evermann re-
mained at the lake until December 12, and Mr. Clark continued the
investigations continuously through the entire winter of 1900-1901
and to July 11, 1901.
In 1902, Dr. Evermann was again at the lake from June 19 to
July 4, and again in 1904 most of the time from October 22 to
November 11. Mr. Clark was there in 1904 from October 17 to
November 29 and again from December 1 to January 5 following,
and Dr. Scovell from November 23 to 26. In 1906, Mr. Clark
carried on observations from July 19 to November 25, and Dr. C.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 17
B. Wilson of Westfield, Mass., studied the parasites of the fishes
of the lake during the summer.
In 1907, Dr. Evermann was again at the lake from August 3
to 8 and from September 7 to November 6, and Mr. Clark from
September 12 to November 6.
In 1908, Mr. Clark was at the lake from August 19 to Sep-
tember 11, Dr. Wilson from August 19 to September 7, Donald
Earll of Washington, D. C., from August 19 to September 4, and
Dr. Evermann from September 6 to 10. In 1909, Mr. Clark and
Dr. Wilson carried on work from July 21 to 28, on August 1 and
2, and from August 31 to September 13. In 1910, Dr. Evermann
was at the lake September 27 to 29, and October 1, 2 and 6; and
from October 31 to November 4 in 1912. In 1913, Dr. Evermann
was at the lake from September 2 to October 20, and Mr. Clark
from September 9 to November 9.
In addition to the observations made by the above named in-
vestigators, a great many observations were made and recorded
by Mr. Chadwick, particularly in the winters from 1898 to 1914.
It will be observed from the foregoing that more or less field
work was done in each month, but that most of it was done in the
summer and fall months. The longest continuous period of obser-
vation was that from June 19, 1900, to July 11, 1901. The longest
continuous period by any one observer was that covered by Mr.
Clark from August 27, 1900, to July 11, 1901. During the winter
of 1900-1901, Mr. Clark spent the entire time alone at the lake
devoting all his time to field observations. Practically the only
other winter observations we have are those communicated to us
by Mr. Chadwick.
Perhaps the most satisfactory records are those for the fall
months, September and October, as those months have been cov-
ered, in part at least, in more different years. The spring records
are most incomplete and unsatisfactory, practically the only obser-
vations for those months being those made by Mr. Clark in 1901.
It is much to be regretted that a more thorough study of the lake
could not have been made in those important months.
While our studies of the lake have been quite unevenly dis-
tributed throughout the year, while many observations have not
been verified as often as might be desired, and while many phases
of lake study have barely been touched, and others not at all,
nevertheless, it is hoped that the studies have added materially
to our knowledge and understanding of the physics and biology
of small glacial lakes, such as are found so abundantly in the upper
Mississippi Valley states.
18 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
It is regretted that the publication of this report has been so
long delayed. Much of it was written in the winter of 1901-1902,
but before it could be completed other duties so engrossed the
attention of the senior author as to render its completion at that
time impossible. This, however, has not ben wholly without com-
pensating advantages, in that opportunity occurred from time to
time to revisit the lake and make new observations, verify former
ones, or to study phases previously neglected. As a result, it is
now possible to write on some of the problems more fully and with
greater confidence, and to make the report somewhat more com-
prehensive. It also enables us to omit certain discussions and
conclusions which later observations failed fully to support.
There still remains a multitude of problems which should
receive further study and which the writers would like very much
to consider, but they feel the report should not be longer delayed.
Even so, they feel that more is probably known of Lake Maxin-
kuckee, particularly of its biology, than of any other lake in the
world.
It may be thought by some that the scope of the report is too
broad, that subjects are included which do not bear any relation
to fish-culture. Such is not the case. There is probably not a
species of animal or plant in or about the lake that does not bear
some relation, more or less important, to the fish-life of the lake.
The truth of this impresses itself more and more evidently upon
one as he becomes more and more fully acquainted with the rela-
tions and inter-relations of the multitude of species of animals
and plants in and about the lake, and their dependence and inter-
dependence among and upon each other. The field naturalist is
constantly observing facts and phenomena, climatic and biologic,
which impress upon him the great principle of the dependence of
the varied forms of organic life upon climatic conditions and of
the inter-dependence of the various species among themselves and
upon each other. One who has never made any special study of
these problems in the field may find it difficult to discover the rela-
tions or to appreciate their significance. That is to be expected.
Some of the relations and the significance of others may not always
be evident even to him who has given them consideration; but he
feels that all available facts are worth recording and that the rela-
tions and the meaning thereof will in time appear.
Acknowledgments: To mention the names of all those from
whom the writers have received assistance in their study of Lake
Maxinkuckee would be impossible. Nearly every cottager about
the lake, and scores of the anglers who visit the lake from time
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 19
to time, have extended courtesies in various ways, such as giving
information regarding their angling experiences at the lake, per-
mitting their catch to be measured and weighed, and furnishing
fish to be examined for a study of their food or parasites. Similar
favors have been shown by a number of persons who come to the
lake in the fall to hunt ducks. We are under special obligation
to Mr. S. S. Chadwick, formerly of Long Point, Lake Maxinkuckee,
now of Ithaca, Mich., Mr. George E. Farrington and other officials
of the Vandalia Railroad, and Captain Eisenhard of the Culver
Military Academy, for assistance of various kinds.
To the Lake Maxinkuckee Association, particularly to its some-
time secretary, Mr. W. T. Wilson of Logansport, we are indebted
for courtesies of many kinds. -Mention should be made also of the
late Colonel A. F. Fleet, for many years Commandant of the Cul-
ver Military Academy; Colonel L. R. Gignilliat, the present Com-
mandant of that flourishing institution ; of Mr. Brownell of Peru ;
Mr. Clement Vonnegut of Indianapolis; and Mr. J. H. Vajen of
Indianapolis; also of Judge A. C. Capron and Colonel Daniel Mc-
Donald of Plymouth. All these gentlemen rendered us real service
for which we desire to express grateful appreciation.
To Mr. Chadwick we are indebted for the air and water tem-
perature records from October 18, 1899, to June, 1900, and for
other briefer periods, also for a vast amount of useful informa-
tion regarding the fishes, birds and mammals, and regarding
weather conditions. Mr. Chadwick's long and intimate acquaint-
ance with the lake, keen powers of observation, and skill as hunter
and fisherman, enabled him to supply us with much valuable data
which could have been secured from no other source.
To Mr. Farrington we are indebted for material assistance in
enabling the Bureau to keep the lake stocked with bass and wall-
eyed pike.
To these gentlemen and .to all others who co-operated so effect-
ively with us in our work we take this opportunity to express,
not only for ourselves but for the Bureau of Fisheries, grateful
appreciation.
SPECIAL LOCALITIES OFTEN REFERRED TO IN VARIOUS CHAPTERS
OF THIS REPORT
In the chapters which follow frequent references are made to
various particular localities or places about the lake. In order
that these references may be readily understood, the locations of
the places referred to are here definitely described:
20 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Arlington Hotel: On the west side of the lake at the base of the
east side of Long Point, and within a few yards of the Arlington
railroad station.
Assembly grounds: On the west side of the lake about 1,000
to 2,000 feet north of the Outlet. These grounds are across the
railroad from the lake and are high and sparsely wooded.
Bardsley cottage: On the northeast shore of Lost Lake in the
west of Green's woods. Known also as Sunset cottage.
Birch swamp: On west side of railroad near Walley's, about
a mile south of Arlington.
Chadivick house: Near the end of Long Point on the west side
of the lake.
Culver Academy grounds: On the north side of the lake near
the east side, fronting on the west part of Aubeenaubee Bay.
Culver Creek: Entering the lake at Aubeenaubee Bay in the
east part of the Academy grounds.
Belong: On Tippecanoe River, 3 miles south of Lake Maxin-
kuckee.
Drained lake: About 2^ miles west of the Outlet.
Edwards' boathouse: On the east side, at the mouth of Au-
beenaubee Creek.
Farrar's woods : A heavy forest of many acres along the south
end of the lake from Murray's east to the neighborhood of Over-
myer's brook. This wood consists chiefly of oaks, hickories, elms,
willows, poplars, sassafras, and dense underbrush. It is fully de-
scribed elsewhere.
Fish Commission stoMon: The Shady Point (formerly the
Duenweg) cottage on the west side of the lake in front of the Arl-
ington railroad station and adjacent to the Arlington hotel. (See
plate 34.)
Gravelpit: Just west of the railroad on the west side of the
lake, 600 to 1,800 feet south of the Arlington station.
Green boathouse: On the lake shore at the west edge of the
Norris Inlet marsh the large marsh at the head of the lake.
Green's marsh: Sometimes called Green's flat, a tract of about
11 acres of low, marshy ground, on the west side of Long Point,
between it and the railroad and just south of Outlet Bay. This
marsh is covered with a rich growth of blue-joint grass (Calama-
grostis canadensis) , sedges (Carex), a large clump of button-
bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) , low willows (Salix bebbiana),
and a little Cornus. During times of high water this marsh be-
comes flooded so that a boat can be rowed about over it. In dry
weather it can be walked over.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 21
Green's woods: Between Lake Maxinkuckee and Lost Lake.
Hawk's marsh: At the southwest border of the town of Cul-
ver, or just west of the Assembly grounds. The marsh comprises
3 or 4 acres. It is a sphagnum bog with a dense thicket of poison
sumac, mountain holly, winter holly, chokeberry, and the like. In
the middle of the marsh is a small pond around which are cran-
berries, pitcher plants, high bush huckleberries, leather leaf, marsh
rosemary, cotton grass, etc.
Ice-houses: On the west side of the lake at Outlet Bay and
north of the Outlet about 500 feet.
Indiana boathouse: On the east side about half a mile north of
the Maxinkuckee road.
Indianapolis pier: On the east side about 2500 feet south of
the mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek.
Jenks' cottage: East side of Long Point near the McSheehy
cottage.
Lakeview Hotel: On the north shore of the lake about 1,000
feet east of the Culver railroad station.
Lapaz Junction, 18 miles north of Culver.
McOuat cottage: On east side of lake north of the Indianapolis
pier.
McSheehy cottage: East side of Long Point near the tip.
Murray's: A small farm bordering the southwest part of the
lake, south of the Gravelpit.
Norris pier: At the southeast corner of the lake about 1,200
feet from Norris Inlet.
Outlet: At the base of the north side of Long Point. It is
crossed at its beginning by a concrete bridge on the public high-
way and also by the Vandalia Railroad a few feet further down.
Sometimes referred to as the Thoroughfare.
Outlet marsh: The low, marshy ground along the Outlet be-
tween the railroad bridge and the upper end of Lost Lake. This
marsh is mostly under water and is covered with a rank growth of
bluejoint grass, sedges and cattails. It is a favorite resort for
bitterns, rails, long-billed marsh wrens, and red-winged blackbirds.
Outlet stream: The stream connecting Lost Lake with the
Tippecanoe River; sometimes called Outlet Creek.
Overmyer's woods: On the south shore of the lake between
Farrar's woods and Norris Inlet. This has the same general char-
acter as Farrar's woods, ^except that much of it is on higher ground
in which there is a good deal of clay.
Palmer house: On the north shore just west of the Academy
grounds.
22 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Scovell cottage: On the east side of Long Point.
Shady Point: In front of the Arlington station and adjacent
to the Arlington hotel grounds. This was formerly known as the
Duenweg cottage and was occupied by the U. S. Fish Commission
party in 1899-1901. (See plate 34.)
Tamarack swamp: About two miles west of the Assembly
grounds.
Thoroughfare: The Outlet or stream connecting the two lakes.
Va jen's cottage: On northeast side of lake.
W alley's woods: Just west of the railroad and bordering Out-
let Creek, about a mile southwest of the lake.
Walter Knapp cottage: East side of Long Point just north of
the Scovell cottage.
Win field's cottage: On the west side of the lake north of the
Outlet.
PHYSICAL FEATURES
Location: Lake Maxinkuckee is situated in about 41 12' north
latitude, and 86 24' west longitude, in northern Indiana, on the
Terre Haute and Logansport Railroad (Vandalia Line). It is 34
miles south of South Bend, Indiana, 94 miles southeast of Chicago,
32 miles north of Logansport, 121 miles north of Indianapolis and
149 miles north of Terre Haute. It is easily reached by the Penn-
sylvania Line from any of the places above mentioned. It lies
wholly in Union Township in the southwest corner of Marshall
County; the distance westward to the Starke County line being
2,25 miles, and to the Fulton County line on the south, but 1 mile.
The Vandalia Railroad runs north and south along the west
shore of the lake. Near the north end of the west side of the lake
is the town of Culver, with a population of about 1,500, which is
the principal railroad station for Lake Maxinkuckee. One mile
south from Culver is a flag station called Arlington. On the east
side of the lake, and about a half mile back from it, is the little
village of Maxinkuckee with a population of about 100. Near the
middle of the north shore are the buildings and grounds of the
Culver Military Academy, a flourishing institution.
Elevation above sea-level: The surface of the lake at the aver-
age stage of water, is 734.5 feet above sea-level of the Gulf of
Mexico at Biloxi, Miss., 150 feet above Lake Michigan, and 130
feet below the summit of the divide between Lake Michigan and
the Wabash drainage. It is 15 feet above Tippecanoe River 4
miles south, into which it drains, and 75 feet above English Lake
20 miles west. The lake itself, therefore, is situated on a south
and west slope.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 23
Size, form, etc.: Lake Maxinkuckee lies in a north and south
direction and its greatest length is 2.6 miles. The maximum width
from east to west is 1.6 miles. The lake covers parts of sections
15, 16, 21, 28, 32, and 34 north, range 1 east of the second prin-
cipal meridian, and has a total area of 1,854 acres. The average
length of the shore line is 7.3 miles. The distance around the lake
by the road which goes around it at some distance from the shore,
is about 12 miles.
The form of the lake, as may be seen from the map, is quite
regular. The major axis lies in an approximately north and south
direction, but about one-quarter east of the middle of the lake.
The longest line from east to west is about the same distance north
of the middle of the lake. In the north half of the lake the east
and west shore lines are approximately parallel, but in the south
half they converge considerably, and that part of the lake is much
narrower than the north half.
There are not many bays or indentations of importance. At
the northeast corner of the lake is Aubeenaubee Bay, the most
pronounced of any. On the east the shore-line sweeps eastward
in a long regular curve, making a long but narrow bay. At the
south end, as already stated, the lake narrows greatly, producing
a considerable bay extending somewhat toward the southeast.
Near the middle of the west side is a point of land known as Long
Point, projecting into the lake toward the northeast. This is the
most pronounced and conspicuous irregularity in the shore-line of
the lake. The north line of Long Point runs approximately east
and west and at the Outlet the shore-line turns to the northward
again, resulting in a considerable indentation known as Outlet Bay.
Character of the surrounding country: The country surround-
ing Lake Maxinkuckee lies wholly in the glacial region of Indiana.
The lake is near the southwestern angle of the Saginaw Moraine,
and deep borings in the adjacent soil indicate that at its greatest
depth it does not reach the bottom of the drift. The topographic
features are somewhat varied, as shown on the accompanying map.
There are numerous small hills with gentle slopes, and among
them are a good many kettle-holes, some of considerable depth,
and with more or less water during wet seasons, while others are
less deep and fairly dry. While the surface irregularities are con-
siderable, they are, as a rule, not abrupt. The highest land any-
where about the lake is a hill just east of the village of Maxin-
kuckee about one-half mile from the lake. Its elevation above
the surface of the lake is 136 feet.
24 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Soil: It is desirable to give some consideration to the char-
acter of the various kinds of soils of the region about the lake;
for the soil determines in some measure many of the physical and
biological factors which influence the lake more or less directly,
such as the topography of the country, the flora, fauna, clearness
and purity of the water, and the lake bed.
The Lake Maxinkuckee region is highly favored in that it con-
tains many kinds of soils, which the glaciers brought down and
deposited about the lake. Speaking broadly, it may be said that
the soil about Lake Maxinkuckee is composed chiefly of sand.
There are a few isolated areas of clay, usually of small extent,
and even they usually have a considerable proportion of sand
mixed with the clay. The west and south sides of the lake are
more sandy than the east and north. Long Point is a high sand
ridge underlain with gravel, and is continued out into the lake a
considerable distance beyond the shore in a long sandbar in shal-
low water. In some places, at the southeast corner of the lake,
there is considerable gravel and clay mixed with the sand, and
at a few places on the north and east sides, and one place at the
southwest corner, there are a good many boulders of moderate
size. There are only six places about the lake where there is any
marsh ; two of these are on the north end, two on the south, and
one each on the east and west. The west -one of those on the north
is in the vicinity of the Morris boathouse and is of small extent,
the other is on Aubeenaubee Bay at the northeast corner of the
lake. This is of considerable extent, but the western part of it
has been filled in by the improvements at the Culver Academy
grounds. The marshy tract on the east side lies about the mouth
of Aubeenaubee Creek and extends eastward to near the head of
that creek. At the southeast corner of the lake is the largest and
lowest area of marsh; this lies along Norris Inlet, and several
acres are entirely too marshy to permit walking over. Near the
middle of the south end is another small area of low ground which
at times is under water. The remaining patch of marsh is on the
south of Outlet Bay and west of Long Point. This is known as
Green's marsh and is in the shape of a narrow strip on the north-
west side of Long Point, widening to the westward and covering
several acres just south of the Outlet.
The soils of the catchment basin of Lake Maxinkuckee have
been classified by the United States Bureau of Soils 1 as Miami
1 Soil Survey of Marshall County, Indiana, by Frank Bennett and Charles W. Ely, Field
Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1904, pp. 689-706, with map.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 25
gravelly sandy loam, Marshall sandy loam, Miami sand, Miami
clay loam, and muck.
The first of these, as described by Bennett and Ely, is usually
a light or, dark brown sandy loam, containing a high percentage
of gravel and, frequently, small glacial boulders. The subsoil is
a gravelly or sandy clay with numerous small stones scattered
through it. This is the type of soil found bordering lakes or old
lake basins as a chain of rounded knolls or hills, which are gen-
erally composed of stratified and unstratified sands, clays and
gravels. There is a large area of this soil, the largest in the county
according to Bennett and Ely, on the east side of Lake Maxin-
kuckee. It borders the lake from the mouth of Culver Inlet on
the north to the mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek near the middle of
the east side, and extends east and southeast from the lake about
1V-2 miles or to the head of Aubeenaubee Creek.
The Marshall sandy loam borders the lake from the mouth of
Aubeenaubee Creek south to Norris Inlet, thence across the south
end and up 'the west side to Arlington station. There is also a
small area between the mouth of Culver Inlet and the Academy
grounds. This type of soil usually presents a rolling topography
and generally occurs in irregular ridges composed of rounded
knolls. The soil in the intervening depressions is a heavy black
sandy loam. On the rounded knolls the soil is often quite gravelly.
Granite boulders often occur scattered over the knolls and ridges.
The entire north end of the lake and all of the west side south
to beyond the Gravelpit is Miami sand. A narrow tongue of
the same runs southward along the lake shore to the extreme
southern end. The town of Culver and the entire region for some
distance to the northwest is of this character. The surface to a
depth of about 9 inches is a slightly loamy grayish or yellowish
sand of medium texture, while the subsoil is a yellow or orange-
colored sand of about the same texture. In the depressions the
soil is more loamy, much darker, and extends to a greater depth.
The Miami sand presents a very rolling topography and much of
it resembles sand dunes in form and appearance. In all prob-
ability a large portion was formerly old sand dunes on which
plants obtained a foothold and checked the action of the wind.
Some of it is even now shifted about by the winds. This soil has
been, and still is, a more important factor than any other in deter-
mining the character of the lake.
Miami clay loam is found near the lake in only one place,
namely, in a narrow ridge across the south end of the lake and
26 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
some rods back from it. This is a yellowish white loam, almost
white when dry, but dark gray when damp, composed of about
equal parts of sand and silt. There is usually some gravel scat-
tered through this soil or left on the surface by erosion.
Muck is found only in a few places about the lake and in lim-
ited areas along the creeks. The largest area is that about the
lower course of Norris Inlet. The low ground along the Outlet
between Outlet Bay and Lost Lake (including Green's marsh), a
narrow strip on either side of the creek below Lost Lake, and a
similar narrow strip along the lower part of Aubeenaubee Creek,
are of muck. There is also a small amount about the mouth of
Culver Inlet, and west of the lake about a mile is a large area.
This soil usually represents deposits of partly decayed organic
matter, and occurs in low, wet places, commonly known as
"marshes". The muck is usually several feet deep and is black
or brownish-black in color. It has much to do in determining the
character of the water and the vegetation of the parts of the lake
where it occurs.
The relation of the soils of the country surrounding the lake
to the lake itself is an intimate one. In the first place the kind
and amount of soluble salts in the soil will determine the mineral
character of the water. In certain places there appears to be con-
siderable iron in the soil. This is particularly noticeable at the
Gravelpit where large masses of post-glacial conglomerate are
found resulting from the cementing of pebbles together. There
is a smaller area of similar material on the east side. There is
also some lime in the soil and no doubt much is leached out and
carried into the water of the lake from which it is again removed
by the various mollusks, and by certain plants. The water of the
springs and flowing wells also contains considerable iron and lime.
Erosion: Not a great amount of eroding is now going on about
the lake. Although heavy and frequent rains occur, the soil is
sufficiently sandy to take up most of the water readily and the
run off is not great. Most of the abrupt slopes are still covered
fairly well with vegetation, A few hills or ridges, especially along
roadsides, are rather deeply grooved and channeled, but the eroded
material is largely deposited before reaching the lake. The fall
in the inlets is so slight that comparatively little detritus reaches
the lake and the deltas and sandbars formed at their mouths are
insignificant. The largest delta is at the mouth of Overmyer's
Creek at the south end of the lake where a hilly region, chiefly of
Miami clay loam, near the lake, has long been cleared and is most
eroded.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 27
Tributary streams: Lake Maxinkuckee is a body of water in
which the physical and biological conditions are bunched ; the lake
is only of moderate size and regular in form ; its catchment basin
is quite limited, it being hardly more than three times as large
as the area of the lake itself, and there are no important connect-
ing streams or other waters which complicate the conditions. The
streams flowing into the lake are few in number and inconsider-
able in size. There are only three deserving any special descrip-
tion; these are known as Culver Creek, Aubeenaubee Creek, and
Norris Inlet.
Culver Creek: This creek enters Aubeenaubee Bay at the
northeast corner of the lake. It rises in a small marsh about 2
miles from the lake, and pursues a winding course in a general
southwesterly direction, entering the lake in the eastern part of
the Culver Military Academy grounds. Just before entering the
Academy grounds, this creek turns abruptly to the west, and, after
flowing a few rods in that direction, turns southward to enter the
lake. At the first bend mentioned, the stream, on August 21,
1900, was about 4 feet wide, and with a maximum depth of three
feet, though the average depth was not more than two feet. From
this point it increases in width and depth through the Academy
grounds where the banks have been improved by sodding. Much
marsh gas comes up when the bottom is disturbed. There is
everywhere an abundance of aquatic vegetation, chiefly Philotria
canadensis, Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton. An effort
is made by the Academy authorities to keep the lower portion of
this creek free of vegetation by dredging it out with rakes (as
explained elsewhere).
Aubeenaubee Creek, named for the Pottawattomie chief who
at one time owned the land on the east side of the lake, rises in
a small marsh some two miles east of the lake. This creek flows
through a low level meadow or prairie region. It averages about
four feet wide and from a few inches to a foot in depth with
occasional deeper holes. The bed in the upper part of its course
is usually of fairly compact sand with some admixture of muck,
and its banks are sodded and rather firm. In the lower portion
of its course, the shores are more marshy, the banks less stable,
and the bed has an increasingly larger percentage of muck.
Throughout most of its length this creek is overhung by bushes
and briars and is full of sticks and brush. It enters the lake at
the Edwards boathouse near the middle of the east side of the
lake, or S 1 /^ rods south of section line No. 28.
28 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Norris Inlet has its sources in some small springs southeast of
the lake and about two miles distant. It flows in a northwesterly
direction and enters the lake through the marsh at the southeast
corner. Though this creek does not carry much, if any, more
water than either of the others just described, it is usually spoken
of as "the inlet". The upper part of this creek flows through
fields and other cleared land, and the banks are usually well defined
and sodded. The marsh about the Norris Inlet is about 80 rods
wide and i/2 mile long, and is a flat, level, quaking bog full of
holes. The lower portion of the creek is through a wet marsh
with an abundance of marsh-grass and sedges but with scarcely
any woody vegetation except a few bushes of Decodon verticillata,
scattered low clumps of pussy-willow, and an occasional button
bush (Cephalanthus). There is but little vegetation in the upper
part of this stream, but the lower part is well filled with horn-
wort (Ceratophyllum), milfoil (Myriophyllum verticillatum) , spat-
terdock (Nymphaea advena), and various species of duckweeds.
Overmyer's Brook: A few rods west from the mouth of Nor-
ris Inlet is a small brook about a mile long which usually contains
some water. This may be called Overmyer's Brook or Creek. Be-
sides this there is a very small brook a few rods long near the south-
west corner, another small one coming from the Peebles' flowing
well on the northeast part of the lake, and two or three very small
streams from flowing wells at the north end.
The total volume of water carried into the lake by these vari-
ous little streams cannot be conveniently nor accurately deter-
mined; but from observations and experiments made at various
times, the total daily flow during July and August, 1900, probably
did not exceed 400 gallons per minute.
Floiving ivetts: There are on the immediate shores of the lake
more than 100 wells, of which about 50 are flowing wells, i.e., wells
in which the water rises above the surface of the ground without
being pumped. With the exception of one or two recently dug
along the south shore, these wells are all located on the east and
north sides of the lake. Beginning just north of Norris Inlet,
flowing wells have been secured at irregular intervals all along
the east shore and across the north end, the last one being at the
Vandalia Railroad station at Culver. These wells vary greatly in
depth; some are only 27 to 30 feet deep, while others are as
much as 138 feet deep. The depths of all were not learned,
but the majority seem to be between 50 and 80 feet. In driving
these wells it often happened that flowing water could be obtained
at a certain depth, and, by going deeper, a stronger flow would
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 29
be secured. The deep wells seem to have the strongest flow, though
this is not invariably the case; indeed, the "Wise well" at the
Maxinkuckee road is said to be 110 feet deep and flows only a
trifle over one gallon per minute, while the Sheerin well on the
north side is only 38 feet deep, flows 50 gallons per minute, and
is the strongest well about the lake. The flow of the different
wells ranges from three-tenths of a gallon to 50 gallons per minute,
and the total flow of all is about 400 gallons per minute. In some
the water barely rises to the surface of the ground, while in others
it will rise from 10 to 18 feet above.
The temperature of the water as it leaves the pipes is usually
52 F., the variation being from 51.5 to 54.5. This variation
is probably due chiefly to the length of pipe on or above ground,
and to the difference in rapidity of flow. The coldest of all the
flowing wells is the one at the cottage of Mrs. Judge A. R. Heller,
on the east side. This well is 103 feet deep, flows 25 gallons per
minute, and has a temperature of 51.5. The warmest is that of
Otto Stechhan, also on the east side, flowing only two-thirds of a
gallon per minute and with a temperature of 54.5. The water
in several of the pump wells is colder than in any of the flowing
wells, the coldest being that at the cottage of Judge John Mitchell
on the east side, the depth being 36 feet and the temperature 50.5.
All the wells about the lake were examined August 25 and 26, 1900,
and the temperatures and volumes given were obtained on those
dates.
LIST OF WELLS ON SHORE OF LAKE MAXINKUCKEE
The following table gives the most important facts about the
wells in the vicinity of the shore of the lake. The temperatures
were taken with a Queen & Company's protected thermometer,
and the volume determined by noting the time required to fill a
bucket holding 2.5 gallons. Several tests were usually made at
each well for temperature and for volume. The work began at
the well of H. R. Norris, at the southeast corner of the lake, and
proceeded northward. The temperatures and depths of the pump
wells as well as those of the flowing wells, were recorded.
The list is as of August, 1919. In order that the table may be
useful in various ways we have given a complete list of all the lots
on the shore of the lake whether there is thereon a flowing well or
not. In column 1, we have numbered the lots consecutively begin-
ning with the Vandalia Railroad land at the Culver station and
proceeding around the lake on the north side, then south, then
west, thence north to the starting point. In column 2, we give the
3.)
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
owner of each lot; in 3, the frontage; in 4, whether there is a cot-
tage or not ; in 5, the depth of the well ; in 6, .the size of pipe ; in 7,
the flow in gallons per minute, if it is a flowing well ; and in 8, the
temperature of the water of the well.
It is difficult to prepare a table of this kind that will remain
accurate very long. Lots are changing hands, new wells are being
driven, old wells deepened, pipes changed, etc., etc. It is believed,
however, that this list will be found useful and interesting. For
much of the data we are under obligations to the Culver Military
Academy.
No.
OWNER
Front
Feet
Cottage
Well
Depth
feet
Size of
pipe, in
inches
Number of
gallons per
minute
Temperature
of water,
degrees Fahr.
1
Vandalia Railroad
2,500
No
67
2
73
54
?
Lakeview Hotel
1 000
Hotel
65
2
53
1
Ed. Morris
213
No
2
06
52
4
S. P. Sheerin.
313
Yes
38
4
50
53 5
>>
Carrie B. Waldorf
100
Yes
65
2
fi
Albert F Schad
50
Yes
65
2
7
Fred Thompson
50
Yes
65
2
8
Helen Albrecht
50
Yes
65
2
3 53
53
q
Adolph Herz . .
50
1 A
7 5
52
10
187
Hotel
65
2 1 A
3
53
11
1
52 5
12
1 60
1 UU
Pump
52 5
13
f
65
1 65
52
14
Wm. F. Kuhn and Oscar D. Bohlen
50
Yes
2 5
3.35
52
15
Pump
53
16
Theophilus Gonzelman
45
1
4.41
52
17
65
2
52
IS
4 500
65
3
40
52
19
65
3
40
52
'0
65
3
40
53
21
2
3
54
99
2
3
93
2
3
'4
2
3
'
64
2
1
>6
E R Culver
124
Yes
2
97
Culver-Bell
Yes (2)
2
'8
245
Yes
2
m
50
No
30
100
Yes
2 5
1.01
54
si
110
Yes
52
3?
100
Yes
65
3
52 5
33
100
Yes
2
34
Maude F Wolfe
llO
Yes
2
35
68
Yes
3
36
92
Yes
'
37
214
Yes
65
2
38
J.W. Smith
400
Hotel
104
2
39
George E. Miller
93
Yes
2
40
M.M. Milliken
70
Yes
107
2
41
Wm. E. Wheeler
30
Yes
103
2 5
8.33
52.5
4?
Yes
Pump
53
4,3
Gideon W. Blane. . .
156
Yes. . .
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
31
No.
OWNER
Front
Feet
Cottage
Well
Depth
feet
Size of
pipe, in
inches
Number of
gallons per
minute
Temperature
of water,
degrees Fahr.
44
272
Yes
103
2
25
51 5
45
173
Yes
104
2
5.55
52
46
Yes
104
2
1.22
52.5
47
21.43
52
48
115
49
Charles C Perry
410
Yes
70
2
50
H R Bliss
105
2
6
52 5
51
Elizabeth B Crawford
190
Yes
65
2
52
2
24.17
52
53
75
2
.40
53
54
L B Martin *
60
Yes
2
1 25
52
55
Worth B Steele
50
Yes
65
2
56
C R Green
2
52
57
Milton Shirk . ...
208
Yes
70
2
10 29
52
58
Guy T Bigley
96
"Wise well"
105
3
1.07
53
59
78
2
16.67
52
60
Mrs S R A Rector
27
2
.3
53
61
Rector
Spring
3.75
53.5
62
69
Yes (2) ....
98
2
24.75
52
63
50
Yes
64
50
Yes
65
70
Yes
100
2
66
140
Yes
100
2
67
A B Gates
110 to
68
140
Yes.
115
100
2
2
1.16
53
69
40
Pump
51.5
70
Pump
52.5
71
R T Daggett
Pump
52.0
72
140
Yes
75
Pump
53
73
Charles E Coffin
213
Yes
100
2
74
71
Yes
104
2
75
71
Yes
106
2
76
71
Yes
110
2
77
71
Yes
116
2
78
71
Yes
120
2
79
212
Yes
80
W W Wilson
110
Yes
81
70
Yes
120
2
82
F M Harwood
50
Yes
47 5
Pump
53
83
356
Yes
130
1^4
53
84
14
Pump
53
85
Ada Stuart
50
Yes
8fi
100
Yes
36
Pump
50.5
87
58
Yes
88
143
Yes
89
148
Yes .
90
T H Wilson
Pump
52
91
50
Yes
9?
Pump
52.5
9T
101
Yes
48
Pump
51.5
94
W T Wilson
Yes
Pump
51
95
107
Yes
48
Pump
51.5
96
125
Yes
40
Pump
97
100
Yes
Pump
52.2
98
100
Yes
37
Pump
52
99
Pump
52
100
52
Yes
101
Mrs W E Shedd
Pump
51.4
102
L. T. Van Schoiack. .
30
Pump
52
317618
32
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
No.
OWNER
Front
Feet
Cottage
Well
Depth
feet
Size of
pipe, in
inches
Number of
gallons per
minute
Temperature
of water,
degrees Fahr,
103
E. B. McOuat
207
Yes
104
Lavina Walker
454
No
105
Sidney A. Vaughn
100
Yes
106
Mary Van Schoiack
50
No
107
J. D. Ferguson
125
Yes
108
Fred Gompf
120
Yes (3)....
101
J. A. Maxwell .... .
Pump
52
110
Walter Twiname
50
Yes
111
Marion Ellsworth
100
Yes
52 5
11?
C. D. Snoeberger
75
Yes
113
Anna B. Bramen
50
Yes
114
A. Curtis.
40
Pump ....
52 5
115
W. F. Christian
100
Yes . .
116
Wm. Wallace
70
Yes
117
Pierce and Ward
75
118
M. V. McGilliard
Yes
Pump
53
111
J. M. Dresser
50
Yes
63.5
Pump
53.6
I'O
Mary L. Taylor
200
Yes (3) ....
1?1
Lavina Walker
514
No
100
2
m
Eva Sherman
61
Yes
1?3
Richard Irwin .
78
Yes .
100
2
1?4
Otis Hann . . .
163
Yes
2
1'5
Cordelia Edwards
127
Yes
196
Marvin T. Loudon
65
No
1?7
EffieCrabb
77
Yes
1?8
Chester Edwards
77
Yes
19Q
Wm. Daggett
Pump
51.8
no
H. C. Chandler
37
2
0.66
53.4
131
Daniel W. Gardner .
90
Yes
(104)
64
(2)
1
75
52.5
1,3?
Edwin Fulton
372
Yes (3) ....
(100)
71.6
2
3.57
52.5
133
200
Yes
134
William J. Wood.
143
Yes
135
136
Harvey R. Norris
J^mile
1 200
(No)
Yes
Yes
(104)
66
2
1.2
53.8
137
100
Yes
138
548
Yes
131
101
Yes
MO
500+
141
I. & H. Faulkner
50
14?
50
143
140
Yes
60
2
144
William Cline
50
60
2
52.8
145
50
Yes
146
147
Ada F. Daugherty (Col. Farrar estate)
(John Murray plot:)
Ida Walker
J^ mile
172
Yes
Pump
Pump
51
51
148
Ida Rovell
47
Yes
14fl
100
Yes
150
James E Hillis
45
Yes
151
42
Yes
IV?!
50
No
153
400
Yes
154
155
156
James Green (Wm. O'Keefe)
Bardsley Cottage (Lost Lake)
Schroff (Shady Point)
160
Yes
Yes
Yes
Pump
Pump
Pump
52
157
William H. Holland (Arlington)
160
No . . .
52
Pump
52
158
Georee W. Barnes. . .
100
Yes. . . ,
Pump
52.1
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
33
No.
OWNER
Front
Feet
Cottage
Well
Depth
feet
Size of
pipe, in
inches
Number of
gallons per
minute
Temperature
of water,
degreesFahr.
119
W.C Routh
50
Yes
160
Cordelia C Shafer (Scovell)
50
Yes
161
Frank C Murphy (Walter Knapp)
162
30
163
50
Yes
164
60
Yes
50
Pump. . . .
52 8
165
75
Yes
166
Mary B Reitemeier .
25
Yes
167
100
Yes .
168
Arthur H. Springer
50
Yes
I'. 1 '
Frank B Murphy (Plank)
50
Yes
170
Fred A. Seeburger,
50
Yes....
171
John J. Campbell
100
Yes
17?
Jacob W. Miller
100
Yes
Pump
52.5
173
37 5
Yes
174
Webster & Folrath. .
37 5
171
Keller, Florin & Retz.
75
Yes
176
Jessie Uhl and Mary Traut
75
Yes
177
80
Yes
178
H. J. McSheehy
80
Yes
Pump....
52
179
Kathryn Duenweg
92
Yes...
Pump.. . .
52
180
83 25
Yes
181
Weinstein & Dahlen
55 5
Yes....
18 9
Edward W. Johnson
55 5
Yes
18?
55 5
Yes
184
Jane A. Fisher (Judge Slick)
27 75
Yes
185
(Chadwick plot: )
450
Yes
186
187
Melvin T. Anderson (Chadwick)
274
191
Hotel
Yes
29
Pump
54
188
440
Yes
189
C. C. Durr and George Green
50
No. . .
190
Maurice Winfield
1,000
Yes
36
Pump
53
191
Daniel Wolf
80
Yes .
Pump
51
19'
M. R. Cline
140
Yes
19?
130
Yes
194
Helen M. Outland
100
Yes
2
191
J. Freeman .
100
196
Ed Morris
100
No
There are a few small springs along the shores, and probably
a good many in the bottom of the lake, but how much they con-
tribute to the supply of the lake, there is no means of knowing.
The water of the springs and wells in several cases contains
a considerable amount of iron. In some wells the iron is per-
ceptible to the taste and discolors the drain troughs. The water
in all contains some lime, the well-water being about three times
as hard as that of the lake. In some instances boards exposed to
it become coated with lime.
In addition to the wells given above, numerous others have been
constructed since our observations were made. Weak flowing wells
have been obtained at the McDonald cottage between Farrar's and
34
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
the south spring. Many of the wells which are not flowing have
the water within a few feet of the surface.
President W. W. Parsons of the Indiana State Normal School,
who has built on the east side since the census of wells was taken,
has a flowing well 116 feet deep which remains at 52 the year
round; now owned by Francis W. Jones.
The sum total of water entering the lake from the flowing wells
actually measured, is, therefore, about 400 gallons a minute, which
equals 24,000 gallons an hour or 576,000 gallons, or considerably
over a half million gallons, every day of 24 hours. Add to this
another 400 gallons per minute from the various tributary creeks
and we have a total of 1,152,000 gallons daily. This large amount,
The Duenweg or Shady Point Cottage, used as headquarters by the investigators in 1899-
1901. The Arlington station seen in the background at the right.
added to the unknown amount from under-water springs, must
exercise a great influence on both the character and temperature
of the lake water the year round.
The Outlet: The outlet or thoroughfare of Lake Maxinkuckee
is near the middle of the west side just north of Long Point,
through a small stream which, after flowing sluggishly for about
3 rods to the west and south, enters Lost Lake. Just as the Outlet
leaves the lake it is crossed by a wagon bridge, and 27 feet west
of this the Vandalia Railroad bridge also crosses it. Immediately
below the railroad bridge the stream turns southward and con-
tinues nearly due south through a somewhat artificial channel for
800 feet, and then through a wet marsh about 1,000 feet to Lost
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 35
Lake into which it gradually widens. The banks are low and the
adjacent ground is of soft black muck over which one cannot pass,
except in the driest season, without danger of miring. At the
lower end the marsh along its edges is continually under water.
The bed of the stream at the bridges is artificially 16 feet wide
and the water about 18 inches deep in dry weather. There is
usually a fairly strong current at the bridges, but below them it
is barely perceptible.
Shore and Beach: The shores of Lake Maxinkuckee are in
most places several feet above the lake level; there is very little
marsh ground anywhere. The beach is usually of compact sand
or fine gravel; with the exception of a few rods at Norris Inlet
and a few yards in 3 or 4 other places, it would be possible to
drive a team and wagon entirely around the lake in shallow water
without any danger of miring.
Beginning at the Outlet and proceeding southward the shore
and beach may be described in detail as follows:
From the Outlet to the middle of the north side of Long Point
the shore is low and continuous with Green's marsh. During
extreme high water the public highway is sometimes flooded.
Recently the western - portion of this section has been materially
modified by filling in and is now firmer ground than it was orig-
inally. The beach is of fine yellow sand, usually quite firm and
free of vegetation.
Long Point rises abruptly to a maximum height of 35 feet
above the lake. The distal end of this point has recently been
cut down considerably but still remains several feet above the
lake. The crest of Long Point from near the extreme end to the
Arlington station is 20 to 35 feet above the water line. The shore
is abrupt and bluff -like.
The beach along the east side of Long Point and southward
to Arlington is of clean yellow sand with a considerable propor-
tion of pebbles and fine gravel just below the water line.
Toward the south the gravel becomes rather more evident.
From Arlington to the Gravelpit there is a narrow low strip ex-
tending back to the railroad west of which the shore rises abruptly
to an extreme height of 40 feet, the highest point being at the
Gravelpit. Opposite the Kettlehole and just south of the Gravel-
pit the high ground again approaches very close to the water's edge,
so that we have a quite narrow beach, and the bare beach patches
are not sandy, but both shore and bottom are covered by very
coarse gravel, the component pebbles of the gravel being about
the size of a goose's or hen's egg. There are also quite large rocks
36 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
of a granitoid nature projecting out on the narrow beach from
the base of the hill.
From Murray's to Farrar's there is a rather broad and toler-
ably bare sandy or gravelly beach, with moderately coarse gravel
in the bottom. The shore is low and level, the ice-beach being the
highest ground. The next section of about 1,000 feet east of Far-
rar's presents a strong contrast to the preceding, the immediate
shore being a low marshy woodland with a well-defined ice-beach
near the water's edge. The ridge is narrow, 2 or 3 feet high, and
practically cuts off a strip which otherwise would be a part of
the lake. In some places there is a second, similar ice-ridge paral-
lel to the first and some distance back of it. Both of these ice-
ridges bear trees of considerable size, some of them 6 inches or
more in diameter and 20 feet high. The shore is flat and mucky
and full of muskrat holes. It is thickly covered in some places
by the three-cornered bulrush (Scirpus americanus). It is too
miry to walk on between the water-line and the ice-ridge ; one has
to walk on the ridge in places.
Following this flat shore is a stretch of 110 feet of fine sandy
beach, where a hill comes down to the shore. This is in line with
a public road, and is used for a boat-landing. There is a broad
beach of fine yellow sand, and a gravelly shelly bottom, bare and
sandy a distance out from shore. The break in the rush patch is
probably due to boats going over this region.
Then occurs a stretch of about 850 feet reaching from the end
of the sandbar mentioned above to the place where the forest comes
to the shore.
In general this shore is a good deal alike throughout its extent,
is nearly flat, and has behind it most of the way an ice-ridge sepa-
rating it from a large swamp behind ; all of the shore is soft, and
it extends out into the lake as a long broad cape. The apex point
of the cape is sand, but both sides, especially the northern side,
are tolerably black on top from a scum of decaying vegetation.
The hill which forms the border of the swamp approaches the
lake, but does not reach it, so that there lies a flattish, rich, but
dry and elevated plain between it and the lake. This plain is well
forested. At this place the hill is cut in two by a deepish and
rather wide gully with moderately steep, but well rounded sides,
cut by Overmyer's Brook which enters the lake at this point and
forms a large flat sharp delta of sand which projects out for a
considerable distance into the lake. The delta holds a sort of
lagoon, and at the northeast edge of the delta the stream and waves
have combined to form a sandbar with a sharp apex and an almost
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 37
regular and equal slope on each side. The shore is quite irregular
here, with sandy capes and mucky gulfs. The bottom of the north-
ern half of this stretch is of fine sand ; the southern part is a solid
platform of firm black dirt.
The hill or bluff here comes down to the lake and there is a well-
wooded, high slope coming down nearly to the water-line. In most
places there is no beach at all, or only a very narrow one. The hill
is made up of a yellowish clay full of boulders. At about the
middle of the hill a torrent bed cuts somewhat into the hill and
makes a small sandbar off shore. There are many quite large
boulders along the water's edge. Toward the southern half of this
stretch the shore becomes broader. The shore is gradual in its
slope; for the northern half it has coarsish gravel out for a little
way under water; farther out it is fine sand with ripple-marks.
Scirpiis validus, the common bulrush, forms a large patch 15 feet
from shore and farther. Toward the southern end the bottom is
filled with gravel, the pebbles of which are about the size of goose
eggs.
The next stretch reaches from this place to near Norris Inlet.
Back of the shore is a flat, dense willow and red osier dogwood
jungle. There is a broadish beach with a very gradual slope all
the way. The shore changes gradually from a flat soft fine white
sand with considerable vegetable intermixture to a flat miry black
or brown stretch of muck. The Scirpus, Potamogetons, cattail,
etc., grow so densely in the water that the bottom can be seen only
in a few places. It is quite flat and mucky and marly. There is
a good deal of Spirodela (duckweed), dead and white, and much
green algse may usually be seen washed up on this flat miry shore.
At the end of this stretch there are back of the flat beach two low,
broad, flat ice-ridges, very close together and side by side.
The region about the mouth of Norris Inlet is a flat sedgy plain
with a low ice-ridge near the water's edge. At the west end this
ice-ridge is quite high and well-marked; at the east end nearer
the creek it is less distinct.
The Inlet is tolerably narrow and deep where it enters the
lake ; farther up it becomes very crooked and shallow, and its bot-
tom is full of rootstocks of the yellow pond-lily, or spatterdock,
Nymphaea advena. It is surrounded by about 40 acres of flat, wet
marsh, overgrown with sedges, reeds, cattails and various grasses,
with bushes of red osier dogwood, or willow here and there. Much
of it is tussocky. Near the lake it is quaky and full of holes.
Along the sides of the Inlet are many lagoons. On both banks
near the water's edge is a thick, narrow growth of Decodon verti-
38 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
cillata. This plant forms a fringe on each border some distance
upstream about a quarter of a mile.
Besides the spatterdock already mentioned as growing 1 in the
bottom, the water of the Inlet contains much vegetation on its
surface along the edges the various duckweeds in great masses,
and great quantities of the floating liverwort, Riccia fluitans. The
duckweeds thrive in great abundance at the mouth of the Inlet.
From Norris Inlet to the Norris pier about 1,000 feet the
shore, except for the last few yards, is low and boggy. The ice-
ridge is pretty plainly marked for much of this distance. At Nor-
ris's the low flat country ceases and the hill slopes gently down
to the water's edge. The ice-ridge stops and the beach is composed
of a strip of gravelly sand. Then the ice-ridge reappears and is
overgrown with tall willows and sycamores.
From the Norris pier northward the shore is low, but rises
near the Indianapolis pier and continues high until Aubeenaubee
Creek is reached. The beach is mostly of fine firm sand with con-
siderable gravel in places and a number of large granite boulders
sparsely scattered near shore.
At the mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek the country has been modi-
fied somewhat by dredging and straightening the stream. The
stream now flows through the center of a marshy tract about 200
feet wide. This marsh is of flat black miry ground covered with
a rank growth of marsh vegetation.
From Aubeenaubee Creek northward to beyond the Maxin-
kuckee road is a long stretch of low, level ground extending back
to beyond the public highway. The hills or high ground recede
gradually from the lake, leaving broad, dry greenswards of gentle
slope. Just north of the Maxinkuckee road the high ground again
approaches the lake and forms an abrupt bluff 20 to 50 feet high
for a distance of about three-fourths of a mile, or to the southeast
corner of Aubeenaubee Bay. The only considerable break in this
line is the narrow canyon of Spangier Creek just south of Brownell
Point. There is another small gully north of the Indiana boat-
house. Throughout this entire distance the shore rises abruptly
from the water line and much of it is protected by a stone break-
water. There is, consequently, no beach. In the shallow water
near shore are a good many granite boulders of various sizes, and
a few masses of post-glacial conglomerate. This shore is the
highest and most abrupt of any about the lake; it is also the most
considerable section of high shore.
At Aubeenaubee Bay the high ground recedes from the lake
front and turns suddenly almost at a right angle from the lake.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 39
There is, therefore, facing on this bay a broad area of low, almost
marsh, ground. The beach is broad and of fine sand with a con-
siderable admixture of muck which induces a rank growth of
aquatic vegetation.
The eastern part of the ground at the north end of the lake is
occupied by the Culver Military Academy. This ground has, of
course, been greatly modified in response to the needs of this insti-
tution. The grounds are relatively level and are bordered in the
rear by the usual ridge of higher ground.
West of the Academy grounds and extending to the Vandalia
Railroad station at Culver, the shore is somewhat higher, espe-
cially at the Lakeview Hotel where it ascends abruptly to a height
of 30 feet or more. Along this shore there is not much beach,
the shore-line being for the most part artificial. There are, how-
ever, a number of short stretches of sandy beach with boulders
scattered here and there.
From the railroad station at Culver southward to the Assembly
grounds the shore is relatively level and elevated 5 to 15 feet above
the lake. This section has undergone many modifications incident
to the development of the town of Culver and the construction of
the railroad which, in the main, parallels the shore. There are
two or three small marshy areas, and at one place there is a small
cape with lower ground between it and the higher land in the
background. Beginning with the Assembly grounds and extend-
ing to the Outlet the shore rises abruptly as a sandy hill to a
height of 30 feet or more, there being only a narrow strip of low
ground scarcely wider than needed by the railroad. The beach
along this side of the lake is usually of very fine sand with but
few boulders except at the cape, and but little gravel. It has a
sufficient percentage of muck and marl to support a luxuriant
growth of aquatic vegetation.
The Ice-beach: One of the most interesting phenomena at
Lake Maxinkuckee is the ice-beach or ice-ridge so well-marked on
many parts of the shore. In many places where the shore is low
and moderately firm, an ice-beach is more or less evident. Start-
ing at Long Point and proceeding southward the ridge is but
faintly or not at all marked until in the vicinity of the Farrar
cottage. There are slight evidences at the base of Long Point
and also between Green's pier and Murray's and just west of
Farrar's. It is probable ridges form periodically along this shore,
but soon become obliterated through various agencies. Just east
of Farrar's is a very definite ridge, high and narrow, and much
resembling an artificial dam or towpath. It juts up against the
40 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
shore and partially cuts off what was originally part of the lake.
In some places there is a second similar ridge parallel to the first
and some feet back of it. Both of these ridges have growing on
them trees of considerable size, some of them about 6 inches in
diameter and 20 feet high. East of this the ice-ridge is for a
distance old and worn away on the lake side, so that many of the
trees growing on it have been more or less undermined and now
lean out over the water. The commonest species of tree on the
ridge is the water-beech ; there is an occasional willow, soft maple,
elm and kinnikinnik (Cornus sericea). From this point east to
Norris Inlet, an ice-ridge is more or less evident and back of it
a second, and sometimes a third, older ridge appears for short
reaches.
These ridges, even the last and most evident one, are usually
not continuous for more than a few rods without interruption.
The wearing away most often takes place on the lake side and is
the result of undermining by the waves.
After passing the miry ground at the mouth of Norris Inlet some
500 feet the ice-ridge reappears and is overgrown with tall slender
willows, weeds and grasses. Just before reaching the Norris pier
it stops, but soon reappears again as a high broad ridge overgrown
with tall willows and sycamores. The ridge then disappears and
is not seen again until just south of the Indianapolis pier where
it is quite pronounced and separates a small pond from the lake.
The rest of the lake shore from this point on north and around
to Long Point, seems to be entirely without any ice-ridge.
HYDROGRAPHY
Depth: In determining the depth of the lake several thousand
soundings were made. The method followed in taking soundings
was essentially as follows:
Two different sounding machines were used during this work.
The first consisted of a brass reel with a grooved rim on which
was wound piano wire of sufficient length. The circumference of
the reel or wheel was just 3 feet, so that in sounding, each revo-
lution of the wheel reeled off exactly 3 feet of wire. The sounding
lead consisted of a 21/2 Ib. piece of lead shaped like a truncated
pyramid with a cupshaped base in which was placed a small quan-
tity of lard and beeswax for the purpose of securing samples of
the bottom. In the end of the axle was placed an ordinary cyclom-
eter which recorded the revolutions made by the wheel. The reel
thus equipped was installed in the bow of a rowboat. In taking
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 41
soundings 3 people were employed, one to row the boat, one to
operate the sounding machine, and one to record the readings.
A smaller machine was sometimes used when sounding in shal-
low water. This consisted of a wooden reel cut out of a thoroughly
seasoned piece of oak and then boiled in oil and paraffin to pre-
vent splitting. This reel was just two feet in circumference, and
on its grooved rim was wound piano wire. A similar but lighter
sounding weight was used and the reel was installed in the boat
in essentially the same manner as was the larger one.
Usually a sounding was taken at the end of every 15 oar strokes.
An effort was made to have the same person do all the rowing.
Before entering on the work he endeavored, through practice, to
acquire a uniform stroke, to the end that 15-oar-stroke intervals
between soundings might be approximately equal.
Quiet days with little or no breeze and with the lake surface
undisturbed and smooth were selected for this work; under these
conditions the drifting of the boat was reduced to a minimum and
it was easy to follow a definite line. In order to do this, range
signals were placed on shore; these were always visible to the
rower.
Lines of soundings were run across the lake on all section, half-
section and quarter-section lines, both east and west and north and
south, and in a number of places lines were run at even closer
distances.
In order to determine the location and extent of bars, deep
holes, or other topographic features of special interest, a buoy was
established on the bar or other special feature, from which radi-
ating lines of soundings were run in sufficient number and with
the soundings at sufficiently short intervals to determine the de-
sired facts. The locations of these buoys were determined by
sextant readings based on shore marks of known position.
During the winter of 1900-1901, a number of lines including
several hundred soundings were run by Mr. Clark when the lake
was covered with ice. The exact position of each of these sound-
ings was determined from known shore positions by measure-
ments on the ice.
It is believed that the care taken at all times while carrying
on this work, the great number of soundings taken, and the fre-
quent verification of questionable results, justify the belief that
the hydrography of this lake has been pretty accurately deter-
mined and that the contour lines on the map showing the depths
may be depended upon as showing the actual depths with reason-
able accuracy.
