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THE 


LANCASTER  FARMER, 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY 


ONDER   THE   AU!?PICB8  OF    THE 


LANCASm  COUNTY  AGSICDLTUML  AND  HORTICOLTURaL  SOCIETY. 


TERMS.— ONE  DOLLAR  PER  YKAR  IN  ADVANCE. 


V^ol.  T,    I  ^-^(  U>. 


LANCASTER,   PA.: 

WTLIE  A  GRIEST,  INQUIRER  PRINllNO  HOUSE  ANO  BOOK  BINDERY,  -iS  XOUIH  <iUKE?J  STREBT. 


INDEX. 


Advertisements,  189, 

Agriculture  a  Progressive  Science,  8. 

A  Veteran  Magnolia,  9. 

A  Large  Tannery,  15. 

A  Paper  on  Fruit  Culture,  UK 

Agricnlturai;  24,  37,  53,  70,  84,  100,  lift,  132,  148, 

163. 
A  List  of  Varieties  of  Blackberries.  41. 
American  EEtomologist,  61. 
A  (rood  Word  for  the  Cat-bird,  70. 
Annual  Report  of  Experimental  Farm,  7H. 
Act  for  Protection  of  Game,  70. 
Ashe!=^  for  Peai^,  80. 
Asjndiuhis  Harrisi,  88. 
An  Agricultural  Library,  92. 
AnsTTcrs  to  Correspondents,  %,  144. 
A  Generous  Yield,  108. 
Adventitious  Buds,  IK^. 
Alderney  Breed  of  Cattle,  110. 
American  Pomological  Society,  121. 
Amherst  Agricultural  College,  122. 
Application  of  Marl  to  Fruit  Trees,  12*ii. 
Average  Age  of  Auimab,  127. 
Agricultural  Improvements,  16:5. 
Agricultural  Exhibitions,  168. 
Advice  to  Working  Men ,  169. 
About  Candleri,  171. 
Arts  for  Home  Use,  174. 
American  Sumac,  170. 
.\  Remedy  Against  Insects,  170. 

B. 

Botany,  30,  57,  72,  87, 105, 118, 135, 151 .  100. 
Bowers' Complete  Manure,  89.  122. 
Bread,  9S. 
Bee  Culture.  100. 
Bean  Weavil,  107. 
Bran  for  Milch  Govs  s,  110. 
Blackberry  Culture,  40,  41. 
Bitter-Weed,  87. 

Butter  and-Chee-e  Culture  as  a  P.trHt  for  Grain 
Culture,  181., 


G. 

Che.stnut  Culture,  1 92. 

Cherries,  189. 

Cutting  Grain  before  Ripe,  5. 

Clematis  Flamula,  15. 

Correspondence,  27, 42, 88. 

Card  the  Cows,  32. 

Circulation  of  the  Sap  in  the  Plant,  177. 

Culture  of  Blackberries,  40. 

Climate,  42. 

Currant  Culture,  44. 
i  Crossing  or  Hybridizing  Wheat,  54. 
,  Census  and  Agriculture,  63. 
I  Care  of  Sheep,  64. 
'  Comnumications,  122,  152. 
I  Clouds  as  Indications  of  the  Weather,  128 
j  Corn  Culture,  133. 
I  Can;ula  Thistle,  KM. 
I  Cattle  Kalxing,  138. 
I  Cows  fur  General  Use,  141. 
i  Curious  Eftects  of  Pine  Trees  on  Soil.  160. 
'  Curculios,  73.  « 

i  Closing  Reflections,  18/ . 
,  Creeping  Spurge,  160- 
,  Cure  'or  Glanders,  192, 

D. 

Deep  Flowing  should  be  Gradually  Done,  31. 
'  Does  Farming  Pay  in  Lancaster  Crunty?  55. 
I  Destruction  ot  Insect.*,  02. 

De.^troyirg  Stumps,  64. 

Draught,  95. 

Do  the  Constellatic>ns  Influence  Vegetation  ?  117. 

Death  of  Mrs.  Liz/.ie  Englc,  01. 

Dandelion,  72. 

Domestic  Ri  ccipts.  191. 

E. 

Edible  Fungi,  4. 

Entomology,  2,  28,  44,  50,  73,  88,  107,  136, 186. 
E.Ktvacts,  2,  5,  11,  10,  25,  40,  61,  80, 109, 152. 
E:^:-ays,  20,  49,  05,  09,  81,  98,  113,  129,  145,  161. 
Editorials,  29,  40,  58,  89,  107, 138,  1-52,  160. 
Extermhiation  of  Noxious  Insects,  44. 
ExtermiuRting  Insect?  by  Fire,  45. 


Index. 


11!. 


Evans'  Catalogue,  47. 

Encouraging  Thieves,  189. 

Economy  ot  Birds,  51. 

English  Sparrows,  64. 

Experimental  Farm,  101,  109. 

Exploded  Theories,  117. 

Eatable  Mushroons,  126. 

Excerpts  from  Ohio  Farmer^  1*28. 

Kiarly  Goodrich  Potato,  133. 

Effects  of  Trees  on  Climate,  144. 

Early  Rose  Potato,  192. 

Farming  in  Lancaster  County,  180. 
F. 

Feeding  Sheep  for  Manure,  16. 

Fruit  Growers  Society,  Pa.,  16,  168. 

Perrc,  Batcheldcr  &  Go's.  Catalogue,  47. 

Fish  Culture,  48,  (^S. 

Flowers,  55. 

Fusil  Oil,  64. 

Fertilizers  for  Straw!  crrics,  80. 

Fruit  Exhibition,  149. 

Frait  Trees,  184. 

Fall  Planting  of  Trees,  192. 

G. 
Grape  Culture,  (>. 

Growing  Figs  in  Northern  Climate,  42. 
Gas  Lime  a  Fertilizer  and  Insect  Preventer,  62. 
(iood  Tools,  115. 
(irceu  Manure,  132. 
Gapes  in  Chickens,  144. 

H. 
How  to  Raise  Forest  Trees,  8. 
How  to  Buy  Furs,  15. 
How  I  Make  Dutch  Cheese,  192. 
Hard  Milching  Cow.s,  16. 
How  to  Save  Girdled  Fruit  Trees,  IG. 
Horticultural,  26,  39,  55,  85,  102,  134,  149,  164. 
How  to  Raise  Chester  County  Hogs,  38.^ 
How  to  liaise  Blackberries,  41. 
How  many  Acres  of  Blackberries,  41. 
Houses  for  Bird.s,  45. 
Hoops  Bro.  &  Thomas'  Catalogue,  47. 
How  to  Improve  Exhausted  Lands,  53. 
How  to  Prepare  liand  for  Orcharjls,  55. 
Hovcy's  Illustrated  Catalogue,  61. 
Hybridization  of  Wheat,  70. 
How  to  Raise  Lima  Beans,  86. 
How  to  Make  the  Butter  Come,  92. 
Horticulture  as  Old  as  the  Bible,  102. 
Horticultural  Exhibitions,  120. 
How  about  Mushrooms  ?  127. 
Hay  Required  for  Cows.  160.  • 
How  Much  y  155. 
Hydraulic  Ram,  173. 
How  to  Grow  Hair,  176. 
Household  Market,  176,  192. 


I. 

Introductory,  I. 

Improved  Cattle  in  Lancaster  County,  91.  ., 

J. 
June  Strawberry  Exhibition,  1(>9. 

K. 
Kreider's  Catalogue,  61. 

L. 
Letter  from  California,  27. 
Look  out  for  Ilunibugs,  44. 
Liquid  Grafting  Wax,  96. 
LAXCAsTKit  Farmetj,  96. 
Leaks  on  the  Farm,  127. 
Lancaster  County  Tobacco ,  1 3.">. 
Locust-Trec  Blight,  136. 
Lightning  Rods,  15S. 

M. 

Miscellaneous.  31.   IS.  62.  Wl.  110.  126.  141,  150. 

169. 
Model  Blackberry  Bubhcs,  4(i.  '•' 

Management  of  Farm  Manure,  63. 
Mildew,  or  Rust  and  it^^  Remedy,  84. 
Maple-Leaf  Gall,  96. 
Mill  Beetle,  137. 
Manurial  Powder  df  Sjih,  [(■,(). 
Mushrooms,  17(1. 
Mullicn,  135. 

Norway  Oats,  25. 

National  Pomological  Society,  95. 

Notes  on  the  Culture  of  Saffron,  lOf. 

■\ 

O. 

Ornithology,  3.  75.  '  "> 

Old  Maids,  .32. 

Origin  of  Varieties  of  Blackberrief^,  41.  ; 

Orchards,  64.  ;.<., 

Observations  on  Rain.  67.  ,«5, 

Old  Watonuan's  Joui'nal,  IKi.  •    . 

P. 

Proceeding  of  thf  Agricukuial  ami  Hc>riicultur«. 
Society,  5,  30,  47.  59,  77.  90,  Ki7.  119,  .r39,  154 
167,187. 

Potatoc  Culture,  7. 

Persian  Insect  Powtkr,  1 1 . 

Phenomena  of  Rain,  12.  ' 

Property  in  Plants,  32. 

Plums  for  the  Million,  39.  * 

Preparing  (Jround  for  Blackberries,  40.  ''•',. 

i'rice  of  Blackberries,  41. 

Planting  Grape  Eyes,  41. 

Planting  Trees,  42. 

Pennsylvania  Fruit  Grower's  Society,  5.s. 

Plastic  State  Rooting,  61'. 

Preservation  of  Fruit  Trees,  64. 


IV. 


Index. 


Poor  Land — Poor  Farmers,  64. 

Pear  Culture,  69. 

Philadelphia  Butter,  183. 

Plant  a  Few  Raspberries,  92. 

Potatoes  in  Hills,  95. 

Peach  Aphis,  96- 

Pear-shaped  Coccoon,  96. 

Peach  Crop  of  Maryland,  101. 

Pruning  Trees,  104. 

Pea-bugs  and  Bean-bugs,  lu7.  , 

Plums,  127. 

Potatoes,  128. 

Potatoes  and  tkeir  Winter  Management,  190. 

Plowing  Orchards,  164. 

Poultry  Manure,  168. 

Preserving  Fruit,  173, 

Profitable  Reading,  141 . 

Plant  more  Trees,  121. 

Poke  Weed,  118. 

R. 

Rotation  of  Crops,  24. 

Rust  on  Dinner  Knives,  32. 

Robert  Fulton — Historical  Novel,  60. 

Roots  as  Organs  of  Vegetation,  81. 

Raising  Locust  Trees,  134. 

Review  of  Market**,  144,  176. 

Report  of  Committee  on  Apples*.  1 19. 

Report  of  Committee  on  Grapes,  149. 

Report  of  Committee  on  Pears,  150. 

Report  of  Committee  on  Peaches,  150. 

Report  of  Committee  on  Vegetables,  &<■..   i.*^!. 

Raising  Forest  Trees,  164. 

Receipts  for  Preserving  Fruits.  173. 

Raising  Celery,  175. 

Rag  Weed,  87. 

S. 
State  Agricultural  College,  ih. 
Soldier  Beetles,  56. 
Seasonable  Pruning,  62. 
Snout  Beetles,  73. 
Selection  of  Seed  Corn,  94. 
.Silk  Coccoon,  96. 
Smut,  102. 
Saffron  Culture,  109- 
Save  the  Birds,  122. 
Scraping  and  Washing  Tree.^,  128. 
Soot,  a  Powerful  Fertilizer,  128. 
Small  Fruit  Culture,  141. 
Sparrows,  143. 
Spruce  Up,  160. 
Storing  Celery,  191. 

Scripture  Farming  and  Horticulture.  165. 
Scientific  and  Mechanical,  15. 
Staking  Fruit  Trees,  128. 
St.  John's  Wort,  57. 
Slovenly  Farming,  101. 


T. 

To  the  Public,  J. 

The  Culture  of  Fruit,  10. 

Tiger  Beetles,  28. 

The  Culture  of  the  Peach.  26. 

The  Duty  of  Writing,  30. 

To  Cleanse  Seed  Wheat,  32. 

The  Cellular  Tissue  of  Plants,  33. 

The  Culture  of  Wheat,  and  its  Soil,  34. 

The  Cell  in  the  Process  of  Germination,  49. 

The  Robin,  51. 

To  Cook  Spare  Ribs,  63. 

The  Organs  of  Vegetation,  65. 

The  Water  Streams  of  Lancaster  County,  67. 

Truffles,  and  How  to  Grow  Them,  71.  •  ' 

Take  Care  of  the  Birds,  75. 

Times  Changes,  80. 

The  Root  as  an  Organ  of  Vegetation,  81. 

The  Chinese  Twining  Honey-suckel,  86. 

The  Pear  Bark-louse,  88. 

The  Lancasser  Farmer,  96. 

Trees  and  Rain.  127. 

The  Internal  Growth  of  Plants.  129. 

The  Teeth  of  Animals.  131,  147,  111,179. 

The  Early  Goodrich  Potato,  133. 

To  Relieve  a  Choked  Cow  or  Ox.  135. 

The  Mill  Beetle,  137. 

The  Capacity  of  an  Acre.  142. 

The  Sparrow,  143. 

The  Farmer's  Friend,  143. 

The  Wire-worm,  144. 

The  !.(af  as  au  Organ  of  V'egetation,  145,  161. 

The  Farmer's  Cnrfc(\  152. 

The  Xew  TjaniMster  County  Directory,  1.56. 

To  Keep  Clear  .if  Brd-ljugs,  160, 

To  Dry  Fniit,  l-io. 

To  our  Patroiis,  166. 

Too  Many  Irons  in  the  Firt',  169. 

The  irydvanlic  Ram,  173. 

Tiic  I. all'  Ilorii.'uk'iral  Exhibition,  152, 

'I'iu;  PlaiiL,  its  SinK'tiu-e.  &c.,  98. 

The  Origin  of  Wheat  and  its  Culture,  100. 

The  Grape,  103. 

Thorn-apple,  1("5. 

Thi>  First  Thousand.  111. 

The  Effect  of  Charcoal  on  Flowers,  112. 

To  Make  Cuttings  Grow.  112. 

Temperature  f(n-  Chui-ning.  119. 

Trim  Your  Trees,  121. 

V. 

VaUie  of  Wood  l^ands,  14. 

Vegi-iable  Physiology,  20,  33,65.  81,98,  129,  145. 

Value  of  the  Crow,  94. 

W. 
W  n'k  for  Jaiuiar^,  3. 
Whv   is    ihe    Country   Desi-rted,  and    the  City 

Thnsngedr  21. 
Wlieat,  Its  I'ri'sfi.t  ai:d  Future,  36. 
Wheat  vs.  ClH-a;.  37. 

Weeds,  36.  57.  72.  87,  105,  118,  135,  151,  166,187, 
Whv  Wont  the  Butter  Come  ?  43. 
What  Have  AVe  Done,  and  AVhat  Neglected?  85. 
Washburn's  Cuhivator's  Guide,  61. 
Wheat,  148. 

When  to  Cut  Timber  to  Make  it  Lasting,  104. 
White  Weed,  151. 
Wanted— a  Clerk,  156. 

Y. 
Yield  of  Blackberries  per  Acre,  40. 


THE 


Vol.  I. 


LANCASTER,  PA.,  JANUARY,  1869. 


No.  1. 


She  gaucastcr  ^mmx, 

PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY 

^VYLIE    &    GRIEST, 

»IXQUIRER  BUILDING,  LANCASTER,  PA., 
At  OWE  DOLLAR  PER  YEAR  In  Advance, 

U>'DKR    THE    AUSPICES    OF    THK 

XASfCASTER  COINTY  AGRICri-TURAI.  AND 
UORTIl UL.TUKAL.  SOCIETY. 


Publishing  Committee. 
Dr.  p.  W.  Hiestand, 
H.  K.  Stoker, 
Jacob  M.  Frantz, 
Casper  Hillki:, 
Levi  W.  Gkoff, 
Alexander  H.\rri9. 


Editorial  Committee. 
'J.  B.  Garber, 
H.  M.  Enoi.e, 
Levi  S.  Kbist,  • 

"W.  G.  DlFFENDERFER, 
J.  G.  IMUSSER, 
S.  S.  RATHVO>f. 


O^All  communications  intended  for  the  Farmer  shonld  be 
addr('S.«ed  to  S.  S.  Kathvon  and  Alex.  Harris,  the  resident 
membiTS  of  the  Editing  and  Publishing  Committees. 

All  advertisements,  subscriptions  and  remittances,  to  Wylie 
&  Griest,  Printers. 


TO  THE  PUBLIC. 

The  Lancaster  Farmer,  as  oiir  published 
prospectus  implies,  will  be  a  journal,  in  the  maga- 
zine form,  issued  monthly,  at  one  dollar  a  year  in 
advance,  and  devoted  to  Agriculture,  Horticul- 
ture, Mechanics,  and  general  correlative  Miscel- 
lan3\  It  will  be  a  gatherer  and  disseminator  of 
facts,  relating  to  these  specialties,  rather  than  the 
promulgator  of  mere  theories,  and  yet  it  will  not 
discard  theories  that  have  facts  for  their  basis. 
As  the  members  of  its  editing  and  publishing 
committees  reside  in  different  parts  of  the  County 
of  Lancaster,  where  they  are  in  the  pursuit  of 
their  usual  occupations,  they  will,  individuall)^, 
constitute  centres,  to  whom  may  be  communica- 
ted, either  verl)ally  or  written,  such  facts  as  it 
may  be  profitable  for  the  public.to  know;  from 
whence  they  Avill  ultimately  concentrate  at  the 
centre  of  publication,  in  the  City  of  Lancaster. 
It  is  also  understood  that  the  entire  membership 
of  the  Society,  to  whose  parentage  our  paper  is  in- 
debted for  its  existence,  will  constitute  them- 
selves a  "  committee  of  the  whole,"  for  the  col- 
lection of  material  to  provide  for  its  subsistence, 
for  in  this,  as  in  other  living  things,  sw^sistence 
is  the  only  condition  of  existence.  In  order  to 
facilitate  and  render  more  safe,  transmissions  and 
remittances,  the  members  of  the  editing  and  pub- 
lishing committees  are  authorized  agents,  in  their 


respective  neighborhoods,  to  receive  subscriptioiis, 
advertisements  and  communications ;  and  to  re- 
ceipt for  monies  on  account  of  the  same,  in  the 
name  of  Mr.  Stuart  A.  AYylie.  the  responsible 
printer  and  publisher — unless  it  would  be  more 
convenient  to  communicate  immediately  with  him, 
or  with  the  resident  members  of  the  editing  and 
publishing  committees.  Advertisements  will  be 
inserte(J  at  the  usual  magazine  rates,  and  a  rea- 
sonable deduction  made  to  those  who  occupy  a 
whole  page,  or  advertisers  b}'  the  year.  As  our 
journal  will  reach  ail  parts  of  the  County  of 
Lancaster,  and  many  places  beyond  its  borders, 
and,  moreover,  will  be  preserved  in  a  substantial 
form  for  ready  reference,  it  will  possess  advanta- 
ges, as  an  advertising  medium,  not  possessed  by 
a  daily  and  weekly  newspaper. 

P.  W.  HEISTAND, 
H.  K.  STONER, 
■  JACOB  M.  FRANTZ, 
CASPER  HILLER, 
LEVI  W.  GROFF, 
ALEX.  HARRIS, 

Publishing  Committee. 
Lancaster,  Jan.  1, 18G9. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

The  County  of  Lancaster,  in  all  the  elements 
that  are  essential  to  social  progress,  constitutes 
in  itself  an  empire.  Its  geographical  position,  its 
populati-^n,  its  wealth,  its  intelligence  and  the 
productions  of  its  soil,  have  deservedly  earned  for 
it  the  proud  title  of  the  "Garden  of  the  Keystone  ' 
State."  Based  upon  the  nnmerical  ratio  of  its 
last  presidential  election,  its  population  cannot 
fall  far  short  of  two  hundred  thousand  souls. 
Notwithstanding  the  development  of  its  vast 
natural  and  industrial  resources,  there  necessarily 
must  remain  many  still  undeveloped,  and  hence  a 
.great  mission  is  devolving  upon  its  people,  which 
ought  not  to  be  evaded  or  disregarded.  As  a  di- 
rect medium  to  assist  in  develoi")ing  its  Agricultu- 
ral, Horticultural  and  Mechanical  resources,  and 
incidentally  also  its  intellectual,  social,  and  do- 
mestic elevation.  The  Lancaster  Farmer  has 
been  instituted  and  ordained,  and,  without  apology 
for  its  appearance,  asks  the  generous  support   of 


THE  LANCASTER  FAKMER. 


its  people.  It  appears  at  this  time,  because  the 
society  under  whose  auspices  it  is  published,  con- 
cieved  that  the  period  in  our  domestic  history  has 
arrived,  when  such  a  Journal  is  demanded.  The 
want  of  a-  local  medium  of  communication  with 
the  world  at  large,  has  long  been  felt  and  desired, 
by  a  large  and  intelligent  portion  of  our  people, 
and  that  demand  the  Editorial  and  Publishing 
ifommittees,  who  have  the  matter  in  charge,  are 
now  in  the  effort  to  supply.  Of  course,  its  ulti- 
mate usefulness  will  depend,  in  a  great  measure, 
upon  the  intellectual  and  pecuniary  support  it  re- 
ceives from  the  people  at  large,  and  especially 
from  that  class  for  whose  special  benefit  it  has 
been  instituted.  Therefore,  it  respectfully  soli- 
cits subscriptions  from  the  people,  and  also  useful 
contributions  to  its  columns.  Ko  matter  how 
illiterate  individuals  may  be,  if  they  are  cognizant 
of  facts  that  would  be  useful  to  others,  and  com- 
municate those  facts,  in  even  the  most  ordinary 
language,  they  will  be  dressed  in  such  a  form  as 
may  make  them  creditable  to  themselves,  and  in- 
teresting to  the  public.  As  a  matter  of  course, 
the  more  originality  there  is  in  contributions,  the 
more  they  will  add  to  the  general  stock  of  human 
knowledge,  but  they  need  not  necessarily  be  en- 
tirely original,  only  so  that  they  contain  facts  that 
would  be  useful  for  the  people  to  know.  It  is  the 
design  of  the  Editorial  committee  to  publish  in 
the  columns  of  the  Farmer,  all  essays  of  ac- 
knowledged merit,  that  are  read  before  the  meet- 
ings of  the  "Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Soci- 
ety," and  also  a  synopsis  of  its  proceedings.  As 
an  advertising  medium,  to  implement  manufac- 
turers, nursery  men,  and  others,  the  publishers 
believe  this  Journal  will  possess  unusual  local 
merit,  and  therefore  a  limited  nmnber  of  these 
will  be  inserted,  and  are  respectfully  solicited. 
Ail  matter  intended  for  the  columns  of  the^ARM- 
ER,  will  be  subjected  to  the  judicious  exercise  of 
that  discretion  which  is  claimed  by  publishers 
everywhere. 

In  conclusion,  generous  public,  and  especially 
citizens  of  Lancasteu  County,  we  do  not  come 
before  you  with  an  imposing  Premium  list,  by 
means  of  which  a  temporary  patronage  is  too 
often  purchased,  but  we  appeal  to  your  native 
magnanimity  and  your  local  pride,  trusting  to 
base  the  value  of  our  Journal  upon  its  intrinsic 
merits,  and  anticipating  your  voluntary  and  un- 
biassed support. 

Our  first  number  may  not  be  a  true  reflex  of 
the  qualities,  abilities  and  resources  that  may  be 
developed  through  the  experience  of  time  and 
opportunity,  but  we  hope  it  maybe  appreciated 
as  a  step  in  the  right  direction.  Our  existence  is 
ushered  in  cotemporary  with  the  Newi    Year — 


young,  inexperienced  1869 — and  we  sincerely  wish 
its  advent  may  be  as  propitious  to  all  our  subscri- 
bers and  readers,  as  we  hope  it  may  be  to  our 
enterprise. 

J.  B.  GAKBER, 

H.  M.  ENGLE, 

LEVI  S.  REIST, 

W.  C.  DIFFENDERFER, 

J.  G.  MUSSER, 

S.  S.  RATHVON", 

Editorial  Committee. 


ENTOMOLOGY. 
From  present  indications,  a  period  is  approach- 
ing in  the  domestic  economy  of  our  country,  when 
some  knowledge  of  Entomology  will  be  deemed 
absolutely  necessary  to  the  successful  pursuit  of 
Agriculture  and  Horticulture  among  our  people. 
Whilst  a  very  large  portion  of  tlie  insects  which 
infest  the  vegetable  and  domestic  productions  of 
human  industry,  are  absolutely  noxious,  and 
therefore  destructive  in  their  habits,  yet  there  is 
probably  nearly  as  large  a  proportion  that  are 
either  neutral  in  their  characters,  or  are  unqual- 
ifiedly beneficial  to  the  husbandman,  and  may 
therefore,  be  classed  among  the  friends  of  vegeta- 
tion. If  for  no  other  purpose,  still  the  facts  relat- 
ing to  these  two  classes  of  animals,  are'  worthy  of 
the  study  of  the  farmer,  the  fruit-grower  and  the 
florist;  in  order  that  they  may  be  enabled  to  wage 
a  war  of  total  extermination  against  the  forrner 
kinds,  and  secure  the  general  protection  or  undis- 
turbed action  of  the  latter.  To  assist  in  furnish- 
ing a  knowledge  of  the  histoi'ical  and  econemical 
details  of  the  insect  world,  will  be  the  Expressed 
object  of  this  department  of  om"  Journal;  but  to 
make  that  object  effective  and  useful,  will  require 
the  direct  co-operation  of  the  people,  and  especi- 
ally of  those  who  are  immediately  interested  in 
the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  This  specialty  will  be 
under  the  immediate  supervision  of  S.  S.  Rathvon, 
the  resident  editor ;  and  he  embraces  this  oppor- 
tunity of- saying  to  the  readers  of  the  Lancaster 
Farmer,  that  carefully  secured  specimens  of  all 
insects  or  insect  larvae,  whether  noxious  or  in- 
noxious, should  be  sent  to  him,  with  a  statement 
of  the  circumstances  under  which  they  were 
found — for  instance,  upon  or  in  what  substance, 
the  nature  of  the  damage  they  do,  if  any,  as  well 
as  the  locality  and  the  date — replies  to  which  will 
be  made,  monthly,  through  the  Entomogical  col- 
umns of  this  paper,  in  order  that  they  may  secure 
the  benefits  of  his  experience,  or  a  knowledge  of 
the  experiences  of  others,  who  have  made  Ento- 
mology an  object  of  study.  S.  S.  R. 

Keeping  the  soil  well  tilled  is  an  important 
essential  to  a  good  crop. 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMEE. 


WORK  FOB  JANUARY. 

At  this  season  of  the  year,  when  neai'ly  all 
vegetation  is  denuded  of  its  foliage,  many  insect 
enemies,  in  embryo,  are  brought  to  the  view  of 
the  husbandman,  if  he  will  only  take  the  trouble 
to  exercise  his  faculties  of  observation.  Pendent 
from  the  naked  branches  of  trees  and  shrubbery, 
or  encircleing  them,  will  be  found  many  coccoons, 
fallicles,  or  clusters  of  eggs,  constructed  or  de- 
posited by  insects  of  last  season,  which  contain 
the  germs  of  hordes  of  destructive  species,  which 
will  develop  and  overrun  vegetation  as  soon  as 
the  warm  sunshine  of  spring  vivities  and  brings 
them  into  active  being.  These,  during  the  genial 
days  of  the  jiresent  month,  should  be  carefully 
searched  out  and  destroyed.  In  crevices,  under 
loose  bark,  under  boards  and  flat  stones,  and  in 
old  outhouses,  may  be  found  the  pupw  and  coc- 
coons of  many  destructive  moths — for,  be  it  un- 
derstood, that  the  larcoi  of  all  moths  and  butter- 
flies, without  exception,  are  destructive,  in  a 
greater  or  a  less  degree,  to  vegetation,  no  matter 
how  beautiful  or  how  innocent,  the  perfect  insects 
may  be.  If,  in  any  sense,  "an  ounce  of  preven- 
tion is  woi'th  a  pound  of  cure,"  it  is  eminently  so 
in  this  respect.  We  sincerely  believe  that  a  re- 
duudencj''  of  noxious  insects,  is,  in  many  cases, 
the  direct  result  of  neglect  to  check  their  increase 
at  the  proper  seas9n  ;  simply  because  we  are  un- 
willing to  attribute  it  to  ignorance.  Turning  up 
the  soil  for  a  fcAV  inches  in  dejith,  in  the  month 
of  January,  also  exposes  many  inactive  under- 
ground Za/yce  aMdi  2)upce  io  the  rigors  of  a  frigid 
winter,  and  eventually  destro3's  their  vitality,  or 
allows  them  to  be  devoured  by  crows-,  and  such 
other  birds,  as  pass  their  Avinters  in  oui-  latitudes. 
For  the  collection  of  such' noxious  objects  as  are 
beyond  the  ordinary  reach  of  a  man,  no  imple- 
ment can  be  used  more  efl'ectually,  than  a  good 
pair  of  springed  pruying  shears,  aflixed  to  the 
end  of  a  long  poll,  and  manipulated  by.  a  good 
stout  cord  in  the  operator's  hand.  S.  S.  R. 

ORNITHOLOGY. 
Singular  Habits  of  Crows. — A  correspond- 
ent, residing  in  Conestoga  township,  writes  to  us 
that  "on  the  banks  of  the  Conestoga  creek  a  short 
distance  above  "Wabank,  in  this  County  is  a  Croio 
Roost.  At  this  place  thousands  of  crows  roost 
every  night.  They  leave  every  morning  and  re- 
turn in  the  evening.  They  do  not  go  singly  or  in 
flocks,  but  in  four  divisions,  one  division  going 
nearly  due  East,  one  nearly  due  South,  another 
nearly  due  West,  and  the  other  nearly  due  Xorth, 
and  from  these  they  branch  off  and  spread  over 
the  country,  and  in  the  evening  they  return  from 
precisely  the  same  points. 


"  In  the  morning  as  soon  as  daylight  begins  to 
dawn,  they  are  stirring  about  and  flying  from  tree 
to  tree,  keeping  up  an  incessant  cawing,  which  is 
very  disagreeable  and  annoying  to  the  people 
livmg  in  the  neighborhood.  About  sun-rise  they 
start  oft',  going  in  regular  lines  and  always  in  the 
same  directions,  each  division  taking  its  own 
route,  and  it  is  very  probable  that  the  same  crows 
always  constitute  the  same  division.  Those  which 
go  in  a  Southerly  direction,  at  a  distance  of  five 
miles  from  the  "Eoost,"  never  deviate  above  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  East  or  West,  from  their  regular 
route,  either  going  or  coming;  never  deviating 
arty  except  when  the  wind  blows  pretty  strong, 
vrhen  they  fly  very  low  and  along  the  more  shel- 
tered places,  in  order  to  avoid  the  wind  as  much 
as  they  can.  It  takes  them  on  an  average  about 
thirty  minutes  to  pass  a  given  point,  longer  if  the 
wind  is  against  them,  and  less  if  it  is  in  their 
favor.  Their  line  being  fully  one  hundred  yards 
in  width,  and  they  flying  with  great  rapidity  it  is 
impossible  to  count  them  or  even  to  make  an  es- 
timation that  will  approximate  closely  to  the 
nmiiber  ;  but  their  number  is  very  great.  About 
ten  miles  from  the  "Koost"  these  divide  into 
two  branches ;  one  going  towards  the  Southeast, 
and  the  other  towai-ds  the  Southwest. 

"  Where,  or  how  far  all  the  crows  that  come  to 
this  place  to  roost  go  during  the  da}'  is  not  known 
to  the  writer,  but  they  undoubtedly  spread  over  a 
large  extent  of  territory  to  seek  food,  probably 
one  hundred  miles  or  more  in  every  direction 
from  the  Roost. 

"A  few  years  ago  their  roost,  which  had  been 
about  a  half  a  mile  farther  up  the  Conestoga,  was 
destroyed  by  the  clearing  away  of  the  woods 
which  contained  it,  but  they  did  not  leave  this 
section  of  the  country,  but  immediately  selected 
their  present  roost,  to  which  they  have  come 
ever  since." 

The  above,  communicilted  to  tlie  cohunns  of  the 
Lancaster  Daily  Intelligencer  some  weeks  ago, 
was  written  by  Mr.  Hugh  Strickler,  an  intelligent 
farmer  of  Conestoga  township,  sufliciently  quali- 
fied to  make  his  observations  reliable,  and  there- 
fore we  transfer  them  to  the  columns  of  our 
periodical,  with  our  editorial  remarks;  because 
we  consider  that  there  is  an  economic  question 
of  some  importance  attached  to  the  existence  of 
this  "Crow  Roost"  in  the  county  of  Lancaster. 
The  questions  of  the  greatest  interest  to  the 
farmer  and  fruit-grower  thai  must  suggest  them- 
selves in  reference  to  this  vast  multitude  of  crows 
is,  what  do  they  feed  upon  during  the  long  win- 
ter season  ?  and  how  do  they  manage  to  obtain 
sufticient  food ?  It  is  true,  they  possess  extraor- 
dinary powers  of  abstinence  and  endurance,  but 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMER. 


still  they  must  eat  something  eventually.  We  have 
observed  them  feeding  upon  carrion  of  various 
kinds,  and  visiting  the  shores  of  rivers  and  creeks, 
picking  up  a  dead  fish,  a  mussel,  or  any  other 
substance  that  might  gratify  the  appetite  of  a 
crow.  They  will  also  attack  corn  in  the  field,  and 
according  to  the  observations  of  Mr.  Chas.  H. 
Nauman,  as  published  in  the  I\^ovember  number 
of  the  American  Naturalist  after  the  manner 
of  the  common  Hawk,  they  will  attack  domestic 
fowls.  But  these  resom-ces  are  only  very  parti- 
ally available,  or  of  rare  occurrence,  during  the 
winter  season.  "Whatever  else  they  may  feed 
upon,  in  emergencies,  of  this  we  have  on  many 
occasions  been  a  witness,  and  that  is,  wherever 
there  has  been  a  freshly  plowed  field,  during  au- 
tumn, winter  or  spring,  there  the  crows  have 
congregated,  and  of  all  the  busy  bodies  in  that 
field,  they  have  been  the  busiest.  We  have  seen 
them  coming  up  from  the  South  in  the  morning, 
and  returning  thither  again  in  the  evening — per- 
haps to  and  from  this  very  "Roost" — spending 
nearly  the  whole  day  in  canvassing  the  plowed 
ground,  in  search  of  grubs,  chrysalides,  beetles, 
cutworms,  and  other  delicacies  congenial  to  the 
taste  of  corvine  bipeds.  It  would  be  impossible 
to  estimate  the  exact  number  of  these  noxious 
embryo  that  these  crows  would  devour  in  a  single 
day,  unless  we  slaughtered  them,  and  subjected 
their  stomaches  to  an  examination,  but  we  feel 
sure  that  their  name  is  legion,  to  say  nothing 
about  the  legions  that  are  thus  prevented  from 
ever  coming  into  being.  True,  they  7nai/  destroy 
some  insect  friends ;  but  then  if  the  enemies  are 
destroyed,  the  friends  will  not  be  needed.  A 
crow^'oost  therefore,  barring  its  annoyance,  may 
be  a  aseful  "  institution."  S.  S.  E. 


"  EDIBLE  FUNGI." 
In  the  December  number  of  the  Gardener''s 
Monthly^  is  an  excellent  editorial  article,  together 
with  extracts  from  the  columns  of  the  Gardener''s 
Chrojiide,  (London,)  on  the  subject  of  these  sin- 
gular ephemeral  vegetable  productions,  which  we 
commend  to  the  readers  of  the  Farmer.  Among 
us,  these  fungoid  plants,  which  spring  up  during 
moist  nights  in  summer,  and  by  mid-day  are  al- 
ready in  the  process  of  decline  and  decay,  are 
known  by  the  names  of  Toadstools,  Mushrooms, 
.Puff -Balls,  Mauricles,  DeviVs  Umbrellas,  Truffles, 
Pipe  Stems,  fyc,  fyc,  and  the  edible  qualities  of 
but  very  few  of  them.have  been  practically  test- 
ed, but  these  few  have  been  almost  universally 
pronounced  excellent.  The  larger  number  by  far 
have  been  unhesitatingly  pronounced  poisonous, 
and  although  some  of  them  without  a  doubt  are 
really  of  that  character,  yet  it  appears  from  the 


tenor  of  the  article  alluded  to,  that  the  proportion 
of  the  poisonous  species  is  not  larger  than  that 
which  prevails  among  plants  in  general,  and  by 
ordinary  care,  may  become  familiarized,  and  as 
subject  to  detection  as  othar  poisonous  vegetation 
is.  We  profess  little  or  no  scientific  knowledge 
of  this  singular  class  of  plants,  but  from  our 
earliest  boyhood  up  to  the  present  time,  we  hare 
on  many  occasions  tested  the  excellent  quality  of 
the  kind  commonly  called  "mushrooms,"  and 
within  the  last  ten  years  also  of  those  called 
"  mauricles."  In  our  3^outh  we  knew  persons 
who  esteemed  the  "  pipe-stems"  a  great  delicacy, 
but  we  have  not  seen  them  for  many  years. 
Kow,  when  everything  that  can  be  appropriated 
to  human  use  as  wholesome  food,  commatids  an 
enormous  price,  may  it  not  be  of  some  profit  to 
direct  attention  to  these  delicious  plants.  In 
Europe,  and  especially  in  England,  where  these 
fungi  are  extensively  eaten,  premiums  are  offered 
for  the  best  collections,  and  ,what  the  nobility, 
the  intelligent  and  the  rich  approve  and  endorse 
soon  becomes  acceptable  to  the  common  people. 
On  a  recent  occasion  a  large  species  was  exhibi- 
ted there,  called  the  "  vegetable  beefstake,"  and 
which,  when  jiroperly  cooked,  is  said  to  have 
rivaled  the  best  animal  beefsteak.  Another,  of 
the  "puff-ball"  kind,  was  three  feet  six  inches  in 
circumference  and  weighed  six  pounds,  and  when 
sliced  and  fried,  with  egg  and  bread-crum  batter, 
was  far  superior  to  fried  egg  plant  fruit. 

As  these  plants  develop  very  rapidly,  we 
may  suppose,  that  after  they  have  reached  ma- 
turity, they  go  into  as  rapid  a  decay ;  and  there- 
fore, it  is  thought  that  the  cases  of  poisoning,  if 
any,  may  often  have  been  from  eating  them  after 
decomposition  had  begun.  We  know  that  wilted 
and  decomposing  vegetation,  of  other  kinds,  has 
sometimes  an  unfriendly  effect  upon  the  human 
stomach.  Even  in  some  of  the  known  poison- 
ous kind,  there  is  only  a  so»t  of  sickening  intoxi- 
cation which  follows  the  eating  of  them.  It  is 
said,  a  French  physician  boasted  he  would  eat 
any  kind  of  fungus  brought  to  him,  the  only  pre- 
caution he  observed,  was  to  steep  them  in  vine- 
gar and  water  before  he  had  them  cooked.  Al- 
though we  would  not  counsel  recklessness  on  this 
point  among  our  readers,  yet  on  the  other  hand, 
an  excessive  manifestation  of  caution  might  de- 
prive them  perpetually  of  a  nutricious  article  of 
food.  We  have  seen  the  day  when  we  would  no 
more  have  eaten  a  Tomato,  on  the  ground  that  it 
was  poisonous,  than  we  would  the  fruit  of  the 
fabled  Upas.  Time  and  experience  have  com- 
pletely dissipated  this  prejudice.  It  appears  that 
all  attempts  at  domestic  cultivation  in  this  class 
of  plants,  have  ended  in  partial  if  not  entire  fail- 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


ure.  "We  have  often  noticed  this,  that  in  enclos- 
ures of  low  moist  woodlands,  from  which  swine 
and  cattle  were  entirely  excluded,  the  various 
kinds  of  fungi  were  alwa3's  found  the  most  per- 
fect and  the  most  abundant.  Perhajis  this  would 
be  about  as  much  cultivation  as  would  pay  at 
present,  but  doubtless  a  time  may  come  when  some 
other  mode  may  be  made  available  and  profit- 
able. Who,  among  our  readers,  will  take  the 
initiatory  in  the  cultivation  of  Edible  Fimgi  ? 

S.  S.  R. 

LAlSrCASTEB,  CITY  AND  COUNTY 
AGRICULTUKAL  SOCIETY. 

The  Society  met  at  its  usual  hour  in  the  Or- 
.phans"'  Court  Room,  in  the  City  of  Lancaster, Dec. 
7th.  Peter  S.  Eeist  in  the  chair  and  Alexander 
Harris,  Secretary.  Upon  the  reading  and  appro- 
val of  the  minutes  of  the  lasl  meeting,  Capt.  W. 
A.  Spera  and  Stuart  A.  "VVylie  were  elected  mem- 
bers. After  the  transaction  of  its  usual  prelimi- 
nary business,  Peter  S.  Reist  proceeded  to  read 
an  essay  upon  "  The  Tilling  of  the  Soil  and  the 
means  of  rendering  it  more  in'oductive."  This 
essay  was  a  graphic  resume  of  agricultural  repro- 
duction and  embodied  such  facts  as  would  advance 
the  interests  of  om*  farming  communities  duly 
considered.  The  ideas  contained  in  this  essay 
cannot  be  conveyed  in  a  brief  compass,  and  we 
leave  its  readers  to  pass  upon  its  merits. 

Upon  the  conclusion  of  Mr.  Reist's  essay, 
Henry  M.  Engle,  of  Marietta,  rose  and  read  a 
paper  upon  Grape  Culture,  which  is  furnished  in 
the  columns  of  the  Lancaster  Farmer.  When 
Mr.  Engle  had  concluded  the  reading  of  his  essay, 
he  gave  some  practical  information  and  illustra- 
tions on  the  Pruning  of  the  Grajie  "Vine,  which 
is  one  of  the  most  difficult  matters  to  be  learned 
save  by  experience.  He  remarked  that  he  him- 
self had  groped  years  in  the  dark,  before  attain- 
ing the  knowledge  of  the  system  which  he  now 
possesses.  His  method  of  pruning  is  termed  the 
Renewal  system,  and  differs  in  some  particulars, 
as  he  says,  from  that  of  most  horticulturists. 
It  is  rather  di!licult  to  convey,  in  a  limited  scope, 
a  correct  idea  of  Mr.  Engle's  system  of  pruning; 
and  to  be  thoroughly  understood,  the  operation 
must  be  witnessed.  We  would  advise  those  who 
desire  to  acquire  information  on  this  point,  to  at- 
tend the  meetings  of  the  Society,  wheie  they  may 
have  an  oijportunity  of  seeing  the  operation  re- 
peated. 

Thd  Society  took  definite  steps  with  reference 
to  the  publication  of  The  Lancaster  Far- 
mer. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  selected  for  the 
Editorial  Corps : 


Jacob  B.  Garber,  H.  M.  Engle,  Levi  S.  Reist, 
Dr.  W.  L.  Dhfenderfer,  Dr.  J.  H.  Musser,  S.  S. 
Rathvon,  Resident  Member. 

For  the  Publishing  Committee,  the  following 
members  were  selected : 

Dr.  P.  W.  Iliestand,  H.  K.  Stoner,  Jacob  M. 
Frantz,  Casper  Hiller,  Levi  W.  Groff,  Alexander 
Harris,  Resident  Member,  Wylie  &  Griest,  Print- 
ers. 

After  the  appointment  of  the  foregoing  com- 
mittees, the  Society  adjourned,  to  meet  on  the 
first  Monday  in  January,  1869. 

CUTTING  GRAIN  BEFORE  IT  IS  RIPE. 

An  opinion  extensively  prevails  in  the  United 
States,  that  grain  is  better  if  cut  before  it  is  quite 
ripe.  The  last  year  Prof.  Isidore  Pierre,  of  the 
university  ©f  Caen,  in  France,  determined  to  try 
the  matter  by  carefully  conducted  scientific  ex- 
perunents.  He  cut  the  same  quantities  of  wheat, 
from  the  same  field,  on  the  Gth,  11th,  15th  and 
20th  of  last  July,  when  the  whole  crop  was  cut  by 
the  mowers.  He  found  a  dailj''  increase  of  nitro- 
gen and  phosphoric  acid  to  the  last — showing  that 
the  earlier  it  was  cut  the  poorer  it  was  in  amyla.- 
ceous  and  glutinous  matters.  He  thinks  that, 
though  there  is  some  loss  in  shaking  out  of  over 
ripe  grain,  it  is  more  than  compensated  for  in  the 
increased  value  of  the  perfectly  ripened  article. — 
Gardener^s  Montldy, 

The  subject  embraced  in  the  above  paragraph 
involves  an  important  question,  relating  to  quan- 
tity and  quality,  and  is  worthy  of  consideration. 
Our  millers,  almost  without  exception,  claim  that 
wheat  cut  as  early  as  possible,  without  causing  it 
to  shrivel,  will  produce  more  and  better  flom-  than 
when  cut  fully  ripe.  But  the  Professor  and  the 
millers  are  no  doubt  both  right,  when  viewed 
from  diflerent  stand-points.  The  former  has  re- 
ference simply  to  its  nutritiye  properties,  as 
a  whole,  without  reference  to  its  production  of 
superfine  flour ;  whereas  the  latter  have  refer- 
ence only  to  its  fine  flom-  producing  qualities. 
Chemists  and  physiologists  generally  agree,  that 
unbolted  wheat  flour — commonly  termed  wheat- 
meal,  or  Graham  flour,  contains  more  nutrition, 
and  is  far  more  healthful,  pound  for  pound,  than 
flour  with  the  bran  separated.  If  it  were  popular 
to  use  wheat  to  the  best  advantage,  there  would 
be  a  great  saving,  in  addition  to  its  health  pro- 
ducing effects.  Our  readers,  after  due  trialand 
examination,  will  doubtless  reach  their  own  con- 
clusions, if  not  ours,  or  the  millers',  or  the  French 
professor's.  E. 

Contributions  are  requested  on  any  topics 
of  interest  to  the  agricultural  communit  y. 


6 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


GRAPE  CULTITRE. 

Bead  before  the  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Society, 
by  Henry  M.  Englo,  Dec.  9ih,  18(18. 

Mr.  Presidekt:  Of  all  the  Fruits,  none  have 
been  more  extolled  than  the  Grape ;  and  justly 
so,  for  it  will  flourish  upon  a  greater  extent  of 
territory  than  any  other  fruit,  (unless  the  Straw- 
berry be  an  exception.)  Although  the  belt  be- 
tween 30  and  50  deg.  lat.  of  the  temperate  zones, 
seems  to  be  its  natural  area,  yet  it  may  be  grown 
beyond  either  extreme,  to  an  extent  which  few 
other  fruits  can  be ;  consequently,  by  a  judicious 
selection  and  proper  treatment,  man  may  "sit 
under  his  own  vine"  over  a  larger  extent  of  terri- 
tory than  will  apply  to  any  other  fruit.  The 
thousands  of  acres  now  in  contemplation  for 
planting,  in  addition  to  those  alreadj^  planted  and 
fruiting,  indicate  that  its  value  is  becoming  more 
appreciated  than  ever  before  ;  in  this  country  at 
least. 

The  late  improvements  of  our  native  grapes, 
which  are  still  continued  by  crossing  and  hybrid- 
ising, certainly  indicate  that  by  and  by  we  shall 
have  them  in  sach  variety,  and  of  &u:h  hardiness, 
'  size,  and  other  desirable  qualities  as  will  suit  all 
tastes,  and  be  adapted  to  almost  any  soil  and 
situation. 

"We  have  now  the  Concord,  which  is  compara- 
tively a  good  grape,  nearly  as  hardy  as  an  oak, 
and  produces  with  reasonable  treatment  from 
moderate  to  extraordinary  crops,  m  most  of  soils 
and  situations.  On  the  other  hand,  we  have  the 
Delaware,  lona,  Martha  and  others,  which,  (al- 
though only  from  small  to  medium  size,)  in  point 
of  quality  are  but  little  inferior  to  the  best  foreign 
kinds.  May  we  not,  ere  long,  expect  to  obtain  a 
variety  combining  all  the  desirable  qualities? 
Such  an  achievement  would  be  heralded  by  all 
lovers  of  the  exquisite,  the  beautiful  and  the  use- 
ful, as  a  great  triumph ;  and  fame  awaits  him  who 
accomplishes  such  a  result. 

I  am  aware  that  public  opinion  is  rather  skep- 
tical on  the  possibility  of  such  a  combination  of 
good  qualities  ;  but  that  should  deter  no  one  from 
casting  in  his  mite  toward  progress  and  improve- 
ment— for,  considering  what  has  been  accomplish- 
ed within  the  last  twenty  years  in  improving  our 
native  fruits,  it  is  not  reasonable  to  presume 
that  the  real,  nor  yet  the  ideal,  has  been  obtained. 
The  process  of  crossing  and  hybridizing  is  so  sinc- 
ple  and  easy  that,  if  only  better  understood,  there 
would  doubtless  be  much  more  accomplished  in 
that  way. 

Such  as  wish  to.  try  their  hand  at  it,  will  find 
directions  in  a  number  of  works  on  Horticulture 
and  Floriculture  ;  but  in  A.  S.  Fuller's  Grape  Cul- 
turist  the  directions  are  so  plain  and  simple  that 


no  one  need  err.  I  know  of  nothing  pertaining 
to  Horticulture  that  has  more  charms,  with  prom- 
ising utility,  than  that  of  producing  new  varieties 
of  valuable  fruits.  I  have  within  the  last  seven 
years  produced  over  4000  new  seedling  Strawber- 
ries, (all  by  design,)  from  more  than  200  different 
crosses,  with  very  gratifiying  results. 

The  Grape  has  one  peculiar  advantage  over  all 
other  fruits,  which  is  that  it  can  be  planted  and 
trained  where  no  fruit  tree  can  be,  for  instance, — 
close  to  a  wall  or  building,  where  it  can  be  train- 
ed against  the  surface  to  almost  any  height,  where 
it  generally  produces  certain  crops  of  best  quality, 
so  that  whoever  has  a  homestead,"  may  have  at. 
least  one  grape  vine,  however  much  his  ground 
may  otherv\ise  be  occupied. 

We  shall  gladly  hail  the  day  when  grapes  will 
be  as  abundant,  from  August  to  April,  as*  any 
other  fruit,  which  ■^ll  be  whenever  we  shall  have 
a  supply  of  good  early  varieties  and  also  of  late 
keepers.  It  is  now  no  uncommon  thing  to  see 
grapes  keep  in  good  condition  until  February  and 
March.  So  long,  however,  as  they  will  bring  as 
much  money  for  manufacturing  into  wine,  as  for 
the  table — and  the  masses  prefer  a  glass  of  wine 
to  the  most  luscious  cluster  of  fruit — we  need  not 
expect  to  see  a  full  supply  for  the  table,  which 
might  be  had,  were  the  fruit  all  appropriated  to 
the  uses  intended  by ,  the  Creator,  instead  of 
alcoholic  drinks,  the  effects  of  which  need  no 
notice  here — they  are  evident  to  all.  There  is 
therefore  no  excuse  (except  an  unnatural  craving) 
for  turning  one  of  nature's  noblest  gifts  into  a 
beverage  that  can  neither  allay  hunger  nor  thirst, 
but  which  in  its  natural  state,  not  only  satisfies 
both,  but  is  one  of  the  most  healthful  articles  of 
food  that  man  can  partake  of.  It  may  also,  as 
well  as  any  other  fruit,  be  canned  or  converted 
into  jellies,  which  have  became  commercial 
articles,  and  as  such  are  destined  to  increase  for 
years  to  come.  There  is  therefore  no  apparent 
danger  of  overstocking  the  market  yet  awhile,  al- 
though old  fogies  and  croakers  have  warned  us 
thereof  for  a  quarter  of  a  century.  Let  us  then 
continue  to  plant  and  encourage  others  to  do  so  ; 
laboring  toward  and  hoping  for  the  amelioration 
and  elevation  of  our  fellow-men,  until  every  one 
may  sit  under  his  own  vine,  enjoying  the  fruits  of 
his  labors  in  peace,  with  no  one  "  to  molest  or 
make  him  afraid." 

We  can  scarcely  weigh  or  measure  the  influence 
that  a  single  vine  may  have  upon  a  family.  For 
instance,  for  Avant  of  room  we  put  in  a  plant  at 
the  coi'ner  of  our  humble  cottage,  the  genial  rays 
of  the  sun  cause  its  buds  to  swell  and  expand,  by 
and  by  they  burst  and  the  .young  shoots  send  up- 
wards, meanwhile  putting  forth  its  little  tendrils, 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


reaching  as  it  were  instinctivel}^  for  something  to 
hold  by  as  a  support.  In  the  absence  of  a  sprout 
or  tree,  we  stretch  a  cord  or  wire,  it  soon  takes 
hold,  following  its  guide  and  as  it  grows  fixes 
itself  so  firmly  to  its  support  that  nothing  but 
violence  will  detach  it. 

Continuing  its  growth,  it  may  be  trained  in  any 
direction  that  may  be  desired,  either  vertically  or 
horizontally,  up  or  down,  over  the  cottage  door 
or  window,  forming  a  protection  from  the  rays  of 
a  hot  summer  sun,  and  thus  becomes  a  necessary 
appendagfe  to  the  house.  If  properly  managed, 
the  third  season  will  form  new  attractions  ;  it  then 
commences  to  liloom — the  fragrance,  which  is 
not  excelled,  adds  new  charms — gradually  the 
berries  and  clusters  form,  they  enlarge  and  ex- 
pand, and  through  rain  and  sunshine,  storm  and 
cahti,it  continues  to  hold  fix-mly  and  perfect  its 
rich  treasure  ever  ready  to  pour  it  into  our  basket 
at  the  ]n*oper  season.  The  children  observe  what 
is  forthcoming,  they  of  course  are  tempted,  (as 
big  children  too  often  are)  but  are  told  that  when- 
ever the  fruit  is  ripe  j'ou  all  shall  have  a  share ; 
in  anticipation  of  which  they  resist  the  tempta- 
tion and  cultivate  respect  for  it. 

The  consequence  will  be  also  to  respect  their 
neighbors'  fruit  which  so  often  suffers  from  such 
as  have  not  any  growing  at  home.  The  season 
arrives  for  gathering  the  crop — baskets  are  in  re- 
quisition— Father  cuts  off'  the  bunches,  and  all, 
from  the  least  to  the  greatest,  lend  a  helping 
hand — there  is  great  rejoicing.  What  clusters  I — 
other  folks  have  none  so  fine — we  must  send  some 
to  neighbor  A,  and  uncle  B,  and  cousin  C.  It 
will  hardly  be  questioned  that,  grown  and  gather- 
ed by  our  own  hands,  they  will  cause  an  influence 
for  good  that  can  not  possibly  be  effected  by  the 
same  quantity  purchased  with  money.  In  conclu- 
sion, allow  me  to  urge  the  planting  of  grapes.  If 
you  can  not  plant  100,  or  50,  or  10,  plant  at  least 
one  vine,  take  good  care  of  it,  and  posterity  will 
bless  you.  • 

POTATO   CULTUPtS. 

Paper  read  before  tiic  Agricultural  mid  Horticultural 
Society,  hy  Dr.  -I.  H.  Musser. 

On  the  second  of  April,  1868,  I  planted  five 
pounds  each,  of  the  following  varieties  of  Pota- 
toes, Peach  Blow,  Monitor,  Calico,  Early  Good- 
rich, Harrison,  Buckeye,  Michigan"  White  Sprout, 
Early  Rose,  Prince  Albert  and  Cuzco.  Each 
variety  was  cut,  as  nearly  as  could  well  be  done, 
to  a  single  eye.  Some  of  the  sets  were  so  small, 
that  I  feared  they  would  not  grow.  This  was  es- 
pecially the  case  with  the  Cuzco  and  Michigan 
White  Sprout.  They  were  all  fresh  cut,  and  none 
of  them  prepared  by  .sprouting,  or  wilting;  and 
as  near  in  the  same  condition  as  could  be. 


The  ground  was  a  fresh  plowed  god,  lightly 
manured,  but  rather  wet ;  and  not  in  as  fine  order 
a.s  I  would  have  desired. 

The  experiment  was  not  made  to  try  what 
amount  could  be  raised  from  a  certain  amount  of 
seed,  but  to  compare  their  respective  qualities  of 
early  maturing,  and  productiveness.  The  ground 
planting  and  cultivation,  were  as  nearly  like  as 
could  be;  the  rows  side  by  side,  taken  from  the 
centre  of  the  lot,  where  there  was  no  tramping 
of  the  plants  or  ground  in  turning,  whilst  working 
them  with  the  horse.  They  were  all  planted  in 
straight  rows,  the  sets  about  8  or  10  inches  apart. 
The  furrow  shallow  and  lightly  covered  with  a 
hoe. 

A  few  days  after  they  were  planted  we  had  a 
very  cold,  freezing  spell ;  and  I  feared  my  pota- 
toes were  all  frozen.  Some  fine  sets  did  fail  to 
germinate,  and  when  examined  found  them  soft, 
and  the  skin  loose.  Think  the  frost  killed  them. 
Observation  made  May  22d.  The  weather 
has  been  very  wet  and  cool.  Last  ten  days  rain- 
ed every  day,  and  seldom  saw  the  sun  all  the  time. 
Wind  mostly  east.  To-day  clear  and  warm.  Po- 
tato plants  mostly  up  but  some  missing.  Early 
Rose  largest  in  top,  and  best  up  at  this  time. 
Monitor  next  largest.  Michigan  White  Sprout 
and  Prince  Albert,  nearly  if  not  quite  as  large 
as  Monitor.  Buckeye,  Early  Goodrich,  Harrison 
and  Cuzco,  near  alike,  but  less  than  preceding. 
Calico  and  Peach  Blow,  least,  and  not  all  up. 

Owing  to  the  continued  wet  weather,  we  could 
not  work  the  ground ;  and  every  little  sod  had 
taken  root  and  grown,  so  that  the  patch  was  quite 
green  with  grass.  At  the  first  working  with  the 
cultivator  and  hoe  the  ground  was  too  wet. 

June  10th,  Early  Rose  rather  most  in  bloom. 
Monitors  next,  Michigan  White  Sprcut  rather 
more  blossom  than  Buckeye,  or  Early  Goodrich. 
The  Buckeye  most  regular  in  size  of  stalk,  and 
blossom  buds.  In  size  of  stalk,  Prince  Albert 
next ;  then  Cuzco  and  Harrison ;  Calico  and  Peach 
Blow  back. 

August  3rd,  Early  Goodrich,  half  the  stalks 
dead,  and  the  rest  very  yellow.  Early  Rose  not 
quite  so  much  dead  as  Goodrich.  White  Sprout 
declining  considerably,  but  still  more  green  than 
the  former.  Monitor  rather  more  green  than  la  st 
Buckeyes  beginning  to  fade,  but  still  pretty  fresh. 
Harrison  rather  more  green.  Albert  and  Cuzco 
quite  green,  and  Calico  and  Peach  Blow  freshest 
of  all. 

August  11th,  took  up  Early  Goodrich.  Tops 
nearly  all  dead.  August  17th  took  up  Early  Rose ; 
tops  about  as  dead  as  Goodrich  were  on  the  11th. 
Same  day  took  up  Michigan  White  Sprout.  Tops 
not  quite  as  dead  as  Rose. 


8 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMER. 


September  1st.  On  account  of  the  lot  being 
under  preparation  to  seed  in  wheat,  were  neces- 
sitated to  take  out  the  balance.  Harrison  all 
dead  but  a  few  stalks.  Monitor  more  green  stalks 
than  Harrison,  but  most  were  dead.  Buckeye 
most  of  the  stalks  still  somewhat  green.  Prince 
Albert,  Cuzco,  Calico,  and  Peach  Blow,  quite 
green.  Think  their  tubers  would  hare  grown 
some  yet,  but  still  the  skin  did  not  peel  off  much. 

Being  cut  to  the  smgle   eye,  some  varieties 

made  more  sets  than  others;   and  consequently 

they  made  longer  rows. 

Peach  Clow  yielded  40i  lb.  length  of  row  112  feet. 

Monitor               "  92^  "  "  "  122  " 

Cahco                 "  03     "  "  "  130  " 

Early  Goodrich  "  115  "  "  "  158  " 

Harrison            "  124  "  "  "  104  " 

Buckeye             "  128  "  "  "  187  " 

Michigan  W.  S.  "  123  "  "  "  190  " 

Early  Rose         "  148  "  "  "  101  " 

P.  Albert            "  110  "  "  "  194  '• 

Cuzco                 "  198  "  "  "  247  " 

Peach  Blow,  tubers  not  so  numerous  nor  large 
in  size,  and  yielded  about  6  pounds  to  the  perch. 

Monitors  not  numerous,  mostly  good  size  and 
some  large.    Yield  about  13  pounds  per  perch. 

Oalico  not  numerous  and  rather  small.  About 
8  pounds  per  perch. 

Early  Goodrich  more  numerous  than  any  of  the 
former,  fair  and  smooth,  some  of  very  fine  size, 
not  quite  13  pounds  per  perch. 

Harrison  very  numerous,  fine  size,  fair  and 
smooth,  yield  about  14  pounds  per  perch. 

Buckeyes  very  large  and  smooth,  not  so  numer- 
ous, yield  about  11  pounds  per  perch. 

Michigan  Yf  hite  Sprout  not  so  nmuerous,  but 
of  fine  size,  rather  uneven  surface,  yield  lOi 
pounds. 

Early  Eose  numerous,  very  fair  and  smooth, 
good  size,  with  some  large,  but  with  more  small 
than  Buckeyes.  "White  Sprouts  or  Monitors  yield 
over  13  pounds. 

Prince  Alberts  very  numerous  and  fair,  but 
mostly  small.    Yield  near  10  pounds. 

Cuzco  numerous  and  many  large,  but  also  many 
not  large  and  rather  knobby.  Yield  over  13 
pounds  per  perch. 

I  think  if  the  Cuzco  would  have  had  time  to 
mature,  they  would  have  yielded  more  to  the 
perch'  than  any  others. 

I  think  the  earlier  maturing  varieties  were 
more  iajm-ed  by  the  drouth  in  or  about  harvest 
than  the  latter  varieties.  The  former  being  too 
far  advanced  to  groAV  much  after  the  rain  of  the 
24th  of  July. 

On  the  2d  of  April,  Father  planted  fom-  rows 
across  the  lot  in  the  same  ground,  which  measur- 
ed 141  perches,  and  which  were  treated  in  every 
respect  the  same  as  the  foregoing.     First  row 


Buckeyes  yielded  3i  bushels  by  measure.  Yery 
fine  large  potatoes.  This  would  be  15^  pounds 
per  perch,  allowing  60  pounds  per  bushel. 

Second  row.  Prince  Albert,  4  bushels,  not  so 
large  but  very  numerous,  which,  allowing  60 
pounds  per  bushel,  makes  IG  pounds  per  perch. 

Third  row  Michigan  White  Sprouts,  a  little 
over  44  bushels,  which  makes  over  17  pounds  per 
perch.    Large  and  fine. 

Fourth  row  Early  Goodrich,  not  quite  2  bushels. 
This  would  make  only  a  little  over  or  about  8^ 
pounds  per  perch.     Yery  large. 

The  only  difference  in  the  planting  and  treat- 
ment was,  that  Father  did  not  make  his  sets  so 
small  as  I  did.  He  always  leaves  two  eyes  to  a 
set,  and  when  they  are  full  of  eyes,  they  often 
have  more.  But  why  the  Goodrich  had  so  few 
tubers  and  so  much  larger  than  those  in  the 
other  trial  noticed,  I  can  form  no  idea. 

In  1  case  Buckeves  11  lb  per  perch,  the  other  15)^  lb  per  perch.. 
"      P.  Alberts  10        "  "  IB  " 

'•     M.  W.  S.     \0}i     "  "  17  " 

"     Goodrich    13        "  "  S>^         " 

— fi^P?— ^gB»     i<Jio—   

HOW  TO  HAISE  PORSST  THEES. 

It  is  still  in  season  to  raise  forest  trees  from 
the  seed — that  is,  from  nuts  that  contain  oil; 
such  for  instance  as  the  Black  Walnut,  Butternut, 
and  Shellbark  Hickory.  But  for  the  Oak  and  the 
Chestnut,  it  is  too  late,  unless  the  seed  had  been 
kept  in  sand  since  October  last.  By  depositing 
the  Shellbark  and  Walnut  in  the  soil  a  few  inches 
below  the  surface,  they  will  sprout  in  a  short 
time  after  the  warm  weather  sets  in,  in  the  spring. 
The  Walnut  may  be  readily  transplanted,  but  the 
Shellbark  should  only  be  planted  in  such  places 
as  it  is  intended  they  shall  remain.  For  this  pur- 
pose a  large  deep  hole  should  be  dug,  and  mulch- 
ing the  ground  thoroughly,  to  give  the  plant  an 
opportunity  to  make  a  good  tap  root,  without 
immediate  side  roots.  It  is  for  this  reason  that 
they  should  be  left  to  stand  where  they  were  first 
planted,  to  insure  a  speedy  and  vigorous  growth. 

L.  S.  R. 

AGRICULTURE  A  PROGRESSIVE 

SCIENCE. 

Agriculture,  as  at  present  understood,  maybe 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  progressive  of  modern 
sciences.  When  it  be  taken  into  consideration 
the  vast  advance  that  has  been  made  in  it  since  it 
fii'st  began  to  be  treated  as  such,  its  astonishing 
progress  will  at  once  appear.  The  contrast  will 
be  quite  sufficient  without  recurring  to  the  epoch 
when  men  are  said  to  have  subsisted  on  the  spon- 
taneous productions  of  the  earth,  on  the  gains  of 
the  chase,  and  on  such  fruits  and  vegetables  as 
being  obtained  with  little  exertion,  were  neverthe- 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


9 


less  sutRcient  to  satisfy  the  demands  of  a  people 
that  had  not  as  yet  tested  the  advantage  of  civil- 
ized society.    Drawing  such  a  contrast  might  lead 
us  to  trench  upon  a  state  of  society  that  would,  to 
modern  ideas,  be  rather  viewed  as  fabulous  and 
pertaining  to  the  mythical,    llather  do  we  wish 
to  compare  briefly  the  agricultural  status  of  the 
Greeks,  Romans  and  other  early  nations,  -when 
they  had  attained  their  height  of  civilization,  and 
that  which  obtains  in  this  science  at  the  present 
day.    It  is   true,  the  reader  of  the   writings  of 
Yirgil,  Pliny  and  Columella,  will  find  much  that 
seems  new  to  the  uninitiated  in  this  branch  of 
science ;  but  after  all  the  perfection  of  their  at- 
tainments in  agriculture  be  known,  it  will  then  be 
clear  how  great  an  advance  the  moderns  have 
made  upon  the  agricultural  knowledge   of  the 
ancient  nations.    It  is  believed  by  modern  in- 
vestigators that  the  people  of  Egypt,  Chaldea  and 
China,  have  been  amongst  the  first  who  extended 
the  limits  of  Agricultural  Science  in  ancient  times. 
From  Egypt  this  knowledge  made  its  way  into 
Greece,  and  thence  was  adopted  by  the  Romans, 
and    from    them    has    been    introduced    among 
modern  nations.    Historians  tell  us  that  agricul- 
ture was  in  a  flourishing  condition  as  early  as  the 
day  of  Hesiod,  (who  has  written  extensively  upon 
the  subject) ;  but  the  farmer  who  w^oulduse  a  plow 
such  as  was  used  in  the  times  of  Hesiod,  would 
rather  excite  the  ridicule  of  our  Lancaster  far- 
mers.    Without  stopping  to  cite  numerous   in- 
stances of  the   difference  between  ancient  and 
modern  husbandry,   it  may  be   remarked    that 
farming  as  a  science,  arose  and  was  moulded  into 
shape  after  the  revival  of  letters  and  upon  the 
new    birth  •  of   nationality,    which    overspread 
Europe  consequent  upon  this  important  event. 
With  the  downfall  of  feudal  despotism  and  the 
eirfancipation  of  mankind  from  the  fettei's  of  me- 
diiBval  ignorance  and  superstition,  arose  with  the 
other  sciences,  likewise  that  of  agriculture,  and 
like  them  not  alone  to  be  re-habilitated  with  its 
ancient  regalia,  but  to  assimie  the  splendid  robes 
which  were  being  prepared  for  it  by  the  skilled 
hands  of  modern  civilisation  and  trans-Atlantic 
invention.    Modern  books  on  agriculture  began 
to  make  their  appearance  in  England  in  the  early 
part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  so  thoroughly 
have  all  branches  of  the  science  been  investigated 
that  it  would  seem  a  difficulty  to  conceive  of  any 
thing  that  could  be  added  to  complete  the  science. 
Perfect,  however,  as  it  now  seems  to  be,  its  great 
masters  declare  it  as  yet  only  in  its  infancy,  com- 
pared with  what   may  yet  be  attained.    When 
we  consider  the  great  multitude  of  inventions 
that  have  been  made  in  this  most  inventive  age, 
having  for  their  object  the  facilitation  of  fciie  pro- 


cesses of  agricultural  operations,  and  reflect  upon 
the  condition  of  ancient  husbandry  when  brought 
to  its  greatest  perfection,  we  see  one  great  con- 
trast.   This,  however,  is  but  one  phase  of  agri- 
cultural life.    When  we  reflect  upon  the  vast  aid 
that  has  been  rendered  to  the  science  of  agricul- 
ture by  the  developments  of  chemistry,  we  then 
have  another   illustration  of  the   superiority  of 
this  age  over  all  others.    Chemistry,  in  its  perfec- 
tion of   development,  is    altogether    a  modern 
science,  it  having  remained  for    the   past  and 
present  century  to  make  the  discoveries  of  the 
different  component  elements  of  matter.    Instead  ' 
of  the  four  elements  of  the  ancients,  Fire^  Air, 
Earth  and  Water,  upwards   of  fifty   elementary 
substances   are  now  known  to  exist    in  matter, 
and  it  is  by  a  skilful  knowledge  of  these,  that 
agricultural  science  can  be  properly  understood. 
The    developments  that    have    been    made    in 
Botany,  are   likewise   comparatively   new,  and 
upon  a  knowledge  of  these  depends,  in  a  great  de- 
gree, success  in  matters  pertaining  to  the  growth 
of  all  the  vegetable  Creation.    A  high  attainment 
in  the  knowledge  of  agriculture  cannot  be  secured 
without  an  acquaintance  with  these  above  enu- 
merated kindred  branches.     The  more  attentiou 
we  give  to  the  study  of  these  collateral  subjects, 
the  more  agricultural  knowledge  will  we  accumu- 
late.   The  knowledge  of  the  ancients  was  based 
upon   empirical  results ;   ours  is  established   by 
philosophical  deduction  and  a  knowledge  of  na- 
ture's laws.    In  so  far  then  as  we  make  progress 
in  the  development  of  the  laws  of  nature,  to  such 
an  extent  do  we  likewise  advance  the  science  of 
which  we  now  write.     As  agriculture  is,  so  let  us 
likewise   be,  progressive   in   our    attainment   of 
knowledge,   and  may  the  eflbrts  of  our  Society 
ultimate  in  the  incitement  of  our  people  to  the 
necessity  of  keeping  pace  with  the  advance  of 
this,  the  oldest  and  most  honored  science  of  man- 
kind. 


A  VETERAN  MAGNOLIA. 
There  is  now  growing  in  Lancaster  county,  on 
the  Litiz  turnpike,  near  the  Toll-gate,  a  magnolia 
tree — Magnolia  Acuminata,  [Linn.) — that  is  fully 
six  feet  in  circumference-  for  thirty  feet,  which 
would  make  two  splendid  saw-logs  of  fifteen  feet 
each.  It  is  lofty  and  spreading,  very  imibrageous, 
and  was  the  ornament  of  the  place  for  many  years. 
It  was  known  as  the  "  cucumber  tree "  by  the, 
people  in  the  neighborhood.  Whether  the  tree 
stood  in  the  original  forest  before  itwas  cleared, or 
Avhether  it  was  planted  by  some  of  the  old  settlers 
afterwards,  is  a  mystery,  but  under  any  circum- 
stance the  tree  cannot  be  less  than  a  hundred 
years   old.    Whilst  on  a  recent  visit  to   Stark 


10 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMER. 


county,  Ohio,  we  saw  specimens  of  the  cucumber 
magnolia  that  were  over  three  feet  in  diameter. 
Our  opinion  therefore  is  that  this  tree  was  either 
planted  where  it  now  stands  by  some  person  now 
unknown,  or  that  the  seed  may  in  some  manner 
have  been  brought  from  some  locality  where  this 
tree  is  indigenous. 

A  very  different  and  much  smaller  species— the 
Magnolia  Glauca,  (Linn.)— in  common  in  some  parts 
of  Lancaster  county,  especially  at  a  locality  called 
"Smithville  Swamp,"  about  ten  miles  south-east 
of  Lancaster  city.  It  is  very  fragrant,  but  dith- 
cult  to  grow  on  uplands.  L.  S.  R. 

THE  CULTURE  OF  FilUIT. 

Read  before  the  Lancaster  Agricultural  and  Horticultural 
Sociftj-,  December,  1S68,  by  P.  S.  Reibt. 

Tilling  the  soil  and  dispensing  its  productions 
among  the  families  of  mankind,  is  no  doubt  the 
greatest  and  noblest  of  human  occupations. 

Railroads  and  Telegraph  lines  are  merely  facili- 
ties for  an  economical  administration  of  the  work, 
an«l  manufacture  and  commerce  themselves 
would  produce  but  small  results  in  the  absence  of 
the  products  of  the  soil.  He  who  effects  the 
growth  of  two  blades  of  grass  where  but  one  grew 
before,  and  she.  who  bakes  the  best  and  most 
breajd  out  of  the  smallest  quantity  of  flour,  are 
really  greater  benefactors  than  he  who  wins  an 
empire. 

Living  in  an  age  of  progress,  it  is  our  duty  to 
form  ourselves  into  associations  to  consult  upon 
the  best  modes  of  applying  art  to  nature,  in  order 
to  enhance  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the  earth's 
productions.  Providence,  through  nature,  has 
proved  more  propitious  in  southern  climes  than 
in  northern  ones.  Armies  consistingr  of  millions 
have  been  marshalled,  immense  walled  cities 
have  been  reared,  and  costly  edifices  have  been 
constructed,  in  ancient  times,  in  southern  lati- 
tudes, which  could  not  have  been  accomplished 
in  the  north  without  the  aid  of  modern  improve- 
ments and  their  artificial  appliances.  People 
now  are,  however,  more  prosperous  in  northern 
climes  than  they  are  in  those  of  the  south,  not- 
withstanding all  their  natural  advantages,  and 
this  is  chiefly  owing  to  their  innumerable  im- 
provements, and  the  application  of  artificial 
means.  The  southern  people  depend  too  mitch 
upon  nature,  or  a  blind  faith  in  Providence,  for- 
getting, or  not  comprehending,  that  Providence 
works  for  man  through  means,  requiring  his  co- 
operation in  effecting  results.  They  have  not 
the  five  or  six  non-producing  or  winter  months  we 
have ;  arc  not  compelled  to  keep  in  store  the  sur- 
plus we  are,  and  hence  their  people  becom-e  im- 
provident, shiftless  and  enervated.  It  is  true 
that  in  compactly  built  cities,  and  among  the 


ruling  and  wealthy  classes,  there  is  an  approxi- 
mation to  northern  civilization,  but  among  the 
masses  it  is  far  otherwise.  We  are  living  in 
abput  40  degrees  north  latitude  ;  we  have  biting 
frosts  in  May  and  frequently  in  June,  and  again 
in  September,  scourging  our  young  and  tender 
vegetation.  The  ground,  out  of  which  we  expect 
to  raise  our  necessaries  of  life,  often  lies  frozen 
from  ten  to  fifteen  inches,  or  is  covered  with 
snows  for  four  or  five  months  in  every  twelve, 
with  the  thermometer  often  down  to,  and  below, 
zero.  ISTotAvithstanding  all  these  apparent  disad- 
vantages, as  a  christian  people,  we  seem  to  feel 
that  it  is  our  bounden  duty,  not  only  to  provide 
for  ourselves,  but  also  to  make  provisions  for  the 
domesticated  subjects  of  anmiated  nature,  out  of 
the  inanimate  productions  of  the  earth ;  and  not 
only  for  ourselves  and  them,  but  also  for  the  living 
beings  of  other  latitudes ;  and  it  may  also  occur 
that  the  surplus  of  the  six  mouths  productive  orat- 
door  labor,  which  the  husbandman  appropriates, 
may, under  unfavorable  circumstances,  be  required 
to  sustain  the  community  for  a  numJjer  of  years. 
Such  contingencies  have  been  partially  realized 
by  this  community  for  some  years  past. 

Inasmuch  as  the  fruit  crops  of  our  section  have 
failed  for  several  years,  the  duty  devolves  upon 
us  as  a  progressive  people,  to  adopt  such  plans 
and  measures,  so  far  as  these  may  be  applicable 
to  our  case,  as  may  tend  to,  not  only  recover 
what  we  have  lost  in  the  failure  or  diminished 
yield  of  the  fruit  crops,  but  also  to  effect  an  im- 
provement in  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the  fu- 
ture yields. 

Here  comes  the  great  problematic  contrast.  In- 
stead of  large  and  thrifty  apple  orchards,  inter- 
spersed with  young  and  tender  peach  trees,  yield- 
ing so  prolific  and  abundant  as  to  induce  the 
people  to  make  an  unprofitable  use  of  their  sur- 
plus, we  find  good  fruit  crops  "few  and  far  be- 
tween"— in  short,  we  have  hardly  anything  but 
old,  decayed,  and  partially  defunct  orchards  of 
fruit  trees,  and  even  those  that  are  apparently 
young  and  thrifty,  are  doing  no  good  ;  so  that  in- 
stead of  having  a  surplus  to  sell,  we  are  absolute- 
ly compelled  to  depend  upon  the  shambles  of  the 
green  grocer  for  our  home  supply.  I  confess  that 
the  reason  for  all  this  is  not  very  obvious  to  me. 
People  are  attributing  this  eftect  to  difterent 
causes.  Some  think  it  is  attributed  to  the  clear- 
ing away  of  our  forests — some  to  our  long  and 
cold  winters — and  others  to  gradual  changes  which 
are  taking  place  in  nature,  &c.,  none  of  which 
are  made  very  clear  to  my  mind.  One  thing  we 
have  certainly  experienced  by  practice,  in  our 
wheat  crops,  raised  on  the  original  soil  for  a  num- 
ber of  .years,  without  a  change  in  the  soil,  wrought 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


11 


by  the  application  of  stimulants — such  for  in- 
stance as  plaster  of  paris,  and  afterwards  lime, 
in  addition  to  good  stable  manure,  or  some  other 
equally  eftective  fertilizer,  and  our  lands  could 
not  have  been  brought  up  to  what  they  originally 
were  for  the  production  of  wheat  crops,  and  other 
oereals.  Comparatively  the  same  rule  may  obtain 
in  reclaiming  our  soil  for  th«  production  of  those 
fruit  crops  which  for  a  number  of  years  have  so 
signally  failed.  Our  fruit  soil,  so  far  as  relates 
to  apples,  pears  and  peaches,  seems  to  be  worn 
out,  the  fruit  producing  elements  exhausted,  at 
least  I  feel  satisfied  that  the  essential  ingredients 
necessary  to  their  production  are  nearly  aljsorbed. 

At  first  when  the  soil  of  the  Eastern  States 
would  not  j-ield  the  usual  wheat  crops,  the  bulk 
of  wheat,  for  general  consumption,  came  from  the 
Western  States.  At  present  it  is  shipped  from 
the  extreme  Western  States,  and  our  soil  is  being 
renovated  again,  even  beyond  its  original  strength. 
We  are  now  receiving  our  apples  from  the  west, 
and  in  a  few  years,  both  they  and  we,  ma}'  be 
compelled  to  ship  them  from  the  extreme  west, 
the  same  as  the  wheat  is.  Since  then  we  may 
inferentiall)'-  conclude  that  our  fruit  soil  has  be- 
come exhausted — or  "worn  out"  as  it  is  yomnion- 
ly  called — the  duty  devolves  upon  us,  as  a  pro- 
gressive and  philanthropic  people,  to  ascertain, 
if  possible,  by  practical  experiment,  what  artificial 
application — wkat  means  are  required  to  renovate 
the  soil  and  adapt  it  to  the  growing  of  those 
fruits,  in  which  it  has  seemed  to  be  so  defective, 
in  order  that  we  may  not  only  be  able  t©  raise 
our  accustomed  crops  from  the  natural  soil,  but 
also  to  compete  with  other  advancing  interests 
and  demands — with  the  increasing  population, 
and  the  productions  of  manufactures. 

With  my  limited  abilities  I  can  do  little  more, 
in  these  brief  remarks,  than  to  call  the  attention 
of  this  Society  to  the  subject,  without  pointing 
out  any  particular  way  in  which  the  desired  end 
may  be  gained ;  because  I  do  not  consider  myself 
competent  to  do  so.  I  may  however  be  permit- 
ted to  suggest  this  much,  that  no  matter  Vhether 
what  I  have  advanced  is  truth  or  error,  it  still 
behooves  the  people  to  plants  just  the  same  as  if 
there  was  no  such  thing  as  a  failure.  If  we  plant 
and  nurture  fruit  trees,  it  brings  a  crop  of  fruit 
within  the  pale  of  possibility  ;  but  if  we  do  not 
plant,  of  course  we  cannot  expect  anything  what- 
ever. To  plant  then,  is  one  step  in  the  right  di- 
rection ;  but  we  must  not  stop  here,  for  in  my 
humble  opinion  it  is  just  stopping  here,  that 
mainly  causes  the  results  which  we  so  much  la- 
ment. We  must  find  out,  if  possible,  what  the 
soil  upon  which  we  plant  needs,  and  then  supply 
that  need  by  artificial  means. 


Various  and  many  are  the  apologies  which 
people  make  for  not  planting  fruit  trees.  Some 
have  no  spare  land,  some  no  land  at  all,  and 
others  declare  it  of  no  use,  for  the  hand  of  na- 
ture is  against  them.  To  those  who  have  no 
land  of  their  own,  I  would  still  say  plant,  fcr  if 
you  do  not  reap  the  harvest  yourself,  another  one 
may;  and  the  fact  that  such  a  harvest  exists, 
even  though  you  do  not  possess  it,  is  to  the  un- 
selfish man,  a  lasting  reward.  There  might  be 
both  fruit  and  fruit  trees,  in  specially  favorable 
seasons,  if  landlords  and  tenants  would  freely 
l)lant  and  carefully  tend.  To  foster  these  ideas 
and  inculcate  these  duties,  is  the  mission  of  our 
social  afRliation.  Such  societies  should  receive 
the  intellectual,  moral  and  pecuniary  patronage 
of  the  community,  and  especially  of  their  mem- 
bersliip,  because  when  conducted  by  the  right 
spirit  and  towards  the  right  end^  they  conduce  to 
the  welfare  of  man  and  the  prosperity  of  his 
country. 

In  conclusion  allow  me  to  sa}',  that  according 
to  my  opinion,  if  practical  men  were  employed 
by  the  iiational  or  state  governments,  through 
the  instrmnentality  of  Agricultural  and  Horticul- 
tGral  Societies,  to  analyze  and  experiment  on  soils, 
much  might  be  eft'ected  in  the  way  of  reclaiming 
those  elements,  in  which  they  are  deficient.  That 
we  may  be  enabled  to  produce  the  abundance 
that  our  fore-fathers  did,  is ''a  consummation  most 
devoutly  to  be  wished,"  and  with  our  improved 
varieties  of  apples,  pears  and  peaches,  and  our 
more  perfect  implements  and  appliances,  together 
with  the  increaseddijfusion  of  knowledge,  it^seems 
a  humiliation  that  we  have  not.  done  so.  Not 
much  less  than  5^100,000  worth  of  apples  have 
been  imported  into  Lancaster  county  the  present 
year.  A  single  operator  informed  me  that  he 
sold  five  hundred  barrels,  averaging  $5,00  per 
barrel,  since  the  1st  of  October  last.<  Fruit  ship- 
ped from  abroad  has  not  the  same  taste,  and  is 
not  relished  so  well  by  our  people,  as  that  which 
is  raised  in  our  county.  These  things  command 
our  serious  attention,  and  commend  themselves 
to  the  whole  community.  Let  usthen  encourage 
nurseries  and  fruit-growing,  ai?.d  partiently  and 
perseveringly  "work  and  wait,"  resting  under 
this  assurance ,  that  if  we  do  not  sow  we  cannot 
expect  to  reap — if  we  do  not  plants  we  cannot 
gather  fruit. 

A  correspondent  informs  us  that  the  Persian 
Insect  Powder  for  the  last  two  years  has  been 
yevy  successfully  used  by  several  stock  feeders  in 
destroying  lice  on  their  cattle,  merely  by  dust- 
ing it  over  them  and  brushing  it  among  the  long 
hairs. 


12 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


THE  PHENOMENA  OP  RAIN". 

Bead  before  the  Horticultural  Society. 

It  may  perhaps  not  be  uninteresting  to  the  mem- 
bers of  our  organization,  to  devote  a  short  time  to 
the  investigation  of  the  Phenomena,  which  nature 
affords  us  in  the  descending  showers  of  rain  sent 
to  fertilize  the  earth  and  refresh  the  vegetable 
creation.  This  from  first  impression  might  strike 
the  mind  as  a  sul)ject  partaking  too  much  of  the 
speculative,  to  be  introduced  before  a  society  or- 
ganized as  ours  for  the  dissemination  of  practical 
knowledge;  but' the  further  we  advance  in  the  in- 
vestigation of  the  facts  of  meteorology  the  more 
we  come  to  discover  them  necessary  to  be  known, 
and  of  the  greater  practical  utiliiy  in  their  bearing. 
The  phenomena  of  rain  may  be  designated  as  the 
distillation  of  water  which  falls  upon  the  earth  in 
drops,  or  globules  of  various  sizes,  and  the  causes 
which  give  rise  to  its  collection,  and  descent  from 
the  clouds  have  engaged  the  attention  of  some  of 
the  most  eminent  philosophers  of  modern  times. 
Moisture  ordinarily  descends  upon  the  earth  in  a 
two-fold  manner ;  in  that  of  dew,  or  fog,  and  also 
in  showers  of  rain.  In  the  former  of  th(3se  meth- 
ods, the  drops  of  moistm-e  are  so  small  and  insig- 
nificant, as  to  be  altogether  invisible  to  the  naked 
eye ;  whilst  in  the  latter  they  are  of  a  larger 
size,  yet  have  a  specific  gravity  little  superior  to 
that  of  the  atmosphere,  and  may  therefore  be  re- 
garded as  hollow  spherules  rather  than  drops. 
Without  designing  to  unfold  in  a  prolix  and  dis- 
cursive manner,  the  different  theories  which  have 
at  various  times  been  advanced  as  to  the  differ- 
ent influences  thought  to  combine  in  the  forma- 
tion- of  rain,  in  the  upper  strata  of  air,  and  its 
descent  therefrom,  that  which  may  be  regarded  as 
the  generally  received  one,  will  alone  be  consid- 
ered. 

The  rays  of  the  sun  together  with  the  influence 
of  the  circumambient  atmosphere  has  the  effect 
of  attracting  moistiu-e  from  the  earth,  the  rivers, 
and  the  ocean,  and  this  moisture  so  detached  rises 
in  the  air  as  small  bubbles  or  vesicles,  each,  of 
which  is  specifically  lighter  than  the  atmosphere 
itself.  These  vesicles  are  buoyed  up  by  the  tit- 
mosphere  until  they  arrive  at  a  region  where  the 
air  is  in  a  just  balance  with  them,  and  here  they 
float  until  by  some  new  agent  they  are  converted 
into  clouds,  and  thence  into  either  rain,  snow, 
hail  or  mist.  But  what  it  is  that  effects  the 
change  of  the  vapor  into  clouds,  and  of  these 
again  into  rain  has  been  a  subject  of  much  dispute 
amongst  the  learned,  and  perhaps  the  discussion 
may  not  yet  be  ended.  It  has  come,  l^owever,  to 
be  somewhat  generally  believed  that  the  cold 
which  occupies  the  superior  regions  of  the  air, 
chills  and  condenses  the  vesicles  upon  their  arrival 


from  a  warmer  locality,  aggregates  them  together 
and  causes  them  to  coalesce  into  little  masses ; 
and  by  these  means  their  quantity  and  matter  in- 
creasing ill  a  greater  proportion  than  their  sur- 
face, they  become  an  overbalance  to  the  thin  air, 
and  accordingly  descend  in  rain.  The  aggrega- 
tion and  iirecipitation  of  the  small  particles  of 
moisture  seem  to  be  explained  upon  the  following 
theory.  After  the  vesicles  have  reached  the  point 
in  the  atmosphere  in  which  they  with  it  form  an 
Equipoise  andthence  meet  with  a  colder  current  of 
air  than  that  contained  in  them,  this  iuternal  air 
being  contracted  into  a  less  space,  and,  as  a  con- 
sequence, the  watery  shell  being  rendered  thicker 
is  thereby  made  heavier,  and  thus  the  precipita- 
tion of  rain  commences.  These  atomic  particles 
of  rain  thus  uniting  as  suggested  in  the  upper  re- 
gions of  the  atmosphere,  they  continue  to  aggre- 
gate others  to  them  during  as  it  is  supposed,  their 
whole  descent  to  the  earth.  This  may  have  been 
within  the  observation  of  many  of  the  members 
cf  this  Society  that  on  the  summit  of  a  hill  during 
a  shower,  the  drops  of  rain  were  small,  but  in  de- 
scending the  hill,  they  become  larger  and  larger, 
and  at  the  bottom  thereof,  the  rain  was  impetu- 
ous. 

Cold  is  not  believed  however,  to  be  the  only 
agency  in  the  formation  of  rain ,  but  winds  liave 
likewise  much  to  do  in  effecting  the  aggregation 
of  the  component  ingredients  of  the  rain-drop. 
Winds  blowing  upon  a  clould  seem  to  cause  the 
vesicles,  or  small  elementary  atoms  of  moisture, 
to  coalesce  at  a  high  altitude,  and  thus  enable 
them  to  descend  towards  the  earth,  and  this  effect 
is  yet  the  more  considerable,  when  two  opposite 
winds  blow  together  toward  the  same  jDlace.  It 
matters  little  by  whichever  of  these  wa3'S  the 
small  particles  of  moisture  have  been  made  to 
unite ;  when  once  they  begin  to  descend,  they 
will  continue  until  they  have  reached  the  earth. 
From  the  force  of  gravity,  they  will  all  tend  to- 
words  the  centre  of  the  earth,  and  the  farther' 
they  fa^,  the  more  coalitions  they  will  make,  and 
the  more  coalitions  the  more  matter  there  will  be 
under  the  same  surface  ;  the  surface  only  increas- 
ing as  the  squares,  but  the  solidity  as  the  cubes, 
and  the  more  matter  under  the  same  surface  the 
less  friction  or  resistance  there  will  be  to  the 
same  matter. 

Were  the  atmosphere  at  all  times  and  in  all 
parts  of  it  of  a  uniform  temperature,  Ave  should 
never  have  either  rain,  hail  or  snow.  By  what 
means  the  atmosphere  is  made  to  be  of  various 
degrees  of  temperature  at  different  heights,  and 
in  the  several  pacts  of  it,  we  now  proceed  to  un- 
fold as  it  is  explained  by  philosophic  observers. 
Upon  this  fact  it  has  already  been  perceived,  are 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


13 


dependent  the  conditions  necessary  to  eftect  the 
phenomena  of  rain.  A  general  and  well  under- 
stood truth  of  which  science  has  become  cogni- 
zant, by  a  wide  and  cautious  induction,  and  which 
may  be  regarded  as  the  foundation  of  metereolog- 
ical  science  is  this,  that  nearly  all  the  changes 
Avhich  take  place  on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  are 
due  to  the  action  of  the  Sun.  As  the  air  gets  heated 
by  the  rays  of  the  Sun,  it  becomes  specifically 
lighter,  and  tends  constantly  to  ascend ,  being 
pressed  upwards  b}'^  the  heavier  circumambierft 
fluid.  The  efl"ect  thus  produced  upon  the  air,  by  the 
impulses  from  the  Sun,  is  the  great  motive  power 
which  gives  rise  to  all  the  currents  of  the  atmos- 
phere, from  the  gentle  zephyr  which  but  slightlj^ 
ruffles  the  surface  of  the  tranquil  lake,  to  the 
raging  hurricane  which  overwhelms  whole  fleets, 
and  destroys  in  a  moment  the  hopes  of  the  husband- 
man for  an  entire  season.  This  fact  so  well  es- 
tablished by  science,  renders  it  unnecessary  to 
seek  for  any  other  jjrimum  mofttVe,  for  the  great 
system  of  constant  agitation  to  which  the  aerial 
ocean  is  subjected.  Men  no  longer  believe  that 
the  winds  are  subject  to  the  commands  of  a  fabu- 
lous iEolus,  but  are  dependent  upon  and  are  ori- 
ginated by  the  rays  of  the  Sun  acting  upon  the 
atmosphere. 

The  most  striking  instance  of  the  effect  of  the 
Sun's  rays  in  giving  rise  to  the  currents  of  wind, 
is  found  in  the  trade-winds  on  either  side  of  the 
Equator.  These  -winds  blow  continually  in  the 
same  direction,  (except  in  the  Indian  Ocean,) 
north  and  south  of  the  Equator,  and  to  them  is 
chiefly  due  the  peculiar  climate  of  the  United 
States,  most  of  which  lies  in  the  dry  belt  of  the 
northern  trade-wind.  "There  are  two  of  these 
dry  belts  on  each  side  of  the  Equator,  and  these 
winds  blow  diagonally  into  each  other,  producing 
by  their  mutual  action,  a  belt  of  rain  about  500 
miles  in  width  under  the  Equator,  and  directly 
under  the  Sun.  These  winds  are  concentrated  by 
the  lofty  range  of  mountains  in  South  America 
and  Mexico,  and  turned  northward,  carrying 
wiLh  them  this  belt  of  rains.  In  our  summer  they 
extend  as  far  west  as  the  middle  of  Texas  ;  thence 
north  through  the  middle  of  Kansas  ;  they  curve 
gradually  eastward  and  pass  to  the  Atlantic  by 
the  line  of  the  great  northern  lakes,  covering  all 
the  old  States  with  rains  from  this  equatorial  belt ; 
extending  no  farther  west  than  the  middle  of 
Texas  and  Kansas,  they  leave  the  western  por- 
tions of  them  to  the  dry  California  climate,  thus 
limit  mg  the  culture  of  our  great  American  staple 
to  the  already  settled  portions  of  the  country." 
— Agricultural  Eepdrt,  1861,  jj;.  275. 

These  rains  from  causes  not  yet  ascertained  by 
science,  are  irregular  as  to  their  time,  quantity 


and  duration.  In  the  Spring  they  are  more  con- 
csntrated,  givmg  us  the  heavy  beating  rains  of 
March  and  April ;  and  in  July  and  August  they 
cease  almost  entirely.  We  have  no  rains  of  any 
consequence  from  the  evaporations  of  our  coun- 
try ;  these  we  see  in  the  form  of  dew  only,  or  at 
most  the}^  but  slightly  increase  the  amount  of  our 
equatorial  rains.  From  this  source  of  our  raius 
result  the  extremes  so  peculiar  to  our  American 
climate.  At  one  time  our  ploughed  lands  are 
saturated  with  water,  our  clay  soils  are  melted  and 
in  drying  out  are  compacted  so  as  to  be  much 
harder  than  the  frosts  left  them  in  Spring  before 
they  were  broken  up.  Then  follow  quickly 
droughts  parching  and  baking  the  soil,  making  it 
unSt  if  worn,  fur  profitable  production.  These 
mfluences  of  the  climate  so  act  upon  the  soil  that 
the  standing  topics  of  our  agricultural  writers  are 
drainage,  deep  ploughing,  and  constant  stirring 
of  the  soil. 

From  the  limited  study  which  scientific  men 
have  devoted  to  meteorological  knowledge,  even 
already  a  considerable  amount  of  useful  informa- 
tion has  been  collected.  The  hypothesis  already 
cited  to  explain  the  cause  of  rain  seems  to  account 
likewise  for  the  well  established  fact  that  a  cold 
is  usually  a  wet  summer,  and  a  warm,  a  dry 
one ;  because  the  principle  of  precipitation  ob- 
tains in  the  one  case,  and  is  wanting  in  the 
other.  And  does  it  not  likewise  explain,  to  a 
certain  extent,  why  we  have  usually  most  rain 
about  the  equinoxes  ?  Because  the  vapors  arise 
more  plentifully  than  ordinary  in  the  Spring,  as 
the  earth  becomes  loosened  from  the  brumal 
constipations,  and  because  also,  as  the  sun  recedes 
from  us  in  the  Autumn  the  cold  increasing  the 
vapors  that  had  lingered  above,  during  the  sum- 
mer heats,  are  now  despatched  down  in  the  form 
of  rain.  It  also  accounts  for  the  fact  that  a  set- 
tled, thick,  close  sky^  scarcely  ever  rains  till  it 
has  been  first  clear ;  because  the  equally  diffiised 
vapors  must  first  be  condensed  and  congregated 
into  separate  clouds,  to  lay  the  foundation  for 
rain,  by  which  means  the  rest  of  the  face  of  the 
heavens  is  left  open,  and  pervious  to  the  i*ays  of 
the  sun. 

These  instances  are  cited  as  smiple  illustra- 
tions of  the  manner  by  which  the  face  of  nature 
may  be  discerned,  and  the  kind  of  weather 
predicted.  I^ature  instead  of  beinggoverned  by  a 
systemof  arbitrary  decrees,  is  regulated  by  great 
immutable  and  unchanging  laws,  and  so  soon  as 
these  come  to  be  fully  understood,  their  uniform 
invariability  in  all  seasons,  and  in  all  climates, 
will  be  perceived  and  recognized. 

When  once  the  general  principles  of  meteorol- 
ogy be  perfectly  understood  amongst  the  agricul- 


14 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


tural  community,  they  will  cease  to  be  regarded 
as  matters  of  trivial  concern.  The  labor  bestow- 
ed upon  investigations  of  this  kind,  will  then  be 
seen  as  of  the  greatest  practical  importance,  and 
the  basis  of  the  highest  improvement  cff  which 
the  art  of  agriculture  is  susceptible.  The  space 
of  an  essay  is  altogether  too  limited  a  scope 
to  do  more  than  point  out  the  subject  as  worthy 
of  study,  instead  of  unfolding  comparatively  any 
information  of  which  the  theme  i^  capable  of  im- 
parting. It  is  believed  that  meteorological,  like 
many  of  the  other  sciences,  is  as  yet  in  its  infancy 
and  that  when  the  time  shall  have  come  when  its 
truth  be  fully  comprehended,  the  labors  of  the 
ao-riculturist  will  be  greatly  lessened,  and  his  suc- 
cess doubly  insured.  After  full  and  perfect  ob- 
servations shall  have  been  made  upon  the  laws 
of  natm'e,  and  a  full  code  of  inductions  collected 
therefrom,  the  farmer  will,  Avith  great  certainty, 
De  able  to  augur  the  signs  of  the  weather,  and 
the  seasons  predict  the  advent  of  rain,  hail 
and  the  difterent  phenomena  of  nature  and  there- 
by be  enabled  to  take  advantage  of  its  aspects, 
and  mould  his  agricultural  operations  in  accord- 
ence  therewith. 

If  the  belief  of  the  celebrated  Augustus  Comte 
be  true  that  a  hierarchy  of  the  sciences,  like  the 
Plastic  power  of  the  ancient  philosophers,  pre- 
sides over  universal  nature,  then  it  would  seem 
as  if  the  attainment  of  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the 
workings  of  this  nature  would  in  time  be  within 
the  reach  and  comprehension  of  man.  Why  then, 
should  not  our  society  take  an  interest  in  the 
meteorological  observations  of  our  country,  and 
yield  its  aid  in  the  collection  of  information  for 
general  diffusion  amongst  the  people  ?  Great  re- 
sults are  anticipated  from  the  deductions  which 
are  promised  to  be  educed  from  the  observations 
of  the  zealous  corps  of  meteorological  reporters, 
who  now  span  the  vast  extent  of  our  immense 
country,  from  the  pine-clad  hills  of  Maine  to  the 
grazing  plains  of  Texas. 

VALUE  OP  WOODLANDS. 

Could  every  cultivator  of  th«  soil  be  mipressed 
with  the  important  part  which  forests  bear  upon 
Agriculture  and  Horticulture,  he  would  most  as- 
suredly discontinue  his  wholesale  onslaught  upon 
the  comparatively  small  proportion  of  woodland, 
which  is  yet  left  to  operate  upon.  Before  the 
discovery  of  coal,  there  was  no  necessity  to  cau- 
tion him  to  save  his  timber.  Self-interest  prompt- 
ed him  to  do  so.  Wood  for  fuel  selling  at  6  to  10 
dollars  a  cord,  with  a  fair  prospect  of  doubling  in 
price,  was  a  sufficient  stimulus  to  with-hold  the 
axe. 

No  sooner  however  was  coal  discovered,  its 


uses  understood,  and  its  quantity  in  a  measure  as- 
certained, than  the  destruction  of  forests  began 
anew,  and  if  continued  in  the  same  ratio  in  the 
future,  the  "  Woodman's  axe"  will  soon  become 
a  relic  of  the  jjast. 

The  effects  produced  by  the  destruction  of  tim- 
ber are  now  seen  and  felt  by  many ;  but  the  mass 
of  farmers  and  fruit-growers  do  not  yet  fully  re- 
alize them.  We  often  hear  it  remarked  that  our 
grain  and  fruit  crops  are  much  more  uncertain 
than  formerly,  and  the  usual  impression  is  that 
there  has  been  a  change  in  our  climate  ;  and  that 
no  remedy  can  be  applied.  That  the  climate — 
strictly  speaking — has  changed  in  any  perceptible 
degree  vrithin  the  last  century,  we  are  not  dispos- 
ed to  admit,  but  that  the  temperature  is  more 
variable — especially  in  the  winter  season,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  country  being  denuded  of  a  large 
proportion  of  its  forests,  will  hardly  be  question- 
ed. A  few  days  of  mild  weather  in  the  winter, 
will  soon  start  vegetation  in  cultivated  sections, 
where  there  is  little  or  no  forest ;  and  a  sudden 
change  to  cold  alwaj^s  effects  the  j^oung  and  ten- 
der growth  injuriously',  while  under  similar  cir- 
cumstances in  largely  timbered  regions  these 
changes  are  very  little  felt.  We  admit,  there  are 
degrees  of  cold  which  destroy  vegetation  gener- 
ally, but  crops  suffer  less  frequently  from  this 
cause  than  from  sudden  changes. 

The  Western  Pioneer — who  is  said  to  be  an 
eastern  man  developed — is  acting  prudently  in 
the  planting  of  timber  instead  of  destroying  all 
within  his  reach.  He  can  thus  indulge  the  pleas- 
ant hope,  that  if  not  he ,  his  posterity  at  least  may 
reap  the  benefit  of  his  investment. 

It  shall  be  our  province  to  j)lead  with  the 
landholder  in  favor  of  cutting  down  less  and  jDlant- 
ing  more  trees.  If  his  acres  be  too  few  to  add  to 
them  depth  instead  of  surface  area,  by  deep  plow- 
ing, subsoiling,  and  enriching  them  to  a  proper 
degree  of  fertility.  At  the  same  time  he  may 
rely  upon  the  surrounding  groves  and  forests  act- 
ing well  their  part  in  the  economy  of  nature ; 
thus  our  crops  may  be  increased  by  a  different 
method  of  tillage,  instead  of  decreasing  as  they 
are  under  the  prevalent  mode  at  iDresent.  For 
posterity's  sake  the  improvident  landholder 
should  know  that  the  demand  and  value  of  Imn- 
ber  is  steadily  increasing,  and  broad  as  our  iTa- 
tional  Domain  is,  there  is  a  limit  to  the  squatting 
from  one  tract  of  virgin  land  to  another,  leaving 
only  exhausted  and  sterile  soils  behind.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  laws,  state  and  national,  will  ere 
long  be  enacted  exempting  from  taxation  timber- 
ed lands  generally,  or  so  far  at  least  as  they  are 
necessary  to  keep  up  the  proper  balance  between 
wooded  and  cleared  lands. 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


15 


CLEMATIS  FLAMULA. 

There  are  few  of  any  climbing  plants  which 
have  a  better  claini  to  the  attention  of  those  who 
love  flowers,  than  the  sweet-scented  clematis.  It 
is  exceedingl}'  irraceful  in  habit,  with  very  neat 
but  i^ot  redmidauL  foliage,  of  a  drooping  and  fes- 
toon-like aspect,  and  although  its  flowers  are 
small,  white,  and  with  no  great  pretention  to 
beauty,  they  fill  the  warm  air  of  the  Sunmier 
evenings  with  a  delicate  and  delicious  fragrance, 
that  does  not  fail  to  win  favor.  The  plant  is" 
hardy,  is  a  perennial,  and  wants  but  little  atten- 
tion. In  the  first  year  of  its  planting,  or  subse- 
quently when  the  winter  is  unusually  severe,  it 
will  freeze  down  to  near  the  ground  in  this  vi- 
cinity, but  the  following  Spring  it  again  throws 
out  shoots,  which  by  the  first  week  in  July  attain 
a  growth  of  ten  "to  fifteen  feet,  and  then  it  com- 
mences to  bloom.  When  this  period  arrives  it 
neglects  the  business  of  growing,  but  gives  us 
during  July,  and  part  of  August,  a  perfume  not 
rivalled  by  "Balm  of  a  thousand  flowers,"  "Love 
among  the  roses,"  or  any  of  the  other  compounds 
to  which  perfumers  give  these  and  like  attractive 
names.  It  also  retains  its  foliage  into  the  "Win- 
ter. As  we  WTite — late  in  December — there  is  a 
vine  near  by  which  is  still  green,  having  been 
thus  far  only  partially  bleached  by  the  snows  and 
storms  of  Winter. 

With  these  merits,  there  seems  to  be  no  good 
reason  why  the  Clematis  Flamula  is  not  more 
frequentl}'^  seen  in  the  flower-garden.  As  far  as 
om*  observation  goes,  it  is  comparatively  rare, 
doubtless  hence  it  is  not  better  known.  To  those 
intending  to  plant  flowers  and  vines  next  Spring, 
om-  advice  is  to  place  this  lovely  creeper  among 
the  first  on  the  list.  We  shall  receive  thanks  for 
the  counsel  at  some  future  time.  D. 


SCIEITTIFIC  AND  MECHAISTIGAL. 
What  to  Wear  on  the  Feet. — One  of  the  well- 
established  facts  of  physiology  is  that  anything 
wOrn  upon  the  feet  which,  like  rubber  or  patent 
leather,  prevents  the  passing  off  of  the  insensible 
perspiration,  is  detrimental  to  the  health.  Those 
Avho  regard  the  organic  laws  as  having  any  sa- 
credness,  will  not  use  patent  leather  boots,  cov- 
ering the  whole  foot,  for  constant  wear,  but  limit 
them  to  particular  occasions.  Rubber  ought  to 
be  removed,  and  something  else  substituted  in 
their  place,  as  soon  as  the  feet  come  out  of  the 
wet  which  occasions  their  being  put  on.  The 
same  is  true  of  all  bouts  that  are  water  proof.  They 
should  be  worn  only  when  times  of  exposure 
make  them  necessary.  This  is  sufliciently  well 
known  with  regard  to  rubbers;  but  few  think 
Imt  leather  boots  are  objectionable,  for  the  same 


reason,  in  proportion  as  they  are  water-tight. 
There  are  comparatively  few  of  them  which  are 
perfectly  so  ;  yet  there  are  many,  which  worn  as 
they  are,  day  after  day,  in  dry  weather  as  well  as 
wet,  must,  by  retaining  a  large  part  of  the  foot's 
perspiration,  have  an  uuhealthful  efiect.  It  is  a 
good  practice  to  bathe  the  feet  after  removing  a 
pair  of  water  proof  boots  which  have  been  worn 
during  the  day.  With  many  men  this  is  a  neces- 
sity, and  it  Avould  be  such  with  many  more  if  they 
knew  all  the  requirements  of  the  laws  of  hj^giene, 
to  say  nothing  of  any  other  reason.  To  give  the 
boots  themselves  a  washing  out  occasionally  would 
be  advantageous,  as  the  feet  must  be  allowed  to 
perspire  naturally  or  the  skin  in  some  other  part 
is  liable  to  be  overtasked,  and  it  is  stated  by 
medical  authority  that  many  skin  diseases  have 
been  produced  by  neglect  of  the  feet  in  this  par- 
ticular. 

How  to  Buy  Furs. — In  purchasing  furs  a  sure 
test  of  what  dealers  call  a  "prime"  fur,  is  the 
length  and  density  of  the  down  next  the  skin ; 
this  can  be  readily  determined  by  blowing  a  brisk 
current  of  air  from  the  mouth  "  against  the  set  of 
the  fur ;"  if  the  fibres  open  readily,  exposing  the 
skin  to  view,  reject  the  article,  but  if  the  down  is 
so  dense  that  the  breath  cannot  penetrate  it,  or 
at  most  shows  but  a  small  portion  of  the  skin, 
the  article  may  be  accepted. 


4^      -^B.-     ^^ 


A  LARGE   TANIfEIlY. 

The  following  brief  description  of  Mr.  Amos 
Hollinger's  Tannery,  (said  to  be  the  largest  in 
this  county)  which  is  located  on  the  Willow  street 
pike,  about  2i  miles  south  of  this  city,  is  furnished 
the  Express  by  a  correspondent  of  that  paper  : 

The  engine  house  of  the  tannery  is  42  feet  by 
20,  two  stories  high,  and  contains  an  engine  of 
twenty  horse  power.  There  is  also  a  boiler- 
house,  fire  proof,  which  is  22  feet  square,  and 
contains  two  boilers,  each  of  which  is  30  feet  long 
and  30  inches  in  diameter.  In  consequence  of 
the  engine  and  the  two  boilers  occupying  two 
separate  apartments,  the  steam  is  conveyed  from 
one  to  the  other  by  means  of  a  large  caliduct  or 
pipe,  some  70  feet  long.  The  stack  connected 
with  the  boiler-house,  which  serves  as  a  draft,  is 
60  feet  high,  and  contains  20,000  bricks.  The 
currying-shop  is  75  feet  by  30,  three  stories  high, 
with  a  large  drying-loft  capable  of  holding  1,500 
sides  of  leather.  The  yard  is  100  feet  long  and 
75  wide,  of  which  75  feet  are  under  cover,  and 
which  is  used  for  the  purpose  of  a  drying  loft  and 
leather  finishing  deijartment.  The  dimensions  of 
the  main  bark  house,  are:  51  feet  long,  37  wide, 
and  40  feet  high.  The  number  of  cords  of  bark 
used  a  year,  is  about  600.    There  are  100  vats^ 


16 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


most  of  them  being  eight  feet  long,  five  feet  wide 
and  five  deep.  There  are  from  20  to  30  workmen 
employed  all  the  year,  who  make  exclusively  Qak 
harness  and  bridle  leather,  and  turn  out  over  200 
sides  per  week.  Mr.  H.  is  an  energetic  business 
man  and  has  established  a  large  and  extensive 
trade  throughout  the  Middle  and  Eastern  States. 


HAUD  MILCHIH^G  COWS. 

In  almost  all  herds  of  cows  will  be  found  some 
animals  whose  milk  is  drawn  with  a  great  and 
painful  expenditure  of  muscle,  when  no  dispo- 
sition to  hold  up  is  manifest.  The  cause  is 
generally  found  in  a  defective  formation  of  the 
teats,  the  milk  ducts  being  obstructed  or  con- 
tracted. A  correspondent  of  the  New  Eng- 
land Homestead  states  that  he  had  a  valuable 
young  cow  that  milked  so  hard  from  hind 
teats,  as  to  make  the  operation  slow  and  very 
fatiguing  to  the  milker.  He  adds:  "By  the  aid 
of  a  probe  I  ascertained  that  the  obstruction 
was  at  the  lower  end  of  the  teat;  I  therefore 
thought  a  little  surgical  skill  might  remove  the 
evil.  I  took  a  very  narrow-bladed  knife,  gave  it 
a  keen  edge,  took  the  teat  in  my  left  hand,  in- 
serted the  point  very  gently  into  the  milk  pas- 
sage, and  then,  without  fear  or  trembling,  gave  a 
sudden  thrust  of  the  knife  in  the  right  direction, 
and  the  cure  was  affected. 

"The  cov/  started  a  little  and  then  stood  still.  A 
few  drops  of  blood  followed  the  cut  only.  I  then 
operated  on  the  other  teat  with  the  same  result. 
Another  5"0ung  cow  that  came  of  the  above-men- 
tioned, had  lost  one-quarter  of  her  bag,  and  milked 
so  hard  from  one  teat,  that  the  stream  of  milk 
was  no  larger  than  a  small  knitting-needle.  With 
the  same  success  I  operated  upon  that.  They 
milked  afterwards  as  easily  as  any  one  could  de- 
sire, and  no  leaking  of  the  milk  followed." 

HOW    TO     SAVE     GIRDLED    PKITIT 
TREES. 

To  tell  how  to  save  trees  injured  in  this  way 
will  be  to  tell  how  I  saved  over  a  hundred  trees, 
seven  years  planted,  completely  girdled  by  mice  in 
my  orchard  a  vear  ago  last  month.  There  had 
been  for  some  time  a  heavy  snow  on  the  ground  ; 
and  mice  being  plenty  and  in  a  starving  condition, 
with  nothing  else  to  eat,  they  ate  all  the  bark 
from  the  trees  so  far  as  they  could  reach,  some  of 
them  for  a  foot  up  and  down  all  around,  and  por- 
tions of  the  sap-wood  all  around,  some  of  them  at 
least  half  an  inch  deep.  As  soon  as  the  damage 
was  discovered — which  was  the  first  thawing 
days — I  banked  the  snow  up  around  them  for  a 
foot  above  the  injury;  then,  as  fast  as  the  soil 
thawed  enough,  I  banked  with  it  about  the  trees 


to  the  same  height.  This  was  all  the  attention 
they  received  ;  and  to-day  they  have  all  the  dam- 
aged parts  covered  by  almost  as  thick  a  coating 
of  bark  as  the  uninjured  portion  of  the  trees.  My 
directions,  therefore,  for  saving  trees  girdled  by 
mice  or  other  means,  would  be  to  follow  the  prac- 
tice used  to  save  my  own,  when  girdled  within  a 
reasonable  distance  from  the  ground  ;  when  dene 
higher  up,  this  course  would  be  impracticable,  and 
we  should  have  to  look  to  some  other  covering 
than  soil  to  protect  the  surface  until  a  new  bark 
was  deposited.  Common  clay  must  be  used  for 
this  purpose.  If  too  high  up  to  reach  by  banking, 
bind  the  clay  on  it.  The  sooner  the  surface  is 
protected  after  injury,  the  better.  The  death  of 
the  tree,  when  girdled,  is  caused  by  the  seasoning 
of  the  sap  wood. — American  Journal  of  Horticul- 
ture. * 

ij^»      ^Bj      i^^^ 

Feeding  Sheep  for  Manxtre. — One  of  our 
nurserymen  sent  a  man  to  Michigan  to  buy  sheep 
to  fatten  this  winter.  He  bought  400  good  weth- 
ers, three  and  four  year  olds,  that  average  about 
95  pounds  each,  at  a  cost  here  of  S3. 10.  His 
dbject  is  to  make  manure.  He  gets  about  a  load 
of  manure  to  a  sheep,  worth  $3  or  $5.  He  has 
adopted  this  plan  three  or  four  years,  and  his 
land  already  shows  the  effect.  He  thinks  it  far 
better  manure  than  that  wh'ch  he  draws  from  the 
city.  I  told  him  if  he  would  use  oil  cake  the  ma- 
nure would  be  richer  still.  There  will  be  a  great 
many  damaged  beans  this  year,  which,  if  not 
mouldy,  can  be  fed  to  sheep  with  advantage. 
And  the  manure  from  beans  or  peas  is  nearly  as 
rich  as  that  from  oil-cake. — /.  Harriss  in  Agricul- 
ture. 

— i«3>' — «►■    >^     

Meeting  of  the  Pennsylvania  Fruit 
Growers'  Society. — Mr.  S.  B.Heiges,of  York, 
Secretary  of  the  Pennsylvania  Fruit  Growers' 
Society,  has  given  notice  that  the  annual  meeting 
of  the  Society  will  be  held  in  the  Orphans'  Court 
room,  Harrisburg,  on  the  third  Wednesday  of 
January,  being  the  20th,  18G9.  Discussions  on  all 
the  new  fruits,  from  strawberries  to  apples,  inclu- 
sive, will  be  engaged  in.  Members  are  desired  to 
attend,  and  exhibit  such  fruits  as  they  may  have. 

This  meeting  will  doubtless  pi'ove  to  be  iiter- 
esting  and  instructive,  as  all  the  former  meetings 
of  the  Society  have  been. 

iil^^       HB>      '(^'1 

It  affords  us  pleasure  to  learn  that  W.  G. 
Kafroth  has  consented  to  act  as  agent  for  the 
Lancaster  City  &  County  Fire  Insurance  Com- 
pany. Mr.  Kafroth's  gentlemanly  bearing  will 
soon  ingratiate  him  with  the  people  of  Lancaster, 
and  the  Company  he  represents  is  in  need  of  no 
commendation.  Lajs[CASter. 


a.  b.  kaufman's 
Insurance  Agency, 

No.  1  EAST  ORANGE  ST., 
LANCASTER    CITY,    PA., 

Issues  Life,  and  also,  Policies  against  Fire  and 
all  o+her  Accidents. 

AGENT  FOB  THE  OLD 

CONN.  MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

The  Best  Company  in  the  World. 

CAPITAL,  :-  .  -    -    833,000,000. 


LANCASTER  CITY  AND  COUNTY 

FIRE  INSURANCE    COMPANY, 

OF    Z,.^J\'C^STJEIi.     JPJl. 


CAPITAL,    -      -      -     ^JiOO,000. 


ZDIXiECTOItS  : 


SAMUEL  liESS, 

South  Side  Conestoga,  opposite 
GrraefF's  Landing, 

DEALER  IN 

BUILDING  LUMBER, 

O  O  -A.  X. , 

Wood.  Salt.  Sand,  Plaster,  and  all  th?  best  Fertili- 
zers in  the  Market.  Posts,  Rails,  Pales,  and  Fencing 
-Materials  of  ever}'  Desoiption. 

Particular  attention  paid  to  Re-fa  wing  Lumber  for 
Cabinet  woik  and  Coachmaking. 

o:^  All  Orders  left  at  the  Lancaster  Post  Office 

promptly  attended  to. 


S.  S.  RATHVOi^'S 
Mercbtant  Tailoring,  (it'iieral  Clothing 

AND  GENTLEMEN'S  FURNISHING  STORE, 

(KRAKP'S    OLD   STAND), 

Corner  North  Queen  &  Orange  Sts,, 
Lancaster,  Pa.,    , 

All  kinds  of  Men's  and  Boys'  Rea<iy-Mafle  Clothing  and 
Farnibhing  Goods  constantly  on  hand.  Al.so,  a  superior  assort- 
ment ot  French,  Ruglish,  German  and  American  Cloths,  Cas- 
iimeresand  Vestings  which  will  be  made  to  or'ler  in  any  desired 
style,  with  the  least  possible  delay ;  warranted  to  give  satis, 
faction,  and  at  reasonable  charges. 

S.  S.  RATHVON. 


GRUGER  &  RICE, 

DKUGGISTS  &  APOTHECARIES, 

No.  13  WEST  KING  STREET, 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  STEINMAN'S    HARDWARE  STORE, 

Lancastei',   Pa, 

Have  always  on  hand  Pure,  Reliable  Drugs  and  Medi- 
cines, Chemicals,  Snices,  Perfumery  and  Toilet 
Articles.     Also  Flavoring  Extracts  of 
their  own  .Manufacture,  and  of 
unsurpassed  quality. 

Sole  Agents  for  Hassow's  C0MP0c::yD  Stritp  of  Tak,  the 

best  Cough  Medicine  in  the  market.    VVc  have  also  on  hand  in 

season  an  assortment  of  Landreth's  Warranted  Garden  Seeds). 

The  public  can  rely  upon  AWW^Ta  <i«TTJjTO  waxT  'tUST 

AfS.  ros  ^3U>  JfO  BPB0TITCTS0. 


Hon.Thos.  E.Fkanklin,     Geo.  K.  Reed,     Edw.  Bkowk, 

Pres't,  Treas.,  Sec'y 

John  L.  Atlee,  M.  D.,       B.  F.  Shenk,        Jacob  Bousman. 
Henrv  Carpenter,  M.D.,     F.  Shroder,  Jacob  M.  Frantz, 

Hon.  A.  E.  Roberts,  John  C.  Hager. 

Houses,  Barns,  Stores,  Mills  and  Buildings  of  all  kinds,  with, 
their  contents*  Insured  on  Favorable  terms. 

W.  J.  KAmOTH,  Agent. 
Residence:  36  South  Dake  St.,  Lancaster. 


J.  B.  KBVI]irSKI^ 

DEALER  IN 

Pianos,  Organs,  and  Melodeons, 

AN!)  MUSICAL  INSTRIIJUENTS  GENERALLY, 

A  large  assortment  of  Violins.  Flutes.  Guitars,  Banjos, 

Tamborines,  Accordeons,  Fifes.  Harmonicas,  and 

Musical  Merchandise   always  on  hand. 

SHEET  MUSrn:  A  large  stock  on  hand  and  constantly  re- 
ceiving all  the  latest  publications  as  soon  as  issued. 

MUSIC)  BT  MAIL  \  I  would  inform  persons  wishing  Music, 
that  JNIusic  and  Musical  Books  will  be  sent  by  mail  free  of 
postage  when  the  marked  price  is  remitted. 

I1ECALCOMA.N  1  Ai  or  the  art  of  Transfeiring  Pictures.  Can 
be  traTisferred  on  any  olyect.  I  would  call  especial  attention 
of  Coachmakors  to  my  stock  of  Decalcomania. 

ZAHM  &  JACKSON, 

No.  15  NOKTH  ftXJEEN  ST., 

Beg  leave  to  call  the  attention  of  persons  in  want  of 
a  good  and  reliable  Time  Keeper  to  their  full  assoi-t- 
ment  of 

AMERICAN  m  SWISS  WATCHES, 

In  Gold  and  Silver  Cases  which  will  be  sold  at 
prices  which  will  defy  competition.  Also,  a  full  assort- 
ment of 

of  all  kinds,  which   we  wi.l  warrant  good  and  correct 
time-keepers. 

in  great  variety,  such  as  Pins,  Set' 6,  Ear  Rings,  Finger 
Rings,  Sleeve  Buttons,  Chains,  &c. 

SOLID  SILVER  WARE, 

Manufactured  expressly  for  our  sales  and  warranted  coin. 

PLATED    WARE, 

From  the  best  factories  and  warranted  the  finest  quality. 

Gold,  Silver  and  Steel  Spectacles.  Hair  Jewelry 
3Iade  to  Order. 

Repairing  Promptly  Attended  to. 

ZAHM  &.  JACKSON, 


S.  WELCHENS,  D.  D.  S., 

SURGEON    DENTIST, 

Office  and  HesUlence, 

HOWELL'S  BUILDING,  No.  65^  NORTH  QUEEN  ST., 

Half  a  square  south  of  the  R.  H.  Depot. 

Twenty  Years'  Successful  Practice  in  Lancaster. 


I  Lancaster,  June  25th,  1868. 

Editors  Express  :  Dr.  Wm.  M.  Whiteside,  the  cnterpri*- 
i  ing  Dentist,  has  purchased  from  me  a  large  stock  of  teeth  and 
1  all  the  fixtures,  the  nstruments  fonnerly  belonging  to  me,  and 
I  also  those  used  by  my  father,  Dr.  Parry,  in  his  practice.  In 
j  the  purchase,  the  doctor  has  provided  himself  with  some  of 

the  most  valuable  and  expensive  instruments  used  in  dental 
I  practice,  and  has  beyond  doubt  one  of  the  best  and  largest 
1  collections  of  teeth  and  instruments  in  the  State.  Persons 
i  visiting  the  commodious  offices  of  Dr.  "Whiteside,  cannot  fail 
j  to  be  fully  accommodated.     The  Doctor  loses  no  opportunity 

of  furnishing  himself  with  every  late  scientific  imprevement 
'  in  his  line  of  business.  h.  B.  PAKRY. 


EAST  KING  STREET, 


The  Latest  improvements  in  INSTRUMENTS 
and  TEETH  and  the  very  best  materia!,  Warranted 
in  all  operations. 

TEETH  EXTRACTED  WITHOUT  PAIN  with  i  O^ce  and  Residence, 

the  use  of  Nitrous  Oxide  Gas,  Ether,  or  the  Ether 
Spray  : 

TERMS,  as  low  as  any  in  the  city,  when  low  priced     ^'^^t  ^oor  to  the  Court  House,  over  Fahnestock's  Dry 
material  and  low  priced  work  are  used.  j  Goods  Store, 

But  for  riRST-CLASS'OPERATIONS,  with  ap-  | 
pliances  and  material  to  corre.spond,   prices  range 
higl: 


>her. 


S.  WELCHENS.  D.  D.  S. 


CJ  -A.  ZE?F  H)  ' 

RE1« ART'S  OLD  WI?/l 

ESTABLISHED  IN   i7teo. 

No.  36  EAST  KING  ST.,  LANCASTER,  PENNA. 


gT 


The  reputation  of  REIGART'S  OLD  WINES  AND  BRAN- 
DIES for  purity  and  excellent  qualiry  having  been  fully  es- 
tablished tor  nearly  a  centuiy,  we  regret  that  the  conduct  of 
some  unprincipled  dealers,  who  re-fill  with  and  sell  from  our 
tabled  bottles  their  deleterious,  compounds,  compels  us  to 
adopt  the  anne.xed  trade  mark,  wliieli  in  future,  for  the  pro- 
tection of  ourselves  and  our  customeis,  will  be  found  on  all 
car  old  bottled  Wines,  Brandisa,  Gms,  Whiskies,  Bitters,  &c. 


TRADE 


MARK. 


And  farther,  in  order  to  protect  the  same,  ws  hsreby  .iii- 
Eounce  our  determination  to  vrosecuie  hi  ihe  fullest  extent  of  the 
Act  of  Assembly,  approved,  31st  day  of  Jlarch,  1860,  any  per- 
son or  persons  who  shall  violate  the  provisions  of  said  act  as 
applicable  to  our  trade  mark. 

N.  B We  respectfully  request  the  public,  when  they  have 

occasion  or  desire  to  use  Old  Brandy  at  the  Hotels  or  Restau- 
rants to  ask  particularly  for  Keigarf  s  Old  Brandy. 
Very  re'pectfully,  &c., 

H.  E.  SLAYMAKER,  Agt. 


UNION  SPOKE  AND  AGRICULTURAL  WORKS 

Corner  of  Watf>r  arx'^   L^^iiioti   Stsi., 
Formerly  Shirk  &  Royer's  Warehouse,  on  the  Penna.  Rail- 
road, near  Baumgardiier's  coal  yard,  and  2  squares  west  from 
the  Railroad  Depot,  ■'vhere  ws  manufacture  the 

liATEST  IMPROVED  GRAIN  DRli^LS, 
Also,  Grain  Drills  T^ith  Guano  attached,  warranted  to  give 
ssti'sfaction.     Jiockaton;/  fang,  Ci^fr  ^llillf,'  Crushers  aud 

Cfratert,  for  horse  or  hand  power,  which  will  grind  a  bushel 
of  apples  per  minute  by  hoise  power,  and  are  warranted  to  do 
it  well.  We  would  al.'^o  inform  Coiichmakers  that  we  have  put 
np  in  our  Shop  two  of  the  latest  improved  Spohe  ^Jiachtneg, 
nr  JbatheB,  and  are  fully  prepared  to  furnish  the  best  quality 
of  SPOKES  of  .all  kinds,  sizes,  drv  or  part  dry,  and  warranted 
to  be  a  good  article.  We  buy  none  but  the  best  split  Spokes, 
and  have  now  on  h.and  1  00,00»  sr'ffSfKS.  Bent  Fei^lowb 
of  all  sizes;  Shafts  and  Oakriage  Polsb,  Bowb,  &c.,  of 
seasonable  stuff,  constantly  on  hand. 

As  Mr.  Keeler  his  been  in  this  business  16  or  18  years,  and 
having  served  an  apprenticeship  at  <'oachmaking,  he  knows 
whpjt  the  trade  want  in  that  line.  All  kinds  of  Bent  Stuff  for 
sale,  or  made  to  order — and  Spokes  of  all  sizes  turned  for  per- 
sons having  them  on  hand  in  the  rough. 

Notice  to  Farmers  and  I'.Iechanics — Planing  and  Saw- 
ins  done  at  the  shortest  notice.  We  have  one  of  the  best  and 
1  afcBt  Improved  Surftice  Planes  for  operation. 

KEELER  &  SHAEFFER,  Lancaster,  Pa. 


LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

Teeth  Ejctracted  without  pain  by  the  use  of 

{Nitrous  Oxide)  Gas. 

BOOKSAND  STATIONERY. 


A   Full  assortment  of 

SCHOOL,    MISCELLANEOUS  AGRI- 

DULTUEAL  AND  HORTI- 

CULTURL  BOOKS, 

A  large  stock  of 

STA^TIOISIEEY, 

•   WHICH  WILL  BE  SOLD  AT 

GREATLY  REDUCED  PRICES, 

•On  account  of  removal  April  1st,  1869,  to 

No.  52  North  Queen  Street, 

,  (KEAMP'S   BUILDING) 

Kour  Doors  above  Orange  Street, 

ISuhscriptions  received  for  all  the  Agricultural  ani 
Horticultural  Magazines. 

J.  H.  SHEAFFER'S 

Cheap  Cash  Book  Store,  No.  32  N.  Queen 
Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


DEALER  IN 

FOREICtH  and  AMERICAN  WATCHES, 

IN  GOLD  AND  SILVER  CASES, 

CLOCKS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION, 
Jejfclry  in  all  its  Shapes  and  Forms, 

SILVER  WARE,  designed  for  Bridal  Presents; 

BRACKETS,  TOIL"ET    SETS.    VASES.    SPECTACLES, 
GOLD  PENS,  &c.,  «S;c.,  &c. 


Stoves ! 

GGdari7ira2?G  I 

Housekeepers*   Furnlsliiiig    Goods ! 


The 'uuderaigned  a(  their  old  established  si  and  in 
WEST  KTNQ  STREET, 

are  constantly  receiving  fresh  supplies  to  their  exten- 
sive Stock,  from  the  best  manufactories  in  this  Coun- 
try and  Europe,  and  invite  the  attention  of  Merchants 
and  Consumers,  feeling  that  we  can  do  as  well  as  any 
house  in  Philadelpliia. 

Persons  commencing  Housekeeping  will  find  the 

The  Largest  and  Best  Selected  Lot  of 

at   Manufacturers'  Prices.     Also,  every   other   nrticle 
kept  in  a  first-class  Hardware  Store. 

.\  FULL  STOCK  OF 

Sadlers',  Coaclimakers'  and  Blacksmiths'  Tools 
and  Materials. 

BUILDERS    will    hod    a    full    supply  of  evevy    thing 
suited  to  their  wants  at  LOWEST  FIGLTRES. 

CLOVER,    TIMOTHY    AND    FLAX    SEED, 

BOUGHT  AND  SOLD. 

STEINMAN  &  GO. 


p.  E  GRUGER. 


J.P.  GRUGER. 


GRUGER  BROTHERS, 

MARBLE  MASONS, 

14  South  Queeu  St.,  Lancaster,  Pa-, 

Have    always   on    hand   or   will  furnish    to  order    at 

SHORT  NOTICE, 

MONUMENTS, 

TOMBS, 

GRAVE  STONES, 

&c.,  &c. 

We  pay  particular  and  personal  attention  both  to  the 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MATERIAL  and  the  EXECU- 
TION OF  OUR  WORK,  and  our  facilities  now  are  such 
that  we  can  guarantee  our  customers  the  very  best 
work,  at  the  same,  and  often  Lower  Prices,  than  are 
usually  paid  elsewhei-e  for  inferior  productions. 

Lettering 


in 


English 


and 


German, 

ELEGANTLY  AND  CORRECTLY  DONE. 

W«  earnestly  invite  our  country  fiiendsto   give    us  a 
eaU. 


SHULTZ  &  BRO., 

Maiiufaciiirers,  Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  im 

IIA.TS, 

Caps  and  Furs, 

L  A  D  I  K  S'  F  A  N  C  Y   FURS, 

HOODS, 

TRIMMED  GLOVES  AND  MITTS, 
Gents'    Gloves,    Capes    and    Collars, 

Fancy  Robes, 
BLA.]SrKETS,    &C, 

20     North    Queen    Street, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 


ERICAN  WATCHES 


J\'"o.  22  West  King  street, 

NsxT  Door  Below  Cooper's  Hotel, 
DKALKRS    IN 

IMiilCii  &  IMP#Ef  11 

■WATCHES, 

J"  E  ^^w^  E  L  :r  "5r , 
CLOCKS  AND  SPECTACLES. 


9 


THE  UNDERSIGNED  REPRESENTS  THE 

ill!  mi  IMIMMS  G^ifir 

AND  ALSO  THE 

Life  ai  IcsMeat  Iiisaraiicfl  Coiipaij, 

Both  stable  and  well  established  companies,  the  former 
having  a  capital  of  $1000,000,  and  the  latter  $500,- 
000. 

The  plan  of  issuing  policies  by  the  Brooklyn  Life 
Insurance  Conipanj'  presents  a  feature  altogether 
unique,  and  one  which  removes  one  of  the  strongest 
objection,  hitherto  urged  against  the  plan  of  Life  Insur- 
ance; and  this  is  what  is  termed  the  Surrender  Value 
Plan.  Each  and  every  Policy  issued  in  the  name  of 
ihis  Compivny  bears  an  endorsement,  stating  the  exact 
worth  of  the  policy  in  Cash,  at  any  time  afier  two  or 
more  annual  premiums  have  been  paid. 

Insurance  can  also  be  eflected  in  the  North  American 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  at  lower  rate  a,  it  is  be- 
lieved, than  in  any  other  Company  in  the  United  States. 

All  desirous  of  securing  insurance  upon  their  lives 
can  do  so  by  calling  upon  the  undersigned. 

ALLE^i  I^UTJIRIE,  Agl, 

East  Liemon  Street, 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


LANCASTER,    PENN'A, 

Dealers  in  United  States  Bonds  and  all 
kinds  of  Railroad  Stock  and  State  Loans. 

Buy  and  Sell  Gold,  Silver,  and  United 
States  Coupons. 

Sell  Bills  of  Exchange  on  Europe  and  Passage 
Certificates. 

Receive  Money  on  Deposit  and  pay  Interest  as 
follows : 

1  month,  4  per  cent.,      6   months,  5    per  cent. 

3      •'        44  "  12      "        H 


FOR  SALE  AT 

Chas.  A.  Heinitsh's  Drug  Store,  13  E.  King  St., 

LANCASTEE,    PENNA., 

German    Cattle    Powders! 

The  best  Powder  made  for  the  Cure  and  PreTention  of  Dis- 
eases to  which  Oxen,  Milk  Cows,  Shei'p  and  Hogs,  arc  subject. 
For  Stock  Cattle  iirepariiig  for  market,  a  table  spoonful  in 
their  feed  once  or  twice  a  week,  improve.s  their  condition  by 
strengthening  their  digestive  organs,  and  creates  solid  flesh 
and  fjit. 
GERMAN  VEGETABLE  OR  UNRIVALLED  CONDITION 

POWDERS 
For  preserving  Horses  in  good  health,  removing  all  Diseases 
of  the  Skin,  giving  a  Smooth  and  Glossy  appearance,  also  a 
sure  remedy  for  Distemper,  Hidebound,  Loss  of  Appetite,  &c. 

PERSIAN  INSECT  POWDER. 
A  perfectly  safe,  quick  and  easily  applied  destroyer  of  Lice 
on  Cattle,  Fleas,  Bedbugs,  &c. 

PYROLIGNEOUS  ACID. 
A  substitute  for  curing  Beef,  Pork,  Hams,  Tongues  Smok- 
ed Sausages,  Fish,  &c.,  without  the  danger  and  trouble  of 
smoking,  imparting  a  rich  flavor  and  color. 


CHARLES  T.  GOULD, 

CHAIR     MANUFACTURER, 

No.  37  North  Queen  St.,  Lancaster, 

(NEXT  DOOK  TO  SHOBER'S  HOTEL,) 

Old  Chairs  Re-painted  and  Repaired. 

CHRISTIAN  WIDMYER, 

S.  E.  Cor.  East  Kin^  &  Duke  Sts.,  Lancaster. 

Cabinet  Work  of  every  description  and  a  full 

assortment  of  Chairs  constantly  on  hand. 
n:F'All  Warranted  as  JRepresented,  .,£Xi 

JACOB  ROTHARMEL, 

PREMIUM 
DEALER    IN 

No.  9^  Nortli  Quep.n  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 
THE 

Lancaster  Inquirer 


3L.ANCA8TBH3  PA., 

OFFERS  &REATER  lEUCEfflENTS 


m^ 


Executed  in  the  Best  Style  of  Printing, 
than  any  other  office  in  tJie  State. 


We  are  now  printing  The  Pennsylvania  School 
Journal,  The  Voice  of  Truth,  The  Good  Idea,  The 
Reformed  Church  Monthly,  The  Business  Adver- 
tiser, The  Inquirer,  The  Mechanics''  Advocate,  Tlie 
Lancaster-  Farmer^  and  other  publications  that 
will  compare  'witn  any  similar  publications  in 
the  State  for  beauty,  besides  being  printed 

ClieaBsr  tian  at  any  Otlier  EstaMislnneit 

IN   THE  COUNTRY. 

Estimates  for  Newspapers,  Books  and  jobs 
of  all  kinds  made  and  forwarded,  and  all 
information  gladly  given  by 

WYLIE  &  GRIEST, 

Book  and  Job  Printers, 
Inquirer  Steam  Job  Printing  Establishment, 
LANCASTER,  1*A, 


L^IsTIDIS  &c  OO., 


Ijeiiioii   Street,    Lancaster,    Pa., 

ARE  PREPARED  TO  DO  ALL  KINDS  OF 


IC 


BUILD  LARGE  AND  SMALL  ENGINES, 

,  PUIYS.  HB,  BE  k  WITEI- 

MILL     GEA-RI]Sr&, 
And  all  kind  af  Machine  Work  done  at  a  first  class  Shop. 

Having  recently  removed   to   their   new  building,  and  provided  themselves 
with  a 

LARGE  ASSORTMENT  OF  MACHINERY 

Adapted  to  the  wants  of  their  customers,  they  are  prepared  to  execute  all  or- 
ders with  neatness  and  dispatch,  and  on  terms  satisfactory  to  the  customer. 
They  would  invite  attention  to  their  large  foundry  connected  with  their  works, 
in  which  the  best  work  is  turned  out. 

They  also  announce  that  they  are  now  prepared  to  supply  their 


m' 


^ 


TO   ALL    CUSTOMERS, 

This  Machine  requires  Less  Power,  does  More  Work,  and  is  considerable 
Cheaper  than  any  other  Separator  now  in  the  market.  This  Machine  is  now 
improved,  well  built,  and  does  the  best  and  most  efficient  class  of  work. 

Repairing  of  all  kinds  promply  done  at  reasonable  rates. 

Give  us  a  call,  and  we  will  endeavor  to  please  our  patrons. 

FRANK  LANDIS, 
EZRA  F.  LANDIS, 
JACOB  LANDIS. 


Diller  I  Groff's  Hardware  Store, 

No.  8  East  King  Street,  Lancaster  City,  Penna. 

DEALERS     IN 

Foreig-n  and  Domestic  Hard^v^are, 

Such  as  Building  Material,   Paints,  Varnishes,  Oils,  Glass,  Coach   Trimmings,  Stoves, 

Iron    and    Steel,   &c.,    &c.,    etc. 

tiOU8K       F  U  RNIsieiMG     GOOOS. 

TIMOTHY   AND  CLOVER   SEEDS   OF   THE   BEST  QUALITY. 

X3:  .A.  :Ft  isr  E  s  s 
No.  37  North  Queen  St, 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  SHOBER'S  HOTEL.  LANCASTER,  PA. 


61 J 


:E»i:ji-A.XKr    wA.:Krx>    aj'.A.isro'K' 


ii^ri 


;iMi 

WAGON  GEARS,  WHIPS,  BUFFALO  ROBES, 

BLAffiETS,  TRUNKS,  YALISES,  CARPET  BA&S.  LADIES'  &  GENTS'  SATCHELS, 

Of  all  kinds  constantly  on  kept  on  hand  or  made  to  order.    Repairing  neatly  done. 

Also,  Agent  for  BAKER'S  HOOF  LINIMENT,  the  best  article  for  Sore 
Hoofs  in  the  country. 


WESTHAEFFER 


) 


ill 


11^ 


'3 


'5 


•1 


No.  44,  Corner  North  Queen  and  Orange  Streets, 

N.  B. — Any  Book  ordered  can  be  sent  by  Mail  to  any  address. 


TO    BTJILIDE1I?,S  ! 


PLASTIC  SLATE!! 


The  Greatest  Koofing  Material  of  the  Age ! 

IS  NOW  OFFERED  TO  THE  PEOPLE  OF 

LANCASTER  Al  TORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTS 

WITH  A  PROMISE  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  ADVANTAGES: 

It  is  superior  to  other  coverings  for  all  kiiifls  of  buildings  for  these  reasons  : 

1.  It  is  water,  snow  and  air-proof  from  the  beginning,  and  is  as  fire-proof  as  ordinary  slate.  (Sjo  (estims- 
nials  New  York  Fire  Ini-urauce  Companies.) 

2.  It  keeps  buildings  warmer  in  winter  and  does;  not  make  them  hot  in  summer  as  ordinary  --lato  does,  and 
it  can  be.  after  the  fiist  year,  nhitewashed  or  painted  any  desired  color  so  as  to  obviate  all  difficulty  arising 
from  its  dark  color. 

3.  Being  entirely  waier  ani  nro  proof,  it  i)«  invaluable  as  a  covering  for  (he  sides  of  buildings  and  lining 
cisterns  ol  whatevtr  material  they  may  be  built;  stopping  water  out  of  cellars  and  dampne.?s  out  of  walls  of 
house.-',  ami  closing  leaks  between  buildings. 