42 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Topography of the lake bottom: There are many striking
features in the topography of the lake bottom; in fact, it is quite
diversified and the contour lines, as may be seen by an examina-
tion of the map, are very irregular both as regards direction and
spacing. There are a number of low hills and plateaus with gentle
slopes, others of smaller area and rising abruptly from deep water,
numerous long, narrow troughs or valleys running between bars,
and a number of holes where the depth over a limited area is
noticeably greater than in the surrounding region. Only a few of
the more salient topographic features need be described in detail.
The Deep Hole: The greatest depth known in Lake Maxin-
kuckee is 89.5 feet. The locality where this sounding was gotten
is known as the "Deep Hole". It is about midway on a direct line
between the tip of Long Point and the J. H. Vajen cottage, a short
distance north of the Maxinkuckee road. It is also on a direct
line drawn from the Palmer House to Overmyer's spring at the
south end of the lake. Located more precisely, its center is 3,426
feet (about 2/3 of a mile) from the end of the Maxinkuckee road,
3,140 feet (nearly 2/3 of a mile) from the end of Long Point, 4,568
feet (or about 5/6 of a mile) from the Palmer House, and 8,000
feet (or 1.5 miles) from the Overmyer spring.
This so-called "deep hole", in which the depth is 70 feet or
more, is quite irregular in shape. Its greatest length lies north
and south and is about 2,500 feet; about 1,000 feet of this, how-
ever, is a narrow trough (400 feet wide) of 70-foot water extend-
ing northward from the main body. The average width of the
main part is between 700 and 800 feet. The total area of 70-foot
water and over is close to 40 acres.
The Sugarloaf: At the northern edge of the main body of
deep water is a small area (about 100 feet long by 75 feet wide)
known as the "Sugarloaf", over which the depth is but 10 feet.
The sides of this little hill are very steep, the distance to 40-foot
water in any direction being only 50 to 100 feet.
The Sugarloaf is on a direct line from the end of Long
Point to the Indiana Boathouse and almost midway between the
two points. It is also on a direct line drawn from the Maxin-
kuckee road to the tabernacle in the Assembly grounds; also be-
tween the Lakeview Hotel and Norris's pier ; also between the depot
pier at Culver and the Indianapolis pier.
The Weedpatch: This is an east-and-west bar about 1,200 feet
long and 500 feet wide, on a direct line between the Arlington
Hotel and Van Schoiack's place and just midway between these
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
43
two points. A line drawn from the Palmer House to the mouth
of Overmyer's brook passes over the east end of the Weedpatch;
one from the Lakeview Hotel to the same point passes over the
west end of it ; and a line from the tip of Long Point to the Chan-
dler cottage passes over the center of the Weedpatch.
This bar rises rather abruptly from 40-foot water, the mini-
mum depth on the bar being about 10 feet, of which there is an
area of about 4 acres.
The Weedpatch is remarkable because of the very luxuriant
growth of the large-leaved pondweed, Potamogeton amplifolius,
found there.
The Kettlehole: This is a deep hole about 1,000 feet off the
shore between Murray's and: Farrar's, in the southwestern corner of
the lake. Over the greater part of this portion of the lake the depth
is less than 10 feet. At the Kettlehole the depth increases rather
abruptly to 20 feet, 30 feet, and then to 40 feet. The area over
which the depth is 20 feet or more is ovoid in shape, the major
axis being about 1,000 feet, east and west, while the north and
south line is about 700 feet. The area of 40-foot water is about
600 feet long (from east to west) and not much over 100 feet wide.
While the above are the only topographic features of the lake
bottom which have received definite names there are several others
worthy of special mention. Among deep holes are the following:
In front of the Arlington Hotel, or little south of it, and about
1,200 feet off shore is an oblong area of 60-foot water, about 1,000
feet long from southwest to northeast, and about 200 feet wide.
This is surrounded by much shallower water. A short distance
The Cadets of the Culver Summer Cavalry School occasionally take their horses along for the afternoon swim.
44 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
east of this are two smaller deep holes, of 50 feet and 60 feet re-
spectively, and between them and the Deep Hole is another with
a depth of 70 feet.
While that portion of the lake north of Long Point is mostly
shallow, there are in it a few deeper areas. About 1,200 feet
north from Long- Point is a hole 35 feet deep. Just off the Assem-
bly grounds is a small 20-foot hole; off Winfield's cottage is a 45-
foot hole, while some distance farther out and 1,400 feet south-
east from the Lakeview Hotel is another of about the same depth.
Northeast from the Sugarloaf are 3 or 4 small areas in which
the depth reaches 50 to 70 feet.
Among bars of special interest are the following: Just east
of the Deep Hole and the Sugarloaf is a considerable bar rising
out of deep water and extending northeast and southwest on which
the minimum depth is less than 10 feet. North of it some 1,300
feet is another small bar with a depth of 20 feet.
A long, narrow bar extends north and east from Long Point
for nearly 2,500 feet before the depth exceeds 10 feet, and a sim-
ilar but broader bar extends west from the mouth of Aubeenaubee
Creek nearly 3,000 feet before a greater depth than 10 feet is
reached. On the other hand, a deep, broad trough of 30 to 50-foot
water comes from a little north of west to near shore at the mouth
of Aubeenaubee Creek, and a similar trough is found off the Arling-
ton Hotel, and another off the Indiana Boathouse.
There is no deep water at the shore in Lake Maxinkuckee; the
depth everywhere increases from shore so gently or gradually that
there is scarcely any probability of even a small child ever getting
beyond his depth when wading in the lake. There are no sudden
irregularities or increases in depth; the increase in depth is so
uniform and gentle that several steps would be necessary to make
any appreciable difference. Small children can therefore wade
about along shore with perfect safety. But beyond the 5-foot con-
tour line the irregularities are greater and well-marked.
If the water level of the lake were lowered 10 feet, the result
would be the formation of at least 3 islands (Weedpatch, Sugar-
loaf and the large bar east of Sugarloaf). At the same time
the Kettlehole would become detached from the main lake and
become a small independent lake. Another small lake would be
formed north of Long Point; another would be formed off the
Assembly grounds, and perhaps others would be made.
The peculiar distribution of deeps and shallows, the abundance
of shallow bars and deep holes closely associated, taken together
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 45
with the favorable character of the bottom, present a combination
of conditions remarkably favorable to fish life, and distributed in
such a way as to make practically every part of the lake attractive
to the angler.
The very gradual slope and absence of stepoffs in the shallower
portion of the lake near shore which make the lake so admirable
as a bathing resort is due in large measure to the waves, and espe-
cially the undertow which rolls the fine sand near the shore down
to lower levels and thus produces a marked levelling action. The
effect of waves upon bottom topography is quite marked and well-
formed ripple marks which are formed in water to a depth of 5
feet or more are often left when the lake freezes over, where they
remain until spring and can ^be observed to an advantage through
the clear ice.
The depths at 10-foot intervals are shown by the contour lines
on the map which accompanies this report. Most of the topo-
graphic features mentioned are indicated on the map.
THE LAKE BOTTOM
Soils
So far as we have been able to determine, there is no bedrock
anywhere on the bottom of the lake. Several hundred tests in
different parts of the lake, and the fact that wells about the lake
drilled to depths of 100 to 150 feet pass through only sand, gravel
and clay without reaching bedrock, indicate that the original bed
of the lake was composed wholly of morainic materials, chiefly
sand and gravel with a few boulders and some boulder clay. Over
the greater part of the original bed has been deposited a more or
less thick coating of marl and mud.
The morainic or drift material of the original bed is composed
essentially of the same materials as those that make up the drift
of the surrounding land.
Sand: Along most portions of the shore, particularly on the
west, north and southeast, there is considerable compact fine sand
out to a depth of 2 to 6 or 8 feet.
Gravel: On the east, and in limited stretches elsewhere, there
is mixed with the sand considerable gravel . This is especially true
on the north and east sides. This gravel ranges from very fine,
almost sand, to rather coarse. The most conspicuous gravel areas
are across the north end from the Lakeview Hotel eastward, and off
the east shore, particularly near the Indiana Boathouse. There is a
46 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
little gravel along the east side of Long Point, and between the
Kettlehole and the shore. The Sugarloaf appears to be made up
largely of gravel. Dredging on the north and south sides of it re-
vealed considerable gravel ranging up to the size of hen eggs. This
gravel was usually not round but rough and angular. Doubtless
there is much gravel in the lake bed that is not apparent, it is so
mixed with or covered by sand or other fine material.
Boulders: There are not many boulders on the lake bottom.
There are a few on the north end and a few scattered ones on the
east side and south end. The more or less mythical "split-rock",
of which some of the older fishermen and boatmen speak, is said
to be somewhere in the south end of the lake, perhaps near the
Flatiron or the Weedpatch bars. Although we made frequent
search for this alleged rock, and asked many people about it, we
never succeeded in finding it, or, in fact, in finding but two men
who claim to have seen it. It must therefore remain as one of the
mysteries of Maxinkuckee.
Marl: The most interesting and important component of the
lake-bed is marl. The hard compact sandy bed usually extends
out to a depth of but a few feet on the west side from 2 to 4
feet, on the east to a somewhat greater depth. Beyond this border
of hard bottom the marl begins. The depth to which it extends
varies considerably. Off Long Point it is first met in water about
2 feet deep. On the north and east the depth is usually greater,
and in some places is as much as 6 to 8 feet. From these depths
the marl extends inward and covers practically all the lake bed.
It is most evident on the bars, but is present everywhere. The
thickness of the marl bed varies considerably. Along the outer
edge it probably nowhere exceeds 6 or 8 feet in thickness. In
deeper water and on the bars it is probably thicker. The greatest
thickness determined by us was about 22 feet which was in the
southern part of the lake, off the Gravelpit. The color and purity
of the marl seem to vary in different parts of the lake. It appears
to be composed chiefly of calcium carbonate mixed with more or
less decaying vegetable matter and fine sand of aeolian origin.
Samples from the surface are usually quite dark; those from
deeper in the bed are much lighter in color.- The color and purity
are doubtless related to the amount of decaying vegetable matter
present. Analyses of several examples of marl from different
parts of the lake were made by Dr. Wm. A. Noyes, formerly of
the Rose Polytechnic Institute, now of the University of Illinois,
with the following results:
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 47
Sample No. 1, from a bar east of the Long Point bar, just
south of the center of the northeast quarter of Section 28 :
Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) 85.02
Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs) 3.85
Ferric oxide (Fe 2 3 ) 0.33
Alumina (A1 2 O 3 ) 0.12
Calcium sulphate (CaSCX) 0.17
Insoluble inorganic matter (silica, etc.) 5.67
Organic matter 3.21
98.37
Sample No. 2, taken 5 feet down in a bed in 8-foot water
Calcium carbonate (CaCO s ) 85.38
Magnesium carbonate (MgCO 3 ) 3.50
Ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) 0.33
Alumina ( A1 2 O 3 ) . 05
Calcium sulphate (CaSO 4 ) . 17
Insoluble inorganic matter (silica, etc.) 6.40
Organic matter 3 . 15
98.98
Sample No. 3, from the surface of a marl bed in deep water
off the Gravelpit :
Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) 75.07
Magnesium carbonate (MgCOs) 4 . 18
Ferric oxide (Fe 2 3 ) 0.51
Alumina ( A1 2 O 3 ) . 09
Calcium sulphate (CaS0 4 ) 0.11
Insoluble inorganic matter (silica, etc.) 15.26
Organic matter 3 . 65
98.87
The last of these shows too high a percentage of magnesium
carbonate and insoluble elements to render it satisfactory in
cement making. The first and second samples are much purer,
and would make a good cement.
The origin of marl is a question of popular interest. The marl
of Lake Maxinkuckee, as well as of the other lakes of northern
Indiana, is evidently a secondary deposit on the original bed of
glacial drift. The water of all the wells and springs of the region
contains more or less lime and is usually regarded as hard, while
the water of the lake, although containing considerable calcium
carbonate, is relatively soft. That certain species of animals and
plants dwelling in the lake have been important, perhaps the only
417618
48 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
important, agents in separating the lime from the water, is quite
certain. Chief among these agencies are the various mollusks,
especially the Unionidse and Vivipara contectoides, and certain
plants, such as the Charas and Potamogetons. These have the
power of separating out from the water the soluble calcic com-
pounds and converting them into insoluble compounds which con-
stitute the basis of the marl.
The most abundant and most widely distributed mollusk in
the lake is the univalve, Vivipara contectoides. This rather hand-
some and beautifully marked shell occurs throughout the lake,
apparently at all depths and on all kinds of bottom, but it is most
noticeable in the great windrows of dead shells that are so often
seen lining the beach, particularly at low water. These mollusks
evidently die by the million every year. Their shells are fragile
and disintegrate rapidly. The total annual limy accumulation on
the lake bottom from this source alone must be quite considerable.
Next to Vivipara contectoides is the species of mussel known as
fat pocket-book, Lampsilis luteola. As set forth elsewhere in this
report, this is the most abundant species of freshwater mussel in
the lake. It is pretty generally distributed and is very abundant.
There are several very extensive beds, particularly off Long Point
and in the south end of the lake. Then there are at least 13 other
species of mussels and no fewer than 30 or 40 species of gastero-
pods, some of them represented by myriads of individuals. Be-
sides such of the mussels as naturally die, the muskrats make
considerable onslaughts upon them, leaving their shells strewn
over the bottom to decay, and millions of the gasteropods die every
year, and their decaying shells go to augment the lime deposited
in the bottom of the lake. And there are several species of plants
which have the power of separating the lime from the water. The
most notable of these are the various species of Chara, some of
which are so heavily encrusted in lime that when dried out on shore
they become a chalky brittle mass and are accordingly known among
fish-culturists as "lime-plants". These grow in depths up to 15
or 20 feet, and most of the plants grow in thick carpets on the
bottom, the older portions becoming so thickly encrusted that they
are hardly recognizable.
Besides the Charas there are not fewer than 14 species of pond-
weed or Potamogeton, all of which, in varying degrees are lime
gatherers. Their leaves, particularly those of Potamogeton ampli-
folius, P. compressus, P. robbinsii and P. americanus, are often
encrusted with lime, the first mentioned species so heavily that the
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 49
leaf coatings often drop off as casts and are to be found lying
heaped up about the bases of the plants. The so-called ditch-moss,
Philotria, is an energetic lime gatherer; indeed, all the other sub-
mersed plants in the lake possess this same property and contribute
in the aggregate in no inconsiderable degree to the amount of marl
in the bottom of the lake.
In addition to the mollusks and plants there are still other
organisms which play a part in the formation of marl; among
these are the various species of crustaceans, particularly the craw-
fishes, whose shells contain calcic compounds.
The rate of deposition of lime in the lake is quite difficult to
estimate. It was probably more rapid during the early life of
the lake when the amount of calcium carbonate in the water was
greater than it now is. Even at best the rate must be very slow,
indeed. An annual deposit of one-hundredth of an inch has been
estimated. A deposit of 10 feet would therefore require 12,000
years as the age of the lake. But this is scarcely more than a
mere guess, and signifies very little.
THE LAKE LEVEL
Stage of water: The mean elevation of the surface of the
water of Lake Maxinkuckee above sea level at Biloxi, Mississippi,
is 734.5 feet. Records kept by the Office of Engineer, Maintenance
of Way, of the Terre Haute and Logansport Railway Company,
from October 18, 1895, to May 7, 1900, totaling about 50 observa-
tions, show that the lowest water in that period occurred on Octo-
ber 18, 1895, when it stood at 733.30 feet. The highest, 735.21
feet, was recorded March 13, 1899. The extreme variation was
therefore 1.91 feet or 22.92 inches.
Our party began making observations on the stage of the water
in the lake on August 14, 1900. On that date a three-foot rule,
graduated to inches, was properly installed at the side of the
wagon bridge which crosses the Outlet just as it leaves the lake.
The position of this gauge was correlated with that of the up-
stream girder of the railroad bridge, which crosses the Outlet 27
feet below the wagon bridge. Readings were taken from time to
time from that date up to October 22, 1913. The lowest water was
recorded November 3, 1908, and the highest July 8, 1902.
Starting with the extreme low water of November 3, 1908, as
"zero" and reducing all observations to that basis, we have the
following table :
50
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
TABLE SHOWING STAGE OF WATER IN INCHES ABOVE EXTREME LOW WATER MARK IN
LAKE MAXINKUCKEE.
Date
Height in inches
above extreme low
water mark
Remarks
1900
August H
20.25
20
22.25
Lake rose 2 inches. Heavy rain yesterday.
27
22.00
September 13
19.00
17
18.00
21
17.50
28
17.25
October 10
16.75
18
15.50
24
14.75
November 5
14.00
11
14.00
15
13.25
17
14.25
Rained all night o[ the 17th. S. E. wind. Heavy rain on the 18th, day
and night, with S. wind. Rain also on 19th.
25
18.75
27
18.50
29
19.50
December 2
18.50
6
18.00
9
17.75
11
18.00
1901
August 13
10.75
1902
January 27
Lake very low.
June 30
26.50
A good deal of rain last night. N. E. wind.
July 1
27.00
1
27.25
2
27.00
2
28.00
3
28.25
7
27.50
Heavy and almost continuous rain for more_than a week.
7
28.25
8
28.50
Highest water yet recorded.
17
24.50
20
26.50
Rain.
24
24.50
27
23.50
Rain.
28
25.75
August 11
22.50
13
21.50
Rain.
16
21.00
19
20.50
24
19.50
30
17.00
31
19.00
Rain.
September 5
18.50
14
19.50
21
17.00
22
17.00
28
19.00
Rain four daya
October 16
17.00
20
17.25
November 1
15.75
30
14.00
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
51
TABLE SHOWING STAGE OF WATER IN INCHES ABOVE EXTREME LOW WATER MARK IN
LAKE MAXINKUCKEE Continued.
Date
Height in inches
above extreme low
water mark
Remarks
1902
December 9
12.50
20
17.00
21
17.50
1903
February 1
15.50
4
17.50
14
19.50
26
18.00
27
19.50
>
March 1
20.50
8
21.00
9
21.50
14
20.00
17
19.50
29
16.50
April 16
21.50
May 1
20.50
10
16.50
13
15.50
17
15.00
20
14.50
June 7
16.50
29
13.50
July 1
13.00
' 2
21.00
Exceedingly heavy rains.
3
21.50
4
22.25
Heavy rains.
11
21.50
16
20.50
19
22.75
August 8
19.25
26
16.00
September 16
23.50
Screen put in at railroad bridge, raising the lake.
17
24.25
Rain for several days.
26
22.00
October 22
22.00
1901
June 18
12.25
July 4
11.25
August 1
6.25
October 18
8.50
29
8.25
31
8.25
November 3
7.00
12
8.50
1906
January 22
10.50
Recently rose 3 inches
August 20
Lake rose 1?<4 inches.
October
3.50
1907
September 12
10.50
21
10.20
October 1
9.00
3
9.50
5
9.50
11
9.50
52
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
TABLE SHOWING STAGE OF WATER IN INCHES ABOVE EXTREME LOW WATER MARK IN
LAKE MAXINKUCKEE Continued.
Date
Height in inches
above extreme low
water mark
Remarks
1907
October 14
8.50
15
9.50
24
9.50
25
9.50
30
9.50
November 2
10.00
1908
October 1
Very low.
November 3
0.00
Lowest water yet recorded.
1911
November 18
8.50
1913
September 9
7.50
21
7.00
28
6.00
30
6.50
October 1
6.80
2
7.00
3
7.00
4
6.50
5
6.50
6
6.75
7
6.50
8
6.75
10
6.75
11
7.00
13
7.00
14
6.75
15
6.50
16
6.00
19
6.80
20
6.50
22
6.00
As shown by the above table, the water was continuously and
quite uniformly low during the fall of 1913. There were no rains
sufficient to produce any effect on the lake. The slight variation
of an inch in September and October was doubtless due to winds.
A southwest wind continuing for any length of time would blow
the water back from the Outlet, thus slightly lowering the water
at the gauge, while a northeast wind would blow the water into
Outlet Bay and slightly increase the depth at the Outlet.
It will be observed that our observations were not taken at
regular intervals. They were usually taken whenever we were
at the lake and occasion seemed to require ; records were also made
from time to time by Mr. Chadwick, especially at times of sudden
change and of unusually high or low water. It is believed that
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 53
the extremes for the period from 1899 to 1914 have been recorded
in the table.
Although the catchment basin of the lake is small (less than
8,000 acres) the lake is very sensitive to rains and responds
promptly. Every heavy rain causes an almost immediate rise in
the lake. High water will therefore be correlated with heavy
continued rainfall and low water with the dry season. The early
spring rains and melting snows put the lake up somewhat above
the winter conditions, and the heavy rains that usually come in
June and early July produce the highest water. The lake is there-
fore apt to be highest in June and July, after which it begins to
fall until minimum low water is reached toward the last of Octo-
ber and early in November. As already stated the lowest water
recorded was that of November 3, 1908, and the highest that of
July 8, 1902, when it was 281/2 inches above extreme low water.
This extreme high water of 281/2 inches followed three weeks of
heavy and almost continuous rains. As early as June 15 the water
was higher than old residents about the lake had ever seen it. It
kept on rising until July 8. The ice-beach on the west and south
shores was entirely covered; it was impossible to walk along the
beach between Long Point and Arlington; the swamps were full
of water and the low country generally flooded; nearly all the
piers were under water, and a portion of the public road near the
Outlet was flooded. Green's marsh was flooded so that one could
go about all over it in a boat. One old resident says that the lake
was equally high in June or July, 1896, and quite high in May and
June, 1892.
The extreme low water of November 3, 1908, followed a rather
dry summer and fall. Our records show very little rain in August,
September or October of that year.
Volume of outfloiv: The volume of water flowing from Lake
Maxinkuckee varies greatly from time to time. As already stated,
at times of high water, the depth at the bridge is 3 to 31/2 feet.
The current, however, is never strong, and does not vary much.
The water surface in the two lakes varies synchronously and the
current therefore does not vary greatly.
Measurements of the outflow were taken at various times. The
results are recorded in the following table. It will be observed
that the variation in number of gallons is considerable. The mini-
mum, 1,168 gallons per minute, was recorded on September 25,
1899, at which time the average width was 15 feet, the depth 14.7
inches and the current 1.7 feet per second. This would mean an
outflow of 1,681,920 gallons per day. The greatest volume of out-
54 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
flow was recorded July 8, 1902, when the width was 15 feet, the
depth 42.5 inches and the current 1.4 feet per second. This indi-
cated an outflow of 33,915 gallons per minute or 4,883,184 gallons
per day.
Number of gallons flowing out of Lake Maxinkuckee as deter-
mined on various dates:
Aug. 8, 1899 4,424 gallons per minute
" 11, 1899 2,576 gallons per minute
" 27,1899 3,347 gallons per minute
Sept. 7, 1899 2,512 gallons per minute
" 25, 1899 1,168 gallons per minute
July 1, 1902 32,288 gallons per minute
8, 1902 33,915 gallons per minute
Sept. 10, 1913 2,618 gallons per minute
THE OUTLET
Lake Maxinkuckee drains into Lost Lake through a short but
very interesting little stream or thoroughfare known locally simply
as "The Outlet." This stream leaves the lake at the north side of
the base of Long Point or at Outlet Bay, which is on the west side
about one-third the distance south of the north end of the lake.
Just as it leaves the lake it is crossed by the wagon bridge on the
public highway which follows the lake shore closely from the
southwest corner of the lake to the Arlington station, then cuts
across the base of the broad peninsula known as Long Point, and
again approximating the shore along the north side of Long Point,
only to leave it again immediately after crossing the Outlet.
Twenty-seven feet below the wagon bridge the Outlet is crossed
by the Vandalia Railroad bridge. Under and between these two
bridges the stream flows nearly west, then turns southwest and
south through the marsh until it finally loses itself in Lost Lake.
Under the bridges and for a few yards below, the stream has
a maximum width of 16 to 20 feet and a depth varying with the
stage of water in the lake. During the period of our observations
it has varied from about 6 inches to something more than 3 feet.
Early in July, 1902, at the time of highest water, the depth was
about 3i/> feet and the water rushed through with a good strong
current. In September and October, 1913, the lake was quite low,
only 6 inches above extreme low water mark, and the depth under
the bridges was only 6 inches or less, which made it very difficult
to get a row boat through.
The bed of the Outlet at the bridges is of fine sand. Formerly
this bed was overgrown sparsely with certain aquatic plants,
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 55
chiefly wild celery (Vallisneria spiralis) and floating pond weed
(Potamogeton americanus), which prevented washing and gave the
bed a permanent character. In August, 1913, the old wooden
wagon bridge was torn down and replaced by a concrete structure.
In the work incident to this change the vegetation was destroyed
and the bed torn up, since which it has silted up with clean sand
in which the vegetation has not yet re-established itself.
The distance that the stream pursues through the marsh below
the railroad bridge and before losing itself in Lost Lake is about
1,500 feet. Through the upper part the course has been dredged
and the banks are well defined; but lower down, the banks are
scarcely evident, the stream -widens out through the dense growth
of Carex, cattail, bluejoint grass, etc., and finally loses itself com-
pletely in a large area of spatterdock at the head of Lost Lake.
The water in the Outlet is always very clear. The current
does not vary much, the rate being about the same whether the
water be high or low.
LOST LAKE
Lost Lake, on a cursory examination, might be regarded merely
as an expansion of the Outlet, but such is not the case. It is a
real lake occupying a considerable hole probably of independent,
though synchronous, origin with that of the large lake. There is
considerable evidence to show, however, that the high sand ridge
separating the two lakes and terminating in Long Point with the
long shallow bar extending out into Lake Maxinkuckee from the
tip of Long Point, is largely of aeolian origin, built up in part at
least by the strong southwest winds.
The open part of this lake, that is, the part not obscured by
rank vegetation, is about 2,500 feet long and 1,500 feet wide, the
major axis or length extending northeast and southwest. On the
southeast side is a high sandy hill or ridge heavily timbered over
its northern half and a cultivated field at the southern end, which
slopes gradually down to the lake. The shore on this side is in
most places a few feet above the water and is dry and firm. There
is high ground at the northwest corner of the lake and for most
of the distance along the southwest side, bordered by a narrow
strip of marsh but rising rather abruptly into a high sandy ridge.
At the upper and lower ends are the large areas of lily-pads, etc.,
already mentioned.
Lost Lake is very shallow. Many soundings were taken. One
line of soundings, taken every 10 oar strokes, from the Bardsley
56 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
cottage on the east side toward the north end of Hawk's house on
the west side, gave the following depths in feet: 2f, 4, 5, 4, 3f,
3-J, 3, 3, 3f, 3f, and 1. The greatest depth found was 5 feet.
The bottom everywhere was covered with a dense bed of Chara,
patches of Potamogeton, Myriophyllum, etc., with white and yel-
low pond-lilies at the west end, all growing in deep mud. In most
places the sounding pole could be pushed down 2 to 8 feet in soft
muck.
At the lower end of the lake just where it narrows, the depth
varied from 5 to 9 feet, and the bottom was more firm in some
places. A little farther north and west is a considerable area over
which the depth is uniformly 9 feet, which is the greatest depth
found in this lake. A line run from the lower to the upper end of
the lake gave 9 feet along the southwest end and 8 to 4 feet toward
the northeast. Along this line there was an abundance of Chara,
Myriophyllum, etc., and the bottom everywhere was of very soft
muck; in fact, the bottom everywhere is of this character and in
some places it is so thin as to be almost impalpable.
In front of the Bardsley cottage is a "floating island", probably
a detached portion of a pond-lily patch that has floated away from
shore, or possibly material that has been built up around a musk-
rat home.
This lake is so shallow that a lowering of the water 15 feet
would convert the entire lake-bed and many acres of marsh into
tillable land.
The margin of Lost Lake outlet is a wide plain bordered by
a gravelly hill; then an inner margin of a broad belt of Bidens
comosa and B. laevis, then sedges. Many of the sedges in the
former portion are annually cut for hay, chiefly for the Calamagros-
tis they contain.
OUTLET CREEK
At the lower end of Lost Lake is another marsh similar to
that at the upper end but larger, in which the outlet stream again
gradually becomes definite and well defined. The upper portion
may be regarded practically as a continuation of the lake, so over-
grown with water-lilies, spatterdock and other water plants as to
obscure its lake character as well as the channel. This marsh-
lake gradually narrows, however, and finally becomes a well-defined
creek, filled in places with patches of long-stemmed Ceratophyl-
lum, Potamogeton, and some wild rice. Then the stream becomes
a quite definitely defined creek with low grass-grown banks pur-
suing its way with many windings and turns through low grassy
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 57
meadows dotted here and there with clumps of slender black oak
trees growing on little hummocks which were doubtless little islands
when the whole region was a lake or river. The stream averages
perhaps 5 feet wide and one to three feet deep, with occasional
holes that are much deeper. The banks are low everywhere and
are of rich black loam ; the bed is usually of fine white sand, with
a little gravel in places. The water is always very clear and pure
and cold enough for rainbow and black-spotted trout.
Although the distance in a direct line from Lost Lake to the
Tippecanoe River does not exceed 4 miles the sinuosities of the
stream increase its length to at least 12 miles. At times of low
water it is difficult to get a boat down the creek to the river but
when there is moderately high water an ordinary clinker-built row-
boat passes through nicely, and no more delightful trip can be
taken than that through the outlet from Lake Maxinkuckee to the
Tippecanoe River.
METEOROLOGY
INTRODUCTION
The remarkable development of animal and plant life in and
about Lake Maxinkuckee is undoubtedly due in large measure to
the unusually favorable geologic and climatic conditions of the
region in which the lake is situated. The geological features are
discussed elsewhere in this report; the climate may be considered
here.
The cold winters and the warm summers, together with favor-
able winds, adequate rainfall advantageously distributed through-
out the year, and the varying conditions of sunshine and clouded
sky, make up an environment peculiarly favorable to the develop-
ment and maintenance of an abundant and varied flora and fauna.
Many correlations between certain climatic conditions, such as tem-
perature, direction of wind, character of sky, and rains, and the
habits of the fishes, turtles, ducks, coots, certain insects, etc.,
readily suggest themselves to any one interested in such problems
and a number of them can be demonstrated. The distribution of
the fishes in the lake, with reference to depth and nearness to
shore, is particularly influenced by such factors as those men-
tioned. This fact is well understood by the experienced anglers
familiar with this lake.
During the investigations at Lake Maxinkuckee considerable
attention was given to meteorological conditions. Early in the
work arrangements were made for making regular observations
58 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
regarding the more important meteorological phenomena, such as
the temperature of the air, the direction and strength of the winds,
the character o'f the sky, rainfall, snow, fog, frost, dew, storms, etc.
Our first records of air temperatures taken at the lake were
made in November and December, 1898, by Mr. S. S. Chadwick.
These records, few in number, were of the readings from an ordi-
nary thermometer, hung about 6 feet above the surface of the
lake on the north side of a house-boat on the east side of Long
Point. Following these are a few records for January, February
and March, 1899, also made by Mr. Chadwick.
On July 5, 1899, the recording of temperatures was regularly
begun by our party and continued without serious interruption
until July, 1901, since which date records have been kept for vari-
ous periods from then to the end of 1913.
SKY
Along with the other weather observations kept at the lake,
the condition of the sky as to clearness and cloudiness was also
recorded. Generally, the condition of the sky was noted whenever
temperatures of the air and water were taken, that is, three times
a day. In addition to this, however, any sudden clearing off or
clouding up that was observed and noted, and for each day's
journal was entered a general summary of the day's weather.
The state of the sky was usually written out in considerable de-
tail ; much more than would be desirable in a general report. In
looking over the records it was observed that the various days
could be described as clear, cloudy clearing, clouding and partly
clear, and partly cloudy. These terms are generally relative. Days
without the sign of a cloud are not very frequent. Days without
a patch of blue sky anywhere are not very common, but more
common that absolutely cloudy ones. Accordingly, by days with
clear sky is meant days when clouds were relatively few, and gen-
erally speaking such days are very bright and cheerful, although
absolutely clear days, so far as clouds are concerned, may be hazy
or very smoky, and relatively dull, while days entirely overcast
by thin clouds may be fairly bright. The terms "clearing" and
"clouding" are self-explanatory. Partly cloudy and partly clear
mean, of course, throughout the day the clouds and blue sky have
so evenly balanced that neither greatly prevailed.
During the period from November 2, 1899, when the record
begins, to September 17, 1908 with considerable gaps from time
to time the state of the sky has been observed for 1,223 days ; of
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
59
these, 393 were clear, 530 cloudy, 151 clearing, 104 clouding up and
49 about evenly balanced between cloudy and clear.
In a discussion elsewhere of the conditions of the sky for vari-
ous months, the conditions were given for periods of observation,
so that the observations along that line could fit in well with the
temperature records taken three times daily. In the present con-
sideration they are given by days.
Taking the year extending from July 1, 1900, to June 30, 1901,
the year for which the record is most complete, there are repre-
sented in the record 361 days (4 days in December having no
record). Of these 361 days 79 were clear, 168 cloudy, 53 clearing,
46 clouding, and 15 partly cloudy and partly clear. Taking this
year by months, the days were distributed as shown by the fol-
lowing table :
CONDITION OF SKY FOR 1 YEAR FROM JULY 1. 1900, TO JUNE 30. 1901
Partly
Month
Clear
Cloudy
Clearing
Clouding
cloudy
Total
partly clear
July 31, 1900...
14
7
5
31
Aug. 31, 1900 ..
9
15
3
1
3
31
Sept. 30, 1900...
9
12
4
3
2
30
Oct. 31, 1900...
14
11
1
2
3
31
Nov. 30, 1900. . .
6
14
5
5
30
Dec. 27, 1900...
5
16
5
1
27
Jan. 31, 1?01...
3
IS
4
6
31
Feb. 28, 1901...
6
16
5
1
28
Mar. 31, 1901...
1
19
5
3
3
31
April 30, 1901.. .
6
13
5
6
30
May 31, 1901...
18
7
5
1
31
June 130, 1901..
6
9
4
8
3
30
Although the records of no other year are full enough to make
the giving of the full year satisfactory, the records of a number
of months are almost complete, and those of a few months fully
complete. A table for such months as have complete records is
given below for the sake of comparison:
Month
Year
Clear
Cloudy
Clearing
Clouding
Partly
cloudy;
partly clear
Total
April
1900
14
6
6
4
30
February
March
1902
1902
15
11
6
14
1
6
2
4
28
31
April
1902
14
14
1
1
30
December
1904
5
17
4
3
2
31
October
1907
9
14
4
1
3
31
60 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
THE Am
Pressure: The data concerning air pressure at Lake Maxin-
kuckee were obtained by readings taken 3 times daily, at 6 a. m.,
noon, and 6 p. m., from a compensated aneroid barometer kept
hanging on a porch of the cottage used as our laboratory. The
readings were continued from July 25, 1900, to June, 1901. The
average pressure during that time was 29.291 inches. The mini-
mum pressure recorded during that period was 28.62 inches, taken
at noon of March 8, 1901, and the highest pressure noted was
30.26 inches on January 3, 1901, about 6 a. m., giving a range of
1.64 inches. A self-recording instrument would in all probability
have given a lower minimum, a higher maximum, and larger range.
The average pressure did not vary greatly during the different
months of the year. The month having the lowest average was
October, with an average of 29.005, and that having the highest
was February, with an average pressure of 29.583. The month
having the least range was August, in which the pressure varied
from 29.42 to 29.85, exhibiting a variation of .43 inch, and the
month showing the greatest range was January, with a range of
from 28.82 to 30.26, or 1.44 difference. The greatest change of
the barometer noted within the space of 6 hours was a fall of .9
inch between noon and 6 p. m. on May 2, 1901, and the greatest
change in the same direction for a single period of 24 hours was
from 29.85 on the evening of September 14 to 28.88 on the even-
ing of September 15, making a fall of .97 inch. The greatest
increase of barometric pressure between two consecutive observa-
tions was from 28.91 at noon of May 21 to 29.77 at 6 p. m., a
rise of .86 inch, and this was followed by an almost equal fall
within the next 12 hours. It not infrequently happened, espe-
cially during the month of August, 1900, that 2 successive read-
ings were the same, or nearly the same, and in nearly all cases
where this occurred the two nearly equal or equal readings were
those of noon and evening, there being usually little change during
the afternoon. The period of 24 hours showing the least change
was from noon August 14 to noon August 15, during which the
change was only .08 inch.
In the study of the barometric readings at the lake these were
plotted in a graph (the time periods being represented by abcissas
and the height of the barometer in inches by ordinates) and the
graph so constructed exhibited at a glance the most striking
features of the barometric record. Of these the following may be
noted :
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 61
The pressure for August, 1900, was remarkably uniform, the
graph for this month standing in marked contrast with all the
other months considered. There were no rapid or violent changes
whatever. The average for the whole month is just a trifle below
the average for the whole period, and the pressure for the middle
third of the month is somewhat lower than that for either end.
While there are no violent changes in pressure whatever there is
a remarkably regular daily pulse of variations. With only two
exceptions the morning reading is the highest; from this time
there is a fall of about .16 inch (varying from about .09 to .2
inch) until noon, after which there is usually very slight change
toward evening, after which it rises back to nearly its original
morning reading. We have then for this month a rather constant
daily mode. This mode is of quite frequent occurrence through-
out the whole year, and there are all degrees of approximation
to it and divergence from it ; during the autumn, winter and early
spring months its appearance is somewhat less frequent. Rather
strictly interpreted, this mode occurs with the following coefficient
of frequency for different months : August, 21 ; September, 4 ;
October, 13; November, 5; December, 2; January, 2; February,
5; March, 4; April, 9; and May, 4.
The average height of the barometer is determined by the alti-
tude of the place, and the great barometric changes are due to
the passage of general storm centers. The small daily changes,
however, are quite probably due to local conditions, and even the
large changes are due to conditions which are represented on a
small scale in the area immediately about the lake. Among these
causes are difference in nature of the surface of areas of land and
water and the presence in the atmosphere of clouds, vapor, dust,
etc.
Generally speaking, the air mass over a water area is com-
paratively stable in relation to daily changes of temperature, while
that over land areas is subject to much larger changes. We have
differences somewhat analagous to differences of potential between
different elements in a galvanic cell. The air above the land sur-
faces becomes superheated during the day and during the after-
noon represents areas of low pressure, while the air mass above
them becomes cooled during the night and becomes areas of high
pressure during the latter part of the night.
Again taking up land surfaces in detail, these differ consider-
ably among themselves. Large areas of sand have a greater daily
amplitude of temperature than areas of loam or muck, and these
more than clay, so that, continuing the analogy of the galvanic
62 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
cell, we have a greater difference of potential between areas of
sand than between muck, loam or clay. No marked tendency is
shown to congregate in the vicinity of the maximum.
While the morning readings appear to have a pretty distinct
mode, no such feature is apparent in the other two readings,
although it cannot be said that a long and diligent scrutiny might
not yield some results. For the month of August they are usually
close together, but rather indifferent as to position, although in
a small majority of cases the evening reading is the lower and
when the reverse is true the difference is usually less. On several
occasions they were equal. Of 22 observations where the maxi-
mum reading was not represented by the morning, however, 15
were represented by evening readings and 7 by morning, so there
is quite discernible a tendency for these readings to differentiate in
this regard. It is worthy of note, too, that of these 22 observa-
tions, 7 (4 of the noon and 3 of the evening) represent strong
and sudden changes in the barometer at the time, so that the de-
parture from the mode may be explained in these cases, quite
markedly when all are taken together, as a result of a sort of
inertia carrying the barometer beyond its normal reading, and
the advantage of the one additional abnormality in favor of the
morning reading is, taken altogether, of almost equal value in
explaining the abnormality there.
Am TEMPERATURES
During the investigations at Lake Maxinkuckee considerable
attention was given to air temperatures.
Beginning with July 5, 1899, the temperature readings were
from a Wilder protected thermometer which had been tested by
the U. S. Bureau of Standards. This thermometer, from July 5,
1899, to May 31, 1901, was hung about 10 feet above the surface
of the lake on the shaded side of a cottage near the Arlington
station on the west side of the lake. After May 31, 1901, it was
hung about 15 feet above the surface of the lake, on the north
side of the Chadwick House on Long Point.
Temperature readings were usually taken three times daily, at
6 a. m., noon, and 6 p. m. During the year 1900-1901 a set of
standardized maximum and minimum thermometers was installed
on the shaded side of the cottage at Arlington and readings from
these are given in the appropriate accompanying tables.
The temperature observations were made and the record kept
by various persons, as follows:
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 63
Period. Observer.
November, 1898, to July 1, 1899 S. S. Chadwick
July 5, 1899, to September 1, 1899 T. Bronte Evermann
September 1 to October 18, 1899 Barton W. Evermann
October 18, 1899, to June 19, 1900 S. S. Chadwick
June 19 to July 15, 1900 J. T. Scovell
July 15 to December 11, 1900 Barton W. Evermann
December 11, 1900, to May 31, 1901 H. Walton Clark
December 8, 1901, to October 10, 1903 S. S. Chadwick
October 18, 1904, to January 4, 1905 H. Walton Clark
January 5, 1905, to July 22, 1906 S. S. Chadwick
July 23, 1906, to October 24, 1906 H. Walton Clark
October 25, 1906, to September 6, 1907 S. S. Chadwick
September 7, 1907, to October 31, 1907 H. Walton Clark
November 1, 1907, to August 26, 1908 S. S. Chadwick
August 27, 1908, to September 26, 1908 H. Walton Clark
September 27, 1908, to August 31, 1913 S. S. Chadwick
September 1, 1913, to October 31, 1913 Evermann and Clark
November 1, 1913, to February 1, 1914 S. S. Chadwick
JANUARY
Temperatures: The total number of records for January is
485, as follows: 5 for 1899; 93 for 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903 and
1914 each ; 12 for 1905 ; 3 for 1906, and 1 for 1907.
The lowest temperature recorded for this month was 12 on
the 27th and again on the 28th, in 1902. The highest was 65
on January 20, 1906. The extremes for each year were as follows :
1900, -8 January 31, and 42.5 January 18; range 50.5.
1901, -1.3 January 1, and 45 January 21; range 46.3.
1902, -12 January 27 and 28, and 38 January 2; range 50.
1903, -4 January 12, and 50 January 29; range 54.
1914, 4 January 12, and 56 January 29; range 52.
Records of temperatures at or below freezing were made as
follows: In 1899, at 6 a. m. on the 8th, 29th, 30th and 31st, the
only dates on which temperatures were recorded; in 1900, at 6
a. m. on the 1st to 4th, both inclusive ; 8th, 9th, llth, 12th, 13th,
16th, 17th, 21st, 22d, 23d, and 25th to 31st, both inclusive, and
at 6 p. m. on the 1st, 2d, 3d, 10th to 13th, both inclusive; 16th,
20th, 23d, and 25th to 31st, both inclusive.
From this it appears that, in January, 1900, the temperature
was at or below freezing on 21 days at 6 a. m., at noon on 11
days, and on 18 days at 6 p. m. The average temperature for
the month is shown in a table elsewhere in this report (page 70).
In 1901, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m. on the
1st to 6th, both inclusive; 9th, llth, 12th, 13th, 15th, 17th, 18th,
19th, and 22d to 31st, both inclusive, and 6 p. m. on the 1st, 2d,
3d, 5th, 7th, llth, 12th, 13th, 16th to 19th, both inclusive. In
517618
64 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
other words in January, 1901, the temperature was at or below
freezing at 6 a. m. on 24 days, at noon on 17 days, and at 6 p. m.
on 20 days.
In 1902, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m. on the
1st, 3d to 6th, both inclusive; 8th to 17th, both inclusive; 19th
to 25th, both inclusive, and 27th to 31st, both inclusive; at noon
on the 3d, 4th, 5th, llth, 12th, 13th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 23d, 24th,
25th, and 27th to 31st, both inclusive ; at 6 p. m. on the 1st to 5th,
both inclusive ; 10th to 16th, both inclusive, and 18th to 31st, both
inclusive. The temperature was at or below freezing at 6 a. m.
on 27 days, at noon on 17 days, and at 6 p. m. on 25 days.
In 1903, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m. on the
1st, 2d, 4th to 26th, 30th and 31st, at noon on the 4th to 14th,
17th, 18th, 19th, 21st to 25th, both inclusive, and 30th, at 6 p. m. on
the 1st, 3d to 15th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 25th, 29th
and 30th. The temperature was therefore at or below freezing on
27 days at 6 a. m., on 20 days at noon, and on 23 days at 6 p..m.
In 1905, we have records for only the first 4 days of January.
On the 2d, the temperature was below freezing at noon and at 6
p. m., while on the 3d and 4th it was below freezing all day.
In 1914, at 6 a.m. on the 1st to 8th, both inclusive, 10th to
14th, both inclusive; 17th, 18th, 19th, 21st, 22d, 23d, 25th, 26th,
30th and 31st ; at noon on the 1st, 4th, 6th, 10th to 13th, both in-
clusive; 18th, 21st to 25th, both inclusive, 30th and 31st; at 6
p. m. on 4th to 7th, both inclusive, 10th, llth, 12th, 13th, 18th, 23d,
25th, 26th, 29th, 30th and 31st ; or at or below freezing at 6 a. m.
on 22 days, at noon on 15 days, and at 6 p. m. on 17 days.
The greatest daily range in January was as follows :
January 24, 1900, from 33 to 56.5, or 23.5.
January 2, 1901, from 1.5 to 24, or 22.5.
January 28, 1902, from -12 to 10, or 22.
January 1, 1903, from 16 to 40, or 24.
January 29, 1914, from 32 to 56, or 24.
The average temperature for the month was as follows: In
1900, 24.2 at 6 a.m., 33 at noon, and 29 at 6 p.m., or
28.7 for the day; in 1901, 23.8 at 6 a.m., 31.3 at noon, 29.2
at 6 p. m., or 28.1 for the day; in 1902, 19.3 at 6 a. m., 29.9 at
noon, 24.7 at 6 p.m., or 24.6 for the day; in 1903, 22.1 at 6
a.m., 31 at noon, 27.1 at 6 p.m., or 26.7 for the day; in 1914,
29.2 at 6 a.m., 34.4 at noon, 32.8 at 6 p.m., or 32.1 for the
day.
Sky: The records show that clear and cloudy periods in Janu-
ary, 1901, were about equally divided, with the clear periods some-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
65
what in excess. This month for 1901 was markedly cloudy, the
sky being obscured about of the time. In 1902 it was again
about equally divided as to clearness and cloudiness, with only 1
extra period in favor of cloudiness. In 1903 it was again markedly
cloudy. Taking the entire period observed under consideration,
there are almost twice as many cloudy days as clear ones. In
1914, the first clear day was on the 8th; the next two cloudy, the
12th very clear; 13th, 15th and 17th clear; 14th, 16th, 18th, and
31st, cloudy ; no record for the other days.
Winds: North and east winds are relatively infrequent. Winds
from other directions are so evenly distributed that we cannot
speak of any as a prevailing wind. Taking the period as a whole,
indeed, the southwest winds are considerably in the lead of the
others but a consideration of the several years shows that on some
years other winds predominate, for example, the west winds in
1900 and 1901, so that a different series of years would yield some-
what different results. The southwest winds, especially those of
winter and autumn are usually chilling, and frequently bring
storms. Calm periods were fairly common in 1900. The January
of 1901 was unusually calm, the calm periods being considerably in
excess of any wind from any particular direction and, indeed, ag-
gregating nearly J of the entire month. The months of January,
1902 and 1903, were unusually boisterous, no periods of calm being
recorded for either.
Snow: Rainstorms are only occasional, 3 or 4 for the month
being the usual number. Snow storms are more frequent. The
unusual number of 23 were reported for 1901, but a number of
these were rather light snow flurries.
In 1914, there was snowing all day on the 2d, snow and rain
on the 3d and 4th, rain on the 14th, and snow all day on the 18th
and 31st.
The following tables represent briefly and comprehensively the
weather phenomena for January during the periods when the lake
was under observation:
S
KY
'
^
VlNDS
Rain
Snows
fall in
Year
Clear
Cloudy
Calm
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W.
W.
N.W.
inches
1900
17
12
5
1
3
2
6
2
9
11
6
4
3
1901
26
69
23
3
2
12
13
14
16
13
4
23
1902
16
17
>
1
5
4
2
13
1
9
5
7
1903
9
22
1
2
3
3
7
9
2
6
3
8
7.5
1914
14
27
1
9
14
66
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1899
Date
6 a. m.
29
30
31
30
13
-9
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
18
10
< 9.3
2
12
28
15
18.3
3
10
30
22
20.6
4
22
37
37
32
5
38
44
37
39.6
6
33
40
37
36.6
7
42
44
40
42
8
22
34
30
28.6
9
25
42
42
36.3
10
35
36
32
34.3
11
30
32
31
31
12
29
31
31
30.3
13
30
33
32
31.6
14
34
38.5
34
35.5
15 '
34
44
40
39.3
16
32
33
32
32.3
17
31.5
36
39
35.5
18
42.5
46
44
44.1
19
40
45
49
44.6
20
35
40
32
35.6
21
21
41.5
34
32.1
22
29
43
34
35.3
23
31
43.5
32
35.5
24
33
56.5
50
46.5
25
27.5
18.5
13
19.6
26
8.5
20
13
13.8
27
13
30
32
25
28
8
8
2.5
6.1
29
16
18
11.3
30
10
13
3
8.6
31
8
-2.6
Average
24.2
33.0
29.0
28.7
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
67
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1901
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
Maximum
Minimum
1
1.3
16.1
7.9
7.6
16.9
1.9
2
1.5
24
17.9
14.4
24.6
1.
3
6.5
23.1
23.5
17.7
27.6
53
4
20.8
39.9
32.1
30.9
40.1
16.5
5
25
25.2
25.8
25.3
29.9
24.5
6
25
38.9
37.9
33.9
41.2
21 5
7
34
34
32
33.3
39.2
32
8 ,
38.9
47.9
50
45.6
51.7
31.5
9
31
33
33
32.3
39.1
30.5
10
36.2
35
33
34.7
45.8
32.1
11
31.5
34
31
32.1
33.9
30
12
26.4
33.7
27
27.3
34.3
24.4
13
24
32
31.7
29.2
33
23.5
14
36.3
42
39.8
39.3
44.7
28.3
15
30.1
44
48.2
40.8
48.5
29.1
16
34.9
36
31.9
34.2
51
31
17
20.3
20.7
18.9
19.9
28.5
18.3
18
10.1
24.1
25.1
19.8
25.6
9.1
19
13.6
19.5
24.8
19.3
27.5
13.1
20
34.7
50.5
48.5
44.5
54.9
22.9
21
45
42.7
34
40.5
47.1
33.6
22
24.8
31
32.5
29.4
34.8
21 9
23
31
35
38.3
33.7
41
27.9
24
28.5
29.3
20
25^9
41
19.8
25
18.5
23
24.8
22.1
25.3
14.5
26
24.5
26.3
27
25.8
27.5
22.6
27
29.5
28.9
24.2
27.5
30
23.9
28
20.3
28
21.5
23.2
28.1
18.2
29
11.3
22.1
23.5
18.9
25.1
5.3
30
20.5
27
15.1
20.8
29.7
15
31
3.2
24.5
24.5
17.4
27.5 3.2
Average
23.7
31.3
29.2
28.1
68
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1902
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
20
36
32
29.3
2
38
35
26
33
3
10
20
20
16.6
4
12
29
26
22.3
5
10
29
30
23
6
23
38
38
33
7
33
40
36
36.3
8
30
43
34
35.6
9
29
48
38
"38.3
10
29
44
32
35
11
20
26
23
23
12
19
24
20
21
13
15
22
18
18.3
14
16
33
30
26.3
15
18
34
32
28
16
29
29
20
26
17
17
36
40
31
18
35
30
28
31
19
14
30
29
24.3
20
20
40
30
30
21
28
36
29
31
22
27
35
26
29.3
23
28
31
27
28.6
24
25
32
29
28.6
25
21
28
32
27
26
36
40
27
34.3
27
12
-8
6.6
28
12
10
0.6
29
3
6
6
5
30
6
20
11
12.3
31
11
24
6
' 13.6
Average
19.29
29. 94
24.74
24.6
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
69
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1903
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
16
40
32
29.3
2
30
34
34
32.6
3
34
34
30
32.6
4
26
28
26
26.6
5
26
32
30
29.3
6
13
27
21
20.3
7
30
25
25
26.6
8
17
14
10
13.6
9
3
15
10
9.3
10
1
20
15
12
11
15
19
10
14.6
12
4
7
1
1.3
13
2.5
18
17
12.5
14
15
25
27
22.3
15
27
37
30
31.3
16
22
40
38
33.3
17
28
24
23
25
18
11
20
18
16 3
19
15
30
20
21.6
20
16
40
35
30.3
21
28
28
22
26
22
18
32
35
28.3
23
20
27
23
23.3
24
20
28
21
23
25
22
30
28
26.6
26
30
50
40
40
27
39
47
40
42
28
38
43
45
42
29
50
46
22
39.3
30
18
22
23
21
31
28
38
39
35
Average
21.11
29.68
25.48
25.4
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1905
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
Maximum
Minimum
1
2
3
4
5
36
35
9
9
50
28
19
24
42
22
17
21
42.6
28.3
15
18
50
46
25
28
23
35.1
22
9
6
Average
22 5
30 3
25 5
26
Am TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1906
There are only three records for this month, all at 6 a. m., viz. :
January 20, 65 ; 21st, 60 ; and 22d, 35.
70
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1907
There are only two records for this month, viz. : January 19,
60 maximum, and January 20, 6 at 6 a. m.
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1914
DATE
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Range
Average
1
30
32
34
4
32
2
30
35
33
5
32.7
3
31
39
36
8
35.3
4
30
32
32
2
31.3
5
27
37
32
10
32
6
29
29
29
29
7
29
33
30
4
30.7
8
29
40
37
11
35.3
9
38
40
36
4
38
10
26
27
25
2
26
11
18
24
20
6
20.7
12
14
21 .
15
7
16.7
13
14.5
30
28
15.5
- 24.2
14
26
39
40
14
35
15
35
48
42
13
41.7
16
35
42
37
7
38
17
30
36
34
6
33.3
18
30
30
32
2
30.7
19
32
35
37
5
34.7
20
36
38
34
4
36
21
18
25
33
15
25.3
22
19.5
24
35
14.5
26.2
23
25
30
31
6
28.7
24
33
30
34
4
32.7
25
25
28
30
13
27.7
26
30
33
31
3
31.3
27
38
50
45
12
44.3
28
40
46
42
6
42.7
29
56
56
32
24
48
30
26
31
30
5
29
31
25
30
30
5
28.3
Average
29/2
34.4
32.8
32.1
Year
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
For the month
1900
24.2
33.0
29.0
28.7
1901
23.8
31.3
29.2
28.1
1902
19.3
29.9
24.7
24.6
1903
21.1
29.7
25.5
25.4
1914
29.2
34.4
32.8
32.1
For fi
ve years
23.5
31.7
28.2
27.8
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
FEBRUARY
71
The weather conditions for February during the time when
this month was under observation are given in brief form in the
following table :
Year
SKY
WINDS
Rains
Rain-
fall in
inches
Snows
Snow-
fall in
inches
Clear
Cloudy
Calm
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W.
W.
N.W.
1900
1901
1902
1903
20
34
20
12
10
50
11
17
1
28
2
1
4
4
7
4
1
8
2
8
7
2
2
4
2
5
6
1
11
5
6
7
1
9
19
6
4
5
8
14
20.2
7
11.5
7
Sky:- February of 1900 was a relatively clear bright month,
the records for clearness being twice those for cloudiness. That
month for 1901 on the other hand was considerably more gloomy,
the records for cloudiness exceeding those for clearness. 1902 was
similar to 1900 in weather conditions prevailing during this month,
it being a bright cheerful month, while in 1903 it was just a trifle
more frequently cloudy than clear. For the whole period of the
4 years this month was under observation there is a remarkable
balance between clear and cloudy periods, these being very nearly
equal, the total number of clear periods being exceeded by cloudy
periods by only 2.
Winds: North winds are the least frequent, being almost rare.
Northwest winds are the most prevalent not only for the greater
number of years but rather markedly so for the whole period ob-
served, being on the whole twice as frequent as any wind from any
other direction but not by any means equalling the sum total of the
other winds combined. Generally speaking, February is a rattter
blustery month, periods of calm being rare. The February of
1901, however, was unusually calm, the number of calm periods
exceeding considerably that of any particular wind, and giving
for the entire period a very respectable sum total of calm periods.
Storms: Rainstorms are of rather infrequent occurrence.
Snow flurries and snow storms are common, there being usually a
foot of snowfall for this month.
Temperatures: The total number of records for February is
438, as follows: 13 for 1899; 84 each for 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903,
and 1914; 1 for 1905; 3 for 1906; and 1 for 1908.
The lowest temperature recorded for this month was 22 on
February 18, 1905. The highest was 56 on February 8, 1900.
The extremes for each year were as follows:
72 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
1900, -8 February 1 and 17, and 56 February 8; range 64.
1901, -14.5 February 6, and 37.5 February 17; range 52.
1902, -13 February 3, and 52 February 27; range 65.
1903, -6 February 19, and 49 February 10; range 55.
Temperatures at or below freezing were recorded as follows:
In February, 1899, at 6 a. m. on the 1st, 2d, 7th to 15th, both
inclusive ; 25th and 27th, the only days on which observations were
recorded: Zero weather was recorded on the 1st, 2d, and 7th to
13th, both inclusive. In 1900, on the 1st, 2d, 3d, 5th, 6th, 9th,
10th, llth, 13th to 20th, both inclusive, and 22d to 28th, both in-
clusive, at 6 a. m. ; on the 1st to 5th, both inclusive ; 9th, 13th to
19th, both inclusive, and 24th to 28th, both inclusive, at noon ; and
on the 1st, 2d, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 13th to 19th, both inclusive;
22d and 24th to 28th, both inclusive, at 6 p. m.
The temperature was therefore down to freezing on 23 days
at 6 a. m., on 18 days at noon, and on 20 days at 6 p. m. Zero
weather was recorded on the 1st, 16th, 17th, 24th and 25th.
In February, 1901, the temperature was down to freezing on
every day at 6 a. m. ; on the 1st to 17th, both inclusive, 19th to 24th,
both inclusive, and 26th to 28th, both inclusive, at noon; and on
the 1st to 24th, both inclusive; 16th, and 18th to 28th, both in-
clusive, at 6 p. m. The temperature was therefore at or below
freezing at 6 a. m. on every day of the month, at noon on every
day but the 18th and 25th, and at 6 p. m. on every day except the
15th and 17th. Zero weather was recorded on the 6th, 7th, and
21st.
In February, 1902, freezing temperature was recorded at 6
a. m. on every day except the 27th and 28th, at noon on every day
except the 21st to the 28th, both inclusive, and at 6 p. m. on every
day but the 23rd to the 28th, both inclusive. In this month records
of zero or below at 6 a. m. were made on the 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 7th,
8th, 9th, llth, 14th, 15th, 18th, 19th and 20th, 13 days in all.
In February, 1903, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6
a. m. on the 3d, 5th to 10th, both inclusive, and 13th to 26th, both
inclusive; at noon on the 4th, 5th, 8th and 13th to 22d, both in-
clusive ; at 6 p. m. on the 3d to 8th, both inclusive, and on the 28th.
The temperature was at freezing or below on 21 days at 6 a. m.,
on 13 days at noon, and on 21 days at 6 p. m. Zero weather was
recorded on the 17th, 18th, and 19th. We have no record for
February, 1904, and only one for 1905, when on February 18, 22
below zero was recorded, the coldest temperature that has been
noted during the period covered by these observations. In 1906,
only 3 observations were recorded for this month, namely, 50
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
73
on the 12th, 42 on the 13th, and 18 on the 14th, all at 6 a.m.
The only record for February, 1908, is 4 at 6 a. m. on the 22d.
In February, 1914, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6
a. m. on all the days except the 3d and 28th ; at noon on all the days
except the 2d, 3d, 6th, 17th, 26th, 27th, and 28th ; and at 6 p. m.
on all days except the 2d, 4th, and 27th. .The temperature was
therefore at or below freezing on 26 days at 6 a.m., on 22 days
at noon, and on 25 days at 6 p. m. Zero weather was recorded
on the 8th, 9th, and 15th.
The greatest daily range was as follows:
February 17, 1900, from -8 to 18, or 26.
February 6, 1901, from -14.5 to 15.9, or 30.4.
February 22, 1902, from 4 to 44, or 40.
February 25, 1903, from 13 to 40, or 27.
February 9, 1914, from -2 to 28, or 30.
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1899
Date
6 a. m.
1
8
2
10
7
8
9
9
20
10
20
11
1
12
15
13
8
14
7
15
19
25
35
27
16
Average
1.07
74
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
8
12
13
5.6
2
4
19
10
11
3
18
28
35
27
4
35
20
33
29.3
5
20
30
32
27.3
6
32
34
32
32.6
7
40
40
41
4*0.3
8
56
42
27
41.6
9
8
25
20
17.6
10
20
34
28
27.3
11
27
40
36
34.3
12
33
40
37
36.6
13
23
19
13
18.3
14
10
30
26
22
15
17
16
8
13.6
16
3
15
4
17
8
18
9
6.3
18
10
28
15
14.3
19
7
25
17
16.3
20
22
37
36
31.6
21
35
36
35
35.3
22
30
33
30
31
23
18
42
38
32.6
24
8
8
4
4
25
2
10
17
8.3
26
5
20
15
13.3
27
10
20
17
15.6
28
19
22
20
20.3
Average
17.4
26.5-
22.7 '-
22
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
75
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1901
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
Maximum
Minimum
1
12.5
23
15.2
16.9
23.9
9.5
2
2.5
25.5
27.3
18.7
27.5
1
3
29.5
31
31
30.5
31.3
25
4
26.5
28.5
27.8
27.6
29
22.2
5
12.7
23.9
14.8
17.1
23.5
12
6
14.5
15.9
14.5
5.3
18.3
16
7
4
19.1
18
11
22.9
11.2
8
22.1
23.9
26.5
22.5
27
8
9
22.8
25.8
26
24.8
29.9
21
10
8.5
21
18.2
15.9
29.9
4
11
13.5
28
21.8
21.1
32.1
4
12
9.5
27
20 5
16.6
27.6
7.5
13
11.1
22.9
24.5
19.5
25.5
6
14
14.9
20.3
17.5
17.5
23.1
9.5
15
4
28.1
32.5
21.5
36
1.6
16
18.1
28.5
28
24.8
30.1
14.5
17
25
31.3
37.5
31.2
38.1
24
18
27.8
35.5
31.8
31.7
37
27
19
11.9
17.3
11.9
13.7
27.2
9.5
20
6
21.5
16.5
14.6
24
5.1
21
0.1
23.2
19.9
14.1
23
0.1
22
2.5
14.7
5.5
7.5
15
0.1
23
4
21
12.1
12.3
19.7
0.1
24
11.2
26.1
26.9
21.4
27.9
4
25
28
32.9
27.5
29.4
36.5
22.6
26
4.9
25.9
16.1
15.6
24.6
4.8
27
5
29
18.5
17.5
28
18
28
5
25.6
26.3
18.9
30.3
0.9
Average
11.3
24.8
22
19.3
76
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1902
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
6
22
12
13.3
2
2
4
6
2.6
3
13
6
6.6
4
12
4
8
8
5
12
9
7
1.3
6
9
21
27
19
7
3
13
6
5.3
8
6
14
2.6
9
20
13
11
10
12
31
20
21
11
32
18
16.6
12
3
23
23
16.3
13
9
27
13
16.3
14
3
27
9
11
15
1
27
20
15.3
16
17
27
22
24
17
19
31
21
23.6
18
7
27
19
13
19
3
27
18
14
20
28
19
14.3
21
7
38
25
23.3.
22
4
44
28
25. if
23
23
49
37
36.3
24
26
47
36
36.3
25
25
43
35
34.3
26
25
48
40
37.6
27
39
52
44
45
28
41
40
40
40.3
Average
7.4
27.1
19.7
17.8
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
77
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1903
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
39
~ 40
43
40.6
2
* 45
47
38
43.3
3
32
33
32
32.3
4
33
29'
23
28.3
5
15
28
26
23
6
20
35
28
27.6
7
25
33
31
29.6
8
24
32
26
27.3
9
19
40
33
30.6
10
30
49
37
38.6
11
35
37
36
36
12
35
37
32
34.6
13
31
32
30
31
14
24 .
30
31
28.3
15
32
28
29
29.6
16
10
14
8
10.6
17
4
6
0.6
18
3
2
0.3
19
6
16
12
7.3
20
3
28
21
17.3
21
18
28
20
22
22
7
28
26
20.3
23
20
36
32
29.3
24
18
35
28
25.6
25
13
40
30
27.6
26
20
45
38
34.3
27
35
45
43
41
28
39
38
27
35.6
Average ...
21 7
31.8
27.2
26.8
78
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1914
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
14
30
27
23.7
2
30
40
38
36
3
33
46
30
36.3
4
14
32
36
27.3
5
22
30
32
28.0
6
28
34
30
30.7
7
14
20
8
14.0
8
2
14
4.0
9
2
28
28
18.0
10
20
24
27
23.7
11
10
20
20
16.7
12
7
14
9
10.0
13
9
11
15
10.7
14
9
24
22
18.3
15
15
18
11
16
9
20
10
13.0
17
20
38
30
29.3
18
27
32
30
29.7
19
22
30
20
24.0
20
14
31
24
23.0
21
9
28
27
21.3
22
21
22
12
18.3
23
8
14
12
11.3'
24
1
26
23
16.7
25
3
28
28
19.7
26
17
34
31
27.3
27
27
43
36
35.3
28
36
41
32
36.3
Average . ...
14.6
27 46
23.39
21.9
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE FOR FEBRUARY
Year
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
For the month
1900
17.4
26.5"
22.7
22.0
1901
11.3
24.8
22
19.3
1902
7.4
27.1
19.7
17.8
1903
21.7
31.8
27.2
26.8
1914
14.6
27.5
23.4
21.8
Average for five years.. .
14.5
27.6
23
21.5
MARCH
March is prevailingly a cloudy month. Of thirty observations
in 1900 as to condition of the sky, 12 showed clear and 18 cloudy ;
of 90 observations in 1901, 18 were clear and 72 cloudy; in 1902,
33 observations were made of which 15 recorded the sky as clear,
and 18 as cloudy; while in 1903, of 41 recorded observations, 19
report the sky as clear and 22 as cloudy.
March is generally a boisterous month, with very little calm.
Of 46 observations in 1900 no period of calm was observed ; of the
46 winds observed nearly every direction was represented, there
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
79
being 5 winds from the north, 6 from the northeast, 5 from the
east, 4 from the southeast, 4 from south, 8 from the southwest, 6
from the west and 8 from the northwest, the winds from the
southwest and northwest being slightly in the majority. In 1901
the month was considerably more calm than during the preceding
year. Of 91 observations 18 were calm, 1 north wind, 9 from
the northeast, 3 from the east, 6 from the southeast, 13 from the
south, 25 from the southwest, 2 from the west, 14 from the north-
west, showing again the southwest and northwest winds slightly
in the majority.
In 1902, of 33 observations, there was recorded no period of
calm, 1 north wind, 8 from the northeast, none from the east, 3
from the southeast, 6 from the south, 8 from the southwest, 1 from
the west and 6 from the northwest. In 1903, of 50 observations,
there were 2 periods of calm, 6 north winds, 11 from the north-
east, 4 from the southeast, 10 from the south, 8 from the south-
west, 5 from the west and 4 from the northwest. A considera-
tion of all these records shows that there is no especial direction
from which winds come during this month; it varies from day to
day and year to year.
March is generally a rather stormy month with a trifle more
snow than rain. In 1900 there were 5 rainstorms, 6 snow storms
with a total snowfall of about 7 inches, and 2 sleet storms. In
1901 there were 13 rainstorms. During 15 periods snow was re-
corded as falling but these were usually light snow flurries, the
total depth of snowfall registering only about 2| inches. 4 fogs
were recorded, 15 hazy days, one electrical storm and 1 frost. In
1902 there were 5 rainstorms and 4 slight snow storms, the total
snowfall being 3 inches. 2 fogs and 1 frost were recorded. In
1903 there were 7 rainstorms, 3 snowstorms, 3 fogs and 1 frost.
There was a cold snap at the end of the month during which ice
was frozen on pools. The month is marked by rather sudden up-
ward changes of temperature, one hour changes of 25 being
common.
General weather conditions for March are given briefly in the
following table:
Year
SKY
WINDS
Snow-
fall in
Clear
Cloudy
Calm
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W.
W.
N.W.
inches
1900
12
18
5
6
5
4
4
8
6
8
5
1
7
1901
18
72
18
1
9
3
6
13
25
2
14
13
15
ZH
1902
15
18
1
8
3
6
8
1
6
5
4
3
1903
19
22
2
6
11
10
8
5
4
7
3
617618
80 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Sky: As shown by our records, March, in all the years rec-
ords have been kept, has shown an excess, sometimes inconsider-
able, sometimes considerable, of cloudy weather. During the years
1900, 1902 and 1903, the excess was not great, the month being
pretty evenly divided as to periods of cloudiness and clearness. In
the spring of 1901 this month was unusually cloudy, there being
3 times as many cloudy periods as clear ones. It is the abnormal
condition of this particular spring that makes the periods of cloudi-
ness during the 4 years studied sum up to more than twice as fre-
quent as the clear ones.
Winds: North, east and south winds are relatively infrequent.
The winds from other directions vary from year to year in fre-
quence, but, taken as a whole, are so evenly distributed that none
can be called the prevailing wind. Most years this is rather a rude
boisterous month with few periods of calm.
Storms: Rainstorms, the first of the spring rains, and snow
storms, are quite frequent.
Temperatures: The total number of records for March is
370, as follows : 8 for 1899 ; 93 for 1900, 1901, 1902, and 1903.
The lowest temperature recorded was zero, on March 17, 1900.
The highest was 73 on March 19, 1903. The extremes were as
follows :
1900, March 17, and 52 March 9; range 52.
1901, 5.5 March 6, and 64.8 March 25; range 59.3.
1902, 10 March 17, and 65 March 19; range 55.
1903, 18 March 1, and 73 March 19; range 55.
Temperatures at or below freezing were recorded as follows:
In March, 1899, at 6 a. m. on the 12th, 22d, 23d, 24th, 28th, 29th
and 31st. The only other record was 50 on the llth. In 1900,
March furnished freezing temperatures at 6 a.m. on the 1st to
5th, both inclusive ; 7th to 10th, both inclusive ; 12th, 14th to 18th,
both inclusive; 20th, 21st, 22d, 24th, 25th, and 27th to 31st, both
inclusive ; at noon on the 1st, 5th, 6th, 12th, 14th to 17th, both in-
clusive; 20th, 21st, and 29th; at 6 p.m. on the 3d to 8th, both
inclusive ; llth, 13th to 17th, both inclusive ; 19th, 20th, 21st, 25th,
29th and 30th. The temperature was down to freezing at 6 a. m.
on 25 days, at noon on 11 days, and at 6 p. m. on 19 days.
In March, 1901, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6
a. m. on the 1st, 5th, 6th, 7th, llth, 12th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th,
21st, 22d, 27th, 28th, 29th and 31st; at noon on the 5th, 6th, 20th
and 21st; at 6 p.m. on the 4th, 5th, 6th, 15th, 20th, 21st, 27th, and
28th. The temperature was at or below freezing on 16 days at
6 a. m., on 4 days at noon, and on 8 days at 6 p. m.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
81
In March, 1902, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m.
on the 2d to 6th both inclusive, 10th, 14th, 17th to 20th, both in-
clusive, and 31st ; at noon on the 2d, 3d, 4th, 17th and 18th ; at 6
p. m. on the 2d to 5th, both inclusive ; 16th, 17th, and 18th. The
temperature was at or below freezing on 12 days at 6 a.m., on 5
days at noon, and on 7 days at 6 p. m.
In March, 1903, freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m.
on the 1st, 2d, 3d, 13th, 21st, 22d, 24th, 25th and 29th; at noon
on the 1st and 24th, and at 6 p. m. on the 1st and 24th. The tem-
perature was therefore at or below freezing at 6 a.m. on 9 days,
at noon on 2 days, and at 6 p. m. on 2 days.
For March, 1907, we have but three records, these showing that
the maximum on each of the three days, March 21, 22, and 23, was
84.
The greatest daily range for March was as follows:
March 3, 1900, from 7 to 43, or 36.
March 23, 1901, from 40 to 62.2, or 22.2.
March 26, 1902, from 40 to 60, or 20.
March 31, 1903, from 35 to 60, or 25.
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR MARCH, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
20
23
40
27.6
2
23
40
27
30
3
7
43
25
25
4
30
42
31
34 3
5
16
23
27
22
6
40
27
23
30
7
12
37
20
23
8
19
40
31
30
9
32
52
34
39.3
10
28
40
39
35.6
11
35
38
30
34.3,
12
17
32
37
28.6
13
37
42
32
37
14
24
30
25
26.8
15
18
19
14
17
16
.18
10
4
10.6
17
19
20
13
18
31
40
41
37
19
42
43
30
38.3
20
19
28
26
24.3
21
30
32
30
30.6
22
32
39
47
29.3
23
33
50
38
40.3
24
27
42
35
34.6
25
27
40
32
33
26
35
35
33
34.3
27
27
40
38
35
28
31
34
33
32.6
29
30
30
30
30
30
32
37
32
33.6
31
27
43
40
36.6
Average
25.8
35.2
30.5
30.4
82
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR MARCH, 1901
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
Maximum
Minimum
1
28
36
34.5
32.8
37
20.2
2
34.2
38.8
35.1
36
40.6
33.8
3
38.4
51
38
42.4
53
33.4
4
33.5
41
27
33.8
4.9
31.4
5
8.5
16.9
7
10.8
23
7
6
5.5
24.5
26.4
18.8
28.6
3.1
7
26.1
40.8
36.2
34.3
42.4
2}. 4
8
38.1
41.8
43.7
41.2
44.5
34.4
9
36.8
35.2
34.5
35.5
45
33.9
10
34.5
42.5
39.9
38.9
47.5
31.8
11
28.1
33
33.6
31.5
35.5
27.3
12
28.2
36.3
38.5
34.3
38.9
37
13
41.6
37.5
34.7
37.9
43.5
34.2
14
30.7
35.5
33.1
33.1
37.3
30.4
15
28
35
28.5
30.5
34.9
26.6
16
19.6
39.5
35.2
31.4
40.6
17
17
31.1
53
49.5
44.5
54
30
18
39.3
66.5
62
55.9
69.3
39.3
19
47.8
57.1
49.2
51.3
58.5
44.4
20
32.5
30
26.1
29.5
53.9 '
25.3
21
22.9
22.9
29.5
25.1
29.5
21.9
22
25
40.1
43.1
36
47.8
21.5
23
40
62.2
49.5
50.5
65
35
24
44.5
56
52.1
50.8
58.5
43
25
46.6
64.8
50.8
54
67.3
46
26
41.9
46.1
41.1
43
47.5
40.5
27
32
36.2
32
33.4
40.3
31.7
28
30
34.5
32
32.1
37.9
29.1
29
29.9
35.2
37.9
34.3
38.1
22.9
30
33
32.5
32.8
32.7
36.5
31
31
30.1
35.1
38.2
34.4
43
29.9
Average
31.8
40.5
37.2
36.5
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
83
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR MARCH, 1902
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
35
36
34
35.0
2
23
32
25
27.3
3
25
30
30
28.3
4
27
31
30
29.3
5
25
38
31
31.3
6
27
48
40
38.3
7
35
50
40
41.6
8
35
35
36
35.3
9
40
42
40
40.6
10
32
62
55
49.6
11
53
60
63
58.6
12
53
63
43
53
13
35
43
45
41
14
32
54
44
42.6
15
42
52
54
49.3
16
39
46
24
36.3
17
12
10
12
11.3
18
13
26
25
19.3
19
20
46
40
35.3
20
32
50
43
41.6
21
35
50
43
42.6
22
36
45
44
41.6
23
40
57
53
50
24
40
55
42
45.6
25
35
56
46
45.6
26
40
60
54
51.3
27
50
65
65
60
28
53
58
50
53.6
29
40
55
52
49
30
42
36
37
38.3
31
32
42
39
37.6
Average
34.8
46.2
41.3
40.7
84
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR MARCH, 1903
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
18
29
27
24.6
2
25
40
36
33.6
3
25
37
36
32.6
4
35
41
38
38
5
40
38
38
38.6
6
36
44
45
41.6
7
45
55
57
52.3
8
37
45
38
40
9
35
43
41
39.6
10
43
42
40
41.6
11
38
43
45
42
12
40
47
43.5
*13
30
55
45
43.3
14
37
50
44
43.6
15
35
51
46
44
16
43
52
56
50.3
17
53
65
63
60.3
18
55
72
66
64.3
19
60
73
62
65
20
60
54
40
51.3
21
30
45
40
38.3
22
32
55
40
42.3
23
35
55
34
41.3
24
30
32
32
31.3
25
32
45
45
40.6
26
33
56
55
47.6
27
40
56
42
46
28
33
44
37
38
29
27
44
43
38
30
34
54
45
44.3
31
35
60
46
47
Average
37.1
49.1
42.6
43.4
* The maximum for the 13th was 70
AVERAGE TEMPERATURES FOR MARCH
Year
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
For the month
1900
25.8
35.2
30.5
30.4
1901
31.8
. 40.5
37.2
36.5
1902
1903
34.8
37.1
46.2
49.1
41.3
42.6
40.7
43.4
32 4
42 8
37 9
37.7
Lake Maxinkuckee > Physical and Biological Survey
85
APRIL
Sky: Of 39 observations of the sky made in April, 1900, we ,
have 24 records of clear and 15 cloudy ; of 89 in 1901, 33 recorded
the sky as clear, 56 as cloudy; of 31 in 1902, 15 noted clear, and 16
cloudy; and of 71 in 1903, 39 records gave clear and 32 cloudy,
making a total of 111 records clear and 119 cloudy, the weather
being pretty evenly divided in this particular, there being a few
more cloudy periods than clear ones.
Generally, this month shows a very even balance between pe-
riods of clearness and of cloudiness, the month for 1900 showing
a greater number of clear periods than cloudy, the spring of 1901
showing the reverse, and April of 1902 and 1903 being very little
different. For the whole 4 years there are 8 more cloudy periods
than clear ones.
Winds: Generally speaking, calm periods are rare in April,
none at all being recorded in 1900, 1902 and 1903. In 1901 it was,
however, unusually calm, there being 19 periods of calm recorded.
As to direction, winds are pretty equally divided; so much so that
taking year after year, one cannot speak of any marked tendency
toward a prevailing wind from any particular direction ; the rec-
ords are as follows:
Year
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W.
W.
N.W.
1900
6
5
8
2
6
4
5
3
1901
3
26
10
9
1
18
1902
4
5
2
2
3
5
1
8
1903
8
1
8
12
38
5
1
1
There are fewer west winds than any other, and more north-
east than any other, the others being well distributed. The north-
east winds generally bring cool weather and storms. It is gen-
erally a boisterous month, with but few calms.
Storms: Both snowstorms and rainstorms are rather frequent.
As compared with other months, rain storms are usually rather
infrequent; we have a record of 3 rainstorms for 1900, of 6 for
1901, of 4 for 1902. In 1903 it was unusually wet, there being 11
periods of rain recorded for April of that year. There are occa-
sional snowstorms; we have 4 recorded for 1900, 1 for 1901, and
.75 inch for 1902. There was one sleet storm in 1900. Five
records of frost in 1901, and one hailstorm in 1903.
The following table shows the general weather conditions for
April :
86
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Voar
SKY
WIND
Snow-
Clear
Cloudy
Calm
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W.
W.
N W
1900
1901
1902
1903
24
33
15
34
15
56
16
32
19
6
3
4
17
5
26
5
28
8
10
2
2
9
2
8
6
1
3
18
4
5
9
5
1
2
3
18
8
5
3
6
4
11
4
1
4
2
6
X
1
Temperatures: The total number of temperature records for
April is 362, as follows : 90 for 1900, 1901, 1902 and 1903 each,
and 1 each for 1907 and 1909.
The lowest temperature recorded was 18 on April 10, 1909.
The lowest recorded in years of full records was 25 on April 5,
1900, and again on April 4, 1903; the highest was 88 on April
29, 1900. The extremes were as follows:
1900, 25 on April 5, and 88 on April 29; range 63.
1901, 30.1 on April 1, and 85.1 on April 30; range 55.
1902, 22 on April 8, and 86 on April 21; range 64.
1903, 25 on April 4, and 75 on April 12; range 50.
The temperature was at or below freezing as follows: In
April, 1900, at 6 a.m. on the 1st, 3d, 4th, 5th and 10th to 14th,
inclusive ; at noon on the llth ; and at 6 p. m. on the 3d, llth, and
13th. The temperature was freezing at 6 a. m. on 9 days, at noon
on one day, and at 6 p. m. on 3 days.
- In April, 1901, it was at or below freezing at 6 a. m. only on
the 1st, and at no time at noon or 6 p. m.
In April, 1902, it was at or below freezing at 6 a. m. on the 1st,
2d, 3d, 4th, 7th and 8th; at noon on the 1st and 7th; and at 6
p. m. on the 1st, 7th and 8th. In this month it was down to
freezing on 6 days at 6 a. m., on only 2 days at noon, and on 3
days at 6 p. m.
In April, 1903, the temperature was down to 30 at noon and
6 p. m. on the 3d; to 25 at 6 a. m., and 32 at noon and 6 p. m.
on the 4th, to 28 at 6 a.m. on the 5th, and to 32 at 6 a.m. on
the 23d.
In April, 1909, when only one observation was recorded, it
was 18 at 6 a. m. on the 10th.
The greatest daily range was as follows :
April 26, 1900, from 46 to 77, or 31.
April 30, 1901, from 62.9 to 85.1, or 22.2.
April 21, 1902, from 48 to 86, or 38.
April 1, 27, and 28, 1903, from 40, 40 and 50, respectively,
to 60, 60 and 70, respectively, or 20.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
87
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR APRIL, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1 .
30
55"
47
44
2
37
42
43
40.6
3
27
44
32
34.3
4
27
55
40
40.6
5
25
60
51
45.3
6
38
70
55
54.3
7
49
75
60
61.3
8
47
60
50
52.3
9
38
57.5
37
44.1
10
26
47
40
37.6
11
29
32
30
30.3
12
30
40
34
34.6
13
30
46
32
36
14
30
60
44
44.6
15
48
78
65
63.6
16
58
60
55
59.3
17
52
60
58
56.6
18
55
60
52
55.6
19
49
69
53
57
20
43
73
60
58.6
21
53
64
60
52.3
22
58
65
51
58
23
45
76
65
62
24
51
74'
60
61.6
25
45
74
60
59.6
26
46
77
56
59.6
27
51
67
65
61
28
64
80
63
69
29
60
88
65
71
30
50
67
60
59
Average
43
"62.5
51.4
52.3
88
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR APRIL, 1901
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
*1
30.1
44.2
45.7
40.3
2
39
34
36
36
3
34.1
49
44.5
42.5
4
35.1
53.5
54
47.5
5
43.1
51.5
47.2
47.3
6
43.8
44.9
41
43.2
7
38.9
50
41.5
47.1
8
34
40.1
40.9
38.3
9
34
48.8
48
43.6
10
35.8
51.9
51.9
46.5
11
40.3
52.5
51.9
42.8
12
40.6
49
51.5
47.1
13
47.2
48
48.8
48
14
43.5
59.8
57.8
57
15
43.9
58.2
52
51.4
16
41.9
60.2
49.4
50.5
17
53.7
51.5
40.5
48.6
18
32.5
37.9
38
36.1
19
32.2
41.1
39
37.4
20
33.3
47.1
38.2
39.5
21
35.3
42.6
36.8
38.2
22
41.4
44.5
50.1
45.3
23
46
51.9
52.2
50
24
44
58.9
56.5
53.1
25
49.5
52
59
53.5
26
52.7
64.1
62.5
59.8
27
57.9
70.5
63.3
63.9
28
58.6
78
71
69.2
29
60.2
77.5
71.3
69.7
30
62.9
85.1
71.5
73.2
Average ....
42.9
53.3
50.4
48.9
* Maximum air temperature for the 1st was 48.4; minimum, 26. l c
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
89
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR APPRIL, 1902
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
32
~32
32
32
2
31
35
36
34
3
28
47
40
38.3
4
30
50
42
40.6
5
36
56
50
47.3
6
45
60
50
51.6
7
32
26
25
27.6
8
22
38
36
32
9
35
58
45
46
10
35
65
60
53.3
11
48
55
50
51
12
46
45
44
45
13
35
41
39
38.3
14
36
44
42
40.6
15
38
50
45
44.3
16
42
58
52
50.6
17
42
60
56
52.6
18
48
68
56
57.3
19
47
56
50
51
20
40
68
53
53.6
21
48
86
77
70.3
22
67
80
78
75
23
42
50
48
46.6
24
38
58
64
53.3
25
50
62
70
60.6
26
50
46
50
48.6
27
50
60
62
57.3
28
56
76
65
65.6
29
54
78
66
66
30
56
62
60
59.3
Average
41.9
55.7
51.4
49.7
90
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR APRIL, 1903
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6p.m.
Average
1
40
60
50
2
55
70
65
63.3
3
36
30
30
32
4
25
32
32
29.6
5
28
35
45
36
6
45
55
56
52
7
43
55
61
53
8
45
57
60
54
9
48
65
56
56.3
10
45
53
47
48.3
11
55
65
70
63.3
12
65
75
65
68.3
13
53
48
48
49.6
14
45
50
47
47.3
15
43
48
41
46
16
38
54
46
46
17
37
55
50
47.3
18
42
60
55
52.3
19
41
55
.50
48.6
20
43
57
57
'52.3
21
43
43
43
43
22
36
42
42
40
23
32
50
48
43.3
24
46
58
48
50.6
25
45
46
48
46.3.
26
35
55
56
48.6
27
40
60
63
54.3
28
50
70
71
63.6
29
60
74
72
68.6
30
63
36
32
43.6
Average
44.1
53.8
51.9
49.9
AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURES FOR APRIL
Year
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
For the month
1900
43.0
62.5
51.4
52.3
1901
42.9
53.3
50.4
48.9
1902
41.9
55.7
51.4
49.7
1903
44.1
53.8
51.9
49.9
Average for four years . .
43
56.3
51.3
50.2
MAY
Sky: Of 35 observations made in 1900, 21 record the sky as
clear, and 14 as cloudy; of 95 in 1901, 23 record the sky as clear
and 72 as cloudy; of 31 records in 1902 we have 15 clear and 16
cloudy ; and of 76 records for 1903 we have 49 clear and 27 cloudy,
making a total of 108 records for clear and 129 of cloudy, the
cloudy periods being somewhat in excess of the clear ones.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
91
May is generally a bright sunny month, most of the records
showing a preponderance of bright days. Many of the periods
marked "cloudy" in 1901, were bright and pleasant, either because
of thinness of the clouds or broken rifts in them.
Winds: As with April, this is a month of comparatively few
calms, none being reported for 1900, 1902, or 1903. In 1901, for
which our records are much fuller, we have recorded 15 periods
of calm.
West winds were rather few; all others were pretty well dis-
tributed, those from the south being on the whole, the most abund-
ant. For the year for which we have the fullest records we have
a goodly record of periods of calm.
The following is a record of the winds for the time observed :
Year
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W.
W.
N.W.
1900
7
5
8
6
10
2
- 1
1901
5
31
2
12
1
3
1
16
1902
1
1
4
4
1
5
2
1903
8
1
8
12
38
5
1
1
Storms: Rainstorms are frequent, just about as frequent as
in April. Two rainstorms were recorded for 1900, 4 in 1901, none
in 1902, and 6 in 1903.
Of other atmospheric phenomena there was one thunderstorm
in 1901, and there were 2 cases of noticeably heavy dewfall. It
may be observed that "dew", as commonly observed, especially on
grass, is as much a biological as an atmospheric phenomenon,
being the result of transpiration by herbage, although peculiar
atmospheric conditions favor its manifestation.
The general weather conditions for May are shown in the fol-
lowing table :
SKY
WIND
Clear
Cloudy
Calm
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W.
W.
N.W.
1900
21
14
7
5
8
6
10
2
1
2
1901
23
72
15
5
31
2
12
1
3
1
16
4
1902
15
16
1
1
4
4
1
5
2
1903
49
27
8
1
8
12
38
5
1
1
6
Temperatures: The total number of temperature records for
May is 310, as follows: 90 in 1900, 91 in 1901, 53 in 1902, and 76
in 1903.
92
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
The lowest temperature recorded was 30 on May 1, 1903.
The highest was 93 on May 14 and again on May 16, 1900. The
extremes were as follows :
1900, 35 on May 3, and 88 on May 25; range 53.
1901, 42.5 on May 30, and 89 on May 23; range 46.5.
1902,* 43 on May 15, and 88 on May 18; range 45.
1903, 30 on May 1, and 90 on May 17 and 19; range 60.
In the 4 years for which records were made the temperature
in the month of May fell as low as freezing only once, which was
at 6 a. m. May 1, 1903, when it stood at 30.
The greatest daily range was as follows :
May 10, 1900, from 37 to 77, or 40.
May 23, 1901, from 60 to 89, or 29.
May 3, 1902, from 62 to 90, or 28.
May 10, 1903, from 54 to 83, or 29.
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR MAY, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 D. m.
Average
1
46
80
64
63.3
2
60
82
54
65.3
3
35
55
45
45
4
45
56
48
49.6
5
45
70
60
58.3
6
50
78
67
65
7
53
79
66
66
8
65
75
55
65
9
40
56
42
46
10
37
77
58
57.3
11
50
77
65
64
12
60
88
70
72.6
14 f
79
93
76
82.6
15
70
9"0
80
80
16
76
93
72
80.3
17
50
65
60
58.3
18
56
60
51
59
19
50
63
51
54.6
20
50
67
63
60
21
46
70
60
58.6
22
50
70
64
61.3
23
61
80
74
71.6
24
61
85
76
74
25
63
88
76
75.6
26
70
85
83
79.3
27
68
80
70
72.6
28
64
80
70
71.3
29
68
78
70
72
30
70
88
80
79.3
31
70
80
70
73.3
Average
56.9
76.3
64.7
66
*No record after May 18.
t Maximum air temperature, 93
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
93
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR MAY, 1901
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
62
83.8
80
75.3"
2
85.9
73.1
79.5
3
51.5
66
65.4
61
4
48.9
67
62.9
59.6
5
58.9
74.3
70.5
67.9
6
62
73.2
62.3
65.8
7
57.8
61.8
57.8
59.1
8
55
60.3
58.8
58
9
49.5
62
63.9
58.5
10
53 2
59.5
66
59.6
11
50.5
64 1
61.8
58.8
12
51.6
55.5
53
53.4
13
46.5
66.1
55.8
56.1
14
46.6
" 59.8
60.5
55.6
15
42.9
70.3
83
65.4
16
54
82.6
64.5
67
17
55.1
83 5
80.5
73
18
62.3
79.2
70.4
70.6
19
54 N 2
64.9
61
60
20
53.5
67.9
59
60.1
21
52.8
57.4
59.6
56.6
22
55
62
66.6
61.2
23
60
85.9
89
78.3
24
60.9
57.5
52.5
57
25
47.6
51.1
49.4
26
45
51.5
47
47.8
27
46
56.9
54.9
52.6
28
52.2
65.2
62.6
60
29
43.9
57.9
54.5
52.1
30
42.5
58.9
57.9
53.1
31
45
66
68.9
60
Average
52.2
66.9
63.7
61
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR MAY, 1902
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
48
63
61
57.3
2
60
80
67
69
3
62
90
78
76.6
4
67
88
76
77
5
60
72
70
67.3
6
56
66
63
61.6
7
50
58
60
56
8
46
52
50
49.3
9
43
50
54
49
10
45
48
49
47.3
11
45
50
56
50.3
12
50
78
76
68
13
59
60
60
59.6
14
58
62
54
58
15
43
56
58
52.3
16
50
66
68
61.3
17
51
73
60
81.3
18
65
88
76.5
Average
53.2
66.7
62.4
61.2
94
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR MAY, 1903
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
30
55
50
45.0
2
37
60
58
51.6
3
43
43
40
42
4
37
60
54
50.3
5
47
68
60
58.3
6
55
70
60
61.6
7
45
65
60
56.6
8
45
70
62
59
9
55
82
65
67.3
10
54
83
60
65.6
11
62
81
68
70.3
12
60
84
73
72.3
13
64
84
60
69.3
14
50
80
64
64.6
15
57
78
63
66
16
60
84
65
69.6
17
63
90
66
73
18
65
85
74
74.6
19
66
90
70
75.3
20'
70
78
65
71
21
68
78
70
72
22
66
75
70
70.3
23
68
80
78
75.3
24
70
80
68
72.3
25
65
81
73
27
70
80
75
Average
56.6
75.5
63.5
65.4
AVERAGE TEMPERATURES FOR MAY
Year
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
For the month
1900
56.9
76.3
64.7
66.0
1901
52.2
66.9
63.7
61.0
1902
53.2
66.7
62.4
61.2
1903
56.6
75.5
63.5
65.4
Average for four years . .
54.7
71.4
63.6
63.3
JUNE
Sky and Winds: We have complete records for June for only
2 years, 1900 and 1901, the records of other years being too frag-
mentary to tabulate. Of 36 records in 1900, 23 record the sky as
clear and 13 as cloudy; of 78 for 1901 we have 33 records of clear
sky and 45 of cloudy, leaving the month for 1900 with an excess
of clear records and that for 1901 with a somewhat similar ex-
cess of records for cloudy. The total observations for the 2 years
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
95
are 56 clear periods and 58 cloudy, which is a remarkably even
balance.
In 1900 there were 10 more observations marked "clear" than
cloudy, while in 1901 cloudy periods were somewhat more frequent
than clear. Taking observations for both years, we have the pe-
riods pretty evenly divided.
These observations show that, taken as a whole, the cloudy pe-
riods and clear periods are about equally divided, the clear periods
being more prevalent in 1900 but less so in 1901. North and west
winds are relatively infrequent ; winds from other directions are so
evenly balanced that none can be called the prevailing wind. This
is an evenly tempered uneventful month and the minor weather
phenomena such as fog, haze, electrical storms, etc., were not suf-
ficiently marked to attract especial attention.
Rainstorms are not especially frequent during this month.
The results of our observations are given in the following table :
SKY
WINDS
Rain-
Year
I? *
fall in
Clear
Cloudy
Calm
N
N.E
E.
S.E
s
S.W
W.
N.W
inches
1900
23
13
4
5
9
9
7
4
8
4
8
1.5
1901
33
45
17
8
5
16
5
16
3
11
9
Temperatures: The total number of temperature records for
June is 202, as follows : 90 in 1900, 90 in 1901, 10 in 1902, and 12
in 1903.
The lowest temperature recorded was 45.5 on June 1, 1901.
The highest was 95 on June 28, 1901.
The extremes were as follows:
1900, 49 on June 3 and 88 on June 16; range 39.
1901, 45.5 on June 1 and 95 on June 28; range 49.5.
1902, 1 50 on June 21 and 22, and 66 on June 30; range 16.
1903 2 , 62 on June 27 and 86.2 on June 30; range 24.2.
Our records show no freezing temperature for June,
greatest daily range was as follows :
June 9, 1900, from 54 to 80, or 26.
June 16, 1901, from 65 to 90, or 25.
June 28, 1902 1 , from 56 to 61, or 5.
June 29 and 30, 1903% 72 and 73 to 85.2
The
and 83.2, or 13.2 c
1 Records for only 6 days.
2 Records for only 4 days.
717618
96
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JUNE, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
76
86
73
78.3
2
68
65
60
64.3
3
49
66
60
58.3
4
58
75
70
67.6
5
67.5
80
73
73.5
6
68
78
68
71.3
7
66
79
70
70.3
8
68
79
60
69
9
54
80
60
64.6
10
65
80
70
71.6
11
68
79
65
70.6
12
63
77
75
71.6
13
70
81
76
75.6
14
63
80
65
69.3
15
64
75
63
67.3
16
60
88
78
75.3
17
66
82
68
71.3
18
65
80
63
69.3
19
65
76
74
71.6
20
76
74
63.5
70.5
21
63.5
69.5
67.5
66.8
22
65
68
60
64.3
23
64
82
70
72
24
68
84.5
70
70.8
25
67
84
73
74.6
26
84
85.7
76 5
82
27
71
84'. 7
79.5
78.4
28
68
85
79
77.3
2)
76 5
79
69
74.8
3)
ro
68
72
66 6
Average
66.2
78.3
69
71
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
97
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JUNE, 1901
Dftte
6 a. in.
NOOT
6 p. m.
Average
l
45.5
66.1
64
58.5
2
52.2
66.1
79.5
65.9
3
57.3
79.5
81.2
72.7
4
60.1
84
82.1
75.4
' 5
69
65.9
73.9
69.6
6
65
72
76.5
71.2
7
52.5
56
52.9
53.8
8
46
63.9
58
56
9
55.2
78.5
77.1
70.3
10
62 1
71.3
79.6
71
11
' 73.8
91.5
93.5
86.3
12
70
94
75.1
79.7
13
70
89.8
80
7,9.9
14
73.8
-91.6
82.5
82.6
15
72
82.5
80
78.2
16
65
90
83.8
79.6
17
66.1
71.5
73.5
70 4
18
62.9
83.6
73.5
73 3
19
68
85.9
79.5
77.8
20
63.9
77.1
74.9
72
21
69.9
75.8
79.3
75
22
72
87.8
87.9
82.6
23
67.8
81.9
83.3
77 7
24
73.9
90.1
85
83
25
76.1
94.5
83.8
84.8
26
74
91
88
84
27
76.5
93.4
81
83 6
28
71
95
91
86
29
76.5
88
82.5
82.3
30
79.8
94 2
92 9
88.9
Average
66.3
81.8
79.2
75.7
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JUNE, 1902
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Rarfc
Average
21
50
22
50
23
55
24
58
28
30
56
64
61
66
59
52
5
14
58.7
60 7
55 5
63 5
55 5
59.7
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JUNE, 1903
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Averape
27
62
75"
74
70.3
28
63.5
75
78
72.2
29
72
85.2
82.5
79 9
30
73
86 2
81
?0
Average
67 6
80 4
78.9
75.6
98 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURES FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE
Year
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
For the month
1900
66.2
78.3
69.0
71.0
1901
66.3
81.8
79.2
75.7
1902
55.5
63.5
55.2
59.5
1903
67.6
80.4
78.9
75.6
Average for four years . .
63.9
76
70.6
70.4
JULY
Sky: The records for July are fairly complete for only 3 years
and accordingly do not admit of the checking up and balancing
which is possible where we have more years to compare. It may
briefly be observed that the clear periods were somewhat in ex-
cess of the cloudy ones for the years under observation and that
the south winds were somewhat more common than those from
any other direction. The calm periods were surprisingly few.
Winds: Northeast, west and northwest winds were the least
frequent, the prevailing wind being from the south. Periods of
calm were rather infrequent.
Storms: Compared with other months, showers were rather
frequent; of fairly complete records of 34 months, we have only
six that equal or exceed that of this particular month.
Temperatures: The total number of temperature records for
July is 330, as follows : 93 in 1899, 93 in 1900, 26 in 1902, 93 in
1903, 24 in 1906, and 1 in 1910.
The lowest temperature recorded for this month was 54 on
July 1, 1902; the highest was 103 on July 1, 1910. The extremes
for each year were as follows :
1899, 58 on July 8 and 89 on July 21; range 31.
1900, 60.5 on July 1 and 9, and 92 on July 4; range 31.5.
1902 1 , 54 on July 1 and 90 on July 7 and 27; range 36.
1903, 60 on July 15 and 16, and 91 on July 3 and 4; range 31.
1906 2 60.5 on July 31 and 94 on July 23; range 33.5.
Our records show no freezing temperature for July.
The greatest daily range was as follows :
July 12, 21 and 24, 1899, from 71, 73 and 71, respectively,
to 87, 89 and 87, respectively, or 16.
July 14 and 28, 1900, from 71 and 64, respectively, to 88
and 81, respectively, or 17.
July 24, 1902, from 65 to 88, or 23.
July 2, 1903, from 68 to 88, or 20.
July 31, 1906 3 , from 60.5 to 84, or 23.5.
1 Records for only 11 days.
2 Records for only 9 days.
3 Records for only 9 days.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
99
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JULY, 1899
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
5
69
73
70
70.6
6
65
77
77
73
7
69
80
78
75.6
8
58
70.5
68
65.5
9
65
76
76.5
72.5
10
69
80
80
76.3
11
71
83.5
81
78.5
12
71
87
86.5
81.5
13
74
86
74
78
14
70
74
73
72 3
15
69
77
73
16
71
77.5
74
77.1
17
66
72
70
69.3
18
66
79
80
75
19
69
83
82
78
20
74
86
85
81.6
21
73
89
84
82
22
73
87
84
81.3
23
72
87
85
81.3
24
71
87
85
81
25
71
86
80
79
26
68
83
82
77.6
27
69
78
73 5
28
69.5
76
81
75.5
29
72
77
68
72.3
30
64
74
71
69 6
31
62
75.5
75.5
71
Average
68.9
80.2
77.9
75.6
100 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AiK TEMPERATURES FOR JULY, 190U
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
60.5
73.0'
76.5
70.0
2
68.4
86.5
85
80
3
70.5
88
86
81.5
4
85
92
85
87.3
5
81
90.5
85
85.5
6
77.3
89.5
85
83.9
7
71
86
76.5
77.8
8
69
66
67.5
67.5
9
60 5
75
70
68.5
10
64
79
76
73
11
76
89
67
77.3
12
67
64
77
60.3
13
64.5
75.5
74 5
71.5
14
71
88
85.
81.3
15
78
88
84.5
83.5
16
71
71.5
79
73.8
17
71.5
78.5
71
73.6
18
67
74
76
72.3
19
72
84
78
78
20
72
87
66
75
21
62
71
75.8
72.8
22
67
83
81
77
23
72
86
85
81
24
75
70
71
72
25
67
78
76
73.6
26
67.5
75
70
69.1
27
66
74
75
71.6
28
64
81
79
74.6
29
73
82.
78
77.6
30
70
82
76
76
31
70.5
88.5
79
78.6
Average
70
80.4
77.3
75.9
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JULY, 1902
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
54
71
63
62.6
2
64
84
70
72.6
3
75
84
7
80
90
75
81.6
9
76
82
79
18
79
81
80
21
58
24
65
88
79
77.3
25
70
85
83
79.3
27
75
90
70
78.3
6J 6
83 9
73 4
76 4
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 101
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JULY, 1903
Date
6 a. m.
Nocn
tip. m.
Average
1
73.5
89
71
77.8
2
68
88
84
80
3
75.5
91
87
84.5
4
79
91
75
81.6
5
78
sa
76
78
6
73
79
81
77.6
7
73
84
82
79.6
8
75.2
90
86
83.7
9
73
87.5
88.5
83
10
75.2
85
83.2
81.1
11
70.5
-82
77.5
76.6
12
70
78.5
68
72.2
13
63
78
73.5
73.2
14
63
76
68
69
15
6J
71.5
68
66.5
16
63
75
74
69.6
17
68
78
69
71.6
18
63
68
73
68
19
73
73.5
73.5
73.3
20
67
75
77
73
21
73
85.5
78
77.1
22
73
76
70.5
73.1
23
< 72
78
72
74
24
81
83
83
82.3
25
82
86.5
83
83.8
26
72
89
77
79.3
27
67.5
78
80
75.1
28
71
91
79
80.3
29
70
81
76.5
75.8
30
65
73
68.5
68.8
31
58
61
07.5
63.8
Average
72.5
83.9
76.6
75.9
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR JULY, 1906
Date
6 a. m.
Nocn
6 p. m.
Average
23
74
94
88
85.3
24
66
74
73
71
25
63.9
78 5
71.2
26
66
87 9
76.9
27
71.9
84
83
79.6
28
78
92.2
71.8
80.6
29
70
73.9
75
73
30
67
83.9
79.9
76.9
31
60.5
84
82
75.5
Average
68 6
83.6
78.9
76.9
102 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AVERAGE TEMPERATURES FOR THE MONTH OF JULY
Year
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
For the month
1899
6S.9
80.2
77.9
75.6
1900
70
80.4
77.3
75.9
1902
69.6
83.9
73.4
76.4
1903
72.5
80.9
76.6
75.9
1906
68.6
83.6
78.9
76.6
Average for five years. .
69.9
81.8
76.8
76.1
AUGUST
Sky: For August we have fairly complete records for only 2
years, 1900 and 1906. We have pretty full temperature records
for 1902 but few. records of other weather conditions.
Our records show an abundance of cloudy weather, and for the
summer of 1906, a considerable excess. In many cases of cloudy
weather, however, the clouds were much broken up, permitting
many bright days and clear bits of sunshine.
Winds: August is notably a month of calms and it is due to
the placid untroubled surface of the lake that the plankton scum,
which begins either at the end of the preceding month or the be-
ginning of this, forms on the surface and reaches its maximum de-
velopment. West winds are the least frequent; east winds the
most so.
Storms: In keeping with the prevailing calm, storms are rela-
tively infrequent.
The following is the record in tabular form :
SKY
WIND
Cl
Cloudy
Calm
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W.
VV.
N.W.
1900
14
19
8
4
3
5
2
7
4
1
4
5
1906
19
48
34
5
3
12
4
5
2
2
7
3
Temperatures: The total number of temperature records for
August is 382, as follows : 93 in 1899, 93 in 1900, 23 in 1902, 74
in 1906, and 15 in 1908,
The lowest temperature recorded was 51, on August 28, 1906;
the highest was 98, on August 2, 1906.
The extremes for each year were as follows:
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 103
1899, 58.5 on August 15 and 88.5 on August 19; range 30.
1900, 62 on August 31 and 92.1 on August 10; range 30.1.
1902,' 54 on August 23 and 90 C on August 5; range 36.
1903, 55 on August 12 and 86.5 on August 23; range 31.5.
1906, 51 on August 28 and 98 on August 2; range 47.
1908, 2 62.5 on August 27 and 87.4 on August 31; range 24.9
Our records show no freezing temperature for August,
greatest daily range was as follows:
The
August 3, 1899, from 69 C
August 19, 1900, from 70 c
August 5, 1902, from 65'
August 21, 1903, from 59 C
August 29, 1906, from 56 c
August 28, 1908 2 , from 63 to 81, or 18.
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1899
to 88, or 19.
to 91.5, or 21.5 C
to 90, or 25.
to 79, or 20.
to 77.5, or 21.5 C
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
67.0
73.5
82.5
74.3
2
75
82
76.5
74.5
3
69
80
88
79
4
73.5
83
80
78.8
5
70
73.5
73
72.2
6
69.5
74.5
76.5
73.5
7
64
76
70
70
8
62
72
73.5
69.2
9
65
80
71
72
10
70
82.5
80.5
77.6
11
71
87
86.5
81.5
12
72.5
83.5
76.5
77.5
13
64.5
71
68
67.8
14
62
70
74
68.6
15
58.5
75.5
76
70
16
60
75
78.5
71.2
17
65
80
81.5
68.8
18
69.5
81
81
77.2
19
71
88.5
85
81.5
20
72
80.5
76.2
21
71.5
83
77.5
77.2
22
65
79
80
74.6
23
72
80
82.5
78.2
24
67
83.5
82.5
78
25
67.5
80
81.5
76.3
26
68
82.5
82.5
77.<;
27
62.5
82.5
83
76
28
70.5
84
82
78.8
29
69
75
74
72.6
30
70
83.5
83.5
79
31
72
81
82
78.3
Average
67.9
79.5
79
75.1
1 Records for only 12 days.
2 Records for only 5 days.
104 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
Maximum
Minimum
Range
1
65.8
76.5
78.0
73.1
79.4
64.5
14.9
2
69.5
76
76
73.8
79
67.2
11.8
3
69
78
81.1
76
82.8
67.2
15.6
4
7J.2
89.8
87
82.3
90.5
67.4
23.1
5
75
89.8
88
84.2
91
73.6
17.4
6
76.5
87.5
86.8
83.6
89.8
74
15.8
7
75
89.5
86. .5
83.6
80.6
71.8
8.8
8
76
88
85.1
83
90.4
70.6
19.8
9
74.5
90.2
87.5
84
91.5
70.4
21.1
10
77.4
90.8
88.4
85.5
92.1
75.2
16.9
11
77
91
78
82
92
73.5
18.5
12
69.5
77
76.4
74.3
81.8
69.5
12.3
13
68
80.2
81
76.4
84.5
65.6
18.9
14
67.6
68.5
77
71
80
63
17
15
71
70.1
72
71
73.2
68.5
4.7
16
65.8
71
77
71.3
78.5
64.6
13.9
17
73.9
77
75
75.3
80.5
67
13.5
18
73
86.6
87
82.2
90.4
69.8
20.6
19
77
90
68.5
78.5
91.5
70
21.5
20
71.5
88.5
81
80.3
90.5
69.6
20.9
21
64.8
80.9
75.5.