4.  Adhering,  as  it  does,  with  great  firmness  to  tin  .'ind  iron,  it  is  useful  for  covering  tin  roofs  and  iron  exposed 
to  dampness  or  to  the  atmosphere,  such  as  iron  fences,  cemetery-railings,  &c. 

o.  Buildings  covered  with  PLASTIC  SLATE  do  not.  need  tin  spotiis  at  the  eaves  nor  do  the  valleys  neadtin 
to  make  them  water  proof. 

6.  It  is  lighter  than  shingles,  and  is  equally  adapted  to  flat  or  steep  roofs. 

7.  The  testimony  of  Wm.  M'Gilvray  &  6o.,  published  herewith,  shows  that  it  is  not  only  fire  proof  exter- 
nally, but,  is  also  a  great  hindrance  to  the  spread  of  fire  within. 

8.  It  is  much  ciieaper  in  iirst-cost  than  any  good  roofing  now  in  use.  and  when  all  attendant  expenses  of  the 
two  roofs  are  estimated,  costs  only  about  half  as  much  as  the  best  slate,  and  it  niak<^s  a  better  and  closer  roof. 

0.  For  the  rooting  of  foundries  and  casting  houses  ot  blast  furnaces,  wiiere  therw  are  gases  of  a  very  high 
temperature,  which  injure^  and  destroys  other  looff.  this  material  is  improved  ind  seems  to  produce  a  better 
roof,  (see  certificates  of  Messrs.  Grubb,  .Vlusselman  &  Watts,  S.  M.  Brua  and  Wm.  M'Gilvray.) 

l(t.  If  in  process  of  year^  cracks  or  leaks  occur  in  Plastic  Slate  Hoofs,  they  are  about  as  easily  repaired,  as 
they  would  be  to  wliitc-wash,  needing  only  a  brush  atid  the  Mastic,  but  no  expe^isive  labor  of  mechanics. 

O;^  The  Pamphle!  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  notice  can  be  had  g.  atuitousl}',  by  calling  at  the  Otlice;;  of  the 
Lancaster  iNQrjKEit  and  Examiner  &  Hera].i>. 

Persons  wishing  to  examine  PLASIIC  SLATE  ROOFS,  and  thus  verify  for  thomsevelves  the  following 
statements,  arc  invited  to  call  and  inspect  Roofs  put  on  for  the  following  persons,  among  many  others  : 

Lancaster— Thos.  H.  Burrowes,  >ituiit  .1.  Wylie,  ( KfJitnr  Lancastsr  rnquirer,)  J.  B.  Scbwart.-5WiM.<?r.  Abraham  Bitner 
Sr.  Maktetta — Henry  Miu-selmaii  it  .Son"^.,  Myers  anrl  Benson.  Oildmiua— 0.  15.  Grnhb,  (Furnace,)  Columbia  Gas  Co., 
Samuel  Shock,  Pres't.,'Sn'«jueh3nna  Iron  Company,  Wm.  Patton,  Pres't.,  Samuel  W.  Jlitttin.  ?iron>-T  Joy— Henrv  Kurtz, 
Pr.  J.  L.  Ziegler,  William  Brady,  J.  K.  Hoflnr,  (-Kiiitor  Mt.  Joy  Herald).  Christiana--E.  G.  .Boomell,  AVm.  P.  Brinton. 
John  G.  Fogle.    B\rt— VViDiam  Whjtson.     Belx-enonte  P.  O.— I-tobert  P.   Mcllvaiiie.     Pabapisk — Bobcrt  .S.  Mcllvaine, 

WiLLiAMfiT0WN-—T.  Scott  Woods.    KPHHATA— Dr,  J.i\l.   Grofl'.     GORDON viLLE — Samuel   M.  Brua.    C-erxarvon  Twr 

^Tr5.  Fanny  Mast.  Upri:n  T,EAcocrc  Twr.- Marks  G.  Mpn;;rr,  Christian  R.  Ljiiulis,  J:u:oh  Ti.  Miipser.  Leacock  Twp Isaac 

Bair,  Liivi  Zook.  West  Eakl — Clirir.ti«n  Beiler.  Leaman  Plai;k— Heiir>-  ti-aman,  I.-iracl  Rohrer.  Bkuknervillb — Aaron 
H.  Bvubaker.  Svokting  Hij,i, — Emanuel  Long.  Lrrtz— H.  H.  Tshudy.  David  Brisker.  DnRLAOH  P  O..  Clat  Twp— Jonas 
T^aber.  Manheim  Bor..  — Xathan  Werley,  Saniuel  Ruhl.  Pbxn  Twp — Geori,'f  Ruhl.  West  Lampeter— Aldus  C.  Herr. 
Ekterpripe  p.  O.,  Fast  LAMPETER--Marks  P.  Cooper.    Strasfurg  Bor.  — Hfcrvcy  Braikhill. 

Orders  for  Rooftng  Should  be  sent  to 

Joseph  G-ibbons, 

LICENSE  FOR  LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTY,  MD., 

Enterprise  P.  0.,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

Or  A.  W.  &  J.  R.  RUSSELL,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

Or  MOSES  LIGHT,  Manheim,  Lanca.ster  county,  Pa. 

Or  JOIDs"  R.  BRICKER,  Litiz,  Lancaster  county.  Pa. 

AiiDUS  C.  HERR,  Lampeter,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 


H.   L.   &  E.   J.   ZAHM, 

CORNER  OF  NORTH  QUEEN  AND  CENTRE  SQUARE,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


DEALERS   IN 


AMEEICA.]Nr    "V^^^TCH:ES, 


MADE    BY    THE 


NATIONAL  WATCH  CO.,  ELGIN,  ILL., 

AMERICAN  WATCH  CO.,  WALTHAM,  MASS., 

UNITED  STATES  WATCH  CO.,  MARIO^,  N.  ]., 

In  a  great  variety  of  Gold  and  Silver  Hunting  Cases. 


A   SPLENDID  STOCK   OF 


Ladies'    Gold    Wunting    Cased    Watches. 

Prices  low  and  every  article  warranted  to  be  as  represented. 


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We  are  So/e  Agents  in  Lancaster  for  the  celebrated  PERFECTED  SPECTACLES,  made  by 
Lazarus  &  Morris,  Hartford,  Conn.,  which  embody  all  the  improvements  that  science  has  dis- 
covered and  art  perfected.  Our  experience  of  twenty  years  in  this  branch  of  business  enables 
us  to  suit  alj  who  can  be  aided  by  glasses. 


CLOCKS 


Of  every  description,  comprising  American  and  Fine  French  Time  Pieces. 
£^°*  Repairing  of  Watches  and  Job  Work  generally  receives  peraoftal  attention. 
HARRY  L.  ZAHM.  EPW,  J.  ZAHM, 


THE 


Vol.  I. 


LANCASTER,  PA.,  FEBRUARY,  1869. 


No.  2. 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY 

WYI^IE    &    aRIEST, 

INQUIllER  BUILDING,  LANCASTER,  PA., 
At  ONE  DOLLAR  PER  YEAR  In  Advance, 

UNDEK    TUE    AUePICER    OF    THE 

liANCASTER  COUNTY  AORICT  I.TURAI.  AND 
H01iri«  UliTlRAL,  SOC'IETT. 


PuhlisJdng  Committee. 

I)U.  P.  W.  HiKSTAND, 

H.  K.  Stoner, 
Jacob  M.  Frantz, 
Casper  Hillkr, 
Levi  W.  Groff, 
Alexander  HARRig. 


Editorial  Committee. 
rJ.  B.  Garber, 
H.  M.  Englb, 
Levi  S.  Reist, 

W.  L.  DlFFENDEEPEK, 
J.  H.  MUSSER, 

S.  S.  Rathvon. 


i^All  communications  intended  for  the  Farmer  should  be 
addressed  to  S.  S.  Rathvon  and  Alex,  irarris,  the  resident 
members  of  the  Editing  and  Publishing  Committees. 

All  advertisements,  subscriptions  and  remittances,  to  Wylie 
&  Grie.st,  Printers. 


$$n>^Jt. 


A  PAPER  ON  FRUIT  CULTURE. 

The  people  of  Lancaster  county,  and  I  believe 
of  a  great  part  of  the  eastern  counties  of  oiu- 
State,  have  for  some  years  been  lamenting  the 
decline  in  the  produce  of  fruit ;  especially  that  of 
apples  and  peaches.  Of  late  years  pears  and 
cherries  have  also  shown  a  disposition  to  decline. 
Our  friend,  P.  S.  Reist,  in  his  essay,  read  before 
the  "Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Society,"  and 
published  in  The  Lancaster  Farmer,  says, 
"  that  "we  may  be  enabled  to  produce  the  abun- 
dance which  our  forefathers  enjoyed,  is  a  consu- 
mation  most  devoutly  to  be  wished."  This  is  truly 
so,  and  I  am  hippy  to  see  that  there  is  a  spirit 
being  aroused  in  the  community,  which  is  making 
an  eJfort  to  overcome  the  difficulty. 

The  value  of  good  fruit,  as  a  means  of  promot- 
ing health  and  comfort,  gives  every  man,  woman 
and  child  in  the  county  a  deep  interest  in  its  pro- 
duction ;  and  every  effort  to  resuscitate  the  declin- 
ing energy  of  our  fruit  trees  should  be  fostered 
and  encouraged,  until  the  happy  consummation  is 
arrived  at. 

I  was  pleased,  therefore,  to  see  the  issue  of  the 
Lancaster  Farmer,  which  will  afford  a  medium 
through  which  our  people  can  interchange  ideas 


and  views  on  this  important  subject.  I  also  highly 
commend  the  kind  and  liberal  offer  of  the  gentle- 
men composing  the  editorial  committee,  inviting 
and  encouraging  our  farmers  who  may  be  in  pos- 
session of  facts,  freely  to  communicate  them  for 
publication;  offering  to  dress  their  communica- 
tions in  such  form  as  to  make  them  creditable,  no 
matter  how  homely  or  ordinary  the  language  may 
be,  in  which  their  ideas  are  couched.  This  is  the 
right  spirit,  a  d  most  cilVctual  means  of  attaining 
the  desired  end.  Many  of  oar  plain  Lancaster 
county  farmers,  are  men  of  as  good  natural  minds 
as  any  in  the  land ;  possess  sound  judgment,  and 
are  close  observers.  They  have  sufficient  educa- 
tion to  manage  their  own  business  and  calling,  but 
have  not  much  experience  in  writing;  and  do  not 
like  to  undertake  a  thing  which  would  not  be 
creditable.  The  gentlemen  composing  the  edi- 
torial committee,  are  chiefly  their  neighboring 
farmers,  to  whom  they  need  have  no  raluctance 
to  communicate  their  ideas  and  sentiments.  Let 
every  one  of  our  solid  old  fi\rmers  put  his  shoul- 
der-to the  wheel,  and  perhaps  the  great  desidera- 
tum may  be  attained:  and  if  our  apples  and 
peaches  can  not  be  restored,  the  best  substitute 
will  at  least  be  discovered  and  produced. 

As  an  encouragement  in  this  direction,  I  feel 
inclined  to  offer  a  few  ideas  and  suggestions, 
(mind  I  don't  say/«c^.5,^  which,  if  the  committee 
deem'of  sufficient  importance,  they  are  at  liberty 
to  publish.  But  I  desire  to  remind  them,  not  to 
forget  the  dress  they  promised. 

That  effect  will  follow  cause,  is  a  law  of  nature; 
and  every  effect  must  have  its  cause.  If  we  un- 
derstood all  the  ope'ations  of  the  law  of  nature, 
perhaps  there  would  be  but  one  prime  cause, 
which  produces  a  particular  effect.  But  there  are 
to  us  apparently,  a  variety  of  causes  required  to 
produce  certain  effects  which  we  observe.  The 
abundant  yield  of  fine  apples  which  we  formerly 
enjoyed,  required  for  its  production  certain  ele- 
ments in  the  soil  where  the  trees  grew,  as  one  of 
the  causes  of  their  production.  But  there  were 
other  conditions  and  circumstances  operating 
with  and  favoring  that  of  the  elements  in  the 
soil,  all  of  which  had  to  act  harmoniously,  or  in. 


18 


THE  LANCASTER  FAKMEK. 


concert,  in  producing  the  effect  of  these  fine  crops 
of  fruit.  This  prodaction  then  was  the  effect  of 
different  causes,  operating  in  harmony  with  each 
other. 

The  fruit  crop  is  now  a  faikire,  and  we  eonckide 
that  some  of  the  causes  which  formerly  existed 
must  have  ceased,  or  else  some  counteracting  in- 
fluence has  disturbed  the  harmony  with  which 
they  formerly  acted  together. 

We  had  long  and  happy  enjoyment  of  one  ef- 
fect, with  little  knowledge,  thought  or  care,  of  or 
about  its  cause.  We  are  now  having  painful  ex- 
perience of  a  different  effect,  in  which  we  seem 
to  be  as  yet  equally  ignorant  of  its  cause,  but  are 
all  anxious  for  a  change  in  the  effect. 

We  have  been  waiting  for  a  considerable  time, 
hoping  and  expecting  to  see  a  change  in  this  ef- 
fect spontaneously  wrought ;  until  we  begin  to  de- 
spair of  the  end  being  attained  without  means  to 
work  this  change. 

All  will  readily  admit,  that  the  first  and  most 
important  object  is  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  the 
new  effect.  This  then  should  be  our  first  inquu-y. 
In  this  inquiry  I  have  no  doubt,  but  different  ob- 
servers have  arrived  at  very  different  conclusions, 
in  regard  to  this  cause.  Our  constitution  is  such 
that  when  we  are  impressed  with  an  idea,  we  are 
intent  on  observing  such  facts  as  are  connected 
with  it,  and  truths  equally  apparent  are  not  ob- 
served by  us.  Now  if  these  different  impressions 
or  ideas  are  brought  together  and  compared,  if 
we  cannot  thereby  arrive  at  correct  conclusions, 
they  may  at  least  be  wholesome. 

I  feel  some  diffidence  in  presenting  objections 
to  ideas  which  have  been  advanced,  because  I 
know  they  are  entertained  by  very  able  and  close 
observing  men,  for  whom  I  entertain  a  very  high 
regard;  but  free  discussion  is  the  only  means  of 
eliciting  truth. 

The  idea  of  "  cold  winters  "  has  been  advanced 
as  a  reason  for  the  failure  of  fruit.  But  we-  had 
equally  cold  winters  when  fruit  was  plenty.  Old 
fashioned  winters,  is  quite  as  familiar  an  expres- 
sion as  old  fashioned  fruit  crops.  Besides  further 
north,  where  it  is  colder  than  here,  they  still  en- 
joy abundance  of  fruit.  The  variable  tempera- 
ture of  our  winters  is  also  advanced  as  a  cause, 
why  fruit  does  not  do  well  with  us ;  but  those 
amongst  us  who  have  lived  to  be  three-score,  or 
tloree-score  and  ten  years  old,  can  remember  that 
we  had  equally  variable  winters  when  fruit  failure 
was  rare.  This  then  cannot  be  the  cause,  or  the 
effect  would  be  the  same  one  time  as  another. 
The  clearing  of  our  forests  is  also  very  commonly 
held  as  being  the  cause  of  failure.  But  this  clear- 
ing has  not  been  as  sudden  as  the  failure  in  the 
fruit.    Very  large  portions  of  our  forests  were 


cleared  long  before  there  was  any  diminution  ob- 
served in  the  production  of  apples.  It  is  recom- 
mended to  plant  trees  and  screens  of  evergreens. 
I  am  not  without  hope  that  benefit  may  accrue 
from  this,  but  cannot  think  that  the  want 'of  trees 
is  the  cause.  In  the  west  where  ther^is  compar- 
atively few  trees  or  screens,  but  open  prairies 
of  vast  extent,  there  is  still  abundance  of  apples. 

Our  friend  Reist  in  the  essay  alluded  to,  attrib- 
utes the  failure  to  the  exhaustion  of  thrse  ele- 
ments in  the  soil,  which  are  essential  to  the  pro- 
duction of  fruit.  I  observe  also  that  in  a  conver- 
sation, or  discussion  had  in  the  "Agricultural  and 
Horticultural  Society,"  as  published  in  the  Ex- 
press^ the  partial  failure  in  the  wheat  crop  of  late 
years,  is  attributed  to  the  same  cause. 

We  know  that  the  elements  in  the  soil  must  be 
dissolved  by  the  fibrous  rootlets,  before  they  can 
exert  any  influence  on  the  plant,  or  its  fruit. 
This  element,  be  it  abundant  or  scanty,  is  carried 
by  the  sap  vessels  to  every  part  of  the  plant,  in 
equal  proportion.  Tliere  is  no  election  either  by 
the  element,  or  any  part  of  the  plant,  or  its  fruit. 
If  the  element  is  deficient,  the  whole  plant  with 
its  fruit  will  alike  betray  its  want.  Years  ago, 
when  the  ravages  of  the  Hessian  fly  was  so  de- 
structive to  the  wheat  crop,  the  elements  neces- 
sary to  the  production  of  a  full  crop  were  as 
abundant  in  the  soil  as  they  ever  had  been;  but 
the  insect  operating  upon  the  roots  of  the  plant, 
prevented  these  elements  being  conveyed  to  th« 
plant  in  sufficient  quantity  to  produce  a  strong, 
healthy  stalk,  and  full,  plump  berry.  The  grains 
were  small,  and  shriveled  in  proportion  to  the  de- 
ficit in  the  elements  which  were  received  by  the 
plant.  The  same  effect  is  observed  when  the  roots 
of  a  tree  are  mutilated.  The  want  of  the  ele- 
ments is  preceptible  in  the  whole  tree,  audits 
fruit  alike.  When  rust,  or  mildew,  infests  wheat, 
the  stalk  is  perfect ;  elements  may  be  in  abund- 
ance, but  the  parasite,  fixing  on  the  stem,  absorbs 
the  elements  and  thus  cuts  them  off,  so  that  they 
do  not  reach  the  grain  in  sufficient  quantity  to 
produce  a  full  plump  kernel. 

The  wheat  fields  have  seldom  presented  a  more 
promising  aspect  than  they  did  last  year.  Fine 
healthy  stalk,  fully  developed  heads,  bright  and 
clean  straw ;  all  was  perfect  but  the  quantity  of 
grain.  In  the  same  head  there  would  be  observed 
very  fine  full  and  plump  grains,  with  others  more 
diminutive  and  shrunk,  and  some  altogether 
(what  is  called)  deaf.  I  can  not  reconcile  this 
with  the  idea  of  exhaustion  of  elements  in  the 
soil.  The  same  may  be  observed  with  regard  to 
apples  and  pears.  Our  older  citizens  will  remem- 
ber the  perfection,  beauty  and  excellence  of  the 
old  Vandever,  Carthouse,  and  Bellefleur  apples, 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMER. 


19 


and  White  Dayenne  pear.  When  the  fruit  began 
to  fail,  the  trees  evinced  no  evidence  of  decline. 
Nor  do  I  know  that  even  now  they  are  not  as 
healthy  and  vigorous  in  appearance,  as  any  of 
those  which  are  yet  fruitful.  Nor  was  all  the 
fruit  defective.  Some  specimens  were  for  a  long 
time  as  perfect  as  ever,  and  we  still  find  some 
good  specmiens  of  fruit  amongst  the  abundance 
of  knotty  and  scrubby  stuft".  They  are  usually 
one  sided  and  knobby,  to  a  degree  that  makes 
them  worthless,  if  they  do  not  rot  or  drop  off  pre- 
maturely. The  luscious  White  Dayenne  pear 
tree  grows  and  fleurishes  about  as  well  as 
ever,  blossoms  as  profusely,  and  sets  its  fruit  as 
well  as  ever,  but  before  its  maturity  it  becomes 
black  on  the  surface,  cracks  open,  and  becomes 
altogether  worthless. 

Now,  these  are  not  the  phenomena  we  witness 
where  there  is  a  defect  in  the  elements  of  the  soil, 
or  from  exhaustion,  but  rather  of  some  disease  or 
agent  exerting  an  influence  on  the  fruit  alone, 
and  preventing  the  develepment  and  maturity  of 
the  fruit,  despite  the  abundance  of,  and  full  ab- 
sorption and  use  of  the  essentials  in  the  soil. 

If  the  defect  were  owing  to  exhaustion  of  the 
elements  in  the  soil,  the  effect  would  not  be  so 
general.  New  land  would  be  exempt,  and  would 
for  years  produce  abundantly,  as  did  cleared  land 
in  former  times.  But  experience  proves  that  it 
is  but  little,  if  any  more,  fruitful  than  the  old 
land.  Where  there  is  long  continued  cultivation 
of  the  same  crop,  on  the  same  soil,  there  is  usu- 
ally a  diminution  in  the  yield  of  fruit,  even  though 
the  ground  is  thoroughly  cultivated  and  manured. 
This  is  usually  attributed  to  exhaustion  of  the  ele- 
ments in  the  soil,  which  is  necessary  to  the  pro- 
duction of  this  particular  plant,  and  its  fruit.  This 
I  esteem  partly  true,  but  not  necessarily  so.  The 
necessary  elements  may  exist  in  the  soil,  but 
other  elements  may  exist  there,  which  by  their 
operation  on  the  first,  may  neutralize  them  and 
make  them  nugatory.  I  believe  agricultural 
chemistry  has  discovered  that  the  fibrous  rootlets 
of  plants  do  not  only  absorb  from  the  soil  in  which 
they  grow,  but  that  the  plant  also  throws  off  cer- 
tain excrementitious  matters,  by  exhalation 
through  these  rootlets,  which  if  retained  would 
be  deleterious  to  its  health  and  growth.  By  long 
continuance  of  the  same  plant  in  the  same  sail, 
this  effete  matter  becomes  so  abundant,  as  to  ex- 
ert a  noxious  influence  on  the  plaift,  and  it  be- 
comes weak  and  sickly,  with  diminished  produc- 
tion of  fruit.  To  other  plants  of  a  different  na- 
ture this  effete  matter  is  a  fertilizing  element,  and 
is  taken  up  with  avidity  ;  the  soil  is  purified  and 
rendered  favorable  for  the  production  of  the  first 
plant    again.    Hence  the  advantage  of  pnident 


rotation  in  crops.  We  hear  of  them  cultivating 
corn  for  many  years  in  the  same  field  in  the  west,, 
without  any  diminution  of  yi'ld,  and  this  might  be 
urged  as  objectionable  to  this  doctrine.  I  con- 
ceive that  the  fact  only  proves  the  excessive  fer- 
tility of  the  soil.  Those  who  boast  this,  say  noth 
ing  of  the  crops  of  smart  weed,  and  Spanish  need- 
les that  grow  along  with  their  corn,  by  which  this 
effete  matter  is  absorbed  and  carried  off". 

It  will  be  observed  from  what  I  have  already 
said,  that  I  view  the  effect  as  being  caused  by 
disease,  chiefly  of  the  fruit  itself,  and  may  also 
be  owing  in  part,  to  disease  of  the  leaves  of  the 
trees  ;  or  perhaps  what  I  here  term  disease,  might 
more  properly  be  called  fungi  or  parasite.  These 
being  fixed  on  the  fruit,  absorb  the  juices  or  ele- 
ments within  their  reach,  and  arrest  its  growth. 
Such  fruit  of  the  same  tree,  or  such  parts  of  the 
same  specimen,  as  are  free  from  any  such  attach- 
ment, grows  on  not  at  all  hindered,  or  only  par- 
tially so,  from  full  development  and  maturity. 

Our  friend  Reist  observes  that  he  has  no  par- 
ticular remedy  to  point  out,  by  which  the  desired 
end  may  be  obtained ;  and  I  am  sorry  to  say  that 
I  am  as  little  able  to  recommend  means  to  its  at- 
tainment as  he.  I  think,  however,  we  are  not 
without  hope — that  we  may  yet  be  relieved  of  the 
evil  under  which  we  now  labor. 

The  idea  which  presents  itself  to  my  mind  is 
that  the  disease  or  agent  is  conveyed  by  the  at- 
mosphere. There  may  exist  in  the  atmosphere 
elements  which  produce  disease  of  our  bodies, 
which  are  not  perceptible  to  our  senses,  and  why 
not  eflect  plants  as  well  ?  Those  of  our  friends 
who  are  old  enough,  will  remember  that  from 
about  the  year  1816  or  18,  to  the  year  1831  or  2, 
we  had  regular  annual  visitations  of  autumnal 
billious  fever,  intermittent  fever,  and  ague ;  which 
caused  great  distress  throughout  this  and  many 
other  districts  of  country.  Whole  families  often 
lying  at  the  same  time,  with  scarcely  one  able  to 
minister  to  the  wants  or  necessities  of  the  other. 
On  the  streets  and  highways,  we  would  meet  faces 
pale  and  haggard,  who  for  weeks,  months,  and 
even  years  could  not  get  relief  from  the  plague, 
since  the  year  1832,  our  country  has  been  com- 
paratively free  from  this  form  of  disease.  True, 
there  may  have  been  localities  which  occasionally 
sufl'ered  more  or  less,  but  as  a  general  epidemic 
the  country  has  since  been  free.  Since  then  other 
diseases  have  prevailed  epidemically  for  a  season, 
and  again  disappeared.  Sometimes  almost  every 
person  has  influenza,  cold,*  or  sniffles.  Why  is 
this  so?  Since  the  prevalence  of  the  epidemic 
noticed  above,  we  have  all  had  the  pneumonia  and 
vicissitudes  in  atmospheric  change ,  as  heat  and 
cold,  drouth  and  moisture,  floods  and  storms,  but 


20 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


no  fever!  There  was  no  perceptible  difference 
iu  the  air  we  breathed,  but  it  must  then  have  been 
charged  with  an  agent  which  produced  an  effect 
from  which  it  has  since  been  comparatively  free. 
At  other  times  it  must  have  been  charged  with 
something  of  a  different  nature,  as  it  produced  a 
different  disease.  Whatever  the  deleterious  agent 
is  by  which  these  different  .diseases  have  been 
produced,  I  cannot  account  for  its  simultaneous 
appearance  over  so  wide  a  district  of  country,  ex- 
cept that  it  has  been  conveyed  by  the  atmosphere. 
The  effect  on  the  fruit  and  wheat,  has  also  been 
Bimultaneous  over  a  large  district  vv'hich  could 
scarcely  have  occurred  by  exhaustion  of  the  soil, 
and  seems  to  me  most  reasonable  that  the  agent 
is  conveyed  by  the  atmosphere. 

I  am  not,  therefore,  without  hope  that  as  epi. 
demic  diseases  of  the  human  body  change  and  dis- 
appear, so  this  disease  of  plants  may  also  in  time 
disappear ;  or  the  great  dispenser  of  good  to  man, 
may  reveal  to  us  a  remedy  by  which  to  overcome 
the  difficulty. 

There  are  still  some  varieties  of  apples  which 
yield  tolerably  well.  So  far  as  I  know,  the  fore- 
most amongst  these  is  the  Fallow-water,  or  Pound. 
They  are  perhaps  not  quite  equal  in  flavor  to 
Bome  others,  but  in  the  absence  of  better,  are 
most  acceptable  and  delicious.  I  have  several 
trees  in  my  orchard  which  have  not  entirely  tailed 
to  bear  in  fifteen  years,  and  have  frequently  had 
full  crops  of  very  perfect  frui'.  There  is  an  ap- 
ple called  Nedley,  which  some  of  my  neighbors 
say  produces  very  fair  crops  quite  regularly.  I 
have  several  trees  of  the  old  sweet  pippin,  which 
bear  regularly  every  second  year,  and  very  per- 
fect fruit.  Their  chief  value  is  for  cider  and  ap- 
ple butter.  Of  the  latter,  these  two  trees  have 
kept  the  table  of  our  family  pretty  well  supplied. 
The  only  remedy  I  have  to  suggest,  is  to  plant 
freely  of  those  varieties  which  are  kiiown  to  do 
best  in  our  own  neighborhood  ;  even  if  they  are 
not  quite  equal  to  some  others  we  have  seen  or 
heard  of.  A  tree  with  medium  fruit  is  better  than 
that  with  none.  Sow  also  the  varieties  of  wheat 
which  proves  to  be  most  productive.  Experience 
may  teach  us  whether  early  or  late  sowing  is  most 
advantageous,  and  also  the  value  of  agents  which 
have  neutralizing  effects.  It  behooves  us  there- 
fore to  be  observant  of  the  influence  of  remedies 
and  means,  until  we  have  surmounted  the  difficul- 
ties under  which  we  now  labor. 

The  two  last  seasons  we  had  very  protracted 
rains  about  the  tune  the  apples  were  in  bloom. 
This  occurence  is  detrimental  to  alniost  every  kind 
of  fruit  or  grain.  "K  probaljly  occurred  as  often 
years  ago  as  now,  and  has  nothing  to  do  with  the 
subject  under  consideration.  It  was  accidental, 
and  may,  or  may.  not,  occur  soon  again. 

Pbquea. 


VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY. 

The  science  of  Physiology  embraces  so  much 
that  is  instructive  and  interesting,  that,  unless  it 
is  made  exhaustive,  it  is  a  difficult  task  so  to  pop- 
ularize any  of  its  branches,  as  to  render  it  worthy 
a  place  in  the  columns  of  a  journal  designed  for 
promiscious  reading. 

That  branch  of  the  science  to  which  we  design 
calling  attention,  is  that  which  relates  to  the  veg- 
etable kingdom.  It  comprises  the  endowment  of 
vegetation  with  organic  life,  and  the  fulfillment  of 
the  purpose  for  which  it  was  constructed. 

Its  position  in  the  sciences,  and  the  world  of 
nature,  is  a  central  link  between  the  animal  and 
mineral  kingdoms,  and  constitutes  a  grand  chemi- 
cal laboratory  which  gathers  nutriment  from  the 
earth,  and  prepares  it  for  the  food  and  develop- 
ment of  the  animal  creation.  >. 

Tliere  is  so  little  similaiity  between  a  lump  of 
clay,  a  head  of  cabbage,  and  a  piece  of  meat, 
that  it  becomes  intensely  interesting  to  under- 
stand how  the  one  can  be  transformed  into  the 
other,  and  all  bear  so  important  a  part  in  devel- 
oping the  highest  and  most  complex  organic 
structure  the  world  contains — the  living,  moving, 
thinking  man. 

Science  may  account  for  results,  and  discover 
certain  remote  causes  for  the  phenomena  of  vital 
power;  but  that  grand  principle  which  moves  in- 
ert matter  to  an  affinity  with  certain  chemical 
combinations  and  forces,  that  nicely  balanced  ag- 
gregation of  laws  which  gradually  raise  universal 
nature  from  the  torper  of  mid-wniter  into  the  ris- 
ing,budding  beauties  of  spring,  thence  into  the  full 
blooni  and  vigor  of  summer,  where  it  reaches  the 
highest  point  of  organic  perfection,  luxuriating  aA 
it  were  upon  the  stimulating  influences  of  the  ele- 
ments around,  until  the  modified  apd  restricted 
powers  are  exhausted,  to  gradually  wane  and  sink 
into  the  substantial  fruits  of  autumn,  and  again 
into  the  gloom  of  winter — must  ever  remain  a 
mystery. 

The  idea  of  chemical  changes  in  the  mineral 
substance  of  our  globe,  must  rest  upon  certain 
conditions  which  give  expression  and  force  to  the 
laws  by  which  all  organized  matter  is  governed. 
Through  the  agency  of  those  laws  the  highest  na- 
ture of  the  mineral  kingdom  reaches  toward  the 
lowest  principles  of  the  vegetable;  and  then  as 
ihii  vegetable  rises  to  a  higher  and  more  complex 
scale,  under  the  endowment  of  organic  life,  it 
meets  the  coarser  functions  of  the  animal,  and 
thus  the  three  kingdoms,  comprising  the  three 
great  divisions  of  nature,  are  bound  into  one  uni- 
versal, organic  mass. 

The  laws  which  are  peculiar  and  fundamental 
to  inert  matter,  are  those  of  affinity  and  cohesion. 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMER. 


21 


Those  -which  characterize  organic  matter,  and 
govern,  for  the  most  part,  the  lowest  forms  of 
»ach  matter,  are  re-production  and  change.  Upon 
the  great  bosom  of  the  earth,  these  laws  find 
their  ready  solution,  and  the  power  which  renders 
them  capable  of  drawing  together  the  elements 
of  vitality. 

Apart  from  the  chemical  principles  and  laws 
by  which  this  vital  endowment  is  effected,  there 
are  certain  elements  which  ai'e  essential  and  fun- 
damental to  all  organized  bodies,  but  which  we 
design  applying  to  our  subject  of  Vegetable  Physi- 
ology. 

The  first  of  the  elements  refered  to,  is  a  "rf«/7- 
nite  living  origin.''''  Its  existence  ar.d  life,  whether 
animal  or  plant,  must  possess  similar  antecedents 
to  its  own  peculiar  life  to  give  it  a  type,  or  species, 
by  which  it  obtains  a  definite  perennial  succes- 
sion. It  must  have  a  parent  of  its  own  kind;  must 
attain  maturity,  decay  and  die,  after  the  manner 
of  the  being  it  represents.  To  carry  forward  this 
idea  of  a  special  and  distinct  individuality,  there 
are  other  elements  involved  which  are  embraced 
in  the  idea  of  a  ^''special  and  definite  form,.'''' 

Throughout  the  entire  vegetab'le  kiugdom  this 
peculiarity  is  apparent.  Every  plant  and  flower, 
every  tree  and  fruit,  represents  its  own  genus  and 
species,  and  draws  its  vitality  from  the  conditions 
of  nature  which  distinguish  it  from  every  other 
form. 

A.''^  definite  size''''  forms  the  third  element  which 
•haracterizes  the  individuality  of  organized  bo- 
dies. There  may  be  dwarfs,  but  they  are  the  ex- 
teptions  to  the  general  rule  that  fixes  the  restric- 
tions of  nature,  which  bind  all  living  things  to  the 
modified  conditions  of  this  unerring  law. 

The  fourth  element  essential  to  oganization, 
and  which  not  only  regulates  the  first  principles 
•f  intercellular  tissue,  but  determines  the  arrange- 
ment of  fibres  and  consequently  the  identity  of 
the  fabric,  consists  of  a  ^''definite  and  peculiar 
ttructure.''^ 

From  this  elementary  principle,  which  is  re- 
garded as  primitive  in  its  character,  we  pass  on- 
ward in  the  scale  of  organic  structures,  and  as  the 
process  of  development  is  traced  to  its  Jiltimate 
destination,  the  other  elementary  principles, 
which  are  embraced  in  mitrition,  the  nutritive 
fluids,  dependency,  and  finally  in  limited  duration, 
become  subjects  of  the  highest  moment  and  in- 
terest. "  There  is  in  every  organic  fabric  a  neces- 
sary connection  between  its  conformation,  and  the 
action  it  is  destined  to  perform." 

This  idea  runs  through  the  entire  scheme  of 
organized  matter,  influences  the  purposes  of  na- 
ture, from  the  genn,  throughout  all  the  vegetable 
creation,  until  it  reaches  the  towering  oak.    Or 


from  the  cell  of  microscopical  science,  through 
the  animal  kingdom,  until  it  culminates  in  the  re- 
lation of  each  organ  with  the  other,  subject  to  the 
will-power,  in  the  living  man. 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  study  of  regetable 
physiology,  and  eystematize  the  arrangement  of 
our  subject,  we  will  divide  it  into  three  distinct 
parts  or  divisions,  and  treat  them,  as  best  we  can,. 
according  to  scientific  principles.  The  principles 
embraced  in  these  divisions,  are  applicable  alike 
to  animal  or  vegetable  physiology,  and,  of  course, 
will  apply  to  the  subject  in  hand. 

1st.  The  formation  of  an  orgaized  body,  as  de- 
veloped by  the  cell  system  of  microscopical 
science. 

2nd.  The  principles  which  govern  the  growth, 
or  contribute  to  the  perpttuity  or  continuity  of 
vitality  in  the  plant. 

3d.  The  laws  of  restriction  and  decay,  which  ore 
peculiar  to  all  organized  matter. 

The  subject  of  our  next  communication,  there- 
fore, will  be,  the  remote  principles  of  life,  or  cell- 
ular tissue.  8.  W. 

WHY    IS    TIT^    COUNTRY    DESERTED 
AND  THE  CITY  THUOJSiGSD  BY 

YOUITG  MEN  ? 

It  is  so,  and  there  arc  numerous  and  suflJicient 
reasons  for  it.  It  will  be  the  purpose  of  the  wri- 
ter, who  speaks  from  actual  experience,  to  enu- 
merate some  of  the  principal  reasons  or  causes  of 
this  cityward  tendency,  and  to  suggest  a  common- 
sense  remedy  for  it. 

The  I  ity  is  more  attractive  to  the  young  than 
the  countr}',  because  the  beauties  and  attractions 
of  the  country  are  not  properly  presented  to  the 
youth  of  the  country,  to  instil  and  cultivate  in 
their  minds  a  love  for  nature,  and  rural  matters  of 
beauty  and  interest.  Parents  ia  the  country,  in 
the  farming  districts,  are  drudging  in  their  respec- 
tive departments  from  early  morn  till  late  at  eve, 
and  many  rarely  see  their  children  except  at 
meals,  where  they  are  scarcely  cognizant  of  their 
presence  with  them,  so  great  is  their  haste  to  re- 
turn to  'work,work,ii\\  work;  no  rest, no  recrea- 
tion ;  no  pleasure  in  anything  but  gain. 

While  the  children  are  small  and  unable  to  par- 
ticipate in  drudging  in-doors  or  out,  they  are 
driven  to  the  district  school,  a  place  as  unattrac- 
tive to  a  chikl  usually  as  a  refrigerator  is  to  a  rat. 
A  teaclier  is  hired  and  is  to  be  paid,  and  the  plod- 
ding mother  says  she  has  no  time  to  take  care  of 
the  "young  ones;"  "we  have  got  to  pay  the 
teacher,  and  he  or  she  (as  the  case  may  be)  may 
mind  'em;  that's  what  they  are  hired  fur."  But 
as  soon  as  they  reach  an  age  that  they  can  be  of 
any  service,  in-doors  or  out,  they  are  withdrawn 
from  the  school,  so-called,  and  yoked  into  the 
diiidging  of  kitchen  or  field,  according  to  the  sex, 
there  without  cessation  to  plod  and  delve  till  they 
reach  their  majority,  unless  perchance  they  hap- 
pen in  marketing  some  product  of  the  farm,  to  get 
a  peep  at  what  is  to  them  "  the  prettiest  thing  in 
the  woiid,''  the  city.    There  they  see  young  men 


22 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


and  young  women  "  in  Sunday  clothes  every  day," 
with  complexion  fiir,  and  hands  white  and  soft. 
"How  nice!"  what  a  contrast  when  compared 
with  the  life  they  have  been  living  hi  the  country, 
and  with  their  condition. 

The  question  naturally  arises  in  their  minds, 
why  can  I  not  live  in  the  beautiful  city  too,  and 
enjoy  some  of  the  luxuries  of  life,  instead  of  liv- 
ing as  I  am  living,  and  as  father  and  mother  have 
done  all  their  da^-s. 

These  youths  have  been  bred  in  utter  ignorance 
of  every  feature  of  loveliness  with  which  the 
country  abounds,  for  the  enioymeut  of  those  Avho 
have  been  so  educated  that  they  can  appreciate 
the  exalted  order  of  enjoyment  there  to  be  found. 

No  effort  has  been  made  to  make  the  work  they 
are  required  to  perform,  or  their  scholastic  in- 
struction that  they  have  received,  in  any  way  in- 
teresting ;  on  the  contrary,  all  is  monotonous  and 
wearisome,  and  in  no  way  calculated  to  meet  the 
wants  cf  a  youthful  mind,  but  so  repulsive  that 
the  first  opportunity  that  offers  to  escape  this  un- 
natural ordeal  it  is  embraced,  and  without  waiting 
to  consider  the  propriety  of  the  contemplated 
change,  which  in  fact  they  have  little  capacity  to 
do,  for  they  are  as  a  natural  consequence  of  the 
manner  in  which  they  have  been  reared,  the  mer- 
est children  mentally. 

All  will  admit  that  reform  is  necessary,  but 
how  shall  it  be  effected  ?  "We  can  reach  the  case 
in  no  other  way  than  through  the  country  school. 
The  parents  are  generally  incompetent  to  the 
task,  or  too  much  engaged  in  business.  The 
work  of  reform  is  to  be  done  through  the  State 
Superintendent,  the  School  Commissioners  and 
the  Teachers,  hence  these  are  very  important  of- 
fices, and  should  be  held  by  the  best  man  in  the 
country.  These  are  the  men  who  are  to  mould 
the  minds  and  tastes  of  those  who  are  to  be  the 
parents  of  the  next  generation,  and  if  the  system 
of  education  in  the  common  schools  and  in  the 
farm  schools  of  the  country  are  made  what  they 
should  be,  it  i^  practicable  through  them  to  effect 
reform  that  will  not  only  correct  the  evil  above 
alluded  to,  but  numerous  others  equally  essential 
in  promoting  the  general  evil. 

The  public  mind  can  be  reached  through  the 
properly-directed  efforts  and  reports  of  the  State 
Superintendent,  and  by  the  personal  efforts  of  the 
School  Comndssioners'in  their  respective  locali- 
ties, by  their  faithful  and  sagacious  co-operation 
with  competent  teachers,  whose  selection  and  di- 
rection they  should  have  full  power  to  control, 
lastead  of  the  least  competent  teacher  being  sent 
to  a  rural  district,  the  very  best,  most  iiitelhgent 
and  tl\08e  possessed  of  the  most  powerful  moral 
influence,  should  be  selected  for  those  particularly 
deficient  districts,  in  order,  with  all  possible  dis- 
patch, to  elevate  them  to  their  -  true  status  in 
point  of  proi>er  scholastic  training. 

Every  branch  of  the  boasted  common  school 
system  in  every  State  and  countv  with  which  the 
writer  is  familiar,  is  still  very  defective,  and  de- 
mands immediate  reform ;  the  same  also  may  be 
said  of  all  the  State  Agricultural  Colleges.  Who 
can  point  to  anything  that  has  emanated  from 
these  well-endowed  State  institutions  that  has 
contributed  to  the  general  advancement  of  the 
great  national  interests  they  were  designed  to 
foster,  cultivate  and  perfect  if  possible  ? 


I  have  looked  with  interest  from  time  to  time 
for  the  appearanee  of  an  account  of  some  useful 
discovery  that  had  been  made  in  physical  science 
or  in  rural  economy,  in  the  reports  of  the  numer- 
ous State  Agricultural  Colleges  of  our  country, 
but  in  vain.  I  have  yet  to  see,  or  hear,  of  the 
accomplishment  of  anything  commensurate  with 
the  appropriation  for  their  endowment  and  sup- 
port. In  all  my  travels  in  rural  districts,  in 
which  I  drive  annually  from  4000  to  GOUO  miles, 
I  have  not  yet  met  with  any  new  sj^stem  of  cul- 
ture, or  new  modes  of  manipulating  soils,  or  ap- 
plying fertilizers,  or  labor-saving  machines,  or 
vehicles,  or  any  new  grain,  of  grass  that  had  been 
tested  at  an  Agricultural  College  and  found 
worthy  of  general  introduction  by  the  practical 
farmer.  In  some  States — in  Maryland,  for  exam- 
ple— those  who  control  and  direct  the  public 
school  system,  require  a  certain  model,  or  plan 
of  a  school  building,  and  a  certain  regulation  of 
desk  and  seat,  w^hich  latter  by  the  by,  is,  I  believe., 
the  most  perfect  of  anything  of  the  kind  in  use  in 
any  country.  I  think  it  is  called  "  Saper's  patent 
desk." 

I  wish  the  same  could  be  said  of  the  regulation 
plan  for  the  school  buildings,  for  they  are  in  the 
opinion  of  the  writer,  still  very  defective,  in  very 
many  particulars. 

In  some  rural  districts  the  number  on  the  schocfl. 
roll  is  two  or  tliree  times  greater  in  winter  than 
in  summer,  hence  it  is  highly  important  that  the 
school-building  should  be  constructed  to  provide 
particularl}^  for  the  comfort  and  health  as  well  a« 
all  other  requisites,  of  the  large  number  of  the 
winter  sessions.  This  is  by  no  means  the  case. 
There  is,  in  many  instances,  an  insufficiency  of 
room  to  seat  comfortably  the  regular  attendants. 
The  building  is  not  unfrequently  built  upon  j^ier* 
or  piles,  is  entirely  open  underneath,  hence  as 
everybody  knows,  or  should  know,  it  is  utterly 
impossible  to  heat  a  room  thus  arranged  with  the 
ordinary  floor,  so  as  to  be  comfortable  at  the  floor, 
without  an  excess  of  heat  at  the  height  of  the 
head  of  a  person  in  a  sitting  posture ;  conse- 
quently in  all  cold  weather  there  is  not  only  in- 
tense suffering  from  cold  feet,  but  from  roasted 
heads.  The  mode  of  heating  is  by  direct  radia- 
tion in  all  such  cases,  as  no  other  is  practicable, 
and  if  there  is  provided  any  means  for  ventila- 
tion or  change  of  air,  and  it  is  adjustable,  it  i» 
closed  to  retain  all  the  heat  that  can  be  generated, 
in  order  to  heat  the  floor  as  nearly  as  possible. 
The  result  is,  that  in  the  coldest  weather,  where 
the  school  is  most  crowded,  the  air  is  most  vitia- 
ted and  most  uncomfortable.  The  school-house 
is  not  unfrequently  located  near  one  end  of  the 
district,  and  perhaps  on  a  by-road,  instead  of 
being  central  and  on  the  most  public  thorough- 
fares within  the  district,  as  it  sliould  be.  It  is 
also  generally  located  on  a  lot  that  is  worthless 
for  other  purposes,  often  only  large  enough  for 
the  building,  and  room  to  deposit  a  load  or  two 
of  wood.  The  building  is  perched  upon  a  precip- 
itous bank,  or  in  a  low  basin,  and  all  its  surround- 
ings and  appurtenances  of  comfort  and  necessity 
are  equally  unadapted  to  their  puiposes. 

The  requirements  are,  a  lot  of  at  least  tw© 
acres,  pleasantly  and  centrally  located.  .  It  should 
be  somewhat  above  the  grade  of  the  road  oppo- 
site it.    The  site  for  the  building  should  not  be 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMER. 


23 


less  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  from  the  road. 
The  soil  should  be  rather  dry,  and  fertile,  and 
adapted  to  the  frrowth  of  trees,  shrub'jery  and 
flowers,  a  variety  of  each  of  which  should  he 
planted  and  cultivated.  The  grounds  should  be 
enclosed,  and  he  kept  by  the  pupils  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  teacher,  who  should  be  aided  and 
encouraged  by  the  trustees  of  the  district,  who 
should  give  him  every  appliance  needed,  among 
which  nothing  is  i)erhaps  more  essential  than  a 
good  and  suthcient  rain-water  cistern,  with  which 
to  supply  the  pupils  and  the  plants.  No  tree 
should  be  planted  so  near  the  building  as  to  shade 
it  only  when  the- sun  is  near  the  horizon. 

The  sun  should  not  be  excluded  only  by  inside 
blinds  or  shades,  which  should  be  adjustable,  that 
the  sun  light  may  be  admitted  in  ifull  strength 
when  it  is  not  objectionable  on  the  desks. 

Sunlight  is  indispensable  to  health.  There  is 
truth  in  the  old  proverb,  "  Where  the  sun  is  ex- 
cluded the  doctor  must  enter."  The  walls  of  the 
building,  if  of  stones  or  bricks,  may  have  running 
vines,  and  a  good  variety  of  them,  trained  on 
them,  without  any  injurious  eftects  on  the  build- 
ing or  occupants,  as  the  eflect  is  to  make  the  walls 
dryer  instead  of  the  reverse. 

Beating  rains  are  thrown  oft' by  the  foliage,  and 
the  roots  and  feeders  of  the  plants  will  absorb  all 
moisture  from  the  walls  that  may  reach  them 
through  the  foliage,  besides  the  wind  will  rapidly 
dry  it  out. 

The  pupils  should  be  instructed  in  the  nomen- 
clature and  habits  of  trees,  shrubs  and  flowers. 
This  knowledge  they  will  continue  to  cultivate 
and  develope  at  their  homes,  and  soon  a  strife  to 
excel  in  the  decoration  of  their  homes,  in  which 
in  some  instances  the  parents,  hitherto  entirely 
ignorant  of  the  subject  may  become  interested, 
and  a  cultivation  of  taste  in  this  direction  may 
become  quite  general.  The  best  agricultural 
journals  of  the  day  should  be  taken,  also  some 
devoted  to  floriculture  should  be  taken  by  the 
trustees  for  the  use  of  the  school. 

The  preceptor  should  read  and  explain  such 
articles  as  are  adapted  to  the  capacities  of  his 
pupils,  as  this  will  enable  them  to  comprehend 
such  practical  reading  matter  as  will  difluse  gene- 
ral intelligence  in  these  directions. 

The  preceptor  should  also  endeavor  to  place 
such  reading  matter  in  tlie  hands  of  his  rural 
patrons,  and  impress  on  them  the  importance  of 
giving  tlieir  children  some  time  for  reading,  and 
the  character  of  cultivation  of  which  I  have 
spoken,  and  in  every  practical  way  endeavor  to 
impress  upon  tlie  parents  the  importance  of  doing 
ever\'thing  reasonable  to  interest  their  sons  par- 
ticularly in  rural  aftairs,  and  induce  them  to 
allow  the  youth  sufficient  time  to  cultivate  their 
minds,  and  matters  of  ornament  and  decoration 
in  the  vegetaVile  kingdom.  By  this  means,  and 
more  eflcctually  than  by  any  other,  will  a  taste 
for  rural  life  be  inculcated  and  tlie  desired  object 
be  attained,  of  giving  the  young  agriculturist  a 
proper  estimate  of  liis  calling  and  an  honest  pride 
in  reference  to  it,  which  they  will  naturally  de- 
sire to  infuse  into  the  minds  of  their  cliildrcn,  and 
thus  promote  and  perpetuate  the  work  of  reform, 
by  making  the  life  of  the  farmer  dignified  and  at- 
tractive, and  more  and  more  so  with  every  gene- 
ration.   The  city,  then,  will  have  but  little  power 


in  seducing  them  from  God  and  the  country. 

An  Old  Farmer. 

The  above,  taken  from  the  columns  of  such  an 
able  Family  and  Agricultural  paper  as  the  Ger- 
mantoicn  Telegraph,  is  a  suflicient  warrant  for  its 
appearance  in  our  journal ;  particularly  as  we  be- 
lieve it  is  in  the  main,  as  applicable  to  this  local- 
ity, as  to  the  one  in  which  it  was  originally  pub- 
lished. There  is,  however,  two  sides  to  the  ques- 
tion, if  not  more,  or  perhaps  rather  two  aspects 
or  more  of  the  same  side.  There  does  seem  to  be 
an  overweening  desire  on  the  part  of  5'oung  peo- 
ple raised  in  the  countrj^ — and  many  of  the  old 
ones — to  become  residents  of  the  cities  and  larger 
towns,  whilst  very  many  of  the  inhabitants  of 
those  cities  and  towns,  are  themselves  yearning 
for  the  quiet  comforts  of  a  home  in  the  country. 
Cities  and  towns  also  seem  more  accessible  to 
denizens  of  the  country  than  the  country  is  to  the 
denizens  of  cities  and  towns,  and  hence  the  latter 
are  overstocked  with  tradesman  and  working  peo- 
ple, which  makes  competition  great,  labor  scarce, 
and  profits  low,  as  well  as  rents  and  living  high  ; 
whilst  the  country  itself  sufiers  from  a  want  of 
cultivators,  crippled  energies,  and  diminished  pro- 
ductions. "We  are  often  not  only  astonished,  but 
pained,  to  see  the  hardy  young  men  of  the  coun 
try  exchanging  their  healthful,  peaceful  and  prof- 
itable occupatio'AS,  for  the  very  precarious  and 
dubious  occupations  of  the  towns — occupations 
too,  in  which  they  have  hitherto  had  no  exper- 
ience, many  of  which  are  mere  glittering  baubles, 
and  altogether  uncertain  in  their  pecuniary  re- 
sults, ivnd  then,  too,  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten, 
their  selection  of  associates  and  confidents  in  the 
towns,  are  ill-advised,  and  morally  and  ph}-8ically 
unprofitable,  simply  because  they  forgot  the 
Scripture  injunction  of  "Judge  not  from  appear- 
ances, but  judge  righteous  judgement."  But  this 
does  not  apply  to  the  young  people  of  the  country 
alone ;  many  of  those  advanced  in  years,  who 
have  amassed  an  easy  competency  for  life,  and 
to  whom  daily  exercise  and  fresh  air  have  become 
a  second  nature,  leave  their  ennobling  professions, 
and  desert  the  scenes  of  their  youth  and  early 
manhood,  for  the  noisy,  crowded,  dusty  and  un- 
healthful  city,  where  a  life  of  apathy  and  inactiv- 
ity, with  their  natural  concomitants,  often  sen^ 
them  to  premature  graves.  How  much  better  it 
would  be  to  remain  in  the  country;  to  divide 
their  large  farms  into  smaller  ones ;  to  give  them 
more  thorough  cultivation ;  to  drain,  plant,  and 
beautify  them  ;  to  make  them  attractive,  as  well 
as  profitable;  and  to  advise  and  guide  with  patri- 
archal counsel  their  children  and  their  children's 
children.  There  is  wisdom  in  the  old  "saw" 
that  ""man  made  tlie  town,  but  God  made  the 


24 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


country,"  and,  all  other  circumstances  being  equal, 
there  is  just  as  much  dift'ereuce  between  country 
and  town,  as  there  is  between  the  works  of  God 
and  those  of  man.  Horace  Greeley,  with  all  his 
success  in  life  as  a  printer,  in  his  recent  work — 
The  Recollections  of  a  Busy  Life — makes  tliis  most 
emphatic  and  unequivocal  statement:  "Were  I 
now  to  begin  my  life  anew,  I  should  choose  to 
earn  mv  bread  by  cultivating  the  soil.  Blessed  is 
he  whose  day's  exei'tion  ends  with  the  evening 
twilight,  aiid  who  can  sleep  unbrokenly  and  with- 
out anxiety  till  the  dawn  awakes  him,  with  ener- 
gies renewed  and  senses  brightened,  to  fresh  ac- 
tivity and  that  fulness  of  health  and  vigor  which 
are  vouchsafed  only  to  those  who  spend  most  of 
their  working  hours  in  the  free,  pure  air,  and  ren- 
ovating sunshine  of  the  open  country."  Con- 
trast this  with  a  recent  statement  of  a  New  York 
paper,  that  there  are  over  a  hundred  thousand 
people  in  that  city,  who  are  compelled  to  make 
their  living  this  winter  by  begging,  borrowing 
and  stealing,  which  are  too  frequently  but  tlie  pre- 
ludes to  those  systems  of  fraud,  prostitution  and 
murder,  which  often  disgrace  the  chronicles  of 
the  larger  cities. 

It  is  true,  that  cities  have  thoir  lejtitimate  at- 
tractions, beauties  and  uses,  and  the  wretchedness, 
crime  and  suffering  which  are  often  found  in  them 
are  not  the  arbitrary  consequences  of  an  agglom- 
erate population ;  but  a  redundancy  destroys  the 
healthy  balance  between  consumers  and  produc- 
ers, and  therefore  the  fruits  of  such  contingencies 
must  ultimately  manifest  themselves  in  some  form 
of  evil.  Under  the  most  favorable  circumstances, 
those  who  have  been  brought  up  in  large  cities, 
and  who  seem  to  be  prospering  there,  have  nev- 
ertheless many  trials,  deprivations  and  heart- 
aches, that  are  altogether  unknown  to  the  rural 
homes  of  the  country  people.  Labor,  even  toler- 
ably hard  labor,  is  not  the  evil  thing  which  many 
permit  themselves  to  regard  it,  especially  when 
it  is  relieved  by  intervals  of  innocent  and  elevat- 
ing recreations.  A  judicious  and  wise  system  of 
labor  is  one  of  the  means,  in  the  order  of  a  benefi- 
cent Providence,  for  the  development  and  regen- 
eration of  the  human  family. 

If  the  countr}^,  therefore,  needs  additional  at- 
tractions to  prevent  the  alienation  of  its  people, 
we  would  urge  all  who  have  ability,  opportunity 
and  authority,  to  give  their  serious  attention  to 
the  suggestions  of  "  u4n  Old  Farmer,^''  contained 
in  the  foregoing  article,  as  embracing  matters 
worthy  of  the  candid  consideration  of  any  class  of 
readers.  They  may  not  be  all  that  is  needed  on 
this  interesting  and  important  subject,  but  they 
may  elicit  thought  which  may  ultimately  culminate 
in  ads,  in  the  right  direction.  s.  s.R. 


Hgrirullu^aL 


ROTATION  OP  CROPS. 

It  is  generally  conceded  by  most  intelligent 
cultivators  of  the  soil ,  that  a  rotation  of  crops  is 
the  better  course  in  order  to  insure  success  in  the 
art  of  husbandr}'. 

The  present  or  general  Pennsylvania  system 
seems  to  be  undergoing  a  change  which  no  doubt 
will  be  an  improvement.  * 

Farms  generally  are  divided  into  six  fields  with 
the  following  rotation  :  Sod  is  ploughed  for  a  crop 
of  corn,  which  is  followed  with  one  of  oats,  after 
which  it  is  well  manured  and  the  same  fall  sown 
with  wheat,  followed  by  another  of  wheat  with6ut 
manure  and  sown  with  grass,-  generally  timothy 
and  clover,  which  is  the  first  season  mown  for  hay, 
and  the  second  taken  for  pasture ;  then  again  in 
corn,  which  makes  the  same  rotation  every  six 
years,  b.aving  each  year  one  field  in  corn,  one  in 
oats,  two  in  wheat  and  two  in  grass.  In  some  parts 
of  the  State,  ditferent  methods  have  been  pursued 
for  some  time.  One  of  which  is  to  haul  the  ma- 
nure on  sod  for  a  crop  of  corn,  which,  when  suffi- 
ciently mature,  is  cut  oft"  and  either  hauled  into 
an  adjoining  field  on  shucks,  or  set  against  a  fence 
to  cure,  or  else  set  in  rows  of  shucks  in  the  same 
field  as  far  apart  as  is  convenient  to  carry  the  corn, 
then  it  is  plowed  and  sown  with  wheat,  except 
where  the  row^s  of  shucks  stand,  which  strips  are 
sown  after  the  corn  is  husked,  or  left  until  spring 
and  sown  with  oats. 

The  same  field  is  followed  with  a  crop  of  wheat 
and  sown  with  grass,  and  left  two  years  as  in  the 
former  method,  when  it  is  ready  for  corn  again. 
Making  a  "rotation  every  five  years — having  one 
field  in  corn,  two  in  wheat  and  two  in  grass. 

A  third  method  is  to  divide  the  farm  into  four 
fields  :  First  corn,  next  oats  and  generally  some 
potatoes  or  other  crops,  manured  and  sown  with 
wheat  in  autumn  and  set  with  grass,  which  in  this 
case  is  left  but  one  year  for  hay  and  a  portion 
tempoi-arily  fenced  off' for  pasture,  or  mowed  and 
fed  green  instead;  then  it  is  put  into  corn, again, 
which  makes  a  rotation  every  four  years — having 
one  field  in  corn,  one  in  oats  &c.,  one  in  wheat, 
and  one  in  grass. 

Each  method  having  its  advantages  and  disad- 
vantages, it  is  difficult  to  detei'miue  which  is  best. 
No  doubt  the  quality  of  the  soil  should  be  con- 
sidered in  connection  with  the  different  methods. 
The  advantage  of  the  two  former  methods  are,  it 
gives  the  fields  two  years' rest  while  in  grass,  pro- 
vided it  is  clover,  for  if  in  timothy,  it  can  hardly 
be  considered  rest,  and  consequently  no  advan- 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


25 


tage.  If  there  be  a  mixture  of  both  grasses,  the 
advantage  will  be  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of 
•lover. 

The  disadvantages  in  the  first  and  second  are 
two  successive  crops  of  wheat  in  the  rotation, 
which  in  the  one  case  is  a  crop  for  every  three 
years,  and  in  the  other  one  for  every  two  and  a 
half  years. 

In  the  first  case  an  additional  crop  of  oats  is 
taken  oft',  which  is  considered  nearly  as  exhaus- 
tive as  a  crop  of  wheat.  The  second  avoids  a 
erop  of  oats  but  exacts  two  crops  of  wheat  in  five 
years,  with  the  laborious  job  of  hauling  off  the 
corn  and  fodder  for  the  purpose  of  seeding,  or  of 
hauling  over  the  young  grain  to  remove  it  when 
left  iu  the  field,  and  of  plowing  and  sowing  the 
strips  with  oats  in  the  spring. 

The  last  method  has  the  disadvantage  of  but 
one  year  in  grass  to  rest,  and  the  necessity  of 
sowing  more  into  oats  than  farmers  are  generally 
disposed  to  sow.  The  remedy  for  the  latter,  is  to 
plant  a  part  of  the  field  for  oats  with  potatoes  or 
other  summer  crops.  The  advantages  are,  1st, 
in  having  the  farm  in  four  fields,  a  large  propor- 
tion of  fencing  is  saved,  which  is  quite  an  item  at 
present.  2d.  A  regular  rotation  of  each  crop 
every  four  years,  without  a  succession  of  the  same 
crop,  which  will  naturally  make  our  wheat  crops 
more  certain  and  of  better  average  quality.  For 
by  growing  two  successive  crops,  the  second  is 
generally  gro^vn  without  manure,  and  conse- 
quently usually  of  inferior  quality  and  always  less 
in  quantity.  We  see,  therefore,  that  the  latter 
system  has  also  the  important  advantage  over 
both  the  former  in  having  the  manure  applied  to 
the  only  wheat  crop  in  the  rotation,  which  should 
have  the  preference,  if  any  is  given;  it  being  con- 
eidered  the  staff  of  life. 

The  object  of  the  fanner,  however,  should  be 
.  to  bring  each  crop  to  as  great  perfection  as  possi- 
ble, which  is  more  easily  accomplished  under  the 
latter  than  with  either  of  the  former  s3-stems. 
We,  therefore  consider,  as  a  general  rule,  the  lat- 
ter system  preferable  to  any  other  now  practiced 
in  this  section. 

The  intelligent  farmer,  however,  will  be  able 
to  decide  what  course  to  pursue  with  regard  to 
his  soil,  situation,  &c. 

H.  M.  E. 


The  Programme  for  1869,  of  the  "  Experimental 
Farm"  at  West  Grove,  Chester  County,  Penna., 
•ame  to  hand  too  late  to  give  an  extended  notice 
•f  it  in  this  number  of  our  Journal,  but  we  will 
allude  to  it  in  a  future  one. 


NORWAY  OATS. 

Editors  of  Lancaster  Farmer  :  Having  ex- 
amined this  grain,  I  will  give  you  and  your  read- 
ers the  benefit  of  my  knowledge  on  the  subject. 

This  grain  has  been  most  extensively  and  per- 
sistently advertised,  evidently  at  enormous  ex- 
pense, and  every  reader  of  agricultural  papers 
is  no  doubt  familiar,  if  not  with  the  grain,  at  least 
with  the  wonderful  qualities  claimed  for  it.  Those 
persons  in  New  York,  who  now  have  it  for  sale 
at  $  10  per  bushel,  say,  "  their  investigations  and 
experiments  have  been  conducted,  not  wholly  in 
the  interest  of  a  selfish  and  profitable  specula- 
tion to  ourselves,  but  more  especially  to  discover 
if  it  were  possible  to  benefit  the  farmintj  commu- 
nity^ and  the  country  at  large.''''  [The  italics  are 
ours.]  They  say  further,  "  the  Norway  oats  will 
yield  from  100  to  150  bushels  per  acre,  heavier 
and  better  than  atny  other  oats  known." 

As  we  have  invested  lightly  for  the  purpose  of 
informing  ourself  as  to  this  new  speculation,  we 
will  give  the  readers  of  the  Lan'caster  Farmer 
the  benefit  of  our  investigation,  just  so  far  as  we 
have  gone,  not  yet  having  seen  this — said  to  be 
new  grain — growing. 

When  at  the  State  Fair,  at  Harrisburg,  last 
September,  we  noticed  a  large  number  of  sacks  of 
wheat,  rye,  barley  and  oats,  in  bags  of  a  bushel 
each.  We  will  only  notice  the  oats.  There  were 
three  bags,  one  of  Norway,  one  of  Surprise  and 
one  of  Brunswick  oats,  standing  side  by  side. 
Curiosity  tempted  us  to  test  the  weight,  simply 
by  lifting.  On  lifting  the  Norway  first,  we 
thought  it  might  possibly  have  the  standard 
weight  of  thirty-two  pounds,  and  nothing  to  spare. 
But  on  lifting  the  Brunswick  and  Surprise,  we 
were  surprised  to  find  both  these  varieties  so 
much  heavier,  so  much  so,  that  we  judged  full 
one-eighth  to  one-fourth  heavier  than  the  Nor- 
way. A  gentleman  who  was  with  me,  and  who 
follows  <?he  milling  business,  fully  agreed  with  me 
as  to  weight,  and  added  that  he  consideied  that 
Norway  oats  had  very  little  tiour — and  he  would 
not  want  to  buy  it — the  grains  were  too  long  and 
thin ;  too  much  husk  or  skin.  It  might  be  sup- 
posed that  this  sample  on  Exhibition  at  Harris- 
burg, might  not  be  the  genuine  Norway,  but  only 
the  common  black  oats.  To  satisfy  ourselves  fully 
on  the  subject,  we  sent  the  agents  .'tf2,  and  re- 
ceived by  mail  a  package  marked  two  quarts. 
This  sample  is  identically  the  same  with  that  on 
exhibition  at  the  Fair.  On  measuring  this  sam- 
ple sent  us,  we  had  two  quarts  and  three-fourths 
of  a  pint.  By  weight  we  had  one  potind  and  thir- 
teen ounces.  Calculating  from  this  sample,  what 
would  be  the  weight  of  a  bushel,  allowing  thirty- 


26 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


two  pounds  as  the  standard?  This  remarkable 
Norway  oats— that  is  to  produce  from  100  to  150 
bushels  per  acre,  and  to  weigh  forty-five  pounds 
to  the  bushel  as  advertised— Aveighs  just  twenty- 
four  and  eleven  nineteenth  pounds  per  bushel. 
As  they  sell  by  standard  weight  of  thirty-two 
pounds  per  bushel,  it  shows  plainly  that  they  had 
to  make  it  up  by  measure— adding  three-fourths 
of  a  pint  to  two  quarts  to  reach  even  the  thirty- 
two  pounds  by  weight. 

Further  comment  is  unnecessary.  If  persons, 
after  reading  this  exposition,  feel  inclined  to  test 
this  wonderful  grain,  let  them  invest.  We  shall 
sow  our  sample,  and  test  its  wonderful  properties 

further. 

J.  B.  G. 


lorlicitllii^aL 


THE  CULTURE  OP  THE  PEACH. 

The  main  obstacle  to  be  encountered  in  the 
successful  cultivation  of  the  peach,  is  a  disease  to 
which  the  trees  are  liable, and  to  which  the  name 
of  "  the  yellows"  has  been  given.  Many  super- 
ficial observers  suppose  that  the  unhealthiness 
of  the  foliage  which  becomes  so  apparent  when 
this  disease  makes  its  invasion,  is  due  to  an  injury 
at  the  root  of  the  tree,  committed  by  a  worm 
well  known  to  attack  it  occasionally  near  the 
surface  of  the  earth.  But  in  many  instances  the 
conjecture  is  an  error.  If  that  worm  were  the 
only  enemy  we  had  to  contend  against,  the  remedy 
would  be  simple  enough.  A  few  moments  atten- 
tion, once  or  twice  a  year,  at  the  proper  time, 
would  easily  destroy  that  foe.  The  evil  we  have 
to  contend  against  is  of  a  more  serious  nature, 
and  so  destructive  has  this  malady  become,  that 
if  one  now  wishes  to  see  an  old  peach  tree,  he 
has  to  travel  long  and  far. 

It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  describe  the  symp- 
toms of  this  disease,  for  who  has  not  seen  the 
trees  with  small  and  yellowish,  instead  of  green 
leaves  of  the  full  natural  size  ?  The  fruit  wilts 
and  ripens  prematurely  and  without  flavor,  and 
after  lingering  for  a  time  the  tree  dies. 

Some  have  supposed  that  the  soil  has  become 
exhausted  of  certain  ingredients  necessary  to  its 
sustenance,  and  without  Avhich  it  cannot  thrive. 
Others  that  bad  culture  and  neglect  have  en- 
feebled the  stock ;  or  that  its  early  death  is  caused 
by  hereditary  taint.  Both  may  be  to  some  ex- 
tent true. 

So  far  as  the  disease  is  owing  to  hereditary 
transmission ,  it  would  bee  asy  to  ])r  ocure  seed  from 
localities  where  the  malady  is  not  known ;  or  to 
obtain  healthy  buds  for  the  purposes  of  propa- 
gation.    But  this  has  been  tried  many  times,  and 


nevertheless  the  trees  get  sick  and  die  prematurly. 
Again  there  are  spots  of  ground  yet  to  be  found 
where  peach  trees  have  never  been  planted;  or 
even  that  have  never  been  cultivated  at  all,  and 
yet  if  a  tree  is  planted  in  such  places  it  is  not 
exempt  from  the  yellows ;  although  it  must  be 
admitted  such  trees  usually  live  longer  than  others 
planted  in  gi'ound  which  has  been  long  under  cul- 
tivation.   We  must  therefore  look  for  the  cause 

elswhere. 

Our  observations  for  some  years  past,  and  es- 
pecially the  last  two  years,  have  fostered  a  con- 
viction that  unpropitious  weather  during  the 
spring  months  of  April  and  May,  is  the  leading 
agent  in  the  production  of  this  malady.  As  we 
have  before  stated,  there  may  also  be  other  in- 
fluences at  work,  but  this  we  believe  to  be  the 
first  and  principle  one.  The  peach  tree  is  a  na- 
tive of  a  more  genial  climate  than  ours,  and  flour- 
ishes better  in  a  dry  than  a  humid  air.  In  former 
times,  when  it  throve  so  admirably  here,  it  had  a 
virgin  soil  to  give  it  superabundant  health  and 
vitality,  and  it  had  a  climate  sheltered  by  wood- 
land. 2To  doubt,  since  then  modifications  of  cli- 
mate have  taken  place ;  such  is  the  opinion  of 
many  careful  observers,  and  in  fact,  the  conjecture 
becomes  more  than  probable  when  we  reflect  that 
other  fruits — apples,  pears  and  cherries — are  not 
now  produced  in  the  same  abundance,  nor  with 
the  same  certainty  that  they  were  forty  years 
ago.  In  what  these  changes  consist,  we  are  not 
prepared  at  present  to  state  in  detail,  but  we  are 
forced  to  recognize  them  from  their  eflFects. 

To  make  our  position  more  clear,  let  us  recall 
some  of  the  facts  which  claimed  our  attention  du- 
ring the  course  of  last  spring  and  the  spring  be- 
fore. In  the  first  few  weeks  of  April  the  weather 
was  sunny  and  uniformly  pleasant  and  moderate  ; 
the  young  leaves  put  forth,  having  that  dark  hue, 
which  unmistakably  indicates  health.  Before, 
however,  they  were  fully  formed,  the  weather 
underwent  a  great  change  ;  it  became  cloudy, 
rainy  and  cold,  and  these  untoward  features  con- 
tinue to  characterized  it  without  intermission  for 
several  weeks.  It  was  not  more  than  ten  flays 
after  this  change,  when  the  incipient  leaves,  yet 
too  tender  to  endm'e  this  protracted  spell  of  dis- 
mal weather,  began  to  lose  some  of  their  color  ; 
and  presently  they  became  pricked  and  had  a 
mildewy  appearance,  and  this  finally  proceeded 
to  such  a  degree  that  their  texture  became  dis- 
organized, and  they  dropped  off.  The  young  fruit 
whi -h  had  set  during  the  fine  weather  and  was 
of  some  growth,  now  became  stationary  and  could 
be  seen  studding  the  naked  branches-  Most  of  it 
dropped  off,  but  some  continued  to  adhere  until 
after  many  days  leaves  commenced  to  put  forth 
the  second  time.    The  new  foliage  expanded  very 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


27 


slowly,  and  had  the  sigus  of  feebleuees  and  ill 
health  for  a  long  time.  The  trees  had  manifestly 
received  a  shock  from  which  the  recovery  was  un- 
certain and  tedious.  Some  did  not  recover  alto- 
gether but  took  on  that  appearance  which  we  see 
in  trees'  that  are  said  to  have  the  '  yellows.'  Their 
fate  was  sealed.  Others,  and  this  seems  to  us  the 
strangest  fact  of  all,  recovered  entirely  their 
foliage  on  some  limbs,  while  other  limbs  on  the 
same  tree  got  the  yellows.  Here  was  an  instruc- 
tive lesson.  Who  will  doubt  that  if  the  early 
warm  weather  would  have  continued  the  result 
would  have  been  quite  diflerent.  We  might  cite 
other  facts  of  the  same  nature  tending  to  support 
our  views  but  the  limits  of  this  article  will  not 
admit  of  it. 

Supposing  our  hypothesis  to  be  correct,  it  be- 
comes us  to  inquire  what  means  are  proper  to  be 
used  to  meet  the  case,  and  give  us  a  better  supply 
of  this  superior  fruit.  The  few  words  we  have  to 
eay  will  be  principally  suggestive,  and  are  more 
particularly  intended  for  such  as  plant  only  a  few 
trees. 

The  main  object  to  be  kept  in  view  in  all  our 
efforts,  is  to  give  the  tree  shelter — shelter  from  a 
variable  spring. 

This  can  be  done  to  perfection,  and  a  crop  made 
certain  by  building  cheap  glass  houses.  Another 
way  in  which  health  is  preserved  and  a  crop  made 
much  more  certain,  is  to  train  the  trees  against 
the  walls  of  houses,  or  walls  built  for  that  pur- 
pose, as  the  English  are  forced  to  do  in  their 
rainy  climate,  if  they  want  to  raise  peaches  at  all. 
If  then,  unfavorable  weather  occurs  in  the  spring, 
boards  can  be  set  up  against  the  w^all  and  the 
foliage  will  thus  be  protected  from  the  rain.  Of 
course,  when  the  weather  becomes  fine  again, 
the  boards  must  be  removed.  This,  perhaps,  is 
the  cheapest  and  most  available  method  for  the 
large  majority  of  persons.  The  attention  neces- 
sary is  not  great,  and  the  whole  process  easily 
learned. 

Those  who  will  not  go  to  the  trouble  and  ex- 
pense of  following  the  course  suggested  ab«ve, 
but->who  will  continue  to  plant  as  of  old,  will  no 
doubt  tjn4  it  of  decided  advantage  to  proceed  as 
follows  :  They  should  aim  to  kcvp  tiie  trees  in  as 
good  a  condition  of  hardy  vigor  as  possible  and 
thus  increase  their  resistinr/  power.  Over  luxuri- 
ence  resultinc^  from  stnnulating  manures  does  not 
produce  hardiness.  The  plethoric  condition  is 
not  the  best.  In  the  place  of  manure  the  tree 
should  receive  each  spring  a  few  whcfl-barrow 
loads  of  new  soil  dug  up  from  the  subsoil.  Tbis 
should  be  spread  as  far  as  the  branches  extend. 
In  the  month  of  April  each  year,  as  soon  as  the 
tree  is  large  enough  to  bear  it  should  be  '  short- 


ened in' — that  is  about  one-half  of  the  growth 
made  the  proceeding  year  should  be  cut  away. 
Tliis  we  consider  a  very  import'int  and  very  bene- 
ficial operation.  The  object  is  two-fold — firstly 
to  prevent  an  overcrop  both  of  bloom  and  of  fruit, 
for  a  too  abundant  bloom  taxes  the  tree  as  w^U 
as  does  too  much  fruit ;  and  secondly  this  "  short- 
ening in"  not  only  prevents  the  tree  from  being 
overtaxed,  but  experience  proves  that  we  increase 
its  vigor  by  depriving  it  with  judgment  early  in 
the  season,  of  parts  of  its  smaller  branches.  Nur- 
serymen know  this  very  well  and  practice  it  con- 
stantly on  their  young  nursery  stock. 

Planting  trees  near  the  walls,  or  better  still, 
in  the  angles,  of  stone  or  brick  buildings  is  of 
benefit,  because  these  walls  absorb  heat  by  day 
and  radiate  it  at  night,  thus  ameliorating  the 
rawness  of  the  night  air.  How  much  may  be  ex- 
pected from  planting  evergreens  as  a  shelter, 
we  are  unable  to  say  from  experience,  but  believe 
it  would  do  good.  What  the  trees  want  in  our 
climate  is  protection,  and  to  this  end  all  our 
labors  must  be  devoted.  We  feel  assured  if  this 
principle  is  duly  recognized,  it  will  point  the  way 
to  better  success.  D. 

LETTER  PROM  CALIFORNIA. 

October,  14th,  1868. 

J.  B.  Garber,  Esq.:  My  Dear  Sir: — I  was 
surprised,  a  day  or  two  ago,  on  looking  over  my 
correspondence  to  find  (as  I  now  believe,)  that  I 
had  not  written  to  you  for  some  months  ;  I  have 
been  very  busy  all  the  time  until  the  last  six 
weeks,  and  during  that  time  I  have  been  away 
touring  through  the  vineyards,  trying  to  learn 
something. 

I  have  seen  enough  to  surprise  me  in  the  great 
varieties  of  grapes,  their  abundant  bearing,  and 
beauty  and  size.  In  Green  Valley,  Solano  coun- 
ty, there  are  over  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
(250,000)  bearing  vines,  some  over  ten  years  old. 
They  are  all  of  foreign  and  California  varieties, 
with  none  of  what  you  call  Amorican  grapes.  In 
addition  to  these  there  are  as  many  more  young 
vines.  They  plant  them  from  Sx5  to  5x5  feefc 
apart,  none  over  the  latter  distance.  They  prune 
to  a  low  head,  leaving  three  to  eight  spurs,  of 
good  eyes,  on  each.  The  vines  when  pruned,  are 
not  over  8  to  tO  inches  higli  from  the  ground. 
They  are  all  through'  with  their  vintages  now — 
14th  of  October.  Get  1  callon  wine  from  15  lbs. 
fruit,  or  one  gallon  brandy  from  85  to  90  lbs.  fruit 
— most  in  wine.  In  Pleasant  valley,  same  county, 
they  plant  about  the  same;  some,  however,  7x7 


28 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


or  8x8  feet.  Their  vines  grow  larger  and  are 
more  productive,  and  I  think  are  finer  and  hand- 
somer than  any  I  sa\T  elsewhere. 

One  grower,  from  2000  vines,  5  years  old  and  the 
second  full  crop,  shipped  600  boxes,  averaging  55 
toGO  lbs.,  being  33,000  lbs.,  and  sent  about  2000 
or  3000  lbs.  of  inferior  to  be  made  into  brandy. 
They  brought  about  on  an  average  of  $1.35  per 
box.  He  also  sent  largely  of  many  fine  varieties, 
such  as  Malagas,  (white  and  black,)  Muscat  of 
Alexandria,  Black  Hamburg,  «S:c.,  which  brought 
only  7  to  15  cents  per  lb.,  although  some  of  the 
earliest  go  from  15  cents  to  SI. 50  per  lb.  One 
gentleman  weighed  tiie  whole  produce  of  one  vine 
of  Barbaroux,  5  years  old, — 47  lbs.,  and  all  mer- 
chantable, not  a  bunch  unfit  for  market.  Another 
grower  showed  me  700  vines — 200  of  them  5  year 
old  and  500  four  years  old ;  he  got  from  the  700 
vines,  3  tons  of  fruit,  shipped,  made  also  800  gal- 
lons of  wine,  and  S5  gallons  of  brandy.  It  was 
the  Black  St.  Peter's  variety.  There  are  many 
other  vineyards  in  Pleasant  Valley  shipping 
largely  of  many  of  the  European  kinds — mostly 
of  Sweet  Water,  Black  Hamburg,  and  Muscats. 
They  are  very  earlv,  and  I  think  excel  in  their 
fruit,  and  so  do  not  make  much  wine. 

Mr. 's  place  is  on  the  mountain  side,  300 

to  400  feet  above  the  valley  proper,  on  a  bench; 
and  he  beats  them  all  in  earliness  and  quality  of 
fruit.  It  was  a  perfect  sight  to  see  some  of  his 
kinds.  Bunches  of  Blue  Portugal,  Barbaroux, 
Black  Hamburg,  Muscats  of  Alexandria  and 
others,  as  large  and  perfect  as  could  be  made, 
weighing  5  to  Si  lbs.  the  bunch.  I  went  to  the 
fair  at  Sacramento,  and  went  to  see  some  vine- 
yards in  Sacramento  county,  and  although  the 
bunches  were  lai'ge,  the  berries  were  not  so  clear 
and  perfect. 

Pleasant  Valley  heads  up  about  three  miles 
south  of  where  I  live,  and  extends  south  towards 
Suisun.  It  is,  next  to  my  locality,  the  earliest  so 
far  known.  I  amjmuch  pleased  with  this  section  ; 
it  is  the  earliest,  and  I  am  next  year  on  the  very 
earliest  spot,  which  has,  for  thpee  years,  sent  in 
the  first  beans,  corn,  &c.,  in  advance  of  all  others, 
to  the  San  Franciseo  market. 

The  thermometer  went  up  to  112  degrees  last 
summer,  and  was  over  100  degrees  at  2  o'clock,  P. 
M.,  for  nearly  or  quite  a  month.  Yet,  what  was 
singular,  I  did  not  suffer  from  heat  as  I  did  at 
Oakland  (just  across  the  bay  from  San  Francisco,) 
at  75  or  80  degrees  !  The  air  seems  to  be  drier, 
for  I  was  mostly  at  work  all  that  time.  The  nights 
and  evenings  are  so  cool,  we  have  to  sleep  under 
blankets.  We  have  had  no  rain  since  April  11th ; 
2.S5  inches  fell.  Our  total  raia-fall  last  season, 
from  October  to  April,  was  45.^  inches.  Average 


temperature  for  iN'ovember,  57  degrees ;  Decem- 
ber, 51 ;  January,  43;  February,  49;  March,  54; 
April,  58.  We  began  marketing' tomatoes,  June 
llth;  beans.  May  16th;  cucumbers.  May  31st; 
apricots,  June  2nd;  corn,  June  2nd;  Hale's  early 
peach,  June  16th;  grapes,  July  7th.  We  go  in 
here  all  for  the  earliest  varieties. 

It  is  now  clouding  up,  and  threateeing  some 
rain ;  we  had  a  sprinkle  on  Sept.  3d,  also  on  Oct. 
1st;  wind,  south;  thermometer,  64  degrees.  Last 
year  it  rained  enough  to  plow  by  Dec.  1st;  but 
then  on  the  15th,  it  began  to  rain  in  such  a  style, 
that  I  could  do  but  very  little  until  April. 

Yours,  Respectfull}'^,  


^itldittaiai 


TIGER  BEETLES. 

Noxious  insects  consti'ute,  no  doubt,  the  "dark 
side  of  nature  "  to  the  Agriculturist  and  Horti- 
culturist ;  but  dark  as  this  side  of  nature  is,  it  has 
also  a  "  bright  side  ".  As  I  may  have  occasion  to 
say  a  great  deal  about  noxious  insects  through 
these  columns,  and  elsewhere,  before  the  close  of 
the  present  year,  I  shall  devote  a  few  pages  of 
the  mid-winter  number  to  the  discussion  of  some 
of  the  innoxious  kinds— innoxious  at  least  as  far 
as  man  and  the  products  of  humau  industry  are 
concerned.  We  have  a  family  of  predaceous  in- 
sects called  in  common  language  "  Tiger  Beetles," 
but  scientifically  Cicindelidae.  They  are  called 
predaceous  insects,  I  presume,  because  they  make 
predatory  incursions  for  the  capture  of  other  un 
wary  insects,  upon  which  they  prey.  They  are 
also  called  Tiger  Beetles  because  they  lie  in  wait 
for  their  victims  and  pounce  upon  them  like  light- 
ning, with  the  ferocity  of  a  tiger.  They  not  only 
prey  upon  other  insects  in  their  mature  or  beetle 
state,  but  also  during  their  whole  larval  period. 
But  as  the  larva  is  a  slow  and  indifferent  t?  aveler, 
compared  with  the  mature  insect,  it  therefore  re- 
sorts to  stratagem.  It  excavates  a  perpendicular 
gallery  in  th'e  earth,  in  which  it  remains  concealed 
with  its  head  and  powerful  jaws  just  even  with  the 
surface,  and  wo  betide  any  luckless  insect  that 
comes  within  reach  of  those  jaws,  for  they  close 
upon  it  with  the  quickness  and  relative  power  of 
a  steel  trap,  and  once  within  their  embraces  there 
is  no  escape  therefrom.  But  should  the  trap  fail, 
out  comes  the  larva  in  pursuit,  and  when  he  has 
secured  his  victim  it  is  ruthlessly  dragged  down  to 
the  bottom  of  its  cell,  where  it  is  most  ferociously 
dissevered  and  devoured.  But  the  habits  of  the 
perfect  insect  are  quite  diff"erent,  for  it  is  lithely 
built,  is  a  swift  runner  and  a  quick  and  perfect 
flyer;  therefore  it  has  the  ability  to  capture  its 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


29 


prey  on  foot,  or  to  overtake  and  sieze  it  in  flight. 
The  Family  CiciNDELiD^,  in  the  United  States, 
is  composed  of  the  genera  TetracJia,  Omus,  Am- 
blycJieila,  Cicindela  and  Dromochorus^  but  none  but 
the  genus  Cicindela  is  known  to  inhabit  the  county 
of  Lancaster,  but  of  this  one  we  liave  ten  or  twelve 
species.  Usually  they  are  found  along  the  dry, 
sandy  banks  or  beaches  of  streams,  from  a  rivu- 
let to  a  river  in  size.  A  few  of  them,  however, 
may  be  found  in  forests  or  woods,  and  one  species 
at  least,  I  have  often  found  in  gardens  within  the 
city  of  Lancaster,  namely  the  Cicindela puncUdata. 
Some  of  these  insects  are  of  a  bright  green,  in 
color,  some  almost  an  ultra-marine  blue,  whilst 
others  are  a  purple,  a  brown,  or  modifications  of 
these  colors ;  but  all  are  of  a  bronzed  or  bright 
metalic  lustre  beneath.  They  varj' in  size,  from 
three  to  five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  length,  accord- 
ing to  species ;  the  thorax  is  narrowed,  and  the 
head,  eyes  and  jaws,  are  tolerably  prominent. 
The  legs  and  the  anfennce  are  comparatively  long 
and  slender.  Nearly  all  the  species  have  elytra, 
or  wing  covers,  more  or  less  marked,  from  a  mi- 
nute puncture  to  a  dot,  or  a  sort  of  hieroglyphic, 
but  occasionally  specimens  are  found  that  are  en- 
tirely immaculate.  I  can  recollect  these  insects 
from  a  very  early  period  of  my  boyhood,  along 
the  banks  and  beaches  of  the  Susquehanna,  where 
they  were  known  to  us  youngsters  as  "  sand  flies  " ; 
because  they  could  alight  and  flj'  off",  quicker  than 
the  common  house-fly.  Ind'  ed  a  casual  observer 
would  suppose  that  they  were  a  species  of  com- 
mon fly,  that  he  was  driving  before  him,  in  his 
perambulations  through  their  localities.  I  would 
caution  a  novice  in  entomology  against  confining 
a  living  Tiger  Beetle  in  his  collecting  box  or  bot- 
tle, if  there  was  anything  else  in  it  which  he  val- 
ued, for  the  Tiger  would  make  pieces  of  it,  even 
if  it  were  his  own  weaker  brother  or  sister,  unless 
he  was  stupified  by  the  introduction  of  a  little 
ether  or  alcohol. 

The  species  known  to  inhabit  Lancaster  county 
are  the  vtdgaris,  ptinctulafa,  hirticollis,  purpurea, 
duodecemgutiata,  patruela,  marginata,  unicolor, 
gravida,  decemuotaia,  sexguttata,  and  ocioguitata 
and  immaculata,  which  are  varieties  of  the  last 
named  species;  but  there  are  seventy-five,  or 
eighty  species  of  the  family,  that  have  been  de- 
scribed, as  belonging  to  the  territory  of  the 
United  States.  These  species  are  distributed 
frorh  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  coasts,  and  from 
Maine  to  Mexico,'  so  that  they  are  performing 
their  uses  everywhere,  over  our  whole  territory. 
These  are  some  of  the  instrumentalities  which 
have  been  vouchsafed,  tlirough  the  permission* 
of  a  heneficient  Providence,  for  the  amelioration 
of  an  evil  which  otherwise  might  become  unen- 


durable, and  which  no  mere  human  ingenuity 
could  possibly  prevent.  And  yet  how  many  peo- 
ple are  there,  who  ridicule  the  idea  of  studying 
the  histories  and  characters  of  such  insignificant 
things  as  insects.  In  these  studies  it  is  just  as 
important,  however,  to  become  acquainted  with 
thdse  species  that  are  beneficial,  as  with  those 
that  are  injurious.  To  assist  the  people  in  these 
Btudies  is  one  of  the  objects  o'f  this  department  of 
oiu:  Journal,  but  to  increase  its  eflSciency  in  this 
respect,  we  need  the  co-operation  of  our  readers, 
in  the  manner  suggested  in  our  article  on  the 
same  subject,  published  in  the  Farmer,  of  Janu- 
ary last.  If  this  bright  s^ide  of  nature  is  thoroughly 
developed,  it  cannot  fail  to  reflect  its  light  upon 
the  dark  side.  Before  the  end  of  the  first  vol- 
ume of  our  magazine  is  attained,  every  reader  of  its 
columns  ought  to  be  thoroughly  acquainted  with 
the  Tiger  Beetles  of  our  county — with  what  they 
are  like,  when  they  make  their  appearance  and 
disappearance,  where  they  may  be  found,  and  what 
they  do  for  a  living.  s.  S.  K.    • 


Our  January  number  was  issued  amidst  the 
bustle  consequent  upon  the  winding  up  of  the  old 
year  and  the  beginnmg  of  a  new  one,  and  there- 
fore, its  general "  make  up,"  and  the  arrangement 
of  its  matter,  we  discovered  when  too  late  to 
amend  it,  was  not  at  all  in  accordance  with  our 
design.  An  unintentional  prominence  was  given 
to  matter  which  we  think  should  only  bear  a  col- 
lateral or  secondary  relation  to  the  leading  ob- 
jects of  our  Journal.  This  we  hope  we  have  par- 
tially corrected  in  our  present  number,  and  will 
endeavor  to  further  exemplify  as  we  go  forward 
and  gather  experience  in  the  future.  Still,  our 
little  bantling  has  met  with  severalcommeudable 
notices  from  the  Press;  and  a  general  recognition 
of  its  usefulness,  and  the  worthy  objects  it  has  in 
view,  has  withheld  that  rigid  criticism  which 
otherwise  it  might  have  occasioned.  Our  sub- 
scription list  is  gradually  increasing,  but  we  hope 
that  each  of  our  present  patrons  will  endeavor  to 
add  another  good  paying  name  to  it  before  the 
opening  of  spring.  We  have  a  suflicient  surplus 
of  copies  struck  otl',  to  supply  subsci"ibers  with  the 
work  from  the  beginning.  One  important  item  of 
interest  to  us,  as  well  as  themselves,  our  subscrib- 
ers will  please  bear  in  generous  remembrance, 
and  that  is,  that  our  terms  are  one  dollar  a  year  in 
advance.  If,  therefore,  on  reading  this  paragraph, 
any  of  our  subscribers  knoio  that  their  subscrip- 
tions are  still  unpaid,  they  will  confer  a  favor  by 
settling  them  at  their  earliest  opportunity.    The 


10 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMEK. 


high  price  of  material,  and  the  pressing  demands 
of  labor,  together  with  the  low  price  at  which  our 
paper  is  furnished,  makes  an  adherence  to  this 
rule  an  absolute  necessity.  "We  also  repeat  our 
invitation  to  our  readers  to  furnish  appropriate 
contributions  to  our  columns.  Let  them  send  all 
the  important  "  facts  and  fancies"  that  come  uncfer 
their  observation,  pertaining  to  the  objects  of  our 
Journal — but  most  especially  the  facts — and,  pass- 
ing the  ordeal  of  our  examination,  we  will  print 
them.  Some  have  already  generously  responded, 
but  we  desire  many  more,  because  "in  a  multi- 
tude of  counsel  there  is  safety."  It  is  not  pre- 
smned  that  our  editorial  committee  should  know 
more  than  any  other  equal  number  of  men  in  the 
community,  upon  the  subjects  embraced  in  our 
paper.  In  many  respects  it  can  be  but  the  reflec- 
tor of  the  opinions  and  experiences  of  others,  who 
may  be  more  competent  as  writers,  experiment- 
ers, observers  and  judges.  This  assumption  ought 
to  be  self-evident  to  all  our  readers,  and  freely 
acknowledged. 


THE  DUTY  OP  WRITING. 

"Brother  in  the  tow  frock  and  ragged  unthink- 
ables!  have  you  an  idea  humming  in  your  brain, 
that  seems  to  you  fitted  to  cure  even  the  lightest 
of  human  maladies  ?  Out  with  it,  I  pray  you,  in 
mercy  to  a  benighted,  heart-sick,  and  blindly  suf- 
fering race !  Sister  in  linsey-woolsey,  and  wear- 
ing a  red  cotton  handkerchief  by  way  of  a  dia- 
dem, have  you  aught  to  say,  that,  if  uttered,  would 
cheer  and  bless  the  weary  steps  whereby. we  are 
all  measuring  ofi:'  the  little  span  which  divides  us 
from  the  grave  ?  For  sweet  charity's  sake  do  not 
withhold  it,  but  let  your  light  shine,  even  though 
the  darkness  be  sure  not  to  comprehend  it— a  by 
no  means  novel  or  uncommon  case." 

The  above,  quoted  from  a  popular  work  by  a 
popular  writer,  which  we  have  been  recently 
reading,  seems  to  apply  with  equal  force  to  those 
engaged  in  any  of  the  branches  of  rural  economy 
and  industry.  It  is  not  always  the  high-born  and 
the  learned— not  the  wearers  of  ''  purple  and  fine 
linen,"  and  the  daily  sumptuous  farers,  alone,  that 
possess  all  the  wealth  of  thought,  or  develop  the 
most  practical  and  useful  things  of  life.  The  man 
that  can  swim,  when  his  boat  founders  in  the  mid- 
dle of  a  turbulent  stream,  is  in  a  better  condition 
to  save  his  own  life  and  help  another,  than  he 
whose  head  is  filled  with  astronomy,  algebra  and 
geology,  and  yet  lacks  that  life  preserving  quali- 
ty. Not  that  we  would  discredit  any  embelish- 
ments  or  accomplishments  of  the  human  mind  and 
character,  but  that  we  would  also  encourage  the 
practical  common  sense  illiterate,  to  take  their 
candles  from  under  their  beds  and  place  them  in 


a  candle-stick,  that  all  in  the  house  may  see.  We 
have  often  been  struck  with  the  superior  manner 
in  which  many  of  the  common  people  do  things, 
simply  because  they  know  exactly  how.  And  if 
they  know  how,  and  can  communicate  that  how  to 
others,  the  information  is  just  as  good  as  if  it  came 
from  a  Davey,  a  Herschel  or  a  Faraday.  More- 
over their  light  will  not  be  any  the  less  by  com- 
municating its  flame  to  their  neighbor.  Flooded 
as  the  country  seems  to  be,  with  domestic  litera- 
tuie,  there  still  are  many  vacuums  that  need  to  be 
filled.  Our  social  temple — our  domestic  struc- 
ture, needs  a  variety  of  workmen — masters,  crafts- 
men and  apprentices— in  it  there  is  a  function  for 
every  faculty.  Then  let  us  hie  to  the  vineyard 
of  humanity.  R. 
<iii  -^^  <»• 

MEETTING    OF  THE  AGRICULTXJIIAL 
AND  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 


The  Society  met  at  its  usual  place  and  hour, 
January  4th,  Levi  S.  Reist  in  the  Chair,  and 
Alex  Harris  Secretary. 

After  the  President  had  called  the  meeting  to 
order,  the  minutes  of  the  last  meeting  were  read 
and  approved  without  dissent.  The  following 
gentlemen  were  elected  members  of  the  Society, 
viz:  J.  G.  Garman  of  East  Cocalico;  Hon.  John 
Zimmerman,  city;  C.  L.  Hunsecker,  Manheim 
township;  Benjamin  Ritter,  "Warwick;  Almus 
Brubaker  and  J.  F.  Fry,  Sheriff,  of  Manor. 

The  Treasurer,  Dr.  P.  "W.  Hiestand  next  pro- 
ceeded to  read  his  report  to  the  Society  which 
was  on  motion  submitted  to  an  auditing  committee 
and  declared  correct. 

S.  S.  Rathvon  suomitted  a  verbal  report  as  to 
the  success  of  the  Lancaster  Farmer,  and 
spoke  of  its  encouraging  prospects. 

Mr.  A.  D.  Hostetter  proceeded  to  read  an  ex- 
tract from  the  Belief  onte  National  on  the  subject 
of  wheat  culture. 

H.  M.  Engle,  with  reference  to  the  sentiments 
of  the  extract,  thought  he  was  inclined  to  diff"er  as 
regards  leaving  manure  upon  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  and  believes  that  farmers  will  be  required 
to  give  more  attention  to  the  question  of  manure, 
before  they  can  expect  to  obtain  the  kind  of  crops 
they  desire.  "Western  farmers  have  come  to  dis- 
cover that  their  land  which  was  once  supposed  to 
be  inexhaustible  is  becoming  worn  out  in  some 
places  like  our  own  eastern  soils. 

Jacob  Stauffer  spoke  of  the  great  benefit  to  be 
derived  from  sub-soiling. 

Jacob  M.  Frantz  thought  the  article  read  by 
Mr.  Hostetter  contained  much  practical  matter, 
and  he  believes  the  farmers  must  give  more  atten- 
tion to  the  point  of  consuming  their  crops  at 
home,  and  thereby  insure  a  return  of  its  necessary 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


31 


pabulum  for  the  sustenance  of  their  farms,  as  the 
land,  like  the  animate  creation,  requires  its  full 
share  of  nutriment.  He  does  not  believe  the 
plowing  down  of  manures  any  better  than  simply 
putting  it  upon  the  surface. 

John  Brady  thinks  the  drilling  of  wheat  too 
thick,  is  one  reason  why  farmei-s  do  not  raise  bet- 
ter crops,  and  he  is  therefore  utterly  averse  to 
drilling. 

In  this  connection  Mr.  Hostetter  resumed  and 
spoke  of  having  seen  a  drill  that  scatters  the 
grains  of  wheat  so  that  they  will  not  be  too  thick. 
>.  Mr.  Frantz  acquiesced  in  this  view  and  ex- 
pressed himself  in  favor  of  thin  sowing.  He 
spoke  of  a  new  kind  of  wheat  which  he  had  pro- 
cured of  Davis  Brown,  Esq.  He  says  wheat  that 
stood  thin  on  the  ground  does  not  mature  as  soon 
as  that  which  stands  thick. 

H.  M.  Engle  diflered  with  Mr.  Frantz  on  this 
latter  point  entirely. 

S.  S.  liathvon  next  proceeeded  to  read  an  arti- 
cle from  the  Germantoxon  Telegraph  upon  the  "  in- 
quiry why  is  the  country  deserted  for  the  city.^' 
He  read  a  few  reflections  which  he  had  himself 
written  in  connection  with  the  above  stated  arti- 
cle. 

Levi  S.  Reist  greatly  favored  the  views  con- 
tained in  the  article  read  by  Mr.  Rathvon,  and 
added  that  he  would  much  favor  the  introduction 
of  the  study  of  botany  and  such  branches  into  the 
Common  Schools,  and  he  believes  the  knowledge 
of  botany  of  more  real  utility  than  that  of  Geog- 
raphy and  Astronomy.  He  does  not,  however, 
favor  the  neglect  of  these  latter  branches.  He 
believes  the  science  of  agriculture  should  be  in- 
troduced into  the  curriculum  of  studies  in  the 
common  schools. 

Jacob  Stauffer  likewise  greatly  favored  the  study 
of  botany  as  an  elementary  branch  of  common 
school  education,  and  referred  to  Darlington's 
Botany  as  a  book  that  should  be  introduced  as  a 
text  manual  into  the  common  schools.  On  motion 
of  Jacob  M.  Frantz,  the  article  read  by  Mr.  Rath- 
von was  ordered  to  be  published  in  the  Lancas- 
ter Farmer. 

The  Secretary  read  a  letter  from  J.  Lacey  Dar- 
lington, President  of  the  Chester  County  Agricul- 
tural Society,  inviting  the  Lancaster  County  As- 
sociation to  send  one  of  its  members  to  represent 
it  in  the  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Managers  of 
the  "East  Pennsylvania  Experimental  Farm," 
at  West  Grove,  Chester  County,  on  the  8th  of 
January,  1869. 

On  motion,  Levi  S.  Reist,  President  of  the  So- 
ciety, was  chosen  to  represent  the  Association. 

The  Society  next  went  into  an  election  for  ofli- 
cers  to  serve  for  the  ensuing  year.    Levi  S.  Reist 


stated  that  having  filled  the  office  of  President 
since  the  organization  of  the  Society,  he  desired 
no  longer  to  be  considered  a  candidate  for  re- 
election. The  election  then  result^ed  in  the  choice 
of  the  following  officers : 

President. — Henry  M.  Engle,  of  Marietta. 

Vice  Presidents. — Levi  S. Reist,  Jacob  B.Garber, 
J.  H.  Hershey,  U.  K.  Stoner. 

Recording  Secretary. — Alex.  Harris. 

Corresponding  Secretary. — A.  D.  Hostetter,  Mt. 
Joy. 

Treasurer. — Dr.  P.  W.  Hiestand. 

Entomologist. — S.  S.  Rathvon. 

Botanist. — Jacob  Staufter. 

Chemist. — Dr.  J.  II.  Musser. 

Librarian. — John  B.  Erb. 

John  B.  Erb  had  on  exhibition  a  very  neat  bo:f 
for  carrying  all  kinds  of  small  fruit.  The  box  is 
square,  and  is  one  of  the  handsomest  and  most 
convenient  that  we  have  yet  seen.  A  box  of  sim- 
ilar shape  and  appearance  is  designed  by  Mr. 
Erb  for  shipping  fruit  and  not  to  be  returned,  and 
this  he  terms  the  '■'•  free  fruit  box''^  These  boxes 
are  the  invention  of  Mr.  Erb  and  manufacttired 
by  him,  and  our  fruit  growers  would  do  well  to 
examine  them  before  supplying  themselves  else- 
where. 

On  motion  the  Society  then  adjourned  until  the 
first  Monday  of  February. 

DEEP    PLOWING    SHOULD    BE    DONE 
GRADUALLY. 

A  correspondent  of  the  American  Agriculturist, 
who  has  one  of  the  finest  and  most  productive 
farms  in  "Western  New  York,  which  he  keeps  in 
a  high  state  of  fertility  by  thorough  cultivation 
and  the  growth  of  red  clover,  makes  the  follow- 
ing sensible  remarks  in  regard  to  deep  plowing : 
"  A  sudden  bringing  up  to  the  surface  of  many 
inches  of  heavy  clay,  that  has  never  been  punc- 
tured by  the  roots  of  plants,  and  this  too  in  the 
spring  of  the  year,  would  probably  injure  the  first 
crop.  Clay  sub-soils  are  best  brought  to  the  sur- 
face two  or  three  inches  at  a  time,  and  that  in 
the  fall,  so  that  the  frosts  of  winter  may  mellow 
them  down.  The  next  spring  plow,  say  twice  as 
many  inches  deep  as  the  clay  subsoil  is  thick. 
This  will  mix  things  up  so  that  even  a  crop  of 
corn  would  be  much  improved  by  the  deep  fall 
plowing.  If  'we  had  the  power  and  tools  neces- 
sary to  go  on  with  this  process  of  bringing  up  the 
subsoil  to,  and  mixing  it  with,  the  surface  soil, 
until  we  had  one  foot  or  more  of  mellovr  soil  that 
had  been  enriched   by  turning  under  repeated 


ii- 


32 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


clover  crops,  and  then  under  this  foot  or  more  of 
oil,  we  could  run  a  subsoil  plow  two  feet  deep, 
and  so  break  the  clay  to  a  depth  of  three  feet,  the 
clover  roots  would  have  a  chance  to  bring  to  the 
surface  the  fertility  that  now  lies  dormant  under 
the  surface  of  our  lands-.  This  is  the  theory  that 
I  have  constructed  ou  the  experience  of  a  life- 
time as  a  farmer ;  and  I  have  no  doubt  of  its  ap- 
plicability on  our  lands  here.  I  do  not  think  it 
would  do  on  all  lands,  but  it  is  practicable  here, 
or  at  least  will  be  when  we  get  the  Steam  Plow 
that  can  do  the  subsoiling  for  us.  In  the  mean- 
time we  are  doing  the  best  we  can  in  the  direc- 
tion I  have  indicated." 

PaOPEBTY  IN  PLANTS. 

*  A  question  is  now  being  discussed  which  is  of 
no  little  importance  to  both  raisers  and  growers 
of  plants.  In  brief,  it  is  this  :  Should  not  one 
who,  by  years  of  careful  labor  and  patient  exper- 
iment, produces  a  new  and  valuable  fruit,  or  other 
plant,  derive  some  pecuniary  benefit  from  it? 
Books,  the  result  of  a  few  weeks'  labor,  are  copy- 
righted, and  cannot  be  reproduced  without  the 
consent  of  the  author.  A  particular  arrangement 
of  sticks  and  strings  for  growing  hops,  or  a  com- 
bination of  the  posts  and  wires  for  a  grape-trellis 
may  be  patented,  and  no  one  can  use  them  with- 
out paying  for  the  privilege  of  doing  so.  But  if 
one,  after  many  trials  and  years  of  failure,  produces 
a  new  variety  of  hop,  or  a  new  grape  of  more 
value  to  the  country  than  all  the  trellises  that 
were  ever  invented,  the  moment  the  first  bit  of 
either  goes  out  of  his  possession  he  loses  all  con- 
trol over  it,  and  whoever  possesses  the  most  am- 
ple means  for  propagating  realizes  the  greatest 
benefit  from  it.  That  the  originator  of  a  valua- 
ble plant  should  be  remunerated  no  one  will  deny. 
IIow  protection  can  be  assured  by  law  is  not  easy 
to  see.  Several  earnest  horticulturists,  who  think 
something  should  be  done,  are  moving  in  the  mat- 
ter, and  it  will,  probably  before  long,  be  presented 
to  our  law-makers. — American  Agriculturist. 


Card  the  (^ows.— One  would  think  that  any 
kind-hearted  man,  when  he  sees  how  grateful  this 
operation  is  to  a  cow,  would  be  willing  to  spend 
a  few  moments  daily  in  carding^  her.  It  pays  as 
well  to  clean  a  cow  as  a  horse.  All  who  have 
fairly  tried  it  find,  great  benefit  from  the  opera- 
tion. And  yet  not  one  farmer  in  a  hundred  makes 
it  a  practice  to  use  the  card  or  curry-comb  in  the 
cow-stable.  We  know  stupid  men  who  laugli  at 
the  ideas  as  a  mere  notion  of  some  fancy  farmer. 
But,  in  point  of  fact,  no  cow  can  give  the  best  re- 
sults at  the  pail  unless  this  matter  is  attended  to, 
especially  in  winter. 


OLD  MAIDS. 

There  is  a  stigma  of  reproach  cast   upon  the 
term  "  old  maid" — too  often  justly  so,  I  admit. 
But  where  does  the  fault  lie  ?    I  know  two  women 
who  may  be  classed  in  this  category — unmarried, 
forty  years  old,  or  thereabouts.    Both  are  of  good 
family,  the  daughters  of  wealthy  men.    The  one, 
some  dozen  3^ears    ago,  finding,  as  no  sensible 
woman  can  fail  to  find,  that  fashionable  life  had 
nothing  in  it  to  satisfy  her,  made  a  stand  for  her- 
self.   She  told  her  'family  that  she  must  have  a 
life  of  her  own.    She   had  no   especial  gifts,  ex- 
cept a  remarkable  aptitude  for  business  inherted 
from  her  father.    In  a  quiet  way  she  had  turned 
her  attention  to  fruit-growing,  a  branch  of  indus- 
try offering  many  attractions  to  her,  and  into  that 
business  she  determined  to  enter.    Fortunately, 
she  had  sufficient  money,  left  her  by  her  grand- 
father, to  be  able  to  carry  out  her  plans,  despite 
the  sneers  of  her  fashionable  acquaintance,  and 
the  objections  and  obstacles  raised  by  the  home 
circle.     She  established  herself  on  a  fruit  farm  in 
the  western  part  of  this  Stale.    Her  work  pros- 
pered.   Now  she  is  the  owner  of  several  hundred 
acres,  and  has  constant  and  remunerative  occu- 
pation of  a  kind  agreeable  to  her.    After  a  few 
years  her  father  died,  and,  instead  of   the  rich 
man  he  was  estimated,  he  was  found  to  be  bank, 
rupt.    This  daughter  had  a  comfortable  home  and 
support  to  ofier  her  mother  and  invalid  sifter. 
She  has  quite  a  settlement  of  work  people,  men 
and  women,  to  whom  she  and  her  sister  minister 
in  various  ways.    In  fact,  she  lives  a  life  which 
is  useful  to  others  and  develops  her  own  powers, 
and  in  the  consciousness  of  that  she  finds  happi- 
ness and  peace. — "  New  Wine  In  Old  Bottles," 
in  Feh.  No.  of  Lippincott^ s  Magazine. 

^     urn — ^ — 

A  correspondent  of  the  Western  Rural  says  : 
"  I  wished  to  raise  enough  wheat  for  my  owa 
consumption,  and  wanted  it  clean  from  oats  or 
other  foul  seed.*  In  order  to  clean  it  (the  seed)  I 
used  a  strong  salt  brine,  skimming  the  trash  off. 
The  seed  was  left  in  the  brine  over  night,  and  ia 
the  morning  I  dried  it  with  lime  and  wood  ashes, 
and  sowed  it  by  hand,  five  bushels  on  2i  acres  of 
clay  land,  on  March  31.  The  result  was  seventy- 
seven  bushels  of  splendid  wheat.  The  threshers 
said  it  was  the  best  yield  and  the  best  wheat  they 
had  seen  this  year.  My  neighbors'  best  crops 
have  averaged  from  fifteen  to  twentj^-two  bushels 
per  acre." 

Rust  on  Dinner  Knives^ — Cover  the  steel 
with  sweet  oil,  well  rubbing  it  on.  Let  it  remain 
forty-eight  hours,  and  then,  using  unslacked  lime, 
finely  powdered,  rub  the  knife  until  all  the  rust 
has  disappeared. 


THE 


Vol.  I. 


LANCASTER,  PA,  MARCH,  1869. 


No.  3. 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY 

WYLIE    &    GRIEST, 

INQUIRER  BUILDING,  LANCASTER,  PA., 
At  0:f7E  DOLLAR  PER  YEAR  In  Advance, 

UWPER    THE    AUSPICES    OP    THE 

I.AKCASTEK  COUNTY  A«RIcrL,riIRAI.  ABTD 
HORTI4'UI.TlIKAIi  SOCIETY. 


Publishing  Commiftfe. 
Dr.  p.  W.  Hiestand, 
H.  K.  Stoner, 
Jacob  M.  Frastz, 
Casper  Hillkr, 
Levi  W.  Grofs", 
Alexander  Harris. 


Editorial  Committee. 
•J.  B.  Garbbr, 
H.  M.  Kngle, 
Lev^i  S.  Heist, 
W.  L.  Difpenuerfer, 

J.  H.  MU.SSKR, 

S.  S.  Kathvon. 


■^  All  communications  intended  for  the  Farmer  should  be 
addressed  to  S.  S.  Rathvon  and  Alex.  Harris,  the  resident 
members  of  the  Editing  and  Publishing  Committee.s. 

All  advertisements,  subscriptions  and  remittances,  to  Wylie 
&  Griest,  Printers. 


®:5$ap. 


VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY. 

THE  CELL,  OR  CELLULAR  TISSUE. 

The  simplest  form  of  organic  life  is  the  "  ce?Z." 
This  minute  organism  proceeds  from  the  germ  of 
a  living  parent,  and  in  its  first  stages  of  develop- 
ment is  hut  a  bubble,  as  it  were,  upon  the  surface 
of  the  earth,  which  might  be  the  result  of  fermen. 
tation,  or  a  combination  of  the  gases  of  the  at- 
mosphere with  the  moisture  of  mineral  matter 
and  the  heat  of  the  sun. 

Herein  exists  the  beginning  of  life, — the  first 
vital  principle  of  vegetation.  It  may  be  percept- 
ible to  the  naked  eye,  or  it  may  be  an  atom  of 
microscopical  wonder.  But,  however  small,  and 
in  whatever  circumstances  found,  it  is  the  remote 
principle  and  simplest  creation  of  vital  endow- 
ment. The  precise  property  of  this  endowment 
is  one  of  the  mysteries  connected  with  the  science 
which  has  never  yet  been  revealed.  Suftice  it  to 
say  that  it  is  life,  and  that  it  is  the  result  of  con- 
tact between  the  genn  and  the  conditions  of 
growth.  This  germ  may  be  a  minute  molecule  of 
matter,  butt  it  must  have  a  living  unity  with  its 
condition,  and  be  identical  with  the  species  of 


plant  which  nature  has  designed  shall  be  the  re- 
sult of  its  complete  development. 

This  simple  cell  structure  then  is  composed  of 
atoms  held  together,  not  by  outward  mechan- 
ical or  chemical  laws,  but  by  that  innate  and  posi- 
tive principle  known  as  "  vital  energy."  It  is, 
therefore,  a  membrane  of  living  matter,  contain- 
ing material  and  power  for  the  formation  of  other 
structures  of  a  similar  character. 

When  all  the  conditions  of  growth  are  fully  met' 
and  as  this  germ  cell  increases  in  size,  a  distinc- 
tion becomes  perceptable  between  the  walls  and 
the  contents  of  the  cavity.  The  walls  are  trans- 
parent and  homogenious  in  texture,  whilst  the 
contents  of  the  cavity  vary  m  color  from  green  to 
crimson.  At  first  they,  too,  appear  to  be  homo- 
genious, but  a  fine  granular  appearance  becomes 
perceptible,  and  a  change  gradually  takes  place, 
which  seems  to  consist  in  the  aggregation  of  min- 
ute granules  into  molecules  of  a  more  distin- 
guishable size  and  form.  These  molecules,  which 
are  the  germs  of  new  cells,  se,em  at  first  to  be  at- 
tached to  the  M'alls  of  the  parent  cell ;  afterwards, 
however,  they  separate  from  it,  and  move  about 
in  its  cavity,  and  at  a  later  period  the  cell  bursts 
and  sets  them  free.  This,  then,  is  the  end  of  the 
life  of  the  parent  cell,  but  the  commencement  of 
the  life  of  a  new  brood  ;  since  each  of  these  germs 
may  become  developed  into  another  cell  after  the 
foregoing  manner,  and  will  then  in  its  turn  multi- 
ply in  kind  by  a  similar  process. 

Even  in  this  remote  form  of  life,  therefore,  we 
have  the  principles  of  life  and  death, and  of  re- 
moval and  replacement.  We  have  also  tissues* 
and  organs,  which  grow  and  multiply  as  the  pro- 
cess of  development  is  carried  forward.  As  an 
organ,  it  possesses  the  function  of  secretion  and 
excretion,  to  be  followed  with  the  higher  func- 
tions of  appropriation  and  assimilation,  and  also 
the  property  and  power  of  formation,  through 
the  instrumentality  of  those  functions. 

This  simple  organic  structure  in  the  vegetable, 
world,  finds  its  nutriment  and  proper  stimulant, 
in  certain  elements  which  are  the  results  of  the 
combined  chemical  action  of  heat,  moisture  and 
lio-ht.    The  essential  agents  of  enlargement  are 


34 


THE  LANCASTER  FAKMEE. 


carbonic-acid  gas,  water  and  ammonia.  Where 
these  are  present,  the  cell  will  grow  and  multiply 
hy  the  appropriation  of  new  and  other  compounds, 
whose  properties  adapt  them  to  become  part  of 
the  organized  fabric. 

As  these  structures  increase,  and  are  built  one 
upon  the  other,  they  form  a  net-work  of  living 
matter,  which,  when  interwoven  with  matter  of 
a  more  complex  character,  is  termed  "  cellular  tis- 
sue.'''' This  is  the  lowest  and  simplest  fabric 
known  to  vegetable  life.  All  plants  are  com- 
posed of  it,  irrespective  of  the  manifold  forms 
they  ultimately  assume.  But  as  the  process  of 
development  has  only  begun,  new  tissues  are 
formed,  consisting  of"  Woody  Tissue,''''  ov'-'-  Woody 
Fibre,''''  and  "  Vascular  Tissue,''^  and  vessels  of  va- 
rious forms. 

The  cells  in  the  tissues  just  enumerated,  as- 
sume different  forms,  according  to  the  character 
of  the  plant  or  the  nature  of  the  tissue  they  are 
designed  to  build  up,  when  the  plant  is  in  a  higher 
and  more  complex  stage  of  development.  They 
are  in  the  embryotic  stage,  however,  exceedingly 
variable,  but  always  adapt  themselves,  in  form  at 
least,  to  the  conditions  of  growth  by  which  they 
are  surrounded.  Some  plants  require  a  circula- 
tion of  air  through  their  entire  fabric,  as  much  as 
they  do  sap.  In  such  structures  the  cells  are 
usually  round,  or  nearly  so,  with  inter-cellular 
spaces  adapted  to  such  circulation.  Others,  again, 
of  a  denser  texture,  have  the  cells  pressed  to- 
gether into  square  blocks,  as  it  were,  like  a  brick 
wall. 

The  tissue  thus  begun,  is  carried  forward  by 
the  same  process  of  rdmoval  and  replacement,  and 
assimilation  and  appropriation.  Drawing  the 
conditions  of  life  and  growth  from  the  inorganic 
world,  the  plant  assumes  a  shape  peculiar  to  its 
kind,  f'and  its  tissues  are  condensed  into  the 
solid  unyielding  bark  or  wood  of  the  tree,  or  the 
softer  substances  of  fruit  and  vegetable  fabric. 

There  are  peculiar  isomeric  compounds  brought 
into  requisition,  in  this  phenomena  of  growth,  by 
which  a  mutual  convertibility  of  the  different  sub- 
'stances  is  effected.  Cellulose,  whteh  is  the  same 
as  starch,  and  which  enters  largely  into  the  sub- 
stance of  vegetation,  is  in  the  germinating  seed 
converted  into  sugar,  in  which  condition  it  seems 
better  suited  by  virtue  of  its  solubility  to  noiuish 
the  embryo  plant. 

This  is  analagous  to  the  phenomena  of  growth 
and  nourishment  in  the  animal.  Both  plants  and 
animals,  therefore,  it  becomes  apparent,  in  their 
properties  and  structure,  may  take  their  origin 
from  the  same  organic  material.  Cellular  tissue, 
vascular  tissue,  cellulose  and  lignin,  in  regular  con- 
tinuity, are  furnished  by  the  same  glutinous  sap. 


elaborated  by  the  same  powers  of  nature,  started 
by  the  germ  of  sugar,  from  the  particle  of  cellulose 
placed  in  condition  of  vital  force  and  activity. 

The  process  of  nature  in  the  mineral  is  far  dif- 
ferent. There  the  law  of  attraction  and  cohesion 
being  the  principle  of  enlargement,  the  crystal 
grows  by  attracting  particles  of  a  similar  sub- 
stance to  it  in  solution.  It  enlarges  by  the  de- 
posit of  particles  upon  its  exterior ;  whilst  there 
is  no  sueh  change  or  power  in  the  interior. 

The  cell,  on  the  other  hand,  grows  by  an  inter- 
stitial deposit.  Xew  matter  mingles  with  the 
old,  from  an  inward  force,  and  its  growth  is  char- 
acteristic of  the  species  of  plant  to  which  it  be- 
longs. 

The  laws,  however,  which  govern  formation  and 
growth  by  the  proces's  of  appropriation  and  as- 
shnilation,  must  have  their  counterpart  in  princi- 
ples of  waste  and  displacement.  There  must  be 
a  circulation  by  which  effete  matter  is  thrown  off, 
whilst  healthy  tissue  is  being  formed  ;  in  the  veg- 
etable as  well  as  in  the  animal.  If  this  provision 
did  not  exist,  the  equilibrium  of  the  conditions  of 
vital  force  would  be  materially  disturbed,  and  the 
organic  mass,  or  object,  would  be  subject  to  the 
most  terrible  and  monstrous  malformations.  There 
would  also  be  chemical  convolutions  by  which 
volatile  gases  would  roll  together  with  no  fixed 
laws,  and  be  subject  to  violent  combustion.  Or 
be  consumed  by  the  oxygen  gas,  set  free  by  the 
loss  or  absorbtion  of  the  forces  which  hold  it 
in  chemical  union  and  combination,  in  the  forma- 
tion of  cellular  tissue,  in  the  simplest  vegetable 
organism,  as  well  as  in  the  elements  which  sur- . 
round  the  globe  upon  which  we  live. 


S.  W. 


(to  be  continued.) 


THE  CULTUHB  OF  WHEAT,  AND  ITS 
SOIL. 

BY  P.  S.  EEIST. 

Among  the  various  cereals  there  is  none  so  pro- 
fitable, and  none  so  palatable,  to  civilized  man,  as 
that  of  wheat.  It  is  the  most  prominent  and  sta- 
ple product  of  the  earth,  and  may  be  classed  as 
one  of  the  principal  supports  of  human  life.  Cul- 
tivated in  all  civilized  countries,  and  in  all  ages, 
it  constitutes  a  great  part  of  the  world's  com- 
merce. It  has  increased  in  quantity  in  the  United 
States  from  time  to  time,  varied  only  in  unfavor- 
able seasons,  the  average  bulk  increasing  steadily, 
the  quality  holding  about  its  own.  But  the  quan- 
tity is  evidently  decreasing  to  the  acre,  as  gradu- 
ally as  our  lands  are  wearing  down,  especially  in 
those  parts  of  the.Union,  where  geod  farming  is 
neglected;  hence  the  product  is  reduced  from 
forty  down  to  fifteen,  and  in  some  cases  even  to 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


35 


ten  bushels  to  the  acre,  according  to  the  fertility 
of  the  soil,  favorable  seasons  or  management. — 
That  this  result  is  not  merely  local,  but  that  it  is 
pretty  widely  extended,  whatever  the  cause  may 
be,  is  evident  from  the  following  extract  culled 
from  the  colmnns  of  a  cotemporary  journal,  and  to 
say  the  least,  is  suggestive  of  a  very  unfavorable 
state  of  affairs  : 

"  The  San  Francisco  papers  complain  that  the 
yield  of  wheat  in  California  has  fallen  from  forty 
bushels  an  acre  down  to  twenty  bushels  ;  and  that 
if  the  present  improvident  style  of  farming  con- 
tinues, the  crops  will  not  average  over  twelve 
bushels  an  acre.  The  old  custom  of  burning  the 
stubble  and  straw,  instead  of  turning  it  into  com- 
post, has  been  revived.  If  the  practice  is  not 
abandoned,  the  worn-out  fields  of  California,  it  is 
asserted,  cannot  be  restored  without  great  ex- 
pense and  the  application  of  the  best  agricultm'al 
skill." 

In  speaking  of  the  soil  it  may  be  said,  that  prim, 
arily,  there  are  two  kinds,  called  natural  and  arti- 
ficial :  the  natural  constituting  the  original,  where 
timbers  and  forests  have  been  cleared  away,  and 
prairie  lands  composed  of  deposits  of  perishable 
vegetable  matter,  that  has  been  accumulating  for 
thousands  of  years,  filling  up  and  creating  a  rich 
soil,  and  without  which  hardly  anj^thm.g  could  l)e 
raised.  The  artijicial  soil  is  made  up  of  lime, 
manure,  and  different  kinds  of  fertilizers,  spread 
over  and  mixed  with  the  ground. 

What  we  call  new  lands,  such  as  is  cleared  of  its 
timbers  and  forests,  and  prairie  lands,  will,  by  pro- 
per treatment,  produce  forty  bushels  of  wheat  to 
the  acre,  as  is  now  naturally  the  custom.  How- 
ever, crop  after  crop  is  taken  oft',  until  the  ingre- 
dients or  substances  composing  wheat,  such  as 
hydrogen,  oxygen,  potash,  silica,.&c.,  are  entirely 
exhausted,  and  nothing  is  done  to  replenish  the 
same. 

Of  the  grain  cultivated,  sold  and  shipped,  much 
of  it  is  converted  into  alcoholic  liquors,  and  made 
into  pernicious  beverages,  the  excessive  use  of 
which  mars  the  peace  and  happiness  of  the  human 
family ;  thereby  reducing  the  bulk  necessary  for 
man's  subsistence.  A  great  deal  of  straw  com- 
mitted to  the  flames — not  enough  manm-e  made 
to  keep  up  the  soil  to  a  grain  producing  standard, 
with  no  facilities  to  procure  lime  in  maiiy  parts 
of  the  Union ,  and  most  of  the  patent  or  improved 
fertilizers  too  expensive  for  general  use.  Thus  a 
great  part  of  the  best  sections  of  our  country,  the 
best  wheat  producing  sections,  are  reduced  to  a 
deplorable  condition,  without  any  ?'e«Z  prospect  of 
their  recovery. 

Our  wheat  crop  Ijad  steadily  increased  in  bulk 
up  to  the  year  1850.  We  had  an  annnal  yield  of 
100,400,000  bushels,  and  about  seventy  per.  cent 
©f  an  increase  every  two  years,  which  raised  the 


amount  up  to  170,180,000  in  1860,  which  ought  to 
show  the  gross  amount  in  1870,  of  280,000,000 
bushels.  It  is  not  my  purpose  now  to  speak  con- 
cerning the  different  kinds  of  wheat,  nor  the  best 
quality,  but  the  best  way  to  raise  the  largest 
quantity  to  the  acre. 

Land  should  be  plowed  early.  Land  that  is 
plowed  early  in  the  spring  of  the  year,  even  when 
a  crop  of  tobacco  had  bjeen  previously  raised^ 
thereon,  can  be  made  to  produce  a  good,  cropof 
wheat,  v/iihout  plowing  in  autumn  at  all.  Lxiid 
ought  also  to  be  plowed  in  June  or  July ;  or  at 
least,  as  early  as  practicable;  indeed  any  kind  of 
land  can  hardly  be  plowed  too  early,  in  order  tliat 
the  rains  may  beat  it  down.  My  way  of  raising 
wheat  on  stubble  land,  is  to  haul  manure  on  it 
immediately  after  harvest,  and  to  plow  it  under  as 
soon  as  practicable,  say  before  or  by  the  first  of 
September.  Land  for  w'heat  should  be  plowed, 
rolled  and  harrowed,  so  that  the  rains  may  beat 
it  down  solid  and  compact  underneath,  but  should 
be  cultivated  and  rolled  on  top  about  three  inches 
as  loose  and  mellow  as  the  roller  and  harrow  can 
make  it,  and  then  should  be  sown  from  the  15th 
to  the  25th  of  September,  when  the  ground  is  in 
good  order,  say  from  one  bushel  and  a  half  to  one 
bushel  and  tlnree  pecks  to  the  acre.  The  ground 
must  necessarily  be  solid  and  compact  though  not 
hard  and  crusty  underneath,  but  loose  and  mellow 
on  the  top,  and  should  be  sown  early  enough  to 
give  grain  a  chance  to  cover  its  roots  in  the  fall 
before  cold  weather  sets  in,  in  order  to  protect 
itself  from  freezing  out',  or  freezing  on  top,  (when 
grass  seed  will  also  succeed  better.)  All  this  is 
proven  on  all  alluvial  soils,  and  where  the  tough 
sod  on  prairies  is  reduced  to  a  fine  loose  state. 

No  winter  wheat  can  be  raised,  let  the  soil  be 
ever  so  fertile,  excejit  the  season  turns  out  extra- 
ordinarily favorable,  unless  the  wheat  fields  are 
covered  with  snow  to  protect  it ;  early  in  the  fall 
until  late  in  the  spring  The  roots  of  wheat  ex- 
posed to  the  cold  air  in  the  loose  ground,  will 
freeze,  the  same  as  the  roots  of  apple  or  p'ear  trees 
will.  My  advice  to  farmers  is,  in  order  |o  raise 
good  crops  of  wheat  and  in  addition  to  what  I 
have  already  said,  to  feed  their  corn  to  cattle,  and 
convert  all  their  straw  into  manure  during  winter, 
but  keep  less  stock  during  summer,  so  as  not  to 
rob  the  fields  of  their  verdure. 

[As  have  a  bearing  upon  the  subject  discussed 
in  Mr.  Reist's  essay,  we  commend  to  our  readers 
the  following ;  especially  as  the  matter  is  eliciting 
the  attention  of  wheat-growers  in  various  sections 
of  our  extended  country,  and  not  without  well 
grounded  anxiety  in  regard  to  the  future.  The 
time  has  arrived  when  it  seems  something  ought 
to  be  done ,  in  order  to  bring  up  the  production  of 


.^6 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


ihis  staple  cereal  to  the  ratio  of  our  rapidly  iu- 
<;reasing  population. — Eds.] 

Wheat— Its  Present  and  Future  Production. 

From  present  indications  the  production  of 
-wheat  does  not  l:eep  pace  with  the  increase  of 
population ;  or,  in  other  words,  the  demand  is 
rapidly  out-growing  the  supply.  Were  it  not  for 
the  adventitious  supply  from  the  Pacific  slope,  we 
:should  be  importing  wheat  or  live  upon  rye  and 
Indian  bread — no  bad  substitute  for  the  wheaten 
loaf,  and  much  cheaper,  and  our  bran-bread  philo- 
sophers would  say,  much  more  heathful.  There 
is  no  fear  of  a  scarcity  of  bread  food. 

Indian  corn  is  truly  the  golden  gift  of  a  benefi- 
■cent  Creator  to  man.  Its  importance  is  not  even 
yet  properly  appreciated.  Upon  it  more  than  any 
other  cereal  depends  the  prosperity  of  the  Conti- 
nent. The  wheat  crop  has  no  real  significance 
beside  it.  A  failure  in  the  corn  crop  over  the 
"whole  country  would  be  far  more  disastrous  than 
•of  the  wheat  crop. 

Upon  an  abundant  crop  of  corn  depends  cheaper 
pork,  beef,  mutton,  poultry  and  eggs— of  butter 
^nd  cheese,  and,  what  some  may  consider  the 
greatest  benefit  of  any,  whisky.  The  wide  range 
■given  to  its  successful  cultivation,  from  Labrador 
to  Florida,  and  the  ease  and  certainty  wherewith 
dt  is  cultivated,  make  it,  especially  among  cereals 
■what  gold  is  among  metals — the  most  precious. 

But  by  adopting  proper  modes  of  cultivation, 
may  not  the  production  of  wheat  be  increased  to 
an  unlimited  extent  ?  In  other  words,  has  popu- 
lation so  far  trenched  upon  land  as  to  materially 
lessen  the  area  which  can  yet  be  devoted  to  its 
production,  even  in  the  older  sections  of  the 
Union  r*  AVhile  the  soil  is  in  its  virgin  state,  filled 
■with  vegetable  matter,  and  the  accumulated  min- 
•eral  plant  food,  wheat  can  be  grown.  But  in  most 
soils,  except  of  a  calcareous  base,  the  usual  modes 
-of  cultivation  soon  exhaust  its  power  of  produ- 
cing wheat  in  any  remunerative  quantities.  The 
area  of  lands  which  are  natural  to  the  plant,  or 
to  its  successful  cultivation,  is  smaller,  perhaps, 
than  is  generally  supposed.  New  England  has 
not  over  two  per  cent. ;  New  York  only  twenty; 
Pennsylvania,  eighteen ;  while  all  that  part  of  the 
West  which  lies  upon  the  New  York  system  of 
rocks  has  about  sixty  per  cent,  of  natural  wheat 
soils,  and  the  Southern  or  Cotton  States  have  a 
still  larger  proportion  of  their  area  where  wheat 
may  be  grown  as  an  indigenous  plant.  The  area 
'hereafter  brought  under  cultivation  will  be  equal 
at  le^t  to  that  which  may  be  taken  up  for  the  ex- 
igencies of  an  increased  population. 

The  area  of  land  now  in  cultivation  m  the 
United  States  and  its  Territories  is  not  far  from 
one  hundred  and  sixty-five  millions  of  acres — say 
one  hundred  in  the  Northern  and  Western  States 
and  sixty-five  in  the  Southern.  For  seed  and 
bread  our  population  requires  an  annual  product 
of  two  hundred  millions  of  bushels  of  wheat.  This 
quantity  is  about  om-  annual  product.  The  aver- 
age yield  is  about  five  to  one  sown.  In  California 
and  in  some  of  the  most  productive  wheat-grow- 
ing States,  it  is  much  higher,  but  in  the  South, 
owing  to  their  present  defective  mode  of  cultiva- 
tion, it  is  much  lower— probably  not  reaching  over 
-two  and  a  half,  or  possibly  three. 


By  the  "  South,"  now  and  hereafter,  I  wish  to 
be  understood  as  referring  to  the  Cotton  Zone, 
which  lies  beyond  and  south  of  the  thirty-seventh 
parallel  of  north  latitude,  or  the  north  lines  of 
North  Carolina,  Tennessee  and  Arkansas,  to  the 
Mexican  boundary. 

It  is  safe  to  assume  the  annual  average  acreable 
product  of  all  the  acres  sown  to  wheat  in  the 
Union  do  not  exceed  eight  bushels  of  sixty  pounds 
to  the  bushel,  or  not  enough  is  harvested  from  the 
acre  to  support  two  persons  and  furnish  seed  for 
the  next  crop.  The  acreable  product  is  undoubt- 
edly estimated  at  too  high  a  figure.  Of  the  en- 
closed land  in  farms,  at  least  one-half,  or  fifty  per 
cent.,  is  in  meadow  or  pasture.  Of  the  other,  or 
arable  or  plow  land,  it  will  be  found  that  not  over 
one-sixth  will  be  in  wheat,  even  in  wheat  farms. 
The  balance  will  be  in  corn,  rye,  barley,  oats, 
buckwheat,  beans  and  roots  of  different  kinds.  It 
follows,  then,  that  of  the  land  enclosed  and  in 
farms,  only  about  one-half,  or  eighty-two  and  a 
half-million  of  acres,  are  in  grass  as  pasture  or 
meadow,  and  the  other  half  covered  with  tillage 
crops.  Of  tillage  crops,  wheat  does  not  average 
more  than  twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the  breadth 
plowed. 

The  number  of  farmers  occupying  farms  above 
three  acres  each  amount  to  three  millions  and  the 
average  size  of  the  area  of  enclosed  land  in  farms 
is  not  far  from  fifty-five  acres,  of  which  not  over 
twenty-seven  acres  are  annually  under  the  plow 
or  in  cultivated  crops.  If  my  premises  be  true, 
not  over  seven  acres  of  each  farm  can  be  in 
wheat. —  T.  C  Peters^  in  Moore'' s  Rural  New 
Yorker. 


BOTANY. 

Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen :  The  word  Botany, 
from  the  Greek,  signifies  herb  or  grass.  Indeed, 
the  study  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  is  included  in 
the  word  Botany,  and  embraces,  1st,  A  knowledge 
of  the  various  parts  comprising  plants,  and  of 
their  uses,  their  mode  of  culture,  and  their  diffu- 
sion over  the  earth.  2d.  An  arrangement  of  plants 
into  classes  and  families,  according  to  certain  pre- 
vailing resemblances,  by  which  thej^  are  named 
and  described,  so  that  they  may  readily  be  known. 
3d.  The  various  uses  of  plants,  as  for  food,  medi- 
cine, art  and  manufactures. 

Considering  the  profusion  and  variety  of  vege- 
table forms  with  which  God  has  clothed  the  earth, 
it  is  no  wonder  that  the  attention  of  the  earliest 
races  of  mankind  were,  as  they  must  have  been, 
directed  to  the  vegetable  kingdom.  Hence  we 
find  Noah  represented  as  a  husbandman,  plant- 
ing the  vine.  The  Ishmaelites  carried  spices, 
balm  and  myrrh  from  Gilead  to  Egypt,  in  the  days 
of  Joseph.  Solomon  was,  no  doubt,  a  Botanist. 
For  in  the  Book  of  Kings  it  is  said  :  "  He  spake 
of  trees  from  the  Cedar  tree  that  is  in  Lebanon, 
even  unto  the  Hyssop  that,  spriugeth  out  of  the 
wall."  Suffice  it  to  say  that  the  science  is  as  old 
as  it  is  honorable  and  worthy  the  attention  of  all 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


37 


classes,  and  especially  adapted  to  the  aspiring 
Agricultwalists  of  our  growing  country,  who  seek 
to  elevate  their  noble  profession  to  its  just  rank 
among  human  pursuits— knowing,  as  they  do,  that 
intellect  will  aid  muscle  in  accomplishing  useful 
purposes.  That  there  are  some  plodding  disciples 
of  the  old  school  of  Agriculture,  who  despise  every 
form  of  knowledge  derived  from  books,  may  be 
true,  and  that  they  have  serious  objections  to  many 
of  the  terms  adopted  in  the  machinery  of  science, 
is  not  surprising.  Yet,  nev/  as  the  terms  may  be, 
and  hard  to  understand  at  first,  an  active  intellect 
will  speedily  acquire  the  meaning  of  words,  which 
are  definite  in  their  signification,  and.  when  once 
understood,  will  give  a  clear  idea  of  what  partic- 
ular plant  or  feature  is  described. 

In  these,  my  introductory  remarks,  I  have 
briefly  hinted  to  the  general  question.  The  sub- 
ject is  so  extensive,  and  the  field  so  large,  that  I 
shall  not  attempt  to  dwell  upon  the  structure  of 
plants,  theii-  organs  and  functions,  of  the  nutrition, 
reproduction,  fructification,  germination,  &c.,  as 
these  matters  are  fully  set  forth  in  works  pub- 
lished on  these  subjects,  to  the  study  of  vt'hich,  I 
would  simply  direct  your  attention. 

Nevertheless,  I  may  say  that  Agricultural 
operations,  with  the  vegetable  kingdom,  rank- 
higher  than  those  with  the  soil  or  machines,  as 
requiring  not  only  knowlege,  but  a  considerable 
degree  of  skill. 

Weeding,  however  simple  an  operation,  re- 
quires a  certain  degree  of  Botanical  skill  to  know 
what  to  weed  -or  extract.  There  are  such  plants 
as  it  is  not  desired  to  cultivate ;  the  weeder  should 
know  at' sight  the  plants  to  be  left  from  such  as 
are  to  be  removed,  which  is  generally  a  matter  of 
no  difficulty,  since  the  cultivated  plants  are  few 
and  well  known,  whereas  the  weeds  aie  numer- 
ous. It  is  yet  desirable  to  know  the  character  of 
the  weeds,  however  common.  Some  have  valu- 
able medicinal  properties,  or  are  useful  for  other 
domestic  purposes.  You  may  have  read  of  them 
in  your  papers,  but  being  unacquainted  with  them, 
do  not  know  that  among  the  weeds  plucked  up 
and  thrown  on  the  muck  heap,  some  bear  seeds 
that  will  multiply  the  crop  in  your  fields  spread 
over  with  manure,  which,  had  they  been  laid 
aside,  there  use  might  have  saved  you  the  expense 
of  an  inferior  article  bought  in  the  drug  shop. 

Many  of  our  weeds  have  been  introduced  from 
Europe,  like  the  Camelina  Sativa,  known  as  wild 
flax  in  German,  Der  Leindotter,  and  sold  in  the 
seed  shops  as  "  Gold  of  Pleasure."  Dr.  S.  Keller, 
of  Elizabethtown,  sowed  a  large  patch  of  this 
pernicious  weed,  bought  under  the  glowing  title 
of"  Gold  of  Pleasure."  I  then  informed  him  that 
it  was  a  regular  pest  in  many  of  the  grain  fields 


about  Mount  Joy,  and  being  an  annual,  it  is,  how- 
ever, not  easy  to  prevent  it  from  maturing  its 
seeds,  and  that  farmers  had  better  watch  the  pro- 
gress of  this  plant  and  .arrest  its  appearance. 
This  fcjrcigner  was  formerly  frequent  among  flax 
— and  some  ignorantly  supposed  it  degenerated 
flax.  I  mention  this  plant  because  our  worthy 
President  called  my  attention  to  it  under  the 
German  name  of  Dodd. 

The  flax  vine  Dodder  is  a  cusciita,  belonging  to 
the  natural  order  of  the  ConvolvalaceK,  while  the 
camelina  belongs  to  the  crucifcrae,  two  very  dis- 
tinct orders  of  plante.  The  cabbage  tribe  and 
mustard  tribe,  and  the  morning  glory  tribe,  hav- 
ing no  affinity  with  each  other.  Such  is  the  dif- 
ficulty arising  from  common  names  indiscrimi- 
nately applied,  which  the  true  scientific  name  at 
once  separates  as  not  onl^''  distinct  genera,  but 
actually  in  widely  separated  classes — plants  hav- 
ing the  one  polypetalous,and  the  other  monopet- 
alous  corolla.  The  cuscuta  is  a  parasitic  herb, 
with  slender,  twining,  leitHess  orange  colored 
stems ;  germinating  in  the  earth,  but  speedily  at- 
taching themselves  toother  plants  by  a  radicating 
process,  through  which  they  derive  nourishment 
and,  dying  at  the  root,  soon  lose  all  direct  con- 
nection with  the  soil.  The  flowers  are  in  clusters,, 
and  form,  frequently,  tangled  masses  along  the 
margins  of  our  streams,  entwining  the  lizard's 
tail  and  other  plants  growing  along  the  banks,, 
as  well  as  among  cultivated  plants,  which  they 
sap  of  their  juices.  I  should,  perhaps,  not  have 
made  personal  remarks,  but  I  was  referring  to- 
facts  to  illustrate  a  point,  and  might  adduce 
numerous  instances  of  the  kind,  but  my  object  is 
attained,  if  it  will  call  your  serious  attention  to 
the  subject  of  Botany,  Having  done  me  the 
honor  to  elect  me  Botanist  ,of  your  society,  I 
shall  cheerfully  give  at  all  times  such  informatioa 
as  thirty  years  study  of  the  subject  may  enablft 
me  to  give.  Any  weeds,  culled  by  the  members 
at  any  time,  and  submitted  to  my  inspection,  shall 
be  described,  as  I  doubt  not,  with  satisfixction  to 
those  who  may  desire  such  description  and  name 
of  the  plant.    Very  respectfully  submitted  by 

Jacob  Stauffer. 