73.4
83.8
63.2
20.6
22
71.9
79
79
76.6
82.8
70.5
12.3
23
69.4
71
78
72.8
82
69.4
12.6
24
71.5
83
81
78.5
86
70.2
15.8
25
72
84
77.3
77.7
86.5
70.6
15.9
26
70.5
80
75.5
75.3
80.6
69.8
10.8
27
(8.5
79.8
78
75.4
82.2
65.2
17
28
65.5
79
78
74.1
81.8
64.5
17.3
29
69.5
81
78
76.1
82.6
67
15.6
30
61
82.5
81
74.8
84
65
19
31
63
83
82
77.3
85.2
62
23.2
Average
70.8
81.9
80
77.5
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1902
Date
6 a. m.
NOOT
6 p. m.
Average
5
65
9J
77.5
56
74
65
10
75
11
56
19
20
21
72
76
65
86
80
74
79.3
75
22
23
56
54
66
65
62.3
24
28
30
60
62
76
81
88
70
73
68.6
72
Average
62.2
79.5
72.4
71.4
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 105
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1903
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
57
70
73
66. 6 J
2
64
83
69
75.3
3
72
87
70.5
77.1
4
66
73.5
75
71.5
5
68
78.5
78.5
75
6
68
74
68
70
7 '
55
73
67
65
8
60
76
68
68
9
62
75
68
68.5
10
60
75
75
70
11
56
70
64
63.3
12
55
67
67
63
13
60
72
70
67.3
14
61.5
74
73
69.5
15
60
68
65
64.3
16
63
75
74
70.6
17
63
75
71
69.6
18
65
81
77
74.3
19
63
64
69
65.3
20
58
75
70
67.6
21
59
79
75
71
22
67
81
78
75.3
23.
69
86.5
82.5
79.6
24
73
86
85
81.3
25
76
86
72
78
26
60
71
75
68.6
27
68
78
69
71.6
28
65
75
76
72
Average
63.3
76
72.7
70.7
106 Lo,ke Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1906
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
65.5
83.5
83.9
77.6"
2
71
88
98
85.7
3 .
65.9
85.5
75.9
75.8
4
72.9
91.5
72.9
79.1
5
75
87.5
71.9
78.2
6
70.9
88
69
76
7
68.8
80
73.4
74.1
8
68.5
79
83.5
77
9
70
10
67.5
78
76.9
74.1
11
66.4
79.5
74.9
73.6
12
59
70.1
70.1
66.4
13'
59.9
75
72.5
69.1
14'
65
15'
80 9
16
72.5
87.8
80.5
80.3
17
71
76.5
74.1
73.9
18
68
81.8
72.6
74.1
19
75.5
20
90 5
73
81 8
21
80.5
22
89
79
84
23
90
84
87
24
70.5
78.5
74 5
25
82.5
26
89 5
66 5
78
27
58.9
65 9
61
61.9
28
51
66.9
65.5
61.1
29
56
77.5
75
69.5
30
61.5
68
68
65.8
31
59
Average
67 4
81 1
75 1
74 9
1 Maximum for the day, 77.8.
2 Maximum for the day, 74; minimum, 51.9.
8 Maximum for the day, 89; minimum, 79.
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1908
Date 1
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
27
62.5
80
76
72.8
28
63
81
76
74.3
29
69
73
75
72.3
30
70.5
83
82.1
78.5
31
73
87.4
86
82.1
Average
67 6
80 9
79
75 8
Records only for the last five days of the month.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 107
AVERAGE TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST
Year
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
For the month
1899
67.9
79.5
79.0
75.1
1900
70.8
81.9
80
77.5
1902
62.2
79.5
72.4
71.4
1903
63.3
76
72.7
70.7
1906
67.4
81.1
75.1
74.9
1908
67.6
80.9
79
76
Average for six years . . .
66.5
79.8
76.4
74.3
SEPTEMBER
Sky: The month of September generally contains a good pro-
portion of fair bright days. Our table for 1900 shows a consider-
able excess of cloudy days, but the conditions are reversed in 1903,
when, however, we have only about a third of the month repre-
sented. In 1906, the records cover only the first 19 days and are
expressed in too general terms to easily adapt themselves to tabu-
lar form, but which, of the 19 days, record 16 days as "fine" or
"fair weather" and 3 as cloudy or showery. The only fairly com-
plete record for September is that of 1900. In 1902 we have
scattered records covering 6 days, too fragmentary to be tabulated.
In 1903 we have continuous records only from the 21st to the
30th, but as these are pretty full records they are entered.
Winds: Calm days are frequent. In September, 1900, south
winds were the most prevalent. In September, 1906, northeast
winds were frequent ; these are usually cold disagreeable winds.
Storms: Rainstorms are rather frequent most years and are
accompanied by cool weather. Fogs are occasional, and this is
the month of the first frosts.
The following is the table for the two years :
SKY
WIND
Clear
Cloudy
Calm
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W.
W.
N.W.
1900
21
31
8
3
2
2
5
10
6
1
3
13
1903
12
6
2
1
3
7
1
1
1
1
Temperatures: The total number of temperature records for
September is 452, as follows : 84 in 1899, 88 in 1900, 11 in 1902, 25
in 1903, 52 in 1906, 61 in 1907, 47 in 1908, and 84 in 1913.
The lowest temperature recorded was 37 on September 29 and
30, in 1899; the highest was 95 on September 1, 1913.
108 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
The extremes for each year were as follows :
1899, 37 on September 29 and 88 on September 2; range
51.
1900, 37.3 on September 18 and 90.3 on September 10;
range 53.
1902. 1 42 on September 14 and 80 on September 21; range
38.
1906. 2 51 on September 14 and 90 on September 12; range
39.
1907. 3 39 on September 25 and 86 on September 17; range
47.
1908. 4 50 on September 3 and 88 on September 11; range
38.
1913, 39 on September 22 and 23, and 95 on September 1;
range 56.
1 Records for only 6 days.
- Records for only 19 days.
3 Records for only 22 days.
4 Records for only 17 days.
Our records show no freezing temperature for September. The
greatest daily range was as follows:
September 16, 1899, from 50.5 to 86, or 35.5.
September 5, 1900, from 59.5 to 88.8, or 29.3.
September 5 and 21, 1902, 1 from 51 and 60 respectively to
71 and 80 respectively, or 20.
September 22, 1903, 2 from 56 to 76, or 20.
September 11, 1906, 3 from 65.5 to 88.1, or 22.6.
September 14, 1907, 4 from 62 to 80, or 18.
September 3 and 11, 1908, 5 , from 50 and 64 respectively to
72 and 88 respectively, or 22.
September 10, 1913, from 51 to 75, or 24.
1 Records for only 3 days.
2 Records for only 7 days.
3 Records for only 16 days.
4 Records for only 19 days.
5 Records for only 15 days.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 109
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1899
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
73
81.5
79
77.8
2
73
88
84
81.6
3
76.8
84.7
72.4
77.9
4
59.6
6
71.5
78.5
80
76.6
7
75
79.1
77
77
8
68
73
68
69.6
9
60
70
65
10
59.5
63
63
61.8
11
62
69.5
71
67.5
12
63
70
67.5
66.8
13
58
68
58
61.3
14
47.5
58.5
60
55.3
15
51
70
71
62
16
59.5
86
82
75 8
17
69
84.6
70
74.5
18
65
66
63.2
64.7
19
56
56.4
55.5
55.9
20
47
61.6
54
54.2
21
46.5
68
66
60.1
22
57
72
59
62.6
23
55.6
61
65.5
60.7
24
62
71.6
59
64.2
25
49.5
55
51
51.8
26
44
54.5
48
48.8
27
42
60.2
60
54
28
55
57
50
54
29
37
46.5
41
41.5
30
37
47.5
39
41.1
Average . . .
58
67.9
63.5
63.1
110 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1900
Da:e
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
Maximum
Minimum
1
71.8
85
74
76.9
85.0
71.8
2
71
82
75
76
82.5
71
3
70
76.5
71.5
72.6
78
67.5
4
61
76.2
75
70.7
79
59.8
5
64.2
87
84.5
78.5
88.8
59.5
6
74
88
75
79
88
73
7
06
73
75
71.3
77
63
8
64.5
78.8
71.6
82.9
63
9
71
85.2
74
76.7
86
66
10
69.5
88.2
. 77
78.2
90.3-
69.5
11
73
87.5
79
79.8
88.6
71.5
12
63
71.5
67.8
t>7.4
78
58.5
13
58.5
74
73
68.5
77.3
53
14
62.2
79
76.5
72.5
80.6
60.5
15
62
81.9
80
74.6
85.5
61.5
16
53.6
57.6
55
55.4
71.6
53.5
17
45
52
47.5
57
44.5
18
38.5
63
64
55.1
66
37.5
19
57
58.8
60.4
58.7
61.6
55
20
62 5
74.5
71
69.3
77
60.5
21
52
62.2
61.5
60.2
70
51
22
51.5
68
65.5
61.6
70
48.6
23
55
72.7
65
64.2
75
54
24
56.5
72.5
63.5
64.1
76
51
25
71
87.5
83
80.5
88.8
70.5
26
70
75.9
66.5
70.8
80.5
65.5
27
58.5
60.5
58.7
59.2
64.5
58
28
56
65
67.5
62.8
69.5
55.2
29
59
61.5
57
59.1
66.2
55
30
50.5
62.8
63.1
58.8
63.1
44
Average
61.3
74.2
69.7
68.1
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1902
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
5
51
71
61
13
43
14
42
21
23
60
66
80
72
70.6
28
60
64
60
61.3
Average
53.7
71.7
66
64.3
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 111
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1903
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
21
55 5
60
57 7
22
56
76
64
65.3
23
59
24
50
25
46
70
58
26
60
-78
60
66
27
46
50
46
47
28
44
65
59
56
29
56
70
65
60
30
60
71
68
66.3
Average
53 3
67 1
60 2
59.5
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER. 1906
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
51
73
71.5
65.2
2
71.1
71
66
69.4
3
62.5
70
65
65.8
4
59.5
73
66.3
5
56.2
75
68
66.4
6
62
79
70
70.3
7
63.9
80.9
73.9
72.9
8
80.5
72
76.3
9
69
81
75
75
10
63
67
65
11
65.5
88.1
74.9
76.2
12
66
90
69
71.7
13
67.5
68
69
68.2
14
51
58.6
63.1
57.6
15
52
69
59.8
60.3
16
61
77
70
69.3
17
63
83
74
73.3
18
66
83.5
82
77.2
19
70
Average
62.2
76.7
70.2
69.3
112 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1907
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
7
63
8
62
69
69
66.7
9
68
68
61
65.7
10
55
57
56.5
56.2
11
52
66
64
60.7
12
56.5
75
79.5
70.3
13
62
79
73
71.3
14
62
80
71
17
73
86
72
77
18
68
70
79
72.3
19
72
85
79
78.7
20
72
78
73
74.3
21
56.9
70
64
63.6
22
47
60
59
55.3
23
55
65
60
24
58
63
54
58.3
25
39
51
49
46.3
26
43
58
58
53
27
52
51
57
53.3
28
58
61
58
59
29
54
55
55
54.7
30
51
54
52.5
Average
58
67.5
63.9
62.9
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1908
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
74
75
74.5
2
63.5
70.5
60
64.7
3
50
72
66.5
62.8
4
58.1
75
67
66.7
5
61
80
70.5
6
69
77
66
70.7
7
54
70
69.5
64.5
8
59
9
62.5
79.5
SO
74
10
65.5
82.8
78
75.4
11
64
88
76
12
69
83.5
76.8
13
68
83
77.9
76.3
14
65
78
75
72.7
15
67
73
75
71.7
16
60
78
79
72.3
17 1
66
81
78
75
Average
63.3
77.8
73.2
71.5
1 At 6 a. m. on ths 23th ths air was 43, and tha maximum for that day was 92.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 113
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1913
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
95
2
94
3
93
81
87.0
4
65
79
72
5
64
76
79
73
6
67
86
87
80
7
73
87
76
78.7
8
69
76
71
72
9
53
73
68
64.7
10
51
75
74
66.7
11
58
81
69
69.3
12
60
67
62
63
13
49
- 65
63
59
14
50
69
64
61
15
49
65
63
59
16
63
69
70
67.3
17
67
67
62
65.3
18
55
65
60
60
19
51
71
67
63
20
62
54
49
55
21
44
49
43
52
22
39
49
47
45
23
39
60
62
53.7
24
56
78
70
68
25
55
76
72
67.7
26
50
52
53
51.7
27
41
60
60
53.7
28
48
66
60
58
29
61
70
67
66
30
59
73
63
65
Average
55.3
71
65.8
64.1
AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER
Year
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
For the month
1899
58.0
67.9
63.5
63.1
1900
61.3
74.2
69.7
68.1
1902
53.7
71.7
66
64.3
1903
53.3
67.1
60.2
59.5
1906
62.2
76.7
70.2
69.3
1907
58
67.5
63.9
62.9
1908
63.3
77.8
73.2
71.5
1913
55.3
71
65.8
64.1
Average for eight years.
58.1
71.7
66.6
65.4
OCTOBER
Sky: The records are fairly complete for October in the years
1899, 1900, 1903 and 1913. We have also a fragmentary record
for 1902 which is too incomplete to tabulate.
114 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
October is singularly blest with bright, sunny days, the clear
periods having outnumbered the cloudy periods every year obser-
vations were taken, and in the sum total of our records exceeding
the cloudy periods by nearly 50 per cent.
Winds: It is also a month of calm, the number of calm pe-
riods generally exceeding that of any other month. October is
made up largely of pleasant hazy Indian summer days. When the
calms are broken it is usually by pleasant southeast or southerly
winds, winds from the north, northeast, west and northwest being
the least frequent.
Storms: Storms are not frequent, and such rains as fall are
usually gentle drizzles such as weight down the loosened leaves and
bring them to earth. Fogs are common in low places, especially
in the morning. There are few records of frost, probably on ac-
count of the fogs.
The following table gives the general weather features :
SKY
WINDS
Clear
Cloudy
Calm
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W.
W.
N.W.
1899
8
5
4
4
1
2
3
6
2
1
2
6
1900
46
32
27
1
6
10
19
10
3
2
5
9
*1903
22
20
8
2
2
3
9
14
3
3
Temperatures: The total number of temperature records for
October is 507, as follows: 88 in 1899, 93 in 1900, 27 in 1902,
24 in 1903, 42 in 1904, 45 in 1906, 93 in 1907, 1 in 1908, 1 in
1912, and 93 in 1913.
The lowest temperature recorded was 28.5 on October 11,
1906 ; the highest was 84 on October 5, 1900.
The extremes for each year were as follows :
1899, 36
1900, 33.7
1902. 1 33
1903. 2 46
1904. 3 30
42.
1906, 28.5
1907, 33
1913, 30
53.
on October 1 and 82 on October 15; range 46.
on October 17 and 85 on October 5; range 51.3 c
on October 29 and 93 on October 26; range 60.
on October 10 and 80 on October 3; range 34.
on October 28 and 72 on October 18 and 19; range
on October 11 and 68 on October 17; range 39.5.
on October 19 and 78 on October 2; range 45.
on October 21 and 31 and 83 on October 10; range
1 Records for only 11 days.
2 Records for only 8 days.
8 Records for only 14 days.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 115
Freezing temperatures were recorded as follows: In 1899,
1900, 1903, and 1907, none; in 1904, October 27, 32 and October
28, 30 ; in 1906, October 10, 28.9 and October 11, 28.5 ; in 1913,
October 21, 30, October 22, 32, and October 31, 30.
The greatest daily range was as follows:
October 15, 1899, from 60.5 to 82, or 21.5.
October 4, 1900, from 62.5 to 84.5, or 22.
October 26, 1902, 1 from 63 to 93, or 30.
October 10, 1903, : from 46 to 64, or 18.
October 28, 1904, 3 from 30 to 51, or 21.
October 20, 1906 4 from 42 to 63.8, or 21.8.
October 19 and 22, 1907, from 33 and 40 respectively to
54 and 61 respectively, or 21.
October 9, 1913, from 50 to 77, or 27.
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER,
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
36
53
54.5
47.8
2
49
60
59
56
3
50
71.5
66.5
62.6
4
50
65
59
58
5
48
61.6
56
55.2
6
45
62.5
58
55.1
7
47
61.5
55
54.5
8
44.5
55
53.2
50.6
9
42.5
64
63
56.5
10
58
75.2
63
65.4
11
59.5
61.5
63
61.3
12
60.5
69
67
65.5
13
64
72
77
71
14
65.5
75
69
69.8
15
60.5
82
76
72.8
16
64
78.8
60
67.6
17
50
53
52
51.3
18
44
19
60
20
46
21
44
22
49
65
57
23
59
78
67
68
24
57
75
65
66
25
57
77
62
65.3
26
56
73
59
62.6
27
54
53 '
53.5
28
51
51
51
29
43
56
50
49.6
30
38
57
54
49.6
31
42
59
43.5
48.2
Average
51.6
66.4
59.8
58.1
1 Records for only 11 days.
2 Records for only 8 days.
* Records for only 14 days.
4 Records for only 14 days.
116 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
Maximum
Minimum
1
54.3
67
66.0
62.4
69
53.6
2
58.5
77
73
69.5
78.5
58.5
3
62.5
81.5
72.5
72.1
83
62.2
4
62.5
83.5
76.9
74.3
84.5
62.5
5
67
84
79.8
76.9
85
64.9
6
65
79.5
74
72.8
84.8
63
7
58
56.5
53.5
59.3
72.5
52.8
8
50.8
57.5
51.5
53.3
59.8
50.2
9
40.5
59.5
54
51.3
61
39.4
10
44
61.5
60.5
55.3
62.4
41.5
11
49
62
62
57.7
64.5
46.5
12
51.9
64
61.1
59
65
51.3
13
54.2
63.9
63.3
60.5
67.2
51.7
14
48.7
67.5
61.9
.59.4
70.6
46.5
15
48.9
70.1
68
62.3
73.4
47.2
16
55.3
55
51.8
54
62
47.3
17
35
54.5
52.5
47.3
58.4
33.7
18
38.1
64
58
53.4
67.1
37.4
19
46.3
60
59.5
55.3
63
46
20
48
67
61.9
59
68.5
47.6
21
61.1
65.1
66.6
64.3
69.5
54.4
22
65.8
69.2
65.2
66.7
70
60.3
23
57.9
65.3
61.5
61.6
66.4
57
24
43.7
64.5
62.5
56.9
66.2
47.5
25
55.3
70
66.2
63.8
72.5
55.1
26
59.3
76.3
59.9
65.2
77.5
58.3
27
47.3
64
61.8
57.7
67.7
46.2
28
53.9
69.5
67
63.8
73.2
51.2
29
61.5
71.3
69.5
67.4
74.7
61.1
30
62.7
68
65
65.2
71.7
62.3
31
61
71.5
70.1
67.5
75
61
Average
53.8
67.4
63.8
61.5
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1902
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
16
48
19
53
65
55
57.6
20
43
59
53
51.3
21
43
58
54
51.6
22
50
68
65
61
23
58
70
65
64.3
24
60
75
70
68.3
25
60
73
64
65
26
29
63
33
93
63
73
31
55
51.1
70.1
60.4
61.6
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 117
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1903
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
66
74
67
69
2
61
. 73
68
67.3
3
65
80
76
73.6
4
64
76
70
70
5
67
69
66
67.3
6
66
70
68
66
7
66
68
61
65
10
46
64
60
56.6
Average
62 6
71 7
67
67 1
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1904
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
18
55
72
66
64.3
19
53
72
66
63.6
20
50
50
47
49
21
43
47
43
44.3
22
39
46
40
41.6
23
33
50
44.6
42.5
24
46
57.5
52.5
52 ^
25
40
43.5
42
41.8
26
37
50
43
43.3
27
32
42
40
38
28
30
51
48
43
29
38.2
60
53.9
50.7
30
40
53
50.5
47.8
31
37
58
53.9
49.6
Average
40.9
53.7
49.3
48
118 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1806
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
5
51.0
9
39.0
10
-
28.5
11-
28.5
40.0
33.5
34.0
12
34.9
51.8
49.8
45.5
13
53
65
60.5
59.5
14.
44
65
58
56.5
15
47.8
63.7
57.8
56.4
16
50
62
61.5
57.8
17'
54
68
62.1
61.4
18
56
64.9
62.8
61.2
19
48.8
62.8
57.5
56.4
20
42
63.8
52
52.6
21
43
61
59
54.3
22
50
55
54.5
53.2
23
56.6
56
56.9
56.2
24
59
56
49
54.7
27
46
37.5
37
40.2
28
. 32.5
31.5
32
32
29
30.5
41
43.5
38.3
30
38.5
49.5
36
41.3
31
28
37.6
37.2
34.2
Average
44.2
54.3
49.5
49.8
'Minimum for the llth, 28.5
'Minimum for the 17th, 44.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 119
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1907
Date
6 n. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
50
09
65
61.3
2
60
78
71
69.7
3
67
74
69
70
4
57
63
57
59
5
48
63
56
55.7
6
49
69
64
60.7
7
62
66
57
61.7
8
42
53
50
48.3
9
47
61
54
54
10
42
61
60
54.3
11
41
50
43
44.7
12
38
44
43
41.7
13
39
46
46
43.7
14
36
55
52
47.7
15
44
53
51
49.3
16
52
61
58
57
17
54
69
65
62.7
18
47
49
44
46.7
19
33
51
51
46
20
47
48
43
46
21
36
53
48
45.7
22
40
61
60
53.7
23
45
54
46
48.3
24
37
56
53
48.7
25
46
55
44
48.3
26
36
44
42
40.7
27
44
45
39
42.7
28
36
41
38
38.3
29
38
45
45
42.7
30
43
46
47
45.3
31
42
57
52
50.3
Average
45.1
56.2
52
51.1
120 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1913
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
54
66
64
61.3
2
52
63
58
57.7
3
43
64
64
57
4
50
74
66
63.3
5
56
70
64
63.3
6
62
76
69
69
7
61
81
68
70
8
61
77
69
69
9
60
77
71
69.3
10
63
S3
78
74.7
11
49
56
51
52
12
47
63
55
55
13
46
62
59
55.7
14
51
72
66
63
15
55
72
58
61.7
16
54
60
59
57.7
17
59
63
52
58
18
43
50
48
47
19
42
53
47
47.3
20
40
43
38
40.3
21
30
34
36
33.3
22
32
39
39
36.7
23
39
45
43
42.3
24
45
54
50
49.7
25
40
51
49
46.7
26
37
58
49
48
27
43
44
43
43.3
28
40
46
44
43.3
29
40
50
35
41.7
30
34
40
37
37
31
30
39
32
33.7
Average
47
58.9
53.6
53.2
AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER
Year
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
For the month
1899
51.6
66.4
59.8
58.1
1900
53.8
67.4
63.8
61.5
1902
51.1
70.1
60.4
61.6
1903
62.6
71.7
67
67.1
1904
40.9
53.7
49.3
48
1906
44.2
54.3
49.5
49.8
1907
45.1
56.2
52
51.1
1913
47
58.9
53.6
51.1
Average for eight years.
49.5
62.3
56.9
56.3
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 121
NOVEMBER
Sky: Unlike October, November is prevalently a cloudy month,
there being more cloudy periods than clear for every year for
which we have a record, the cloudy periods for the entire time ex-
ceeding the clear by nearly 50 per cent.
Air: Calm periods are still frequent, east winds are the least
frequent, but the others are pretty well distributed.
Storms: Storms, both rain and snow are common. It is
usually a foggy month, the fogs generally being dissipated during
the day but forming again during the night. Eleven fogs were
observed during this month in 1900. Frosts are very frequent, 13
having been recorded for November in 1900. It is the month in
which the pools first freeze over.
There are fairly full records for November for four years,
which are given in the following table:
SKY
WIND,.
Snow-
Clear dourly
Calm
N.
N.E.
E. | S.E.
S.
S.W.
W.
N.W.
inches
1899
6
10
1
S
10
2
12
i
2
9
1
1900
35
52
24
2
8
12
5
15
18
7
14
13
10
3
11
1902
3
6
2
2
2
3
2
1
1
5
2
5.5
1904
28
43
16
14
1
1
5
11
6
6
6
9
7
5
Temperatures: The total number of temperature records for
November is 402, as follows:
Three in 1898, 90 in 1899, 90 in 1900, 52 in 1902, 90 in 1904, 3
in 1906, 3 in 1902, 1 in 1910, 3 in 1912, and 67 in 1913.
The lowest temperature recorded was 5 on November 26, 1898.
The highest was 70 on November 1, 1900, and again on November
2, 1902, and November 20, 1913.
The extremes for each year were as follows:
1899, 30 on November 4 and 61 on November 17; range 31.
1900, 15.9 on November 16 and 70 on November 1; range
54.1.
1902. 1 22 on November 28 and 70 on November 2; range 48.
1904, 19 on November 27 and 64 on November 3; range 45.
1913. 2 20 on November 11 and 70 on November 20; range
50.
Records of temperatures at or below freezing were made as fol-
lows: In 1898, at 6 a.m. November 24, 26 and 27 (the only rec-
1 Records for only 17 days.
- Records for only 24 days.
122 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
ords for that month in 1898) ; in 1899, at 6 a. m. on November 4,
5, 12, 26, 27 and 28, none at noon or 6 p. m. ; in 1900, at 6 a. m.
on November 8, 12, 14, 15, 16, 23, 26, 27, 29 and 30, at noon on
November 14, 15, 16 and 29, at 6 p. m. on November 8, 13, 14, 15,
28 and 29. In other words, there were 10 days in November,
1900, when the temperature fell to or below freezing. In 1902 it
was below freezing at 6 a. m. on November 25, 27, 28, 29 and 30 ;
at noon on no day, at 6 p. m. on November 29. In 1904 it was at or
below freezing at 6 a. m. on November 6, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 26, 27,
28 and 30, at noon on November 26, 27, 29 and 30. There were,
therefore, 10 days in November, 1904, when the temperature fell
to or below freezing. In 1907, our only records are for November
1.8 and 27 when the temperature was 20 and 30 respectively, at
6 a. m. Our only record for 1910 is for' 6 a. m. November 6, when
it was 20. In 1912 we have only 3 records, all taken at 6 a.m.,
viz., November 1, 37, November 2, 25, and November 3, 25. In
1913, the temperature fell to or below freezing at 6 a. m. on Novem-
ber 1, 9, 10, 11, and 12; at noon on November 9; and at 6 p.m.
on November 8, 9, and 11.
The greatest daily range was as follows:
November 9, 1899, from 40 to 59.5, or 19.5.
November 22, 1900, from 36 to 67, or 31.
November 28, 1902, 1 from 22 to 38, or 16.
November 18, 1904, from 34 to 64, or 30.
November 12, 1913, 2 from 32 to 52, or 20.
Am TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1898
We have only three records for this month, viz. : November
24, 20 ; 26th, 5 ; 27th, 20, all at 6 a.m.
1 Records for only 17 days.
2 Records for only 24 days.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 123
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1899
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
40
"48.5
44
44.1"
2
34
40
36
37
3
34
38
34
35.1
4
30
40
37
35.6
5
27
44.5
42
37.8
6
33
44
42
39.6
7
37
56
48
43.6
8
40
56
45
47
9
40
59.5
50
49.8
10
43
55
57.5
51.8
11
43
53
40
45.3
12
32
42
38
37.3
13
33
51
50
44.6
14
48
51
48
49
15
46
48
46
46.6
16
47
56
54
52.3
17
49
61
55
55
18
56
57
50
54.3
19
42
56
50
49.3
20
42
61
51
51.3
21
49
59
54
54
22
51
55
50
52
23
41
41
42
41.3
24
38
41
40
39
25
38
41
36
38.3
26
32
46
36
38
27
32
42
36
36.6
28
32
50
56
46
29
36
43
42
37.3
30
40
56
52.5
47.5
Average
39.5
49.7
45.4
44.6
124 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
Maximum
Minimum
1
51.8
51.5
.50
51.1
70.0
49.7
2
37.2
55.1
52.3
48.2
56.8
36.5
3
37.9
60.5
53.4
50.6
61.3
36
4
45.3
64.1
58.9
56.1
66.3
44.8
5
38.8
57
51
48.9
58.2
37
6
33
48.5
40.8
52
32
7
36
47.5
42.5
42
49
31.7
8
29.6
34.5
30.8
31.6
37.5
29.2-
9
32.2
38.1
37.6
35.9
41.4
27.8
10
33.5
34.9
36.8
35.1
36.8
27.9
11
33.9
39.6
36
36.5
41.8
33
12
28.2
42.8
41
37.3
45
28.2
13
37.3
39
27.8
34.7
45.7
26.8
14
16.5
28.6
27.5
24.2
30.2
16
15
27
30
27.5
28.2
32.5
16
16
19.5
31.5
34
28.3
34.5
15.9
17
34.1
42
48.5
41.5
49.1
30.3
18
32
52.3
55.5
53.3
56.1
42.1
19
55
57.5
57.7
56.7
60.5
55
20
59.4
67
61.2
62.5
64
55
21
42.6
38.4
37.2
39.4
62
35.5
22
41
63
61
55
67
36
23
29.5
38.5
40
36
43.2
28.6
24
38
38.5
37.5
38
40.1
36.5
25
33.8
33.5
32.7
33.3
35
32.1
26
28.3
40.1
34.8
34.4
42.1
26.9
27
28.3
44.3
46.8
39.8
49.9
26.1
28
32.5
35
31.1
32.9
39
31.3
29
29.1
30.3
29.1
29.5
31.5
27.8
30
27.3
44
42.9
38.1
47
24
Average
35.6
44.3
44.2
40.7
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1902
Date
Average.
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
56
67
61
62
66
70
65
67
57
55
38
50
42
43.3
40
52
48
46.6
60
67
62
63
60
69
60
63
61
70
64
65
63
68
56
62.3
45
48
45
46
45
45
44
44.6 ,
60
68
61
63
48
30
44
37
40
40
40
40
30
34
30
31.3
22
38
33
31
30
40
32
34
30
40
35
46.3
53.5
50
49.1
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 125
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1904
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
Maximum
Minimum
1
40.0
62.0
57.0
53.0
2
43
64
54
53.6
3
43
64
56
54.3
4
40.5
61
52
51.2
5
41.9
48
42
43.9
6
32
42
41
39
7
35
52.2
49
45.4
8
36
40.2
40.1
38.8
9
36
40
40
38.6
10
35.5
39
33
35.8
11
27.8
40
35.9
31.2
21 5
12
25
40
36.2
33.7
23.5
13
30
38.4
34.9
34.4
27
14
34
39
36
36 3
33 2
15
29.9
48.8
42.6
39
29.2
16
17
18
19
31
38.1
36
45
52
53
58
63.2
45
50.5
52
56
42.6
47.2
48.6
54 7
56.5
57
64
64
30.5
33.9
34
20
21
51
30
45.5
49
42
43
46.2
40 6
57
50 1
42
22
35.5
52
41
42 8
54
23
38
55
48 5
47 2
24
25
26
27
28
29
40
35
24
19
25
37
42
38
28.2
27
34
38
34
27
25
33.8
25
40
35.6
26.4
23.6
30.9
31
49
46
35
42
35.4
38
33
23
18.5
22
34
30
19.5
33
25
25 8
Average
34 4
46 2
41 2
40 4
126 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1906
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
31.5
44.9
41.8
39.7
2
32.1
48.6
46.1
42.2
3
42
53
41.6
45.5
4
40 5
43.9
42.2
5
38
61.1
49
49.3
6
39
7
55
8
42
54
51
49
9
46.5
46.5
39
44
10
34
44
37
38.3
11
36
39.0
34
36.6
12
29.5
35.1
29.2
31.2
13
28
32.5
32.5
29.5
14
27.9
41
36.9
35.2
15
30
40
35
35
16
32.5
42.5
46.5
34.4
17
50.5
46.5
43
46.6
18
43
42 1
42.5
19
31.5
36.5
35.5
34.5
20
34
33 9
33.9
21
41 5
30
35.8
23
34
37 2
43 7
39.2
39.2
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1909
Our only records for this month are: November 18, 20, and
November 27, 30, both at 6 a. m. Maximum for November 27, 45.
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1910
The only record for this month is that of 20 at 6 a. m. on the
6th.
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1912
There are only three records for this month, all at 6 a. m., viz.,
37 on the first, 25 on the second, and 25 on the third.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 127
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1913
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
25
42
8
32
9
29
28
25
27.3
10
27
11
20
34
32
28.7
12
32
52
52
45.3
13
55
56
46
52.3
14
42
45
45
44
15
38
37
36
37
16
38
43
40
40.3
17
42
52
53
49
18
54
60
62
58.7
19
60
'~ 64
62
62
20
65
70
60
65
21
59
65
67
63.7
22
58
69
65
64
23
40
44
43
42.3
24
34
38
40
37.3
25
33
45
48
42
26
42
46
49
45.7
27
45
46
48
46.3
28
48
56
60
54.7
29
54
60
58
57.3
30
57
60
58
58.3
Average
43.3
49.7
49.9
48.6
AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER
Year
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
For the month
1899
39.5
49.7"
45.4
44.6
1900
35.6
44.3
42.2
40.7
1902
46.3
53.5
50
49.1
1904
34.4
46.2
41.2
40.4
1913
43.3
49.7
49.9
47.3
Average for five years. .
39.8
48.7
45.7
44.5
DECEMBER
Sky: We have an unusually full record for December, cover-
ing the month for 1899, 1900, 1902, 1904, 1913, and a good part
of 1901.
December is generally a cloudy month, our observations for
every year except 1899 showing more cloudy periods than clear, the
excess of cloudy periods usually being considerable.
Winds: Periods of calm are generally frequent, the weather
being as a usual thing pretty well settled and steady. North winds
are the least common, those from the southeast the most frequent.
917618
128 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Winds from other directions are common and pretty evenly dis-
tributed.
Storms: Rainstorms are generally pretty frequent, but not so
much so as snowstorms.. We have a record of 2 sleet storms in
1904, and of several fogs.
The various elements of weather are exhibited in the following
table :
Year
SKY
WIND
Rains
Rain-
fall in
inches
Snows
Snow-
fall in
inches
Fogs
Clear
Cloudy
Calm
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W.
W.
N.W.
1899
1900
1901
1902
1904
1913
19
28
12
8
32
17
11
63
17
19
59
19
1
24
20
1
1
4
1
6
1
3
6
1
3
4
1
i5
11
13
4
4
5
1
5
4
3
11
8
13
6
12
10
8
10
4
1" :
13
6
10
7
3
3
1
4
5
3
6
4
3
6
9
4
3
11
4
4
m
i
14
1
5
3
1
Temperatures: The total number of temperature records for
December is 528, as follows : 4 in 1898, 93 in 1899, 83 in 1900, 72
in 1901, 88 in 1902, 93 in 1904, 2 in 1907, and 93 in 1913.
The lowest temperature recorded was -13 on December 19,
1901 ; the highest was 54 on December 18, 1901.
The extremes for each year were as follows :
1899, -1 on December 31 and 54 on December 8; range 55.
1900, 10.4 on December 29, and 50.1 on December 22; range
39.7.
1901, 1 -13 on December 19 and 54 on December 18; range
67.
1902, 4 on December 9 and 47 on December 1; range 43.
1904, 3 on December 29 and 55 on December 23; range 52.
1913, 17 on December 7 and 62 on December 3; range 45.
Records of temperatures at or below freezing are as follows:
In 1898 at 6 a. m., December 7, 8, 9 and 14 (the only records made
for that month in 1898) . In 1899 at 6 a. m. on December 4, 5,
6, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30
and 31 ; at noon on December 5, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30 and 31 ; at 6 p. m. on December 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31. The temperature was
at or below freezing at 6 a. m. on 21 days, at noon on 14 days, and
at 6 p.m. on 19 days. In 1900 it was at or below freezing at 6
a. m. on December 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21,
24, 28, 29, 30, and 31 ; at noon on December 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16,
1 Records for only 24 days.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 129
24, 28, 29, and 31 ; at 6 p. m. on December 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 28,
29, and 31. Thus the temperature in December, 1900, was at or
below freezing at 6 a. m. on 19 days, at noon on 11 days, and at 6
p.m. on 9 days. In 1901, observations began on the eighth and
records at or below freezing were made at 6 a. m. on the 9th, 10th,
llth, 12th, 14th to 24th, both inclusive, and 28th and 31st, both in-
clusive ; at noon on the 14th to 21st, both inclusive, and 29th and
31st; at 6 p. m. on the 9th to 12th, both inclusive, 13th to 23d,
both inclusive, 25th, and 27th to 31st, both inclusive.
In 1902 freezing temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m. on the
1st, 2d, 4th, 6th to 9th, both inclusive ; 12th to 19th, both inclusive ;
23d, and 25th to 31st, both inclusive; at noon on the 4th, 7th to 9th,
both inclusive; llth to 14th, both inclusive; 16th, 17th, 18th, and
24th to 31st, both inclusive; at 6 p.m. on the 4th, 7th, 8th, 9th,
llth to 14th, both inclusive ; 16th to 18th, both inclusive, and 24th
to 31st, both inclusive. It will thus be noted that in this month
the temperature was at or below freezing at 6 a. m. on 23 days,
at noon on 19 days, and at 6 p.m. on 19 days. In 1904 freezing
temperatures were recorded at 6 a. m. on the 1st to 22d, both in-
clusive; 24th, 25th, 26th, 28th, 29th and 30th; at noon on the 1st
to 6th, both inclusive; 9th to 21st, both inclusive; 24th, 25th, 28th,
29th and 30th; at 6 p.m. on the 1st to 21st, both inclusive; 24th,
25th, 27th, 28th and 29th ; from which it is seen that in December,
1904, the temperature was down to freezing at 6 a. m. on 28 days,
at noon on 24 days, and at 6 p. m. on 26 days. In 1913, the tem-
perature was at or below freezing at 6 a. m. on December 8, 15, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 31 ; at noon on December 7, 29, 30
and 31 ; and at 6 p. m. on December 7, 8, 18, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29,
30 and 31.
The greatest daily range was as follows:
December 8, 1899, from 29 to 54, or 25.
December 12, 1900, from 14 to 35.3, or 21.3.
December 18, 1901, from -13 to 54, or 67.
December 9, 1902, from 4 to 23, or 19.
December 13, 1913, from 34 to 54, or 20.
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1898
For this month there are only 4 records of air temperatures,
all at 6 a. m., viz. : 16 on the seventh, 5 on the eighth, 10 on
the ninth, and 5 on the fourteenth.
130 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1899
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
40
46
37.5
41.1
2
38.5
44
38
40.1
3
36
38
31
35
4
24
33
25
27.3
5
9
27
23
19.6
6
19
43
32
31.3
7
37
46
34
39
8
29
54
38
37
9
36
41
40
39
10
46
50
48
42
11
48
53
50
50.3
12
30
30
30
30
13
20
30
20
25
14
25
27.5
24
25.5
15
7
17.5
10
11.5
16
14
22
25
20.3
17
39
46
44
43
18
39
44
48
43.6
19
28.5
32.5
30
30.3
20
22
45
30
32.3
21
26
46
38
36.6
22
26
42
38
35.3
23
34
40
35
36.3
24
30
26
20
25.3
25
5
16
12
11
26
4.5
20
20
14.8
27
9
20
13
14
28
5
18
15
12.6
29
3
14
7
8
30
11
3.6
31
1
17
10
8.6
Average
23.5
33.5
27.9
28.2
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 131
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6~p. m.
Average
Maximum
Minimum
1
36.1
39.7
40.0
38.6
42.0
34.1
2
29.8
40
45.7
38.5
48.5
28
3
34.2
41
39.6
38.3
48.5
33
4
36.1
36
35.7
35.9
38.7
34.9
5
34.5
35.5
35
35.2
37
33.9
6
27.5
40
41.9
36.5
43.9
27
7
37.9
37.5
35.6
37
39.1
35
8
30.8
35.3
33.8
33.3
37.2
30
9
28.7
24.4
21.3
24.8
37.2
20.6
10
16
25.8
24.5
22.1
27.5
13
11
20.3
26
22.5
22.9
27.7
19.9
12
14
35.3
34.6
28
39.2
13.3
13
29.8
32
25.1
29
36.2
24
14
15.9
20
24
16.6
24.5
14.8
15
20.6
26
25.5
24
26.5
19.3
16
20.5
27.5
32.5
26.8
32.6
19.4
17
35
42.1
40.5
39.2
43
31
18
36.8
39.9
38.8
38.5
43.9
33.4
19
26.8
42
35.7
34.8
45
23.9
20
23.1
34.3
33
30.1
37.4
21.4
21
29.8
43.5
41.5
38.3
45.4
28
22
38.2
49
49
45.4
50.1
37.2
23
43.3
36.7
32.2
37.4
49.5
32
24
26.3
30.5
28.4
32
26
28
28.6
28.1
22.2
26.3
33.8
13.4
29
11.1
30.1
25.8
22.3
30.8
10.4
30
29.3
33
32.5
31.6
33.9
20.9
31
30.5
31.5
20.8
27.6
34.5
19.4
Aver&gc
28.3
34.4
31.8
31.7
132 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1901
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
8
40
48
36
41.3
9
30
34
28
30.6
10
26
34
24
28
11
27
40
32
33
12
28
46
38
36.6
13
48
54
32
44.6
14
7
7
15
12
2
4
6
16
5
9
8
4
17
5
10
8
4.3
18
3
8
5
3.3
19 1
9
8
8
2.3
20
8
5 .
4.3
21
8
13
10
5
22
18
35
31
28
23
31
36
32
33
24
32
38
35
35
25
34
37
32
34.3
26
33
36
34
34.3
27
33
36
32
33.6
28
30
34
32
32
29
30
31
29
30
30
28
34
32
31.3
31
27
32
27
28.6
Average
18.8
27.1
22
22.6
'Minimum, 13.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 133
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1902
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m
Average
1
30
47
40"
39
2
30
40
41
37
3
40
40
38
39.3
4
28
30
30
29.3
6
29
34
39
34
7
23
19.5
18
20
8
7
18
12
23
9
4
23
25
17.3
10
35
37.5
35
35.8
11
34
32
30
32
12
28 '
28
27
27.6
13
22
22
23
22.3 *
14
12
26
28
22
15
28
38
36
34
16
32
28
26
28.6
17
20
32
29
27
18
22
32
32
28.6
19
32
41
38
37
20
37
41
39
39
21
38
40
37
38.3
22
37
38
35
36.6
23
30
24
37
18
12
22.3
25
9
12
8
10.6
26
10
16
15
13.6
27
14
22
16
17.3
28
14
30
27
23.6
29
25
29
26
26.6
30
8
20
13
13.6
31
11
31
26
22.6
Average
24.2
29.8
27.6
27.5
134 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1904
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
Maximum
Minimum
1
22
32
30
28
2
29
26
23
26
32
9
3
22
25.2
23
23.4
28
21
4
22
30
25
25.6
34
17.5
5
23
32
29
28
37.5
21.5
6
19
30.5
30
28.5
36
16.1
7
24
33
31
29.3
37
23
8
26
36
32
31.3
40
26
9
26.8
25
22
24.6
32
22
10
19
25
26
23.3
30
19
11
20.5
26
24
23.5
36
19
12
23
27.2
20.5
23.5
33.2
20
13
9
20
17
15.3
24.5
4.2
14
9
20
16
15
20
7.5
15
7.
20
16
14.3
22
14.5
16
11
22
21
18
30
10
17
22
27.5
20
23.1
29.5
18.3
18
20.5
29.9
30
26.8
31.5
12
19
22
23
17
21.6
31
15.1
20
27
28
21
25.3
33
13.9
21
11.9
26
23
20.3
30
8
22
28
43
44
38.3
50
20.1
23
50
54
36
46.6
55
36
24
28
26
24
26
37.2
24
25
25
28
28
27
29
23.9
26
30
36
39.8
35.2
41
27.5
27
36
38
10
28
47
29
28
7.8
10
7
8.2
10
6
29
8
21
23
30
3
30
17.6
25
41
37
42.9
23
31
34.3
36
48
41.3
50
35.2
Average
21.9
28.4
25.7
25.2
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1907
Only two records : December 7, 42, and December 8, 52, both
at noon.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 135
AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1913
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Range
Average
1
56
57
56
1
56.3
2
53
58
57
5
56
3
56
62
60
6
59.3
4
45
50
42
8
45.7
5
35
45
43
10
41
6
42
50
47
8
46.3
7
34
22
17
17
24.3
8
27
38
26
12
30.3
9
35
40
37
5
37.3
10
35
45
35
10
38.3
11
35
46
39
11
40
12
39
50
48
11
45.7
13
34
54
41
20
43
11
36
52
40
16
42.7
15
30
40
38
10
36
16
38
46
36
10
40
17
38
40
37
3
38.3
18
36
42
31
11
36.3
19
26
43
34
17
34.3
20
32
38
34
6
34.7
21
28
38
30
10
32
22
22
33
36
14
30.3
23
32
36
35
4
34.3
24
36
39
36
3
37
25
33
36
31
5
33.3
26
34
37
30
7
33.7
27
30
33
35
5
32.7
28
28
34
30
6
30.7
29
30
31
30
1
30.3
30
30
30
29
1
29.7
31
29
31
32
3
30.7
Average
35.3
41.8
37.1
38.1
AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER
Year
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
For the month
1899
23.5
33.5
27.9
28.2"
1900
28.3
34.4
31.8
31.7
1901
18.8
27.1
22
22.6
1902
24.2
29.8
27.6
27.5
1904
21.9
28.4
25.7
25.2
1913
35.3
41.8
37.1
38
Average for six years . .
25.4
32.5
28.7
28.8
136 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
THE WINDS
INTRODUCTION
Of the more obvious relations of the winds to the lake, little
need be said. Their effect upon the lake surface is evident to every
one. Their effect upon the plankton-scum, the calm days allowing
the minute organizations to ascend to the surface and the more
windy days keeping them churned up with the upper layers of the
water, and the effect upon the temperature of the water of differ-
ent depths the calm days allowing the surface layers to heat
gradually downward while the windy days mix up waters of dif-
ferent temperatures and break up definite stratification are effects
more keenly appreciated by students of these special problems. It
is due to the winds, also, that we have more or less fine sand of a
peculiar sort in the bottom, this having been blown in from the
neighboring hills.
It is doubtless due to the winds that the lake owes the presence
and peculiarities of its plankton, many of the organisms consti-
tuting the plankton being carried to the lake by winds, a fact
which accounts for the worldwide distribution of some of the
species.
In the matter of keeping records, no instruments were used,
and the manner of recording the observations varied somewhat
from time to time and with different observers. At the beginning
of the work, and for some time after the practice of taking the
temperatures of air and water three times a day had been estab-
lished, only a general weather record for the day was made; such
as, for a certain date, "northeast wind, changing to southeast, and
rain" or "wind changing to north" ; "clear" ; "first pleasant day of
spring, though snowing" ; "has been cold with east wind all week,"
etc. Later on, although the general observations were continued,
the habit was formed of observing and recording along with the
temperature observations, the condition of the sky and the direc-
tion of the wind. In summing up results and arriving at conclu-
sions, both the journal and the periodic observations have been con-
sulted and taken into consideration. In the absence of instru-
ments of precision which give in definite units the force and di-
, rection of the wind, the general method which gives in general
terms the prevailing "atmosphere" of the day is about as good as
any, and is certainly in any case indispensible in giving data for
a just estimate of the weather. It has the defect of taking into
consideration only the more remarkable and striking weather
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 137
phenomena, leaving the gentler or less obvious processes pass by
unobserved. The method of periodical observations on the other
hand is likely to present weather as a series of disconnected events,
to ignore even important intervening phenomena, and to force into
prominence unimportant and insignificant details.
Moreover, so far as minor weather events are concerned, the
position of the observer in regard to the lake is of importance. In
the sheltered location of the cottage just below Arlington, where
many of the observations were made, it would be difficult to ap-
preciate the force and keenness of west and northwest winds,
though the position of elevated vanes would show well enough in
which direction the wind was blowing; on the other hand, the
slightest northeast, east, south or southeast wind would be im-
mediately manifest. At Long Point, on the other hand, where
many of the observations were taken, one was protected and kept
from a full realization of the force of southeast and southerly
winds. Even with instruments which gave unbiased records, a
wind on the leeward side of the lake would give somewhat different
effects than the same wind after it had passed to the windward side
and had been tempered by the water surface ; a dry wind taking up
some moisture and a hot wind losing some of its heat.
As a basis for the wind record, where only the journal method
was used, this has been of necessity the basis for calculation.
Where three daily observations were made, these have been used
for the basis, but have been so modified by the journal records that
the number of records for each month is exceedingly variable;
winds shown by the journal as having occurred between observa-
tion periods have been counted in, while on the other hand when
the records show the same wind to have continued throughout sev-
eral periods of observation the records have been fused into one
count so that the number of observations for any one month is
usually more or fewer than 93, generally fewer.
A prominent feature of Maxinkuckee weather is the frequent
occurrence of light, fitful breezes that last for only a short time
and die away, winds that do not belong to the general weather of
the country but are purely local phenomena. That such should
be the case could naturally be expected from the nature of the
country, for we have closely juxtaposed on a small scale as high a
"difference of potential", to use an electrical phrase, as could well
be imagined : a lake of considerable depth and withal spring-fed,
so that the mass of water does not heat up like shallow ponds, but
remains comparatively cool, and, not a great way to the west,
138 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
barren stretches of wind-blown sand which on hot days overheat
the layers of air above them just as the tendency of the lake is
to keep the air above lower than the surrounding air.
Severe wind-storms, however, are rare, and tornadoes almost
unknown. In the record of August 19, 1900, occurs the entry:
"Warm this morning but a breeze came up about 2 p.m. from
south, then changed to north and about 3 p. m. heavy rain came up
from the north with strong wind, thunder and lightning, changing
more or less to all points of the compass and continuing until about
7 p.m. Brilliant lightning in the south until late at night; lake
the roughest I have seen it: steamers had difficulty making land-
ings, excursionists got drenched, one small sailboat capsized two
boys no damage. During p.m. temperature fell from 91.5 to
68.5, a drop of 23." Again in the journal record of September
11, 1900, occurs the note: "Cloudy; barometer fell rapidly during
morning ; strong southwest wind began about 9 a. m. and continued
until 8 or 9 p. m. Severest wind known here for many years ;
several trees blown down ; lake very rough, rain followed the wind
at night." A pretty severe windstorm occurred early in the sum-
mer of 1908 and blew down the large ice-houses on the west side
of the lake. This appears to have been an unusually strong wind ;
none of the dwelling houses in the immediate vicinity, however,
was injured and the destruction of the ice-houses was due to their
being empty at the time and offering much surface and little resist-
ance to the wind.
On July 8, 1913, there was a very severe storm soon after noon
from the northwest, a small tornado, lasting 30 minutes. It be-
gan as a severe windstorm, the wind being full of cutting sand. It
did trifling damage to some buildings and a great deal to forests,
the woodlands around the lake being strewn with fallen timber
many trees being uprooted, and many twisted off from 10 to 20
feet above the ground. The storm was accompanied by some rain,
and by thunder and lightning, the lightning striking one or more
trees on Long Point. A few miles north of the lake there was
at the same time a severe hail-storm which cut the corn into
ribbons.
On the other hand, though local calms are frequent, periods of
widespread calm when the entire surface of the lake lies like
an unruffled mirror, are rather rare; and pretty rough conditions
when the lake is covered with white-caps and it is very unpleas-
ant, though not especially dangerous, to be out on the lake with a
rowboat, are not rare, particularly during the spring and autumn.
Lake Maxinkuckec, Physical and Biological Survey 139
Character of various winds: Everybody has pretty definite no-
tions concerning the character of different winds, and associates
the north and northwest winds with storm and cold; east winds
with raw, disagreeable weather; south winds with balmy, pleas-
ant weather, etc. An attempt was made by collecting data con-
cerning each wind with the accompanying weather, to get more
precisely at the character of each wind. The same associations
were not found together nearly so uniformly as expected; it is
only the general and long continued, persistent winds that 'have
deep-seated influence on the weather. The light local surface
winds are more or less characterless.
Calms: These are generally associated with pleasant weather,
although there are not infrequent instances where they are noted
during cloudy and sprinkling or rainy weather. Calm may be
associated with exceedingly cold weather, and in some cases the
cold of calm fogs is rather depressing. Generally during the win-
ter, calm weather is much to be preferred to wind from any di-
rection whatever. In the hot, sultry days of midsummer, however,
which are fortunately rather few, the calms are very oppressive,
and light winds from almost any direction are welcomed as a
relief.
During the summer the calms are usually associated with fine,
hazy mornings. During the autumn and spring they are usually
associated with low fogs on the marshes and certain parts of the
lake and with heavy frosts. The heavy hoar-frosts which are at
times such a striking feature of the region, in which the various
trees are surrounded by a halo of long needle-like white crystals
standing at right angles to the trunk and branches, are formed only
during periods of almost perfect calm, and are quickly blown off
by the first breeze that springs up. Calms are generally character-
istic of the mornings and evenings of fine days during settled
weather, and on only rather rare occasions do they persist through-
out the entire day. It is rather unusual for the winds to die down
to a calm during the middle of the day.
North winds are relatively infrequent at the lake. The lighter
winds may be associated with either clear or cloudy sky. The
stronger winds, especially in summer, are usually though not al-
ways accompanied by clouds, and frequently storms. During late
autumn and winter and early spring, they are usually character-
ized as "raw, cold, and disagreeable," especially when accompanied
by dampness, drizzle or rain.
140 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Northeast winds: Some of the lighter northeast winds, even
as late as October and November, are recorded as warm and pleas-
ant, and accompanied by bright, clear weather. These, however,
are exceptional cases, and generally speaking, are among the most
disagreeable winds at the lake. Northeast winds are usually raw,
cold and disagreeable, and are noteworthy for their persistency,
usually lasting from one to several days when well under way,
and during the colder season often accompanied by cutting sleet.