^grkaWura 


WHEAT  VERSUS  CEEAT. 

After  the  many  discussions  and  refutations  of 
wheat  turning  into  cheat,  and  the  standing  offer 
of  SlOO  by  the  Farmers'  Club  of  Xew  York  to 
any  person  who  will  show  to  said  club  a  stalk  of 
cheat  grown  from  a  grain  of  wheat ;  tliere  are 
still  many  otherwise  honest, good,  practical  farm- 


38 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


ers,  who  believe  iu  the  transmutatiou  theory  as 
firmly  as  in  anything  else.  Such  a  belief  seems 
in  itself  harmless,  but  its  tendencies  and  results 
are  by  no  means  harmless.  It  follows,  as  a  mat- 
ter of  course,  that  those  who  believe  that  wheat 
will  turn  to  cheat,  will  grow  a  larger  proportion 
of  the  latter,  than  those  who  disbelieve  ;  conse- 
quently thousands  of  bushels  of  it  grow  annually 
where  wheat  might  grow  as  well.  And  this  is  not 
the  only  evil  result,  but  also  the  reduction  of  the 
value  of  the  wheat  with  which  it  is  mixed,  as  mil- 
lers are  often  unable,  and  frequently  indifferent, 
to  clean  it.  The  consequence  is,  blue  flour  and 
blue  bread.  Our  candid  belief  is  that  if  every 
farmer  iu  the  country  would,  for  a  series  of  years, 
allow  not  a  single  grain  of  cheat  to  mature  on 
his  farm,  he  would  have  no  longer  any  cheat 
about  which  to  believe  or  doubt.  As  a  general 
thing,  the  farmer  who  does  not  believe  in  the 
changing  theory,  is  very  little  troubled  with  cheat, 
unless  unfortunately  he  gets  seed  wheat  from  his 
believing  neighbor,  or,  from  some  believer.  Ad- 
mitting the  theory  of  Botanists  and  Naturalists, 
that  all  the  grains  have  been  developed  from  the 
grasses,  and  consequently  may  return  again  to 
their  original  condition. 

It  d.oes  not,  however,  seem  reasonable  that  a 
grass  which  had  been  thousands  of  years  in  de- 
veloping to  a  grain,  should  in  one  year  return  to 
a  grass.  That  nature  has  frequently,  and  may 
again,  produce  remarkable  freaks  will  not  be  de- 
nied, but  the  returning  of  wheat  to  cheat  with  so 
much  certainty  as  many  would  have  us  believe, 
can  scarcely  be  considered  a  freak.  We,  there- 
fore, admit  our  skepticism  in  the  ease,  and  enter 
our  protest  against  the  disseminating  of  such  a 
theory  as  derogatory  to  good  husl)andry.  And, 
further,  why  should  not  the  rule  work  both  ways, 
so  that  if  wheat  will  tm-n  to  cheat  and  this  be  sown, 
may  it  not  return  to  wheat  again.  Siich'  results, 
however,  our  opponents  do  not  claim,  nor  yet 
even  admit.  It  is^  therefore,  high  time  that  this 
fossil  idea  be  eradicated,  and  instead  thereof,  that 
sounder  principles  be  inculcated,  when,  no  doubt, 
better  practical  resuks  will  follow. 

_^^  _^  H.  M.  E. 

HOW  TO  RAISE  CHESTES.  COUH"TY 
HOGS. 
The  "Chester  county  hogs"  are  extensively 
known  throughout  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  at 
least  Eastern  Pennsylvania.  In  some  places,  and 
by  some  people  they  are  called"  Chester  Whites," 
and  are  considered  superior  to  anything  else  of 
the  hog  kind;  while  at  the  same  thne,  adjoining 
counties  may  have  breeds  of  their  own,  that  are 
not  inferior  to  these— or  indeed  a  better  breed. 
There  seems  however  to  be  "  ever}- thing  in  a 


name."  At  an  agricultural  exhibition  in  1860,  a 
neighbor  of  mine  purchased  and  brought  home 
some  Chester  county  pigs,  obtaining  them  from  a 
noted  breeder  of  that  county.  As  the  holders  of 
these  animals  claimed  to  be  of  the  progressive 
type,  I  was  also  induced  to  procure  some  of  them, 
turning  my  former  stock  out  to  run  at  large.  I 
felt  exceedingly  proud  in  being  the  possessor  of 
this  "  Chester  county  stock,"  but  I  soon  "  come  to 
grief."  They  had  an  ungovernable  penchant  for 
crawling  out  of  the  pen  and  scaling  fences,  some- 
thing I  had  never  seen  before,  to  the  same  extent, 
in  any  breed  of  swine.  I  could  only  make  them 
weigh  from  two  to  three  hundred  pounds,  and  felt 
that  I  had  better  let  the  man  keep  his  pigs,  and 
been  content  with  the  breed  I  had  before ;  and 
which,  without  having  the  crawling  and  scaling 
propensities  of  the  Chesters,  I  could  easily  make 
to  weigh  from  three  to  five  hundred  pounds. — . 
These  latter  were  the  pure  Lancaster  county 
breed.  I  started  afresh  with  the  ordinary  Lan- 
caster county  stock,  and  all  other  things  being 
equal,  they  will  compare  with  the  best  Chester 
county  stock.  Under  favorable  circumstances  I 
can  make  them  weigh  from  three  hundred  and 
fifty,  to  six  hundred  pounds. 

I  sold  one  of  them  to  Mr.  Abraham  Shenk  of 
Oregon,  in  this  county,  which,  at  tliis  writing,  will 
weigh  from  six  to  seven  hundred  pounds,  and  bids 
fair  to  become  much  heavier.  That.there  is  a  dif- 
ference in  the  breed  of  hogs  I  admit.  A  person 
who  IS  a  good  judge  of  stock,  is  able  at  once  to 
select  a  good  breed,  from  the  general  appearance. 
Such  judges  are  to  be  found  in  any  of  our  eastern 
counties,  and  perhaps  also  elsewhere.  Two  years 
ago,  I  bred  three  litters — twentj'-three  in  num- 
ber, all  about  the  same  age,  and  all  of  the  same 
breed.  I  sold  them  all,  twelve  of  them  to  tlii'ee 
parties,  who  made  a  first,  second,  and  third  choice. 
The  remaining  eleven  were  sold  to  two  parties, 
six  months  afterwards.  I  afterwards  took  occa- 
sion to  see  the  hogs  I  had  sold,  and  found  that 
the  three  parties  who  had  made  the  three  first 
choices,  had  only  ordinary  hogs— they  had  the  ap- 
pearances of  western  breeds;  whilst  the  eleven, 
sold  to  the  two  parties,  had  the  appearance  of 
Chester  whites,  and  could  have  been  sold  as  such. 
To  succeed  with  these  boss,  they  should  be  kept 
in  a  dry  and  warm  pen  or  stable,  with  tv/o  apart- 
ments if  possil)le.  They  should  be  furnished  daily 
with  dry  straw,  and  fed  regular.  This  is  the  way 
/  "  raise  Chester  county  hogs,"  namely,  by  select- 
ing good  Lancaster  county  stock,  and  then  giving 
them  good  Lancaster  county  treatment.  By  this 
rule  you  can  increase  the  quantity  one  hundred 
per  cent,  over  the  Chesters,  and  lose  nothing  in 
qualit}' — at  least  this  has  been  my  experience  in 


raising  hogs. 


L.  S.  R. 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


39 


SORGHUM. 

"We  hear  less  and  less  of  the  culture  of  the  Chi- 
nese sugar-cane.  In  the  eastern  and  middle  States 
it  has  evidently  declined;  but  in  the  western 
States  the  reverse  is  the  case.  The  Sorgho  Jour- 
nal is  still  published  at  Cincinnati,  but  it  is  not 
devoted  exclusively  to  this  subject ;  yet  the  man- 
ufactiu-ing  of  molasses  from  sorghum  is  clearly  on 
the  increase  farther  west,  where  the  cost  of  the 
imported  article  is  much  dearer  than  with  us. 
Sugar,  of  excellent  quality,  has  in  some  instances 
been  made  from  this  cane,  and  from  the  fact  that 
the  business  appears  to  be  extending,  it  must  be 
profitable. 


m 


PLUMS  FOH  THE  MILLION. 

"We  quote  from  the  columns  of  that  excellent 
journal  the  American  Entomologist,  the  following 
article  on  the  cultivation  of  certain  kinds  of  i)lums, 
which  seem  to  be  curculio-proof,  believing  that 
the  subject  is  of  sufficient  importance  to  interest 
cultivators  of  that  fruit  in  this  locality. 

"  "We  have  shown,  in  preceding  articles, 
how  professional  fruit-growers  may  raise  good 
crops  of  plums,  of  any  desirable  variety  suited  to 
their  locality  :  first  by  frequent  jarring  their  trees 
and  destroying  the  curculios  that  fall  therefrom ; 
and,  secondly,  by  allowing  hogs  the  range  of  their 
orchards,  so  as  to  get  rid  of  all  wormy  fruit  as  it 
falls,  and  thus  nip  the  evil  in  the  bud. 

But  for  the  unprofessional  cultivator,  who  has 
only  a  few  trees  growing  in  his  garden,  both  the 
above  methods  are,  as  a  general  rule,  impracti- 
cable. It  is  as  much  trouble  to  prepare  for  jarr- 
ing a  single  tree,  as  for  jarring  a  hundred,  and  as 
to  allowmg  hogs  the  run  of  a  garden,  that  of 
course  is  out  of  die  question. 

I^uckily,  however,  for  those  who  wish  to  culti- 
vate phnns  on  a  small  scale,  though  not  of  the 
finest  quality,  there  are  two  varieties,  which  may 
yet  be  grown  successfully,  without  any  special  at- 
tention to  fighting  the  curoulio.  Tlie  first  of  these 
is  the  Columbia  plum,  a  variety  of  the  European 
species — Prunus  domestica.  The  second  is  the 
Minor  plum,  otherwise  known  as  the  Hinckley 
plum,  Isabella  phun,  Gillett  plum,  Townsend 
plum,  liobinson  phmi,  &c.,  Avhich  is  a  cultivated 
variety  of  one  of  our  American  v^ild  plums,  dis- 
tinguislu'd  by  botanists  as  the  Chickasaw  or  Wild- 
goose  plum — Prunus  Chicalasa.  The  native  home 
of  tins  wild  species  seems  to  be  the  South-West- 
ern  states ;  ])ut  Dr.  Lathum  quotes  it  as  occasion- 
ally found  in  Illinois.  It  is  altogether  .dillerent 
from  the  common  wild  plum  of  the  "West — Prunus 
Americana,  whiclihas  a  smooth,  less  elongate  leaf, 
and  diflers  in  various  other  respects." 

The  article  then  goes  on  to  state  that  the  Col- 
umbian plum,  is  extensively  raised  near  Albany? 
N.  Y.,is  round,  and  fully  two  inches  in  diameter, 
ripens  in  August,  and  brings  from  SIO  to  S12  a 


bushel  in  market.  Although  this  plum  is  as  freely 
stung  by  the  curculio  as  any  other  vai-iety,  yet 
such  is  the  exuberent  flow  of  its  juice,  that  the 
larva  which  hatches  out  from  the  egg,  is  almost 
invariably  drowned  out  and  comes  to  naught.  The 
Minor  or  Hinckly  Plum,  has  been  extensively 
grown  near  Galena,  Illinois,  for  the  last  thirty- 
four  years,  has  a  thick  skin,  is  one  and  a-half 
inches  in  diameter,  is  round,  red,  and  fine  in  it» 
texture.  It  ripens  from  the  last  of  September  to 
the  beginning  of  October,  and  by  scalding  is  said 
to  keep  well  through  the  winter,  by  simply  plac- 
ing it  in  any  open  vessel,  and  covering  it  with  the 
liquor  with  which  it  has  been  scalded.  This  plum 
brings  from  $4  to  S6  in  the  Louisville  market. 
Its  firmness  of  flesh  allows  it  a  long  transporta- 
tion without  injury.  But  the  most  important 
quality,  in  these  precarious  times  of  the  plum 
crop,  is  its  almost  complete  exemption  from  in- 
jury by  the  curculio.  It  has  always  been  said,  that 
our  common  wild  plum,  m  this  state — Svhich  by 
the  by  is  becoming  very  rare,  through  the  whole- 
sale slaughter  of  our  forest  trees — is  exempt  from 
the  attacks  of  the  curculio,  and  hence,  the  editors' 
remarks  on  the  plum  question,  although  discussing 
the  subjectrather  entomologically  than  pomologi- 
cally,  are  entitled  to  the  respectful  consideration 
of  fruit  growers  in  this  region,  even  if  they  had 
not  been  supported  by  some  of  the  most  indubit- 
able authorities  in  the  western  states.  The  editor 
concludes  as  follows : 

""We  repeat,  therefore,  that  the  Colimibian 
plum  is  probably,  and  the  Minor  or  Hiiickl}'  plum 
is  certainly,  the  plum  for  the  million,  on  account 
of  its  hardness,  productiveness,  and  almost  com- 
plete exemption  from  the  attacks  of  the  curculio. 
Whether  in  case  of  the  latter,  this  exemption  is 
due  to  the  drowning  out  of  the  larva,  as  with  the 
Columbian  plum,  or  to  the  late  period  at  which 
the  fruit  matures,  rendering  it  unsuitable  food  for 
the  "  Little  Turk,"  or  finally  to  the  fact  of  its  be- 
longing to  a  distinct  1  otauicai  species  from  all 
other  cultivated  plums,  is  a  question  of  no  practi- 
cal moment,  though  theoretically  of  the  highest 
interest." 

We  commend  the  whole  article,  as  well  as  the 
jotu'ual  itself,  to  the  favorable  attention  of  our 
readers,  and  in  the  mean  time  would  suggest  that 
its  facts,  and  the  experiences  therein  recorded, 
seem  to  breathe  more  "hope"  to  the  pliuu- 
growers,  than  anything  we  have  seen,  upork  that 
delicate  subject,  for' inany  years.  Are  our  nur- 
sery men  cultivating  these  species  of  the  aenus 
prnnvs?  If  not,  had  they  not  better  do  so  without 
delay? 

Since  writing  the  above,  we  have  been  informed 
by  Mr.  Peter  Reiley,  a  jn-actical  fruit  grower  of 
this  City,  that  he  has  the  Columbian  Pfum  under 
cultivation,  and  finds  it  as  liable  to  injury  from 
the  curculio  as  any  other  variety.  Still  imder  a 
change  of  circumstances  this  may  not  be  the  case. 

S.  S.  R. 


40 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


CULTUEE  OF  BLACKBERRIES. 

The  following  article  was  read  by  William  Parry 
of  Ciunaminsou,  X.  J.,  before  the  Fruit  Grower's 
Club,  of  New  York  City,  July  30th,  18G8. 

"  The  cultivation  of  this  fruit  for  market  was 
greatly  stimulated  by  the  introduction  of  the  New 
Rochelle  berry,  about  a  third  of  a  century  since, 
and  perhaps  no  person  has  contributed  more  than 
William  Lawtou,  whose  name  it  mostly  bears,  to- 
ward calling  public  attention  to  the  importance 
of  the  extensive  culture  of  this  fruit.  Its  large 
size,  great  productiveness,  and  other  good  quali- 
ties, surpassing  any  other  variety  then  known, 
made  it  very  popular  among  fruit  growers, and  its 
culture  extended  widely,  so  that  fanners  raised 
more  bushels  of  blackerries,thau  of  corn  or  wheat. 
The  blackberry  occupies  an  important  position  in 
the  list  of  small  fruits,  commencihgto  ripen  close 
ujDon  the  season  of  the  raspbeiT}-,  and  liefore 
peaches  and  grtipes.  Its  easy  culture,  hardiness, 
and  the  high  price  at  which  the  fruit  sells,  make 
it  one  of  the  most  profitable  fruits  to  grow.  It  is 
not  particular  as  to  the  soil  and  location,  but  yields 
well  where  other  crops  will  grow.  There  is  no 
advantage  in  selecting  the  best  land  for  a  planta- 
tation,  as  the  canes  v>-ould  there  grow  so  large  and 
tall  as  to  recjuire  much  time  and  expense  to  prune, 
trim  and  keep  within  bounds.  They  need  but 
once  planting,  as  the  bushes  renew  themselves 
annually  thereafter  by  sending  up  a  spontaneous 
growth  of  young  suckers  to  bear  fruit  the  follow- 
ing year;  and  with  an  occasional  dressing  of 
manure,  they  will  continue  to  give  large  returns 
for  many  years.  I  have  ten  acres  of  them,  on  thin 
sandy  land,  that  have  been  planted  about  thirteen 
years,  and  still  produce  fine  crops,  yielding  several 
times  650,  700,  and  once  800  bushels  of  fruit,  while 
land  adjoining,  equally  good,  planted  with  corn,  did 
not  produce  more  than  half  the  number  of  bushels 
per  acre.  When  the  corn  was  removed ,  all  was  gc  ne . 
To  get  another  crop,  we  had  to  manure  and  plant 
again.  But  not  so  with  the  blackerries,  for  we 
only  pick  the  ripe  fruit,  and  leave  the  foliage  to 
fall  on  the  ground  and  add  to  its  fertility.  The 
plants  being  permanently  established,  the  annual 
crop  of  fruit  taken  otf  may  be  compared  to  the 
coupons  taken  from  Government  bonds,  the  prin- 
ciple remaining  to  produce  more. 

YIELD  OF  BERRIES  PER  ACRE. 

At  the  average  price  at  which  blflckberries 
have  sold  in  market  for  ten  years  past,  a  field  with 
ordinary  treatment  will  yield  from  S300  to  «400 
per  acre,  and  in  some  cases  $600  per  acre  have 
been  realized,  and  as  it  is  from  the  net  annual 
dividend  received  the  real  worth  of  any  invest- 
ment ^is  to  be  ascertained,  we  can  readily  arrive  at 
the  true  value  of  a  plantation  of  the  best  selected 
blackberries.  Having  experimented  on  several 
kinds  of  land,  from  a  firm  clay  to  a  light  blowing 
sand,  I  prefer  as  the  most  favorable  'location  for 
blackberries,  a  light,  moist,  sandy  loam,  well  un- 
derdrained,  if  water  would  other  wise  stand  near 
the  surface.  Formerly  we  thought  that  low,  rich 
land  would  be  best,  judging  from  the  large  growth 
of  briars  along  the  ditches  and  swampy  places. 
Accordingly  one  of  my  neighbors  plantedten  acres 
of  low,  dark,  rich  land  that  had  produced  heavy 
crops  of  corn  and  timothy,  expecting  to  get  a  cor- 


responding one  of  blackberry ;  but  in  this  he  was 
disappointed,  except  in  the  growth  of  canes, which 
were  very  large  and  strong,  but  not  well  ripened 
before  Winter  set  in,  and  consequents  were 
greatly  injured,  and  sometimes  entirely  killed  be- 
fore spring,  yielding  but  little  or  no  fruit;  while 
blackberries  plante'd  on  thin  higher  land,  not 
v.'orth  near  so  much  for  agricultural  purposes  pro- 
ducing small  canes  with  buds  well  developed  and 
the  wood  matured  before  the  approach  of  winter, 
would  yield  heavy  crops  of  fine  fruit.  In  walking 
through  my  patch  -when  loaded  with  berries,  he 
remarked  that  he  could  not  understand  why  those 
sfnall  bushes  had  so  much  more  fruit  on  them  than 
his  large  ones..  I  attributed  it  to  the  fact  that  the 
canes  and  fruit  buds  v.-ere  better  ripened  the  fall 
previous,  and  had  stood  the  cold  of  winter  with 
leas  injury. 

MODEL  BLACIvBEERY  BUSHES. 

Another  farmer  near  by  having  forty  acres  de- 
voted to  the  culture  of  blackberries,  purchased  a 
tract  of  light  sandy  land ,  at  sf  13  per  acre ,  and  planted 
it  with  them.  Biit  desiring  to  have  a  model  patch, 
he  purchased  a  few  acres  of  the  richest  and  best 
land  for  ordinary  agricultural  purposes  in  the 
vicinity  at  S3U0  per  acre,  and  planted  it  with  the 
same  kind  of  blackberries,  giving  the  best  treat- 
ment and  special  attention,  which  produced  an 
enormous  grovrth  of  canes  ;  but  never  yielded  as 
much  fruit  per  acre  as  the  SIS  land.  He  remarked 
to  me,  while  looking  at  them,  that — 'We  have 
learned  something  since  commencing  tjiis  busi- 
ness; to  begin  now,  with  the  knowledge  we  have, 
the  error  of  planting  our  best  land  with  blackber- 
ries might  be  avoided, 

PREPARATIOK  OF  THE  GROUND. 

The  land  should  be  ploughed  and  harrowed 
smooth ;  then  open  furrows  in  the  fall  at  a  dis- 
tance of  eight  feet  apart ;  and  if  muck  can  be  had 
conveniently,  it  is  valuable  to  spread  along  them 
during  winter,  leaving  it  exposed  to  the  action  of 
the  frost.  Early  in  spring  set  the  plants  about 
four  feet  apart  on  the  muck,  which  require  1,360 
plants  to  an  acre.  The  intervening  space,  while 
the  plants  are  small,  need  not  be  lost,  but  corn, 
potatoes  or  other  vegetables  may  be  grown  mid- 
way between  the  rows  for  the  first  year  or  two. 
The  roots  will  mostly  follow  along  the  rows  to 
feed  on  the  muck,  and  grow  more  vigorously  than 
lateral  or  side  shoots.  Hence  the  strongest  and 
best  plants  will  come  up  nearly  where  they  are 
wanted  to  produce  fruit  the  following  year.  But 
the}'  should  not  be  left  to  stand  along  the  rows 
closer  together  than  an  average  of  one  plant  to  a 
foot  in  length  in  the  rows.  The  plantation  should 
be  gone  over  several  times  during  the  summer, 
and  the  tops  of  the  young  canes,  as  they  appear 
above  the  bearing  bushes,  should  be  shortened  in, 
so  as  to  keep  them  at  a  uniform  height  of  about 
three  to  five  feet  according  to, the  strength  of  the 
soil.  This  will  induce  the  side  In-anches  to  grow 
vigorousl}^  and  develop  fruit  buds  near  the  ground, 
and,  interlocking  with  each  other,  the  bushes  will 
support  themselves,  and  thus  avoid  the  necessity 
of  stakes  and  wires  to  prevent  high  winds  from 
injuring  the  tender  canes.  The  side  branches 
should  be  shortened  in  the  follov.-ing  winter  or 
spring.to  a  pyramidical  form,  somewhat  resembl- 
ing a  dwarf  pear  tree  when  properly  trimmed.— 


THE  LANCASTER  FAKMER. 


41 


Plants  thus  properlj  treated  will  yield  more  fruit, 
and  of  better  quality,  than  if  let  to  grow  tall  and 
slender,  as  by  nature  they  are  inclined  to  do. 

PRICE  OF  BERRIES. 

Blackberries  have  sold  readily  for  several  years 
past  at  from  three  and  a-half  to  five  dollars  a 
bushel ;  and  this  year,  owing  to  the  scarcity  of 
fruits,  they  bring '^double  that  price.  They  will 
be  likely  to  sell  well  ijor  many  years  to  come,  as 
thej'  (fan  be  used  in  so  many  ways,  and  the  de- 
mand will  be  greater  than  the  supply.  Some 
patches  will  be  planted* ou  unsuitable  soil,  and 
will  not  pay  costs ;  others  in  the  most  favorable 
locations  will  be  suffered  to  grow  at  random,  be- 
coming large  and  rank,  and  producing  but  little 
fruit.  " 

HOW  TO  RAISE  BOUNTIFUL  CROPS. 

To  insure'  good  crops  requires  close  attention  ; 
the  canes  should  be  kept  thin  and  well  headed 
back ;  and  on  poor  land  ^n  occasional  dressing 
of  manure,  muck,  or  fertilizers  of  some  kind,  adds 
to  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the  fruit.  There  is 
no  likelihood  of  the  market  being  overstocked 
with  the  fruit,  as  it  pays  well  to  make  it  into 
wine.  Three  quarts  ef  blackberries  and  three 
pounds  of  sugar,  with  the  addition  of  a  little  water 
will  make  a  gallon  of  wine,  highly  recommended 
for  its  medicinal  properties,  worth  ^2  per  gallon, 
while  new;  and  its  value  increases  with  age.  All 
the  poorer  berries,  those  that  are  too  ripe  to  ship 
to  market,  maj-  be  ijroperly  converted  into  wine  at 
home  ;  and  only  the  finest  and  most  perfect  fruit 
sent  to  market,  which  will  always  command  a  fair 
price. 

LIST  OF  VARIETIES. 

Being  extensively  engaged  in  the  cultivation 
of  blackberries  myself,  having  grown  thousands 
of  bushels  of  them  within  the'last  few  years,  and 
tested  many  varieties,  such  as  the  New  Rochelle, 
Dorchester,  Cutleaf.  Newman's  Thornless,  Cape 
May,  Cumberland,  Sinclair,  Mason's  Mountain, 
Missouri  Mammoth,  Idaho  Climbing,  Crystal 
"White, Parker's  Early,  Felten,  Brandenburg,  Hol- 
comb,  Needham's  White,  Col.  Wilder,  and  Dr. 
Warder,  also  the  dewberries  sent  out  by  Dr. 
Minor,  of  Honeyeo  Falls,  N.  Y.,  and  having  now 
growing  ten  acres  of  the  Kittatinny  and  thirty  of 
the  Wilson  Early  blackberries,!  consider  the  lat- 
ter the  most  profitable  for  market,  and  therefore 
have  planted  more  largely  of  it  than  any  other 
variety.  The  fruit  is  large,  luscious,  and  sweet 
as  soon  as  black,  holds  its  bright  color  and  bears 
carriage  well.  The  plants  are  hardy  and  produc- 
tive. The  Wilson  Avill  become  a  general  favorite 
when  its  merits  become  more  wideh' known.  The 
berries  sold  readily  in  New^  York  and  Philadel- 
phia markets  last  year,  and  this  also  at  >?1G  per 
bushel  wholesale,  and  retailing  to-day  at  '^l  per 
quart,  in  Broadway,  N.  Y.,  where  no  other  variety 
that  I  am  aware  of  brought  as  much. 

ORIGIN  OF  THE  MOST  VALUABLE  VARIETIES. 

It  is  somewhat  remarkable  that  all  the  valuable 
varieties  in  cultivation  have  been  found  growing 
wild,  and  were  selected  and  saved  on  account  of 
their  supposed  merit  over  others,  and  from  the 
thousands  of  seedlings  raised,  none  have  yet 
proved  superior  to  their  parents.  May  it  not  be 
attributed  to  the  fact  that  sutficient  cfire  has  not 


been  taken  to  mix  the  pollen  of  different  varieties? 
Having  grown  seedlings  for  many  years  without 
favorable  results.  I  have  now  adopted  the  plan  of 
planting  some  of  the  best  varieties  near  each 
other,  so  as  to  ensure  the  admixture  of  the  pollen 
of  many  flowers,  thereby  combining  qualities  in 
their  seedlings  which  could  in  no  other  way  be  found 
in  the  same  fruit.  If  as  much  care  and  attention 
were  bestowed  in  selecting  and  propogating  new 
seedling  blackberries  as  have  been  with  the  straw- 
berry and  grape,  we  might  vet  obtain  varieties  even 
superior  to  those  now  cultivated." 

HOW  :MANY  ACRES  TO  CULTIVATE. 

The  number  of  acres  that  can  be  profitably  de- 
voted to  the  cultivation  of  small  fruits  depends  on 
various  circumstances,  the  climate,  soil  and  con- 
venience forehippiiigthe  fruit  to  market,  the  cost 
of  labor,  manures  and  fertilizers  have  a  bearing 
on  this^nattei'.    It  has  been  proclaimed 

TEN  ACRES  ENOUGH. 

But  Young  America  wants  more  and  I  gradu- 
ally advanced  until  we  got  130  acres  planted,  viz : 
55  of  Blackberries,  55  of  Raspberries,  and  20  of 
Strawberries,  when  I  found  we  had  passed  the 
point  of  greatest  profit.  That  the  same  amount 
of  capital  and  labor  required. to  keep  100  acres  in 
condition,  will  yield  more  profit  employed  thereon 
than  if  extended  and  distributed  over  a  larger  sur- 
face than  can  Ije  well  kept  in  good  order.  Grass 
and  weeds  will  take  advantage  of  neglect,  and 
blast  our  briglitest  hopes,  so  that  for  me 

ONE  HUNDRED  ACRES  IS  ENOUGH, 

In  small  fruits,  leaving  some  land  for  Apples  ' 
Pears,  Cherries  and  grain,  hay,  pasture,  vege- 
tables and  truck  of  various  kinds,  very  useful  on 
a  farm  and  valuable  for  sale.  By  having  several 
resources  for  a  dependence,  if  one  should  fail  the 
others  may  carry  you  through. 


PLANTING  GRAPE  EYES. 

Those  who  have  not  some  knowledge  of  plant- 
ing single  grape  eyes,  placing  them  in  boxes  of 
rich  soil  and  the  boxes  in  a  green-house,  had  bet- 
ter stick  to  the  old  plan  of  planting  two  eyes,  al 
lowing  the  upper  eye,  which  should  have  about  an 
inch  of  the  wood,  to  be  just  under  ground.'  They 
must  be  set  in  a  straight  trench  and  have  the  soil 
pressed  firmly  around  them  with  the  foot.  They 
grow  this  way  with  great  certainty  and  almost  al- 
ways take  root  at  both  eyes.  When  this  is  the 
case,  the  lower,  wood  and  roots  should  be  cut  off, 
as  it  makes  a  prettier  and  we  think  a  more  vigor- 
ous vine.  When  single  eyes  are  to  be  planted, 
cut  the  wood  with  a  sharp  knife,  commencing  at 
the  side  opposite  to  the  bud  and  about  half  an 
inch  from  the  eye.  In  setting  out  these  eyes  in 
the  open  ground,  they  should  be  put  half  an  inch 
under  the  soil  perpendicularly,  and  the  ground 
pressed  closely  around  them.  It  is  well  to  mulch 
them  when  hot  weather  comes  on  and  keep  them 
pretty  moist. 


42 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


PLANTING  TREES. 

Presuming  that  many  of  our  readers  may  be 
young  and  inexperienced,  and  have  lately  started 
out  into  the  practical  field  of  life  as  farmers  and 
husbandmen,  we  should  be  pleased  to  see  them 
all  mcline  to  the  habit  of  a  judicious  and  tasteful 
planting  of  fruit  and  ornamental  trees,  as  well  as 
other  useful  trees  and  shrubbery  on  their  premi- 
ses. Such  a  course  must  eventually  enhance  the 
value  of  their  property,  and  afford  themselves  and 
their  families  a  higher  degree  of  comfort  than  can 
be  obtained  through  any  other  similar  means.  It 
surely  will  be  a  gratification  in  after  years  for  the 
venerable  father  to  say  to  his  children  and  grand- 
children, "  These  trees  I  planted  that  you  may 
gather  the  fruit."  and  for  them  in  turn  to  say, 
"  Yon  bearing  orchard  is  of  the  planting,  Und  the 
result  of  the  forethought  of  my  father,"  or,  "  my 
"grandfather."  Or,  perchance  they  may  point 
out  and  say,  "  Those  black  Tartarian  cherry  trees 
along  the  lane,  and  those  persimmons,  shellbarks 
and  butternuts  in  the  meadow  there,  and  the 
liaw-paws,  locusts  and  maples  on  the  hill-sid3,  as 
well  as  the  poj^lars,  walnuts  and  oaks  of  yonder 
timber  grove,  w^re  all  planted  by  my  paternal 
ancestors."  Such  reflections  as  these  wculd  do 
much  to  foster  that  local  pride  and  home  feeling, 
that  seems  to  be  dying  out  in  our  money-grasping 
and  restless  America.  The  local  ambition  of 
owning  and  retaining  the  old  Homestead  from 
generation  to  generation,  cannot  be  an  evil  one  ; 
and  even  should  it  eventually  fall  into  other 
hands,  to  leave  it  a  comfort  and  a  beauty  to  the 
possessor  is  surely  no  ignoble  record  to  make. 
We  remember  once  having  seen  a  very  touching 
poem,  by  some  author  now  unknown  to  us,  in 
which  an  old  man  is  represented  as  returning  to 
the  scenes  of  his  childhood,  and  calls  the  atten- 
tion of  a  little  girl  to  some  trees  of  his  planting, 
in  the  following  lines  : 

Yon  two  gate-way,  Sycamores  you  see 
By  me  were  planted,  just  so  far  asunder  ; 

That  long  well-pole  from  the  road  to  free, 
And  tlie  wagons  to  pass  safely  under ; 
NinetA'-three, 

Yon  two  gate-way  Sycamores  you  see." 
Yes,  friends,  plant,  sow,  lend,  and  you  will  be 
rewarded. 

L.  S.  R. 


GROWING  THE  FIG  IN  A  NORTHERN 
CLIMATE. 
A  gentleman  near  Chillicothe,  Ohio, has  been 
very  successful  in  growing  and  fruiting  the  Fig 
for  a  number  of  years.  For  the  benefit  of  any  of 
the  readers  of  the  Lancaster  I^armer,  who 
may  feel  an  inclination  to  try  the  experiment,  we 
will  give  his  plan  as  follows.    He  says :  Any  good 


corn  ground,  with  a  gentle  slope  south,  will  an- 
swer.   In  the  fall  of  the  year  he  lays  off  the 
ground  with  the  plow,  in  the  direction   of  the 
slope,  in  beds  eight  feet  wide  and  a  foot  high, 
with  the  water  furrows  between  to  carry  off  all 
surface  water.    He  then  digs  holes  in  the  centre 
of  the  bed,  Avith  alternate  spaces  between,  of 
eight  and  sixteen  feet  for  the  plants — leaves  the 
holes  exposed  to  the  frosts  of  wmter.    Then  in 
the  spring,  about  corn-planting  time,  he  trims  the 
roots  of  the  young  fig  trees,  so  as  to  have  all  the 
roots  on  the  two  opjjosiie  sides,  plants  the   trees 
with  the  roots  crosswise  of  the  bed,  so  that  the 
side  roots  may  remain  firmly  in  the  soil  when  the 
trees  are  being  laid  down  in  the  trenches.    About 
corn-cutting  time  strips  off  all  the  leaves,  and  digs 
trenches  lengthwise  of  the  beds,  one  spade  deep, 
and  large  enough  to  coiatain  the  l)ody  and  top  of 
the  trees,  when  laid  down  in  the  trench  ;  pegs  the 
trees  down,  and  then  covers  with  the  earth  taken 
out  of  the  trench.    In  the  spring,  after  all  danger 
of  frost  is  past,  uncovers  the  trees,  and  tm-ns  them 
again  to  an  upright  position.  "  It  will   be  per- 
ceived that  by  this  plan  of  treating  the  trees — 
all  the  main  roots  ai-e  on  opposite  sides,  and  easily 
bent  down  into  the  trenches,  without  injury  to  the 
.roots,  and  the  fig  being  so  vigorous  a  grower — as 
soon  as  exposed  to  sun  and  air,  pushes  right  ahead. 
The  above  is  his  plan  in  as  few  words  as  we  can 
use  to  make  it  intelligible.    AYe  would,  however, 
add  as  a  precautionary  measure,  to  put  on  an  ad- 
ditional covering  of  ijoards,  or  strong  manure,  to 
keep  out  frost  and  moisture,  on  a  first  trial,  as 
wet  and  frost  are  sure  death  to  tig  trees. 

J.  B.  G. 


Messrs  Editors  : — Your  correspondent  "  D," 
has  given  a  good  article  on  the  culture  of  the 
Peach,  in  the  February  number  of  the  Farmer^ 
though ,  as  I  believe  he  has  confounded  two  seperate 
and  distinct  diseases,  Avill  you  allow  me  to  make 
a  few  remarks  in  explanation  of  my  dfssent  from 
his  theory?  He  is  perfectly  correct  as  "to  the 
worms  at  the  roots,"  being  of  small  account, ''  as 
a  few  moments  attention  once  or  twice  a  year  at 
the  proper  time  will  easily  destroy  them."  And 
we  will  add,  a  few  shovels  full  of  soap-boiler's 
ashes,  heaped  around  the  stems,  in  the  shape  of  a 
cone,  or  even  common  soil,  or  a  bunch  of  tobacco' 
stems  tied  around  the  trees,  tarred  paper,  &c.,  and 
the  earth  brought  up  so  as  to  leave  no  ingress  for 
the  parent  fly,  to  deposit  its  eggs  in  the  roots,  or 
stem  close  to  the  roots.  All  such  precautionary 
measures  will  be  a  safe  guard  against  the  worms. 


THE  LANCASTEE  FARMER. 


43 


la  his  description  of  the  '•  yellows,"  I  opine  he 
has  mistaken  the  "  curl  "  of  the  leaves,  for  the 
"  yellows  !"  These  are  two  distinct  diseases. 

So  far  as  soil  is  concerned,  we  have  not  a  parti- 
cle of  faith  to  believe,  that  it  has  any  eftect  in 
causing  either  of  these  diseases,  nor  has  neglect 
or  bad  culture,  or  no  culture  at  all !  We  may  in- 
stance a  case  many  years  ago,  where  peach  trees 
were  standing  on  an  old  field  or  commons,  bear- 
ing large  crops, every  year,  healthy,  hardy,  per- 
haps twenty  or  forty  years  old. 
,  The  seeds  of  trees  having  the  "  yellows,"  will 
never  produce  healthy  trees,  and  buds  taken  from 
such  infected  trees,  and  placed  on  healthy  stocks, 
will  invariably  be  diseased.  Hereditary  trans- 
mission of  the  "j-ellows,"  is  a  well  established 
fact.  That  unpropitious  weather  in  the  spring, 
when  the  young  and  tender  leaves  first  escape 
from  their  winter  covering,  is  very  probably  a 
cause  of  disease,  and  when  the  tender  growth  is 
thus  checked,  disease  and  death  may  follow,  not 
necessarily  so  from  the  "  yellows  "  however,  l)ut 
from  the  "  curl."  Still,  if  the  trees  have  flowered 
and  any  trees  in  the  vicinity  are  alreadj'^  atYected 
bj'  the  "  yellows,"  the  bees  and  insects  will  soon 
carry  the  pollen  frorii  these  infected  trees,  to 
others  in  close  proximity. 

Thus  you  see,  our  theory  is,  and  we  have  closely 
examined  many  cases  since  its  first  appearance, 
that  the  "  yellows  "  can  only  be  transmitted  from 
tree  to  tree  during  inflorescence,  by  raising  seed- 
lings from  diseased  trees,  or  propogating  from 
such  stock.  When  peach  buds  are  killed  in  the 
winter,  so  that  the  trees  do  not  flower  at  all,  we 
have  often  noticed  how  healthy  the  trees  become 
the  following  summer,  and  on  the  contrary,  when 
the  trees  flower  freely,  if  there  is  a  single  tree  af- 
fected with  the  disease  in  the  vicinity,  may  be 
hundreds  of  yards  distant,  the  disease  Avill  be  sure 
to  make  its  appearance  on  neighboring  trees. 

We  might  bring  forth  many  cases  to  prove  this 
theory,  but  the  small  space  of  the  Fanner  admon- 
ishes us  not  to  go  into  details. 

Our  friend  "  D,"  comes  to  the  conclusion,  "that 
had  the  warm  weather  continued,  the  result  would 
have  been  diflerent."  That  the  leaves  would  not 
have  dropped  oft',  and  the  trees  would  have  re- 
mained health)- •,  the  "  yellows  "  would  not  have 
injured  his  trees.  In  brief,  his  trees,  like  many 
others,  put  forth  healthy  foliage  and  flowers,  a 
cold  wet  spell  checked  their  growth,  the  leaves 
and  fruit  dropped  oft",  and  the  trees  got  the  "  yel- 
lows." Xow  this  is  a  very  plain  case.  Whether 
"  the  coltf  and  wet  spell,"  caused  the  "  curl"  we 
are  not  fully  prepared  to  say,  but  we  do  say,  the 
'■'■  curV  was  the  sole  cause  of  the  leaves  dropping, 
and  of  course  weakened  the  vitality  of  the  trees. 


If,  then,  the  "  yellows,"  also  made  its  appearance 
on  the  trees,  then  tliat  disease  was  brought  on  by 
wind  or  insects  transferring  the  pollen  from  trees 
already  affected,  to  those  otherwise  apparently 
healthy.  Under  glass,  peach  trees  might  be  safe 
from  "  curl "  or  "  yellows,"  yet  if  trees  infected 
with  the  "  yellows  "  out  of  doors  %eoidd  hloom  at 
the  same  time,  we  doubt  very  much  if  bees  would 
not  carry  the  disease  even  under  glass. 

I  well  remember  the  time,  M'hen  neither  worms, 
yellows,  or  curl  were  knoAvn,  our  peach  trees  were 
healthy  everywhere,  in  gardens,  orchards,  old 
fields,  or  fence  corners,  rarely  missed  bearing  a 
crop  of  fruit.  Occasionally  a  cold  winter  would 
kill  the  buds,  or  a  late  frost  cut  oft"  the  expanded 
flowers,  yet  such  occurrences  were  rare,  and  the 
tree  lived  and  bore  fruit  until  they  were  twenty, 
in  many  cases  forty  years  old.  The  w^orms  made 
their  appearance,  if  my  recollection  serves,  some 
forty  years  ago.  Then  a  few  years  after  the  yel- 
lows came  to  bother  the  fruit  grower,  and  perhaps 
twelve  or  fifteen  years  since,  the  "  curl "  first  came 
apparently  to  finish  what  the  worm  and  yellows 
had  left  undone.  The  worms  may  be  easily  over- 
come, the  yellows  may  be  arrested  by  laying  the 
axe  at  the  roots  of  the  trees  the  moment  it  is  dis- 
covered, but  for  this  last  pest,  the  curl,  we  know 
of  no  remedy. 

Yours,  &c.,  J.  B.  G. 

WHY  Y/ONT  THE  BUTTER  COME? 

Editors  LajSTCASter  Farmer:  Sometimes 
people  complain,  "  Butter  is  too  high  in  price." 
Could  they  understand  the  labor  and  drudging  re- 
quired to  furnish  this  indispensable  luxury — 
could  they  only  for  a  month  or  two,  during  the 
winter,  have  the  pleasure  (?)  of  milking  the  cows, 
tend  to  the  milk  and  cream,  churn  butter  "  when 
it  won't  come,"  and  then  with  a  few  pounds, 
trudge  the  weary,  long ,  and  lonesome  miles  to 
town  through  all  kinds  of  weather,  as  our  milk- 
maids are  in  tlie  habit  of  doing  to  dispose  oftjieir 
week's  labor.  Wouldn't  they  "  change  the  bm-- 
then  of  their  song?" 

i^ot  to  extend  our  remarks,  we  will  not  sayanj-- 
thing  about  the  pleasure  (?)  of  milking  the  cows 
when  the  thermometer  is  below  zero,  or  the'rain 
is  pouring  down  in  torrents,  or  the  snow  filling 
up  all  the  approaches  to  the  cow  stable.  Here 
let  us  just  give  an  inkling  of  the  operation  of 
churning  a  few  pounds  of  butter :  The  girls  have 
been  churning  from  morning  till  noon— the  butter 
won't  come  !  The  "  old  man"  takes  a  turn,  but 
soon  looses  patience— the  butter  vron't  come ! 
The  young  man  tries  his  hand  on  the  "  double 
quick"— «/a;  cum  rous  ?  Then  the  girls  having 
recovered  their  breath  and  equanimity,  again  take 


44 


THE  LAKCi^STER  FAKMEE. 


hold  of  the  handle  for  another  long  and  strong 
pull ;  at  last,  after  the  patience  of  the  whole  house- 
hold is  almost  down  to  zero— the  cheering  news 
— the  butter  is  coming  ! 

Can  not  some  of  the  readers  of  the  Faemek, 
or  some  of  those  having  a  knowledge  of  chemis- 
try, (the  hidden  mysteries  ©f  nature.)  gire  us  a 
clue ,  a  hint,  or  an  advice  how  to  "  fix  things,"  so  as 
to  shorten  this  tedious  and  almost  provoking  ope- 
ration. Tell  us,  somebody,  "  how  to  make  the 
butter  come."    Thafs  what  we  want  to  know. 

J.  B.  G. 

CUEPvAWT  CULTUEE. 
One  of  the  easiest  and  most  profitable  fruits  to 
grow  is  the  currant.  The  plants  are  cheaplv 
bought,  or  easily  propagated.  They  are  entirely 
hardy.  They  will  flourish  in  almost  any  soil, 
though  apparently  preferring  a  strong,  rich  clay 
or  loam.  They  yield  an  abundant  crop  as  regu- 
larly as  the  summer  comes  round.  If  a  ready 
market  for  the  fruit  is  not  at  hand,  it  can  very 
easily  be  made  into  ".currant  wine," for  which 
there  is  always  a  remunerative  sale. 

But  to  grow  them  with  success  and  profit,  two 
things  are  absolutely  necessary.  In  the  first 
place,  plant  only  tJie  best  kinds.  Many  persons 
have  no  idea  what  improvements  have  been  made 
in  the  size  and  quality  of  this  fruit.  Some  of  the 
new  varieties  are  as  much  superior  to  those  with 
which  we  were  familiar  in  our  boyhood  as  a  Bart- 
lett  pear  is  superior  to  a  Bell.  Plant  only  the  best. 
In  the  second  place,  after  you  have  planted, 
take  care  of  them.  1  don't  know  why  the  currant 
should  be  left  to  fight  the  battle  of  life  unaided^ 
with  grass  and  weeds,  any  more  than  grape  vines 
or  pear  trees  should.  Most  plants  are  very  grate- 
ful for  kindness  shown  them,  far  more  so  than 
some  men ;  but  it  is  especially  so  with  the  currant. 
Give  your  bush  plenty  of  rich  food ^oi  air  and  of 
sunshine,  and  it  will  hang  out  its  thanks  in  juicy 
clusters  from  every  twig.  I  say  your  "  bush,'''' 
for  most  currants  are  grown  as  bushes.  But  I 
have  in  my  garden  currant  trees,  which  are  a  Vieau- 
tiful  sight  when  laden  with  their  richly-glistening 
fruit..  They  have  a  single  stem,  and  are  just  as 
tree-form  as  an  apple  tree.  The  currant  can 
very  easily  be  grown  in  this  way.  And  I  think 
we  get  larger  and  finer  fruit.  There  is  less  wood 
for  the  roots  to  support,  and  so  more  of  the  vigor 
of  the  plant  can  go  to  the  eulargening  and  per- 
fecting of  the  berries,  and  these  are  held  well  up 
from  the  dirt,  and  may  easily  be  grown  at  such  a 
height  as  to  be  beyond  the  reach  of  the  chickens, 
or  even  the  hens. 

If  I  am  asked  what  are  the  best  kinds,!  an- 
swer, the  VersaiUaise  and  the  White  Grape.    The 


former  is  a  red  variety,  as  large  as  the  cherry, 
much  less  acid  and  more  prolific.  The  latter  is 
white  ;  a  very  abundant  bearer,  and  the  berries 
large,  and  of  a  very  mild  and  pleasant  fiaror. 
Eiiher  of  these  will  give  entire  satisfaction. 
G.  II.  W.  Eeadimj,  Mass. 

LOOK  OUT  FOR  HUMBUGS. 

Have  any  readers  of  the  Lancaster  Farmer  any 
money  to  fool  away  ?  If  they  have,  then  let  them 
buy  a  right  to  use  that  (so  called)  "most  useful 
discovery"  ever  known  to  man — "  Improved  fruit 
tree  and  vine  insect  destroyer  and  invigorator." 
Wonderful, "  the  Gods  have  come  down  in  the 
likeness  of  men."  If  there  are  any  fools  about, 
let  them  send  at  once  for  the  "  greatest  discovery 
of  the  age ;"  only  five  dollars  for  the  right  to  use 
the  stuff"  after  paying  for  it ;  what  a  clever  chap  he 
must  be  ;  the  fools  are  not  all  dead  yet ;  just  think 
of  it ;  we  can't  have  any  fruit,  nor  any  other  good 
crops  unless  each  one  of  us  pays  five  dollars  for 
the  privilege  to  use  his  recipe,  (as  if  it  is  the 
only  remedy  to  insure  a  crop ! ) 

Xow  if  you  will  save  yonv  money  and  try  some 
of  the  remedies  recommended  in  the  agricultural 
and  horticultural  journals,  free  for  all  to  apply, 
and  using  the  same  care  and  treatment,  we  think 
the  result  will  be  fully  as  satisfactory,  and  less  ex- 
pensive. At  any  rate,  when  they  blow  so  hard, 
and  want  to  extract  five  dollars  from  every  person 
that  has  any  trees,  vines,  or  other  products,  they 
do  not  deserve  the  credit  nor  approbation  of  this 
Society,  but  should  be  looked  upon  with  scorn  as 
impostors,  for  they  are  nothing  else.  To 
read  their  recommendations,  and  testimonials,  it 
would  seem  as  though  the  Almighty  had  given 
over  the  control  of  the  fruit  crops  to  those  extor- 
tionists, and  patent  venders,  &c.  Be  not  deceived; 
better  have  nothing  to  do  with  patent  tree  and 
vine  remedies.  If  they  have  a  good  remed}'-,  why 
not  give  it  freely  for  the  good  of  tlie  whole  country, 
and  then  they  would  indeed  be  public  benefactors, 
and  the  world  would  call  them  blessed. 

J.  B.  E. 


EXTERMINATION    OF    NOXIOUS 

INSECTS. 
Xoxious  insects  are  appearing  in  greater  num- 
bers every  season.  Almost  every  article  of 
human  food  must  be  protected  while  th%  tender 
germs  of  useful  plants  are  springing  into  life,  or 
while  the  buds  are  unfolding  or  the  fruit  being  de- 
veloped. There  seems  to  be  a  larva,  or  .grub,  or 
beetle,  or  worm  to  devour  everything  that  grows. 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMER. 


45 


from  the  field  crops  of  golden  grain  to  all  kinds 
of  fruit  and  vegetables. 

Joseph  Treat,  of  Yinoland,  Xew  Jersey,  has 
written  a  pamphlet,  price  twelve  cents,  in  M-hich 
be  suggests  an  effectual  method  for  the  extermin- 
ation of  insects.    He  writes  to  the   Times  thus  : 

"  Fruit  can  everywhere  be  raised,  in  .spite  of 
all  insects.  Noxious  insects  can  be  destroyed, 
and  a  new  era  in  fruit  growing  introduced.  In- 
stead of  so  many  insects  proving  that  we  can 
never  get  rid  of  them,  it  is  their  very  multiplicity 
which  insures  that  we  shall  get  rid  of  them,  by 
making  their  extermination  an  absolute  necessity. 
Nature  tells  us  how  this  may  be  accomplished  by 
the  instincts  implanted  in  the  insects  themselves. 
We  never  should  have  had  the  insects  in  the  first 
place  if  we  had  not  departed  from  Nature  in  the 
matter  of  birds.  It  is  only  because,  for  more 
than  two  hundred  years,  we  have  gone  on,  per- 
sistently cutting  away  the  timber  everywhere,  and 
driving  the  birds  before  us  in  all  directions,  that 
at  last  the  insects  have  taken  the  place  of  the 
birds  and  destroyed  the  balance  of  the  system. 
One  thousand  pairs  of  moths  will  produce  300,000 
caterpillars  the  first  yejr,  45,000,000  the  second, 
and  6,750,000,000  the  third  year.  One  bird,  in  a 
single  year,  will  destroy  or  prevent  the  existence 
of  1,000,000  of  caterpillars ;  a  ixiir  of  birds,  2,000,- 
000,  and  the  three,  four  or  five  young  birds, 
3,000,000  moi'e,  making  5,000,000  of  caterpillars 
which  one  family  of  birds  will  destroy  in  a  year. 
There  ought  to  be  more  birds  in  every  garden 
and  orchard  than  in  the  woods. 

HOUSES  FOR   BIRDS. 

There  ought  to  be  birds  in  boxes  all  around  the 
premises — boxes  right  among  and  over  all  beds 
or  patches  of  vegetables  and  stnall  fruits,  Irish 
potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  melons,  strawberries, 
raspberries  and  blackberries,  as  well  as  among 
the  grapes.  Small  boxes  or  houses  for  birds, 
should  be  placed  in  fruit  trees,  groves  and  thick- 
ets. "Where  only  ten  birds  have  heretofore  ex- 
isted, there  should  be  a  hundred  ;  and  perhaps  in 
the  future  there  will  be  a  thousand.  But  we  can 
destroy  the  msects  even  without  birds.  The  sim- 
plest and  cheapest  means  is  molasses  mixed  with 
water,  put  in  pans,  crocks,  old  tin  or  wooden 
pails,  or  troughs,  placed  in  gardens  and  orchards 
over  night,  to  drow^n  the  multitudes  of  moths 
(or  millers,  as  they  are  commonly  called)  that 
parent  all  the  most  destructive  caterpillars.  The 
moths  are  literally  crazy  to  get  into  the  sweetened 
water.  They  cannot  be  kept  out  of  it.  Insects 
of  all  kinds  will  drown  I)}'  the  hundred  and  thou- 
sand in  such  a  liquid,  till  there  will  be  none  left. 
One  gallon  of  black  molasses,  unfit  for  any  cul- 
inary purpose,  will  suffice  for  a  small  farm  from 


early  Spring  till  Fall,  the  same  water  answering 
from  week  to  week,  only  requiring  to  have  the 
dead  moths  removed.  The  vessels  containing 
the  sweet  liquid  should  be  covered  by  day  to  pre- 
serve from  bees,  and  to  be  filled  up  and  kept 
sweet,  as  it  gradually  wastes  away.  The  same 
sweetened  water,  on  plates,  with  cobalt,  ratsbane, 
or  anything  similar  chemical  in  it,  will  i^oison  the 
moths. 

EXTERMINATINO  INSECTS  BT  FIRE. 

There  is  a  still  more  universal  means,  for 
Nature  has  made  every  insect  a  fire  worshipper. 
Little  fires  in  gardens  and  orchards,  at  early  twi- 
light, burning  ten  or  fifteen  minutes,  will  attract 
and  consume  swarms  of  moths,  beetles,  bugs  and 
curculios,  and  thus  save  the  crop  of  fruit.  Light 
wood  obtained  and  split  fine  beforehand,  enough 
for  the  whole  season,  or  flat-bottomed  tin  lamps, 
like  those  of  the  '  campaign  torches,'  will  be  equal 
to  money  at  a  hundred  per  cent,  in  every  man's 
pocket  who  owns  either  garden  or  orchard.  * 
And  picking  up  and  boiling  all  the  fallen  fruit 
to  kill  the  larvre  in  it,  will  make  two  or  three 
hitodred  to  one  less  insect  next  year.  These 
means  forestall  all  ordinary  ones,  as  hand  picking, 
sprinkling  with  oil,  cutting  out  borers,  destroying 
nests  on  trees,  providing  toads,  turtles,  chickens, 
and  ducks  that  eat  every  tomato-worm,  and  tur- 
keys that  gobble  the  new  potato-bug  of  the  West 
— killing  the  parents,  and  thus  preventing  their 
increase.  This  is  like  beginning  at  the  beginning 
and  striking  at  the  root  of  this  great  evil.— 
The  means  are  literally  so  many  that  they  become 
superfluous  ;  half  of  them  will  subserve  a  more 
satisfactory  purpose.  What  we  do  not  kill  in  one 
way,  we  shall  in  another.  Wenlight  have  known 
that  we  should  find  means,  because  it  would  be  < 
come  a  necessity,  as  necessity  is  that  motive 
power  which  has  done  everything  else.  It  is  that 
which  has  given  us  the  plow,  which  we  should 
never  have  had  if  trees  had  borne  loaves 'of 
bread." 

The  foregoing,  which  we  topy  entire  from  the 
agricultural  column  of  a  weekly  cotemporary, 
contains  many  rational  sentiments  and  useful 
suggestions,  but  at  the  same  time,  little  else  than 
has  been  entertained  and  practiced  in  England, 
and  some  parts  of  our  own  country,  for  a  series  of 
years;  and,  therefore,  on  the  whole,  it  is  neither 
entirely  new,  nor  yet  a  finality  in  its  details. 
For  instance,  in  all  the  insects  which  we  have 
been  enabled  to  attract  at  night  by  lamps  or  fires 
— amounting  to  many  thousands  through  a  long 
series  of  years — ^^we  cannot  recollect  to  have 
counted  a  half  dozen  cumdios  among  the  whole 
of  them.    Although  such  contrivances  may  bring 


46 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


countless  thousands  of  nightflying  moths,  and 
predacious  beetles,  as  well  as  many  of  the  woodbor- 
mg  kinds, yet  we  doubt  if  there  will  be  many  of  the 
true  curculionidce  entrapped  thereby.  In  this  re- 
spect they  seem  to  differ  from  other  Coleoptera,  and 
therefore  they  will  have  to  be  captured  or  circum- 
vented by  other  means.  In  our  opinion,  jarring 
the  fruit  trees,  and  picking  up  and  destroying  the 
fallen  fruit  two  or  three  times  a  day  throughout 
the  entire  months  of  May  and  June,  will  be  more 
efficacious  in  respect  to  them.  The  suggestions  in 
regard  to  forests  and  birds  are  no  doubt  the  true 
cause  of  a  redundancy  of  insects,  but  even  if  this 
■were  universally  acknowledged  and  acted  upon, 
it  would  require  time  before  the  balance  in  nature, 
which  has  thus  been  destroyed,  could  be  restored 
again.  But,  as  the  evil  exists,  and  must  be  met, 
no  means  should  be  left  unemployed  to  reduce 
the  number  of  noxious  insects,  and  that  too,  ef- 
ficiently, and  without  unnecessary  delay. '  "What 
are  not  destroyed  in  one  way,  or  by  one 
set  of  means,  may  be  destroyed  in  another,  so 
that  no  rational  remedy  should  be  left  untried. 
But  the  operators  should  so  far  acquaint  them- 
selves with  the  true  characters  of  insects,  as  not, 
at  the  game  time,  to  also  destroy  their  friends, 
for  these,  if  uninterrupted  and  not  interfered 
with,  will  perform  the  work  more  thoroughly  than 
it  can  possibly  be  done  by  the  aid  of  human 
heads  and  hands.  S.  S.  R. 


We  sometimes  rather  regret  that  the  "  letter 
press"  capacity  of  our  journal  is  so  limited,  as  to 
exclude  from  its  columns  the  many  pages  of  ex- 
cellent "  selected  matter"  which  fall  under  our 
observation  in  the  various  kindred  publications 
throughout  our  wide  extended  country.  Many  of 
our  readers  and  subscribers  may  doubtless  wish 
this  were  otherwise,  and  we  cannot  say,  that  to  a 
certain  extent,  we  do  not  sympathize  with  them 
in  that  wish.  However  much  the  necessity  for 
such  a  state  of  things  may  exist  now,  we  sincerely 
hope  it  may  not  be  so  al\vays,  unless  experience 
may  demonstrate  that  it  should  not  be  ©therwise, 
and  as  a  reasonable  beacon  of  that  hope,  we  feel 
warranted  in  promising  our  subscribers  that  when 
the  subscription  and  advertising  lists  of  our  jour- 
nal are  increased  a  hundred  per  cent.,  they  will 
find  its  letter  press  capacity  increased  a  hundred 
fold.  But,  all  other  things  beiug  equal,  it  was  the 
original  design,  that  the  columns  of  the  Farmer 
should  contain  mainly  or  entirely  original  nmtter, 
that  it  should  be  a  reflector  of  the  experiences  and 
thoughts  of  the  cultivators  of  the  county  of  Lan- 


caster. Xot,  by  any  means,  that  they  are  pre- 
sumptous  enough  to  assert  that  they  know  more 
than  any  other  people,  or  that  they  believe  what 
they  do  know,  is  better  than  any  other  body's 
knowledge,  but  that,  right  or  wrong,  it  is  just 
what  their  own  knowledge  and  experience  has 
taught  them  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil,  in  their 
various  localities.  Hints  of  the  mode  and  manner 
of  doing  things,  by  those  beyond  our  borders, 
and  also  their  legitimate  results,  are  valuable  so 
far  as  they  go,  but  we  never  can  have  the  implicit 
confidence  in  them,  that  we  would  have,  if  they 
were  wrought  by  our  neighbor  and  on  a  contigu- 
ous farm. 

General  modes  of  cultivation  and  their  results, 
may  have  a  general  and  wide  extended  applica^ 
tion,  but,  in  their  details,  they  never  can  super- 
cede local  modes ;  and  it  is  for  this  very  reason 
that  a  local  journal  may  be .  more  valuable  to  a 
farmer  than  a  foreign  one.  It  was  this  aspect  of 
the  case  that  first  suggested  the  publication  of  the 
Lancaster  Farmer,  and  it  is  this  attitude  that  will 
continue  to  make  it  the  medium  of  local  commu- 
nication. N^othing  is  more  common,  in  perusing 
the  contents  of  the  various  agricultural  and  hor- 
ticultural journals  of  onr  country,  than  to  meet 
with  complaints,  that  the  modes  of  culture  recom- 
mended for  one  i^articular  locality,  have  been  al- 
together unavailable  in  another.  We  know  th^it 
"  circumstances  often  alter  cases,"  but  in  any 
event,  and  as  a  general  rule,  circumstances  never 
can,  or  never  ought,  to  take  precedence  of  centre- 
stances.  There  are  internal  or  local  conditions 
that  are  altogether  independent  of  external  or  for- 
eign ones.  These  can  be  better  developed  through 
local  experiences,  local  modes  of  culture,  and  local 
intercommunication.  All  this  maybe  done, with- 
out discarding  or  unheeding  the  superior  sugges- 
tions of  other  localities,  but  they  should  never  lead 
to  the  adoption  of  inferior  ones,  merely  because 
they  are  foreign.  We  hope  therefore  to  see  the 
cultivators  of  Lancaster  county  self-reliant,  but 
that  they  should  at  the  same  time  "  prove"  all 
things,"  and  "hold  fast  that  which  is  good."  We 
know  that  by  their  cotemporaries,they  are  some- 
times called  "  slow,"  but  as  it  has  never  yet  been 
determined  that  the  man  upon  whose  head  the 
brick  fell  and  killed,  was  walking  too  fast  «r  too 
slow  to  avoid  it,  they  therefore  stand  on  an  equal 
footing  with  "  faster  "  people.  We  hope  also  that 
our  contributors  will  continue  to  give  us  their 
thoughts  and  experiences,  on  all  matters  relating 
to  the  farm,  the  orchard,  and  the  fireside. 
^    »    »    

Our  subscribers  will  please  bear  in  mind  The 
Farmer  is  payable  in  advance.  As  material  is 
very  high,  and  labor  cash,  will  our  patrons  be 
kind  enough  to  respond  ? 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMER. 


47 


MEETING  OP  THE  AGRICULTURAL 
AND  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

TJie  Society  met  in  the  Orphans'  Court  Room, 
hi  the  city  of  Lancaster,  Monday,  February  1st, 
at  2  o'clock  P.  M. 

In  the  absence  of  the  President,  Levi  S.  Reist, 
1st  Vice  President,  took  the  Chair  and  called  the 
meeting  to  order,  after  which  the  minutes  of  the 
last  meeting  were  read  and  approved  sans  dis- 
sentiment. 

The  following  new  members  were  nominated, 
and  on  motion  elected,  viz:  Dr.  Joseph  Gibbons, 
Aaron  H.  Summy,  Esaias  Billingfelt,  Elias  Brack- 
bill  and  John  G.  Rush.  Most  of  the  new  mem- 
bers were  present  and  signed  the  Constitution. 

Levi  S.  Reist,  who  had  been  elected  delegate,  at 
the  January  meeting,  to  represent  the  Society  at 
the  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  "  Eas< 
Penna.  Experimental  Farm,"  inChester  County, 
stated  that  he  had  been  unable  to  be  present  at 
said  meeting.  He,  however,  had  met  Thos.  Har- 
vey, Superintendent  of  the  Farm,  who  had  in- 
formed him  that  they  had  thirty-six  different 
kinds  of  wheat  on  trial  and  sown  for  experiment. 
Mr.  Reist  was  unable  to  be  present  at  the  meet- 
ing, owing  to  other  pressing  engagements. 

S.  S.  Rathvon  now  proceeded  to  read  an  extract, 
taken  from  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  on  Beetle 
Hunting.  The  extract,  although  very  lengthy,  was 
read  out  of  regard  to  its  intrinsic  merit,  and  Mr. 
Jlathvon  designs  preparing  an  abstract  of  it  for 
publication  in  the  Lancaster  Farmer. 

Jacob  Stauffer  next  proceeded  to  read  an  essay 
upon  Botany,  and  did  itinhis  bestmanner,  andwas, 
on  motion,  asked  for  a  copy  for  publication  in  the 
Farmer.  Peter  S.  Reist  was  next  invited  to 
read  an  essay  upon  wheat  culture  and  the  soils 
necessary  for  its  successful  cultivation. 

Mr.  John  Carter,  who  was  understood  to  be 
present  and  to  represent  the  "  Experimental 
Farm  School  in  Chester  County,"  was  on  mvi- 
tation  requested  to  address  the  Society.  He  did 
so  quite  briefly,  and  detailed  the  workings  of  the 
Farm  School  in  our  neighboring  county.  He  re- 
marked the  great  necessity  there  was  for  an  ap- 
propriation- by  the  Legislature  in  aid  of  the  new 
enterprise.  A  petition  was  in  his  possession,  di- 
rected to  the  Penna.  Legislature,  and  he  asked  the 
members  of  the  Society  to  sign  the  same  and  give 
it  the  weight  of  their  influence. 

Jacob  B.  Garbcr  immediately  rose  and  efl'ered 
the  following  resolution : 

Resolved,  That  we,  the  undersigned  members 
of  the  Lancaster  County  Agricultural  and  Horti- 
cultural Society  fully  approve  of  the  above  peti- 
tion, and  strongly  urge  the  members  of  the  Leg- 
islature to  grant  the  application  of  the  managers 
of  the  Chester  County  Experimental  Farm. 


Levi  S.  Reist  urged  the  adoption  of  the  above 
resolution,  and  spoke  of  the  great  advantage  it 
might  be  to  the  farming  community  of  Lancaster 
County,  owing  to  its  contiguity  to  our  borders. 
Farmers  might,  if  this  Chester  County  enterprise 
be  successfully  established,  with  little  expense 
visit  it,  and  see  and  learn  by  observation 
many  things  otherwise  difficult  to  be  compre- 
hended, and  thus  correct  scientific  information 
would  be  more  generally  diflused  amongst  our 
Lancaster  County  Agriculturists.  In  the  course 
of  his  remarks,  jNIr.  Reist  referred  to  the  fact  of 
the  State  of  Massachusetts  having  lately  appro- 
priated the  sum  of  $30,000  for  the  propagation  of 
fish. 

C.  L.  Hunsecker,  of  Manheim,  likewise  spoke 
a  few  words  in  favor  of  the  resolution,  and  be- 
lieved the  money  could  not  be  expended  to  better 
purpose. 

The  resolution  was  then  unanimously  adopted. 

Engle  and  Brother,  of  Marietta,  exhibited  some 
very  handsome  apples,  viz  :  The  North  Carolina 
Queen,  Smith's  Cider  and  the  Lacker  varieties. 

The  Society,  after  the  transaction  of  the  remain- 
ing current  business,  entertained  itself  for  a  time 
in  the  testing  of  the  fruit  on  exhibition  and  in 
social  converse.  The  apples  presented  by  Engle 
and  Brother  were  pronounced  of  fine  quality,  es- 
pecially Smith's  Cider. 

Society  then,  on  motion,  adjourned  until  the 
1st  Monday  of  March. 

We  have  received  the  new  seed  catalogue  of 
Edward  J.  Evans,  of  York,  Pa.  In  his  catalogue , 
Mr.  Evans  says  :  "  By  special  arrangement  with 
Mr.  James  Vick,  of  Rochester, !New  York,  we  are 
prepared  to  furnish  our  customers  all  his  choice 
flower  seeds  at  his  regular  prices,  and  will  mail  to 
any  address,  on  receipt  of  ten  cents,  his  hand- 
somely illustrated  Descriptive  Catalogue  and  Guide 
to  the  Floioer  Garden  for  1869." 

Ferre,  Batchelder  &  Co's  Catalogue  of  Seeds 
and  Vegetable  and  Flower  Garden  Manual,  for  ISQ9, 
has  also  been  sent  us.  This  is  one  of  the  largest 
catalogues  we  have  yet  seen.  Address,  Spring- 
field, Massachusetts. 

Hoopes'  Brother  &  Thomas,  of  West  Chester, 
Pa.,  have  sent  us  their  Annual  Trade  List  of  the 
Cherry  Hill  Nurstries  for  the  Spring  of  1869.  They 
offer  the  charming  Rocky  Mountaib  novelty,  the 
Aquilegia  Ccelndea,  which  the  American  Horticul- 
tural Annual  describes  as  "  the  Queen  of  Colum- 
bines, and  the  most  beautiful  of  all  herbaceous 
plants."  Young  plants  $1.00  each,  and  $9.00  per 
dozen. 


48 


THE  LANCASTER  FAKMER. 


M.hulljiMi$m. 


PISH  CULTURE. 

Salmon  Eggs  Imported  into  Massachusetts. 

ISTearly  250,000  salmon  eggs  arrived  on  Friday 
last  at  the  Cold  Spring  trout  ponds,  Charlestown, 
Mass.,  from  the  Miramichisahnon-breeding  works 
at  New  Brunswick.  They  were  packed  m  bas- 
kets of  wet  moss,  well  surromided  with  straw,  and 
had  traveled  120  miles  on  sleds,  320  by  rail,  and 
280  miles  by  water ;  but  they  were  so  well  pro- 
tected by  the  straw  from  the  cold,  and  from  the 
jarring  incident  to  traveling,  that  they  arrived  in 
good  condition ,  so  far  as  examined.  They  were 
also  found  to  be  well  impregnated  and  sufficiently 
advanced  to  hatch,  at  the  present  rate  of  develop- 
ment, early  in  January.  The  gentlemen  engaged 
in  getting  them  at  Miramichi  met  with  a  preju- 
dice against  their  operations  on  the  part  of  that 
community,  so  violent,  as  to  nearly  compel  them 
several  times  to  give  up  the  enterprise  altogether. 
The  Canadian  Govei-nment  was  quite  unwilling 
to  give  pennission  to  take  the  spawn  at  all,  and 
only  granted  it  very  reluctantly  at  last,  on  condi- 
tion that  one-half  of  the  ova  taken  should  be 
deemed  the  property  of  the  Crown,  and  should  be 
hatched  out  at  Mu-amichi  for  the  benefit  of  that 
river. 

The  above  paragraph,  taken  from  the  columns 
of  a  cotemporary,  contains  nothii^  specially  new, 
for  the  transportation  of  eggs  and  the  culture  of 
fish  has  been  successfully  conducted  for  a  number 
of  years  in  Europe,  and  also  to  some  extent  in 
some  of  our  eastern  States.  It  has  also  been  suc- 
cessful on  a  limited  scale  in  our  own  county,  but 
we  should  like  to  see  it  generally  introduced,  and 
if  we  are  not  very  much  mistaken,  the  child  now 
lives  who  will  see  the  culture  of  fish  in  this  county 
as  successful  and  as  common  as  the  cultivation  of 
strawberries  at  the  present  time.  Just  think  of 
the  immense  quantity  of  fish  consumed  annually 
in  this  county,  and  of  the  immense  sums  of  money 
expended  in  procuring  them.  Along  our  whole 
southwestern  border  we  have  the  noble  Susque- 
hanna, than  which  there  is  not  a  more  genial 
stream  in  which  to  rear  the  finny  tribes  on  this 
continent.  The  *shad  that  ascended  that  stream, 
within  our  own  recollection,  were  considered  the 
finest  and  most  delicious  of  any  iiroduced  in  our 
American  waters.  This  is  owing  to  the  pure  and 
fresh  character  of  the  aqueous  element  composing 
It,  which  tumbles  down  from  the  thousands  of 
brooks  and  mountain  rills  which  ramify  nearly 
all  parts  of  the  great  State  of  Pennsylvania.  Then 
there  are  the  Conestoga,  Chiques,  Pequea,  Octo- 
raro,  Conoy,  Hammer,  Mill,  and  a  hundred  other 
smaller  creeks  and  streams  that  might  be  made 
available  for  such  a  purpose  by  a  little  labor  and 
a  reasonable  moiety  of  legislative  restriction  and 


protection.  If  it  is  at  all  desirable  to  bring  our 
county  back  again  to  an  age  of  moderate  prices, 
and  wholesome  recreations,  we  must  make  an  ef- 
fort to  develope  all  her  natural  resources.  It  is  a 
great  mistake  for  us  to  perpetrate  the  bull,  that 
"  we  should  do  nothing  for  posterity  because  pos- 
terity can  do  nothing  for  us."  Posterity  may  do 
much  for  us  in  the  amelioration  of  the  condition 
of  our  children  and  our  children's  children.  It 
behooves  us,  therefore,  to  work  for  posterity  if 
we  wish  to  disenthral  ourselves  from  an  all-per- 
vading selfishness  which  is  fast  sapping  the  foun- 
dation of  our  social  and  moral  structure  as  a  pro- 
gressive people.    Therefore,  let  us  have  fish. 

R.  . 


STATE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE. 

We  are  glad  to  learn,  as  will  all  the  original 
friends  of  the  Farmers'  High  School,  that  Mr. 
Burrowes  has  accepted  the  Presidency  of  the 
State  Agricultural  College,  and  has  set  out  boldly 
to  re-organize  it,  and  with  a  view  to  make  it  sub- 
serve the  purposes  it  was  originally  intended  to 
do.  We  have  done  much,  first  to  establish,  and 
afterwards  to  sustain  this  institution,  and  with- 
drew our  support  only  when  we  regarded  the 
course  of  the  Board  of  Managers  as  tendino-  to 
destroy  it  rather  than  build  it  up.  But  we  are 
again  willing  to  lend  it  our  humble  aid  in  the 
hope  that  President  Burrowes,  whose  antecedents 
could  not  be  better, will  be  able  to  "reconstruct" 
it,  and  make  it  of  marked  importance  to  the  ag- 
ricultural interests  of  the  Commonwealth. 

We  print  m  another  column  the  official  college 
advertisement,  and  ask  for  it  the  attention  of  our 
readers.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  sons  of  all  in- 
habitants of  the  State  qualified  for  admission  to 
the  college,  stand  on  precisely  an  equal  footing, 
and  it  is  expected  that  they  will  all  understand 
and  avail  themselves  of  the  advantage. 

We  have  room  this  week  only  to  make  the  fol- 
lowing extract  from  a  general  statement  of  the 
nature  of  the  institution  oftered  by  the  President  : 

"In  the  term  Fanning  or  Agriculture,  as  here 
used,  are  mcludeduot  only  the  processes  of  field- 
crop  raising,  the  breeding  and  care  of  live  stock 
the  nature  and  application  of  manures,  etc.  but 
also  the  principles  of  Horticulture  or  Gardening 
of  Arboriculture,  or  the  propagation  and  care  of 
fruit,  forest  and  ornamental  trees,  and  of  all  the 
other  employments  and  interests  of  rural  hus- 
bandry. 

"  So,  in  the  term  Mechanics,  are  embraced  Me- 
chanical, Civil  and  Mining  Engineering  and  Arch- 
itecture, as  far  as  impartible  %  instruction  in  the 
related  sciences,  and  by  as  niuch  of  practice  in 
the- Shop,  Laboratory  and  Field,  as  the  nature  of 
the  institution  and  of  these  pursuits  will  permit." 


We  are  prepared  to  fill  orders  for  Spring  at  the  following  prices,  cash  to  accompany  the  order: 
i)ne  Poundf  $1.00,     Three  Pounds,  $'^.00  by  Mail  rostpaid. 
One  Peck,  $5.00,    Half  Bushel,       $S.OO  Delivered  to  Express, 

One  Bushel,    $15.00,     One  Barrel  $40.00         **  "         « 

(GO  pounds  to  the  IdusIi**!,  165  poiands  to  the  barrel.) 

The  following  varieties  can  be  supplied  in  large  or  small  quantities  : 

Early  Goodrich,  per  bushel,  $1.50,  per  barrel,    (65  lbs.    $4.00. 

Mich.  White  Sprout,    Early,    "        1.50. 

Harrison,  "        1.50,     "        "  "  4.00. 

Address  DESKTCS-IjES    cfc    333EI.O., 

Send  for  a  Circular.  Marietta  Nurseries,  Marietta,  Pa. 


World  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company 

NO.    160    BROAD^VAY,    NEW    YOKK. 


J.  F.   FRUEAUFFy    General  Agent^ 

No.  5  North.  Qiaeen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

A.  B.  REIDENBACH,  Litiz,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
SAMUEL  L.  YETTER,  Elizabethtown,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
J.  M.  GRAYBILL,  Columbia,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

X..A.3SrC.A.STEI^  I^EFER,EI^TCES  : 
JACOB  BAUSMAN,  President  Farmers'  National  Bank.         Maj.  J  AS.  E.  RICKSECKEK,  City  Treasurer. 
CHRIS'N  B.  HERK,  Trea't  Lancaster  Co.  Nat'l  Bank.  N.  ELLMAKER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Messrs.  BAIR  &  SHENK,  Bankers.  B.  F.  BAER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Judge  A.  L.  HAYES.  J.  F.  LONG  &  SON,  Druggists. 

Col.  WM.  L.  BEAR,  Prothonotary. 
No  fanner  Is  Justified  in  exposing  his  creditors,  his  wife  or  his  children,  to  the  loss 
certain  to  occur  to  thevt  upon  his  death,  without  a  Life  Insurance  Policy  for  their 
benefit,  and  in  no  Company  can  this  be  done  with  more  safety  and  under  better  man- 
agement than  in  the  above.    See  one  of  their  Agents  and  have  him  explain  all  about  it. 


asrxjiisEK.'sr   sarocis:. 

PEACH  TREES  and  GRAPE  VINES.     Very  strong  one  an  J  two  year  old  Concords  by  the  thousand. 

Raspberry  and  Blackberry  Stocks,  Strawberry  Plants,  Osape  Hedgje,  Asparagus  and  Rhubarb  Roots. 
I»OT.A.TOES     EOR    SEE3D. 

Popular  Tarieties,  leading'  among  which  is  THE  EA.ItLY  ROSE,  grown  from  seed  ob- 
tained from  D.  S.  Heffron,  and  warranted  pure.  Quality  best,  very  productive,  and  one  of  the  earliest.  For 
sale  by  the  pound,  peck,  and  bushel.     Send  for  circular. 

H.  M.  ENGLE,  Marietta,  Penn. 


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a.  b.  kaueman's 
Insurance  Agency, 

No.  1  EAST  ORANGE  ST., 
LANCASTER    CITY,    PA., 

Issues  Life,  and  also,  Policies  against  Fire  and 
all  other  Accidents. 

AGENT  FOR  THE  OLD 

CONN.  MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY, 

The  Uosl  Company  iu  the  World. 

CAPITAL,   :-    -    -    S'33,000,000. 


SAB^UEL  HESS, 

South  Side  Conestoga,  opposite 
GraefF's  Landing,    ' 


DEALER  IN 


Wood,  Salt,  Sand,  Plaster,  and  all  the  best  Fertili- 
zers in  tlie  Market.  Posts,  Rails,  Pales,  and  Fenciag 
Materials  of  every  Descrii)tiou. 

Parlioular  attention  paid  to  Ee-sawing  Lumber  for 
Cabinet  work  and  Coachmaking. 

CF"  All  Orders  left  at  the  Lancaster  Post  Office 

promptly  attended  to. 

S.  S.  RATHVON'S 

Merchant  Ttillorisig,  General  Clotlsliig 

AND  GENTLEMEN'S  FURNISHING  STORE, 

(KFAIiir'S   OLD  stand), 

Corner  North  ^ueen  &  Orange  Sts., 
Lancaster,  Pa., 

AH  kinds  of  Men's  and  Boys'  Ready-Made  Clothing  anil 
Furhisliiiig  Goods  constantly  on  hand.  Al.so,  a  superior  assort- 
ment ot  French,  English,  German  and  American  Cloths,  Cas- 
simeres  a  n<l  Vestings  whicb  will  be  made  to  order  in  any  desired 
style,  with  the  least  iiossihlc  delay;  warranted  to  give  satis- 
faction, and  at  reasonable  charges. 

S.  S.  RATHVON. 


CRUGER  &  RICE, 

DRUGGISTS  &  APOTHECARIES, 

No.  13  WEST  KING  STREET, 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  STEINMAN'S   HARDWARE  STORE, 

Lancaster,   Pa, 

Have  always  on  hand  Pure,  Reliable  Drugs  and  Medi- 
cines, Chemicals,  Spices,  Perfumery  and  Toilet 
Articles.     Aho  Flavoring  Extracts  of 
their  own  Manufacture,  and  of 
unsurpassed  quality. 

Sole  Agents  for  Hasson's  Compound  Syrup  op  Tar,  the 

best  rjouch  Medicine  in  the  market.    We  have  also  on  hand  in 

season  an  assortment  of  Landroth's  Warranted  Garden  Seeds. 

The  public  can  rely  upon  always  GBTTii'tt  what  thbt 

ASK  FOE  AND  NO  SUBSTITUTES. 


LANCASTER  CITY  AND  COUNTY 

FIRE  INSURANCE    COMPANY, 

«/i'    l,JlJ%^r.^STF.R,     P^l. 
■«■»> 

OA.r'I'FAT^,     -      -      -      ^JiOO,000. 

■»»■«>  -^ — 

Hon. Tuos. E.Franklin,     Geo. K. Reed,     Edw.  Brown, 

Tres't,  Treas.,  Sec'y. 

John  L.  Atlee,  M.  D.,        B.  F.  Slienk,         Jacob  Bousman, 
Henry  Carpenter,  M.  D.,     P.  Shroder,  Jacob  M.  Frantz, 

Hon.  A.  E.  Roberts,  John  C.  Hager. 

Houses,  Barns.  Stores,  Mills  and  Buildings  of  all  kinds,  with 
their  contenlsj  Insured  on  Favorable  terms. 

W.  J.  KAFROTH,  Agent. 
Eesldeuce:  33  South  Duke  St.,  Lancaster. 


DEALER  IN 

Pianos,  Organs,  and  fflelodeons, 

ANU  MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS  GENERALLY, 

A  large  as.iortment  of  Violins,  Flutes,  Guitars,  Banjos, 

Tamhoriues,  Accordeons,  Fifes,  Harmonicas,  and 

Musical  Merchandise  always  on  hand. 

SHEET  MUSIC :  A  large  stock  on  hand  and  constantly  re- 
ceiving all  the  latest  publications  as  soon  as  issued. 

MUSIC  BY  MAIL  ;  I  would  inform  persons  wishing  Music, 
that  Music  and  Musical  Books  will  be  sent  by  mail  free  of 
postage  when  the  marked  price  is  remitted. 

DEOALOOMANIA,  or  the  art  of  Transferring  Pictures.  Can 
be  transferred  on  any  object.  I  would  call  especial  attention 
of  Coachmakers  to  my  stock  of  Decalcomania. 

ZAHM  &  JACKSON, 

No.  15  NORTH  ftUEEN  ST., 

Beg  leave  to  call  the  attention  of  persons  in  want  of 
a  good  and  reliable  Time  Keeper  to  their  full  assort- 
ment of 

KBIGAN  m  SWISS  WATCSES, 

In  Gold  and  Silver  Cases  which  will  be  sold  at 
prices  which  will  defy  competition.  Also,  a  full  assort- 
ment of 

of  all  kinds,  which  we  will  warrant  good  and  correct 
time-keepers. 

in  great  variety,  such  as  Pins,  Setts,  Ear  Kings,  Finger 
Rings,  Sleeve  Buttons,  Chains,  &c. 

SOLID  SILVER  WARE, 

Manufactured  expressly  for  our  sales  and  warranted  coin 

PLATED    WARE, 

From  the  best  factories  and  warranted  ihe  finest  quality. 

Gold,  Silver  and  Steel  Spectacles.    Hair  Jewelry 
Made  to  Order. 

Repairing  Promptly  Attended  to. 

ZAHM  &  JACKSON, 


S.  •WELCHENS,  D.  D.  B., 

SURGEON    DENTIST, 

Office  and  Refildence, 

HOWELL'S  BUILDING,  No.  65*  NORTH  QUEEN  ST., 

Half  a  square  soiitli  of  the  K.  R.  Depot. 

Twenty  Years'  Successful  Practice  in  Lancaster. 

The  Latest  improvements  in  INSTRUMENTS 
and  TEETH  and  the  very  best  material,  Warranted 
in  all  operations. 

TEETH  EXTRACTED  WITHOUT  PAIN  with 
the  use  of  Nitrous  Oxide  Gas,  Ether,  or  the  EtTier 
Spray 

TERMS,  as  low  as  any  in  the  city,  when  low  priced 
material  and  loio  priced  work  are  used. 

But  for  FIRST-CLASS  OPERATIONS,  with  ap- 
pliances and  material  to  correspond,  prices  range 
higher. 

S.  WELCHEN3.  D.  D.  S. 


REII^ART'S  OLD  WOE  STOUE, 

ESTABLISHED  IN  1?S5, 

No.  36  EAST  KING  ST.,  LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

The  reputation  of  REIG  ART'S  OLD  WINES  AND  BRAN- 
DIES for  purity  and  exeellent  quality  having  been  fully  es- 
tablished for  nearly  a  century,  we  regret  that. the  conduct  of 
some  unprincipled  dealers,  who  re-till  with  and  sell  from  oar 
labled  bottles  their  deleterious  compounds,  compels  us  to 
adopt  the  annexed  trade  mark,  which  in  future,  for  the  pro- 
tection of  ourselves  and  our  customers,  will  be  found  on  all 
our  old  bottled  Wines,  Brandiss,  Gins,  Whiskies,  Bitters,  &c. 


TRADE 


MARK. 


And  further,  in  order  to  protect  the  same,  we  hereby  an- 
nounce our  determiiuitiou  to  in-osecute  to  the  fullest  extent  of  the 
Act  of  Assembly,  approved,  31st  day  of  March,  1860,  any  per- 
son or  persons  who  shall  violate  the  provisions  of  said  act  as 
applicable  to  our  trade  mark. 

N.  B. We  respectfully  request  the  public,  when  they  have 

occasion  or  desire  to  use  Old  Brandy  at  the  Hotels  or  Restau- 
rants to  ask  particularly  for  Reigart's  Old  Brandy. 
Very  respectfullv,  &c., 

11.  E.  SLAYMAKER,  Agt. 


Lancaster,  June  26th,  1868. 
Editop.s  Express  :  Dr.  Wm.  M.  Whiteside,  the  enterpris- 
ing Dentist,  lias  purchased  from  me  a  large  stock  of  teeth  and 
all  the  tixtures,  the  nstruments  formerly  belonging  to  me,  and 
also  those  used  by  my  father,  Dr.  Parry,  in  his  practice.  In 
the  purchase,  the  doctor  has  i)rovided  himself  with  some  of 
the  most  valuable  and  expensive  instruments  used  in  dental 
practice,  and  has  beyond  doubt  one  of  the  best  and  largest 
collections  of  teeth  and  instiniments  in  the  State.  Persons 
visiting  the  commodious  ottices  of  Dr.  Whiteside,  cannot  fall 
to  be  fully  accommodated.  The  Doctor  loses  no  opportunity 
of  furnishing  himself  with  every  late  scient^jtic  improvement 
in  his  line  of  business.  H.  B.  PARRY. 


UNION  SPOKE  AND  AGRICULTURAL  WORKS 

Corner  of  Water  and.  Lenaon  !Sts., 
Formerly  Shirk  &  Beyer's  Warehouse,  on  the  Penna.  Bail 
road,  near  Baumgardner's  coal  yard,  and  2  squares  west  from 
the  Railroad  Depot,  where  we  manufacture  the 

LATEST  IMPROVED  GRAIN  DRILLS. 
Also,  Grain  Drills  with  Guano  attached,  warranted  to  give 
satisfaction.     Hockaway  Fans,  Cider  Jflills,  Crtmherg  ami 

Graters,  for  horse  or  hand  power,  which  will  grind  a  bushel 
of  apples  per  minute  by  horse  power,  and  are  warranted  to  do  I 
it  well.  We  would  also  inform  Coachmakers  that  we  have  put 
up  in  our  Shop  two  of  the  latest  improved  Spoke  Jflachsuen, 
or  Liathea,  and  are  fully  prepared  to  furnish  the  best  quality 
of  SPOKES  of  all  kinds,  sizes,  dry  or  part  dry,  and  warranted 
to  be  a  good  article.  We  buy  none  but  the  best?  t Spokes, 
andhavenowonhand  100,000  SPOMES.  Bent  Fellows 
of  all  sizes;  Shafts  and  Carriage  Poles,  Bows,  «&c.,  of 
seasonable  stuff,  constantly  on  hand. 

As  Mr.  Keeler  bus  been  in  this  business  16  or  18  years,  and 
having  served  an  apprenticeship  at  Coaohmaking,  he  knows 
what  the  trade  want  in  that  line.  All  kinds  of  Bent  Stuff  for 
sale,  or  made  to  order — and  Spokes  of  all  sizes  turned  for  per- 
sons having  them  on  hand  in  the  rough. 

Notice  to  Farmers  and  Mechanics Planing  and  Saw- 
ing done  at  the  shortest  notice.  We  have  one  of  the  best  and 
latest  Improved  Surface  Planes  for  operation. 

KEELER  &  SHAEFFER,  lancfister,  Pa. 


3DBHTIST5 

Office  and  Residence, 

EAST  KING  STREET, 

Next  door  to  the  Court  House,  over  Fahnestock's  Dry 
Goods  Store, 

LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

Teeth' Extracted  without  jtain  by  theuseof 
{NitTOtis  Oxide)  Gas. 

BOOKS  AND  STATIONERY. 


A  Full  assortment  of 

SCHOOL,    MISCELLANEOUS  AGRT- 

DULTURAL  AND  HOKTI- 

CULTUKL  BOOKS, 

A  large  stock  of 

STATIONERY, 

WHICH  WILL  BE  SOLD  AT 

GREATLY  REDUCED  PRICES, 

!  On  account  of  removal  April  1st,  1869,  to 

No.  52  North  Queen  Street, 

(KBAMP'S  BUILDING) 

Four  Doors  above  Orange  Street, 

Subscriptions  received  for  all  the  Agricultural  and. 
Horticultural  Magazines. 

J.  H.  SHEAFFER'S 

Cheap  Cash  Book  Store,  No.  32  N.  Queen 
Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


'? 


DEALER  IN 


FOREIGN  MD  AMERICAN  WATCHES, 

IN  GOLD  AND  SILVER  CASES, 

CLOCKS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION, 
Jewelry  in  all  its  Sliapes  and  Forms, 

SILVER  WARE,  designed  for  Bridal  Presents; 

BRACKETS,  TOILET    SETS,    VASES,    SPECTACLES, 
GOLD  PENS,  &c.,  &C.,  &C. 


Stoves ! 

Housekeepers'   Furiiisliiiig   Goods ! 


The  undersigned  at  their  old  established  stand  in 
WEST  KINQ  STREET, 

are  constantly  receiving  fresh  supplies  to  their  exten- 
sive Stock,  from  the  best  manufactories  in  this  Coun- 
try and  Europe,  and  invite  the  attention  of  Merchants 
and  Consumers,  feeling  that  we  can  do  as  well  as  any 
house  in  Philadelphia. 

Persons  commencing  Housekeeping  will  find  the 

Tlie  Largest  and  Best  Selected  Lot  of 

at   Manufacturers'  Prices.     Also,  every   other   article 
kept  in  a  first-class  Hardware  Store. 

A  FULL  STOCK  OF 

Sadlers',  Coachmakers'  and  Blacksmiths'  Tools 
and  Materials. 

BUILDERS    will    find   a    full    supply  of  every   thing 
suited  to  their  wants  at  LOWEST  FIGUKES. 

CLOVER,    TIMOTHY   AND    FLAX    SEED, 

BOUGHT  AND  SOLD. 

STEINMAN  &  CO. 


p.  E.  GllUGER. 


J.  p.  GRUGEPt. 


GRUGER  BROTHERS, 

MARBLE  MASONS, 

14  South  Queen  St.,  Lancaster,  Pa., 

Have    always   on   hand  or   will  furnish   to  order   at 

SHORT  NOTICE, 

MONUMENTS, 

rOMBS, 

GRAVE  STONES, 

&(<.,  &c. 

We  pay  particular  and  personal  attention  both  to  the 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MATEPJAL  and  the  EXECU- 
TION OF  OUR  WORK,  and  our  facilities  now  are  such 
that  we  can  guarantee  our  customers  the  very  best 
work,  at  the  same,  and  often  Lower  Prices,  than  are 
usually  paid  elsewhere  for  inferior  productions. 

Lettering 


m 


English 


and 


German, 

ELEGANTLY  AND  CORRECTLY  DONE. 

We  earnestly  invite  our  country  friends  to    give   us  a 
call. 


SHULTZ  &  BRO., 

Manufacturers,  Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 

Caps  and  Furs, 

LADIES'  FANCY  FURS, 

HOODS, 

TRIMMED  GLOVES  AKD  ^IITTS, 
Gents'    Gloves,    Capes    and    Collars, 

FaiTcy  Robes, 
BLA]SrivETS,    &0. 

20     North    Queen    Street, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 


AMERICAN  WATCHES 


ELHHOAOS&BRO., 

JVo.  22  West  King  Street, 

Next  Door  Below  Cooper's  Hotel, 
DEALERS    IN 

IMiil€ii&  lM?#Efii 

AV  A.  T  O  H  E  S  , 


«  ^  1! 


SIL,¥i;il 

J  E  ■V\7' E  Ij  E.  "ST  , 

CLOCKS  AND  SPECTACLES. 


THE  UNDERSIGNED  REPRESENTS  THE 


AND  ALSO  THE 

Life  ai  Accideit  taraice  CciDpiij, 

Both  stable  and  ■n'ell  established  companies,  the  former 
having  a  capital  of  $1000,000,  and  the  latter  $500,- 
000. 

The  plan  of  issuing  policies  by  the  Brooklyn  Life 
Insurance  Company  presents  a  feature  altogether 
unique,  and  one  which  removes  one  of  the  strongest 
objection,  hitherto  urged  against  the  plan  of  Life  Insur- 
ance ;  and  this  is  what  is  termed  the  Surrender  Value 
Plan.  Each  and  every  Policy  issued  in  the  name  of 
this  Company  bears  an  endorsement,  stating  the  exact 
worth  of  the  policy  in  Cash,  at  any  time  after  two  or 
more  annual  premiums  have  been  paid. 

Insurance  can  also  be  effected  in  the  North  American 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  at  lower  rates,  it  is  be- 
lieved, than  in  any  other  Company  in  the  United  States. 

All  desirous  of  securing  insurance  upon  their  lives 
can  do  so  by  calling  upon  the  undersigned. 

ALLEN  GUTHRIE,  Agt., 

East  ijemon.  Street, 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


LANCASTER,    PENN'A, 

Dealers  in  United  States  Bonds  and  all 
kinds  of  Railroad  Stock  and  State  Loans. 

Buy  and  Sell  Gold,  Silver,  and  Unitedt 
States  Coupons. 

Sell  Bills  of  Exchange  on  Europe  and  Passage 
Certificates. 

Keceive  Money  on  "Deposit  and  pay  Interest  as 
ollows : 

1  month,  4  per  cent,,      6   months,  5    per  cent. 

3      •'         4i  "  12       "        5i 


FOR  SALE  AT 

Glias.  A.  Heinitsli's  Drug  Store,  13  E.  King  St., 

LANCASTER,    P  E  N  N  A., 

German    Cattle    Powders! 

The  best  Powder  made  for  the  Cure  .ami  Prevention  of  Dis- 
eases to  which  Oxen,  Millc  Cows,  Sheep  and  Hogs,  are  siili.ject. 
For  Stock  Cattle  preparing  for  maiket,  a  tahle  spoontiil  in 
their  feed  once  or  twice  a  weelt,  improves  their  condition  l)y 
strengthening  their  digestive  organs,  and  creates  .solid  flesh 
and  fat. 
GERMAN  VEGETABLE  OR  UNRIVALLED  CONDITION 

POWDERS 
For  preserving  Hor.ses  in  good  health,  removing  all  Diseases 
of  the  Skin,  giving  a   Smooth  and  Glossy  appearance,  also  a 
sure  remedy  for  Distemper,  Hidobonnd.  i.oss  of  Api^etite,  &c. 

PERSIAN  INSECT  PoWDER. 
A  perfectly  safe,  quick  and  easily  applied   destroyer  of  Lice 
on  Cattle,  Fleas,  Bedbugs,  &c. 

PYROLTGNEOUS  ACID. 
A  substitute  for  curing  Beef,  Pork,  Hams,  Tongues  Smok- 
ed Sausages,  F  sh,  &c.,  without  the  danger   aud  trouble  o 
smoking,  imparting  a  rich  flavor  and  color. 


CHARLES  T.  COULD, 

CHAIE     MANUFACTUREE, 

Wo.  37  North  Queen  St.,  Lancaster, 

(NEXT  DOOR  TO  SIIOBER'S  HOTEL,) 

Old  Chairs  Re-painted  and  Repaired. 


S.  E.  Cor.  East  Kin^  &  Duke  Sts.,  Lancaster. 

Cabinet  Work  of  every  description  and  a  full 

assortment  of  Chairs  constantly  on  hand. 
\X^All  Warranted  as  Mepresented.  ,^^i\ 

JACOB  EOTHAEMEL, 

PREJIIUM 

wwmRm 


DEALER.    IN 

;©mBjS  aid  f  amej  ArtxoIeSj 

No.  9i  North  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

'  SEED   POTATOES. 


EAELY  GOODRICH, 
HAERISON, 

MICHIGAN  WHITE, 

and  GAENET  CHILI, 

Ey  the  Peek,  Bushel  or  Barrel.    Also, 

THE  EARLY  HOSE, 

which  is  destined  to  suptrsede  all  of  the  older  varieties 
for  quality,  earliness  and  productiveness,  will  be  sold 
in  quantities  to  suit  purchasers.  All  the  above  varie- 
ies  v/arranted  pure  and  genuine.     Send  for  circular. 

Marietta,  Pa. 

Ornamental  and  evergreen  Trees,  Flower- 
ing Shrubs,  Roses,  ttc,  &c.,aud  a  complete  assortment  of 
everything  in  the  Nui'sery  line,  at  reasonable  rates.  For 
Catalogues,  address  with  Stamps,  EXGLE  &  BRO., 
Marietta,  Pa. 


THE 


.nquirer 


laANCAST]BH3  PA.., 

OFFERS  &REATER  INDnCEMENTS 

Executed  in  the  Best  Style  of  Printing , 
than  any  other  office  in  the  State. 


L^IsriDIS  &c  CDCD., 


James   Street,    Lancaster,    Pa., 

ARE  PREPARED  TO  DO  ALL  KINDS  OF 


9 

BUILD  LARGE  AND  SMALL  ENGINES, 

Un,  FDim.  11E8S, 

MILL     &EA.EII^a, 

And  all  kind  af  Machine  Work  done  at  a  first  class  Shop. 

Placing  recently  removed   to   their   new  building,  and  provided  themselves 
with  a 


Adapted  to  the  wants  of  their  customers,  they  are  prepared  to  execute  all  or- 
ders with  neatness  and  dispatch,  and  on  terms  satisfactory  to  the  customer. 
They  would  invite  attention  to  their  large  foundry  connected  with  their  works, 
in  which  the  best  work  is  turned  out. 

They  also  announce  that  they  are  now  prejiared  to  supply  their 


mmm 


'^l 


Bm 


TO  ALL    CUSTOMERS. 


This  Machine  requires  Less  Power,  does  More  AVork,  and  is  considerable 
Cheaper  than  any  other  Separator  now  in  the  market.  This  Machine  is  now 
improved,  well  built,  and  does  the  best  and  most  efficient  class  of  work. 

Repairing  of  all  kinds  promply  done  at  reasonable  rates. 

Give  us  a  call,  and  we  will  endeavor  to  please  our  patrons. 

FRANK  LANDIS, 
EZRA  F.  LANDIS, 
JACOB  LANDIS. 


Diller  ft  Groff's  Hardware  Store, 

No.  8  East  King  Street,  Lancaster  City,  Penna. 

DEALERS     IN 

Foreign  and  Domestic  Hard^vare, 

Such  as  Building  Material,  Paints,  Yarnishes,  Oils,  Glass,  Coach  Trimmings,  Stoves, 

Iron   and   Steel,  &c.,    &c.,    &g. 

EEOUSB      FURHXSEtlMO     G  O  O  O  S  . 
TIMOTHY  AND  CLOYER  SEEDS  OF  THE  BEST  QUALITY. 


■Wt.h% 


.p?W 


^MOS    MILEY'S 
i3:-A.E.isrE  ss 


'     ^  No.  37  Worth  Queen  St., 


-^^(  '^^^^ 


NEXT  DOOR  TO  SHOBER'S  HOTEL,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


mm 

mm 


:E*T,MJh.j::^   Jk.i!^j:>   nF'-^a^BJO"^ 


^« 


^1^ 


WAGON  GEARS,  WHIPS,  BUFFALO  ROBEB, 

BLAffiETS,  TRUffiS,  TALISES,  CARPET  BA&S,  LABIES'  &  &EETS'  SATCHELS, 

Of  all  kinds  constantly  kept  on  hand  or  made  to  order.    Repairing  neatly  done. 

Also,  Agent  for  BAKEE'S  HOOF  LINIMENT,  the  best  article  for  Sore 
Hoofs  in  the  country. 


'5 


i 


No.  44,  Corner  North  Queen  and  Orange  Streets, 
L^3SrOA.STER,    PA.. 

N.  B.-T-Any  Book  ordered  can  be  sent  by  Mail  to  any  address. 


TO    BTJIXjI3EI?,S  T 


PLASTIC  SLATE!! 

The  Greatest  Eoofiiig  Material  of  the  Age ! 

IS  NOW  OFFERED  TO  THE  PEOPLE  OF 

LANCASTER  AND  FORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNT!, 

WITH  A  PROMISE  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  ADVANTAGES : 

It,  is  superior  to  other  coverings  for  all  kinds  of  buildings  for  these  reasons : 

1.  It  is  water,  snow  and  air-proof  from  the  beginning,  and  is  as  fire-proof  as  ordinary  slate.  (See  testimo- 
nials New  York  Fire  Insurance  Companies.) 

2.  It  keeps  buildings  warmer  in  winter  and  does  not  make  them  hot  insummer  as  ordinary  slate  does,  and 
it  can  be,  after  the  first  year,  whitewashed  or  painted  any  desired  color  so  as  to  obviate  all  diiliculty  arising 
from  its  dark  color. 

3.  Being  entirely  water  and  fire-proof,  it  is  invaluable  as  a  covering  for  the  sides  of  buiKlings  and  lining 
cisterns  of  whatever  material  they  may  be  built;  stojjping  water  out  of  cellars  and  dampness  out  of  walls  of 
houses,  and  closing  leaks  between  buildings. 

4.  Adhering,  as  it  does,  with  great  firmness  to  tin  and  iron,  it  is  useful  for  covering  tin  roofs  and  iron  exposed 
to  dampness  or  to  the  atmosphere,  sucii  as  iron  fences,  cemetery-railings,  &c. 

5.  Buildings  covered  with  TLASTIC  SL.ITE  da  not  need  tin  spouts  at  the  eaves  nor  do  the  valleys  need  tin 
to  make  them  water  proof. 

0.  It  is  lighter  than  shingles,  and  is  equally  adapted  to  flat  or  steep  roofs. 

7.  The  testimony  of  Wm.  MGilvray  &  do.,  published  herewith,  shows  that  it  is  not  only  fire-proof  exter- 
nally, but,  is  also  a  great  hindrance  to  the  spread  of  fire  within. 

8.  It  is  much  cheaper  in  first-cost  than  any  good  roofing  now  in  use,  and  when  all  attendant  expenses  of  the 
two  roofs  are  estimated,  costs  only  about  half  as  much  as  the  best  slate,  and  it  makes  a  better  and  closer  roof. 

9.  For  the  roofing  of  foundries  and  casting-houses  of  blast  furnaces,  where  there  are  gases  of  a  very  high 
temperature,  which  injures  and  destroys  other  roofs,  this  material  is  improved  and  seems  to  produce  a  better 
roof,  (see  certificates  of  Messrs.  Grubb,  Musselman  &  Watts,  S.  M.  Brua  and  Wm.  M'Gilvray.) 

10.  If  in  process  of  years  cracks  or  leaks  occur  in  Plastic  Slate  Hoofs,  they  are  about  as  easily  repaired,  as 
they  would  be  to  white-wash,  neetliug  only  a  brush  and  the  Mastic,  but  no  expensive  labor  of  mechanics. 

[1^="  The  Pamphlet  referred  to  in  the  furegoing  notice  can  be  had  gratuitously,  by  calling  at  the  Ollice  of  the 
Lancaster  Inquikek  or  Examinkk  &  Herald. 

Persons   wi.shing   to   examine   PLASTIC    SIjATE    ROOFS,  and    thus  verify   for   themselves  the  fcdlowing 
statements,  are  invited  to  call  and  inspect  lioofs  put  on  for  the  following  persons,  among  many  others : 
Lancaster— Thos.  H.  Burrowes,  Stuart  A.  Wylie,  (Kditor  Liincaster  luquiior,)  J.  B.  SchwarlzweMer,  Abraliam  Bitner 


Mrs.  Fanny  Mast.  Uppek  Lkacock  Twp.-  Marks  G.  Menger,  Cliri.stiau  K.  Landis,  Jacob  R.  Musser.  Lbacock  Twp Isaac 

Bair,  Levi  Zook.    West  Eakl— Christian  Beikr.  Leaman  Place— Henry  Leaman,  Israel  Rolirer.   BKUNNEUViLLE-^Aaron 

H.  Brubaker.    Spoutinc;  Hill— Kmanuel  Long.  Lniz— H.  H.  Tshudy,  David  Bricker.    Durlaoh  P.  O.,  Clay  Twp Jonas 

Laber.    Manhkim  Boit.— Nathan  Werl^y,  Samuel  Kiihl.     Penn  TVvp.— George  Ruhl.    Wk^t  Lampeter— Aldus  C.  Herr^ 
Enterpulse  p.  O.,  East  Lampeter— Mark  P.  Cooi)er.    Strasbuku  Bor Hervey  Brackbill. 

Orders  for  Roofmg  Should  be  sent  to 

Joseph  G-ibbons, 

LICENSE  FOR  LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTY,  MD:, 

Enterprise  P.  0.,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

Or  A.  W.  &  J.  R.  RUSSELL,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

Or  MOSES  LIGHT,  Manheim,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

Or  JOHN  R.  BRICKER,  Litfz,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

ALDUS  C.  HERE,  Lampeter,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 


SMALL  FRUITS,  SHRUBS  AND  PLANTS. 

The  following  Catalogues  sent  on  application,  with  stamps,  as  follows  : 

No.   1.  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Fruit,  Ornamental  and  Evergreen  Trees, 
Vines,  Plants,  Shrubs,  Roses,  &c.,  (30  Pages),  3  red  stamps. 
No.  2.  Amateur's  Price  List,  1  red  stamp. 
No.  3.   VVholesale  Price  List  for  Nurserymen  and  Dealers  only,  1  red  stamp. 

Address,      HMCIaK  ^  BRO«^ 

Marietta  Nurseries,  IVIARIETTA,  PA. 


CHOICE  SEED  POTATOES. 

Eai-ly  Goodrich,  Harrison  and  Michigan   White  Spro^t- 
Descriptive  circulai-  with  testimonials  and  prices,  sent 
on  application. 

Address,        ENGLE  &  BRO., 

2t  .         Marietta,  Pa. 


r^^iiiBii,  ^TTil^TC®^]. 


A  large  Assortment  of  Fresh  Garden  Seeds  have  just 
been  received  at  Sprecher  &  Go's.  Seed  and  Agricultural 
Implement  Store,  No.  28  East  King  Street. 

A  fine  lot  of  Seed  Oats,  Seed  Bai  ley.  Clover,  Tmiothy, 
and  other  Field  and  Garden  Seeds,  together  with  a  well 
selected  assortment  of  Farming  Implements  of  all  kinds, 
are  now  in  The  Farmer's  Store,  and  for  sale  by 

SPRECHER  8c  Co., 

No.  28  EAST  KING  STREET, 


3mos 


Lancaster,    Pa. 


Raspberries.— Philadelpliia,  Clarke,  Mam- 
moth Cluster,  Miami,  and  Doolittle  Black  Cap.  (Send  for 
Catalogues.)  ENGLE  &  BRO.,  Marietta,  Fa. 


PDEE  BMHMA  PODTRA  EGGS, 

From  select  Fowls,  can  be  supplied 
during  the  season,  carefully  packed  and 
delivered  to  Express  for 

$2.00  FEE  mim  m  m  mm. 

A  few  pair  of  this  breed  of  fowls, 
for  sale,  if  ordered  soon.      Address, 


3mos 


Marietta,   Pa. 


Dr.  N.  B.  BHISBINE, 

No.  93  EAST  KIKG  STREET,  Above  LIme. 

The  Doctor  pays  specitd  attention  to  all  olil  obstinate 
diseases,  such  as  Consumption,  Liver  Complaint,  Dys- 
pepsia, Rheumatism,  all  diseases  of  the  Heart,  Head, 
Throat,  Lungs,  Stomach,  Bowels,  Kidneys,  .Nervous 
Debility,  General  Debility,  &c.  The  doctor  niake^  ex- 
aminations of  the  Urine.     Consultation  Free. 

Concord,  Clinton,  Delaware,  Ives,  Hart- 
ford rrolific,  Martha,  aiid  many  olher  varieties  of  Grape 
Vines.    Send  Stamps  for  Catalojiue.     Address, 

ENGLE  &  BRO.,  Marietta,  Pa. 


SUCCESSOR  TO 

WENTZ   BROTHERS, 

SiaN  OF  THE  BEE  IIIVE, 

U  5  EAST  KING  STREET,  LANCASTER,  PENrA., 

DEALER  IN 

FOREI&H  m  DOMESTIC  DRY  GOODS, 

€11. ASS   AJyri)    qVEENSUVIBK, 

Carpcts,*Oil  Ciotlis,  Wiiidow  SSiades. 

SPECIAL  ATTENTION  PAID  TO 


Shawls  and  Embroideries,  Cloths  and  Cassimeres, 

Handkerchiefs,    Gloves    and    Hosiery, 

Best  Kid   Gloves. 


^mh  I 


The  Choicest  of  the  Market,  and  at  the  Lowest  Possible 
Prices. 

REMEMBER  THE  PLACE  TO  BUY. 

THOS.  J.  WENTZ, 

Bee  Hive  Store,  No.  5  E.  King  St. 


GEO.    F.    ROTE, 

UNDERTAKER, 

Corner    South    Queen   and    Vine    Streets, 

LANCASTER,    PA. 


Coffins  of  all  sizes  always  on  h3,nd,  and  fm-nished  ft 
Shoitest  Notice, 


THE 


Vol.  I. 


LANCASTEE,  PA,,  APRIL,  1869. 


No.  4. 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY 

WYLIE    &    aRIEST, 

INQUIRER  BUILDING,  LANCASTER,  PA., 
At  ONE  DOLLAR  PER  YEAR  In  Advance 

UNDER   THE   AUSPICES   OP  THE 

L.ANCASTER  COUNTY  AGKI€ITI.TIIRAX  AND 
IIORTICIJL.TUBAIi  SOCIETY. 


Publishing  Committee. 
I)U.  P.  W.  HiKSTAND, 

H.  K.  Stoneu, 
Jacob  M.  Frantz, 
Casper  Hiller, 
IjKVI  W.  Gropp, 
Alexander  Harris. 


Editorial  Committee, 
J.  B.  Garber, 
H.  M.  Engle, 
Levi  S.  Reist, 
W.  L.  Difpenderper, 
J.  H.  Musser, 
S.  S.  Rathvon. 


BG?"  All  communications  intended  for  the  Farmer  should  be 
addressed  to  S.  S.  K.athvon  and  Alex.  Harris,  the  resident 
members  of  the  Editing  and  Publishing  Committees. 

All  advertisements,  subscriptions  and  remittances,  to  Wylie 
&  Griest,  Printers. 


C^^ap* 


VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY. 


THE  CELL  IN  THE  PROCESS  OF  GENERATION. 


The  subject  of  the  sexes  in  vegetation  is  one 
which  has  for  some  time  claimed  the  attention, 
not  only  of  Natm-alists,  hut  also  of  Farmers  and 
Ilorticulturalists  in  our  own  county.  Its  import 
in  our  series  of  articles  must,  therefore,  be  ac- 
knowledged, and  reaching  as  it  does,  away  into 
embryonic  research,  and  coming  properly  within 
the  province  of  cellular  life,  we  deem  its  consider- 
ation in  the  present  connection  as  right  and  pro- 
per. This,  article  therefore,  will  be  confined  to 
the  remote  or  structural  aspect  of  the  subject, 
treating  it  in  the  cell  alone. 

All  organic  structures  endowed  with  vital  ac- 
tivity, must  possess  the  fimction  of  perp'etuation. 
In  this.  In  an  especial  manner,  do  all  living  be- 
ings, whether  animal  or  vegetable,  dillcr  from  the 
inert  bodies  which  surround  tlicm.  Whilst  the 
mineral,  when  not  changed  by  art  or  violence, re- 
mains for  ages  with  no  perceptible  enlargement, 
or  no  power  of  reproduction,  the  common  lot  of 
all  organized  matter  is  death  and  decay.  Each 
iu(livi(Kial  object  successively  disappears  fmiii  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  and  to  provide  for  this  drain 


upon  the  vital  power  of  the  universe,  the  function 
of  reproduction  is  co-extensive  with  it,  and  must 
be  alike  potential  in  the  animal,  and  the  vege- 
table. 

We  have  already  seen,  that  in  those  simple 
forms  of  organic  life,  where  each  cell  seems  to 
live  for  itself  alone,  and  is  capable  of  performing 
its  function  almost  independently  of  the  rest,  there 
is  this  property,  and  the  death  of  the  jiarent  be- 
comes necessary  to  the  liberation  of  the  germ, 
from  which  a  new  race  springs  up. 

But  m  the  higher  and  more  complex  organism, 
there  are  cells  set  apart  for  various  physiological 
j)urposes.  These  often  perform  their  functions 
without,  in  any  way,  interfering  with  the  general 
life  of  the  structure.  In  the  animal  there  are  or- 
gans of  reproduction,  in  the  vegetable,  the  pro- 
cess is  reached  by  certain  cells  containing  the 
germ  from  which  the  race  is  continued. 

These  cells  are  inherent  in  the  formation  of  the 
plant,  but  during  its  growth,  and  its  life,  indeed, 
they  are  devoted  to  this  special  and  determinate 
function.  We  do  not  mean  to  intimate,  that  the 
cells  of  those  higher  tribes  ai'e  capable  of  this 
operation,  as  those  of  the  lower  classes  are,  where 
they  multiply  almost  to  an  unlimited  extent,  in 
the  separate  cells,  where  heat  and  moisture,  and  a 
proper  aliment  are  supplied.  There  is  a  mutual 
dependence  between  the  component  cells,  and 
although  they  are  able  to  perform  their  functions 
of  generation  separately,  and  independently  as  it 
were  from  the  action  of  the  other  cell  tissue  in  the 
same  organism,  they  cannot  maintain  a  distinct 
life  separated  from  one  another. 

The  true  generative  process,  according  to  Car- 
penter, seems  to  consist,  throughout  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  in  the  reunion  of  the  contents  of  two 
cells.  These  cells  after  having  been  separated 
during  the  process  of  development,  clVcct  this  re- 
union, the  result  of  which  a  germ  is  formed,  wliich 
is  usually  very  dillerent  in  its  characters  and  pro- 
perties, from  ciLlicr  of  the  cells  whose  contents 
have  contributed  to  form  it.  "  This  process,  (  he 
says,)  has  been  observed  to  take  place  in  the  vege- 
table kingdom,  under  there  principle  forms,  which 
seem  to  l>e  characteristic  of  the  lowest  crijdogamia, 
of  the  higher  in'jjlogamia,  and  of  the  higher  ]jha 


50 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


verogania^  respectively.  The  first  of  these  pre- 
sents itself  in  those  simple  cellular  plants,  in 
which,  whether  the  cells  remain  in  connection  or 
not,  their  endowments  are  all  of  the  same  na- 
ture. 

"  At  a  certain  time  of  the  year,  in  each  species, 
the  cells  approach  one  another  in  pairs,  and  their 
coloured  contents  nrc  intermingled  either  by  the 
rupture  of  both  cells,  or  by  the  formation  of  a  di- 
rect communication  from  the  interior  of  one,  to 
that  of  the  other,  in  which  case  the  union  of  the 
contents  of  the  two  may  take  place  either  in  the 
connecting  channel,  or  in  one  of  the  pairs  of  the 
cells. 

"Of  this  process,  which  is  kiio\\'n  as  congugcition^ 
the  result  is  the  formation  of  a  1  ody  known  as  a 
s2yorangiu7n,  which  may  be  considprcd  as  the  first 
product  of  the  true  generative  process  ;  and  from 
this  sporangium,  which  is  a  siugle  cell,  or  a  pair 
or  cluster  of  cells,  a  new  generation  is  developed 
by  a  subsequent  process  of  fission  and  multiplica- 
tion. There  is  here  no  definite  distinction  of  the 
sexes,  the  conjugating  cells  being  apprrently 
nlike  in  their  endowments  •,  such  a  distinction  is 
shadowed  forth,  however,  where  the  sporangium 
is  developed  within  one  of  them. 

"  The  second  form  of  the  tiae  generative  pro- 
cess, is  seen  even  in  the  higher  Algre ;  and, 
although  the  extent  of  its  prevalence  has  not  yet 
been  clearly  determined,  it  is  probably  common 
to  the  Liverworts,  Mosses,  and  Ferns,  it  being  'n 
the  last  of  these  groups,  that  it  has  been  most 
satisfactorily  made  out.  In  confoi  mity  with  the 
separation  or  specialization  of  organs,  which  is 
characteristic  of  those  plants,  we  find  that  the 
generative  power  is  now  limited  to  certain  small 
parts  of  them,  and  that  these  produce  two  orders 
of  cells,  very  distinct  in  their  endowments,  which 
may  be  called,  respectively,  sperm-cells  and  germ- 
cells.  It  is  from  the  latter  that  the  new  plant 
originates ;  but  this  it  can  only  do,  when  the  fer- 
talizing  influence  of  the  former  has  been  conveyed 
to  it ;  and  the  provision  for  the  purpose  is  very 
remarkable.  The  sperm  cells,  developed  within 
their  bodies,  termed  antlieridia,  form  in  their  in- 
terior, as  their  characteristic  products,  minute 
spirally-coiled  filaments,  usually  furnished  with 
cilia  at  one  extremity,  and  bearing  a  very  close 
resemblance  to  the  spermatozoa  of  animals. — 
These  when  liberated  from  the  cells  within  which 
they  were  formed,  possess  a  very  active  power  of 
movement,  in  virtue  of  which  they  make  their 
way  to  the  germ  cells ;  and  when  they  have  im- 
pinged against  them,  there  is  reason  to  believe 
they  dissolve  away,  and  that  the  product  of  their 
diflluencc  is  absorbed  into  the  germ-cells  and 
mingles  with  the  contents  of  the  latter,  the  for- 


mation of  a  germ,  or  seed,  being  the  result  of  this 
ntermixt  -e.  Here,  then,  we  have  the  distinc- 
tion of  sexes  well  mnrked;  but  both  sperm-cells 
and  geim-^ells  are  usually  developed  in  the  same 
organism,  and  are  alike  the  product  of  a  single 
original  germ." 

The  process  just  described  by  this  author,  is 
peculiar  alone  to  the  criptogamic  series,  and 
whilst  a  somewhat  similar  process  takes  place  in 
flowering  plants,  there  is  nevertheless  this 
marked  and  very  important  difference.  In  those 
just  noticed,  being  of  a  simpler  form  of  organiza- 
tion, the  fertilized  germ  is  thrown  at  once  upon 
the  soil,  and  made  to  depend  upon  its  own  i^ower 
of  absorption  and  assimilation,  for  the  growth 
necessary  to  give  it  a  character  as  a  plant  of  its 
peculiar  species.  "Whilst  in  fho.  phanerogamia^  or 
flowering  plants,  by  virtue  of  their  higher  and 
more  complex  organization,  there  is  dependency. 
The  geini  seems  to  be  matured  by  a  store  of  ali- 
ment laid  up  in  the  seed,  which  gives  it  life  until 
its  leaves  have  been  evolved,  and  its  root-fibres 
have  pene  'ated  the  soil,  when  it  becomes  capa- 
ble of  absorbing  and  assimilating  nutriment  for 
its  own  development. 

"In  this  latter  class,  there  is  the  same  distinc- 
tion between  sperm-cells  and  germ-cells,  but  the 
mode  in  which  the  action  of  the  former  upon  the 
latter  is  brought  abeut,  is  very  diff'erent.  The 
sperm-cell,  which  is  known  as  the  pollen-grain,  and 
is  developed  in  the  anthers  of  the  flower,  does  not 
here  evolve  self-moving  filaments,  but,  when  it 
falls  upon  the  apex  of  the  style,  puts  forth  long 
tubes  which  insinuate  themselves  down  between 
its  loosely-connected  tissues,  until  they  reach  the 
ovary  at  its  base.  Here  they  meet  with  the 
ovules,  which  are  in  reality  germ-cells  imbedded 
in  a  mass  of  nutriment  stored  up  by  the  parent ; 
and  the  pollen-tube,  entering  the  micropyle  or 
foramen  of  the  ovule,  penetrates  into  such  close 
approximation  to  the  germ-cells  contained  within 
it,  that  its  contents  find  a  ready  passage  by  en- 
dosmosis,  or  absorbtion,  into  the  latter."  In  this 
process  we  have  the  same  phenomenon  of  the  in- 
termixture of  the  contents  of  those  cells,  only  in 
a  manner  characteristic  of  a  higher  order  of  or- 
ganization. "  In  process  of  time,  its  generative 
apparatus  is  evolved;  and  here,  too,  we  find, that 
the  two  sets  of  sexual  organs  are  usually  de- 
veloped in  the  same  organism,  it  being  only  a 
small  proportion  of  phanerogamia  that  have  the 
male  or  staminiferous  flowers,  and  the  female  or 
pistilline,  restricted  to  different  individuals." 

The  mot  as  an  organ  of  vegetation,  will  be  the 
subject  of  our  next  communication. 

S.  W 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


51 


ECONOMY  OP  BIRDS--THE  ROBIN. 


AGRICULTURALLY  AND  IIORTICULTURALLY 
CONSIDERED.    ' 

As  the  subject  of  birds.,  in  an  economic  point 
of  view,  has  engaged  the  attention  of  Agricultur- 
ists and  Horticulturists  for  some  time  past,  and  as 
a  movement  has  recentl}'  been  made  by  some 
Agricultural  Societies  in  this  and  other  States,  to- 
wards the  importation  of  Insectivorous  birds  into 
the  United  States,  a  few  remarks  upon  this  inter- 
esting subject  may  be  appropriate  and  useful  at 
this  time.  Doubtless  much  of  the  prejudice  ex- 
isting for  and  against  birds  is  founded  upon  par- 
tial or  superficial  observations, — some  people 
claiming  too  much  for  them,  and  others  according 
too  little  credit  to  them.  Not  being  situated  s* 
as  to  illustrate  from  my  own  practical  experience 
the  benefits  and  injuries  sustained  by  Agricultm-e 
and  Horticulture  through  the  feathered  tribes,  I 
will  confine  my  remarks  mainly  to  observations 
made  by  Mr.  Edward  A.  Samuels,  an  ornitholo- 
gist of  some  reputation  in  Massachusetts,  and  pub- 
lished in  the  Agricultural  Report  for  18G9,  at 
Washington  city ;  an  advanced  copy  of  which  I 
was  fortunate  enough  to  secure  lately. 

Without  adverting  specially — any  more  than 
merely  naming  them — to  Swallows,  Nighthawks, 
Whip-poor-Wills,  Warblers,  Wrens,  King-birds, 
and  many  others  that  are  purely  insectivorous 
birds,  feeding  exclusively  on  insects,  and  remain- 
ing with  us  only  so  long  as  they  can  obtain  in- 
sects ;  and  which  leave  our  pn  rts  as  soon  as  the 
stock  of  insects  become  exhausted,  to  seek  more 
favorable  localities  farther  South — I  will  pass  on 
to  the  consideration  of  the  Common  Robin — the 
Turclus  migratorius  of  natm'alists — about  *  the 
liabits  of  which  there  has  been  considerable  con- 
troversy, and  at  this  time,  which  has  as  many 
human  enemies  as  friends.  What  I  say  about  the 
Rubin  will  apply  equally  to  all  the  members  of 
the  Turdine  family,  which  includes  also  the  var- 
ious species  of  Thrushes,  Catbirds,  Mockingbirds, 
and  others  ;  all  of  which,  excepting,  perhaps,  the 
last  named,  have  been  familiar  to  us  from  the 
eai-licst  days  of  our  boyhood,  and  the  pity  is,  that 
we  are  not  more  familiar  with  them  m  w,  since  we 
have  become  men. 

Taking  the  Robin,  then,  as  the  standard  of  our 
illustrations,  according  to  the  experience  of  a 
l>ractical  ornithologist — one  who  makes  the  study 
of  the  hal)its  of  the  feathered  tril)es  his  speciality 
—the  result  is  as  follows  :  Mr.  Samuels  remarks 
that,  beginning  with  the  month  of  January,  and 
continuing  through  February,  from  an  examina- 
tion of  the  stomachs  of  these  birds,  he  found  them 
to  coTitajn  two  parts  of  barberries ;  three  of  in- 


sects ;  tlu'ee  of  seeds ;  three  of  insect  larvae,  and 
two  of  cedar  berries.  Considering  the  seeds  aud 
berries  of  little  or  no  value  to  the  Agriculturist, 
forming  therefore  a  neutral  element,  and  suppos- 
ing that  some  of  the  insects  destroyed  may  have 
been  of  the  beneficial  kinds,  the  Robins  during 
these  fifty-nine  days,  of  the  two  months  named, 
may  be  regarded  as  having  been  beneficial  five 
four-teeths  of  the  time,  or  about  twenty-one  days, 
injurious  about  four  and  a  half  days,  and  neutral 
the  remainder  of  the  time.  In  the  month  of  March 
a  larger  number  of .  birds  were  examined  wilh 
more  favorable  results.  In  April  he  found  these 
birds  beneficial  equal  to  fourteen  days,  injurious 
two  and  a  half  days,  and  mental  the  remainder  of 
the  month.  In  May  the  result  was  nearly  the 
same  as  in  April,  with  a  slight  increase  on  the 
beneficial  side  of  the  scale. 

But  in  J^me  these  birds  are  in  a  high  degreo 
beneficial;  for  it  is  during  this  month  that  the 
young  are  reared,  which  require  to  be  fed  on  ani- 
mal food  entirely,  from  "  early  dawn  to  dewy 
eve,"  consisting  principally  of  earth-worms  and 
soft  larvoi ;  such,  for  instance,  as  grubs, cutworms, 
caterpillai's,  «&c.  It  will  also  be  remembered  that 
although  the  Robin  feeds  largely  on  earth-woriv '^ 
during  the  months  of  A2»il  and  May,  yet  in  June 
the  heat  of  the  sun  has  increased  so  much,  that 
these  worms  sink  too  deep  down  into  the  earth 
for  the  bird  to  obtain  them,  and  therefore,  it  is, 
from  the  very  necessity  of  the  case,  compelled  to 
rear  its  young  family  on  various  kinds  of  insect 
larvre;  and  the  quantity  required  for  that  pur- 
pose, a^  I  shall  show  presently,  is  not  a  small  one, 
but,  on  the  contrary,  astonishingly  large. 

Mr.  Samuels  speaks  in  an  interesting  manner 
of  the  singular  instinct  of  the  Robin,  in  being  able 
to  detect  the  presence  of  cutwonns  and  grubs, 
even  where  they  ai'e  an  inch  below  the  surface  of 
the  soil,  and  his  dexterity  in  unearthing  them,  a 
feat  in  which  he  never  fails.  I  have  myself,  on 
many  occasions,  noticed  this  bird,  hopping  through 
the  young  corn  and  cabbage  patches,  suddenly 
turning  to  a  hill,  that  was  at  least  a  foot  to  th"^ 
right  or  left  of  him,  and  digging  up  with  his  beak 
a  worm  of  some  kind,  aud  bearing  it  off  to  bi  ■ 
nest  to  feed  his  ravenous  young. 

Although  this  fact  may  be  patent  to  many  oi 
us,  yet,  perhaps,  we  have  not  gone  to  the  troubk; 
to  note  how  often  the  Robin  repeats  this  opera- 
tion in  a  given  length  of  time — at  least  I  havs.; 
not  been  so  situitcd  lately  as  to  have  done  so. 
The  observer  fsllude;!  to  above  records  the  result 
of  this  SCI  /enging  of  two  Robins  that  had  built  a 
nest,  and  reared  wo  families  near  his  residence, 
during  the  months  of  June,  July  and  August. 
This  pair   destroyed,  by  actual  count,  the  onf 


52 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


twenty-seven  and  the  other  twenty-four  grubs  and 
cutworms  in  the  lapse  of  a  single  hour ;  and  on 
another  occasion,  the  one  twenty-six  and  the 
other  thirty  in  the  same  period  of  time.  Within 
the  last  ten  years  I  have  myself  made  similar 
observations  on  a  pair  of  Blue-birds  and  a  pair  of 
Wrens,  with  a  similar  result ;  although  I  am  not 
prepared  to  say,  in  my  cases,  that  the  worms  they 
destroyed  were  cutworms^  but  so  far  as  I 
could  discover,  they  were  small  caterpillars  and 
earth  worms,  together  with  some  winged  insects. 
Mr.  S.  then  proceeds  to  remark  that  the  season 
being  very  dry  and  earth-worms  hard  to  obtain, 
all  the  insects  his  birds  destroyed  were  cutwomis 
and  smooth  caterpillars.  Their  family  consisted, 
at  the  time  his  observations  were  made,  of  four 
half-grown  young  ones,  who,  during  some  por- 
tions of  the  day,  consumed  as  high  as  forty  of 
these  worms  in  a  single  hour.  This  may  seem 
incredible,  but  when  it  is  remembered  that  cater- 
pillars, cutworms,  and  other  insect  larvae  are  com- 
posed largely,  or  almost  entirely  of  juices,  and 
their  digestion  easy,  the  matter  will  not  seem  so 
difficult  ta  comprehend. 

In  this  connection,  I  believe,  I  cannot  do  bet- 
ter than  to  record  brielly  the  experiments,  with 
two  young  robins,  made  by  Prof.  Treadwell,  of 
Cambridge,  Mass.  When  caught  the  bu-ds  were 
quite  young,  the  tail  feathers  being  less  than  an 
inch  in  length,  and  the  weight  of  each,  about 
twenty-five  penny  weights,  or  an  ounce  and 
a  quarter.  Both  birds  were  plump  and  vigorous, 
and  no  doubt  had  been  well  fed  by  the  parent 
birds.  lie  commenced  by  feeding  them  eartli 
worms,  giving  each  bird  three  the  first  night. 
The  second  day  he  gave  them  each  ten  worms. 
Thinking  this  amount  beyond  what  the  parents 
could  haVe  supplied,  he  limited  them  to  this  num- 
ber. On  the  third  day  he  gave  them  only  eight 
worms  each,  but  in  the  afternoon  he  found  that 
one  of  them  was  becoming  feeble,  and  finally 
died.  On  opening  it  he  found  the  croi),  gigzard 
and  intestines  entirely  empty,  so  that  the  bird 
had  evidently  died  for  want  of  food.  Tlie  other 
bird  being  still  vigorous,  he  removed  to  a  warmer 
place,  thinking  it  might  lessen  its  desire  for  food, 
giving  it  the  third  day  fifteen  worms,  the  fomlh 
twenty-four,  the  fifth  twenty-five,  and  on  the 
sixth  and  seventh,  thirty  arid  thirty-one  worms; 
but  all  these  seemed  insufficient,  and  the  bird 
seemed  to  be  loosing  its  plumpness  and  weight. 
On  the  fifteenth  day  he  tried  a  small  quantity  of 
raw  meat,  and  finding  it  readily  appropriated,  he 
increased  the  quantity.  By  the  table  kept,  it  ap- 
peared that  although  the  food  of  the  bird  was  in- 
creased to  the  value  of  forty  worms,  on  the 
eleventh  day,  yet  it  rather  fell  off  in  weight.    It 


was  not  until  the  fourteenth  day,  when  he  ate 
sixty-eight  worms,  that  he  began  to  increase  in 
weight.  On  this  day,  his  weight  was  twenty -four 
pennyweights,  he  therefore  ate  forty-one  per 
cent  more  than  his  own  weight  in  twelve  hours. 
The  length  of  these  worms,  if  laid  end  to  end 
would  have  been  fourteen  feet,  or  about  ten  times 
the  length  of  the  intestines.  Kow  the  question 
naturally  suggests  itself,  "  how  is  this  immense 
amount  of  food,  required  by  the  young,  supplied  ? 
And  the  answer  is,  "  soley  and  entirely  by  the 
continued  labor  of  the  parent  birds.  At  the  fore- 
going rate,  a  family  of  four  young  robins  require 
two  hundred  and  fifty  worms  for  their  daily  food, 
without  including  the  additional  number  for  the 
support  of  the  parents. 

With  these  facts  before  us,  it  becomes  apparent, 
that  the  robin  feeds  almost  entirely  upon  insect 
food  during  the  month  of  June,  and  that  during 
that  month  at  least,  it  is  beneficial.  This  food 
consists  mainly  of  larvae  of  difl^erent  kinds;  but  few 
hardshelled  insects ;  and  but  few  seeds  or  berries, 
except  strawberries,  being  available  ;  therefore, 
we  may  safely  conclude  that  it  is  beneficial 
twenty-four  days,  injurious  three  days,  and  neu- 
tral the  balance  of  the  month.  In  July  this  bird 
is  perhaps  the  most  injurious.  It  is  now  that 
cherries  and  other  small  fruit  are  ripe,  aiid  the 
young  birds  are  out  of  their  nests,  subsisting 
largely  upon  these  and  insects,  in  the  proportion 
of,  cherries  four,  worms  two,  berries  two.  But  it 
must  also  be  remembered  that  in  this  month  they 
commence  rearing  their  second  brood,  when  of 
course  their  injuries  are  over  balanced  by  their 
benefits.  We  may,  therefore,  safely  conclude 
that  during  July  the  robin  is  beneficial  nine  days, 
injurious  eighteen  days,  and  neutral  four  days. 
During  August  the  robins  feed  upon  small  fruits, 
and  principally  upon  insects,  larvte,  worms  and 
spiders,  showing  that  it  is  beneficial  about  twelve 
days,  injurious  about  nine  days,  and  neutral  about 
ten  days.  In  September  and  October,  wild  cher- 
ries and  other  wild  fruits,  and  seeds,  furnish  a 
large  share  of  its  subsistance,  but  grasshoppers 
and  other  insects  are  eaten  in  large  numbers. 
During  these  two  months,  therefore,  it  may  be 
considered  as  being  beneficial  thirty  days,  injur- 
ious eighteen,  and  neutral  thirteen  days.  Dur- 
ing November  and  December,  at  which  period 
most  of  the  birds  have  migrated  to  the  Southern 
States,  the  robins  remaining  in  the  north  subsist 
princiijally  upon  seeds  of  various  shrubs,  and  such 
berries  as  they  may  have  access  to ;  and  as  in- 
sects are  few,  this  bird  may  be  considered,  in  an 
economical  point  of  view,  during  these  two 
months,  as  entirely  neutral.  These  dates  and  cal- 
culations are  based  on  the  latitude  of  jyfassachu- 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER.. 


53 


setts;  therefore,  for  the  state  of  Pennsylvania  we 
may  i^lace  them  at  about  ten  days  earlier,  and  the 
general  results  will  be  the  same.  In  sumiug  up 
the  year,  therefore,  we  find  that  this  bird  is  bene- 
ficial one  hundred  and  forty-two  days ;  injurious 
sixty  days ;  and  neutral  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
tlirce  days. 

It  is  hardly  fair,  however,  to  put  down  all  this 
amount  of  injury  as  real,  for  among  fruit  growers, 
I  presume  there  are  but  few,  who  would  not  allow 
the  robin  a  reasonable  share  of  their  fruit,  as  a 
compensation  for  the  benefit  they  receive  from 
his  earnest  laljors  thi'oughout  the  year.  And  no 
doubt,  if  we  were  to  ask  those  who  have  large 
cherry  orchards,  whether  this  bird  did  not  destroy 
a  great  many  of  their  cherries  ?  the  answer  would 
be  yes ;  but  if  he  did  not  eat  them,  many  of  them 
would  rot  upon  the  trees  at  any  rate.  To  show, 
however,  that  the  robin  does  not  prefer  fruit  to 
insects,  Mr.  Samuels  relates  an  instance,  where 
he  was  passing  through  a  part  of  the  country 
where  there  was  a  large  cherry  crop  at  the  time. 
Of  course  he  found  these  birds  very  busy  among 
them ;  but,  for  one  robin  he  saw  on  the  trees,  he 
saw  two  upon  a  piece  of  newly  plowed  ground 
near  it,  as  busy  in  feeding  upon  the  insects,  that 
had  been  turned  up  by  the  plough.  To  the  ques- 
tion he  put  the  owner,  as  to  whether  the  robins 
were  not  very  troublesome,  he  received  the  reply 
••Yes,  but  I  began  to  break  up  this  piece  of 
ground,  and  it  seemed  to  me  that  all  the  robins 
in  the  neighborhood  immediately  flocked  into  it." 
To  the  question  whether  he  thought  the  robin 
preferred  worms  to  cherries  ?  his  reply  was,  "  cer- 
tainly, and  if  he  did  not,  I  could  not  aflbrd  to  take 
my  hands  ofi'  haying,  planting  and  hoeing,  for  the 
sake  of  marketing  a  few  cherries.  I  take  what  I 
want,  and  give  my  neighbors  and  the  birds  the 
rest,  but  I  notice  that  half  the  crop  will  rot  on  the 
trees  at  any  rate  ?"  To  show  the  folly  of  destroy- 
ing useful  birds,  it  may  be  remarked,  that  the 
young  of  all  the  smaller  kinds  are  fed  upon  soft 
caterpillars,  gi-ubs,  and  insects  exclusively,  while 
they  are  in  the  nest.  Mr.  Bradly  says,  that  a  pair 
of  sparrows  will  destroy  three  thousand  three 
hundred  and  sixty  caterpillars  for  a  week's  family 
supply.  For  four  weeks,  at  the  lowest  calculation, 
the  young  of  our  sparrows  are  fed  upon  this  diet 
exclusively,  and  the  family  in  that  period  of  time 
would  therefore  eat  thirteen  thousand  four  hun- 
dred and  forty  insects,  and  not  only  this,  but  if 
the  half  of  these  insects  were  females,  and  each 
\yas  eventually  to  deposit  but  one  hundred  eggs, 
from  which  that  number  of  larva;  in  time  were  to 
breed,  the  gross  nmnber  would  be  one  million  four 
hundred  and  forty  four  thousand,  which  are  thus 
prerented  from  coming  into  existeuce,byasingle 


family  of  sparrows.  The  robin,  we  have  seen, 
performs  a  similar  service.  A  pair  of  thrushes, 
which  belong  to  the  same  natural  family  that  the 
robin  does,  liave  been  seen  to  carry  to  their  nest 
over  one  hundred  insects,  principally  caterpillars, 
in  a  single  hour.  If  we  suppose  that  this  family 
is  fed  but  six  hours  in  a  day,  the  number  of  in- 
sects destroyed  would  be  six  hundred  daily,  while 
in  the  nest;  which  being,  say  three  weeks,  the 
amount  would  be  at  least  twelve  thousand,  and 
before  they  would  leave  in  the  fall,  at  only  fifty 
insects  for  the  daily  allowance  of  each  bird,  they 
would  kill  in  the  aggregate  at  least  twenty  thou- 
sand more ;  which,  according  to  the  foregoing 
calculation  upon  the  reproduction  of  insects, 
would  prevent  three  million  two  hundred  thou- 
sand from  coming  into  being,  and  that,  too,  by  a 
single  brood  of  thrushes.  To  show  that  these  cal- 
culations upon  the  reproductive  powers  of  insects 
are  based  upon  a  very  low  estimate,  I  need  only 
say,  that  I  have  myself  often  counted  from  three 
to  five  hundred  eggs,  deposited  by  a  single  female ' 
and  some  of  them  are  known  to  deposit  a  thou- 
sand and  more.  jSTow  here  is  just  where  the  real 
and  the  merely  apparent  truth  comes  in,  in  the 
economy  of  nature.  Superficially  considered, 
many  things  are  regarded  as  positive,  and  even 
great  evils,  whereas,  they  are,  from  a  more 
thorough  consideration  of  the  subject,  only  nega- 
tive evils,  evils  permitted  that  greater  ones  may 
be  prevented.  This  is  eminently  so  in  regard  to 
some  seemingly  injurious  birds,  of  which  the 
robin  is  said  to  be  one,  and  in  dealing  with  him, 
I  think  if  we  should  "  nothing  extenuate,''''  we  also 
ought  to  "  nothing  set  down  in  malice.''''  When 
we,  therefore,  see  a  robin  with  a  cherry  in  his 
mouth,  we  should  not  think  so  much  of  the  loss 
of  the  cherry,  as  of  the  possible  destruction  of 
twenty-five  or  thirty  embiyotic  curculios  that  may 
be  within  it ;  and  when  we  see  him  with  a  cut- 
worm or  caterpillar  between  his  beaks,  we  should 
not  limit  his  services  so  much  to  a  single  speci- 
men of  these  insect  enemies,  as  to  the  one,  two, 
or  three  hundred  of  these  pests,  which  are  there- 
by prevented  from  coming  into  visible  and  tangi- 
ble being.  S.  S.  11. 