They often bring heavy snowstorms. In April and May they fre-
quently bring disagreeable and persistent drizzles.
East winds are relatively infrequent at the lake and are almost
always associated with cloudy skies, and during the winter are
often accompanied by a heavy fall of snow. Most of those occur-
ring during the summer are simply noted without any special char-
acterization; those mentioned during winter records are usually
noted as "cold, stormy, disagreeable." Winds from the southeast
are among the most common about the lake ; however, they rarely
attain to the dignity of winds, and are almost always referred to
in the notes as "breezes" light, brisk or stiff, as the case may be,
but very rarely winds. They are, indeed, the next thing to a calm,
and, in the fairest and best sorts of weather, if it is not actually
calm in the morning the calm is usually replaced by a light south-
east breeze. They are usually characteristic of fine mornings.
They are less frequent in the evening and not common at noon.
Rarely they persist through the day. The stronger breezes or
winds from the southeast may be accompanied by clouds or rains
in summer or by snow in winter, but this is rather exceptional.
Usually they are more pleasant than winds from any other direc-
tion. One noted December 18, 1900, is characterized as a "cold,
penetrating raw wind" and one of March 12Js mentioned as hav-
ing "become almost a gale, cold, raw and disagreeable" ; but these
are highly unusual cases.
South winds are much like southeast winds in character, but
are not so common. They are generally gentle breezes and when
they rise to the dignity of strong winds, are frequently accom-
panied by mild sprinkles or in extreme cases by thunder, lightning
and heavy showers of rain. It is doubtless on account of the gen-
tleness of the south and southeastern breezes that the great ma-
jority of the duckweeds of the lake find their harbor in that por-
tion of the lake, only a few, being the progeny of individuals driven
out at rare intervals by southern storms, finding harbor in other
portions of the shore behind sheltering rushes.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 141
Southwest winds: The southwest wind from our point of ob-
servation was always a land wind, and the fact that it always came
from stretches of solid earth, whispering through grasses, rustling
through leaves, or roaring through trees, made it impossible to
mete out to it the same measure of judgment as is given to the
other winds above mentioned which came across stretches of water.
It is frequently mentioned in the notes as noisy, or howling, and
was associated with the moaning or roaring winds which presage
the coming of winter. This, however, was merely accidental, and
from the opposite side of the lake would apply with still greater
Cutter Drill, Culver Summer Naval School. Lake Maxinkuckee covers an area of 1,854
acres, which is ample for Naval drills, and yet small enough for safe supervision.
force to northwest winds. Disregarding the point of observation,
however, southwest winds have certain pretty constant character-
istics. They are generally a good deal stronger than those from
the southeast or south, and in the notes taken at the time of obser-
vation are usually referred to as "winds" instead of breezes light,
brisk or strong, as the case may be. They are frequently asso-
ciated with clouds and rain, often with heavy storms. They are
not limited to any particular time of day but are liable to spring
up at any time. They do not have the persistency of the northeast
winds and usually do not last much more than a half day or day.
142 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
They are generally more prevalent during the colder seasons than
during the summer, but even in the winter are not often referred
to as being particularly raw, cold or disagreeable.
West winds: These are relatively infrequent at the lake and
are much more prevalent during the winter than in summer. They
are usually moderately strong winds. They are not generally of
great duration, though they occasionally last from 12 to 18 or 24
hours, and they are not especially associated with any particular
time of day. They are often associated with clouds and storms,
and in the winter, with snow. In cold weather they are often raw
and searching.
Northwest winds are rather frequent at the lake and vary
greatly in strength, sometimes being light breezes but more often
rather brisk to strong winds. They are rather infrequent in the
morning but usually spring up some time during the day. When
strong winds they are usually markedly disagreeable and are often
associated with clouds and rain or snow. In the winter they are
cold and chilling but not so persistent and depressing as winds
from the northeast.
Relative duration and frequency of winds: The direction of
the wind Curing the summer of 1899 was observed 223 times,
morning, noon and night, as follows: Easterly 90, southerly 47,
northerly 34, westerly 31, calm 21. During the summer of 1900
the result of 200 observations was as follows : Southerly 66, east-
erly 60, westerly 31, northerly 22, calm 21. During the summer
of 1903 the result of 172 observations was as follows: Easterly
59, westerly 45, northerly 32, southerly 21, calm 15.
Summary of 595 observations during three summers, 1899,
1900 and 1903 as follows:
Easterly winds 209
Southerly winds 134
Westerly winds 107
Northerly winds 88
Calm . 57
Total 595
Observations so far made show that the easterly winds prevail
during the s^vmmer at Lake Maxinkuckee.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 143
Winds for a year: In order to get data for the winds of an
entire year, the period extending from July 1, 1900, to June 30,
1901, was chosen, this being the period during which the fullest
records were kept. The tables will explain themselves :
CALMS
NOBTH
NORTHEAST
EAST
SOUTHEAST
MONTH
.
|
M
|
|
M
M
B
_
ti
*
!
M
&
E
5
1
e
2
E
8
S
8
|
E
8
3
|
E
B
1
'i
E
I
o
1
a
55
H
5
H
s
*
w
5
H
s
55
&
5
H
s
55
s
<
H
a
55
July, 1900
1
3
1
5
9
J
n
4
a
n
2
' 3
1
1
o
R
I
I
1
ft
n
August, 1900
2
1
1
3
7
4
2
6
8
i
i
2
2
4
1
1
September, 1900.
1
1
1
3
(i
1
i
2
2
l
8
2
2
4
1
8
October, 1900....
3
1
7
9
20
1
2
2
1
fi
8
2
8
1
9
7
8
2
8
15
November, 1900.
6
1
6
10
23
1
1
2
J
3
2
5
4
8
8
10
December, 1900.
4
1
5
5
15
l
1
2
1
1
4
1
2
1
4
8
2
3
2
15
January, 1901 ....
6
3
7
u
1
. 1
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
* 8
4
6
^
13
February, 1901...
10
2
6
6
24
1
1
1
8
2
1
1
2
6
2
4
1
7
March, 1901
7
3
1
4
15
3
1
1
5
8
8
3
! 9
2
a
2
8
8
8
April, 1901
7
3
6
4
''0
n
1
1
o
4
4
7
7
4
o.)
1
o
1
3
a
,
1
1
n
g
May, 1901
7
2
5
2
16
8
o
s
1
It
5
6
ftl
o
7
o
o
1
4
1
1
''
i
June, 1901
7
11
'n
n
1
o
1
5
ft
ft
1
1?
ft
1
o
5
4
4
g
2
Total
60
18
55
54
1S7
7
10
18
4
84
80
25
24
17
96
18
11
9
10
48
50
30
24
17
121
SOUTH
SOUTHWEST
WEST
NORTHWEST
MONTH
M
c
'
~
o
~
fc
y
c
1
W
o
<
3
1
i/
5
*
2
M
c
'I
w
1
<
Tj
1
|
8
a
1
fc
M
c
1
&
&
3
: -
-
$
u
B
'5
B
a
55
|
c
9
H
S
Q
<
j|
i
July, 1900
6
4
1
1
1
1
6
1
2
1
1
1
4
2
8
4
,1
1
1
A
2
1
1
8
n
1
ft
2
4
8
8
16
10
n
10
6
5
12
2
12
1
3
8
2
8
8
8
4
ft
7
7
4
1
2
1
4
4
3
A
7
f
2
6
8
8
1
1
8
8
2
4
1
8
1
1
1
4
1
10
8
!)
2
14
13
15
18
a
i
8
17
2
1
2
1
5
8
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
ft
3
1
4
I
i
8
8
9
1
1
l
1
1
2
2
1
3
1
4
2
15
10
14
10
4
1
2
2
2
2
2
8
4
4
2
5
8
t
8
1
1
5
s
(i
4
1
5
1
5
2
1
2
4
4
7
ft
5
4
5
(i
2
1
1
2
8
1
2
8
5
8
5
9
Hi
15
17
12
ii
10
13
August, 1900
September, 1900
October, 1900
November, 1900
December, 1900
January, 1901
February, 1901
March, 1901
April, 1901
May, 1901
June, 1901
Total
23
17
19
24
81
43
40
81
s
122
19
20
20
7
86
32
4ii
40
12
124
1017618
144 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
TABLE OF WINDS FROM JULY 1, 1900, TO JUNE 30, 1901
Month
Calms
N.
N.E.
E.
S.E.
S.
S.W.
W.
N.W.
Total
July, 1900
5
4
2
5
13
16
10
3
3
61
August, 1900
7
g
5
4
1
10
3
j
5
September 1900
6
2
3
2
5
5
9
4
3
October, 1900
20
6
9
15
10
2
2
5
69
November, 1900 . . .
23
2
5
o
10
g
14
15
9
84
December, 1900 .
15
1
4
4
15
5
13
10
16
83
January, 1901 ....
16
1
4
3
13
12
15
14
15
93
February, 1901
24
3
|
7
2
13
10
17
82
Maroh, 1901
15
5
g
2
g
12
22
4
12
89
April, 1901
20
4
22
6
9
1
1
o
16
79
May 1901
16
8
21
2
9
o
3
j
10
70
June, 1901
20
1
12
5
16
3
17
2
IS
89
Total
187
34
96
48
121
83
122
66
124
881
Per Cent
21 2
3 8
10 8
5 4
13 7
9 4
13 7
7 5
13 7
RAIN
The number of rains observed from July 1, 1899, to September
15, 1909, is 277. This number is of little significance, however, as
there are numerous gaps or periods during which the weather
at the lake was not under observation.
Taking the year from July 1, 1900, to June 30, 1901, the year
for which we have a complete set of observations, the following
is the record of rains at the lake : July, 7 ; August, 5 ; September,
9; October, 5; November, 8; December, 3; January, 3; February,
0; March, 10; April, 10; May, 11; June, 9; total, 80. From this
it appears that May is the most showery month, and February
the least.
Of these rains, 40 are marked as "rains", 31 as "sprinkles", and
5 as "drizzles", the character of the 4 others not being designated.
Twenty are reported as occurring during the forenoon, 25 in
the afternoon, and 25 during the night. The 10 others are continu-
ations of other showers, or parts interrupted by brief periods of
calm. None of the rains recorded for this year was continuous for
24 hours but each usually more or less fitful.
Among the especially heavy rains was one from the southwest
on July 24, from 10 a. m. till noon, and again from 4 to 9 p. m.,
very hard from 5 to 6 p.m. and from 7 to 8 p. m. This storm
raised the lake 2.5 inches. Outside of the particular year under
discussion there is a record (Oct. 27, 1899,) of a continuous rain
of "all day and all night, 36 hours, raised the lake 5 inches" ; and
another on Dec. 11, of the same year of a rain 24 hours.
There is another record of a severe thunder-storm on July 1,
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 145
1903, during which at least 3 inches of rain fell, raising the lake
8^ inches.
In July of the same year there was a severe rainstorm with a
total fall of fully 2 inches.
Again on August 27, 1903, there was a heavy fall of rain during
the night which caused the lake to rise about 2| inches. Rain was
abundant during this season so that the level of the lake was higher
than usual. On May 11, it rained 5 inches in 12 hours and on
January 22, 1906, it is recorded that it "has been raining for a
week but that the lake is 18 inches below high water mark, al-
though it has raised 3 inches."
We have few data in regard to the directions from which
storms come. Of 35 records one storm is recorded as having oc-
curred during calm weather, 5 storms came from the north, 1 from
the northeast, 3 from the east, 6 from the southeast, 3 from the
south, 10 from the southwest, 2 from the west, and 4 from the
northwest.
The following is a table of the rainfall in inches at Logansport
for the year 1902 :
January 1.00 July 4.84
February 1.10 August 2.55
March 2.64 September 5.02
April 2.13 October 2.37
May 4.27 November 3.92
June 10.54 December 3.48
This makes a total of 43.86 inches of rainfall for the year.
As Logansport is only 32 miles distant from Lake Maxinkuckee
the rainfall at the two places is probably approximately the same.
FROST
Economically considered, one of the most important questions
concerning any particular region is the average date of the last
killing frost of spring and the first of autumn. This question is
of importance not only to the farmer and gardener but also to the
lover of flower-beds and house-plants as well, and it has a direct
and important bearing upon the aquatic life of a region such as
Lake Maxinkuckee.
Taking the weather records for the whole period under observa-
tion, the number of frosts recorded is not many, there having- been
only 99 noted. This is largely due to the fact that it is only the
first and last killing frosts that are of especial importance or in-
terest to people in general, and also to the fact that a frost is not
146 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
an especially attention-arresting phenomenon like a rain or a
thunder shower, and is likely to be overlooked, especially in the
dead of winter in snowy weather.
In considering frosts, especially first and last frosts, it is nec-
essary to distinguish between local and general frosts, or to be
specific, as to locality ; for there is a remarkable difference between
closely neighboring areas in regard to susceptibility to frost. The
low, flat, extensive peaty or mucky plains, and various sphagnous
bogs, such as Hawk's marsh, usually have their early fall frosts
from three weeks to a month before the upland, and quite possibly
the tender, succulent herbage that they produce is much more sus-
ceptible to the effect of light frosts than the firmer growths of more
solid soil. Certain plants such as cucumber vines, touch-me-not,
fireweed, etc., often succumb and turn black at the touch of a frost
so light as to escape ordinary observation. The upland, just about
the lake, is especially favored by its freedom from killing frosts
in late spring and early autumn, and peaches and other delicate
orchard fruits, where planted and properly cared for, do exceed-
ingly well.
The first autumnal frost noted about the lake in 1900 was on
October 17 ; the first in 1901 was November 23, the first in 1902
was September 14. In 1904, the first record was October 23, but
the lake had not been under observation for some time and there
were quite certainly frosts much before this. In 1906, a frost
was reported on August 28, but this was in the flat lowlands back
from the lake. The lake was under constant observation at the
time, and no frost, nor sign of any, was observed at the lake until
Ocotber 29. In 1907, again when the lake was under constant ob-
servation, the first frost was reported for the" region on Septem-
ber 25, but none was actually seen at the lake until October 10.
The first frost in the fall of 1913 was noted on the morning of Sep-
tember 23, killing sweet potato vines and other delicate vegetation.
Of the late frosts of spring there are fewer records. In the
spring of 1901, for which we have complete records, the last frost
occurred April 20. In 1903 there is a record of a frost on May 2.
In the winter of 1900-1901, for which we have complete rec-
ords, 39 frosts were observed; 1 for -October; 7 for November; 11
for December; 7 for January; 3 for February; 3 for March, and
7 for April. Frosts were liable to occur any clear, calm night dur-
ing the winter. In addition to the ordinary frost known every-
where, several modifications were common about the lake. Vapors
arising from airholes in the ice were often congealed at the edge
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 147
of the airhole in the form of long plume-like or feathery objects.
Indeed, on one occasion after Lost Lake had entirely frozen over, a
dense steam arose from the surface of the ice and much of it
congealed in the shape of long, feathery crystals.
Hoar-frost, which is frequent in all locations where there are
large, exposed bodies of water such as near Lake Michigan and
the Mississippi River, is of rather frequent occurrence at Lake Max-
inkuckee and occasionally appears in great beauty, coating trees
thickly and entirely with long, needle-shaped crystals almost an
inch long. The rising sun melts the bases of the crystals first and
the awakening morning breezes stirring among the bejewelled
branches shake the frost crystals down in great multitudes, reduc-
ing the tree in a moment from one of the most magnificent spec-
tacles to one quite commonplace, but producing for the moment a
cataract of sparkling crystals as indescribably splendid as it is
evanescent.
Frosts affect the life of the lake in various ways and through
various channels. One of the first and very interesting effects is
that of a decided change in the methods of the anglers. During
late summer and early fall grasshoppers constitute the principal
and most popular bait used by the anglers. As the season ad-
vances grasshoppers gain in popularity so long as readily obtain-
able. It is only when the first frosts have come and chilled the
grasshoppers so that they can no longer be easily found that the
anglers abandon their use and turn to other lures.
Then, again, the early frosts kill down the patches of delicate
vegetation such as touch-me-nots, Eleocharis interstincta, etc., and
affect the Scirpus and other aquatic plants that extend above the
surface of the water thus killing or driving away the various in-
sects that live upon or frequent such plants. The same frosts act
in the same way on the marsh vegetation along the shore and the
trees and shrubs which overhang the banks. The quantity of in-
sect life living upon, in, or with this vegetation and which falls
into the lake with the falling leaves or on account of the chill, or
which is driven away every year, is enormous.
SNOW
INTRODUCTION
Our record of snowstorms, extending from March, 1899, to
February 1, 1914, with important omissions for some years, makes
mention of 194 snowstorms, varying in all degrees of intensity from
148 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
light flurries to blinding storms. The earliest snow recorded in
any year was that of October 10, 1906, and the latest, at the ending
of winter, was a light snow, sufficient, however, to whiten roofs,
of May 4, 1907. The last snow of the winter of 1898-1899 was
on March 31; the snowy period of the winter of 1899-1900 was
from November 2 to April 12 ; that of 1900-1901 from November
7 to April 21. Records for the fall of 1901 are incomplete, the first
snow recorded being on December 9, and the latest of the spring
of 1902 on April 12. The first snow of the winter of 1902-3 was
November 26, and the latest April 3. The record for the winter
of 1904-1905 is incomplete; the earliest snow in the fall was on
November 8, but there are no records for the following spring.
For the autumn of 1905 an especially heavy snow occurred Novem-
ber 25. In the fall of 1906 a very heavy snow began October 10,
and continued until 10 inches fell. This is the earliest and most
noteworthy snowfall shown by our records. The latest snow in
the spring of 1907, as already stated, was on May 4. The winter
of 1906-1907 is, therefore, noteworthy in that it had both the
earliest and the latest snowfall in the years covered by our records.
The first snow in the fall of 1913 came on the night of October
21 ; the next on the evening of October 29. It snowed again on
November 8 and 10, a total of 12 inches falling, and drifting con-
siderably, but all disappearing by the 18th. No more fell until
December 7 when it snowed all day. On the 20th about one inch
fell, and on the 22d there was snow and rain. On January 2,
1914, it snowed all day but melted as rapidly. Snow fell on the
3d and 4th and again all day on the 31st, when the first sleighing
was possible.
Depth of snow: Most of the snowstorms recorded were rather
light flurries, with less than \ inch of snowfall. Records of 1, 2,
and 3 inches of snowfall are fairly frequent. There are 2 rec-
ords of 4 inches each, one each of 5, 6, and 7 inches, 2 of 10
inches, and one of the maximum snowfall of 18 inches, which was
recorded for March 5 and 6, 1899.
Direction of snowstorms: Record of the direction from which
the* heavier snowstorms came was kept. Of such a record for
33 storms, 5 came from the north, 7 from the northeast, 3 from
the east, 2 from the southeast, 1 from the south, 5 from the south-
west,. 1 from the west and 9 from the northwest, thus showing
the northwest to be the prevailing direction from which snows
come, the northeast being a rather close second. The northeast
storms hang on longer, and the snows they bring are generally sup-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 149
posed to. stay on longer, most likely because the snowstorms from
that direction are more persistent and heavier.
Forms of snow: One of the most common forms of snow at
the lake is that of firm, white, little pellets like minute snowballs,
a sort of form somewhat intermediate between genuine snow and
sleet, and coming down with considerable force and directness;
this may harden at times into genuine icy cutting sleet. This
pellet snow contains more water and less enmeshed air than the
feathery flakes, and it packs more tightly, an inch of it being
equivalent to 2 or 3 inches of the lighter snow. The feathery
flakes are common, especially in little snow flurries. The loose
flakes, sometimes adhering in large masses, are the common forms
in the great snowstorms which result in the deeper snows.
The following is the record of the snows for the winter of
1900-1901, the year for which there is a complete set of observa-
tions. The first snow of the winter, as given above, was on the
night of November 7, when a rain, which began at 8 o'clock in the
evening, changed into snow. It snowed the next night nearly all
night giving a total snowfall of 3 inches. From this time on, snow-
storms were of frequent occurrence, there being 11 in November,
9 in December, 16 in January, 13 in February, 11 in March and
2 in April. The last well-marked storm, that of April, was un-
usually unseasonable; the hazel and many other plants were fully
in bloom, and the tender verdure of spring, just beginning to put
forth, was covered f of an inch with fluffy, sticky snow. No harm
to vegetation was caused, however, as the weather was fairly warm
and the snow soon melted off. The early snow of October 10, 1906,
was still more unseasonable and striking in its effects, though not
so much damage resulted as would have been the result of a single
light frost. It had snowed heavily during the night and continued
until 10 a. m., part of the time the snow coming down in remark-
ably large masses composed of adhering flakes. It took the birds
entirely by surprise. A flock of tree swallows twittered musically
from the snowclad telephone wires, and crickets were chirping
underneath the snow. The houseflies, which were still present
in considerable abundance out of doors, settled thickly on the
window screens of the hotel, and the yellow-rumped warblers, then
migrating, alighted on the screens and ate the flies. At one time
there were 3 of the warblers on a window screen at the same time.
About all the unoccupied cottages around the lake these warblers
took refuge on the porches underneath the roof as if semi-domesti-
cated. The golden-crowned kinglets, like the warblers, took refuge
150 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
in porches, and late dragon-flies flew about over the snow. The
evening of the day closed in dark and snowy, and it snowed pretty
hard all night, leaving 10 inches of snow on a level on undisturbed
places. The snow settled thickly on the leaves of poplar trees,
which were still green, and the weight in many instances broke
off the boughs.
Relation of snow to the lake: During the parts of early winter
before the ground is covered with snow, a considerable amount of
sand from the dry, barren sand hills about the lake is driven on
to the ice and subsequently finds its way to the lake bottom. A cov-
ering of snow over the surrounding country of course puts a stop
to this process.
A still more marked effect is that produced by a thick blanket
of snow upon the ice of the lake. Among the most striking of the
phenomena of the ice is its expanding and contracting on the clear,
warm days and cold nights of winter ; great cracks opening in cer-
tain places by the contracting of the ice, and the ice being heaved up
in others, because of the expansion, until it forms high rooflike
ridges. All these movements are accompanied by sharp cracking
and booming like the firing of distant cannon. These movements
are the cause of the shoving up of the ice-beach, and are said to
have been quite striking during the winter of 1899-1900. They
were well under way during the winter of 1900-1901 when a heavy
blanket of snow covered the ice, the great weight of the snow
weighing heavily on the ice, and by protecting it from alternate
contractions and expansions, put a stop to its movements.
FOG
General fogs are rather uncommon about the lake; they are
very local in their nature and are confined to certain localities for
the greater part. The dry, sandy soil, so common in the higher
ground, warms up readily during the day and is unfavorable to the
formation of fog. On the other hand, the extensive level, peaty
tracts lying in the country west of the lake are especially favorable
to the formation of fogs; so are Green's marsh and the marsh at
the north end of Lost Lake, Inlet marsh, and the region along the
outlet. Lost Lake, which warms up more readily on account of its
shallowness, and also cools more readily at night, is more favorable
to the formation of fogs than Lake Maxinkuckee, and when small,
local fogs are formed on the lake they are usually formed over
stretches of shallow water, such as Aubeenaubee or Outlet bay.
The fogs of the flat, peaty plains are generally very chilly and de-
\
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 151
pressing. How many fogs one would record in any given length of
time would depend much upon the point of observation. Those
herein recorded were observed from Long Point, and of these many
were seen at a greater or less distance. Fogs are almost or entirely
absent during the summer, most common through the autumn and
spring months and in early winter. One of the conditions neces-
sary for their formation is a calm or very little movement of
air, as winds blow forming fogs away. During the year between
July 1, 1900, and June 30, 1901, twenty-nine fogs were observed,
distributed according to months as follows: July, 0; August, 1;
September, 2 ; October, 8 ; November, 3 ; December, 5 ; January, 1 ;
February, ; March, 4 ; April, 1 ; May, 4 ; June, 0. From October,
1899, to August, 1906, a period in which there are considerable
gaps in observation, there is a total record of 59 fogs.
The appearance and behavior of the fogs vary somewhat.
Usually they are low, heavy blankets of uniform density covering
limited areas, the form in which fogs are generally known, but
sometimes on the lake they assume the form of tall, vertical col-
umns which glide over the water in a peculiar, ghostly fashion.
Usually the fogs form in the evening or some time during the night,
and remain until morning, imperceptibly dissipating in the heat of
the morning sun. Sometimes they condense on sticks, grass and
other objects, or uniting to form drops, fall to the earth as a sort of
rain. On December 3, 1900, a fog was noted rising from the lake,
passing gradually into the far-off sky and assuming the form of
immense and imposing thunderheads, the passage from fog to cloud
being complete. This transition from fog to cloud was subse-
quently frequently seen on the upper Cumberland but never on so
magnificent a scale.
Among the most noteworthy fogs observed about the lake may
be mentioned the following:
Some time in December, 1896, when a thin ice extended out a
considerable distance from shore, there appeared an extremely
dense fog on the lake which, according to Mr. S. S. Chadwick, was
the heaviest fog he has ever seen here. A large flock of wild geese
was on the lake and were unable to leave on account of the fog. A
party went out after the geese and, becoming bewildered in the
fog, had great difficulty finding a place to land.
On October 18, 1900, a heavy fog set in about 8 o'clock and con-
tinued until about 10 the next day. A steamer got lost on the
lake and did not get in until 2 or 3 o'clock the next morning.
152 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
DEW
As might be expected dews are so frequent in the mornings of
the warmer portion of the year that their absence rather than their
presence is generally commented upon. Yet the dews of the up-
lands immediately about the lake are not drenching and quickly
dry up in the mornings so that one can walk about without getting
wet almost any morning after 8 or 9 o'clock. The dews of the
mucky or peaty lowlands are much heavier and more persistent.
It may be worth while to remark here that much that is gen-
erally taken for dew, such as the sparkling drops at the tips of
spears of grass, is not condensed vapor, but water of transpiration
which has passed through plants and has not evaporated from the
leaves as it exuded. This might be termed organic dew, and is
particularly noticeable on the leaves of strawberries, muskmelons,
etc., where it is found in prominent drops at the water-pores of the
leaves. This "dew" is always abundant at times when evapora-
tion is checked in the atmosphere surrounding rapidly growing
plants.
Dew proper is common on all calm nights during the summer.
The dews first become noticeable about the end of April and con-
tinue until freezing weather. When fogs appear on the land they
usually leave a good deal of moisture on the herbage.
WATER TEMPERATURES
Temperature of the surface of the lake: Considerable time and
attention were devoted to a study of the temperature of the lake
water. Regular observations regarding the temperature of the
water at the lake surface were begun July 5, 1899, and continued
daily, practically without interruption, to July 1, 1901. An
observation station was established at the pier in front of the cot-
tage now known as Shady Point, on the west side of the lake at the
base of Long Point, and at that time occupied by the Fish Commis-
sion party. A copper- jacketed Wilder protected thermometer was
used. Observations were made and temperatures recorded three
times daily at 6 a.m., noon, and 6 p.m. In getting tempera-
tures, the thermometer was placed in water to a depth of a foot
to 18 inches. When there was ice a hole was cut, through which
the thermometer was lowered into the water beneath.
From July 5 to October 19, the observations were made and
recorded by a member of the Fish Commission party. From Oc-
tober 19, 1899, to June 25, 1900, the readings were taken and
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 153
recorded by Mr. S. S. Chadwick. Up to April 5, 1900, the tempera-
tures were taken at the Chadwick houseboat on the east side of
Long Point; after April 5 they were taken on the north end of
Long Point in the south side of Outlet Bay, but sometimes at the
wagon bridge across the Outlet. From June 25, 1900, to June 30,
1901, the temperatures were again taken at the pier in front of
the Shady Point cottage, and usually by Mr. Clark.
Besides these regular observations, a large number of miscel-
laneous records were made; a few in November and December,
1898, and at various odd times since 1901, by Mr. Chadwick; and a
large number by the present writers during the various times when
one or both of them have been at the lake since 1901. And many
more were taken in various places in the lake during the regular
investigations of 1899-1901.
In addition to the surface temperature observations at the regu-
lar station, many other records were made in various parts of the
lake, particularly in connection with the seining and other collect-
ing operations, and in connection with the serial temperature work.
Surface temperatures were also taken as a part of the plankton
studies. Since July 1, 1901, surface temperatures have been re-
corded at intervals by Mr. Chadwick, also by Dr. Scovell, and by
the present writers when any of them happened to be at the lake.
The total number of water surface temperature readings taken
and recorded exceeds 10,000. Most of these are given in the tables
on pages 160 to 215.
It was felt that the large amount of attention given to tempera-
ture observations was justified because of the very intimate re-
lation which the temperature of the water bears to aquatic animal
and plant life.
It was desired to learn the relation between temperature and
the feeding, breeding, and other habits, and the distribution of
the different species of fishes, turtles and other animals in the lake,
also of the various species of aquatic plants. It is believed that
a number of interesting and important correlations have been es-
tablished.
The details of the records may now be considered.
For the month of January, there are 5 records for 1899, 93 for
1900, 93 for 1901, and 12 for 1905.
As might be expected, there is but slight variation in January
in the temperature of the water at the surface of the lake. The
temperature of the air is at, below, or near, freezing during most
of the days of the month, and, as the water-surface temperature,
154 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
until it reaches the freezing point, varies directly with that of
the air, the water temperature will usually be close to freezing.
In January, 1899, only 5 records were made (on the 1st, 8th,
29th, 30th, and 31st) , all of which were 32. These were all taken
through the ice. In 1900, the variation was from 32 to 38 at
6 a.m., from 32 to 40 at noon, and from 32 to 39 at 6 p.m.
The lowest daily average was 32, the highest was 39, and the
average for the month was 33.8, the average for the air for the
same period being 28.6.
In 1901, the variation was from 33 to 39.5 at 6 a.m., from
34 to 41 at noon, and from 33.5 to 40.6 at 6 p.m. The lowest
daily average was 33.7, the highest was 42, and the average for
the month was 36, the average for the air for the same period
being 27.9.
In 1905, records were made only on the first 4 days of January.
The variation was from 32 to 34 at 6 a.m., from 32 to 34.9
at noon, and from 32 to 34.8 at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average
was 32, the highest was 34.3, and the average for the 4 days
was 33.8.
Any discussion or interpretation of these January water tem-
peratures is difficult. Any consideration given them must be in
connection with the air temperatures. The observations in 1899
and 1900 were before the regular beginning of our work and were
made by a volunteer observer whose records must be regarded as
only approximately accurate. On all the days (9 in number) cov-
ered by records in January of those two years, the air was at or
below freezing, and on most of the days the water temperature
was taken through the ice. This will account for the large number
of records of 32 or slightly above. In January, 1901, the air was
at or below freezing on 24 days. The water temperatures were
taken perhaps with somewhat greater care. It is interesting and
significant to note, however, the close approximation of the aver-
ages for the Januarys of the 2 years, 33.8 in 1900 and 36 in
1901.
Notwithstanding the almost freezing temperature of the water
near shore in January and other winter months, it was interesting
to observe that various species of small fishes such as grayback
minnows, straw-colored minnows, and skipjacks, gathered up in
large schools under the ice in shallow water, particularly on bright
sunny days. This phenomenon is considered more fully elsewhere.
In February, 1899, only 7 records were made, on the 1st, 2d,
7th, 10th, 13th, 15th and 27th, on each of which dates the air was
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 155
below freezing. All these were 32 except that on the 27th when
it was 36. In 1900, the record is complete for the month. The
variation was from 32 to 35 at 6 a.m., 32 to 34 at noon, and
32 to 34.5 at 6 p.m., the lowest daily average for the air during
the same period being 22.6.
In 1901, the record is also complete for the month. The varia-
tion was from 32.5 to 35.5 at 6 a.m., from 32 to 34.5 at noon,
and from 32.9 to 34 at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was
32.5, the highest 34.3, and the average for the month was 33.1,
that of the air for the same period being 19.3.
For March, 1899, the only record is for the llth when the water
was 33.5. In 1900, the record is complete. The variation was
from 33 to 37 at 6 a.m., from 33 to 37.5 at noon, and from
33 to 38.5 at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 33.1 on the
17th, the highest 37.5 on the 31st, and the average for the month
was 35.4, that for the air in the same period being 30.1. The
record for March, 1901, is complete. The variation was from
32.3 to 39.8 at 6 a.m., from 33 to 49 at noon, and from 32.9
to 43.4 at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 33 on the 1st
and 3d, the highest 42.4 on the 29th, and the average for the
month was 36.4, that for the air in the same period being exactly
the same, 36.4. The average for March of the 2 years was 35.9,
that of the air 33.25.
For the month of April, the record is complete for 1900 and
1901. In 1900, the variation was from 39 to 67 at 6 a.m., from
44 to 67 at noon, and from 45 to 67.5 at 6 p. m. The lowest
daily average was 42.6 on the 1st, the highest 67.1 on the 30th,
and the average for the month was 49.8, that for the air in the
same period being 52.3. In 1901, the variation was from 36
to 60.1 at 6 a.m., from 38.5 to 65.5 at noon, and from 39 to
69.8 at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 38.6, the highest
64, and the average for the month was 47.9, that for the air
in the same period 48.9. The average for April of the 2 years
was 48.8, that for the air, 50.6.
For the month of May, the record is approximately complete
for 1900 and 1901. In 1900, the variation was from 56 to 72.5
at 6 a.m., from 57 to 74 at noon, and from 57 to 74 at 6 p.m.
The lowest daily average was 57 on the 10th, the highest 73.3
on the 30th, and the average for the month was 64.74, that for the
air being 66. In 1901, the variation was from 51.9 to 66 at 6
a.m., from 50.5 to 70.1 at noon, and from 51.1 to 68 at 6 p.
m. The lowest daily average was 52.8, on the 2d, the highest
156 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
68.4, on the 18th, and the average for the month was 60.93,
that for the air being 61.
For the month of June, the record is complete for 1900 and 1901.
In 1900 the variation was from 70 to 78 at 6 a.m., from 71
to 78 at noon, and from 71 to 78 at 6 p.m. The lowest daily
average was 71 on the 4th, the highest 77 on the 26th and 28th,
and the average for the month was 74.6, that for the air being
71. In 1901, the variation was from 58 to 79.2 at 6 a. m., from
64.5 to 86.2 at noon, and from 62.9 to 84.6 at 6 p. m. The low-
est daily average was 61.8, on the 1st, the highest 83.2 on the
28th, and the average for the month was 74.11, that for the air
being 75.7.
For the month of July, there are complete records for 1899,
1900, and 1903, and partial records for 1906.
In 1899, the variation was from 70 to 79 at 6 a. m., from 75
to 88.5 at noon, and from 73.5 to 85.5 at 6 p. m. The lowest
daily average was 74.1 on the 9th and 10th, the highest 84.2
on the 23d, and the average for the month was 78.2, that for
the air being 75.6.
In 1900, the variation was from 71 to 80 at 6 a.m., from
72 to 83 at noon, and from 75 to 82 at 6 p.m. The lowest
daily average was 74.6 on the 1st, the highest 80.3 on the 5th,
and the average for the month was 78.4, that for the air being
75.9.
In 1903, the variation was from 71 to 81.5 at 6 a.m., from
73 to 87 at noon, and from 71 to 87.5 at 6 p.m. The lowest
daily average was 73.1 on the 1st and 2d, the highest 83.3 on
the 9th and llth, and the average for the month was 77.86, that
for the air being 75.9.
The records for July, 1906, cover only the last 7 days of the
month. The variation was from 62.5 to 75 at 6 a. m., from 72.5
to 82 at noon, and from 73 to 83.3 at 6 p. m. The lowest daily
average was 67.5 on the 25th, the highest 74.5 on the 26th, and
the average for 6 days 74.3, that for the air being 76.9.
For the month of August, the records are nearly complete for
1899, 1900, 1903, and 1906.
In 1899, the variation was from 67 to 77.5 at 6 a.m., from
77 to 84.5 at noon, and from 75 to 84.5 at 6 p. m. The lowest
daily average was 74.5 on the 9th and 15th, the highest was 82
on the 27th, and the average for the month was 78.4, that for
the air being 75.1. In 1900, the variation was from 74 to 79.4
at 6 a.m., from 72.1 to 83.6 at noon, and from 78 to 83.6 at 6
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 157
p. m. The lowest daily average was 75.4 on the 15th, the highest
81.7 on the 22d, and the average for the month was 79.7, that
for the air being 77.5. In 1903, the variation was from 68 to
77.1 at 6 a.m., from 71 to 78.5 at noon, and from 70.5 to 78
at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 70 on the 15th, the
highest 76 on the 5th, and the average for the month was 73.8,
that for the air being 70.7. In 1906, the variation was from 67
to 76.4 at 6 a. m., from 71 to 85 at noon, and from 72 to
84.5 at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 72.5 on the 30th,
the highest was 81.3 on the 26th, and the average for the month
was 76.2, that for the air being 74.9.
There are 14 records for the last 5 days of August, 1908. The
variation was from 65 to 72.9 at 6 a.m., from 70.5 to 81 at
noon, and from 73.5 to 80 at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average
was 69 on the 27th, the highest was 77 on the 30th, and the aver-
age for the 5 days was 73.2, that for the air being 75.8.
For the month of September, the records are practically com-
plete for 1899 and 1900, and there are partial records for 1906,
1907, 1908, and 1913. In 1899, the variation was from 54.8 to
80 at 6 a.m., from 60 to 84.2 at noon, and from 56 to 81.2 at
6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 56.9 on the 30th, the high-
est was 81.3 on the 3d, and the average for the month was 68.1,
that for the air being 63.1. In 1900, the variation was from 59.3
to 77.5 at 6 a. m., from 65.5 to 83 at noon, and from 66.5 to
81 at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 65.6 on the 28th,
the highest was 80.5 on the 1st, and the average for the month
was 72.4, that for the air being 68.1. For September, 1906,
the record is nearly complete for the first 18 days. The variation
was from 60 to 76 at 6 a.m., from 67 to 80 at noon, and from
67 to 80 at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 65.1 on
the 14th, the highest was 75.4 on the llth, and the average for the
18 days was 71.2, that for the air being 69.3. For September,
1907, the record is partial for the 13th, 14th, 23d, and 30th, and
complete for the 19th to 29th both inclusive. The variation was
from 57 to 70 at 6 a.m., from 60 to 74 at noon, and from
59 to 73 at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 59.7 on the
29th, the highest was 72.2 on the 19th, and the average for all
the records was 64.5, that for the air being 62.9. For Septem-
ber, 1908, the record is practically complete for the first 17 days.
The variation was from 61.5 to 75 at 6 a. m., from 72 to 81
at noon, and from 70 to 78 at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average
was 67.8, on the 3d and 7th, the highest was 76 on the 12th, and
158 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
the average for the month was 72.2, that for the air being 71.5.
For 1913, there is only one record, which is 62 at 6 a. m. on the
13th.
For October, there are nearly complete records for 1899, 1900,
1907 and 1913, and partial records for 1904 and 1906. In 1899,
the variation was from 48.5 to 60.5 at 6 a.m., from 58 to 70.5
at noon, and from 55 to 65 at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average
was 53 on the 21st, the highest was 65.3 on the 15th, and the
average for the month was 59.5, that for the air being 58.1.
In 1900, the variation was from 54 to 69.8 at 6 a.m., from
62 to 73.5 at noon, and from 60 to 71 at 6 p.m. The lowest
daily average was 59.3 on the 20th, the highest was 71 on the
6th, and the average for the month was 64.4, that of the air being
61.5.
For 1904, there are records only for the last three days of the
month, when the morning range was from 47.9 to 50.2, the noon
range from 53 to 58, and the evening range from 52.8 to 53.5 ;
the lowest daily average was 50.5 on the 29th, the highest 53.6
on the 31st, and the average for the 3 days 52.5, the average for
the air being 48. For 1906, there is one record for the 5th (57
at 6 p.m.), one for the 10th (47 at 6 p.m.), and nearly complete
records for the llth to 24th both inclusive. The variation was
from 44.5 to 59 at 6 a.m., from 52 to 65 at noon, and from
49.5 to 62.5 at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 43.3 on
the 28th, the highest was 62 on the 19th, and the average for the
14 days was 53, that of the air being 49.8. For 1907, the varia-
tion was from 43 to 63 at 6 a.m., from 45 to 65 at noon, and
from 46 to 65 at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 49 on
the 27th and 30th, the highest was 64.3 on the 4th, and the average
for the month was 54.8, that of the air being 51.1. In 1913,
the variation was from 43 to 65 at 6 a.m., from 45 to 70 at
noon, and from 44 to 68 at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average
was 44.7 on the 31st, the highest was 67.3 on the 9th. The aver-
age for the month was 54.9 at 6 a.m., 58.2 at noon, 57.6 at 6
p. m., or 56.7 daily average, that of the air being 53.2.
For November, there are 3 records for 1898 (40 on the 24th,
35 on the 26th, and 34 on the 27th, all at 6 a.m.), nearly com-
plete records for 1899, 1900, and 1904, and 3 for 1906 (43.5,
44.5, and 43.5 on the 16th) . In 1899, the variation was from 42
to 54 at 6 a.m., from 42 to 56 at noon, and from 43 to 52
at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average was 43 on the 29th, the high-
est was 55 on the 1st, and the average for the month was 47.6,
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 159
that for the air being 44.6. In 1900, the variation was from
32.9 to 59.8 at 6 a.m., from 39.6 to 63.8 at noon, and from
39.3 to 60.5 at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 38.7 on
the 30th, the highest was 62.6 on the 3d, and the average for
the month was 47.6, that of the air being 40.7. In 1904, the
variation was from 37.5 to 51.5 at 6 a.m., from 38.5 to 53.9
at noon, and from 38 to 53 at 6 p. m. The lowest daily average
was 38.5 on the 27th, the highest was 53 on the 4th, and the
average for the month was 45.4, that of the air being 40.4.
In 1906, the variation was from 35.5 to 53.5 at 6 a.m., from
37 to 53.2 at noon, and from 37.2 to 50 at 6 p. m. The lowest
daily average was 36.2 on the 20th, the highest was 48.8 on
the 1st, and the average for the month was 44.6, that of the air
being 39.2.
For December, there are 3 records for 1898 (32 at 6 a.m. on
the 7th, 9th and 14th) and nearly complete records for 1899, 1900
and 1904. In 1899, the variation was from 32 to 46 at 6 a.m.,
from 32 to 48 at noon, and from 32 to 47 at 6 p. m. The lowest
daily average was 32 on the 16th, 29th, 30th, and 31st, the high-
est was 47 on the llth, and the average for the month was 37.2,
that of the air being 28.2. In 1900, the variation was from 32
to 40.9 at 6 a.m., from 32 to 42 at noon, and from 32 to 42.6
at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 32 on the 14th, the
highest was 41.5 on the 1st, and the average for the month was
36.8, that of the air being 31.7. In 1904, the variation was
from 32 to 37 at 6 a. m., from 32 to 37.8 at noon, and from 32
to 36.5 at 6 p.m. The lowest daily average was 32 on the 10th,
12th, 13th, 15th, and 16th, the highest was 36.1 on the 2d, and
the average for the month was 33.8, that of the air being 25.2.
In the following tables are given the detailed records of the
water temperature observations :
1117618
160 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURE TABLES
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
32
32
32
32
2
32
32
32
32
3
32
32
32
32
4
' 32
32
32
32
5
32
32
33
32.3
6
33
33
33
33
7
34
34
34
34
8
34
35
35
34.6
9
33
33
33
33
10
33
33
33
33
11
33
33
33
33
12
33
34
33
33.3
13
33
33
33
33
14
33
33
33
33
15
33
34
34.5
33.8
16
35
35
35
35
17
34
34
35
34
18
35
35
35.5
35.1
19
35
35
35
35
20
35
35
35
35
21
35
35
35.5
35 1
22
35
35.5
36.5
35.6
23
36
37
37.5
36.8
24
38
40
39
39
25
37
36
35
36
26
34.5
34
34
34.1
27
33.5
33
33
33.1
28
33
32
32
32.3
29
32
32
32
32
30
32
32
32
32
31
32
32
32
32
Average
33.7
33.8
33.9
33.8
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 161
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1901
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
33.6
34.1
33.5
33.7
2
33.2
34
34
33.7
3
33.5
34.5
33.9
33.9
4
33
34.7
34.3
34
5
33.5
35.1
34.8
34.4
6
34
35
34.8
34.6
7
34 1
35
34.8
34.6
8
34.5
34.9
34.2
34.5
9
34
35
34
34.3
10
34
34.5
35
34.5
11
35.2
35.8
35.5
35.5
12
35.1
36
35.9
35.5
13
36
36.9
37
36.6
14
37
38.9
38.5
38.1
15
37.9
40.1
38.2
38.7
16
36.8
38.5
38.5
37.1
17
38.1
38.1
38.1
18
37.9
38.7
38.2
38.2
19
37
38.5
37.3
37.6
20
37.3
39
39.5
38.6
21
37
37.1
37.9
37.3
22
38.1
41
39
39.7
23
39.5
40
40.6
40
24
39.1
38.8
38.1
38.6
25
37.6
38.2
38
37.9
26
37.2
37.3
36.1
36.8
27
36.8
37
36.5
36.7
28
36
36.9
37.5
36.8
29
35.5
35.9
36.1
35.8
30
34.9
35.2
35.7
35.2
31
34.5
35
34.5
34.6
Average
35.4
36.7
36.8
36.4
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JANUARY, 1905
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6pm.
Average
1
33.5
34.9
34.5
34.3
2
34
34.5
32
33.5
3
34
34.8
34.8
34.4
4
32
32
32
32
Average . .
33 4
34 1
33 3
33 6
162 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY,
Date
6 a. m.
1
32
2
32
7
32
10
33
13
32
15
32
25
32
27
32
32.7
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
32
32
32
32
2
32
32
32
32
3
32
32
32.5
32.1
4
32.5
32.5
32.5
32.5
5
32
32
32
32
6
32
32.5
33
32.5
7
33
33
33.5
33.1
8
33.5
34
34
33.8
9
33
33
33
33
10
33
33
33
33
11
32.5
33
33
32.8
12
33
33
33
33
13
33
32.5
32
32.5
14
32
32
32
32
15
32
32
32
32
16
32
32
32
32
17
32
32
32
32
18
. 32
32
32
32
19
32
32
32
32
20
32
33
33
32.6
21
33.5
34
34 5
34
22
35
34
34.5
34,5
23
34
34
35
34.3
24
34
33
32
33
25
32
32
32
32
26
32
32
32
32
27
32
32
32
32
28
32
33
33
32.6
Average
32.6
32.6
32.7
32.7
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 163
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR FEBRUARY, 1901
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
34
34.1
33.5
33.8
2
33.3
3
35.5
33.5
34
34.3
4
32.8
33.8
33.5
33
5
33.8
34
34
33.9
6
33.3
34.5
33.4
33.7
7
33.2
33.8
33.1
33.3
8
33
33.5
33
33.1
9
32.5
32
33
32.5
10
32.5
33
33.1
32.8
11
33.2
33.1
33.1
33.1
12
32.5
32.9
33
32.8
13
33
33
33.5
33.1
14
32.9
32.9
33.1
3.?. 9
15
32.9
33.5
33.3
33.2
16
33
33.5
33.2
33.2
17
33.1
33.2
33
33.1
18
33
33.2
33.2
33.1
19
33
33.7
33.3
33.3
20
33
33.4
32.9
33.1
21
32.8
33.5
33.2
33.1
22
33.2
33
32.9
33
23
33
33.2
33
33
24
32.9
33.1
32.9
32.9
25
33
33
33
33
26
32.5
33
32.9
32.7
27
32.5
33.1
32.9
32.7
28
33
33
32.9
32.9 .
Average
32.7
33 3
33.2
33.1
164 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR MARCH, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Averrge
1
33
34.5
34
33.8
2
34
34.5
34
34.1
3
34
34
34.5
34.1
4
34
34
34
34
5
34
34
34
34
6
34.5
35
35
34.8
7
35
35
35
35
8
35
35.5
35.5
35.3
9
35.5
36
36
35.8
10
36
36
36
36
11
36
36
36
36
12
35
35
35
35
13
36
36
36.5
36.1
11
36
36
36.5
36.1
15
35
35
35
35
16
35
35
34
34.6
17
33.5
33
33
33.1
18
33.5
34
34
33.8
19
35
35
36
35.3
20
36
36
36
36
21
36
36
36.5
36.1
22
36
36.5
37
36.5
23
36
37
37
36.6
24
37
37
37.5
37.1
25
36.5
36
36
36.1
26
36
36
36
36
27
36
36.5
36
36.1
28
36
36
36.5
36.1
29
36
36
36.5
36.1
31
37
37.5
36.5
37
31
37
37
38.5
37.5
Average
35.3
35.5
35.6
35.5
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 165
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR MARCH, 1901
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
33
33
33
33
2
32.8
33.3
33
33.1
3
32.6
33
33.1
33
4
33.5
33.8
33.5
38.6
5
33.1
33.6
33.6
33.4
6
33
33.9
33.9
33.6
7
33
33.9
33.1
33.3
>'
32.9
33.4
32.9
33
9
33.2
33.2
33.8
33.4
10
32.3
33.8
33.8
33.3
11
33.9
33
34.8
33.9
12
35.1
34.3
34.5
34.6
13
34.3
35.3
34.5
34.7
14
35
34.9
34.9
34.9
15
33.8
34.9
34.6
34.1
16
35.4
36
34.5
35.3
17
35.2
37
38
36.7
18
36.9
37.1
37.8
37.2
19
34.8
38.5
39.5
37.6
20
37.9
38
37.5
37.8
21
37
40.9
38.9
38.9
22
37.9
44.9
43.4
42
23
38.1
45.6
41.5
41.7
24
36.3
39.5
39.6
38.4
25
35
49
42
42
26
39.6
41.4
40.1
40.7
27
38.9
41.2
40.3
40.1
28
37.4
41
40.5
37.6
29
39.8
44.7
42.7
42.4
30
37.5 -
38.3
37.7
37.8
31
37.1
40.1
41
39.4
Average
35.4
37.4
36.9
30. j
166 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR APRIL, 1900
Date
6 a. in.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
39
44
45
42.6
2
44
44.5
46
44.8
3
45
45.5
45
45.1
4
46
47
47.5
46.8
5
47
48
48
47.6
6
48
49
49.5
48.8
7
48
49
49.5
48.8
8
49
49
50
49^3
g
50
50.5
50
50.1
10
48
48.5
48
48.1
11
48
48
47.5
47.8
12
47
47.5 *
46
46.8
13
47
47
46
46.6
14
44
45
46
45
15
45.5
46
46 5
46
16
46
46.5
48
46.8
17
48
48.5
48
48.1
18
48
48
48
48
1!)
48
48.5
49
48.5
20
48
48
49
48.3
21
50
50
51
50.3
22
50
51
51
50.6
23
50
51.5
51
50.8
24
51
51.5
52
51 5
25
50
51
51
50.6
26
50
50
54
51.3
27
56
54
54
55.3
28
54
58
64
58.6
29
60
66
66
64
30
67
67
67.5
07.!
Average ....
49.1
49.9
50.5
49.8
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 167
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR APRIL, 1901
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
36
46.2
45.5
42.5
2
38.5
38.5
39
38.6
3
38
44
43.9
41.6
4
40
50
47.9
45.9
5
42.5
45.5
45.5
44.5
6
44
43.9
43.5
44.1
7
42.1
47.6
45.6
45.1
8
40.5
48
45.5
44.6
9
40.8
48.9
47.9
45.9
10
41.9
50.5
tt.9
47.4
11
42.5
53.5
50.9
49.9
12
43.9
46.7
48.7
48.4
13
45.3
46.3
47.5
46.7
14
43.4
49.3
47.2
46.6
15
44.5
48.6
48.5
47.2
16
44.5
51.1
49.6
48.4
17
52.3
47.5
46.5
48.8
18
42.5
46.5
46
45
19
41
48.1
45
44.7
20
41 5
48.3
46.9
45.6
21
42.4
45.5
43.7
43. 9
22
43.5
44.5
47.3
45.1
23
45.5
47.1
49
47.2
24
46
52.1
5L.7
49.9
25
46.8
55.5
51.5
51.3
26
47.5
59
57
54.5
27
51.5
57.1
61.8
56.8
28
52
59
64.9
58.6
29
56.8
65.5
69.8
64
30
60.1
55.5
56.7
57.4
Average
44.6
49.7
49.5
47.9
168 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR MAY, 1900
Dite
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
60
62
61
61
2
56
58
60
58
3
58.5
58
59
58.5
4
60
60.5
60
60.1
5
60
61
60
60.3
6
59
60.5
60
59.8
7
59
60
61
60
8
59.5
60
59
59.5
9
58
58
57.5
57.8
10
57
57
57
57
11
58
60
60
59.3
12
62
64
65
63.6
14
66
69
69
68
15
69
71
70
70
16
71
73
70
71.3
17
63
64
63.5
63.5
18
62
62
62
62
19
62
62.5
62
62.1
20
61
60
60
60.3
21
59
60
60
59.6
22
60
61
62
61
23
61
65
70
65.3
24
68
70
71
69.6
25
70
71
73
71.3
26
72
73
74
73
27
72
73
73.5
72.8
28
72
72.5
73
72.5
29
72
72.5
73
72.5
30
72
74
74
73.3
31
72.5
73
73
72.8
Average
63.71
65.41
65.08
64.74
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 169
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR MAY, 1901
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
57.5
58.3
54.5"
56.8
2
50.5
55
52.8
3
51.9
68.2
65.3
61.8
4
56.9
67
62.3
62.1
5
58.9
65.1
65.3
63.1
6
60.1
68
63.6
63.9
7
61
63.6
62
62.2
8
60.4
62.1
62.6
61.7
9
60.1
64.5
64.1
62.9
10
61.9
63.9
64 9
63.6
11
60.9
64.1
61.8
62.3
12
56
59
59.5
58.2
13
55.5
61.8
60
59.1
14
55
61.3
63.5
59.9
15
57.1
61.8
68
62
16
61.5
68.5
66.3
65.4
17
63.1
70
71
68
18
66
70.1
69
68.4
19
63
65.2
64.1
20
58.5
65
63.5
62.3
21
58
60.5
61
59.8
22
59
62.5
63.8
61.8
23
59.5
67.1
65.5
64
24
61.5
65.4
63.2
63.4
25
55
56.9
56
26
55
57
51.1
54.4
27
55
57.9
56.5
57.8
28
55
59
59.5
61.2
29
55
57.8
57
56.6
30
53.1
59.5
58.9
57.2
31
55.5
62.9
63.9
60.8
Average
58.23
62.92
61.98
60.93
170 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JUNE, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
73
74
73.5
73.5
2
72.5
72
72
72.1
3
71.5
72
71
71.5
4
70
71
72
- 71
5
71.5
72
74
72.5
6
73.5
74
73.5
73.6
7
73.5
74
76
74.1
8
76
76.5
77
76.5
9
76
76
77
76.3
10
76
76.5
75
75.8
11
74
74.5
73.5
74
12
74
75
77
75
13
76
76.5
77
76.5
14
76
77
77.5
76.8
15
77
77
76
76.6
16
75.5
77
77
76.5
17
75.5
76.5
76
76
18
75
76.5
77
76.1
19
73
76
76
75
20
70
72
72
71.3
21
71
73.2
72
73
22
70
72
70
70.6
23
71
74
73
72.6
24
72
78
75
75
25
72
78
75
75
26
78
78
75
77
27
73
77.5
78
76.1
28
75
78
78
77
29
75
78
76
76.3
30
63
78
77
74.3
Average
73.21
75.32
74.9
74.6
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 171
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JUNE, 1901
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
58
64.5
63
6K8
2
58.1
65.5
65.5
63
3
60.5
69
68.9
66.1
4
63.3
71
68.8
67.7
5
65
66
68.9
66.6
6
64.5
68.3
68.8
67.2
7
62.6
64. g
62.9
63.4
8
58.9
66.8
63.9
63.2
9
57
68.5
70
65.2 -
10
65
69.6
70.2
68.3
11
66
74.5
70.5
70.3
12
67
80
75
74
13
70.9
78
74.2
74.4
14
72.1
80.9
80
77.7
15
75
78.2 .