HOW  TO  IMPROVE  EXHAUSTED 
LAND. 
We  often  hear  how  this  or  that  poor  farm,  in 
the  vicinity  of  a  large  town  or  city,  has  been  im- 
proved ;  generally  by  some  retired  merchant  or 
professional  man,  who  is  able  to  use  his  surplus 
fiUKjg  to  purchase  guano,  bone-dust,  phosphate  of 


THE  LANCASTEK  FARMEE. 


lime,  or  offal  and  sewerage  from  such  city,  to  be 
used  as  fertilizers  of  said  farms.  The  benefit  of 
g  ich  knowledge  is,  however,  mainly  advantageous 
to  those  who  are  in  similar  circumstances.  We 
think  a  more  commendable  service  would  be  to 
ascertain  the  cheapest  and  best  manner  to  im- 
prove a  poor  farm,  owned  by  a  man  of  small 
means;  for  instance,  one  who  has  purchased  one 
hundred  acres,  at  from  fifty  to  sixty  dollars  an 
acre,  and  is  only  able  to  pay  S2500  on  it,  to  secure 
the  purchase.  Now,  he  owes  the  half  or  more  of 
tlie  original  amount,  and  has  to  imj)rove  his  land 
and  pay  his  debt.  If  he  succeeds,  at  the  end  of 
ten  years,  to  free  his  farm  from  debt,  and  in  the 
meantime  to  support  and  educate  his  family,  he 
certainly  is  entitled  to  more  credit  than  the  re- 
tired merchant  or  rich  professional  man.  We 
have  seen  the  very  poorest  land,  overgrown  with 
Aveeds  and  brambles,  improved  and  made  to  yield 
generously,  by  a  thin  coat  of  lime  alone,  as  a  top 
dressing,  and  then  i^lowed  under,  and  well  sowed 
with  red-clover.  If  the  clover  is  left  on  the  fields, 
and  plowed  down  again,  it  will  produce  either  a 
good  crop  of  wheat  or  corn.  We  have  immense 
tracts  of  exhausted  lands  in  our  country,  reclaim- 
able  by  those  who  have  pockets  full  of  money, 
but  what  we  want,  is  to  know  how  poor  men  mav 
avail  themselves  of  the  advantages  of  cheap  and 
productive  farms.  '  L.  S.  R. 

CROSSING  OH  HYBRIDIZHSTG  WHEAT. 

Messrs  Editors  :  We  hear  many  complaints 
from  all  sections  of  our  widely  extended  country, 
of  the  deterioration  and  partial  failure  of  the  wheat 
crop.  Many  and  various  are  the  theories  of  those 
who  pretend  to  explain  the  cause ;  some  claiming 
that  our  soils  are  worn  out,  or  rather,  that  the 
food  of  the  wheat  plant  has  been  extracted  from 
the  soil,  and  that  this  must  be  returned.  But  how  ? 

A  writer  in  the  February  number  of  the  Far- 
mer tell  us,  "  that  crop  after  crop  is  taken  off, 
until  the  ingredients,  or  substances  composing 
wheat,  such  as  hydrogen,  oxygen,  potash,  silica, 
&c.,  are  entirely  exhausted,  and  nothing  is  done 
to  replenish  them."  But  how  to  restore  these  in- 
gredients, he  forgot  to  tell  us.  Then  after  giving 
his  mode  of  culture,  says,  "  no  winter  wheat  can 
be  raised,  let  the  soil  be"  ever  so  fertile,  except 
the  season  turns  out  extraordinarily  favorable, 
unless  the  fields  are  covered  with  snow  to  protect 
it,  early  in  the  fall  until  late  in  the  spring."  Had 
he  only  told  us  how  to  cover  our  wheat  fields  with 
snow,  "  from  early  fall  till  late  in  spring,"  there 
might  still  be  some  hopes  of  raising  crops  of  forty 
bushels  to  the  acre !  Would  not  a  mulch  of  straw 
be  a  partial  protection,  in  case  old  Boreas  should 
fail   to   give   us  the  needed  blanket?    Again, 


farmers  are  frequently  charged  with  carelessness 
in  selecting  their  seed,  or  continuing  the  same 
variety  on  the  farm  for  many  years,  neglecting  to 
change.  With  many  other  surmises,  reflections, 
and  suggestions,  &c. 

That  wheat  does  not  produce  as  well  as  for- 
merly, we  all  know  to  our  cost,  but  we  have  as 
yet  seen  no  proof  of  the  efliciency  of  any  one  of 
the  plans  recommended.  We  do  not  pretend  at 
this  time  to  review  the  many  theories  on  the  sub- 
ject, but  commenced  with  the  intention  of  giving 
the  readers  of  the  Farmer,  what  we  conceive  to 
be  an  experiment  in  improving  our  wheat  crops, 
in  a  new  direction.  Though  we  have  no  permis- 
sion from  the  experimenter  to  publish  his  letter, 
yet  we  tliink  he  will  not  blame  us  for  thus  making 
use  of  a  private  letter,  on  a  subject  of  such  great 
importance  to  the  whole  countiy.  These  experi- 
ments have  been  conducted  by  Mr.  Charles  Ar- 
nold, of  Canada,  who  has  met  with  such  splendid 
results  in  hybridizing,  or  crossing  the  grape  and 
raspberry,  as  is  already  knowH  to  Horticulturists. 
Mr.  Arnold  writes : 

"  I  forgot  whether  I  ever  mentioned  to)'^ou,that 
three  years  ago,  I  tried  crossing  or  hybridizing 
wheat,  having  often  heard  our  farmers  say,  'some 
of  our  best  varieties  of  wheat  have  run  out,  and 
no  longer  produce  good  crops.'  The  idea  struck 
me  that  with  plants  as  well  as  animals,  close  in- 
terbreeding caused  them  to  degenerate  ;  and  hav- 
ing proved  by  some  of  my  grapes  and  raspberries 
that  a  cross  with  another  variety,  caused  vigour 
and  productiveness  in  the  ofispring,  I  thought  to 
try  it  with  wheat.  The  result  thus  far  has  been 
very  promising.  One  single  grain  in  one  season 
produced  ( 48U0 )  four  thousand  eight  hundred 
grains,  on  upwards  of  one  hmidred  stalks.  The 
parents  are  white  souls  and  red  midge  proof.  Out 
of  one  hundred  varieties,  I  have  selected  fifteen 
that  appear  very  promising.  I  have  now  about 
an  acre  of  these  fifteen  varieties  sown,  but  after 
next  harvest  the  experiment  will  be  quite  unman- 
ageable by  me,  and  I  fear  the  farmers  in  this  sec- 
tion will  not  take  hold  of  it,  not  having  sufficient 
enterprise. 

"Some  good  judges  who  have  seen  my  experi- 
ment, say  it  is  worth  a  million  of  dollars  to  the 
country.  Some  of  these  varieties  last  year  yielded 
at  the  rate  of  from  sixty  to  eighty  bushels  to  the 
acre,  while  old  varieties  in  rows  within  six  inches 
of  them,  did  not  yield  at  the  rate  of  more  than 
twenty  bushels  to  the  acre,  under  exactly  the  same 
cultivation  in  every  respect.  Of  course  the  dif- 
ferent varieties  will  have  to  be  tested  upon  dif- 
ferent soils,  modes  of  cultivation,  &c.,  t©  prove 
their  adaptability,  qualities,  productiveness,  &c. 

"  But  however  good  it  may  prove,  I  fear  I  shall 
not  be  able  to  secure  more  than  the  honour  of 
producing  it,  and  you  know  that  honour  alone  is 
a  poor,  transient  thing  to  live  upon. 

"  I  am  no  advocate  for  patent  rights  in  these 
matters,  but  I  think  that  a  person  thus  experi- 
menting, if  they  succeed  in  producing  a  valuable 
thing  for  the  country,  should  be  well  rewarded  for 
their  labor."  J.  B.  G. 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


55 


DOES  FARMING  PAY  IN  LANCASTER 
COUNTY? 

This  question  is  often  asked,  since  Col.  J.  W. 
Forney  made  tlie  contrast  between  some  of  the 
old  Southern  States,  and  the  county  of  Lancaster. 
Land  is  now  selling  in  this  county  from  S200  to 
$225,  and  in  some  mstances  even  above  that  price, 
an  acre  ;  whilst  in  Virginia,  and  the  Carolinas,  it 
can  be  bought  at  from  $2.50  to  S20  per  acre.  One 
man  in  this  county,  raised  13000  pounds  of  to- 
bacco on  six  acres,  in  one  season,  while  another 
raised  5.000  bushels  of  corn  on  sixty-eight  acres. 
Still  another  farmer  raised  sixty  head  of  hogs  on 
his  farm  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  acres,  and 
these  are  now  ready  for  the  market,  or  were 
ready,  more  than  six  weeks  ago.  Another  one 
has  raised  ten  head  of  steers,  for  which  he  is 
offered  $100  a  head.  Another  man  has  raised 
twelve  head  of  cows  for  which  he  can  get  from 
$75  to  $100  a  head.  I  know  a  farmer,  who  lately 
sold  two  home-raised  Conestoga  horses  for  S700> 
one  bringing  $450  and  the  other  $250.  These 
may  be  exceptional  cases,  but  as  they  only  ex- 
hibit the  productive  jiowers  of  a  single  district,  it 
is  safe  to  infer  that  every  district  in  the  county 
may  be  able  to  furnish  a  corresponding  exhibit, 
proportioned  to  its  population,  and  the  quality  of 
its  soil.  Under  any  circumstances;  it  must  be 
evident,  that  even  at  the  present  high  prices  of 
land,  farming  in  Lancaster  county  will  pay. 
These  results  are  more  the  effect  of  good  manage- 
ment, than  good  luck.  The  man  whose  motto  is 
"come  boys,"  is  more  likely  to  succeed,  than  he 
who  says,  "go  boys."  All  the  men  above  enum- 
erated, conduct  their  farming  operations  on  the 
"come  boys" principle,  so  far  as  I  know. 

L.  S.  R. 


^o^llciilliit^aL 


HOW  TO  PREPARE  LAND  FOR  AN  OR- 
CHARD. 

The  almost  constant  failure  of  the  apple  crop 
for  some  years  past,  may  discoui'age  many  per- 
sons from  setting  out  new  orchards,  and  it  is  per- 
haps owing  to  this  cause,  that  thriving  young  or- 
chards are  such  rare  things,  and  most  of  the  old 
ones  hare  been  used  for  fuel.  One  thing  is  cer- 
tain ;  where  there  are  no  apple  trees,  there  we 
can  expect  no  apples.  Who  knows  how  soon 
there  may  bn  a  return  of  the  fruitful  "  old  apple 
years"  ngaiu  ?  Believing  with  ray  friend  Musscr, 
that  such  an  atmospheric  or  climatic  change  may 
take  place,  as  to  produce  an  al)undance  of  fruit 
again,  perhaps  at  no  very  remote  day,  therefore, 
let  us  not  despair,  but  continue  to  plant  fruit  trees 


just  the  same  as  if  there  were,  or  had  not  been, 
such  things  as  failures. 

Many  young  orchards  have  been  planted  with- 
in the  last  twelve  or  fifteen  years,  and  then  have 
gone  to  destruction  or  decay  through  the  negli- 
gence of  the  owner ;  or  through  injuries  intlicted 
by  mice,  rabbits,  insects,  and  sometimes  by  cattle. 
Or  perhaps  these  orchards  may  have  been  planted 
on  the  poorest  kind  of  soil,  unfavorably  located, 
and  without  cultivation  and  care.  An  apple  or- 
chard wants  a  good  rich  soil,  as  well  as  anything 
else,  with  the  ground  well  prepared-  A  northern 
slope  is  preferable ;  but  any  good  ground  will  do 
well,  if  it  is  well  prepared.  The  subject  of  sub- 
soiling  has  lately  been  much  discussed  by  agricul- 
turists and  horticulturists  ;  but  it  seems  to  be 
pretty  well  established,  that  subsoiling  before  the 
orchard  is  planted,  is  more  beneficial  to  fi-uit  trees, 
than  it  is  to  vegetable  and  cereal  crops.  There- 
fore, the  ground  for  a  young  orchard  should  be 
thoroughly  subsoiled  before  it  is  planted  in  trees. 
Use  an  improved  subsoil  plow  for  that  purpose. 
A  subsoil  plow,  however,  can  be  made  out  of  any 
ordinary  plow,  by  attaching  a  V  shaped  shovel  to 
the  back  end  of  the  plow,  in  the  furrow,  fastened 
to  the  beam.  It  can  be  run  down  into  the  soil,  in 
the  furrow,  to  any  desired  depth,  from  four  to 
eight  inches,  loosening  the  ground  and  leaving  it 
lay  in  the  furrow.  By  this  plan  much  labor  will 
be  saved.  All  the  holes  in  which  to  plant  the 
trees  can  be  dug  with  a  spade  or  shovel.  Plant 
the  Baldwin  pippin,  and  a  goodly  number  of  the 
pound  apple,  not  because  the  last  is  the  best  ap- 
ple, but  because  it  is  a  good  and  safe  variety. 
Plant  also  freely  the  York,  Imperial,  Smith's 
Cider,  Pittsburg  pippin,  Russet,  Maiden's  Blush, 
Water  Mellon,  and  Krauser.  Many  others  might 
be  recommended,  but  I  do  not  believe  much  in 
recommending  too  many  varieties  for  the  same 
locality,  because  some  particular  kinds  may  do 
well  in  one  locality  and  fail  in  another.  AVhy  it 
is  that  some  apples  do  better  in  different  soils,  is 
a  thing  not  fully  known  to  us.  After  a  young  or- 
chard is  planted,  it  ought  to  be  well  taken  care  oJ, 
and  well  cultivated  for  six  or  seven  years  in  suc- 
cession ;  and  also  well  manured.  This  will  insure 
a  thrifty  young  orchard,  and  a  fair  prospect  for 
fruit.  •    .  L.  S.  R. 

FLOWERS. 

Many  flowering  plants  are  cultivated  more 
surely,  and  multiplied  more  rapidly,  by  cuttings, 
than  by  seeds.  One  of  this  kind  is  the  Scarlet  sage^ 
also  called  "  early  sagci"  Some  years  ago  we 
saw  a  magnificent  "bush"  of  this  sage,  in  full 
bloom,  at  the  Pennsylvania  State  Fair,  held  at 
Norris'o.vn,  ancl  nothing  could  exceed  the  rich» 


56 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMER. 


ness  of  the  deep  scarlet  of  its  many  flowers,  in 
contrast  with  the  rich  green  of  its  foliage.  It 
took  the  lead  of  all  the  flowering  plants  in  the 
exhibition.  It  is  easily  propagated  fromcnttings, 
and  also  from  seeds,  if  they  are  sown  early 
enough,  and  the  proper  attention  given  them  in 
reference  to  heat  and  moisture ;  indeed  without 
these  latter  conditions,  the  seeds  will  remain  a 
long  time  in  the  soil  without  germinating  at  all. 
There  is  sometimes  a  tendency  in  this  plant  to 
stretch  itself  in  long  branches ,  which  are  apt  to 
break  off  from  the  main  stem  by  their  own  weight. 
We  have  seen  them  compacted  and  strengthened, 
and  also  the  number  of  their  flowering  laterals 
increased  a  hundred  fold,  by  shortening  in  their 
branches,  before  they  were  in  bloom,  making  the 
plant  almost  litei'a.ly  a  "  burning  bush. " 

L.  S.  R. 


CttlutttoIogkaL 


SOLDIER-BEETLES. 

Of  equal  importance,  but  far  more  abundant 
and  common  than  the  Tiger  6eeiZes,arethe  insects 
which  constitute  the  family,  which  in  common 
language  are  called  "  soldier-beetles,"  but  scien- 
tifically, Lampryidce.  This  family  is  composed 
of  the  genera  Phengodes,  Follaclasis,  Lucermda, 
EUychnia,  Photinus,  Pyradomena,'  Phansis,  Pho- 
turisj  Lampyris,  Luciola,  Chauliognathus,  Pole- 
mhis,  Sillis,  Telephorus,  Podabrus,Malthinus,  Try- 
phe7-tis,  Tytthonyx ,  and  Rhagonycha,  but  perhaps 
not  more  than  the  one-half  of  these  genera  are 
common,  or  well  known  to  the  county  of  Lancas- 
ter. Perhaps  the  best  known  and  most  common 
species,  are  those  which  have  received  the  vulgar 
names ^  of  "fire-bugs,"  "fire-fllies,"  "lightning- 
bugs,"  &c.,  and  which  in  countless  millions  illu- 
minate the  meadows,  lawns,  woods,  gardens, 
fields,  hills,  and  roadsides,  from  the  middle  of 
May,  until  the  end  of  June,  or  middle  of  July. 

Only  a  few  species,  however,  are  luminous,  and 
although  they  appear  periodically  in  vast  numbers 
in  early  summer,  yet  not  many  of  them  remain 
all  the  season  tlu-ough,  except  perhaps  cliaidiog- 
nathus  and  a  few  others,  which  visit  the  various 
pecics  of  "  Goldenrod,"  {Slidago,)  when  it  is  in 
bloom,  towards  the  summer's  close.  We  have 
noticed  these  chauliognathan  visitors  of  the  Gol- 
denrod from  an  early  period  of  our  boyhood,  but 
somehow  then  wfe  always,  in  some  manner,  con- 
iounded  them  with  the  Iire-l)ugs  of  early  summer. 
Some  of  these  insects  appear  to  Ijc,  at  least  at  one 
period  of  their  perfect  .state,  mellilicous  or  pollcn- 
aceoaus  in  their  iiabits,  but  in  the  larvre  state  they 
^re  generally  considered  to  be  carnivorous.    In- 


deed many  of  them  are  positively  known  to  be  so, 
both  in  their  larva;  and  their  mature  states.— 
Small  snails,  slugs,  grul^s,  earthworms,  aphids, 
worms  eggs,  and  other  similar  insect  garbage,  are 
devoured  by  these  soldier-beetles  in  countless 
millions  every  season,  and  as  they  undergo  thyT 
transformations  in  the  earth,  we  cannot  telV  ex- 
actly how  much  of  the  year  is  passed  in  this  sciav- 
enging  process. 

Doctors  Walch  and  Hull,  of  Illinois,  if  I  am 
not  much  mistaken,  have  detected  some  species 
belonging  to  the  genus  Telephorus  destroying  the 
grubs  of  the  Curculio^  af.er  they  had  reached  the 
ground. 

Of  course  these  genera  of  soldier-beetles  are, 
by  more  modern  classification,  grouped  together 
in  different  families,  but  as  we  can,  on  this  occa- 
sion, only  allude  to  them  in  a  general  manner, 
we  have  left  them  as  they  were  grouped  by  the 
older  entomologists,  deferring  a  special  notice  of 
them,  individually,  to  future  occasions.    Most  of 
these  insects  are  oblong  in  form,  and  of  a  blackish 
or  yellowish  color,  but  the  elytrons  and  the  ex- 
ternal integument  of  all  of  them,  is  of  a  soft  or 
leathery    consistence.      In   EUychnia^  Photimis, 
Plioturis  and  others,  the  head,  in  repose,  is  drawn 
nearly  or  quite  beneath  the  thorax,  which  forms 
a  sort  of  shield,  but  in  most  of  the  others,  the 
head  protudes,  and  the  thorax  forms  a  kind  of 
neck.    I  have  seen  TelepJwms  and  Podabrus  under 
circumstances  which  led  me  to  infer  that  they 
were  certainly  in  the  act  of  destroying  Aphids. — 
If  the  cultivator  of  the  soil  is  capable  of  bringing 
in  imagination,  before  him,  this  vast  army  of  in- 
sect friends,  and  considers  that  they  occur  as 
abundantly  throughout  our  country's  vast  domain, 
as  they  do  immediately  around  his  own  domicil, 
he  may  form  some  idea  of  their  useful  and  benefi- 
cent mission;  and  the  multitude  of  evils  and  an- 
noyances which  they  prevent.    We  have  before 
us,  at  this  writing,  a  printed  paragraph  to  the  ef- 
fect that  "  last  year  the  damages  done  to  the 
crops  in  France,  by  insects,  exceeded  $105,000,- 
000,"  an  amount  that  would  make  an  "  indepen- 
dent fortune"  for  a  thousand  of  our  readers.  And 
yet  these   constitute   the  "  little  things "  in  the 
economy  of  nature,  which  many  people  affect  to 
contemn  or  disregard.    It  is  not  our  desire  or  in- 
tention to  give  an  undue  prominence  to  this  sub- 
ject, but  it  may  aflbrd  a  wholesome  lesson  to 
proud  humanity  to  know,  that  under  God's  per- 
mission the  elements  of  man's  distress  or  destruc- 
tion may  be  coucoiitrated  to  that  end  before  he 
is  rightly  aware  of  their  presence.    It  is  a  conso- 
lation, however,  Ui  know  that  the  facts  of  insect, 
life  present  many  redeeming  points,  and  that  not 
the  least  among  them  are  tlie  economies  and  luilnts 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


57 


of  the  soldier-beetles,  and  that  of  these,  a  vast 
deal  more  should  be  known,  than  now  seems  to 
be  known  by  the  masses  of  our  country's  popula- 
tion. 

We  do  not  deem  it  necessary  to  give  a  list  of 
the  species  of  these  soldier-beetles,  which  inhabit 
our  county,  for  their  name  is  almost  a  legion,  as 
we  should  perhaps  have  done,  if  they  were  fewer 
in  number  ;  nevertheless,  it  is  of  importance  that 
they  should  be  individually  known,  in  order  to 
avoid  unnecessary  disquietude  or  alarm.  To  know 
that  particular  species  of  friendly  insects  are  co- 
operating with  us  in  the  destruction  of  those  that 
are  known  to  be  unfriendly,  is  an  item  of  know- 
ledge that  is  by  no  means  to  be  disregarded.  It 
is  true,  that  they  may  destroy  many  species,  from 
which,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  no  great 
danger  to  the  productions  of  human  labor  might 
be  apprehended,  but  then  a  great  redundancy  of 
comparativily  harmless  insects,  even  the  common 
house-fly,  is,  to,  say  the  least  of  it,  sometimes  a 
great  annoyance. 

The  soldier-beetles,  by  whatever  means  they 
may  have  received  that  title,  are  rather  modest  ia 
their  demeanor,  and  do  not  generally  visit  our 
houses  or  annoy  their  inmates,  no  matter  how 
nunierous  they  may  be.  Indeed  the  most  6f 
them  remain  quiet  during  the  day,  and  only  sally 
forth  when  twilight  is  approaching,  and  the 
luminous  kinds  then  appear  to  have  for  their 
object,  the  beautifying  of  the  "  dark  shades  of 
night."  They  may  have  a  special  object  in  this, 
that  is  germain  to  themselves,  but  their  appear- 
ance then,  engenders  pleasing  thoughts  and  asso- 
ciations which  we  love  to  indulge  in.  Those  that 
sip  the  nectar  of  flowers,  or  feast  upon  their  pol- 
lenaceous  treasures,  of  course  go  abroad  during 
the  day,  and'  bask  in  the  rays  of  the  smnmer  sun. 
They  have  their  love  seasons  too,  and  it  is  at 
these  banqueting  places  where  the  sexes  meet, 
and  live  their  short  life  of  love.  At  this  incle- 
ment season  of  the  year  they  are  all  underground 
in  the  ^fomi  perchance  of  quiescent  puiyae^  or 
gormandizing  and  unsightly  grubs,  but  in  due 
time  will  again  appear.  S.  S.  R. 


SJoljtim* 


WEEDS.— ST.  JOHN'S  WORT. 


BAS  JOHANNES  KllAUT. — GERMAN. 

« 

Tlic  generic;  name,  of  lliis  plant  is  Ifyiicricum, 
(an  ancio.iiL  name,  of  ob.scnre  origin.) 

Dr.  (jray  reeogni/es  !r»  s[)eeies  as  iulroducod 
north  of  Virginia  and  naUnalized.  Louden  In 
in  his  Kucyclopedia  of  herbr^,  describes  01)  species 


out  of  the  133  known  to  Botanists.  Sotlie  have 
quite  showy  flowers,  and  are  cultivated  as  orna- 
mental herbs  or  shrubs. 

The  species  heading  this  article  is  common,  and 
has  some  interest  in  an  Agricultural  point  of  view. 
This  foreigner  is  deemed  by  Dr.  Darlington  as  a 
worthless  and  rather  troublesome  weed  on  our 
farms,  and  says  it  ought  to  be  diligently  excluded. 
It  is  remarkable  how  time  changes  public  o^iinion. 
I  can  well  remember  having  heard  it  said,  as  no 
doubt  most  of  my  readers  do,  that  48  to  50  years 
ago,  it  was  the  prevailing  opinion  tliat  cattle, 
especially  loJiite  cows,  and  horses  with  white  feet 
and  noses,  were  affected  with  cutaneous  ulcers 
during  the  pasture  season,  and  those  sores  were 
universally  and  confidently  attributed  to  the  St. 
John's  wort,  and  was  not  doubted  by  men  of 
superior  intelligence. 

Although  this  plant  it  still  common  and  in  some 
fields  quite  abundant,  how  does  it  happen  tlmt 
we  do  not  hear  the  same  charges  now?  Are 
there  no  white  cows  or  horses  with  white  feet 
and  noses?  Or  has  the  plant  lost  its  noxious 
quality?  Or  did  the  evil  complained  of  arise 
from  some  other  cause  ?  I  shall  not  pretend  to 
answer  these  questions,  but  state  them  as  a  curi- 
ous fact.  Here  I  may  be  permitted  to  refer  to 
another  curious  fact  as  regards  this  plant. 

It  is  recorded  by  observant  persons,  that  in 
1842  this  plant  throughout  Pennsylvania,  failed 
to  make  its  appearance  in  fields  where  it  had 
been  previously  abundant.  The  succeeding  year 
it  was  quite  rare,  but  in  the  course  of  a  few  years 
it  became  as  abundant  as  ever,  more  especially 
in  neglected  fields. 

There  must  evidently  have  been  some  wide 
spread  cause  to  produce  this  result.  Local  causes, 
whether  electric  or  atmospheric,  no  doubt  often 
arise  that  produce  either  injurious  or  beneficial 
results  on  various  kinds  of  plants  as  the  grape, 
peach,  apple,  &c.,  and  the  subject  is  worthy  of 
attention  to  note  the  corresponding  condition, 
i^ot  of  soils  only,  but  the  prevailing  states  of  the 
weather,  in  which  is  embraced  the  electric  and 
atmospheric  peculiarities  of  the  season.  Con- 
siderable light  has  already  been  thrown  upon  the 
subject,  but  more  rigid  oljservations  are  demand- 
ed before  the  true  solution  of  the  proljlem  can  be. 
attained.  « 

But  to  return  to  the  subject.  If  the  scientific 
name  "  Hypericum"  is  obscure,  I  may  be  allowed 
to  o;ivo  ll>e  re.Tson  v/hy  it  is  called  St.  Jolm's 
woi  I. 

Tlu!  eouunon  people  f)f  France  and  CJermany 
heUl  and  do  hold  the  herb  in  high  repute,  and 
gal  her  it  with  great  ceremony  on  St.  John's  day, 
and  hang  it  in  their  windows  as  a  chann  against 


5§ 


THE  LANCASTEE  PARMER. 


storms,  thunder  and  evil  spii-its.  This  supersti- 
tious notion  is  traced  to  the  fact  that  it  was  ap- 
plied to  wounds  and  hemorrhages  as  a  balsamic 
by  eminent  physicians,  and  a  certain  quack  used 
it  in  maniacal  and  hypochondriacal  disorders, 
inider  the  name  of  Fuga  Daemonium. 

This  name  "  drive  away  the  devils  or  evil 
spirits,"  in  reference  to  the  maniacal  or  Hypo- 
chondriacal subjects  supposed  to  be  possessed  by 
evil  spirits,  or  otherwise,  is  no  doubt  the  source 
or  the  notion  referred  to.  But  as  all  plants  have 
their  uses,  allow  me  to  give  you  a  few  facts  re- 
sx^ecting  the  St.  John's  wort, not  generally  known. 
Tlie  juice  expressed  from  the  tops  and  flowers  is 
perfectly  soluble  in  water,  alcohol  and  vinegar, 
A  solution  in  the  two  former  affords  a  blood-red 
color,  in  the  latter  a  fine  crimson.  When  com- 
bined with  other  acids,  it  exhibits  a  yellow  color, 
which  proves  that  it  contains  two  coloring  mat- 
ters, capable  of  separate  solution  in  different 
menstrua.  If  alum,  combined  with  a  certain  por- 
tion of  patash,  be  used  as  a  mordant,  a  bright 
yellow  hue  is  obtained;  by  increasing  the  quantity 
of  the  mordant  the  color  somewhat  inclines  to 
green,  and  by  the  addition  of  a  solution  of  tin  in 
nitvo-muriatic  acid,  according  to  the  proportion 
used,  rose,  cherry  or  crimson  hues,  all  of  a  fine 
lustre,  will  be  produced.  This  juice  can  be  made 
to  assume  a  concrete  form  by  being  exposed  in 
shallow  dishes  to  the  moderate  heat  of  an  oven. 
If  then  it  be  reduced  to  powder ,  it  will  readily  com- 
bine by  trituration  with  turpentine.  The  resin, 
thus  saturated  with  the  juice,  can  be  mixed  with 
olive  oil,  and  forms  the  oil  of  St.  John's  wort- 
used  in  Pharmacy — for  which  I  had  frequent  calls 
when  engaged  in  the  drug  business.  I  may  add, 
when  incorporated  with  linseed' oil,  and  with  the 
addition  of  a  small  portion  of  oil  of  turpentine,  a 
fine  red  varnish  is  produced,  which  may  be  ad- 
vantageously employed  for  coating  articles  of  fur- 
niture made  of  wood. 

J.  Stauffer. 


The  "  Pennsylvania  Fruit  Grower's  Society," 
at  its  annual  meeting,  held  in  the  city  of  Harris- 
burg  in  February  last,  resolved  to  hold  its  next 
annual  meeting  in  the  city  of  Lancaster,  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1870.  This  action  was  had,  if  not  at  the 
request,  at  least  in  defterence  to  the  members  of 
the  Lancaster  County  Agricultural  and  Horticul- 
tural Society,  who  were  in  attendence  at  that 
meeting.  We  therefore  hope  that  the  members 
of  our  society  will  show  their  appreciation  of  the 
action  of  the  State  Society,  and  in  the  meantime 


use  all  necessary  efforts  in  making  the  meeting  a 
success.  The  Society  intends  to  make  its  next 
meeting  "  the  largest  gathering  of  the  kind  they 
have  ever  held,"  and  we  mistake  the  mettle  out 
of  which  our  Society  has  been  composed,  if  its 
members  do  not  give  a  good  account  of  themselves 
on  that  occasion.  They  have  nearly  a  whole 
year  before  them,  and  unless  something  unforseen 
should  transpire,  that  might  damage,  or  entirely 
destroy  the  coming  fruit  crop,  being  thus  fore- 
warned, they  may  be  sufficiently  forearmed  to  add 
greatly  to  the  numerical  strength  of  the  meeting 
and  the  display  of  fruit.  But  that  is  not  all,  nor 
the  main  object  of  the  Society  at  its  meetings,  l^t 
desires  to  bring  out  all  the  information  it  possibly 
can  on  the  subject  of  fruit  growing,  and  for  that 
purpose  it  is  making  an  effort  "  to  induce  all  our 
best  pomologists  to  meet  with  its  members  at  that 
time,"  and  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  may  be 
present.  Much  as  the  fruit  growers  of  Lancaster 
county,  and  indeed  the  entire  state  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, have  been  disappointed  and  discouraged 
through  the  failures  of  the  fruit  crop  here,  we  be- 
lieve they  should  still  persevere  in  their  praise- 
worthy labors,  for  it  is  but  reasonable  to  infer 
t^at  they  must  ultimately  succeed.  The  causes 
of  failure  surely  cannot  always  combine  to  defeat 
their  purposes. 

The  experiences  of  different  growers,  from  dif- 
ferent localities,  and  conducted  under  different 
circumstances,  may  yet  result  in  developing  some- 
thing useful  to  the  great  end  which  the  Society 
has  in  view.  We  admonish  the  members  of  our 
local  Society,  the  readers  of  our  journal,  and  all 
others  interested  in  the  subject  of  fruit  culture, 
to  bear  this  meeting  in  remembrance,  and  give 
their  hearty  endorsement  and  personal  attend- 
ance ;  for  no  matter  if  they  have  but  a  single 
apple  or  pear  to  exhibit,  or  a  single  fact  to  com- 
municate, they  will  be  adding  materially  to  the 
common  stock  of  pomological  knowledge.  This 
is  what  is  most  needed ;  knowledge,  positive 
knowledge  of  the  causes  of  the  decay  and  failure 
of  the  fruit  crop.  Such  knowledge  may  be  valu- 
able, even  when  there  are  no  available  means  to 
circumvent  or  avoid  a  failure.  It  is  a  maxium 
among  naturalists,  that  when  we  know  positively 
what  a  thing  is  not.,  we  have  made  one  important 
step  towards  a  solution  of  what  it  is.  The  late 
failures  in  the  fruit  crop  cannot  be  accounted  for 
upon  the  supposition  that  it  is  caused  by  a  redun- 
dancy of  insects,  and  the  absence  of  insectivorous 
lairds  alone ;  for  in  the  last  few  yeaz's  there  has 
been  little  fruit  for  these  to  protect  or  destroy. — 
There  are  also  climatic  and  physiological  causes ; 
causes  doubtless  also  growing  out  of  the  modes  of 
culture,  ajid  the  nature  of  the  soil.    Whatever 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


59 


knowledge  is  promulgated  on  these  subjects,  belt 
ever  so  little,  will  be  of  interest  to  the  com- 
munity. 

This  is,  however,  only  the  negative  side  of  the 
objects  of  the  Fruit  Grower's  Society,  and  we  pre- 
sume of  all  other  kindred  associations.  The  posi- 
tive side  is  to  receive  and  impart,  on  an  experi- 
mental basis,  the  best  mode  and  manner  of  im- 
proving fruit,  fruit  trees,  and  fruit  bearing  plants 
in  general,  supposing  that  no  adverse  contingen- 
cies existed.  The  season  is  fast  approaching 
when  everybody  will  be  regarding  with  interest 
and  anxiety  the  prospects  of  the  coming  fruit 
crop,  and  the  eyes  of  the  people  will  also  be  on 
the  active  associations,  organized  for  the  encour- 
agement and  development  of  all  useful  knowledge 
relating  to  that  important  subject.  Therefore, 
the  meetings  of  our  local  Society  in  the  mean- 
time, and  the  meeting  of  the  Fruit  Grower's  So- 
ciety of  Pennsylvania,  to  be  held  here  next  year 
may  work  beneficially  for  the  interest  of  the 
county,  and  we  therefore  hope  our  Society  and 
the  people  at  large  will  accord  to  them  a  cordial 
greeting  in  February,  1870. 


MEETING    OP    THE    AGRICULTURAL 
AND  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

The  Society  met  in  the  Orphans'  Court  Room 
March  1st,  and  was  called  to  order  by  Henry  M. 
Engle,  Chairman.  Mr.  Engle ,  on  taking  the  Chair, 
wished  to  return  thanks  to  the  Society  for  the 
honor  it  had*  done  him  in  electing  him  as  its  pre- 
siding officer.  He  desired  to  see  the  Society  con- 
ducted in  accordance  with  parliamentary  usage, 
and  he  should  expect  of  the  members  entire  har- 
mony and  accord  in  his  eftbrts  to  maintain  due 
order  and  decorum  in  the  mcnthly  meetings  of 
the  association.  He  was  one  of  the  first  who  had 
moved  in  the  efibrt  to,  inaugurate  the  Horticultu- 
ral Society,  and  he  was  glad  to  see  the  progress 
which  had  already  been  made  since  its  organiza. 
tion.  That  he  had  not  been  entirely  unambitious 
of  the  honor  which  had  been  conferred  upon  him 
in  being  elected  the  presiding  officer  of  this  So- 
ciety he  would  not  conceal;  but  this  ambition 
alone  consisted  in  his  conceiving  that  thereby  he 
might  the  better  be  enabled  to  render  more  es- 
sential service  to  the  community  in  which  he 
lived.  Would  the  result  thus  desired  and  antici- 
pated be  attained,  he  would  then  have  entirely 
gratified  any  ambition  he  might  have  entertained 
for  the  honor  which  the  Society  had  seen  proper 
to  bestow  upon  him  in  choosing  him  for  its  Chair- 
man during  the  ensuing  year. 

The  Secretary,  A.  Harris,  by  direction  of  the 
Chair,  read  the  minutes  of  the  last  meeting,  which 
Tyej-e  approved  by  acquiesence. 


The  following  new  members  were  placed  in 
nomination  and  duly  elected,  viz  :  J.  H.  Brackbill, 
of  Strasburg;  S.  J.  GrofT,  Paradise,  and  A.  J. 
Frueauft',  city.  The  new  members  were  present 
and  signed  the  Constitution. 

S.  S.  Rathvon  drew  the  attention  of  the  Presi- 
dent to  his  duty  of  appointing  the  standing  com- 
mittees under  the  rules  of  the  Society. 

On  motion  it  was  directed  that  the  Chair  an- 
nounce the  standing  committees  at  the  next  meet- 
ing of  the  Society. 

S.  S.  Rathvon  next  proceeded  to  read  an  essay 
upon  the  economy  of  birds. 

Levi  S.  Reist  next  read  an  essay  upon  the  wa- 
ter streams  of  Lancaster  county  and  his  observa- 
tions upon  winds. 

Mr.  Reist,  upon  the  conclusion  of  his  essay, 
took  up  the  subject  of  Mr.  Rathvon's  essay,  and 
spoke  of  the  great  necessity  of  a  law  for  the  pro- 
tection of  birds  in  Lancaster  county. 

Mr.  Rathvon  remarked  the  great  necessity  for 
the  protection  of  birds  and  the  utility  that  they 
are  to  crops.  He  feels  assured  that  so  soon  a« 
the  people  come  to  understand  the  advantages 
that  birds  are  to  fruit,  the  matter  will  regulate  it- 
self. 

H.  K.  Stoner  believed  we  had  sufficient  laws  to 
protect  the  birds,  but  remarked  the  farmers  had 
a  timidity  in  preventing  fowling  upon  their 
grounds  for  fear  of  incurring  the  hatred  and  re- 
venge of  these  prowlers.  He  thinks  the  Society 
should  take  the  matter  in  hand  and  have  all  those 
killing  birds  made  liable  to  the  law. 

H.  M.  Engle  coincided  with  the  views  advanced 
by  Mr.  Rathvon  in  his  essay  and  his  subsequent 
remarks,  and  he  urged  that  the  community  should 
take  the  matter  in  hand  and  not  allow  the  birds  to 
be  killed  lawlessly. 

Mr.  Groff  said  that  he  considered  fthe  planting 
of  evergreen  trees  near  residences,  besides  being 
an  ornament,  of  great  advantage  in  attracting  in- 
sectivorous birds. 

H.  M.  Engle  spoke  of  the  utility  of  placing 
small  boxes  in  cheiTy  trees  which  will  attract  the 
wrens,  and  thus  will  fight  off  other  fruit-destroy- 
ing birds. 

S.  S.  Rathvon  concurred  in  the  correctness  of 
this  remark,  and  said  he  had  been  convinced  of 
this  from  his  own  observation.  If  wrens  could 
be  attracted  in  some  way  to  grape-tines  he  thinks 
they  would  drive  off  the  cat-birds. 

Dr.  Hiestand  desired  to  be  informed  of  what 
utility  the  wrens  were,  and  upon  what  they  feed. 
He  thinks  they  chiefly  feed  upon  spiders. 

P.  S.  Reist  spoke  of  the  advantages  extended 
in  the  Western  States  by  railroad  companies  to 
Agricultural  Societies.   They  meet  with  the  great- 


60 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


est  possible  encouragement,  and  are  oftcrecT  free 
tickets  to  attend  exhibitions  and  displays  of  fruit. 
In  regard  to  the  protection  of  birds  he  was  satis- 
fied that  the  depredators  intimidated  the  farmers, 
and  thus  they  are  afraid  to  hinder  their  shooting 
of  the  birds.  Farmers  fear  that  their  buildings 
might  be  burned  if  they  would  incur  the  ill-will  of 
the  prowlers.  Not  only  do  they  shoot  the  birds, 
but  they  also  carry  off  water-melons,  peaches, 
grapes  and  such  like. 

Dr.  Iliestand  believes  fear  of  farmers  to  prose- 
cute is  the  principal  reason  why  fruit  is  stolen. 
If  farmers  would  show  a  determination  to  enforce 
the  law,  he  believes  the  thieving  would  soon 
cease. 

H.  K.  Stoner  remarked  that  it  is  very  easy  to 
talk  as  Dr.  Hiestand  does,  but  he  felt  that  farmers 
run  great  risk  in  putting  the  law  in  force  against 
these  lawless  depredators.  He  believes  the  mat- 
ter should  be  taken  up  by  the  Society,  by  the 
County  Commissioners  or  by  some  organized  body, 
so  as  to  have  the  law  put  in  force  against  them. 

S.  S.  Rathvon  thinks  there  should  be  a  rigid 
execution  of  the  law ;  but  he  believes  there  is 
great  excuse  for  the  farmers.  They  fear  no  less 
than  incendiarism.  Look  at  the  list  of  crimes 
upon  our  public  records,  and  the  fact  is  clear  that 
the  crmie  of  arson  is  the  most  difficult  of  detection 
of  all.  He  feels  that  the  officers  of  the  law  should 
look  the  matter  up  and  see  that  offenders  be 
brought  to  justice. 

H.  M.  Engle  agrees  with  most  that  has  been 
said  upon  this  subject,  and  yet  he  believes  it 
might  be  remedied  by  having  the  people  educated 
up  to  a  higher  tone  of  morality. 

Jacob  StaufFer  believed  human  nature  identical 
everywhere.  He  believes  with  Mr.  Engle  that 
the  public  mind  should  be  reformed  upon  the 
point  of  killing  birds,  and  the  matter  maybe  rem- 
edied. 

H.  K.  Stoner  does  not  believe  education  will 
remedy  the  lawless  destruction  of  birds,  as  he 
thinks  human  nature  is  retrograding  instead  of 
getting  better. 

H.  M.  Engle  spoke  of  the  Kew  York  nurseries 
and  how  they  escape  the  depredations  of  thieves, 
and  as  he  thinks  this  must  be  the  result  of  educa- 
tion. For  biitisclf  he  might  remark  that  he  has 
never  lost  much  by  pilfering,  yet  this  may  be  ow- 
ing to  precautions  which  he  has  taken.  He  once 
caught  some  depredators,  and  this  chiefly  ended 
that  kind  of  business. 

Ja'cpb  Stauft'er  next  proceeded  to  read  an  essay 
upon  weeds,  viz  :  St.  John's  Wort. 

On  mo,tion  this  essay  was  ordered  to  be  pub- 
ished  in  the  LanqastBR  Fakmer. 


On  motion  it  was  ordered  that  the  Lancaster 
Farmer  in  future  ])e  printed  and  ready  for  dis- 
tribution not  later  than  the  25th  of  each  month. 

H.  K.  Stoner  desired  some  information  in  re- 
ference to  the  article  in  the  Farmer,  "  Look  out 
for  Humbugs." 

The  Secretary  read  alctter  from  JosiahHoopcs, 
President  of  the  Pennsylvania  Fruit  Grower's  So- 
ciety, m  reference  to  the  next  meeting  of  the 
Society  having  been  fixed  for  Lancaster,  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1870.  He  also  read  a  letter  from  the  Cor- 
responding Secretary  of  the  Agricultural  Society 
of  Villa  Ridge,  Pulaski  county,  Illinois. 

On  motion  the  correspondence  was  directed  to 
be  received  and  entered  upon  the  minutes  and  to 
be  taken  up  in  future. 

George  W.  Schroyer  oflercd  the  following  reso- 
lutions : 

Resolved,  That  the  Secretary  be  authorized  to 
have  the  law  in  relation  to  the  destruction  of 
birds  printed  in  hand-bills  for  distribution  among 
the  members  of  the  Society. 

Resolved,  That  the   Society  ofler  a  reward  of 

dollars  in  addition  to  the  penalty  imposed 

by  law  for  the  detection  and  conviction  of  every 
person  found  guilty  of  destroying  birds. 

These  resolutions  elicited  considerable  discus- 
sion— some  favoring  and  others  opposing  them. 

S.  S.  Rathvon  moved  that  the  whole  subject  be 
referred  to  a  committee  of  three,  who  shall  report 
the  laAV  at  the  next  meeting,  and  what  it  may  be 
deemed  advisable  for  the  Society  to  adopt. 
,  Members  attending  the  Society  in  April  are  re- 
quested to  bring  with  them  cuttings,  grafts,  &c., 
for  distribution  among  the  members. 

On  motion.  Society  adjourned  until  the  1st  Mon- 
day in  April. 

■»   »  »»    

Robert  Fulton,  an  Historical  Novel,  translated 
from  the  Danish  of  John  Carsten  Hauch,  by  Paul 
C.  Sinding. 

We  give  space  for  a  brief  notice  of  this  work 
with  the  above  caption,  ii>asmuch  as  its  sul)ject, 
Robert  Fulton,  first  saw  the  sun's  light  in  our 
county,  as  also  on  account  of  its  intrinsic  merit  in 
a  literary  aspect,  and  because  the  scholar  who 
adapted  it  to  Anglo  Saxon  vision,  is  personally 
known  and  kindly  remembered  by  us,  as  likewise 
by  many  others  in  this  community.  The  author 
of  this  work,  as  well  as  its  translator,  are  both 
natives  of  Denmark,  the  former  a  writer  of  world- 
wide renown,  and  the  latter,  one  of  the  most  ac- 
complished scholars  of  the  present  day,  who  has 
selected  An^erica  as  his  home,  and  who  some 
years  ago  spent  several  months  in  Lancaster, 
whilst  engaged  in  the  translation  of  this  book,  to 
which  we  now  direct  attention.  Prof.  Paul  C. 
Sinding,  is  already  favorably  known  in  this  city 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


61 


and  county,  by  his  schoLirly  work,  "  The  History 
of  Scandinavia,"  and  we  take  great  pleasure  in 
being  al)le  to  endorse  another  production  of  this, 
one  of  the  most  erudite  and  accomplished  of  Den- 
mark's scholars.  A  select  few  in  this  city  have 
already  perused  this  production  of  Danish  intel- 
lect, entitled  Robert  Fulton,  and  concur  in  pro- 
•nouTiciiig  it  au  fait,  and  a  model  production  in 
this  kind  of  literature,  and  those  liaving  read  it 
afe  convinced  that  persons  of  taste  cannot  but 
peruse  it,  with  the  greatest  interest  and  pleasure. 
Tins  deferential  homage  of  European  sjcholars- 
ship  to  Lancasterio- American  ingenuity  and  intel- 
lect, should,  if  nothing  else,  induce  a  perusal  of 
this  work  on  the  part  of  our  citizens.'  This  work, 
a  rare  one  of  its  kind,  must  elevate  the  author  as 
i»lso  the  translator,  in  the  estimation  of  all,  who 
can  in  any  way  appreciate  the  beautiful  and  artis- 
tic, in  writing  and  literature.  This  work  is  pub- 
lished by  Macdonal  &  Palmer,  744  Broadway, 
Xew  York. 

m^      »      4m     

TiiE  following  small  fruit  catalogues  have  been 
sent  us : 

J.  G.  Kreider,  of  Lancaster  county,  has  sent  us 
his  catalogue  of  choice  and  select  vegetable  and 
Held  seeds,  as  cultivated  by  him.  Address,  J.  G. 
Kreider,  Box  103,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

We  have  also  received  the  descriptive  catalogue 
of  fruit  and  ornamental  trees  ;  garden,  flower  and 
Held  seeds  ;  roses,  shrubs  and  greenbush  plants, 
cultivated  and  for  sale  by  the  Ryder  Kursery  As- 
sociation, Chambersburg,  Pa.  By  enclosing  ten 
cents  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Association,  E.  B. 
Engle,  corner  Front  and  King  streets,  Chambers- 
burg, Pa.,  a  catalogue  can  be  obtained. 

lIovcy''s  Illustrated  Catalogue,  and  Guide  to  the 
Vegetable  and  Flower  Garden,  for  1869,  has  like- 
wise been  sent  to  us.  This  is  a  large  catalogue 
containing  one  hundred  and  fifty  pages,  orna- 
mented with  the  plates  of  many  handsome  and 
late  flowers,  and  is  well  worth  what  it  costs, 
twenty-five  cents.  This  catalogue  and  amateur 
cultivators  guide  to  the  fruit  garden,  contains  full 
and  complete  descriptions  of  more  than  twenty- 
five  hundred  flowers  and  vegetable  seeds,  and  in- 
cludes all  the  choice  varieties  of  American  growth 
and  splendid  assortments  of  the  German  and 
French  selections.  Address  Ilovcy  &  Co.,  No. 
53  North  Market  street,  Boston,  Mass. 

We  have  just  received  Washburn  «&  Co's. 
Amateur  Cultivator's  Guide  to  the  Floicer  and  Kit- 
chen Garden,  containing  one  hundred  and  fifty- 
three  pages  and  handsomely  bound.  This  superb 
catalogue  eclipses  all  that  we  have  yet  seen,  and 
can  be  had  by  enclosing  fifty  cents  to  Washburn  & 
Co.,  Seed  Merchants,  Horticultural  Hall,  Boston. 


21ie  American  Entomologist. — The  March  num- 
ber of  this  valuable  monthly  conies  to  us,  as  usual, 
replete  Avith  interesting  matter,  and  fully  and 
beautifully  illustrated.  We  notice,  also,  that  it 
has  eight  additional  pages  of  reading  matter,  in- 
cluding, among  other  things,  a  facetious  article 
on  our  large  Polyphemus  Moth,  a  valuable  and 
lengthy  article  on  "  Wasps  and  Their  Habits," 
"Do  Toads  eat  Worker  Bees,"  "Answers  to 
Correspondents,"  Reviews,  etc.,  etc.  Published 
monthly,  at  $1  per  annum,  by  R.  P.  Studley  & 
Co.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

We  have  been  sent  an  address,  which  was  de- 
livered by  John  A.  Riddle,  Esq.,  before  the  Bed- 
ford Farmers'  Club  of  New  Hampshire,  February 
28th,  18(39,  and  published  by  the  Bedford  Club. 
The  subject,  "Sterility  is  void,"  developes  the 
new  system  of  agriculture  of  Prof.  Yille.  This  is 
an  excdlent  essay  and  treats  of  quite  new  theo- 
ries worthy  of  investigation.  Persons  wishing  a 
copy  of  the  address,  can  obtain  one  by  enclosing 
twenty-five  cents,  and  addressing  Solomon  Man- 
ning, Secretary  of  club,  Bedford,  N.  H. 


Among  all  the  diftercnt  kinds  of  composition 
roofing  which  have  been  introduced  to  the  public, 
and  used,  during  the  past  fifteen  years,  we  believe 
there  are  none  equal  to  that  now  put  on  by  Dr. 
Jos.  Gibbons.  We  have  made  a  personal  exam- 
ination of  this  roof,  and  believe  it  to  be,  as  far  as 
our  judgment  extends,  superior  to  any  other  we 
have  ever  seen,  and  that  it  is  all  that  it  professes 
to  be,  for  the  particulars  of  which,  Ave  refer  the 
reader  to  the  Dr's.  advertisement  in  our  journal. 
♦    ■»    ^    

We  are  sorry  to  be  obliged  to  inform  our  friends 
that  the  February  issue  of  the  Farmer  is  entirely 
exhausted,  owing  to  so  many  new  subscribers 
coming  in,  who  desired  the  back  numbers  of  the 
Farmer.  Subscribers  can  bear  in  mind,  how- 
ever, that  they  will  receive  twelve  numbers  of 
the  Farmer  from  the  time  they  subscribed. 
■ — ^    «    »  

We  are  sorry  to  notice  the  death  of  Mrs.  Lizzie 
Engle,  the  esteemed  wife  of  Mr.  Henry  M.  Engle, 
the  President  of  the  Lancaster  County  Agricul- 
tural and  Horticultural  Society,  and .  one  of  the 
editors  of  this  journal.  Mrs.  E.  died  on  the  19Lh 
ult.,  at  "  Our  Home,"  in  Dansville,  New  York, 
after  a  somewhat  protracted  illness,  very  much 
regretted  by  all  who  had  the  pleasure  of  becom- 
ing acquainted  with  her. 


Working  horses,  when  in  the  stable,  are  bet- 
ter without  a  blanket  than  with  it.  AVhen  driven 
hard  and  left  standing  out  the  blanket  should  be 
used. 


62 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


Mhulimmm. 


Destruction  of  Insects. — Immense  numbers 
of  insects  might  be  destroyed  in  a  garden  or  or- 
chard, by  using  bottles  of  swoet  liquid  systemati- 
cally. This  is  quite  common  in  England,  where 
they  do  not  let  every  fruit  enemy  run  riot,  and 
then  sit  down  and  cry  about  having  no  crops ;  but 
work  to  get  the  good  fruit  they  boast  of. — Gard- 
ner's Monthly. 

: i»     —     ♦ 

GAS  LIMB  AS  A  FERTILIZER  AND  IN- 
SECT PREVENTIVE. 

Zuriel  Swope,  Esq.,  of  this  city,  informs  me 
that  he  has  been  experimenting  for  the  last  three 
years  with  this  substance  as  a  fertilizer  of  the 
soil,  and  as  a  preventer  of  insect  depredations, 
but  more  particular  the  former.  Even  in  a  case 
where  he  had  nothing  but  yellow  clay,  dug  out  of 
a  new  cellar,  and  used  for  filling  up  a  hollow 
place  in  his  garden ;  with  seventeen  bushels  of 
the  lime,  to  a  space  thirty-two  feet  wide  and  one 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  long,  he  produced  a  luxu- 
riant crop  of  garden  vegetables,  consisting  of  cab- 
bages, red-beets,  beans,  peas  and  cucumbers,  the 
first  season,  and  he  had  also  few  or  no  noxious  in- 
sects to  attack  them.  He  also  found  it  exceed- 
ingly beneficial  to  grape  vines  and  peach  trees. — 
In  forming  a  circle  of  the  lime  around  cabbage 
and  bean  plants  it  has  entirely  prevented  the  at- 
tacks of  the  cutworm.  For  the  expulsion  of  in- 
sects, however,  it  should  be  applied  once  or  oftener 
every  season,  but  as  a  fertilizer  its  beneficial  ef- 
fects are  more  apparent  the  second  season  than 
the  first. 

Lime  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  gas,  and 
after  thus  used,  the  refuse  is  thrown  out  and  is 
then  what  is  called  "  gas  lime."  It  may  be  ob- 
tained at  the  gas  works  for  four  or  five  cents  a 
bushel.  This  lime  has  a  strong  oder  similar  to 
coal-tar.  The  remedy  is  so  simple  and  cheap, 
and  comes  with  a  suflicient  recommendation,  I 
think,  to  justify  the  members  of  this  society  in 
making  a  trial  of  it.  Doubtless  if  applied  at  the 
right  time,  for  instance,  during  the  months  of 
June,  July,  and  August,  it  would  prevent  the  ap- 
ple and  peach  tree  borers  from  depositing  their 
eggs  at  the  bases  of  those  trees.  Carbolic  and 
crysilic  acids  are  both  eliminations  of  coal  tar,  and 
doubtless  the  lime  contains  a  portion  of  their  dis- 
infecting properties.  In  this  connection  I  would 
mention  that  a  correspondent  in  the  last  number 
of  the  American  Entomologist,  states  that  Mon. 
Ilaspail,  a  learned  French  chemist,  gives  a  solu- 
tion of  aloes  and  black  pepper  as  a  good  substance 
for  the  expulsion  of  insects,  especially  moths 


from  cases  of  drawers  or  boxes,  containing  wool- 
ens, furs,  or  specimens  of  animals,  birds,  insects, 
&c.,  and  no  doubt  it  would  also  be  useful  to  plants 
if  judiciously  applied.  S.  S.  R. 

^  !■»  ^  

SEASONABLE  PRUNING. 

Those  of  your  readers  who  have  pruning  yet  to 
be  done,  should  now  have  it  attended  to  as  soon 
as  possible.  When  the  grape  vines  are  pruned 
late,  they  should  be  taken  from  then*  fastenings 
and  laid  flat  upon  the  ground,  to  chtfck  the  flow 
of  sap  until  the  wounds  at  the  cuttings  are  par- 
tially healed ;— let  them  lie ,  say,  three  weeks.  In 
pruning  the  tops  of  berry  bushes  late,  let  them 
remain  in  their  bending,  natural  state — which  pre- 
caution will  prevent  bleeding  \  and  common  sense 
and  experience  alike  teach  us  that  profuse  bleed- 
ing is  injurious  to  both  animals  and  vegetables. 

Some  self-wise  people  say — "  Don't  prune  in 
frosty  weather."  Now  the  most  experienced 
pruners  do  all  their  pruning  in  frosty  weather, 
when  little  else  can  be  done.  Such  is  the  prac- 
tice with  all  the  skillful  gardeners  in  Em'opean 
countries. 

In  pruning  trees  it  should  be  borne  in  mind, 
that  the  wood  dies  back  of  the  cut  of  as  much  as 
the  diameter  of  the  shoots  and  branches ; — so  cut- 
ting ofi"  close  and  paring  the  wound  smooth,  is 
very  injurious.  Knobs  should  be  left  as  long  as 
the  diameter  of  the  pieces  cut  oft',  when  the 
branches  or  stems  from  which  the  shoots  and 
branches  are  cut  remain  sound  and  uninjured. 

In  pruning  shrubbery  the  shoots  have  often  to 
be  thinned  out,  and  suckers  cut  away  from  the 
roots ;  the  ends  of  the  shoots  of  many  species 
should  be  cut  off"  more  or  less  as  they  may  need 
it, — that  is  such  kinds  as  bear  their  blooms  upon 
the  sides  of  the  shoots — such  as  Forsythia,  Phila- 
delphus,  etc.;  but  many  species  bear  their  blooms 
on  top  of  the  shoots,  as  do  lilies ; — such  top  shoots 
should  not  be  cut. 

In  pruning  gooseberry  and  currant  bushes  the 
shoots  are  thinned  out  when  they  are  too  numer- 
ous, and  the  points  of  the  shoots  cut  oft"  one  to  six 
inches,  as  they  may  need  it. 

"With  raspberry  and  blackberry  the  old  dead 
shoots  are  cut  down,  and. a  piece  is  clipped  from 
the  tops  of  living  shoots.  So,  the  modes  of  prun- 
ing are  various,  to  suit  the  nature  of  different 
kinds  of  plants. — Fractical  Farmer. 

Good  Rusks. — Two  tea  cups  of  sugar,  two- 
thirds  of  a  cup  of  butter,  two  eggs.  Beat  these 
well  together,  add  one  pint  of  sweet  milk  and  one 
of  gooalively  yeast,  and  flour  sufticieut  to  make  a 
soft  sponge.  Set  it  where  it  will  be  warm.  Next 
morning  knead  in  more  flour  and  let  it  rise  again, 
then  mould  into  biscuits  ancl  when  light  b3.ke  them 
in  0,  moderate  oven, 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


63 


FISH  CULTURE. 

The  Museum  of  Economic  Fish  Culture,  in 
London,  under  the  charge  of  Buckland,  the  well- 
known  scientific  naturalist,  is  reported  to  be  in  a 
prosperous  condition.  The  hatching  troughs  arc 
filled  with  salmon  and  trout  raised  from  eggs 
brought  from  Scotland,  Sweden,  Switzerland,  the 
Rhine  and  the  United  States.  The  brook  trout 
of  America,  hitherto  unknown  in  England,  is 
about  to  be  introduced  into  that  country  as  an 
exceedingly  handsome  fish  and  one  that  gives  good 
sport  with  the  rod.  It  is  stated  that  on  the  walls 
of  the  museum  will  be  found  casts  to  show  the 
enormous  masses  of  roe  deposited  by  a  single  sal- 
mon— a  series  to  show  how  the  egg  becomes  de- 
vcloped  into  a  fish  worth  SIO  or  $15,  or  often 
more,  as  well  as  drawings,  painted  to  the  life,  of 
nearly  all  the  celebrated  fish  which  have  come 
to  the  London  market  for  the  last  three  or  four 
years.  Among  the  monster  salmon  are  found  a 
Tay  fish,  weighing  49i  pounds;  salmon  from  the 
"Wye.  514  pounds  and  44  pounds ;  from  the  Rhine, 
5U  pounds  ;  from  the  Tay,  53  pounds.  The  illus- 
trations of  the  details  of  oyster  culture  are  very 
interesting.  In  the  cases  are  found  specimens 
showing  the  growth  of  the  oyster  from  its  "  living 
dust"  state  till  it  is  fit  for  market  at  from  two  to 
three  years  old.  In  order  to  show  the  best  kind 
of  "  culch"  to  be  laid  on  oyster  beds,  is  exhibited 
a  large  series  of  materials  chosen  there  as  a  rest- 
ing place  by  the  young  oysters  themselves  when 
in  a  wild  state ,  from  which  the   oyster  culturist 

may  draw  his  own  conclusions. 

■<    1^    »   

MANAGEMENT  OP  FARM  MANURE. 

The  composition  of  fai-m-yard  manure  is  ex- 
ceedingly complex,  and  varies  to  a  degree  seldom 
fully  appreciated.  The  mode  of  farming,  the  class 
of  stock  kept  on  the  land,  their  supplies  of  food, 
and  the  careful  preservation  of  the  manure,  each 
and  all  give  to  the  composition  of  this  manure  a 
marvellous  variety.  This  influence  becomes  the 
more  striking  when  we  remember  that  a  ton  of 
'  good  farm-yard  manure  contains  only  about  half 
a  hundred-weight  of  pure  fertilizing  ingredients. 
It  is  true  that  the  farmer  is  dealing  with  a  ton  of 
manure,  but  any  injury  or  loss  of  quality  strikes 
at  the  value  of  the  half  hundred-weight  of  fertiliz- 
ing matter,  which  is  the  vital  constituent  of  the 
manure,  and  that  by  which  its  value  is  practically 
determined.  The  value  of  this  half  hundred- 
weight of  fertilizing  is  worth  more  than  the  price 
wc  usually  assign  even  to  good  manure,  and  the 
materials  could  not  be  purchased  at  the  same 
cost.  The  lesson  Avhich  this  fact  is  calculated  to 
teach  us  is  not  to  undervalue  the  fann-yard  man- 
ure because  it  is  a  bulky  representative  of  so 


small  a  quantity  of  fertilizing  matter,  but  to  guard 
it  more  jealously,  and  to  improve  it  more  care- 
fully since  its  valuable  constituents  are  so  easily 
decreased. 

There  are  various  ways  by  which  the  vitality 
of  such  manure  may  be  removed ;  but  the  im- 
proved management  of  late  years  has  done  much 
to  reduce  these  losses.  The  two  most  productive 
sources  of  loss  tire  the  injudicious  rotting  down  of 
the  dung-heap  and  the  waste  of  the  liquid  run- 
ning from  the  heap.  Each  of  these  losses  may  l)e 
readily  controlled;  the  latter,  of  course,  is  evi- 
dent, and  may  be  readily  avoided,  but  the  former 
demands  special  care  and  attention.  In  some 
districts,  very  great  care  is  bestowed  upon  mak- 
ing the  dung-heap  and  its  general    management. 

A  bottom  of  road  scrapings,  or  similar  waste, 
forms  the  first  layer,  and  upon  this  the  manure  is 
heaped  and  pressed  down  by  the  carts  going  over 
the  heap,  and  finally  it  is  thrown  into  shape^  some 
earth  put  against  the  sides  for  a  certain  depth, 
and  a  further  quantity  sprinkled  on  the  top.  A 
heap  thus  constructed,  if  it  can  be  kept  suflicicntly 
moist  to  regulate  the  fermentation,  and  yet  not  so 
moist  as  to  cause  drainage,  is  in  a  good  condition 
for  the  rotting  of  the  manure  as  it  well  can  l^e  in 
a  heap. 

■♦— ^   » 

CENSUS  AND  AGRICULTURE. 

The  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  has  addressed 
a  long  communication  to  General  Garfield,  chair- 
man of  the  Census  Committee,  indicating  the 
facts  that  ought  to  be  collected  in  the  interest  of 
the  farmers.  It  states  that  neither  the  average  of 
timber  nor  of  various  crops  has  ever  been  ob- 
tained. It  suggests  the  importance  of  having 
separate  statistics  of  winter  and  spring  wheat, 
and  also  that  the  average  of  corn,  root  crops,  field 
peas  and  winter  rye  should  be  entered  by  them- 
selves. The  loss  by  disease  of  farm  animals  has 
been  estimated  by  the  Department  to  approxi- 
mate fifty  millions  of  dollars  per  year,  and  the 
propriety  of  gathering  information  on  that  sub- 
ject is  mentioned.  lie  also  thinks  it  desirable  to 
collect  figures  showing  tlie  ravages  of  insects  upon 
the  fruit,  grain  and  cotton  crops.  The  average 
of  orchards  and  vineyards  is  also  asked  for  ;  also, 
information  regarding  new  crops  lately  introduced 
in  the  South. 


To  Cook  Spare-Rib.— Take  a  whole  side  of 
fresh  spare-rib,  break  the  bones  so  as  to  be  a])lc 
to  carve  them  nicely,  fold  them  together  willUiie 
bones  inward,  then  with  a  strong  thread  sew  the 
edge  lirinl}',  leaving  a  space  at  one  end  to  put  in 
the  filling,  wliich  should  l>e  prepared  as  if  for 
fowls ;  after  filling  them  linisli  the  sewing,  sprinkle 
a  little  salt,  and  pepper  over  it,  and  roast  one  hour. 
Do  not  put  muclx  water  in  the  pan. 


64 


THE  LANCASTAR  FAEMER. 


PRESERVATION  OF  FRUIT  TREES. 

We  find  tlie  following  in  the  N.  E.  Homestead^ 
which  it  saj'-s  is  taken  from  a  discussion  of  the 
Farmers'  Club  at  the  Vermont  State  Fair.  It 
has  reference  only  to  the  small  State  of  Vermont, 
but  how  true  it  is  of  all  the  eastern  and  middle 
States : 

Mr.  J.  R.  Walker  showed  how  early  settlers 
perforce  were  enemies  of  trees,  and  how  their 
descendants  have  inherited  their  habits,  till  in  a 
centuiy  our  forests  have  all  been  swept  away. 
There  is  abundance  of  evidence  to  show  that  the 
presence  of  forests  increases  the  rainfall.  Geo. 
P.  Marsh,  in  "  Man  and  Nature,"  adduces  some 
startling  examples  of  the  evil  effects  of  cutting  off 
the  forests  in  this  respect.  Nowhere  is  building 
material  so  cheap  as  it  has  been  in  the  United 
States,  because  of  her  magnificent  pine  forests : 
but  now  lumber  comes  2000  miles  to  market.  As 
to  the  amount  of  firewood  required  it  is  estimated 
that  the  mills,  schools,  &c.,  use  859,800  cords,  be- 
sides 1,000,000  cords  for  railroads,  and  thousands 
of  cords  for  other  purposes,  amounting  in  all  to  a 
million  cords  a  year.  In  lumber  it  is  estimated 
that  the  mills  of  the  State  turn  out  115  million 
feet  a  year.  The  railroad  consumption  is  esti- 
mated at  S550,000  for  fuel  besides  ties,  &c.  Thir- 
ty thousand  acres  of  heavy  timbered  land  will  be 
required  to  furnish  all  this  wood,  and  fifty-four 
years  will  exhaust  all  we  have  in  the  State. 

Every  man  is  interested  in  the  wood  question, 
in  one  way  or  other.  As  means  for  the  preserva- 
tion and  perpetuation  of  our  forests,  animals 
should  be  carefully  kept  out  of  all  wood-lots ;  for 
cutting,  full-grown  trees  and  decaying  ones  should 
be  selected,  or  where  thinning  is  needed,  care  and 
judgment  should  be  used. 

The  replanting  of  forests  can  be  made  by  seed 
and  requires  little  skill ;  and  the  strong  motive 
of  self-interest  must  be  brought  to  bear  to  secure 
it.  Let  us  protect  our  forests,  cover  over  our  now 
jagged  hills,  beautify  our  streets  and  homos,  and 
then  shall  we  have  done  something  not  only  for 
ourselves  but  for  generations  to  follow. 


Poor  Land — Poor  Farmers. — Mr.  Lawe  used 
to  say  that  in  England  the  best  farmers  were 
found  on  the  poorest  land,  and  the  poorest  farm- 
ers on  the  best  land.  Thus  Norfolk  has  the  poor- 
est land  and  the  worst  climate  in  England,  while 
nowhere  in  the  world  can  be  found  larger  crops, 
cleaner  land,  or  more  intelligent,  wealthy  and  en- 
terprising farmers.  Devoiishiie  has  tlie  beat  cli- 
mate and  the  IjesL  soil  in  England,  and,  with  some 
exceptions,  the  poorest  farmers.  Hitherto  this 
rule  did  not  prove  good  with  us.  We  have  the 
best  farmers  on  the  best  and  richest  laud.  It  wiU 
not  always  be  so.  We  are  mistaken  if  New  Eng- 
land will  not  produce  some  of  the  most  enterpris- 
ing, intelligent  and  successful  farmers  on  the  con- 
tinent.— American  A</riailiiiri.st. 

Those  having  the  care  of  sheep  should  avoid 
any  sudden  change  of  food,  for  either  sheep  or 
lainbs. 


ENGLISH  SPARROWS,  AGAIN. 

We  notice  a  paragraph  in  the  New  York  Sun 
informing  us  that  several  private  individuals  have 
placed  in  Union  Square,  bird-houses  for  the  aci 
commodation  of  the  English  sparrows  abounding 
there.  These  boxes  are  of  large  size,  painted  in 
glaring  colors,  and  made  very  picturesquely,  in 
order,  of  course,  to  attract  these  pets.  Now  "we 
very  well  know  that  in  severe  weather  sparrows 
and  other  winter-birds  will  seek  shelter  anywhere, 
even  in  a  dwelling-house,  sometimes,  and  these 
sparrows  may  be  thus  driven  into  the  houses  in 
Union  Square,  but  that,  as  the  article  in  ques- 
tion tells  us,  they  will  propagate  their  species  by 
resorting  to  these  boxes  and  taking  possession  of 
ready-made  nests,  is  contrary  to  the  nature  of 
these  birds,  and  will  no  more  do  so  than  will  a 
bluebird,  a  wren  or  a  martin  make  its  nest  on  a 
tree.  These  metropolitan  bird-fanciers  are  en- 
tirely too  smart  for  nature,  which  they  set  aside 
as  coolly  as  if  they  had  entire  control. 


FUSIL  OIL. 

Fusil  oil,  of  which  so  much  is  said  in  connec- 
tion with  liquor  adulterations,  is  a  liquor  color- 
less when  pure,  of  offensive  smell  and  burning 
taste,  obtained  by  continuing  in  fermentation  in 
the  distilling  process  after  the  alcoholic  portion 
is  drawn  oft'.  Its  action  upon  the  animal  system 
is  that  of  a  positive  poison,  its  vapor  producing 
nausea,  headache  and  giddiness.  Its  presence  in 
liquors  is  highly  injuriou=!,  and  indicates  bad  dis- 
tillation, or  the  use  of  damaged  grain.  It  may  be 
detected  by  agitating  the  liquor  with  water  and 
leaving  it  stand  for  the  oil  to  rise  to  the  surface. 
One  ounce  of  fusil  oil  kills  a  rabbit  in  four  min- 
utes.— Columbia  Spy. 

i^  «»  ^-' 

Destroying  Stumps. — The  Baltimore  Leader 
suggests  the  following  method  for  getting  rid  of 
stumps  without  making  a  large  hole  in  the  ground  : 

''  We  have  heard  of  two  methods  of  getting  rid 
of  stumps,  which,  as  they  appear  feasible  and  in- 
expensive, we  hope  some  reader  will  try  and  re- 
port upon.  Boro  with  a  two-inch  auger  to  the 
heart  of  the  stump  ;  fill  tlic  cavity  thus  made  with 
sulphuric  acid,  or  with  crude  oil  of  petroleum.  In 
the  first  case,  the  acid  becomes  the  destructive 
agent  within  a  few  months;  in  the  latter,  when 
the  stump  becomes  saturated  with  the  oil  it  is 
fired,  and  will  then  burn  out  to  the  last  particle, 
like  a  candle." 


Orchards  should  be  cultivated  as  corn  fields. 
Laying  down  in  grass  is  injurious  to  trees.  Ifood 
crops  may  be  raised  between  the  rows  of  trees 
without  damaging  the  trees. 


NoM  Mutual  Lite  Insurance  uompduor 

NO.    160    BROADWAY,    NEW    YORK. 

J    P.  FRUEAUPP,  General  Agent, 

I. AlSrC ASXEI^     ^     J     j^   E   RICK^ECKER,  City  Treasurer. 
U10B  BAUSMAN,  IVesWent  F^^^^^'^^'^^^if^k"^"         N.'^ELLMAKER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 
'HKIS'N  B.  HERR.  Pres't  Lanc^ter  Co.  ^at  1  BauK.  ^^        Attorney.  ^.^^^^isls 

ARLY  ROSE  POTATO. 


.     •      of  thP  following  prices,  cash  to  accompany  tbe  order : 
we  are  prepared  to  fill  orde-  ^or-,r.n,^:^^^^^^^  Ma,l  ^ostPaia 

0,te  round,  ^^f^i^J^'^'j^^if  Bushel,       $S.OO  Delivered  to  Express. 
One  Feck,  ^^'^^J    TZI  UnTvel  $40.00         ** 

One  Bushel,    $15.00,    ^J'^^^lt ^^^  po--<i«  '<>  *^«  ^^^^''^ 
(60  pouxxcis  to  t^«  ^Yn  Vrrae  or  small  quantities  : 
The  following  varieties  can  be  -PP^/^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  peJ  barrel,    165  lbs.      $4.00. 

Early  Goodrich,  per        ^» 

Mich.  White  Sprout,    Early,     ^^     J-^^.  ^^        ^^  ..  4  OO. 

Harrison,  Address       ENGLE   &  BRO., 

Marietta  Nurseries,  Marietta,  Pa. 


ITTJI^SER^Sr     STOO       -         ^,^^^^^^g  ^    the  thousand. 

PEACH  TREES  and  GRAPE  ^}^^^J:Zf^Zl:Co::i  H^dgl  Asparagus  and  Rhubarb  Roots. 
Raspberry  and  Blackberry  Stocks^StrawberryF      ^  qeeID-  ,     ^ 

I»OT.A^TOES^^^^  ROSE,    grown   from   seed  ob- 

Popular  varieties  leading  among  .hichis  THE  EAR    ^^^^^^^.^^^  ^^,  ^^^  „,  ,,,   ,,,Hest.     For 
X  •     J  #-«™  T)   S   Heffron,  and  warrantea  pure,     v^u     y 

rAVth^P-^OP"'- '"""■•'"■    ^"""-^"^''j^.    ENGLE,    Marietta,    Penn. 


aaroUk^iSS"'""^  .Hf.i,o.a.o  .1  Jia'/Aflc)  .1;:  .1 


.i«ruaiiD  )i 


T  wo-r^ 


a.  b.  kaufman's 
Insurance  Agency, 

No.  1  EAST  ORANGE  ST., 
LANCASTEK    CITY,    PA., 

Issues  Life,  and  also,  Policies  against  Fire  and 
all  oHier  Accidents. 

AGENT  FOR  THE  OLD 

CONN.  MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY, 

The  i3est  Company  in  the  World. 

CAPITAIj,    -    -    -    $93,000,000. 

SAMUEL  i^ESS, 

Sonth  Side  Cones  toga,  ox>i3osito 
Graeff's  Landiixg, 

DEALER  IN 

Vtood,  Salt,  Sand,  Plaster,  and  all  the  best  Fertili- 
zers in  the  Market.  Posts,  Rails,  Tales,  and  Fencing 
Materials  of  every  Description. 

Particular  attention  paid  to  Re-sawing  Lumber  for 
Cabinet  work  and  Coachinaking. 

KT'  All  Orders  left  at  the  Lancaster  Post  Office 

promptly  attended  to. 

S.  S.  RATHYON'S 

Merchant  Tailoring,  General  Clothing 

AND  GENTLEMEN'S  FURNISHING  STORE, 

(KKAMP'S    OLD  STAND), 

Corner  North  Q,ueen  &  Orange  Sts., 
Lancaster,  Pa., 

All  kinds  of  Men's  and  Boys'  Ready-Made  Clothing  and 
Funiii-hiiig  Good.s  constantly  on  lianiri.  Also,  a  suixuior  assort- 
nicntof  Frenfh,  Engli.'«h,  German  ajid  American  Cloths,  Cas- 
.siiiuavs  and  Vestings  which  will  bo  made  to  order  in  any  desired 
stylo,  with  the  least  iiossiblo  delay;  warranted  to  give  satis- 
t'iictioii,  and  at  reasonable  charges. 

S.  S.  RATH  VON. 

GRUGER  &  RiCE, 

DKUGGISTS  &  APOTHECARIES, 

No.  13  WEST  KING  STREET, 

NEXT  DOOU  TO  .STEINMAN'S   HARDWARE  STORE, 

I  Lancaster,  Pa, 

Have  always  on  hand  Pure,  Kaliablc  Drugs  and  Medi- 
cines. Cliomicnls,   Spices,   Perfumery  and  Toilet 
Ai-ti<  'o--.      Al  v)  l''lavoring  Extracts  of 
ill 'ii- own  Maiiufa  •  ui  I',  .ind  u\ 
unsurpassed  ipiality. 

Sol,'  Ag  llts   for   l^A^»SON^<   CdSM'OTJNU  SYnUi"  OF  Taii,  ttio 

li'  st  ('(.ugh  Mcdi^Sii!'  ill  Ihv  mfu-kct.     \Vc  liave  h1.<<o  on  hand  in 

season  an  assoitincnt  of  I.MtidiolirsjWariantfd  Garden  Seeds. 

The  i>iiblic  can  roly  upon  always*  OEi'Tixd  wjiatthky 

ASK  POK  ANU  so  SL'JlS'rn'f'i'ES, 


LANCASTER  CITY  AND  COUNTY 

FIRE  INSURANCE    COMPANY, 

««■«» 

CAI>IX^L,    -     -      -     #S00,000. 

Hon.  Tuos.E.Franki.tn,     Geo. K.  Reed,     Edw.  Brown, 

Prea't,  Treas.,  Sec'y. 

John  L.  Atlee,  M.  D.,        B.  F.  Shenk,         Jacob  Bousman, 
Henry  Cariienter,M.D.,     F.  Shroder,  Jucob  M.  Frantz, 

Hon.  A.  E.  Roberts,  John  C.  Hager. 

Houses,  Barns,  Stores,  Mills  and  Buildings  of  alt  kinds,  with 
iheir  contents,  Insured  on  Favorable  terms. 

W.  J.  KAPROTH,  Agent. 
Residence :  36  South  Biifee  St.,  Lancaster. 


Jn  B.  KBVmSKI^ 

D.EALER  IN 

Pianos,  Organs,  and  Melodeons, 

AND  MUSICAL  IXSTRFMENTS  GENERALLY, 

A  large  assortment  of  Violins,  Flutes,  Guitars,  Banjos, 

Tamborines,  Accordeons,  Fifes,  Harmonicas,  and 

Musical  Merchandise   always  on  hand. 

SHEET  MUSIO :  A  large  stock  on  hand  and  constantly  re- 
ceiving all  the  latest  iiublications  as  soon  as  issued. 

MUSIC  BY  MAIL !  I  would  inform  ijersons  wi.sliing  Music, 
that  Music  an<l  Musical  Books  will  be  sent  by  mail  free  of 
postage  when  the  marked  price  is  remitted. 

DEOALOOMANIA.  or  the  art  of  Transfeiring  Pictures.  Can 
ho  transferred  on  any  object.  I  would  call  especial  attention 
of  CoacUmakers  to  my  stock  of  Decalcomania. 

ZAHM  &  JACKSON, 

No,  15  NORTH  atJEEW  ST„ 

Beg  leave  to  call  the  attention  of  persons  in  want  of 
a  good  and  reliable  Time  Keeper  to  their  full  assort- 
ment of 

AKRICAN  AND  SWISS  WATCHES, 

In  Gold  and  Silver  Cases  which  will  be  sold  at 
prices  which  will  defy  competition.  Alf^o,  a  full  assort- 
ment of 

CIj  O  C  K  S  , 

of  all  kinds,  which  wc  wiil  warrant  good  and  correct 
time-keepers. 

in  great  variety,  such  as  Pins,  Settp,  Ear  Rings,  Finger 
Rings,  Sleeve  I'uKons,  Cliains,  &c. 

SOLID  SILVER  WARE, 

Manufactured  expressly  for  our  sales  and  warranted  coin 

PLATED    ^VARE, 

Froai  '.h  '  b\-.t  laotorics  and  warranted  the  iiiic^t  quality. 

Gold,  Silver  :ind  Steel  Spectacles.    Hair  Jewelry 
Made  to  Orde  . 

Repairing  Promptly  Attended  to. 

ZAUM  &" JACKSON. 


S.  WELCHENS,  D.  D.  S., 

SURGEON    DENTIST, 

Office  and  Residence^ 

HOWELL'S  BUILDING,  No.  65^  NORTH  QUEEN  ST., 

Half  a  square  south  of  tlio  R.  K.  Depot. 

Twenty  Years'  Successful  Practice  in  Lancaster. 

The  Latest  improvements  in  INSTRU3IENTS 
imd  TEETH  and  the  very  best  material,  Warranted 
ill  all  operations. 

TEETH  EXTRACTED  WITHOUT  PAIN  with 
I  lie  use  of  Nitrous  Oxide  Gas,  Ether,  or  the  Ether 
Sprat/ 

TERMS,  as  low  as  any  in  the  city,  when  loivpriced 
material  and  low  priced  work  are  used. 

But  for  FIRST-CLASS  OPERATIONS,  with  ap- 
])liances  and  material  to  correspond,  prices  range 
liigher. 

S.  WELCHENS.  D.  D.  S. 

CJ  _A-  ^Rf  ID  ' 

REIGART'S  OLD  YilM  STORE, 

ESTABLISHED  IN  1785, 

No.  3'6  EAST  KING  ST.,  LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

Tlie  reputation  of  REIGART'S  OLD  WINES  AND  BRAN- 
DIES for  purity  and  excellent  quality  having  been  f ully  es- 
lablished  for  nearly  a  century,  we  regret  that  the  conduct  of 
i^onio  unprincipled  dealers,  who  re-till  with  and  sell  from  our 
liibled  bottles  their  deleterious  compounds,  compels  us  to 
adopt  the  annexed  trade  mark,  which  in  future,  for  the  pro- 
tection of  ourselves  and  our  customers,  will  be  found  on  all 
our  old  bottled  Wines,  Brandies,  Gins,  Whiskies,  Bittei's,  &c. 


TRADE 


MARK. 


And  further,  in  order  to  protect  the  same,  we  hereby  an- 
nounce our  determination  to  prosecute  to  the  fullest  extent  of  the 
Act  of  Assembly,  approved,  31st  day  of  March,  18C0,  any  per- 
son or  persons  who  shall  violate  the  provisions  of  said  act  as 
iipplicable  to  our  trade  mark. 

N.  B. — We  respectfully  request  t}ie  public,  when  they  have 
occasion  or  desire  to  use  Old  Brandy  at  the  Hotels  or  Restau- 
lauts  to  ask  particularly  for  Reigart's  Old  Brandy. 
Very  respectfully,  &c., 

H.  E.  SLAYMAKER,  Agt. 


-J- ,   /\   ^>n"  CJ  yy  s  t""  "f;  t?^ 

UNION  SPOKE  AND  AGRICULTURAL  WORKS 

Oorner  of  Water  and.  Lemon.  Sts., 
"Formerly  Shirk  &  Royer's  Warehouse,  on  the  Penna.  Rai 
lOad,  near  Baumgardner's  coal  yard,  and  2  squares  west  from 
the  Railroad  Depot,  where  we  manufacture  the 

LATEST  IMPROVED  GRAIN  DRILLS. 

Also,  Grain  Drills  with  Guano  attached,  warranted  to  give 
.satisfaction.  Mockawatf  fans.  Cider  Jflilla,  Crushers  and 
(Jraters,  for  horse  or  hand  power,  which  will  grind  a  bushel 
of  apples  per  minute  by  horse  power,  and  are  warranted  to  do 
it  well.  We  would  also  inform  Coachmakers  th:it  we  liave  put 
up  in  our  Shop  two  of  the  latest  iruiiroved  Spol^e  <llachtnes, 
or  Jjalltes,  and  are  fully  isrepared  to  furnish  the  best  quality 
of  SPOKKS  of  all  kinds,  sizes,  dry  or  part  dry,  and  warranted 
to  be  a  good  article.  Wo  biiv  none  but  the  best*  iSjiokes, 
and  have  nowouhaiul  100,000  STOKES.  Bent  Fki.i.ows 
of  Jill  sizes;  Shafts  and  Caruia<;k  Polls,  Bows,  &c.,  of 
seasonable  stuff,  constantly  on  hand. 

As  Mr.  Kceler  hns  been  in  this  business  16  or  18  yeais,  and 
liaving  served  an  apprenticeship  at  Coacliiuaking,  he  knows 
wliat  the  trade  want  in  that  line.  All  kinds  of  Bent  Stuff  lor 
sale,  or  made  to  order — and  Spokes  of  all  .sizes  turned  for  per- 
sons having  them  on  hand  in  the  rough. 

Notice  to  Fabmkrs  and  MEtniANics Planing  .and  Saw- 
ing done  at  the  shortest  notice.  We  have  one  of  the  best  and 
f  atest  Improved  Surface  Planes  for  operation. 

K£KI<i;R4;SHA£FF£K,liincastr  Pit. 


Lanoastek,  June  25th,  1868, 
Editors  Express  :  Dr.  Wm.  M.  Whiteside,  the  enterpris- 
ing Dentist,  has  purchased  from  me  a  large  stock  of  teeth  and 
all  the  lixtures,  the  nstruments  formerly  belonging  to  me,  and 
also  thosaused  by  my  father,  Dr.  Parry,  in  his  practice.  In 
the  purchase,  the  doctor  has  provided  himself  with  some  of 
the  most  valuable  and  expensive  instruments  used  in  dental 
practice,  and  has  beyond  doubt  one  of  the  best  and  largest 
collections  of  teeth  and  instruments  in  the  State.  Persons 
visiting  the  commodious  oflices  of  Dr.  Whiteside,  cannot  fail 
to  be  fully  accommodated.  The  Doctor  loses  no  opportunity 
of  furnishing  himself  with  every  late  scientific  improvement 
in  his  line  of  business.  H.  B.  PARRY. 


Office  and  Residence, 

EAST  KING  STREET, 

Next  door  to  the  Court  House,  over  Fahnestock's  Dry 
Goods  Store, 

LANCASTtlR,  PENNA. 

Teeth  Extracted  tvithout  xmin  hy  the  use  of 
{Nitrous  Oxide)  Gas. 

BOOKS  AND  STATIONERY. 


A  Full  assortment  of 

SCHOOL,    MISCELLANEOUS  AGRT- 

DULTURAL  AND  HOllTI- 

CULTURL  BOOKS, 

A  large  stock  of 

ST^TIOIS!  ERY, 

WHICH  WILL  BE  SOLD  AT 

GREATLY  REDUCED  PRICES, 

On  account  of  removal  xipril  1st,  1869,  to 

No.  52  North  Queen  Street, 

(KRAMP'S  BUILDING) 

Foxir  Doox-s  above  Orange  Street, 

Subscriptions  received  for  all  the  Agricultural  and 
Horticultural  Magazines. 

J.  H.  SHEAFFER'S 

Cheap  Cash  Book  Store,  No.  32  N.  Queen 
Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


G.  J.  I^II^I^BSPIK^ 


DEALER  IN 


FOREIGN  m  AMERICAN  WATCHES, 

IN  GOLD  AND  SILVER  CASES, 

CLOCKS  OF  EN'ERY  DESCRIPTION, 
Jewelry  in  all  Us  SSiapos  and  Forms, 

SILV^ll  WAUIO.  dcsigno'l  f.T  Bi-'.dal  Prc.U'nts; 

BR.ACKETS,  TOILKT    SETS,    VASES.    SPECTACLES, 
GOLD  P}<;NS,  &c.,  &c.,  &c. 


Stoves  t 

Oedarinrare  ! 

Housekeepers'   Furnishing   Goods ! 


The  undersigned  at  their  old  established  stand  in 
WEST  KINO  STREET, 

arc  constantly  receiving  fresh  supplies  to  their  extcn- 
L^ivc  Stock,  from  the  best  manufactories  in  this  Coun- 
try and  Europe,  and  invite  the  attention  of  Merchants 
and  Consumers,  feeling  that  we  can  do  as  well  as  any 
house  in  Philadelphia. 

I'ersons  commencing  Housekeeping  will  iind  the 

The  Largest  and  Best  Selected  Lot  of 

at   Manufacturers'  Prices.     Also,  every   other   article 
kept  in  a  first-class  Hardware  Store. 

A  FULL  STOCK  OF 

Sadlers',  Coachmakers'  and  Blacksmittis'  Tools 
and  Materials, 

GUILDERS    will   find   a    full   supply  of   every    thing 
suited  to  thoir  wants  at  LOWEST  FlGUilES. 

CLOVER,    TIMOTHY    AND    FLAX    SEED, 

BOUGHT  AND  SOLD. 

STEINMAN  &  CO. 


p.  E.  GRUGER. 


J.  P.  GRUGER. 


GRUGER  BROTHERS, 

MARBLE  MASONS, 

14  South  Queen  St.,  Lancaster,  Pa., 

Have    always   on    hand   or   will  furnish    to  order   at 

SHOUT  NOTICE, 

MONUIVIENTS, 

rOMBS, 

GRAVE  STONES, 

&c.,  &c. 

We  pay  particular  and  personal  attention  both  to  the 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MATERIAL  and  the  EXECU. 
TION  OF  OUR  WORK,  and  our  facilities  now  are  sucl*- 
that  we  can  guarantee  our  customers  the  very  best 
work,  at  the  same,  and  often  Low^r  Prices,  than  are 
usually  paid  elsewhere  for  inferior  productions. 

Lettering 


m 


English 


and 


German, 

ELEGANTLY  AND  CORRECTLY  DONE. 
We  earnestly  invite  Qur  country  friend3  to  give  us  a 


SHULTZ  &  BRO., 

Manufacturers,  Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 

Caps  and  Fiars, 

LADIES'  FANCY  FURS, 

HOODS, 

TRIMMED  GLOVES  AND  MITTS, 
Gents'    Gloves,    Capes    and    Collarr, 

Fancy  Hobes, 

20    North    Queen    S^treet, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 

AMERICAN  WATCHES 


JVo.  B2  West  King  Street, 

Next  Door  Below  CoorEU'e  Hotel, 
DEALKRS    IN 


SIL¥ 


9^ 


HMWAm,, 


J  E  "V\7"  E  L  R  ~5r  , 

CLOCKS  AND  SPECTACLES, 


THE  UNDERSIGNED  REPRESENTS  THE 

BIllllTI  iin  IISIMIEI  SSlFilY, 

AND  ALSO  THE 

Life  ai  Accilnt  iBsiraice  Comjaiij, 

Both  stable  and  well  eslablished  companies,  the  former 
having  a  capital  of  S1000,000,  and  (he  latter  $600,- 
000. 

The  plan  of  issuing  policies  by  (he  Brooklyn  Life 
Insurance  Company  presents  a  feature  altogether 
unique,  and  one  which  removes  one  of  the  strongest 
objection,  hitherto  urged  against  the  plan  of  Life  Insur- 
ance ;  and  this  is  what  is  termed  the  Sukrenper  Value 
Plan.  Each  and  every  Policy  issued  in  the  name  of 
this  Company  bears  an  endorsement,  stating  the  exact 
worth  of  the  policy  in  Cash,  at  any  time  after  two  or 
more  annual  premiums  have  been  paid. 

Insurance  can  also  be  efl'ected  in  the  North  American 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  at  lower  rates,  it  is  be- 
lieved, than  in  any  other  Company  in  the  United  States. 

All  desirous  of  securing  insurance  upon  their  lives 
can  do  so  by  calling  upon  the  undersigned. 

ALLEN  I^ITHEIE,  Agt., 

East  J-iemon  Sti*eet, 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


',     use     ^a»na9»it     %««     ^  s^  a  , 

LANCASTEIl,    PENN'A, 

Dealers  in  United  States  Bonds  and  all 
kinds  of  Railroad  Stoek  and  State  Loans. 

Buy  and  Sell  Gold,  Silvei'j  and  Unitedt 
States  Coupons. 

Sell  Bills  of  Exchange  on  Europe  and  Passage 
Certificates. 

Receive  Money  on  Deposit  and  pay  Interest  as 
ollows : 
1  month,  4  per  cent.,      6   months,  5    per  cent. 

3      •'         U  "  12       "        5i 


S  T.   ^ 

OHAIK     MANUFACTURER, 


I 


FOE  SALE  AT 

Chas.  A.  Heinitsli's  Drug  Store,  13  E.  King  St.^ 

L  A  N  G  A  S  T  E  11  ,    P  E  N  N  A., 

German    Cattle    Powders! 

Tlio  liest  rowJor  made  tor  the  Cure  and  Prevciitiou  of  Dis- 
eases to  wliicli  Oxen,  Milk  Cows,  Slieep  and  ilogs,  are  subject. 
For  Stock  Cattle  preparing  fur  market,  a  table  spoonful  in 
their  feed  once  or  twice  a  week,  improves  their  condition  by 
strengthening  their  digestive  organs,  and  creates  solid  flesh 
and  fat. 
GERMAN  VEGETABLE  OR  UNRIVALLED  CONDITION 

POWDKRS 
For  preserving  Horses  in  good  health,  removing  all  Diseases 
of  the  >Skin,  giving  a  Siuootli  and  Glossy  appearance,  also  a 
sure  remedy  for  Distemjier,  Hido^bound,  t^oss  of  Appetite,  &o. 

PERSIAN  1N8ECT  POWDER. 
A  perfeictly  safe,  quick  and  easily  applied  destroyer  of  Lice 
on  Cattle,  Fleas,  Bedbugs,  &c. 

PYROLIGNEOUS  ACID. 
A  substitute   for  curing  Beef,  Pork,  Hams,  Tongues   Smok- 
ed Sausages,  F  sh,  &c^,  without  the  danger  and  trouble  o 
smoking,  imparting  a  inch  flavor  and  color. 


No.  37  Nortli  Queen  St.,  Lancaster, 

(XEXT  door'to  shobeu's  hotel,) 

Old  Chairs  Re-painted  and  Eepaired. 


CHRISTIAIi  WieiYEB. 
S.  E.  Cor.  East  King  &  Sake  Sts.,  Lancaster. 

Cabinet  "VYork  of  every  description  and  a  full 

assortment  of  Chairs  constantly  on  hand. 
n:^AIl  Warranted  as  Rejtrcsented.  .jn} 


JACOB  SOTHAEMEL, 

TRESnUM 


:.M|ii. 


DEALER    IN 


0, ©ml)8  a^id  Faney  JlFtleHe^s 

No.  9i  Nortli  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 


SEED   POTATOES. 


EARLY  GOODRICH, 
HARRISON, 

MICHIGAN  WHITE, 

and  GARNET  CHILI,= 

By  the  Peek,  Bushel  or  Barrel.    Also, 

THE  EARLY  HOSE, 

which  is  destined  to  sup<rscde  all  ot'llie  older  varieties 
for  quality,  earliiiess  and  productiveness,  will  be  sold 
in  quantities  to  suit  purchasers.  All  the  above  varie- 
ies  v?arrauted  pure  and  genuine.     Send  for  circular. 

Marietta,  Pa. 

Ornamental  and  evergreen  Trees,  Mower-. 

ing  Slirubs,  Roses,  t^c,  &c.,aiid  a  complete  assoi'tnient  of 
everything  hi  the  Nurseiy  line,  at  re;isonable  i-ate.s.  For 
Catalogues,  address  with  Stamps,  ENGLE  &  BliO., 
Marietta,  Pa. 

THE 

Lancaster  Inquirer 


J^AHCASTBK3  FA., 

OFFERS  &REATER  IPUCEMENTS 

Foa  CHEAP  woas. 

Executed  hi  the  Best  Style  of  Printing^ 
than  any  other  office  in  the  State. 


<oo.. 


James   Street,    Lancaster,    P*a.. 

ARE  PREPARED  TO  DO  ALL  KINDS  OF 


BUILD  LARGE  AND  SMALL  BNGINUS, 


\v 


MILL     aEA^RIIsTG, 
And  all  kind  af  Machine  Work  done  at  a  first  class  Shop. 

Having  recently  removed   to   their  new  Luilding,  and  ])rovided  themselves 
ith  a 


'5Jf*l«« 


Adapted  to  the  wants  of  their  customers,  they  are  prepared  to  execute  all  or- 
dei's  with  neatness  and  dispatch,  and  on  terms  satisiactory  to  tlie  customer. 
They  would  invite  attention  to  their  large  foundry  connected  with  their  works, 
in  wliicli  the  best  Avork  is  turned  out. 

They  also  announce  that  they  are  now  prepared  to  supply  their 


TO  ALL    CUSTOMERS. 


This  Machine  requires  Less  Power,  does  Moke  Work,  and  is  considerable 
Chj:ai'j:r  than  any  other  Separator  now  in  the  market.  This  JMachiiie  is  now 
iui proved,  well  built,  aa«l  does  the  best  and  most  eflicient  ^-lass  of  work.'"^' 

Repairing  of  all  kinds  promply  done  at  reasonable  rates. 

Give  us  a  call,  and  we  will  endeavor  to  please  our  patrons. 

FRANK  LANDIS, 
EZRA  F.  LANDIS, 
JACOB  LANDIS. 


Diller  d  Groff's  Hardware  Store, 

SJI03»-    OJJ-    THE!    ja-lSTT^XX^. 

No.  8  East  King  Street,  Lancaster  City,  Penna. 

DEALERS    IN 

Foreign-  and  DoiTiestic  HCarclA^^are, 

Such  as  Building  Material,  Paints,  Varnishes,  Oils,  Glass,  Coach  Trininuugs,  Stoves, 

Iron   and   Steel,  &c.,   &c.,   &c. 

EtOUSB      F€rRNJSB[I]SrG     GOOOS. 

TIMOTHY  AND  CLOVER  SEEDS  OF  TPIE  BEST  QUALITY. 


-'-^  ^^^. 


No.  37  North  Queen  St., 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  SHOBER'S  HOTEL,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


43 


DPJi.-A.iKr    j3l3>3-j3    :F".^35gro3r 


.01.  iiiii  t  0, 


WAGON  GEARS,  'WHIPS,  BUFFALO  ROBES, 

BLANKETS,  TROffiS,  YALISES,  CAEPET  BA&S,  LADIES'  &  GEETS'  SATCHELS, 

Of  all  kinds  constantly  kept  on  h^nd  or  made  to  order.    Repairing  neatly  done. 

Also,  Agent  for  BAKER'S  HOOF  J.INIMENT,  the  best  article  for  Sore 
Hoofs  in  the  country. 


WESTHAEFFER 


11 


No.  44,  Corner  North  Queen  and  Orange  Streets, 

N,  B.— Any  Book  ordered  cm  be  sent  hj  Mail  to  any  aadr^ss, 


M 


TO    BTTIXjIDBI^.S  I 


PLASTIC  SLATE!! 

The  Greatest  Eoofing  Material  of  the  Age ! 

IS  KOW  OFFERED  TO  THE  PEOPLE  OF 

LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,'  PA..  AND  CECIL  COUNTl 

WITH  A  PROMISE  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  ADVANTAGES: 

It  is  superior  to  otlier  coverings  for  all  kinds  of  buildings  for  these  reasons  : 

1.  It  is  water,  snow  and  air-proof  from  the  beginning,  and  is  as  fire-proof  as  ordinary  slate.  (See  testimo- 
nials New  York  Fire  Insurance  CoHipanics.) 

2.  It  keeps  buildings  warmer  in  winter  and  does  not  make  them  hot  in  summer  as  ordinary  slate  does,  and 
it  can  be,  after  the  first  year,  whitewashed  or  painted  any  desired  color  so  as  to  obviate  all  difficulty  arising 
from  its  dark  color. 

3.  Being  entirely  water  and  firc-praof,  it  is  invaluable  as  a  covering  for  the  sides  of  buildings  and  lining 
cisterns  of  wliatever  material  they  may  be  built ;  stopping  water  out  of  cellars  and  dampness  out  of  w.ills  of 
houses,  and  closing  leaks  between  buildings. 

4.  Adhering,  as  it  does,  with  great  firmness  to  tin  and  iron,  it  is  useful  for  covering  tin  roofs  and  iron  exposed 
to  dampness  or  to  the  atmosphere,  such  as  iron  fences,  cemetery-railings,  &c. 

5.  Buildings  covered  with  PLASTIC  SLATE  do  net  need  tin  spouts  at  the  eaves  nor  do  the  valleys  need  tin 
to  make  them  water  proof. 

0.  It  is  lighter  than  shingles,  and  is  equally  adapted  to  flat  or  steep  roofs. 

7.  The  testimony  of  Wm.  MGilvray  &  Go.,  published  herewith,  shows  that  it  is  not  only  fire  proof  exter- 
nally, but,  is  also  a  great  hindrance  to  the  spread  of  fire  within. 

8.  It  is  much  cheaper  in  first-cost  than  any  good  roofing  now  in  use,  and  when  all  attendant  expenses  of  the 
two  roofs  are  estimated,  costs  only  about  half  as  much  as  the  best  slate,  and  it  makes  a  better  and  closer  roof. 

9.  For  the  roofing  of  foundries  and  casting-houses  of  blast  furnaces,  where  there  are  gases  of  a  very  higli 
temperature,  which  injures  and  destroys  other  roofs,  this  material  is  improved  and  seems  to  produce  a  better 
roof,  (see  certificates  of  Messrs.  Grubb,  Musselman  &  Watts,  S.  M.  Brua  and  Wm.  M'Gilvray.) 

10.  If  in  process  of  years  cracks  or  leaks  occur  in  Plastic  Slate  Roofs,  they  are  about  as  easily  repaired,  as 
th(!y  would  be  to  white-wash,  needing  only  a  brush  and  the  Mastic,  but  no  expensive  labor  of  mechanics. 

DC?"  The  Pamphlet  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  notice  can  be  had  gratuitously,  by  calling  attheOflice  of  (he 
Lancaster  Lnquireij  or  Examineu  &  Herald. 

Persons  wishing  to  examine  PLASTIC  SLATE  EOOFS,  and  thus  verify  for  themselves  the  following 
statements,  are  invited  to  call  and  inspect  Roofs  put  on.  for  the  following  persons,  among  many  others  : 

Lancaster— Tlios.  H.  Biirrowes,  Stuart  A.  WvHe,  (Editor  Lancaster  Inquirer,)  J.  B.  SchwartzweMor,  Abraham  Hitiipr 
Sr.  Marietta— Henry  jMusselman  &  Sons.,  JNIve  is  and  Benson.  Cohimbia— C.  B.  Gruld),  (Furnace,)  Oolumbia  (!as  Co., 
Sanuiel  Shock,  Prcs't.,  Susquehanna  Iron  Compar.y,  Wm.  Patton,  Pres't.,  Samuel  W.  Miftliii.  Mount  .Joy- Ilt^nry  KuHz, 
Dr.  J.  b.  Ziiiglur,  William  IJradv,  .r.  K.  Hottor.  (Kilitor  Mt.  .loy  Herald).  Christiana— E.  (r.  BooiueU.  AViu.  P.  Briiiton, 
.John  (i.  Fojilc.  Bart— Williaiu  Whitsou.  Bei.le.monte  P.  O.— llohcrt  P.  JNlcIlvaine.  Paradise— Kobert  S.  Mellvainc, 
Wii.l.iAMSTowN—T.  Scott  Woods.  EvHRATA— Dr.  I.  M.  Grotf.  Gouuonvili.e— Siiiiiiiel  M.  Brua.  C.kunarvon  Twp — 
Mns.  Fanny  Mast.  Upper  Lkacock  Twp— Marks  G.  Mender,  Christian  K.  Landis,  Jacob  K.  Musser.  Leacdck  Twp. -Isaac 
Bair,  Levi  "Zook.  West  Earl— Christian  Beiler.  Lkaman  Place— Henry  Leaman,  Israel  Itol\n;r.  Brijinkrvili. e— Aaron 
H.  Brubaker.  Sporting  Hill— Emanuel  Long.  Lrriz— H.  H.  Tshudy,  David  Bricker.  Ditklaoii  P  C,  Clay  Twp— .lonas 
Laber.  Manhkim  Bou.— Nathan  Werley,  Samuel  Kuhl.  Penn  Twr.— Georjje  Iluhl.  West  Lampeter- Aldu.s  C.  Herr. 
Enterprise  P.  O.,  East  Lampeter— Mark  P.  Cooper.    STRAsninri  B<>R.— Hervey  Brackbill. 

Ordei-s  for  Roofing  Should  be  sent  to 

Joseph  Gribbons« 

LICENSE  FOR  LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTY,  MD., 

Enterprise  P.  0.,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

Or  A.  W.  tS:  J.  11.  RUSSELL,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

Or  MOSES  LIGHT,  Manheini,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

♦  Or  JOHN  R.  BRICKER,  Litiz,  Lancaster  county.  Pa.     ■ 

ALDUS  C.  HERR,  Lamjpeter,  Lancaster  jounty,  Pa, 


•The 

No. 
Vines, 

No. 
■  No. 


SMALL  FRUITS,  SHRUBS  AND  PLANTS. 

following  Catalogues  sent  on  application,  with  stamps,  as  follow^s  : 

1.  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Fruit,  Oriiamental  and  Evergreen  Trees, 
Plants,  Shrubs,  Hoses,  &c.,  (30  Pages),  3 "red  stamps. . 

2.  Amateur's  Price  List^  1  red  stamp. 

B.    VVliolesale  Price  List  for  Nurserymen  and  Dealers  only,  1  red  stamp. 

Address,      HMCI^^  dl^BRO.j, 

Marietta  Nurseries,  MARIETTA,  PA. 


CHOICE  BEBD  POTATOES. 

Eaily  Goodrich,  Harrison  and  ISrichijian  Wliite  Sprout. 
Descriptive  circular  with  testimonials  and  prices,  sent 
on  application. 

Address,  •      ENGLE  &  BEO., 


2t 


JIarietta,  Pa 


iGRICULTU 


m 


A  lai-ge  Assoi-tmont  of  Fresh  Gai'den  Seeds  have  just 
been  received  at  Siirechei'  &  Oo's.  Seed  and  Agricultural 
Implement  Store,  No.  28  Ejist  King  Street. 

A  iine  lot  of  Seed  Oats,  Seed  Barley,  Clover,  Tmiothy, 
and  oilier  Field  and  Gjirdei.  3eeds,  together  with  a  well 
selected  assoi-tment  of  Farming  ImplenKMits  of  all  kinds, 
are  now  in  The  Farmer's  Store,  and  for  sale  l>y 

SPRECHSR  Sc  Co., 

No.  28  EAST  KING  STREET, 
-mos  Lancaster,    I^. 


Raspbei-ries.— PhiladelpMa,  Clarke,  Mam- 
moth Clu.stei',  iliami,  and  Dooliltle  IMack  (Jap.  (Send  tor 
Catalogues.)  ENGLE  &  BlIO.,  IMarietta,  Fa. 


Ml  EEAHIA  wmk  im, 

From  select  Fowls,  can  hv  supplied 
during  the  season,  carefully  pai  ked  and 
delivered  to  ExjDress  for  ''     ' 

$2.00  ?m  mnm  m  [is]  mim, 

A  fe^y  pair  of  this  bree.l  of  fowls, 
for  sale,  if  ordered  soon.      Address, 


3'mo8 


Marietta,    Pa> 


Dr.  N.  B.  BHISEINB, 

No.  93  EAST  KING  STREET,  Above  LIme. 

Tlie  Doctor  pays  special  attention  to  all  old  ohstinate 
diseases,  such  as  Consumption,  Liver  Complaiut,  Dys- 
pepsia, llheu.matism,  all  diseases  of  the  Ileart,  Head, 
Throat,  Ivungs,  Stomach,  Bowels,  Kidneys,  Nervous 
Dehility,  Geno)-a!  Debility,  &c.  The  doctor  makes  ex- 
aminations of  the  Urine.     ConsultatioA  Free. 

Concord,  Clinton,  Delaware,  Ives,  Hai't- 

fdVil  rt'i>iiiic,  Martha,  and  many  olher  varieties  of  Gi-ape 
Viues.     SQud  Stamps   for   Catalogue.     Address, 

ENGLE  &  BRO.,  Marietta,  Pa. 


SUCCESSOR  TO 


WENTZ   BROTHERS, 

SIQN  OF  THE  13 KE  IIIVE, 

No.  5  EAST  KING  STREET,  LANCASTER,  PENN'A. 


DEALER  IN 

.Til  m  mi 

Carpets,  Oil  Ciotlis,  Window  Shades. 

SPECIAL  ATTENTION  PAID  TO 


n 


Sliawls  and  Embroideries,  Cloth.s  and  Cassimcres, 

Ilamlkercliiefs,    Gloves    and    Hosiery, 

Best  Kid   Gloves. 

The,  Clioicosf  of  tlio  Market,  and  at  the  Lowest  Possible 
Prices. 

REMEMBER  THE  PLACE  TO  BUY. 

TIIOS.  J.  AYENTZ, 

Bee  Hive  Store,  No.  5  E.  King  St. 

GEO.    r„    ROTE9 

I  NDEllTAKER, 

Corner    Soxith    Queen   and    Vino    Streets, 

I^ANCAST^R,  PA. 

Coffins  of  all  sizes  always  on  hand,  and  furnished  a 

.■^  Ik  riest  Notice. 


THE 


Vol.  I. 


LANCASTER,  PA.,  MAY,  1869. 


No.  5. 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY 

WYLIE    &    GRIEST, 

IXQUIKEK  BUILDING,  LANCASTER,  PA., 
At  ONE  DOLLAR  PER  YEAR  In  Advance 

UNDER   THB    AUSPICES   OF   THE 

LAXCASTER  COUSTY  AGKIt'lIL  I  URAI.  AND 
UOUTK  IXTL'liAL  SUCICTY. 


Editorial  Committee. 
J.  B.  Garber, 
H.  M.  Enolb, 
Levi  S.  Kkist, 
w.  l.  t>iffbndkrper,  , 
J.  H.  Mcsser, 
S.  S.  Kathvon. 
■»■  All  communications  intended  for  the  Farmer  should  be 
ad.lr.8sed  to  .S.  S.  Kathvon  an.l   Alex.  Harris,  the  resideut 
members  of  the  Editing  and  Publishing  Coramitteea. 

All  adv.^rtisem'Mits,  subscriptions  aud  remittances,  to  Wylie 
&  Griest.  Printers. 


Puhliihing  Committee. 
Dr.  p.  W.  Hikstand, 
H.  K. Stoner, 
.Jacob  M.  Frantz, 
Casper  Hillkr, 
Levi  \V.  Okoff, 
Alexander  Harris. 


^$5a«$ 


VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY. 

THE  ORG.\XS  OF  CIRCULATION,  OR  VEGETATION. 

An  organ,  in  physiological  language,  is  re- 
garded as  ''  any  portion  of  a  living  body  capable 
of  performing  a  complete  act,  or  operation,  and 
this  act  is  styled  its  function." 

The  heart,  the  liver  and  the  lungs  of  the  ani- 
mal are  organs,  each  performing  its  functions, 
and  all  combined  constitute  an  apjjaratus. 

In  the  animal  we  have  the  apparatus  of  circu- 
lation, the  apparatus  of  digestion,  the  lachrymal 
apparatus,  &c. 

Corresponding  to  these,  we  have  in  the  vege- 
table, as  organs  of  circulation,  or  vegetation,  the 
root,  the  stem  and  the  leaves  of  the  plant  or  tree. 
These  form  the  apparatus  of  growth. 

The  difference  in  the  circulating  system  of  the 
animal  and  vegetable,  consists  in  the  fact  that  in 
the  animal  there  are  distinct  vessels  communi- 
cating with  each  other,  through  which  the  blood 
is  forced  by  the  action  of  the  heart. 

In  the  vegetable  there  is  no  such  continuity  of 
vessels,  but  the  fabric  being  built  up  of 
cells,  whose  walls  break  up,  as"  it  were,  all  ef- 
forts of  nature  to  establish  those  vascular  chan- 
aels,  another  system  becomes  necessary  to  pro- 


mote its  circulation  and  its  life,  and  this  con- 
sists in  '■^imbibition,  or  endo.smosis.^^  By  the  sac  or 
cell  imbibing  the  sap  or  fluid  through  its  walls,  it 
is  carried  forward  to  other  cells  in  turn,  for  a 
similar  process,  and  thus  the  circulation  is  carried 
on  in  the  vegeta*"'le  with  the  same  force  and  cer- 
tainty as  though  it  were  propelled  by  the  ever 
active  pulsations  of  an  organ  as  powerful  as  the 
heart  of  "he  animal. 

It  is  a  fixed  law  of  nature  that  every  plant,  of 
whatever  character,  must  have  not  only  the  con- 
ditions of  growth  as  it  meets  them  in  the  earth; 
but  organs,  both  in  form  and  size,  adequate  to  the 
demands  of  its  peculiar  nature  and  ultimate  des- 
tiny. The  root,  therefore,  is  not  only  necessary 
to  finish  it  in  its  general  conformation,  but  is  as 
essential  to  its  life  and  growth  as  the  stem  and 
leaves.  And  whilst  the  latter  flourish  in  the  sun- 
light, and  drink  in  the  elements  of  nutrition  from 
the  atmosphere,  the  root  is  so  formed  as  to  reach 
into  the  dark  recesses  of  the  earth,  there  to 
gather  up  those  principles  from  the  mineral  king- 
dom which  are  not  only  necessary  to  the  growth 
of  the  plant,  but  also  to  a  proper  development  of 
animal  nature. 

In  order,  therefore,  more  fully  to  understand 
this  function,  we  must  study  the  root  as  a  distinct 
part  and  organ  bearing  a  physiological  relation  to 
the  entire  growth- of  all  vegetation,  and  capable 
at  all  times  to  fulfill  its  part  in  the  general  econ- 
omy of  nature. 

The  root,  as  all  must  know,  is  far  different  in 
its  appearance  and  formation  to  any  part  of  the 
plant.  It  fastens  it  to  the  earth,  and  as  the  maia 
feeder  in  supplying  vegetation  with  mineral  mat- 
ter to  harden  the  tissues  of  the  higher  grades  of 
organic  life,  it  must  keep  pace  with  the  develop- 
ment of  the  branch.  It  grows,  therefore,  with 
the  stem  and  branches  of  the  plant,  but  its  man- 
ner of  growth  is  of  a  difl'erent  character.  Whilst 
the  stem  elongates  tliroughout  its  entire  length, 
the  root  grows  only  at  its  extremity.  This 
provision  of  nature  produces  an  admirable 
adaptation  to  the  peculiar  ottice  it  has  to  perform. 
It  is  searching  in  the  dark  earth  for  food  to  sus- 
tain the  branch,  and  if  it  grew  as  the  stem,  "  th© 
hard  and  unyielding  earth   would    turn  it  into 


66 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


knotted  or  contorted  shapes,  which  would  be  ill 
adapted  for  the  free  transmission  of  the  fluid. 
But,  lengthening  only  at  their  extremities,  they 
insinuate  themselves  with  great  facility  into  the 
crevices  or  yielding  parts  of  the  soil,  and  after- 
wards by  their  expansion  in  diameter,  they  en- 
large the  cavities  thus  formed  in  the  earth.  When 
this  worm-like  growth  is  arrested  by  insepcrable 
obstacles,  their  advancing  points  follow  the  sur- 
face of  the  opposing  body  until  they  reach  a 
softer  medium. 

"In  this  manner,  too,  they  readily  extend  from 
place  to  place,  as  the  nourishment  in  their  imme- 
diate vicinity  is  consumed.  Hence,  also,  may  be 
derived  a  simple  explanation  of  the  fact  that  roots 
extend  most  rapidly  and  widely  in  the  direction 
of  the  most  favorable  soil." 

Now,  as  the  branch,  or  vine,  or  tree  only  bears 
fruit  upon  what  is  termed  the  new  wood,  the 
roots  are  only  able  to  perform  their  functions  of 
imbibition  when  there  is  a  new  and  rapid  forma- 
tion of  celhdar  tissue  in  this  process  of  enlarge- 
ment and  growth.  To  facilitate,  therefore, healthy 
growth  of  the  vegetable,  the  conditions  for  the 
formation  of  this  tissue  in  the  root  must  be  pres- 
ent. The  soil  must  be  good,  and  the  chemical 
elements  in  their  various  combinations  must  form 
the  proper  stimulants.  These  new  cells  are  pro- 
duced near  the  end  of  each  branch  of  the  root, 
leaving  at  the  very  apex  an  obtusely  conical 
mass  of  older  cells  to  bear  the  brunt  of  opening 
cavities  in  the  earth  for  their  growth.  As  these 
older  cells  wear  away  in  this  labor,  they  are  re- 
placed j  by  others  of  a  similar  kind,  joining  in 
rif^ht  behind  them,  and  hardening  too,  as  the 
others. 

These  peculiarities  obtain  in  every  form  of 
vegetable  life.  All  plants  that  feed  upon  the 
soil,  have  roots;  and  the  general  laws  which  gov- 
ern those  roots  in  their  growth  and  enlargement, 
apply  to  each  and  all  of  them.  There  are  differ- 
ent kinds  of  vegetation,  however,  which  have 
other  characteristics  peculiar  to  their  respective 
classes  and  species,  but  our  space  will  not  allow 
an  exhaustive  treatment  of  them.  We  will, 
therefore,  confine  our  researches  to  what  are 
termed  in  l.otanical  language,  PhcBiiogamous,  or 
fruit  and  flower-bearing  plants.  In  these  plants, 
and  vines,  and  trees,  as  in  all  other  forms  of  veg- 
etation, the  roots  are  composed  of  cellular  tissue; 
this  tissue  becomes  dense  in  the  centre  as  the 
roots  thicken  with  their  growth,  and  as  trees  and 
vines  advance  jin  age  it  condenses  into  cellulose 
and  lignin.  The  outer  surface;  or  epidermis^  con- 
sists of  sacs  and  cells  more  loosely  arranged.  A 
multitude  of  separate  cavities,  with  closed  walls 
or  partitiona  held  together  by  vital  force,  consti- 


tute this  important  fabric.  These  structures  hold 
the  liquid  until  it  is  absorbed  by  the  denser  tis- 
sues, when  it  is  carried  forward  into  the  body  of 
the  plant. 

When  trees,  or  vines,  or  plants,  therefore,  are 
over  a  year  in  growth,  and  the  roots  become 
dense  and  hard  in  the  centre,  and  when  the 
growth  of  their  branches  can  no  longer  keep  pace 
with  the  enlargement  of  the  plant  above  ground, 
without  a  more  rapid  growth  of  the  root  than  is 
natural,  another  provision  of  nature  presents  it- 
self which  is  most  admirably  adapted  to  all  its 
wants.  We  are  speaking  now  of  the  function  of 
the  root  as  an  organ  of  vegetation.  If  the  plant  is 
to  live  by  proper  nourishment  from  the  soil,  it 
does  not  only  require  good  soil,  but  it  must  have 
an  absorbing  surface  in  that  soil,  suflacient  to 
meet  all  its  requirements.  But  to  have  as  much 
of  a  growth  in  the  root  each  year  as  there  is  in 
the  branch,  would  make  too  much  root,  and 
throw  it  out  of  proportion  as  well  as  out  of  char- 
acter. To  meet  this  emergency  during  the  period 
of  active  vegetation,  there  are  fibrils,  or  liair-like 
rootlets  thrown  out  from  the  main  branches,  which 
are  simply  elongations  of  the  cells  of  which  the 
sm'face  of  the  root  is  composed.  These  rootlets 
form  an  immense  absorbing  surface.  They  do 
not  interfere  with  the  natnral  growth  of  the  root, 
but  live  during  the  active  circulation  of  the  plant, 
and  when  vegetation  ceases  in  the  fall  they  die  ^ 
and  are  destroyed. 

In  the  light  of  the  foregoing  facts,  therefore, 
we  may  see  the  necessity  of  exercising  the  great- 
est care  that  no  plant  be  disturbed  during  those 
stages  of  rapid  vegetation.  Those  rootlets  are 
of  exceedingly  delicate  texture,  and  if  ruthlessly 
torn  from  the  main  roots  in  the  act  of  removal,  it 
would  deprive  the  branch  of  its  normal  stimulant ; 
there  would  not  be  sufficient  of  this  new  absorb- 
ing surface  to  nourish  it  properly,  and  it  WQuld 
wither  and  die,  being  literally  starved  to  death. 

After  this  period  of  active  growth,  when  trees        J 
and  plants  have  yielded  their  fruits  and  flowers,        \ 
and  when  waning  vitality  sinks  into  a  compara- 
tive torpor  by  the  congealing  action  of  the  frosts         , 
of  Autumn,  and  those  minute  rootlets  shall  have        I 
performed  their  function  and  die ;   or,  in  early 
Spring,  before  vegetation  commences,  the  pro- 
cess of  transplantation  can  be  performed  without 
the  least  injury  to  the  life  of  the  plant. 

These  peculiarities  and  provisions  of  the  root, 
which  are  characteristic  of  all  manner  of  vegeta- 
tion, are  no  less  interesting  and  important  than 
any  part  of  the  physiological  structures  of  the  • 
plants  which  are  above  ground,  and  meet  the  con- 
ditions of  growth  amid  the  gases  of  the  atmos- 
phere and  the  warmth  and  light  of  the  sun. 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


67 


Every  part  of  the  plant,  however  minute  and 
apparently  delicate,  has  its  office  to  perform,  and 
no  function  is  more  difficult,  or  requires  more  care 
and  cultivation  than  the  root.  A  plant  maybe 
cut  down,  or  broken  and  torn  to  pieces,  yet  there 
is  recuperative  power.  But  such  injury  to  the 
root  is  sure  and  swift  destruction. 

The  fact  that  the  root  is  so  largely  vital  in  its 
relations  to  the  plant,  is  a  provision  of  nature 
which  is  not  at  all  surprising  when  we  take  into 
consideration  the  character  of  the  elements  with 
which  it  has  to  deal.  The  action  of  the  heat  of 
the  sun,  with  the  moisture  of  the  ground  and  the 
atmosphere,  produces  chemical  changes  all  over 
the  face  of  the  earth ;  changes  which  require  the 
most  scientific  management  and  intense  heat  in 
the  laboratory  of  the  chemist  to  produce.  Min- 
eral substances  of  the  most  inert  and  unyielding 
character  are  thus  reduced  by  this  slow,  quiet 
chemical  action  of  nature,  into  the  "Protean"  and 
"  Azotised"  compounds,  and  other  elements 
which  enter  freely  and  essentially  into  vegetable 
life.  To  meet  the  productions  of  these  powerful 
re-agents,  and  to  assort  the  elements  and  adapt 
them  to  the  several  wants  of  peculiar  and  re- 
spective plants,  is  the  office  and  function  of  the 
root.  And,  although  its  spring  of  action  and 
that  which  quickens  all  vegetation  into  life,  is  the 
liriJit^  yet  its  work  is  in  the  dark  caverns  of  the 
earth  ;  its  form,  growth  and  habits  are  all  directly 
opposite  to  the  glory  of  the  structure  it  is  de- 
signed to  build  up  and  sustain. 

S.  W. 

(to  BE  CONTINTIED.) 
^    *m    ^ ■ 

THE  WATER    STREAMS    OF   LANCAS- 
TER COUNTY,  AND  OBSERVA- 
TIONS ON  RAIN. 

The  cause  of  the  increase  or  decrease  of  water 
in  our  streams  seems  to  be  a  plain  question. 
That  a  continuous  fall  of  rain  in  large  quantities, 
for  a  week  together,  will  start  the  springs,  and 
increase  the  volume  of  our  streams ;  and  that  the 
absence  of  rain,  for  some  weeks  in  succession, 
will  decrease  and  depress  them,  is  almost  self-ev- 
ident. 

I  have  for  some  time  thought  of  bringing  this 
subject  before  our  Society,  for  it  is  a  very  inter- 
esting one,  and  is  connected  with  meteorological 
observations  that  may  relate,  although  remotely, 
to  the  interests  of  Agriculture  and  Horticulture. 

Tiiere  is  nothing  more  essential  at  the  proper 
seasons  tfian  copious  showers  of  rain  to  insure  a 
good  crop  of  wheat,  oats,  corn,  potatoes,  and 
other  species  of  vegetation ;  and  good  water  from 
a  pure  spring  to  quench  our  thirst,  and  for  culi- 
nary purposes,  is  not  less  essential  or  desirable. 


There  seems  to  be  no  good  reason  then  why  we 
should  not  include  so  interesting  a  subject  in  our 
list  of  discussions.  I,  however,  feel  myself  in- 
competent to  do  the  subject  full  justice,  but  I  do 
not  feel  the  less  desire  to  introduce  it,  in  order  to 
bring  out  some  of  our  more  scientific  members, 
who  may  be  better  qualified  to  throw  light  upon 
it. 

I  have  often  noticed  the  irregular  and  unequal 
distribution  of  rain  showers  over  the  county  of 
Lancaster.  While  "  settled  rains  "  fall  more 
equally  over  the  county,  it  is  far  otherwise  with 
'•thunder  showers." 

I  have  noticed  during  the  summer  months  les$ 
ram  falls  by  thunder  showers  in  Mountville,  West 
Hempfield,  East  Hempfield,  Rapho,  Penn,  Eliza- 
beth, Clay  and  the  Cocalicos,  whilst  in  Lancaster, 
the  Lampetcrs,  Leacocks  and  the  Earls,  I  have 
noticed  more,  and  therefore  these  townships  suf- 
fer less  from  want  of  rain,  and  their  crops  of  corn 
are  :more  regular  from  year  to  year  than  in  the 
first  named. 

To  prove  my  observations  I  would  recommend 
some  member  to  notice  and  keep  a  record  of  the 
rain  falls  in  the  neighborhood  of  Sporting  Hill,  in 
Rapho  township,  and  another  near  Enterprise  or 
Intercourse,  and  report  the  result  to  this  Society 
next  fall. 

Prof.  Espy,  who  studied  the  phenomena  of  winds 
and  rains,  during  the  great  drouth  of  1838,  when 
we  had  a  general  failure  of  corn  over  the  whole 
country,  was  of  opinion  that  rains  could  be 
brought  down  from  the  clouds  by  a  dense  smoke. 
In  my  opinion  the  city  of  Lancaster  seems  to 
have  been  more  favored  with  rains  than  the 
neighboring  districts,  especially  those  west  of  it. 
Is  it  on  account  of  the  smoke,  as  Prof.  Espy  sup- 
posed, or  is  it  because  the  city  is  supposed  to  be 
built  over  a  subterranean  lake  ?  In  my  opinion, 
the  reason  why  the  districts  east  of  Lancaster 
city  are  more  blest  with  thunder  showers  than 
those  on  the  west,  is  because  almost  every  other 
farm  has  running  water,  and  the  soil  retains  more 
moisture,  and  for  a  longer  period,  and  that  will 
aflbrd  a  greater  attraction  for  thunder  showers 
than  is  afforded  by  other  districts  not  so  circmn- 
stanced. 

Many  years  ago  it  was  the  prevailing  opinion 
that  the  destruction  of  the  forest  trees  caused  a 
decrease  or  diminution  in  the  volume  of  oiu*  wa- 
ter courses.  The  tirst  great  drought  after  the 
settlement  of  this  country  occurred  in  the  year 
1752  or  1753,  when  our  country  was  sparsely  set- 
tled, verj' little  land  under  cultivation ,  and  com- 
paratively few  of  the  forest  trees  had  been  re- 
moved. The  ctfuntry  was  so  drj-  after  harvest 
tUat  year  that  the  cattle  were  compelled  to  sub- 


68 


,  THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


sist  upon  the  field  stubbles,  and  people  cut  down 
trees  in  order  that  their  cattle  might  find  succu- 
lent provender  in  the  leaves  and  twigs  thereof. 
They  had  at  times  such  very  dry  weather  that 
some  of  the  larger  streams  dwindled  down  to 
mere  rivulets,  and  the  smaller  ones  dried  up  en- 
tirely, according  to  traditions  and  records  handed 
down  from  that  period. 

About  the  year  .1825  we  also  had  a  severe 
drought  during  the  summer.  Men  engaged  in 
blasting  rocks  would  almost  invariably  set  fire  to 
the  dry  grass  and  other  combustible  matter  com- 
municated by  the  ignited  Avad  falling  upon  the 
ground.  The  water  courses  became  very  small, 
and  I  think  it  was  in  that  year  that  the  great  and 
beautiful  spring  at  Litiz  ceased  to  discharge  water 
sufficient  to  run  across  the  road  between  Litiz 
and  Warwick,  a  thing  that  had  not  occurred  since 
that  period.  In  1838  we  has  another  very  dry 
summer — so  dry  that  the  corn  crop  was  a  total 
failure  over  the  entire  county. 

We  had  also  dry  seasons  at  intei-vals  since 
then,  and  our  water  courses  became  exceedingly 
low  at  times,  and  many  wells  and  springs  became 
dry.  Engines  were  brought  into  requisition  to 
assist  the  water  power  on  many  of  our  mill 
streams.  Five  out  of  six  grist  mills  on  the  Litiz 
creek,  and  many  others  on  different  streams  in 
this  county  could  not  run  regularly  for  the  want  of 
water.  Yet  a  gradual  change  has  taken  place 
within  the  last  twenty  years,  and  our  streams 
have  increased  in  volume,  and  are  more  uniform 
in  their  flow  than  they  formerly  were.  It  is  sel- 
dom that  those  springs  and  wells  fail  now  that 
used  to  fail.  Engines  are  now  more  or  less  dis- 
pensed with  at  our  water  powers.  What  has 
caused  this  change?  Our  forests  are  nearly  all 
cleared  away.  We  have  become  almost  one  vast 
rolling  prairie. 

And  then,  as  to  our  modes  of  cultivating  the 
soil  in  this  county.  Many  years  ago  we  planted 
our  corn,  then  we  went  through  the  rows  once 
with  the  spike  or  tooth-harrow;  then  it  was 
plowed  once,  after  which  a  slight  touch  of  the 
hoe,  and  the  work  was  finished.  The  yield  was 
from  thirty  to  fifty  bushels  to  the  acre.  Now,  we 
cultivate  with  the  hoe-harrow,  from  four  to  six 
times,  to  the  depth  of  four  or  six  inches,  and  get 
from  fifty  to  one  hundred  bushels  to  the  acre 
We  have  learned  that  by  keeping  the  soil  loose 
and  mellow  it  will  draw  the  vapors  to  the  ground, 
where  they  will  penetrate  to  the  roots  of  vegeta- 
tion, and  in  this  way  increase  the  yield. 

In  my  opinion,  dry  weather  is  more  common  in 
new  countries,  where  there  is  no  cnltivation,  than 
in  old  and  well  cultivated  districts.  How  often 
do  we  hear  of  great  droughts  in  new  countries, 


whilst  old  ones  were  entirely  free  from  them? 

It  was  only  a  few  years  ago  that  they  had  such 
a  dry  spell  in  Kansas ;  and  it  is  a  very  common 
thing  to  hear  that  they  have  very  dry  weather  in 
the  prairie  States,  or  in  densely  timbered  coun- 
tries, when  our  old  and  highly  cultivated  districts 
are  comparatively  free  from  them. 

I  have  read  quite  recently  that  rains  have  be- 
come more  frequent  in  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
since  they  have  planted  forest  trees.  If  this  be 
true,  I  believe  that  cultivating  the  soil  has 
brought  that  change  about,  and  not  the  planting 
of  trees ;  as  I  have  fully  shown  that  Lancaster 
county  has  suffered  less  from  drought  since  it  be- 
came one  of  the  best  cultivated  districts  in  our 
country. 

In  my  opinion,  it  is  cultivation  alone  that  has 
brought  us  such  copious  showers  of  rain  for  the 
past  fifteen  or  twenty  years.  It  has  almost  con- 
stantly occurred  in  this  county  that  where  we 
were  in  want  of  rain  a  hard  and  compact  soil  had 
not  the  power  to  attract  the  clouds  towards  the 
surface  of  the  earth.  It  is  said  that  when  more 
than  the  usual  quantity  of  rain  falls  in  one  part 
of  the  world,  there  is  a  corresponding  drought  in 
some  other  part.  This  was  true  in  1867,  when 
more  rain  fell  in  .July  and  August  of  that  year 
than  usual  in  some  sections  of  the  United  States, 
or  than  had  ever  been  known  before,  while  at  the 
same  time  the  greatest  drought  prevailed  in 
Asia,  causing  one  of  the  severest  famines  that 
country  ever  experienced — caused  solely  from  a 
want  of  rain,  too. 

A  small  rivulet  passes  through  my  fixrm,  which 
starts  about  half  a  mile  eastward  from  my  resi- 
dence. It  frequently  got  dry  twenty  years  ago; 
when  it  was  surrounded  by  timber  land.  Now, 
however,  it  is  surrounded  by  cleared  and  cultiva- 
ted land,  and  consequently  for  more  than  fifteen 
years  it  has  not  been  dry  at  all.  I  will  here 
mention  a  strange  phenomenon  in  regard  to  this 
stream — after  harvest,  or  about  the  middle  of 
July  and  afterwards,  it  sometimes  ceases  to  run 
for  several  hours,  and  then  commences  again.  I 
have  noticed  the  water  to  disappear  and  reappear 
a":  all  hours  of  the  day,  whether  in  sunshine  or 
cloudy  weather,  and  I  have  often  wondered 
whether  the  high  and  low  tides  could  affect  water 
coursas  so  remote  from  the  ocean.  I  would  like 
to  have  the  opinion  of  some  of  the  members  of 
the  Society  on  that  subject.  L.  S.  R. 

[With  regard  to  the  allusion  made  to  Professor 
Espy's  theory  of  attracting  showers  kowards  the 
earth's  surface  by  means  of  smoke,  was  it  not 
also  a  part  of  his  theory  that  violent  atmospheric 
concussions  had  the  same,  or  a  similar  oi«ct? 
Such,  for  instance,  as  thuuder,  discharges  of  artiU 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


69 


lery,  or  blowing  of  rocks  ?  In  connection  with 
this  latter  idea,  we  distinctly  remember  at  least 
one  ocwasion — either  on  the  22d  of  February  or 
the  4th  of  July  -that  a  copious  shower  of  rain 
appeared  to  be  brought  down  by  such  concus- 
sions. The  clouds  for  several  days  previously 
had  been  dark  and  lowering,  but  no  rain  had  fal- 
len. A  company  of  volunteers  had  turned  out  to 
celebrate  the  day  by  street  liiing.  Although  there 
seemed  to  be  no  more  indication  of  I'ain  fiilling 
that  day  than  on  any  of  the  three  or  four  preced- 
ing days,  yet  as  soon  as  they  commenced  firing 
the  rain  began  to  fall,  and  each  succeeding  volley 
seemed  to  bring  down  an  increased  shower  of 
rain,  until  they  were  compelled  to  desist  alto 
gether.  It  was  the  opinion  then  of  the  members 
and  others  that  the  discharges  of  musketry  were 
the  immediate,  if  not  the  superinducing  cause. 
As  a  singular  coincidence,  we  may  mention,  too, 
that  many  of  the- great  battles  recorded  in  history 
after  the' invention  of  gunpowder,  were  fought 
during  copious  showers  of  rain — especially  the 
great  battle  of  Waterloo.  During  the  "  Great 
llebellion  "  many  of  the  battles  were  fought  in 
the  rain,  and  some  of  the  people  imagined  at  last 
that  many  of  tlie  showers  in  the  North  were 
caused  by  the  cannonading  in  the  war  South.  Im- 
mediately after  the  battle  of  Gettysburg  we  had 
one  of  the  heaviest  rains  that  occurred  that 
whole  year.  Be  that  as  it  may,  every  one  capa- 
ble of  observation  must  have  noticed  that  imme- 
diately after  every  clap  of  thunder,  during  a  sun.- 
mer  shower,  there  is  an  increased  fall  of  rain. 
And  as  to  the  smoke  theory,  we  think  we  have 
heard  it  said  that  Pittsburg  is  more  favored  with 
rains  than  any  other  city  in  our  State.  The  city 
of  London,  in  England,  is  famous  for  its  cloudy 
and  rainy  weather.  We  do  not  think,  however, 
that  any  of  these  contingencies  would  have  much 
or  any  eftect  on  a  long  continued  drought,  or  on 
any  condition  of  the  surrounding  atmosphere  not 
saturated  with  a  large  quantity  of  vapour. — Eds.] 

PEAR  CULTUHE. 
Essaif  read  before  the  Agricultural  and  Uortieultu- 

ral  Society  by  P.  S.  Reist,  Esq. 

Mk.  Chaihman  and  Fellow  Members.— 
This  being  the  day  of  the  regular  meeting  of  our 
Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Association,  which 
has  for  its  object  the  mutual  improvement  of  its 
members,  and  the  dissemination  of  different  views 
ae  t<)  the  best  methods  of  growing  fruit  and  vege- 
tables, I  have  deemed  it  not  inappropriate  to 
6ui>aut  a  few  ideas  on  the  subject  of  pear  cul- 
ture. Not  that  I  am  so  presumptuous  as  to  as* 
6ume  to  iQstruet  the  memb^s  of  this  Society, 
;nany  of  whom  are  far  more  conversant  than  my- 


self with  this  subject ;  but  my  attempt  upon  this 
occasion  is  prompted  rather  by  ray  desire  to  open 
up  a  new  field  of  inquiry,  and  thereby  elicit,  in- 
stead of  hoping  to  impart,  information. 

The  age  of  man  is  scarcely  adequate  for  the 
planter  of  a  pear  orchard  to  expect  to  gather 
much  of  its  fruit,  as  this  species  of  fruit  tree  is 
long  before  it  begins  to  bear  its  fruit  in  abund- 
ance. The  old  and  venerable  pear  trees  which 
may  be  seen  standing  near  many  of  our  city  and 
country  residences,  have  been  planted  over  sev- 
enty years  ago  by  our  ancestors  and  forefathers, 
who  have  terminated  their  earthly  career  for  a 
more  happy  land.  They,  in  their  day,  planted 
the  trees  from  which  we,  their  descendants, 
gather  the  fruit ;  and,  therefore  is  it  not  incum- 
bent upon  us  like  them  to  plant,  also,  for  our 
successors  ? 

There  is  one  feature  as  regards  pear  culture 
to  which  I  specially  desire  to  call  the  attention 
of  this  Society.  1  will  illustrate  this  by  what 
has  come  under  my  own  observation.  There  are 
now  standing  on  my  farm  four  or  five  old  and 
nearly  worn  out  pear  trees,  which  have  been 
planted  not  less  than  seventy  years  ago,  and 
which  have  long  borne,  and  still  continue  to  bear, 
good  fruit,  if  not  every  year,  at  least  every  alter- 
nate year  (except  when  a  total  failure  of  fruit 
occurs).  These  trees  had  attained  their  largest 
growth,  and  were  in  their  prime  about  thirty-five 
years  ago ;  since  which  time  they  have  been  on 
the  decline,  and  seemingly  growing  less  year  by 
year ;  limbs  in  the  meantime  dying  and  dropping 
oft",  whilst  sickly  new  ones  would  for  a  time  sup- 
ply their  place  until  these  again  would  die,  and 
in  turn  be  blown  ofl".  These  trees  are  the  sole 
remnants  of  many  more  that  were  planted  about 
the  same  time — how  many  it  is  now  impossible  to 
say. 

What  to  me  seems  exceedingly  strange,  and 
the  feature  I  refer  to  is  no  other  pear  trees  could 
be  grown  upon  the  same  ground  where  the  first 
had  failed,  for  a  period  of  thirty-five  years,  when 
about  the  same  number  succeeded  and  scarce  any 
since,  except  some  dwarfs  and  a  few  stand  irds 
not  yet  arrived  at  bearing.  In  order  to  succeed 
in  having  the  few  to  live  that  have  grown  within 
the  last  three  or  four  years,  I  have  been  com- 
pelled to  plant  and  re-plant  every  year  for  eigh- 
teen years,  all  failing  except  the  few  already 
stated.  I  have  observed  this  in  addition  that 
most  of  the  trees  alluded  to  which  have  suc- 
ceeded, have  been  planted  either  on  places  where 
the  soil  had  been  tilled  up,  or  where  the  floods 
had  washed  considerably,  and  thereby  rendered 
the  soil  rich.  These  points  may  be  worthy  of 
some  reflection,  and  I  throw  them  out  for  the 


70 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


consideration  of  others  who  may  feel  sufficient 
interest  to  ascertain  if  my  observations  be 
grounded  in  fact.  On  these  points  I  have  but 
said  what  I  apprehend  might  be  verified  in  many 
other  places  in  this  country.  I  only  hope  that 
some  of  our  skilled  horticulturists  will  note  these 
facts  as  I  have  stated  them,  and  see  if  they  may 
in  any  degree  aid  in  deducing  correct  principles 
for  the  guidance  of  our  fruit  growers. 

The  atmosphere  would  seem  to  have  as  much 
to  do,  perhaps,  with  the  growing  of  pears,  as  the 
soil,  or  how  account  for  the  fact  that  they  can 
only  be  grown  upon  the  same  ground  every  thirty 
or  thirty-five  years  ?  If  planted  sooner,  they  are 
killed  off"  by  drouth,  cold,  blight,  or  other  kindred 
disease.  While  I  have  spoken  of  a,  succession  of 
pear  trees  being  able  to  be  raised  upon  the  same 
ground  every  thirty  or  thirty-five  years,  let  it  be 
borne  in  mind  that  I  have  reference  to  the  old 
family  homestead,  which  has  been  settled  over 
one  hundred  and  fifty  years,  and  on  which  many 
groups  of  pear  trees  have  been  planted  seventy 
and  one  hundred  years  ago.  As,  however,  I  be- 
fore remarked,  my  aim  in  this  feeble  attempt  at 
composition  has  not  been  so  much  to  impart  in- 
formation, as  to  endeavor  to  stimulate  some  one 
of  our  Horticultural  friends  in  this  direction,  who 
after  giving  the  mattter  his  attention,  may  edify 
this  Society  with  his  knowledge  and  refiection. 
If  these  few  remarks  hastily  penned  have. this  re- 
sult, their  object  will  then  be  fully  attained. 


HYBRIDIZATION  OP  WHEAT. 

Farmers  have  been  for  years  puzzled  to  assign 
the  cause  why  wheat  does  not  produce  as  it  did 
in  years  gone  by.  We  propose  to  submit  a  few 
suggestions  as  the  result  of  investigation  and  re- 
flection upon  this  question,  and  which  may  some- 
what explain,  if  well  founded,  the  difficulty  to  be 
solved.  It  is  a  well-known  law  of  nature  that 
neitlier  among  animals  nor  vegetables  shall  the 
distinction  of  species  be  obliterated.  This  be- 
comes clear  when  it  be  remembered  that  the  off- 
spring of  two  animals  of  different  species  is  rarely 
endowed  Avith  the  procreative  power,  and  still 
more  rarely  with  a  long  continued  succession. 
The  product  of  two  plants  of  different  species  is 
in  general  more  prosperous  than  the  animal  hy- 
brid, yet  it  is  forced  at  length  to  yield  to  the  law 
of  nature  which  compels  the  absorption  of  species. 
This  law  is  believed  to  prevail  likewise  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  among  varieties  which  are  only  modi- 
fications of  the  same  species,  and  'the  operations 
of  nature  tends,  as  it  is  believed,  even  to  the 


mergement  of  varieties  into  their  original  species. 
From  observation  it  has  been  discovered  by  emi- 
nent agriculturists  of  Europe  that  the  cereals  are 
among  the  plants  the  least  favorable  to  cross- 
fecundation.  This,  however,  has  been  successfully 
performed  in  repeated  instances  already  in  Europe 
and  America,  and  it  is  now  believed  that  herein 
is  to  be  found  the  secret  and  remedy  for  unsuc- 
cessful wheat  culture.    Not  that  the  soil  has  be- 
come so  depleted  of  its  ingredients  as  to  be  in- 
capable of  producing  good  crops  of  wheat  is  the 
reason  why  farmers  are  unsuccessful  in  this  branch 
of  husbandry,  but  because  the  varieties  of  wheat 
are  running  out  and  returning  to  their  normal 
condition.    The  diff'erent  kinds  of  wheat  which 
we  now  possess  are  the  results  of  experiments 
and  culture,  and  some  of  these  now  already  so 
nearly  relapsed  into  their  normal  condition  that 
they  have  ceased  to  profitable.     What  is  now 
needed  is  a  new  kind,  the  product  of  hybridiza^ 
tion  which  may  be  as  jDroductive  as  the  wheal 
crop  used  to  be  In  former  times.    This,  it  is  be- 
lieved, can  be  easily  obtained  when  our.  farmers 
once  turn  their  aitention  in  earnest  to  this  mattei 
and  when  they  come  to  recognize  the  fact  thai; 
innumerable  kinds  of  wheat  can  be  produced  bj 
sowing  diff'erent  varieties  near  each  other,  aiu 
by  removing  the  unexpanded  anthers  from  one 
plant  and  applying  the  pollen  of  another  and  sub 
sequently  guarding  them  from  the  attacks  of  birds: 
insects   and   other   disturbing  influences.    Ne\'| 
varieties  so  produced  have  been  discovered  to  b( 
much  more  prolific  for  a  certain  period,  until  the; 
have,  in  turn,  run  their  course  and  become  ex 
hausted.     We  believe  by  farmers  turning  thei 
attention  to  this  method  of  producing  new  kinds 
will  be  found   the  only  sure  remedy  by  whicl 
abundant  crops  of  wheat  are  t©  be  produced  ii 
the  future.    The  land  is  as  fertile  as  formerly 
but  the  varieties  in  use  have  too  nearly  reache( 
their  condition  of  nature  to  prove  profitable.    Le 
our  farmers,  therefore,  study  this  question  oi 
hybridization   and  production  of  new  varietie 
and  they  will  discover,  as  we  suspect,  the  secre 
of  the  failure  of  the  Avheat  crop  and  how  it  ma; 
be  remedied.    An  article  of  the  length  we  desigi 
this,  is  altogether  inadequate  to  do  more  thai 
call  the  attention  of  the  farming  community  ti 
this  very  important  matter  in  which  the  interesi 
of  all  is   involved.     Fortunes,  we    apprehendl 
await  the  successful  producers  of  new  kinds  oi 
wheat  which  may  take  the  place  of  the  old  variei 
ties  now  exhausted.    By  this  means  the  deca;i 
can  be  remedied,  and  as  an  old  and  once  value* 
variety  becomes  worthless  a  new  one  may  havi 
been  discovered  to  take  its  place.    This  dete'rior 
ation  of  varieties  is  but  an  exenlplification  of  uni 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


71 


/ersal  nature  which  we  see  all  around  us — birth 
ind  dissolution  of  all  creation — the  old  fades,  dies 
and  passes  away,  whilst  the  young  buds  forth  and 
;ikes  the  place  which  the  former  had  ■occupied. 
t  ia  turn  follows,  and  thus  the  current  of  nature 
s  ever  changing  and  assuming  a  new  aspect. 

A.  II. 


,rEUFFLES,     AND     HOW     TO      GROW 
THEM. 

'■  There  is,  perhaps,  no  edible  delicacy  so  little 
mown  to  our  people,  generally,  as  that  of  truf- 
les,  and  scarely  one  that  is  higher  appreciated  in 
France  and  Italy.  A  dish  prepared  with  truffles 
s  one  of  the  triumphs  of  the  culinary  art.  The 
>erfume  of  truffles  newly  exhumed  is,  to  one  pre- 
iously  ignorant  of  their  appetizing  fragrance,  an 
•vent  of  lifelong  remembrance.  To  many  per- 
ons  the  very  name  of  truffles  is  of  something  un- 
ittainable,  the  purchase  of  them  a  piece  of  extra- 
iiL'ance  not  to  be  thought  of;  and  yet  they  ought 
(>  1)0  attainable,  certainly  as- plentiful  as  mush- 
onins. 

AVherever  is  thrown  the  grateful  shade  of  oak, 
)eech,  chestnut,  birch,  and  hazel  trees,  grown, 
lowever,  on  calcareous  soil — that  is,  soil  abound- 
n^'  in  lime,  chalk  and  flint — or  on  calcareous 
■lay  grounds — that  is,  calcareous  matter  mixed 
villi  fine  quartz  sand,  lying  on  a  bed  of  marly 
:lay,  which  easily  splits  into  thin  layers — there 
rulUes  may  be  plentifully  found.  They  disdain 
ill  culture.  The  most  careful  attention  to  their 
;ultivation  ends  in  disappointment,  unless  their 
)wn  wild  habits  are  consulted  and  followed.  The 
ihade  of  trees  seems  to  be  the  first  thing  need- 
nl  for  their  production,  provided  always  that  the 
ground  be  equal  to  their  needs. 

The  growing  of  truffles  in  France  on  a  regular 
•yslem  of  culture  has  been  often  tried,  but  with- 
>ut  success,  and  it  is  the  opinion  of  those  who 
;iave  made  the  experiment,  that  the  only  means 
:>f  obtaining  a  supply  is  by  planting  fragments  of 
mature  truffles  in  wooded  localities,  having  a 
care,  however,  that  the  soil  be  calcareous,  or  cal- 
careous clay. 

The  most  successful  plan  known  is  to  sow 
acorns  for  oaks  over  a  considerable  extent  of 
this  kind  of  land,  and  when  the  young  oaks  have 
attained  the  age  of  ten  or  twelve  years,  truffles 
are  found  in  the  spaces  between  the  trees,  and 
this  without  sowing  any  morsels  of  truffles,  or 
spores.  Acorns  are  planted,  and  truffles  come 
with  the  oaks— that  is,  they  spring  up  of  them- 


selves, probably  from  the  spores  lying  dormant 
in  the  soil. 

Truffles  were  thus  obtained  from  such  planted 
grounds  for  thirty  years,  when  the  plantation 
ceased  to  be  productive,  in  consequence  of  the 
trees  shading  the  ground  too  much. 

Many  of  the  truffle-ground  proprietors  in  the 
district  of  Loudon  and  Civray,  in  France,  make 
periodical  sowings  of  acorns,  and  thus  bring  in  a 
certain  portion  of  the  land  as  truffle-grounds  each 
year.  The  trees  are  thinned  to  about  five  or  six 
yards  apart,  and  as  soon  as  their  branches  meet 
and  shade  the  ground  too  much,  they  are  pruned 
out.  In  the  market  at  Apt,  in  France,  thirty-five 
hundred  pounds  of  truffles  are  exposed  for  sale 
every  week  in  their  season,  which  is  through  De- 
cember and  January.  The  department  of  Vau- 
cluse  is  said  to  yield  u^vard  of  sixty  thousand 
pounds  weight  annually,  thus  producmg  a  very 
large  revenue. 

Four  species  of  truffles  are  exclusively  used  in 
France.  In  Italy  there  is  one  of  a  very  large 
size,  the  tuber  magnatum,  which  commands  a 
higher  price  than  any  other  kind,  and  in  the 
south  of  Italy  and  Sicily,  in  Syria,  and  in  Africa, 
is  another  species,  the  serpezia  leonis,  which  is  in 
common  use  as  an  article  of  food. 

The  truffles  are  gathered  at  two  periods  of  the 
year :  in  May  only  a  white  species  is  to  be  found, 
which  never  blackens,  and  has  no  odor ;  it  is 
dried  and  sold  for  seasoning.  The  black  truffles 
commence  forming  in  June,  enlarging  towards 
the  frosty  season  ;  then  they  become  hard,  and 
are  full  of  fragrance.  They  are  dug  up  a  month 
before  and  a  month  after  Christmas. 

Mons.  Gasparin,  who  visited  the  grounds  at 
Carpentras,  and  from  whose  description  the  in- 
formation is  obtained,  sa3'S,  "  There  is  not  the 
slightest  doubt  that  truffle  plots  can  be  formed  at 
will  in  the  centre  of  France  by  the  acorns  of  the 
common  or  evergreen  oaks.  A  sow  is  employed 
to  search  for  the  truffles.  At  the  distance  of 
twenty  feet  she  can  scent  them,  and  makes  rapid- 
ly for  the  foot  of  the  oak,  when  she  digs  into  the 
earth  with  her  snout.  She  would  soon  root  up 
and  eat  her  treasure,  were  she  not  turned  aside 
by  a  light  stroke  of  a  stick  on  her  nose,  and  given 
an  acorn  or  a  dry  chestnut,  which  is  her  reward. 
In  an  hour  was  gathered  upwards  of  two  pounds 
of  truffles,  in  a  poor  part  of  the  field  sown  with 
oaks.  Mons.  Rosscau  marked  with  white  paint 
the  foot  of  the  oaks  where  truffles  were  found, 
so  as  to  obtaim  from  them  acorns  for  the  new 
sowing,  and  also  not  to  sacrifice  the  trees  when 
he  clears  the  woods."  In  some  parts  an  artifi- 
cial snout  is  fitted  on  the  swine,  and  they  then 
throw  up  the  truffles,  but  cannot  eat  them 


72 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEXER. 


The  foregoing  from  the  Chimney  Corner  of  | 
April,  1869,  is  extracted  from  a  work  on  The  \ 
Manners  and  Customs  nf  Difererit  Xations.  In  | 
an  article  on  "  Edible  Fungi,"  published  in  our  ; 
January  number,  we  had  occasion  to  allude  to 
this  subject,  as  a  faintly  prospective  branch  of  j 
American  husbandry,  and  we  cannot  see  why  it  j 
should  not  ultimately  become  a  subject  of  as  much  I 
hnportauce  as  that  of  fish  culture  and  oyster  cul- 
ture. 

"Well,  but  what  are  truffles?"  asks  the  inqui- 
sitive reader.  An  authority  before  us  says  they 
are  "  a  kind  of  mushroom,  (iitfier  cibarium)  of  a 
fleshy,  fungous  structure,  and  of  a  roundish  figure, 
found  buried  in  the  soil  of  woods,  at  a  depth  of 
several  inches,  much  esteemed  as  an  esculent." 
The  same  authority  says  that  the  term  truffle  is 
from  the  old  French,  <r«/e— Norman  French, 
<rw;^e— Provincial  French,  far^«/e— Spanish,  ^nt- 
/a— Italian,  tartufolo,  tubero — and  Latin,  tuber. 

Roundish,  spongy,  mushroom-flavored  tubers 
have  been  dug  up  in  oak  woods  in  this  county  at 
various  times  and  places,  many  years  ago,  and 
which  may  still  be  in  existence,  which,  no  doubt, 
belong  to  this  class  of  fungous  plants,  but  whether 
any  of  them  were  prepared  for  the  table,  "  this 
deponent  saith  not."  We  have  seen  what  is  com- 
monly called  marieides,  and  ate  them  too;  and 
these  have  somewhat  the  appearance  of  the  illus- 
trations we  find  of  truffles  iu  books,  barring  the 
stem. 

As  the  United  States  possesses  all  the  varieties 
of  climate  found  in  France,  Italy  and  Spain,  and 
perhaps  also  truffle-producing  Africa,  we  may  in- 
fer that  certain  species  exist  here,  or  that,  under 
favorable  circumstancs,  may  1  e  introduced,  and 
left  to  grow  m  their  own  free  way,  for,  according 
to  the  foregoing  article,  they  wiU  not  be  cultivated. 
Let  them  then  do  as  they  please,  only,  if  possible, 
introduce  and  prepare  a  proper  abode  for  them, 
for  they  are  good  enough  without  cultivation. 
When  we  cannot  better  the  condition  or  quality 
cf  a  thing  it  is  best  to  "  take  it  as  it  is,"  and  as  a 
wholesome  and  agreeable  addition  to  our  list  of 
edibles,  we  shall  rejoice  in  the  introduction  of 
truffles.  S.  S.  R. 


^olaitg. 


WEEDS.— No.  2. 


DANDELION,  OR  PI33ABED. 


I  find  both  these  names,  with  reference  to  the 
plant,  in  Webster's  Dictionary.  In  order  to  show 
how  common  names  arise,  I  will  begin  with  the 
classical  Greek  name  of  this  plant,  Leoutodou, 


from  lion  and  tooth,  in  reference  to  the  peculiar 
toothed  edges  of  the  leaves.  The  German  name 
is  Loewenzahn,  Pfaft'enrohrlein,  and  Dotterblume. 
The  French  have  also  two  nara'es  for  it.  "  Dent 
de  lion,"  and  hence  our  common  name  "  Dande- 
lion." The  other  French  name  is  "  Piss-en-lit," 
from  its  diuretic  qualities,  and  from  this  our  vul- 
gar name  "Pissabed,"  is  derived,  so  that  both 
the  common  names  heading  this  article  are  cor- 
ruptions from  the  French.  In  Gray's  Botany  it 
is  the  "  Taraxicum  dens-leonis."  The  modern 
name  of  common  Dandelion,  which  evervbody 
knows,  so  that  I  will  not  waste  time  to  describe 
this  native  of  Europe,  naturalized  and  common  in 
almost  every  part  of  the  United  States.  It  flow- 
ers from  the  commencement  of  the  Spring  to  late 
in  the  Autumn,  and  is  often  more  abundant  than 
welcome  in  our  pasture  grounds  and  meadows. 
It  is  a  diilicult  weed  to  extirpate,  because  every 
inch  of  root  will  form  buds  and  fibres,  and  thus 
constitute  a  new  plant.  The  seeds,  too,  formed 
in  the  globose  heads,  with  their  tliin  stipe  and 
pappus,  forming  a  parachute  by  which  they  are 
carried  about  by  the  winds  and  planted  far  and 
wide.  To  say  nothing  of  schoolboys  and  lovers, 
who  blow  upon  those  heads  by  way  of  divination. 
Howitt  says : 

Dandelion,  with  globe  of  down. 
The  sjhool-l)oy's  clo^k  in  every  town, 
VVIiich  the  truant  pufls  amain, 
To  conjure  lost  houis  bade  again." 

D.xrwin  also  takes  notice  of  this  plant  in  the 

following  verse  : 

"  Leontodons  unfold 
On  the  swart  turf  tbeir  lay-encirded  gold ; 
With  Sol's  expanding  beam  the  flowers  imdose, 
And  rising  HeSper  lights  them  to  repose." 

This  plant  is  also  called  the  rustic  oracle  by  an 
old  writer,  who  says  res  )ecting  the  globose  head 
of  seeds :  "Are  you  separated  from  the  object  of 
your  love  ? — carefully  pluck  one  of  those  feathery 
spheres;  charge  each  of  the  little  feathers  com- 
posing it  with  a  tender  thought ;  turn  towards  the 
spot  where  he  loved  one  dwells ;  blow,  and  the 
little  ferial  travellers  will  faithfully  convey  your 
secret  message  to  his  or  her  pet.  Do  you  wish  to 
know  if  that  dear  one  is  thinking  of  you,  as  you 
are  thinking  of  him  or  her,  blow  again ;  and  if 
there  is  left  upon  the  stalk  a  single  aigrette,  it  is 
a  proof  that  you  are  not  forgotten."  The  author 
adds,  "  but  this  second  trial  must  be  conducted 
with  great  caution.  You  must  blow  very  gently  ; 
for,  at  any  age,  even  at  that  which  love  renders 
most  resplendent,  it  is  wrong  to  dispel  too  rudely 
the  illusions  which  embellish  life."  I  know  that 
even  practical  farmers  can  relish  a  morsel  of 
light  reading— and  if  the  older  ones  can  not,  the 
youuger  portion  of  our  readers,  I  know,  relish  a 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


73 


slight  digression  that  lifts  the  curtain  upon  the 
pleasant  whims  ofhy-gone  years, — I  shall,  there- 
fore, offer  no  apology  for  introducing  the  poetry 
and  romance  connected  with  this  common  weed. 
I  can,  however,  not  do  justice  to  the  plant  with- 
out stating  a  few  other  facts,  some  of  which  are 
not  generally  known.  As  a  salad,  blanched  like 
Endive,  it  is  rather  bitter  to  be  palatable ;  m 
Spring,  when  quite  tender,  it  answers  to  com- 
pound with  other  salads — some  persons  seem  to 
relish  it,  it  being  frequently  seen  on  the  market. 
The  root  dried  and  ground  is  a  good  substitute  for 
the  chicory  root  in  making  coffee.  Swine  are 
fond  of  it,  and  goats  wilt  eat  it,  but  sheep  and 
cows  dislike  it,  and  by  horses  it  is  refused. 

The  medical  properties  of  Dandelion  is  aper- 
ient, diuretic  and  resolvent,  and  at  onetime  it  wa^ 
much  used,  and  thought  to  be  endowed  with  very 
powerful  properties.  Dandelion  pills  are  in  the 
market  still,  and  indeed,  Park,  an  old  English 
writer,  says,  "  Whoso  is  macilent,  (lean  and  thin, 
emaciated)  drawing  towards  a  consumption,  or 
ready  to  fall  into  a  cachexy,  (a  bad  state  of  the 
body,  a  depraved  state  of  the  solids  and  fluids. — 
Hooper),  by  the  use  hereof  for  some  time  together, 
shall  find  a  wonderful  help."  Almost  all  the  old 
authors  speak  of  it  in  equally  favorable  terms. 
Berhaave  had  a  high  opinion  of  its  powers,  and 
esteemed  it  capable,  "  if  duly  continued,  of  re- 
solving obstinate  obstructions  and  coagulations  of 
the  Viscera." 

But,  like  many  other  old  remedies,  it  wiiS  for  a 
long  time  neglected,  but  is  agaui  employed  both 
in  Europe  and  this  country  to  some  extent.  It's 
diuretic  effects  are  best  promoted  in  combination 
with  Supertartrate  of  Potash,  (Cream  of  Tartar.) 
A  decoction  made  with  two  ounces  of  the  root,  or 
whole  plant,  boiled  in  two  pints  of  water  down 
to  one-half,  the  dose  is  about  a  wine  glassful. 
The  extract,  when  properly  made,  is  of  a  brown- 
ish color,  and  not  blackish  •,  bitter  and  somewhat 
aromatic,  wholly  soluble  in  water.  Dose  from 
ten  grains  to  half  a  drachm. 

J.S. 


^itlotttalagicaL 


SNOUT-BEETLES. 

The  insects  commonly  called  "  Snout-Beetles," 
and  "  Weevils,"  and  of  late  years  some  of  them 
designated  by  the  almost  as  common  term,  "cur- 
culios,"  all  belong  to  the  caleoptuous  Family 
CuRCULiONiD^,  containing  about  one  hundred 
Genera,  and  species  too  numerous  to  mention  in 
this  paper.    We  have  about  seventy-five  of  these 


species  here  in  the  county  of  Lancaster,  but  the 
best  known  and  most  dreaded,  is  the  Conoirache- 
lus  nennuphar  of  naturalists,  but  commonly  called 
the  "  curculio.''''  All  of  these  insects,  or  nearly 
all  of  them,  were  originally  included  by  Linnreus 
and  others,  in  the  Genus  curculio,  but  it  is  doubtful 
now,  whether  we  have  a  single  spcies  in  this 
country  that  properly  belongs  to  it.  The  larv(B 
of  the  curculios  live  in,  and  feed  upor\,  various 
vegetable  substances,  such  for  instance,  as  fruits, 
nuts,  seeds,  leaves,  grain,  rotten  wood,  woody 
and  other  excrescences,  &c.,  &c. ;  and  the  mature 
insects  of  some  of  the  species,  are  sometimes 
found  on  flowering  plants,  on  fruits,  in  nuts  and 
seeds,  and  also  in  decayed  wood.  There  are  not 
many  of  them  that  come  in  conflict  with  the  pro- 
ducts of  human  industry,  and  culture,  but  these 
have  baflled  the  utmost  skill  of  man  to  circumvent 
or  destroy,  for  many  years,  and  at  this  moment, 
the  horticulturist  stands  appalled  at  the  inroads 
they  have  make  upon  his  domain,  without  a  cer- 
tain remedy  for  their  convenient  extermination. 
Excepting  those  that  feed  in  nuts,  seeds,  and 
grain,  therere  is  mainly  but  one  species  from 
which  the  fruit  grower  is  apprehensive  of -danger, 
and  this  one,  by  way  of  distinction,  he  calls  the 
curculio,  just  as  if  there  was  but  one  species  of 
that  general  name,  when  in  fact,  there  are  thou- 
sands of  them.  This  makes  it  absolutely  neces- 
sary to  pay  some  regard  to  scientific  names,  how- 
ever objectionable  they  may  be,  and  without 
which  their  whole  history,  in  a  great  measure, 
would  become  confounded  and  confused.  These 
insects  are  termed  "  Snout-beetles,"  in  common 
entomological  language,  because  a  leading  and 
distinguishing  characteristic  of  the  larger  number 
of  the  species,  is  a  prolongation  of  the  front  part 
of  the  head  into  a  "snout,"  or  ros^ntm,  as  it  is 
technically  called,  with  a  pair  of  short,  stout, 
sharp  mandibles,  or  jaws,  at  the  end  of  it,  and 
with  which  they  are  capable  of  penetrating  very 
hard  or  tough  substances,  into  which  they  deposit 
their  eggs.  The  length  of  the  snout  or  rostrum, 
is  more  or  less  connected  with  the  habits  of  the 
species,  for  instance,  the  genus  Balannis  has  it 
very  long,  and  therefore,  these  are  found  punctur- 
ing chestnuts  and  depositing  their  eggs  therein, 
while  the  nuts  ai'e  still  in  the  burr  and  on  the 
trees.  It  is  astonishing  with  what  consummate 
patience  and  skill  the  female  balanius  will  drop 
her  egg,  and  then  pick  it  up  Avith  her  jaws,  and 
with  her  long  bristle-Uke  snout,  reach  in  and  place 
it  in  the  puncture  she  has  made  near  the  base  of 
the  nut. 

Nearly  all,  or  perhaps  quite  all,  of  the  snout- 
beetles,  either  hybernate  m  the  perfect  state,  or 
remain  in  the  pupa  state,  during  the  winter 


74 


THE  LANCASTAE  FARMEE. 


season ;  for  I  have  fourxd  most  of  the  species  I 
have  in  my  collection,  during;  the  fall  and  spring 
months,  hidden  under  stones,  or  under  the  bark 
of  trees,  and  many  other  similar  hiding-places.  I 
have  also  taken  them  during  the  summer  months 
on  the  wing ;  therefore,  any  device  to  prevent 
them  from  crawling  up  the  trunks  of  trees,  is  la- 
bor in  vain ;  for  they  are  all  rather  poor  pedes- 
trians, and  in  their  locomotion  depend  more  on 
their  wings  than  their  feet.  Some  of  them  are 
found  abroad  and  active  very  early  in  the  spring, 
as  early  at  least  as  the  blooming  season  of  fruit 
trees,  and  perhaps  at  this  season  they  feed  upon 
the  nectar  or  the  pollen  of  flowers,  as  I  have  often 
found  the  smaller  species,  later  in  the  season, 
with  their  snouts  buried  in  the  small  flower  cups, 
with  nothing  but  the  hinder  parts  of  their  bodies 
exposed.  Our  largest  species,  the  Ithycerus  cur- 
culionides,  of  naturalists,  may  often  be  found  in 
eaaly  spring  feeding  upon  the  unexpanded  leaf 
buds  of  apple  trees,  and  in  some  parts  of  the 
country  they  are  very  numerous  and  very  des- 
tructive. I  have  found  the  black  "wheat-weevil," 
Sitoph'lis  granrins,  and  also  a  brown  species,  or 
a  variety  of  it,  in  the  ears  of  Avheat  while  it  was 
yet  uncut,  and  standing  in  the  fields,  about  the 
time  the  grain  begins  to  harden;  and  I  have 
thought  that  that  is  the  time  and  place  when  the 
females  deposit  their  eggs  in  it;  the  insects  after- 
wards maturing,  or  coming  to  perfection,  Avhen  it 
is  in  the  stack  or  in  the  barn-mow. 

Of  the  "fruit-weevils,"  or  curculios,  [Coiistrach- 
elus  nemqyJiar,)  that  siuwive  the  winter,  most  like- 
ly the  larger  number  of  them  arc  impregnated 
females  ;  and,  if  closely  watched,  they  would  per- 
haps be  found  on  the  trees  when  they  are  in 
bloom.  If  there  are  any  birds  that  destroy  them 
at  this  season,  they  would  likely  be  the  orioles, 
or  golden  robins,  the  willow  urens,  and  the  vari- 
ous species  of  warblers,  which  are  often  seen  on 
fruit  'trees  at  this  period,  very  busily  engaged 
from  morning  until  night,  feeding  upon  such 
insects  as  visit  the  trees  in  their  blooming  sea- 
son, when  the  buxls  arc  not  frightened  off  by 
human  agencies. 

Presuming  that  the  reader  of  our  journal  must, 
by  this  time,  be  very  familiar  with  the  form  and 
general  appearance  of  the  popular  cui'cuHo,  I 
deem  it  unnecessaiy  to  give  a  special  description 
of  it  here,  suffice  to  say,  that  it  is  about  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  in  length,  of  a  brownish  gray  in  color, 
externally  roughened,  Avith  a  pair  of  warty  eleva- 
tions and  two  whitish  blotches  on  the  back,  near 
the  middle  of  the  wing-covers.  From  some  cause 
or  other,  some  individuals  of  the  same  species 
and  same  brood,  are  much  darker  in  color  than 
otb«rs.    It  would  be  impossible  to  state  correctly 


on  what  particular  day  of  the  month  they  first 
make  their  appearance  in  the  spring,  for  this  is 
more  or  less  mfluenced  by  the  temperature  of  the 
weather,  but  of  thisVe  maybe  quite  certain,  that 
from  the  time  plums,  peaches,  apples,  apricots, 
nectarines  and  pears  are  as  large  as  a  green 
cherry,  almost  until  they  ripen,  you  will  find  more 
or  less  of  these  insects  about.  Indeed,  I  have 
known  the  larvfE  to  have  matured  and  gone  into 
the  ground  as  early  as  the  10th  of  June.  On  one 
occasion  I  gathered  fifty  plums  which  had  fallen 
from  the  tree  the  previous  night,  out  of  which  10 
of  the  larva)  had  already  gone  into  the  ground ; 
in  half  a  dozen  instances  they  were  dead,  and  in 
the  remainder  the  larvse  seemed  to  be  still  feed- 
ing. A  very  singular  coincidence  was,  that  in 
three-fourths  of  these  plums,  and  in  which  the 
seed  had  not  hardened,  I  found  the  larvce  in  the 
kernel,  and  only  in  about  one-fourth,  where  the 
seed  had  already  too  much  hardened,  did  I  find 
them  in  the  pulp  around  the  seed.  I  also,  on 
one  occasion,  observed  the  same  thing  and  m 
about  the  same  proportion  in  young  peaches. 
This  would  seem  to  imply  an  instructive  partiality 
for  the  seeds,  or  rather  the  kernel  of  the  seeds,  of 
fruit,  or  else  that  not  sufficient  pulp  had  yet  form- 
ed around  the  seed  for  the  larvfe  to  feed  upon. 
Many  nuts  and  seeds  are  infested  by  different 
species  of  curculio,  even  the  seeds  of  the  grape, 
during  the  last  two  years  in  Canada,  Ohio  and 
other  places,  have  been  infested  by  these  insects. 
It  may  be,  therefore,  that  their  seed  eating  pro- 
clivities in  general,  lead  them  to  prefer  the  seeds 
in  stone  fruit,  and  the  reason  that  they  are  not 
always  found  there  may  be  because  they  harden 
too  soon  for  them  to  penetrate  them.  I  have 
often  found  the  kernel  of  apple  and  pear  seeds 
eaten  out  by  them,  and  also  the  seeds  of  the  plum 
and  peach  eaten  half  through,  or  scored  on  the 
outside,  as  though  they  had  been  making  an  eftort 
to  get  through,  and  I  have  also  observed  the 
same  in  cherries.  I  have  also  observed  that 
where  the  seeds  in  stone  fruit  are  infested,  a 
greater  proportion  of  them  fall  to  the  ground,  and 
also  much  earlier  than  where  they  are  only  in  the 
outer  pulp.  The  damages  to  the  peach  crop  in 
former  years,  with  us,  has  been  but  trifling,  com- 
pared with  that  done  to  plums,  but  in  some  of 
the  Western  States  it  has  been  great,  and  we 
cannot  tell  what  it  would  be  now  in  our  locality 
if  peaches  were  as  abundant  as  they  once  were. 
Although  it  may  be  needless  to  say  that  the  cur- 
culios positively  do  not  cmise  the  excrescences,  or 
knots  on  plum  and  cherry  trees,  yet  when  those 
knots  are  still  soft  and  fleshy,  they  do  sometimes 
deposit  their  eggs  in  them,  and  these  eggs  also 
incubate  and  the  larv«  feed  upon  them.    Indeed, 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMEB. 


75 


if  fruit  was  to  entirely  fail,  and  continue  to  fail 
for  some  years  in  succession,  1  should  not  be  sur- 
prised to  find  the  curculios  resorting  to  the  tender 
branches  of  trees  in  order  to  perpetuate  their 
species,  and  if  I  am  not  much  mistaken,  they 
have  been  so  found. 

What  then  is  to  be  done  in  the  curculios  case  ? 
Is  the  crop  to  be  resigned  to  them,  or  is  fruit- 
growhig  to  be  entirely  abandoned  ?  These  are 
very  significant  and  very  important  questions.  I, 
for  my  part,  would  counsel  perseverance,  and  not 
an  abandonment  of  fruit  culture.  But  just  here 
an  important  condition  is  involved.  Every  man 
who  draws  his  sustenance  and  support  from  the 
productions  of  the  soil,  must  accustom  himself  to 
recognize  the  circumventing  and  opposing  char- 
acter of  insects  as  a  power  in  the  economy  of  na- 
ture ;  and  that  he  cannot  disdain  or  ignore  their 
presence  with  impunity,  any  more  than  he  can 
the  elements  of  fire  and  water.  The  subject  ha.s 
been  too  much  sneered  at  and  trivially  spoken  of 
heretofore,  and  those  who  have  given  any  atten- 
tion to  entomology  have  been  too  much  regarded  j 
as  simpletons.  But  in  your  pursuit  of  this  subject  ] 
do  not  rely  upon  your  entomologist  alone.  In 
many  respects  you  have  far  better  opportunities 
to  observe  and  develop  the  characters  and  habits 
of  the  insect  world  than  he  has,  if  you  wish  to 
embrace  those  opportunities. 

But  the  main  question,  in  a  practical  sense,  in 
regard  to  the  curculio,  is  how  to  circumvent  or 
destroy  it ;  and  this  question,  I  regret  to  say,  has 
not  reached  a  satisfactory  solution.    True,  there 
are  remedies  without  number,  eflectual  and  oth- 
erwise, some  of  them  involving  labor,  and  pa- 
tient, persevering  observation  and  application; 
but  tlie  people  are  looking  for,  and  want,  some- 
thing as  simple  in  the  application,  and  as  certain 
in  its  eftects,  as  the  taking  of  a  violent  dose  of 
salts,  and  the  certain  evacuation  of  the  bowels 
that  follows  it.    Unfortunately  for  the  fruit  crop, 
the  horticulturist,  and  the  fruit  consumer,  such  a 
remedy  is  not  yet  at  hand.     By  a  combination  of 
laborious  ellbrts,  however,  the  race  of  curculios 
may  be  lessened,  and  finally  exterminated.     I 
would,  therefore,  recommend  the  trial  of  every- 
thing and  anything  in  which  there  Avas  the  least 
reasonable  hope  of  success,  without  subjecthig 
the  operator  to  palpable  imposition.    If  there  is 
any  nauseous  compound  that  will  prevent  these 
insicts  from  visiting  the  fruit  trees,  apply  it.    If 
thc.c  is    any  nostrum  that  will    destroy  them 
wherever  they  may  be  found,  try  it.      Wherever 
chickens,  turkeys,  pigs  or  birds  will  be  benficial, 
let  them  haTC  access.    If  picking  up   the  fallen 
fruit  and  scalding  it  will  do  good,  pursue   that 
course  vigilantly.    If  they  be  brought  down  from 


the  trees,  and  then  gathered  and  destroyed  by 
jarring  the  trees,  pursue  that  course  vigorously, 
from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the  season.  Xo 
reasonable  effort  should  be  left  untried,  or  be  re- 
laxed, or  be  pursued  with  apathy  or  indifference. 
A  general,  efficient,  widespread  and  continuous 
effort  must  be  ultimately  crowned  with  suc- 
cess. It  cannot  be  that  the  Almighty,  in  the 
plenitude  of  his  creative  and  counteracting  pow- 
er, has  permitted  a  destructive  insect  to  multiply 
and  destroy  his  other  beautiful  and  healthful 
productions,  without  vouchsafing  to  those  for 
whom  they  were  created,  some  means  of  circum- 
venting or  counteracting  the  operations  of  such 
insects.  Learn  to  know  what  a  cucurlio  is  when 
you  see  it.  Find  out  its  seasons  of  coming  and 
going,  and  how  it  comes  and  goes.  If  there  are 
any  varieties  of  fruit  totally  exempt  from,  or  less 
lia  le  to  their  attacks  than  other  kinds,  find  out 
what  they  are,  and  cultivate  them.  "  In  a  multi- 
tude of  CO  insel  there  is  safety." 


TAKE  CARE  0¥  THE  BIRDS. 

At  least  one  of  the  members  of  our  Society  for 
the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals  has  done 
good  service  in  trying  to  educate  the  popular 
mind  up  to  a  full  knowledge  of  the  usefulness  of 
the  familiar  birds  seen  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadel- 
phia at  different  seasons  of  the  year;  and  in 
pleading  with  the  young  sportsmen  to  cease  hunt- 
ing and  killing  them  oil  that  account,  as  well  as 
for  their  cheerfulness,  beauty  and  innocence. 
This  view  of  the  case  is  strongly  enforced  in  a 
recent  article  in  one  of  the  magazines.  Some 
naturalists  have  divided  birds  into  three  classes ; 
those  which  are  supposed  to  feed  exclusively  on 
insects,  those  which  eat  seeds  only,  and  those 
which  feed  promiscuously  on  anything  at  hand. 
This  classification  has  been  proved  to  be  founded 
on  erroneous  principles.  Of  the  many  thousand 
species  of  birdsJ,  it  is  not  positively  known  that 
any  do  not  feed  on  insects  at  some  period  of  their 
lives,  while  at  the  same  time  but  very  few  are 
exclusively  insect  caters.  The  large  closs  known 
a,so7nnivor(jUi,  or  eaters  of  all  kinds  of  food,  are 
among  the  most  active  and  valuable  assistants  to 
the  gardener  and  farmer  in  destroying  insects. 
A  recent  writer,  in  pleading  the  economic  value 
to  agriculture  of  birds,  declares  that  "no  agricul- 
turist can  destroy  a  bird  without  knowing  that  he 
may  expect  from  the  act  only  injury." 

The  robin  is  generally  regarded  as  the  pest  of 
fruit  growers,  and  he  certainly  does  plunder  to  a 
large  extent  the  smaller  fruits,  but  it  has  been 
demonstrated  by  a  careful  examination  of  the 
contents  of  his  stomach  that  during  six  or  seven 
of  the  months  in  which  he  is  in  this  region  he  is 
exclusively  a  benefactor.  During  the  early 
spring  months,  insects  in  difTcrent  stages  of  de- 
velopment form  his  sole  food.    The  larvaj  of  two 


76 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


hundred  insects  of  a  most  destructive  class  have 
been  taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  single  robin. 
In  one  instance  it  is  remarked  that  a  shooting 
match  had  created  a  scarcity  of  these  birds,  and 
a  large  extent  of  grass  land  withered  and  dried 
up  in  consequence  of  the  undistm-bed  growth  of 
insects.  Later  in  the  season,  fruit  was  found  in 
the  crops  of  the  robins,  but  always  intermingled 
with  insects,  and  in  the  fall  of  the  year  they  re- 
turned to  a  strictly  insect  diet.  The  food  of  most 
young  birds  is  almost  exclusively  of  an  animal 
character.  It  has  been  proved  that  a  young  robin 
will  consume  forty-one  per  cent,  of  animal  food 
more  than  his  own  weight  in  twelve  hours,  and 
this  food  usually  consists  of  earth  worms,  cut 
worms,  and  other  destructive  insects. 

"The  measure  worm"  or  "span  worm,"  that 
destroys  the  beauty  of  the  shade  trees  in  our 
large  cities,  and  is  such  a  nuisance  otherwise,  it 
is  said  has  been  driven  from  the  Central  Park  by 
the  English  sparrow,  recently  introduced  there, 
a  pair  of  which  will  destroy  four  thousand  cater- 
pillars weekly.  A  thousand  of  these  birds  have 
been  imported  for  the  protection  of  the  beautiful 
trees  which  are  so  justly  the  pride  of  Philadel- 
phia. In  addition  to  the  worm  nuisance,  another 
in  the  shape  of  the  cabbage  butterfly  of  Europe, 
has  made  its  appearance  on  our  shores.  It  is  said 
that  were  it  not  for  the  sparrow,  the  cabbage  could 
not  be  raised  successfully  in  Great  Britian.  We 
may  have  to  meet  this  new  enemy  by  introducing 
large  numbers  of  tts  pretty  little  foe.  Researches 
show  that  every  species  of  bird  has  its  particular 
use  in  the  destruction  of  the  injurious  insects  and 
vermin,  which  constitute  the  greater  part  of  their 
food.  Birds  are  in  general  iar  more  useful  than 
hurtful,  and  the  popular  desire  should  be  to  take 
care  of,  instead  of  exterminating  these  beautiful 
little  allies  of  the  farmer  and  fruit  grower.  Why 
boys  should  be  the  mortal  foes  of  birds,  it  is  hard 
to  understand.  It  is  perhaps  an  instinct  of  the 
old  savage  nature  of  man  not  yet  rooted  out. 
They  should  be  taught  better  at  home,  at  school 
and  through  the  magazines  and  newspapers." 

In  addition  to  what  appeared  in  our  April  num- 
ber on  the  subject  of  birds,  we  commend  the  fore- 
going timely  remarks  from  the  editorial  columns 
of  tUe  Philadelphia  Ledger,  of  March  25, 1869,  as 
pertinent  to  the  question  of  protection,  especially 
at  this  season  of  the  year ;  and  when  our  local 
Society,  as  well  as  Agricultural  and  Horticultural 
Societies  elsewhere,  are  directing  their  attention 
to  legislation  in  the  matter.  We  Ye  el  justified  in 
occupying  more  than  ordinary  time  and  space 
just  now,  because,  perhaps  at  no  other  season  of 
the  year  are  birds  more  capable  of  performing 
the  functions  of  prevention  by  destroying  insect 
larvte,  than  they  are  in  the  early  part  of  the  sea- 
son. A  notion,  too,  prevails,  that  the  first  rob- 
ins, blue-birds,  and  other  birds  that  arrive  here, 
do  not  nest  and  breed  here,  but  go  farther  north. 
This  is,  on  the  whole,  a  mistake,  and  if  it  were 
not,  it  could  not  justify  the  slaughtering  of  these 
birds,  for  whatever  good  they  may  do  in  any  other 
locality,  either  north  or  south,  is  a  good  which 


forms  a  part  of  the  common  good  of  the  whole 
country.  jdj 

We  have  not  the  "span-worm"  that  has  been 
so  destructive  to  the  foliage  of  the  trees  in  Phil- 
adelphia, in  this  county  yet;  nor  yet  the  "canker- 
worm,"  so  destructive  to  the  foliage  of  the  apple 
trees  in  the  eastern  States — at  least  there  are 
very  few  of  them  here — but  we  cannot  say  how 
abundant  they  may  become  if  the  birds  are  all  de- 
stroyed. Our  Legislature  ought  to  amend  the 
bird  laws  so  as  to  include,  specifically,  the  names 
of  a  number  of  birds  not  therein  mentioned,  and 
which  could  not  be  included  by  the  present  law, 
without  raising  questions  of  interpi-etation.  For 
instance,  sparrows  are  not,  properly  speaking, 
insectivorous  birds,  and  yet  they  feed  two  or 
three  broods  of  young  every  season  on  insects 
alone.  As  these  birds  are  not  game  birds,  but 
are  nevertheless  often  wantonly  killed,  their 
names  should  have  been  inserted  in  the  body  of 
the  law.  On  the  contrary,  they  are  finches, 
{Fringillidce),  and  after  they  have  left  the  parent 
nest,  feed  principally  on  seeds  and  grains,  and 
perhaps  on  wild  berries.  The  common  Wren, 
Willow  Wren,  Red-Start,  and  the  difterent  warb- 
lers, should  also-  have  been  included  in  the  un- 
qualified prohibition.  Larks,  Robins,  Cat-birds, 
Thrushes  and  Black-birds  might  have  been  in- 
cluded, specifically,  in  the  list  of  game  birds;  not 
on  account  of  their  value  as  game,  but  for  inci- 
dental protection  during  their  breeding  seasons. 
The  following,  from  the  columns  of  a  high-toned 
cotemporary,  is  additional  testimony  in  behalf  of 
two  species  of  birds,  whose  injuries  to  fruit,  we 
think,  have  been  greatly  exaggerated,  and  whose 
benefits  have  been  too  little  heeded  by  people  in 
general.  It  is  true  that  Cat-birds,  in  some  local- 
ities, are  hard  on  Clinton,  Delaware,  and  other 
grapes  of  a  thin  skin  and  a  small  berry,  but  if  the 
Wren  is  encouraged  to  nest  and  breed  in  or  near 
the  grapery,  he  will  fight  the  former  off  if  no 
other  means  could  be  found  for  that  purpose  : 

S.  S.  R. 

A  GOOD  WOIJD  FOll  THE  CAT-BlllDS. 

One  rainy  day,  the  past  summer,  as  we  sat  by 
a  window  looking  out  upon  the  flower-bed,  our 
attention  was  attracted  to  a  Cat-bird,  apparently 
buried  head  and  shoulders  in  the  soil  and  trying 
to  cxti-icate  himself.  Our  fust  impulse  was  to 
run  to  his  rescue,  supposing  him  to  be  in  dangei' 
from  some  hjdden  enemy :  but  we  soon  discov- 
ered our  mistake  when  we  saw  him  gradually 
emerge,  dragging  out  with  him,  not  without  some 
difficulty,  a  very  large  giub  of  the  May-beetle, 
which  he  had  detected  in  the  very  act  of  eating 
the  roots  of  our  favorite  geranium.  The  offender 
was  forthwith  pounded  to  a  jelly,  and  in  this  con- 
dition borne  ofi'  to  the  bird's  nest  hard  l)y,  where 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


77 


it  no  doubt  gladdened  the  heartof  one  of  its  nest- 
lings. 

Our  good  opinion  of  the  Cat-bird  is  confirmed 
by  the  recent  experience  of  President  Hill,  of 
Cambridge.  A  favorite  elm,  near  his  house,  was 
attacked'last  summer  by  a  large  swarm  of  the 
Vanessa  caterpillar.  They  rapidly  devoured  its 
foliage,  and  threatened  soon  to  despoil  the  tree 
of  its  beauty.  One  day,  when  he  was  about  to 
bring  ladders  and  attempt  their  removal,  and 
was  considering  whether  this  was  practicable,  he 
observed  a  Cat-bird  fly  to  the  tree  and  begin  to 
destroy  the  caterpillers.  Seeing  this  unexpected 
relief,  he  deferred  any  interference  and  awaited 
the  result.  Nor  was  he  disappointed.  In  a  few 
days  the  Cat-bird  entirely  cleared  the  tree.  The 
writer  was  an  eye  witness  to  a  similar  result,  but 
in  this  case  the  tree  attacked  by  the  vanessa  worm 
was  a  poplar,  and  the  birds  which  cleared  them 
out  were  Baltimore  Orioles. — Atlantic  Montldy. 


C&ilatJiaL 


MEETING    OP    THE    AGRICULTURAL 
AND  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

The  Lancaster  County  Agricultural  and  Horti- 
cultural Society  held  its  monthly  meeting,  April 
5th,  at  tlie  Orphans'  Court  room,  in  the  city  of 
Lancaster,  Henry  M.  Engle  in  the  chair  and  Alex. 
Harris,  Secretary.  The  minutes  of  the  last  meet- 
ing were  read  and  approved  without  dissent.  The 
following  gentlemen  were  elected  members  of  the 
Society,  viz:  John  H.  Miller,  West  Lampeter; 
Major  Elhvood Griest,  City  •,  John  C.  Martin,  East 
Earl,  and  Simon  E.  Greybill,  of  Strasburg  twp. 

J.  H.  Brackbill  before  signing  the  constitution 
spoke  of  the  inconvenience  of  the  name  of  the 
Society,  but  when  he  saw  the  word  Agricultural 
as  part  of  the  name  he  was  induced  to  become  a 
member  of  the  Society,  and  he  was  therefore  ready 
to  sign  the  constitution. 

S.  S.  Rathvon,  from  the  committee  appointed  at 
the  last  meeting  for  the  purpose  of  reporting  the 
law  in  force  against  the  killing  of  instctiv(  reus 
birds,  read  the  law  as  now  enacted  and  applicable 
to  Lancaster  county.  The  committee  recommend 
the  otiering  of  additional  rewards  by  the  Society 
for  the  detection  of  otfenders  and  also  submitted 
a  petition  to  be  signed  by  the  members,  and  pre- 
sented to  the  Legislature  for  the  purpose  of  se- 
curing additional  legislation  in  order  to  prevent 
the  destruction  of  insectivorous  birds. 

The  report  of  the  Committee  was,  on  motion, 
received  and  adopted,  and  the  petition  circulated 
for  signatures  amongst  the  members,  all  of  whom 
present  signed  the  same  and  attested  their  con- 
currence in  its  demands. 

S.  S.  Rathvou  now  proceeded  to  read  an  essay 
on  "  Snout  Beetles." 


As  to  the  great  utility  and  practical  bearing  of 
this  essay,  the  President  expressed  himself  in  the 
strongest  terms. 

■  Peter  S.  Reist  next  read  an  essay  upon  "  Pear 
Culture."' 

Upon  the  conclusion  of  this  essay,  J.  H.  Brack- 
bill  remarked  his  having  planted  last  year,  a 
quantity  of  pear  trees  and  he  desired  to  know 
what  kind  could  be  relied  on  for  winter  pears  in 
this  localit}'. 

H.  M.  Engle  suggested  that  the  Lawrence  could 
be  relied  upon  as  an  excellent  winter  pear. 

Levi  S.  Reist  spoke  of  the  Lawrence  blossom- 
ing with  him,  but  never  bearing  any  fruit.  Mr. 
Engle  replied,  "give  it  time."  Mr.  Reist  con- 
ceded the  tree  to  be  young  yet. 

H.  K.  Stoner  rose  and  spoke  of  the  article  on 
"Humbugs"  in  the  February  number  of  the 
Farmer,  and  stated  that  he  had  been  intrusted 
in  confidence  with  the  receipt  of  the  article  con- 
demned as  the  remedy  for  fruit  trees,  and  he  meant 
to  give  it  a  trial  and  report  his  experiments  to  the 
Society. 

H.  M.  Engle  said  he  had  been  likewise  oftered 
the  same  to  try,  but  having  no  confidence  in  it 
he  had  not  deemed  it  worthy  of  a  trial. 

Mr.  Engle  next  proceeded  to  read  an  extract 
from  Tilton's  Journal  of  Horticulture  on  Fruit 
Growing  in  America. 

S.  S.  Rathvon  spoke  of  the  necessity  of  making 
vigorous  eftbrts  to  destroy  the  curculios,  and  he 
even  suggested  it  as  reasonable  that  laws  should 
be  enacted  compelling  communities  to  use  their 
united  eft'orts  to  destroy  these  insect  fruit  dep- 
redators. 

H.  K.Stouer  had,  in  accordance  with  the  receipt 
referred  to,  at  an  expense  of  S2.50,  made  fifty  gal- 
lons of  a  mixture  which  he  regards  as  sufficient  to 
keep  all  the  curculios  otf  his  farm.  He  expresses 
himself  a^  determined  to  give  the  remedy  a  fair 
trial. 

The  Secretary,  by  direction  of  the  Chair,  read 
an  extract  from  the  Paris  (Canada)  8tar,  on  the 
hybridization  of  wheat,  by  C.  Arnold. 

Alexander  Harris  spoke  of  the  success  of  the 
Goodrich  potato  as  grown  by  a  friend  of  his  hi 
Juniata  county.  From  one  potato,  near  a  peck 
of  fine,  large,  smooth  potatoes  had  been  grown. 
He  infers  that  while  the  Goodrich  proves  unsuc- 
cessful in  certain  soils,  it  does  well  in  othei*s. 

Levi  S.  Reist  said  he  was  able  to  groAV  more  of 
the  Harrison,  as  the  finest  potato  tliat  he  has  yet 
been  able  to  grow. 

A.  D.  Hostettersaid  the  Early  Goodrich  should 
be  planted  early,  as  it  is  designed  only  tor  an 
early  potato.  The  Harrison  did  not  do  well  with 
him. 


78 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


S.  S.  Rathvon  referred  to  the  report  of  the  Expe- 
rimental Farm  in  Chester  county,  in  which  it  is 
remarked  that  stable  manure  has  been  found  the 
best  for  potatoes  of  all  other  fertilizers  tried,  itncl 
that  the  Harrison  variety  yielded  better  than  all 
other  kinds. 

J.  H.  Brackbill  was  pleased  with  the  introduc- 
t  on  of  the  potato  topic.  From  one  and  a  half 
bushels  of  Goodrich,  he  had  grown  48  bushels ; 
but  a  friend  of  his  who  had  planted  the  (xoodrich 
10  days  later,  on  land  as  good  and  equally  well 
manured,  the  crop  was  a  yiiserable  failure.  Mr. 
B.  does  not  regard  the  Goodrich  as  a  good  potato, 
it  being  watery  and  entirel}''  unsaleable. 

Levi  S.  Reist  spoke  of  the  great  injury  done  tc 
a  crop  of  potatoes  by  permitting  weeds  to  grow 
amongst  them,  as.  it  robs  them  of  their  nutriment 
and  diminishes  the  crop  by  half. 

H.  Burns  raised  of  the  Early  Goodrich  and  dug 
them  in  August,  and  found  no  difficulty  in  selling 
them  for  SI. 50  per  bushel. 

H.  M.  Engle  regarded  several  things  as  essen- 
tial to  entire  success  in  growing  potatoes  :  good 
.soil,  good  seed  and  good  culture  all  being  indis- 
pensable to  insure  a  good;crop  of  potatoes.  Some- 
times the  difference  of  a  few  days  in  the  time  of 
planting  them  will  make  a  great  difference  in  the 
crop.  The  more  rapidly  the  potato-tuber  can  be 
grown  and  perfected,  its  flavor  and  quality  is  the 
better.  "When  the  tubers  mature  in  too  hot 
weather  the  potatoes  are  rarely  good. 
.  Mr.  Engle,  the  President,  announced  the  fol- 
lowing Chairmen  of  the  different  Committees,  viz : 
on  Fruits,  Levi  8.  Reist;  on  Vegetables,  G.  TV. 
Schroyer;  on  Plants  and  Flowers,  H.  K.  Stoner; 
on  Seeds,  A.  I).  Hostetter;  on  Nomenclature  of 
Plants,  jj.  B.  Garber;  on  Premiums,  Dr.  P.  W. 
Iliestand;  on  Finance,  Peter  S.  Reist;  on  Bot- 
any, J.  Stauffer ;  on  Entomology,  S.  S.  Rathvon. 

After  the  members  had  supplied  themselves 
with  the  various  seeds  sent  by  the  Agricultural 
Department  at  "Washington,  for  distribution,  and 
also  had  furnished  themselves  with  such  cuttings 
and  grafts  as  various  of  the  members  had  brought 
with  them.  Society,  on  motion,  adjourned. 

We  received  some  weeks;  ago — but  have  not 
had  an  opportunity  to  make  an  earlier  record  of 
it — the  First  Annual  Report  of  the  Superintendent 
of  the  Eastern  Pennsylvania  Experimental  Farm. 
Some  time  previously  we  also  received  the  Pro- 
gramme of  the  operations  of  the  same  institution 
for  the  present  year,  which  we  briefly  acknowl- 
edged, in  a  few  lines,  in  our  February  number. 
We  regret  that  our  space  is  so  limited,  because  it 
prevents  us  from  transferring  both  these  docu- 
ments entire  to  our  columns. 


The  experimental  results  of  the  different  kinds 
of  fertilizers  on  grass ;  the  relative  merits  of  the 
different  kinds  of  Oats,  Barley,  Corn  and  Pota- 
toes ;  the  dift'erent  yields  and  qualities  of  the 
latter,  as  well  as  the  modes  of  culture  pursued, 
and  the  dift'erent  kinds  of  fertilizers  used  in  con- 
nection with  them,  must  be  of  interest  and'  im- 
portance to  every  tiller  of  the  soil.  The  report 
on  Potatoes  in  particular,  is  full  from  the  first  to 
the  last,  and  is  only  excluded  from  this  number 
of  our  journal,  from  its  too  great  length  for  our 
space.  The  first  series  of  experiments  were  on 
the  four  leading  varieties,  viz  :  The  Mercer,  Moni- 
tor, Harrison,  and  Early  Goodrich,  and  we  sup- 
pose their  relative  qualities,  as  human  food,  may 
be  considered  in  the  order  of  succession  in  which 
they  are  named.  The  first  acre  was  planted  on 
the  5th  of  May,  and  had  1000  pounds  of  phosphate 
applied.  The  second  acre  was  planted  thellth 
of  May,  and  had  14  loads  of  stable  manure  ap- 
plied as  a  fertilizer.  The  same  kind,  size  and 
form  of  seed  was  used  in  both  cases.  From  these 
experiments,  stable  manure  as  a  fertilizer  is  far 
in  advance  of  any  other  fertilizing  material  in  the 
market.  Among  the  artificial  fertilizers  used,  all 
other  conditions  being  equal,  Shoemaker''s  Phuine 
produced  the  most  satisfactory  result,  viz :  the 
largest  yield  of  salable  Potatoes,  with  as  few  cull- 
ings.  The  seed  used  in  this  last  experiment  was 
large  Monitor,  as  contradistinguished  from  S7)iall, 
which  yielded  less. 

The  form  of  the  seed  used  was  whole  tubers — 
large,  medium  and  small — half  tubers,  quarter 
tubers,  the  latter  planted  with  the  root  end,  in 
some  rows,  and  the  blossom  end,  in  others,  down. 

From  these  experiments  it  is  manifest  that  the 
Harrison  Potato  is  the  most  prolific,  that  is  now 
under  cultivation,  in  this,  or  perliaps  any  other 
country,  yielding  at  least  150  per  cent,  more  than 
the  Mercer  or  early  Goodrich,  the  two  latter  being 
nearly  equal.    Next,  after  the  Harrison,  in  yield, 
comes  the  Monitor.    Whole  tubers,  medium  size, 
were  the  most  prolific  in  the  Mercer  and  Harrison  ; 
half  tubers,  large  size,  cut  across,  blossom  end, 
were  most  prolific  in  the  Monitor,  and  Avhole 
tubers,  small,  in  the  early  Goodrich.    Twentj'^-five 
other  varieties  of  Potatoes  were  experimented 
upon,  and  the  results  given,  of  which  the  Orono, 
Calico  Cuzco  and  the  Carter  seemed  to  be  the  most  I 
prolific^  but  in  quality  they  all  appear  to  be  in-  \ 
ferior  to  the  four  first  named  varieties.   We  shall  j 
refer  to  this  report  again,  in  regard  to  other  crops,  i 
at  the  proper  season ;  but  as  being  seasonable  I 
now,  we  may  mention  something  about  Corn.   On|i 
timothy  sod,  ploughed  late  in  spring,  marked  out 
both  ways,  covered  with  the  hoe,  and  planted  on 
the  27th  of  May,  no  fertilizer,  ^ry  seed,  four  grains 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


79 


to  the  hill,  and  hills  four  feet  apart  each  way, 
produced  the  largest  crop  and  greatest  weight  of 
salable  Corn,  and  the  smallest  proportion  of 
nubbens.  Of  drilled  Corn,  the  large  nine-holed 
plate,  yielded  the  largest,  but  not  so  large  as  that 
planted  in  hills.  Of  fertilizers  on  Corn,  400  pounds 
of  Moro  Philip's  phosphate,  per  acre,  sown  on 
sod,  on  the  4th  of  May,  and  ploughed  in,  produced 
the  largest. 

Wo  have  seen  one  or  two  paragraphs  in  the 
newspapers  in  opposition  to  this  enterprise,  but 
they  did  not  seem  to  be  dictated  by  a  liberal  or 
enlightened  spirit — therefore,  the  experiment 
should  be  further  tried,  before  judgment  is  ren- 
dered. It  seems  to  us  that  an  institution  of  this 
kind,  honestly,  intelligently  and  practically  ad- 
ministered, ought  to  commend  itself  to  the  appro- 
bation of  the  people.  Thousands  of  dollars  are 
squandered  or  purloined,  through  bad  legislation, 
frauds  and  peculations,  without  much  of  a  mur- 
mur on  the  part  of  the  people  ;  but  when  a  small 
appropriation  is  asked  for,  in  behalf  of  an  enter- 
prise of  this  kind,  all  sorts  of  selfish  and  sinister 
motives  are  attributed  to  those  who  ask  it  as  a 
necessity. 

^    1    ^  

We  have  received  the  Farmers''  ^  Gardners^ 
Almaimcand  illustrated  Catalogue  of  the  St.  Louis 
Agricultural  Warehouse  and  Seed  Store ,  contain- 
ing 160  pages  octavo.  This  is  one  of  the  most 
complete  catalogues  for  the  farmer  we  have  seen, 
interspersed  with  farming  implements  of  all  kinds. 
Those  desiring  a  copy  can  obtain  one  by  address- 
ing Plant  Bro.,  Piatt  &  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Missouri. 


AN   ACT  FOR   THE    PROTECTION    OF 

GAME  AND  INSECTIVOROUS  BIRDS. 

AND  REPORT   OF  THE  COMMITTEE 

THEREON. 

Sec.  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives  of  the  Commomcealth  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  General  Assembly  met^  and  is  hereby  en- 
acted by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  from  and 
after  the  passage  of  this  act  it  shall  not  be  lawful 
for  any  person,  within  the  County  of  Lancaster, 
to  shoot,  kill,  or  in  any  way  trap  or  destroy  any 
Blue-bird,  Swallow,  Martin,  or  other  insectivor- 
ous bird,  at  any  season  of  the  year,  under  the 
penalty  of  two  dollars. 

Sec.  2.  That  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this 
act,  no  person  shall  shoot,  kill,  or  otherwise  de- 
stroy, any  Pheasant  between  the  first  day  of  Jan- 
uary and  the  first  day  of  September ;  or  any 
Woodcock,  between  the  first  day  of  January  and 


the  fourth  day  of  July  ;  or  any  Squirrel,  between 
the  first  day  of  January  and  the  fifteenth  day  of 
August;  or  any  Partridge  or  Ilabbit,  between 
ihe  first  day  of  January  and  the  first  day  of  Octo- 
ber, in  the  present  year,  and  in  each  and  every 
year  thereafter,  under  a  penalty  of  five  dollais 
for  each  and  every  offence. 

Sec,  3.  That  no  person  shall  buy,  or  cause  to  bo 
bought,  or  carry  out  of  said  county,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  supplying  any  private  or  public  house, 
or  market,  any  Pheasant,  Partridge,  Wood-cock, 
or  Rabbit,  imless  the  same  shall  have  been  shot 
or  taken  in  the  proper  season,  as  provided  in 
this  act,  under  a  penalty  of  five  dollars  for  each 
and  every  offence. 

Sec.  4.  That  no  person  shall  at  any  time  will- 
fully destroy  the  eggs,  or  nests,  of  any  birds 
mentioned  in  the  diflerent  sections  of  this  Act, 
within  said  County,  under  a  penalty  of  two  dol- 
lars for  each  and  every  offence. 

Sec.  5.  That  the  possession  of  any  person,  in 
said  County,  of  any  of  the  game  birds  mentioned 
in  the  different  sections  of  this  Act,  shot,  killed, 
or  otherwise  destroyed,  shall  be  prima  facie  evi- 
dence to  convict  under  this  act. 

Sec.  6.  That  any  person  offending  against  any 
of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  being  thereof 
convicted,  before  any  Alderman  or  Justice  of  the 
Peace,  as  aforesaid,  or^by  oath  or  affirmation,  of 
one,  or  more  witnesses,  shall  for  every  such  of- 
fence, forfeit  the  fine  or  fines,  attached  to  the 
same,  one  half  to  the  use  of  the  county,  and  the 
other  half  to  the  use  of  the  informer ;  and  if  the 
oft'ender  shall  refuse  to  pav  the  said  forfeiture, 
he  shall  be  committed  to  the  jail  of  the  county, 
for  every  such  offence,  for  the  space  of  ten  days, 
without  bail,  or  mainprise  ;  Providedhowever,  That 
such  conviction  be  made  within  sixty  days  after 
the  committing  of  the  oftence  ;  and  all  laws,  in- 
consistent herewith,  so  far  as  they  relate  to  said 
county,  are  hereby  repealed. 

James  R.  Kelley, 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives. 
David  Fleming, 
Speaker  of  the  Senate. 

Approved— The  seventh  day  of  April,  Anno 
Domino,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty- 
six.  A.  G.  CURTIN. 

The  foregoing  law,  also  applies  to  the  counties 
of  Chester,  Schuylkill,  Montgomery,  Delaware, 
Mifflin,  JSTorthampton,  Lehigh,  Allegheny,  Law- 
rence and  Philadelphia. 

Your  committee  therefore  recommend,  that  in 
every  case  where  a  conviction  under  it  takes 
place,  within  the  county  of  Lancaster,  as  provided 
in  said  law,  that  this  Society  shall  pay  to  informer 
an  amount  tqual  to  that  which  he  shall  receive 


80 


THE  LANCASTER  FAKMEE. 


from  the  county,  and  that  a  certified  copy  of  the 
Alderman  or  Justice  of*  the  Peace  before  whom 
f^uch  conviction  shall  take  place,  shall  be  neces- 
sary to  entitle  said  informer  to  the  same ;  and 
that  the  Treasurer  is  hereby  authorized  te  pay 
said  amount,  out  of  any  money  in  his  hands,  and 
if  none  is  in  his  hands,  then  if  paid  out  out  of  his 
own  funds,  the  amount  shall  be  refunded  to  him 
by  voluntary  contributions,  at  the  next  meeting 

of  the  Society. 

^   »  ». — ■ 

TIME'S  CHANGES.  ' 
Many  years  ago,  when  Lancaster  county  was 
first  settled  by  the  "  pale  faces,"  a  Frenchman 
traded  with  the  Indians  here.  lie  was  known  b}'' 
the  name  of "  Indian  Peter."  There  was  then 
running  thr-ough  the  county  an  "  old  road"  to 
Philadelphia,  used  by  the  fur  traders  and  others. 
It  was  on  the  lines  between  Warwick  and  Man- 
heim,  and  between  Leacock  and  the  Earls.  It 
was  known  from  the  Rapho  line  to  upper  Lea- 
cock  and  "West  Earl  as  the  "  old  Peter's  road," 
and  between  Lower  Leacock  and  Salsbury  as 
"  old  Peter's  route."  Peter  was  generally  be- 
lieved to  have  cheated  the  Indians  in  his  mter- 
course  with  them.  Hence,  after  his  death,  it  was 
believed  by  the  superstitious  that  his  spirit  was 
doomed  to  pass  over  this  road  for  an  indefinite 
time,  making  a  noise  in  imitation  of  the  Indians 
whom  he  had  cheated.  A  similar  superstitious 
notion  existed  in  reference  to  a  famous  old  hun- 
ter, who  once,  in  a  fit  of  ungovernable  passion, 
threw  his  hunting  dogs  into  a  fiery  furnace,  that, 
as  a  consequence  of  this  cruel  act,  his  spirit,  after 
his  death,  was  condemned  to  traverse  the  airy  re- 
gions of  this  neighborhood,  making  a  noise  simi- 
lar to  that  made  bv  his  dogs  when  shrieking  in 
agony  in  the  furnace.  That  such,  or  similar  un- 
accountable noises,  were  often  heard,  was  true  ; 
and  were  generally  attributed  to  the  everlasting 
"hunter,"  or  "  Ewig  Yachter."  They  were, 
however,  subsequently  accounted  for  on  natural 
principles.  In  the  then  unfrequented  and  swam- 
py portions  of  Lancaster  county,  the  "  Night- 
Heron"  was  a  common,  and  sometimes  numerous 
bird,  selecting  the  cedar  swamps  as  their  favorite 
breeding  and  feeding  resorts.  They  are  some- 
times called  the  "Quay-birds,"'  from  the  fact 
that  in  flying  through  the  air  at  night  they  utter 
a  shrieking  note  that  sounds  like  a  hoarse  and 
hollow  pronunciation  of  qua. 

The  Night  Heron  [Nycticorax  Gardenii)  builds 
its  nest  in  the  top  of  a  tree  ;  therefore  the  re- 
moval of  our  forests  apd  the  march  of  improve- 
ment has  driven  them  away  from  the  haunts  of 
civilization,  to  more  congenial  localities,  and  the 
number  that  now  nest  and  breed  in  the  county  of 


Lancaster  must  be  very  limited.  An  ornitholog- 
ical writer,  in  describing  this  bird,  says  that  when 
a  large  number  of  them  get  together  after  night, 
as  they  fly  through  the  air,  their  united  croakings 
sound  as  if  a  hundred  Indians  were  choking  each 
other  to  death.  Being  concealed  during  the  day 
in  the  tops  of  trees,  and  going  abroad  only  at 
night,  it  ip  not  surprising  that  the  uninformed 
should  associate  their  strange  sounds  with  the 
inhabitants  of  the  invisible  realm.  In  their  mi- 
grations they  fly  very  high,  so  that  they  may 
often  be  heard  without  being  seen ;  hence  in  the 
earlier  days  of  our  county,  all  sorts  of  supersti- 
tious notions  existed  in  regard  to  almost  every- 
thing that  was  not  susceptible  of  an  easy  and 
common-place  solution.  A  few  years  ago,  a  pair 
of  Night  Herons  were  known  to  hare  raised  a 
young  brood  in  a  thicket,  near  Kline  and  Erb's 
miU-dam,  on  Hammer  Creek,  in  this  county, 
where  one  of  them  was  captured  by  Mr.  R.  R. 
Tshudy,  who  for  some  time  kept  it  alive.  These 
are  but  the  evidences  of  timers  changes.  As  the 
cobwebs  of  ignorance  are  brushed  away  by  prac- 
tical education,  and  knowledge  diftused  among 
the  common  people,  superstition  and  error  will 
dissappear  before  them  like  the  mists  of  morning 
before  a  noon-day  sun. 

L.  S.  R. 


Fertilizer  for  Strawberries. — An  exper- 
iment I  made  last  year  may  not  be  amiss  to  the 
growers  of  strawberries.  I  procured  a  half  hogs- 
head tub  and  filled  it  with  ram  water,  and  into 
this  I  dissolved  one  quarter  pound  of  ammonia 
and  one  quarter  pound  of  common  nitre,  and  al- 
lowed the  mixture  to  stand  in  the  open  air,  ex- 
posed to  the  sun.  "When  my  strawberry  plants 
were  coming  into  bloom  I  gave  my  bed  a  sprinkle 
of  this  solution  in  the  evening  for  two  times  only, 
and  the  result  was  that  I  obtained  double  the 
fruit  where  the  liquid  was  applied,  to  that  ob- 
tained ofi"  beds  along  side,  which  had  been  treated 
equally,  except  in  the  sprinkling  above  noted. 
John  G.  Kreider. 


Ashes  for  Peas. — The  Eural  New  Yorker 
says,  a  woman  sends  us  the  following  from  her 
diary  of  her  market  garden :  "  In  the  spring  of 
1866,  in  sowing  peas  we  ashed  some  in  the  row, 
leaving  other  rows  unashed.  The  difl"erence  was 
very  remarkable.  Those  that  were  ashed  were 
more  thrifty,  of  a  darker,  richer  color,  producing 
at  the  time  of  picking  larger  pods,  and  a  superior 
quality  of  peas.    The  same  is  true  of  turnips." 

A  whitewash  of  lime  and  tobacco  will  protect 
trees  from  rabbits  and  mice. 


World  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company 

NO.    160    BROAE)\VAY,    NEW    YORK. 


J.  F.  FRUISAIJFF^  C^eneral  Agent^ 

No.  5  North  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

A.  B.  REIDENBACH,  Litiz,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
SAMUEL  L.  YETTER,  Elizabethtown,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
J.  M.  GRAYBILL,  Columbia,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

JACOB  BAUSMAN,  President  Farmers'  National  Bank^        Mnj.  JAS.  E.  RICKSECKER,  City  Treaeuirw. 

CHRIS'N  B.  HERE,  Pres't  Lancaster  Co.  Nat'l  Bank.  N.  ELLMAKER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Messrs.  BAIR  &  SHENK,  Bankers.  B.  F.  BAER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Judge  A.  L.  HAYES.  Col.  WM.  L.  BEAR,  Prothonotary.  J.  F.  LONG  &  SON,  DrngglBts. 

Ko  fartner  is  justified  in  exposing  his  creditors,  his  wife,  or  his  children,  to  the  l09t 
certain  to  occur  to  them  upon  tiis  death,  without  a  lAfe  Insurance  Policy  for  their 
benefit,  and  in  no  Company  can  this  be  done  tvith  more  safety  and  under  better  man- 
agement than  in  the  above.    See  one  of  their  Agents  and  have  him  explain  all  about  U, 


TH 


POTATO 


H 

M  ^ 


We  are  prepared  to  fill  orders  for  Spring  at  the  following  prices,  cash  to  accompany  the  order  : 
O/te  Pound,  $1.00,     Three  Pounds,  $2.0(yby  3lail  Postpaid. 
One  Peck,  $3.00,    Half  Bushel,       $W.OO  Delivered  to  Express. 

One  Bushel,    $15.00,    One  Barrel  $40.00        **  "        '* 

(OO  pounds  to  the  bushel,  1G5  pounds  to  th.o  barrel.) 

The  following  varieties  can  be  supplied  in  large  or  small  quantities  : 

Early  Goodrioh,  per  bushel,  $1.50,  per  barrel,   165  lbs.      $4.00. 

Mich.  White  Sprout,     Early,     •'      1.50, 

Harrison,  "      1.50,   "        *'  "  4.00. 

Garnet  Chili,  * 

Address  H.  M.  KlVCMLiX:, 

— ..  *u     ,^  ,  Marietta,  Pa, 


A.  B.  KAUFMAN'S 

Insurance  Agency, 

No,  1  EAST  OBANGE  ST., 

LANCASTER    CITY,    PA., 

Issues  Life,  and  also,  Policies  against  Fire  and 
all  other  Accidents. 

AGENT  FOR  THE  OLD 

COM.  MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY, 

The  Best  Company  in  the  World. 

CAPITAL,    -    -    -    {$33,000,000. 


Gas  t  Steam  Fittings, 

Made  to  Order 

On    a  new    set  of  Staistdaed    Dies, 

AT  THE  MACHINE  SHOP  OF 

LAHDIS  &  CO., 

6ni  East  James  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

S.  8.  RATHVON'S 

Hepchaiit  Tailoring,  General  Clothing 

AND  GENTLEMEN'S  FURNISHING  STORE, 

(KRAMr'3   OLD  STAND), 

Comer  North  Queen  &  Orange  Sts., 
Lancaster,  Pa., 

All  klnrlfl  of  Men's  and  Boys'  Ready-Made  Clothing  and 
Furnishing  Goods  constantly  on  hand.  Also,  a  superior  assort- 
ment of  French,  English,  German  and  American  Cloths,  Cas- 
Bimeres  and  Vestings  which  will  be  made  to  order  in  any  desired 
•tyle,  with  the  least  possible  delay ;  warranted  to  give  satis- 
faction, and  at  reasonable  charges. 

S.  S.  RATHVON. 


DEALER  IN 

Pianos,  Organs,  and  Melodeons, 

AND  MUSICAL  INSTRFMEJfTS  GEJfEHiLlT, 

A  large  assortment  of  Violins,  Flutes,  Guitars,  Banjos, 

Tamborines,  Aceordeons,  Fifes,  Harmonicas,  and 

Musical  Merchandise   always  on  hand. 

SHEET  MUSIO :  A  large  stock  on  hand  and  constantly  re- 
ceiving all  the  latest  publications  as  soon  as  issued. 

MUSIO  BY  MAIL  \  I  would  inform  persons  wishing  Music, 
that  Music  and  Musical  Books  will  bo  sent  by  mail  free  of 
postage  when  the  marked  price  is  remitted. 

DEOALCOMAWIA,  or  the  art  of  Transferring  Pictures.  Can 
fee  transferred  on  any  object.  I  would  call  especial  attention 
•f  OOROhiaakari  to  vxg  gtooJc  of  Oacalconunla. 


liANCASTER  CITY  AWD  COUNTY 

FIRE  INSURANCE    COMPANY, 

<«■»> 

CA.PITA1L.,    -     -     -     ^S00,000. 

n»<i  ^- 

Hon.  Thos.  E.  Fratj  klin,     Geo.  K.  Rked,     Edw.  Brown, 

Pres't,  Treas.,  Sec'y, 

John  L.  Atlee,  M.  D.,        B.  F.  Shenk,        Jacob  Bousman, 
HenryCarpenter,  M.  I).,     F.  Shroder,  Jacob  M.  Frantz, 

Hon.  A.  E.  Roberts,  John  C  Hager. 

Houses,  Barns,  Stores,  Mills  and  Buildings  of  all  kindsi'with 
their  contcniSf  insured  on  Favorable  terms. 

W.  J.  KAJROTH,  Agent. 
Residence :  36  South  Duke  St.,  Lancaster. 

AGENTS  WANTED— $10  a  Day. 

TWO  810.00  MAPS  FOB  $4.00. 

LLOYD'S 

PATENT  MTOLVING  DOUBLE  MAPS. 

Two  Continents,  America  and  Knrope.  and 

America  witli  tbe  United  States  portion 

on  an  immense  scale. 

Colored — in  4000  Counties. 

These  great  Maps,  now  just  completed,  64  x  62  in-  \ 
ches  large,  show  every  place  of  importance,  all  Rail-  ' 
roads  to  date,  and  the  latest  alterations  in  tlie  various 
European  States.     These  Maps  are  needed  in  every 
school  and  family  in  the  land — they  occupy  the  space  ! 
of  one  Map,  and  by  means  of  the  Reverser,  eitkor  ' 
side  can  be  thrown  front,  and  any  part  brought  level 
to  the  eye.     County  Rights  and  large  discount  given^ 
to  good  Agents. 

Apply    for  Circulars,  Terms,    and  send  money  for 
and  see  Sample  Maps  first,  if  not  sold  taken  back  on 
demand.     Also  ready  a  ?25.000  steel  and  plate  illus- 
trated subscription  book,   "  De  Soto,  the  discoverer  of  | 
the  Mississippi  River."  J.  T.  LLOYD, 

may-4t  23  Cortlandt  Street,  N,  T. 

GRUGER  &  RICE, 

DKUGGISTS  &  APOTHECARIES, 

No.  13  WEST  KING  STREET, 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  STEINMAN'S   HARDWARE  STORE, 

Ijaixcaster,   Pa, 

Have  always  on  hand  Pure,  Reliable  Drugs  and  Medi- 
cines, Chemicals,  Spices,  Perfumery  and  Toilet 
Articles.     Also  Flavoring  Extracts  of 
their  own  Manufacture,  and  of 
unsurpassed  quality. 

Sole  Agents  for  Hasson's  Compottnd  Strup  op  Tar,  the  ■ 
best  Cough  Medicine  in  the  market.  We  have  also  on  hand  in 
season  an  assortment  of  Landreth's  Warranted  Garden  Seeds. 

The  pubhc  can  rely  upon  always  gettinq  what  thbt 

ASK  FOR  AND  NO  SUBSTITUTES. 


GEO.    F.    ROTE , 

IJNDEB  TAKER, 

Corner   South   Queen  and    Vine    Streets, 
LANCASTER,    PA. 

Coffins  of  all  size?  sUways  on  band,  and  fuynlshad  »t 
§bQrt«st  Notic«. 


1.AV0ARTBB,  June  Wth,  1SC8. 
EditOes  EarPRESs  :    Di.  Wm.  M.  Whiteside,  the  enterpris- 
ing Dentist,  has  purchased  froja  me  a  large  stock  of  teeth  and 
all  the  fixtures,  the  liistruments  foriaerlv  belonging  to  mo,  and   [ 
also  those  used  by  mv  fiitlier,  Dr.  Parry,  in  his   practice.    In 
the  purchase,  the  doctor  has  provided  himself  with  some  of 
the  most  valuable  and  expensire  instruments  used  in   dental   , 
practice,  and  has  beyond  doubt  one  of  tlie  best  and  largest  ' 
collections  of  teeth  and  instruments  in  the  State.    Persons 
visiting  the  commodious  oflices  of  Dr.  Whiteside,  cannot  fail 
to  be  tully  accommodated.    The  Doctor  loses  no  opportunity 
of  furnishing  himself  with  every  late  scientific  impvevement 
in  his  line  of  business.  ll.  B.  PAKRY. 

PIT.  M.  TO'HITBSIDi:^ 

Office  and  Residence, 

EAST  KING  STREET, 

Next  door  to  the  Court  House,  over  Fahneatock'a  Dry 
Goods  Store, 

LANCASTER,  PENXA. 

Teeth  Ex-tracted  without  pain  by  the  use  of 
{JVitrons  Oxide)  Gas. 

BOOKS  AND  STATIONERY. 

A  Full  assortment  of 

SCHOOL,   MISCELLANEOUS,   AGRI- 
CULTURAL AND  HORTI- 
CULTURAL BOOKS, 

A  large  stock  of 

STATIONERY, 

WHICH  WILL  BE  SOLI)  AT 

GREATLY  REDUCED  PRICES, 

On  account  of  removal  April  1st,  1869,  to 

iNo.  52  North  Queen  Street, 

(KRAMP'S  BUILDING) 

l''otir  Doors  above  Orange  Street. 

Subscriptions  received  for  all  the  Agricultural  and 
Horticultural  Magazines. 

J.  H.  SHEAFFER'S 

Cheap  Casli  Book  Store,  No.  52  N.  Queen 
Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 

Dr.  N.  B.  BRISBINE, 

No.  93  EAST  KING  STREET,  Above  Lime. 

'lit'.  Doctor  pays  special  attention  to  all  old  obstinate 
liiscase.s,  such  as  Consumption,  Liver  Complaint,  Dys- 
IMjpsia,  llheumatism,  all  diseases  of  tUc  Heart,  Head, 
Throat,  Lungs,  Stomach,  Bowels,  Kidneys,  Nervous 
Debility,  General  Debility,  Ac,  The  doctor  makes  ex- 
.  aminationa  (K  the  Urine.     (Jpnsultation  Free.. 


S.  WEICHENS,  D.  V.  S., 
SURGEON   DENTIST, 

Office  and  MesidencCf 

HOWELL'S  BUILDING,  No.  m  NORTH  QUEEN  ST., 

Half  a  square  south  of  the  K.  U.  Depot. 

Twenty  Years'  Successful  Practice  la  Lancaster. 

The  Latest  improvements  in  INSTRUMENTS 
and  TEETH  and  the  very  best  material,  Warranted 
in  all  operations. 

TEETH  EXTRACTED  WITHOUT  PAIN  with 
tlie  use  of  Nitrous  Oxide  Gas,  Ether,  or  tho  Ether 
Spray. 

TERMS,  as  low  as  any  in  the  city,  when  lowpriced 
material  and  low  priced  work  are  used. 

But  for  FIRST-CLASS  OPERATIONS,  with  ap- 
pliances and  material  to  correspond,  prices  range 
higher. 

S.  WELCHEWS,  D.  D.  S. 


t     V« 

SUCCESSOR  TO 

WENTZ  BROTHERS, 

SiaN  OF  THE  BEE  HIVE, 

No.  5  EAST  KING  STREET,  UNGASTEB,  PENN'i, 

DEALER  IN 

FOREM  AND  DOMESTIC  DM  GOODS, 

Carpets,  Oil  Clotlis,  Window  Shades. 

SPECIAL  ATTENTION  PAID  TO 

IL^DOii'  ©^iii  (i©©©S 

Shawls  and  Embroideries,  Cloths  and  Cassimeres, 

Handkerchiefs,    Gloves   and   Ilosiery, 

Best  Kid  Gloves. 

The  Choicest  of  the  Market,  and  at  the  Lowest  Possible 

Prices. 

REMEMBER  THE  PLACE  TO  BUY. 

THOS.  J.  WENTZ, 

Bee  Hive  Store,  No.  5  E.  King  St, 

DKALEU  IN 

EOREI&N  AND  AMERICAN  WATCHES, 

IN  GOLD  AND  SILVER  CASES, 

CLOCKS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION, 

Jewelry  in  all  its  Shapes  and  Forms, 

SILVER  WARE,  designed  for  Bridal  Presents; 
BRACKETS,  TOILET    SETS,    VASES,    SPECTACLES, 

GOLD  PENS,  &c.,  &c.,  Sec. 

No    10  U  West  Kiiie  Street,  opposite  tho  Crois  Keys  tiot«l, 

LANCASTER.  PA. 


HEA-RDW^REI      SHULTZ&BRO. 

Manufacturers,  Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 

Caps  and  Furs, 

LADIES'  FANCY  FURS, 

HOODS, 

TRIMMED  GLOVES  AND  MITTS, 
Gents'    Gloves,    Capes    and    Collars," 

Fancy  Robes,       I 

20     North    Queen    Street, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 

ERICAN  WATCHES 


! 

Housekeepers'   Furaishiug   ^oodslj 

Tke  undersigned  at  their  old  established  stand  in  | 
WEST  KINO  STREET,  i 

are  constantly  receiving  fresh  supplies  to  their  exten- 
fire  mock,  from  the  best  manufactories  in  this  Coun- 
try and  Europe,  and  invito  the  attention  of  Merchants 
aad  Consumers,  feeling  that  we  can  do  as  well  as  any 
keuse  in  Philadelphia. 

Persona  commencing  Housekeeping  will  find  the 

Tlie  Largest  and  Best  Selected  Lot  of        j 

a*  Ma-Bufacturers'  Prices.     Also,  every   other   aiticle 
kept  is  6  first-class  Hardware  Store.  I 

A  FULL  STOCK  OF 

Sadlers',  Coaclimakers'  and  Blacksmiths'  Tools  ; 
and  Materials. 

BUILDERS   will   find   a   full   supply  of  every   thing 
suited  to  th«ir  wants  at  LOWEST  FIGURES. 

CLOVER,    TIMOTHY    AND    FLAX    SEED, 

BOUGHT  AND  SOLD. 

STEINMAN  &  CO. 


i 


..  .1 .  .i<t'  I  - 


p.  E.  GRUQEB.  J.  P.  GRUGER. 

GRUGER  BROTHERS, 

ARBLE  MASONS,! 

1^  Soutk  Q,ueen  St.,  Lancaster,  Pa.,    I 

Kayo   always   on   hand  or   will  furnish   to  order   at 

•HOBT  NOTICE,  I 

TOMBS,  1 

GRAVE  STONES,  ! 

(fee.,  &c.  j 

We  pay  particular  and  personal  attention  both  to  the 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MATERIAL  and  the  EXECU- 
TION OF  OUR  WORK,  and  our  facilities  now  are  such  j 
that  we   can  guarantee  our   customers   the  verj^   best  j 
work,  at  the  same,  and  often   Lower   Prices,  than  are  ! 
usually  paid  elsowherer  for  inferior  productions.  i 

Lettering 


JVo,  22  West  Kiizg  Street, 

Next  Door  Below  Cooper's  Hotei,, 

DEALERS    IN 

I 


ssa.: 


m 


English 


and 


German,  ' 

ELEGANTLY  AND  CORRECTLY  DONE.  ' 

W*   6iaajest47  i«viie  our  country  friends  to   give    us  a  ! 


"VST  A.  T  C  H  E  S  , 

SILWEMWAIll 

J  E  "Wr  IB  X,  K,  "S"  . 

CLOCKS  AND  SPECTACLES. 


*  3); 


THE  UNDERSIGNED  REPRESENTS  THE 


CHARLES  T.  GOULD, 

CHAIR     MANUFACTURER, 

No.  37  North  Queen  St.,  Lancaster, 

(KEXT  DOOR  TO  SUOBER'S  HOTEL,) 


BRIflKlYI  m  IISMiEE  UMll  loid  chairs  Se-painted  and  Repaired. 


AND  ALSO  THE 


Life  ai  Accileit  taraice  CoiDpanj, 

Both  stable  and  well  established  companies,  the  former 
having  a  capital  of  $1000,000,  and  the  latter  $500,- 

ooo 

The  plan  of  issuing  policies  by  the  Brooklyn  Life 
Insurance  Company  presents  a  feature  altogether 
unique,  and  one  which  removes  one  of  the  strongest 
objection,  hitherto  urged  against  the  plan  of  Life  Insur- 
ance ;  and  this  is  what  is  termed  the  Surrender  Valite 
Plan.  Each  and  every  Tolicy  issued  in  the  name  of 
this  Company  bears  an  endorsement,  stating  the  exact 
worth  of  the  policy  in  Cash,  at  any  time  after  two  or 
more  annual  premiums  have  been  paid. 

Insurance  can  also  be  effected  in  the  North  American 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  at  lower  rates,  it  is  be- 
lieved, than  in  any  other  Company  in  the  United  States. 

All  desirous  of  securing  insurance  upon  their  lives 
can  do  bo  by  calling  npon  the  undersigned. 

ALLEN  GUTHRIE,  Agt., 

East  J-jemon  Street, 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


CHI?IST3AN  WIDMYER, 

S.  E.  Cor.  East  King  &  Duke  Sts.,  Lancaster. 

Cabinet  Work  of  every  description  and  a  full 

assortment  of  Chairs  constantly  on  hand. 
[rr'All  Warranted  as  Represented,  ,£0 

JACOB  ROTHARMEL, 


®MW^® 


^®l-miiE„ 


DEALER    1>1. 


-,       BED      «....r«...«       ^       ^W», 

BANKERS, 

LANCASTER,    PENN'A, 

Dealers  in  United  States  Bonds  and  all 
kinds  of  Railroad  Stock  and  State  Loans. 

Buy  and  Sell  Gold,  Silver,  and  United 
States  Coupons. 

Sell  Bills  of  Exchange  on  Europe  and  Passage 
Certificates. 

lleceive  Money  on  Deposit  and  pay  Interest  as 
follows : 

1  month,  4  per  cent.,      (J   months,  5    per  cent. 

3      "         4t  "  12      "        5i 


(lambs  aad  Faiic|  Ittiales, 

No.  9i  North  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

seedTotatoesT" 

EAELY  GOODRICH, 
HARBISON, 

MICHIGAN  WHITE, 
I  and  GARNET  CHILI, 

\        By  the  Peck,  Bushel  or  Barrel.    Also, 

THE  EARLY  ROSE, 

which  is  destined  to  supersede  all  of  the  older  varieties 
for  quality,  earliness  and  productiveneifs,  will  be  solcl 
in  quant  itics  t  o  suit  purchasers.  All  the  above  vane  - 
ties  warranted  pure  and  genuine.     Send  for  circular. 

Marietta,  Pa. 

PLANTS  FOR  SALE.— Cabbage,  Tepper  and  Egg. 
lom-itoes  by  the  thousand,  once  or  twice  transplanted; 
very  fine  Sweet  potato  Plants  in  quantiiy  in  season. 
Address  H.  M.  ENGLE, 

Marietta,  Pa. 


FOR  SALE  AT 

Chas.  A.  Heinitsh's  Drug  Store,  13  E.  King  St., 

LANCASTER,    P  E  N  N  A., 

German    Cattle    Powders! 

The  best  Powder  made' for  the  Cure  ami  Prevention  of  Dis- 
eases to  which  0.\en,  Milk  Cows,  .Slicop  and  Hotjs,  are  .suli.iect. 
For  Stock  Cattle  preparing  for  market,  a  tal)le  spoontul  in 
their  fesd  once  or  twice  a  week,  inipiove.s  their  condition  by 
strengthening  their  digestive  organs,  and  creates  solid  tlei^^h 

OEllMAN    VEGETAULE   OR    rNRlVALLED    CONDI- 

TION   POWDKUS 
For  preserving  Horses  in  good  liealth,  removing  all  Diseases 
of  the  Skin,  giving  a  Smootli  ami  Glossy  appearance,  al^o  a 
sure  remedy  for  Distemper,  Hidel>ouiid,  Loss  ot  Appetite,  &c. 

■      I'KKSIAN  IN8KCT   POWDER. 
.A.  perfectly  safe,  quick  and  easily  applied  destroyer  of  Eice 
on  Cattle,  Fleas,  P.edl)Ugs,  &c. 

PYROMGNEOUS  ACID. 
A  substitute  for  curing  Beef,  Pork.  Hams,  Tongues,  fimoked 
Sausages,  Fish,  &c.,  without  the  danger  and  trouble  of  smok- 
ing, imparting  a  rich  flavor  and  color. 


T  IT  E 


Lancaster  Inquirer 

Book,  }Mh  aud  S^iswsiiOipei^ 

Fimm  ETiumHiHT. 

OFFERS  [IREATER  IMCEMENTS 

i  Executed   in  the  Best  Style    of  rriniing 
than  any  other  office  in  the  bUite. 


James   Street,    Lancaster,    Pa., 

ARE  PREPARED  TO  DO  ALL  KINDS  OF 


BUILD  LARGE  AND  SMALL  ENGINES, 


m. 


MILL     aEA^EIN^G, 

And  all  kind  of  Machine  Work  done  at  a  first  class  Shop. 

Having  recently  removed   to   their   new  building,  and  provided  themselves 
with  a 


Adapted  to  the  wants  of  their  customers,  they  are  prepared  to  execute  all  or- 
ders   with   neatness   and  dispatch,  and  on  terms  satisfactory  to  the  customer. 
They  would  invite  attention  to  their  large  foundry  connected  with  their  works, 
in  which  the  best  work  is  turned  out. 
They  also  announce  that  they  are  now  prepared  to  supply  their 


TO  ALL   CUSTOMERS. 

This  Machine  requires  Less  Powek,,  does  Moke  Woiik,  and  is  considerable 
Cheaper  than  any  other  Separator  now  in  the  market.  This  Machine  is  now 
.improved,  well  built,  and  does  the  best  and  most  efficient  class  of  work. 

Repairing  of  all  kinds  promply  done  at  reasonable  rates. 

Give  us  a  call,  and  we  will  endeavor  to  please  our  patrons. 

FRANK  LANDIS, 
EZRA  F.  LANDIS, 
JACOB  LANDIS, 


Diller  t  GroflTs  Hardware  Store, 

No.  8  East  King  Street,  Lancaster  City,  Penna. 

DEALERS    IN 

Foreign  and  IDomestic  Hard^vrare, 

Such  as  Building;  Material,  Paints,  Varnishes,  Oils,  Glass,  Coach  Trimmings,  Stoves,, 

Iron   and   Steel,  &c.,   &c.,    &e. 

TIMOTHY  AND  CLOVER   SEEDS   OF  THE  BEST  QUALITY. 


11 -A.  n  nsr  E  s  s 

No.  37  North  Queen  St., 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  SHOBER'S  HOTEL,  LANCASTER,  PA, 


^r" 


i'^^^S^^^tJ 


,.0O 


€iMl,  lUiif  t  Ollf  ill 

^VAGON  GEARS,  WHIPS,  BUFFALO  ROBES, 

ELAEET3,  TRUNKS,  TALMS,  CARPET  BA&S,  LADIES'  k  GENTS'  SATCHELS, 

Of  all  kinds  constantly  kept  on  hand  or  made  to  order.    Repairing  neatly  done. 

P        Also,  Agent  for  BAKER'S  HOOF  LINIMENT,  the  best  article  for  Sore 
Hoofs  in  the  country. 


J.  M.  WESTHAEFFER, 

11 


No.  44,  Corner  North  Queen  and  Orange  Streets, 
N.  B. — ^Any  Book  ordered  can  h^  wnt  by  Mail  to  my  address. 


TO    BTJILIDIHII^SI 


The  Greatest  Eoofing  Material  of  the  Age ! 

IS  NOW  OFPEEED  TO  THE  PEOPLE  OF 

LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTY, 

WITH  A  PROMISE  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  ADVANTAGES: 

It  is  superior  to  other  coverings  for  all  kinds  of  buildings  for  these  reasons  :  '*' 

1.  It  is  water,  snow  and  air-proof  from  the  beginning,  and  is  as  fire-proof  as  ordinary  slate.  (See  testima- 
nials  New  York  Fire  Insurance  CoBipanies.) 

2.  It  keeps  buildings  warmer  in  winter  and  does  not  make  them  hot  in  summer  as  ordinary  slate  does,  and 
it  can  be,  after  the  fir'st  year,  whitewashed  or  painted  any  desired  color  so  as  to  obviate  all  difficulty  arising 
from  its  dark  color. 

3.  Boino'  entirely  water  and  fire-proof,  it  is  invaluable  as  a  covering  for  the  sides  of  buildings  and  lining 
cisterns  of"  whatever  material  they  may  be  built ;  stopping  water  out  of  cellars  and  dampness  out  of  walls  of 
houses,  and  closing  leaks  between  buildings. 

4.  Adhering,  as  it  does,  with  great  firmness  to  tin  and  iron,  it  is  useful  for  covering  tin  roofs  and  iron  exposed 
to  dampness  or  to  the  atmosphere,  such  as  iron  fencQf,  cemetery-railings,  &c. 

5.  Buildings  covered  with  PLASTIC  SLATE  do  not  need  tin  spouts  at  the  eaves  nor  do  the  valleys  need  tin 
to  make  them  water  proof. 

6.  It  is  lighter  than  shingles,  and  is  equally  adapted  to  flat  or  steep  roofs. 

7.  The  testimony  of  Wip.  M"Gilvray  &  Co.,  published  herewith,  shows  that  it  is  not  only  fire-proof  exter- 
nally, but,  is  also  a  great  hindrance  to  the  spread  of  fire  within. 

8.  It  is  much  cheaper  in  first-cost  than  any  good  roofing  now  in  use,  and  when  all  attendant^expenscs  of  the 
two  roofs  are  estimated,  costs  only  about  half  as  much  as  the  best  slate,  and  it  makes  a  better  and  closer  roof. 

9.  For  the  roofing  of  foundries  and  casting-houses  of  blast  furnaces,  where  there  are  gases  of  a  very  high 
temperature,  which  injures  and  destroys  other  roofs,  this  material  is  improved  and  seems  to  produce  a  better 
roof,  (see  certificates  of  Messrs.  Grubb,  Musselman  &  Watts,  S.  M.  Brua  and  Wm.  M'Gilvray.) 

10.  If  in  process  of  years  cracks  or  leaks  occur  in  Plastic  Slate  Roofs,  they  are  about  as  easily  repaired,  as 
they  would  be  to  white-wash,  needing  only  a  brush  and  the  Mastic,  but  no  expensive  labor  of  mechanics. 

U^  The  Pamphlet  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  notice  can  be  had  gratuitously,  by  calling  at  the  Office  of  the 
Lancaster  Inquibek  or  Examiner  &  Herald. 

Persons  wishing  to  examine  PLASTIC  SLATE  ROOFS,  and  thus  verify  for  themselves  the  following 
statements,  arc  invited  to  call  and  inspect  Roofs  put  on  for  the  following  persons,  among  many  others : 

Lancaster— Thos.  H.  Burrowes,  Stuart  A.  Wvlio,  (Editor  Lancaster  Inquirer,)  J.  B.  Schwartzwelder,  Abraham  BItner 
Sr.  Marietta— Henry  Musselman  &  Sons.,  Myers  and  Benson.  Columbia— -C.  B.  Grubb,  (Furnace,)  Columbia  Gas  Co., 
Samuel  Shock,  Pres't.,  Susquehanna  Iron  Compar.y,  Wm.  Patton,  Pres't.,  Samuel  W.  Mifflin.  Mount  Jot— Henry  Kurtz, 
Pr  J.  L.  Ziegler,  William  Brady,  J.  R.  Hoft'cr,  (Editor  Mt.  Joy  Herald).  Christiana- E.  G.  Boomell,  Wm.  P.  Brinton, 
Joiin  G.  Fogle.    Bart— William  ^Vliitson.    Bellemonte  P.  O— Kobert  P.  Mcllvaine.    Pakadisk— Robert  S.  Mcllvaine, 

WiLLiAMSTowN—T.  Scott  Woods.    Ephrata— Dr.    I.  M.   GrotH    Gordonville— Samuel  M.  Brua.    Carnarvon  Twp 

Mrs.  Fanny  Mast.  ITrPER  Lbacock  Twp.— Marks  G.  Monger,  Christian  R.  Landis,  Jacob  B.  Musser.  Leacock  Twp.— Isaac 
Bair,  LfviZook.  West  Earl— Christian  Beiler.  Leaman  Pi-ace— Henry  Leaman,  larael  Rohrer.  Brunnerville— Aaron 
H.  Brubaker.  Sporting  Hill— Emanuel  Long.  Litiz— H.  H.  Tshudy,  David  Bricker.  Durlacu  P.  O.,  Clay  Twp — .Jonas 
Laber.  Manheim  Bt)R.— Nathan  Werley,  Samuel  Ruhl.  Penn  Twp — George  Ruhl.  West  Lampeter— Aldus  C.  Herr. 
Enterprise  P.  O.,  East  Lampeter— Mark  P.  Cooper.    SfRASnuRO  Bok — Hervey  Brackbill. 

Orders  for  Roofing  Should  be  sent  to 

Joseph  Gibbons, 

LICENSE  FOR  LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTY,  MD., 

Enterprise  P.  0.,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

Or  A.  W.  &  J.  R.  RUSSELL,  Laiwaster,  Pa. 

Or  MOSES  LIGHi",  Manheim,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

Or  JOHN  R.  BRICKER,  Litiz,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

AUOyS  C.  HEBE,  Lftmpotw,  Lauc»iter  «oi«it7,  Pa. 

/' 


THE  FLORENCE  SEWING  MACHINES. 

THE    BEST    MACHINE    FOR    FAMILY    USE. 

SIMPLE     AND    EASY    TO    LKARx\    AND    NOT    LIABLE    TO    GET    OUT    OF    ORDER. 

Capable  of  all  varieties  of  sewing  from  the  finest  to  the  coarsest.     Make  the  Lock 

Stitch  alike  on  both  sides,  aud  use  the  least  thread. 

1^.  F.  DUNCAN,  Agent, 

No.  65  North  Queen  Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 

itTXJi^SEi^-^r   stock:. 

PEACH  TREES  and  GRAPE  VINES.     Very  strong,  one  and  two  year  old  Concords  by  the  thousand 
.     Raspberry  and  Clackberry  Stocks,  Strawberry  Plants,  Osage  Hedge,  Asparagus  and  Rhubarb  Roots.  * 

I'OT-A.TOES     FOI^    SEE3D. 

.  Popular  varieties  leading  among  which  is  THE  EA.KLY  I^OSE,  grown  from  seed  ob- 
tained from  D.  S.  Heffron,  ana  warranted  pure.  Quality  best,  very  productive,  and  o  e  of  the  earliest  For 
sale  by  the  pound,  peck,  and  bushel.     Send  for  circular. 

. H.    M.    ENGLE,    Marietta,    Penn. 


/~N     /\      -r->    -j-^   I 

REIGART'S  OLD  WOE  STORE, 

ESTABLISHED  IN  1785, 

No.  26  EAST  KING  ST.,  LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

The  reputation  of  REIGART'S  OLD  WINE  AND  BRAN- 
DIES,for  purity  and  excellent  quality  having  been  tullv  es- 
tablished for  nearly  a  century,  we  regret  that  the  conduct  of 
some  unprincipled  dealers,  who  re-flll  with  and  sell  from  our 
labled  bottles  their  deleturious  compounds,  compels  us  to  adopt 
the  annexed  trade  mark,  which  in  future,  for  the  protection 
of  ourselves  and  our  customers,  will  be  found  on  all  our  old 
bottled  Wines,  Brandies,  Gins,  Whiskies,  Bitters,  &o. 


TRADE 


^    MARK. 


And  further,  in  order  to  protect  the  same,  we  hereby  an- 
nounce our  determination  to  prosecute  to  the  fullest  extent  of  the 
Act  of  Assembly,  approved,  Slst  day  of  March,  1860,  any  per- 
son or  persons  who  shall  violate  the  provisions  of  said  act  as 
applicable  to  our  trade  mark. 

N.  B.— We  respectfully  request  the  public,  when  they  have 
occasion  or  desire  to  use  Old  Brandy  at  the  Hotels  or  Restau- 
rants to  ask  particularly  for  Reigart's  Old  Brandy. 
Very  respectfully.  &c., 

H.  E.  SLAYMAKER,  Agt. 


XJ.A.1NTO-A.SXEK. 

UNION  SPOKE  AND  AGRICULTURAL  WORKS 

Corner  of  Water  and  Lemon  8ts., 
Formerly  Shirk  &  Royer's  Warehouse,  on  the  Penna.  Rail- 
road, near  Baiimgardner's  coal  yard,  and  2  squares  west  from 
the  Railroad  Depot,  where  we  manufacture  the 

LATEST  IMPROVED  GRAIN  DRILLS. 

Also,  Grain  Drills  with  Guano  attached,  warranted  to  give 
satisfaction.     Roeleatcay  Pans,  Cider  jruilii.  Crushers  %nd 

Graters,  for  horse  or  hand  power,  which  will  grind  a  bushel 
of  apples  per  minute  by  horsa  power,  and  are  warranted  to  do 
it  well.  We  would  also  inform  Coachmakers  that  we  have  put 
up  m  our  shop  two  of  the  latest  improved  Spoke  JflaeMnes, 
*ro4^*.'^-'i?L*15'  ^i'"?  .^"I'y  prepared  to  furnish  the  best  quality 
ot  SFOKES  ot  all  kinds,  sizes,  dry  or  part  dry,  and  warranted 
to  be  a  good  article.  We  buy  none  but  the  best  turned  Spokes 
and  have  nowon  hand  100,U00  SI'OHXIS.  Bknt  Fblloks 
of  all  sizes;  Shafts  and  Caeriagb  Poles,  Bo^v8,  &c.,  of 
seasonable  stulf,  constantly  on  hand. 

As  Mr.  Keeler  has  been  m  this  business  16  or  18  ye.ars,  and 
having  served  an  apprenticeship  at  Coachmaking,  he  knows 
what  the  trade  want  in  that  line.  All  kinds  of  Bent  Stulf  for 
sale,  or  made  to  order— and  Spokes  of  all  sizes  tume.l  for  per- 
sons having  them  on  hand  In  the  rough. 

Notice  to  Farmers  ajjd  MECHANios.-Planing  and  Saw- 
ing done  at  the  shortest  notice.  We  have  one  of  the  best  and 
latest  Improved  Surface  Planes  for  operation. 

KEELER  &  SHAEFFER,  Lancaster,  Pa. 


ZAHM  &  JACKSON, 

No.  15  NORTH  aUEEN  ST., 

Beg  le.ave  to  call  the  attention  of  persons  in  want  of 
a  good  an.l  reliable  Tims  Keeper  to  their  full  assort- 
ment of 

AMERICAN  AP  SWISS  WATCHES, 

In  Gold  and  Silver  Cases  which  will  be  sold  at 
prices  which  will  defy  competition.  Also,  a  full  assort- 
ment of 

C£.OCKS, 

of  all  kinds,  which  we  will  warrant  good  and  correct 
time-keepers. 

J3E3  "V^E3XjiH.-Sr 

in  great  variety,  such  as  Pins,  Setts,  Ear  Eings,  Finger 
Rings,  Sleeve  Buttons,  Chains,  &c. 

SOLID  SILVER  WARE, 

Manufactured  expressly  for  our  sales  and  warranted  coin. 

PLATED    WARE, 

From  the  best  factories  and  warranted  the  finest  quality. 

Gold,  SilTer  and  Steel  Spectacles.    Hair  Jewelrj 
Made  to  Order. 

Repairing  Promptly  Attended  to. 

ZAHM  &  JACKSON. 


Vol.  L 


THE 


LANCASTER,  PA.,  JUNE,  1869. 


No.  6. 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY 

WYLIE    &    QRIEST, 

IJ^^QUIRER  BUILDING,  LANCASTER,  PA., 
At  ONE  DOLLAR  PER  YEAR  In  Advance 

UNDER   THE   AUSPICES   OF  THE 

I.AXCASTER  COrNTT  AOKICTTIiTIIRAI.  AMD 
HORTICUtTrRAI.  SOCIETY. 


PuhlishiTig  Committee. 
Dr.  p.  W.  Hiestand, 
H.  K.  Stojskr, 
Jacob  M.  Frantz, 
Casper  Hiller, 
Levi  W.  Gkoff, 
ALEXANDEHf  Harris. 


Editorial  CommiUee. 
J.  B.  Garber, 
H.  M.  Enolk, 
Levi  S.  Rkist, 

"W.  L.  DiFPENDEBFBK, 

J.  H.  Musser, 
S.  S.  Rathvon. 


■^  All  communications  intended  for  the  Farmer  should  be 
addressed  to  S.  S.  Eathvon  and  Alex.  Harris,  the  resident 
members  of  the  Editing  and  Publishing  Committees. 

All  advertisements,  subscriptions  and  remittances,  to  Wylie 
&  Griest,  Printers. 


C^^ap. 


VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY. 

THE  ROOT  OF  THE  PLAKT,  AS  AN  ORGAN  OF 
VEGETATION. 

la  regarding  the  root  of  the  plant  as  an  organ 
of  vegetation,  we  give  it  a  position  at  once  of 
vital  importance  in  the  economy  of  vegetable 
life.  Its  functions  are  not  as  numerous,  nor  as 
varied  as  the  vital  organs  of  the  animal;  but  its 
relation  is  just  as  essential  to  the  existence  of  the 
plant. 

We  have  already  pointed  out  the  peculiarities 
of  structure,  the  capacity  of  the  root  to  meet  the 
wants  ef  the  plant,  and  its  function  or  action  of 
imbibition.  To  complete  the  eniuueration  of  its 
functions  we  have  yet  to  notice  the  action  of  di- 
gestion or  assimilation. .  These  fundamental  prin- 
ciples are  as  much  embraced  in  the  organic  struc- 
ture of  the  root  as  they  are  in  any  other  part  of 
the  plant.  But  its  vital  character  is  that  which 
gives  the  root  its  leading  significance,  and  which 
renders  a  thorough  knowledge  of  all  its  charac- 
teristics necessary  in  order  properly  to  under- 
stand its  relations  in  the  department  of  vegeta- 
tion. 

In  the  slow  growth  of  the  root,  as  it  insinuates 
its  worm-like  form  in  the  soil,  seeking  its  rich  sub- 


stances, and  absorbing  the  moisture  laden  with 
the  various  mineral  compounds  necessary  to  the 
sustenance  of  anunal  life,  as  well  as  vegetable 
growth,  we  are  not  apt  to  recognize  any  special 
physiological  importance.  But  when  we  apply 
the  laws  of  science,  and  draw  out  the  principles 
of  action  which  are  surrounded  by  the  mysteries 
of  vital  endowment ;  a  new  life  seems  to  pervade 
the  whole  economy,  and  each  part  or  organ  of  the 
plant  possesses  a  significance  of  a  fundamental 
character. 

If  we  regard  the  root  as  a  vital  organ,  embrac- 
ing the  functions  of  absorbtion  and  assimilation, 
we  see  at  once  the  wise  provision  of  nature  in 
burying  it  deep  in  the  earth,  in  order  to  preserve 
it  from  injury  by  violence,  or  the  congealing  and 
chemical  agencies  consequent  upon  the  exposui*e 
above  the  ground. 

Those  functions  are  characteristic  of  every  veg- 
etable growth,  but  in  the  root  of  the  plant  they 
seem  to  be  especially  active.  It  is  through  this 
organ  that  the  structure  is  fed,  and  to  keep  the 
whole  growth  in  a  vigorous  healthy  state,  it  is 
necessary  that  all  the  conditions  be  present  in 
order  to  have  the  function  act  in  perfect  harmonv 
with  each  other.  If,  for  instance,  there  was  an 
undue  acceleration  of  absorbtion  without  the 
power  to  dispose  of  the  material  thus  imbibed 
from  the  earth,  the  root  would  grow  to  an  enorm- 
ous size,  with  no  p'erceptible  benefit  to  the  plant. 
If,  on  the  other  hand,  this  action  was  regular 
and  assimilation  was  enfeebled  or  retarded,  the 
result  would  be  equally  disastrous. 

The  fluids  absorbed  by  the  root  are  not  simply 
water,  nor  yet  well  elaborated  sap,  but  must  con- 
tain mineral  matter  in  solution ;  and  such  matter 
[  to  be  efl'ective  as  food  for  the  plant,  must  f^o 
through  a  process  of  preparation.  This  process, 
then,  brings  it  in  direct  contact  with  the  external 
conditions  and  forces  of  vital  action.  There  is 
here  a  mutual  influence  upon  the  root  and  the 
stalk,  rendering  the  functions  of  the  whole  growth 
dependant  upon  each  other,  yet  in  every  action, 
perfectly  congenial  and  hannonious.  The  oflfice 
of  the  root  in  performing  those  functions  is  the 
point  to  which  we  at  this  time  wish  to  draw  at-^ 
tention. 


82 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMER. 


All  organized  matter  mnst  be  governed  by 
those  principles.  In  the  animal  they  are  estab- 
lished tlirough  the  "lu's  a  tergo,^^  or  propelling 
force  of  the  heart,  and  are  influenced  by  the  com- 
plex character  of  the  organization,  andkept  active 
by  the  decay  and  death  of  the  tissue  which 
passes  ofl'tobe  replaced  by  new  formations.  This 
process  goes  on  in  point  of  rapidity,  in  keeping 
with  the  nature  and  habits  of  the  animal.  Food 
is  accordingly  required  in  such  quantities  as  will 
supply  this  waste. 

In  the  vegetable,  however,  the  arrangement  is 
different.  The  organization  being  less  complica- 
ted, and  the  habits  less  active,  the  demand  for 
food  is  from  the  vegetating  properties,  to  build 
up  the  tissue,  ripen  its  fruit,  and  to  supply  the 
waste  of  fluid  tlirough  the  stem  and  leaves.  All 
those  actions  are  carried  forward  by  a  proper  and 
peculiar  arrangement  of  cells,  corresponding  to 
the  minor  organs  of  the  animal,  to  complete  the 
function. 

There  are  peculiarities  of  size,  organic  compli- 
cation and  capacity ,  which  influence  the  efficiency 
of  those  functions.  The  root  as  an  organ  is  en- 
dowed with  the  same  powers  as  the  main  body  of 
the  plant.  With  its  absorbing  action  it  must  pos- 
sess the  ability  to  assimilate  nutriment,  or  it 
would  be  destitute  of  the  power  of  enlargement. 
We  see  ^also  many  plants  where  the  fruit  is  de- 
veloped entirely  in  the  root,  which  could  not  be 
possible  if  it  did  not  have  this  vital  endowment  as 
a  distinct  agency  in  its  formation  and  structure. 

In  the  higher  species  of  vegetation  where  lig- 
nin  or  woody  tissue  is  developed  in  great  abun- 
dance, and  deposited  in  such  forms  and  charac- 
ter, as  not  only  to  preserve  vitality,  but  to  pre- 
vent exhaustion  of  the  earth,  we  tind  the  power 
of  self-preservation  in  the  glutinous  sap- inter- 
vening betvyeen  the  wood  and  the  bark.  This  is 
true  of  the  root  as  well  .as  the  stem  or  trunk.  It 
is  a  substance  which  is  elaborated  before  and  after 
active  vegetation,  and  gives  the  structure  a  kind 
of  vitality  or  generative  power  which  precludes 
the  idea  of  a  constant  strain  upon  the  root  for 
nourishment.  There  is  thus  capacity  to  retain 
nutrition  and  keep  the  tree  alive,  where  plants  of 
a  lower  order  of  vegetation  would  droop  and  die. 
So  also  in  the  animal.  The  formation  is  of  such  a 
character  as  to  enable  them  to  go  many  days 
without  food  or  drink  with  but  little  exhaustion 
or  injury.  Muscle  produces  muscle,  bone  gene- 
rates bone,  nerve  developes  nerve  in  continuity 
with  itself,  all  at  the  expense  of  the  material  sup- 
plied by  the  same  blood  arising  from  the  capacity 
for  a  larger  quantity  of  food  than  animals  of  a 
lower  grade  of  organization. 


This  principle  is  beautifully  illustrated  in  the 
growing  powers  of  the  tree,  and  enlargement  of 
the  root.  From  this  cambium  or  glutinous  sap 
the  wood  generates  anew  layer  of  wood,  and  the 
bark  produces  a  new  cylinder  of  bark.  The  lig- 
nious  fibre  predominates  in  the  wood,  and  the  cel- 
lular tissue  in  the  bark — the  whole  process  being 
performed  by  the  functions  under  consideration. 

In  this  interesting  process  there  must  not  only 
be  a  harmony  of  functional  power,  but  the  struc- 
ture in  all  its  organic  conformations  must  be  in 
keeping  with  the  species  of  plant  which  nature 
designs  to  be  the  result  of  the  development  of  its 
vegetating  powers. 

As  we  pass  from  a  consideration  of  the  higher 
order  of  vegetable  life — those  plants  and  trees 
which  live  many  years,  in  which  the  root  assumes 
a  central  fibrous  trunk,  branching  olT  into  many 
parts,  not  only  to  brace  the  sturdy  oak  against 
the  storm,  but  to  gather  its  food — we  find  a  va- 
riety of  other  forms  of  roots  variously  character- 
ized, and  with  more  or  less  limited  duration. 
They  differ  in  many  essential  particulars  from 
each  other,  and  curioush'  strive  to  ro^ict  the  same 
destination. 

There  are  growths  which  spring  from  the  seed, 
unfold  then-  foliage  and  flowers,  ripen  their  fruit, 
and  wither  and  die  the  same  season.  Such  an- 
nual plants  are  usuall}-  destitute  of  what  is  termed 
the  ''  radical,^^  ov"- pre-existimj  axis,''''  but  from  the 
stem  are  at  once  thrown  out  fibrous  branches  af- 
fording ample  absorbing  surface  for  their  nutri- 
tion. The  corn  and  the  cabbage  are  of  this  class, 
and  the  stalk  composed  of  fibrous  tissue  seems  to 
act  as  a  depository  for  the  nutriment  which  is 
rapidly  gathered  up  by  the  roots  in  active  vegeta- 
tion, to  be  appropriated  as  the  season  advances,  to 
the  full  development  of  the  fruit.  In  grain,  and 
in  the  grasses,  a  different  order  exists  with  regard 
to  the  stem  and  branch,  but  the  absorbing  power 
of  the  new  and  tender  rootlets  are  well  adapted 
to  nourish  the  leafy  branches  and  the  ripening 
harvest.  This  maturing  process  exhausts  the  veg- 
etable growth  and  the  plant  perishes  at  the  close 
of  the  season. 

There  is  another  class  of  roots  just  the  opposite 
to  thase  above  enumerated.  They  are  what  are 
termed  the  JiesJiy  roots,  9«ch  as  the  carrot,  beet, 
turnip,  radish,  &c.  There  the  root  constitutes 
the  fruit,  and  it  is"  developed  under  the  ground. 
There  are  also  fibrils  and  rootlets  to  complete  the 
same  functional  process  as  we  find  in  Other  plants, 
with  the  difference  that  the  latter  retain  the  ele- 
ments of  nutrition  where  they  are  held  as  reser- 
voirs of  matter  not  only  for  their  own  subsistance, 
but  for  that  of  such  animals  as  feed  upon  them. 
They  are  gorged  with  starch  and  the  vegetable 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


83 


jellies,  which  arc  elaborated  within  the  body  of 
the  root  by  the  aid  of  the  little  tuft  of  leaves 
upon  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

There  are  also  "  Bennial  "  and  "  Perennial" 
roots,  which  perish  only  after  their  second  and 
third  seasons  of  vegetation.  Having  surrendered 
their  powers,  like  all  created  things  of  vital  en- 
dowment, they  fall  into  decay  and  death. 

Secondary  roots  spring  from  any  portion  of  a 
growing  vine  that  lies  on  the  ground,  or  is  buried 
beneath  its  surface  so  as  to  provide  the  moisture 
and  darkness  they  require,  for  such  roots  obey 
the  ordinary  tendency  of  the  organ  in  avoiding 
the  light  and  seeking  to  bury  themselves  in  the 
soil.  Most  creeping  plants  produce  them  at 
every  joint.  And  pieces  of  young  stems  of 
such  plants  as  are  propagated  by  cuttings  will 
throw  them  out,  where  the  proper  conditions  are 
applied,  as  tokens  of  the  natm-e  and  character  of 
their  endowments. 

There  are  also  "  Aerial  Boots,^^  and"  Paras-ites''^ 
of  various  kinds  and  of  peculiar  liabits  which 
our  space  will  not  allow  us  to  notice  in  this  con- 
nection. Enough  have  been  pointed  out,  how- 
ever, to  show  their  physiological  relation  to  the 
subject  in  hand. 

The  root  then  as  an  organ  has  a  function  to  per- 
form. We  have  endeavored  to  show  its  capacit}^ 
and  the  adaptation  of  its  structure  for  such  func- 
tion. It  now  remains  for  us  to  notice,  brief!}', 
some  of  the  forces  which  condition  its  vital 
activity. 

There  must  be  power  somewhere  to  put  the 
structure  we  have  contemplated  in  action.  The 
germ,  and  the  root,  are  but  particles  of  matter 
and  fabrics,  unable  to  perform  any  action  of  them- 
selves. "We  may  readily  contemplate  an  organ- 
ism, and  analj'ze  its  component  parts;  but  that 
power  which  gives  it  life,  and  which  renders  it 
possible  for  it  to  meet  the  exactions  of  nature, 
must,  after  all,  be  supjilied  from  some  source  or 
other,  or  it  will  forever  remain  in  a  state  of 
torpor,  and  be  inoperative. 

When  we  speak  of  the  union  of  an  organism 
with  its  conditions  in  the  vegetable,  we  are  too 
apt  to  regard  the  earth  alone  as  the  sum  total  of 
those  conditions.  And  when  we  regard  the  habits 
of  the  root  as  seeking  the  darkness,  by  burymg 
itself  in  the  soil,  we  conclude  that  a  little  mois- 
ture, with  a  good  rich  loam,  is  all  that  is  neces- 
sary to  promote  the  richest  and  most  flourishing 
vegetation.  These,  of  course,  must  be  present ; 
but,  without  liyht  and  heat,  those  chemical  changes 
f  liich  condition  the  external  force  of  vital  action, 
can  never  take  place.  Light,  therefore,  as  an  ex- 
ternal condition,  although  excluded  from  a  direct 
participation  in  influencing  the  root  to  perform 


its  function,  is,  nevertheless,  one  of  its  most  pow- 
erful agents. 

There  are  principles  in  the  economy  of  nature, 
whether  in  the  vegetable  or  animal  kingdoms,  in 
which  we  find  opposite  elements  in  close  proxim- 
ity, and  often  blending  their  power  to  produce 
other  and  different  compounds,  or  to  balance  pro- 
perties and  laws  regulating  growth  and  enlarge- 
ment, and  even  vital  energy  itself.  Thus  in  the 
animal,  in  the  function  of  assimilation,  the  blood, 
when  circulating  through  the  systematic  capillar 
ries,  yields  a  portion  of  its  oxygen  to  the  tissues, 
and  receives  from  them  carbonic  acid. 

On  the  other  hand,  when  it  circulates  the  pul- 
njonary  net-work,  it  gives  up  its  carbonic  acid  to 
the  atmosphere,  and  imbibes  a  fresh  supply  of 
ox3'^gen.  Now,  the  elements  here  at  work  are  in 
direct  antagonism  in  their  influence  and  action 
upon  the  same  species  of  life.  Carbonic  acid  gas 
is  a  destructive  agent  to  the  animal  economy,  but 
it  is  a  source  of  life  and  health  to  the  vegetable ; 
whilst  oxygen,  on  the  other  hand,  is  life  to  the 
animal,  but  death  to  the  plant.  Here,  then,  are 
the  same  elements  of  life  and  death,  running  side 
by  side  in  the  same  channels,  not  to  destroy,  but 
to  produce  life  by  the  chemical  changes  occasioned 
by  their  mutual  antagonism. 

In  rendering  a  plant  a  living  organism  this 
same  process  enters  largely  into  the  operation. 
Heat  and  moisture,  light  and  darkness,  though 
severally  opposite  in  essence  and  principle,  are 
indispensible  adjuncts  in  moving  the  germ  to 
unfold  its  vitality,  and  giving  functional  power  fo 
th.e  root  in  the  development  of  the  growing 
living  plant. 

These  are,  of  course,  external  agencies,  and 
will  be  treated  more  extensively  hereafter,  but 
the  importance  of  light,  even  as  an  indirect  con- 
dition to  the  root,  can  scarcely  be  overestimated. 
Its  influence  is  often  confounded  with  that  of 
heat,  the  tv.'o  elements  being  combined  in  the 
solar  beam.  But  heat,  in  the  main,  is  less  essen- 
tial than  light,  a  position  well  settled  by  most  in- 
teresting and  iustructive  experiments. 

Mineral  substances  held  in  solution,  are  here 
to  be  formed  through  the  chemical  agents  above 
enumerated,  and  those  compounds  are  to  be 
drawn  into  the  plant  through  the  medium  of  the 
root  as  a  source  of  nutrition.  Whilst  heat  and 
moisture  may  be  regarded  as  factors  in  this  trans- 
formation,^ their  oiEce  unaided  by  light  will  never 
prove  to  be  more  propitious  in  this  vital  move- 
ment than  the  root  would  be  without  all  those 
agencies  combined. 

Light  must  be  regarded  after  all  as  the  motive 
power,  and  darkness  as  an  element  of  repose.  A 
plant  can  live  for  a  season  in  a  dark  place,  just 


84 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


as  an  animal,  but  when  in  this  state  vegetation 
ceases,  and  if  held  too  long  thus  it  must  of  neces- 
sity perish.  "Without  this  influence  the  order  is 
reversed,  and  as  in  the  '■'■  fungV  which  seeks 
darkness  rather  than  light,  oxygen  is  absorbed, 
and  carbonic  acid  is  set  free.  Chlorosis  thus  sets 
in,  and  where  death  is  not  the  result,  the  vegeta- 
ble loses  its  flavour  and  nourishing  properties, 
and  is  unable  to  fulfil  its  mission.  Night,  as  a 
season  of  repose,  is  as  invigorating  to  the  plant 
as  to  the  animal,  for  the  waste  consequent  upon 
the  action  of  vegetation  can  be  to  some  extent  re- 
cuperated. But  to  keep  it  thus  perjietually  is 
simply  to  cause  it  to  droop  and  die,  tlu-ough  a 
species  of  starvation  for  a  want  of  the  aliment  of 
carbonic  acid.  Light  calls  all  the  powers  of 
vital  endowment  into  activity,  and  quickens  the 
force  of  nature,  and  hence  its  essential  character 
in  the  process  of  vital  activity.  S.  W. 


MILDEW,  OR  RUST,  AND  ITS  REMEDY. 

As  mildew  is  one  of  the  diseases  that  proves 
hm-tful  to  the  wheat  crop,  it  may  be  well  to  glance 
at  it  and  endeavor  to  explain  its  caus«  and  rem- 
edy, so  far  as  science  has  been  able  to  develop^ 
It  is  not  a  disease  that  has  but  recently  made  its 
appearance,  but  one  that  is  mentioned  in  history 
in  the  earliest  ages.  This  disease  is  recorded  as 
one  of  the  scourges  of  the  Jewish  people ,  and  it 
is  likewise  noted  by  Grecian  and  Roman  histo- 
rians. Ovid,  describing  the  rubigalia,  a  religious 
festival,  established  by  one  of  the  earliest  rulers 
of  Rome,  makes  the  priest  say,  "•  If  the  suu  fer- 
vently heats  the  moist  stalks,  then,  O  dread  god- 
dess, is  the  opportunity  for  thy  dread  wrath.  Be 
merciful,  I  pray,  and  withhold  thy  rusting  hands 
from  the  crops." 

The  cause  of  mildew  is  a  moist  stalk  heated  by  a 
hot  sun  ;  and  hence  heavy  dews  precipitated  by 
clear,  cool  nights,  aad  succeeded  by  a  hot  sun  during 
the  day,  soon  develops  the  disease.  There  are 
species  of  plants  that  live  on  the  sap  of  other 
plants,  and  the  mildew  and  smut  are  plants  of 
this  character.  That  these  plants  attach  them- 
selves to  the  stalks  of  wheat  and  grow  thereto, 
and  form  mildew  and  smut  we  know  from  the 
developments  of  the  microscope  which  has  made 
known  such  astounding  wonders  within  the  last 
half  century.  The  microscope  shows  the  fact 
that  the  rust  is  a  perfectly  formed  plant,  having 
roots,  stems,  and  branches,  and  producing  seed 
too  small  for  the  unaided  eye  to  discover.  The 
seeds  of  this  parisitic  plant  exists  in  the  atmos- 
phere in  innumerable  quantities,  awaiting  the  con- 


ditions essential  to  their  germination  and  devel- 
opment. When  the  stalks  of  wheat  are  moist- 
ened from  showery  weather,  no  danger,  it  is  be- 
lieved, is  to  be  experienced;  but  when  moisture 
occurs  from  the  precipitation  of  dew  in  cool 
nights,  then  the  danger  supervenes.  Either  the 
coldness  of  the  night  or  the  rapid  drying  of  the 
moisture  from  the  stalks,  causes  a  contraction  of 
the  outer  portion  of  the  stem  so  as  to  induce 
splitting  of  the  straw  through,  which  the  sap 
oozes  out.  The  invisible  and  multitudinous  seeds 
of  the  rust  attach  themselves  to  this  sap,  and 
burying  in  it,  rapidly  vegetate,  striking  their 
roots  into  the  openings  of  the  straw  and  thus  di- 
vert to  themselves  the  sap  of  the  plant  which 
should  be  used  for  the  nourishment  of  the  stalk 
and  the  ripening  of  its  grain.  As  soon  as  these 
parisites  have  fixed  themselves  to  the  stalk,  it 
shrivels  and  often  becomes  worthless. 

The  Romans,  to  avert  the  calamity  of  mildew 
from  their  crops,  were  accustomed  to  sacrifice  a 
red  female  of  the  canine  tribe  on  the  altar  of  the 
Goddess  Rubigo,  the  Priest  entreating  her  to 
withhold  ber  rusting  hands.    It  is  exceedingly 
doubtful  if  this  remedy  would  prove  efi'ectual  in 
our  day,  beneficial  as  it  may  have  been  amongst 
ancient  nations.    Hecatombs  of  dogs  would  be 
oSered  up  if  our  farmers  had  as  firm  faith  as  the  an- 
cient Romans  as  to  this  method  of  preserving  their 
crops.     By  the  developments  of  the  microscope  it 
has  been  discovered  that  it  is  not  in  all  stages  of 
growth  of  the  wheat  plant  that  the  straw  is  liable 
to  split  under  the  heavy  dews  and  hot  sun.    It  is 
only  in  its  ripening  stage  that  this  result  occurs. 
Hence,  whatever  rapidly    shortens  the   ripening 
stage  lessens  the  danger.    Por  this  purpose  there 
is  nothing  equal  to  barn-yard  or  well  prepared 
artificial  manure,  which  has  the  effect  of  hastening, 
the  maturing  of  the  crop.    Again,  when  the  wheat 
becomes  aflected  with  rust,  it  should  be  immedi- 
ately harvested.    This  latter  remedy  might  seem 
to  the  unobservent  or  unreflecting  as  ill  advised 
and    impracticable.     This,  however,  may  have 
been  observed  by  farmers  that  the  stem  of  the 
wheat  plant  will  be  found  turning  yellow  imme- 
diately at  the  ground,  from  ten  daj^s  to  two  weeks 
before  it  is  fully  ripe,  thus  indicating  that  the  roots 
have  ceased  to  supply  the  plant  further  with  sap. 
Hence,  whatever  sap  and  iiutricious  elements  are 
yet  necessary  to  fill  out  the  grain,  must  be  in  the 
stem  and  leaves.    These  (if  the  crop  be  not  cut) 
the  rust  plants  appropriate  to  themselves  and  ab- 
stract from  the  maturing  grain.    It  has,  however, 
been  discovered  that  the  cutting  of  the  wheat 
stalks  immediately  destroys  the  life  of  the  rust 
plants,  leaving  to  the  grain  the  sap  and  nutricious 
elements  in  the  stem.    The  grains  will  mature  in 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


85 


the  same  manner  after  the  stalks  being  cut  as  is 
the  case  with  maize.  "When  the  com  is  cut  green 
the  grains  in  a  few  days  will  be  shrivelled  and 
loose  on  the  cob ;  but  in  two  or  three  weeks, 
when  the  stalk  is  well  dried,  the  grain  is  full  and 
tight  upon  the  cob.  This  arises  from  the  contin- 
ued course  of  the  sap  to  the  cob,  and  from  thence 
to  the  grain.  The  same  holds  good  in  a  much 
greater  degree  with  the  wheat  stalk,  whose  roots 
cease  their  action  before  the  maturity  of  the  grain. 
Cut  it,  therefore,  (when  aftected  with  rust)  as  soon 
as  the  stem  begins  to  turn  yellow  at  the  ground. 

A.  II. 


^orficuTluraL 


WHAT   WE    HAVE  DONE,  AND    NEG- 
LECTED TO  DO,  IN  HORTICUL- 
TURE. 

Those  who  carefully  read  the  history  of  Ameri- 
can Horticulture  will  very  likely  be  as  forcibly 
impressed  with  that  which  we  have  neglected  to 
do,  as  with  that  which  we  have  really  accom- 
plished. 

It  is  true  that  our  progress  in  the  past  few 
years  has  been  exceedingly  rapid,  and  the  strife 
for  a  still  farther  advance  is  without  a  parallel  in 
this  or  any  other  country.  There  are  hundreds 
of  men  at  this  very  time  who  are  hybridizing, 
crossing  and  raising  seedlings  of  both  fruits  and 
flowers  for  the  purpose  of  making  improvements 
upon  those  already  in  cultivation.  That  some 
will  succeed,  and  many  fail,  must  be  expected; 
but,  upon  the  whole,  progi'ess  is  certain  to  be  the 
final  result.  It  is  not  always  those  who  strive 
the  most  persistently,  that  have  their  labors 
crowned  with  the  greatest  success ;  nor  is  it 
those  who  take  the  lead  in  making  experiments 
in  particular  directions,  that  reap  the  greatest 
reward.  The  lamented  Brinckle  taught  us  by  his 
numerous  experiments  with  the  raspberry,  that  it 
was  an  easy  matter  to  produce  new  varieties,  and 
this  has  led  others  to  follow  in  the  same  path, 
and  we  are  expecting  that  the  coming  raspberry 
will  be  far  ahead  of  its  predecessors.  It  is  a  fact, 
however,  that  the  most  noted  varieties  of  this 
fruit,  now  in  cultivation,  are  accidental  seedlings, 
and  were  not  produced  by  the  direct  effort  of  any 
horticulturist.  The  Philadelphia,  Doolittle,  Mi- 
ami, Clarke,  Kirtland,  and  a  host  of  others,  are 
chance  seedlings,  no  one  claiming  to  have  inten- 
tionally produced  them.  The  same  is  true  with 
our  blackberries,  for  the  Dorchester,  Lawton, 
Kittatinny,  Wilson's  Early,  Sable  Queen,  in  fact 
the  whole  list  can  be  traced  to  no  better  som-ce. 
Here  is  an  instance  which  either  shows  a  neglect 


upon  our  part  to  improve  upon  natural  products, 
or  a  want  of  the  requisite  skill  to  do  so. 

With  Strawberries  we  have  no  cause  for  com- 
plaint, for  we  have  produced  native  varieties  that 
are  far  more  valuable  to  us  than  any  that  have 
been  introduced  from  foreign  countries. 

Oiu-  Apples  and  Pears  are  fully  up  to  the  high- 
est standard  of  excellence,  known  anywhere  ;  but 
we  lack  something  in  the  way  of  skill  in  cultiva- 
tion, pruning,  and  training.  This  is,  perhaps, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  nature  has  been  too  lavish 
in  bestowing  upon  us  a  soil  and  climate  that  per- 
mits neglect. 

In  the  culture  of  the  Grape,  we  have  much  to 
learn,  and  there  is  room  for  great  unprovement 
in  varieties.  The  Delaware  grape  alene  is  suffi- 
cient proof  of  the  fact  that  we  possess  the  mate- 
rials out  of  which  a  variety  may  be  produced  that 
shall  equal,  if  not  excel,  all  other  known  varie- 
ties, whether  native  or  foreign.  Forty  years  is 
certainly  a  very  long  time  to  spend  in  making  so 
little  improvement  upon  the  old  Catawba  grape, 
as  shown  in  the  Delaware,  Diana,  lona,  and 
Walter ;  still,  if  we  have  moved  safel}'  and  surely 
in  the  right  direction,  it  should  encourage  us  to 
put  forth  greater  exertions  in  the  future.  Our 
progress,  however,  is  not  confined  alone  to  what 
has  been  done  in  the  way  of  producing  new  and 
improved  varieties,  for  it  is  also  apparent  in  our 
increased  knowledge  and  abilities  for  doing  more. 
Our  people  are  rapidly  becoming  horticulturists, 
even  if  they  do  not  practice  it,  and  thousands  of 
men  can  be  found  to-day  who  know  how,  and  the 
laws  which  govern  the  art  of  hybridizing  and 
crossing  of  species  and  varieties  of  plants  ;  yet  a 
few  years  since  the  operation  was  regarded  as  a 
secret  among  a  few  of  the  most  learned  in  the 
profession.  Theories  and  facts  are  rapidly  ap- 
proaching each  other,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  they 
will  soon  be  synon}'mous  terms  in  horticulture. 
We  have  no  sympathy  with  those  who  denounce 
all  theories,  and  claim  that  we  should  rely  en- 
tirely upoil  what  they  choose  to  call  facts,  or,  in 
other  words,  practice. 

Every  grape-grower  knows,  theoretically  as 
well  as  practically,  that  our  wild  fox-grapes  are 
scarcely  worth  cultivation,  but  the  stickler  for 
facts  would  compel  us  to  prove  their  worthless- 
ness  under  cultivation.  One  scientific  theorist 
can  accomplish  far  more  for  his  fellow-man,  and 
in  less  time,  than  a  score  of  those  who  call  them- 
selves matter-of-fact,  and  positive-proof  men.  It 
is  not  necessary  to  take  a  ride  over  Niagara  Falls 
to  prove  that  it  would  be  sure  death  to  the  one 
who  should  perform  such  a  feat.  Neither  should 
we  be  compelled  to  grow  every  fruit  or  flower 
for  the  purpose  of  proving  that  they  are  of  no 


m 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


value,  when  we  have  theoretically  proved  that 
such  will  be  the  result. 

Again:  we  have  proved,  by  long  experience, 
the  truth  of  the  theory  that  all  wild  plants  may 
be  improved,  or  so  changed  that  they  will  more 
fully  meet  our  wants  than  they  do  in  a  natural 
state.  If  we  acknowledge  this  to  le  true,  and 
few  will  deny  it,  then  we  must  also  confess  to  our 
great  negligence  in  not  endeavoring  to  improve 
om:  native  and  too  long  neglected  fruits.  For 
the  last  fifty  years  our  fruit-growers  have  been 
aware  that  the  European  gooseberry  would  not 
succeed  with  us,  except  in  a  very  few  localities 
and  soils,  yet  it  is  equally  true  that  scarcely  an 
effort  has  been  made  to  improve  our  native  spe- 
cies, which  possess  naturally  as  many  good  quali- 
ties as  the  original  species  from  which  the  Euro- 
pean varieties  were  produced.  A  few  possibly 
good  native  varieties  have  appeared  in  the  last 
few  years,  but  they  may  be  regarded  as  only  the 
starting  point  for  further  improvements. 

The  imported  varieties  of  currants  succeed  so 
well  that  we  have  a  better  excuse  for  not  improv- 
ing our  native  kinds  than  with  gooseberry,  still 
the  merits  of  the  species  found  in  our  Western 
States  and  Territories  demand  our  attention,  and 
they  should  no  longer  be  neglected. 

The  native  Crab  apple,  Plum,  Cherry,  Persim- 
mon, Paw  Paw,  June  Berry,  Huckleberry,  and  a 
number  of  other  species  of  fruits,  are  now  await- 
ing the  magic  touch  of  the  scientific  horticulturist. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  dwell  upon  the  merits  of 
these  fruits,  nor  attempt  to  decide  what  would 
doubtless  result  from  a  careful  and  persistent  ef- 
fort to  improve  them. 

That  they  have  not  been  cultivated  and  im- 
proved is  sufficient  reason  why  they  should  be, 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that,  before  another  ten 
years  is  past  away,  no  such  cause  for  complaint 
will  exist.  It  is  not  only  our  indigenous  fruits  that 
demand  our  attention,  but  our  nut-bearing  trees 
and  shrubs  are  equally  worthy  of  care  and  culti- 
vation. Even  a  careful  selection  and  propagation 
of  our  best  wild  varieties  would  be  one  step  in 
the  right  direction,  but  even  this  much  has,  as 
yet,  never  been  attempted.  The  Pecan-nut, 
Chestnut,  Butter-nut,  Black-walnut,  Hickory-nut, 
and  Filbert,  will,  at  no  distant  day,  le  looked 
upon  as  worthy  of  cultivation.  J.  G.  K. 


HONEY- 


THE     CHINESE     TWINING 
SUCKLE. 

Pew  things  more  adorn  the  dwelling  than  well 
selected  climbing  plants.  Among  these,  honey- 
suckles have  long  held  a  high  rank,  and  very  de- 
servedly so. 

The    Lonicera  Flexuosa,  or    Chinese   twining 


honeysuckle,  which  will  now  claim  our  attention, 
is  one  of  the  most  desirable  of  them.  It  is  onextf 
the  number  that  are  devoid  of  objectionable  fea- 
tures. Unfortunately,  in  this  vicinity,  some  of 
them,  as  the  'Coral,  and  the  Belgian  Monthly 
honeysuckles,  and  also  some  others,  are  liable  to 
be  infested  with  the  green  aphis  to  such  an  ex- 
tent, during  spring  and  early  summer,  as  to  inter- 
fere materially  with  their  growth  and  bloom. 
The  Chinese  Twining  has,  so  far,  here  proved  it- 
self entirely  free  from  this,  and  similar  pests, 
which  occasionally  so  much  try  the  patience  of 
the  horticulturist ;  and  being  a  free,  vigorous 
grower,  prolific  in  bloom,  and  perfectly  hardy  in 
all  our  winters,  it  is  worthy  of  a  place  wherever 
there  is  true  taste,  and  flowers  are  grown  and  ap- 
preciated. It  is  a  perennial;  once  planted  and 
established,  it  lives  for  many  years,  requiring  a 
very  small  measure  of  care  and  attention.  It 
blooms  here  in  June,  and  produces  its  very  fra- 
grant flowers  in  such  abundance  as  to  perfume 
the  surrounding  air  for  a  considerable  distance. 
The  first  bloom  of  the  season,  which  is  by  far  the 
most  profuse,  continues  for  some  weeks,  and,  after 
that  is  over,  it  will  produce  a  scattered  bloom 
from  time  to  time,  which  is  prolonged  into  fall. 
The  leaves  remain  green  nearly  all  winter,  and 
some  of  them  even  hang  fast,  and  remain  partially 
green  until  the  new  growth  commences  in  spring. 
It  consequently,  in  this  latitude,  almost  deserves  to 
be  called  an  evergreen.  On  account  of  their  de- 
lightful fragrance  and  delicate  beauty,  the  flowers 
are  much  in  request  in  making  up  bouquets. 

This  creeper  is  well  known,  and  is  easily  ob- 
tained from  nursery-men.  It'  is  also  already 
somewhat  extensively  planted  in  this  vicinity, 
but  not  as  much  so  as  it  deserves  to  be.  D. 

HOW  TO  KAISE  LIMA  BEANS. 
The  following  article,  which  seems  to  wear  a 
practical  face  upon  it,  we  clip  from  the  Daili/  In- 
telligencer, of  this  city,  in  its  issue  of  Monday,' 
May  i7th.  Although  it  may  be  too  late  to  be  of 
material  use  to  our  patrons,  the  present  season, 
so  far  as  plantmg  is  concerned,  j'et,  in  a  number 
of  other  respects,  it  is  timely,  and,  we  think,  very 
much  to  the  pm-pose,  and  therefore  we  do  not 
hesitate  to  give  it  to  our  readers  without  abridg- 
ment : 

"  How  TO  Raise  Lima  Beans.— The  follow- 
ing article  of  interest  to  farmers  and  gardeners 
is  furnished  us  by  our  correspondent  at  Conestoga 
Centre : 

"  Although  Lima  beans  have  conceded  to  them 
the  palm  of  superiority  in  quality  over  all  other 
beans,  but  few  persons  undertake  to  grow  them 
after  several  trials,  on  account  of  their  failure  to 
grow  them    successfully.    Many  have   tried  to 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMER. 