78
77.1
16
70.5
80.5
80
77
17
74
78.1
75.5
75.9
18
70.1
79
75.5
74.9
19
72
80
78
76.7
20
73
77.5
73.5
74.7
21
74.3
76.4
78
76.2
22
74.8
82
80.9
79.2
23
73.9
81
81
78.6
24
76.2
83.5
82
80.6
25
77.9
83.2
81.3
80.8
. 26
77
84.5
83.9
81.8
27
78.5
75
84.6
79.4
28
79.2
85.7
84.6
83.2
29
78.8
86.2
82.3
82.8
30
78
85.9
84.3
82.7
Average
73.07
74 . 13
75.13
74.11
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JUNE, 1903
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
27
65
76
75
72
28
70
77
75
74
29
71
73.2
72
72
30
72
75.2
75
74
Average
69 5
75 4
74 3
73
172 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JULY, 1899
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
5
73.5
75
77
75.1
6
73.5
80
77
76.8
7
72.5
77
75.5
75
8
72
77
73.5
74.1
9
70
77
77
74.6
10
72
'76.5
74
74.1
11
72.5
77.5
77
75.6
12
74.5
80.5
79
78
13
77
79.5
75.5
77.3
14
75
77
77
76.3
15
74
76
75
16
75
77.5
76
76.1
17
75
79
78
77.3
18
74
79
77
76.6
19 .
74
79
78
77
20
76
81
78
78.3
21
75
82
83
80
22
79
86
85
83.3
23
79
88.5
85
84.2
24
78
86
85.5
83.2
25
79
85.5
82
82.6
26
78
* 84
80
81.6
27
78
83
80.5
28
78.5
82
83
81.2
29
78
81.5
79.5
79.6
30
77
82.5
80
79.8
31
75
82.5
80
79.2
A verage
75.3
80.5
78.9
78.25
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 173
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JULY, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
71
76
77
74.6
2
73
80
80
77.6
3
75
79
78.3
77.4
4
78
82
80
80
5
78
83
80
80.3
6
78
81
80
79.6
7
71
82
80
77.6
8
77.5
77
75.5
76.6
9
73
78
77
76
10
71
77
76
74.6
11
73
77.5
77
75.8
12
77
72
78
75.6
13
71
78
77
75.3
14
71
79
78
76
15
75
81
79
78.3
16
75
77
77
76.3
17
74.5
77
76
75.5
18
72
79
78
76.3
19
75
79
78
77.3
20
75
80
75
76.6
21
73
80
80
77.6
22
75
80
82
79
23
78
81
80.5
79.8
24
80
78
78
78.6
25
75
80
79.5
78.1
26
75
80
79
78
27
73
80
78
77
28
75
80
78
77.6
29
75.5
79
78
77.5
30
75
80.5
79
78.3
31
76
80
' 78
78
Average . . .
74.6
79
78.3
78.4
174 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JULY, 1903
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
71.5
77
71
73.1
2
71
73
75.5
73.1
3
74
77
78
71.3
4
76
79
78
77.6
5
78
80
80
79.3
6
77
83.5
84.5
81.6
7
78.5
86.5
81.5
82.1
8
79
87
81.5
82.5
9
79
83.5
87.5
83.3
10
80.5
85
85
83
11
81.5
84.5
84.5
83.3
12
81
84
81
82
13
78.5
81.5
78.5
79.5
14
78
80
78.5
78.8
15
74
77.5
78
76.5
16
75.5
79
79
77.8
17
75
78
75
76
18
73
73.5
74.5
73.6
19
73.5
74
74
77.8
20
72
75
75
74
21
72
75
73.5
73.5
22
72
75.5
75.5
74.3
23
72
79
77
76
24
75
81
80
78.6
25
78
78
77.5
77.8
26
76
79
78.5
76.8
27
76
81.5
81.5
79.6
28
77
80
78
78.3
29
72
80
78.5
76.8
30
76
78
77.5
77.1
31
71
77
75
74.3
Average
75.6
79.4
78.5
77.8
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR JULY, 1906
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
25
62 5
72 5
67 5
26
75
75.5
73
74.5
27
68.5
76.8
77.9
74.4
28
70
77.9
74
74
29
68.1
74
80
74
30
63.5
82
82.5
76
31
83 5
Average
67.9
76.4
78.5
74.3
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 175
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1899
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
74
78
78
76.6
2
76.5
82
80
79.5
3
76
80
79
78.3
4
75.5
84.5
81
80.3
5
77.5
78.5
78
78
6
71.5
82.5
80
78
7
72.5
80
80
77.5
8
73
77
77
75.6'
9
71
77.5
75
.74.5
10
73
79
76.5
76.2
11
73.5
81.5
80
78.3
12
74.5
80
78.5
77.6
13
70
80
75
75
14
67
80
77
74.6
15
67
80
76.5
74.5
16
70
80
80
76.6
17
73
81
80
78
18
73.5
79
78
76.8
19
76
84
78
79.3
20
76
78.5
77.2
21
75
82.5
77
78.2
22
75
82
80.5
79.2
23
75
82
82
79.6
24
75
80
78.5
77.8
25
74
83.5
80.5
79.3
26
75
81.5
82.5
79.3
27
77
86
83
82
28
70.5
84
82
81
29
75.5
84
84.5
81.3
30
75
84
82
80.5
31
77
81.5
81.5
80
Average
73.7
81.1
79.4
78.4
12-17618
176 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
74
81
81.5
78.8
2
76.5
78
77.2
3
75
79
80.3
78.1
4
76
80.8
78.5
78.4
5
77.4
81
81
79.8
6
79
83.5
79.8
80.8
7
79.2
81.8
81.8
81
8
78.8
83
81
80.9
9
79.4
83
82
81.4
10
78.9
83.5
30
80.8
11
79
83.6
80.5
81
12
78.3
81
81.5
80.2
13
78
82
80.5
80.1
14
79
79
79
79
15
76.2 .
72.1
78
75.4
16
75.7
77
80
77.5
17
75.5
80
79.2
78.2
18
76
80.5
79
78.5
19
78.5
83.5
78.5
80.4
20
77
81
79
79
21
76.2
83.5
. 83.6
81.1
22
78.2
84
83
81.7
23
78.9
80
82
80.3
24
77.5
82.5
81.5
80.5
25
77.2
79
78.1
26
76
79.5
81.5
79
27
76.5
80
79.5
78.6
28
76.5
82
81.8
80.1
29
78
83.5
81.5
81
30
76
83
83
80.6
31
78
83.5
83
81.5
Average
77.2
81.3
80.6
79.7
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 177
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1903
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
70
71
71
70.6
2
'72
77
75
74.6
3
77.1
74
78
75.3
4
73.5
75
77
75.1
5
74.5
78.5
75
76
6
73.5
76
74
74.5
7
70
72
71
71
8
72.5
76.5
74
74.3
9
74
75
75
74.6
10
71
75
75
73.6
11
72
74
74
73.3
12
68
72
74
71.3
13
71
74
74
73
14
69
76
76
73.6
15
68.5
71
70.5
70
16
68
75
74.5
72.5
17
70
76
75
73.6
18
73
78
76
75.6
19
73
74
72.5
73.1
20
70
76
75
73.6
21
71
74
77
74
22
71
74
74
73
23
72
75.5
73.5
77
24
73
78
74.5
75.1
25
73.5
78
76
75.8
26
72
77
77.5
75.5
27
73
76
75
74.6
28
73
76
75
74.6
Average
71.7
75.2
74 6
73.8
178 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Surrey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1906
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
71.5
77.5
84.5
77.8
2
76.4
81
78.9
78.8
3
71.9
77
78.9
75.9
4
73.9
78
79
77
5
73.5
78 .'l
77.5
76.4
6
73
81.9
77.8
77.6
7
73.1
75.4 .
77
75.2
8
73
82.2
84
79.7
9
73.9
83.5
78.7
10
73.9
75.5
81.5
77
11
72
83
79
78
12
68.8
75.1
76.5 '
73.5
13
69
73.8
75.9
72.9
14
75
15
71
76
72.5
73.2
16
72.5
77
81
76.8
17
74
79
77.5
76.8
18
72.5
77
78
75.8
20
79.5
78
78.8
21
74.5
22
80
23
80
80 .-8
80.4
24
75.5
80
77.8
25
74.8
81
77.9
26
85
77.5
81.3
27
70
73.5
73.5
72.3
28
68.5
74.1
76
72.9
29
70
73.5
79
74.2
30
74.5
71
72
72.5
31
67
67
Average
72.5
77.7
78.5
76.2
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR AUGUST, 1908
Date'
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
27
65
73
69.0
28
65
74
74.0
74.1
29
69
70.5
73.5
71
30
70
81
80
77
31
72.9
78.5
. 79
76.8
Average
68.4
75.4
76.6
73.2
Records only for the last five days of the month.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 179
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1899
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
77
82.5
81.2
80.2
2
76.2
82.8
80
79.6
3
80
84.2
79.8
81.3
4
73.8
6
72.5
82
79.5
78
7
73.5
79.2
78.5
77
8
75
79
75
76.3
9
67
68
67.5
10
67
69
69.5 .
68.5
11
69.5
77
74
73.5
12
69
77
71
72.3
13
66
75
70
71
14
57
72.5
68.5
66
15
64
73
69.5
68.8
16
64
74.5
72
70.1
17
66
76
70.8
70.9
18
62
70.5
66.2
19
63.1
64
63.5
63.5
20
61.5
68.5
65
65
21
61.5
71
67
66.5
22
62
69
66
65.6
23
63
65.5
67
65.1
24
64
66
65
65
25
61
66
63.5
63.5
26
57.5
65.5
61
61.3
27
57
63
62
60.6
28
55
61.5
60
58.8
29
56
62
57
58.3
30
54.8
60
56
56.9
Average
65.6
71.6
68.9
68.1
180 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
77.5
83
81
80.5
2
76
81.2
77.2
78.1
3
76
80.5
79
78.5
4
75
81
81
79
5
75
80.5
77.5
77.3
6
76
79.5
77.5
77.6
7
75
78
78
77
8
75.5
80.3
77.6
9
76.5
81.2
78.6
78.7
10
75.1
80
77
77.3
11
75.8
79
76.3
77
12
72.9
72.5
76.1
73.8
13
72
79
78
76.3
14
72.1
79
72.7
74.6
15
68.8
77
74.9
73.5
16
70.1
71.1
71.8
71
17
68
67
67.5
18
59.3
73
71.9
67.7
19
65
65.5
69.9
66.8
20
65
71
67
67.6
21
63.5
70
67.5
67
22
63.5
71
69.5
68
23
64
70.2
67.8
67.3
24
62.8
68.5
69
66.7
25
67
75.2
71.8
71.3
26
62
69.9
69
66.9
27
66
67.3
66.5
66.6
28
61.9
68
67
65.6
29
66
67.5
67.5
67
30
63.5
71
69.5
68
Average . .
69.6
74.6
73.2
72.4
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1906
Date
6am.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
64
73
70.9
69.3
2
66
68
69
67.7
3
67
72.5
70.1
69.9
4
69
69.5
69.3
5
63
69
71
67.7
6
66.1
71
73
70
7
71
73
75
73
8
73
75
74
9
71.3
75
76
74.1
10
76
x
74
75
11
71
80
75.2
75.4
12
72
76.8
76
74.9
13
78.2
70
74.1
14
60
67.2
68
65.1
15
67
67
67
16
65
70.9
72
69.3
17
73
18
68.5
74.9
80
74.5
Average
67.8
72.6
72.4
71.2
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 181
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1907
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
13
70
69
14
67
19
70
74
72.5
72.2
20
70
73
73
72
21
67
72.5
70
69.8
22
62
70
70
67.3
23
65
-
66
65.5
24
61
66
63
63.3
25
58
62
62
60.7
26
60
62
63
61.7
27
61
61
61
61
28
61
62
62
61.7
29
60
60
59
59.7
30
57
62
59.5
Average
63
66.6
65.6
64.5
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR SEPTEMBER, 1908
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
75
75
75"
2
3
4
5
71.3
61.5
65
67
73.5
72
72
70.5
70
70
75
71.8
67.8
69
71
6
7
71
64
78
70
71 5
73
67 8
8
66
9
10
11
66.5
69
73.5
76.5
77
75
75.4
71.7
73.6
12
71
81
76
13
14
15
16
17
73
71
68.5
66.5
76
74
72
73.8
74
78
73
73
76
75.7
72.7
71.2
72.1
74 5
Average
68
74 1
73 3
72 2
182 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1899
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
48.5
59.5
56
54.6
2
52.5
61
59
57.5
3
52
63.5
60.5
58.6
4
55
61.5
61
59.1
5
55
61.2
60
58.7
6
54
62
62
59
7
54
63.5
61
59.5
8
52.5
64
61
59.1
9
58
64.5
60
60.8
10
54.5
62
60
58.8
11
58.5
60
60
59.5
12
58.5
65
62
61.5
13
60
64
64
62.6
14
60
68
65
64.3
15
60.5
70.5
65
65.3
16
59.8
67
61
62.5
17
58.5
58.5
57
58
18
58
22
50
58
54
23
60
66
60
62
24
60
66
60
62
25
60
62
61
26
55
64
60
59.6
27
56
57
56.5
28
57
57
57
29
56
59
59
58
30
53
59
56
56
31
52
60
55
55.6
Average
56
62.8
59.9
59.3
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 183
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1900
Date
6 a. in.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
!
63.5
70
68
67.2
2
62.5
71
68
67.2
3
64.5
72.5
68.9
68.6
4
65
73.2
69
69.1
5
64.9
72
70.1
69
6
67
73.5
71
70.5
7 .
67.5
68.5
66.8
67.6
8
65
69.5
67
67.7
9
62.5
69.5
66.5
66.2
10
69.8
68.5
67
68.4
1.1
62
68.5
66.9
65.8
12
65.5
66.5
65
66
13
60
65.5
64
63.2
14
62
68
. 66.9
65.6
15
62.3
69.3
65.5
65.7
16
61.5
65
60
62.2
17
57.6
64.8
61
61.1
18
57.2
65.5
63
61.9
19
54.5
63.6
61.2
59.8
20
54
63
61
59.3
21
61.8
62
61.9
61.9
22
60.1
62.5
63
61.9
23
58.9
63.9
61.2
61.3
24
58.1
63.5
65
62.2
25
58 .
64.7
63
61.9
26
58.8
64
61.5
61.4
27
58.5
66.1
64
62.9
28
57.5
64
62.8
61.4
29
60.1
65
61.7
62.3
30
61.5
65.2
62.5
63.1
31
59.9
64.9
63.9 62.9
Average
61.4
66.9
64.8
64.4
184 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1901
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
28
52 8"
29
47.9
53
50 5
30
31
50.2
50
54
58
53.5
52.9
52.6
53.6
49 4
55
53 1
52 5
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1906
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
5
57
10
47
11
44.5-
53.5
49.5
49.2
12
47.2
52
52
50.4
13
55
55
55
14
51
55.8
55.5
54.1
15
51.6
55.5
56.7
54.6
16
51.8
57
54.8
17
51.5
58
58
55.8
18
56
58
61
58.3
19
58.5
65
62.5
62
20
51.9
63.3
53
56.1
21
56
59
60
58.3
22
56.3
57.6
56
56.6
23
59 -
60.5
58
59.2
24
57.5
50
53.8
27
49.5
47
45.5
47.3
28
44
43
42.8
43.3
29
41.1
50
44.5
45.2
30
46
47.5
45
46.1
31
42
52
48.5
47.5
Average
51.1
54.9
53.1
S3
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 185
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1907
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6pm.
Average
1
57
61
63
60.3
2
60
65
64
63
1
62
64
63
63
4
63
65
65
64.3
5
59
63
63
61.7
6
59
62
63
61.3
7
59
62
60
60.3
8
54
59
61
58
9
57
58
'58
57.7
10
54
57
58
56.3
11
54
57
55
55.3
12
52
53
53
52.7
13
60
52
53
51.7
14
51
54
54
53
15
55
55
55
55
16
55
55
56
55.3
17
54
57
58
56.3
13
54
56
56
55.3
19
50
54
55
53
20
53
54
53
53.3
21
61
55
54
53.3
22
51
55
56
54
23
52
55
53
53.3
21
51
53
54
52.7
25
50
53
50
51
28
50
49
50
49.7
27
49
50
48
49
28
46
46
47
46.3
29
43
45
46
44.7
30
49
49
49
49
31
4S
51
51
49.3
Average
53.3
55.6
55.6
54.8
186 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR OCTOBER, 1913
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
61
66
66
64.3
2
60
62
61
3
56
65
64
61.7
4
60-
65
65
63.3
5
60
64
64
62.7
6
62
65
65
64
7
62
67
67
65.3
8
62
67
67
65.3
9
64
70
68
67.3
10
65
69
67
67
11
61
63
61
61.7
12
57
58
50
55
13
56
61
62
59.7
14
57
62
61
60
15
56
63
62
60.3
16
59
62
62
61
17
60
62
52
58
18
56
56
56
56
19
51
59
55
55
20
51
52
48
50.3
21
45
46
46
45.7
22
50
46
50
48.7
23
48
52
50
50
24
51
54
54
53
25
48
55
54
52.3
26
50
54
55
53
27
50
51
50
50.3
28
47
49
50
48.7
29
49
50
46
48.3
30
45
45
45
45
31
43
47
44
44.7
Average
54.9
58.2
57
56.7
Lake Maxinkucfcee, Physical and Biological Survey 187
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1899
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average P
1
54
56
55
2
45
48
46
46.3
3
45
44
43
44
4
42
42
47
43.6
5
44
52.5
50
48.3
6
47
51
48
48.6
7
48
50
49
49
8
50
50
50
9
48
52
50
50
10
48
50.5
50.5
49.6
11
50
53
50
51
12
46
48
46
46.6
13
42
50
49
47
14
46
49
48
47.6
15
48
50
49
49
16
48
51
50
49.6
17
47
50
52
49.6
18
50
51
50
50.3
19
48
51
50
49.6
20
47
51
47
48.3
21
46
49
50
48.3
22
50
51
50
50.3
23
47.5
45
45
45.8
24
45
46
45
45.3
25
43
47
45
45
26
42
47
44
44.3
27
43
46
44
44.3
28
43
47
44
44.6
29
42
44
43
43
30
42
46
47.5
45.1
Average
46.2
48.9
47.6
47 6
188 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1900
Dite
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
59.8
59
58.3
59
2
57
63.8
60.5
60.4
3
56.3
63.5
58.1
62.6
4
51.1
62
59.5
57.5
5
55.3
61
57.5
57.9
G
52
55
53.5
7
49.5
56
54
53.2
8
50
55
51.2
55.1
9
50
51.3
52.5
51.3
10
45.5
45.8
- 47.8
46.4
11
48.9
51.5
49.9
50.1
12
46.5
49.7
50.5
48.9
13
41.5
49.8
45.9
46.7
14
42
45.8
45.5
57.8
15
42.8
47
45
44.9
16
3S.9
42.9
41
40.9
17
33. 5
41
42.1
40.2
18
44.9
47
47.5
46.5
10
48.2
49.5
46.2
48
2J
48.9
50
42
47
21
45.8
47.2
45.6
46.2
22
43.1
47.5
46.5
45.7
23
43.5
45.1
44.5
44.4
21
43
43
43
43
25
39
39.6
39.3
49.3
20
35.9
40.5
40
38.8
27
38
41.8
42.8
40.9
28
40.3
41.5
41.5
41.1
29
41.1
41.8
41.7
41.5
33
3?.9
41.?
42
38.7
Average
45.8
49.2
47.7
47.6
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 189
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1904
Date
6 a. in.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
50
52.5
53
51.8
2
50
53
53
52
3
50.5
53.9
52.9
52.4
4
51.5
53.5
54
53
5
49.9
50.2
49.2
49.8
6
42.2
48.5
47.9
46.2
7
47.8
48.2
50.5
48.8
8
47.9
48.3
45.1
47.1
9
43.9
43.9
47.5
45.1
10
47.5
44.7
44
46.3
11
42
41 8
43
42.3
12
40.3
43
43.3
42.2
13
42
44
42.9
43.3
14
41.8
43
43.5
42.8
15
41.3
42
44.8
42.7
16
42.5
44.5
47.5
41.5
17
43.9
45.3
45
44.7
18
44
45.5
46.7
42.9
19
44.9
46
47
49.9
20
46
47
45.5
46.2
21
43.6
45.5
45.5
44.9
22
43
46
45.2
44.7
23
43.5
44
44.8
44.1
24
43.5
44.2
44.5
44.1
25
42
43
42.5
42.5
26
39.8
39.9
40
39.9
27
37.5
38.5
39.5
38.5
28
43
39
38
40
29
39
verage
44.3
45.6
45.9
45.4
190 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR NOVEMBER, 1906
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
45.5
50.5
50
48.8
2
45
45
50
46.6
3
48
51
45
48
4
45 2
46
45 6
5
47
52.5
46.5
48.6
6
43
7
53.5
8
45
49
48.6
47.5
9
47.5
48
46
47.1
10
41.5
53.2
44.5
46.4
11
45 2
48 9
12
42.5
45.1
45
44.2
13
41.8
43
42
42.2
14
41
46.6
44.5
44
15
43
16
43.5
44.5
43.5
43.8
17
43 5
40
41 1
18
45
45 5
45.2
19
42.5
37.5
37.2
39
20
35 5
37
36.2
21
39 5
39
39 2
23
43 5
Average
42.9
46.5
44.5
44.6-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 191
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1899
Date
6 a m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
44
46
43
44.3
2
42
46
43
43.6
3
42
43
42
42.3
4
41
42
37
40
5
35
39
38
37.3
6
38
41
39
39.3
7
37
40
38.5
38.5
8
38
42
40
40
9
40
40
40
40
10
44
42
42.6
42.6
11
46
48
'47
47
12
40
40
40
40
13
40
38
35
37.6
14
35
36*
36
35.6
15
36
36
36
36
16
32
32
32
32
17
32
35
37
34.6
18
34
39
88
37
19
38
38
38
38
20
36
36
36
35
21
34.5
37
38
36.5
22
37
38
38
37.6
23
34
36
34
34.6
24
34
34
33
33.6
25
32
34
33
33
26
33
34
34
33.6
27
32
34
32
32.6
28
32
34
32
34.6
29
32
32
32
32
30
32
32
32
32
31
32
32
32
32
Average
36.6
37.9
37
37.2
1317618
192 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1900
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
39.9
42
42.6
41.5
2
38.9
40.9
41.5
40.4
3
40
41.2
42
41.1
4
40.9
41.3
41
41.1
5
40.9
41
40.5
40.8
6
38.5
41.1
41
40.2
7
40.1
40.9
39.9
40.3
8
37.8
38.9
38.9
38.5
9
37.5
38.5
37.7
37.9
10
38.4
39.2
39
38.9
11
37.1
39.5
39
37.5
12
35.1
37
36.5
36.2
13
36.6
37.3
37.8
37.2
14
32
32
32
32
15
32
32.9
32
32.3
16
32.1
32.5
33.2
32.6
17
33.5
33.8
33.5
33.6
18
33.5
34.7
34.8
34.3
19
33.9
36.5
35
35.1
20
33.8
36
36.7
35.5
21
35
37.8
36.4
36.4
22
34.7
36
35.9
35.5
23
37.2
36.7
34.7
36.2
24
33.9
36.3
35.1
28
33.5
35
36.7
35.1
29
34
35.9
35.4
35.1
30
33.9
35
34
34.3
31
33.8
34.8
33.6
34.1
Average
36
37.3
37.1
36.8
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 193
WATER TEMPERATURES FOR DECEMBER, 1904
Date
6 a. m.
Noon
6 p. m.
Average
1
35
35
85
2
37
37.8
33.5
36.1
3
32
33
32.5
32.5
4
32
32.9
34
31.9
5
33
34.5
34.5
33.5
6
34.9
33
35.2
35
7
34.5
36
35.2
35.2
8
34.5
34.9
9
34.8
35
34
34.6
10
32
32
32
32
11
34
33.8
33.8
33.8
12
32
32
32
32
13
32
32 '
32
32
14
32
32.8
32
32.2
15
32
32
32
32
16
32
32
32
32
17
33
32
32
32.3
18
33
33
33
33
19
32
33
33.1
32.7
20
33
34.5
35
33.1
21
34.9
34.9
35.2
35
22
35
37
36.5
36.1
23
36.4
35.5
35
35.6
24
35
34.9
35
34.9
25
35
36.2
35
35.4
26
35
35
36
35.3
27
35
34.5
34
34.5
29
34.5
32
30
34
35
35.1
31
34
34.8
34
34.2
Average
33.8
34.1
33.8
33.8
194 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
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Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 197
Serial ivater temperatures: In addition to the observations on
the temperature of the surface of the lake, many serial tempera-
tures were taken. On July 18, 1899, a regular observation station
was established at the deepest place in the lake, known as the
Deep Hole, where the water is 89 feet deep at the ordinary stage
of water. A buoy was placed to mark the station. Readings
were taken daily from July 18 to September 30, 1899, and from
July 17, 1900, to June 28, 1901, not daily but usually two to three
times a week. Readings were taken at the surface and usually at
5-foot intervals from the surface to the bottom. Usually the
temperature of the air also was recorded, and the condition of the
sky and direction of the wind noted.
From July 18 to August 14, 1899, a self -register ing Negretti-
Zambra deep-sea thermometer was used. From August 15 to Sep-
tember 21, a Ritchie thermophone was used, with not wholly satis-
factory results, after which the deep-sea thermometer was again
used.
A similar serial-temperature observation station was estab-
lished July 30, 1899, at the Kettlehole, in the southwest corner of
the lake, in which the maximum depth is 40 feet. Seven sets of
records, at 5-foot intervals, were made there in July, August and
September, 1899, and 12 sets in July, August and September, 1900.
More than 150 water-temperatures were recorded at the Kettle-
hole, and over 4,200 at the Deep Hole. The total number of water-
temperatures taken and recorded is therefore about 10,000. Most
of the surface temperatures are given in the tables on the preceding
pages and the serial temperatures will be found in the following
tables.
Temperatures at the Deep Hole: Many serial temperature
records were made at the Deep Hole. These are set forth in the
tables on the following pages. An examination of these vari-
ous tables reveals some very interesting facts, particularly with
reference to the position of the thermocline, that is, the line or
depth of most rapid change in temperature.
During the winter months, when the lake is covered with ice,
the temperature of the water from top to bottom is quite uniform,
the variation sometimes being nil, and usually not more than 2 or
3 degrees. When the ice goes off in the spring, the sun's rays
begin to affect the upper strata of the water to gradually increasing
depths. From a mean surface temperature of 33.1 in February,
it rose in March to 34.8, in April to 45.8, in May to 62, and so
on, until in August it reached 80.1. By May the water had
198 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
warmed up perceptibly to a depth of 25 to 30 feet, and a well-de-
fined thermocline was established. This is shown by the marked
difference between the mean temperatures at 25 feet and 30 feet,
5.4, which is 3.4 greater than for any other 5-foot interval in
May. By the end of July, in 1899, it had moved down to 35 to
40 feet, the difference in temperature in that 5-foot interval being
6. In 1900, it moved down only to the 30 to 35-foot interval by
the end of July and showed a difference of 8.4. In August, 1899,
and again in 1900, it stood in the 30 to 35-foot interval. In Sep-
tember, it moved down to the 40 to 50-foot stratum in both 1899
and 1900. In October, it went down to the 50 to 60-foot level, and
in November to the 60 to 70-foot interval. The difference, how-
ever, was only 1.9. In this month it disappeared altogether in
1900 (the only year in which late fall observations were made),
and did not reappear until in May following.
Pictures cannot do full justice to the beautiful views of Lake Maxinkuckee from the
Academy buildings. One of the most attractive vistas shows a glimpse of the main lawn and
flag in the foreground.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 199
CO >*
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200 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, AUGUST, 1899
DEPTH
1
DATE
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
64
74
74.2
74.3
74.3
74.3
73.8
69.3
66
62
57.2
52.7
51.3
51
50.7
50.7
Air
74.5
78.5
78.8
79.3
78.3
78.5
74
69.5
77.3
79.5
79.5
79.5
78
77.2
74
70
74
79
79.2
79.2
79.2
78
74
70.2
74.5
78.5
78.2
78.2
78.2
77.7
75.5
69.8
77.5
77.5
77.5
75.5
77.5
75.3
70.2
66.6
77
77
77
77
77
74.8
70.5
71
76.2
76.2
76.2
76.2
76.2
76.2
70.5
72
75.7
75.7
76.2
75.6
75.6
76
70.7
78.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
76
75.2
70.2
71.5
77
77
77
76.5
75.5
72
76.7
76.7
76.7
77
76.5
74.4
71
64.5
75
75.2
75.2
75.2
74.9
72.3
68.5
66.7
77.4
74.5
74.5
/75.1'
\74.5
74.3
73.6
f72.1'
\70.5
Surface
78
78.2
78
77.5
74
73
70
78.3
78.3
78.3
78.3
78
75
69.7
5ft
10ft
15 ft
20ft
25ft
30 ft
32 5 ft
35 ft
64.5
59.2
54.6
52
52
51.5
51.5
64.7
59.1
55
52
51.8
51.3
51
63.7
59.2
54.8
52.5
51.7
51.7
51.3
64
60.5
55
52
51
51
51
64.5
59.5
54
52.5
52
51.5
51.5
65.5
59.5
54.5
52.5
52
51.7
51.7
63.7
59.7
54-. 7
52.7
51.8
51.8
51.5
64.2
58.7
54.5
52.4
51.7
51.7
64.2
59.8
54.5
51.6
50.7
50.7
65.6
60.1
54.7
52.5
51.7
51.7
51.7
64.7
59.7
54.8
52.3
52
51.7
52
64.7
59.2
54.6
51.5
52
51.9
51.9
66
60
55
53
52.2
52.1
52.2
61
57.5
52.5
51.5
51
50.7
50.5
62.5
57.2
/55'
\52.5
51.3
50.8
50.7
50.2
40 ft
50 ft ...'....
60 ft
70 ft . .
80ft
85ft
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, AUGUST 1899
DATE
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Air
71 5
71 5
76 5
76
72
83
71
83
72 5
72 3
71 7
74
72
74 2
73
Surface
75.4
76 7
77.3
77.7
77
76.5
76.5
76.5
76.5
76 3
75.5
77
76.5
77 2
75 7
5 ft
74 5
76 7
77 3
77.7
77
76.5
76.7
76 5
76 5
76.3
76.5
77
76.5
77 2
75
10 ft . ...
74 5
75 1
74 7
77 6
77
76 3
76 7
76 3
76 5
76 3
76 3
77
76 7
77
75
15 ft
74 5
74 4
74
74
76.5
76.5
76 5
76 5
76 5
76 3
76 3
76 5
76 5
77
74 7
20ft
74 7
74
73 4
73
75
74 7
75
74 7
75
75 5
75 1
75
76
76 5
73 5
25ft
73 5
73.5
72.2
71.7
73
73
73.3
73
73 2
73
73.7
73.3
73.5
73.5
71
30 ft
71 5
70.5
69.5
69.4
70.5
70.2
70
70.2
70
69.2
69.5
69.5
70.
70.7
67.3
32 5 ft
65 5
64 5
64.5
66
64.8
65 7
64 8
66 5
65
66.7
66.3
66.5
65 5
63.2
35ft
61 5
61 5
61
61 5
59 5
60.8
62
60 8
62 7
62
61 2
63 2
63 2
62 2
60 3
40ft
57 2
57 2
56 8
57 2
56
56 5
57
56 5
58
57 6
57 6
57
56 7
57
55 8
50ft
53 1
53
51 3
52
52 4
52
52 7
52
52 4
52 2
52 5
52 5
61 7
52 5
50 7
60 ft
51 5
51.5
50.3
50.5
50.5
50.4
50.7
50.4
51
50.8
51
50.7
51
51.5
49.5
70ft
51 3
51
50
49.5
50
50
50.4
50
50.5
50.4
50.5
50.5
50.7
51
49
80 ft
51
50 5
50
49.5
50
49.9
50.2
49.9
50
50 2
50.2
50.5
50.5
51
49
85ft
50 7
50 5
49.7
49.3
50
49.5
50 2
49 5
50
50
50
50
50.2
50. 5 2
48.7 s
1 Thermometer.
2 Deep sea thermometer gave surface 76 and bottom 52.
* Deep sea thermometer gave surface 78.5 and bottom 52
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 201
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202 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, JULY, 1900
DEPTH
DATE
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Air
69 5
72
76 3
65
77
79 5
81 2
78
68
69 5
69
76
74
79
Surface ....
77 1
76 3
77
78
76 6
77 5
79
80 3
78 1
77 2
77
77
78
78
78 7
5 ft
76 3
77
78
77
77 5
79 5
80 5
78 1
77 5
77
77
78
78
78 8
10ft
77 1
76 3
77
78 5
77
78
78 1
80 1
78 1
78
77
77
78
78
78 5
15 ft
76 3
77 1
77 9
77
77 2
77
77 1
78
77 8
77
77
77 6
78
78 3
20 ft
77 1
76 3
77
77 1
77
76 9
76 8
76 6
76 3
77 5
77
76 8
76 1
76 4
77
25 ft
75 8
76
76
75
75 5
76
75 9
76
76
76 2
75 2
75 5
76
75 6
30ft . .
72
74
74
73 2
72
73 1
72
73 6
72 8
71 5
71
72 1
73
71
72 2
32.5ft
67
69
70
70
69
68 6
71 3
67
68
68 5
68
67 5
67 3
68 8
35ft
62
63
64 5
63 5
66 5
65 6
66
68 9
62 2
61 5
63
64
62 8
65
63 2
40ft
57 3
58 5
57 7
57 4
58
58 8
58 3
58
56 6
57
57
56 8
57
57
57 1
45 ft
55 5
55
55 5
55 8
55
55
55
54
54 6
54 5
53 9
53 8
54 3
54 6
50 ft
52 3
52 8
53 8
54
53
53 3
53
53
52 1
52 3
52 5
52
52
52 6
52 8
55 ft
51 8
51 5
52
51 6
52 3
52
52
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
60 ft
50 5
51
50 9
51
50 7
51 1
50 9
51 1
50 5
50 5
50 6
50 5
50 5
50 5
50 5
65 ft
50 9
50 8
50
50 9
51
50 1
50 5
50 7
50 5
50 6
50 5
50 3
50
50 3
70ft
50
50
50 3
50
50
50
50 2
50
50
50 5
50 4
50 4
50
50
50
75ft
49 9
49 9
49 9
50
50
50 2
50
50
50
50 2
50 1
50
50
50
80ft
50
49 9
49 7
49 9
49 9
50
49 8
50 2
50
50
50
50
49 8
50
49 8
85 ft
49.5
49
49 2
49 7
49 5
49.2
49 1
49 3
49 8
50
49 4
49 3
49 5
49 2
49 5
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, AUGUST, 1900
DATE
1
3
4
6
8
o
11
13
15
17
18
20
22
24
25
30
Air
73
78
78.1
78
78
76.5
75.6
73.2
67.6
64.1
58
54.6
52.6
51
51
50.1
50.2
50
49.9
49.5
73
78
78
78
78
77
76.4
73
68.6
63.2
57.2
55.5
52
51.2
51
50.8
50.5
50.2
50
49.5
73
78.1
78.1
78.1
78
77 6
83.5
81.8
81.8
79.8
78.2
77 5
84
82.4
82.4
82.2
79.2
77 5
82
82.8
82.8
82.8
79.5
77 5
85
83
83
82' 5
82
77.6
77
81
81
81
80.8
80.3
73.2
79.8
79.8
79.8
79.8
79.8
78.5
78.9
78.5
78.5
78.5
78 8
76.2
78.2
78.2
78.2
78.2
78 2
80
80
79.7
79.5
79.8
79 1
80
80.8
80.8
80.5
80.3
79 2
76.5
80.2
80
80
80
80
77.5
73
68
64
60.3
57
54.2
52.8
52
51.5
51.2
51.3
51
51
85
80.1
80.1
80.1
80
80
79.5
71.5
68.5
66.9
61
57
54.1
52.5
52.5
52
51.8
52
51.6
51
79.8
80
80
80
79.5
78.8
78
73
70
66
59.8
56
54.3
53
52.2
51
51.8
51.6
51
51
5 ft
10 ft
15ft
20 ft
25ft
76
72.5
68.5
64
57.9
55
53
51
51
50.1
50.1
50
50
49.8
76
72
68
63.9
57
54.5
52.5
51.3
50.8
50.3
50.1
50
50
49.8
76
70.5
68.5
62.5
58
54.5
52.1
51.1
50.6
50.5
50
50
50
49.8
76.2
70.1
69.2
64.2
58
54.5
52.2
51.2
50.7
50.4
50
50
50
49.9
75.7
70.5
69.5
63.5
58
55
52.8
51.2
50.6
50.5
50.5
50
50
49.9
75.7
72.3
68
64
59
55
52.6
51.5
51
50.8
50.3
50.3
50
49.8
76.8
77
72.1
67.1
64.6
58.3
55.5
53
52
51.5
51
51
50.5
50.3
49.8
76.6
72.1
68
63.3
60
56
54.2
51.5
51
50.7
50.6
50.3
50
49.9
77.2
71
68.3
65.7
59.8
56
53.5
52.5
52
51.5
51.2
51
51
50.1
76.9
71.5
64
59.9
56
54
52.8
52.3
51.8
51.7
51.3
50.8
50.2
30ft
32 5 ft
35ft
40 ft . .
45ft
50ft
55 ft
60 ft
65ft
70ft
75ft
80ft
85ft
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 203
SERIAL TEMPERVTURE3 TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, SEPTEMBER, 1900
DEPTH
DATE
1
3
5
12
14
22
24
26
28
Air
82.5
80.1
80
79.9
79.7
79.4
78
73
69
65.2
60.3
57
54.8
77.5
79.8
79.8
79.2
78.5
78.2
78.2
75.4
71
65.2
60
57
54.3
86.5
79
79.1
79
79
79
79
75.6
70.5
65
60.1
57
54.5
68
76
76
76
75.8
75.8
75.6
74.5
73.9
73.5
64.5
79
75
75
75
75
75
74.9
74.5
74
73
64.2
68
67.4
67.4
67.4
67.2
67.2
67
67
67
66.9
66.5
63 *
67.2
67.2
67.2
67.2
67.2
67
66.8
66.8
66.8
66.6
76
70.2
70
69
69
68.7
69
68
70.5
68.5
68.5
68.2
68.1
68
67.8
67.8
Surface
5 ft
10ft
15 ft
20 ft
25 ft
30ft
32 5 ft
35 ft
67.9
67.6
64.5
58.5
55
53.3
53.3
67
67
66
57.9
54.1
53.5
52.5
52.4
52
51.6
51.4
51.4
40 ft
45 ft
50ft
54.6
54.5
55.1
56 .5
52 5ft
55ft
53
52
51.5
51.5
51.8
51.6
51.5
50.8
53.2
52.5
52
52
51.7
51.7
51.5
50.9
53.5
52.5
52
51.5
51.3
51.1
51
50.8
53.6
52.9
52
52
52
51.5
51.5
Bottom ter
53.2
52.7
60ft
52.9
52.4
52
51.6
65ft
70ft
51.9
51.9
51.7
51.7
51.3
nperatures
75ft
80ft
51.4
51.1
51.5
J51.9
:
85 ft
89ft
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, OCTOBER, 1900
DATE
1
3
5
8
10
12
15
17
19
22
24
26
29
31
Air
72 5
72
75 9
54 1
54 5
59 5
63
47 6
52
62 9
56 6
64 5
64
62
Surface
73
67 5
68 8
67 6
66
65 2
64 9
63
61
61 5
61.2
61 5
61 8
62 5
5 ft
67 9
67 5
69 5
68
66
65 3
64 9
63 5
62 5
61 4
61 2
61 5
61 8
62 5
10ft
67 8
67 5
69 1
67 9
66
65 3
64 8
63 4
62 3
61 3
61 2
61 5
61 8
62 5
15 ft
67 5
67.5
67 8
67.9
66
65 3
64.8
63.3
62.3
61 3
61 2
61 4
61 8
62 5
20ft
67 5
67 3
67 2
67 9
66
65 3
64 8
63 3
62 3
61 2
61 2
61 4
61 7
62 5
25 ft
67 4
67 1
66 9
67 8
66
65 3
64 6
63.3
62 3
61 2
61.2
61 3
61 7
62 3
30ft
67
66 9
66 9
67 6
66
65 2
64 5
63 3
62 3
61 2
61 2
61
61 3
62
35 ft
67
66 7
66 8
67
66
65 2
64 5
63 3
62 3
61 2
61 2
61
61 3
61 9
40 ft
66 5
66 5
66 4
66.7
66
65
64 3
63 3
62 3
61.2
61.1
61
61 1
61 2
45 ft
66
66 1
65 5
66 6
66
65
64
63 1
62
61 2
61 1
61
61
61
50ft
59
57 6
58
60 6
61 7
62
62 7
62
61 5
61 2
61
61
60 7
60 7
52 5 ft
55
55
55 3
57 1
57 5
56 9
58
61
61 2
55ft. .
54 5
53 5
54
54 9
54 3
54 4
54 1
56 9
59
61 2
60 7
60 8
60 4
60 3
59 5 ft
58 3
54 2
59 4
60 1
59 9
60ft
52 5
53
52 3
52 9
52 9
52 9
53
52.8
53
53.2
52.3
57.4
58
56.8
65 ft ...
52 5
52
52
52 2
52 1
52 1
52 2
52 3
52.1
53 1
52
52 3
52 3
52 5
70ft
52
52
51 9
52
52
52
51 9
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
75 ft
51.5
51.6
52.2
52
51.9
51.9
51.9
52
52
52
51.8
52
52
51.9
80 ft
51 5
51 6
51 3
51 6
51 9
51 9
51 8
51.9
51.8
51.9
51.7
51.8
51.7
51.7
85 ft
51 5
51 5
51 9
51 6
51 8
51 5
51 1
51 6
51 5
51 5
51.2
51.6
51.5
51 5
204 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, NOVEMBER, 1900
DATE
2
5
9
19
23
26
29
Air
75
52 9
45
51
36 8
36 2
31 5
Surface
>
49.9
54
45.9
46.7
44
42.9
5 ft
61 3
59 3
54
45 9
46 7
44
42 9
10ft
61.3
59.3
54
45.9
46.7
44
43
15 ft
61
59.3
54
45 9
46 6
44
42.9
20 ft
61 3
59 3
54
45.9
46.5
44
42.9
25 ft
61
59 3
54
45.9
46 5
44
42.9
30 ft
61
59.2
54
45 8
46 5
44
42.9
35 ft
60 9
59 1
54
45 5
46 7
44
42.9
40 ft
60.5
59.1
54
45.8
46.4
44
42.9
45ft
60 5
59 1
53.9
46
46 3
44
42.9
50 ft
60
59.1
53.8
46
46.2
44
42.9
55 ft
60
59
53.7
45.8
46.2
44
42.9
60 ft
59.8
58.8
53.7
45.7
46.2
44
42.9
62 5 ft
58
58 5
65 ft
56.5
58.4
53.7
45.8
46.2
44
42.9
70 ft
52.4
54
53.3
45.8
46.2
44
42.5
75 ft
52
52
53.3
45 8
46 2
44
42.5
80 ft
52
51.9
53.1
45 8
46 2
44
42.5
85 ft
51 5
51 9
53
46 3
46 2
44
42.5
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, DECEMBER, 1900
DATE
DATE
1
3
5
8
11
13
15
17
Air
39 9
47
36 5
36 2
29 5
30
25
38 9
Surface
41.7
41.7
41
40.3
38
36.2
34.9
34
5 ft
41.8
41.8
41
40.3
38
36.1
35
34
10 ft
41 7
41 6
41
40.5
38
36.1
35
34
15 ft
41 7
41 6
41
40 1
38
36.5
35
34
20ft
41 7
41 6
41
40 3
38
36 1
35
34.1
25ft
41 9
41.7
41
40.3
37
36.1
35
34.4
30ft
41 7
41 3
41
40.3
37.2
36.1
35.5
34.4
35 ft
41 7
41 3
41
40.3
37
36.5
35.7
34.4
40ft
41 7
41 2
41
40.8
37.5
36.1
35.3
35
45ft
41 7
41 3
41 1
40.3
37.4
36.3
36
34.8
50ft
41.8
41.3
41
41
37.6
37
35.5
34.8
55ft
41 8
41.42
41
40.2
37.7
37
36
35
60ft
41 8
41.3
41
41
38
36.4
35.6
35.1
65 ft
41 8
41 3
41
41. 3 1
38.1
36.5
35.7
34.9
70ft. .
41 8
41 3
41
37.8
37.5
35.7
35
75 ft
41 8
41 2
41
38
38 8
35
80 ft
41 8
41 3
42
37 9
36
35
85ft
41 8
42
39
37
36
' Bottom at 62 feet.
2 Certain slight anomalies in the temperature readings occur in our records, but we believe the records
as here given cannot be far from correct.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 205
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, JANUARY, 1901
DEPTH
DATE
1
4
7
9
18
26
30
Air
23.1
41
32.1
32
16.5
23.9
24.9
Surface
34
34.5
33.7
34
33.1
34.2
33.4
5 ft
34.1
34.5
34.6
34.8
35.1
36.2
36.7
10ft
34
34.5
34.6
35.1
35.7
36.3
36.2
15 ft
34.2
34.5
35
35.3
36
36.2
36.5
20ft
34.2
35
35
35.4
35.5
36.3
36.5
25 ft
34.6
34.5
35.2
37.
35.4
36.3
37
30 ft
34.5
34.5
35.1
35.5
35.5
36.5
37
35 ft
34.6
34.7 '
35.2
35
35.8
36.7
37.4
40 ft
34.8
34.9
35.7
37.5
35.9
36.9
37.7
45 ft
34 9
34.6
37
37.2
36
37
37.8
50ft
34.9
35.2
36
37.3
36
37
38
55 ft
34 9
35.5
36
35.5
36
37.1
38
60 ft
35
35.4
36
36 1
36.2
37.2
37.8
65ft
35
35.5
36
36.2
36.4
37.2
37.9
70ft
35 3
35.8
35.3
36.2
36.5
37.3
37.3
75 ft
35.4
35.3
36.3
37.2
36.9
37
37.5
80ft
35
35 4
37 6
36
36 8
37
37 5
85*f t
37
37
37.2
37.5
38.1
38.8
38.3
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, FEBRUARY, 1901
DATE
5
8
16
25
27
Air
24 9
26 8
22 5
36 8
27 5
Surface
33 7
34
32 3
33
32 3
5ft .
36 9
37
36
36 3
36
10ft
37 9
36.5
36.9
36.4
37
15 ft
37
36 5
36.9
36 5
37.5
20ft
36 7
38 2
37 1
37 3
37 9
25 ft
37
37
37 1
38
37.4
30ft
37
37 1
37 2
38
38
35ft
37 2
37 3
37 2
37 7
37 7
40 ft
38
37.5
37 3
38.3
38
45 ft
38
38
37 8
37 9
38
50ft
37 5
38 1
37 8
38 5
38
55 ft
37 7
37.8
38 2
38.3
38
60 ft
37 5
38
37 9
38 6
38
65 ft
37 4
38 1
37 9
37 9
37 9
70 ft
38
37.5
37 9
38.1
38
75 ft .
37 7
37 7
38 4
38 1
38.1
80ft
38 2
38 5
38 8
38 8
38 9
85 ft
38 2
39
39
38.9
41.3
206 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, MARCH, 1901
DATE
1
4
7
9
14
26
28
Air
31.9
36
36.5
34.5
30
42.3
31 5
Surface
32.9
32.9
32.3
33.1
32.8
40.1
39 8
5ft
36.9
37
37.3
37.9
38 5
40.1
40
10ft
36 8
37.5
37.5
37.8
38 9
40 5
40 2
15 ft
37 3
37.6
37 5
37 9
38
40 5
39 9
20 ft
37 9
37.3
37 7
37 9
38
40 5
40
25 ft
38
37.3
37.6
38.1
38.1
40.5
39.9
30ft
37 6
38
37 7
38 3
38
40
40
35ft
37.7
37.7
38
38.3
38
40.3
40
40ft
37.9
38.1
38
38 7
38
40 4
41 8
45 ft
38
38
38
38 7
38 9
40
40
50 ft
38
38.5
38
39
39
40 3
40.1
55 ft
38
38.2
38
38
38 1
40 1
42.3
60 ft
38
38 1
38
38
38
39 9
40
65ft
38
38.5
38.1
38.3
39
40.4
39
70ft
38
39
38.4
38
38.8
39.9
40
75ft
38.2
38.1
38.1
39.3
40
40
40
80 ft
38 4
39
39
39
40 4
40
85 ft
40.1
40.4
40.1
40.2
40
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, APRIL, 1901
DATE
1
3
8
10
15
22
24
26
29
Air
37
39.2
42
49.5
49
50
57.7
63.8
77.5
Surface
5 ft
39.3
39.3
39.5
39.5
42
42
42.9
42.8
45
45
45
45
46
46
49.8
49
59
55.1
10 ft
39.3
39.6
42.2
42.8
45.9
45
45.1
47.6
52.8
15 ft
39.9
40
42.2
43
46.5
44.9
45.8
46.9
50.1
20 ft
39.9
39.5
42
42.5
45
44.8
46
46.8
47. 5J
25 ft
39.5
40
42.2
42.6
44.3
44.8
45.6
46.8
47
30 ft
39 5
39.5
42.6
42.6
46.2
45
45
46.1
46.5
35ft
41.2
39.5
42
42.9
45.9
45.1
45.6
46
46
40 ft
41.7
39.4
42.2
43
44.2
44.8
45.7
46
46
45ft
41.7
39.6
42
42.9
44.3
45.1
45.6
45.8
45.9
50 ft
39 4
39.5
42
42.5
44
44.8
45.9
45.5
46
55 ft
39 3
39 5
43
44
44.7
45.1
45.5
45.3
60ft
39 4
40
42.9
44
44.7
45.1
45.4
45.2
65ft
39 4
40
42.4
43.3
44.6
45.5
45.3
45.2
70ft
39 4
39 5
42.4
43.5
45
45
45.8
45.6
75ft
39 2
40
42.3
43 1
44.7
45.1
45.1
45.7
80 ft
41 5
40
42 7
43 4
45.5
45.1
45.2
85 ft
39 6
40
39
43
45
45
44.8
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 207
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, MAY, 1901
DATES
4
7
13
15
17
22
24
28
30
Air
76 9
67
61
78
77 6
58
58"
56 5
57*
Surface
5ft
61
61
63
63 1
60
60 1
66
61
68.5
63 9
61
61
62.5
62 5
58.2
58 g
58
58 3
10 ft
60 9
63 4
60
60
62
61 4
63
58 2
58
15 ft
60 4
62
59 5
59 4
60
61 4
63
58 8
57 8
20 ft
56 1
56 5
60 6
59 4
59
61 3
63
58 8
57 9
25 ft
50 5
56 4
56 8
58 1
57 2
61 2
63
58
57 4
30 ft
47 5
48 6
49 9
50 1
51 3
52 3
54
58
57
35ft
47 1
47 3
49
50 2
49
49 2
50 6
54 5
56 5
40ft
47
47 4
48
49 7
48 2
48 9
49 9
50 3
50 9
45 ft
46 6
46 5
49
47 9
47 3
47 9
49
49
48 9
50 ft
46
46 1
46 8
47 5
47 5
47 9
47 5
48 5
48
55ft
46
46 2
46 4
46 8
47
47 i
47 5
47 5
47 9
60ft
45 5
45 5
47
46 3
46 5
47
47
47 1
47
65ft
46
45 5
46 5
47
47
46 9
46 8
46 9
47
70ft........
45 3
45 9
46 5
46 1
46
47
46 9
46 5
47
75 ft
45.9
45 4
46
46 5
46
46 6
46 8
46 5
47
80 ft
45 3
46
46
46 3
46 5
47 6
46 7
46 5
46 9
85ft ..
45 1
45 6
45 9
46
46 3
46 2
46 5
46 6
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN IN THE DEEP HOLE, JUNE, 1901
DATES
1
3
6
8
10
12
17
19
21
24
26
28
Air
66
65 3
67
54 5
66 2
89 5
74
83
77 9
83 5
83
88 2
Surface
59 5
60 9
65 5
63 5
65
79 6
76
80
76 9
78 8
82
83
5 ft
59 5
61
65 5
63 5
64 8
72 5
76 1
75 5
77
78 3
82 5
83
10ft
60
61 1
65 7
64
65 1
69
76
74 9
77
78 2
80 8
83
15 ft
59 7
61
64 2
63 4
64 9
66 5
68 6
71 5
75 9
78
77 4
82 9
20ft
59
60 2
64
63 2
64
64 5
66 1
66
66 5
67 1
68
67 2
25 ft
58 3
58 8
60
61 9
62 8
62
62 8
62
62 3
61 6
63
62
30ft
57 9
57 3
58
57 6
59 4
58 7
59
58 1
58 1
58
58
58 9
35 ft . .