87 


raise  them,  and  but  few  have  succeeded.  This  is 
owiag  to  the  want  of  proper  treatment.  "VVe 
Have  grown  them  for  a  number  of  years,  and  have 
always  succeeded  in  getting  a  good  crop — a 
larger /juantitv  than  we  could  raise  on  the  same 
amount  of  land  of  any  other  kind  of  beans.  The 
principal  objections  to  growing  them  are,  that 
they  come  up  badly,  bear  poorly,  and  ripen  so 
late  that  the  grcaterpart  are  caught  and  destroyed 
by  the  frost,  all  of  which  can  easily  be  obviated. 
Any  person  observing  the  following  suggestions 
will  tiud  them  to  come  up  as  well  as  corn  or 
other  beans,  yield  abundantly,  and  ripen  before 
frost. 

"  The  ground  should  be  well  worked,  finely 
pulverizcil,  and  tolerably  rich.  A  sandy  loam  is 
the  best,  but  they  will  do  well  in  any  kind  of  soil 
except  a  stift"  clay,  as  it  gets  hard  on  top,  and 
they  cannot  come  up  through- a  hard  crust.  We 
plant  them  in  hills  Si  feet  apart,  five  beans  to 
each  hill,  putting  them  in  on  the  edge,  with  the 
eye.s  dnwmcard,  and  covering  "very  lightly,  just 
enough  to  hide  them  fully.  After  the}-  are  up  we 
remove  all  but  three  at  each  hill.  As  beans  do 
not  remain  under  ground,  and  send  up  a  shoot 
like  corn,  but  the  whole  bean  is  pushed  out  of 
the  ground,  and  Lima  l>eans  being  very  broad, 
they  will  have  too  much  resistance  to  overcome 
in  lifting  all  the  ground  with  which  they  are 
covered,  if  they  are  laid  flat  and  covered  thickly. 
But  if  put  in  edgewise,  there  is  very  little  weight 
upon  them,  and  they  come  up  without  fail.  They 
are  generally  planted  too  early,  while  the  ground 
is  yet  cold  and  wet,  and  in  consequence  they  lie 
in  the  ground  several  weeks,  and  the  greater 
part  of  them  rot  before  they  come  up,  and  the 
few  that  escape  rotting  and  do  come  up  are 
stunted.  If  planted  after  the  ground  has  become 
warm,  they  will  come  up  in  a  few  days,  and  go 
right  ahead.  "We  never  plant  ours  before  the 
middle  of  May,  when  those  of  others  are  up,  and 
still  ours  ripen  first.  The  poles  can  be  put  to 
them  when  planted,  or  after  tney  are  up.  They 
should  be  about  eight  or  nine  feet  long,  anii 
should  be  stuck  in  the  ground  slanting,  so  -that 
four  of  them  will  meet  at  the  t»ps,  where  they 
should  be  tied  together.  This  prevents  the  hea- 
viest storm  from  blowing  them  down,  as  each  one 
firmly  holds  the  others  ;  while,  if  put  in  Avithout 
being  fastened  together  at  the  top,  they  are  easily 
blown  down  after  the  vines  are  on.  The}'  should 
be  put  in  outside  of  the  hills,  and  lean  over  them, 
then  the  vines  will  go  up  without  any  difficulty. 
They  must,  of  course,  be  kept  free  from  weeds. 
"When  the  vines  are  about  seven  feet  high,  we 
pinch  oft"  the  ends,  and  also  all  the  laterals  eg 
last  as  they  appear.  If  the  ends  are  not  pinched 
t)ft',  and  the  vines  kept  free  of  laterals,  the  greater 
part  of  the  substance  will  grow  into  leaves  and 
vines,  and  each  bunch  will  have  but  a  few  pods  ; 
the  vines  will  keep  on  growing  until  caught  by 
the  frost,  when  but  a  small  part  of  the  beans 
have  ripened.  If  the  lato-als  are  kept  off",  and 
the  substance  thus  thrown  into  the  fruit,  all  the 
bunches  will  be  full,  and  the  first  fruit  will  all  re- 
main, and  thus  will  ripen  nearly  at  the  same  time, 
and  before  being  overtaken  by  frost.  This  is  an 
important  part,  and  must  not  be  neglected.  They 
should  not  hang  long  upon  the  vines  after  being 
ripe,  as  they  are  easily  injured  by  rain." 


"WEEDS.-No.  3. 

BITTER  "WEED,  RAG  "WEED. 

This  coarse,  unsightly  weed  occurs  in  most  cul- 
tivated fields,  and  is  abundant  among  the  stub- 
ble after  crops  of  wheat  and  other  grain.  It  is 
fortunate,  however,  that  where  the  soil  is  good  and 
properly  cultivated,  a  good  crop  of  clover  and 
timothy  will  choke  it  out  the  next  season,  but 
like  some  other  coarse  weeds  the  seeds  remain, 
and  are  always  ready  to  spring  up  again  whenever 
the  grassy  turf  is  broken  up.  This  weed  is  cpnr- 
mon  from  Canada  to  Florida,  and  every  one 
knows  it,  and  it  belongs  to  the  composite  family 
of  plants,  (the  compositae.)  The  generic  name 
given  to  this  class  of  weeds  by  Tournefort,  is  a 
misnon^er;  he  called  it  "Ambrosia;"  the  word 
implies  immortal  in  the  Greek  language  and  used 
as  the  food  of  the  Gods,  (as  nectar  was  the  drink,) 
and  withheld  from  mortals  as  containing  the 
principles  of  immortality.  But  Botanists  know 
this  genus  of  coarse,  common  weeds  by  the 
name  of  Ambrosia.  The  Rag  weed  is  the  "  Am- 
brosia artemisisefolia ;"  the  specific  name  is  de- 
rived from  the  leaves  resembling  those  of  the 
wormwood,  (Artemisia) ;  hence  it  is  also  known 
as  Roman  Wormwood,  and  again  by  the  common 
name  of  Hog  Weed.  Each  section  has  its  own 
local  name.  It  is  therefore  better  to  have  a  uni- 
versal name  so  that  all  who  read  Botouical  works 
all  over  the  world  may  know  it  by  its  scientific 
name,  however  inappropriate  it  may  be  in  this 
case.  Gray  describes  four  species,  all  coarse 
and  weedy  plants.  The  Rag  weed  is  much 
branched,  from  one  to  tliree  feet  high,  hairy  or 
roughish  pubescent,  leaves  thin,  twice  divided, 
(twice  pinnatified,)  and.  too  common  to  require  a 
fuller  description. 

The  old  adage  that  "  there  is  nothing  in  a 
name,  a  rose  by  any  other  would  smell  as  sweet," 
may  be  correct,  but  to  call  such  a  nuisance  by 
the  elegant  name  of  "  Ambrosia,"  makes  it  no 
food  for  the  Gods,  and  although  called  Hog  Weed, 
I  doubt  much  whether  hogs  are  fond  of  it.  This 
reminds  me  of  a  circumstance  that  came  to  my 
notice,  of  a  young  country  girl  sent  to  a  boarding 
school,  where  she  heard  about  Ambrosial  food  and 
Nectar.  Before  her  return  home  she  wished  to 
purchase  some  rare  and  pretty  flower  seeds  to 
beautify  the  garden,  and  among  others  was 
tickled  by  the  high  sounding  name,  got  some  of 
the  seeds  of  "Ambrosia,"  and  gave  it  a  con- 
spicuous place  in  the  garden  on  her  return  home. 
She  attended  with  great  care  to  the  rearing  of 
her  choice  plants,  but  when  fully  developed  her 


88 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


mother  took  her  to  task  for  introducing  into  the 
garden  the  vile  and  execrable  Rag  Weed,  so 
common  all  over  the  farm.  A  further  investiga- 
tion convinced  her  that  it  was  not  prudent  to  be 
governed  in  our  choice  by  fine  sounding  words 
only ;  that  we  should  first  investigate  the  char- 
acter and  habits  of  plants  Or  mortals  before  in- 
troducing them,  and  lavishing  our  attention  upon 
them.  Sallie  learned  a  moral  which  her  mother 
did  not  fail  to  impress  more  fully  on  her  mind ;  it 
is  not  all  "  gold  that  glistens,"  nor  every  titled 
mortal,"  Ambrosial."  Even  Majesty  deprived  of 
its  external  remains  is  a — "  a  jest."  J.  S. 


€o^r055jtOlt&0UC0. 


Messrs.    Editors:   In    your   April   number, 
under  the  heading  "  Does  Farming  Pay  ?"  your 
correspondent  says,  is  a  question  often   asked, 
"  since  John  Forney  made  the  contrast  between 
Lancaster  county  and  the  South."    How  strange 
the  story  I    Why,  it  is  a  question  that  was  asked 
as  eagerly  before  J.  W.  was  born.    He  answers 
the  question  by  telling  us  it  will  pay,  if  conducted 
on  the  "  come-boy  "  principle.    Xow  I  do  not 
know  whether  your  correspondent  is  some  theo- 
retical dreamer,  with  a  bilious  penchant  for  the 
compilation  of   the  marvellous,  or  a  practical 
farmer  who  has  ever  seen  or  experimepted  u^on 
the  quaggy  bosom  of  a   well-filled  barn-yard. 
But  this  I  do  know :  there  is  considerable  fogi- 
ness  in  the  mode  he  answers  the  question.    To 
learn  how  successful  men  make  farming  pay,  is 
the  "  wherefore"  many  of  us  study  with  eagerness 
from  title-page  to  colophon,  the  contents  of  the 
Farmer.    But  to  be  told  by  it  we  must  raise  six, 
or  perchance  eight  acres  of  tobacco,  ire  stop 
short  at  once,  and  shudder  to  think  that  our  beau, 
tiful  Alma  Mater  shall  be  cursed  by  the  same 
meaps  that  so  impoverished  the  once  fertile  soil 
of  Virginia,  that  it  can  now  be  bought  for  the 
beggarly  pittance  of  $2.50  per  acre. 

Another  mode  is  stock  raising  "  ten  bullocks 
which  are  now  worth  SlOO  per  head."  If  it  were 
•  not  for  the  unthinking,  this  one  of  a  jumbled 
group  of  heresies  should  pass  unnoticed.  W^hat 
practical  farmer,  with  transportation  so  direct 
from  the  broad  prairies  of  the  West,  would  think 
of  raising  steers  on  land  costing  .K;225  per  acre- 
Baising  cattle,  and  fattening  cattle,  are  two  dif- 
ferent things.  It  costs  not  a  rod  less  than  90 
acres  to  subsist  those  steers  until  they  were  3  or 
3i  years  old.  Deduct  price  of  calves,  ($80,)  and 
interest  on  cost  of  land,  !iii20250,  and  the  cash 
value  of  cereals  that  might  have  been  grown  on 


that  land,  and  any  good  Lancaster  feeder  will 
net  as  much  on  ten  well-selected  Illinois  steers 
in  seven  months. 

Now,  Mr.  Editor,  there  is  one  system  of  farm- 
ing does  not  pay,  comparatively  with  other  occu- 
pations— we  mean  the  cropper;  simply  because 
there  is  too  exuberant  a  growth  of  merciless 
middle-men,  which  denies  him  the  same  margin 
or  rates  that  many  other  pursuits  are  conducted 
upon.  It  is  tme,  there  are  some  who  acquire  a 
respectable  competence,  not  through  easy  profit- 
ableness, but  by  much  self-denial,  and  the  most 
rigid  economy- 
There  is  another  system  we  believe  does  pay, 
and  from  where  we  sit  we  see  the  "  housetop  " 
where  lives  the  true  type  of  the  successful  Lan- 
caster county  farmer,  owner  of  the  soil,  indepen- 
dent, intelligent,  well  read  in  farm  literature,  and. 
who  possesses  the  rare  qualities  of  thinking  for 
himself,  whose  products  are  of  the  highest  order, 
whose  every  acre  is  thoroughly  treated  with  the 
phosphate  of  common  sense,  where  every  one  of 
the  varied  departments  of  the  (arm  is  fully  devel- 
oped, and  made  to  pay  its  proper  dividend — thai 
mode  we  propose  to  speak  of  more  in  detail ;  but 
the  editorial  curfew  tolls,  and,  awaiting  a  clearer 
exposition  of  the  curriculum  of  your  correspond- 
ent's section — then  De  Novo. 


CitlutttDlagitaL 


THE  PEAR  BARK-LOUSE. 

LACANIUM   [ASPIDIOTUS]   HARRISII. 

Although  this  insect  is  generally  found  on 
young  pear  trees,  and  especially  on  the  dwarf 
varieties,  yet  it  does  not  confine  its  operations  to 
these,  but  is  also  found  on  young  apple  trees, 
cherry  trees,  and  in  a  few  instances  I  have  found 
it  on  the  common  wild  rose,  or  "  sweetbrier.'' 
These  insects  are  very  small,  and  can  scarcely  be 
seen  with  the  naked  eye,  and  yet  they  multiply 
so  rapidly  that  I  have  seen  young  apple  and  pear 
trees  rendered  entirely  worthless  within  three 
years  by  their  numerous  punctures,  and  the  de- 
pletion of  their  sap.  During  the  winter  season,, 
and  in  early  spring,  before  the  trees  are  in 
foliage,  on  the  smooth  part  of  the  trunk,  but 
more  especially  on  the  branches,  a  small,  white, 
oblong,  flat  scale,  scarce  the  eighth  of  an  inch  in 
length,  with  a  small  blackish  or  brovy'uish  dot  at 
one  end  will  be  seen,  sometimes  in  countless 
numbers,  which  when  rubbed  over  with  a  hard 
instrument  will  leave  a  blood-like  streak.  Under 
these  small  scales  are  concealed  from  ten  to 
twenty  small  red  or  pink  colored  eggs,  which 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


89 


when  crushed  leave  the  streak  aforesaid.  These 
eggs  cannot  be  seen,  except  by  those  who  have 
exceedingly  sharp  eyesight,  but  under  a  common 
magnifier  they  become  plainly  visible.  Alkalin- 
ous  and  Salinous  washes  have  been  recommended 
for  their  extermination,  but  with  only  partial  or 
temporary  eflect.  Kerosene  has  also  been  recom- 
mended, but  this  is  knoAvn  to  have  killed  the 
small  branches.  I  have  seen  these  insects  ef- 
fectually destroyed  and  removed  entirely  from  a 
a  number  of  pear  and  apple  trees  the  present 
season  by  Major  C.  M.  Howell  of  Lancaster  city, 
by  the  simple  application  of  neat''s  foot  oil,  ap- 
plied with  a  common  paint  brush,  early  in  the 
spring,  and  before  the  bursting  of  the  leaf  and 
flower  buds.  It  is  presumed  that  other  kinds  of 
oil  would  be  as  effectual  as  the  kind  Mr.  H.  used, 
but  whether  they  would  or  not,  it  is  quite  certain 
that  the  neat's  foot  has  cleaned  his  trees  on  this 
occasion  without  damaging  them  by  the  retnedy, 
which  is  sometimes  the  case.  The  effect  of  the 
oil  seemed  to  be  the  loseningof  the  scales,  which 
dropped  off  of  their  own  accord,  or  were  sub- 
sequently washed  off  by^the  rains,  not,  however, 
without  leaving  thousands  of  their  blood  red 
punctures  on  the  smooth  young  bark.  Without 
deeming  it  uecessaiy  to  give  a  minute  descrip- 
tion of  so  small  an  insect  itself,  which  is  not 
much  larger  than  the  "red  spider"  of  the  green- 
house, I  have  thought  the  communication  of  these 
facts  to  the  readers  of  the  Farmer  might  be  of 
some  essential  service  to  them. 

It  would  be  well  perhaps  to  mention,  that  some 
oile  are  said  to  have  been  very  injurious  to  trees, 
one  of  which  is  "  tanners  oil."  Any  oil  that 
would  form  an  incrustation  and  close  the  porefe  of 
bark  or  leaves,  would  be  likely  to  have  an  injuri- 
ous effect.  "With  milder  oils,  that  would  soon  dis- 
sipate or  wash  off,  the  result  would  be  otherwise 
no  doubt.  S.  S.  R. 


^HIoriaL 


We  have  received  a  communication  from  the 
proprietor  or  inventor  of  Bower''s  Complete  Ma- 
nure, taking  exceptions  to  our  editorial  remarks 
in  the  May  number  of  the  Farmer,  upon  the  re- 
sults of  the  '•  Eastern  Pennsylvania  Experimen- 
tal Farm,"  in  reference  to  fertilizers.  In  our  re- 
marks we  did  not  intend  to  make  comparisons 
between  the  different  fertilizers  now  in  the 
market,  but  only  to  give  the  experimental  re- 
sults in  reference  to  the  cultivation  of  potatoes, 
and  incidentally  of  corn  as  being  just  seasonable 
at  the  time.  Of  com*se,  if  what  we  said  may 
seem  to  muiitate  against  the  real  merits  of  any 


fertilizers  not  mentioned  in  our  remarks,  we  will 
not  hesitate  a  moment  to  make  honorable  amends 
for  the  same.  On  page  IG  of  the  Report  of  the 
Superintendent  of  the  Experimental  Farm,  is  a 
table  giving  the  results  of  different  fer-tilizers 
experimented  with  on  sundry  rows  of  large  moni- 
tor potatoes,  which  we  find  as  follows :  Bower's 
Complete  Manure,  8oO  lbs  per  acre,"  produced 
in  per  row  of  100  yards,  2001  pounds  by  weight  of 
salable  potatoes,  and  3i'  lbs  of  cullings  or  small 
ones.  "  Harrison's  Plant  Fertilizer,  800  lbs  per 
acre,"  on  the  same  amount  of  ground,  produced 
2031  lbs.  salable  potatoes,  and  24  lbs  of  cullings. 
"  Shoemaker's  Phuine,  800  lbs  per  acre,'.' on  the 
same  amount  of  surface,  produced  2074  lbs  of 
salable  potatoes,  and  2^  lbs.  cullings.  In  refer- 
ence to  corn,  (drilled,)  on  page  11,  we  find  the 
following  experimental  result,  with  superphos- 
phates, sown  on  sod  and  ploughed  in :  400  lbs 
of  Moro  Philips'  Phosphate  sown  on  sod  4th  of 
May,  produced  per  acre  5,325  lbs  sound  corn, 
and  459  lbs  of  nubbins.  The  same  quantity  of 
the  same  fertilizer  sown  on  ploughed  ground  ou 
the  22nd  of  May  produced  nearly  300  lbs  less  f 
corn,  and  where  no  fertilizer  was  used  still  less. 
On  page  10,  where  the  results  of  nine  or  ten  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  fertilizers  are  given  Ave  find  the 
following : 

"  Harrison's  Plant  Fertilizer"  produced  5,073 
lbs  of  sound  corn,  by  weight,  to  the  acre,  and  516 
lbs  of  nubbins.  "  Bower.'s  Complete  Manure" 
produced  5,125  lbs  of  sound  corn,  and  443  lbs  of 
nubbins  per  acre.  In  both  of  these  cases  200  lbs 
of  the  fertilizers  were  used  to  the  acre.  But  sin- 
gular enough,  where  •'  dry  seed,  and  no  fertilizer" 
at  all  was  used,  the  product  was  5,486  lbs  of 
sound  corn,  and  258  lbs  of  nubbins  to  the  acre. 
In  all  these  cases  the  gross  results  were  more 
fiivorable  to  other  fertilizers  than  Bower's,  and 
therefore  our  editorial  remarks  are  sustained  so 
far  as  they  go. 

But,  as  we  have  promised  to  refer  to  the 
Report  again  on  futiure  occasions,  and  in  order  to 
"render  unto  Cnesar  the  things  that  are  Cicsar's," 
as  well  as  to  enlighten  our  readers,  we  may  as 
well  do  so  now.  On  page  5  we  have  the  results 
of  eight  different  kinds  of  fertilizers  used  on 
timothy  sod  "  of  about  uniform  quality,  and 
equally  well  set  with  grass."  Bower's  Complete 
Manure,  applied  April  11,  400  lbs  per  acre,  pro- 
duced 4,784  lbs  of  hay  to  the  acre,  the  conuner 
cial  value  of  which  is  given  at  f  10.60,  (a  ton  we 
presume,)  being  a  gain  of  1,136  lbs  over  the 
amount  produced  where  no  fertilizer  was  used. 
Shoemaker's  Phuine,  under  like  circumstances, 
produced  4,768  lbs  of  hay,  valued  at  S10.40, 
being  a  gain  of  1,120  lbs.    The  next  most  favorar 


90 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMEE. 


ble  result  was  from  Harrison's  Plant  Fertilizer. 
On  page  6  we  have  the  results  of  fertilizers  on  a  | 
clover  field  ''  of  uniform  quality,  and  nearly 
equally  well  set,"  in  -which  Bower's  Complete 
Manure  showed  the  most  favorable  result,  and 
next  after  it  Shoemaker's  Phuiue.  In  this  case 
the  fertilizers  were  applied  on  the  7th  of  May, 
immediately  before  a  heavy  drizzling  rain,  400 
lbs  per  acre,  and  harvested  the  ISth  of  July. 
The  increase  in  the  first  named  was  824  lbs,  and 
in  the  latter  608  lbs  per  acre  over  that  upon 
which  no  fertilizer  was  used.  In  this  case  nine 
ditierent  kinds  of  fertilizers  were  tested,  the  re- 
sults of.  some  of  w' hich  were  verj'  close  to  those 
named,  especially  Moro  Philip's  and  Whaun's 
Phosphate.  In  reference  to  fertilizers  on  bar- 
ley under  like  circumstances,  sown  on  the  ground 
on  the  23d  and  24th  of  April,  thoroughly  har- 
rowed in,  and  the  seed  sown  on  April  27th,  the 
following  was  the  result :  400  lbs  of  Bower's  Com- 
plete Manure  to  the  acre  produced  29  bushels 
and  24  quarts  cleaned  barley, weighing  972  lbs, 
and  1,448  lbs  of  straw.  Nine  kinds  of  fertilizers 
were  used,  including  dry  wood  ashes,  five  of 
which  showed  more  favorable  results  than  Bow- 
er's; namely:  Hewes'  Phosphate,  Baugh's  Phos- 
phate, Harrison's  Plant  Fertilizer,  Shoemaker's 
Phuine,  and  dry  wood  ashes.  Even  where  no 
fertilizer  was  used  the  result  was  more  favorable 
than  in  several  instances  where  they  were  used. 
The  relative  merit  of  oats  without  fertilizers  may 
be  of  interest  to  our  readers,  even  if  it  is  too 
late  for  the  present  season.  The  "White  Poland, 
Black  Hungarian  and  Norway  produced  the  best 
yields,  both  in  reoard  to  quantity  and  weight, of 
grain  and  straw,  excepting  cleaned  grain  of  the 
Hungarian.  The  White  Poland,  29  bu.  to  the 
acre,  weighing  20  lbs  per  bushel,  Norway,  14 bu., 
11  qts.,  weighing  19i  lbs.  per  bushel,  Black 
Hungarian,  17  bu.,  21  qts.,  weighing  16  lbs.  per 
bushel,  and  so  on.  We  wish  it  distinctly  under- 
stood, that  in  making  these  remarks,  we  are  not 
officially  endorsing  or  disparaging  any  man's  fer- 
tilizer, but  are  merely  giving  the  gross  results  of 
the  experiments  alluded  to,  for  the  benefit  of  our 
readers.  If  we  deem  it  necessary  and  useful  we 
may  refer  to  this  subject  again  in  a  future  num- 
ber of  our  journal. 


^    —    » 


MEETING    OF   THE    AGRICULTURAL 
AND  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

The  Society  held  its  regular  monthly  meeting, 
May  3d,  1869,  at  the  Orphan's  Court  Room,  in 
the  city  of  Lancaster,  Henry  M.  Engle  in  the 
chair,  and  Alex.  Harris,  secretary.  The  minutes 
of  the  previous  meeting  being  read,  were  ap- 


proved by  acquiescence.  The  follbwing  names 
were  submitted  for  membership,  and.  on  motion, 
duly  elected,  viz.:  Dr.  Saml.  Welchons,  city; 
John  G.  Tanger,  of  Pequa;  Jacob  Kline,  of 
Ephi-'ata;  D.  G.  Swartz,  city;  Israel  Johns,  of 
Upper  Lacock  ;  David  E.  Mayers,  of  Strasburg, 
and  Adam  Espenshadc.  Moses  Brinton,  of 
Chester  county,  was  elected  an  honorary  member 
of  the  Society. 

Dr.  Saml.  Welchens  being  present,  was  invited 
to  read  an  essay  upon  vegetable  physiology, 
which  he  proceeded  to  do,  and  afterward  sub- 
mitted the  same  for  publication  in  the  Farmer. 

Upon  the  conclusion  of  the  Doctor's  essay, 
Jacob  Stauflfer  rose  and  remarked  his  entire  ac- 
quiescence in  the  soundness  of  the  positions  men- 
tioned by  the  essayist,  and  added,  that  perscSns,  in 
the  taking  of  up  plants,  should  be  careful  to  pre- 
serve as  many  of  the  small  fibrous  rootlets  as  pos- 
sible, as  the_v  will  grow  the  better.  He  said 
everv  grain  of  corn  contains  an  ascending  and 
descending  axis,  one  of  which  is  inclined  to  de- 
scend into  the  earth,  and  the  other  to  ascend. 
Mr.  S.,  while  discussing  the  subject  of  the  essay, 
was  handed  by  the  President,  for  examination,  a 
bunch  of  blossoms  which  had  grown  out  of  a  crab- 
stalk,  at  a  point  where  before  it  had  seemed  per- 
fectly smooth,  and  these  he  designated,  in  phys- 
iognomical language,  as  adventitious. 

S.  S.  Rathvon  called  attention  to  a  remedy  de- 
tailed in  Warden's  Pomology,  for  the  destruction 
of  bark-lice.  [See  another  remedy  given  in  an 
article  under  Entomology.] 

Henry  M.  Engle  suggested  that  he  had  heard 
it  said  that  bark-lice  only  attack  weakly  trees, 
and*  to  this  Dr.  Diffenderfer  replied  that  they  had 
attacked  all  kinds  with  him,  both  sickly  and 
sound.  And  he  further  remarked  that  they  might 
be  removed  in  the  month  of  September,  by  rub- 
bing them  oft' with  a  cloth  or  brush. 

D.  D.  Hostetter  asked  at  what  time  the  brood 
of  the  apple-tree  borer  is  deposited,  and  was  in- 
formed, by  S.  S.  Rathvon,  that  the  borer  deposits 
its  eggs  from  about  the  middle  of  May  to  the 
middle  of  June. 

Moses  Brinton  asked  how  insects  can  be  de- 
stroyed, and  whether  pear-trees  should  be  culti- 
vated or  not. 

Mr.  Engle  replied  that  he  believed  it  to  be  a 
disputed  matter,  whether  pear-trees  should  be 
cultivated  or  not ;  but,  for  his  part,  he  had  culti 

vated  his. 

P.  S.  Reist  said  he  believed  the  question  of  the 
preservation  of  timber  had  never  been  brought 
before  the  Society.  He  has  observed,  in  some  of 
the  papers,  a  new  society  which  has  been  organ- 
ized, in  some  of  the  Eastern  States,  which  calls 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


91 


itself  "  The  Timber-preserviug  Society."  He  ia- 
quired  ;f  any  of  the  otlier  members  of  the  So- 
ciety liad  seen  any  notice  of  the  existence  of  such 
a  society. 

Jacob  Stauffer  said  a  new  patent  had  recently 
been  taken  out  for  the  preservation  of  timber  by 
the  exhaustion  of  the  sap  of  the  wood,  and  by  in- 
filtrating the  cellular  tissues  thereof  with  a  cer- 
tain liquor  by  means  of  hydraulic  pressure. 

Jacob  H.  Brackbill  asked  why  dealers  in  timber 
desired  to  have  trees  cut  when  the  leaves  have 
attained  their  largest  expansion. 

Jacob  Staufler  replied  as  to  what  might  be  sur- 
mised as  a  reason,  but  of  the  fact  he  was  not  be- 
fore cognizant. 

Mr.  Brinton  spoke  of  timber  which  had  been 
cut  in  July  and  August,  and  which  did  not  suffer 
any  from  worms  ;  whilst  that  cut  at  other  seasons 
had  suffered  very  much  from  that  cause. 

Several  other  members  believed  Mr.  Brinton 
had  given  the  reason  why  dealers  iu  timber  prefer 
its  being  cut  in  Jul}"^  and  August. 
^  S.  S.  Rathvon  drew  attention  to  the  late  law 
passed  by  our  Legislature,  which  imposes  a  pen- 
alty of  $25  for  the  killing  of  certain  insectiverous 
birds  which  are  specitied  in  the  enactment. 

H.  M.  Engle  hinted  that  if  it  was  intended  to 
hold  a  strawberry  exhibition  in  June,  it  might, 
perhaps,  be  necessary  to  take  some  action  at  this 
time  with  reference  to  it. 

It  was  therefore  moved,  by  A.  D.  Ilostetter, 
that  a  committee  be  appointed  to  consult  as  to 
the  propriety  of  holding  such  an  exhibition,  and 
take  such  preliminary  steps  as  the  case  may  de- 
mand. 

The  chairman  appointed  the  following  members 
on  the  said  committee,  viz.:  A.  D.  Hostetter,  H. 
K.  Stouer,  S.  S.  Rathvon,  Alex.  Harris,  Levi  S. 
Keist,  Jacob  Stauffer,  and  Dr.  Saml.  Welchens. 

Jacob  B.  Garber  presented  to  the  Society  a 
root  of  a  grape  vine  that  had  been  grafted,  and, 
where  a  perfect  union  bad  been  effected,  a  result 
that  been  greatly  questioned  by  plwsiologists. 

After  the  transaction  of  some  matter  of  minor 
importance,  the  Society  on  motion  adjourned. 


IMPROVED  CATTLE  IN  LANCASTER 
COUNTY. 
As  much  noted  as  Lancaster  county  is  in  Con- 
estoga  horses,  it  has  no  promising  record  in  the 
rearing  of  fine  cattle,  and,  although  Lancaster 
county  furnishes  well-fed  steers  in  the  Philadel- 
phia market,  and  of  her  farmers  are  some  who 
pride  themselves  as  being  considered  leading 
cattle-feeders,  yet  raising  good  cattle  in  the  coun- 
try is  a  different  thing.    All  the  good  cattle  fed 


in  the  country  are  raised  in  the  Western  States. 
Kentucky,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Missouri 
raise  the  best  of  stock,  and  may  be  regarded  as 
he  leading  cattle-growing  States.  In  travelling 
over  those  States  last  summer,  I  noticed, almost 
everywhere  on  the  prairies,  nothing  but  the 
lieavy  Durham  breed.  In  many  places  a  law,  or 
universally  observed  custom  prevails,  that  no 
scrul>bull  is  allowed  to  run  at  large,  and,  in  case 
one  is  turned  out  on  the  prairie,  he  is  sure  soon 
to  be  changed  into  a  stag.  It  is  owing  to  this 
custom  that  the  Western  people  invariably  have 
good  improved  stock.  The  people  of  Lancaster 
county  might  soon  improve  their  stock,  if  they 
would  be  more  attentive  to  the  keeping  of  good 
bulls.  But  the  excuse  alleged  is  that  cattle-rais- 
ing does  not  pay  in  Lancaster  county,  and  this 
may  have  some  foundation  as  regards  the  raising 
of  stock  steers,  yet  most  farmers  keep  from  four 
to  eight  cows  on  their  farm.  The  calves  are  sold 
off"  for  the  shambles,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
heifer  calves,  and  hence  a  carelessness  as  to  stock 
prevails,  because  raising  stock  steers  does  not 
pay,  as  is  alleged — our  Lancaster  county  farmers 
hang  on  to  the  old  breeds  of  cattle  which  were 
brought  here  many  years  ago ;  while,  were  they 
to  choose  their  stock  from  the  Western  improved 
kinds,  they  Avould  be  well  paid  (as  it  occurs  to 
me)  for  the  raising  of  them,  as  these  kinds  would 
bring  from  ten  to  thirty  dollars  per  head  more  in 
our  markets  than  the  old,  unimproved  stock.  It 
is  said  by  some  that  our  ordinary  cows  are  better 
milkers,  and  consequently  more  valuable;  but 
this  is  asserted  by  those  who  have  no  knowledge 
of  the  Western  cows,  for  the  West  produces  milk 
cows  of  the  finest  kind,  having  large  square  udders, 
and  such  as  would  have  brought  from  ninety  to 
one  hundred  dollars  at  our  sales.  Only  a  few 
men  in  Lancaster  county  make  a  practice  to  raise 
good  stock.  Our  people  would  have  all  opportu- 
nities to  improve  their  cattle  through  the  con- 
tinual transportation  of  bulls  and  heifers  from  the 
West  to  our  Eastern  markets.  Four  years  ago  I 
saw  one  whole  car-load  of  bulls  brought  from 
Kentucky,  all  heavy  durhams,  or  short-Korns,and 
not  one  of  them  could  be  sold  for  a  breeder ;  and, 
as  a  consequence,  all  were  purchased  by  one  man 
for  feeders,  at  only  ordinary  prices.  When  once 
a  bull  is  three  years  old,  it  does  not  matter  what 
quality  he  is,  he  cannot  be  sold  for  more  than  a 
scrub  l)ull  of  the  same  weight.  In  fact,  the  people 
seem  to  make  no  difference  between  a  neat  im- 
proved, and  a  scrub  bull.  Durhams,  so  ciUed, 
may  differ  in  color,  size,  and  weight,  but  ought 
not  to  differ  in  shape.  On  the  Western  reserves 
they  generally  have  the  red  Durham  tolerably 
heavy ;  in  Kentucky  they  have  the  white  Dur- 


02 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


ham,  very  heavy.  All  over  Illinois  and  Iowa, 
the  white  and  roan  calves  are  generally  very 
heavy  when  first  dropped,  weighing  frequently 
from  eighty  to  one  hundred  pounds.  These  are  im- 
proved in  weight  over  the  old  English  breed  from 
which  they  are  sprung,  and  this  improvement  has 
taken  place  chiefly  in  the  blue  grass  country  of 
Kentucky.  The  first  Durhams  brought  tp  this 
country  by  Jackson,  near  Lancaster,  were  red  and 
roans,  neat  in  appearance,  and  not  very  heavy. 
The  calves  were  very  small  when  first  dropped. 
Some  of  the  full-blooded  cows  had  sometimes  a 
bulk  in  the  back  of  the  udder,  which  proved  some 
objection  in  the  selling  of  them.  In  the  half- 
breeds  and  graded  stock,  however,  the  very  best 
results  followed.  It  is  not  specially  of  the  Dur- 
hams or  short  horns  that  I  wish  to  speak.  It  is 
the  generally  improved  breeds  that  I  particularly 
have  in  view,  and  I  desire  that  our  friends  should 
endeavor  to  improve  their  stock,  especially  their 
cows,  in  the  same  manner  they  have  done  in  the 
Western  States.  L.  S.  R. 

^        IMI       <i 

AN  AGRICULTURAL  LIBRARY. 

Xowthat  Lancaster  county  has  an  agricultural 
society  and  monthly  organ,  the  Lancaster 
Farmer,  it  seems  to  bid  as  if  determined  to 
keep  pace  with  the  improvements  and  develop- 
ments of  the  age,  one  thing  is  yet  wanting  -he 
wants  a  well  selected  library  of  agricultural 
books  on  different  branches  of  husbandry,  and 
which  shall  embrace  the  standard  writings  of 
Thaer,  Leibig,  Humplire/,  Davy,  Boussingault 
and  others  who  have  devoted  their  lives  to  the 
development  of  agriculture  as  a  science.  Such  a 
library  at  this  time  is  what  we  particularly  want, 
and  by  reference  to  the  State  Agricultural  Re- 
port of  1867  it  will  bs  seen  that  many  counties  of 
our  Commonwealth  and  Union  have  already  se- 
cured libraries  numbering  several  hundred 
volumes.  Let  not  Lancaster  county,  the  garden 
of  the  Keystone,  lag  behind  her  sister  counties  in 
this  important  particular,  but  allow  her  society  in 
its  next  report  to  be  able  to  name  the  nmnber  of 
volumes  in  its  library.  Let  the  Society  move  in 
this  matter,  and  raise  means  sufficient  to  pur- 
chase the  principal  treatises  on  agriculture  and 
horticulture. 


^i$C0llan0iiii- 


few  of  the  older  and  better  known  varieties  are 
perfectly  hardy.  Farmers  as  a  rule  know  little 
of  the  science  of  high  culture  or  the  care  re- 
quired to  produce  fruits  from  the  more  tender 
sorts  that  needs  protection,  and  after  they  have 
tried  them  a  few  years  without  getting  any  returns 
for  their  labor  they  usually  dig  them  up  and  put 
them  on  the  brush  heap.  Kow,  a  raspberry  of 
fair  quality  is  far  better  than  none,  and  I  advise 
those  who  have  been  disappointed  in  cultivating 
other  sorts  to  try  a  few  of  the  black  cap  varieties, 
or  if  they  prefer  the  red  raspberries  plant  a  few  of 
the  Philadelphia,  Ellisdale  or  Purple  cane.  These 
three  will  grow  almost  anywhere,  and  will  yield 
abundantly,  although  they  are  not  quite  equal  to 
the  Fastolf  or  Clark.  The  Ellisdale  is  the 
hardest  red  raspberry  that  we  have  ever  seen, 
and  it  is  a  rampant  grower  and  wonderfully  pro- 
ductive, although  the  fruit  is  neither  very  large 
nor  handsome.  J.  G.  Kreider. 


PLANT  A  PEW  RASPBERRIES. 

In  travelling  through  the  country  we  have  al- 
ways noticed  that  raspberries  are  rarely  seen  in. 
the  gardens  of  our  farm^ers.  One  reason  for  this 
scarcity  is  probably  owing  to  the  fact  that  very 


"HOW    TO    MAKE    THE     BUTTER 
COME." 

I  noticed,  in  the  March  number  of  the  Lancas- 
ter Farmer,  an  article,  b}'^  J.  B.  G.,  entitled, 
How  to  make  the  butter  come.  It  M'as  well  written, 
and  the  duties  of  the  dairy  are  well  described 
therein,  as  is  too  well  known,  by  all  those  who 
have  been  raised  on  a  farm. 

The  labor  of  milking  is  no  longer  incumbent 
upon  women,  in  the  Eastern  and  Western  States, 
if  ever  it  had  been  heretofore.  Indeed,  in  some 
parts  of  New  York  and  northern  Pennsylvania, 
t  is  quite  common  to  see  men  performing  this 
labor. 

Although  Lancaster  county  has  made  some 
progress  in  its  domestic  character,  and  therefore 
women  are  now  seldom  seen  performing  field 
labor,  yet  "  milking  the  cows"  seems  to  be  still 
entailed  upon  them.  I  think  women  ought  to  be 
relieved  from  this  laborious  operation,  especially 
since  men  have  been  relieved  from  the  slow  and 
tedious  process  of  tramping  out  grain  with  horses, 
by  the  aid  of  labor-saving  machines. 

But  all  this  is  not  answering  the  significant- 
question,  Hoiv  to  make  the  butter  cornel  Well,  the 
thing  maybe  done  in  this  wise  :  In  the  first  place, 
the  cream  must  be  kept  at  the  proper  tempera- 
ture, and,  if  so,  butter  may  be  confidently  ex_ 
pected  in  from  25  to  30  minutes.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  the  9th  of  March  last,  just  at  the  moment 
when  a  sudden  change  to  intensely  cold  weather 
took  place,  I  had  but  one  cream-pot  full  of  cream, 
into  which  I  poiu-ed  a  pint  of  boiling  water. 
Some  prefer  boiling  sweet-milk — one  or  the  other 
will  answer  equally  well.  One  pint  of  boiling 
milk  or  water,  to  every  common  cream-pot  full  of 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


93 


cream,  will  bring  the  mass  to  the  proper  tempera- 
ture, in  cold  weather,  to  speedily  form  butter.  In 
the  second  place,  this  process  will  increase  the 
quantity  and  quality  of  butter,  from  a  given  mass 
of  cream.  In  summer,  when  the  cream  is  above 
the  proper  temperature,  then  add  thereto,  in  like 
proportion,  as  above  stated,  very  cold  spring,  or 
ice-water,  in  order  to  bricg  the  cream  to  its 
proper  temperature. 

Tliis  has  been  my  experience  for  the  last 
twen^-five  years,  and  has  always  been  success- 
ful. The  "proper  temperature"  is  about  seventy 
degrees  of  the  common  thermometer  ;  a  few  de- 
grees either  way  will  not  aflect  it. 

Anna  Reist. 
^  »  »   

BREAD. 

A  lady  submits  the  following  to  the  attention 
of  our  readers  : 

"  There  are  so  many  ways  for  making  bread, 
and  all  claiming  to  be  equally  good,  that  some 
feel  puzzled  which  to  choose.  After  an  experi- 
ence of  30  years  housekeeping,  and  having  never 
had  sour  bread,  if  at  all,  more  than  five  times  in 
those  years,  certainly  some  credit  may  be  given 
to  a  few  remarks  on  a  subject  so  closely  con- 
nected with  health  and  life.  "Oh,  any  one  can 
make  bread,"  somebody  says,  tossing  her  head, 
and  any  one  can ;  but  if  I  had  not  so  often  seen 
the  best  of  housekeepers  fail  in  this  one  point, 
this  article  never  would  have  been  written.  One 
housekeeper  always  uses  boiled  butter  milk  and 
potatoes,  and  her  bread  is  white  and  spongy. 
But  it  leaves  a  taste  of  acidity  in  the  mouth  afcer 
eating,  and  ailects  the  stomach  unpleasantly. 
Auocher  will  use  nothing  but  new  milk  for  her 
bread.  It  has  a  nice  look,  tastes  well  while 
fresh,  but  becomes  stale  and  unpleasant  very 
quickly.  Sometimes  they  work  in  an  egg  to  make 
it  look  nice,  and  then  it  dries  even  more  speedily. 
Some  boil  potatoes  and  mash  and  pour  water  and 
all  into  the  bread  ;  some  heat  the  whey  of  butter- 
milk or  som-  milk  and  mix  with  that.  But  none 
of  these  things  give  us  a  pure  article,  and  they 
render  the  bread  unhealthy. 

Then  there  ai-e  various  modes  of  managing  the 
"rising"  or  "spone."  Some  set  it  over  night 
and  let  it  raise  three  times  afterward,  others  set 
iu  the  morning  and  by  noon,  or  earlier,  have  it 
baked.  Bread  can  be  a  very  troublesome  thmg 
to  manage,  and  it  can  be  done  with  very  little 
•trouble  and  be  good.  I  am  not  giving  a  scientific 
article,  and  shall  write  nothing  on  the  chemistry 
of  bread-making.  But  a  few  plain  hints  will  be 
sufficient  to  the  wise.  The  woman  who  always 
has  sour  bread  is  found  in  many  places,  the  one 
who  has  it  very  often  is  still  more  readily  found, 


and  both  are  giving  slow  but  sure  poison  to  all 
who  eat  at  their  tables.  Much,  perhaps  nearly 
all  the  flour  which  has  been  sold  the  past  year, 
has  had  the  elements  of  acidity  so  strongly  mani- 
fest as  to  require  more  care  than  formerly  to  pro- 
duce good  sweet  bread.  (Farmers  have  had  to 
buy  their  flour  as  well  as  others.)  Bread  may  be 
sweet  and  yet  heavy  and  injurious,  and  it  may  be 
sour  and  look  very  fair. 

I^ow,  to  insure  healthy,  palatable  bread,  I  have 
found  by  experience  that  no  elements  should  en- 
ter into  its  composition  but  pure  flour,  pure  water 
and  pure  yeast.  The  kind  Father  of  all  has  this 
year  sent  us  good  wheat,  and  no  one  but  a  covet- 
ous, speculating' villain,  would  adulterate  it.  But 
I  have  seen  very  little  flour  sold  this  year  past, 
iu  which  I  have  not  detected  the  presence  of 
alum  or  white  clay.  In  boiling  the  flour  in  the 
sweetest  milk,  entirely  new,  I  have  repeatedly 
found  it  to  curdle,  and  abandoned  all  experiments 
to  obtain  good  porridge,  as  useless.  The  same 
results  took  place  when  boiling  the  flour  in  water, 
which  aftbrded  proof  positive  of  the  adulteration 
of  the  flour.  And  these  tests  would  be  well  ap- 
plied by  purchasers  beforehand, fin  order  to  judge 
of  the  flonr  they  buy.  Pure,  soft  water  is  the  ar- 
ticle intended  by  nature  to  mix  with  our  bread. 
Milk  may  be  used  for  cakes  of  every  kind.  Pota- 
toes can  be  used  as  food  by  themselves,  but, 
worked  into  bread,  make  anything  bnt  the  real 
"staff  of  life." 

The  character  of  the  yeast  is  of  the  first  impor- 
tance, and  dm-iug  the  heated  term  it  spoils  more 
quickly  than  at  any  other  time.    For  many  years 
I  have  used  but  one  kind,  and  it  never  fails  to 
make  good  bread.    But  it  must  be  kept  in  a  cool, 
dry  place,  and  very  tightly  excluded  from  the 
air.    Try  it  if  you  wish.    Boil  a  very  large  hand- 
ful of  good  hops  in  two  quarts  of  pure  hot  water ; 
boil  it  fast  in  a  porcelain  kettle,  long  enough  to 
get  out  all  the  strength.    While  it  is  boiling  stir 
a  stiff  batter  of  flour  and  cold  water,  into  which 
stir  a    tablespoonful  of  sugar,  and    of   ginger. 
Some  add  a  tablespoonful  of  powdered  alum,  but 
I  consider  it  unhealthy.    Over  this  mixture,  when 
the  hops  are  sufficiently  boiled,  pour  through  a 
strainer  hops  and  water,  and  press  them  tightly 
and  stir  quickly  into  the  batter.    Let  it  stand  till 
luke  warm,  then  add  a  gill  of  sweet  lively  yeast. 
Set  it  to  rise,  it  will  not  go  high,  but  will  become 
foamy  on  the  top.    After  standing  a  day  or  so 
the  foam  will  disappear,  and  the  liquid  will  be  at 
the  top,  the  batter  at  the  bottom,  and  one  would 
think  it  had  no  life.    But  stir  it  thoroughly  from 
the  bottom  and  it  will  become  foamy  and  light. 
One-half  or  two  thirds  of  a  common  sized  tea- 
cupful  will  make  three  good  sized  loares.    When 


94 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMEE. 


about  a  teacupful  only  is  left,  it  can  be  used  to 
start  a  fresh  quantity. 

At  night  take  lukewarm  water  and  stir  in  flour, 
with  the  cup  of  yeast  also,  and  a  tablespoon  of 
salt,  and  set  it  to  rise.  It  will  be  light  m  the 
morning,  when  stir  in  fresh  flour  till  it  is  almost 
dough.  After  awhile  it  will  be  very  light,  when 
knead  it  into  as  much  flour  as  you  want  to  use, 
working  in  one  mass  on  your  flour-board.  When 
it  is  light  enough,  but  not  too  light,  take  it  again 
to  your  flour-board,  work  it  into  loaves,  and  set 
it  to  rise  in  pans  for  the  stove,  or  in  baskets  for 
the  brick  oven.  Have  the  right  degree  of  heat 
or  three-quarters  of  an  hour,  and  your  bfead 
will  be  fit  for  any  table  in  the  land. 

Health  requires  that  24  hours  shall  be  allowed 
after  baking,  to  ripen  the  bread  fit  for  the  stom- 
ach. Economy  also  demands  the  same  thing,  for 
hot  bread  is  very  wasteful.  If  cooking-stoves 
could  always  have  ovens  lined  with  brick,  our' 
bread  would  be  more  wholesome  than  when  baked 
in  iron  ovens.  "  Out-ovens,"  as  they  are  called, 
are  the  very  best  bakers  for  bread,  cakes,  and 
pies. — N.   Y.  Tribune. 

SELECTION  OP  SEED  CORN. 

The  great  lasis  of  the  important  discoveries  of 
the  naturalist  Darwin    are   summed  up  iu  the 
term  "  Natural  Selection."     The  idea  is  that  the 
external  circumstances  of  nature  are   in  a  con- 
tinual state  of  change,  and  that  plants  and  ani- 
mals have  been  endowed  with  a  principle  of  slow 
but  constant  variation,  somewhat  related  to  the 
change  i^  their  external  surroundings.    Among 
these  variations  are  some  which  are  better  suited 
to  the  changed  condition  of  things  than  others. 
These  get  more  aid  and  support  than  others  from 
changed    nature,  become     stronger,    and    then 
crowd  out  and  utterly  destroy  those  which  are 
less  suited  to  the  new  sphere.    This  principle  is 
called  Natural  Selection.    There  are,   therefore, 
in  the  vegetable  and  animal  kingdoms  two  dis- 
tinct principles — the  conservative  and  the  radical 
— the  one  seeking  to  maintain  things  just  as  they 
are,  the  other  endeavoring  to  modify  and  improve 
them;  but  neither  can  do  much  only  as  external 
circumstances    foster    and   favor   them.    These 
principles    of  construction     and  destruction  are 
about  evenly  balanced,  and  neither  can  go  very 
far  away  before  it  is  brought  back  by  the  other ; 
the  change  goes  on  just  in  proportion  as  any  re- 
tentions strength  is  afforded  it. 

The  value  of  this  principle  to  us  is  in  its  ap- 
plication to  selection  for  seed  purposes.  If  man 
had  never  intervened,  there  would  probably  be 
'  yet  but  one  kind  of  Indian  corn.  Varieties 
would    shoot    out  ■,  but    these,   being   relatively 


weaker  in  proportion  to  the  degree  of  divergence 
from  the  main  type,  would  soon  be  killed  out  by 
the  rest.  But  man  notes  the  variation  as  some- 
thing which  would  be  useful  to  him,  and  selects  It, 
giving  it  his  special  protection  from  the  pressure 
of  the  rest ;  and  the  conservative  powei  becomes 
gradually  consolidated  by  his  assistance. 

This  then  should  be  the  method  of  man  iu 
seed  saving.  If  corn  with  thin  cobs  and  large 
grain,  be  an  object,  select  continually  from  those 
which  have  these  characters ;  and  in  whatever 
point  we  notice  a  tendency  to  vary,  or  to  approach 
our  wishes  in  the  line  of  variation,  a  selection  of 
those  points,  followed  up  for  a  year  or  two,  will 
produce  marked  varieties. 

An  absolutely  new  vegetable  has  jugt  been 
given  to  the  world  by  a  Preuch  philosopher,  M. 
Carriere.  He  conceived  the  idea  that  a  kind  of 
radish,  growing  wild,  more  or  less, all  over  Europe 
and  America,  the  raphanus  raphinastrum,  could 
be  as  much  improved  as  the  common  radish  has 
been  from  its  progenitor,  and  allied  species.  The 
root  of  the  natural  weed  is  very  hard  and  wiry,  j 
but  he  selected  one  which  seemed  a  trifle  softer  j 
than  the  rest.  From  this  he  sowed  seed,  and 
kept  selecting,  year  after  year,  the  softest,  until 
now  he  has  round,  long,  red,  white,  and  all  sorts 
of  roots,  as  in  the  common  radish.  The  flavor  of 
the  root  is  peculiar,  and  distinct  from  the  common 
radish,  and  is  described  as  being  something 
between  a  turnip  and  the  radish. 

These  experiments  show  how  much  ma}^  be 
done  by  man  to  aid  nature  in  her  principle  of 
variation  against  the  conservative  element ;  and 
as  the  season  of  corn  planting  is  at  hand,  it  will 
be  very  seasonable  to  apply  the  knowledge  to 
practice.  He  who  shall  raise  a  real  first-rate 
■^ariety  may  make  his  fortune ,  for  the  public  soon 
tire  of  one  hobby,  and  want  new  ones.  The  pota- 
toe  is  king  just  now ;  but  corn  may  turn  up  bye 
and  bye. 

VALUE  OF  THE  CROW. 
Some  of  our  exchanges  were  startled  when  we 
pointed  out  that,  with  some  faults,  the  crow  was 
on  the  whole,  one  of  the  farmer's  best  friends 
It  is  gratifying  to  find  that  many  of  them  are  now 
joining  with  the  Weelily  Press  in  showing  the  real 
value  of  this  bird  to  us.  The  Atlantic  Monthly 
has  had  an  able  article  on  the  farmer's  feathered 
friends,  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Thomas  M.  Brewer 
the  distinguished  ornithologist,  in  which  he  de 
fends  the  crows  as  we  have  done  ;  and  the  Ger 
mantoion  Telegraph,  Boston  Cultivator,  and  othei 
enlightened  papers,  are  following  in  the  sami 
wake.  How  long  will  Virginia  ofter  a  premiup; 
for  crows'  feet  ? — Press. 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMEH. 


95 


NATIONAL   POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

We  hope  our  Middle  State  readers  will  uot  for- 
get that  next  September  the  biennial  session  of 
the  National  Poniological  Society  will  be  held  in 
Philadelphia,  and  that  it  will  be  their  duty  to 
show  that  they  are  not  in  that  benighted  state  of 
ignorance  which  is  frequently  charged  against 
them.  True,  the  Legislatures  of  these  States  do 
little  for  agriculture  ;  but  the  more  reason  that 
our  fiirmers  should  bestir  themseves,  and  show 
that  they  are  not  faithfully  represented.  The 
Southern  and  Southwestern  States  are  moving 
with  great  energy,  determined  to  show  at  least 
that  they  understand  the  value  of  their  reputa- 
tion. Even  .beyond  the  Mississippi  they  are 
awake  to  the  effort — the  Kansas  Legislature 
having  voted  $500  towards  the  delegation  which 
will  bring  their  fruits  to  the  exhibition  here  ; 
and  in  other  places  whe*e  nothing  officially  has 
been  done  by  the  States,  the  various  agricultural 
and  horticultural  societies  have  taken  steps  to  see 
their  various  localities  worthily  represented.  In 
Pennsylvania  absolutely  nothing  of  any  conse- 
quence is  being  done.  Our  State  Agricultural 
Society,  we  believe,  has  taken  no  action  what- 
ever. Our  State  Horticultural  Society  has  moved 
so  far  as  to  offer  the  use  of  their  hall  on  Broad 
street  for  the  meeting  of  the  convention,  but 
nothing  more.  Delaware  and  Maryland  we  have 
heard  nothing  from,  while  iSfew  Jersey  has  taken 
no  step-!,  except  so  far  as  the  ever  lively  local 
agricultural  society  of  Yineland  is  concerned. 
T?te>/  know  its  importance,  and  have  already  ar- 
ranged to  have  their  town  worthily  represented. 

The  citizens  of  Philadelphia  seem  hardly 
aware  of  the  approach  of  the  convention,  which 
is  in  striking  contrast  with  the  enthusiasm  mani- 
fested long  in  advance  by  other  cities  in  which 
the  meetings  have  been  held.  The  few  enter- 
prising agriculturalists  who  went  to  St.  Louis  two 
years  ago,  to  get  the  honor  ef  the  next  meeting 
for  this  city,  and  who  succeeded  only  to  the 
ihagrin  off  Cincinnati  and  other  places,  should 
act  be  left  alone  in  their  efforts  to  see  the  pomo- 
ogiial  branch  of  the  agriculture  of  the  Middle 
states  have  the  justice  done  it,  to  which  it  cer- 
wiinly  is  ^rititled. 

It  is  the  boast  of  so  many  agricultural  journals 
;hat  most  of  their  readers  ai'e  from  Pennsylva- 
lia  and  the  Middle  States,  that  it  should  be  the 
nterest  of  all  of  us  to  show  that  agricultural  rcad- 
rs  and  excellent  agriculture  really  go  together. 
We  hope  the  fruit  men  will  take  the  hint  in  time, 
ind make  the  event  by  their  excellent,  contribu- 
ion  of  fruits  and  intelligent  fruit  men  worthy  of 
;hemselves. — Philadelphia  Press. 


DRAUGHT. 

What  is  in  agricultural  matters  technically 
called  the  "  draught"  of  a  vehicle,  when  in  mo- 
tion, or  the  ease  or  otherwise  with  which  it  can 
be  drawn  along,  is  badly  understood  by  practical 
men.  The  following,  from  an  exchange,  affords 
a  fine  text  for  a  few  words  in  relation  to  it : 

"  A  queer  bet  was  recently  made  in  Swansey, 
Mass.  One  man  wagered  that  no  horse  in  town 
could  pull  four  bushels. of  corn  (two  hundred  and 
twenty-four  pounds)  in  a  bag  or  bags,  four  feet, 
on  a  barn  floor,  the  bags  being  fastened  to  an 
inch  rope  one  hundred  feet  in  length.  The  nov- 
elty of  the  bet  attracted  fjuite  a  crowd  to  witness 
the  performance,  but  the  first  horse  did  the  busi- 
ness easily.  The  principle  which  induced  the 
wager  was,  that  a  small  anchor,  attached  to  a 
long  cable,  will  fasten  a  large  vessel,  even  in  a 
very  high  wind." 

To  those -who  are  at  all  acquainted  with  me- 
chanical matters,  it  seems,  in  the  first  place, 
strange  that  any  one  should  be  willing  to  risk  his 
money  in  favor  of  the  long-rope  side  of  the  ques- 
tion, and  then  a  litt^  strange  that  a  horse  could 
be  found  with  strength  enough  to  win  the  bet ; 
and  yet  any  one  who  has  had  any  conversation 
with  teamsters  generally,  knows  that  he  could 
find  a  hundred  men,  any  day  in  the  week,  who 
would  readily  bet  that  it  made  no  difference 
that  a  horse  could  haul  as  easily  in  a  long  set  of 
gears  as  in  a  short  one.  "  Any  day  in  the  week" 
one  may  see  farmers'  horses  jogging  along  in 
shafts  with  traces  eighteen  inches  or  two  feet 
longer  than  they  need  be,  the  owiiers  or  drivers 
all  unconscious  that  they  were  adding  from  one 
hundred  to  tu'o  hundred  j^onnds  to  the  burden  of 
the  horse.  Horses,  too,  in  single  file,  are  com- 
mon enough,  when  they  would  be  able  to  accom- 
plish one-third  more  by  being  set  in  double  stands. 
Sometimes  we  have  to  sacrifice  one  point  to  gain 
another.  In  mule  teams,  for  instance,  only  very 
well  broke  animals  will  work  together  in  pairs  ; 
and  thus  the  single  file  often  becomes  the  easiest 
managed,  although  with  a  loss  of  power.  But  in 
many  more  cases  than  usual  much  may  be  gained 
by  attention  to  the  main  principle,  that  the  closer 
the  vehicle,  the  easier  the  draught. 

— . — ■<»— ^  ^f 

POTATOES  II'T  HILLS. 

The  following,  from  an  exchange,  reminds  us 
of  a  subject  m  which  we  once  took  great  interest  : 

K.  E.,  a  successful  potato  raiser  of  Ohio,  writes 
to  the  Coutifri/man  as  follows  :  "I  have  tried  rais- 
ing potatoes  in  hills  and  in  drills,  in  the  same 
ground,  and  I  am  decidedly  in  favor  of  the  former 
practice.  When  potatoes  are  planted  in  rows,  so 
that  they  can  be  cultivated  both  ways  with  the 
plough,  there  is  a  great  saving  of  labor ;  and  I 
believe,  also,  that  potatoes  raised  in  hills  yield 
as  much  and  produce  finer  potatoes  than  when 


96 


THE  LANCASTER  FAnMER. 


they  are  planted  in  drills  one  wsLy.  I  see  no  ne- 
cessity of  planting  whole  potatoes,  when  they  are 
of  good  size." 

The  crop  on  the  field  where  we  saw  the  hill  sys- 
tem tested  was  certainly  very  fine  ;  but  we  do  not 
think  there  was  much  more  profit  in  it  than  in  the 
row  system.  The  theory  was  that  by  cultivating 
both  ways,  less  hoeing  would  be  required  to  keep 
down  the  weeds.  .But  much  hand-hoeing  was 
necessary  to  keep  the  weeds  out  of  the  hills,  and 
much  more  ground  than  actually  necessary  had 
to  be  given  the  crop.  "We  have  never  known  of 
any  but  our  own  single  experiment.  "We  should 
liee  to  have  it  thoroughly  tested  this  season,  and 
some  of  our  readers  report  their  experience. 


LIQUID  GRAFTING  WAX. 

"We  advise  none  of  our  readers  to  pay  a  dollar 
for  a  receipt  for  making  liquid  grafting  wax.  We 
have  once  or  twice  *  published  such  a  receipt  and 
again  repeat  it  for  the  benefit  of  our  subscribers. 
The  following  will  make  a  wax  that  can  be  put 
on  with  a  brush,  will  alwaysnae  ready  for  use  if 
kept  tightly  corked  in  a  bottle,  and  can  be  ap- 
plied to  bruises  or  wounds  on  trees,  or  used  as  a 
grafting  wax  ;  viz  :  Melt  one  pound  of  rosin  over 
a  gentle  fire  ;  add  one  ounce  of  beef  tallow  and 
stir  it  well ;  take  it  from  the  fire,  let  it  cool  down 
a  little  and  add  a  table  spoonful  of  spirits  of  tur- 
pentine, and  after  that  about  seven  ounces  of 
very  strong  alcohol  (95  per  cent.).  It  will  be  ne- 
cessary, after  putting  in  the  alcohol,  to  put  it  on 
the  stove  again,  stirring  it  constantly,  takmg 
great  care  that  the  alcohol  does  not  get  inflamed. 
To  avoid  this,  remove  the  kettle  from  the  stove 
as  soon  as  the  mass,  which  may  have  cooled  rap- 
idly by  the  addition  of  the  alcohol,  begins  to  melt. 
Continue  to  stir,  until  the  whole  mass  becomes 
the  consistency  of  honey.  This  will  be  found  far 
better  and  cheaper  than  the  common  shellac  pre- 
paration used  for  this  purpose  ;  and  after  being 
put  on  for  a  day  or  two,  becomes  a  clear,  white 
color,  and  as  hard  as  stone — impervious  to  water 
and  an-. 

"We  charge  our  readers  nothing  lor  the  above, 
and  will  warrant  it  better  than  that  made  from  a 
receipt  for  which  maiiy  will  pay  one  dollar.  The 
preparation  for  it  has  been  proved  and  recom- 
mended by  some  of  the  best  horticulturists  in  the 
country. — Maine  Farmer. 

The  following  commendatory  notice,  clipped 
from  the  Lancaster  Intelligencer^  indicates  that 
the  Farmer  is  making  a  favorable  impression  in 
this  community : 

The  Lancaster  Farmer.— "We  have  received 
the  May  number  of  this  Journal  and  find  it  un- 


usually interesting.  It  contains  articles  on  the 
following  subjects,  viz:  Vegetable  Physiology, 
by  Dr.  S.  "Wclchans  ;  The  "Water  Streams  of  Lan- 
caster Countv  and  observations  on  Rain,  by  Levi 
S.  Heist ;  Pear  Culture,  by  Peter  S.  Reist ;  Hy- 
bridizing of  "Wheat,  by  Alex.  Harris,  Esq. ;  Truf- 
fles, and  How  to  Grow  them,  by  S.  S.  Rathvon; 
"Weeds,  by  Jacob  Stauff'er;  Snout-Beetles,  by  S. 
S.  Rathvon— Take  Care  of  the  Birds,  the  same 
author  ;  Times'  Changes,  by  Levi  S.  Reist;  Fer- 
tihzer  for  Strawberries,  by  John  G.  Kreider. 

All  the  above  articles  are  well  written  and 
contain  much  valuable  information  for  the  far- 
mer and  horticulturist.  The  Lancaster  Far- 
mer is  deserving  of  a  large  subscription  list ;  the 
practical  and  able  character  of  its  articles  should 
make  it  a  welcome  visitor  to  every  farm  house, 
not  only  in  Lancaster  county,  but  throughout  the 
entire  country.  The  Farmer  is  published 
monthly  under  the  auspices  of  the  Lancaster 
County  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Society. 
Terms  $1.00  per  annum. 


ANSWERS  TO  CORRESPONDENTS. 

Peach  Aphis B.  B.  H.,  Strasburg  Twp — The  peach  leaves 

which  you  sent  me,  although  iu  bad  condition  when  I  re- 
ceived them,  contained  specimens  of  the  common  peach  aphis, 
or  plant  louse,  (Aphis  persica  ?)  upon  them,  although  they 
were  almost  to  o  young  and  too  much  shrivelled  to  delermine 
their  species  to  a  certainty.  The  ants  on  the  same  tree  have 
nothing  to  do  with  the  production  of  the  aphids.  They  are 
there  merely  for  the  purpose  of  lapping  up  the  sacarium  fluid 
which  is  discharged  npon  the  leaves  by  the  former.  Heavy 
rains  wash  off  and  destroy  many  of  these  aphids,  but  they  may 
also  be  removed  by  syringing  the  trees  with  a  soapy  solution, 
or  decoctions  of  tobacco  or  cayenne  pepper. 

Silk  Cocoon — W.  L.  S.,  Philadelphia,  Pa The  cocoon 

enclosed  in  a  leaf,  sent  me  by  the  hands  of  Mr.  B.,  of  Lan- 
caster county,  which  you  say  you  took  from  the  "  Sweet 
Gum,"  is  evidently  a  small  specimen  of  the  Prometheus 
tilothj^AUacus  Pomethcus,)  ■fi\\ic'h  does  not  confine  itself  to  a 
single  kind  of  tree,  but  may  also  be  found  on  the  Sassafras, 
the  Wild  Cherry,  the  Swamp  Pink,  the  Button  bush  and 
others  ;  but  in  this  region  it  .seems  to  be  partial  to  the  Sass 
fras.  The  moth  comes  forth  aoout  the  end  of  June  or  begin- 
ning of  July,  some  specimens  of  which  are  from  3>^  to  4 
inches  across  their  expanded  wings.  The  male  is  of  a  deep 
smoky  brown  in  color,  and  the  female  a  reddish  brown.  Both 
have  eye-like  spots  near  the  ends  of  the  front  wings,  and  va- 
rious other  markings  ;  the  females  being  usually  the  largest, 
with  the  markings  more  distinct  than  the  males.  (Set 
Harris,  pp.  390,  391. 

Maple  Leaf  Calls — D.  M.  H.,  Mount  Joy,  Pa.-r:\,i  clus- 
ters ot  small  galls  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  maple  leaves, 
which  you  sent  me,  are  too  young  yet  to  be  deteroiined.  I 
have  seen  similar  galls  on  the  leaves  of  the  Grape,  the  Beach 
and  the  Sumac.  In  those  of  the  last  named,  I  found  aiMds. 
Two  of  the  largest  tubercles  were  hollow,  and  contained  each 
a  minute  white  egg.  They  will  probably  turn  out  gall-mak- 
ing aphids— -we  will  have  to  wait  until  lateer  in  the  season. 
Send  more  specimens  then. 

Peae-Shaped  Cocoojfs.— J".  B.  E.,  Beaver— Valley  Nur- 
series— The  three  pear-shaped  cocoons  which  you  found  fas- 
tened  by  long  footstalks  to  a  cherry  branch,  are  beyosd  my 
ken.  They  were  probably  constructed  by  some  species  of 
spider.  On  cutting  one  open  I  found  the  whole  internal  cav- 
ity filled  with  yellowish  eggs,  and  with  nothing  else.  The 
cocoons  are  about  the  size  of  a  marrowfat  pea. 


World  Mutual  Life  Insuance  Company, 

NO.    160    BROADWAY,    NEW    YORK. 


J.  F.  FRUnAIXFF^  deneral  Agsnt^ 

No.  5  North  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

A.  B.  REIDENBACH,  Litiz,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
SAMUEL  L.  YETTER,  Elizabethtown,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
J.  M.  GKAYBILL,  Columbia,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

JACOB  BAUSMAN,  President  Farmers'  National  Bank.         Maj.  JAS.  E.  RICKSECKER,  City  Treasurer. 

CHRIS'N  B.  HERR,  Pres't  Lancaster  Co.  Nat'l  Bank.  N.  ELLMAKER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Messrs.  BAIR  &  SHENK,  Bankers.  B.  F.  BAER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Judge  A.  L.  HAYES.  Col.  WM.  L.  BEAR,  Prothonotary.  J.  F.  LONG  &  SON,  Druggists. 

No  farmer  is  Justified  in  exposing  his  creditors,  his  wife,  qg  his  children,  to  the  loss 
certain  to  occur  to  them  upon  7iis  deatli,  without  a  Life  Insurance  Policy  for  their 
benefit,  and  in  no  Company  can  this  he  done  with  more  safety  and  under  better  tnan~ 
aijement  than  in  the  above.    See  one  of  their  Agents  and  have  him  explain  all  about  it, 

200.  $200. 

HA-RV^EST  OF  1869. 


?.c?\ 


After  our  success  in  the  Harvest  of  1868,  in  pleasing  our  customers  with  a  neat,  light,  durable,  and  a  com- 
plete Combined  Harvester,  we  again  come  into  the  market  for  the  Harvest  of  18G9  with  our  "VALLEY  CHIEF 
feeling  a  great  confidence  in  its  superiority. 

We  offer  this  machine  still  at  the  low  price  of  $200,  and  when  a  farmer  is  offered  a  first-class  Mower  and 
Self-r>aking  Reaper  Combined  at  this  price,  it  is  well  for  him  to  examine  into  the  merits  of  the  offer.  Ae  a 
Mower,  it  has  been  tried  in  the  worst  kinds  of  heavy  meadow  grass  and  lodged  clover  and  has  gone  through 
it  triumphanlly,  and  we  call  on  our  hundreds  of  customers  in  Lancaster  county  and  elsewhere  to  speak  a  good 
word  for  the  Marsli  Self-Rake.  We  claim  that  this  Self-Rake  in  heavy  tangled  grain  or  lodged  oats  is  the  most 
simple  and  efficient  one  ever  invented.  It  is  not  a  new  thing,  but  has  been  most  severely  tested  all  over  the 
United  States,  as  well  8S  in  England  and  France.  We  think  no  other  one  in  the  market  can  fairly  compete 
with  it.  See  what  the  report  of  the  great  National  Reaper  trial  lield  at  Auburn,  New  York,  by  the  New 
York  Agricultural  Society,  says  on  page  41  and  42  :  It  performed  better  than  was  expected  of  any  Self-Rake, 
as  it  raked  off  heavy,  tangled,  wet  grain.  And  in  their  language,  Reapers  are  not  built  for  so  severe  a  test  • 
thpy  gave  it  the  hisrhest  mark  for  perfect  work. 

The  VALLEY  CHIEF  is  a  simple  two-wheeled  machine,  having  side  delivery  which  throws  the  grain  en- 
tirely out  of  the  way  of  the  team  for  the  next  round.  It  has  a  rear  cut,  a  floating  finger  bar,  the  guards  or 
fingers  are  made  of  the  best  wroughtiron,  faced  with  steel.  The  height  of  the  cut  can  be  altered  with  ease 
while  in  motion,  thus  enabling  one  to  pass  obstructions  or  cut  long  or  short  stubble  and  the  whole  machine  is 
built  with  an  eye  to  convenience,  simplicity  and  durability.  This  Machine  is  built  in  Lancaster  county,  one  of 
the  heaviest  grass  and  wheat  growing  districts  in  the  United  States,  and  we  have  had  every  opportuni  ty 
of  knowing  what  is  wanted.  In  this  machine  we  have  a  combination  of  a  complete  Mower  with  a  first-class 
Self-Raking  Reaper,  thus  giving  our  customers  a  simple,  strong  and  handy  machine  which  two  horses  can 
draw  with  ease. 

Please  call  and  see  this  macliine  at  our  manufaotory,  in  Mount  Joy,"- Lancaster  county.  Pa.,  or  on  D.  Biirk- 
holder,  Agent,  at  Mrs.  Neher's  Saloon,  Southwest  corner  of  GentrelSquare,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  or  at  Yundt's  Corn 
Exchange  Hotel.  Mi^ItSH,  0RI£:R.  &  CO. 


A.  B.   KAtTFMAN'S 

Insurance  Agency, 

No.  1  EAST  OMANGE  ST., 

LANCASTER    CITY,    PA., 

Issues  Life,  and  also,  Policies  against  Fire  and 
all  other  Accidents. 

AGENT  FOB  THE  OLD 

CONN.  MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

The  Best  Company  in  the  World. 

CAPITAL,    -    -    -    ^33,000,000. 


Gas  &  Steam  Fi 


Made  to  Order 
On    a   new    set   of   Standard    Dies, 


AT  THE  MACHINE  SHOP  OF 


6ni  East  James  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 


Merchant  Taiioriiig,  General  Cl^tlimg 

AND  GENTLEMEN'S  PURNISflING  STORE, 

(KRAMP'S    OLD   STAND), 

Comer  Nortli  Queen  &  Orange  Sts., 
Lancaster,  Pa., 

All  kinds  of  Men's  and  Boys'  Ready-Made  Clotliing  and 
ruruishing  Goods  constantly  on  hand.  Also,  a  superior  assort- 
ment of  French,  English,  German  and  American  Cloths,  Cas- 
simcres  and  Vestings  which  will  be  made  to  order  in  any  desired 
Btyle,  with  the  least  possible  delay ;  warranted  to  give  satis- 
faction, and  at  reasonable  charges. 

S.  S.  KATHVON. 


Ji    Si 


DEALER  IN 


Pianos,  Organs,  and  Meiodeons, 

AND  MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS  GENERALLY, 

A  large  assortment  of  Violins,  Flutes,  Guitars,  Banjos, 

Tamboriues,  Accordeons,  Fifes,  Harmonicas,  and 

Musical  Merchandise   always  on  hand. 

SHEET  MUSIOi  A  large  stock  on  hand  and  constantly  re- 
ceiving all  the  latest  publications  as  soon  as  issued. 

MUSIC  BT  MAIL  i  I  would  inform  persons  wishing  Music, 
that  Music  and  Musical  Books  will  be  sent  by  mail  free  of 
postage  when  the  marked  price  is  remitted. 

LEOALCOMAUIA.  or  the  art  of  Transferring  Pictures.  Can 
be  transferred  on  any  object.  I  would  call  especial  attention 
of  Ooachmakers  to  my  stock  of  Decalcomania. 


LANCASTER  CITY  AND  COUNTY 

FiRE  INSURANCE    COMPANY, 

©^  Zi.ajvc.asTER,   p.m. 
C^^PIT^Iu,    -     -      -     #300,000. 

Hgn.Thos.  E.FxiANKLiN,     Geo.K.Reed,     Edw.  Brown, 

Pres't,  Treas.,  Sec'y. 

John  L.  Atlee,  M.  D.,       B.  F.  Shenk,        Jacob  Bousman, 
Henry  Carpenter,  M.D.,     F.  Shroder,  Jacob  M.  Frantz, 

Hon.  A.  E.  Roberts,  John  C  Hager. 

Houses,  Barns,  Stores,  iVli!ls  and  Buildings  of  all  kinds,  with 
their  contents^  insured  on  Favorable  terms. 

W.  J.  KAPROTH,  Agent. 
Residence :  36  South  Duke  St.,  Lancaster. 

AGENTS  WANTED— $10  a  Day. 

TWO  $10.00  MAPS  rOS  $1.00. 

PATENT  REyOLYING-  BOOBLE  lAPS. 

Two  Contiiieints.  Ani(>i:ica  aBicS  Ehpojw',  and 

America  with  tSec  United  Ststtcs  portion 

on  an  isnanen'^e  scale. 

Colored — in  4000  Counties. 

TIscbc  great  Maps,  now  just  completed,  G4  x  62  iu- 
chert  larn;e,  show  every  place  of  importance,  all  Rail- 
roads to  date,  and  the  latest  alterations  in  the  various 
European  States.  These  Maps  are  needed  in  every 
school  and  family  in  the  land — they  occupy  the  space 
of  one  Map,  and  by  means  of  the  Reverser,  either 
side  can  be  thrown  front,  and  any  part  brought  level 
to  the  eye.  County  Rights  and  large  discount  given 
to  good  Agents. 

Apply  for  Circulars,  Terms,  and  send  money  for 
and  see  Sample  Mape  first,  if  not  sold  taken  back  on 
demand.  Also  ready  a  rr.25.000  steel  and  plate  illus- 
trated subscription  boi>l;,  "  De  Soto,  the  discoverer  of 
the  Mississippi  River."  J.  T.   LLOYD, 

may-4t  23  Cortlandt  Wtreet,  N.  Y. 


DRUGGISTS  &  APOTHECARIES, 

No.  13  WEST  KING  STUEET, 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  STEINMAN'S   HARDWARE  STORE, 

Ijancaster,   Pa, 

Have  always  on  hand  Fure,  Reliable  Drugs  and  Medi- 
cines, Chemicals,  Spices,  Perfumery  and  Toilet 
Articles.     Also  Flavoring  Extracts  of 
their  own  Manufacture,  and  of 
unsurpassed  quality. 

Solo  Agents  for  Hasson's  Compound  Strpp  of  TAE,the 
best  Cough  Medicine  in  the  market.  We  have  also  on  hand  in 
season  an  assortment  of  Landreth's  Warranted  Garden  Seeds. 

The  public  can  rely  upon  always  getting  what  they 
ask  for  and  no  substitutes. 


O.   F.    ROTH 


Corner 


UNDERTAKER, 

South    Queen   and    Vine 
LANCASTER,    PA. 


Streets, 


Coffins  of  all  sizes  always  on  hand,  and  fui'uished  at 
Shortest  Notice. 


Lanoastekj  June  25th,  1868. 
Editors  Express  :  Dr.  Wm.  M.  Whiteside,  the  euter]>ris- 
ingDentist>  has  purchased  from  me  a  large  stock  of  teeth  and 
all  the  fixtures,  the  instruments  formerly  belonging  to  me,  and 
also  those  used  hy  my  father.  Dr.  Parry,  in  his  iiractice.  In 
the  purchase,  the  doctor  has  provided  himself  with  some  of 
the  most  valuable  and  expensive  instruments  used  in  dental 
practice,  and  lias  beyond  doubt  one  of  the  best  and  largest 
collections  of  tcelh  and  instruments  in  the  State.  Persons 
visiting  the  commodious  offices  of  Dr.  "Whiteside,  cannot  fail 
to  be  fully  accommodated.  The  Doctor  loses  no  opportunity 
of  furnishing  himself  with  every  late  scientific  improvement 
iu  his  line  of  business.  ll.  B.  PAKKY. 

Office  and  'Residence, 

EAST  KING  STREET, 

Next  door  to  the  Court  House,  over  Fabncstock's  Dry 
Goods  Store, 

LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

Teeth  Extracted  wiflioiit  jyain  hy  thetiseof 
{Nitrous  Oxide)  Gas. 

BOOKS  AND  STATIONERY. 

A  Full  assortment  of 

SCHOOL,   MTSCELLA.NEOUS,   AGRI- 
CULTURAL AND  HORTI- 
CULTURAL BOOKS, 

A  large  stock  of 
WHICH  WILL  BE  SOLD  AT 

GREATLY  REDUCED  PRICES, 

On  account  of  removal  April  1st,  1869,  to 

No.  52  North  Queen  Street, 

(KR AMP'S  BUILDING) 

Four  Doors  ttbove  Orange  Sti-eet. 

Subscriptions  received  for  all  the  Agricultural  and 
Horticultural  Magazines. 

J.  H.  SHEAFFER'S 
Cheap  Cash  Book  •Store,  No.  52  N.  Queen 
Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


Dr.  N.  B.  BRISBINE, 

No.  93  EAST  KING  STREET,  Acove  Lime. 

The  Doctor  pays  special  attention  to  all  old  obsliiiato 
diseases,  such  as  Consumption,  Ijivor  Conii)laint,  Dys- 
pepsia, Rheumatism,  all  disea.ses  of  the  Ilcait,  Hea<l, 
Throat,  Lungs,  Stomach,  Bowels,  Kidneys,  Nervous 
Debility,  General  Debility,  &c.  The  doctor  makes  ex- 
aminations of  the  Urine.     Consultation  Free. 


S.  ■WELCHENS,  D.  D.  S., 

SURGEON    DENTIST, 

Office  and  Kesidence, 

HOWELL'S  BUILDING,  No.  m  NORTH  QUEEN  ST., 

Half  a  square  soutli  of  the  R.  II.  Depot. 

Twenty  Years'  Successful  Practice  in  Lancaster 

The  Latest  improvements  in  INSTRUMENTS 
and  TEETH  and  the  very  best  material,  Warranted 
in  all  operations. 

TEETH  EXTRACTED  WITHOUT  PAIN  with 
the  use  of  Nitrous  Oxide  Gas,  Ether,  or  the  Ether 
Spray. 

TERMS,  as  low  as  any  in  the  city,  when  low  priced 
material  and  low  priced  work  are  used. 

But  for  FIRST-CLASS  OPERATIONS,  with  ap- 
pliances and  material  to  correspond,  prices  range 
higher. 

S.  "WELCHEWS,  D.  D.  S. 


SUCCESSOR  TO 

WENTZ   BROTHERS, 
SiaN  OF  THE  BEE  HIVE, 

No.  5  EAST  KING  STREET,  LANCASTER,  PENN'A., 

DEALER  IN 

FOEEM  AND  DOMESTIC  DRY  GOODS, 

Carpels,  Oil  Clotlis,  Window  Shades. 

SPECIAL  ATTTSNTION  PAID  TO 

t^(E)3ii'  ©ladSS  ©©©©i 

Shawln  and  Embroideries,  Cloths  and  Cassimeres, 

Handkerchiefs,    Gloves   and   Hosiery, 

Uest  Kid   Gloves. 

The  Choicest  of  the  Market,  and  at  the  Lowest  Possible 

Prices. 

REMEMBER  THE  PLACE  TO  BUY. 

THOS.  J.  WENTZ, 

Bee  Hive  Store,  No.  5  E.  King  St, 


DEALER  IN 

FOREIGN  AND  AMERICAN  WATCHES, 

IN  GOLD  AND  SILVER  CASES, 

CLOCKS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION, 

Jewelry  in  all  its  Shapes  and  Forms, 

SILVER  WARE,  designed  for  Bridal  Presents; 

BRACKETS,  TOILET    SETS.    VASES.    SPECTACLES, 

^  GOLD  PENS,  &c.,  &c.,  &c. 

\o    lOK  West  Kiug  Street,  opiiosite  the  Cross   Keys  Hotel 
"     ■  LANCASTER,  PA. 


Stoves ! 

Gedarinra3*G ! 

Housekeepers'   FuruisMng   Goods! 

The  undersigned  at  their  old  established  stand  in 
WEST  KINa  STREET, 

are  oonstantly  receiving  fresh  supplies  to  their  exten- 
sive Stock,  from  the  best  manufactories  in  this  Coun- 
try and  Europe,  and  invite  the  attention  of  Merchants 
and  Consumers,  feeling  that  we  can  do  as  well  as  any 
house  in  Philadelphia. 

Persons  commencing  Housekeeping  will  find  the 

The  Largest  and  Best  Selected  Lot  of 
STO"VES, 

at  Manufacturers'  Prices.     Also,  every   other   article 
kept  in  a  first-class  Hardware  Store. 

A  FULL  STOCK  OF 

Sadlers',  Coacliinakers'  and  Blacksmiths'  Tools 
and  Materials. 

BUILDERS   will   find   a    full   supply  of  every   thing 
suited  to  their  wants  at  LOWEST  FIGURES. 

CLOVER,    TIMOTHY   AND    FLAX    SEED, 

BOUGHT  AND  SOLD. 

STEINMAN  &  CO. 


P.  E.  GRUGER. 


J.  P.  GRUGER. 


GRUGER  BROTHERS, 

MARBLE  MASONS, 

14  South  Queen  St.,  Lancaster,  Pa., 

Have   always   on   hand  or   will  furnish   to  order   at 

SHOKT  NOTICE, 

S^  ON  U  STENTS, 

TOMBS, 

GRAVE  STONES, 

&c.,  &c. 

We  pay  particular  and  personal  attention  both  to  the 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MATERIAL  and  the  EXECU- 
TION OF  OUR  WORK,  and  our  facilities  now  are  such 
that  we  can  guarantee  our  customers  the  very  best 
work,  at  the  same,  and  often  Lower  Prices,  than  are 
usually  paid  elsewhere  for  inferior  productions. 

Lettering 


m 


English 


and 


German, 

ELEGANTLY  AND  CORRECTLY  DONE. 

We  earnestly  invite  our  country  friends  to    give    us  a 
calL 


SHULTZ  &  BliO.     \ 

Manufacturers,  Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  Ih 

Caps  and  Furs, 

LADIES'  FANCY  FURS, 

HOODS, 

TRIMMED  GLOVES  AND  MITTS, 

Gents'    Gloves,    Capes    and    Collars, 

Fancy  Robes, 
BLA.:N'K3i]TS,    &C. 

20     North    Queen    Street, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 


AMERICAN  WATCHES 


J\ro.  22  West  Ki72.g  Street, 

Next  Door  Below  Cooper's  Hotel, 

deal?:rs  in 


AV^  A.  T  O  H  E  S , 

IIL¥1 


^  W  A  H  g 


J  E -W  E  Ij  H -V  , 

CLOCKS  AND  SPECTACLES. 


n  lUMIIC!  AH! 


THE  UNDERSIGNED  REPRESENTS  THE 

ifleilYI  IIFE  IBSlMil  C8M?yY. 

AND  ALSO  THE 

Life  ai  Iccifleit  taraice  Companj, 

Botli  stable  and  well  established  companies,  the  former 
having  a  capital  of  $1000,000,  and  the  latter  $500,- 
000. 

The  plan  of  issuing  policies  by  the  Brooklyn  Life 
Insurance  Company  presents  a  feature  altogether 
unique,  and  one  which  removes  one  of  the  strongest 
objection,  hitherto  urged  against  the  plan  of  Life  Insur- 
ance ;  and  this  is  what  is  termed  the  Surrender  Value 
Plan.  Each  and  every  Policy  issued  in  the  name  of 
this  Company  bears  an  endorsement,  stating  the  exact 
worth  of  the  policy  in  Cash,  at  any  time  after  two  or 
more  annual  premiums  have  been  paid. 

Insurance  can  also  be.  effected  in  the  North  American 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  at  lower  rates,  it  is  be- 
lieved, than  in  any  other  Company  in  the  United  States. 

All  desirous  of  securing  insurance  upon  their  lives 
can  do  so  by  calling  xipon  the  undersigned. 

ALLE^  GUTHRIE,  Agl., 

East  Ijemon  Street, 

LANCASTER,  1*A. 


LANCASTER,    PENN'A, 

Dealers  in  United  States  Bonds  and  all 
]<inds  of  Railroad  Stock  and  State  Loans. 

Buy  and  Sell  Gold,  Silver,  and  United 
States  Coupons. 

Sell  Bills  of  Exchange  on  Europe  and  Passage 
Certificates. 

Receive  Money  on  Deposit  and  pay  Interest  as 
fnllows : 

1  month,  4  per  cent,,      6   months,  5    per  cent. 

3      "         4i  "  12      "        54 

.FOR  SALE  AT 

Chas.  A.  Heinitsli's  Drug  Store,  13  E.  King  St., 

LANCASTER,    PENNA., 

German    Cattle    Powders! 

The  best  Pov.-der  made'for  the  Cure  and  Prevention  of  Dis- 
eases to  which  Oxen,  Milk  Cows,  Sheep  and  Hogs,  are  subject. 
For  Stock  Cattle  preparing  for  market,  a  table  spoonful  in 
their  fe?d  once  or  twice  a  week,  improves  tlieir  coiulitioii  Ijy 
strengthening  their  digestive  organs,  and  creates  solid  tlesh 
and  f:it. 

GEKMAN    VEGETAHLE   OK    UNRIVALLED    CONDI- 
TION POWDERS 
For  preserving  Horses  in  good  health,  removing  all  Diseases 
of  th(;  Skin,  giving  ;i  Smooth  and  Glossy  appearance,  also  a 
sure  remedy  for  Disteuipor,  Hidebound,  Loss  of  Appetite,  &c. 

PERSIAN  INSECT   POWDER. 
A  perfectly  safe,  quick  and  easily  applied  destroyer  of  Lice 
on  Cattle,  Fle.as.  Bedbugs,  &c. 

PYROLIGNKOUS  ACID. 
A  .substitute  for  curing  Beef,  Pork.  Hams,  Tongues,  Smoked 
Sausages,  Fish,  &c.,  without  the  danger  and  trouble  of  smok- 
ing, imparting  a  rich  flavor  au'i  color. 


CHARLES  T.  GOULD, 

CHAIR     MANUFACTUEER, 

No.  37  North  Queen  St.,  Lancaster, 

(NEXT  DOCK  TO  SHOBER'S  HOTEL,) 

Old  Chairs  Re-painted  and  Repaired. 
CHRISTIAN  WED^YER, 

S.  E.  Cor.  East  Kin^  &  Duke  Sts.,  Lancaster. 

Cabinet  Work  of  every  description  and  a  full 

assortment  of  Chairs  con.stantly  on  hand. 
[XF'^W  Warranted  as  Heprcsented.  ,^^n 

JACOB  ROTHARMEL, 

PREMirM 
DEALER    IN 

Oombs  aQid  Fancy  J^rtiol^s, 

No.  9i  North  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

SEED   POTATOES. 


EARLY  GOODRICH, 
HARRISON, 

MICHIGAN  WHITE, 

and  GARNET  CHILI, 

By  the  Peck,  Bushel  or  Barrel.    Also, 

THE  EAHLY  HOSE, 

whicli  is  destined  to  snpfrsede  all  of  the  older  varieties 
for  quality,  earliness  and  productiveness,  will  be  sold 
in  quantities  to  suit  pnrcliascrs.  All  the  above  varie- 
ties warranted  pure  and  genuine.     Send  for  circular. 

II.   IML.  ENOLE, 

Marietta,  Pa. 

I'LvVNTS  FOR  SALE.— Cabbage,  Pepper  and  Egg. 
1  omatoes  by  the  thousand,  once  or  twice  transplanted; 
very  fine  8weet  potato  Plants  in  quantity  in  season. 
Address  II.  M.  ENGIE, 

Marietta,  Pa. 

T  ME 

Lancaster  Inquirer 

Bookj  Ml  and  So\rs]pc^]peF 


OFFERS  CtREATER  IPUCEMENTS 

ExeruUd   hi  fJic  Best  Style    of  Printing 
than  any  other  office  in  the  State. 


James   Street,    Lancaster,    Pa., 

AEE  PEEPARED  TO  DO  ALL  KINDS  OF 


m  !i 


9 


iUILD  LARGE  AND  SMALL  ENGINES, 

MILL     GEA.RIIS'G, 

And  all  kind  of  Machine  Work  done  at  a  first  class  Shop. 

LI{^ving  recently  removed   to   their   new  building,  and  provided  thei^selve 
with  a 

LAHGE  ASSORTMEMT  OF  MACHIWEBY 

Adapted  to  the  w^ants  of  their  customers,  they  are  prepared  to  execute  all  or 
ders  with  neatness  and  disjDatch,  and  on  terms  satisfactory  to  the  customei 
They  would  invite  attention  to  their  large  foundry  connected  with  their  wbrks 
in  which  the  best  work  is  turned  out. 

They  also  announce  that  they  are  now  prepared  to  supply  their 


a_i  uii  ck-Lj    L.j''^'J  V    xrcili*>ijirjiL^\f_ijirA  Vj- 


>^\d^^^M^^ 


M^ 


This  Machine  requires  Less  Powee,  does  Moke  Woek,  and  is  considferab' 
Cheaper  than  any  other  Separator  now  in  the  market.  This  Machine  is  no 
improved,  well  built,  and  does  tlie  best  and  most  efficient  class  of  work. 

Repairing  of  all  kinds  promply  done  at  reasonable  rates 

Give  us  a  cull,  and  we  will  endeavor  to  please  our  patrons. 

FRANK  LANDIS, 
EZRA  F.  LANDIS, 
JACOB  LANDIS. 


Diller  d  Groff\s  Hardware  Store, 

No.  8  East  King  Street,  Lancaster  City,  Penna. 

DEALERS     IN 

Foreign  and  Domestic  Hard^ware, 

Such  as  Building  Material,  Paints,  Varnishes,  Oils,   Glass,  Coach  Trimmings,  Stoves, 

Iron    and    Steel,   &c.,    &c.,    &c. 

TIMOTHY   AND  CLOVER   SEEDS   OE   THE   BEST   QUALITY. 


mp 


;'^-- 


AMOS    MILEY'S 


^r'r 


'.^^^ 


KC^A-IEtlSrE  S 


i:^ 


^;:-i^.-<^W^  AM  ilk  M  ly  ir'  iii  ly I  I  UM  i  .,  >^"^^;.  vL- 


^^XESr 


No.  37  North  Queen  St.,  -— 1-^#- 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  StlOBER'S  HOTEL,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


coAuximii  MM    *  MiJim    »»! 


i=»Zjiu^xTg-   ja.]?ar33    iF'-^isro^' 


iiiReY 


Jt  1  Ji        IrS  im 

K*U»1  SMI  *;*.'*j!fi!j 


ViTAGON  GEARS,  WHIPS,  BUFFALO  ROBES, 

BLANKETS,  TRDNIS,  YALISES,  CARPET  BA&S,  LADIES'  &  &1TS'  SATCHELS, 

Of  all  kinds  constantly  kept  on  hand  or  made  to  order.    Repairing  neatly  done. 

Also,  Agent  for  BAKEE'S  HOOF  LmiMENT,  the  best  article  for  Sore 
Hoofs  in  the  country. 


J.  M.  WESTHAEFFEf 


'5 


3 


No.  44,  Corner  North  Queen  and  Orange  Streets, 
LA_ISI"CA-STER,    I^A.. 

N.  B. — Any  Book  ordered  can  be  seat  by  Mail  to  any  ac' dress. 


The  Greatest  Roofing  Material  of  the  Age ! 

IS  NOW  OFFEEED  TO  THE  PEOPLE  OF 

mmm  m  mi  counties,  pa,,  and  cscil  counti,  md. 

Vf ITH  A  PEOMISE  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  ADVANTAGES : 

It  is  superior  to  other  coverings  for  a.11  kinds  of  buildings  for  tliese  reasons  : 

1.  It  is  water,  snow  and  air-proof  from  tlie  beginning,  and  is  as  fire-proof  as  ordinary  slate.  (See  testimo- 
nials New  York  Fire  Insurance  Companies.) 

2.  It  keeps  buildings  warmer  in  winter  and  does  not  make  them  hot^n  summer  as  ordinary  slate  does,  and 
it  can  be,  after  the  first  year,  whitewashed  or  painted  any  desired  color  so  as  to  obviate  all  difficulty  arising 
from  its  dark  color. 

3.  Being  entirely  water  and  fire-proof,  it  is  invaluable  as  a  covering  for  the  sides  of  buildings  nnd  lining 
cisterns  of  whatever  material  tliey  may  be  built ;  stopping  water  out  of  cellars  and  dampness  out  of  walls  of 
houses,  and  closing  leaks  between  buildings. 

4.  Adhering,  as  it  does,  with  great  firmness  to  tin  and  iron,  it  is  useful  for  covering  tin  roofs  andiron  exposed 
to  dampness  or  to  the  atmospjiere,  such  as  iron  fences,  cemetery-railings,  &c. 

5.  Buildings  covered  with  PLASTIC  SLATE  do  not  need  tin  spouts  at  the  caves  nor  do  the  valleys  need  tin 
to  make  them  water  proof. 

6.  It  is  lighter  than  shingles,  and  is  equally  adapted  to  flat  or  stecj)  roofs. 

7.  The  testimony  of  Wm.  MGilvray  &  Co.,  published  herewith,  shows  that  it  is  not  only  fire  proof  exter- 
nally, but,  is  also  a  great  hindrance  to  the  spread  of  fire  within. 

8.  It  is  much  cheaper  in  first-cost  than  anj'  good  roofing  now  in  use,  and  when  all  attendant  cxpen.-ses  of  the 
two  roofs  are  estimated,  costs  only  about  half  as  much  as  the  best  slate,  and  it  m.akes  a  better  and  closer  roof. 

9.  For  the  roofing  ol  foundries  and  casting  houses  of  blast  furnaces,  where  there  arc  gases  of  a  very  high 
temperature,  which  injures  and  destroys  other  roofs,  this  material  i.s  improved  and  seems  to  produce  a  belter 
roof,  (,sce  certificates  of  Messrs.  Grubb,  Musselman  &  Watts,  S.  M.  Brua  and  V\'m.  M'Gilvray.) 

10.  If  in  process  of  years  cracks  or  leaks  occur  in  Plastic  Slate  Koofs,  they  are  about  as  easily  repaived,  as 
they  would  be  to  white-wash,  needing  only  a  brush  and  the  Mastic,  but  no  expensive  labor  of  meehiiuics. 

n^  The  Pamphlet  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  notice  can  be  had  gratuitously,  by  calling  at  the  Oflioe  of  (h» 
Lancaster  Inquieek  or  Examikf.r  &  Heeald. 

Persons  wishing  to  examine  PLASTIC  SLATE  ROOFS,  and  thus  verify  for  thcmHelves  (he  follow iug 
statements,  are  invited  to  call  and  inspect  Roofs  put  on  for  the  iollowing  persons,  among  many  others: 

Lancaster— Thos.  H.  Bnrrowes,  Sttiart  A.  Wvlie,  (Editor*  Lancaster  Inquirer,)  J.  B.  SchwartzvveUler,  Abraliiim  Bitner 
Sr.  Marietta— Henry  Musselman  &  Sons. ,  Mye  rs  and  Benson.  Oolumdia— C.  B.  Grubb,  (Furnace.)  CoUiml)i;i  G.is  Co., 
Samuel  Shock,  Pre.s'r.,  Susqurlruma  Iron  Onaipai.y,  Wm.  Patton,  Pres't.,  fc'.amuel  W.  Mirtiin.  Mount  Joy— Henrv  Kurtz, 
Dr.  J.  L.  Ziegler,   William   Bratly, -T.  Iv.  Hoffer,  (Editor  Mt.  Joy  Herald).    Christiana— E.  G.  Boomell,  Wm.  P.  lirirton, 

John  G.  Fogle.    Ba.i!t — Williara  Whitson.    BKLLiisiONTE  P.  O EobeitP.  Mcllvaine.    Pakadi.=!E — Roliert  S.   ISIcIlvaiue, 

W1LLIA.MST0WN—T.  Scott  Woods.    IOphrat.^- i:>r.    I.  M.   Grotf'.    Gordonvillb— Samuel   M.  Brua.    C.f.r^-arvon  Twp 

Mrs.  Fanny  Mast.  Uppeu  Leacock  Twp.— Marks  G.  Menger,  Christian  H.  Landis,  .Jacob  K.  Mu.sser.  Leacock  Twp.— Isaac 
Bair,  L?vi  Zook.  West  Karl— Christi:^u  Beiler.  Leaman  Place — Henry  Leaman,  I^srael  Rolirer.  Brunn-euvii-l]: — Aaron 
H.  Brubakcr.    Sporting  Hill— Emanuel  Long.  laTiz— H.H.  Tshudy,  David  Bricker.    Dtrlach  P-  o.,  (Jlay  Twp — Jonas 

Laber.    Manheim  BoR — Nathan  Werlpy,  Samuel   Kuhl.    PENjf  Twp Gsorge  Kuhl.    West  Lampeter — Aldus  0.  Hen". 

Enterpri.se  p.  O.,  East  Lamplter— jiark  P.  Cooper.    Stkasburo  Bor Hervey  Brackbill. 

Orders  for  Roafing  Should  be  sent  to 

LICENSE  FOR  LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTY,  MD., 

Enterprise  P.  0.,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

Or  A.  W.  &  J.  R.  RUSSELL,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

Or  MOSES  LIGHT,  Manheim,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

•      Or  JOHN  R.  BRICKER,  Litiz,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 
;  r         L^Zj  ALDUS  C.  HERB,  Lampeter,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 


I 


THE  FLORENCE  SEWING  MACHINES. 


THE    BEST 

SIMPLE     AND     EASY    TO 


MACHINE    FOR    FAMILY    USE. 

LEARN     AND     NOT    LIABLE    TO     GET    OUT    OF    ORDER. 


Capable  of  all  varieties  of  sewing  from  the  finest  to  the  coarsest.     Make  the  Lock 
Stitch  alike  on  both  sides,  and  use  the  least  thread. 

W.  F.  DUNCAN^  Agent, 

No;  65  North  Queen  Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 

REGISTER  OF^WTLLSy 

We  are  authorized  to  announce  that 

DR.  WILLIAM  M.  WHITESIDE, 

late  Lieutenant  of  Company  E,  10th  Regiment,  first  three  months  service,  and 
Captain  of  Company  I,  79th  Regiment  f*enna.  Volunteers  of  Lancaster,  is  a 
candidate  for  REGISTER  of  Lancaster  county,  subject  to  the  decision  of  the 
Republican  votes  at  the  ensuing  Primary  Election. 


G  -A.  lE^  "T~)  \ 

REIGART'S  OLD  WDE  STORE, 

ESTABLISHED  IN  1785, 

No.  26  EAST  KING  ST.,  LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

The  reputation  of  KP:iGART'S  OLD  WINE  AND  BRAN- 
DIEM  for  purity  and  excellent  quality  having  been  luUy  es- 
tablished for  nearly  a  century,  we  regret  that  the  conduct  of 
some  unprincipled  dealers,  who  re-lill  with  and  sell  from  our 
labled  bottles  their  deleterious  compounds,  compels  us  to  adopt 
the  annexed  trade  mark,  which  in  future,  for  the  protection 
of  ourselves  and  our  customers,  will  be  found  on  all  our  old 
bottled  Wines,  Brandies,  Gins,  Whiskies,  Bitters,  &c. 


TRADE 


MARK. 


And  further,  in  order  to  protect  the  same,  we  hereby  an- 
nounce our  determination  to  prosecute  to  the  fullest  extent  of  the 
Act  of  Assembly,  approved,  31st  day  of  March,  1860,  any  per- 
son or  persons  who  shall  violate  the  provisions  of  said  act  as 
applicable  to  our  trade  mark. 

N.  B — We  respectfully  request  the  public,  when  thev  have 
occasion  or  desire  to  use  Old  Brandv  at  the  Hotels  or  Restau- 
rants to  ask  particnlarly  for  Reigart's  Old  Brandy. 
Very  respectfully,  &c., 

H.  E.  SLAYMAKER,  Agt. 


UNION  SPOKE  AND  AGRICULTURAL  WORKS 

CoiTier  of"  Water  and  L*»mon  Sts., 
Formerly  Shirk  &  Royer's  Warehouse,  on  the  Penna.  Rail- 
road, near  Baumgardner's  coal  yard,  and  2  squares  west  from 
the  Railroad  Depot,  where  wo  manufacture  the 

LATEST  IMPROVED  GRAIN  DRILLS. 

Also,  Grain  Drills  with  Guano  attached,  warranted  to  give 
satisfaction.  Rockatcay  J^'axs,  Cider  »nuis,  Crunhers  and 
Grater;  for  horse  or  hand  power,  which  will  grind  a  bushel 
of  apples  per  minute  by  horse  power,  and  are  warranted  to  dp 
it  well.  We  would  also  inform  Coachmakers  that  we  have  put 
up  in  our  shop  two  of  the  latest  improved  Spoke  ^nachiiiet, 
or  J,athet,  and  are  fully  prepared  to  fuinish  the  best  quality 
of  SPOKES  of  all  kinds,  sizes,  dry  or  part  dry,  and  warranted 
to  be  a  good  article.  We  buy  none  but  the  best  turned  Spokes, 
and  have  nowoTi  hand  luO,ano  SPOKES.  Bknt  Felloes 
of  all  sizes;  Shafts  and  ^.itEiAOK  Poles,  Bows,  &c.,  of 
seasonable  stuff,  constantly  on  hand. 

As  Mr.  Keeler  has  been  in  this  business  16  or  18  years,  and 
having  served  an  apprenticeship  at  Coachmaking,  he  knows 
what  the  trade  want  in  that  line.  All  kinds  of  Bent  Stuff'  for 
sale,  or  made  to  order— a  id  Spokes  of  all  sizes  turne.l  for  per- 
sons having  them  on  hand  in  the  rough. 

Notice  to  Farmers  and  Mechanics Planing  and  Saw- 
ing done  at  the  shortest  notice.  We  have  one  of  the  best  and 
latest  Improved  Surface  Planes  for  operation. 

KEELER  &  SH.4EFFER,  Lancaster,  Pa. 


ZAHM  &  JACKSON, 

No.  15  NORTH  ftTTEEN  ST., 

Beg  leave  to  call  the  attention  of  persons  in  want  of 
a  good  and  reliable  Time  Keeper  to  their  fall  assort- 
ment of 

AIERICAN  AND  SWISS  WATCHES, 


In  Gold  and  Silver  Cases  which  will  be  sold  at 
prices  which  will -defy  competition.  Also,  a  full  assort- 
ment of 


of  all  kinds,  which   wc  will  warrant  good  and  correct 
time-keepers. 


in  great  variety,  such  as  Pins,  Setts,  Ear  Rings,  Finger 
Rings,  Sleeve  Buttons,  Chains,  &c. 


SOLID  SILVER  WARE, 

Manufactured  expressly  for  our  sales  and  warranted  coin. 

PIRATED    WARE. 

From  the  best  factories  and  warranted  the  linest  quality. 


Gold,  Silver  and  Steel  Spectacles.    Hair  Jewelry 
Made  to  Order. 


Repairing  Promptly  Attended  to. 

ZAH.M  &  JACKSON. 


If^ 


THE 


Vol.  I. 


LANCASTER,  PA.,  JULY,  1869. 


No.  7. 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY 

'     WYLIE    &    amEST, 

INQUIRER  BUILDING,  LANCASTER,  PA., 
At  ONE  DOLLAR  PER  YEAR  In  Advance 

UNDER   THE   AUSPICES   OF   THE 

liASrCASTER  COUNTY  AGRIC'l  LiTlTRAi:.  AND 
HORTI€lJI.TIJRAI,  SOCIETY. 


Publishing  Committee. 
Dr.  p.  W.  Hiestand, 
H.  K.  Stoner, 
Jacob  M.  Frantz, 
Casper  Hillkr, 
Levi  W.  Grofp, 
Alexander  Harris. 


Ediinrial  Committee. 
J.  B.  Garber, 
H.  M.  Engle, 
Levi  S.  Reist, 

W.  L.  DlFPENDEKPEE, 
J.  H.  MUSSER, 

S.  S.  Rathvon. 


i^"  All  communications  intended  for  the  Farmer  should  be 
addressed  to  S.  S.  Rathvon  and  Alex.  Harris,  the  resident 
members  of  the  Editing  and  Publishing  Committees. 

All  advertisements,  subscriptions  and  remittances,  to  Wylie 
&  Griest,  Printers. 


^S5<11)5i. 


VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY. 

THE    PLANT,   ITS   STRUCTURE    AND    CONDITION. 

In  a  proper  physiological  examination  of  the 
plant,  it  will  be  found  that  it  possesses  all  the 
organs  necessary  to  a  complete  development  of 
its  growth,  and  a  jperpetuation  of  its  kind.  They 
are  so  arranged  as  to  meet  in  a  proper  man- 
ner and  to  the  best  advantage  the  conditions 
which  nature  designed  should  produce  that  pecu- 
liar property  which  we  term  vital  endowment. 
Thei'e  is  a  marked  difference  between  the  general 
appearance  and  conformation  of  those  organs  in 
the  well  developed  plant  in  regard  to  locality, 
and  the  structural  capacity  to  meet  the  wants  of 
the  organism  through  its  functional  power.  The 
root  and  the  leaves,  for  instance,  are  the  principal 
organs  of  nutrition,  yet  they  are  not  only  widely 
separated  by  the  stem  or  axis,  but  in  point  of  form 
and  stmcture  there  is  no  perceptible  similarity, 
and  yet  there  is  a  mutual  dependence  essential  to* 
the  very  life  of  the  growth. 

"We  further  notice  that  there  is  a  difference  of  a 
corresponding  character  in  the  intimate  structure 
of  these  organs.  Those  parts  most  concerned  in 
this  vital  operation  are  made  up  of  aggregations 


of  cells  which  seem,  in  all  essential  particulars,  ta 
be  the  same  from  the  germ  upward,  and  yet  in 
one  class  of  vegetation  the  structure  is  supported 
by  a  frame  work  of  woody  fibre,  whilst  in  the 
other,  the  tissue  is  weak  and  yielding  with  n 
power  to  resist  the  changes  of  climate  or  temper- 
ature, or  the  injuries  to  which  all  vegetation  is 
more  or  less  subject. 

The  difference  of  distance,  as  well  as  structure, 
in  many  of  the  higher  forms  of  vegetation,  require 
another  arrangement  by  which  the  air  and  fluids 
are  transmitted  from  the  root  to  the  leaves,  in- 
stead of  from  cell  to  cell,  as  is  characteristic  of 
the  lower  species.  There  are  dticts  interposed, 
forming  a  separate  and  ready  transmission  of 
those  elements  without  the  necessity  of  their  pass- 
in  g  through  cells  which  are  devoted  to  other 
functional  offices.  These  organs  are  all  mutually 
dependent  and  connected,  and  contribute,  each 
in  its  own  special  manner,  to  the  life  of  the  plant 
as  a  whole. 

The  highest  organic  vegetable  structure  does 
not  possess  a  very  large  variety  of  organs,  such. 
as  are  found  in  the  animal  for  instance,  but  the 
most  essential  ones  are  many  times  repeated,  so 
that  the  loss  of  some  of  them  does  not  involve 
the  destruction  of  the  plant.    Their  separation 
often  gives  rise  to  new  plants  by  evolving  them- 
selves into  adventitious  buds  or  branches  of  the 
same  organism  and  thus  develop  the  ability  to 
maintain  an  independent  existence  in  a  multipli- 
cation of  the  products  of  the  original  germ.  When 
this  is  the  case  it  it  is  the  result  of  a  modification 
or  interruption  of  the  ordinary  nutritative  process, 
and  cannot  be  regarded  as  a  true  or  normal  gen- 
eration or  the  rei^roduction  of  the  species.    Tliis 
distinction  in  the  reproduction  of  the  plant,  and 
especially  of  the  higher  order  of  vegetation,  is 
regarded  as  of  considerable  importance.    The  in- 
dividuality of  the  branch  thus  generated  is  denied, 
in  as  much  as  its  growth  is  contrary,  and  conse- 
quently antagonistic  to  the  true  germinal  process, 
since  on  it  rests  the  recognition  of  organs  in  the 
lower  grades  of  vegetable  life. 

All  these  principles  and  peculiarities,  however, 
are  governed  by  the  nature  and  character  of  the 


98 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


growth.  The  hroacl  principle  and  law  of  every 
form  of  organic  life,  is  patent  in  the  fact  that  all 
the  endowments  and  conditions  of  vegetation  in 
the  full  grown  plant,  must  be  present  in  the  germ 
or  it  never  can  reach  that  state  in  which  it  can 
be  distinguished  from  inert  matter. 

We  may  not  be  able  fully  to  explain  what  that 
peculiar  property  or  essence,  which  is  germed  life, 
may  be  ;  what  it  is  that  germinates,  forms  the 
root,  pervades  the  stem  and  brings  forth  the  foli- 
age and  the  flowers,  or  what  that  mysterious 
principle  is,  which,  when  dismissing  the  bloom, 
develops  the  higher  and  more  glorious  form  of  the 
fruit.  But  tloi'ough  the  application  of  the  laws  of 
science,  and  by  research  and  the  various  experi- 
ments upon  organic  matter,  we  can,  to  a  great  ex- 
tent, draw  forth  the  plant  from  the  mystery  which 
surrounds  its  growth,  analize  its  structure  and 
note  some  of  the  forces  and  conditions  concerned 
in  the  production  of  vital  activit}^ 

There  is  no  part  of  the  globe  that  is  entirely 
unfit  for  living  beings  to  reside.  And  where 
there  is  animal  life,  there  do  we  also  find  vegeta- 
ble life.  The  broad  empire  of  flora  is  commen- 
surate with  the  animal  kingdom,  and  they  have 
no  hmitation.  .  In  the  Arctic  circle  where  trees 
and  shrubs  and  plants  of  advanced  power  of  or- 
ganization are  forced  to  disappear  before  the 
storms  of  perpetual  winter,  a  low  Cryptogamic 
vegetation  is  still  to  be  found.  And  at  the  Equa- 
tor dense  forests  of  leafy  evergreens  attest  the 
universality  and  unbounded  dominion  of  the  vege- 
table kingdom.  The  forces  and  elements  of  vital- 
ity in  the  opposite  zones,  and  those  which  condi- 
tion the  character. and  organic  texture  of  every 
variety  of  growth  in  intermediate  localities  are 
of  necessity  jDCCuliar  to  temperature  and  climate. 
Where  these  are  not  congenial,  there  is  not  only 
a  debilitative  influence  upon  the  vital  functions 
of  the  plant,  but  there  is  an  interruption  in  the 
external  conditions  of  growth,  and  the  result  is 
either  a  miserable  dwarf,  a  monstrous  malforma- 
tion, or  no  growth  at  all. 

When  the  climate  is  congenial,  there  is  a  favor- 
able influence  upon  the  actions  of  the  organs  of 
the  plant,  and  a  good  healthy  development  is  the 
result.  But  change  this  order  of  things,  reduce 
the  heat  which  is  natural  and  congenial  to  the 
growth  so  low  as  scarcely  to  allow  it  to  live,  and 
all  the  functional  power  which  is  left  in  the  cir- 
cumstance, is  the  ability  simply  to  absorb  the 
nutriment,  with  no  power  to  assimilate  it.  The 
tissue  then,  instead  of  being  built  up  with  solid 
vegetable  matter,  becomes  distended  with  a 
watery  fluid  which  renders  it  incapable  of  bearing 
fruit  and  unfit  as  a  vegetable  substance  to  be  food 
for  the  animal. 


In  tropical  regions,  on  the  other  hand,  the  tem- 
perature being  too  high  for  such  plants  as  may  be 
found  in  the  Temperate  or  Frigid  Zones,  and 
thus  the  force  of  life  being  rendered  too  active, 
there  is  a  derangement  of  the  organs  causing  an 
injury  to  the  productiveness  of  the  plant  fully  as 
disastrous. 

It  is  in  the  Temperate  regions  that  rich  mead- 
ows abound  with  tender  herbs,  and  fruit  and 
flowers  attest  the  congeniality  of  cUmate,  and 
where  the  largest  variety  of  vegetable  structure 
is  found. 

The  conditions  of  growth  are  of  two  fold  char- 
acter— the  internal  and  external.  The  internal 
are  those  peculiar.to  the  structural  arrangem^ent, 
whilst  the  others  are  those  which  embrace  the 
element  and  condition  of  vegetation  by  external 
influences. 

The  most  obvious  division  of  vegetable  life, 
wherein  size  and  duration  are  expressed,  is  that 
which  has  long  been  known  as  trees,  shrubs  and 
herbs.  In  the  development  of  each  of  these 
several  divisions  there  are  peculiarities  of  struc- 
tiu'e  which  require  some  notice  in  order  to  make 
our  subject  intelligible  to  the  casual  reader. 

The  external  characteristics  of  growth  in  those 
several  divisions  are  very  simple  and  obvious. 
In  trees  and  shrubbery  the  stem  becomes  hard 
and  woody ;  but  in  its  early  development  there  is 
a  succession  of  similar  parts  of  soft  and  yielding 
tissue  one  upon  another.  The  rapid  growth  or 
accumulation  or  formation  of  organs  and  tissues 
produces  an  elongation  of  the  stem,  throughout 
its  entire  length.  "  The  nodes  or  leaves  they 
bear  are  first  formed  in  close  contiguity  with  the 
preceding  ones  ;  then  the  internodes  appear  and 
by  their  elongation  separate  them,  and  so  carry 
upward  the  stem.  To  have  a  good  idea  of  this, 
we  have  only  to  observe  the  gradual  evolution  of 
a  germinating  plant,  where  each  internode  de- 
velops nearly  to  its  full  length,  and  expands  the 
leaf  or  pair  of  leaves  it  bears  before  the  elonga- 
tion of  the  succeeding  one  commences.  The  rad- 
icle or  internode  which  pre-exists  in  the  embryo, 
elongates  and  raises  the  seed  leaves  into  the  air. 
They  expand  and  elaborate  the  material  for  the 
next  joint,  the  leaves  of  which  in  turn  prepare 
the  material  for  the  third,  and  so  on.  The  inter- 
node, or  space  between  the  knots  lengthens  prin- 
cipally by  the  elongation  of  its  already  formed 
cells,  particularly  in  the  lower  jDart,  which  con- 
tinues to  grow  after  the  upper  part  is  finished." 

When  the  embryo  tree  begins  to  develop  its  two 
fold  substance  of  Lignin,  and  cellular  tissue,  there 
is  a  condensing  process  by  which  the  woody  fibre 
is  thrown  in  towards  the  centre ,  and  the  cellular 
tissue  is  hardened  into  the  epidermis  or  bark.— 


THE   LANCASTER  FARMER. 


99 


The  waste  of  tissue  being  ia  the  dense  -wood  in 
the  heart  of  the  tree,  jind  in  the  rough  surface  of 
the  bark.  This  process  is  carried  on  by  the  cam- 
bium or  glutinous  sap  intervening  between  those 
two  principles  of  growth.  This  substance  is  com- 
posed of  cells  laden  with  the  elqments  of  those 
several  tissues,  wliich  in  the  function  of  assimila- 
lation,  are  consigned  to  their  respective  localities. 
Shrubs  and  trees  are  thus  constructed,  and  by  vu*- 
tue  of  the  complexity  of  their  organization  they 
can  retain  aliment  withm  themselves  in  such 
quantities  as  the  natm-e  of  their  growth  requires, 
where  a  constant  di-ain  upon  the  absorbing  power 
.of  the  root,  and  the  sterility  of  the  soil  will  not  be 
required. 

All  the  higher  order  of  plants,  termed  "  Plice- 
nogamous,''''  possess  stems.  In  those  which  are 
said  to  be  "  acaulesceyit"  or  "  stemless"  it  is  either 
very  short  or  concealed  beneath  the  ground. — 
Stems  do  not  necessarily  assume  an  upright  posi- 
tion, but  sometimes  trail  along  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  or  bm-row  beneath  it.  The  stem  or  as- 
cending axis  thus  form  a  complete  organ  and  con- 
stitutes one  of  the  leading  featm-es  of  the  species 
of  plant  we  have  just  been  considering.  It  gives 
rise  to  another  organic  part,  namely,  the  leaves, 
which  will  be  treated  hereafter. 

The  essential  characteristics  which  distinguish 
Herbs  from  trees  and  shrubs,  are  in  the  nature  of 
the  tissue  forming  the  structure.  In  the  former, 
the  fabric  does  not  become  hard  and  persistent, 
as  does  the  woody  fibre  in  the  tree  and  shrub, but 
the  cells  remain  open  in  order  to  allow  a  free 
transmission  of  the  sap  and  air,  in  the  process  of 
vegetation.  This  kind  of  tissue  requu-es  a  larger 
proportion  of  the  conditions  of  growth  than  that  of 
a  higher  organism,  where  a  quantity  of  aliment  is 
stored  within  the  trunk  for  future  assimilation. — 
The  rapid  growth,  and  the  excessive  excretion 
of  fluid  in  the  herb,  demand  a  constant  supply  of 
nutriment,  and  if  all  the  conditions  of  vegetation 
are  not  present,  especially  warmth  and  moisture, 
there  cannot  be  a  vigorous  development. 

This  species  of  vegetation  being  similar  to  the 
structure  of  the  leaves  of  trees,  and  requiring 
those  conditions  incident  to  climate  and  tempera- 
ture, and  not  calculated  to  withstand  the  frosts 
of  autumn  |and  the  congealing  blasts  of  winter ; 
flourishes  but  for  a  season,  yields  its  fruit  and 
flowers  and  seed,  and  then  dies. 

The  effect  of  climate  and  temperature  upon  the 
harmonious  operations  and  actions  of  these  or- 
gans which  characterize  all  vegetation,  may,  to  a 
great  extent,  account  for  plants  of  one  locality 
not  flourishing  as  well  when  transferred  to 
another.  In  tropical  regions,  the  physiological 
fitructure  of  the  plant  is  especially  adapted  to  the 


climate.  The  organs  of  vegetation,  the  sexual 
organs,  and  the  whole  process  of  germination, 
must  necessarially  conform  to  the  external  condi- 
tions, which  are  regulated  principally  by  heat. — 
"When  a  plant  is  out  of  its  latitude,  it  is  neces- 
sarily removed  from  the  proper  external  condi- 
ditions  of  growth.  "  Thus  it  has  been  remarked 
that  shrubs  growing  among  the  sandy  deserts  of 
the  east,  have  as  stunted  an  appearance  as  those 
attempting  to  vegetate  in  the  Artie  regions  ;  their 
leaves  being  converted  into  prickles,  and  theu' 
leaf-buds  prolonged  into  thorns  instead  of  branches. 
The  influence  of  excessive  heat  in  destroying  life 
can  sometimes  be  traced  through  the  direct  physi- 
cal changes  which  it  occasions  in  the  vegetable 
tissue." 

Where  there  is  this  disturbance  in  the  vegeta- 
tive i^owers  of  the  plant  by  an  attempt  to  trans- 
pose its  native  elements,  is  it  not  plain  that  the 
sexual  organs  will  also  be  destroyed,  and  if  so 
what  wonder  that  the  fruit  peculiar  to  the  tropics, 
cannot  withstand  the  congealing  changes  of  the 
temperate  zones,  and  that  of  the  latter  on 
the  other  hand  will  become  sterile  and  barren  in 
an  atmosphere  entirely  unfitted  for  its  i^owers  of 
reproduction,  and  ultimate  fructification. 

If  corn,  for  instance,  cannot  germinate  in  a 
higher  temperatm-e  than  95  degrees,  and  is  neces- 
sarily sterile  when  placed  in  soil  which  will  reach 
120  or  140  degrees,  how  can  it  be  expected  that  a 
grape  vine  which  flourishes  best  in  the  latter 
temperature,  can  bear  fruit  in  the  former.  The 
loss  of  the  power  of  germination  in  tbecorn  when 
imbedded  in  soil  of  140  degrees  of  tempel'atiu'e  is 
occasioned  by  the  rupture  of  vesicles  of  the  starch 
which  enters  so  largely  into  its  composition, 
This,  of  com-se,  is  a  destruction,  not  of  its  vitality, 
but  of  its  power  of  reproduction.  The  seed  un- 
dergoes a  disorganizing  process  and  cannot  be- 
come productive.  Apply  this  same  test  to  the 
fructifying  plants  of  the  tropics,  and  a  similar 
condition  ofaflairs  may  be  expected. 

There  is  a  variation  to  these  general  rules,  which 
amounts  almost  to  a  law  of  tolerance.  The  tem- 
perature most  favorable  to  germination  varies  in 
diflerent  species,  and  perhaps  may  condition  the 
adaptation  of  climate.  And  accordingly,  by 
proper  cnlture  a  plant  may  be  brought  to  a  pretty 
reipectable  state  of  vegetation,  but  be  unable  to 
bear  fruit,  when  it  is  removed  from  all  the  condi- 
tions peculiar  to  its  climate.  It  may  not  lose  its 
vitality  for  j-ears,  but  the  differentiation  of  its 
sexual  organs  may  not  approach  that  standard 
necessary  to  render  them  effectual  and  a  loss  of 
the  power  to  bear  fruit  is  the  result. 

If  there  are  physiological  discrepancies  there- 
fore, in  the  growth  of  the  plant,  as  developed 


100 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


through  its  habits  and  the  results  of  its  germina- 
tion, they  must  be  attributed  to  a  transposition, 
or  an  attempt  at  hybridizing,  rather  than  a  funda- 
mental deficiency  of  physical  structure. 

S.  W. 


^ 


THE  ORIGIN  OF„WHEAT  AND  ITS 
CULTURE. 

I  consider  this  as  one  of  the  most  useful  sub- 
jects that  can  be  brought  before  our  society  in 
anticipation  of  harvesting  an  unusually  good 
wheat  crop  the  coming  harvest.  "Wheat  is  ex- 
tensively grown  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  Korth 
and  South  America.  On  the  plateau  of  southern 
Peru,  Meyen  saw  a  most  luxurious  crop  of 
wheat  at  a  height  of  8500  feet,  and  at  the  foot 
of  volcanoes  at  an  elevation  of  from  10,600  feet 
to  12,^0.  "Wheat  seems  to  be  cultivated  by  al- 
most all  nations,  both  civilized  and  uncivilized, 
but  it  is  no  where  found  to  grow  wild.  "Where. 
ever  it  exists  it  is  sujiposed  to  have  been  dropped 
by  human  agency  or  by  migrating  birds.  "Wheat 
is  found  in  all  the  Territories  from  the  Missouri 
River  to  the  Pacific  ocean.  It  is  supposed  to 
have  originated  from  a  grass  known  as  cbqUojjs 
ovato  found  in  Italy  and  France. 

Mons.  Esprit  Faver,  of  France,  has  made  an 
important  discovei-y  on  this  point  in  1838.  He 
took  seed  from  the  ajgilops,  planted  it  in  the  fall 
and  cultivated  it  from  1838  to  1850,  when  it  had 
become  'perfect  wheat. 

It  it  be  true  (and  we  have  no  reason  to  dis- 
believe it)  that  wheat  has  been  improved  by 
culture,  this  may  be  the  reason  why  it  has 
always  a  tendency  to  degenerate.  "We  had  many 
varieties  of  wheat  for  the  last  40  years,  and  each 
variety  was  soon  sujDplanted  by  another,  except 
the  old  Mediterranean,  imported  in  1836-7.  It 
was  the  most  productive  variety  up  to  1848,  when 
Mr.  Metzler,  of  Paradise  township,  selected  some 
heads  of  wheat  from  the  old  Mediterranean,  for 
which  he  deserves  all  honor.  "What  he  selected 
was  superior  to  the  old  variety  and  was  named 
the  Red  Mediterranean  wheat,  and  this  has  ever 
since  been  cultivated  in  Lancaster  and  the  west- 
ern, counties  of  the  State  and  the  "Western  States 
generally. 

Selecting  new  varieties  of  wheat  is  entirely  too 
much  neglected  by  farmers.  It  is  very  much  to 
be  regretted  that  our  society  is  not  able  to  offer 
good  premiums  to  the  best  new  varieties  of  wheat 
selected  from  the  wheat  the  coming  harvest.  I 
would  i>ecommend  that  our  members  and  all 
others  would  make  observations  about  the  time 


wheat  ripens  and  select  some  of  the  earliest  heads 
from  the  fields.  No  doubt  in  this  way  new  varie- 
ties could  be  discovered  ;  the  earlier  the  variety 
the  better ;  the  earlier  the  less  subject  to  the 
weevil  and  rust. 

A  successful  wheat  grower  used  to  mix  two 
varieties  of  wheat  before  sowing  it,  and  with 
good  results.  I  would  like  to  see  the  Mediterra- 
nean and  Canada  flmt  or  Rappahanoc  mixed. 
I  would  not  approve  of  mixing  an  early  and  late 
variety.  I  believe  if  that  process  had  been  prac- 
ticed and  good  selections  made  out  of  those  mixed 
fields,  we  might  now  have  wheat  superior  to  the 
Mediterranean,  both  in  yield  and  in  quality. 
This  is  a  matter  that  could  be  done  by  any  farmer, 
and  not  like  hybrydizing  wheat,  which  requires  a 
skilled  hand  to  perform  it,  as  practiced  by  Lin- 
nffius.  As  this  is  just  the  season,  I  will  give  the 
process  of  Mr.  D.  T.  Browne.  This  process  con- 
sists in  bringing  the  pollen  which  is  contained  in 
the  anthers  of  the  one  flower  in  contact  with  the 
stigma  of  the  pistil  of  the  flower  intended  to  be 
impregnated. 

In  _order  then  to  hybridize,  it  is  necessary  to 
take  the  heads  of  wheat  w^iich  are  intended  to  be 
the  parents,  both  male  and  female,  when  they 
have  arrived  at  that  state  of  maturity  when  the 
pollen  is  in  its  proper  state,  or  before  any  of  the 
anthers  have  escaped  from  the  glume.  Suppose 
a  cross  is  intended  to  be  consummated  between 
the  Genessee  flint  as  male,  and  white  Blue  stem 
as  female.  Then  on  a  dry  and  warm  day — this 
state  of  weather  seems  to  be  necessary,  as  at  such 
times  impregnation  not  only  more  readily  takes 
place,  but  appears  to  be  more  successful — be- 
tween ten  and  twelve  o'clock,  hold  the  head  of 
the  blue  stem  downwards  and  carefully  open 
the  glmne,  then  with  a  very  sharp,  pointed  scis- 
sors cut  off  the  anthers  and  let  them  fall  to  the 
ground.  Great  care  must  be  taken  that  no  anther 
is  permitted  to  touch  the  pistil  of  the  same 
head,  either  before  or  after  separation  of  the  fila- 
ments. This  is  perhaps  themost  delicate  part  of 
the  operation. 

After  the  anthers  have  been  removed,  pollen 
grains  from  the  anthers  of  the  Genessee  flint 
must  immediatelj^  be  applied  to  the  pistil  of  the 
glumes  from  which  the  anthers  have  been  re- 
moved. In  order  to  preserve  the  heads  thus  im- 
pregnated from  injury  by  insects  or  birds,  they 
maj^  be  enveloped  in  a  hood  of  gauze  or  Swiss 
muslin,  but  no  caution  whatever  is  necessary  ta 
guard  against  the  accidental  introduction  of  pol-. 
len  grains.  I  have  brought  forward  these  sugges-' 
tions  and  hope  some  one  will  experiment  on 
raising  new  varieties  of  wheat  and  report  the 
result  to  the  Society.  L.  S.  R. 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


101 


SLOVENLY  FARMING. 

The  farmers  of  Lancaster  county  are  often  re- 
ferred to  as  models  in  the  art  of  husbandry,  and 
so  th^y  are,  compared  with  the  generality  of 
farmers  of  some  sections  of  this  and  other 
states. 

We  are,  however,  satisfied  from  j'ears  of  close 
observation,  that  there  are  not  a  dozen  farmers  in 
this  county,  who  have  carried  their  system  to 
such  perfection,  as  not  to  be  susceptible  of  decid- 
ed imi^rovement. 

Quite  -.a  number  may  be  considered  thrifty, 
energetic,  enterprising  farmers,  compared  with 
their  ancestors,  but  are  by  no  means  advancing 
with  the  age  in  which  they  live. 

The  largest  number,  however,  may  safely  be 
classed  under  our  title  at  the  head  of  this  article. 

In  order  to  substantiate  our  assertion  in^  the 
face  of  the  prevailing  contrary  opinion,  we  M^ould 
like  to  see,  1st  a  candid  report  from  all  the  niillers 
in  our  county,  as  to  the  percentage  of  wheat  sold 
that  is  entirely  pure.  2d.  What  number  there  are 
who  do  not  grow,  or  suffer  to  grow,  a  large  quan- 
tity of  useless  weeds,  where  something  might 
grow  as  well,  which  would  be  of  value  to  both 
producer  and  consumer.  3d.  How  many  persons 
there  are,  whose  stock,  (cattle  in  particular,'*  is  in 
as  good  flesh  in  the  spring  as  m  autumn,  and  how 
few  whose  stock  is  turned  out  in  the  spring  simi)ly 
walking  skeletons,  to  build  up  during  the  summer 
what  it  had  lost  during  the  winter  ?  4th.  What 
proportion  of  them  turn  the  fertilizing  materials 
on  their  farms  to  good  account,  or  who  allow  none 
to  waste  ?  5th.  How  many  there  are,  who  keep 
theii"  farm  implements  under  cover  when  not  in 
use  ?  Gth.  What  proportion  of  fruit  trees  planted 
that  go  to  ruin  from  neglect  ? 

There  are  many  other  questions  that  might  be 
put,  that  are  quite  essential  in  farm  management, 
but  if  the  above  Avere  fairly  answered,  it  would  no 
doubt  cause  many  to  open  their  e5'es  and  wonder 
why  all  this  blowing  about  Lancaster  county 
farming.  But  if  a  true  exhibit  of  our  county 
should  fall  so  far  below  the  general  estimate,  a 
report  from  other  sections  of  our  state  and  county 
would  not  be  at  all  flattering. 

If  the  unnecessarily,  wasted  energies,  and  ap 
pliances  of  means  to  ends,  were  always  properly 
directed  and  applied,  the  large  number  of  disap- 
pointed and  discouraged  tillers  of  the  ground  all 
over  the  country,  would  rapidly  grow  less,  our 
agricultural  districts  would  exhibit  a  l)righter  as- 
pect, and  the  vast  area  of  our  country  might  ere- 
long be  teeming  with  additional  millions  of  happy, 
contented,  and  prosperous  cultivators  of  the  soil. 

II.  M.  E. 


EXPERIMENTAL  FARM. 

We  have  had  the  pleasure  of  attending  a  meet- 
ing of  the  managers  of  the  Experimental  Farm,  of 
Eastern  Pennsylvania,  held  June  10th.  The  at- 
tendance was  quite  good  considering  the  day, 
which  was  so  rainy  as  to  prevent  even  a  general 
view  of  Avhat  was  to  be  seen  ;  yet  sufficient  could 
be  seen  to  show  that  there  is  order  and  system  in 
its  management. 

The  Farm  is  located  near  West  Grove,  Chester 
county.  The  land  is  sufficiently  rolling  with  a 
variety  of  soil  and  excellent  running  water,  so  as 
to  make  it  well  adapted  to  the  above  named  pur- 
pose. 

With  such  an  active  and  efficient  superinten- 
dent as  Thomas  Harvey,  ( the  present  superin- 
tendent,) the  agricultural  and  horticultural  public 
may  look  forward  with  flattering  hopes,  for  the 
results  of  very  valuable  experiments,  provided, 
the  means  will  be  furnished  him  to  carry  out  the 
plans  laid  down  by  him  and  the  board  of  man- 
agers. 

It  is  therefore  to  be  hoped  that  ever}'  farmer 
and  fruit  grower,  ( in  Eastern  Pennsylvania  at 
least,)  will  make  an  effort  to  sustain  <ind  develoi^ 
this  Experimental  Farm  to  its  fullest  capacity. 

The  time  has  arrived,  when  experimetal  farms 
should  and  must  be  sustained,  for,  under  the  pre- 
sent system  of  agriculture  and  its  uncertainties,  it 
will  not  pay  for  each  farmer  to  be  an  experi- 
menter to  any  great  extent,  while  a  comparatively 
small  contribution  will  furnish  him  with  the  data 
and  results  of  a  thorough  system  of  experiments. 

This  institution  is,  however,  in  its  infancy  and 
will  require  the  fostering  care  of  its  friends  for 
some  time  to  come,  to  which  the  people  of  Ches- 
ter county  seem  to  be  wide  awake  ;  an  evidence 
of  which,  was  the  large  gathering  of  both  ladies 
and  gentlemen,  at  the  meeting  on  the  10th  ult. 
Among  those  present  was  Thomas  Meehan,  edito. 
of  the  Gardener''s  Islonthhj. 

The  counties  of  Delaware,  Bucks, Montgomery, 
and  Lancaster,  were  also  represented,  the  latter 
principally  by  members  of  our  Agricultural  and 
Horticultural  Society,  in  the  persons  of  L.  S.  and 
P.  S.  Reist,  J.  and  E.  Brackbill,  J.  and  H..Landis 
and  others. 

The  next  meeting  will  b,e  held  Thursday,  Aug. 
19th,  when  tliere  will  be  a  trial'  of  plows,  which 
may  be  interesting  to  our  farmers,  as  there  will 
be  no  horse-racing  in  connection  with  it. 

H.  M.  E. 


The  peach  crop  of  Maryland,  except  in  a  few 
locations,  is  said  not  to  have  been  seriously  in- 
jured bv  the  late  fi-osts. 


102 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


SMUT. 

The  disease  so  named  is  one  of  the  most  dele- 
terious which  affects  tlie  wheat  crop.  It  manifests 
itself  by  the  enclosm-e  of  the  grains  of  wheat  in 
a  fetid  black  powder  within  the  husks  of  the  wheat 
head.  This  powder,  when  viewed  through  the 
microscope,  is  perceived  to  be  a  collection  of  small 
seeds  which  adhere  to  the  wheat  when  all  are 
threshed  together.  This  disease  is  sometimes 
confused  with  mildew  or  rust,  but  it  is  entirely  a 
different  disease,  and  readily  distinguishable  the 
one  from  the  other  when  their  main  characteris- 
tics be  known.  It  is  commonly  the  grain  of  the 
wheat  that  is  invaded  by  the  smut,  but  sometimes 
the  leaves  and  stems  of  the  plant  are  liable  to  it. 
Besides  wheat,  oats  barley  and  maize  are  likewise 
liable  to  this  disease.  The  disease  is  engendered 
by  the-  absorption  of  these  minute  seeds  (which 
the  microscope  has  displayed)  into  the  roots  of 
the  plant  where  they  germinate,  and  use  the  plant 
and  its  entire  organization  for  the  production  of 
then-  own  seeds.  The  plant  thus  affected  is  una- 
ble to  grow,  as  a  consequence,  as  large  as  a  health- 
ful one,  and  it  exhibits  a  dark  green  appearance 
from  the  blackened  sap  within.  It  is.  said  that 
heads  have  been  found  containing  some  good 
grains  and  some  smutted  ones,  but  it  is  exceedingly 
doubtful  if  this  be  the  fact.  If  any  of  the  grains 
should  seem  to  escape  it  may  be  considered  as 
certain  that  they  will  be  very  weak  and  small. 

Smut  is  disasterous  to  the  farmer  in  proportion 
to  the  number  of  heads  attacked  by  the  disease. 
Fields  have  been  seen  in  which  one-fourth,  one- 
half  and  even  two-thirds  of  the  heads  of  grain 
have  been  diseased.  All  heads  growing  from  the 
same  root  are  sure  to  be  smutted.  This  disease 
is  developed  in  a  dry  as  well  as  in  a  rainy  season, 
and  in  a  dry  as  well  as  in  a  moist  soil.  It  has 
been  discovered,  however,  to  generally  make  the 
greatest  ravages  in  soil  not  over  fertile,  or  on 
such  as  had  the  preceeding  year  produced  a  ^?-am- 
ince  affected  by  smut.  In  the  first  instance  the 
vegetative  life  being  weak,  the  mushroom  met 
with  less  resistance  in  its  development ;  and  in 
the  second,  the  ground  having  retained  the  spores 
of  the  mushroom  of  the  preceding  year,  it  already 
contained  the  elements  of  the  malady. 

The  remedy  for  this  disease  would  then  seem 
to  be,  1st,  the  getting  rid  of  the  spores  which  may 
be  attached  to  the  grain  or  seed;  2d,  never  to 
sow  grain  upon  any  kind  of  cereal  stubble  which 
had  been  affected  by  smut.  The  means  by  which 
the  seed  may  be  freed  from  the  infectious  spores 
of  smut,  is  to  soak  it  in  various  washes,  amongst 
which  may  be  mentioned  dissolved  bluestone 
and  then  mixing  the  still  wetted  wheat  with 
quicklime.    It  should  be  soaked  one  night  in  the 


dissolved  bluestone.  Another  remedy  is  to  use 
salt  instead  of  bluestone,  soaking  it  for  some  time 
and  following  the  soaking  with  the  same  applica- 
tion of  quicklime.  The  soaking  destroys  the 
vitality  of  the  smut  seeds. 

The  following  plan  for  the  x^reparatiou  of 
wheat  seed  accredited  by  the  Cincinnati  Gazettee, 
to  R.  G.  Carmichael,  may  perhaps  be  of  interest 
to  our  farming  community  : 

"  To  Prevent  Smut  in  Wheat. — Dissolve  half  a 
pound  of  sulphate  of  copper  in  three  quarts  of 
warm  water.  After  the  mixture  has  cooled, 
sprinkle  it  over  two  bushels  of  wheat,  stirring  it 
through  until  the  whole  be  wet.  Put  it  up  on  a 
heap,  turning  it  occasionally  for  an  hour,  when  it 
will  be  ready  for  sowing.  Should  wet  weather  or 
any  other  cause  prevent  its  being  sown  immedi- 
ately, spread  it  thin  on  a  dry  floor,  giving  it  an  oc- 
casional turning,  and  it  will  not  suffer  injury  foi* 
weeks." 

Other  remedies  might  be  given  but  the  spac6 
of  an  article  such  as  we  design  this  forbids  fur- 
ther amplification.  A.  H. 


r^ 


HORTICULTURE  AS  OLD  AS  THE 
BIBLE. 

"  And  God  said,  behold  I  have  given  you  every 
herb  bearing  seed  which  is  upon  the  face  of  the 
earth,  and  every  tree  in  which  is  the  fruit  of  a 
tree  yielding  seed,  to  you  it  shall  be  for  meat,  and 
to  every  beast  of  the  earth,  and  to  every  fowl  of 
the  air,  and  to  everything  that  creepeth  upon  the 
earth  wherein  there  is  life,  I  have  given  every 
green  herb  for  meat,  and  it  was  so.  And  God  saw 
everything  that  he  had  made,  and  behold  it  was 
very  good,  &c." 

"  And  the  Lord  God  planted  a  garden  eastward 
in  Eden,  and  there  he  put  the  man  whom  he  had 
formed.  And  out  of  the  ground  made  the  Lord 
God  to  grow  every  tree  that  is  pleasant  to  the 
sight,  and  good  for  food,  and  the  tree  of  life  also 
in  the  midst  of  the  garden,  and  the  tree  of  know- 
ledge of  good  and  evil,  &c." 

"  And  the  Lord  God  took  the  man  and  put  him 
in  the  garden  of  Eden  to  dress  it  and  to  keep  it," 
(  as  though  God  intended  him  to  be  a  horticultur- 
ist.) "  And  the  Lord  God  commanded  the  man, 
saying,  of  every  tree  of  the  garden  thou  mayest 
freely  eat,  but  of  the  tree  of  knowledge  of  good 
and  evil,  thou  shalt  not  eat  of  it,  &c." 

But  mark  the  dreadful  consequence  of  disobe- 
dience to  God,  see  what  sin  has  brought  into  the 
world.  "  And  unto  Adam  he  said,  because  thou 
hast  eaten  of  the  tree  of  which  I  commanded  thee 
saying,  thou  shalt  not  eat  of  it,  cursed  is  the 
ground  for  thy  sake ,  in  sorrow  shalt  thou  eat  of 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


103 


it  all  the  days  of  thy  life,  thorns  also  and  thistles 
shall  it  bring  forth  to  thee,  and  thou  shalt  eat  the 
herb  of  the  field,  in  the  sweat  of  thy  face  shalt 
eat  bread  till  thou  return  unto  the  ground,  &c." 

"  Therefore  the  Lord  God  sent  him  forth  from 
the  garden  of  Eden  to  till  the  ground  from  whence 
he  was  taken,  &c." 