57
55 9
56 2
54 8
54 i
54 8
54 9
54 5
55 g
55 g
55 5
55 6
40 ft
49 9
52 3
53
52
52
52 3
53 5
52
53 2
53
54
53 5
45 ft
49
50
52 1
50 9
50 2
51
50 9
51
50 9
52
51 9
52
50 ft
48 4
48 1
51 6
49 3
49 8
50
50
51
50
50 2
50 1
51
55ft
48
47 9
51
52 8
48 6
49
50
49 5
49 3
49 9
50 5
50 4
60ft
49
47 8
48 2
48 2
48 3
48 3
49
49
49 9
49 2
49 5
49 7
65ft
47
47 1
47 8
48
48 2
48 5
48 8
48 6
* 49
49
49 i
49 2
70ft
47
47 5
47 5
48 2
48
48
49
48 4
48 8
48 9
49
49
75ft
47 5
47
47 5
48
47 9
48 3
48 2
48 2
49
48 8
49 i
49
80ft ..
47
47
47 5
47 8
47 9
48
48 1
48 1
49
48 5
49
49
85ft
46 9
47
47 3
47 3
48 1
48 5
48
48
48 4
48 8
49
1417618
208 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
SERIAL TEMPERATURES AT THE DEEP HOLE, LAKE MAXINKUCKEE,
JULY SEPTEMBER, 1899
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
Max.
Min.
Mean.
Max.
Min.
Mean.
Max.
Min.
Mean.
Surface
5 ft
80.5
80 8
77.0
77
79.2
79.3
79.5
79.5
74.0
74.2
76.7
76.8
77.0
77.0
66.0
66.0
72.1
72.0
10 ft
IS ft
81.0
80 2
77.0
76 5
79.2
78 3
79.5
79.2
74.3
74.0
76.7
76.3
76.5
75.5
66.0
66.0
71.9
71.3
20ft
78
74 7
75 7
78.2
73.0
75.6
74.5
66.0
71.0
25ft
74
72
72 8
76.2
71.0
73.8
73.5
66.0
70.5
30 ft
71
69.0
69.7
72.0
67.3
70.0
71.0
64.8
68.2
32 5 ft
66.7
63.2
65.4
69.0
63.0
65.7
35 ft
69 5
63.0
64.7
66.0
60.3
62.9
67.0
58.7
63.1
40 ft
63
57.3
58.7
60.5
55.8
58.1
63.5
54.8
57.9
50ft
57 5
52 5
53.2
55.5
50.7
53.3
54.5
50.0
52.1
60 ft
70 ft
52.5
51.8
50.5
50.5
51.7
51.2
53.0
52.2
49.5
49.0
51.5
51.0
53.0
52.0
48.8
48.5
50.8
50.3
80 ft
51.7
50.3
50.9
52.1
49.0
50.8
52.0
49.5
50.2
85 ft
51.3
50.5
50.8
52.2
48.7
50.6
52.0
48.4
50.1
Moonlight on Lake Maxinkuckee.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 209
s
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210 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
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Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 211
The Kettlehole: Similar observations were made at the Kettle-
hole in July, August, and September, 1899, and again in the same
months in 1900. The records are shown in the tables on the fol-
lowing pages. The highest surface temperatures recorded at the
Kettlehole was 83.2 on August 7 and 22, 1900, the lowest tempera-
tur 48.5 at 40 feet on September 8, 1899. The maximum differ-
ence between surface and bottom was 31.9.
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN AT THE KETTLEHOLE, LAKE MAXINKUCKEE
DA
TE
DEPTH
July 28,
1899
July 30,
1899
Aug. 3,
1899
Aug. 7,
1899
Sept. 4,
1899
Sept. 8,
1899
Sept.l9 :
1899
July 16,
7:15-
9:30 a.m.
1900
July 17,
10:40-
11:30 a.m.
1900
July 21,
3 p. m.
1SOO
Air
80
70 5
57 5
Surface
5ft
80.7"
80 5
79
78 5
79.2
79 5
78
77 5
76.5
76 5
74
74
68
68
77
76
78.9
10ft
80 5
78 5
78 4
77 5
74 5
. 74
68
76 5
76
76 8
15 ft
78 3
77 3
77 2
76 8
73 5
74
68
20ft ....
71 5
72 5
73 6
74
70 5
72 5
67 5
72
74
74
25ft
66
64 3
64 2
66
60 5
61
66
30 ft
57 3
56 5
56 7
57 1
53 5
53 5
56 3
56 5
59
59
35 ft
53
52 5
51 2
[52 5i
/51 5'
/54'
40 ft
50 6
50 5
50 7
(
\50
50 5
\50.5
49
\51.7
48 5
50 5
53
50
51
44ft
49 6
50
49 7
Light
Light
Wind
rain and
North
from
S. E.
breeze
North;
wind,
lake
strong
very
at times.
rough.
1 At 32.5 feet.
212 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
SERIAL TEMPERATURES TAKEN AT THE KETTLEHOLE, LAKE MAXINKUCKEE
DATE
Depth
July 23,
4:10-
July 27,
1900
July 30,
1900
July 31,
1900
Aug. 7,
1900
Aug. 16,
1900
Aug. 22,
1900
Sept. 14,
1900
Sept. 22,
1900
5 p. m.
1900
4:00-
4:45 p.
10:00-
10:50 a.
10:10-
10:50 a.
3:05-
3:40 p.
7:30-
8:40 a.
3:55-
4.30 p.
1:30 p.
4-5:30 p.
Air
76
83
70
86
Surface
83.0
79
79.5
79
83.2
78
83.2
76.5
69.3
5 ft
76
67.5
10 ft
77 9
77
77
78.5
79.2
77.9
80.8
75.4
67
15ft
75
66.6
20 ft .....
74 2
73 3
75
74.5
75
76.5
77.6
74.3
66.6
25 ft
66 7
67 4
68 4
67 1
73
65.2
30 ft
59
58
58
58.8
58.2
59
59.2
63.3
65
35 ft
50.5
56
\54
t
40ft
51 1
50 9
50 7
50 4
50 8
51 3
52 8
54
Sky
Scattered
Cloudy
Scattered
Hazy;
Very
hazy;
Clouds;
N. E.
clouds;
threat-
light
wind
S. W.
wind;
S. E.
ening rain;
S. W.
S. E.
wind;
slight
wind;
S. E.
breeze.
slight
slight
waves.
moderate
breeze.
waves.
waves.
waves.
1 At 32.5 feet.
MISCELLANEOUS TEMPERATURES TAKEN AT THE KETTLEHOLE, JULY 25, 1899
Depth
Temperatures
79.5
1 ft ,.
79.5
2 ft
79.6
3 ft
79 7
4 ft . .
80
5ft .
79.9
6 ft
7 ft
23 ft
62'
35 ft
50.5 s
52.0'
42 ft
50.5*
1 20 oar strokes northwest of Kettlehole. :
1 10 oar strokes northwest of the Kettlehole.
10 oar strokes north of the Kettlehole.
' 10 oar strokes west of the Kettlehole.
Temperatures taken at the Sugarloaf: A few temperatures
were taken at the Sugarloaf. On Algust 26, 1899, the surface
was 76.5, and the bottom 76.3 at 10 feet. On August 9, 1900
(9:55 to 10:15 a. m.), the water on the Sugarloaf was 9.75 feet
deep. The temperature at the surface was 82.8, and at the hot-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 213
torn 82.2. On August 13, at 10:45 a. m., when the air was 79.8,
the surface was 81.2, and the bottom 80.8 at 10 feet. On August
20, at 10 :30 a. m., the surface was 80.7 and the bottom 80 at 10
feet.
Miscellaneous temperature records: On July 18, 1899, the fol-
lowing records were made at a plankton station by Messrs. Scovell
and Juday, at certain places having the depths indicated :
TEMPERATURES
Surface
Bottom
30
77
70
50
77
67
70
77
52.5
70
77
51.5
On July 18, 1899, a series of surface and bottom temperatures
was taken on a line from near the end of Long Point toward the
Maxinkuckee road, the last being in the Deep Hole where a regular
observation station was then established:
TEMPERATURES
Dspth in Fe a t
Surface
Bottom
14
75.2
75.7
19
75.2
29
75.2
73
35.5
75.5
69.5
37
75
62
45
75.2
55
58
75.2
52.7
69
75
52
74
75.1
51
75
75.2
51.1
69
76
51.5
89.5
76
51
On August 26, 1899, the following temperatures were obtained
with the thermophone on a line between Long Point and the ice
houses: surface, 76.8; at 10 feet, 76.3; at 20 feet, 75.2; at
30 feet, 69.5; at 38 feet (bottom), 59.8.
On August 19, 1899 (from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.), the fol-
lowing thermophone readings were obtained on a line starting op-
posite the Gravelpit and running east, making a station every
15 oar strokes:
214 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Depth in Feet
TEMPEBATUBE
Notes
Surface
Bottom
0.5
77.5
77.5
Began at 8:30 a. m.; air in sun 82.
4.5
77
76.5
7.5
76
76
21.0
77
72.5
9.0
77
75
4.5
77
76.5
6.0
77
76.5
6.0
77
76.5
6.0
77.5
76.5
6.0
77.5
76.5
6.0
77.5
76.5
6.0
77.5
77
7.5
77.5
77
6.0
77.5
76.75
6.75
77.5
75.5
7.5
77.5
76
45
77.5
56
45
78
58
55
78.5
52.5
10:40 a. m.
55
78.5
54.5
55
78
55
57
78
56.5
51
78
53.5
54
77.5
53.2
11:30 a. m.
57
78
52.75
3:15 p. m.
52.5
78
53
48
78
54.5
10.5
78
74.5
10.5
78.5
74
10.5
78.3
74
9.0
78.5
74.5
9.0
79
76
6.0
79
78
5.0
79.5
79
2.75
80
79
.50
83.5
83.5
4:00 p. m. East shore, 570 strokes.
TEMPERATURES TAKEN AT PLANKTON STATION No. 3
Depth in Feet
Temperature
July 30, 1900,
11-11:45 a. m.
Temperature
August 16, 1900,
8:20-9:30 a. m.
Air
82 8
74
Surface
79 8
78 5
10ft
78
78 9
20ft
76 5
78 1
30ft
74
72
32.5ft '
69 5
35ft
61 1
63.8
40ft
58 6
59 1
42.5ft
56
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 215
THE FOLLOWING TEMPERATURES WERE RECORDED SEPTEMBER 28. 1899
Station
Depth in Feet
Temperature
Notes
1
6
59
Air at 8:15 a. m. 63.
2
36
59
Surface temperature at noon,
62.
3
30
59
4
34
59.5
5
28 -
60
6
6
59.5
7
12
60
8
56
60.5
9
50
60.5
10
50
61
11
50
60
On August 14, 1900, the following temperatures were taken in
Aubeenaubee Creek, between 2 :30 and 4 p. m. : Near head of
creek, 63 ; 10 rods lower down, 66.2 ; 50 rods lower down, 68.
On August 21, 1900, between 8:10 and 11 a.m., the following
temperatures were taken in Culver Creek: At bend of creek just
east of the Academy grounds, 69 ; at bridge at east edge of Acad-
emy grounds, 70.2 ; just below the bridge, 70.5, at bridge in Acad-
emy grounds, 71.5 ; at mouth of creek, 76.5.
Turning over of the lake:- -Perhaps the most interesting phe-
nomenon connected with such bodies of water as Lake Maxin-
kuckee is the "turning over" which may occur each fall. This can
be understood from a consideration of a selected few of the daily
serial temperatures. The greatest density of fresh water is
reached when the water has attained a temperature of 39.2.
When the temperature goes below 39.2 it begins to expand, and
freezes at 32. When the temperature rises above 39.2 it also
begins to expand and continues to do so, however warm the water
may become. As water expands its weight decreases. In other
words, above the point of greatest density, the weight of water
varies inversely with its temperature, the higher the temperature
the lighter the water. A cubic foot of water at a temperature of
80 weighs less than a cubic foot of water at 50.* On July 24,
1900, the surface temperature was 80.3. From the surface down-
ward the temperature was successively lower until, at the bottom,
it was 49.3, or 31 colder than the surface. A column of water in
that part of the lake on that date, one inch square and equal in
length to the depth of the lake, 89 feet, may be likened to a column
of metal which increases slightly and uniformly in size and weight
* A cubic foot of fresh water at 50 Fahr. weighs 62.331893 pounds : at 80 it weighs
62.186012 pounds, a difference of 2.334096 ounces.
216 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
from surface to bottom. So long as the upper end is lighter than
the lower, the column will remain upright. But if the metal column
should be reversed, bringing the heavy end up and the light end
down, any slight disturbance would cause it to reverse itself and
again assume the more stable position with the heavier end down.
The same is true of the column of water. So long as the colder,
heavier water is at the bottom, it will so remain ; but let the upper
end of the column become the colder and, consequently, the heavier,
it will go down, and the lighter bottom water will come up. That
is precisely what does happen. If the series of temperatures from
July 24 onward be examined it will be observed that the difference
between the surface and bottom temperatures becomes successively
less. By the 23d of November, 1900, the difference was only .5
of a degree, the surface being 46.7 and the bottom 46.2. Some-
time between the 23d and the 26th, probably on the night of the
24th, the temperature throughout the upper half of the column
fell below 46, or lower than that of the lower end of the column.
The upper half of the column then being the heavier, it of necessity
went to the bottom, the bottom half came up, and the temperature
of the lake became uniform throughout. This is shown by the
serial temperature readings of November 26, which show that the
temperature at all depths from top to bottom was 44, a condition
which practically continued until the ice went off. It can there-
fore be safely assumed that, in 1900, Lake Maxinkuckee "turned
over" some time between the evening of November 23 and the
morning of the 26th; and what occurred then, in all probability,
occurs every November or December.
The highest surface temperature recorded at the Deep Hole was
83 on August 11, 1900, the bottom temperature at the same time
being 49.9, the difference between surface and bottom being 33.1.
The lowest summer bottom temperature obtained in the Deep Hole
was 48.7 on August 31, 1899 ; the lowest recorded at the Kettle-
hole was 48.5 on September 8, 1899.
CONDITION OF THE WATER
Clearness: The water of Lake Maxinkuckee is generally com-
mented upon by visitors, and boasted about by the natives, on ac-
count of its clearness and purity.
After a long sojourn at Winona Lake, Indiana, paying particu-
lar attention to the lake, a visit to Lake Maxinkuckee excited a
marked sensation of surprise at the clearness of the water; in
Winona Lake it was somewhat tea-color; at Lake Maxinkuckee,
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 217
at considerable depths, it exhibited an indescribable play of trans-
parent green, something like that of an opal in some lights.
Unfortunately, we have not a long series of records taken under
different conditions the year round which would give an absolute
test, and if there were such records, it would be difficult to find a
large number of other lakes with records with which it might be
compared. On September 20, 1907, when the sky was well clouded
over, a secchi disk was visible at 9 feet. The same disk at Holem
Lake, of the Twin Lakes, Indiana, on September 23, 1907, when
the sky was bright and clear, was visible at 13 feet, and at Cook
Lake, another of the Twin Lakes, under the same conditions, at the
same depth. At Lake Mendota, Minn., September 18, 1907, with
a cloudy sky, the same disk was visible at a depth of 6 feet.
One might, indeed, take as a measure of the clearness of the
water, the depth at which green plants grow in the lake, the chief
limiting factor in this case being the depth to which light pene-
trates. The lower limit of plant life in the lake is about 25 feet.
A remarkable feature of the water is its freedom from mud.
Even after heavy rains the inlets bring in but little water, and be-
cause of the general absence of clay, they bring in but little mud
even when they have the swiftest current. Strong winds may
make the water turbid near shore, and on one occasion, in the
autumn of 1900, the whole lake was rendered slightly turbid by a
long continued wind and rough lake, but in all cases the lake soon
settles clear. During the winter of 1900-1901, the Chara and
Potamogeton robbinsii showed up so clearly through several feet
of water and clear ice that they impressed a very excellent image
on a photographic plate, and the experience of traveling over this
clear ice and seeing the fine meadows in the bottom, with the
turtles and gars and dogfish resting quietly or moving slowly
about, impresses one with the great opportunity offered along the
lines of a new field of photography, that of subaqueous landscapes.
Any one looking down in the water on a calm, bright day and
studying it attentively will note small flecks or motes, the number
of these differing in different seasons of the year and in different
lakes. These motes usually represent low algal forms which make
up the phyto-plankton of the lake. In Winona Lake this suspended
matter was so abundant that the sun's rays lighted up the particles
in long lines, as in the familiar phenomenon of the light entering
a slit in a dark, dusty room, or the "sun drawing water." In some
cases the algaB forming these motes have colonies of sufficiently
characteristic shape to be recognizable, but generally not. Lyngbya
has the appearance of short hair clippings; Clathrocystis has the
218 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
appearance of minute smoke rings ; Aphanizomenon, which is rare
in our Indiana lakes but is common in some northern Minnesota
lakes and in the Mississippi River, is easily recognizable, as rather
large, green colonies, acute at each end, much like the little duck-
weed, Wolffiella. Anabaena, the most common alga of Lake Max-
inkuckee, has no definite form. In Lake Maxinkuckee it is rare
that great areas are covered with algal scum, though there are
sometimes rather long stretches in sheltered bays. The plankton
scum usually makes its first appearance about the end of July and
continues on calm days until freezing.
The entire lake surface is not frequently calm for longer in-
tervals than a day ; June, July and August are generally the calmer
months. The surface is generally rippled, usually pretty rough,
during the spring and later autumn. Periods of calm during the
morning and evening are frequent the year round during fine
weather.
Chemical condition: An important feature of the water is its
chemical condition. A chemical examination of the water was
made by Prof. Chancey Juday of the University of Wisconsin. The
test for hardness used was Siler's method, in which a coal tar prod-
uct, methyl orange, is used to color the water. The amount of
hydrochloric acid necessary to turn it faintly pink indicates the
hardness.
The test used for oxygen was Winkler's method given in
Sutton's Volumetric Analysis, and is as follows :
1. Add manganous chloride.
2. Add KOH + KI = a precipitate with brown, if oxygen is present.
3. Add Cone. HC1. dissolves precipitate. If oxygen is not present the
liquid is clear. If oxygen is present it is yellowish or brownish.
It may now be left several days.
4. To determine amount of oxygen, titrate with hypo, 1/80 normal,
using (cooked) starch as an indicator. The amount of hypo re-
quired to clear up the blue caused by addition of starch is an index
to the amount of oxygen. In the following tables, prepared by
Prof. Juday, is shown the character of the water.
Both the C0 2 and the oxygen are expressed in cubic centi-
meters per liter of water. The full face figures indicate the
amount of the alkalinity, i. e., it would require that number of cubic
centimeters of free C0 2 to make the water neutral. The light face
figures in the column marked free C0 2 indicate the acidity. Cal-
cium and magnesium are found in water almost entirely as bicar-
bonates, and chemists regard the CO 2 as half-bound or bicarbonate
C0 2 , and bound or carbonate C0 2 , so we have indicated them in this
way on the tables. In neutral or acid water they are regarded as
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 219
equal in amount, but in alkaline water the bound or carbonate C0 2
is in excess of the half-bound. The results of the investigation
showed that the water of the lake was softer than that of the well
(Chad wick's) with which it was compared; also that the difference
between the Kettlehole and the main lake is a curious and inter-
esting thing. They differ as widely as if they were separate lakes
and not connected in any way. A further study of them would
prove very interesting. In the main lake the excess of alkalinity
extends to a depth of 8 meters (26^ feet). At 9 meters (29| feet)
the water is neutral, below which point it is increasingly acid. The
Kettlehole shows less alkalinity at the surface and a much more
rapidly increasing acidity at the bottom. In the lake the oxygen
decreases rapidly from the surface down to the 13 (43 feet)
meter depth below which there is no free oxygen. In the Kettle-
hole the free oxygen disappears at 10 meters (32* feet). The
free oxygen is more abundant in the surface water of Lake Maxin-
kuckee than in any of the Indiana lakes with which it was com-
pared, and extends to a considerably greater depth, being found
down to 12 (39J feet) meters in Lake Maxinkuckee, 9 meters (29|
feet) at the Kettlehole, 8 meters (261 feet) at Cook Lake, 6
meters (19^ feet) at Holem Lake, and disappearing at the 13
meters (43| feet) in Lake Mendota, Minn.
CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE WATER OF LAKE MAXINKUCKEE
Station I, in the Deep Hole, Sept. 20, 1907, 2:30 to 4:40 p. m.
Sky chiefly cloudy.
Wind, rather strong southwest, falling toward evening; a few whitecaps.
Secchi disk visible at depth of 9 feet.
Meters
Depth in Feet
Temperature
CARBON DIOXIDE
Oxygen
Free
Bicarb.
Carb.
3
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17X
20
22X
25
25^
10
17
23
26.25
30
33
36
39
42.5
46
49
57.4
67.6
74
82
84
72
3.8
20.7
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.5
24.8
25.8
25.8
25.9
26.8
28.0
30.9
31.3
31.3
31.4
6.3
6.3
6.1
5.5
4.0
2.7
2.2
1.3
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
72
71
67.5
36
3.0
1.1
Neutral
0.4
1.4
2.5
2.9
20.9
21.5
23.7
25.8
25.8
25.9
26.8
28.0
30.9
31.3
31.3
31.4
66
64
59.5
59
3.2
3.7
3.9
4.7
5.3
58
31.6
31.6
57
220 Luke Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE WATER OF LAKE MAXINKUCKEE
Station, Kettlehole, September 24, 1907, a. m.
Sky, cloudy in west.
Wind, fresh, south; moderate waves.
CARBON DIOXIDE
Meters
Depth, feet
Temperature
Oxygen
Free
Bicarb.
Carb.
65
2.3
24.5
26.8
4.9
5
17.4
64 6
2.1
24.7
26.8
4.9
7
23.0
64
9
29.5
61.7
3.7
32.2
32 2
o:oe
10
32.8
58.6
7.8
38.2
38.2
0.0
11
36.0
57.5
8.6
40.0
40
0.0
UH
37.7
56.6
I
For purposes of comparison we give the results of similar oxygen tests made by Professor Juday, at certain
other lakes.
CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE WATER IN COOK LAKE, INDIANA
September 23, 1907, 10:3011:30 a. m.
Sky, clear.
Wind, brisk, wout breeze.
Secchi disk visible at depth of 13 feet.
Meters
Depth in feet
Temp3rature
CARBON DIOXIDE
Oxygen
Free
Bicarb.
Carb.
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
UH
13
16.4
19.7
23
26.25
29.5
33
39.4
46
47
68.5
68.7
67.3
64.7
62
57
55.6
49.5
0.5
0.7
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.8
5.3
34.6
34.6
5.07
5.1
4.4
3.8
1.8
0.13
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
34.9
34.9
35.2
35.9
35.9
37.6
40.7
41.0
35.2
35.9
35.9
37.6
40.7
41.0
7.5
7.5
47.5
CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE WATER IN HOLEM LAKE, INDIANA
September 23, 1907, 1:452:30 p. m.
Sky, clear.
Wind, strong, west breeze.
Secchi disk visible at depth of 13 feet.
CARBON DIOXIDE
D^nth in iWt
TVmrwvraturp
A
Free
Bicarb.
Carb.
69
1.2
35.5
35.5
4.7
3
10
4.7
5
16.40
69
2.0
35.6
35.6
4.75
6
19.68
65.5
6.0
40.6
40.6
0.04
7
23
59
10.0
41.0
41.0
0.0
8
26
18 7
58 8
58 8
8H
27
53
0.0
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 221
CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE WATER IN LAKE MENDOTA, WISCONSIN
Station II, September 18, 1907, 9-11 a. m.
Sky, cloudy; rain.
Winil, light breeze from the south.
Secchi disk visible at depth of 6.5 feet.
CARBON DIOXIDE
TVm nprat nr<
I~W
Free
Bicarb.
Carb.
68
5.0
28.1
33.1
6.0
5
16.40
67.6
4.3
5 8
8
26.25
67
3.7
29.6
33.3
5.5
10
32.80
66
11
36 00
2
31 6
33 6
4
12
39.36
65.3
15
32.1
33.6
3.5
13
45.64
63.5
0.75
33.6
33.6
1.8
14
49.0
59
3.00
34.9
34.9
0.0
15
52.00
57
3.50
35.7
35.7
0.0
17
56.00
56
4.30
35.7
35.7
0.0
20
65.60
5 80
36 4
36 4
21Ji
70.5
7 00
37 9
37 9
22
72.2
54
DEFICIENT IN OXYGEN ONLY FOR A BRIEF PERIOD EACH YEAR
Investigations have shown that Lake Maxinkuckee is deficient
in oxygen only during a period of perhaps two months in the fall.
The reason for this deficiency is a very interesting one and not dif-
ficult to understand. It may be briefly stated as follows: Lake
Maxinkuckee furnishes an environment exceptionally favorable to
the rapid growth and development of a multitude of species of
minute animal and plant life which together constitute the plank-
ton of the lake. These animals and plants, entomostracans and
other minute animals (zoo-plankton), and algaB of many species
(phyto-plankton), literally swarm in the lake, reproducing with
such marvelous rapidity that they would soon fill the lake, convert-
ing it into a thick soup, were it not for the fact that millions upon
millions of individuals die every day, their dead bodies slowly sink-
ing to the bottom of the lake where they slowly oxidize and dis-
integrate. This accumulation of dead plankton goes on during the
spring and summer ; oxidation is doubtless most rapid in later sum-
mer and early fall ; the oxygen required in the process must neces-
sarily come from the supply contained in the water nearest at hand.
This drain upon the absorbed oxygen of the waters in the deeper
parts of the lake must inevitably, sooner or later, exhaust the sup-
ply, and this condition of exhausted or reduced oxygen content
will remain until the winds and storms of late fall and early winter
and temperature changes result in thoroughly mixing the waters
222 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
^f the lake and carrying of oxygen to the deepest parts. In
this manner the entire lake will become fully supplied with oxygen
early in the winter and so remain until the next fall when the
accumulation on the lake bottom of dead animals and plants which
have been showering from the upper layers all spring and summer
again exhausts the supply and the lower strata again become de-
void of oxygen.
This matter has been quite thoroughly worked out on several
lakes by Messrs. Birge and Juday of the University of Wisconsin,
and the importance of the knowledge thus obtained can scarcely be
overestimated.
The important fact disclosed is that the waters of some lakes
at certain periods in the year are practically without oxygen below
certain depths.
As fishes are dependent for the oxygen they require upon the
absorbed oxygen contained in the water it is evident that water
containing no absorbed oxygen cannot support fish life. In order
that a lake may be suitable for the deeper freshwater fishes it is
necessary that the water in the depths shall contain an adequate
supply of absorbed oxygen at all times. A lake may have an
abundant supply of oxygen at all depths for ten or eleven months
of the year, but if the supply is inadequate for one month or even
a briefer period, the deepwater fishes will perish unless, perchance,
they are of species that can adapt themselves to shallower depths.
But few, if any, of our important freshwater fishes possess that
ability. Keeping that fact in mind it is now easily understood why
certain lakes, otherwise suitable, do not contain any deepwater
species such as lake trout, whitefish or lake herring.
During the past 30 years the Federal Government and various
States have spent thousands of dollars in making plants of white-
fish, lake herring and lake trout in lakes many of which we now
know to be deficient in oxygen during at least a portion of the
year. Lake Maxinkuckee is included in this list, four large con-
signments of lake trout having been placed in it in 1890 to 1894.
We now understand why nothing was ever seen of the fish after
they were liberated in the lake.
In the past millions upon millions of fish have been planted in
the lakes and streams of the United States and usually without any
scientific investigation whatever for the purpose of determining
whether the waters were suitable for the fish which it was proposed
to plant in them. The result is that hundreds of thousands of dol-
lars have been spent and millions of fish wasted without any results
of value being obtained.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 223
No stream or lake should be stocked with fish until it has been
carefully studied by a competent biologist and found to possess
the conditions or factors of a favorable environment for the fish
which it is proposed to introduce. Fish culturists should adopt
this principle and adhere to it as an invariable policy. The rule-
of-thumb, cut-and-try method so uniformly followed has brought
no credit to fish culture in America.
ICE
INTRODUCTION
It is not until one has watched the coming of the ice over the
lake several times and during several winters, that he realizes how
much variety there can be in that apparently simple process, and
how far from correct it would be to judge the behavior of the ice
one winter from having seen it during another.
The freezing over of Lost Lake is always about the same. That
body of water, being of comparatively small size and shallow depth,
readily freezes over the first severe night after the whole mass of
water has become chilled down to near the freezing point, and
we usually have a smooth clear sheet of ice spread over its surface
rather early in the winter. This sheet being transparent, does
not greatly alter the appearance of the lake ; indeed, on one occasion
we saw a duck in the middle of this lake on the slippery ice one
evening after it had frozen over, it probably having mistaken the
clear ice for open water.
Lake Maxinkuckee, with its greater area and volume of water,
cools down much more slowly, and usually has ice simply skirting
its edges by the time Lost Lake is completely frozen over. If the
weather continues steadily calm and cold, the lake freezes over
rather quickly, although it usually takes several days even of the
most favorable weather for the lake to freeze entirely over, as its
surface is always more or less disturbed by winds, some pools in
various places toward the center usually persisting open for a few
days. If, on the other hand, the weather in early winter is rough
and windy, the freezing of the lake is much delayed and is a slow
and long continued process full of interesting details, resembling
in many respects the freezing of large lakes, such as Lake Michi-
gan. The winter of 1900-1901 was just such a blustery winter and
gave opportunity to study the ice formation in great detail.
The ice first forms in sheltered calm places and any object that
breaks the wind or tends to calm the water tends to the formation
of a sheet of ice. Thus ice appears early not only along the shore
1517618
224 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
in sheltered bays, but also around any projecting body in the water
a stake, or a patch of bulrushes or pondweeds. Usually the for-
mation of ice proceeds from day to day in a more or less orderly
manner from these nuclei to the middle of th'e lake until the whole
is frozen, but in the above-mentioned winter, the ice sheets formed
in sheltered places during moments of calm.
Our first regular observation of the ice phenomena at Lake
Maxinkuckee began in the fall of 1899. Previous to that time,
however, occasional observations, made and recorded by Mr. S. S.
Chadwick and by Mr. Samuel B. Medbourn of the Medbourn Ice
Company, have been kindly communicated to us by those gentle-
men.
The remarkable clearness and purity of the water of Lake Max-
inkuckee and the thickness to which the ice freezes, give a very
high quality to the ice made from it, and Lake Maxinkuckee ice
has always had an enviable reputation for purity and enduring
qualities.
The operations required in taking out the vast quantities of ice
each winter keep a changing portion of the lake on the west side
more or less open for brief intervals in different places, and this
has its effect on the plant and animal life of the lake.
Our original plans contemplated a careful study of the ice in all
its* more important relations to the various species of animals and
plants inhabiting the lake, but lack of time prevented such study
of many of the phenomena as the importance of the subject justi-
fied.
The grounds of the Culver Military Academy skirt the northern shore of Lake Maxinkuckee, covering
a tract of 500 acres.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 225
The ice phenomena of the lake, including the formation, thaw-
ing, expansion and contraction, forming of ice-beaches and so on,
present more or less variety from year to year. In the two years
the phenomena were studied there was a wide difference in them,
so that different details confidently looked for from previous ex-
perience were surprisingly discounted.
Every year, the small body, Lost Lake, freezes over much sooner
than the larger lake, and usually freezes over as a smooth sheet of
ice, in a single night.
During the winter of 1900-1901, cold weather came on rather
suddenly and the weather was rough and windy, so that, though
the surface water became quite cold, the wind kept it from freez-
ing except in the form of ice-needles which drifted up at first on
the shore in high, conical snow-white masses, which at a distance
looked like frozen foam, but which revealed on closer examination
an entirely different structure from foam. The surface of the
water near shore on the windward side of the lake, was covered
with slush ice, composed of long needle-shaped crystals, which, as
they were jostled together by the choppy waves, made a cheerful
musical sound, like the rustling of dried hay. At other times during
momentary bits of calm, or in protected bays, a thin sheet of clear
solid ice would be put out from shore, soon to be broken into bits
by the wind. These, constantly moved among each other by the
waves, produced a musical continuous clinking, like glasses struck
together, or at other times larger masses in more violent motion
produced a far-heard rumbling like a heavy farm wagon rattling
along a road. The bits of ice blown up against the shore gouged
the shore considerably and shoved considerable sand before them
in places, although finally the result of such gouging was neither
conspicuous nor permanent.
As to the final freezing over of the lake, in 1900-1901, the first
stage from shore was formed by the needle-shaped crystals already
mentioned, these forming concretions around centers, making cir-
cular patches from about the size of a dinner plate to several feet
across, and these finally drifted together and the becalmed water
of the interstices froze, thus cementing the whole together into a
solid mass.
From this time on, during moments of comparative calm,
stretches of rather smooth clear ice would form out toward the
center of the lake, the inner margin of which would soon be more
or less chopped up and broken by waves during more windy pe-
riods, and then would occur another advantage of calm and cold,
another concentric ring of ice would be formed, another attack of
226 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
storm and wind on the weak-edged with a line of chopped ice, so
that finally the limit of each freezing period was marked by a ring
of choppy ice, and the stages of freezing could be counted, like
the growth-rings of a tree as seen on a stump. Apparently a sud-
den coming on of cold reduces the surface temperature greatly
without allowing much chance for convection and the water under
the ice continues tolerably warm all winter. The large lake was
very slow in freezing over, and a few holes remained open quite
late, being kept open by winds and by the flocks of ducks which
congregated there in great numbers.
Ice on Lake Maxinkuckee: The earliest appearance of ice as
noted in our records was on October 12, 1907, when ice was ob-
served on boards in low places. This was evidently merely frozen
dew. On the 22d, ice was seen on Green's marsh and on the boat
slip at Outlet Bay. This was observed again on the 23d, 27th, 28th
and 29th. In 1906, on October 31, ice was seen in a leaky boat and
along the south shore in shallow quiet water. These are our only
October records.
For November, in 1899, the first ice was noted on the 12th,
when it remained all day in favorable places. In November, 1900,
there was a thin fringe along the shore on the 14th, and on the
16th it was frozen out from shore about 4 feet. On the 30th there
was a fringe along the south shore, i to ^ inch thick and extending
out usually 10 to 30 feet. Just west of Norris Inlet two broad
points ran out about 200 feet. From this and subsequent obser-
vations it is believed that it is on that part of the lake that perma-
nent ice first forms. In 1902, the first freeze was on November
25. In 1904, ice was first noted on November 6, and on the llth
and 21st there was some along the south shore of Outlet Bay, re-
maining in the boat slip all day. On the 13th, 14th and 16th it
was on the boat slip all day; on the 17th there was a thin skirt
along the shore, and a little appeared each morning thereafter until
the 27th when there was a good deal off the ice houses and in simi-
lar situations. On the 28th ice skirted the shore pretty generally,
but not far out. In 1898, in December, the ice was one inch thick
all over the lake except at the Deep Hole ; on the 8th and 9th it was
all over the lake and 3 inches thick, and on the 14th it was frozen
solid and 7.5 inches thick.
In 1899, in December, it was 1.25 inches thick on the 26th along
shore. In December, 1900, on the 10th ice extended out about 50
feet from the end of the Chadwick pier, and about 200 feet out
on east side of Long Point. At many places there was only a
narrow irregular fringe, with occasional air holes. In places the
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 227
ice was choppy. On the llth snow covered the ice which was
grinding and tolerably loud at the south end. On the 12th there
was considerable ice, particularly in Outlet Bay and off the ice-
houses where it extended out in long sharp points, an unusually
long sharp blade extended off Long Point to the northeast. There
was a broad fringe along the east side of Long Point and large ice
islands around stakes in Outlet Bay and southeast of Shady Point
cottage. A brisk wind ground up all the ice except that near the
shore north of Long Point, the breaking up being accompanied by
considerable rattling and clinking. Ice-chips, small and clear, were
thrown up on the north shore near the railroad station with a great
roar. By noon all the ice in front of Shady Point cottage had dis-
appeared. Before breaking up the ice was I inch thick at the shore
and inch thick at end of pier at Shady Point.
The next day a peculiar slush ice formed in front of Shady
Point, consisting of circular or oval discs of needle-shaped crystals
drifting together and freezing. On the 15th this ice, very rough
but weak, extended out more than 100 feet. By the 19th the lake
was frozen entirely over except a considerable area in the center
and extending well toward the south end.
On the 20th the lake was frozen nearly all over only a con-
siderable pond in the middle. The ice all around the lake, espe-
cially on the west side, was very rough, and would hold one up
only 60 to 70 feet out. There was a great deal of clear drift ice,
the thickness of window glass, piled up along the east shore. It
plowed and heaped up the sand a good deal, making a small ice-
ridge. This was not caused by expansion but by the ice being
blown up against the sand.
On the 21st the ice was pretty solid out for some distance. The
only open water was in parallel north and south strips near the
center. In Outlet Bay one could walk out about 400 to 500 feet,
but the ice was weak on the east side of Long Point.
On the 22d there was a good deal of water on the ice, and the
open spaces enlarged appreciably. On the 23d a strong wind
began breaking the ice and piling it up on shore at Culver Bay on
the 24th.
On the 28th the lake was again frozen irregularly, with open
spaces toward the center. One could walk out in front of the
Gravelpit about 600 feet. At one place one could walk within a
foot of the open water, so strong was the ice. On the 29th the ice
was moving and jamming up some against the shore. At night it
was somewhat noisy. In 1901, the first record in December re-
garding the condition of the ice was made on the 15th, to the effect
228 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
that the lake was frozen nearly over. On the 16th the ice was 3
inches thick ; on the 18th, 4.5 inches ; the 19th, 5.5 to 6 inches, and
entirely frozen over; the 20th, 6 inches; the 21st, 7 inches; the
22d, 8.5 inches ; and the 23d, 9 inches. On the 24th it began melt-
ing and by the 31st was only 8 inches thick. In 1902, the only
December records are for the 10th, the lake freezing, and the 14th,
when the air at 6 p.m. was 20, Lost Lake frozen over, but Lake
Maxinkuckee still open. In 1904 there are several December rec-
ords. On the 1st to 3d, the lake was rough and ice cakes were
forming. On the 4th and 5th considerable stretches along the
shore were frozen, but none along the north shore. On the 6th it
was drifting up on the east side and on the 8th it softened and
melted some, though it was strong enough to bear up in Outlet Bay.
On the 9th it was torn up by waves at the south end. On the 10th
Outlet Bay was firm enough to walk over, and by the 13th the lake
was all frozen over except several scattered pools filled with ducks
and coots. On the 14th, only three or four long open pools left,
and these were filled mostly with coots, only a few ducks being left.
The ice was clear, only one-half inch thick some distance from
shore. On the 15th all the lake except two small pools was frozen
over. These pools were full of coots which no doubt helped to keep
them open. There were many cracks in Outlet Bay. On the 16th
only one pool was left open. The next day the ice company had
teams on the lake, scraping the snow off the ice, which was 5 inches
thick. On the 18th the last open pool closed. The heavy snow on
the ice weighed it down and forced a good deal of water to come
up through a large crack that ran from Long Point southeast. On
the 21st the ice was cracking and pushing up the shore at Long
Point. On the 23d the ice was rotten and melted a good deal;
there were many small air holes, and on the 25th there were many
open places north and east of Long Point.
We have one record for January, 1893. On the 5th the lake
was frozen over 9 inches thick except in a few air holes and cracks
caused by expanding ice. In January, 1899, the ice was 8 inches
thick on the 1st, 9 on the 8th, 10 on the 29th, 10.5 on the 30th
and 11 on the 31st. In January, 1900, it was 7 inches thick on
the 1st, 8 on the 2d, 9 on the 3d, 9.25 on the 4th, 7 on the 12th, 6
on the 16th and 17th, 7J near the ice-houses, 8 at the Norris pier
and 4.5 in front of Shady Point on the 21st and very rotten, 6 on
the 30th, and 8 on the 31st. On the first there were several cracks,
one running off from Murray's, one off mouth of Aubeenaubee
Creek, one from ice-houses to Lakeview hotel, one from the ice-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 229
houses to Long Point, and one from Long Point northeast, this last
being cooped up like the roof on a house.
There was a large crack from the south end of the lake near
the Farrar cottage northward to the shore near the Academy along
which the ice buckled up and then fell back by overlapping, a phe-
nomenon which old residents had never observed before. On the
22d the lake was open in deep water and on the 24th the ice was
breaking up.
In 1901, on January 1, it was cold and the ice grew very fast;
on the 2d the lake was frozen over except one pool near the Deep
Hole. Teams were cleaning snow off the ice near the ice-houses. On
the 3d the pool was still open; this was between Long Point and
the McOuat cottage and was only 18 or 20 feet in diameter. The
ice was "cracking" a good deal all day and shoving up on shore and
booming and rumbling at night. On the 6th there were 3 or 4
inches of water on the ice and again on the 8th when the ice was
full of holes; on the 9th it was dry and clear; on the 10th it was
getting rotten and breaking into cakes and by the 12th it was
unsafe, but was firmer on the 13th ; rotted again on the 14th, but on
the 15th again became firm and showed beautiful mosaics. It sang
much and loudly nearly all morning, but rotted in the afternoon.
On the 18th it was 4| inches thick, solid and singing much. On
the 19th it was 7.5 inches thick at the ice-houses. There was
much noise, a sort of groaning, at night, and many new cracks were
noted the next morning. On the 21st the ice was very rotten, and
at night a good deal of noise, ringing sharp cracks as if the ice
were giving and falling. On the 23d it melted a good deal on top,
and was about 5 inches thick. On the 27th the big hole was still
open ; on the 28th it was 5.5 to 7 inches thick on the east side, but
weak. On the 29th, 7.75 to 8 inches thick and covered with water
in some places.
The January record for 1902 is brief. The ice was 8.5 inches
thick on the 1st, 9 on the 3d, 10 on the 6th, 11.5 on the 16th, 12 on
the 17th and 18th, 12.5 on the 20th, 13 on the 21st, 14 on the 27th
and 28th, and 15 on the 31st. The lake was very low. On the
27th the ice was shoving up some on the north and east shores but
not much on the west side.
In January, 1903, the ice was 5 inches thick on the 7th, 10 on
the 12th, 12 on the 19th, and 13 on the 23d. The ice company
began to put up ice on the 13th.
In January, 1905, the records are few. On the first, the ice
was rotten and rapidly disappearing, and there was a large hole
230 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
near the center of the lake. On the 2d, it was nearly all gone east
of Long Point and south to Murray's, but Outlet Bay was still cov-
ered. On the 4th the lake was again pretty well frozen over, it
having grown cold on the 2d and 3d.
In January, 1906, the lake was not frozen over on the first.
Later it froze over but ice was all gone by the 22d, following a
week of rain.
Our first February records are for 1899, when the ice was 11.5
inches thick on the 1st, 12 on the 2d to 7th, 13 on the 8th, 16 on
the 10th, 18 on the 13th, and 15 on the 27th. The next are for
1901. On the 1st the ice was groaning some; on the 4th and 5th
it was much sunken by 8.5 inches of snow on it ; on the 8th it was
groaning again; on the 9th it was still sagging and covered with
water in many places ; on the 20th it was somewhat noisy and much
flooded in the middle ; covered with slush on the 23d and still sink-
ing on the 24th; on the 25th much slush and ice groaning a good
deal, continuing for the next two days. There was much noise
again on the 28th, continuing all day.
In 1902, on February 4th the ice was about 18 inches thick;
17 inches on the 6th and 18 on the 21st. On the 25th the ice began
to get dark where the snow had blown off, and in some places slush
snow covered it.
In 1903, the ice was 8 to 10 inches thick on February 15, but it
had been about 14 inches thick.
In 1906, on February 14, the lake was frozen over, the ice 4 to
6 inches thick, and the ice cutting beginning.
Our March records begin with 1899, when the ice was 10 inches
thick on the llth. On the 12th there was a high west wind driving
the ice out from the west shore and piling it up 10 feet high on
the east side. On the 22d the ice was rotten; by the 25th it had
become so honeycombed that it practically all went off the lake,
piling up high on shore in various places; on Long Point it was
about 10 feet high, but did no damage.
In 1900, on March 1, the ice was 12 inches thick and 16 inches
on the 19th. On the 22d it was open near the center of the lake.
On the 25th the ice began to break up, drifting to west and north-
west shores, and by 6 p. m. it was all gone.
In 1901, on March 3, the ice was free from snow and there was
some water on the surface. On the 4th the air holes that were
present on the 3d froze up. On the 6th there was a long crack
along the west shore and on the 7th the ice was heaving and push-
ing on the shore on the east side. On the 8th and 9th it was
quite soft and flooded; on the llth very rotten around the edges,
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 231
tightening up again at night, and alternating weak and firm until
the 25th when it all disappeared, simply breaking up and melting
without piling on shore.
In 1902, the only records for March are: On the night of the
12th the ice moved southeast and piled up 10 feet high on the north-
west side of Long Point, and about as high on the east shore at th'e
Edwards cottage. All the west side was open on the 13th. On the
13th the ice left the lake with a southeast wind which piled it on
shore at the depot grounds and east to the Palmer House. On
the 18th some ice had frozen and piled up some on shore.
In 1903, in March, the 13th was the first warm, calm day of
spring, and the ice went off very fast ; all gone from Outlet Bay by
6 p.m., and all gone from shore from there to depot. The next
day the wind shifted to the south and piled the ice 6 feet high at the
tip of Long Point. On the 15th the wind shifted to the northeast
and drove the ice into Outlet Bay and along the west shore, but
doing no harm. That portion of the lake north of a line from the
tip of Long Point to the Edwards cottage and east of a line from
the tip of Long Point to the Assembly grounds was free of ice.
Then the wind shifted again to the south and drove all the ice to the
north end of the lake. By 6 p. m. the ice was all gone. As the ice
was very thin no harm was done. Air at 3 p.m. 70. On March
29 there was some ice again.
In 1905, in March, on the 25th, ice covered about three-fourths
of the lake. The surface was very much decayed and broken. It
went off rapidly all day and by the evening of the 26th there was
only a little left in Culver Bay.
In 1907, the ice left the lake on March 17. Several days of
warm rain had rotted it thoroughly and a strong southwest wind
on the 16th set it in motion, broke it up, and drove it toward the
northeast part of the lake, where it melted.
In 1908, the ice left the lake March 13, the day being very warm
and the frogs singing.
In 1910, on March 1, it turned warm, and there was no snow
or rain thereafter. On March 22 the ice left the lake. It was
20 inches thick and just rotted out. It did not drift much and no
harm was done. It opened as usual on the west side from the
Outlet to the depot. Air about 60.
There are only a few ice records for April. The senior author
spent April 6 and 7, 1885, at the lake, and recorded the fact that
the ice was still on the lake, with a narrow strip open around the
edges, especially along the south shore and at the inlet mouths.
In 1900, on April 1, the ice moved north; on the 3d it moved
232 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
southeast and piled high on shore ; on the 5th it moved south ; and
it was all gone by the 6th. The 7th was the first pleasant day
of the season, although it snowed some; it had been cold, with an
east wind for a week.
In 1901, on April 1, there was some old ice and new ice had
formed on the pools the previous night. On the 4th overflow water
was frozen, and there was ice on the pools on the 9th. Even on
the 19th and 20th there was ice on the pools.
In 1913, the ground was frozen on April 23, and on May 2 the
ground and pools were frozen.
Ice on Lost Lake: Considerable attention was paid to ice con-
ditions on the small lake and the results are here given, in the
thought that comparisons between the two lakes may prove in-
structive.
Ice was observed on Lost Lake in each month from October to
April, both inclusive. In October, 1904, a little ice was noted on
the 23d and 28th.
In November, 1899, a narrow fringe was seen about the edge
of the lake. In 1900, ice froze about 4 to 7 feet out from shore
just above the Bardsley cottage on the 14th, and on the 16th the
lake was frozen over but not strong enough to bear one up. In
front of the Bardsley cottage it was to 2^ inches thick, but was
thinner elsewhere. On the night of the 17th the ice went off, but
the lake was nearly frozen over again by the 27th. In November,
1904, there was a narrow fringe of ice around the lake, most of
which had disappeared by the 13th. On the 28th the lake was more
than half frozen over with ice strong enough to permit one to walk
out a short distance. On November 14, 1906, the lake was frozen
nearly over.
In December, 1899, Lost Lake was frozen over on December 6,
but the ice left the lake on the llth after 24 hours of rain. It
froze again on the 15th. In 1900, it was frozen entirely over on
the 10th when the ice was 1 inch thick and would bear up some dis-
tance out. Near shore the ice was choppy in places. On the llth
it was strong enough for skating. On the 12th it was 2 13/16
inches thick 30 feet from shore, and did not crack when walked
across. The next day it was 3 inches thick, and loud noises were
caused by the expansion in the forenoon. On the 17th the ice was
about 5 inches thick and beautifully stratified. On the 19th thin
ice had frozen on top of the other, from flooded water. On the
23d the wind tore up the ice at the south end. There were many
large bubbles under the ice nearly everywhere, evidently blown
under by the wind. The ice was dry on top and apparently solid.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 233
On the 28th the ice was frozen irregularly, with numerous air
holes.
In December, 1901, the lake was frozen over on the llth, and
solid on the 19th, the ice being 6 inches thick. In December, 1902,
Lost Lake was frozen entirely over on the 14th.
In December, 1904, Lost Lake was frozen over on the first, the
ice being quite opaque. On the 2d it was 1 inches thick and would
bear up, but cracked some on the west side where it was not so
thick. On the 3d the Outlet was partly frozen below the railroad
bridge. On the 9th the stream below the lake was pretty well
open.
In January, 1901, Lost Lake was solid on the first and 2d; on
the 3d the ice was 10 inches thick and contained 9 planes of bub-
bles, one of which, 5.5 from the bottom, seemed to divide the whit-
ish upper ice from the lower clearer layer. On the 10th the ice
was 8 inches thick and men were cutting it; on the 18th it was
9 inches and showed a hexagonal structure. On the 19th Lost Lake
was open at the north end and remained so for several days. On
the 20th all the stream below the lake was open.
We have no February records.
In March, 1901, Lost Lake was all open on the 25th, but it was
almost frozen over again by the 29th.
In March, 1902, the lake was nearly open on the 13th but frozen
over again on the 18th.
THICKNESS OF ICE ON LAKE MAXINKUCKEE AT VARIOUS DATES
Date
Thickness in
inches
Remarks
1893
Jan. 5
1QQQ
9
Entirely covering lake except a few air holes and cracks.
lovo
Dec. 8
1
Over entire lake except the Deep Hole.
9
3
Over entire lake.
14
7.5
1899
Jan. 1
8
29
10
30
10.5
31
11
Feb. 1
11.5
2
12
7
12
8
13
10
16
13
18
27
15
Mar 11
10
121
High west wind drove ice out from west shore and piled it up 10 feet high or
22/
east side. Ice dangerous.
234 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
THICKNESS OF ICE ON LAKE MAXINKUCKEE AT VARIOUS DATES Continued
Date
1,99
Mar. 25
Dec.
Jan.
Feb.
6
11
15
26
27
28
29
30
31
1900
1
2
3
4
10
12
16
17
21
22
24
30
31
1
2
3
15
16
17
18
19
1
Mar.
19
22
April 1
3
5
6
Nov. 14
16
18
27
30
Dec. 10
10
12
13
14
17
17
19
20
21
22
Thickness in
inches
1.25
2
3
4.5
5.5
6
7
8
9
9.25
7
6
6
5.8
4.5
Remarks
Ice left lake, it having become honeycombed, piling up in various places 10
feet high on Long Point, but doing no damage.
Little Maxinkuckee frozen over.
Ice went off of Litt'? Maxinkuckee.
Little Maxinkuckee frozen over again.
On Little Maxinkuckee near shore.
Deep water still open.
4 inches on Lake Maxinkuckee and 8 inches on Little Maxinkuckee.
Very rotten.
Ice rotten.
Ice open in deep water.
Ice open in deep water.
Ice breaking up.
6
8
9
11
11
6
6
7
8
8.5
12
16
Ice open near the Split Rock.
Ice moving north.
Ice moves southeast and piles up high on shore.
Ice all gone except where piled up on south shore.
Ice all gone.
Coldest day of season, so far, 16. Ice 1.5 in shallow water; Little Maxin-
kuckee frozen 4 to 7 feet from shore.
Little Maxinkuckee frozen over; frozen out on Maxinkuckee 4 feet from shore.
Ice went off Little Maxinkuckee.
Little Maxinkuckee again frozen over.
Thin ice started around shore.
Little Maxinkuckee frozen entirely over, 1 inch thick.
Ice extending out 200 feet from shore on Maxinkuckee.
2 13-16 Most of the ice broken up. Ice on Little Maxinkuckee strong enough to bear
one.
3 On Little Maxinkuckee.
Outlet nearly frozen over.
A broad fringe of ice around shore.
About '/g inch of water on top of ice on Little Maxinkuckee.
Lake frozen over except a large area in center and extending toward south
end. Outlet Bay all frozen over.
Open area still present.
Lake frozen nearly all over.
Water covering ice, and open area increasing.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 235
THICKNESS OF ICE ON LAKE MAXINKUCKEE AT VARIOUS DATES Continued
Date
Thickness in
inches
Remarks
1900
Dec. 23
Much of the ice disappeared.
28
Ice cracking.
1901
Jan. 1
Ice extending over lake very fast.
1902
Jan. 27
14
Ice company has filled all its houses.
Feb. 4
18
Dec. 26
Lake frozen over.
31
Patrolman made first trip over ice
1903
Jan. 7
5
12
10
13
Ice-men began to put up ice.
19
12
23
13
1901
Dec. 28
Ice heaved up some.
1905
Feb. 20
24
Best ice ever harvested; has been good in all places,
and 10 to 18 to 24 inches
thick.
1909
Feb. 17
2 1 A
Snow 12 inches deep; ice all over trees and bushes, many trees broken down.