"We  have  Scripture  as  a  foundation  for  our  so- 
ciety, but  that  does  not  prove  that  we  are  per- 
fectly right.  We  don't  mean  to  say  we  are  right 
when  we  are  so  far  from  it.  But  although  man- 
kind (  and  perhaps  oiu:  fruits  also,)  haye  degen- 
ated  from  that  pure  state  in  which  they  were 
created  when  God  saw  that  they  were  very  good ; 
yet  we  rejoice  to  know  that  there  is  still  a  way, 
and  the  means  whereby  we  can  be  reclaimed  and 
brought  back  into  peace  and  favor  with  God,  and 
we  believe  also,  that  our  fruits  can  be  greatly  im- 
proved and  brought  back  from  their  degenerated 
state,  into  a  better  and  more  perfect  condition. — 
In  fact  there  has  already  been  great  improve- 
ments, bnt  perhaps  we  are  not  progressing  as  fast 
as  we  might  or  should,  either  in  morals  or  fruit 
culture.  What  are  the  signs  of  the  times  ?  We 
call  this  God's  country.  Very  well,  so  it  ought  to 
be.  But  I  fear  we  have  gone  away  from  God, 
and  robbed  God  of  the  honor  due  to  his  name. 
Does  not  this  seem  to  be  the  reason  that  Provi- 
dence is  some  wliat  against  us,  and  we  do  not  pros- 
per in  our  efforts  as  well  as  we  might  ?  I^ow  God 
commands  us  to  retm-n  unto  him  and  he  will  return 
unto  us  ;  will  we  begin  to  say,  wherein  shall  we 
return,  or  wherein  have  we  robbed  God?  Why  is 
it,  that  with  all  our  inventions,  and  remedies,  and 
insect  exterminators,  &c.,we  are  still  cursed  with 
a  curse  ?  I  firmly  believe  it  is,  because  we  have 
robbed  God  ;  even  this  whole  nation  has  robbed 
Him. 

"  Bring  ye  all  the  tithes  into  the  storehouse 
that  there  may  be  meat  in  my  house,  and  prove 
me  now  herewith,  saith  the  Lord  of  hosts,  if  I 
will  not  open  you  the  windows  of  heaven,  and 
pour  you  out  a  blessing,  that  there  shall  not  be 
room  enough  to  receive  it,  and  I  will  rebuke  the 
devourer  for  your  sakes,  and  he  shall  not  destroy 
the  fruits  of  your  ground,  neither  shall  your  vine 
cast  her  fruit  before  the  time  in  the  field,  saith 
the  Lord  of  hosts.  And  all  nations  shall  call  you 
blessed,  for  ye  shall  be  a  delightsome  land,  saith 
the  Lord  of  hosts,  &c." 

"  That  our  sous  may  be  as  plants  grown  up  in 
their  youth ;  that  our  daughters  may  be  as-  corner 
stones  polished  after  the  similitude  of  a  palace; 
that  our  garners  may  be  full,  affording  all  manner 
of  store  •,  that  our  sheep  may  bring  forth  thou- 
sands and  tens  of  thousands  in  our  streets ;  that 
our  oxen  may  be  strong  to  laljor  ;  that  there  be 


no  breaking  nor  going  out ;  that  there  be  no  com- 
plaining in  our  streets.  Happy  is  that  people, 
whose  God  is  the  Lord." 

J.  B.  E.,  Beaver  Valley. 


THE  GRAPE. 

Grape  growing,  in  our  country,  is  so  much  in 
its  infancy,  that  experience  more  than- all  else  is 
wanted  to  lead  us  to  better  results.  Most  of  the 
popular  varieties  of  the  grape  are  of  ^recent 
origin;  some  of  very  recent  origin,  and  but  few 
have  been  well  tested  over  a  wide  range  of  coun- 
try. 

What  variety  does  best  in  one  section ;  what 
in  another ;  what  requires  a  deep  soil,  what  a 
shallow  one  ?  these  are  questions  of  importance. 

My  first  planting  was  done  in  deeply  trenched 
ground.  The  soil  is  clay,  a  little  mixed  with  fine 
slate,  and  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  a  slate  ridge 
which  shelters  the  spot  from  the  northwest  wind. 
Of  many  kinds  planted  in  this  ground  only  four 
were  successful,  viz  :  the  Hartford  Prolific,  Clin- 
ton, Martha,  and  Telegraph.  Of  Concord,  I  had 
only  one  vine  planted  ;  it  fruited  only  twice  and 
grew  less  every  year  afterwards,  until  it  died. 
Isabella  and  Catawba  did  well  for  some  time, 
but  their  day  is  past.  Of  the  later  and  newer 
varieties,  the  Delaware  ripened  a  few  small  crops, 
and  then  did  no  more  good;  Its  leaves  scorched 
in  midsummer,  and  the  grapes  remained  unripen- 
ed.  Diana  ripened  a  few  crops  and  then  became 
worthless.  Anna  never  ripened  a  perfect  berry ; 
it  constantly  fell  a  prey  to  mildew.  Cassidy  did 
did  not  ripen  well ;  it  also  mildewed.  Alvey  did 
not  bear  well,  nor  was  the  fruit  of  good  quality, 
Of  Rodgers'  hybrids,  I  have  numbers  1,  9, 15,  19 
and  33.  They  all  mildewed,  and  some  of  them 
rot  badly.  Nos.  l,and  9  have  done  the  the  best. 
No.  15  has  done  thei  worst  of  them  all.  Crevel- 
ing  does  not  ripen  its  fruit  because  it  mildews 
very  badly.  Union  Village  also  mildews  and  is 
not  hardy,  besides  being  of  a  poor  quality.  Cuy- 
ahoga in  five  years  did  not  come  to  fruiting,  and 
besides  this  barrenness,  also  mildews.  Iowa  and 
Adirondac  are  five  years  old  ;  the  vines  are  now 
about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  have 
never  shown  any  fruit.  This  year,  however,  the 
Adirondac  shows  some  flower  stems.  Maxataw- 
ny  did  well  for  a  few  years  ;  particularly  a  vine 
that  was  grafted  on  a  Franklin  stock,  which  grew 
more  vigorously  than  the  rest  and  fruited  better. 
Both  bunches  and  berries  were  larger  on  this  vine 
than  on  the  others  of  this  variety,  biit  mildew 
also  overcame  it  at  last,  and  they  were  all  carted 
off  the  ground  together.  Taylor  proved  a  ram- 
pant grower,  free  from  mildew,  but  a  poor  bearer. 
Franklin  did  not  bear  well    on  this    trenched 


104 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


ground,  but  ou  theslate  hill  which  was  uottrenched 
it  is  au  enormous  bearer,  and  the  fruit  is  of  very 
good  qualit}'.  Allen's  H3'brid,  Clara  and  Rebecca 
turned  out  worthless.  Of  Salem,  I  have  a  small 
plant  which  mildewed  last  season,  and  this  season, 
up  to  this  time  (May  10)  shows  no  signs  of  life. 
Weehawken  made  a  strong  growth  last  summer, 
but  mildev/ed  somewhat  and  did  not  ripen  half 
its  wood  ;  this  spring  it  grows  feebly.  The  Hart- 
ford Prolific  I  have  found  one  of  the  most  hardy 
and  reliable  of  all  grapes.  It  is  a  good  bearer, 
and  frost  always  finds  it  with  a  healthy  and  per- 
fect set  of  leaves.  The  Clinton  bears  enormously ; 
its  leaves  have  not  proved  as  healthy  as  those  of 
the  Hartford,  but  sufficiently  so  to  ripen  its  fruit 
well.  Telegraph  fruited  last  season  for  the  first 
time  and  is  a  very  promising  grape.  The  Martha 
I  received  from  my  friend,  Mr.  Samuel  Miller, 
(who  is  the  originator  of  that  variety)  in  the  fall 
of  1863.  My  plant  was  feeble  and  made  very 
little  growth  the  first  season.  It  fruited  the  first 
time  iu  1856,  bearing  a  few  small  bunches  of  very 
good  quality.  In  1867  it  had  quite  a  large  num- 
ber of  bunches  of  fair  size ;  but  the  excessive 
wet  weather  of  that  summer  caused  some  of  the 
berries  to  rot  and  the  bunches  to  become  small. 
What  remained  ripened  well  and  were  very  ex- 
cellent in  quality.  Almost  all  my  other  grapes 
rotted  that  season — Hartford  and  Clinton  being 
the  exceptions.  In  1868,  which  was  also  a  wet 
season,  a  few  of  the  Martha  berries  rotted,  but 
not  enough  to  much  lessen  the  crop,  while  Eodger's 
Hybrids,  fifteen  feet  distant,  rotted  much  more. 
My  Martha  vine  was  weakened  by  continued  and 
excessive  layering.  Young  Martha  vines  thence 
procured  and  now  planted  two  years,  are  very 
thrifty  and  show  a  growth  equal  to  Concord  un- 
der favorable  circumstances.  In  size,  the  leaves 
are  a  little  smaller  than  the  Concord's,  and  of  a 
paler  green.  These  young  plants  so  far  have 
been  as  hardy  and  as  free  from  mildew  as  any 
Concords.  The  old  vine,  now  six  years  old,  in  all 
that  time,  has  shown  no  mildew  on  its  leaves. 
It  is  ajjrojyos  to  mention  here  that  I  have  made  in- 
quiry of  those  of  my  acquaintances  who  have 
fruited  Martha  vines,  and  am  told  by  all  that 
they  have  not  seen  any  of  the  fruit  rot.  My  vine 
is  the  only  one  on  which  any  rot  had  appeare~d, 
and  may  not  the  trenched  ground  be  to  blame  for 
it?  In  quality,  the  Martha  is  rich  and  sweet, 
and  very  tender,  with  very  little  pulp  and  no  un- 
pleasant acidity  near  the  seeds.  It  has  a  slight 
touch  of  the  native  foxy  aroma.  Its  skin  is  thin, 
the  color,  yellowish  green,  with  a  thin  white 
bloom.  Persons  who  have  tested  grapes  from 
my  vine  pronounce  it  equal  or  superior  to  the 
Delaware.    With  me  it  has  proved  worth  more 


than  all  of  the  other  white  grapes,  so  far  known 
to  me,  put  together. 

My  newer  plantation  of  grape  vines  is  on  tha 
slope  of  the  slate  hill  (inclining  southward)  of 
which  I  spoke  at  the  commencement  of  this  j^aper. 
The  ground  here  is  not  trenched,  and  the  vines 
look  more  promising  than  on  the  trenched  ground. 
My  Concord's  here  are  all  I  could  wish  for.  The 
Clinton's  are  also  very  good,  and  the  Franklin 
surpasses  anything  I  ever  saw  elsewhere  of  that 
variety.  The  Hartford  Prolific  also  does  well 
here.  In  this  ground  I  have  planted  400  Con- 
cords and  160  Martha  vines,  together  with  100 
plants  of  other  varieties. 

Litiz,  May  10, 1868.  I.  H. 

[From  the  foregoing  the  conclusion  may  be" 
dra'^'^ni  that,  except  for  a  few  varieties,  trenched 
ground  is  not  so  congenial  to  the  grape,  in  a  soil 
like  that  of  Mr.  H.'s,  as  is  ground  prepared  in  the 
common  way.  It  seems  that  both  mildew  and 
rot  are  fostered  by  a  soil  over  deep  and  over  rich 
— avery  important  lesson  if  verified  by  further 
observation. — Ed.l 


V/HElSr  TO  CUT  TIMBER  TO  MAKE  IT 
LASTI3S"G. 
In  looking  over  the  proceedings  of  a  late  Agri- 
cultural meeting,  I  was  reported  to  say  that  I  cut 
black-oak  wood  in  winter,  or  December,  that  was 
sound  after  ten  years  exposure.  That  was  a  mis- 
take. I  cut  black-oak  trees  iu  May,  1859,  and 
took  the  bark  ofl:\ip  to  the  top  limbs,  which  were 
intended  for  fire  wood,  and  some  of  it  with  the 
bark  off  was  exposed  for  9  years,  and  still  sound. 
Any  timber  to  be  used  for  fence  rails  will  last 
longer  when  cut  in  the  spring,  when  the  bark 
comes  oft'  freely.  I  have  willow  rails  on  my  farm 
cut  45  years  ago  and  still  sound.  Fence  posts, 
when  they  are  well  seasoned,  will  last  much 
longer  than  posts  set  in  the  ground  green.  A 
remarkable  case  came  within  my  experience  in 
the  cutting  of  swamp  oak,  in  February,  for  fence 
posts.  I  set  the  posts  in  the  ground  in  the  fol- 
lowing April,  and  the}^  all  rotted  through,  above 
ground, in  eight  years. 

L.  S.  E. 


1^     -^^o-    ^^ 


PRUNING  TREES. 
February  is  generally  considered  the  time  to 
prune  fruit  trees,  when  much  pruning  is  neces- 
sary; but  much  pruning  at  onetime  is  often  more 
injury  than  benefit,  like  too  much  bleeding  as 
was  formerly  resorted  to  for  health,  which  is 
now  rarely  performed.  A  neighbor  of  mine, 
who  is  a  considerable  Pomologist,  does  all  bis 
pruning  during  the  summer,  and  very  little  at 
one  time.    In  the  spring  he  generally  cuts  his 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


105 


trees  back  more  or  less,  which  insures  a  more 
vigorous  growth  and  he  uses  the  knife  all  sum- 
mer to  his  trees  to  work  them  in  a  beautiful 
shape ;  his  peach  trees  are  low  and  spreading, 
making  a  handsome  appearance.  I  know  of 
instances  where  whole  orchards  were  ruined  by 
too  much  pruning  at  one  time,  L.  S.  R. 


WEEDS,  NO.  4. 


THE   THORN  APPLE. 


This  coarse,  unsightly,  fetid  weed,  is  an  annual 
plant,  which  seems  to  follow  the  progress  of  cul- 
tivation, and  is  rarely  found  remote  from  the 
vicinity  of  dwellings.  It  occurs  in  every  part  of 
the  Atlantic  coast  from  Maine  to  Florida,  and  iu 
the  neighborhood  of  settlements  in  the  Western 
States.  It  usually  grows  along  road  sides,  among 
rubbish  and  in  neglected  spots  of  rich  ground,  and 
is  a  well-known  poisonous,  medicinal,  coarse 
herb,  stem  stout,  much  forked  or  branching ; 
leaves  coarsely  toothed,  with  white  or  bluish  pur- 
ple, funnel-shaped,  folded  flowers,  succeeded  by 
a  prickly,  four- valved fruit,  containing  many  black 
seeds.  The  genuine  botanical  name  is  "Datura," 
from  the  Arabic  "  Tatula,"  and  the  specific  name 
"  stramonium,"  is  from  the  Greek,  signifying 
"Mad  Apple."  Its  native  countr.y  is  doubtful. 
Gerarde  gave  the  first  satisfactory  account  of  it 
on  record,  who  published  a  description  and  figure 
in  1597,  raised  from  seeds  by  himself  that  came 
from  Constantinople. 

Notwithstanding,  in  Miller's  Dictionary  by 
Mart}^,  the  editor  ( like  most  European  writers) 
says.  "  That  it  is  a  native  of  America,  we  have 
the  most  undoubted  proofs,  for  in  the  earth 
brought  with  plants  from  various  parts  of  that  ex- 
tensive counti'y,  we  are  sure  to  have  the  thorn 
apple  come  up.  Allow  me  to  quote  the  original 
statement  of  Gerarde  in  his  herbal  of  1597,  re- 
ferred to  ;  he  says — 

"  The  inyce  of  thorne  apples,  boiled  Avith  hog's 
grease  to  the  forme  of  an  ungent  or  salve,  cureth 
all  inflammations  whatsoever,  all  manner  of  burn- 
ings or  scaldings,  and  that  in  very  short  time,  as 
myself  have  Ibund  by  my  dayly  practise,  to  my 
great  credit  and  profit.'' 

Stick  a  pin  here  ;  old  as  the  news  is,  it  is  not  far 
from  the  truth,  and  much  more  modern  authority 
could  be  quoted  to  the  same  end.  It  is  not  my 
object  to  introduce  this  plant  to  the  notice  of  the 
public  for  its  various  reputed  medicinal  proper- 
ties, nor  the  many  stories  that  have  been  related 
of  the  power  of  this  and  other  species  of  Datura 
lO  produce  mental  alienation  without  at  the  same 


time  materiall}'  aflecting  the  body.  It  is  a  fact 
— that  the  lioyal  Society  of  London,  gravely  in- 
quired of  Sir  Philberto  Yeruatti,  "  whether  the 
Indians  can  so  prepare  the  stupifying  herb  Da- 
tura, that  they  make  it  lie  several  days,  months, 
or  years,  according  as  they  will  have  it,  in  a  man's 
body ;  and  at  the  end  kill  him  without  missing 
half  an  hour's  time,"  such  was  the  superstition 
respecting  this  plant. 

It  is,  however,  a  well-established  fact,  that  it  is 
dangerous  to  have  it  grow  within  the  reacb  of 
children,  Avho  maybe  tempted  to  pluck  the  flowers 
and  suck  the  open  tubular  bells,  as  they  do  Honey 
suckle  or  clover  heads.  I  know  of  one  case  where 
the  parents  were  much  alarmed  at  the  frantic 
actions  of  the  children  who  had  indulged  sucking 
the  juices,  i  Dr.  J.  L.  Ziegler,  of  Mount  Joy,  was 
called  on  that  occasion,  other  facts  of  the  like 
have  come  to  my  knowledge.  The  name  "  Jim- 
son"  Weed,  is  a  corruption  from  Jamestown 
Weed,  in  connection  with  the  above  I  will  quote 
a  passage  from  Beverhfs  History  of  Virginia, 2)- 
121. 

"  The  Jamestown  Weed,  (  which  resembles  the 
thorny  apple  of  Peru,  and  I  take  it  to  be  the  plant 
so  called,)  is  supposed  to  be  one  of  the  greatest 
coolers  in  the  world.  This  being  an  early  plant, 
was  gathered  very  young  for  a  boiled  sallad,  by 
some  of  the  soldiers  sent  thither  to  quell  the  re- 
bellion of  Bacon  ;  and  some  of  them  ate  plenti- 
fully of  it,  the  eftect  of  which  was  a  very  pleasant 
comedy,  for  they  turned  natural  fools  upon  it  for 
several  days.  One  would  blow  up  a  feather  in 
the  air,  another  would  dart  straws  at  it  with  much 
fury;  another  stark  naked  was  sitting  up  in  a  cor- 
ner like  a  monkey,  grinning  and  making  mows  at 
them;  a  fourth  would  kiss  and  paw  his  compan- 
ions, and  sneer  in  their  faces  with  a  countenance 
more  antic  than  a  Dutch  doll. 

In  this  frantic  condition  they  were  confined, 
lest,  in  their  own  folly,  thev  should  destroy  them- 
selves. A  thousand  simple  tricks  they  played, 
and  after  eleven  days  returned  to  themselves 
ao-ain,  not  remembering  anything  that  had  pass- 
ed." 

In  the  Language  of  Flowers,  this  is  emblematic 
Gi '•  Deceitful  Charms,'"  too  often  enervated  by 
luxurious  ease,  and  indolent  beauty  languishes 
the  whole  day,  and  avoids  the  cheering  rays  of 
the  sun.  At  night,  arrayed  with  all  the  coquetry, 
she  exhibits  herself  to  her  admirers.  The  un- 
steady and  delusive  light  of  tapers,  aiding  her  ar- 
tifices, lends  her  a  deceptive  brilliancy,  and  she 
enchants  by  charms  that  are  not  her  own. 
Her  heart,  meanwhile,  is  a  stranger  to  love  ;  all 
that  she  wants  is  slaves  and  victims.  Imprudent 
youth,  flee  from  the  approach  of  this  enchantress. 

The  flowers  of  the  thorue-apple,  like  those 
nocturnal  beauties,  drop  while  the  sun  shines  be- 
neath  their  dull-looking  foUage  ;  but,  on  the  ap- 
proach of  night,  they  revive,  display  their  charms, 


106 


THE  LANCASTER   FAEMER. 


and  unfold  their  ivory  bells,  Avhich  nature  has 
lined  with  purple,  and  to  which  she  has  given  an 
odour  that  attracts  and  intoxicates,  stupifying 
snout  insects  that  inhale  it.  The  Night-Hawk 
moth,  bred  from  the  tobacco  worm  and  its  kindred 
species  are  the  only  visitors  of  this  plant  to  sip  its 
juices,  fitting  associates.  The  busy  bee  avoid 
it,  as  deleterious,  unless  it  is  an  out  cast  from  the 
hive.  Flowers  muy  impart  a  lesson ;  they  do  well 
who  heed  it.  J.  S. 


NOTE  ON  THE  CULTURE  OP  SAFFRON 
.  IN  PENNSYLVANIA. 

BY   CHARLES  A.  HEINITSH. 

Crocus  Sativtts. — Saffron,  until  the  last  few 
years,  was  activated  in  Lancaster  county,  Pa., 
to  a  considerable  extent,  particularly  amongst 
the  German  portion  of  its  inhabitonts,  for  its  use 
as  a  flavoring  and  coloring  ingredient  in  soups 
and  tea,  and  as  a  domestic  remedy  for  measles 
and  other  febrile  diseases,  besides  making  an 
ornamental  flower-bed  in  their  gardens. 

Saffron  requires  a  rich  soil  to  grow  it  abundant- 
ly. The  usual  mode  of  cultivating  it  is  to  prepare 
the  bed  by  digging  deep  and  filling  up  with  ma- 
nure and  rich  soil,  planting  the  corms  or  bulbs, 
after  separating  the  young  from  the  parent,* 
about  eight  inches  apart  in  rows,  similar  to  onion 
sets,)  in  the  month  of  August.  Care  is  necessary 
to  keep  the  beds  free  from  weeds. 

The  flowering  season  commences  about  the 
middle  of  September,  and  continues  until  the  be- 
ginning of  October,  according  to  the  locality  of 
the  bed.  The  flowers  are  picked  off  early  in  the 
morning;  the  stigmas  separated  and  dried  in  the 
shade.  This  continues  every  day  until  the  sea- 
son ends.  The  leaves  remain  green  all  winter. 
The  following  June  the  beds  are  cleansed  from 
the  decayed  leaves,  and  left  until  renewing  time 
in  August. 

Saffron  must  necessarily  be  dear,  says  Mr.  Bent- 
ly  in  an  article  on  adulterations  published  in  last 
May's  number  of  Journal  of  Pharmacy,  because 
it  takes  a  great  number  of  flowers  to  make  a 
pound ;  and  there  are  other  causes,  viz.,  failure 
of  crops  from  excessive  rains  or  drought,  and 
attacks  of  the  field  mice,  which  destroy  the  bulbs. 
But  withal,  when  we  remember  that  (all  our  pro- 
ducts of  the  garden  and  farm  are  liable  to  failures 
from  various  causes,  though  probably  not  to  such 
an  extent,  I  think  it  can  be  profitably  raised, 
judging  from  the  following  two  calculations, 
taken  as  an  average  :  -On  inquiry  from  some  of 
the  growers,  one  informed  me  that  about  3,000 


flowers,  or  9,000  stigmas,  can  be  raised  off  a  bed 
12x6  feet  =72  square  feet.  Another,  that  often 
in  a  good  season  between  2,000  and  3,000  flowers 
can  be  had  in  one  morning's  picking  off"  about  500 
square  feet,  and  this  continues  for  a  number  of 
mornings,  though  not  always  with  so  large  a  num- 
ber. These  two  make  about  the  average  result 
of  experienced  growers. 

In  counting  and  weighing  the  stigmas,  I  find, 
after  several  trials,  that  300  weigh  13  to  14  grains, 
which  would  be  a  yield  of  about  420  grains  to  72 
square  feet,  or  33  to  36  pounds  to  an  acre.  If 
these  calculations  only  approximate  to  correct- 
ness, at  present  prices  it  will  be  very  remunera- 
tive to  the  grower  in  comparison  with  many  other 
products. 

Specimens  of  the  stigmas  and  corms  are  sub- 
mitted. 
Lancaster,  Pa.  — Proc,  Amer.  PJiar,  As.  1866. 


U  fflltltUlt. 


*  The  young  corms  or  offshoots  are  attached  similar  to  col- 
chicum. 


BEE  CULTURE. 

Previous  to  the  clearing  of  our  forests,  bee- 
keeping proved  a  profitable  business  to  many 
people,  especially  to  those  that  had  an  inclina- 
tion and  fondness  for  this  kind  of  pursuit.  It  was 
generally  attended  with  little  more  expense  than 
the  cost  of  a  few  boards  and  straw  hives.  So  well 
did  persons  informer  times  succeed  with  the  cul- 
ture of  bees  that  hives  of  them  were  destroyed  in 
the  fall  for  the  honey  which  they  had  gathered 
during  the  season. 

Now,  however,  since  our  forests  have  been  so 
greatly  thinned,  and  the  wild  flowers  have  become 
so  scarce,  bee-keeping,  according  to  the  old  style 
of  culture,  has  ceased  to  be  profitable,  and  most 
farmers  have  given  up  the  raising  of  bees  with 
disgust  as  a  business  altogether  unprofitable. 

About  twenty-five  years  ago  several  enterpris 
ing  men,  some  of  them  Europeans  and  others 
Americans  (of  whom  Longstreth,  of  Ohio,  Dr. 
Berg,  of  Philadelphia,  and  Saml.  Wagner,  of  York 
Pa.,  deserve  especial  mention,)  undertook  to  de- 
velop plans  by  which  the  old  systems  of  bee  cul- 
ture should  be  dispensed  with.  These  gentlemen 
have  devised  new  systems  of  bee  culture,  and 
have  made  the  business  again  one  of  profit.  It 
has  been  discovered  through  the  ingenuity  of 
these  enterprising  men  that  now,  since  so  many 
peach  and  apple  orchards  are  planted  by  our 
fai-mers  and  flowers  are  grown  in  abundance  by 
the  ladies,  bees  may  find  sufficient  scope  again  upon 
which  they  can  forage  and  gather  their  honey  in 
great  quantities. 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


107 


I  would  call  special  atteutiou  to  those  known 
as  the  Kidder  and  Longstreth  hives  as  being  the 
best  within  the  range  of  my  knowledge.  These 
hives  are  admirably  arranged  with  slats,  frames 
and  glass,  so  that  a  young  swarm  can  be  put  in 
and  examined  at  all  times  ;  a  part  or  all  of  the 
bees  removed  and  transferred  to  a  new  hive  and 
furnished  (if  queenless)  with  a  young  queen,  or 
the  whole  hive  may  in  a  short  time  be  changed 
from  black  to  Italian  bees.  In  my  remarks  at 
this  time  I  will  confine  myself  to  a  few  facts  leav- 
ing further  explanation  for  a  future  article. 

To  my  limited  apiary,  in  1868, 1  added  four  Ital- 
ian swarms  which  I  obtained  of  W.  J.  Davis,  of 
Youngsville,  Pa.  These  I  forced  to  swarm,  or 
rather  divided  them,  and  then  again  they,  to  my 
surprise  and  against  my  inclination,  swarmed 
four  times.  This  so  weakened  them  that  I  lost 
several  of  them  before  I  moved  them  from  their 
summer  stand  to  a  dry  cellar  for  winter.  By 
careful  attention,  however,  I  succeeded  in  placing 
what  was  left,  in  tolerably  good  condition,  on  the 
summer  stand  again.  These  seem  to  flourish 
well,  having  swarmed  the  first  time  on  the  8th  of 
May,  and  have  now  swarmed  in  all  six  times 
when  I  pen  this  article. 

Anticipating  the  continuance  of  this  subject  in 
some  future  number  of  the  Lancaster  Farmer, 
I  in  the  meantime  would  refer  all  apiarians  and 
those  desirous  of  information  on  this  subject  to 
the  Atnerican  Bee  Journal^  and  to  the  Bee  Keeper'' s 
Journal. 

I  believe,  in  conclusion, the  keeping  of  bees 
might  be  made  quite  a  profitable  business  if  our 
farmers  could  be  induced  to  turn  their  attention 
to  it.  We  have  instances  of  swarms  doubling, 
and  each  producing  from  twenty  to  forty  pounds 
of  honey  in  a  season.  Honey  itself  in  the  farm- 
er's family  is  a  valuable  addition  to  the  table, 
and  now  in  these  times,  when  molasses  and  sugar 
are  both  so  high,  why  might  not  our  farmers  sup- 
ply themselves  with  this  most  useful  and  palata- 
ble article  of  diet. 

Peter  S.  Reist. 


(!JHt0m0l(j0ic<iI. 


PEA-BUGS  AND  BEAN-BUGS. 
The  infestation  of  peas  by  a  small  colespterous 
insect,  (  Brxichus  pisi^)  commonly  called  pea-bugs, 
is  a  familiar  occurence,  no  doubt,  to  all  our 
readers,  but  it  is  not  so  common  to  find  beans 
similarly  infested ;  indeed,  we  do  not  remember 
to  have  seen  them  before  the  present  season. — 
Mrs.  P.  E.  Gibbons,  brought  us  a  lot  of  beans  a 
few  days  ago,  containing  hundreds  of  them.    In 


peas  we  usually  find  but  a  single  insect  in  a  seed 
— on  rather  rare  occasions  two  may  be  found — 
but  in  these  beans  some  of  the  seeds  contained  a 
half  dozen  or  more.  These,  on  examination  and 
comparison,  we  find  to  be  Bruchus  mimusl-  or 
nearly  allied  to  it.  They  belong  to  the  great 
family  CuRCiLiONiDiE,  the  very  name  of  which, 
is  associated  with  a  sort  of  terror  to  the  fruit 
grower  and  gardener.  Many  of  the  peas  infested 
will  nevertheless  germinate  and  grow,  but  we 
cannot  tell  what  the  eflect  would  be  on  beans,  for 
some  seemed  so  perfectly  riddled  by  the  perfora- 
tions of  the  insect,  that  there  does  not  seem  to  be 
suflicient  of  the  inner  substance  left  to  support 
their  germination.  There  may,  however,  be  some 
in  which  the  germ  is  not  effected.  "Whatsoever 
remedy  may  have  been  applied  to  the  destruction 
of  the  pea-bug,  no  doubt,  would  also  apply  to 
these. 


e^dit0««l 


MEETING  OF     THE    AGRICULTURAL 
AND  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

The  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Society  of 
Lancaster  county,  held  its  regular  monthly  meet- 
ing, in  the  Orphan's  Court  room,  in  the  city  .  f 
Lancaster,  on  Monday,  June  7th,  Henry  M. 
Engle,  President,  and  Alex.  Harris,  Secretary. 
The  minutes  of  the  previous  meeting  were  read 
and  approved  without  dissent.  The  chairman 
then  rose  and  suggested,  that  as  a  considerable 
quantity  of  business  would  likely  be  transacted  at 
the  meeting,  he  hoped  the  members  would  do  all 
in  their  power  to  aid  him  in  having  the  business 
conducted  in  strict  accordance  with  the  rules  of 
the  Society  and  parlimentary  usage.  Levi  S. 
Reist,  chairman  of  the  committee  on  fruits,  re- 
ported verbally  that  the  fruit  this  season  promis- 
ed unusually  well ;  apples  looked  better  than  they 
have  done  for  years  ;  peaches  seemed  to  promise 
a  finer  crop  than  they  have  done  for  ten  years; 
pears  are  not  so  promising  as  in  some  former 
years  ;  strawberries  and  blackberries  looked  ex- 
ceedingly fine  and  gave  evidence  of  a  very  large 
crop.  The  other  chairmen  of  the  several  stand- 
ing committee  were  called  by  the  President,  but 
had  nothing  special  to  report. 

Dr.  Sam'l  Welchans,  from  the  committee  hav- 
ing charge  of  the  strawberry  exhibition,  reported 
that  the  committee  had  held  a  meeting,  but  hav- 
ing arrived  at  no  definite  conclusion  as  to  the 
time  of  holding  the  exhibition,  preferred  to  refdr 
the  matter  back  fo  the  Society.  The  report  of 
the  committee  was  on  motion  received.  Dr.  "Wel- 
chans moved  to  hold  the  exhibition  on  the  10th 


108 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


of  June.  Several  members  discussed  the  subject 
of  the  motion  at  considerable  length,  when  J.  G. 
Piush  offered  an  amendment  that  the  exhibition 
be  held  on  the  14th  instead  of  the  10th,  which  was 
adopted.  The  jDreviously  appointed  committee 
was  by  direction  of  the  Society  continued,  and  di- 
rected to  make  the  requisite  preparations  for 
holding  the  exhibition. 

S.  S.  Eathvon  now  proceeded  to  read  an  essay 
prepared  by  Jacob  Stauffer,  on  Weeds. 

J.  Q.  Taggart  and  B.  C.  Kready,  Esq.,  were 
l^roposed  and  elected  members  of  the  Society. 

The  following  question  was  handed  to  the  Se- 
cretary to  be  read,  and  answered  by  any  member 
of  the  Society,  in  accordance  with  its  rules.  "What 
remedy  can  be  suggested  by  any  member  of  the 
Horticultural  Society,  as  a  cure  for  the  gapes  in 
chickens?" 

Peter  S.  Keist  in  answer  to  the  question  pro- 
posed, remarked  that  he  believed  that  the  re- 
moval of  the  worms  from  the  throats  of  the 
chickens  would  cure  the  disease.  Several  mem- 
bers now  remarked  that  by  doubling  a  horse  hair 
and  inserting  it  so  doubled  in  the  open  mouth  of 
the  chicken  and  drawing  it  out,  will  sometimes 
extract  as  much  as  a  dozen  worms.  This  they 
gave  as  a  remedy  for  the  disease.  Levi  S.  Reist, 
thought  the  chickens  kept  awaj^from  the  henner}' 
are  not  so  so  liable  to  this  disease  as  those  kept 
amongst  the  flock.  J.  H.  Brackbill  said,  that  by 
keei:)ing  chickens  out  of  the  rain  and  wet  grass, 
has  been  sufficient  in  his  experience  to  prevent 
the  disease.  S.  N.  Warfel  differed  with  J.  H. 
Brackbill  as  to  the  virtue  of  keeping  the  chickens 
out  of  the  rain  and  wet  grass,  and  does  not  be- 
lieve that  the  gapes  are  so  cured.  Heretofore, 
he  has  had  no  faith  in  the  removal  of  worms  by 
means  of  the  horse  hair  mentioned  by  the  mem- 
bers. He  always  regarded  it  as  an  old  woman 
idea. 

Dr.  Saml  Welchans  now  proceeded  to  read  an 
essay  upon  vegetable  phj-siology. 

The  Secretary,  by  direction  of  the  Chair  read  a 
letter  from  W.  L.  Brinton,  secretary  of  the  Board 
of  Managers  of  the  Experimental  Farm,  in  Ches- 
ter county,  inviting  the  Lancaster  County  Agri- 
cultural and  Horticultural  Society  to  send  a  dele- 
gate to  represent  the  Society  at  the  meeting  of 
the  Board  of  Managers,  at  the  said  Experimental 
Farm,  on  Thursday  the  10th  of  June. 

On  motion  the  Society  went  into  an  election 
for  a  delegate  for  one  year,  Avhich  resulted  in  the 
choice  of  Henry  M.  Engle.  The  said  delegate 
was  on  motion  authorized  to  appoint  a  substitute 
in  case,  he  could  not  any  time  during  the  year,  at- 
tend the  meetings,  at  which  he  was  authorized  to 
represent  the  Society. 


A  fine  display  of  fruits  was  on  exhibition  at  the 
meeting,  viz:  Henry  M.  Engle,  had  a  variety  of 
seedling  strawberries  of  a  very  large  and  fine  ap- 
pearance. 

J.  B.  Erb,  hacl  some  of  the  Early  Rose  potatoes 
fully  half  grown.  He  also  had  on  exhibition 
strawberries ;  the  Wilson,  Early  Scarlet,  Early 
Red  and  Hautbo}- . 

Peter  Reiley  had  Triumph  de  Gand  and  Phila- 
delphia. 

Daniel  Smeach  had  xVgriculturist,  Wilson  and 
Triumph  de  Gand. 

John  G.  Rush  had  several  branches  of  different 
kinds  of  trees,  the  leaves  of  which  were  infected 
with  insects  and  which  were  referred  to  the  Ento- 
mologist. 

Hon.  J.  Zimmerman  exhibited  a  very  handsome 
seedling  verbena. 

After  the  transaction  of  the  current  business 
the  members  of  the  Society,  by  allowance  of  the 
Chair,  were  permitted  to  indulge  themselves  in 
social  relaxation  and  in  the  free  testing  of  the 
fruits  on  exhibition,  (always  an  agreeable  part  of 
the  proceedings,)  upon  the  conclusion  of  which, 
the  society,  on  motion,  adjourned. 

Ul> — 1^ 

A  GENEROUS  YIELD. 

Mr.  Daniel  Smeach,  of  this  city,  had  a  "  small 
patch"  of  strawberries  the  i^resent  season,  which 
we  think  produced  not  only  a  generous  but  a  pay- 
ing crop.  The  enclosure  was  just  thirty  feet  wide 
and  one  hundred  and  fifty  long,  or  what  is  gen- 
errlly  called  "half  a  lot."  From  this  jiatch  he 
gathered  twenty-three  bushels  of  marketable  ber- 
ries, and  then  threw  it  open  to  his  poor  neighbors, 
who  gathered  mau}^  more.  The  greater  part  were 
of  "Wilson's  Albany  Seedling,"  and  the  remaind- 
er, the  "Agriculturist,"  and  "Russel's  Prolific." 
The  aggregate  number  of  quarts  sold  was  seven 
hundred  an  thirty-six,  and  the  average  i)rice  18 
cents  per  quart,  showing  a  money  value  of  $130.- 
48.  We  saw  some  of  Mr.  S's  Agriculturists,  that 
when  first  pulled,  measured  two  and  one-half 
inches  in  their  largest  diameters.  We  should 
take  great  pleasure  in  recording  the  results,  in 
strawberry  culture,  of  any  of  our  patrons  who  will 
take  the  trouble  of  furnishing  us  the  necessary 
data.  Some  cultivators  indulge  apprehensions 
that  the  market  may  become  glutted,  and  that 
consequently  the  business  may  not  ultimately 
pay,  but  there  are  no  just  foundations  for  such 
apprehensions.  The  demand  is  every  year  in- 
creasing, and  strawberries  will  after  awhile  be  re- 
garded rather  as  a  necessity  than  as  a  luxury.  If 
matters  could  be  so  arranged  as  to  get  them  very 
early  into  market,  and  also  very  late,  so  that  their 
season  would  be  prolonged,  there  would  be  little 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


109 


daoger  of  depretiatiou  from  an  overstocked  mar- 
"  ket.  The  chief  danger  lies  in  a  simultaneous 
ripening,  and  a  short  season,  when  the  crop  is 
abundant.  The  best  and  largest  berries,  the  pre- 
sent season,  brought  from  25  to  30  cents  a  quart ; 
medimn  qualities  were  sold  at  from  15  to  20  cents, 
and  only  a  few  very  inferior  ones  at  10  cents.  On 
a  visit  to  Xew  York,  a  few  days  ago,  we  found 
the  stock  in  market  very  limited  and  the  quality 
inferior,  indeed  the  New  York  papers  state  that, 
on  the  whole,  the  strawberry  crop  there  the  pre- 
sent season  was  a  failure.  In  some  particular  in- 
stances it  may  have  been  so  here,  but  not,  we 
think,  as  a  whole,  although  we  may  not  be  able 
to  say  it  was  very  abundant. 


We  call  the  attention  of  our  farmers  and  gar- 
deners to  an  article  in  the  present  number  of  our 
Journal,  on  the  subject  of  Saffron,  and  its  culture, 
which  was  read  before  the  "  American  Pharma- 
ceutical Society,"  at  its  annual  meeting  in  De- 
troit, in  1866.  The  article,  as  will  be  seen,  is 
taken  from  the  proceedings  of  said  society,  and 
was  written  by  Mr.  Chas.  A.  Heinitsh,  of  this  city, 
and  has  been  copied  into  a  number  of  home  and 
foreign  scientific  and  agricultural  publications. 
We  reproduce  it  for  the  benefit  of  any  of  the  cul- 
tivators of  our  county  who  may  desire  to  engage 
in  the  production  of  a  plant  that  will  be  sure  to 
remunerate  them  for  their  labor.  Mr.  H.  informs 
us  that  he  himself  will  give  $;1600  for  one  hun- 
dred pounds  of  pure  American  saftron.  Saftron, 
it  appears,  has  been  growing  scarcer  every  year, 
and  still  the  demand  for  it  continues,  and  espe- 
cially for  the  home  article,  which  seems  to  be  pre- 
ferable to  the  foreign.  It  is  true  that  the  demand 
must  necessarily  be  limited,  but,  no  doubt,  two 
or  three  hundred  pounds  might  be  sold  in  the 
county  of  Lancaster  every  year.  This  would  at 
least  produce  pin-money  for  a  number  of  the 
housewives  and  maidens  of  our  county,  who 
might  easily  add  a  bed  of  saftron  to  the  other  ob- 
jects of  their  garden  culture*  It  is  a  plant  that 
would  yield  bountifully  to  the  gentle  manipula- 
tions of  a  female  hand.  The  uses  of  satfrou  are 
various,  among  which  are  seasonings  for  teas  and 
soups,  and  coloring  for  bitters,  wmes,  &c.,  as  well 
as  medicinallj'. 


Through  some  unaccountable  neglect,  at  the 
exhibition  of  the  Society,  held '  on  the  14th  of 
June  last,  no  committees  were  appointed  to  re- 
port'on  the  kind  and  quality  of  the  fruit  and  flow- 
ers, and  therefore  no  detailed  notice  can  now  be 
taken  of  them  other  than  that  which  appears  in 
the  reports  made  to  the  daily  papers.  This  is  to 
be  regretted,  for  not  only  the  kind  and  quality 


of  the  fruit,  but  also  the  cultivators' names  and 
the  mode  of  cultivation,  together  with  the  locality 
and  the  nature  of  the  soils,  should  have  become 
the  subjects  of  a  committee's  consideration. 

We  can,  however,  safely  say  that  we  have 
never  before  seen  an  exhibition  that  contained  so 
fine  a  display  of  strawberries,  or  so  many  large 
and  luscious  varieties,  in  proportion  to  the  quan- 
tity on  exhibition.  Those  of  Peter  Riley,  Daniel 
Smeach,  John  Shields,  J.  G.  Rush,  Samuel  Bm-ns, 
John  Erb,  and  H.  M.  Engle,  were  particularly 
fine.  There  may  have  been  others  which  we  can- 
not just  now  call  to  mind,  and  therefore  we  can 
only  refer  om-  readers  to  the  columns  of  the  In- 
telligencer and  Express,  where  the  reports  on 
them,  and  also  the  many  beautiful  flowers  on  ex- 
hibition, appeared.  We  hope  on  future  occasions 
this  matter  will  receive  proper  attention.  In- 
deed, the  Society  should  previously  appoint  com- 
mittees to  examine  and  make  up  their  reports, 
before  the  doors  are  opened  to  the  public  on  the 
exhibition  day. 

^  ^  »i 

We  clip  the  following  item  from  the  Lancaster 
Intelligencer,  of  a  late  date,  which  contained  a 
brief  sketch  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Board  of 
Managers  of  the  Experimental  Farm,  at  West 
Grove,  Chester  county,  on  the  10th  of  June,  1869. 
H.  M.  Engle,  Esq.,  was  the  tluly  accredited  dele- 
gate and  representative  of  the  Lancaster  County 
Agricultiural  and  Horticultural  Society.  Mr. 
Engle,  of  Lancaster  county,  exhibited  some  very 
tine  specimens  of  hybrid  and  seedling  strawber- 
ries. The  Chair  appointed  Thomas  Meehan, 
(editor  of  the  Gardener''s  Monthly,)  and  Joseph  T. 
Phillips  a  committee  to  examine  the  strawberries, 
who  made  the  following  report  . 

"  The  committee  appointed  by  the  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  Eastern  Ex- 
perimental Farm  to  report  on  some  seedling 
strawberries  exhibited  before  them  by  Mr.  Henry 
M.  Engle,  respectfully  report,  that  some  of  them 
are  berries  of  the  largest  size  and  highest  flavor, 
equal  to  the  best  now  out,  and  that  if  they  shall 
prove  productive  and  hardy  will  prove  valuable 
additions  to  our  list  of  varieties." 


We  have  received  a  well-written  and  interest- 
ing communication  from  Mr.  Henry  Bower,  the 
inventor  and  owner  of  "  Bower's  Complete  Ma- 
nure," which  we  will  ^lay  before  our  readers  in 
the  next  number  of  our  Journal ;  because  we 
think  it  contains  matter  of  interest  to  the  farming 
public,  and  also  because  the  author  seems  to  think 
that  our  editorial  notes,  in  the  two  last  numbers 
of  our  paper,  on  the  comparative  results  of  fertil- 
izers, in  the  report  of  the  Superintendent  of  the 
Experimental  Farm  at  West  Grove,  may  have  a 


110 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


tendency  to  prejudice  the  sale  of  his  manure  ;  a 
result  which  was  the  very  farthest  from  our  inten- 
tion. The  paper  alluded  to  seems  to  be  a  very 
carefully  and  impartially  collated  statement  of 
the  efiects  of  the  leading  fertilizers  now  in  use  ; 
but  if,  in  publishing  it,  it  may  seem  to  be  unjustly 
joartial,  we  will  not  assume  the  responsibility  of 
answering  any  cavils  upon  the  subject.  The 
paper,  to  our  mind,  is  of  particular  pecuniary 
value,  inasmuch  as  all  the  results  are  carried  out 
also  in  dollars  and  cents. 

OLD  WATERMAN'S  JOURNAL. 

"Good  morning,  Mr.  "Waterman,  I  thought  I 
would  step  over  and  see  what  a  reviving  effect 
this  spring  weather  has  upon  you." 

"Good  morninan'  thankee, Mr.  Fisk,  yournigh- 
est  the  very  man  I  want  to  see.  I  was  jist  a 
huntin  up  that  i^en  you  gave  me  afore  you  quit 
the  town  business.  You  see,  it  happened  this 
way,  I  was  up  in  Lancaster  about  that  check  I 
was  a  tellin  you  of — well,  I  met  one  of  them 
chaps  that  edits  the  Faemee.  Glad  to  see  you, 
says  he,  you  must  go  right  along  to  the  meetin, 
and  furthermore,  we  must  have  some  of  Old 
Waterman's  dolus  aji'  sayins.  Well,  I  kmder 
promised,  but  I  told  him  his  sayins  are  pm*ty 
l)lain  talk,  an'  he  can't  write  very  proper — wise 
— that's  all  right,  says  he.'* 

"And  so,  says  I,  nothing  would  gratify  me  more 
truly  than  that  your  practical  experience  should 
become  embodied  in  the  pages  of  the  Farmer, 
(he  has  city  larnin,  Mr.  Editor)  and  as  I  want  to 
put  in  my  potatoes  to-morrow,  I  thought  I  would 
ask  to  see  your  plot  over  there  and  learn  yom' 
mode." 

"Sartinly,  Mr.  Fisk,  I'll  jist  tell  the  boys  to 
dig  in  them  broke  bones  to  the  grape  stalks  an' 
fill  up  the  mulch  boxes,  an'  I'm  ready." 

Isow,  you  see,  I  can't  efford  to  plant  pertatoes 
in  sod  ground,  keep  that  for  corn,  nighest  the  best 
general  crop  a  farmer  can  raise  ;  grain  and  fod- 
der both,  you  see,  but  in  stock  ground  in  place  of 
oats,  an'  anyway  they  are  a  bad  crop  in  good 
ground,  fur  in  a  flush  season  they  drop  an'  cost 
too  much  to  barn  'em.  Now  you  see  the  stalks 
on  this  four  acre  patch  was  all  a  hauled  off  last 
of  last  November,  into  the  dry  yard  at  the  barn, 
then  manured  an'  plowed  for  winter  freezin,then 
jist  cross  plowed  deep  this  spring  an'  got  in  good 
order,  an,  now  here's  the  pint,  Mr.  Fisk,  you  see 
them  furrows  were  made  with  a  ridgin  plow.  A 
shovel  plow  '11  do  if  you  go  twice  through,  so  the 
ridges  are  ten  inches  high,  drop  an'  take  all  but 


two  hind  teeth  out  of  a  hoe  harrow,  make  narrow 
to  suit  and  kiver." 

"Well  really  that  looks  like  burying  them  to 
keep." 

"Hold  on,  Mr.  Fisk,  don't  you  know  if  you 
keep  kiverin  the  tender  plant,  the  pertato  will  be 
on  the  top.  Don't  you  know  the  weeds  '11  always 
beat — then  jist  afore  the  pertato'stlirough,drag  a 
tooth  harrow  lengthwise,  an'  conker,  then  wait 
till  they  are  up  a  half  an'  inch  or  so,  an'  drag 
crosswise  an'  conker  agin,  hoe-harrow  two  or 
three  times  an'  your'e  done  without  a  touch  of 
the  hoe.  You  want  to  know  about  that  meetin'. 
Well,  you  see  I  took  a  back  seat  an'  purty  soon 
the  meetin'  begun — seemed  to  go  on  reg.elar 
principles.  Some  said  so,  an'  some  said  it  an- 
other way.  One  science  man  was  a  readin  about 
birds,  callen  'em  hard  names.  Said  he  was  often 
a  sufferin'  from  his  neighbugs.  I  jist  thought, 
why  don't  he  touch  'em  with  a  little  science  an' 
fix  em.  Another  said  he  had  a  patent  panacea  to 
destroy  fruit  insect,  or  driye  'em  away,  an'  he 
would  tell  the  meetin'  when  the  fruit  time  was 
a  comin'.  I  tell  you.  Waterman  reads  them  chap- 
ters very  slowly,  least-wise  he  is  unwillin'  in  the 
spirit  an'  weak  in  the  flesh." 

Excuse  me,  my  friend,  but  I  cannot  help  think- 
ing "  damnant  quod  non  intelligunt,^^  for  really  it 
may  be  a  valuable  discovery  ;  at  least  wait  until 
this  mountain  has  brought  forth  its  mouse  and  see 
what  a  big  house  they  will  build  for  it,  and  what 
a  big  bell  they  will  put  on  this  Stone — or  brick 
house. 

J.  H.  Brackbill. 
<    »    »<     


Bean  for  Milch  Cows. — One  of  our  best 
dairymen  in  this  section  relies  mainly  on  bran  as 
feed  for  his  cows,  and  finds  it  produces  the  most 
milk.  He  gives  them  as  much  as  they  will  eat, 
and  wants  them  to  eat  all  they  can,  as  they  re- 
tm^n  him  a  vastly  increased  value  in  milk.  The 
quantity  for  a  cow  raiist  be  regulated  by  experi- 
ment and  by  sound  judgment,  avoiding  surfeiting. 
He  gives  six  to  seven  quarts  of  bran  and  two 
quarts  of  Indian  meal  for  the  morning  feed,  hay 
at  noon,  and  bran  meal  again  in  the  evening. — 
Bran  has  a  value  for  milch  cows,  as  a  milk  proi 
ducer,  which  is  not  fully  appreciated  or  known, 
and  seems  for  all  stock,  but  especially  neat  cattle, 
to  promote  health  and  thrift.  On  first  turning 
out  to  fresh  pasture  in  the  spring,  succulent  grass 
is  apt  to  produce  scouring.  This  is  often  collect- 
ed by  a  feed  once  a  day  of  bran,  in  connection 
with  free  access  always  to  a  lump  of  rock  salt. — 
An  analysis  of  bran  shows  it  abounds  in  phos- 
phates the  very  element  of  milk  and  bones. 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


Ill 


THE  FIRST  THOUSAND  DOLLARS. 

The  first  thousand  dollars  that  a  young  man, 
after  going  out  into  the  world  to  act  for  himself, 
earns  and  saves  will  generally  settle  the  question 
of  busines  life  with  him.  There  may  be  excep- 
tions to  this  statement ;  yet,  for  a  rule,  we  think 
that  it  will  hold  true. 

The  first  condition  that  the  young  man  actually 
earns  the  thousand  dollars  in  question.  He  does 
not  inherit  this  sum.  It  does  not  come  to  him  by 
a  streak  of  good  luck,  as  the  result  of  a  fortunate 
venture  in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  a  hundred 
shares  of  stock.  It  is  the  fruit  of  personal  indus- 
try. He  gives  his  time  and  his  labor  fof  it. 
While  he  is  thus  earning  and  saving  it,  he  must 
earn  two  or  three,  or  perhaps  four  times  as  much 
to  pay  his  current  expenses.  He  is  consequently 
held  sternly  to  the  task  of  industry  for  a  very  con- 
siderable ]period.  The  direct  consequence  to  him 
is  a  steady,  continuous  and  solid  discipline  in  the 
habits  of  industry,  in  patient,  persistent,  forecast- 
ing and  self-denying  effort,  breaking  up  all  the 
tendencies  to  indolence  and  frivolty,  and  making 
him  an  earnest  and  watchful  economist  of  time 
He  not  only  learns  how  to  work,  but  he  also  ac- 
quires the  love  of  work  ;  and,  moreover,  he  learns 
the  value  of  the  sum  which  he  has  thus  saved  out 
of  his  earnings-  He  has  toiled  for  it ;  he  has  ob- 
served its  slow  increase  from  time  to  time  •,  and 
in  his  estimate  it  represents  so  many  months  or 
years  of  practical  labor.  His  ideas  of  life  are 
shaped  by  his  own  experience. 

These  natural  eftects  of  earnmg  the  first  thou- 
sand dollai's  we  hold  to  be  very  large  benefits. 
They  are  just  the  qualities  of  mind  and  body 
which  are  most  likely  to  secure  business  success 
in  after  years.  They  constitute  the  best  i^ractical 
education  which  a  man  can  have  as  a  worker  in 
this  working  world.  They  are  gained  in  season 
for  life's  purposes ;  at  the  opening  period,  just 
when  they  are  wanted,  when  foolish  notions  are 
most  likely  to  mislead  an  experienced  brain,  and 
when,  too,  there  is  a  full  opportimity  for  then* 
expansion  and  development  in  later  years.  Men 
have  but  one  life  to  live  ;  and  hence  they  start 
from  opening  manhood  but  once.  And  the  man- 
ner in  which  they  start,  the  principles  with  which 
they  start,  the  purposes  they  have  in  view,  and 
the  habits  they  form,  will  ordinarily  determine 
the  entire  sequel  of  their  career  on  earth.  To 
succeed,  men  must  have  the  elments  of  success  in 
themselves.  One  great  reason  why  there  are  so 
many  useless,  inefficient  and  poverty- 
stricken  men  on  earth — or,  rather,  boys  seeming 
f  to  be  men — consists  in  the  simple  fact  that  they 
did  not  start  right.  A  prominent  reason  why  the 
children  of  the  rich  so  frequently  amount  to  noth- 


ing may  be  found  in  the  luxury,  ease  and  indo- 
lence which  marked  the  commencement  of  their 
lives.  It  is  the  law  of  God  that  we  should  be 
workers  on  earth ;  and  no  one  so  well  consults 
the  best  development  of  his  being  as  when  he 
conforms  his  practice  to  this  law.  The  workei-s 
in  some  suitable  sphere  are  the  only  really  strong 
men  in  this  world. 

The  other  condition  of  the  statement  is  that  the 
thousand  dollars  should  be  saved,  as  an  actual 
surplus  beyond  daily  consumption.  He  who 
spends  all  he  earns  is  always  poor.  He  never  has 
a  dollar  of  accumulated  wealth.  The  stream 
runs  out  as  fast  as  it  runs  in.  In  spending  his 
entire  earnings  he  will,  on  the  one  hand,  contract 
the  habits  of  prodigality,  with  its  kindred  vices, 
and,  on  the  other,  lose  those  of  a  sound  and  judi- 
cious economy.  This  being  the  phase  of  things 
as  life  opens  with  him,  his  prospects  for  the  fu- 
ture are  a  minus  quantity.  Life  with  him  will 
be  a  failui-e ;  matm-e  years  will  be  marked  by  sig- 
nificance; and  old  age,  if  he  lives  to  see  it,  will 
be  loaded  with  poverty.  He  is  an  object  of  char- 
ity at  the  moment  in  which  he  ceases  to  be  a  pro- 
ducer, having  no  reserve  upon  which  to  draw  in 
the  day  of  adversity.  Some  men  seem  to  be 
doomed  to  this  by  necessity,  and  in  this  case  pov- 
erty and  want  are  not  their  fault ;  yet  a  very  large 
number  make  this  condition  their  choice — and, 
hence,  with  them  it  is  self-produced. 

The  great  rule  of  good  sense  and  Christian  vir- 
tue is  not  to  spend  more  than  one  earns,  never  to 
spend  anything  either  foolishly  or  viciously  and 
always  spend  as  much  less  than  one's  earnings  as 
is  consistent  with  a  reasonable  degree  of  personal 
comfort  and  a  proper  sense  of  duty  to  God  and 
maai.  This  is  the  general  thought  which  every 
one  must  apply  for  himself.  It  is  not  meanness, 
but  economy.  It  is  not  selfishness,  but  a  legiti 
mate  self-love.  It  is  far  more  likely  to  dwell  in 
the  bosom  of  virtue  than  in  that  of  depravity.  It 
is,  indeed,  a  form  of  virtue,  graded  to  the  reali- 
ties and  necessities  of  this  life  and  not  imfiting 
its  subject  for  the  enjoyments  and  glories  of  the 
next. 

Now,  in  saving  the  first  thousand  dollars,  the 
young  man  whom  we  have  in  view  practices  this 
economy.  He  lives  within  his  means,  and  hence 
owes  no  debts  he  cannot  pay ;  he  never  spends 
money  in  a  foolish  or  vicious  way ;  and,  after  a 
proper  attention  to  his  own  wants,  and  the  duties 
which  bind  him  to  others,  of  which  questions  he 
is  the  sole  judge,  he  lays  by,  from  month  to 
month,  or  year  to  year,  his  surplus  earnings  as  so 
much  accumulated  capital.  At  length  he  reaches 
the  point,  and  is  worth  a  thousand  dollars.  The 
lessons  thus  acquired  will  almost  certainly  last 


112 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


him  for  a  life  time.  They  are  wrought  into  the 
very  tissues  of  his  personal  being.  If  fortune 
smile  upon  him,  as  it  probably  will,  it  will  not 
make  him  a  fool.  He  can  stand  prosperity  with- 
out explosion.  He  understands  economy,  for  he 
practiced  it.  It  is  Avith  him  not  an  idea  merely  ; 
but  a  fact,  and  a  fixed  feature  of  character.  The 
outflow  of  his  earnings  may  increase  with  his  in- 
crease of  means  ;  yet  the  law  which  governed  and 
the  processes  which  secured  the  saving  of  the 
first  thousand  dollars  will  be  likely  to  stand  by 
him  in  all  time  to  come.  Some  men  fail  for  the 
want  of  sufficient  action  to  command  success; 
others  fail  for  the  want  of  sufficient  economy  in 
respect  to  the  products  of  action  ;  still  others  fail 
for  want  of  both.  Some  have  no  discretion  in 
prosperity,  and  others  have  almost  no  energy  and 
force  in  the  day  of  adversity.  The  trained 
worker  and  trained  economist  belongs  to  one  of 
these  classes.  His  personal  qualities  make  him 
Si.man — a  sensible,  prudent,  forcible,  practical 
man  in  any  relation  and  all  times. 

We  select  a  thousand  dollars  as  the  trial  sum 
because  it  is  not  too  large  to  be  attainable  in  most 
cases, or  so  small  as  to  be  of  easy  attainment.  It 
is  about  sufficient  to  put  a  young  man  to  the  test, 
aod  bring  out  what  there  is  in  him,  and  in  this 
way  give  him  a  practicable  education  for  the  bu- 
siness work  of  life. 

It  is  quite  true  that  this  article  refers  mainly  to 
a  point  in  material  civilization,  development,  and 
progress ;  and  it  is  just  as  true  that  humanity  was 
designed,  while  moving  through  this  sphere, 
wisely  and  well  to  do  the  things  that  belong ''to 
this  sphere.  The  present  life  has  its  laws  and  its 
necessities ;  and  to  obey  the  former  and  meet  the 
latter  is  really  a  duty  as  it  is  to  pray  or  sing 
psalms.  There  are  six  days  in  every  week  for 
business  as  well  as  a  seventh  for  religious  wor- 
ship. Society  rests  on  business.  Productive  in- 
dustry is  the  life  blood  of  the  world.  It  feeds  and 
clothes  the  race.  The  surplus  earnings  of  hu- 
manity beyond  immediate  consumption  constitute, 
the  accumulated  wealth  of  mankind.  It  is  first 
produced  by  industry,  and  then  saved  by  econo- 
my •,  and  but  for  it  the  race  would  be  a  herd  of 
paupers  and  savages.  The  man  who  fools  away 
this  life  in  indolence  or  prodigality  is  a  fool  if 
there  be  no  other  life  ;  and  he  certainly  is  a  fool 
if  there  be  another.  The  young  man  to  whom  it  is 
a  matter  of  no  consequence  whether  he  works  or 
plays,  whether  he  saves  or  spends,  deserves  a 
workhouse  to  task  him  and  a  short  allowance  to 
discipline  him.  The  father  who,  having  an  ample 
fortune,  brings  up  his  sons  upon  this  shiftless 
theory  is  practically  their  enemy,  and  is  as  inex- 
cusable as  he  would  be  if  he  shoidd  poison  them 


with  rum.  To  all  such  fathers  and  all  such  sons 
we  commend  the  practical  profit  of  earning  and 
saving  the  first  thousand  dollars. 


THE  EFFECT  OF  CHARCOAL  ON 
FLOWERS, 

A  correspondent  of  the  Revue  Horticole,  says 
that  not  long  ago  he  made  a  bargain  for  a  rose- 
bush of  magnificent  growth  and  full  of  buds.  He 
waited  for  them  to  blow,  and  expected  roses 
worthy  of  such  a  noble  plant  and  of  the  praises 
bestowed  upon  it  by  the  vender,  but  when  it 
bloomed  all  his  hopes  were  blasted.  The  flowers 
were  of  a  faded  hue,  and  he  discovered  that  he 
had  only  a  middling  multiflera,  stale  colored 
enough.  He  therefore  resolved  to  sacrifice  it  to 
some  experiments  which  he  had  in  view.  His  at- 
tention had  been  directed  to  the  effects  of  char- 
coal, as  stated  in  some  English  publications.  He 
then  covered  the  earth  in  the  pot  in  which  the  rose, 
bush  was  about  half  an  inch  deep,  with  pulverized 
charcoal.  Some  days  after  he  was  astonished  to 
see  the  roses  which  bloomed,  of  as  fine  a  lively 
rose-color  as  he  could  wish.  He  determined  to 
repeat  the  experiment,  and  therefore  when  the 
rosebush  had  done  flowering  he  took  off" the  char- 
coal and  put  fresh  earth  about  the  roots,  and 
waited  for  the  next  spring  impatiently  to  see  the 
result  of  the  experiment.  "When  it  bloomed  the 
roses  were  at  first  pale  and  discolored  but  by  ap- 
plying the  charcoal  as  before  they  soon  assumed 
their  rosy-red  color.  He  then  tried  the  powdered 
charcoal  in  large  quantities  upon  petunias,  and 
found  that  both  the  white  and  violet  colored 
flowers  were  equally  sensitive  to  its  action.  It 
always  gave  great  vigor  to  the  red  or  violet  colors 
of  the  flowers,  and  the  white  petunias  became, 
veined  with  red  or  violet  tints;  the  violets  be- 
came covered  with  irregular  spots  of  a  bluish  or 
almost  black  tint.  Many  persons  who  admired 
them  thought  they  were  choice  new  varieties 
from  the  seed.  Yellow  flowers  appear  to  be  in- 
sensible to  the  influence  of  charcoal. 


To  Make  Cuttings  Grow.— I  used  to  have  a 
great  deal  of  trouble  to  make  current  and  goose- 
berry cuttings  or  slips  grow,  until  I  tried  the  fol- 
lowing plan  :  I  boiled  some  potatoes  until  they' 
were  nearly  done,  and  then  stuck  one  on  each 
slip  and  put  in  the  ground.  Every  slip  sprouted 
and  grew  well  all  summer,  with  but  one  or  two  ■ 
exceptions.  The  idea  of  putting  the  boiled  por 
tatoes  to  the  end  of  the  cuttings  was  to  furnish 
and  keep  moisture  enough  for  them  to  grow,  un- 
til the  roots  became  large  enough  to  gather  this 
moisture  and  substance  from  the  soil.  I  never 
tried  it  on  grape  cuttings,  but  do  not  see  any  rea- 
son why  it  would  not  do  as  well  with  grapes  as 
with  anything  else.  *' 


World  Mutual  Life  Insuance  Company, 

NO.    IGO    BKOADWAY,    NEW    YORK. 


J.  F.  FRKUAUFF;,  General  Agent^ 

No.  5  Nortli  QLieeii  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

A.  B.  REIDENBACH,  Litiz,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
SAMUEIi  L.  YETTER,  Elizabethtown,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
J.  INI.  GlIAYBILIi,  Columbia,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

JArOB  BAUSMAX,  President  Farmers'  National  Bank.         Maj.  JAS.  E.  RICKSECKER,  City  Treasurer. 

CIIUIS'N  B.  IIERR,  Rrcs't  Lancaster  Co.  Nat'l  Bank.  N.  ELLMAKER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Messrs.  BAIR  &  SHENK,  Bankers.  B.  F.  B.U3R,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Judge  A.  L.  HAYES.  Col.  AVM.  L.  BEAR,  Protlionotary.  J.  F.  LONG  &  SON,  Druggists. 

No  fanner  is  Justified  in  exposinf/  his  creditors,  his  tvife,  or  Iiis  children,  to  the  loss 
certii in  to  occur  to  them,  upon  his  death,  without  a  Life  Insurance  Folicy  for  their 
benefit,  and  in  no  Co tnpani/  c<ni  this  be  done  wit Jt  more  safety  and  under  better  nian- 
afjeinent  than  in  tJie  above.    See  oite  of  their  Ayoits  and  have  him  explain  all  about  it. 


$200.  $200. 

H^R'VEST.OF'  1869. 

A  COIVIBiNEO  SELF-BMING  REAPER  AND  iVlOWER. 

ACler  (iiir  .«uccess  in  tlic  Harvest  of  1868,  in  pleasing  our  customers  vvitli  a  neat,  liglit,  durable,  and  a  com- 
pli>ti>  Coiul.iiied  Harvester,  we  again  come  into  the  market  for  the  Harvest  of  18G9  with  our  VALLEY  CHIEF, 
feeling  a  great  confidence  in  its  superiority. 

We  "offer  this  machine  still  at  the  low  price  of  §200,  and  when  a  farmer  is  offered  a  first-class  Mower  and 
Scll-liaking  Reaper  Combined  at  tliis  price,  it  is  well  for  him  to  examine  into  the  merits  of  the  oiler.  As  a 
Mower,  it  has  been  tried  in  the  worst  kinds  of  lieavy  meadow  grass  and  lodged  clover  and  has  gone  through 
it  triumphantly,  and  we  call  on  our  hundreds  of  customers  in  Lancaster  county  and  elsewhere  to  speak  a  good 
word  for  the  Marsh  Self-Rake.  AVe  claim  that  this  Self-Rake  in  heavy  tangled  grain  or  lodged  oats  is  the  most 
simple  and  ellicient  one  ever  invented.  It  is  not  a  new  thing,  but  has  been  most  severely  tested  all  over  the 
United  Stales,  as  well  as  in  England  and  France.  AVe  think  no  other  one  in  the  market  can  fairly  compete 
with  it.  See  wliat  the  report  of  the  great  National  Reaper  trial  held  at  Auburn,  New  Y'ork,  by  the  New 
Y'ork  Agricultural  Society,  says  on  page  41  and  42  :  It  ftprformed  better  than  was  expected  of  any  Self-Rake, 
as  it  raked  olf  heavy,  tangled,  wet  grain.  And  in  their  language,  Reapers  are  not  built  for  so  severe  a  test  ; 
they  gave  it  tlie  highest  mark  for  perfect  work. 

The  VALLEY  CHIEF  is  a  simple  two-wheeled  machine,  having  side  delivery  which  throws  the  grain  en- 
ir«ly  out  of  the  way  of  the  team  for  the  next  round.  It  has  a  rear  cut,  a  lloating  finger  bar,  the  guards  or 
fingers  are  made  of  the  best  wrought  iron,  faced  with  stecL  The  height  of  the  cut  can  be  altered  witli  ease 
while  in  motion,  thus  enabling  one  to  pass  obstructions  or  cut  long  or  short  stubble  and  the  whole  machine  is 
ibuilt  with  an  eye  to  caiivrnimce,  dmpHcltii  and  diirahilili/.  This  Machine  is  built  in  Lancaster  county,  one  of 
Uie  heaviest  glass  and  wheat  growing  districts  in  the' United  States,  and  we  have  had  every  opportunity 
of  knowing  what  is  wanted,  in  this  machine  we  have  a  combination  of  a  complete  Mower  with  a  first-claas 
Self-Rakiiig  Reaper,  thus  giving  our  customers  a  simple,  strong  and  handy  machine  which  two  horses  can 
draw  with  ease. 

Please  call  and  see  this  machine  at  our  manufactory,  in  Mount  Joy,  Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  or  on  D.  Burk- 
tholder,  Agent,  at  Mrs.  Neher's  Saloon,  Southwest  corner  of  Centre'Square,  Lancaster,  Pa,,  or  at  Yundt's  Corn 
Exchange  Hotel.  M^IiSI-I,  OKIEK.  Sc  CO. 


a.  b.  kaufman's 
Insurance  Agency, 

iVo.  1  EAST  ORANGE  ST., 
LANCASTER    CITY,    PA., 

Issues  Life,  and  also,  Policies  against  Fire  aud 
all  other  "Accidents. 

AGENT  POR  THE  OLD 

CONN.  MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

The  Best  Company  in  the  World. 

CAPITAL,    -    -    -    8^3,000,000. 


Gas  i  Steam  Fi 


Made  to  Order 

Oil    a   new    set   of  Standard    Dies, 
AT  THE  MACHINE  SHOP  OF 

LANDIS  k  CO., 

Gm  East  James  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

S.  S.  RATHVON'S 

MeiThaiit  Taiioriiig;,  (jieiicral  Clothing 

AND  GENTLEMEN'S  FURNISHING  STORE, 

(KRAMP'3   OLD  STAND), 

Corner  North  ftueen  &  Orange  Sts., 
Lancaster,  Pa., 

All  kinds  of  Men's  and  Boys'  Beady-Made  Clotlihig  and 
Furnishing  Goods  constanti}'  on  hand.  Also,  a  sujierior  as.sort- 
nient  of  Fiench,  English,  German  and  Anioiican  Clotlis,  Gas- 
si  iiieics  and  Vestings  which  will  be  made  to  order  in  any  desired 
.stylf!,  with  the  least  possible  delay,  warranted  to  give  satis- 
faction, aud  at  reasonable  cliarges. 

S.  S.  RATHVON. 

^     J.  B.  KSVIWSKI^ 

DEALER  IN 

Pianos,  Organs,  and  Melodeons, 

A\D  MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS  GENERALLY, 

A  large  assortment  of  Violins,  Flutes,  Guitars,  Banjos, 

Tamborincs,  Accordeons,  Fifes,  Harmonicas,  and 

Musical   Merchandise   always  on  hand. 

BHEET  MUSIC:  A  large  stock  on  hand  and  constantly  re- 
ceiving all  the  latest  publications  as  soon  as  issued. 

MUSIC  BY  MAIL  :  I  would  inform  persons  wishing  Music, 
lliat  Music  and  Musical  Books  will  be  sent  by  mail  free  of 
postage  when  the  marked  price  is  remitted. 

DEOALCOMANIA,  or  the  art  of  Transferring  Pictures.  Can 
be  transferred  to  any  object.  I  would  call  especial  attention 
of  Ooaclimakers  to  my  stock  of  Deoalcomania. 


liANCASTER  CITY  AND  COUNTY 

FIRE  INSURANCE    COMPANY, 

O^PITAL,    -      -      -     ^S00,000. 

<>■»  — — . 

Hox.  Tnos.E.FKANKLiN,     Geo.K.Bked,     Edw.  Brown, 

Pres't,  Treas.,  Sec'y, 

John  L.  Atlee,  M.  D.,        B.  F.  Shenk,         Jacob  Bousman, 
Henry  Carpenter,  M.D.,     F.  Shroder,  Jacob  M.  Frantz, 

Hon.  A.  E.  Roberts,  John  C.  Hager. 

Houses,  Barns,  Stores,  Mills  and  Buildings  of  all  kinds,  with 
their  contentsi  insured  on  Favorable  terms. 

W.  J.  KAFROTH,  Agent. 
Residence :  36  Soiitli  Duke  St.,  Lancaster. 

AGENTS  WANTED— $10  a  Bajr 

TWO  $10.00  MAPS  FOR  $4.00. 

LLOYD'S 

PATENT  EEYOLYING  DOUBLE  MAPS. 

Two  Continents,  America  and  Snrope.  and 

Auici'ica  'nith  ttac  TJuited  States  portion 

on  an  immense  scale. 

Colored — in  4000  Counties. 

These  great  Maps,  now  just  completed,  G4  x  G2  in- 
ches large,  show  every  place  of  importance,  all  Rail- 
roads to  date,  and  the  latest  alterations  in  tlie  various 
European  States.  These  Maps  are  needed  in  every 
scliool  aud  family  in  the  land — they  occupy  the  space 
of  one  Map,  aud  by  means  of  the  Reverser,  eithar 
side  can  be  thrown  front,  and  any  part  brought  level 
to  the  eye.  County  Rights  and  large  discount  given 
to  good  Agents. 

Apply  for  Circulars,  Terms,  and  send  money  for 
and  see  Sample  Maps  first,  if  not  sold  taken  back  on 
demand.  Also  ready  a  $25,000  steel  and  plate  illus- 
trated subscription  book,  "  De  Soto,  the  discoverer  of 
the  Mississippi  River."  .7.  T.  LLOYD, 

may-4t  23  Cortlaudt  Street,  N.  Y. 


CRUGER  &  RICE, 

DRUGGISTS  &  APOTHECARIES, 

Ko.  13  WEST  KING  STMEET, 

NEXT  DOOK  TO  STEINMAN'S   HABDWAKE  STORE, 

Lancaster,   Pa, 

Have  always  on  hand  l^ure.  Reliable  Drugs  and  Medi- 
cines, Chemicals,  Spices,  Perfumery  and  Toilet 
Articles.     Also  Flavoring  Extracts  of 
their  own  Manufacture,  and  of 
unsurpassed  quality. 

wSole  Agents  for  Hasson's  Cosipouxd  Svnur  op  Tar,  the 

best  Coiigli  Medicine  in  the  market.    We  have  also  on  hand  in 

season  an  assortment  of  Landretli's  Warranted  Garden  Seeds. 

The  jiubliQ  can  rely  upon  always  okttikg  what  thky 

ASK  FOll  AMD  NO  SUBSTITUTES. 

GEO.    F.    ROTH, 

UNDERTAKER, 

Corner   South    Queen   and    Vino    Streets, 

LANCASTER,    PA. 


Coffins  of  all  sizes  always  on  hand,  aud  furnished  at 

Shortest  Notice. 


LvNGASTEU,  June  25111,  1868. 
EDITOK8  Express  :  Dr.  Wm.  M.  Whiteside,  tlie  enterpris- 
ing Dentist,  has  i.urchased  from  me  a  large  stock  ot  teeth  ant 
all  the  tixtures,  the  instrnmentR  formerly  beloiigine  to  ine,  an-l 
also  those  used  by  my  father,  Dr.  Parry,  in  his  jiracticc.  In 
the  i)urcha8e,  the  doctor  has  provided  himsclt  with  some  ot 
the  most  valuable  and  expensive  instniments  used  in  dental 
practice,  and  has  beyond  doubt  one  of  the  best  .ind  largest 
collections  of  teeth  and  instruments  in  the  ••htate.  Persons 
visitinp  the  comniodioua  offices  of  Dr.  Whiteside,  cannot  tail 
to  be  tully  accommo.lated.  The  Doctor  loses  no  opportunity 
of  furnishing  himself  with  every  late  scieutihc  improvenient 
in  his  line  of  business.  "^-  ^-  ^  AKH.\ . 

TOT.  M.  l?y^HITESIDE^ 

Office  and  Residence,  _  ^  r.n.^^^rr> 

EAST  KING  STREET, 

Next  door  to  the  Court  House,  over  Falincstock's  Dry 
Goods  Store, 

LANCASTER,  TENNA. 

TeefJi  Extracted  without  jmin  by  the  use  of 
{mtrous  Oxide)  Gas. 


BOOKS  AND  STATIONERY. 


S.  WELOHENS,  D.  D.  S., 

SURGEON    DENTIST, 

Office  and  Jtesidence, 

HOWELL'S  BUILDING,  No.  65^  NORTH  QUEEN  ST., 

Half  a  square  south  of  the  K.  U.  Depot. 

Twenty  Years'  Successful  Practice  in  Lancaster 

The  Latest  improvements  in  INSTllUMKNTS 
and  TEETH  and  the  very  best  material,  Warranted 
in  all  opcr.ations. 

TEETH  EXTRACTED  WITHOUT  TAIN  Vith 
the  use  of  Xitrous  Oxide  Gas,  Eilier,  or  the  Ether 
Spray. 

TERMS,  as  low  as  any  in  the  city,  -when  loio priced 
material  and  low  priced  work  are  used. 

But  for  FIRST-CLASS  OPERATIONS,  with  ap- 
pliances and  material  to  correspond,  prices  ran,!j;c 
hip-licr. 

S.  WELCHENS,  D.  D.  S. 


A  Full  assortment  of 

SCHOOL,   MISCELLANEOUS,  AGRI- 
CULTURAL AND  HORTI- 
CULTURAL BOOKS, 

A  large  stock  of 
WHICH  WILL  BE  SOLD  AT 

GREATLY  REDUCED  PRICES, 

On  account  of  removal  April  l.st,  18G9,  to 

No.  52  North  Queen  Street, 

(KKAMT'-S   BUILDIXG) 

Vo\xv  Dooi's  ulDOve  Orange  Street. 

Subscriptions  received  for  all  the  Agricnltural  and 
Horticultural  Magazines. 

J.  H.  SHEAFFER'S 

Clicap  Cash  Book  Store,  No.  52  N.  Queen 
Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


THOS.  J.  WENTZ, 

SUCCESSOR  TO 

WENTZ   BROTHERS, 

» 

SKiN  OF  THE  BEE  HIVE, 

No.  5  EAST  KING  STREET,  LANCASTER,  PENN'A , 

DEALER  IN 

milU  m  DOMESTIC  DRY  GOODS, 

Carpets,  Oil  Clotlis,  WiiidoTV  Shades. 

SPECIAL  ATTENTION  PAID  TO 


gr    ©^1 


Dr.  N.  B.  BRISBINE, 

No.  93  EAST  KING  STREET,  Above  Lime. 

The  Doetoi-  pays^spccial  attention  to  all  old  nbslinate 
diseases,  such  as  Consumption,  Liver  ( 'omphiint,  Dys- 
«pepsia,  Rheumatism,  all  diseases  of  the  Heart,  Head, 
Throat,  Lungs,  Stomach,  Bowels,  Kidneys,  Nervous 
Debility,  General  Debility,  <Src.  The  doctor  makes  ex- 
tions  of  the  Urine.     Consultation  Free. 


Shawls  aud  Embroideries,  Clollis  and  Cassimeres, 

Handkerchiefs,    Gloves    and    Hosiery, 

Best  Kid   Gloves. 

The  Choicest  of  the  Market,,  and  at  the  Lowest  Possible 

Prices. 

REMEMBER  THE  PLACE  TO  BUY. 

THOS.  J.  WENTZ, 

Bee  Hive  Store,  No.  5  E.  King  St. 


G.  J.   GILiljrBSPIlS^ 

HEALER   IN 

FOREICtN  m  AMERICAN  WATCHES, 

IN  GOLD  AND  SILVER  CASES, 

CLOCKS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION, 

Jewoliy  in  all  its  Shapes  and  Forms, 

SIL^'Kll  WARE,  designed  for  Bridal  Presents; 
BRACKETS,  TOILET    SETS.    VASES.    SPECTACLES, 

GOLD  PENS,  .sec.  .^cc.,  &c. 

No.  10-.X  Wubt  Kiuc  Street,  .opposite  the  Cross  Keys  Hotel 

LA:N CASTER,  PA. 


mnina 


Stoves ! 

Oedarmrare  ! 

Housekeepers'  Fiiriiisliiiig   Goods! 


The  undersigned  at  their  old  established  stand  in 
WEST  KINQ  STRJEET, 

are  constantly  receiving  fresh  supplies  to  their  exten- 
sive Stock,  frcm  the  best  manufactories  in  this  Coun- 
try and  Euroje,  and  invite  the  attention  of  Merclian's 
and  Consume)  s,  feeling  that  we  can  do  as  well  as  any 
house  in  Philadelphia. 

Persons  comraencing  Housekeeping  will  find  the 

The  largest  and  Best  Selected  Lot  of 

at   Manufacturers'  Prices.     Also,  every   other   article 
kept  in  a  first-class  Hardware  Store. 

A  FULL  STOCK  OF 

Sa  dlers',  Coachmakers'  and  Blacksmiths'  Tools 
and  Materials. 

BUILDEES   will   find   a   full   supply  of  every   thing 
suited  to  their  wants  at  LOAVEST  FIGUIli:S. 

CLOVER,    TIMOtHY   AND    FLAX    SEED, 

BOUGHT  AND  SOLD. 

STEINMAN  &  GO. 


p.  E.  GKUGER. 


J.P.  GRUGEH. 


GRUGER  BROTHERS, 

MARBLE  MASONS, 

14  South  Queen  St.,  Lancaster,  Pa., 

Have    always    on   hand   or   will  furnish   to  order    at 

SHOUT  NOTICE, 

MONUMESNETS, 

TOMBS, 

GRAVE  STONES, 

&c.,  &c. 

AVe  pay  particular  and  personal  attention  both  to  the 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MATEEIAL  and  the  EXECU- 
TION OF  OUR  WORK,  and  our  facilities  now  are  such 
that  we  can  guarantee  our  customers  the  very  best 
work,  at  the  same,  and  often  Lower  Pi-ices,  than  arc 
usually  paid  elsewhere  for  inferior  productions. 

Lettering 


m 


English 


and 


German, 

ELEGANTLY  AND  CORRECTLY  DONE. 

We  earnestly  invite  our  country  friends  to   give   us  a 
call. 


SHULTZ  &  BRO. 

Manufacturers,  Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 

-   Caps  and.  Fiix*s, 

L  A  r>  I  E  S'  F  A  N  C  Y  F  U  11  S , 

HOODS, 

TRIMMED  GLOVES  AND  MITTS, 

Gents'    Gloves,    Capes    and     Collars, 

Fancy  Ho"bes, 

20     North    Queen    Street, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 


ERiCAN  WATCHES 


J\^o.  '22  West  King  Street,     . 

Next  Door.  Bi:low  CoorKK's  Hotel, 
DEALKRS    IN 

w  m  im  K  m  wi ' 


J-  E  "^77"  :E3  Xj  I^  "^  , 

CLOCKS  AND  SPECTAGLES, 


THE  UNDERSIGNED  REPRESENTS  THE 


ISIMI 


AND  ALSO  THE 

Life  aiiil  AcciSent  Insiiraiice  Compaiy, 

]5o(h  stable  aiul  well  established  companies,  the  former 
having  a  capital  of  $1000,000,  ami  the  latter  $500,- 
000. 

The  plan  of  issuing  policies  by  tlie  Brooklyn  Life 
Insurance  Company  presents  a  feature  altogether 
unique,  and  one  which  removes  one  of  the  strongest 
objection,  hitherto  urged  against  the  plan  of  Life  Insur- 
ance ;  and  this  is  what  is  termed  tlie  Sukrenuer  YaLue 
Plan.  Each  and  every  Policy  issued-  in  the  name  of 
this  Company  bears  an  endorsement,  stating  Ihe  exact 
worth  of  the  policy  in  Cash,  at  any  time  after  two  or 
more  annual  premiums  have  been  paid. 

Insurance  can  also  be  effected  in  tlie  North  American 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  at  lower  rates,  it  is  be- 
lieved, than  in  any  other  Company  in  the  United  States. 

All  desirous  of  securing  insurance  upon  their  lives 
can  do  so  by  calling  upon  the  undersigned. 

ALLEN  GUTHRIE,  Agl., 

Ka.-sit  J-jeinoia  Street, 

LANCASTER,  PA. 

REEO,  M'GRANN  &  CO.," 

LANCASTER,    PENN'A, 

Dealers  in  United  States  Bonds  and  all 
kinds  of  Railroad  Stock  and  State  Loans. 

Buy  and  Sell  Gold,  Silver,  and  United 
States  Coupons. 

Soli  Bills  of  E.Kchangc  on  Europe  and  Passage 
Ccrtiticates. 

Ileccivo  Money  on  Deposit  and  pay  Interest  as 
follows : 

1  month,  4  per  cent.,      fi   months,  .5    per  cent. 
i.3      "        4i          "           12      "        5i 
l^ __ 

FOR  SALE  AT 

Chas.  A.  Heinitsh's  Drug  Store,  13  E.  King  St., 

J.  A  X  C  A  .S  'r  K  11  ,    r  E  N  N  A., 

German    Cattle    Powders! 

The  best  PowiIiT  made' for  the  Cure  and  Prevention  of  nis- 
eascs  to  which  Oxen,  Milk  Cows,  Sheep  and  nogs,  arc  siilijcct. 
For  .Stock  Cattle  preparing  for  market,  a  table  spoonful  in 
their  feed  once  or  twice  a  week,  iniproves  their  condition  by 
BtroiigUicnivfg  their  digestive  organs,  and  creates  solid  flesh 
and  fat. 

UEKMAN    VEGETABLE    OR    UNKiyALI.EI)    CONDI- 
TION POWDER -J 
Eor  prcsiMving  Horses  in  good  health,  removing  all  Diseases 
of  tlic  .SJiin,  giving  a  Smooth  and  Glossy  appcar.anco,  also  a 
s»re  remedy  for  Distemper,  Hidebound,  Loss  of  Appetite,  &c. 

PERSIAN  INSECT  POWDER. 
A  perfectly  .safe,  quick  and  easily  applied  destroyer  of  Lice 
on  Cattle,  Fleas,  Bedbugs,  &-■. 

PYROLlONEOrS   ACID. 
A  substitute  for  curing  Beef,  Pork.  Hams,  Tongues,  Smoked 
Sausages,  Fish,  &c.,  without  the  danger  and  trouble  of  smok- 
\  ing,  imparting  a  rich  flavor  and  color. 


CHARLES  T.  GOULD, 

CHAIR     MANUFACTURER, 

No.  37  North  Queen  St.,  Lancaster, 

(XEXT   nOOU  TO  SHOBER'S  HOTKL,) 

Old  Chairs  Re-painted  and  Repaired. 
CHRISTIAN  WIDMYER, 

S.  E.  Gor,  East  Kin^  &  Duke  Sts.,  Lancaster. 

Cabinet  Worlc  of  every  description  and  a  full 

as.sortment  of  Chairs  constantly  on  hand. 
n:^AU  Warranted  as  Heprcsentcd,  .-£11 

JACOB  ROTHARMEL, 


I'BEMIX'.M 


®E¥i®  IlJlWWf  ^d^'WMlM, 


UE.VLER    IN 


No.  9i  North  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa- 

SEED   POTATOES. 


EARLY  GOODRICH, 
HARRISON, 

MICHIGAN  WHITE, 

and  GARNET  CHILI, 
By  the  Peck,  Bushel  or  Barrel.    Also, 

THE  EARLY  ROSE, 

which  is  flestinefl  to  suptrsede  all  of  the  older  varieties 
for  (juality,  earliness  and  productiveness,  will  be  fold 
in  quantities  to  suit  purchasers.  All  the  above  varie- 
ties warranted  pure  and  genuine.     Send  for  circular. 

II.    i\I.  ElVGtLE, 

Mai'ietta,  Pa. 

PLANTS  FOR  SALE.— Cabbage,  Pepper  and  Egg. 
lomatoes  by  (he  thousand,  once  or  twice  transplanted; 
very  fine  Sweet  potato  Plants  in  quantiiy  in  season. 
Address  H.  M.  EXGLE, 

Marietta,  Pa. 


T  I-I  E 


Lancaster  Inquirer 

Book,  Jol)  aM  ^Kowspapor 

Fim  ESTtBmEHIT. 

]bAlN^CASTB3R3  PA., 

OFFERS  [IREATER  INDUCEMENTS 

Executed  in  the  Best  Style    of  rrinting 
than  anil  other  office  in  the  State. 


L  JLZsTXDIS  &c  CO., 


James   Street,    Lancaster,    Pa., 

AEE  PKEPARED  TC^DO  ALL  KINDS  OF 


9 


BUILD  LARGE  AND  SMALL  ENGINES, 


SMFTIi,  FILIEYS.  WM,  IBSE  k  Wm-NWESS 

•       MILL     aE^RIlSTG, 

And  all  kind  of  Machine  V/ork  done  at  a  first  class  Shop. 

Having  recently  removed  to  their   new  building,  and  provided  tliemselve 
witb.  a 

LABCE  ASSORTMENT  OF  MACHmERY 

Adapted  to  the  wants  of  their  customers,  they  are  prepared  to  execute  all  oi 
ders  with  neatness  and  dispatch,  and  on  terms  satisfactory  to  the  custonie 
They  would  invite  attention  to  their  large  foundry  connected  with  their  work 
in  which  the  best  work  is  turned  out. 

They  also  announce  that  they  are  now  prepared  to  supply  their 


IIW  i^l 


»^' 


S) 


TO  ALL 


This  Machine  requires  Less  Poavek,  does  Moke  Work,  and  is  considerat 
Cheaper  than  any  other  Separator  now  in  the  market.  This  Machine  is  nc 
improved,  well  built,  and  does  the  best  and  most  efficient  class  of  work. 

Repairing  of  all  kinds  promply  done  at  reasonable  rate 

Give  us  a  call,  and  we  will  endeavor  to  please  our  patrons. 

FRANK  LANDIS, 
EZRA  F.  LANDIS, 
JACOB  LANDIS. 


Diller  &  Groff's  Hardware  Store, 

si03sr  CDiF'  the:  j^isr-xrjLJL^, 

No.  8  East  King  Street,  Lancaster  City,  Penna. 

DEALERS    IN 

Foreign  and.  Domestic  Hard-w^are, 

Such  as  Building  Material,  Paints,  Varnishes,  Oils,  Glass,  Coach  Trimmings,  Stoves, 

Iron   and   Steel,  &c.,   &c.,    etc. 

jeJOUSB      FURHIS3BXMG     GOOOS. 

TIMOTHY  AND  CLOVER  SEEDS   OF   THE   BEST  QUALITY. 


(S^^^^^i  .''/'"i 


i'Ks 


/     >v 


"C 


^ffi, .'-  - 


\ 


A.MOS    ]VriLEY'S 


H  .A.  H  TsT  E  S  S 


^!we*lA 


i|jr'  ;^: 


No.  37  North  Queen  St., 


NEXT  DOOR  TO  SHOBER'S  HOTEL,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


^l®¥fiii\'ir  i^(©/ 


:?^js«^  -s'^srv  '««*f'  <^  y^  <«VSU 


WAGON  GEARS,  WHIPS,  BUFFALO  ROBES, 

BLAffiETS,  TBUNKS,  VALISES,  CARPET  BACtS,  LADIES'  &  m\l  SATCHELS, 

Of  all  kinds  constantly  kept  on  hand  or  made  to  order.    Repaii'ing  neatly  done. 

Also,  Agent  for  BAKER'S  HOOF  LINIMENT,  the  best  article  for  Sore 
Hoofs  in  the  country. 

J.  M.  WESTHAEFFER, 


No.  44,  Corner  North  Queen  and  Orange  Streets, 
L^IS"CA.STEPi,    FA.. 

N.  B. — Any  Book  ordered  can  be  sent  by  Mail  to  any  address. 


TO    BTJIXjIDEI?,S  ! 


PLASTIC  SLATE!! 

The  Greatest  Eoofing  Material  of  the  Age ! 

IS  NOW  OFFEKED  TO  THE  PEOPLE  OF 

LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTl  MD., 

WITH  A  PROMISE  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  ADVANTAGES: 

It  is  superior  to  other  coverings  for  all  kinds  of  buildings  for  these  reasons  : 

1.  It  is  water,  snow  and  air-proof  from  the  beginning,  and  is  as  fire-proof  as  ordinary  slate.  (See  testimo- 
nials New  York  Fire  Insurance  Companies.) 

2.  It  keeps  buildings  warmer  in  winter  and  does  not  make  them  hot  in  summer  as  ordinary  slate  does,  and 
it  can  be,  after  the  first  year,  whitewashed  or  painted  any  desired  color  so  as  to  obviate  all  difliculty  arising 
from  its  dark  color. 

o.  Being  entirely  water  and  fire-proof,  it  is  invaluable  as  a  covering  for  the  sides  of  buildings  and  lining 
cisterns  of  whatever  material  they  may  be  built;  stopping  water  out  of  cellars  and  dampness  out  of  Avails  of 
houses,  and  closing  leaks  between-  buildings. 

4.  Adhering,  as  it  does,  with  great  firmness  to  tin  and  iron,  it  is  usefuLfor  covering  tin  roofs  and  iron  exposed 
to  dampness  or  to  the  atmosphere,  such  as  iron  fences,  cemetery-railings,  &c. 

G.  Buildings  covered  with  PLASTIC  SLATE  do  not  need  tin  spouts  at  the  eaves  nor  do  the^valleys  need  tin 
to  make  them  water  proof. 

C.  It  is  lighter  than  shingles,  and  is  equally  adapted  to  flat  or  steep  roofs. 

7.  The  testimony  of  Wm.  M'Gilvray  &  Co.,  published  herewith,  shows  that  it  is^not  only  fire-proof  exter- 
nally, but,  is  also  a  great  hindrance  to  the  spread  of  fire  within. 

8.  It  is  much  cheaper  in  first-cost  than  any  good  roofing  now  in  use,  and  when  all  attendant  expenses  of  tlic 
two  roofs  are  estimated,  costs  only  about  half  as  much  as  the  best  slate,  and  it  makes  a  better  and  closer  roof. 

U.  For  the  roofing  of  foundries  and  casting-houses  of  blast  furnaces,  where  there  are  gases  of  a  very  high 
temperature,  which  injures  and  destroys  otlier  roofs,  this  material  is  improved  and  seems  to  produce  a  better 
roof,  (see  certificates  of  Messrs.  Grubb,  Musselman  &  AVatts,  S.  M.  Brua  and  Wm.  M'Gilvray.) 

10.  If  in  process  of  years  cracks  or  leaks  occur  in  Plastic  Slate  Roofs,  they  arc  about  as  easily  repaired,  as 
they  would  be  to  white-wash,  needing  only  a  brush  and  the  Mastic,  but  no  expensive  labor  of  mechanics. 

H^  The  Pamphlet  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  notice  can  be  had  gratuitously,  by  calling  at  the  Office  of  the 
Lancaster  Inquiker  or  Examinku  &  Hkuai.d. 

Persons  wishing  to  examine  PLASTIC  SLATE  ROOFS,  and  thus  verify  for  themsalves  the  following 
statements,  arc  invited  to  call  and  inspect  Roofs  put  on  for  the  following  persons,  among  many  otiiers  : 

Lancaster — Thos.  H.  Burrowes,  Stuart  A.  'WvUc,  (Editor  Lancaster  Inquirer,)  J.  B.  Schvvartzvvelder,  Abraliam  Bitner 
Sr.  Marietta — Henry  ]Mus.selman  &  Sons.,  Mye  rs  and  Benson.  OoLUjriiiA — 0.  B.  Gnil)b,  (Furnace,)  Columbia  Gas  Co., 
.Samuel  Shock,  Pres't.,  Susquehanna  L-on  Corupar.y,  Wm.  Patton,  Pres't.,  Samuel  \V.  Mittlin.  Mount  Joy— Heiirv  Kurtz, 
Dr.  J.  L.  Ziegler,  William   Brady,  J.  K.  Hotter,  (Editor  Mt.  Joy  Herald).    Chkistiana— E.  G.  Boomell,  Wm.  I".  Brinton, 

.John  G.  Fogle.    Bakt — William   Whitson.     Bellkmontk  P.  O Kobert  P.  Mcllvaine.     PAUAniSK — Kobert  S.   Mcllvaine, 

Willtamstown — T.  Scott  Woods.    Epiiuata — Or.   I.  M.   Grotf.    GoiSDONvrLLE — Samuel  M.  Brua.    C.krnar.von  Twr 

Mrs.  Fanny  Mast.  LTpper  IjKAGock  Twp Marks  (i.  Menger,  Cliristian  R;  Landis,  Jacob  K.  Musser.  Leacock  Twr I.saac 

Bair,  Levi  Zook.  West  Eakl — Christian  Beiler.  Lkaman  Place — Henry  Learaan,  Israel  Kohrer.  Buunxeuvili.e — Aaron 
H.  Brubaker.  SroRTiN(4  Hill — Emanuel  Long.  IjItiz— H.  H.  Tshuily,  David  Brlcker.  Dnp.LACii  P-  O.;  Clay  Twp— Jojia.H 
Laber.  Manheim  Bor. — Nathan  Werley,  Samuel  Ruhl.  Penn  Twp. — George  Rnhl.  West  Lampeter — Aldus  C.  He rr. 
Knterpkise  p.  O.,  East  Lampeteu- Jlark  P.  Cooiier.    Strasuukg  Bor Hervcy  Brackbill. 

Orders  for  Roofing  Sliouid  be  sent  to 


LICENSE  FOR  LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTY,  MD., 

Enterprise  P.  0.,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

Or  A.  W.  &  J.  R.  RUSSELL,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

Or  MOSES  LIGHT,  Manheim,  Lancaster  county.  Pa. 

Or  JOIiX  R.  BRICKER,  Litiz,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

AXJ)US  C.  HERR,  Lampeter,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 


CJ  -A.  !Rt  T>  1 

REIGART'S  OLD  WI]\"e  STORE, 

ESTABLISHED  IN  1785, 

Mo.  26  EAST  KING  ST.,  LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

The  reputation  of  REIGART'S  OLD  WINE  AND  BRAN- 
DIES for  purity  and  excellent  quality  having  been  lullv  es- 
tablished for  nearly  a  century,  we  regret  that  the  conduct  of 
some  unprincipled  dealers,  who  re-till  with  and  sell  from  our 
labled  bottles  their  deleterious  compounds,  compels  us  to  adopt 
the  annexed  trade  mark,  which  in  future,  for  the  protection 
of  ourselves  and  our  customers,  will  be  found  on  all  our  old 
iiottled  Wines,  Brandies,  Gins,  Whiskies,  Bittei-s,  &c. 


THE  FLORENCE  SEWING  MACHINES. 

THE    BEST    MACHINE    FOR    FAMILY    USE. 

SIMPLE     AND    EASY    TO    LEARN    AND     NOT    LIABLE    TO    GET    OUT    OF    ORDEB. 

Capable  of  all  varieties  of  sewing  from  the  finest  to  the  coarsest.     Make  the  Lock 

Stitch  alike  on  both  sides,  and  use  the  least  thread. 

W.  F.  DUNCAN^  Agents 

• ^o.  ^5  North  Queen  Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 

REGISTER  OF  WILLS7 

We  are  authorized  to  announce  that 

DR.  WILLIAM  M.  WHITESIDE, 

late  Lieutenant  of  Company  E,  10th  Regiment,  first  three  months  service  and 
Captain  of  Company  I,  79th  Regiment  Penna.  Volunteers  of  Lancaster  is  8 
candidate  for  REGISTER  of  Lancaster  county,  subject  to  the  decision  of  the 
Republican  votes  at  the  ensuing  Primary  Election. 

r  ZAHM  ^JACKSONT" 

i 

j  No.  16  NORTH  ftUEEN  ST., 

[  Beg  leave  to  call  the  attention  of  persons  in  want  oi 
a  good  and  reliable  Time  Keeper  to  their  full  assort- 
ment of 

AMERICAN  AND  SWISS  WATCHES, 

In  Gold  and  Silver  Cases  which  will  he  sold  at 
prices  which  will  defy  competition.  Also,  a  full  assort- 
ment of 

of  all  kinds,  which  we  will  warrant  good  and  correct 
time-kee]>ers. 

in  great  variety,  such  as  Pins,  Setts,  Ear  Rings,  Finger 
Kings,  Sleeve  ]3uttong,  Chains,  &c. 

SOLID  SILVER  WARE, 

MauHiH.'nmcl  expressly  for  our  sales  and  warranted  .oin. 

PLATED    AVARE. 

From  tlic  best  factories  aiid  warranted  tlie  fiiiesf  .intlity. 

Gold,  Silvtr  and  Steel  Spectacles.    Hair  Jcwclrj 
Made  to  Order. 

Repairing  I'loniptly  Attended  to. 

ZAU.M  &  JACKSON. 


TRADE 


MARK. 


And  (iirther,  in  order  to  protect  the  same,  we  hereby  an- 
nounce onr  determination  to  prog>'cute  to  the  fullest  extent  of  the 
Act  ol  A8.sembly.  approved,  31st  day  of  March,  1860,  any  per- 
son or  persons  who  shall  violate  the  provisions  of  said  act  as 
api>li«able  to  our  trade  mark. 

>r.  B — We  respectfully  request  the  public,  when  they  have 
■jcca.xion  or  desire  to  use  OUl  Brandy  at  the  Hotels  or  Restau- 
r.ants  to  ask  particularly  for  lieigart's  Old  Brandy. 
Very  respectfully,  &c., 

H.  E.  SLAYMAKER,  Agt. 


UNION  SPOKE  AND  AGRICULTURAL  WORKS 

Conier  of  Water  and  Lemon  Sts., 

Formerly  Shirk  Hi  Royer's  Warehouse,  on  the  Peuna.  Rail- 
road, near  Bauragardner's  coal  yard,  and  2  squares  west  from 
the  Railroad  Depot,  where  we  manufacture  the 

'  LAT£ST  IMPROVED  GRAIN  DRILLS. 

Also,  Grain  Drills  with  Guano  attached,  warranted  to  give 
«atislaction.  Xoekatcay  Van*,  Cidtr  »nilla,  Cruthert  and 
OraUrB,  for  horse  or  hand  ix)wer,  which  will  grind  a  bushel 
of  apples  per  minute  by  horse  power,  and  are  warranted  to  do 
It  well.  \\  e  would  also  inform  Coachmakcrs  that  we  have  put 
up  in  our  shop  two  of  the  latest  improved  apoh-t  Jtlachiu*; 
"'C^'^'"'*  *'"'  '^^^  ^^^^y  prepared  to  fuinish  the  best  quality 
ot  5P0KK.S  of  all  kinds,  sizes,  dry  or  part  dry,  and  warranted 
to  be  a  good  article.  We  buy  none  but  the  best  turned  Spokes, 
and  have  now  on  hand  100,009  8J»OBJBS.  Bent  Felloes 
of  all  sizes;  Shafts  and  Carriage  Poles,  Bows,  &c.,  of 
•sieasonable  ntuft",  constantly  on  hand. 

As  Mr.  Keeler  has  been  in  this  business  16  or  18  years,  and 
having  served  an  apprenticeship  at  Coachmaking,  he  knows 
what  the  trade  want  in  that  line.  All  kinds  of  Bent  Stuff  for 
.■•ale,  or  made  to  order— and  Spokes  of  all  .sizes  turned  for  per- 
sons having  them  on  hand  in  the  rough. 

NoTicK  TO  Faumers  and  Mechanics— Planing  and  Saw- 
ing done  at  the  shortest  notice.  We  have  one  of  the  beet  and 
latert  Improved  Surface  Planes  for  operation. 

KEKLER  A  SHAEFFER,  Lancaster,  Pa. 


THE 


YOL.  I. 


LANCASTER,  PA.,  AUGUST,  1869. 


No.  8. 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY 

WYLIE    &    GRIEST, 

INQUIRER  BUILDING,  LANCASTER,  PA., 
At  ONE  DOLLAR  PER  YEAR  In  Advance 

UXDER   THE   AUSPICES   OF  THE 

LANCASTER  COUNTY  AGKICTIiTCRAIi  AND 
HOKTIt'UtTlTRAI,  SOCIETY. 


Pitblishing  Committee. 
Dr.  p.  W.  Hiestand, 
H.  K.  Stoner, 
Jacob  M.  Frantz, 
Casper  Hiller, 
Levi  W.  Groff, 
Alexander  Harris. 


Editorial  Committee. 
J.  B.  Garbeb, 
H.  M.  Engle, 
Levi  S.  Reist, 
W.  L.  Diffenderfer, 

J.  H.  MUSSER, 

S.  S.  Rathvon. 


tST  All  communications  intended  for  tlie  Farmer  should  be 
addressed  to  S.  S.  Rathvon  and  Alex.  Harris,  the  resident 
members  of  the  Editing  and  Publishing  Committees. 

All  advertisements,  subscriptions  and  remittances,  to  Wylie 
&  Griest,  Printers. 


er55m)s. 


VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY. 

ADAENTITXOUS  BUDS. 

In  the  prosecution  of  our  researches  for  the 
true  physiological  principles  and  laws  of  vegeta- 
tion, we  expected  to  awaken  a  spirit  of  inquiry,  in 
regard  to  the  varied  and  important  points  in  the 
science ,  and  especially  Avith  reference  to  the  pe- 
culiar habits  of  plants,  their  abnormal  condition, 
and  their  species  or  individuality. 

Attention  has  accordingly  been  directed  to  Ad* 
ventitious  Buds,  by  some  of  the  members  of  the 
Horticultural  Society,  and  we  have  thought 
proper  to  devote  this  communication  to  the  na- 
ture and  character  of  the  plants,  which  is  the  re- 
sult, or  the  development  of  those  buds. 

Such  plants  or  branches,  in  the  higher  order  of 
vegetation,  are  regarded  by  the  best  authority  as 
irregular  and  abnormal.  They  seem  to  be  the 
result  of  an  interruption  of  the  regular  functional 
operation  of  the  economy,  and  not  a  ligitimate  in- 
dividuality as  the  natural  result  of  the  organs  and 
powers  of  reproduction.  To  what  extent  such  in. 
terruption  might  influence  or  interfere  with  the 
fructification  or  bloom  of  such  growth  it  is  diffi- 
cult fully  to  determine.  The  plant  of  the  lower 
order  of  vegetation  is  less  dependent  upon  the 


true  germinal  process  of  reproduction  than  those 
of  the  higher,  and  can,  accordingly,  be  propigated 
by  cuttings  or  a  proper  division  of  its  organs. 
This  is  true  also  of  certain,  species  of  the  animal 
economy.  But  growi;h  of  an  abnormal  character 
maybe  found,  as  exceptions  to  general  laws,  in 
every  variety  of  organic  life. 

The  Adventitious  Branch,  is  not  an  individual 
germinal  reproduction,  but  simpl}--  a  division  of 
the  same  germ  originating  in  the  parenchyma, 
and  produced  on  the  woody  system  when  it  is  sur- 
charged with  sap,  and  to  expect  just  as  much  from 
it  either  in  bearing  fruit  or  flowers,  in  regard  to 
quantity  or  quality,  would  seem  to  run  counter  to 
the  laws  upon  which  true  development  or  sexual 
propigation  is  founded.     Careful  cultivation,  in 
some  instances,  might  restore  some  of  the  vigor 
of  vegetation  of  the  parent  growth,  but  it  would 
require  much  more  time  to  make  it  productive, 
and  there   is  room  for  the    conclusion  that  its 
powers  of  endurance  will  be  materially  "weakened, 
with  the  chances  of  premature   exhaustion  and 
early  death. 

These  nice  distinctions  can  only  be  discovered 
and  properly  appreciated  by  the  study  of  the  re- 
mote principles  of  vegetable  physiology  ;  and  a 
careful  comparison  of  the  nature  and  habit  of  such 
plants  with  those  of  a  regular  origin,  in  their  re- 
spective botanical  classification. 

It  seems  to  be  settled  by  the   best  authority 
that  no  germ  can  meet  its  full  power  and  destiny 
which  is  not  the  result  of  the  reunion  of  two  cells. 
This  is  the  true  germinal  process  and  nature's 
method  of  reproduction  in  every  living  being,  and 
no  plant  can  be  of  ligitimate  growth  without  it. 
It  may  be  interesting  to  know  when  and  where 
this  reunion  takes  place,  and  w^hether  or  not  it  is 
possible  for  the  bud  under  consideration  to  exist 
without  it.    A  discussion  of  this  character  would 
involve  the  locality  of  the  sexual  organs  of  the 
plant,  the  existence  of  an  organ  within  an  organ- 
ism, and  the  nature  of  the  parenchyma  at  certain 
localities,— its  susceptibility  to  the  external  con-, 
ditions  of  growth.    It  would  also  be  a  question 
whether,  after  all,  such  buds  were  not  just  as  ligi- 
timate and  regular  as  those  from  which  the  na- 
tural branches  spring.    But  it  will  be  recollected 


114 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


that  there  are  distinctive  parts  and  organs  pecu- 
liar to  all  manner  of  vegetable  organization,  each 
"With  its  own  special  organs  devoted  to  a  given 
purpose,  and  all  that  is  developed  outside  of  those 
general  principles  and  laws  of  the  economy  must 
be  regarded  as  abnormal  and  irregular.  Such, 
then,  we  regard  the  Adventitious  Bud  to  be. 
The  root  or  the  stem  or  ascending  axis  have  their 
ligitimate  functions  to  perform,  and  as  far  as  we 
have  studied  those  functions,  we  have  seen  that 
they  are  not  designed  to  develop  a  multitude  of 
shoots  or  branches  from  the  same  germ,  but  to 
build  up  an  individual  structure,  and  they  are  but 
parts  or  organs  of  the  same.  If,  therefore,  you 
grow  a  branch  from  the  stem  or  root  of  a  plant  or 
tree  in  full  life  and  vigor,  the  plain  logical  con- 
clusion as  well  as  ph3^siological  deduction  is,  that 
such  branch  or  bud  is  irregular  and  abnormal. 

There  are  many  tribes  of  animals  and  plants 
which  muitiply  spontaneously,  and  are  capable 
of  maintaining  an  independent  existence,  either 
from  the  prolific  nature  of  the  organism,  or  an 
artificial  division  of  its  parts.  This  process  is  in 
keeping  with  its  nature,  and  is  obviously  to  be 
regarded  as  a  normal  manifestation  of  the  ordi- 
nary operations  of  the  economy.  There  is  no 
difiiculty  here  in  establishing  an  independent  ex- 
istence, and  the  new  growth  thus  propigated  has 
all  the  organs,  and  is  capable  of  performing  all 
the  functions  peculiar  to  the  parent  germ  or  or- 
iginal organism.  But  the  branches  which  sprout 
from  the  root  or  any  part  of  the  trunk  of  a  tree, 
or  any  part  of  a  living  animal  body,  when  all  the 
organs  are  already  faithful  to  the  economy,  and 
there  is  a  full  natural  development,  are  of  a  far 
difierent  character,  come  into  the  science  in  an 
irregular  way,  and  cannot  be  regarded  in  the  light 
of  nature  in  the  same  category  as  the  structure  of 
ordmary  power  and  capacity. 

The  star  fish,  among  others  of  the  lower  tribes 
of  the  animal  kingdom,  is  capable  of  propogation 
by  a  division  of  its  parts.  Here,  then,  seems  to 
be  an  elongation  of  the  principles  of  generation, 
with  the  organic  growth,  and  each  divided  part, 
when  fully  developed,  will  rank  as  a  true  individ- 
ual existence.  But  where  there  are  abnormal 
growths  upon  any  part  of  the  body  of  an  animal 
of  a  higher  order  of  organization,  such  growth  is 
not  capable  of  a  normal  function  while  in  connec- 
tion with  the  living  body  ;  and  when  seperated, 
it  dies.  The  growths  just  referred  to  are  not 
those  of  a  diseased  or  pathological  condition  of 
the  system,  but  spontaneous  out-croppings  of  mem- 
bers or  organs  of  the  body,  and  as  such  they  are 
the  result  of  some  functional  disturbance  of  the 
remote  principles  of  life,  or  the  elements  and 
conditions  of  vital  activity.    And  though  they 


seem  to  fall  in  naturally  -with  a  healthy  develop- 
ment of  the  organism,  their  very  existence  stamps 
the  object  with  the  principles  of  an  outside  issue, 
and  renders  the  subject,  not  only  an  unnatural 
being,  but  often  a  physiological  monstrosity. 

When  those  adventitious  growths  occurr  upon 
the  living  animal,  they  are  rarely  capable  of  any 
phj^sical  power,  and  if  so,  they  lack  endurance, 
and  are,  of  course,  the  first  to  yield  to  the  wear 
and  decay  of  nature.  There  are  well  authenti- 
cated cases  on  record  of  a  third  growth  of  teeth 
in  the  human  species,  but  in  no  mstance  have 
they  ever  proved  to  be  of  lasting  serrice. 

There  is  a  case  reported  of  a  child  having  been 
born  in  England  with  two  thumbs  upon  one  hand, 
'or  rather  a  thumb  doubled  from  the  first  joint,  the 
outer  one  less  than  the  other,  each  i^art  having  a 
perfect  nail.  When  the  child  was  about  three 
years  old,  the  lesser  one  was  taken  ofi"  by  what 
was  regarded  as  a  well  performed  surgical  opera- 
tion. But  to  the  astonishment  of  all,  it  grew 
again  with  the  perfect  nsrtl  as  before.  The  fam- 
ily went  to  reside  in  London,  where  the  case  came 
to  the  notice  of  the  siu:geon  of  the  Queen's  house- 
hold. This  surgeon  thought  the  former  operation 
had  been  imperfectly  performed,  and  accordingly 
executed  his  own  plan  in  removing  it,  and  turned 
the  ball  of  the  joint  fairly  out  of  the  socket.  !N'ot- 
withstanding  this  it  grew  again,  nail  and  all,  as 
before,  and  it  remained  in  this  state. 

These  instances  show  an  apparent  perfect 
power  in  the  vital  activity  of  those  abnormal 
growths,  and  yet  their  inability  to  take  rank  as 
members  or  organs  of  a  distinctive  individuality 
of  true  germinal  origin,  as  other  members  or  or 
gans  of  the  body.  Their  abnormal  condition  and 
relation  to  the,  economy,  therefore,  must  be  re- 
garded as  settled  beyond  a  peradventure. 

To  establish  the  "  individuality"  of  the  plant, 
we  must  pay  strict  regard  to  its  functional  ca- 
pacity. To  admit  any  other  aspect  of  the  argu- 
ment, we  run  it  into  a  question  of  degree,  and 
nothing  can  well  be  more  variable,  and  conse- 
quently more  at  variance  with  true  germiral  pro- 
cess. We  must,  in  the  latter  instance,  admit  such 
individuality  to  "  exist  in  the  segments  of  the 
leaves  of  one  plant,  and  in  the  entire  leaves  of  a 
second,  in  the  leaf-bud  of  a  third,  in  the  branches 
of  a  fourth,  in  the  entire  axis  and  appendages  of 
a  fifth  ;  whilst  in  a  sixth,  the  individuality  shall 
entirely  depend  upon  circumstances,  its  buds  not 
being  able  to  sustain  their  vitality  after  their  de- 
tachment, unless  their  development  be  favored 
by  engrafting  them  on  the  living  stock."  To 
maintain  the  In-ue  genniral  individuality  of  the 
plant,  it  must  have  the  power  to  develop  roots, 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


115 


-/^ 


and  it  cannc/ perform  the  generative  act  unless  it 
can  evolve  the  flower. 

Can  the  Adventitious  Bud  do  this  ?  and  if  its 
individuality  is  to  be  established  by  the  fact  that 
it  will  grow  when  engrafted  on  the  living  stock, 
might  not  the  same  attribute  be  allowed  to  parts 
of  animals,  such  as  "  teeth,  testes,  ovaries,  etc., 
which  have  been  removed  from  one  animal  and 
implanted  in  another,  and  which  have  formed  new 
attachments  to  the  latter,  and  continued  to  grow. 

Our  limits  will  not  allow  an  exhaustive  argu- 
ment upon  this  branch  of  oiu-  subject.  There  is 
room  for  the  conclusion,  in  the  light  of  what  we 
have  here  set  forth,  however,  that  the  "  individ- 
uality "  of  the  "  adventitious  growth  "  cannot  be 
accepted  as  being  in  strict  conformity  with  phys- 
iological laws  and  principles.  That  it  can  live 
and  grow,  and  even  bear  fruit  when  surrounded 
with  its  proper  conditions,  or  be  engrafted  upon 
other  living  plants,  no  one  will  deny,  but  it  exists 
only  in  abject  dependence,  with  no  true  germiral 
origin,  and  all  the  irregularities  which  seem  to  be 
peculiar  to  its  habits  and  powers  of  fructification, 
and  which  have  been  noticed  by  those  whose 
business  it  is  to  cultivate  and  propagate  trees  and 
shrubberv,  would  only  be  characteristic. 

S.  W. 


THE  TEETH    OF    AISTIMALS. 
No.  I. 

Our  heading  may  strike  the  reader  as  being 
rather  of  a  novel  character  for  the  prouiiscuous 
reading  of  a  farm  joui-nal.  It  is  a  subject,  (it 
might  be  said)  much  better  suited  for  a  dental 
periodical  than  the  columns  of  the  Lancaster 
Farmer.  Let  us  have  more  practical  matter, 
and  the  Farmer  will  have  a  wider  range  of  use- 
fulness, and  a  much  better  subscription  list. 

This  may  be  true  in  a  certain  e^nse,  and  yet  a 
journal  of  the  dimension  and  character  of  the  Far- 
'  mer  might  very  soon  run  itself  out  with  too  much 
of  what  is  called  *'  practical  matter."  May  not, 
after  all,  subjects  which  blend  the  scientific  with 
the  practical,  be  the  proper  food  for  the  inquiring 
mind  of  the  husbandman,  whose  every-day  expe- 
rience is  a  statiety  of  the  practical,  with  a  reach- 
ing desire  for  that  Avhich  is  a  little  beyond  the 
labor  of  his  hands,  and  the  objects  of  his  vision. 

At  the  commencement  of  our  journalistic  enter- 
prise, we  thought  those  scientific  papers  upon  the 
subjects  of  bug-ology  and  bird-ology  and  vegeta- 
ble physiology  were  superfluous,  but  have  we  not 
been  vastly  benefitted  by  their  perusal  ?  And  is 
it  not  evident  that  their  very  existence  in  our 
journal  has  given  it  a  position  and  dignity  which 
it  never  could  have  reached  by  being  devoted 
entirely  to  practical  matters  ? 


We  propose  to  contribute  a  series  of  short 
articles  upon  the  Comparative  Anatomy  of  the 
Teeth,  and  to  make  them  just  as  practical  as  pos- 
sible ;  and  in  order  to  give  our  readers  an  idea  of 
what  we  mean  by  this  phraseology  we  will 
simply  state  that  it  is  to  direct  attention 
to  the  peculiarities  of  the  teeth  of  their  horses 
and  cattle,  and  enable  them,  by  comparison,  to 
judge  of  their  age  and  habits.  In  the  pros2cution 
of  this  task,  we  will  take  occasion  to  introduce  the 
peculiarities  of  the  teeth  of  all  the  tribes  of  the 
animal  kingdom,  in  their  various  classification, 
and  we  feel  very  certain  that  the  perusal  of 
these  ai'ticles  will  benefit  the  reader  fully  as  much 
as  the  writer  will  be  compensated  in  and  by  his 
researches  to  produce  them. 

How  often  persons  assume  a  cunning  look,  and 
open  the  mouths  of  horses,  to  judge  of  their  age 
by  the  marks  on  their  teeth,  or  the  number  of 
them,  when  they  know  about  as  much  of  the  sub- 
ject as  the  horse  itself.  And,  also,  in  regard  to 
the  habits  of  the  animal.  They  will  pass  and  re- 
pass a  cow  or  an  ox  for  a  life  time,  and  see  them 
chewing  the  cud,  and  not  have  the  least  idea  of 
the  admirable  provision  of  nature  which  renders 
all  that  use  of  the  teeth  necessary. 

The  anatomy  of  the  teeth  will,  also,  often  sugr 
gest  the  kind  of  food  which  natiu-e  has  designed 
for  the  animal,  and  thus  much  practical  informa 
tion  will  be  gathered  from  a  source  whence,  at 
first  sight,  nothing  but  dry  anatomical  study  might 
seemed  to  be  promised. 

It  is  not  our  design  to  give  a  dissertation  upon 
the  human  teeth.  "Whilst  this  subject  might  be 
of  vast  benefit  to  all,  yet  the  examination  of  sim- 
ilar organs  in  the  inferior  animals  has  alwa3^s- 
been  a  subject  of  the  deepest  interest  and  close 
study  to  the  anatomist  and  physiologist,  and 
always  been  regarded  by  them  as  essential  to  a 
full  understanding  of  the  structure  and  functions  ' 
of  the  various  organs  of  the  human  body. 

What  is  true  of  the  body  as  a  whole,  applies 
with  equal  force  to  its  several  parts.  Each  organ 
finds  its  analogue  in  some  one  or  more  of  the  in- 
ferior animals  ;  and  the  teeth,  as  forming  parts, 
and  indispensable  parts  of  the  human  frame, come 
in  equally  for  their  share  of  examination  in  this 
comparison  of  organs  in  the  inferior  animals. 

The  importance  of  this  subject  has  now  fully 
aroused  the  master  spirits  of  the  professions  to  its 
investigation,  and  their  labors  have  already  been 
crowned  with  the  most  useful  and  happy  results- 

S.  W. 


Good  Tools  are  hatf  the  battle  in  farming. 
Be  sure  to  hunt  up  what  yon  want,  and  buy 
it. 


116 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


^ 


THE  ALDERNEY  BREED  OF  CATTLE. 

A  gentleman  of  Lancaster,  who  has  always 
taken  great  interest  in  matters  pertaining  to  agri- 
culture, recently  showed  us  a  calf  of  the  above 
breed  which  he  had  imported  from  Connecticut, 
and  which  he  stated  he  would  not  part  with  for 
the  sum  of  one  hundred  dollars.  He  added  that 
he  was  getting  a  milk  cow  of  the  same  breed,  for 
which  he  was  paying  the  sum  of  two  hundred  and 
fifty  dollars.  His  remarks  made  such  an  impres- 
sion upon  us  that  we  have  examined  the  authori- 
ties upon  the  different  kinds  of  cattle,  and  find 
the  Alderneys  described  as  furnishing  the  richest 
milk  of  any  other  kind  of  cows  that  are  known. 
That  oiir  readers  may  have  the  benefit  of  our  in- 
vestigations on  this  matter,  we  submit  the  de- 
scription of  the  Alderney  cattle  as  given  in  Lou- 
don's Encyclopsedia  of  Agricultm'e,  page  1018. 

"The  Alderney  cattle  are  to  be  met  with  only 
about  the  seats  of  a  few  great  landholders,  where 
they  are  kept  chiefly  for  their  milk,  which  is  very 
rich,  though  small  in  quantity.  This  race  is  con- 
sidered by  very  competent  judges  as  too  delicate 
and  tender  to  be  propogated  to  any  extent  in 
Britain,  at  least  in  its  northern  parts.  Their 
color  is  mostly  yellow  or  light  red,  with  white  or 
mottled  faces  ;  they  have  short  crumpled  horns, 
are  small  in  size  and  very  ill  shaped, yet  they  are 
a  fine  breed  in  general,  and  their  beef,  though 
high  colored,  is  very  well  flavored.  I  have  seen, 
says  Culley,  some  very  useful  cattle  bred  from  a 
cross  between  an  Alderney  cow  and  a  short 
horned  bull." 

On  this  breed  of  cattle  we  clip  the  following 

remarks  of  Tim  Bunker,  (from  the  July  number 

■  of  the  American  Agriculturist,)  who  seems  to  be 

well  posted  on  every  subject  he  undertakes  to 

dilate. 

"The  Jersey  cows  (Alderneys)  are  small,  thin, 
and  their  milking  quantities  are  fabulous.  Is'ow, 
I  do  not  see  why  we  may  not  breed  cows  for  but- 
ter just  as  well  as  for  beef,  or  for  large  quantities 
of  milk,  or  to  give  us  sprightly  red  working  oxen. 
There  is  certainly  need  enough  for  it,  for  butter 
is  about  the  dearest  among  farm  products.  If  I 
wanted  everything  in  one  animal  I  should  not 
breed  Jerseys,  though  I  have  seen  very  fair  grade 
working  oxen,  and  I  have  eaten  as  good  beef  of 
this  stock  as  ever  came  to  market.  I  want  good, 
rich  milk  for  my  coffee,  cream  for  my  strawberries 
and  other  fruits,  and  golclen  butter  for  my  johnny 
cakes  and  lima  beans.  If  there  is  any  animal 
that  can  equal  the  Jersey  cow  in  giving  rich  milk 


I  have  not  found  it.    Just  how  this  breed  came  by 
this  quality  I  may  not  be  able  to  tell.    Titus 
Oaks  may  be  right  or  wrong  in  laying  it  to  the 
buffalo  of  America.    It  shows  a  pretty  keen  scent 
to  smell  a  buffalo  track  after  two  centuries.    But 
of  the  fact  that  this  breed  gives  richer  milk  than 
any  other  there  can  be  no  doubt.    They  will  make 
more  rich  cream  and  butter  out  of  a  given  quan- 
tity of  fodder  than  the  Durham  or  Devons.    There 
is,  indeed,  a  diff"erence  among  them,  as  there  is 
among  other  breeds.    But  they  as  uniformly  give 
good  rich  milk  as  the  short  horns  give  large  car- 
casses of  good,  juicy  beef.    There  are  multitudes 
^f  men,  and  the  number  is  steadily  increasing  in 
our  cities  and  villages,  who  keep  but  one  or  two 
cows  for  family  supplies.    They  do  not  want  to 
sell  milk.    They  do  not  want  skim  milk  for  the 
pigs.    They  want  good  milk  for  the  baby,  plenty 
of  cream,  and  butter  of  the  best  quality  for  the 
table.    They  have   fastidious  tastes,  it  maybe, 
but  they  have  them  very  decidedly,  and  are  will- 
ing to  pay  for  them.    Now,  I  claim  that  it  is  a 
farmer's  business  to  supply  the  market  with  those 
articles  in  his  line  that  are  most  in  demand.    If 
scrub  cows  are  going  out  of  fashion,  and  nobody 
wants  them  who  can  get  anything  better,  what  is 
the  use  of  ^ly  raising  them  ?    If  men  who  can 
afford  to  pay  for  it  want  their  milk  condensed  the 
Jersey  cow  will  do  it  about  as  well  as  Gail  Bor- 
den and  it  won't  cost  half  so  much.    I  don't  mean 
any  reflection  upon  that  gentleman  or  the  rival 
milk  condensers,  but  I  rather  guess  if  the  Jerseys 
had  been  better  known  their  occupation  .woulfl 
have  been  gone.    These   folks,  too,  who  want 
family  cows,  haven't  a  great  deal  of  barn  room, 
and  they  want  the  cow  put  up  in  the  smallest 
compass.    The  Jersey  hits  this  nail  exactly  on  the 
head.    You  can't  put  her  in  a  hencoop  exactly, 
but  you  can  pul  her  and  the  coop  into  a  common 
stall  without  overcrowding.    They  want  some- 
thing too,  that  is  just  a  little  handsome,  and  fond 
of  being  petted,  to  keep  company  with  the  well 
groomed  horses,  and  to  share  the  attentions  of 
Levi,  when  he  has  put  the  last  touch  upon  his 
sleek  team.    I  know  there  are  some  very  bad 
looking  Jerseys,  with  ugly  Jieads,  sharp  bones 
and  thin,  lank  carcasses.    But  take   them  as  a 
race  they  are  fair  to  the  sight  and  an  ornament 
to  the  farm  yard.    A  little  oil-meal  inside  and  the 
brush  outside,  improve  their  looks  and  help  the 
butter  wonderfully.    Their  mealy  mouths,  per- 
haps, indicate  the  want  of  meal.    At  any  rate  it 
is  a  pretty  safe  rule  to  follow.    There  are  several 
different  styles  of  Jersey  cattle.    I  like  the  wild 
Jersey  type  the  best,  which  is  very  popular  with 
some  of  our  best  breeders.    They  have  black 
tongues,  black  noses  and  mealy  muzzles.    The 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


117 


horns  are  black,  small,  firm,  pointed,  brown  near 
the  head,  but  not  waxy.  In  shape,  the  horns 
have  but  one  cur\'e  (except  that  the  boms  of  fe- 
males turn  back  a  little  at  the  very  end.)  stand- 
ing high — as  high  as  at  right  angles  with  a  line 
drawn  from  the  mouth  to  the  ear,  forming  a  curve 
of  nearly  half  a  circle.  The  foundation  color  of 
the  females  is  chocolate,  dark  brown  or  olive 
along  the  back,  and  a  brownish  gray  between  the 
horns  and  eyes.  The  hair  is  soft,  silky  or  woolly 
on  the  body,  through  which  there  project,  after 
the  calves  are  four  to  eight  months  old,  long, 
coarse  hairs,  often  tipped  with  white  or  brown, 
sometimes  all  black  or  other  color.  The  males 
are  much  darker,  nearly  black,  but  neither  males 
nor  females  have  any  white  spots,  and  both 
change  color.  The  skin,  udder,  teats,  and  inside 
of  the  ears  are  olive  brown,  with  a  brown  stripe 
in  the  ear,  and  the  ends  of  the  tail  terminate  in 
a  brush,  like  the  American  buft'alo.  There  is  no 
coloring  matter  on  the  end  of  the  tail,  but  it  is 
di"y  and  scaly.  Then  they  have  a  wild  look  and 
action,  not  easily  described,  which  I  sujipose 
Titus  would  say  smelt  of  the  buffalo.  Cattle  of 
this  type  are  as  handsome  as  deer,  and  will  long 
be  in  demand  at  high  prices,  for  folks  will  buy 
them  as  they  do  pictures — ^just  to  look  at." 

It  will  be  perceived  in  the  agricultural  report 
of  1807,  page  292-5,  that  the  celebrated  dairymen 
of  Chester  and  Delaware  counties  have  discovered 
the  superior  qualities  of  the  Jersey  or  Alderney 
stock,  and  prefer  them  to  all  others  for  dairy  pur- 
poses. Many  of  them  keep  no  others.  "We  quote 
again  from  the  report  of  a  committee  who  had 
visited  the  Chester  dairymen  :  "Prom  this  farm 
we  returned  to  Philadelphia,  and  went  toChelton 
Hills,  on  the  "West  Pennsylvania  railroad,  to  visit 
the  Jersey  cows  imported  by  Chas.  L.  Sharpless. 
They  were  selected  by  Mr.  Sharpless  in  18G5,  on 
the  island  of  Jersey,  and  have  only  now  been 
admitted  in  consequence  of  the  danger  that  had 
previously  existed  in  introducing  the  rinderpest. 
They  are  an  exceedingly  fine  lot  of  cows,  seven 
in  number ;  one  of  them,  "  Duchess,"  is  by  far 
the  finest  animal  that  any  of  us  had  seen.  She  is 
now  giving,  by  actual  measurement,  21  quarts  of 
milk  daily,  which  yields  more  than  four  quarts  of 
the  richest  cream,  and  she  is  as  fine  and  delicate 
as  a  thoroughbred  horse.  Her  color  is  brown  and 
white,  with  the  richest  orange  colored  skin  under 
the  white  hair.  Her  horns  are  small,  thin,  and  of 
a  translucent  amber  hue,  slightly  tipped  with 
black.  After  a  long  examination  of  her  our 
party  broke  up,  being  fully  confirmed  in  our  opin- 
ion, that  for  the  butter  dairy  the  Jersey  is  par 
excellence^  the  cow  of  all  others  to  select.  Again 
the  committee  say :  "  Mr.  Penrose,  as  well  as  Jtlr. 


Shaefler,keep  the  Alderney.    For  a  butter  dairy 
there  is  no  doubt  of  their  superiority." 


We  transfer  to  the  pages  of  our  journal  the 
following  excellent  article,  credited  to  the  Rural 
Neiv  Yorker^  which  treats  upon  a  subject  on  which 
we  have  often  meditated.  But  a  few  days  since  a 
gentleman  and  ourselves  had  a  conversation  upon 
this  very  matter,  and  he  asked  if  we  had  ever  met 
with  any  thing  treating  thereon.  We  agreed  that 
this  popular  delusion  should  be  dissipated  as  speed- 
ily as  possible  from  the  public  mind,  and  we  think 
this  article  may  help  to  explode  a  superstition 
which  has  not  even  the  semblance  of  a  vision 
upon  which  to  rest  itself.  There  are  numbers  of 
men  who  pass  for  our  most  intelligent  citizens 
who  cling  to  this  ancient  delusion  of  planting 
crops  and  doing  all  kinds  of  work  in  certain 
signs : 

EXPLODED  THEORIES. 

DO    THE   CONSTELLATIONS    OF    THE    ZODIAC    IN- 
FLUENCE VEGETATION  ON  THE  EAKTH? 

It  is  a  favorite  idea  among  many  of  our  old 
farmers,  that  the  moon  and  constellations  in  the 
zodiac  have  a  great  influence  upon  the  vegetation 
of  this  world.  This  idea  has  been  handed  down 
to  them  by  tradition ;  nor  is  the  end  likely  to  be 
with  this  generation.  Among  those  of  German 
descent  is  this  infatuation  the  most  prevalent. 
Although  it  does  not  speak  well  for  their  intelli- 
gence, yet  it  shows  the  obstinate  tenacity  with 
which  they  hold  to  the  ignorant  creeds  and  dark 
mysteries  of  by-gone  ages.  This  superstition,  or 
rather  rampant  ignorance,  has  stood  in  the  way  of 
their  own  prosperity — the  progress  of  agriculture 
and  home  improvements — and,  consequently,  has 
materially  impeded  the  progress  of  civilization 
and  refinement  wherever  it  has  been  adhered  to. 

These  deluded  people  believe  that  each  vege- 
table grows  best  when  planted  in  its  appropriate 
sign.  For  instance,  j)Otatoes  should  be  planted 
in  the  sign  of  the  "  scales "  or  "  lion,"  in  order 
that  they  may  grow  large,  always  avoiding  the 
sign  of  the  "  fish,"  for  if  "they  are  planted  in  that 
sign  they  will  be  sure  to  get  "  watery  potatoes." 
Again,  clover  seed  should  be  sown  in  a  dry  sign, 
orit  will  make  horses  slobber.  Vinegar  should 
be  made  in  the  sign  of  the  "lion,"  in  the  first 
quarter  of  the  moon,  in  order  that  it  may  grow 
strong. 

The  moon,  too,  it  is  said,  exerts  a  powerful  in- 
fluence on  new^  roofs  and  fences.  I  was  even  sur- 
prised with  a  notice  in  the  Rural  that  a  certain 
man  out  West  had  succeeded  in  killing  a  lot  of 
locust  trees  by  cutting  them  down  in  the  "  dark 
of  the  moon,"  just  as  though  that  had  done  the 
whole  business. 

Now,  for  the  benefit  of  the  misguided,  I  will 
endeavor  to  show  that  these  signs  are  generally 
an  unmitigated  humbug.  I  will  venture  to  say 
that  one-half  of  those  who  pay  so  much  attention 
to  them,  know  nothing  at  all  about  them  outside 
of  their  almanacs.  The  zodiac  is  an  imaginary 
belt  beyond  the  apparent  path  of  the  sun  in  the 
heavens.    This  belt  is  sixteen  degrees  broad,  and, 


118 


THE  LANCASTEK  FAEMEE. 


of  course,  extends  clear  around  the  heavens,  or 
three  hundred  aud  sixty  degrees.  The  distance 
between  every  thirty  degrees  is  called  a  sign. 
The  sun,  in  its  apparent  path,  seems  to  travel 
eastward  through  all  these  twelve  signs  once  a 
year.  The  ancients  imagined  the  stars  in  each 
sign  to  represent  some  animal  or  object,  and  gave 
them  names  accordingly.  They  also  pretended 
to  predict  future  events  by  these  signs,  the  science 
of  whic  1  was  called  astrology.  But  how  the 
modern  ^'prophets''''  came  to  pervert  the  original 
"  science  "  in  applying  it  to  the  growth  of  plants, 
is  to  me  unknown. 

Xow  the  question  is,  do  these  constellations  of 
the  zodiac  affect  the  growth  of  plants  on  the 
earth  ?  For  good,  healthy  growth,  plants  re(iuire 
light,  heat,  air,  and  the  necessary  elements  iu  the 
soil.  Now  the  nearest  star  in  the  signs  of  the 
zodiac  has  been  demonstrated  to  be  more  than 
twenty  hillions  of  miles  distant  from  the  earth. 
They,  no  doubt,  influence  the  motions  of  the 
earth  to  a  limited  extent,  but  the  light  and  heat 
received  from  all  the  stars  together  is  not  enough 
to  justify  the  assertion  that  they  aflect  the  growth 
of  vegetation  here  on  the  earth;  much  less"^  then, 
would  the  stars  of  a  single  constellation  consti- 
tute so  much  light  and  heat  as  to  materially  influ- 
ence its  growth. 

The  earth  must  be  balanced  as  it  floats  in  its 
orbit  around  the  sun,  aud  since  that  is  a  truth,  it 
necessarily  follows  that  the  attraction  must  be 
just  about  the  same  m  every  part  of  its  orbit.  Of 
course,  account  must  be  taken  of  the  elliptical 
shape  of  the  earth's  orbit,  aud  the  place  in  which 
the  earth  is,  whether  at  its  perihelion  or  at  its 
aphelion-,  but  this  difference  of  motion  is  evi- 
dently not  occasioned  by  the  fixed  stars,  aud  con- 
sequently their  influence  is  about  the  same  all  the 
time.  And  siuce  all  these  are  astronomical  aud 
philosophical  truths,  it  follows  that  one  day  is  as 
^^ood  for  piautiug  as  another,  the  soil  aud  season 
favorable. 

Xow,  let  me  attack  the  theory  of  the  moon.  It 
is  claimed  that  if  a  roof  is  put  on  a  l)uilding  in 
the  dark  of  the  moon,  the  shingles  will  remain  in 
their  places ;  but  if  put  on  while  the  moon  is  in- 
creasing they  will  inevitably  ''  turn  up ;"  likewise 
with  ordinary  rail  fences.  The  moon,  apparently, 
goes  around  the  earth  in  about  the  same  time,  in 
whatever  quarter  it  is.  To  be  sure,  it  appears  later 
every  day,  but  it  nevertheless  goes  around  (ordi- 
narily speaking)  in  a  little  over  twenty-four  hours, 
as  regularly  as  the  sun.  Now,  it  must  be  gravita- 
tion or  attraction  that  causes  these  shingles  to 
turn  up,  and  if  it  has  the  power  to  raise  them 
during  one  revolution  when  it  is  full,  why  does  it 
not  have  the  same  power  when  in  its  last  quarter, 
it  being  at  the  same  distance  from  the  earth? 
This  leads  to  absurdity  at  ouce.  The  moon  cer- 
tainly does  aflect  the  growth  of  vegetation,  but 
not  to  the  ex  ent  claimed  by  these  ultra  signists. 
The  light  reflected  from  the  moon  contributes 
very  little  to  the  growth  of  plants,  but  its  light 
and  heat  are  so  feeble  iu  comparison  to  those  of 
the  sun,  that  it  is  not  considered  of  much  account 
by  those  who  have  investigated  the  matter. 

These  are  old  and  exploded  theories,  and  are 
only  upheld  by  those  who  are  far  behind  the 
times  in  their  knowledge  of  natural  sciences. 
When  education  once  becomes  more  universally 


disseminated  throughout  the  world,  the  people 
will  l)etter  understand  the  mysterious  workings 
of  that  "•  Glorious  Architect  who  built  the  skies." 
But  as  we  are  in  "  the  foremost  ranks  of  all  the 
files  of  time,"  and  have  the  accumulated  knowl- 
edge of  all  the  ages,  we  should  endeavor  to  profit 
by  it,  and  to  use  our  advantages  in  such  a  way  as 
to  bring  about  the  best  results  for  the  refinement 
of  the  people  and  the  improvement  of  humanity. 
Gallon,  Ohio.  J.  C.  S. 


WEEDS.— ]S"o.-5. 


POKE  WEED. 


The  name  Poke  is  an  abbreviation  of  Pocan,  by 
which  it  was  known  in  Virginia  over  one  hundred 
and  fifty  years  ago ;  it  has  other  local  and  com- 
mon names,  such  as  Scoke,  Garget,  Pigeon  Berry, 
Pted  Ink  Plant.  The  French  call  it  Raisin 
d'' Amerique ;  the  botanical  name  is  Phytolacca 
decandra  ;  the  generic  name  is  compounded  from 
the  Greek.  Phiton,  plant,  aud  the  French  lac, 
lake,  in  allusion  to  the  coloring  matter  resembling 
that  pigment  which  the  berries  yield  ;  the  specific 
name,  decandra,  because  it  has  ten  stamens,  as 
well  as  ten  styles. 

From  the  testimony  of  diff'erent  writers  it  ap- 
pears that  the  Phj^tolacca  decandra  is  an  inhabi- 
tant not  only  of  Xorth  America,  but  likewise  of 
the  south  of  Europe  from  Portugal  to  Greece,  and 
also  of  the  Barbary  States  in  Africa.  Its  origin 
is, however, considered  American.  Parkinson,  in 
his  Theatrum  Botanicum,  published  in  1640,  de- 
nommates  it  "  Solanum  magnum  Virginiassum 
rubrwn.''^  This  is  the  oldest  account  found  re- 
specting it. 

This  plant  is  well  known.  It  prefers  a  rich 
soil,  on  banks,  borders  of  fields,  in  clearings,  and 
along  roadsides,  &c.,  and  is  regarded  as  a  weed 
by  all  neat  farmers.  It  was  popular  during  the 
campaign  of  James  K.  Polk  for  President,  in 
1844.  The  stalks,  which  are  annual,  grow  to 
six  and  even  nine  feet  iu  height.  They  are  round, 
smooth,  Ijranched,  and  when  matured  of  a  tine 
purple  color.  The  flowers  are  succeeded  by  long 
clusters  of  dark  purple  berries,  almost  black,  de- 
pressed, with  ten  furrows.  Every  schoolboy 
knows  them  aud  has  tried  them  in  Avritiug  or  col- 
ormg  pictures.  The  juice  of  the  berries  is  of  a  J 
very  fine,  bright  purple  color,  but  this  color  is  ex-  " 
tremely  fugacious,  and  disappears  in  a  short  time 
from  cloth  or  paper  that  has  been  tinged  with  it. 

A  few  drops  of  lime  water  added  to  this  purple 
juice  changes  it  to  yellow,  but  when  fresh  the 
smallest  quantity  of  water  is  suriicieut  to  restore 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


119 


its  purple  hue,  and  forms  a  more  delic  ate  test  fo 
acids  than  an  infusion  of  litmus  of  equal  depth  or 
color;  one-fourth  the  amount  of  acid  is  sufficient 
to  change  it  that  it  takes  to  change  the  litmus, 
and  is  therefore  four  times  as  sensible.  The  taste 
of  the  berries  is  sweet  and  nauseous  and  slightly 
acrimonious.  In  Portugal  and  in  France  they 
were  formerly  employed  to  improve  the  color  of 
red  wines,  until  the  interference  of  government 
became  necessary  to  put  a  stop  to  the  practice. 