Thickest ice this winter about 9 inches and the ice-men got about half a
crop; lake frozen over four different times.
1911
Nov. 18
Lake open from Long Point to Palmer House, wind in the north. i> vrv
thin and rotten. Air 38. Rained all night and
wind shifted from south-
east to north at 6 p. m.
1914
Feb. 15
10
Air at zero in morning.
CONDITIONS OF ICE ON LAKE MAXINKUCKEE
Year
When first
noted
When lake
practically
froze over.
Thickness
MAXIMUM THICKNESS
When went
off.
Date
Thickness
1883
1893
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1901
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
22
9
7.5
18
16
January 5
December 9
9
3
January 5
December 14
February 13
March 19
November 12
November 14
March 25
March 25
March 25
March 15
March 15
December 20
December 16
3
November 25
February 4
18
November 6
December 15
February 20
24
March 26
October 31
October 12
March 17
March 13
March 3
March 22
March 12
April 6
March 14
March 27
20
13
14
February 23
*
236 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
BIOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
More attention was naturally given to the biology of the lake
than to the physical features. The scope of the investigations as
originally planned contemplated as careful study of the vertebrate
animals of the lake as time and facilities at command would per-
mit. It soon became evident however, that no very satisfactory
progress could be made with those groups without consideration
of the plants and the various groups of invertebrate animals of
the lake. It also became increasingly evident as the work pro-
gressed that no hard and fast line could be drawn between the
species directly related to the lake and those only indirectly so
related. This fact was strongly impressed upon us when we came
to study the habits of the mammals, reptiles, batrachians, and birds
of the lake and vicinity, and the distribution of the trees and
shrubs and other shore vegetation in their relation to the various
species of insects upon which fishes and other aquatic animals
feed. Many illustrations could be given of the ways in which
various species of purely land animals and plants are related eco-
logically to purely aquatic species inhabiting the lake. A few
examples may be mentioned. One might think that the common
house mouse and field mouse bear no relation to the life of the lake ;
but we have found both in the stomachs of large-mouth black bass.
We have found the raccoon feeding on the mussels of the lake. The
larvaB of certain species of dipterous insects of the genus
Ghironomus, are exceedingly abundant in the lake and constitute
a very important part of the food of the fishes, also of several
species of birds such as the various snipes, plovers, phalaropes, and
even of rusty blackbirds, red-winged blackbirds, and crow black-
birds. And in September and October, when these larvae com-
plete their metamorphoses and the air and the trees along the
shore about the lake become filled in the evening and on quiet days
with vast swarms of the large mosquito-like insects, making the
evening vocal with the constant humming of the millions on the
wing, they then are fed upon by various species of birds, among
which have been observed nighthawks, swallows, yellow-billed
cuckoos, yellow-rumped warblers, and even red-headed woodpeck-
ers and song sparrows. But the story does not end here. After
the nuptial flight has been made, these insects, myriads upon
myriads in number, and all about the lake, return to the surface
of the water upon which they lay their eggs, and there fall a prey
to various species of fishes from the tiny top minnow to the blue-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 237
gill, yellow perch, and large-mouth black bass. And the eggs laid
by those which succeed in escaping all their enemies furnish enor-
mous quantities of food to the multitude of little fishes hatched
during the previous summer, while the eggs that escape, hatch
sooner or later, and in their new form as Chironomus larvae, sup-
ply even greater quantities of delicious food to the fishes of a some-
what larger growth, and also to the turtles and young water-dogs
in the water and to various species of birds which feed along the
beach. But even this is not all the story. The millions of
Chironomi, after having accomplished their only purpose in life by
laying billions upon billions of eggs, die, and their dead bodies,
falling upon the surface of the lake or upon the land, are eaten by
the fishes, birds, and small insectivores.
One more illustration must suffice. When we came to study
the shore vegetation we were struck by the number of trees, shrubs
and other plants growing on the immediate lake shore, so close to
the lake that their branches overhang the water more or less. The
total number of species was not fewer than 50. Insects and in-
sect eggs and larvae were observed on a great many of these trees,
shrubs and herbaceous plants; doubtless every species is fed upon
or is the home of one or more species of insects. These insects
fall upon or are blown out upon the water now and then. Many
of them lay their eggs upon the leaves and these may fall off and
into the water, carrying the eggs with them.
The eggs that hatch produce caterpillars and other larvae
which feed upon the leaves of the plant, and many, while feeding,
drop into the water where, along with the adults and eggs that had
fallen in, they become a prey of the fishes. This is one reason
why many fishes come in near shore in the evening and at night;
they are attracted there by the abundant and varied fish-food con-
tributed to the lake by the plants along the shore.
With interesting and important inter-relations such as these
constantly forcing themselves upon our attention, the evidently
proper thing to do was to make our study of the lake sufficiently
comprehensive to include all such problems as fully as possible;
and this we have done. We therefore endeavored to make such
observations as time would permit, not only of the physical features
of the lake and immediately surrounding country, but also of most
of the groups of animals and plants in and about the lake of which
any of us possessed any knowledge. Unfortunately, and very
naturally, our acquaintance with some groups was very limited
indeed, and concerning those we are able to contribute little or
nothing.
238 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
While considerable time has been devoted to the study of this
lake, and while the amount of knowledge and information now pos-
sessed and made available regarding it is probably greater than
that possessed regarding any other lake in the world, there are
many gaps in the record, many of them large and important. No
one can realize this more fully or regret it more keenly than the
writers. Nor can any one realize more fully than they the in-
completeness and inadequacy of many of the observations, and how
desirable it would be to have them repeatedly verified.
A word of explanation regarding the arrangement of subjects
in the following pages is perhaps necessary. As the investigations
upon which this report has been based were made primarily in
the interest of fish-culture, more attention was necessarily paid
to the fishes than to any other group; in fact, such studies as
were made of other animals and of the plants were made only
because it was believed such investigations would contribute some
knowledge of value to the main purpose in view.
In view of this fact we thought it best not to adhere too closely
to a strictly systematic zoological and botanical arrangement of
the various subjects. We have treated the fishes first, and the
other groups have been presented in the order which we believe
best for the objects in view.
The various species considered have been presented from the
natural history point of view rather than from that of the sys-
tematist. We have even emphasized this thought by giving un-
usual prominence to the common or vernacular names by making
the scientific or binomial names subordinate to them, and by
making the text as non-technical as seemed necessary. It is hoped
and believed this treatment will contribute materially to the use
and value of the publication.
THE FISHES
INTRODUCTION
During the investigations at Lake Maxinkuckee, very naturally
more attention was given to the fishes than to anything else. It
was desired to Jmow not only what species are represented in the
local fauna but an effort was made to study each species from
many points of view. Observations were therefore made regard-
ing the abundance, distribution, breeding and feeding habits, pe-
riod and rate of growth, age, and size at different ages, parasites,
diseases, enemies, relation to other species, food value, commercial
importance, importance to the angler, seasons and methods of cap-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 239
ture and places where found, and many other problems the study
of which was necessary to a full understanding of the life history
of the species. Field observations and collecting were carried on
in all available and possible places, in all sorts of weather, at all
times of day and night, and at all seasons of the year, chiefly, how-
ever, in the summer and fall months.
METHODS OF COLLECTING
Seining: Seine collecting was, of course, the method most fre-
quently used and the one yielding the largest collections and re-
sults. The seines used were Baird collecting seines. When the
physical conditions permitted a 45-foot seine was used; where the
character of the bottom or any other factor prevented the success-
ful use of so long a seine, a shorter one was used sometimes one
15 feet long, at other times one 25 feet in length, and occasionally
seines 20, 35, and 150 feet were used. Seining operations were
begun July 5, 1899, the initial point being in front of the Duen-
weg cottage (now known as "Shady Point"), which is on the
lake shore just in front of the Arlington station. This cottage was
rented by the Fish Commission and used as headquarters by the
field party from July, 1899, to July, 1901. (See p. 34.)
From the Duenweg cottage as the starting point the seining pro-
ceeded southward along the west shore, eastward across the south
part of the lake, then northward along the east side, and on around
to the place of beginning. Each succeeding haul began where
the preceding one ended, thus every yard of seinable water near
shore was covered. Each haul of the seine was called a station and
the hauls or stations were numbered consecutively beginning with
No. 1. The following data were recorded for each station : Num-
ber of station, location, length of seine, date (including hour), con-
dition of sky, direction and strength of wind, temperature of air,
temperature of water, maximum depth of water, character of bot-
tom, vegetation as to character and extent, species of fishes caught
and number of each, species of other animals caught (as turtles,
batrachians, crustaceans, mollusks, etc.), and the number of each.
Only a sufficient number of specimens of each species were pre-
served for future study ; all others were returned to the water after
being counted and their sizes and other readily observable char-
acters determined. After some little experience in measuring the
fishes we were able to estimate their lengths quite accurately.
During the first part of July the entire circuit of the lake was
made; and. this was repeated during the corresponding part of
! (> ' i (>' G
240 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
August and again in September. The principal objects in repeat-
ing the work were to secure data on rate of growth, change in dis-
tribution, abundance, habits, spawning condition, food, etc. A
brief summary of the seining operations and results follows:
July 5, 1:45 to 3:18 p. m. Stations 1 to 11, from Duenweg
cottage southward to Murray's; seine, 45 feet. Sky cloudy; no
breeze; air 74; water 76 to 78.5. All these hauls were made
over a sandy bottom, thinly coated with marl in places, covered
more or less with mussels (mostly dead), dead Vivipara con-
tectoides, and two species of live gastropods which fasten to rocks
and other objects. The bottom nearly everywhere was covered
with a good growth of Chara, not tall but enough to cause the
seine to roll a good deal. There was also a considerable growth of
algee, and except in the first four or five hauls, there was a fringe
of tall Scirpus (S. americanus near shore and S. validus further
out), 20 to 40 feet wide and in water up to 18 inches in depth.
Catch: Log perch, many; yellow perch, 69; bluegill, about 50;
grayback minnow, 10 ; rock bass, 8 ; straw bass, 9, mostly young ;
small-mouth black bass, 7, young ; straw-colored minnow, 4 ; pump-
kinseed, 2; skipjack, 1; and blunt-nosed minnow, 1.
The majority of the bass were young-of-the-year, each about
one inch long. The sunfish and perch were also small, and mostly
one year old.
July 6, 2 : 48 to 5 p. m. Stations 12 to 29, from Murray's to 15
yards west of Farrar's pier; seine, 45 feet. Air 76; water 77
to 79.5. Bottom of sand and fine gravel with thin coating of
marl in some places, covered with a good growth of Scirpus to the
westward, but rare near Farrar's. This of course interfered with
hauling the seine. Catch : Bluegill, 1,227 ; small-mouth black
bass, 23; yellow perch, 30; log perch, many; skipjack, 27; blunt-
nosed minnow, 11; grayback minnow, 2; pumpkinseed, 2; Iowa
darter, 1; straw-colored minnow, 1. The bluegill was by far the
most abundant species, the Scirpus patches literally swarming with
them. They were nearly all young-of-the-year or of the preceding
year. Crawfishes, mussels, gastropods and algse were fairly com-
mon.
July 7, 1:40 to 4:03 p.m. Stations 30 to 52, from Farrar's
pier eastward to the high wooded shore on southeast part of lake on
Easterday's place; 45- and 15-foot seines used. Air 74 ; water
76. Bottom sandy with slight admixture of gravel to the west-
ward with more or less mud or marl overgrown with Potamogeton,
Scirpus and Chara in the last eight or ten hauls. A considerable
bed of mussels off the McDonald cottage, and many gastropods.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 241
Catch: Yellow perch, about 150; straw bass, 95; bluegill,
about 200; small-mouth black bass, 36; grayback minnow, 113;
skipjack, 13; straw-colored minnow, 12; log perch, 9; blunt-nosed
minnow, 29 ; Notropis heterodon, 1 ; rock bass, 8 ; Johnny darter,
10 ; Iowa darter, 6 ; pumpkinseed, several ; long-nosed gar, 6 ; creek
chub, 2.
July 8, 1 :40 to 3 :00 p. m. Stations 53 to 71, beginning at sta-
tion 11 and working north to Arlington station ; 15-foot seine. Air
about 73 ; water 76 to 78. Hauls all in shallow water, near
shore, and most productive where bottom was free from Scirpus.
Catch: Yellow perch, 185; straw bass, 121; skipjack about
500 ; grayback minnow, 209 ; Johnny darter, 61 ; small-mouth black
bass, 36; Notropis heterodon, 21; log perch, 33; Iowa darter, 13;
rock bass, 2 ; bluegill, 24 ; straw-colored minnow, 1 ; in the last
five or six hauls the skipjack was quite abundant, most of the indi-
viduals being young-of-the year.
July 10, 1 :05 to 4 :05 p. m. Stations 72 to 90, in southeast part
of lake at station 52 and proceeding east and north to Norris's
pier, omitting about 200 yards at mouth of Norris Inlet where the
softness of the bottom made seining impossible. The bottom at
the first stations was sandy with some slight growth of Potamog-
eton in places. Nearing the Inlet the bottom becomes more and
more composed of decaying vegetable matter and very soft, until
finally for a few rods adjacent to the Norris Inlet on either side
it is too soft for seining operations. Near the Norris Inlet the
bottom was full of deeper mud holes 3 to 10 feet in diameter.
Here also occur small patches of lily-pads mostly Nympha3a, but a
few Castalia. The 15-foot seine was at first used, then a 45-foot
seine was utilized. At station 82 near the little green boathouse
40 gar-pike (Lepisosteus osseus) were secured. Depth 6 feet or
less; air temperature 80 ; water temperature 78 to 82.
Catch : Bluegill, about 400 ; yellow perch, 269 ; grayback min-
now, 101 ; straw bass, 102 ; long-nose gar, 41 ; blunt-nose minnow,
40 ; log perch, 14 ; skipjack, many young ; pumpkinseed, 14 ; small-
mouth black bass, 9; straw-colored minnow, 23; rock-bass, 5; yel-
low cat, 1 ; Johnny darter, 9; brook stickleback, 1 ; mad torn, 1.
Young skipjacks were taken in great numbers at stations 76,
77 and 78, but only a few in any other hauls. Yellow perch were
usually abundant at every station, especially at No. 80. Bluegills
were common in nearly every haul, especially at No. 79.
There were added to the list in this series of hauls three species
which had not been previously taken, namely, the yellow cat (sta-
tion 77) ; mad torn (station 81), and the stickleback (station 89).
242 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
July 11, 2:00 to 4:45 p.m. Stations 91 to 110. Air 84;
water 81 to 84; sky cloudy, showery late in evening; depth 3
feet and under; 45-foot seine. Began at Norris's pier and pro-
ceeded up the east side to the McOuat cottage. For most of this
distance the bottom is of sand and fine gravel, usually covered with
a matting of Chara. In many places, stones, old tin cans, broken
bottles and the like made seining difficult.
Catch: Bluegill, 925; log perch, 190; skipjack, very many;
small-mouth bass, 40 ; straw bass, 17 ; yellow perch, 101 ; rock bass,
45; grayback minnow, 17; pumpkinseed, 4; yellow cat, 1; silver-
side, 1; and blunt-nose minnow, 1.
The bluegill was by far the most abundant fish taken, 419 being
in haul 109. Young skipjacks were very common, especially in
hauls, 93, 104 and 106. The log perch was remarkably abundant,
58, 51, 40 and 64 being taken in hauls 101, 105, 107 and 110, re-
spectively.
In the last few hauls the water appeared roily, caused chiefly
by the presence of much plankton, crustaceans and algse.
July 12, 2:15 to 4:10 p.m. Stations 111 to 120. Air 87;
water 79 to 89. These stations were in Norris Inlet. Begin-
ning at the bridge where the road crosses, stations 111 to 117 fol-
lowed up the creek to the heavy woods about its head, while sta-
tions 118 to 120 were from the bridge down stream until the creek
became lost in boggy ground. Seine, 15-foot.
Catch: Straw bass, 79; bluegill, 22; mud minnow, 17; grass
pike, 35 ; creek chub, 8 ; pumpkinseed, 4 ; and dogfish, 3. The straw
bass were all young, as were also most of the grass pike. The
bottom was usually black soil, sand or decaying peaty matter. In
shallow stagnant places the water was very warm.
July 13, 1:45 to 2:55 p.m. Stations 121 to 131. Air 86;
water 76 to 80 ; depth 5 feet and under. Same ground seined
over July 5, stations 1 to 11, but under different atmospheric con-
ditions. A storm came from the northwest and swept across the
north end of the lake while the work was in progress. Some rain
fell and strong waves came in from the north.
Catch : Bluegill, 331 ; yellow perch, about 325 ; rock bass, 52 ;
grayback minnow, 35 ; log perch, 28 ; small-mouth bass, 13 ; straw
bass, 7 ; pumpkinseed, 6 ; Johnny darter, 3 ; hog sucker, 1 ; yellow
cat, 1 ; blunt-nose minnow, 3. In haul 129, which was through a
thick patch of Scirpus americanus, young rock bass were very
abundant, 28 being caught. Young yellow perch and bluegills also
were abundant.
July 17, 1 :30 to 3 :40 p. m. Stations 132 to 147, from the end
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 243
of Long Point to Arlington, connecting with station No. 1. Air
73 ; water 80 to 82 ; depth 2 feet and under; seine, 45-foot. Bot-
tom sand, covered in most places with a more or less thick mat of
Chara contraria, with a good deal of Vallisneria spiralis, Naias
flexilis and Potamogeton pectina.tus. Just off the end of Long
Point is a large bed of mussels. Catch: Bluegill, 1,224; yellow
perch, 432 ; pumpkinseed, 244 ; skipjack, 101 ; blunt-nose minnow,
21 ; rock bass, 10 ; yellow cat, 2 ; silverfin minnow, 6 ; log perch,
13; Notropis heterodon, 1. As may be seen from the above, blue-
gills, skipjacks, pumpkinseeds, and yellow perch were very abund-
ant. The vast majority of each of these species were young fish,
either of-the-year or one year old.
July 18, 1 :35 to 4 :25 p. m. Stations 148 to 168, beginning at
the McOuat cottage (where station No. 110 ended) and proceeding
northward to the Shirk cottage just north of the Maxinkuckee road.
Air 80 ; water 80 to 84 ; depth 3 feet and under; seine, 45-foot.
Rocky shore and gravelly bottom, then sand and gravel bottom
with some mud in places, with areas of Chara here and there.
Catch: Bluegill, 1,430; log perch, 366; yellow perch, 202;
skipjack, several hundred; small-mouth black bass, 114; silver-fin
minnow, 29; silverside, 19; grayback minnow, 16; rock bass, 13;
hog sucker, 6 ; straw bass, 11 ; blunt-nose minnow, 7. Young blue-
gills were remarkably abundant, as many as 300 being taken in
one haul. Log perch also were very abundant, 151 being taken in
a single haul. Young skipjacks were exceedingly numerous.
July 19, 2 :30 to 4 :30 p. m. Stations 169 to 184, beginning at
the Shirk cottage and proceeding northward to near the Indiana
boathouse. Air 84; water 82 to 84; depth 3 feet and under;
seine 15-foot. Sky clear, wind from northwest, lake choppy.
Catch : Yellow perch, 430 ; bluegill, about 250 ; grayback min-
now, 124; skipjack, many young; small-mouth black bass, 38;
straw bass, 45; log perch, 54; rock bass, 87; blunt-nose minnow,
10 ; pumpkinseed, 139 ; Johnny darter, 2 ; rot-gut minnow, 1 ; straw-
colored minnow, 3.
July 20, 1:42 to 4:05 p.m. Stations 185 to 202, northward
from just south of Indiana boathouse to Aubeenaubee Bay. Air
87; water 81 to 84; depth 4 feet and under; seine, 15-foot at
stations 185 to 187 and 202, 45-foot at all others. Sky broken
cloudy, moderate breeze south by east. Catch : Bluegill, 669 ; log
perch, 275; yellow perch, 160; skipjack, many young; small-mouth
black bass, 69; straw bass, 19; pumpkinseed, 24; rock bass, 54;
grayback minnow, 17; blunt-nose minnow, 4; long-nose gar, 1.
July 21, afternoon. Stations 203 to 228, from northeast corner
244 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
of lake westward to The Roost. Air 89 ; water 79 to 88 ; depth,
2 feet and under; seine, 45-foot. Bottom at first mud then sand
and some gravel. Much Chara, Pontederia, Scirpus and Potamog-
eton.
Catch: Skipjack, young, very abundant; bluegill, 267; straw
bass, 203; yellow perch, 211; blunt-nose minnow, 84; log perch,
15 ; grayback minnow, 190 ; pumpkinseed, 50 ; rock bass, 43 ; yellow
cat, 4 ; long-nose gar, 3 ; green sunfish, 1 ; small-mouth black bass,
26 ; Notropis umbratilis, 12.
July 22, 2 :00 to 5 :00 p. m. Stations 229 to 247, from The Roost
westward to Kreutzberger's pier. Air 87 ; water 81 to 87 ; depth,
3 feet and under ; seine, 45-foot. Bottom unusually varied, ranging
from mud and sand through gravel to boulders; much Chara and
some Potamogeton.
Catch : Bluegill, 1,187 ; log perch, 371 ; skipjack, numerous
young ; small-mouth black bass, 66 ; yellow perch, 158 ; straw bass,
17 ; rock bass, 27 ; pumpkinseed, 13 ; grayback minnow, 14 ; blunt-
nose minnow, 5; silverside, 2.
July 24, 2:15 to 4:30 p.m. Stations 248 to 263, from end of
Long Point west and north to ice-houses. Air 87 ; water 83
to 86; depth 3 feet and under; seine, 45-foot. Bottom mud or
marl, very little sand and no gravel. Usually a heavy growth of
vegetation consisting chiefly of Vallisneria spiralis, Philotria
canadensis, Pctamogeton pectinatus, P. amplifolius, Megalodonta
beckii, Heteranthera dubia, Naias flexilis, Chara contraria, and
Potamogeton lucens. Right at the Outlet is a small patch of
Nymphaea advena and a few plants of Castalia odorata. Just off
the ice-houses diatoms are more abundant than at any other place
in the lake.
Catch: Yellow perch, 280; bluegill, 211; skipjack, numerous;
pumpkinseed, 81 ; rock bass, 41 ; log perch, 38 ; warmouth, 6 ; straw
bass, 21 ; small-mouth black bass, 9 ; bullhead, 4 ; Johnny darter,
2; grayback minnow, 2; short-nose gar, 1; grass pike, 1. In the
series of hauls were secured the first specimens of short-nose gar
and warmouth. Most of the fish taken were young, as usual ; how-
ever, some large fish were caught, among them a straw bass weigh-
ing 4 pounds and another of 2 pounds.
July 25, 2 :20 to 5 :00 p. m. Stations 264 to 280, from Kreut-
berger's pier southward to the Assembly grounds. Air 86 ;
water 81 to 86 ; depth 4 feet and under; seine, 45-foot. Bottom
usually of sand, sometimes mud or marl in the deeper places.
Vegetation, Eleocharis interstincta (the only patch in the lake),
Scirpus validus and S. americanus, V-'^llianeria spiralis, Potamog-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 245
eton amplifolius and pectinatus, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Cera-
tophyllum demersum, Philotria canadensis, Hydrodyction, etc.
Catch: Bluegill, 673 plus many young; yellow perch 369 plus
many young; rock bass, 147; pumpkinseed, 118; straw bass, 29;
blunt-nose minnow, 18; skipjack, many young; grayback minnow,
13; small-mouth black bass, 6; silverside, 4; Notropis heterodon,
3; bullhead, 1; dogfish, 1; Johnny darter, 2; rotgut minnow, 2;
warmouth, 1 ; chub sucker, 1 (first one caught of this species) .
July 26, 2 :30 to 4 :45 p. m. Stations 281 to 293, from Assembly
grounds pier south to ice-houses connecting with station 263, and
completing the circuit of the lake. Air 83 ; water 84 and 86 ;
depth 5 feet and under; seine, 45-foot. Bottom sandy, with some
mud, covered with considerable Potamogeton, Chara and Scirpus.
Catch : Yellow perch, 250 ; bluegill, 120 ; rock bass, 82 ; pump-
kinseed, 81; skipjack, numerous young; straw bass, 20; grayback
minnow, 11 ; log perch, 10 ; blunt-nose minnow, 4 ; grass pike, 4 ;
Notropis heterodon, 13 ; small-mouth black bass, 2 ; warmouth, 2 ;
Johnny darter, 1 ; yellow cat, 1.
July 27, 1 :05 to 3 :30 p. m. Stations 294 to 312, all- but the last
eight in lagoons in the Military Academy grounds the remaining
eight in Culver Inlet from the upper lagoon into the woods about
three-fourths of a mile above. Air 80 ; water 65 to 84 ; depth
5 feet and under ; seine, 15-foot. Bottom of soft mud near shore,
gravelly nearer center in the lagoon; creek mostly muddy bottom
and marshy shores.
Catch: Straw bass, 186; creek chub, 69; bluegill, 52; chub
sucker, 29 ; rotgut minnow, 14 ; Notropis heterodon, 10 ; grass pike,
8; yellow perch, 5; mud minnow, 3; warmouth, 3; small-mouth
black bass, 4; pumpkjnseed, 5; yellow cat, 7; rock bass, 2; mad
torn, 1.
July 28, 2 :25 to 3 :55 p. m. Stations 313 to 327, in the Outlet
from Lake Maxinkuckee to Lost Lake. Air 81 ; water 82.5 to
83; depth 3 feet and under; seine, 15-foot. Bottom gravelly for
a few feet in upper portion, then sandy, then of soft muck.
Catch : Bluegill, 514 ; straw bass, 43 ; warmouth, 16 ; pumpkin-
seed, 16; skipjack, several; rock bass, 4; grass pike, 4; big-eared
sunfish, 2 ; yellow cat, 1 ; Fundulus dispar, 1 ; calico bass, 1 ; chub
sucker, 1.
July 29, 3 :05 to 3 :50 p. m. Stations 328 to 341, east side of
Lost Lake from Sunset cottage south to muck bottom at southwest
end. Air 77 ; water 82 to 83.5 ; depth 2 feet and under; seine,
45-foot. Bottom sandy or muddy, with much Chara, some Scirpus
and some lily-pads.
246 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Catch: Bluegill, many, mostly young; Notropis heterodon, 78;
pumpkinseed, 7; skipjack, several; straw bass, 11; small-mouth
black bass, 3 ; grass pike, 3 ; blunt-nose minnow, 2 ; grayback min-
now, 1 ; red-eared sunfish, 1.
July 31, 1 :40 to 3 :45 p. m. Stations 342 to 363, north and west
shores of Lost Lake. Air 76 ; water, 81 to 86 ; depth 4 feet and
under; seines, 15-foot and 45-foot. Bottom sand or mud with
much vegetation, such as lily-pads (Nymphsea and Castalia),
Scirpus, Myriophyilum, Chara, etc. Afternoon pleasant, growing
hazy toward evening ; very little breeze.
Catch: Bluegill, abundant, mostly young; Notropis heterodon,
many; skipjack, many; red-eared sunfish, 22; straw bass, 32;
pumpkinseed, 24 ; Fundulus dispar, 6 ; small-mouth black bass, 2 ;
blunt-nose minnow, 4 ; mud minnow, 1 ; grass pike, 1 ; warmouth,
3; chub sucker, 2.
August 1, 1:37 to 3:30 p.m. Stations 364 to 379, west side
of Lost Lake from Hawk's barn south to where the lake narrows,
then a few hauls in the outlet and two hauls (Nos. 378 and 379)
on east side of outlet. This entire stretch of shore was not seined,
as patches of Castalia, etc., made it impossible in some places. The
water was very clear and the sunfish could be seen swimming about
in large numbers. Air 82 ; water 78 to 79 ; depth 3.5 feet
and under; seines, 15- and 45-foot. Bottom mostly of mud and
muck. Rank vegetation.
Catch: Bluegill, about 200; red-eared sunfish, about 50;
Fundulus dispar, 66 ; Notropis heterodon, about 30 ; straw bass,. 16 ;
warmouth, 19 ; chub sucker, 4 ; grass pike, 2 ; yellow perch, 2 ; small-
mouth black bass, 6; least darter, 3; skipjack, 1; Johnny darter, 1.
August 2, afternoon. Stations 380 to 390, in the Outlet be-
tween the two lakes, over the same grounds as Nos. 313 to 327.
Air, 82 ; water, 83.5 to 84 ; depth 2 feet or less; seine, 15-foot.
Catch : Bluegill, 307 and many young ; straw bass, 152 ; small-
mouth black bass, 17; warmouth, 15; red-eared sunfish, 12; rock
bass, 8 ; grass pike, 4 ; mud minnow, 2 ; calico bass, 1 ; least darter,
1 ; Fundulus dispar, 1 ; green sunfish, 2.
August 3, afternoon. Stations 391 to 395, beginning in front
of Arlington thence southward. Air 84 ; water 80 ; depth 4 feet
and under ; seine, 120-foot.
Catch : Yellow perch, 243 ; bluegill, 85 ; log perch, 125 ; small-
mouth black bass, 49 ; reck bass, 36 ; grayback minnow, 41 ; straw
bass, 46 ; blunt-nose minnow, 2.
August 4, afternoon. Stations 396 to 422. First 6 hauls
southward from Green's pier, the next in the marsh about Norris
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 247
Inlet, and the remaining ones (Nos. 411 to 422) in Aubeenaubee
Creek. Air 83 ; water, 84.5 to 85.5 in the lake, 72 to 73 in
the creek ; depth, 2 feet and under ; seine, 25-foot in lake, 15-foot in
creek.
Catch in the lake : Yellow perch, 52 ; log perch, 30 ; bluegill, 25 ;
straw bass, 21 ; small-mouth black bass, 12 ; grayback minnow, 46 ;
blunt-nose minnow, 8; skipjack, 1; pumpkinseed, 1; Johnny darter,
1 ; yellow cat, 2. In marsh : Mud minnow, 11 ; grass pike, 2. In
creek: Creek chub, 57; mud minnow, 10; grass pike, 9; chub
sucker, 1 ; silverside, 1 ; straw bass, 2 ; Maxinkuckee darter, 1 ;
Aubeenaubee darter, 11; rotgut minnow, 7. Crawfish and frogs
abundant.
August 7, 2 : 15 to 3 :00 p. m. Stations 423 to 426, the first two
hauls between Norris pier and Norris Inlet, the other two near
Fulton's pier. Air 76 ; water 80 ; depth 6 feet and under; seine,
125-foot.
Catch : Bluegill, 401 ; log perch, 576 ; yellow perch, 111 ; small-
mouth black bass, 147; straw bass, 48; skipjack, 73; grayback min-
now, 50 ; calico bass, 7 ; rock bass, 10 ; pumpkinseed, 3 ; Johnny
darter, 1.
August 10, 9:30 to 10:00 a.m. Stations 427 to 433, on east
side of Long Point from the Armstrong to the Scovell cottage. Air
83 ; water 79 ; morning foggy following heavy rain the day be-
fore ; depth, 2 feet and under ; seine, 15-foot.
Catch : Grayback minnow, 74 ; skipjack, about 100 ; rock bass,
23; bluegill, 16; yellow perch, 40; Notropis heterodon, 11; Iowa
darter, 12; Johnny darter, 12; straw bass, 8; log perch, 8; straw-
colored minnow, 6 ; blunt-nose minnow, 1 ; small-mouth bass, 1.
August 11, morning. Stations 434 to 439, on east side of Long
Point from the Meyer to the Armstrong cottage. Air 87 ; water
81 ; depth 2 feet and under; seine, 15-foot. Catch: Skipjack, about
1,000; bluegill, 135; yellow perch, 108; grayback minnow, 58;
straw bass, 30 ; Iowa darter, 38 ; rock bass, 29 ; Johnny darter, 4 ;
small-mouth black bass, 4; log perch, 1.
September 6, afternoon. Stations 440 to 447, in Outlet between
the two lakes. Air, 70 ; water, 74 ; seine, 15-foot. Catch: Blue-
gill, about 250; least darter, 26; straw bass, 22; warmouth, 24;
Fundulus dispar, 25 ; skipjack, 6 ; green sunfish, 3 ; yellow cat, 2 ;
pumpkinseed, 1 ; Notropis heterodon, 2 ; grass pike, 1.
July 17, 1900. 1:00 to 2:30 p. m. Stations 448 to 451, also
460, from Fish Commission pier south to below the first Scirpus
patch, 452 to 459, from Arlington pier north to the linden tree.
Air, 77 ; water, 77 ; depth 3 feet and under; seine, 25-foot.
248 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
Catch : Yellow perch, 196 ; bluegill, 141 ; grayback minnow,
96; skipjack, 81; Notropis heterodon, 64; small-mouth black bass,
34 ; straw bass, 34 ; pumpkinseed, 25 ; Johnny darter, 7 ; log perch,
5 ; rock bass, 3 ; mad torn, 1.
The 'oass ^ small- and large-mouth) were each about 2 inches
long (some only 13/16 inch) and were doubtless present year
brood : The yellow perch, bluegills, rock bass, log perch and skip-
jacks were nearly all of the present year's brood.
July 18, 2 :30 to 3 :30 p. m. Stations 461 to 467, at south end
from Overmyer's spring west to small brook coming out of Over-
myer's woods. Air, 74 ; water, 79. Seine, 30-foot.
Catch: Bluegill, 58; small-mouth black bass, 39; straw bass,
25 ; yellow perch, many ; grayback minnow, many ; Notropis heter-
odon, several ; rock bass, 4 ; Johnny darter, 2 ; Iowa darter, 1 ; skip-
jack, 1; blunt-nose minnow, 6; common bullhead, 1.
The small-mouth bass were all approximately of the same size
and averaged 1 inches long. The one straw bass saved measured
1 inches long. The two rock bass measured were 1| and 1.06
inches long, and the yellow perch averaged 1 inches. All of these
were evidently of the 1900 brood. The graybacks averaged
2.34 inches and 6 examples of Notropis heterodon, 2.34 inches. The
examples of these two species were probably 2 or 3 years old.
July 19, 2 :30 to 4 :30 p. m. Stations 468 to 481, from Murray's
to Farrar's. Air, 80 ; water, 79 ; seine, 30-foot.
Catch: Small-mouth black bass, 175; log perch, 25; straw
bass, 18; grayback minnow, 13; yellow perch, 12; rock bass, 3;
skipjack, 2 large schools of young (hauls 473 and 474) ; straw-col-
ored minnow, 46; Iowa darter, 2.
August 7, 11:30 to 12:00 m. Stations 482 and 483, at Fish
Commission pier. Air, 89 ; water, 82 ; seine, 45-foot.
Catch: Bluegill, 50; yellow perch, several; log perch, many;
straw bass, few; small-mouth black bass, few. Some of the blue-
gills were large.
August 9, 9:00 p.m. Stations 484 and 485, at Fish Commis-
sion pier, with 45-foot seine. Air, 85 ; water, 82. Catch: Blue-
gill, many ; rock bass, common ; yellow perch, common ; straw bass,
small-mouth black bass, log perch, straw-colored minnow, blunt-
nose minnow, skipjack and grayback minnow, few; walleyed pike,
one 10-inch example.
August 10, 9:00 p. m. Station 486, at Fish Commission sta-
tion, with 120-foot seine. Air, 85; water, 80. Catch: Bluegill,
abundant ; rock bass and yellow perch, few large and many young ;
straw bass, small-mouth black bass, log perch, straw-colored min-
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 249
now, blunt-nose minnow, skipjack and grayback minnow, few; and
one 10-inch walleyed pike.
August 14, 2:30 to 4:30 p.m. Stations 487 to 506, in
Aubeenaubee Creek from near source to mouth, with 15-foot seine.
Air, 70; water, 63 to 66.
Catch: Creek chub, a few in nearly every haul; mud min-
now, from 1 to many in each of 6 hauls; yellow perch, from 2 to
a few in each of 5 hauls ; rotgut minnow, a few in each of 9 hauls ;
Aubeenaubee darter, a few in each of 2 hauls ; straw bass, 4 young ;
small-mouth black bass, 2 ; bluegill, 1 young ; silverside, 1 ; blunt-
nose minnow, 1 ; grass pike, 1 ; black-nose dace, 2.
August 16, 2 :30 to 4 :30 p. m. Stations 507 to 528, in Norris
Inlet beginning near its source and proceeding down stream, with
15-foot seine. Air, 72.
Catch: No record was kept of the number of specimens
taken; the record shows only the species taken at each haul. In
the following summary the figure following each species name in-
dicates the number of hauls at which one or more specimens of that
species were taken: Bluegill, 6; silverside, 11; mud minnow, 8;
straw bass, 7 ; creek chub, 4 ; yellow perch, 4 ; yellow cat, 6 ; pump-
kinseed, 2; small-mouth black bass, 1; grass pike, 3; crawfish, 6;
frogs, 5; shells, 2.
August 17, 3 :30 to 4 :30 p. m. Stations 529 to 539, in Culver
Inlet from near its source to first lagoon. Air, 91.
The following species were taken in the number of hauls indi-
cated: Bluegill, 2; straw bass, 3; silverside, 8; yellow cat, 3;
yellow perch, 1 ; long-nosed gar, 2 ; black-nosed dace, 1 ; white
sucker, 1 ; mud minnow, 2 ; hornyhead chub, 1 ; chub sucker, 1 ;
rotgut minnow, 1.
At 8 p. m. on August 18, two hauls were made at the Fish Com-
mission pier with the 15-foot seine, catching many skipjacks, sev-
eral straw bass, black bass, bluegills, log perch, Iowa darters,
Johnny darters, grayback minnows, rock bass, and yellow perch.
August 21, 3:10 to 5:00 p.m. Stations 540 to 563. Air, 65
to 81 ; water 76 to 84. Nos. 540 to 554 were in Culver Inlet
from the bend east of the Academy grounds to the mouth at the
Academy pier. Mud bottom everywhere with much marsh gas.
Vegetation abundant; Potamogeton natans, Ceratophyllum, Phil-
otria, and water-cress.
The species gotten in this part of the creek were, in order of
abundance, bluegill, straw-colored minnow, roach, yellow perch,
straw bass, pumpkinseed, chub sucker, warmouth, rock bass, yel-
low cat, grass pike, white sucker, small-mouth black bass, silver-
250 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
side, creek chub, blunt-nose minnow, skipjack, stone-roller, com-
mon bullhead, and Johnny darter. There were also crawfish,
painted turtles, snapping turtles, map turtles, and water-dogs.
Nos. 555 to 559 were in the Outlet between the railroad bridge and
Lost Lake; Nos. 560 and 561 in northwest corner of Lost Lake at
the boat landing; Nos. 562 and 563 on west side of Lost Lake just
south of Hawk's barn.
The following is the list of fishes obtained, in order of abund-
ance : Bluegill, skipjack, rock bass, pumpkinseed, warmouth, chub
sucker, straw bass, small-mouth black bass, yellow perch, grass
pike, common bullhead, least darter, red-eared sunfish, Fundulus
dispar, and several painted turtles.
August 23, 7 : 00 to 8 : 45 a. m. Stations 564 to 575, from Fish
Commission station southward, with 35- and 20-foot seines. Air,
70 to 78; water, 80. Cloudy, calm and threatening in morn-
ing, strong puffy wind at 10 a. m. and lake rough.
The species obtained, in order of abundance, were: Bluegill,
straw-colored minnow, blunt-nose minnow, satinfin, log perch, Iowa
darter, Johnny darter, yellow perch, small-mouth black bass, straw
bass, grayback minnow, rock bass, skipjack, and pumpkinseed.
The Iowa darters and Johnny darters were near shore, the log
perch a little farther out, quite abundant and very fine.
August 25, 3 to 4:30 p.m. Stations 576 to 585, in the outlet
below Lost Lake at the old millsite. Air, 84 ; water, 77.
Catch: Bluegill, 80; pumpkinseed, 29; Fundulus disbar, 20;
Iowa darter, 11; chub sucker, 9; straw bass, 4; skipjack, 4; com-
mon bullhead, 3 ; roach, 3 ; small-mouth black bass, 2.
September 20, 8 :30 to 9 :30 p. m. Stations 586 to 595, in front
of Fish Commission station with 25- and 45-foot seines. Air,
71; water, 67.
Fish very abundant, the following species taken: Bluegill,
numerous small ones; yellow perch, many small and a few large;
skipjack, many small; rock bass, a few large and many small;
calico bass, 5 ; straw-colored minnow, few ; grayback minnow, few ;
mad torn, few; walleyed pike, one very large and 2 smaller ones;
white sucker, 2 large ones; dogfish, one large male; a few small
crawfish ; one large bullfrog ; one large map turtle.
September 22, 6 : 45 to 7 : 35 a. m. Stations 596 to 600, between
Fish Commission station and first Scirpus patch south. Air, 52 ;
water, 65. Sky with light clouds; slight northwest breeze; lake
smooth. Seines, 15- and 25-foot.
Catch: Log perch, many; small-mouth black bass, several;
skipjack, straw bass, rock bass, yellow perch, bluegill and Iowa
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 251
darter, a few young of each ; Johnny darter, 1 ; map turtle, 1 young ;
crawfish, 5.
October 23, forenoon. Stations, 601 to 607, in upper half of
Outlet, in open water with 25-foot seine. Air, 65 ; water, 64.
Catch: Straw bass, a great many (75 in first haul), each 4 to
6 inches long, a few larger; bluegill, many small ones; warmouth,
several; red-eared sunfish, many, medium size; pumpkinseed, 3
small ones; rock bass, 5 young; grass pike, 2 young; mud min-
now, 1 ; Fundulus dispar, 3 ; Johnny darter, Iowa darter, and least
darter, several of each; yellow cat, several young. Also a few
larval salamanders and cricket frogs.
November 28, morning. Stations 608 and 609, with 15-foot
seine, in front of Barnes cottage just north of Arlington pier, for
skipjacks of which about 2 gallons were caught. With them were
a few small straw-colored minnows and blunt-nose minnows.
Besides the more or less regular seining operations detailed in
the preceding paragraphs, considerable miscellaneous seining was
done at odd times for diverse specific purposes, among which may
be mentioned getting material for studies of structure, fish-food,
parasites, growth, spawning, enemies, coloration, variation, asso-
ciation and distribution. In these cases the seine hauls were not
recorded in the regular series and, usually, only those matters
especially under consideration were noted.
This miscellaneous seining, however, yielded much valuable
data on many of these questions.
Late in the summer and early fall many hauls were made at
night, chiefly with a short seine and in shallow water along the east
side of Long Point. These operations demonstrated that there is
a general inshore movement at night, not only of the carnivorous
species but of other kinds as well; and many of the fishes caught
were of large size. Among those that were frequent in these night
catches were large-mouth bass, small-mouth black bass, dogfish,
walleyed pike, white sucker and water-dogs. All of these except
the sucker evidently come in shore at night to feed on the smaller
fry abundant in shallow water, as was demonstrated by an exam-
ination of many stomachs.
Late in the fall and early winter considerable seining was done
with a small seine in shallow water both in the day time and at
night for the purpose of securing study material of the small min-
nows which it was discovered congregate in vast schools at that
season. Some of these great schools, consisting of thousands of
fish, were found to be made up chiefly of straw-colored minnows
with fewer of the variable-toothed minnow, a few of the Cayuga
252 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
minnow and a few grayback minnows ; other schools would be com-
posed of grayback minnows almost entirely, and still others of
skipjacks.
Gill-nets: Several gill-nets were used in July, 1899, but, as the
results were chiefly negative, their use was discontinued at the end
of that month.
Nets of 2, 2 and 3} inch (bar) mesh were used. The nets
were tried in various places, in water of different depths, at dif-
ferent depths (sometimes at the surface, and again at intermediate
depths), and under diverse conditions. The conclusion reached
after a month's trial was that the results obtained did not justify
the time and labor involved. Only 4 different species of fishes were
taken in the gill-nets ; these, in order of numbers taken, were straw
bass, yellow perch, walleyed pike and long-nosed gar. The bass
were of moderate size (from to H Ibs.), the perch were all of
good size, the single walleyed pike weighed 2 pounds, and the single
gar was 27 inches long.
The coarse-mesh net caught nothing ; the 2-inch mesh was most
effective.
The majority of the fish caught were in nets set in shallow
water; none was caught as deep as 25 feet. The nets set at the
edge of bars or deep holes were the ones in which fish were most
often taken. Those set near the surface yielded more than when
set deeper in the same water. More fish were caught at night than
during the day.
One of the principal objects in using gill-nets was to determine
whether the Tippecanoe Cisco (Leucichthys sisco) inhabits this
lake. The tests seemed to demonstrate that it does not.
Set-lines: A number of tests were made with set-lines, chiefly
in the south part of the lake and in Lost Lake. It was desired to
know what species could be taken in this manner, the most suitable
places for each, the best kinds of bait, the best season, etc.
Only negative results were obtained in deep water, and usually
in all other places except on muddy bottom. The only species
caught were yellow cat, common bullhead cat, dogfish, rock bass,
water-dog, snapping turtle, soft-shell turtle, map turtle and musk
turtle. The catfish could generally be taken in considerable num-
bers on mud or marl bottom, especially in Lost Lake. Many water-
dogs and turtles also were taken in the same and similar places.
Only a few dogfish were caught.
Various kinds of bait were used, the principal ones being beef,
liver, mussel, crawfish, and cut fish. Liver seemed best, though all
were effective.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 253
The interesting fact is that none of the basses (except rock
bass) or perches was taken by this means.
Traps: Various sorts of minnow traps were used to some ex-
tent. The results were unimportant. Necessarily only small
fishes could be caught in this way, and, as the traps were set at
some pier, only those shallow water species frequenting such places
entered the traps. These, approximately in order of abundance,
were the straw-colored minnow, blunt-nosed minnow, grayback,
young yellow perch, skipjack, Johnny darter, young bluegills and
young rock bass.
Dredging: One of the most important parts of the investiga-
tion of the lake was the dredging. It is to the work of the dredge
that we owe much of our knowledge of the character of the bot-
tom; indeed, all our knowledge of the deeper parts except what
could be inferred from such portions of mud as adhered to the
sounding-lead. It is also to the dredge that we owe all our knowl-
edge of the character and distribution of the flora of the lake ex-
cept in the very shallow portions about shore, and all we know
about many animals mollusks, insect larvae and crustaceans
which escape other means of capture, such as the seines near
shore and the plankton nets at the different plankton stations
and at the surface. The dredge covered a greater amount of
territory and yielded a larger assemblage of objects and data than
was furnished by any other implement except the seine. It is not
only material, but also conditions that are revealed by the opera-
tions of the dredge; and what was learned of the winter behavior
of the plants and animals of the lake was obtained chiefly by the
use of this valuable instrument.
Indeed, so multifarious are the lines of investigation in which
the dredge is used, that the instrument is to a considerable extent
concealed behind its work, and, unlike those instruments used but
for a single end, such as the thermometer to take temperatures, the
seine to capture fishes, the plankton nets to collect minute organ-
isms, etc., it is not always recognized at its full value or associated
in mind with all the results it accomplished or helps accomplish.
It is, therefore, well to call attention to the fact that not only this
brief chapter on dredging, but also the greater part of what has
been written concerning the lake bottom, nearly all relating to lake
botany, and much concerning food of fishes, and of the ecology of
the lake, are due to the operations of this useful instrument.
Of the immense number of dredge hauls made, many need not
be specifically considered in this discussion, either because the re-
sults obtained have been fully treated elsewhere in connection with
254 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
the consideration of the lake bottom or of aquatic botany or the
various other subjects mentioned above, or because they are so
similar to others given as general types that their repetition would
be monotonous without giving any additional information; they
serve the important but not spectacular function of confirming
and witnessing to the facts presented in the typical hauls.
A good deal of the dredging in shallow water in such places as
Outlet Bay, the Norris Inlet region, the Weedpatch, etc., was ac-
complished by means of a common garden rake, which was used
principally during the winter through holes cut in the ice. The
rake is not well adapted for use from a boat during the summer,
as the manipulation of it requires the use of both hands, and the
boat answers too readily to any pull to enable one to get much pur-
chase on objects in the bottom. Two men in a boat, one at the oars
and one with the rake can, however, accomplish a good deal in
shallow water. When operated either through holes in the ice or
from a boat, the rake is useful only in rather shallow water. By
fastening a splice to the handle one can work 10 to 12-foot depths
fairly well, but beyond this the rake becomes too unwieldy; the
handle is too buoyant to allow one to force the rake-head down to
the bottom, and too flexible to work the rake satisfactorily when
down.
The rake was used extensively during the winter of 1900-1901
and again in 1904. By its means the condition and behavior of
the lake plants during the winter were observed, the kinds of soil
adhering to their roots noted, and, by washing the plants out in
water and straining the resulting liquid, numerous important
forms, amphipods, isopods, crawfishes, small mollusks, caddis cases
with the enclosed larvae, damsel- and dragon-fly larvae, leeches,
worms, and protozoa were obtained. Various species of darters
(Etheostoma iowse; Boleosoma nigrum) mad toms (Schilbeodes
gyrinus) , Sticklebacks (Eucalia inconstans), and the young of
many of the game and food-fishes (bluegill, rock bass, etc.) which
were among the weeds feeding upon the insect larvae and amphipods
were also captured in the entangled masses of weeds.
For deep water and for summer work various forms of dredges
were used, one of the most effective consisting of a sort of double-
toothed comb made by fastening together a series of parallel pieces
of moderately heavy strap-iron (like that used for tires of light
wagons). The pieces of strap-iron, about 18 inches long, with a
hole drilled through the center of each, and 2 crosspieces of simi-
lar strap-iron, one on each side, were riveted to these parallel
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 255
pieces, which became the teeth. The teeth were sharpened and
bent in the form of a half circle. A ring was fastened to each
end of the crosspieces and to these the dredge-rope was fastened.
The resulting dredge, let down to the bottom, was certain to land
on one side or the other, and, like the cant hook of the logger's
camp, was sure to take hold of whatever it touched, and almost al-
ways brought up something.
Below is given, in tabulated form, a record of various dredge
hauls and their results. In the first table, an attempt is made, by
selecting from a large series of records and arranging in sequence
of depth, to give the results obtained by hauls at different depths,
proceeding from 1 to 3 feet deep to water 85 feet, close to the
greatest depth to be found in the lake.
These tables serve to show in detail what, of course, was well
known in a general way, that the greater number of forms, both
plant and animal, are most abundant in the shallow water, the first
few feet near the surface containing the great majority of organ-
isms in the lake, the deeper waters being comparatively tenantless.
Only 2 living forms descend to the greatest depths; one a "red-
worm" or Chironomus larva, which comes up to near the surface
during the night to obtain air. This is one of the most attractive
and highly prized tidbits of the various fishes of the lake, and can
retire into the depths beyond the pursuit of the most adventurous.
The other organism is a species of Sphserium. How it can live
in these depths where the water is devoid of oxygen is a mystery.
In this connection attention may be called to the habits of a species
of Sphserium found in the woodland ponds near the lake. These
ponds are dry during the greater portion of the year, and at this
time the Sphserium remains among the moist leaves of the bottom,
apparently in the condition of suspended animation. The two hab-
its, one manifested above the lake surface and the other far below,
are apparently quite similar.
The following is a brief resume of the life at different depths,
as shown by the dredging and tables:
From 1 to 14 feet, the great mass of life, both plant and animal,
of the lake; 24-25 feet, lower limit of plant growth, Nitella being
the only plant found in any abundance at 25 feet ; 30-35 feet, lower
limit of nearly all animal life except the 2 organisms mentioned
above ; lower limit of Vivipara contectoides, one of the most abund-
ant and widely distributed organisms of the lake.
17-17618
256 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey
TABLE OF DREDGING AND RESULTS
Depth
in feet
No. of
haul
Date
Locality
Apparatus
Results
1-3
Oct. 22, 1904
Off from ice-
houses
Rake
Bottom; dark, soft, marl.
Plants; winter buds of ditch moss (Philotria),
hornwort (Ceratophyllum), and stolons of
wild celery. (Vallisneria), much green
algae, and Chara, the Chara mostly brown
but with bright green bits here and there.
Animals; isopods abundant; leeches common;
amphipods numerous; large dragon-fly larvae
common; various mollusks, such as Ancylus,
Vivipara contectoides, old and young,(^ Plan-
orbis exacuttis; there were a few crawfishes,
(Cambarus propinquus).
1-3
Oct. 31, 1904
Off from ice-
1-3
Jan. 12, 1901
houses
Outlet Bay .
Rake
Rake
Bottom; dark, soft, marly.
Vegetation; much as above; chiefly C/.ora k and
leaves of wild celery.
Animals; Pisidium, Sphcerium, Planorbis, and
Isopods in abundance; some Hydrachnids;
Ancylus found attached to the leaves of wild
celery.
Bottom; dark, soft, marly.
Plants; Stout Naias (Naias flexilin robusta),
hornwort, milfoil, shining pondweed (Pot-
amogeton lucens), large-leaved pondweed (P.
amplifolius), all green; Chara, mostly brown
and dead-looking but with bright ; green
shoots.
Animals; Iowa darters, various gastropods,
several crawfishes and numerous leathery
caddis-cases, the latter elongate and attached
to weeds.
3-4
Many
hauls
Various
Near Norris
Inlet
Rake
Bottom; black, peaty.
(November
and
December.)
Winter of 1904.
Plants; principally Chara.
Animals; gastropods of vaiious sorts Gonio-
basis, Planorbis, etc.; fishes Iowa darteis,
mad toms (Schilbeodfs gyrinus), young cat-
fishes (Ameiurus nebulcsus), a few stickle-
backs (Eucalia inconstans) , and numerous
young bluegills (Lepcmis pallidus), about \Yi
to 2 inches long, and crawfishes, the animals
being all tangled up in the weeds.
5
14
Aug. 14, 1899
Near
Murray's . .
Dredge
Plants; Chara.
Animals; 2 crawfishes, 1 banded snail (Vivi-
para contectoides), Bryozoan (Plumatella
polymorpha), 2 gastropods.
10
Nov 18 1904
Off Depot
Pier
Rake
Plants; water marigold (Mcialodonta beckii),
green; Philotria with dense winter buds, Cer-
atophyllum loose (not compacted into winter
buds), Small Potamogeton amplifolius.
Animals; Plumatella polymorpha attached to
the Potamogeton.
Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 257
TABLE OF DREDGING AND RESULTS Continued
Depth
in feet
No. ol
haul
Date
Locality