They  were  at  one  time  considered  a  specific  for 
the  cure  of  cancer.  There  is  a  letter  published 
from  Dr.  Franklin  to  Dr.  Golden,  in  which  he 
says :  "  I  am  heartily  glad  to  hear  more  instances 
of  the  success  of  the  Pokeweed  in  the  cure  of 
cancer.  You  deserve  highly  of  mankind  for  the 
communication.  But  I  find  in  Boston  they  are  at 
a  loss  to  know  the  right  plant,  some  asserting  it 
is  what  they  call  Mechoacan,  others  other  things. 
In  one  of  their  late  papers  it  is  publicly  requested 
that  a  perfect  description  may  be  given  of  the 
plant,  its  place  of  growth,  &c.  I  have  mislaid 
the  paper  or  I  would  send  it  to  you.  I  thought 
you  had  described  it  pretty  fully."  Another 
letter  of  Dr.  Frarukliu  to  M.  Dubourg  commences 
with :  "  I  apprehend  that  our  pokeweed  is  what 
botanists  term  Phytolacca,  &c.,"  referring  to  the 
jjuice  used  and  Dr,  Golden's  description.  This  is 
simply  of  interest  as  the  writing  of  Dr.  Benj. 
Franklin  respecting  this  plant. 

The  root  also  ha  1  and  may  still  have  consider- 
able reputation  as  a  medicine.  Dr.  Bigelow gives 
a  lengthy  account  of  it  in  his  American  Medical 
Botany.  Dr.  Darlington  saj's,  in  his  Agricultural 
Botany,  that  "  the  young  shoots  of  this  plant  aflbrd 
a  good  substitute  for  asx)aragns\  the  root  is  said 
to  be  actively  emetic  "  (and  I  add  truly  so  when 
collected  in  autumn,  rather  too  nuich  so  to  make  it 
safe.)  He  continues,  "and  the  tincture  of  the 
ripe  berries  is,  or  was  a  popular  remedy  for  chronic 
rheumatism.  The  mature  berries,  moreover,  have 
been  used  by  the  pastry  cook  in  making  pies  of 
equivocal  merit."  I  agiee  with  the  doctor  in 
that  respect.  I  like  pies  of  strawberries,  but  poke- 
berries  are  not  to  my  taste.  Poke  is  a  weed  after 
all.    "Enufsaid!"  J.  S. 


#ditatiiiL 


Temperature  for  CiirRNiNO.— In  cold 
weather  the  cream  should  be  about  05  degrees, 
not  higher,  when  you  begin  churning.  In  warm 
w^eather  62  degrees  is  about  right ;  for  in  the 
course  of  the  operation  the  temperature  will  rise, 
but  should  not  get  above  67  degrees.  Avoid  add- 
ing much  of  either  hot  or  cold  water  to  secure  the 
proper  degree  of  warmth. 

An  acre  of  growing  wheat  absorbs  and  throws 
off  ten  tons  of  water  per  day. 


MEETING    OF    THE    AGRICULTUIIAL 
AND  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

The  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Society,  of 
Lancaster  county,  met  at  the  Orphans'  Court 
Room,  in  the  city  of  Lancaster,  Monday,  July  5th, 
at  the  usual  horn-,  Henry  M.  Engle,  President, 
and  Alex.  Harris,  Secretary. 

Owing  to  the  day  being  a  holiday,  the  meetmg 
was  small,  but  very  interesting. 

After  waiting  a  considerable  time  for  the  fur- 
ther arrival  of  members,  the  Chairman  called  the 
meeting  to  order,  and  the  Secretary  read  the 
minutes,  which  were  approved  without  dissent. 

S.  S.  Rathvon,  the  chairman  of  the  Committee 
who  had  charge  of  the  late  fruit  exhibition,  sub- 
mitted his  report,  showing  that  the  exhibition 
had  cleared  itself  of  expenses,  and  left  the  sum  of 
one  dollar  and  twenty-five  cents  in  the  treasury. 
The  report  was  adopted  and  the  Committee  dis- 
charged. 

S.  S.  Rathvon  oftered  the  following  resolution, 
viz.: 

Whereas,  the  American  Pomological  Society 
intends  to  hold  its  next  annual  meeting  in  Horti- 
cultural Hall,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  on  the  15th  day 
of  September,  1869  ;  and, 

Whereas,  The  Pennsylvania  Horticultural 
Society  intends  to  hold  its  semi-anuual  exhibition 
at  the  same  time  and  place  ;  and. 

Whereas,  "  All  Horticultural,  Pomological, 
Agricultural,  and  other  kindred  institutions  in  the 
United  States  and  British  Provinces,  are  invited 
to  send  delegations  as  large  as  they  deem  expe- 
dient," and  take  seats  ia  the  convention,  and 
also  to  contribute  specimens  of  fruits  from  their 
respective  districts  ;  therefore 

Iiesolved,Tha.t  this  Society  appoint  ten  members 
to  attend  said  meeting,  as  delegates  from  the 
Lancaster  City  and  County  Agricultural  and  Hor- 
ticultural Society,  with  power  to  fill  up  the  requis- 
ite number  by  their  own  appointments,  in  case 
the  delegation  should  not  be  full,  whether  said 
substitutes  are  members  of  this  Society  or  not, 
only  so  that  they  are  respectable  citizens  of  Lan- 
caster county,  and  interested  in  the  cultivation  of 
fruits. 

Resolved,  That  the  Secretary  send  a  notice  to 
each  delegate,  or  as  many  of  them  as  are  not 
present  at  this  meeting,  informing  them  of  their 
appointment,  and  also  "of  the  Lime  of  the  conven- 
tion, and  requesting  them,  if  they  attend,  to  take 
^yith  them  specimens  of  their  fruit,  if  they  have 
any  suitable  for  exhibition. 

The  resolution  was  adopted,  and  the  appoint- 
ment deferred  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  So- 
ciety, when  there  will  be  a  fuller  attendance  of 
the  members  of  the  Society. 

Mr.  Rathvon  also  offered  the  following  resolu- 
tion, which  was  adopted : 


120 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


Whereas,  The  "  Lancaster  City  and  County 
Agricultural  P^rk  Association"  has  announced 
its  intention  to  hold  its  second  semi-annual  exhi- 
bition on  the  3d,  4th,  5th,  6th,  and  7th  of  October 
next;  and 

Whereas,  It  is  presumed  that  our  own  Society 
will  hold  an  Autumn  Exhibition  near  that  time  ; 
therefore, 

JResolved,  That  a  committee  of  five  be  appointed 
by  the  President  of  this  Society,  to  consult,  con- 
sider, and  inquire  in  regard  to  the  expediency  of 
holding  an  exhibition  at  the  same  time,  and  place, 
in  connection  with  the  Park  Association,  and 
upon  what  conditions  such  a  temporary  union 
could  be  effected,  said  committee  to  report  in 
writing  at  the  next  meeting  of  this  Society. 

The  Chairman  appointed  the  following  gentle- 
men on  the  said  Committee  of  Conference,  viz. : 
S.  S.  Rathvon,  Dr.  W.  L.  Diftenderfer,  Dr.  Saml. 
Welchens,  J.  G.  Kreider,  and  Alex.  Harris. 

The  Secretary  read  the  following  question, 
which  had  been  handed  him — To  the  President 
and  members  of  the  Agricultm-al  and  Horticultu- 
ral Society:  A  friend  desires  to  know  if  any 
remedy  can  be  proposed  by  which  ants  may  be 
prevented  from  creeping  up  young  fruit  trees, 
and  infesting  them  with  cm-led  leaf.  The  ants 
are  found  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf. — A 
Priend  of  Your  Society. 

S.  S.  Rathvon,  in  reply  to  the  above  question, 
said  that  no  other  remedy  could  be  given  than 
syringing  the  leaves  with  tobacco-juice,  whale- 
oil  soap-suds,  or  common  lye,  or  by  sprinkling 
water  over  the  trees  and  leaves,  and  dusting  them 
with  common  lime. 

H.  M.  Engle  remarked  that  he  had  never  found 
anything  more  effective  than  sjTinging  the  leaves 
with  tobacco-juice. 

Dr.  Saml.  Welchens  next  proceeded  to  read  a 
short  essay  upon  the  teeth  of  stock  animals. 

S.  S.  Rathvon  also  read  one  upon  the  bean 
weevil,  and,  upon  the  conclusion  of  it  said  that  it 
was  to  him  a  novelty  to  find  a  weevil  in  beans. 

J.  G.  Kreider  presented  some  heads  of  the  early 
Boughton  wheat,  some  heads  of  barley,  and  some 
heads  of  the  Brunswick  oats.  He  also  had  some 
heads  of  German  red  wheat. 

John  B.  Erb  had  raspberries  ;  Brinkle's  orange, 
Doolittle's  Black  cap,  and  English  Morello  chef- 
xies. 

S.  S.  Rathvon  showed  some  clusters  of  Clinton 
grapes.  He  likewise  exhibited  some  large  goose- 
berries, grown  by  David  Hartman,  Jr. 

Henry  M.  Engle  had  of  the  cluster  gooseberries, 
Gloria  de  Sablons  Currants,  Cherrj^  Currants, 
Black  l«raples  Currants,  and  common  red  Dutch. 
He  also  had  Philadelphia  black  cap,  and  Brinkle 
orange  raspberries. 

The  testing  of  the  fruits  on  this  occasion  was  ] 


the  most  interesting  part  of  the  proceedings,  all 
seeming  to  enjoy  it  with  zest,  the  fruits  being  m 
abundance,  and  the  spectators  so  limited  that 
ample  scope  existed  for  a  full  comparison  of  the 
qualities  of  the  different  varieties.  After  the  ter- 
mination of  this  most  agreeable  part  of  the  pro- 
ceedings, the  Society,  on  motion,  adjourned. 


HORTICULTURAL  EXHIBITIONS. 

It  seems  unquestionable — in  our  minds  at  least 
— that  if  the  Scripture  injunction  "Whatsoever  thy 
hand  findeth  for  thee  to  do,  do  it  with  thy  might." 
has  any  application  at  all  to  secular  affairs,  it  car- 
ries with  it  an  additional  force,  when  applied  to 
the  getting  up  of  horticultural  exhibitions.  Be 
cause,  without  some  such  stimulating  spirit,  they 
must  prove  unsatisfactory  to  the  public,  and  dis- 
creditable to  those  engaged  in  them.  The  mere- 
ly recorded  resolution  of  a  Society,  or  .any  vol- 
untary body  of  men,  no  matter  how  unanimously 
adepted.  and  however  blazoned  in  show-cards  and 
public  advertisements,  will  never  successfully  ef" 
feet  the  end,  if  each  individual  member  does  not 
work  privately  in  that  direction,  and  also  work 
with  his  might.  Just  see  with  what  persevering 
energy  men  think  and  work  in  ultimating  the 
evils,  sins,  and  crimes,  which  afflict  society;  or 
the  labors,  deprivations, and  vexations,  which  oth- 
ers endure  in  accomplishing  their  own  selfish 
purposes ;  and  how  comparatively  little  is  done, 
and  how  feebly  executed,  in  matters  which  do 
not  promise  an  immediate  pecuniary  reward.  In 
our  view,  the  reason  that  our  horticultural  exhibi- 
tions do  not  seem  to  be  sutficiently  appreciated 
and  encouraged,  is  not  to  be  attributed  so  much 
to  the  indifference  of  the  public,  as  it  is  to  the 
apathy  of  the  members  of  the  Society,  under 
whose  auspices  those  displays  are  gotten  up.  A 
society  composed  of  hundreds  of  the  wealthiest 
and  most  intelligent  cultivators  of  the  county, 
usually  finds  but  a  half  dozen  or  so — a  mere 
"  corporal's  guard" — who  go  to  the  trouble  of  plac 
ing  their  products  on  exhibition,  and  these  per- 
haps do  not  bring  specimens  of  all  they  have, 
nor  the  best  they  have  ;  and  sometimes  so  spar 
ingly  too,  that  their  variety  is  not  likely  to  be 
seen  at  all.  The  feeling  seems  to  be,  to  gather 
delight,  amusement  and  entertainment  for  them- 
selves without  contributing  to  the  delight,  amuse- 
ment and  entertainment  of  others.  They  seem 
to  know  little  of  the  fears,  the  dreads,  and  the 
anxieties,  which  a  committee  feels,  in  making  its 
promises  to  the  public,  lest  they  may  not  be  sus- 
tained in  making  the  affair  they  are  commissioned 
to  carry  into  effect,  a  credit  to  the  association, 
and  satisfactory  to  that  public  to  whom  they  have 
appealed. 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


121 


These  reflecttons  have  been  suggested  in  con- 
templating the  exhibition  of  our  Society  on  the 
l4th  of  June  last,  which,  although  excellent  in  its 
character,  so  far  as  quality  was  concerned,  yet 
was  dreadfully  deficient  in  variety  and  quantity. 
The  affair  plainly  indicated  that  we  have  the  ma- 
terial, but  lack  sadly  the  energy  and  public  spirit, 
in  bringing  it  freely  out. 

There  can  be  no  reasonable  question  about  the 
utility  of  these  exhibitions,  for  public  demonstra- 
tions of  some  kind,  are  recognized  as  useful,  by 
all  the  different  organizations  of  our  country, 
whether  social,  beneficial,;  moral,  philanthrophic 
or  otherwise,  and  in  them  is  often  found  one  of 
the  most  stimulating  elements  of  their  progress. 
It  is  nothing  more  than  "  making  friends  of  the 
unrighteous  mammon,"  on  a  practical  domestic 
plan,  while  at  the  same  time  it  fosters  that  social 
intercourse  which  ought  to  exist  among  all  men, 
and  especially  among  those  interested  in  kindred 
pursuits.  "  In  order  to  increase  the  sum  of  hu- 
man happiness,  we  should  cultivate  kind  and  fra- 
ternal feelings  one  with  another,"  as  well  as  cul- 
tivate the  soil  for  mere  wordly  gain.  "  A  true 
life  consists  in  something  else  than  simply  accu- 
mulating property."  "  We  do  not,  and  cannot 
live  by  bread  alone.''''  The  following  from  the 
colimins  of  the  Journal  of  Agriculture,  relating  to 
this  subject,  seems  so  happily  written,  that  we 
do  not  hesitate  to  reproduce  it  here,  because  the 
moral  and  social  elevation  of  our  readers  is  one 
of  the  objects  of  our  journal. 

"  The  sole  object  and  aim  of  too  many  indi- 
viduals seems  to  be  to  get  gain,  let  the  conse- 
quences be  what  they  may  to  others.  The  desire 
to  accumulate  wealth,  regardless  of  the  comfort 
and  social  happiness  of  our  neighbors,  and  the 
interchange  of  friendly  sentiments,  should  be  ig- 
nored. Let  us  be  more  social,  and  cultivate  our 
convivial  qualities  by  frequent  interchange  of 
friendly  greetings  and  social  gatherings.  Let  no 
aristocracy  be  acknowledged,  but  that  of  intel- 
lect. Let  us  beautify  our  homes,  and  make  them 
what  they  should  be,  by  fostering  a  love  of  the 
beautiful."  In  ultimating  these  principles,  no 
better  instrumentality  than  that  of  periodical  ex- 
hibitions of  the  work  of  our  heads  and  hands  can 
be  used.  If  we  cannot  see  an  immediate  pecu- 
niary reward  in  such  a  course,  let  us  neverthe- 
less proceed,  and  if  we  are  not  the  most  incor- 
rigibly selfish  of  all  of  God's  creation,  we  shall 
soon  find  our  chief  reward  in  the  love  of  a  labor 
that  will  not  be  lost.  Although  our  local  society 
has  thus  far  exercised  but  a  moiety  of  its  latent 
energies,  yet  its  effects  are  becoming  plainly 
visible  upon  the  public  mind,  as  well  as  upon  its 
individual  membership.    All  that  is  required  is 


more  thorough  individual  action.  Each  man 
ought  to  regard  the  success  of  these  little  enter- 
prises as  depending  on  his  own  individual  ener- 
gies, whether  he  feels  or  sees  the  co-operative 
support  of  others  or  not.  It  is  in  accordance 
with  moral  and  social  law,  that  if  we  expect  to 
freely  receive,  \te  must  as  freely  and  disinterest- 
edly give. 

^    »    » 

TRIM  YOUR  TREES. 

This  is  only  to  remind  you  of  the  necessity  of 
this  branch  of  horticulture.  The  Agriculturalist 
and  other  journals  describe  the  proper  method  of 
pruning.  If  the  limbs  are  large  and  you  must 
use  the  ax  (some  prefer  a  saw),  have  it  very  sharp 
and  do  not  cut  too  close  at  first ;  commence  on 
the  under  side  of  the  limb,  so  that  it  does  not 
peel  the  bark  when  falling,  and  then  dress  the 
wound  close  up  to  the  main  stem.  If  it  is  a  fruit 
tree,  a  little  melted  grafting  wax  or  composition 
brushed  over  the  wound  is  very  good.  But  I  was 
going  to  say  trim  those  locust  and  other  trees 
along  the  roads  and  lanes,  so  that  persons  will 
not  scratch  their  faces  and  tear  the  oilcloth  on 
their  wagons  while  di-iving  along.  If  locust  trees 
were  kept  properly  trimmed  they  would  make 
better  timber  for  posts,  &c.  J.  B.  E. 

PLANT  MORE  TREES. 

If  you  will  not  plant  fruit  trees,  then  try  locust, 
and  you  will  be  sure  to  make  money,  if  that  is 
your  object.  Just  look  around  about  you  and  see 
what  room  for  improvement.  That  lane  or  road- 
side ought  to  have  locust  trees  to  beautify  it  and 
make  it  comfortable,  and  in  a  few  years  how 
many  dollars  would  it  be  worth !  Do  you  see  that 
waste  corner  in  your  field,  that  gully,  or  that  old 
quarry  hole,  or  that  bank  which  you  cannot  farm 
to  advantage  ?  AVe  say  plant  locust.  It  will  be 
a  saving  bank,  and  you  get  your  money  and  very 
large  interest  payed  oft'  in  golden  locust.  See, 
now,  if  you  can  not  improve  your  homes  a  great 
deal  with  only  a  trifling  expense.  See  along 
those  streams,  ponds,  or  water  courses  how  fast 
trees  would  grow.  If  it  is  too  wet  for  locust,  then 
plant  willow,  &c.  Just  think  a  little  and  you  can 
find  plenty  of  room  for  improvement.  Plant  trees 
along  the  banks  of  the  creeks  and  other  waste 
places,  &c.  This  is  and  should  be  an  age  of  im- 
provement. J-  ^'  ^' 

^    »    »  

AMERICAN   POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 

The  next  meeting  of  this  Society  will  be  com- 
menced on  the  15th  of  September  next,  at  Horti- 
cultural Hall,  Broad  street,  in  the  city  of  Philadel- 
phia to  continue  in  session  two  or  three  days.  It 
promises  to  be  one  of  the  greatest  .gatherings  of 


122 


THE  LANCASTER  FAKMEE. 


the  kind  ever  held  in  this  country,  and,  so  far, 
everything  looks  propitious  to  make  it  such.  A 
general  invitation  has  been  extended  to  all  Agri- 
cultural, Horticultural,  Floricultui-al,  and  kindred 
Institutions  in  the  United  States,  the  Doniinion 
of  Canada  and  elsewhere,  to  send  strong  dele- 
gations to  take  seats  in  the  Oonvention,  and 
participate  in  its  proceedings,  and  they  will  doubt- 
less, to  a  large  extent,  take  action  accordingly. 
Already  we  hear  of  some  States  making  liberal 
appropriations,  in  order  to  send  representatives 
to  this  meeting,  and  others  may  follow.  But  the 
invitation  is  not  confined  to  organized  associ- 
ations alone,  for  it  is  also  extended  to  isolated 
fx'uit-growers  and  amateurs,  and  all  other  per- 
sons occupied  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.  In 
approaching  this  shrine  of  Horticulture,  it  is  de- 
sired that  its  votaries  should  not  go  empty  handed, 
but  that  as  many  as  possibly  can,  should  take 
with  them  specimens  of  their  productions,  and 
place  them  on  exhibition,  and  be  prepared,  if 
possible,  to  add  their  moiety  to  the  general  ditfu- 
sion  of  knowledge  upon  the  subjects  brought  be- 
fore it.  We  trust  an  honorable  record  in  the 
proceedings  of  this  P.  mological  Convention  will 
be  made  by  the  fruit-growers  of  the  "  Garden  of 
Pennsylvania."  Our  local  Society  has  already 
had  the  subject  brought  before  it,  and  we  trust 
that  those  appointed  from  Lancaster  County  to 
attend  as  delegates,  will,  for  the  time  being,  lay 
all  other  business  aside,  and  give  their  undivided 
attention  to  the  subject.  There  is  much  to  learn, 
and,  doubtless,  also  much  to  unlearn  in  the  cul- 
ture of  fruit  yet,  before  we  can  expect  a  return 
of  the  "  good  old  times,"  with  the  improvements 
in  quantity  and  quality,  which  the  experiences 
of  intervening  years  naturally  ought  to  have  de- 
veloped. The  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society 
will  hold  its  semi-annual  exhibition  at  the  same 
time  and  place,  so  that  on  the  whole,  the  occasion 
will  be  an  interesting  one,  and  worthy  to  be 
patronized  and  seen. 


The  sophomore  class  of  the  Agricul.  College  at 
Amherst  recently  put  in  practice  a  degree  of  ag- 
ricultural science  by  husking  450  bushels  of  corn 
in  one  afternoon.  The  estimated  products  of  the 
college  farm  the  past  year  are:  Hay,  200  tons; 
oats,  300  bushels;  shelled  corn,  1,200  bushels; 
besides  a  good  supply  of  garden  vegetables. 

Save  the  Birds— A  certain  insect  lays  2,000 
eggs,  but  a  single  tomtit  will  destroy  200,000  eggs 
in  a  year.  A  swallow  destroys  543  insects  in  a 
day,  eggs  and  all.  A  sparrow's  nest  was  found 
to  contain  700  pairs  of  the  upper  wings  of  the 
cockchafer,  though  other  food  was  procurable  in 
abundance.    So,  save  the  birds. 


An  Easy  Method  to  Have  Healthy 
Fruit  Trees. — An  experienced  fruit  grower, 
who  possesses  a  beautiful  orchard  near  the 
Niagara,  river.  Western  jSTew  York,  has  used 
one  simple  method  with  great  success.  He  takes 
ley  from  leached  ashes,  mixes  a  little  grease  with 
it,  heats  it  quite  warm,  and  with  a  syringe  throws 
it  up  into  all  parts  of  the  trees,  branches  and 
trunk.  It  will  eftectually  kill  all  caterpillars,  all 
kinds  of  worms  that  are  either  infesting  the  tree 
in  nests  or  running  over  the  bark.  Trees  treated 
in  this  manner  were  exceedingly  healthy,  beau- 
tiful, and  vigorous  in  appearance,  possessed  a 
smooth,  glossy  bark,  and  bare  the  best  apples  o^ 
the  country.    The  remedy  is  easy  and  cheap. 


Philadelphia,  June  21, 1869. 
Messrs.  S.  S.  Rathvon  and  Alex.  Harris  : 

Gentlemen  : — I  regret  that  I  did  not  in  my  com- 
munication of  May  5th,  set  forth  more  fully  why 
I  did  not  think  you  did  the  "  C.  M."  justice  in 
the  May  number  of  your  journal,  as  I  find  in  the 
June  number  your  views  are  given  in  a  manuer 
which  will  possibly  militate  against  the  sale  of 
"Complete  Manure,"  thereby  injuring  me  in 
both  reputation  and  in  purse.  I  also  regret  that 
you  did  not,  before  publishing  the  last  article,  ask 
me  wherein  I  considered  you  had  done  injustice 
to  the  article  ;  as  you  state  if  it  will  be  useful  and 
necessary  to  refer  to  the  "  Farm  Report "  again, 
I  beg  that  you  will  continue  to  render  unto 
"  Ctesar  the  thiugs  that  are  Ccesar's."  I  believe 
it  is  far  from  your  wish  to  injure  by  word  or  deed 
any  of  the  proprietors  of  the  fertilizers  used  in 
the  trial,  and  trust  you  v/ill  ascribe  the  same  de- 
sire to  me. 

The  report  of  the  "Experimental  Farm"  is 
certainly  a  most  instructive  and  interesting  docu- 
ment, admitting  of  much  careful  study  and  con- 
sideration. It  is  lendered  doubly  so  by  the  fact 
that  Mr.  Thomas  Harvey  is  a  gentleman  who  can 
be  implicitly  relied  upon,  for  his  carefulness,  his 
strong  sense  of  justice,  and  for  being  an  iutelli 
gent,  good  farmer  as  well. 

In  entering  upon  an  analysis  of  this  report  it 
will  be  necessary  to  take  the  condition  of  the 
farm  into  consideration.  Mr.  Harvey  states  that 
the  soil  contains  suriicient  phosphate  of  lime,  and 
I  have  learned  from  other  sources  that  in  years 
past  it  has  been  veiy  heavily  treated  with  bone 
dust.  This,  therefore,  is  an  important  point,  and 
one  carrying  with  it  miich  of  the  apparent  lack  of 
usefulness  of  artificial  fertilizers  in  the  trial,  it 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMER. 


123 


being  fair  to  presume  that  the  bulk  of  the  whole 
of  them  was  phosphate  of  lime.  Next  we  must 
consider  that  the  season  of  1868  was  very  propi- 
tious for  the  crops  of  corn  and  grass  in  the  sec- 
tion in  which  the  experimental  farm  is  situated. 
Both  Timothy  and  clover  should  be  calculated 
as  being  among  the  most  valuable  products  of  a 
farm ;  it  is  in  the  grass  where  the  profit  of  farm- 
ing lies  principally. 

In  estimating  the  value  of  hay  it  must  be  borne 
in  mind  that  it  is  worth  very  nearly  as  much  per 
pound  as  corn,  and  it  will  not  do  to  ignore  its 
highly  nutritive  properties  and  large  amount  of 
flesh  and  bone  forming  constituents.  In  fact,  the 
seeds  of  Timothy  and  clover  contain  more  phos- 
phate of  lime  than  those  of  any  other  cereals. 
It  is  this  which  renders  it  such  valuable  food  for 
horses  or  cattle,  the  grains,  corn,  wheat,  «&c., 
containing  so  much  larger  proportions  of  fat  or 
heat  producing  elements. 

Here  we  have  a  farm  producing  without  manure 
the  following  crops  per  acre  : 

Timoth}^,  3,fi48  pounds. 

Clover,      4,464      do. 

Barley,      2,528      do. 

Corn,  5,280  do. 
The  yield  showing  clearly  the  high  state  of  cul- 
tivation to  which  it  has  been  brought  by  the  use 
of  artificial  fertilizers,  and  showing  as  well  that 
it  is  possible  to  manure  a  farm  too  heavily.  In 
fact,  there  appears  to  be  such  a  thing  as  overload- 
ing the  stomach  of  a  field  for  a  particular  crop. 
All  of  this,  however,  is  a  strong  and  conclusive 
argument  in  favor  of  bringing  a  place  to  this 
state  of  fertility.  How  gratifying  it  must  be  to 
the  owner  or  renter  of  such  a' farm,  to  know  that 
he  can  not  add  anything  to  increase  its  fertility  or 


productiveness,  yet  in  a  single  crop,  without  fer- 
tilizer, enough  of  the  mineral  or  organic  substances 
may  be  removed  by  ft  to  require  a  good,  hearty 
meal  of  either  in  the  next  crop. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  in  the  Baily  trial  the 
comparison  is  not  so  complete,  as  I  miss  some  of 
the  fertilizers  used  in  the  other  crops,  and  have 
consequently  averaged  some  of  those  not  repre- 
sented. This  trial  had  ene  contingency  which  is 
very  fairly  stated  by  Mr.  Harvey,  viz. :  That  the 
barley  sown  contained  a  large  admixture  of  oats ; 
therefore  the  test  was  not  as  conclusive,  certainly, 
as  either  he  or  others  could  wish.  Barley  is 
moreover,  a  crop  but  little  raised  in  our  section 
of  country,  and  requu-es  a  peculiarity  of  soil  and 
climate  which  exists  further  north  of  this. 

The  results  in  the  corn  trial  go  far  towards 
proving  that  the  soil  of  the  farm  needed  no  phos- 
phates, having  already  quite  enough  of  it. 

In  the  following  table  the  profits  and  loss  in 
the  experiments  are  accurately  sho%vn  by  the 
figures  as  given  in  the  report.  The  result  is  not 
in  any  case  remarkably  favorable  to  the  use  of 
artificial  manures  upon^tbis  particular  farm ;  but 
in  the  use  upon  a  farm  of  ordinary  size,  in  which 

there  would  be— 

20  acres  in  Timothy. 
.    20    "       "  Clover,. 


20 

"  Corn, 

20 

"  Oats, 

20 

"  Wheat, 

10 

"  Barley, 

5 

"  Potatoes, 

20 

"  Pasture. 

15 

"  Wood. 

Total,  150  acres. 
We  have  as  follows : 


Fertilizers  on  Grass,  No.  1,  Page  5.    Hay  valued  at  i  cext  per  pound. 


I 


Nothing 

Baugh's  Raw  Bone  Phosphate . 
Baugh's  Chicago  Bone  Fertilizer 
Bowers'  Complete   Manure. , 
Harrison's  Plant  Fertilizer. . 

Shoemaker's    Phuine 

Hewes'  Raw  Bone  Phosphate. . . . 
Moro  Philips'   Phosphate .... 
Whaun's  Phosphate 


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124 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


Fertilizers  on  Grass,  No.  2,  Page  6.    Hay  Valued  at  li  cents  per  Pound. 


Nothing 

Baugh's  Baw  Bone  Phosphate 


Hewes'  Kaw  Bone  Phosphate . 

Whaun's  Phosphate 

Moro  Philips'  Phosphate 

Shoemaker's  Phuine 

Harrison's  Plant  Fertilizer. . . . 

Bowers'  Complete  Manure 

Baugh's  Chicago  Fertilizer 

Barley,  Page  9 


7th    of 
5th  mo. 


4 


Drizzly 

heavy 

rain 

after. 


w   O 


400 

400 
400 
400 
400 
400 
400 
400 


o 

o 

B 
B 


$11.20 

10.60 
10.60 
10.60 
10.40 
10.00 
10.60 
9.00 


H 

Q 

o 

p 

p 

D 

^ 

P 

ro 

H'-* 

^' 

O' 

•"^ 

an 

■73 

• 

CD 

-tJ 

>-t 

a> 

P 

>-i 

O 

P 

1-8 

o 

a> 

i-< 

rt) 

4464 

loss 

4408 

56 

4712 

248 

5048 

584 

5048 

584 

5072 

608 

4896 

432 

5288 

824 

4896 

432 

^  2- 

02    P, 


•^  2. 
S  p. 


S11.90 


7.50 
3.30 
3.30 
2.80 
4.60 
30 
3.80 


$238.00 


150.00- 
66.00 
60.00 
56.00 
92.00 
6.00 
76.00 


Barley  Valued  at  Four  Cents  per  pound. 


Nothing 

Bowers'  Com.  Manure 

Shoemaker's  Phuine 

Harrison's  Plant  Fertilizer. 

Baugh's  Phosphate 

Baugh's  Chicago  Fertilizer. 

Hewes'  Phosphate 

Moro  Phillips'  Phos.  (av.). . 
Whaun's  Phos.  (average)  . . 


Pm  i 


^&c 


<y 


400  lbs. 

400  " 

400  " 

400  " 

400  " 

400  " 

400  " 

400  " 


eg  oj 
P. 2 

a"  S  <u 

O         c3 


$10.60 
10.40 
10.00 
11.20 
9.20 
10.60 
10.60 
10.60 


OT  o  e 

g  'C   o 


2,.528 
2,528 
2,624 
2,.528 
2,776 
2,376 
2,912 


C3    ^ 


S  P 


G  e5  -I 


31  bu.  60  qts. 


24 
00 
20 
00 
00 
16 


.2  i 


920 lbs 

972 
1,028 
1,082 
1,066 

860 
1,152 
1,026 
1,026 


^ 

OJ 

i 

a; 

s 

jj 

« 

o 

o 

eu 

rt 

^    r 

O 

o  '• 

H 

H 

$8.52 
6.08 
3.-52 
5.36 

11.60 
1.32 
6.36 
6.36 


^ 


o  ^ 


$85.20 
60.80 
35.20 
53.60 

116.00 
13.20 
63.60 
63.60 


Corn,  page  ,10.— Estimated  from  Gross  Yield  per  A,  by  Weight  of  Corn  in  Ear- 
Valued  AT  lie.  per  lb. 


CUrH 


Dry  seed,  no  fertilizer 

Whaun's  phosphate  in  hill,  200  lbs. 

to  acre ^ . . . 

Hewes'  "  "        " 

Baugh's  Chicago  Fertilizer,    " 
Harrison's  Plant        "  " 

Moro  Phillips'  Phosphate,      " 
Shoemaker's  Phuine,  " 

Baugh's  ratr  bone  Phos.,        " 
Bowers'  Complete  Manure,    " 


4  by  4 


o 


>-. 

u 

l-i— 

cS 

«-. 

O 

< 

a 

a 

u 
o 

'C 

o 

O 

o 

>^. 

w 

to 

O 

o 

^ 

5754 

5465 
5362 
5403 
5589 
5269 
5537 
5300 
5568 


o 


5341 

5135 

5022 


5073 
4888 
5073 
4826 
5125 


C^l 

, 

o 

o 

rt 

^l 

u 

O 

u 
o 

^ 

^ 

o 

ft 

;-i 

-1-9 

ft 

o 

ft 

o 

ft 

_o 

ft  . 

^ 

,_4 

,-H 

:§ 

o 

o 

iy 

^ 

^ 

H 

H 

413 

330 

$9.63 

340 

11.18 

505 

9.86 

516 

7.47 

381 

12.57 

464 

8.45 

474 

12.41 

443 

8.09 

1 

o  « 


$192.60* 
223.60 
197.20 
149.40 
251.40 
169.00 
248.20 
161.80 


THE  LANCASTEK  FARMER. 


125 


Potatoes,  (Large  Monitors,)  Page  16.    Estimate  50  rows,  300  feet  long,  3  feet  apart  to  acre. 
Value  crop  at  He.  per  lb,  or  90c.  per  bushel. 


io 

^ 

6 

lo 

Ot 

. 

O'^  *^ 

o 

o 

r3 

d 

Ph««X1 

i* 

cJ 

o 

<u 

o  tc 

t^ 

i^ 

ia, 

'El 

0 

o^'S 

62 

3 

1 

a 

o 

ross  yield 
toes  per  ro 
yards,  by  \ 

-to 

2 

o 

O 

'3 

2 

CO 

li 

)^ 

O 

O 

H 

H 

H 

H ewes'  Phosphate,  800  lbs  per  acre 
Whann's        ''          800    "     "      " 

16  lbs. 
16  " 
16  " 

$  .42 
.42 
.42 

1004  lbs. 
19U  " 
2031  " 

$1.08 
2.45 
2.64 

$   54.00 
122.50 
132.00 

$270.00 

612.50 

Bowers'  Complete  Manure,  800  lbs 

per  acre. 

660.00 

Harrison's  Plant  Fertilizer,  800    " 

^u 

it 

16   " 

.40 

206    " 

2.69 

134.50 

672.50 

Shoemaker's  Phuine,             800    " 

ii 

(( 

16   " 

.4H 

2104  " 

2.74 

137.00 

635.00 

Moro  Phillips'  Phosphate,     800    " 

(.1 

(( 

16  " 

.42 

187    » 

2.39 

119.50 

597.50 

Baugh's  Raw  Bone  Phosphate,  800  lbs 

per 

acre,  (averaged.) 

16  " 

.45 

183    " 

2.30 

115.00 

575.00 

Baugh's  Chicago  Bone  Fertilizer,  800  lbs 

per 

'   acre,  (averaged.) 

16  " 

.37 

180    " 

2.38 

119.00 

595.00 

Recapitulation  of  Gain  and  Loss,  in  a  Farm  of  150  acres. 


C5 


Baugh's  Raw  Bone  Phosphate gain. 

"        "        "  "  loss. 

Baugh's  Chicago  Bone  Fertilizer... gain. 

^'           "           "            "         ...loss. 
Bowers'  Complete  Manure gain. 

"  "  "        loss. 

Harrison's  Plant  Fertilizer gain. 

"  •'  "        loss. 

Shoemaker's  Phuine gain. 

"  "        loss, 

Hewes'  Raw  Bone  Phosphate gain. 

"        "        "  "  loss. 

Moro  Phillips'  Phosphate gain. 

'.  "         "  "        : loss 

"Whann's  Phosphate gain. 


.loss. 


o 


114.00 

194.00 
72.00 

16.00 

72.00 

52.00 
78.00 


238.00 

76.00 

6.00 

92.00 

56.00 

150.00 
66.00 


o 


53.60 
116.00 
85.20 
35.20 
60.80 
13.20 
63.60 


CO 

« 

;-l 

o 

a 

kC 

M 

O 

o 

cS 

cS 

S3 

o 

o 

•cS 

p.^ 

H 

^ 

12.001    66.001    63.60 


248.20 
197.20 
161.80 
149.40 
169.00 
223.60 
251.40 
192.60 


575.00 
595.00 
660.00 
672.50 
685.00 
270.00 
597.50 
612.50 


.00  ( 

.80) 


575 

634 

595.00 

583.20 

732.00 

253.00 

688.50 

276.60 

757.00 

285.80 

270.00 

438.80 

597.50 

459.00 

612.50 

404.20 


11.80 
479.00 
411.90 
471.20 


138.50 

208.30 


$78.00 


168.80 


the  comparison  of  experiment,  page  11  of  the  report  (corn),  it  will  not  be  unfair  to  take  the 
yield  in  experiment,  page  10  (corn),  where  200  lbs.  of  fertilizers  were  used,  and  compare  it 
the  averaged  yield,  page  11  (corn),  from  Moro  Phillips',  making  the  problem  stand  in  this  way  : 
5269  :    5616 : :    5465  :    5824  lbs  Whann's  Phosphate. 

5715  lbs  Hewes'  " 

5759  lbs  Baugh's  Chicago  Fertilizer. 

5957  lbs  Harrison's  Plant  -.     " 

5902  lbs  Shoemaker's  Phuine. 

5649  lbs  Baugh's  Raw  Bone  Phos. 

5934  lbs  Bower's  Complete  Manure. 

Yours  truly,  HENRY  BOWER. 


5269: 

5616:: 

5362 

5269: 

5616 : : 

5403 

5269: 

5616 : : 

5589 

5269: 

5616 : : 

5537 

5269: 

5616 : : 

5300 

5269: 

5616: 

5568 

126 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


^isccIlHtteattSi. 


EATABLE  MUSHROOMS. 

Few  persons  in  this  country  are  aware  of  the 
number  of  species  of  fungi,  or  mush-rooms  that 
are  capable  of  being  made  useful  as  food,  or  for 
sauces,  and  of  the  excellent  qualities  that  many 
of  them  present.  One  or  two  species,  gathered 
with  much  apprehension,  and  frowned  upon  by 
most  persons,  exhaust  the  stock  of  availables  in 
this  direction,  while  our  more  fortunate  or  more 
learned  foreign  brethren  have  at  their  command 
varieties  that  serve  to  replace  nearly  every  kind 
of  food,  or  at  least  aid  in  giving  to  them  a  piquant 
flavor.  One  species,  known  as  "  vegetable  beef- 
steak," cut  in  slices,  stewed  for  half  an  hour,  and 
th'en  fried  with  gravy,  would  be  readily  mistaken, 
•with  the  eyes  shut,  for  the  article  the  name  of 
which  it  bears.  The  puff-balls  sliced,  fried,  with 
egg  and  a  few  bread  crumbs  and  fine  herbs,  pre- 
sent a  no  distant  resemblance  to  very  fine  ome- 
lette. 

Another  species,  called  the  "  fairy  ring  mush- 
room," which  is  found  on  every  grass  plat  in' 
Europe,  when  broiled,  on  toast  and  before  the 
fire  under  a  cover,  makes  a  dish  "  fit  to  set  before 
the  king."  Another  furnishes  an  excellent  sub- 
stitute for  sweet-breads.  The  English  cookery 
books  abound  in  recipes  for  dressing  these  differ- 
ent forms  of  fungi,  in  every  imaginable  way,  no 
less  than  a  hundred  recipes  being  found  in  some 
of  them.  It  is,  of  course,  well  to  be  careful  in 
regard  to  the  use  of  musln-ooms  in  this  country, 
and  where  there  is  any  reasonable  doubt  it  is  best 
to  abstain  from  them  altogether. 

A  gentleman,  however,  residing  in  North  Car- 
olina, the  highest  American  authority  on  this 
family  (Dr.  Curtis),  it  is  understood,  has  been  for 
some  time  engaged  in  preparing  an  illustrated 
work  upon  the  mushrooms,  in  which,  by  means 
of  figures  and  general  descriptions,  he  expects  to 
be  able  to  point  out  readily  what  species  may  be 
eaten  and  what  must  be  avoided,  so  as  to  render 
it  entirely  practicable  with  such  a  guide  to  make 
a  suitable  selection  from  those  that  present  them- 
selves to  notice  in  our  daily  walks.  It  is  said  to 
be  perfectly  possible  by  means  of  simple  and  in- 
telligible instructions  to  distinguish  between  the 
noxious  and  useful  kinds,  though  we  shall  not  at- 
tempt here  to  give  the  rules  which  are  published 
on  this  subject,  for  fear  of  leatling  some  of  our 
readers  into  difficulty. 

We  are  assm-ed  that  all  the  varieties  that  are 
known  to  the  French  and  English  cooks  are  found 
in  this  comitry,  and  som6  species  of  finer  quali- 


ties than  any  that  are  met  with  abroad.  The  total 
number  of  species  that  are  not  merely  eatable, 
but  actually  desirable,  as  articles  of  food,  amounts, 
we  believe,  to  as  many  as  sixty ;  and  it  is  said 
that  the  proportion  of  the  poisonous  kinds  to 
those  that  are  wholesome,  is  not  greater  than 
exists  between  the  wild  fruits  and  berries  that  are 
ordinarily  met  with. 

^   ^   »  

Application  of  Marl  to  Fruit  Trees. 
Marl  as  a  fertilizer  has  never  been  used  to  any 
great  extent  until  within  a  few  years.  But  that 
it  supplies  a  large  quantity  of  potash  to  growing 
plants  has  been  abundantly  proven  by  the  ex- 
perience and  testimony  of  those  who  have  used 
it  for  any  length  of  time.  It  has  also  proved  it- 
self an  excellent  fertilizer  on  light  soil,  being 
especially  adapted  to  promoting  the  growth  of 
fruit  trees,  grape  vines,  etc.  The  larger  the 
quantity  applied  the  better  will  be  the  results ; 
consequently,  no  one  need  fear  applying  too  much 
of  it,  thereby  causing  injury  to  the  tree,  vine,  or 
crop,  as  the  case  may  be. 

The  best  way  in  which  marl  may  be  applied  to 
trees,  vines,  etc.,  with  a  certainty  of  good  results 
following  its  use,  is  first  to  spread  it  about  evenly 
on  the  ground,  and  then  work  it  in.  This  can  be 
effected  quicker  and  more  thoroughly  by  using  a 
spade  than  any  other  tool.  In  thus  working  in 
the  marl  we  would  advise  keeping  it  as  near  the 
surface  as  possible  ;  as  by  so  doing  the  alternate 
freezing  and  thawing  of  winter  will  render  more 
available  those  properties  contained  in  the  marl 
which  are  most  required  by  growing  trees,  plants, 
or  vines. 

Probably  some  of  our  readers  have  noticed 
that  when  large  quantities  of  ashes  are  applied 
to  the  soil  about  fruit  trees,  the  fruit  is  larger, 
more  abundant,  and  of  a  finer  quality.  The 
cause  of  this  is  that  the  soil  originally  lacked  a  I 
sufficient  quantity  of  potash,  the  presence  of! 
which  is  very  essential ;  and  by  using  marl  this 
difficulty  is  obviated.    > 

For  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  growth  of 
winter  wheat  the  application  of  marl  has  proved 
highly  advantageous  and  profitable.  It  should 
be  applied  to  the  growing  wheat  as  soon  sts  the 
surface  of  the  ground  is  frozen  sufficiently  hard 
enough  to  bear  a  loaded  wagon  and  team. 

Marl  abounds  in  Xew  Jersey,  of  a  superior 
quality  ;  and  is  being  used  by  farmers  of  that 
State  and  Pennsylvania  with  success. — Rural 
American. 

For  six  years  Mr.R.  W.  Buel,  of  Franklin,  X. 
Y.,  was  successful  in  raising  onions  with  no  other 
manm-e  than  leached  ashes,  of  which  he  has  ap- 
plied about  a  bushel  to  the  square  rod.  Last  year 
his  crop  failed,  as  he  was  troubled  by  the  maggot. 


THE  LANCASTEE  FARMEK. 


127 


Leaks  of  the  Farm.— To  feed  nubbins  of 
corn  or  dry  ground-feed  to  cattle  ;  because  it  is 
not  properly  chewed,  as  intended  by  nature,  and 
as  is  necessary  to  be  entirely  digested. 

To  feed  cattle  at  stacks,  because  they  waste 
more  than  they  eat. 

To  allow  cattle  to  roam  at  will  all  over  the 
country  or  the  farm  ;  because  they  tramble  and  in- 
jure valuable  grass-lands  or  grain-crops.  Keep 
them  at  home,  soil  them,  and  have  warm  stables  ; 
you  will  save  the  manure  and  economize  feed. 

To  allow  hay  to  lie  late  before  evening.  It  is 
better  to  neglect  yoiu-  corn  lo  secure  j'our  hay 
early. 

To  burn  valuable  timber  for  fuel,  at  present 
prices  of  timber. 

To  let  untilled  land  lie  waste  and  unused  when  it 
would  be  quite  easy  to  devote  it  to  the  production 
of  trees  for  the  purpose  of  building.  The  wood- 
fuel  any  farmer  uses  each  winter  would  be  worth 
in  money  sufficient  to  purchase  coal  for  two 
years. 

To  let  cattle  out  of  the  stable  on  cold  days 
after  eating  dry  feed,  and  be  sent  off  to  fill  them- 
selves with  ice-water  and  get  a  chill,  or  stand 
huddled  up  in  some  fence-corner  the  greater  part 
of  the  day. 

To  cultivate  any  more  land  than  can  be  thor- 
oughly taken  care  of  and  well  maniu-ed. 

If  every  farmer  will  look  long  and  hard  enough, 
he  will  find  more  leaks  than  he  is  aware  of. 


Trees  and  Rain. — A  sugar  grower,  in  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  having  suffered  seriously  from 
drought,  resolved,  the  San  Francisco  Bulletin  says 
to  plant  trees  on  the  mountains  adjoining  his 
plantation.  Fifty  thousand  forest  trees  were  set 
out  in  18G0,  and  at  this  time  no  inconvenience  is 
experienced  from  lack  of  rain  water.  Cisterns 
holding  thirty  thousand  barrels  of  water  have 
been  constructed,  and  in  this  way,  though  there 
are  no  streams  for  irrigation,  destructive  droughts 
are  insured  against.  A  flourishing  sugar  planta. 
tion  has  been  formed  on  a  dry  plain,  which,  with- 
out this  expedient,  would  have  been  useless. 

Hov  about  the  mushrooms  ?  We  have  a  recol- 
lection of  eating  them  some  years  ago,  and  thought 
they  were  excellent.  So  we  thought  we,  would 
try  to  cultivate  the  plants ;  we  purchased  a  couple 
of  cakes  called  mushroom  spawn,  about  the  size 
of  a  brick,  and  then  prepared  the  bed  and  planted 
it  according  to  the  directions  on  the  label ;  but 
we  failed  in  our  experiments,  for  they  did  not 
come  up.  Now  I  suppose  there  was  something 
lacking  in  the  management.  "Who  will  give  us 
the  necessary  information  how  to  raise  the  plants 
— and  oblisre  J.  B.  E. 


Average  Age  of  Animals.— The  average 
age  of  cats  is  15  years  ;  of  squirrels  and  hares,  7 
or  8  years ;  of  rabbits,  7 ;  a  bear  rarely  exceeds 
20  years ;  a  wolf,  20 ;  a  fox,  14  to  16 ;  lions  are 
long-lived,  the  one  known  by  the  name  of  Pompey 
living  to  the  age  of  70  years ;   elephants  have 
been  known,  it  is  asserted,  to  live  to  the  great 
age  of  400  years.    When  Alexander  the  Great 
had  conquered  Porus,  King  of  India,  he  took  a 
great  elephant  which  had  fought  very  valiently 
for  the  king,  and  named  him  Ajax,  dedicated  him 
to  the  sun,  and  let  him  go  with  this  inscription: 
"  Alexander,  the  son  of  Jupiter,  dedicated  Ajax 
to  the  sun."    The  elephant  was  found  with  this 
inscription  350    years    after.     Pigs  have    been 
known  to  live  to  the  age  of  20,  and  the  rhinoceros 
to  20 ;  a  horse  has  been  known  to  live  to  the  age 
of  62,  but  average  25  to  30 ;  camels  sometimes 
live  to  the  age  of  100  ;  stags  are  very  long-lived  ; 
sheep  seldom  exceed  the  age  of  10 ;  cows  live 
about  15  years,  and  are  then  killed  for  beef. 
Cuvier  considers  it  probable  that  whales  some- 
times live  1,000  years;  the  dolphin  and  porpoise 
attain  the  age  of  30 ;  an  eagle  died  at  Vienna  at 
the  age  of  104 ;  ravens  frequently  reach  the  age 
of  100  -,  swans  have  been  known  to  live  300  years. 
Mr.  Malerton  has  the  skeleton  of  a  SAvan  that  at- 
tained the  age  of  100  years.    Pelicans  are  long- 
lived.    A  tortoise  has  been  known  to  live  107 
years. 

Pltjms.— A  correspondent  of  the  Rural  World 
thinks  plums  can  be  raised  successfully  if  the 
fruit  grower  will  only  plant  an  abundance  of 
trees  instead  of  a  very  few. 

"There  is  a  secret  about  plum  raising.  We 
have  discovered  it  in  travelling  over  the  country. 
We  never  visited  a  large  plum  orchard  in  our  life 
that  we  did  not  find  plenty  of  the  fruit ;  and  we 
never  visited  any  place  with  eight  or  ten  trees 
and  found  a  good  crop  of  this  fruit.  Now  these 
facts  set  u«  to  thinking,  and  the  result  of  our 
thoughts  is  this  :  The  secret  connected  with  plum 
raising  is  simply  to  plant  plenty  of  trees,  so  as 
give  fruit  to  the  curculio  and  to  yourself  also.  If 
you  will  plant  fifty,  or  a  hundred,  or  two  hun- 
dred  trees,  you  will  have  enough  for  everybody. 
Every  such  orchard  that  we  ever  visited  had 
plenty  of  ripe  fruit.  Some  even  complained  that 
the  curculio  did  not  thin  out  the  fruit  enough— 
that  the  trees  were  overloaded. 

"  So  we  say  to  our  readers,  if  you  want  plums 
at  all,  plant  fifty  or  one  hundred  trees;  then  you 
will  be  sure  to  have  all  the  fruit  you  want.  The 
prices  vary  from  three  to  ten  dollars  a  bushel, 
and  it  is  one  of  the  most  profitable  crops  raised." 


128 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


Staking  Fruit  Trees.— We  have  for  years 
practiced  but  one  method  of  supporting  j^oung 
fruit  trees,  and  like  the  way  so  well  we  shall  con- 
tinue it  until  we  see  something  better  than  has 
yet  come  to  our  notice.  We  drive  a  stake  which 
we  usually  make  of  a  strip  of  board  or  plank, 
strong  enough  to  support  the  tree,  but  elastic,  to 
allow  it  considerable  motion,  about  six  or  eight 
inches  from  the  tree,  on  the  south  or  west  side , 
and  fasten  the  tree  to  it  by  a  strip  of  waste 
leather,  forming  a  single  loop,  so  as  to  allow  the 
tree  to  move  a  little  in  the  wind,  fastening  the 
ends  of  the  leather  on  the  top  of  the  stake  by  a 
shingle  nail.  By  this  method  the  young  tree  has 
sufficient 'play  to  induce  it  to  throw  down  its  roots, 
which  it  will  very  soon,  and  stand  erect  without 
any  support.  This  never  mars  or  prevents  the 
growth  of  the  tree  by  stopping  the  circulation  of 
the  sap,  and  is  the  cheapest  manner  a  tree  can  be 
stayed  up.  During  the  summer  months  it  is  well 
to  cast  off  this  leather,  letting  the  tree  depend 

upon  its  own  energies. — N.  E.  Homestead. 
i^  —   »     

Clouds  as  Indications  of  the  Weather^ 
— Soft-looking  or  delicate  clouds  foretell  fine 
weather,  with  moderate  or  light  breezes ;  hardr 
edged,  oily-looking  clouds,  wind.  A  dark,  gloomy 
blue  sky  is  windy ;  but  a  light,  bright  blue  sky 
indicates  fine  weather.  Generally  the  softer 
clouds  look  the  less  wind,  but  perhaps  more  rain 
may  be  expected ;  and  the  harder,  more  "  greasy,'' 
rolled,  tufted,  or  rugged,  the  stronger  the  coming 
wind  will  prove.  'Also,  a  bright  yellow  sky  at 
sunset  presages  wind  ;  a  pale  yellow,  wet ;  and  a 
greenish,  sickly-looking  color,  wind  and  rain. 
Thus,  by  a  prevalence  of  red,  yellow,  or  other 
tints,  the  coming  weather  may  be  foretold  very 
nearly;  indeed,  if  aided  by  instruments,  almost 
exactly.  Small,  inky-looking  clouds  foretell  rain; 
light  scud  clouds,  driving  across  heavy  masses, 
show  wind  and  rain ;  but  if  alone,  may  indicate 
wind  only. 

^   »   »     ■ — 

The  Ohio  Farmer  is  responsible  for  the  follow- 
ing: 

Large  horses  are  most  admired  by  farmers ;  but 
farmers  are  most  admired  ^h.o  pony  up. 

Prosperity  is  generally  based  upon  knowledge 
and  industry ;  the  swine  will  always  get  most  that 
nose  most. 

Farmers  are  like  fowls ;  neither  will  get  full 
crops  without  industry. 

Because  a  man  who  attends  a  flock  of  sheep  is 
a  shepherd,  makes  it  no  reason  that  a  man  who 
keeps  cows  should  be  a  cow-ard. 

We  like  to  see  a  fanner  increase  the  growth  of 
useful  plants  and  shrubs  around  his  home,  but  we 
do  not  like  to  see  him  use  rails,  poles,  and  boards 
to  prop-a-gate  with. 


Scraping  and  Washing  Trees. — We  con- 
sider early  winter  to  be  the  best  time  for  scrap- 
ing and  washing  the  trunks  of  trees.  It  is  well 
known  to  all  observing  fruit-growers  that  the 
loose  bark  of  trees  is  the  winter-quarters  of  my- 
riads of  insects ;  where  they  securely  remain 
until  the  ensuing  spring,  when  the  warm,  genial 
weather  invites  them  to  begin  their  destructive 
operations  for  the  season.  We  have  found  a 
narrow  saw,  rather  fine-toothed,  to  be  an  excel- 
lent tool  in  rasping  off  the  superfluous  bark.  It 
accomplishes  it  more  uniformly  than  a  hoe, 
trowel,  or  other  scraper.  A  trowel,  or  a  short 
handled  hoe,  however,  is  very  good  when  the 
other  may  not  be  possessed.  After  the  bark  is 
removed,  the  tn;nks  should  be  washed  thoroughly 
with  a  preparation  of  whale-oil  soap  and  water, 
say  in  proportion  of  a  pound  of  the  soap  to  four 
gallons  of  water.  It  can  be  applied  to  large 
trees  with  a  hickory  broom  or  a  stiff  whitewash 
brush,  and  to  small  trees,  especially  dwarfs,  with 
the  hand  scrub-brush.  Sickly  trees,  which  can  at 
this  season  be  easily  detected  by  being  covered 
with  a'species  of  fungi — or  perhaps  more  prop- 
erly a  peculiar  insectiverous  deposit— should  be 
scrubbed  so  as  to  completely  remove  this.  The 
mixtm-e  will  of  itself  benefit  the  tree,  while  the 
removal  from  the  stem  of  all  extraneous  and  in- 
jurious substances  will  give  it  new  health  and 
vigor  the  ensuing  season— in  some  instances  to 
a  sm-prising  extent.  When  whale-oil  soap  is  not 
obtainable,  ley  may  be  used  :  but  it  should  not  be 
very  strong,  or  it  might  be  injurious  to  the  roots 
of  the  tree,  if  applied  plentifully  and  the  tree 
SDiSilL—Germantown  Telegraph. 


Soot  a  Powerful  Fertilizer.— Every  farm- 
er's family  can  find  good  use  for  the  soot  which 
is  usually  so  abundant  in  their  stove-pipes  and 
chimneys.  Twelve  quarts  of  water,  well  mixed 
with  soot,  will  make  a  powerful  liquid  manure, 
which  will  improve  the  growth  of  flowers,  garden 
vegetables,  or  root  crops.  In  either  a  liquid  or 
solid  state  it  makes  an  excellent  top-dressing  for 
crrass  or  cereal  crojis. 


Potatoes— J.  S.  Smith,  Roselle,  Union 
County,  IS".  J.,  raised  last  year,  from  five  acres, 
over  $1,000  worth  of  potatoes,  clear  of  all  ex- 
penses. Katm-ally  the  ground  was  wet ;  but  it 
was  underdrained  and  moderately  manured  the 
previous  year,  and  there  was  no  rot.  The  quali- 
ty was  only  second  rate,  but  they  netted  $1.50  a 
bushel. 

From  an  acre  and  one-half  of  ground  in  Som- 
erset, Maryland  Peninsula,  there  were  raised 
this  year  one  hundred  barrels  of  Irish  potatoes, 
which  realized  the  sum  of  $400. 


World  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company, 

NO.    160    BROADWAY,    NEW    YOKK. 


J.  F.  FRXSUAUFF^  General  Agent^ 

No.  5  North.  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

A.  B.  KEIDENBACH,  Litiz,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
SAMUEL  L.  YETTER,  Elizabethtown,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
J.  M.  GRAYBILL,  Cplumbia,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

JACOB  BAUSMAN,  President  Farmers'  National  Bank.         Maj.  JAS.  E.  RICKSECKER,  City  Treasurer. 

CHRIS'N  B.  HERR,  Pres't  Lancaster  Co.  Nat'l  Bank.  N.  ELLMAKER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Messrs.  BAIR  &  SHENK,  Bankers.  B.  F.  BAER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Judge  A.  L.  HAYES.  Col.  WM.  L.  BEAR,  Prothonotary.  J.  F.  LONG  &  SON,  Druggists. 

No  farmer  is  Justified  in  exposing  Jiis  creditors^  his  wife,  or  his  children,  to  the  loss 
certain  to  occur  to  them  upon  his  death,  without  a  Life  Insurance  Policy  for  their 
benefit,  and  in  no  Company  can  this  he  done  with  more  safety  a%id  tinder  better  tnan- 
agement  than  in  the  above.    See  one  of  their  Agents  and  have  him  explain  all  about  it. 

200.  $200. 

HA-R^^EST  OF  1869. 


A  COMBINED  SELF-RAKING  REAPER  AND  MOWER. 


After  our  success  in  the  Harvest  of  18G8,  in  pleasing  our  customers  with  a  neat,  light,  durable,  and  a  com- 
plete Combined  Harvester,  we  again  come  into  the  market  for  the  Harvest  of  1869  with  our  VALLEY  CHIEF, 
feeling  a  great  confidence  in  its -superiority. 

We  offer  this  machine  still  at  the  low  price  of  S200,  and  when  a  farmer  is  ofl'ered  a  first-class  Mower  and 
Self-Raking  Reaper  Combined  at^  this  price,  it  is  well  for  him  to  examine  into  the  merits  of  the  offer.  As  a 
Mower,  it  has  been  tried  in  the  worst  kinds  of  heavy  meadow  grass  and  lodged  clover  and  has  gone  through 
it  triumphantly,  and  wc  call  on  our  hundreds  of  customers  in  Lancaster  county  and  elsewhere  to  speak  a  good 
word  for  the  Marsh  Self-Rake.  We  claim  that  this  Self-Rake  in  heavy  tangled  grain  or  lodged  oats  is  the  most 
simple  and  efficient  one  ever  invented.  It  is  not  a  new  thing,  but  has  been  most  severely  tested  all  over  the 
United  States,  as  well  as  in  England  and  France.  We  think  no  other  one  in  the  market  can  fairly  compete 
with  it.  See  what  the  report  of  the  great  National  Reaper  trial  held  at  Auburn,  New  York,  by  the  New 
York  Agricultural  Society,  says  on  page  41  and  42  :  It  performed  better  than  was  expected  of  any  Self-Rake, 
as  it  raked  off  heavy,-  tangled,  wet  grain.  And  in  their  language.  Reapers  are  not  built  for  so  severe  a  test ; 
they  gave  it  the  highest  mark  for  perfect  work. 

The  VALLEY  CHIEF  is  a  simple  two-wheeled  machine,  having  side  delivery  which  throws  the.  grain  en- 
tirely out  of  the  way  of  the  team  for  the  next  round.  It  has  a  rear  cut,  a  lloating  finger  bar,  .flift.ltuards  or 
fingers  are  made  of  the  best  wrought  iron,  faced  with  steel.  "  The  height  of  the  cut  can  be  altered  with  ease 
while  in  motion,  thus  enabling  one  to  pass  obstructions  or  cut  long  or  short  stubble  and  thiBi  ^"('liQl^  ?^a?hin.Q  .is 
built  with  an  eye  to  convenience,  simplici/i/  and  diirabilit)/.  This  Machine  is  built  in  Lancaster  county,  bne^  of 
the  heaviest  grass  and  wheat  growing  districts  in  the  United  States,  and  we  hfkve  had  ev^ry  pppo|rty.mty 
of  knowing  what  is  wanted.  In  this  machine  we  have  a  combination  of  a  complete.  Mower  ^  with,  a  first-claims 
Self-Raking  Reaper,  thus  giving  our  customers  a  simple,  strong  and  hg,ndy  6iaclitne  which  two  horses  caii 
draw  with  ease.  '  '  '       '   •   '         '        .1       •  ,    ^ 

Please  call  and  see  this  machine  at  our  manufactory,  in  Mount  Joy,  Laiicaat^r  cdujity.  Pa.,  or  on  iD.  Bnri&- 
holder.  Agent,  at  Mrs.  Neher's  Saloon,  Southwest  corner  of  Centre  SquariP,  Lqncast^r,  P^.,  pr  at  Yundta  C,orx^ 
Exchange  Hoteh  3£AK:^l£,  ^|Gr;p,|:i;^  ^,^<;^P  ,^,  ,.,,,^ 


Lancaster,"  June  25th,  1868, 
Editors  Express  :  Dr.  'Wm.  M.  Whiteside,  the  enterpris- 
ing Dentist,  has  purchased  from  me  a  large  stock  of  teeth  and 
all  the  fixtures,  the  instruments  formerly  belonging  to  me,  and 
also  those  used  by  my  father.  Dr.  Parry,  in  his  practice.  In 
the  purchase,  the  doctor  has  provided  himself  with  some  of 
the  most  valuable  and  expensive  instruments  used  in  dental 
practice,  and  has  beyond  doubt  one  of  the  best  and  largest 
collections  of  teeth  and  instruments  in  the  State.  Persons 
visiting  the  commodious  oflices  of  Dr.  Whiteside,  cannot  fail 
to.be  fully  accommodated.  The  Doctor  loses  no  opportunity 
of  furnishing  himself  with  every  late  scientific  improvement 
in  his  line  of  business.  li.  B.  PARRY. 


3QBHTIST5 

Office  and  Residence, 

EAST  KING  STREET, 

Next  door  to  the  Court  House,  over  Fahnestock's  Dry 
Goods  Store, 

LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

Teeth  T^'y'>rc^"ied\v'dliout  pain  by  the  use  of 

;    ■">-?/, g  Oxide)  Gas. 


BOOE.S  Al^i.-SxiTIONERY. 


A  Full  assortment  of 

SCHOOL,   MTSCELTjANEOUS,  AGRI- 
CULTURAL AND  HORTI- 
CULTURAL BOOKS, 

A  large  stock  of 

STA.TIOIsrERY, 

WHICH  WILL  BE  SOLD  AT 

GREATLY  REDUCED  PRICES, 

On  account  of  removal  April  1st,  1869,  to 

No.  52  North  Queen  Street, 

(KEAMP'S  BUILDIKG) 

Four  Doors  above  Orange  Street. 

Subscriptions  received  for  all  the  Agricultural  and 
Horticultural  Magazines. 

J.  H.  SHEAFFER'S 

Cheap  Cash  Book  Store,  No.  52  N.  Queen 
Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 

Dr.  N.  B.  BRIBBINE, 

No.  93  EAST  KING  STREET,  Above  Lime. 

The  Doctor  jiays  special  attention  to  all  old  obstinate 
tliseases,  such  as  Consumption,  Liver  Complaint,  Dys- 
pepsia, Rheumatism,  all  diseases  of  the  Heart,  Head, 
Throat,  Lungs,  Stomach,  Bowels,  Kidneys,  Nervous 
Debility,  General  Debility,  &c.  The  doctor  makes  ex- 
aminations of  the  Urine.     Consultation  Free. 


S.  WELCHENS,  D.  D.  S.,      | 

SURGEON    DENTIST, 

Office  and  Residence^ 

HOWELL'S  BUILDING,  No.  65J  NORTH  QUEEN  ST., 

Half  a  square  south  of  the  B.  H.  Depot. 

Twenty  Years'  Successful  Practice  in  Lancaster 

The  Latest  improvements  in  INSTRUMENTS 
and  TEETH  and  the  very  best  material,  Warranted 
in  all  operations. 

TEETH  EXTRACTED  WITHOUT  PAIN  with 
the  use  of  Nitrous  Oxide  Gas,  Ether,  or  the  Ether 
Spray. 

TERMS,  as  low  as  any  in  the  city,  when  low  priced 
material  and  low  priced  work  are  used. 

But  for  FIRST-CLASS  OPERATIONS,  with  ap- 
pliances and  material  to  correspond,  prices  range 
higher. 

S.  WELCHENS,  D.  D.  S. 


SUCCESSOR  TO 

WENTZ  BROTHERS, 

SiaN  OF  THE  BEE  HIVE, 

No.  5  EAST  KING  STREET,  LANCASTER,  PENN'A., 

DEALER  IN 

lOREICJ  AND  BQKSTIC  DRY  GOODS, 

Carpets,  Oil  Clotlis,  Window  Shades. 

SPECIAL  ATTENTION  PAID  TO 

L^i)jii*  ©Kiis  ©©©©i 

Shawls  and  Embroideries,  Cloths  and  Cassimeres, 

Handkerchiefs,    Glov.es    and   Hosiery, 

Best  Kid   Gloves. 

The  Choicest  of  the  Market,  and  at  the  Lowest  Possible 
Prices. 

REMEMBER  THE  PLACE  TO  BUY. 

THOS.  J.  WENTZ, 

Bee  Hive  Store,  No.  5  E.  King  St. 


DEALER  IN" 


FOREIGN  AND  AMERICAN  WATCHES, 

IN  GOLD  AND  SILVER  CASES, 

CLOCKS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION, 

Jewelry  in  all  its  Shapes  and  Forms, 

SILVER  WARE,  designed  for  Bridal  Presents ; 

BRACKETS,  TOILET    SETS,    VASES,    SPECTACLES, 

GOLD  PENS,  &c.,  &c.,  &c. 

No.  lOx  West  King  Street,  opposite  the  Cross    Keys  Hotel 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


Stoves ! 
ISousekeepers'   Furmshiuj?   Goods ! 


The  undersigned  at  their  old  established  stand  in 
WEST  KINQ  STREET, 

ar3  constantly  receiving  fresh  supplies  to  their  exten- 
sive Stock,  from  the  best  manufactories  in  this  Coun- 
try and  Europe,  and  invite  the  attention  of  Merchants 
and  Consumers,  feeling  that  we  can  do  as  well  as  any 
house  in  Philadelphia. 

Persons  commencing  Housekeeping  will  find  the 

The  Largest  and  Best  Selected  Lot  of 

at   Manufacturers'  Prices.     Also,  every   other   article 
kept  in  a  first-class  Hardware  Store. 

A  FULL  STOCK  OF 

Sadlers',  Coachmakers'  and  Blacksmiths'  Tools 
and  Materials. 

BUILDERS    will   find   a    full   supply  of   every   thing 
suited  to  their  wants  at  LOWEST  FIGURES. 

CLOVER,    TIMOTHY    AND    FLAX    SEED, 

BOUGHT  AND  SOLD. 

STEINMAN  &  CO. 


r.E.  GEUGER. 


J.  P.  GRUGER. 


GEUGER  BROTHEES, 

MARBLE  MASONS, 

14  South  dueen  St.,  Lancaster,  Pa., 

Have   always   on   hand  or   will  furnish   to  order   at 

SHORT  NOTICE, 


lOMBS, 


ONUMENTS, 

GRAVESTONES, 


&c.,  &c. 

We  pay  particular  and  personal  attention  both  to  the 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MATERIAL  and  the  EXECU- 
TION OF  OUR  WORK,  and  our  facilities  now  are  such 
that  we  can  guarantee  our  customers  the  very  best 
work,  at  the  same,  and  often  Lower  Prices,  than  are- 
usually  paid  elsewhere  for  inferior  productions. 


Lettering 


in 


English 


and 


German, 

ELEGANTLY  AND  CORRECTLY  DONE. 

W©  earnestly  invite  our  country  friends  to  give   us  -b 
call. 


SHULTZ  &  BRO. 

Manufacturers,  AVholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 

Caps  and  Fu.rs, 

LADIES'  FANCY  FURS, 

HOODS, 

TRIMMED  GLOVES  AND  MITTS, 
Gents'    Gloves,    Capes    and    Collars, 

Fancy  Robes, 
BL^ISTKETS,    &C. 

20    North    Queen    Street, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 


AMERICAN  WATCHES 


&BROm 


JVo:^^  West  King  Street, 

Next  Door  Below  Coopek's  Hotel, 
DEALEItS    IN 


A^Ti^TOHES, 


IL¥ 


im 


®  MS 


J  E -VvT- E  L  I?. -S"  . 

CLOCKS  AND  SPECTACLES. 


yii 


THE  UNDERSIGNED  REPRESENTS  THE 


AND  ALSO  THE 

Life  M  MM  taraace  Coipaiiy, 

Both  stable  and  well  established  companies,  the  former 
having  a  capital  of  $1000,000,  and  the  latter  $500,- 
000. 

The  plan  of  issuing  policies  by  the  Brooklyn  Life 
Insurance  Company  presents  a  feature  altogether 
unique,  and  one  which  removes  one  of  the  strongest 
objection,  hitherto  urged  against  the  plan  of  Life  Insur- 
ance ;  and  this  is  what  is  termed  the  Surrender  Value 
Plan.  Each  and  every  Policy  issued  in  the  name  of 
this  Company  bears  an  endorsement,  stating  the  exact 
worth  of  the  policy  in  Cash,  at  any  time  after  two  or 
more  annual  premiums  have  been  paid. 

Insurance  can  also  be  effected  in  the  North  American 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  at  lower  rates,  it  is  be- 
lieved, than  in  any  other  Company  in  the  United  States. 

All  desirous  of  securing  insurance  upon  their  lives 
can  do  so  by  calling  upon  the  undersigned. 

ALLEN  GUTHRIE,  Agt., 

East  Leraon.  Street, 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


',     in     Miir>i«>«     ^     ^w., 
BANKERS, 

LANCASTER,    PENN'A, 

Dealers  in  United  States  Bonds  and  all 
kinds  of  Railroad  Stock  and  State  Loans. 

Buy  and  Sell  Gold,  Silver,  and  United 
States  Coupons. 

Sell  Bills  of  Exchange  on  Europe  and  Passage 
Certificates. 

Receive  Money  on  Deposit  and  pay  Interest  as 
follows : 

1  month,  4  per  cent.,      6  months,  5    per  cent. 

3      «'         4i  "  12      "        5i 

FOR  SALE  AT 

Chas.  A.  Heinltsli's  Drug  Store,  13  E.  King  St., 

LANCASTER,    PENNA., 

German    Cattle    Powders! 

The  best  Powder  made  for  the  Cure  and  Prevention  of  Dis- 
eases to  which  Oxen,  Milk  Cows,  Sheep  and  Hogs,  are  subject. 
For  Stock  Cattle  preparing  for  market,  a  table  spoonful  in 
their  feed  once  or  twice  a  week,  improves  their  condition  by 
strengthening  their  digestive  organs,  and  creates  solid  tiesh 
and  fat. 

GERMAN   VEGETABLE    OR    UNRIVALLED    CONDI- 
TION POWDERS 
For  preserving  Horses  in  good  health,  removing  all  Diseases 
of  the  Skin,  giving  a  Smooth  and  Glossy  appearance,  also  a 
sure  remedy  for  Distemper,  Hidebound,  Loss  of  Appetite,  &c. 

PERSIAN  INSECT  POWDER. 
A  perfectly  safe,  quick  and  easily  applied  destroyer  of  Lice 
on  Cattle,  Fleas,  Bedbugs,  &c. 

PYROLIGNEOUS  ACID. 
A  substitute  for  curing  Beef,  Pork,  Hams,  Tongues,  Smoked 
Sausages,  Fish,  &c.,  without  the  danger  and  trouble  of  smok- 
ing, imparting  a  rlcli  flavor  and  color. 


CHARLES  T.  GOULD, 

CHAIR     MANUFACTURER, 

No.  37  North  Queen  St.,  Lancaster, 

(NEXT  DOOR  TO  SHOBER'S  HOTEL,) 

Old  Chairs  Re-painted  and  Repaired. 
GHRISTBAN  WIDMYER, 

S.  E.  Cor.  East  Kin^  &  Duke  Sts.,  Lancaster. 

Cabinet  Work  of  every  description  and  a  full 

assortment  of  Chairs  constantly  on  hand. 
U^^All  Warranted  as  Represented,  -^n 

JACOB  ROTHARMEL, 

PREMIUM 


DEALER    IN 

^©mls  ami  f  aaef  Artloles 

No.  9i  North  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

GRUGER  &  RSCE, 

DRUGGISTS  &  APOTHECARIES, 

No,  13  WEST  KING  STREET, 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  STEINMAN'S   HAKDWAKE  STORE, 

Lancaster,   Pa, 

HaTe  always  on  hand  Pure,  Reliable  Drugs  and  Medi- 
cines, Chemicals,  Spices,  Perfumery  and  Toilet 
Articles.     Also  Flavoring  Extracts  of 
their  own  Manufacture,  and  of 
unsurpassed  quality. 

Sole  Agents  for  HASsoif's  Compound  Syrup  of  Tar,  the 
best  Cough  Medichie  in  the  market.  We  have  also  on  hand  ir 
season  an  assortment  of  Landreth's  Warranted  Garden  Seeds. 

The  public  can  rely  upon  always  getting  what  thei: 
ASK  for  and  no  substitutes. 


GEO.   F.    ROTH, 

UNDERTAKER, 

Corner   South   Queen   and    Vine    Streets, 
LANCASTER,    PA. 

Coffins  of  all  sizes  always  on  hand,  and  furnished  ai 
Shortest  Notice. 


THE 


Lancaster  Inquirer 
FilTI! 


OFFERS  &EEATER  IMCEMENTS 

Executed  in  the  Best  Style    of  Printing 
than  any  other  office  in  the  State. 


I 


I IJII 


A     ROUND,    FULL    RICH    TONET' 


FLUTO, 

MELODIA, 

BASSOON, 

BOURDON, 

MANUEL-BASS, 

EOLEON-FORTE, 

KNEE-TREMOLO. 


PICCOLO, 

GAMBU, 

CLARIONET, 

EOLEON, 

OCTAVES, 

PICCOLO-FORTE, 

KNEE-SWELL. 


"THE  TEI^IPXjE  OZRCB-J^IsT" 

Is  ackiK.wlPtlKPd  liv  all   who  have  cxainhied  it  to  l,e  the  most  perfect  Heed  instrument  ever  introduced  to  the  imbhc,  having 
been  a\vui(h"d  the  FIRST  I'UIZK,  over  all  eomiiititois,   "for   quality  of  tone   and   promiitness  of  action.         IX   OUm- 

BINES  ALL  RECENT  IMPROVEMENTS,  a^J  I'V"- 1;".^^''^«' ^'^'^^^^l^^^.'^'^^'^*' ''*?''' -"j^^jl^w*^^^^ 
TO   THE  Toicii,  8uriia.s.ses  all  others  in  its  close  resemblance  to  the  Pipe  Organ.     Its   Construction  IS  entirely  WeW, 
and  dirterent  from  all  other  Reed  Organs  now  in  use,  surpassing  all  in  simplicity  and  equal  to  any  in  durability,      lue  eaiior 
of  the  "Tk.mvi-e  OF  Mrsic"  says :  •*      *  •     ■*«*;„<» 

"It  is  a  most  magnificent  instrument,  and  has  many  tine  qualities  to  recommend  it ;  among  others,  its  stops,  imitating 
most  suecessfullv  luaiiv  of  the  most  useful  in  the  pipe  organ.  The  flute,  the  Piccolo,  bassoon,  clarionet  and  various  others, 
are  such  perfiit'imitatioiis that  it  would  be  difficult  to  distinguish  them  from  the  genuine  at  a  little  distance  Irom  the  per- 
former. We  have  for  a  long  time  seen  the  necessitv  for  a  reed  organ  that  combined  the  qualities  which  we  believe  are  con- 
tained in  this  ;  and  we  inviti-  tlu-  severest  criticism,  not  only  as  to  its  superior  excellence  as  a  musical  instrument,  but  also 
<is  to  its  elegant  finish,  making  it  the  m<ist  beautiful  parlor  instrument  extant."  ,     ^,    .     .        ^ 

All  tlie  various  styles  for  Cliurcli,  Hall  and  Parlor,  furnished  to  order,  at  manufacturers'  prices,  by  their  Agent, 

J.  M.  W.  GEIST, 

No.  70  East  King  St.,  Lancaster,  Fa., 
where  tlie  Organ  may  be  seen,  and  details  as.  to  styles  and  prices  obtained. 


STANDARD 

PHATE  OF   LIME, 

THE  GREAT  FERTILIZER  OF  ALL  CROPS, 

MANUFACTTRED    FROM   BONES,  DISSOLVED   IN  jSULPHURIH    ACID.      WARRANTED    PERFECTLY 

FREE  FROM  ADULTERATION. 
Our  new  Circular  containiiiL:  much  valuable  iuforuiatiou,  will  bo  furnished  free  on  application  to 

MILLER  &  SMITH,  Sole  Manufacturers  &  Proprietors, 
AGRICULTLTRAL  CHEMICAL  WORKS, 

OCBOO  TNTO-  e  JSOTJltlX  StlX  »t,, REAI3IIVO,  PA. 

'file  Best  Work!      The  Lowest  Prices!! 

A.   SCHINDlYr  &  BROTHER, 

(iildcis  and  Maiiuiaoturers  of  Loukiuii  (Classes,  (Maiitol,  Pior  Gl;^se.s.  etc.,)  aii.l  Pictiir.'  Frames  of  all  kiiuls. 
Dealers  in  Cliromo  EilhoKrapli.s,  Sloel  Eiiiiravings  and  >V^ator  Color  Paintings.  n<       ■ 

(iilt,  Rosewood,  and  Walnut  Frames W  every  description,  and  Square  and  Rustic,  Room  Moulduigs,  Cornices, 
etc..  always  on  hand  or  made  to  order. 

Also,i;e-(iilding,  repairing  ai'd  in.serting  of  Looking  Cilasses,  etc.,  etc. 


THE  FLORENCE  SEWING  MACHINES. 

THE    BEST    MACHINE    FOR    FAMILY    USE. 

SIMPLE     AND    EASY    TO     LEARN     AND     NOT    LIABLE    TO     GET    OUT    OF    ORDEU. 

Muko  the  L(K'k 


Capable  of  all  varieties  of  sewing  from  the  finest  to  the  coarsest. 
Stiteh  alike  on  both  si(ies,  and  use  the  least  threa 


No.  65  North  Queen  Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


REGISTER  OF  ^WILES. 

We  arc  autliorized  to  announce  that 

DR.  WILLIAM  M.  WHITESIDE, 

late  Lieutenant  of  Company  E,  lOtli  RegimeDt,  first  three  months  service,  and 
Captain  of  Company  I,  79th  Kegiment  Penna.  Volunteers  of  Lancaster,  is  a 
candidate  for  REGISTER  of  Lancaster  county,  subject  to  tlie  decision  of  tlie 
Republican  votes  at  the  ensuing  Primary  Election. 


REIGAET'S  OLD  WINE  STOUE, 

ESTABLISH KD  IN  I7S5, 

No.  26  EAST  KING  ST.,  LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

The  ivputatioii  of  RKIGART'S  OLD  WINE  AND  BRAN- 
DIES I'oi-  I'urity  and  excellent  quality  having  been  tally  es- 
tablished lor  nearly  a  century,  \ve  regret  that  the  conduct  of 
some  unprincipled  dealers,  who  re-llll  with  and  sell  from  our 
labled  bottles  their  deleterious  compounds,  compels  us  to  adopt 
the  annexed  trade  mark,  which  in  future,  for  the  protection 
of  ourselves  and  our  customers,  will  be  found  on  all  our  old 
bottled  Wines,  Brandies,  Gins,  Whiskies,  Bitters,  cK:c. 


TRAOE 


MArav. 


And  further,  in  order  to  protect  the  same,  we  herebv  an- 
nounce our  determination  to  prnsccutc  to  ihe.fuW'sl  cj-h'rd  of  the. 
Act  of  Assembly,  approveil,  31st  day  of  March,  18G0,  any  per- 
son or  persons  who  shall  violate  the  ijrovisions  of  said  act  as 
applicable  to  our  trade  mark. 

2s[.  13 We  respectfully  request  the  public,  when  tliey  have 

occasion  or  desire  to  use  Old  Brandy  at  the  Hotels  or  Restau- 
rants to  ask  particularly  for  Reigart's  Old  Brandy. 
Very  respectfully.  &c., 

■  H.  E.  SLAYMAKER,  Agt. 


^%^''  ^T.!aLi:,A.  3sr  c  A.  s  t  e  i?,  ■ 
UNION  SPOKE  AND  AGRICULTURAL  WORKS 

CoT-ner  of"  \Vat*»r  and   Lf^iiion   Sts., 
Formerly  Shirk  ^S:  Rover's  Warehouse,  on  the  Penna.  Rail- 
road, near  Baumgardi'ier's  coal  yard,  and  2  scjuarcs  west  from 
the  Railroad  Depot,  where  we  manufacture  the 

LATEST  IMPROVED  GRAIN  DRILLS. 
Also,  Grain  Drills  with  Guano  attached,  warranted  to  give 
satisfaction.  liockaivay  J-'atm,  Cider  Mills,  Crushers  ami 
Graters,  fo#horse  or  hand  power,  which  will  grind  a  bushel 
of  apples  per  minute  by  horse  power,  ajid  are  warranted  to  do 
it  well.  We  would  also  inform  Coachmakers  that  we  have  put 
up  in  our  shop  two  of  the  latest  improved  Spohe  Jflsuhinex, 
or  IjOthes,  and  are  fully  prepared  to  fuinish  the  best  (luality 
of  SPOKES  of  all  kinds,  sizes,  dry  or  part  dry,  and  warranted 
to  be  a  good  aifticle.  We  buy  none  but  the  best  turned  Spokes, 
and  have  now  on  hand  100,000  SPOHHS.  Bent  Full.oks 
of  all  sizes;  Shafts  and  CAnuiAGE  Poles,  Bows,  »&c.,  of  • 
seasonable  stulf,  constantly  on  hand. 

As  Mr.  Keeler  has  been  in  this  business  16  or  18  years,  and 
hiving  served  an  apprenticeship  at  Coachmaking,  he  knovs 
what  the  trade  want  in  thai  line.  All  kinds  of  Bent  Stulf  for 
sale  or  made  to  order— and  Spokes  of  all  .sizes  turned  for  per- 
son'j'having  them  on  hand  in  the  rough. 

NoTiCK  TO  FAr.JiKK^  AND  MECHANICS — Planing  and  Saw- 
iu"  done  at  the  shortest  notice.  We  have  one  of  the  best  and 
lat"est  Improved  Surface  Planes  for  operation. 

KEELER  &  SHAEFFEU,  Lancastei',  Pa. 


ZAHM  &  JACKSON, 

BTo.  15  NORTH  aUEEK  ST., 

Beg  leave  to  call  the  attention  of  persons  in  want  of 
a  good  and  reliable  Time  Keeper  to  their  full  assort- 
ment of 

AMERICAN  AND  SWISS  WATCHES, 


In  Gold  and  Silver  Cases  which  will  be  sold  at 
prices  which  will  defy  competition.  Also,  a  full  assort- 
ment of 

C  -b  O  C  K  S  . 


of  all  kinds,  which   we  will  warrijnt  good  and  correct 
time-keepers. 


in  great  variety,  such  as  Pius,  Setts,  Ear  Kings,  Finger 
Kings,  Sleeve  Kuttons,  Chains,  &c. 


SOLID  SILVEH  WARm, 

Manufactured  exi)ressly  for  our  sales  and  warranted  coir 

PI.ATEI>    WARE, 

From  the  best  factories  ami  uavianled  Ihe  finest  quality. 


Gold,  Silver  ami  Steel  Spectacles.    IJair  Jewetry 
Made  to  Order. 


Repairing  Promplly  Atlended  to. 

ZAIIM  &  JACKSON 


LJ^DtTIDIS  ac  CO-, 


James   Street,    Lancaster,    Pa., 

AKE  PREPARED  TO  DO  ALL  KINDS  OF 


BUILD  LARGE  AND  SMALL  ENGINES, 


*«j, 


MILL     GE^EII^a, 

And  all  kind  of  Machine  Work  done  at  a  first  class  Shop. 

Having  recently  removed   to   their   new  building,  and  provided  themselves 
with  a 


Adapted  to  the  wants  of  their  customers,  they  are  prepared  to  execute  all  or- 
ders with  neatness  and  dispatch,  and  on  terms  satisfactory  to  the  customer. 
They  would  invite  attention  to  their  large  foundry  connected  with  their  works, 
in  which  the  best  work  is  turned  out. 

They  also  announce  that  they  are  now  prepared  to  supply  their 


TO  ALL   CUSTOMERS. 

This  Machine  requires  Less  Power,  does  More  Work,  and  is  considerable 
Cheaper  than  any  other  Separator  now  in  the  market.  This  Machine  is  now 
improved,  well  built,  and  does  the  best  and  most  efficient  class  of  work. 

Made   to   order   on   a   new  set   of  STANDARD    DIES. 

Repairing  of  all  kinds  promply  done  at  reasonable  rates. 

Give  us  a  call,  and  we  will  endeavor  to  please  our  patrons. 

FRANK  LANDIS, 
EZRA  F.  LANDIS, 
JACOB  LANDIS. 


Diller  I  Groff's  Hardware  Store, 

No.  8  East  King  Street,  Lancaster  City,  Penna. 

DEALERS    IN 

Foreign  and  Domestic  Hard^v^are, 

Such  as  Building  Material,  Paints,  Varnishes,  Oils,  Glass,  Coach  Trimmings,  Stoves, 

Iron   and   Steel,  &c.,   &c.,   &c. 

TIMOTHY  AND  CLOVER  SEEDS  OF  THE  BEST  QUALITY. 


-'^" 


yg-gli-PO'. 


Klh^ 


No.  37  North  Queen  St., 


NEXT  DOOR  TO  SHOBER'S  HOTEL,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


li 


mm 


im.  jkjIii  iRyfy      mm  mm.  j%  pi 


g'CO 


{^.CJIJ 


€iif  mil 


WAGON  GEARS,  WHIPS,  BUFFALO  ROBES, 

BLANKETS,  TEDffiS,  VALISES,  CARPET  BA&S,  LADIES'  &  &ENTS'  SATCHELS, 

Of  all  kinds  constantly  kept  on  hand  or  made  to  order.    Repairing  neatly  done. 

Also,  Agent  for  BAKER'S  HOOF  LINIMENT,  the  best  article  for  Sore 
Hoofs  in  the  country. 

J.  M.  WESTHAEFFER, 


.5  uiiiiiuiimiij  iiiiiiyi  uuuu^;^  w^v., 

44,  Corner  North  Queen  and  Orange  Streets, 
N;  B. — Any  Book  ordered  dan  be  sent  by  Mail  to  any  address. 


TO    BTJIXjIDEI?,S  I 


PLASTIC  SLATE!! 

The  Greatest  Roofing  Material  of  the  Age ! 

IS  NOW  OFFERED  TO  THE  PEOPLE  OF 

LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTY, 

WITH  A  PROMISE  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  ADVANTAGES: 

It  is  superior  to  other  coverings  for  all  kinds  of  buildings  for  these  reasons  : 

1.  It  is  water,  snow  and  air-proof  from  the  beginning,  and  is  as  fire-proof  as  ordinary  slate.  (See  testimo- 
nials New  York  Fire  Insurance  Companies.) 

2.  It  keeps  buildings  warmer  in  winter  and  does  not  make  them  hot  in  summer  as  ordinary  slate  does,  and 
it  can  be,  after  the  first  year,  whitewashed  or  painted  any  desired  color  so  as  to  obviate  all  difficulty  arising 
from  its  dark  color. 

3.  Being  entirely  water  and  fire-proof,  it  is  invaluable  as  a  covering  for  the  sides  of  buildings  and  lining 
cisterns  of  whatever  material  they  may  be  built ;  stopping  water  out  of  cellars  and  dampness  out  of  walls  of 
houses,  and  .closing  leaks  between  buildings. 

4.  Adhering,  as  it  does,  with  great  firmness  to  tin  and  iron,  it  is  useful  for  covering  tin  roofs  andiron  exposed 
to  dampness  or  to  the  atmosphere,  such  as  iron  fences,  cemetery- railings,  &c. 

5.  Buildings  covered  with  PLASTIC  SLATE  do  not  need  tin  spouts  at  the  eaves  nor  do  the|valleys  need  tin 
to  make  them  water  proof. 

6.  It  is  lighter  than  shingles,  and  is  equally  adapted  to  flat  or  steep  roofs. 

7.  The  testimony  of  Wm.  M'Gilvi-ay  &  Co.,  published  herewith,  shows  that  it  is  not  only  fire-proof  exter- 
nally, but,  is  also  a  great  hindrance  to  the  spread  of  fire  within. 

8.  It  is  much  cheaper  in  first-cost  than  any  good  roofing  now  in  use,  and  when  all  attendant'expenses  of  the 
two  roofs  are  estimated,  costs  only  about  half  as  much  as  the  best  slate,  and  it  makes  a  better  and  closer  roof. 

9.  For  the  roofing  of  foundries  and  casting-houses  of  blast  furnaces,  where  there  are  gfmes  of  a  very  high 
temperature,  which  injures  and  destroys  other  roofs,  this  material  is  improved  and  seems  to  produce  a  better 
roof,  (see  certificates  of  Messrs.  Gi'ubb,  Musselman  &  Watts,  S.  M.  Brua  and  Wm.  M'Gilvray.) 

10.  If  in  process  of  years  cracks  or  leaks  occur  in  Plastic  Slate  Roofs,  they  are  about  as  easily  repaired,  as 
they  would  be  to  white-wash,  needing  only  a  brush  and  the  Mastic,  but  no  expensive  labor  of  mechanics. 

[17=  The  Pamphlet  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  notice  can  be  had  gratuitously,  by  calling  at  the  Office  of  the 
Lancaster  Inquiker  or  Examiner  &  Herald. 

Persons  wishing  to  examine  PLASTIC  SLATE  ROOFS,  and  thus  verify  for  themselves  the  following 
statements,  are  invited  to  call  and  inspect  Roofs  put  on  for  the  following  persons,  among  many  others  : 

Lancaster Thos.  H.  Burrowes,  Stuart  A.  Wvlie,  (Editor  Lancaster  Inquirer,)  J.  B.  Schwartzwelder.  Abraham  Bitner 

Sr.  Marietta— Henry  Mus.selman  &  Sons.,  Myers  and  Ben.'son.  Columbia— C.  B.  Gruhb.  (Furnace,)  Cohimbia  Gas  Co., 
Samuel  Shock,  Pres't.,  Susquehanna  Iron  Company,  Wm.  Patton,  Pres't.,  Samuel  W.  Mirtiin.  Mount  Jot— Henry  Kurtz, 
Dr.  J.  L.  Ziegler,   William  Brady,  -T.  R.  Hotter,  (Editor  Mt.  Joy  Herald).    Christiana— E.  G.  Boomell,  Wm.  P.  Brinton, 

elohn  G.  Fogle.    Bart— William  Whitson.    Bkllemonte  P.  O Robert  P.  Mcllvaine.    Paradise — Roberts.   Mcllvaine, 

Wili,iamst6wn—T.  Scott  Wood.s.  Ephrata— Dr.  I.  M.  Groff.  Gordonville— Samuel  M.  Brua.  C.eenarvon  Twr — 
Mrs.  Fannv  Mast.  Upper  Leacock  Twr.- JIarks  G.  Menger,  Christian  R.  Landis,  .Facob  R.  Musser.  Leacock  Twp — Isaac 
Bair,  Levi  Zook.  Wert  F  nul- Christian  Bailer.  Leaman  Place- Heiirj'  Leaman,  I.^rael  Rohror.  Brunnerville— Aaron 
H.  Brubaker.  Sporting  Hill— Emanuel  Long.  Litiz— H.  H.  T.shudy,  David  Bricker.  Durlaoh  P  O.,  Clay  Twp— Jonas 
Laber.  Manheim  Bok.— Nathan  Werley,  Samuel  Ruhl.  Penn  Tup.- George  Ruhl.  West  LAJjrKTEH— Aldus  C.  Herr. 
Enteepri.sk  p.  O.,  East  Lampeter— Mark  P.  Cooper.    Strasbueq  Boe.— Hervey  Brackbill. 

Orders  for  Roofing  Should  be  sent  to 

Josepli  Gs-ibbonsq 

LICENSE  FOR  LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTY,  MD., 

Enterprise  P.  0.,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

Or  A.  W.  &  J.  R.  RUSSELL,  Lancaster,  Ta. 

Or  MOSES  LIGHT,  Manheim,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

Or  JOHN  R.  BRICKER,  Litiz,  Lancaster  county.  Pa. 

ALDUS  C.  HERR,  Lampeter,  Lancaster  county,  Pa, 


THE  GREAT  AMERICAN  COMBINATION 

-A.3Sr33 


Is  warranted  to  execute  in  the  best  manner,  every  variety  of 

SEWING,  HEMMING,  FELLING,  CORDING,  TUCKING,  BRAIDING,  GATH- 
ERING, QUILTING,  OVERSEAMING,  EMBROIDERING  ON  THE  EDGE, 

X  And  in  addition  makes  beautiful  Button  and  Eyelet  Holes  in 

t^  Jjg^^  all  fabrics,  being  absolutely  the  best  FAMILY  MACHINE 

•^  ^£_  j-J^r^u_^       "^  ^^^®  world,  and  intrinsically  the  Cheapest,  for   it  is  two 

^^  ^^  ^'^""^^j^^^^^S^^  Machines  combined  in  one  by  a  simple  and  beautiful  Mechani- 
se '^'^I^^SI^P^^^lJV  cal  Arrangement.  This  is,  in  fact,  the  only  new  machine  in 
^  ^^^Tv  i^^k  ^^^®  market  that  embodies  any  substantial  improvement  upon 
"^  S  r /^i^V  /MwJ        *^^  many  old  machines  that  are  being  forced  upon  the  public. 

^         J  \f       'j:Js^mr\  Circulars  with  full  particulars  and  samples  of  work  done  on  this 

2        /^*^         'luL. &  J       Machine,  can  be  had  on  application  at  the 

^         ((  H  rrf^^^^t^^S^ S^  Sales  Hooxns  of  tlie  Company, 

H     ^^^^^^^^^  ^'  ^'  ^°^'  -^^^^  ^^^  Chestnut  Sts.,  PHILADELPHIA. 


Instructions  given  on  the  Macliine  gratnitonslv  to  purchasers. 

AGENTS  WANTED  TO  SELL   THIS   MACHINE. 


aug  '69-ly 


a.  b.  kaufman's 
Insurance  Agency, 

No.  1  EAST  ORANGE  ST., 
LANCASTER    CITY,    PA., 

Issues  Life,  and  also.  Policies  against  Fire  and 
all  other  Accidents. 

AGENT  FOR  THE  OLD 

CONN.  MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY, 

The  Best  Company  in  the  World. 

CAPITAL,    -    -    -    ^33,000,000. 


DEALER  IN 

Pianos,  Organs,  and  Melodeons, 

AJfD  MUSICAL  IXSTRUMENTS  GENERALLY, 

A  large  assortment  of  Violins,  Flutes,  Guitars,  Banjos, 

Tamborines,  Accordeons,  Fifes,  Harmonicas,  and 

Musical  Merchandise   always  on  hand. 

PHEET  MUSIOi  A  large  stock  on  hand  and  constantly  re- 
ceiving all  the  latest  publications  as  soon  as  issued. 

MUFSTC  BY  MAIL ;  I  would  inform  persons  wishing  Music, 
that  Music  and  Musical  Books  will  be  sent  by  mail  free  of 
postage  when  the  marked  price  is  remitted. 

liEOALCGMA'NIA ,  or  the  art  of  Transferring  Pictures.  Can 
be  transferred  to  any  object.'  I  would  call  especial  attention 
of  Coachmakers  to  my  stock  of  Deoalcomania. 


LANCASTER  CITY  AND  COUNTY 

FIRE  INSURANCE    COMPANY, 


«>■» 


CAPITAL,    -     -     -     ^Q00,000. 


Hon.  Thos.E.Eranklin,     Geo.  K.  Reed,     Edw.  Beown, 

Pres't,  Treas.,  Sec'y. 

JohnL.  Atlee,  M.  D.,        B.  F.  Shenk,         Jacob  Bousman, 
Henry  Carpenter,  M.  D.,     F.  Shroder,  Jacob  M.  Frantz, 

Hon.  A.  E.  Roberts,  John  C.  Hager. 

Houses,  Barns,  Stores,  Mil!s  and  Buildings  of  all  kinds,  with 
their  contents*  insured  on  Favorable  terms. 

W.  J.  KAPROTH,  Agent. 
Residence :  36  South  Duke  St.,  Lancaster. 

S.  S-  RATHVOi^i'S 


Mercliaiit  Taiiormg,  lileiiera!  Clotlilns 

AND  GENTLEMEN'S  FURNISHING  STOKE, 


(KRAMP'S   OLD  STAND), 

Corner  North  Queen  &  Orange  Sts., 
Lancaster,  Pa., 

All  kinds  of  Men's  and  Boys'  Ready-Made  Clothing  and 
Furnishing  Goods  constantly  on  hand.  Also,  a  superior  assort- 
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Btyle,  with  the  least  possible  delay;  warranted  to  give  satis- 
faction, and  at  reasonable  charges. 

S.  S.  RATHVON, 


THE 


YoL.  I.  LANCASTER,  PA.,  SEPTEMBER,  1869.  No.  9. 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY 

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VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY. 

THE  INTERNAL  GROWTH  OF  THE  PLANT. 

"While  settling  the   organs  of  the  vegetable, 
their  functions,  and  the  various  tissues  which  form 
the  structure  of  the  plant,  our  articles  heretofore 
may  have  been  somewhat  prosy  and  uninteresting 
to  the  casual  reader.    "We  have,  from  the  start, 
felt  this  difficulty  ;  but  it  is  almost  impossible  to 
point  out  those  peculiarities  and  principles  in  an 
intelligent  way,  without  holding  the  mind  of  the 
reader  to  some  scientific  rules.    If  we  would  study 
organic  life,  we  must  know  what  an  organ  is. 
We  must  also  understand  the  import  of  a  func- 
tion, and  bear  inmind  those  nice  little  distinctions 
in  regard  to  the  cells,  the  difference  between  cells 
which  form  the  woody  tissue,  and  those  which 
form  what  is  known  as  cellular  tissue,  or  that 
which  forms  the  bark  of  the  tree,  and  parenchyma 
or  body  of  the  vegetable.    These  points  we  have 
been  endeavoring  to  develop,  and  now  taking  it 
for  granted  that  all  our  readers  have  understood 
them  as  we  passed  along,  we  will  treat  the  bal- 
ance of  our  subject  in  a  more  practical  manner. 

One  of  the  things  most  common  and  familiar  to 
us  all  is  growth.    We  are  rarely  able  to  see  things 


growing,  and  yet  we  know  that  there  is  growth 
and  enlargement  continually  all  around  us.  In  a 
mechanical  and  artistic  way,  we  can  see  things 
growing  larger,  as  piece  after  piece,  and  particle 
after  particle  are  attached  to  each  other.  But 
the  growth  of  an  organic  fabric  is  fraught  with 
mystery  to  those  who  do  not  take  the  trouble  to 
examine  its  philosophy,  or,  in  other  words,  to 
think  much  about  it. 

Go  into  one  of  our  cotton  factories,  and  observe 
the  manner  in  which  the  fabric  there  is  made  to 
grow,  and  you  have  an  illustration,  at  once,  of 
the  whole  mystery.  Living  tissue  everywhere  is 
formed  upon  the  same  principle,  though  by  no 
means  with  the  same  appliances  or  the  same  con- 
ditions. You  will  there  see  tlireads  stretched 
length-wise,  which  are  called  the  warp^  and  then 
other  threads  thrown  cross-wise  by  the  shuttle, 
which  are  called  the  woof.  This  inter-twining  or 
inter-lapping  process,  whether  natural  or  artifi- 
cial, is  the  whole  story. 

Now,  in  applying  those  principles  to  the  growth 
of  vegetation,  we  must  bear  in  mind  the /ac^  that 
we  previously  learned,  namely,  that  there  are 
two  kinds  of  cells,  forming  two  distinct  kinds  of 
tissue,  and  the  intertwining,  as  it  were,  of  those 
cells  with  each  other,  constitutes  the  growth  of 
the  fabric.  The  woody  tissue  forming  the  warp^ 
and  the  cellular  tissue  the  woof. 

The  wisdom  of  this  provision  of  nature  will  be 
apparent  if  "we  reflect  upon  the  nature  and  posi- 
tion of  the  plant.  The  woody  fibre  being  of  a 
hard  and  unyielding  nature,  is  well  adapted  to 
the  perpendicular  aystem,  and  elongates  as  the 
growth  advances.  It  does  not  at  once  harden 
into  a  dense  substance,  but  as  the  cell-function 
proceeds,  and  the  softer  tissue  is  introduced,  ver- 
tically, to  help  to  increase  the  stem  in  length, 
and  horizontally  to  increase  it  in  diameter,  there 
is  a  condensing  process,  in  which  both  the  tissues 
receive  strength  sufficient  to  sustain  the  upright 
position  of  the  plant. 

In  weaving  a  piece  of  carpet  or  cloth,  we  speak 
of  the  chain  and  the  filling,  and  all  seem  to  under- 
stand their  uses  in  the  construction  of  the  fabric. 
That  which  builds  up,  and  causes  the  enlarge- 
ment here,  however,  is  a  structure  previously  pre- 


130 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


pared  fbr  the  purpose,  and  in  its  artistic  use  it 
creates  the  body,  not  by  a  living  process,  but  by 
the  layer  of  one  strata  upon  the  other  in  a  me- 
chanical way,  and  with  the  use  of  an  inert  sub- 
stance. The  fabric  is  thus  made  to  grow,  and  the 
enlargement  is  perceptible,  because  it  is  mechani- 
cal. 

But,  m  the  growth  of  nature,  the  conditions  and 
appliances  are  of  such  a  complicated  character, 
and  the  execution  is  so  gradual  and  complete, 
that  the  result  alone  is  perceptible,  whilst  the  pro- 
cess is  hidden  beneath  a  maze  of  impenetrable 
mystery. 

We  can  speculate  upon  the  subject,  and,  by  the 
application  of  the  laws  of  science,  we  can  picture 
to  the  imagination,  even  the  process  by  which 
nature  does  her  work.  But  the  endowment  which 
moves  this  magnificent  machinery,  as  the  weaver 
would  his  loom,  can  only  be  explained  by  the 
terms  so  familiar  to  us  all,  namely,  vital  energi/. 

We  have  compared  this  process  of  growth  to 
the  weaving  of  a  fabric  upon  a  loom.  !N'ow,  with 
this  figure  before  us,  let  us  follow  up  the  process 
of  enlargement  in  the  organic  structure,  and  we 
will  be  able,  perhaps,  to  form  an  idea  of  its  nature 
and  character,  whether  we  understand  its  vital 
principle  or  not. 

The  cells  which  form  the  woody  tissue,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  eventual  hardness  of  their  tex- 
ture, must  be  allowed  to  take  the  lead,  and  shoot 
forward  and  upward  to  constitute  the  skeleton,  or 
warp,  to  be  filled  in  by  the  cells  which  form  the 
softer  tissue,  and  eventuate  in  the  parenchyma 
or  fatty  substance  of  the  plant,  the  bark  of  the 
tree,  and  the  green  substance  of  the  leaves. 
There  is  now  an  inter-twining  or  weaving  opera- 
tion of  those  cells,  as  they  elongate,  and  form  one 
upon  the  other.  But  there  is  no  steam-engine  or 
hand-loom  to  propel  the  operation.  It  is  life, 
and,  instead  of  the  filling  being  an  inert  substance, 
each  little  cell-bubble  propagates  a  brood  of 
others,  and  the  vital  principle  which  pervades 
the  whole  mass  works  np  the  fabric  by  virtue  of 
the  function  those  living  cells  perform. 

Those  functions  are  appropriation  and  assimi- 
lation. The  elements  which  are  carried  from  one 
cell  to  the  other  by  the  absorption  of  the  sap,  as 
it  comes  up  laden  with  the  various  compounds 
designed  to  nourish  every  species  of  tissue,  are 
respectively  appropriated  to  this  cell  for  the 
formation  of  celhdar  tissue, — to  that  cell,  for  the 
formation  of  wood  tissue. 

This  function  of  appropriation  then  being  per- 
formed, digestion  or  assimilation  must  next  fol- 
low, after  which  the  tissue  gradually  hardens  as 
the  naUire  and  character  of  the  plant  may  require 
This  growth  is  governed  by  fixed  laws,  which 


confine  the  development  to  size  and  species,  and 
it  takes  whatever  direction  the  forces  of  vegeta- 
tion require,  whether  in  the  blade  or  grass,  or  the 
tree,  which  is  almost  a  forest  in  itself. 

We  have  now  two  systems.  The  woody  tissue 
just  referred  to,  composing  what  is  termed  the 
"  fibre  or  vertical  system."  And  the  cellular  tis- 
sue forming  the  '■'■cellular  system.''''  There  are 
accordingly  diversities  in  the  internal  structure 
of  the  various  vegetable  growths,  arising  from 
the  different  modes  by  which  these  two  systems 
are  imbedded  within  each  other. 

"  These  diversities  are  reducible  to  two  gen- 
eral plans,  upon  one  or  the  other  of  which  the 
stems  of  all  Flowering  Plants  are  constructed. 
Not  only  is  the  difference  in  structure  quite 
striking,  especially  in  all  stems  more  than  a  year 
old,  but  it  is  manifested  in  the  whole  vegetation 
of  the  two  kinds  of  plants,  and  indicates  the  divis- 
ion of  .  Phfenogamous  plants  into  two  great 
classes,  recognizable  by  every  eye ;  which,  in 
their  fully  developed  forms,  may  be  represented, 
one  by  the  Oak  and  other  trees  of  our  climate ; 
the  other  by  the  Palm.  "  The  difference  be- 
tween the  two,  as  to  the  structure  of  their  stem, 
is  briefly  and  simply  this :  In  tlie  first,  the 
woody  system  is  deposited  in  annual  concentric 
layers  between  a  central  pith  and  an  exterior 
bark,  so  that  a  cross-section  presents  a  series 
of  rings,  or  circles  of  wood,  surrounding  each 
other  and  a  distinct  pith,'  and  all  sm-rounded 
by  a  separable  bark.  This  is  the  plan  not  only 
of  the  Oak,  but  of  all  the  trees  and  shrubs 
of  the  colder  climates.  In  the  second,  the 
woody  system  is  not  deposited  in  layers,  but  con- 
sists of  separate  bundles  or  threads  of  woody 
fibre,  running  thrugh  the  cellular  system  with- 
out apparent  order,  and  presenting  on  the 
cross-section  a  view  of  the  divided  ends  of  these 
threads  in  the  form  of  dots,  diffused  through 
the  whole,  but  with  no  distinct  pith,  and  no  bark 
which  is  at  any  time  readily  separable  from  the 
wood."  The  Cane  or  Rattan,  the  Bamboo,  of  the 
tropics,  and  the  stalk  of  the  Indian  Corn,  and 
Asparagus,  of  our  climate,  will  present  an  idea 
of  the  latter.  The  former  is  technically  termed 
"  exogenous  structures'^  and  the  latter,  "  endogen- 
ous structures;^''  or  plainly  rendered,  outside- 
growers,  and  inside-growers. 

Kow  the  systems  above  referred  to,  are  the 
same  in  both  these  structures ;  but  the  mode  of 
development  varies  with  the  character  of  the 
plant,  and  the  peculiarities  of  climate.  The  "  Ex- 
ogens^'  in  their  conformation  and  general  charac- 
teristics, are  especially  adapted  to  the  changes 
of  the  colder  climate,  whilst  the  "  Endogens'^  are 
incapable  of  withstanding  such  congealing  blasts, 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


131 


but  in  texture  and  quality  are  rendered  peculiar 
to  the  tropics. 

Now  the  beauty  and  wisdom  by  which  these 
evolutions  are  carried  forward  in  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  especially  in  the  higher  orders  of  this 
life,  should  commend  the  study  of  them  to  every 
one  who  makes  their  cultivation  a  pursuit. 

It  is  a  poor  compensation  to  the  mind,  to  be 
able  simply  to  propagate,  and  by  applying  the 
conditions  of  gro\vth  to  develop  the  plant ;  even 
though  you  understand  its  habits,  and  can  botan- 
ically  call  them  by  name,  if  the  internal  work- 
ings of  this  verdure  and  life  which  is  scattered 
abroad  upon  the  face  of  the  earth,  remains  a 
sealed  up  mystery,  and  nothing  can  be  seen  or 
understood  but  results. 

Por  the  want  of  space  we  have  condefised  this 
subject  into  the  smallest  possible  compass.  The 
most  beautiful  provisions  of  nature  in  the  inter- 
nal growth  of  the  plant,  are  yet  open  before  us. 

To  trace  the  process  by  which  the  woody  cells 
are  transformed  into  tissue,  and  the  manner  in 
which  the  cellular  tissue  is  made  to  develop  the 
parenchyma,  and  their  life,  as  kept  up  by  the  ck- 
culation, — the  adaptation  of  the  various  forms  of 
growth  to  the  different  climates, — the  necessity 
of  more  woody  tissue  in  one  climate  than  in  an- 
other, the  Avaste  of  all  of  both  the  systems  of 
which  we  have  been  speaking,  are  all  subjects 
of  unbounded  interest. 

If,  however,  in  our  feeble  efforts,  we  have  been 
able  but  to  direct  attention  to  the  subject,  we  will 
have  accomplished  something,  which,  so  far  as  it 
goes,  will  be  a  compensation. 

Our  next  article  will  be  upon  the  leaf,  as  an 
organ  of  vegetation.  S.  W. 


THE  TEETH  OF  STOCK  ANIMALS. 
No.  II. 

The  science  of  comparative  anatomy  has  reached 
that  stage  of  development  in  which  it  can  be  ap- 
plied to  practical  purposes,  and  be  useful  not  only 
as  a  dry  prosy  theme  for  professional  students, 
but  to  distinguish  the  habits  and  character  of  the 
animal,  with  but  a  single  bone  or  tooth.  And 
also,  to  enable  us  in  some  cases  to  tell  the  age 
by  certain  marks  upon  the  teeth.  This  is  espe- 
cially true  in  the  case  of  the  horse. 

It  has  long  been  the  habit  of  those  who  pro. 
fess  to  be  able  to  judge  this  noble  animal,  to  look 
into  his  mouth  for  evidences  of  age,  which  do  not 
show  themselves  in  an  outward  way.  The  horse 
IS  not,  as  a  general  rule,  apt  to  show  his  age  by 
external  marks ,  such  as  f  tiffness  of  the  joints,  and 
that  peculiar  condition  of  body  which  character- 
izes the  decay  of  nature,  and  which  gives  unmis- 


takable evidence  of  the  weight  of  years  in  every 
species  of  the  animal  kingdom,  until  he  has 
passed  his  tenth  year.  Then  all  the  marks  of 
youth  become  obliterated,  so  far  as  the  teeth  are 
concerned,  and  those  of  age  come  apace,  in  every 
lineament  and  movement  until  his  death.  The 
horse  rarely  lives  beyond  thirty  years.  But  the 
average  lifetime  of  his  species  is  scarcely  more 
than  half  that  time. 

We  propose  to  give  the  number  of  the  teeth  of 
the  horse,  their  marks,  and  the  age  of  the  animal 
at  which  those  marks  appear  and  disappear,  and 
then,  in  the  further  treatment  of  ovur  subject,  to 
give  some  of  his  habits,  as  indicated  by  those  or- 
gans. 

In  his  scientific  classification,  the  horse  belongs 
to  thefamily  solidungula,  or  single  hoofed  variety . 
He  has  forty  teeth.  There  are  twelve  of  each 
class,  namely,  twelve  incisors  or  cutting  teeth ; 
twelve  bicuspids,  or  side  teeth,  and  twelve  mo- 
lars, or  back  grinding  teeth,  and  four  canine,  or 
tusks,  making  forty  in  all.  These  are  divided, 
three  of  each  on  either  side,  and  in  both  jaws. 

The  marks  by  which  his  age  is  known  are  found 
upon  the  incisors,  and  the  canine  or  tusks.  The 
cause  of  those  marks  and  their  disappearing  at  a 
certain  age,  will  be  given  at  another  time.  In 
this  article  we  will  confine  ourselves  to  the  time 
of  coming  and  their  duration,  which  of  course  will 
give  the  age  to  those  who  study  the  subject,  and 
are  expei't  in  determing  their  characteristics. 

The  milk  teeth  of  the  colt  begin  to  make  their 
appearance  when  it  is  about  fifteen  days  old,  and 
they  are  replaced  by  the  permanent  teeth  in  the 
following  order :  At  two  years  and  a  half  the 
middle  ones  are  replaced.  At  three  and  a  half 
the  next  two  follow,  and  at  four  and  a  half,  the 
outermost  or  corner  teeth.  This  of  course  takes 
place  in  both  jaws  at  the  same  time,  and  is  con- 
fined to  the  front  or  incisor  teeth.  The  bicuspids 
and  molars  arc  always  permanent.  The  canine, 
or  tusks,  do  not  always  make  their  appearance  in 
the  lower  jaw,  and  are  said  never  to  be  present 
in  the  female.  They  come,  however,  when  at 
all,  at  three  and  a  half  years;  and  in  the  upper 
jaw  at  four.  Those  of  the  upper  jaw  always  come^ 
whether  in  the  male  or  female,  and  at  four  years 
of  age. 

"The  incisors  are  slightly  curved,  having  long, 
subtrahcdral  fangs,  tapering  to  their  extremity, 
and  closely  arranged  in  the  segment  of  a  circle. 
These  teeth,  says  Mr.  Owen,  are  distinguished 
from  those  of  all  other  animals  by  the  fold  of 
enamel  which  penetrates  the  body  of  the  crown 
from  il?  broad,  flat  summit,  like  the  inverted  fin- 
ger of  a  glove.  This  fold  encloses  a  cavity,  which 
presents  the  form  of  an  island,  when  the  teeth 


132 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


begin  to  be  worn.  This  cavity  is  partly  filled  by 
cement,  and  partly  by  the  discolored  substances 
of  the  food,  and  is  called  the  mark.  This  mark  is 
usually  obliterated  about  the  sixth  year,  in  the 
middle  incisors,  about  the  seventh  year,  in  the 
second,  and  in  the  third  incisors,  or  corner  teeth, 
about  the  eight  year,  when  the  animal  is  no  longer 
marked.  They  are  longer  disapearing  in  the  up- 
per jaw  than  in  the  lower. 

The  canine  teeth  remain  pointed  until  six,  and 
at  ten  years  begin  to  peel  away. 

Old  horses  have  dark  marks  upon  the  surface 
of  the  incisor  teeth,  but  they  are  more  of  the 
character  of  decay  than  those  just  referred  to. 

S.  W. 


J^pinilttival 


GSEEN  MANURE. 

The  growing  and  plowing  down  of  some  vege- 
table crop  while  it  is  yet  green  and  living  in  order 
to  benefit  the  soil,  is  what  is  termed  yreen  man- 
uring. This  is  a  manner  of  adding  fertility  to  the 
soil,  which  is  no  late  discovery,  having,  as  we 
learn  from  the  ancient  agricultural  writers,  Cato, 
Celsus,  and  Pliny,  been  practiced  by  the  Romans 
in  Italy  in  the  earliest  periods.  Xenophon,  the 
Grecian  historian,  general  and  philosopher,  ad- 
vises his  countrymen  to  make  use  of  this  species 
of  manurial  agency,  and  details  the  various  herbs 
and  grasses  that  are  best  to  be  sown  and  plowed 
down  to  add  the  greatest  strength  to  the  soil.  In- 
deed it  seems  strange  how  this  system  of  recu- 
perating an  exhausted  soil  should  ever  have  been 
abandoned  as  it  was  during  the  middle  ages  ;  yet 
it,  with  all  the  other  arts,  lay,  as  it  were,  sub- 
merged by  the  tide  of  barbarian  aggression  and 
madieval  indolence.  With  the  dawn  of  learning 
that  illumined  the  eastern  world  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  the  arts,  like  science  and  literature, 
again  began  to  elevate  their  lowered  forms,  and 
with  the  setting  in  of  the  sixteenth  century  this 
system  of  fertilizing  the  soil  began  to  be  revived 
in  Flanders  the  garden  of  Europe ;  and  green 
manuring  as  an  agency  in  the  restoration  of  an 
impoverished  and  exhausted  soil,  has  from  that 
period  to  the  prfesent  time  been  steadily  practiced 
and  pursued.  In  the  country  where  the  farmer 
can  without  difficulty  raise  regularly,  year  by 
year,  his  32  bushels  of  wheat  per  acre,  his  52 
bushels  of  oats,  and  his  350  bushels  of  potatoes, 
there  green  manuring  as  a  means  of  restoring 
nutriment  to  exhausted  lands  is  perfectly  under- 
stood anid  systematically  practiced. 

The  wonder  is  that  the  farmers  of  Lancaster 
county,  who  are  sounded  abroad  as  the  best  and 


most  successful  husbandmen  of  Pennsylvania, 
should  be  so  slow  in  introducing  a  cheap  and 
always  at  hand  system  of  manuring,  and  which 
appears  to  have  given  such  satisfactory  results  in 
other  portions  of  the  world.  This  manner  of 
replenishing  the  treasury  of  the  earth's  bosom, 
discovered  originally  by  a  careful  observation  of 
the  workings  of  nature,  and  by  no  means  excogi- 
tated in  the  deluded  brains  of  chimerical  dreamers, 
is  a  system  having  the  endorsement  of  the  most 
skilled  and  scientific  men  that  this  or  any  other 
age  can  boast — one  which  claims  in  its  favor 
the  world-renowned  names  of  Baron  Liebig,  Sir 
Humphrey  Davy,  and  Prof.  Voelcker — men 
whose  experiments  have  done  more  perhaps  for 
the  advancement  of  agriculture  as  a  science  than 
those  of  any  others  who  have  ever  devoted  their 
time  to  the  elucidation  of  its  varied  departments 
The  philosophy  of  green  manuring  is  based 
upon  the  fact  that  growing  plants  derive  a  large 
part  of  their  nutrition  from  the  atmosphere  as 
well  as  from  the  soil  in  which  they  grow,  and 
when  the  plants  are  turned  beneath  the  soil  and 
rot,  they  add  to  it  all  the  fertilizing  ingredients 
which  were  furnished  them  by  the  atmosphere, 
and  as  a  consequence  leave  the  soil  so  much  the 
gainer  by  this  process.  Any  weeds,  grass,  or 
vegetables  whatsoever  grown  upon  the  ground 
and  plowed  under  must  add  to  the  soil  and  render 
it  richer  than  it  was  before.  On  this  point  I 
quote  the  language  of  the  celebrated  agricultm-al 
chemist.  Sir  Humphrey  Davy  :  "  All  green  succu- 
lent plants,"  says  Davy,  "  contain  saccharine  or 
mucilaginous  matter,  with  woody  fibre,  and  readily 
ferment ;  they  cannot,  therefore,  if  intended  for 
manure,  be  used  too  soon  after  their  death.  When 
crops  are  to  be  used  for  enriching  the  soil,  they 
should  be  plowed  in  if  possible  when  in  flower,  or 
at  the  time  the  flower  is  begining  to  appear,  for 
at  that  time  they  contain  the  largest  quantity  of 
easily  soluble  substances,  and  their  leaves  are 
most  active  in  forming  nutritive  matter.  Green 
crops,  pond  weeds,  the  parings  of  hedges  or 
ditches,  all  kind  of  fresh  vegetable  matter  require 
no  preparation  to  tit  them  for  manure.  The 
decomposition  slowly  proceeds  beneath  the  soil, 
the  soluble  matters  are  gradually  dissolved,  and 
the  slight  fermentation  that  goes  on,  checked  tty 
the  want  of  a  free  communication  of  air,  tends  to 
render  the  woody  fibre  soluble,  without  occasion- 
ing the  rapid  dissipation  of  elastic  matter.  When 
old  pastures  are  broken  up,  and  made  arable,  not 
only  has  the  soil  been  enriched  by  the  death  and 
slow  decay  of  the  plants  which  have  left 
soluble  matters  in  the  soil,  but  the  roots  and 
leaves  of  tlie  grasses  living  at  the  time  and  occu- 
pying so  large  a  part  of  the  surface  aflbrd  sacchar- 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMER. 


133 


ine,  mucilaginous  and  extractive  matters,  which 
become  immediately  the  food  of  the  crop,  and 
the  gradual  decomposition  affords  a  supply  for 
successive  years." — Agricultural  Chemistry,  p.  280. 
It  is  believed  that  no  crop  with  so  little  ex- 
pense would  be  better  for  green  manuring  than 
corn.  Were  farmers  to  plow  their  ground  and 
sow  it  with  corn,  and  when  it  had  attained  a  con- 
siderable growth  turn  the  crop  under,  a  great 
benefit  would  be- derived  therefrom.  Years  ago 
the  writer  of  this  remembers,  when  a  boy,  a 
farmer  plowing  and  sowing  with  com  about  one 
acre  of  his  field,  (which  he  designed  for  wheat,) 
and  at  harvest  time  the  result  was  manifestly  in 
favor  of  the  portion  where  the  corn  had  been 
sown  and  plowed  under.  Farmers,  however, 
generally  seem  to  anticipate  that  the  plowing 
down  of  such  a  crop  should  be  as  marked  in  its 
results  as  the  application  of  a  heavy  coat  of  barn- 
yard manure.  So  much  should  hardly  be  expected. 
If  a  green  manurial  crop  would  do  half  so  much 
benefit  as  an  ordinary  barn-yard  manuring,  the 
farmer  should  be  satisfied,  and  this  we  think  it 
would  accomplish.  And  this  system  steadily  and 
regularly  pursued  would  soon  enable  farmers  to 
bring  their  land  into  much  better  condition  than 
they  well  otherwise  can  do.  The  cost  would  be 
but  the  expense  of  a  couple  of  bushels  of  corn 
per  acre,  and  the  small  labor  of  plowing  and 
sowing  the  crop  ;  and  this  labor  should  not  be 
estimated,  for  farmers  often  could  do  this  when 
they  had  little  else  to  perform.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
some  of  the  members  of  our  Society  will  try  this 
upon  some  of  their  ground,  and  report  their  re- 
sults to  the  Society.  In  a  future  article  we  may 
treat  this  subject  further,  and  emmierate  the 
different  kinds  of  vegetables  and  grasses  that  are 
generally  used  for  green  manurial  purposes. 

A.  H. 


LANCASTER  COUNTY  TOBACCO. 

Lancaster  county  has  become  the  largest  tobac- 
co growing  county  in  Pennsylvania.  It  may  not 
be  generally  known  what  an  immense  amount  of 
tobacco  IS  raised  in  the  county,  amounting  to  sev- 
eral million  dollars  worth.  The  heaviest  crop 
fti  raised  in  Manor  township ;  next  comes  West 
Hempfield,  East  Donegal,  Conoy,  East  Hemp- 
field,  Manheim,  Lancaster  and  Conestoga;  and 
more  or  less  in  most  of  the  other  townships.  Tobac- 
co is  very  unequal  in  growth  and  size  in  dilerent 
localities ;  in  some  places  it  has  been  cut  already, 
while  in  others  it  is  as  yet  very  small,  and  will 
hardly  make  a  good  crop.  The  crop  this  season 
is  not  likely  to  come  up  in  yield  to  that  of  former 
years.    Some  of  the  largest  tobaceo  at  the  pres- 


ent writing,  Aug.  9th,  is  in  the  vicinity  of  Cat- 
fish, or  Oregon,  and  Petersburg.  Much  of  the 
tobacco  seems  to  be  more  or  less  foxy,  and  will 
not  likely  recover  to  make  a  full  crop.  It  may 
not  be  generally  known  that  a  company  of  tobac- 
co men,  gentlemen  from  Connecticut,  have 
erected  a  large  tobacco  warehouse  in  Mountville, 
for  the  trade.  L.  S.  R. 


THE  EARLY  GOODRICH  POTATO. 

I  shall  not  make  any  preference  of  the  early 
Goodrich  or  any  other  kind  of  potatoes,  but  leave 
them  all  to  stand  on  their  good  or  bad  qualities. 
All  potatoes  seem  to  be  a  mere  drug  in  the  mar- 
ket at  the  present  time.  Most  people  prefer  the 
Mercers  to  all  others  ;  but  they  seem  to  be  noth- 
ing again  in  some  localities,  and  should  a  wet 
spell  of  weather  fall  in,  many  other  varieties 
would  commence  to  rot,  as  it  is  believed,  in  like 
manner.  The  Goodrich  is  one  of  the  best  vari- 
eties, as  an  early  potato,  and  a  good  potato  for 
summer  and  fall  use.  At  this  writing  (August  7th) 
the  tops  of  the  Goodrich's  are  all  dry,  and  are 
ready  to  be  taken  up,  yielding  well.  The  tops 
of  the  early  Rose  are  not  quite  so  dry  as  the 
Goodrich,  but  I  have  taken  some  of  them  up  and 
they  yield  very  well.  If  they  be  as  good  late  in 
the  season  as  at  present,  they  may  take  the 
place  of  the  Goodrich.  The  Mercers,  Monitors, 
and  White  Peach  Blows  are  green  yet  in  the  tops, 
as  well  as  many  oftier  varieties  in  my  neighbor- 
hood. Some  potatoes  will  do  very  well  in  certain 
soils,  and  very  bad  in  others.  We  ought,  there- 
fore, to  make  experiments  with  different  pota- 
toes in  different  soils,  &c.  L.  S.  R. 


CORN  CULTURE. 

An  excellent  custom  prevails  in  certain  couu- 
tres  in  the  Eastern  States  where  life  Agricultu- 
ral Societies  exist,  and  one  which  would,  I  think, 
have  an  excellent  effect  in  this  section  of  country 
if  it  were  introduced  by  our  Society.  The  custom 
to  which  I  refer  is  this :  At  a  meeting  of  the  So- 
ciety, a  committee  of  three  gentlemen  is  ap- 
pointed, whose  duty  it  shall  be  not  to  report  the 
names  of  poor  and  sloverlv  farmers,  and  indiffer- 
ent cultivators  of  the  soil,  but  to  re  '  names 
of  those  who  have  the  best  cult?  lui.as,  the 
best  crops,  whose  stock  is  in  the  best  condition, 
and  whose  buildings,  lences  and  all  else  pertain- 
ing to  the  farm,  are  in  good  order  and  indicate 
thrift. 

In  traveling  through  the  county,  I  have  observed 
how  differently  corn  is  planted  and  cultivated. 
Some  plant  too  thick,  and  others  do  not  keep  the 
weeds  down.    I  think  were  such  a  committee  ap- 


134 


THE  LANCASTEK  FARMER. 


pointed  in  our  county,  they  could  not  but  report 
in  favor  of  Samuel  Binkley,  of  Millport,  Warwick 
township,  who  has  a  field  in  corn  containing  six 
acres.  It  is  checkered,  only  two  stalks  to  the 
hill ;  the  ground  between  the  stalks  is  clean  of  all 
weeds ;  most  of  the  stalks  have  two  ears.  It  is 
what  we  might  call  thorough  cultivation,  and  will 
make  a  very  large  yield  from  the  acre. 

S.  S.  R. 


gottifttlturc. 


CANADA  THISTLE. 

This  much  dreaded  pest  of  the  soil  seems  to 
continue  to  fix  itself  upon  not  a  few  farms  all 
over  the  country,  to  the  great  annoyance  of  farm- 
ers generally. 

We  are  not  prepared  to  give  our  readers  a 
botanical  description  of  it,  nor  do  those  who  have 
it  on  their  land,  or  fear  getting  it,  care.  What 
landholders  most  care,  is,  to  prevent  its  getting  a 
foothold  on  their  land,  or  if  already  so,  how  to 
eradicate  it,  as  it  is  one  of  the  most  formidable 
weeds  known  in  this  State.  Every  wide-awake 
farmer  will  therefore  watch  it,  even  at  a  distance, 
and  hold  himself  prepared  to  meet  the  enemy  at 
the  threshold. 

The  salutary  law  on  our  Statute  Books,  will, 
we  trust,  have  the  effect,  not  oftly  to  prevent  its 
spread,  but  its  ultimate  eradication.  To  believe 
that  it  cannot  be  eradicated  after  it  has  become 
established,  is  equivalent  to  surrendering  to  an 
enemy  without  battl*^.  It  seems  that  too  many 
have  acted  upon  this  theory  herefore,  which  ac- 
counts for  the  extensive  spread  which  it  has  al- 
ready made.  The  proverb  "  an  ounce  of  preven- 
tion is  better  than  a  pound  of  cure,"  or  even  ten 
pounds,  of  course,  is  strongly  applicable  in  this 
case  ;  but  when  once  established,  nothing  but  un- 
remitting vigilance  will  exterminate  it.  Our  own 
success  was  by  destroying  the  first  plants,  until 
no  more  made  their  appearance.  Others  who 
left  it  run  until  established  in  plots,  have  de- 
stroyed it  by  covering,  it  with  lime,  si:  "^  -  ';r  '".tho: 
material  that  would  prevent  it  from  getting  day- 
light. A  farm  in  this  county,  which  some  years 
ago  had  become  very  foul  with  this  weed,  and 
sold  for  about  half  what  it  would  otherwise  have 
brought,  was,  by  having  the  thistle  continually 
hoed  down  for  a  few  seasons,  almost  completely 
cleared  of  it,  and  is  now  one  of  the  most  valuable 
farms. 

As  a  preventive  it  is  important  to  see  that  it  is 
not  brought  upon  the  farm  wfith  seeds,  hay,  straw, 
manures,  &c.,  and  if:  ccidcntally  scattered, "  nip 


it  in  the  bud."  It  is  believed  that  the  seed  has 
been  carried  hundreds  of  miles  in  the  wool  on 
sheeps  backs.  H.  M.  E. 


RAISING  LOCUST  TREES. 

The  question  is  how  to  raise  them  so  as  to  make 
it  pay.  I  will  here  give  a  few  observations,  to 
show  how  some  persons  are  making  it  pay,  and 
you  can  proceed  as  seems  proper : 

Observation  1st.  E.  W.  says  to  me,  "What  do 
you  think  those  few  clusters  ©f  locust  trees  are 
worth  which  you  see  here  ?" 

"  Well,"  says  I,  "  perhaps  fifty  dollars."  (This 
was  before  I  knew  the  value  of  locust,) 

Says  he,  "the  post-maker  says  there  will  be 
three  hundred  dollars  worth  of  posts." 

I  looked  surprised  ;  he  thinks  it  pays. 

Observation  2d.  I  noticed  a  deep  gully  on  H. 
L's  farm,  caused  by  an  old  road  that  used  to  run 
through  there,  but  when  it  was  changed  to  an- 
other place  he  planted  it  with  locust,  and  now  it 
has  a  splendid  lot  of  locust  fit  for  posts,  only 
about  twenty  years  old.    Does  it  pay  ? 

Observation  3d.  C.  H.  had  a  few  acres  on  his 
farm  that  was  too  rocky  to  farm  to  advantage. 
So  he  set  it  with  locust,  and  still  it  was  a  good 
pasture  for  calves,  &c.  IN'owpal•^  of  it  has  been 
cut  for  posts,  I  should  say  for  the  sak  •  of  getting 
a  thicker  growth  of  sprouts ;  and  now  what  a  wob- 
derful  luxurious  growth  of  sprouts  are  springing 
up.  I  have  seen  them  cut  down  only  a  few  years 
after  they  were  planted  so  as  to  get  more  sprouts. 
It  will  pay  in  the  end. 

Observation  4th.  E.  H.  had  considerable  rough 
hill  along  the  edge  of  Pequea,  rocky  banks, 
quarry  holes,  gullies,  &c.  Some  years  ago  he 
planted  it  with  locust,  atid  now  there  is  plenty  fit 
for  posts  to  supply  the  farm,  and  it  is  likewise  an 
ornament  to  the  |fann  and  a  good  run  for  stock, 
&c.  Little  work  and  big  pay  if  a  person  can 
raise  their  own  plants. 

Observation  5th.  H.  B.  always  kept  a  little 
l^atch  for  a  locust  nursery,  raised  them  from  seeds, 
and  whenever  he  set  a  new  fence,  if  it  was  on  a 
bank  likely  to  crnmble  or  wear  down  through 
time,  he  would  clean  away  the  old  fence,  then 
plough  and  level  ofi"  a  good  position  for  fence  and 
a  row  of  locust. 

He  pruned  them  severely  before  planting,  and 
set  them  inside  of  the  fence,  and  very  few  failed 
•to  grow,  and  they  did  not  fall  or  blow  over  by  the 
soil  wearing  away  from  the  roots,  as  I  have  often 
seen  when  they  were  just  stuck  on  the  out 
1  edge  of  the  bank.  He  has  also  a  fine  row  of  lo- 
cust on  each  side'  of  his  lane  from  the  barn  to  the 
road,  trimmed  up  in  good  style,  so  as  not  to  inter- 
fere with  anything.    They  are  an  ornament  to 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


135 


his  fanii,  and  at  the  same  time  makiug  money 
fast  for  his  children.  Do  you  still  ask,  will  it  pay  ? 

Observation  Gth.  M.  P.  set  a  new  woma  fence 
some  years  ago  along  the  road,  and  planted  locust 
in  each  angle,  so  as  to  form  a  straight  row ;  now 
they  are  pretty  well  grown,  and  the  fence  can't 
fall  or  blow  over,  and  when  it  is  worn  out  the 
trees  will  make  posts  enough  to  set  a  new  fence 
and  pay  for  rails  and  other  expenses.  He  must 
think  it  pays,  for  he  still  plants  on.  We  say  to 
him,  keep  advancing,  push  on,  for  it  is  a  good  in- 
vestment. 

Observation  7th.  P.  B.,  when  a  boy,  set  three 
locust  trees  in  front  of  the  old  farm-house  yard  at 
the  roadside,  (I  suppose  he  did  it  for  ornament, 
but  he  might  have  done  worse,)  nnd  about  tv.'cnty- 
five  years  afterwards  he  had  them  cut,  aud  what 
a  splendid  lot  of  posts  they  made  for  the  yard  and 
garden  fence.  They  cost  but  little.  Does  it  pay  ? 

Observation  8th.  H.  R.  set  abeut  half  a  mile  of 
locust  immediately  after  setting  anew  post  fence 
on  the  south  side  of  the  road,  running  east  and 
west.  A  noble  plan,  as  it  throws  the  shade 
nearly  all  in  the  road,  a  point  that  should  be  ob- 
served sometimes,  so  as  to  cause  no  harm  by  the 
shade.  So  far,  so  good.  He  sold  his  farm  for  a 
good  price  a  few  years  after,  and  the  present 
owner  does  not  trim  them  ;  now  they  are  very 
bushy  and  the  limbs  are  an  obstruction  in  the 
road ;  but  if  they  were  properly  trimmed  they 
would  be  an  ornament  and  a  benefit  to  the  road, 
and  certainly  a  good  deal  more  valuable  to  the 
owner  for  posts,  aud  I  am  certain  it  would  pay. 

Observation  9th.  The  Hon.  J.  S.  does  not  plant 
very  extensively,  but  what  he  has  planted  he 
keeps  trimmed  bystematically.  You  don't  see  a 
great  mass  of  bushy  limbs  all  along  the  trunk  of 
the  trees.  He  uses  the  ladder  occasionally, 
whacking  off  limbs,  &c.,  only  leaving,  perhaps, 
one,  two,  or  three  main  stems,  trimming  them  out 
the  length  of  a  post  or  two,  as  they  require  it. 
This  throws  the  whole  strength  to  them,  and  it 
makes  excellent  clean  timber  very  fast.  But  some 
persons  wont  believe  that  it  will  pay  unless  they 
can  almost  see  the  money.  "We  might  cite  in- 
stances of  the  cash  value  of  prime  locust  for  me- 
chanical purposes,  but  I  have  taken  up  too  much 
foom  already,  and  persons  might  think  that  I  had 
the  small  locust  trees  for  sale,  which  I  have  not. 

Persons  should  use  good  judgment  both   in 
planting  and  in  trimming,  so  as  to  be  successful. 
J.  B.  Erb,  Beaver  Valley. 
"»   —  » — ■ 

When  a  cow  or  ox  gets  choked,  it  is  said  that 
Immediate  relief  may  be  obtained  by  strapping 
up  a  fore  leg  and  compelling  the  animal  to  jump, 
when  the  obstruction  will  fly  out. 


lotaing. 


WEEDS— NO.  6. 


MULLEIN,  (germ.,  Das  WoUkraut). 


The  common  mullein  is  considered  a  natural- 
ized foreigner,  although  very  abundant  in  all  the 
old  settlements.  The  botanical  name  of  this 
genus  isverbascura,  an  alteration  from  barbascvm, 
on  account  of  the  beard  (barba)  with  which  the 
leaves  and  stems  are  closely  covered.  Loudon 
describes  thirty-one  species  out  of  seventy.  In 
Gray's  Botany,  three  species  are  described— the 
comrao.1  mullein  (verbascum  thapsus),  the  moth 
or  sleek  mullein  (v.  blattaria),  and  the  white  mul 
lein  (v.  lychnitis).  These  three  species  are  found 
in  our  county;  the  two  first  are  common, the  lat- 
ter, V.  lychnitis,  so  called  because  the  nap  of  this 
aud  several  other  species  may  be  used  as  tinder 
and  to  make  wicks  for  lamps,  whence  the  name 
lychnitis  applied  to  one  of  the  species  of  this 
genus.  This  species  I  only  met  with  in  a  field 
near  Speedwell  forge,  and  gave  specimens  to 
Prof.  Porter,  who  has  also  given  me  the  credit, 
on  page  591,  in  the  History  of  Lancaster  Co.,  by 
J.  I.  Mombert,  in  the  enumeration  of  indigenous 
and  naturalized  plants  found  growing  in  the 
county. 

Although  recognized  as  weeds,  and  a  sure  evi- 
dence of  a  slovenly,  negligent  farmer,  who  sutlers 
his  fields  to  be  over-run  with  mulleins,  some  spe- 
cies are  quite  ornamental,  and  bear  manv  hun- 
dreds of  magnificent  gold  colored  flowers  like  the 
V.  pulverulentum.  In  company  with  S.  S.  Rath- 
von  and  H.  L.  Zahm  on  the  road  to  Oregon,  this 
county,  we  met  a  specimen  of  the  common  mul- 
lein, that  had  quite  large  and  showy  flowers,  truly 
beautiful  and  worthy  of  the  flower  garden.  Mr. 
Zahm  took  a  specimen  along  and  planted  it  in  his 
gai-den  ;  I  do  not  know  what  cultivation  may  yet 
bring  about. 

Our  other  common  species,  v.  blattaria  (Moth 
mullein),  is  said  to  have  the  power  of  driving 
away  the  blatta,  or  cockroach.  As  a  genus,  they 
are  widely  dispersed  over  Europe,  western  and 
central  Asia,  and  northern  Africa  ;  the  immense 
number  of  species  described  are  probably  mostly 
varieties  or  hybrids.  They  are  tall,  erect,  strong- 
growing,  mostly  biennial  herbs.  Our  common 
wooly-leaved  mullein  (v.  thapsus),  or  the  great 
mullein,  have  a  mucilaginous  bitterish  taste,  and  a 
decoction  of  them  is  employed  in  domestic  prac- 
tice in  catarrh  and  diarrhoea.  They  are  also  used 
as  emollient  applications  to  hard  tumors,  aud  ia 
pulmonary  complaints  in  cattle — hence  in  some 


136 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


sections  it  is  also  called  Bullock's  Lungwort. 
The  ancient  Greeks  are  said  to  have  used  the 
dried  leaves  as  lamp-wicks,  while  the  Eomans, 
who  call  the  plant  candfekrm,  dipped  its  stalks  in 
suet  to  burn  at  funerals.  The  English  name,  hig- 
taper  or  high-taper,  appears  to  allude  to  a  similar 
use.  This  was  a  famous  plant  with  the  witches 
of  old,  whence  it  has  been  sometimes  called  hag- 
taper.  The  young  leaves  are  also  recommended 
as  a  good  substitute  for  hops. 

As  the  plant  produces  a  vast  number  of  seeds, 
it  can  only  be  kept  in  subjection  by  a  careful 
eradication  while  young,  or  at  least  before  the 
fruit  is  matuic.  "When  neglected,  the  soil  soon 
becomes  so  full  of  seeds  that  the  young  plants 
will  be  found  springing  up  in  great  numbers  for  a 
long  succession  of  years.  The  other  species,  quite 
common  in  fields  and  along  road-sides,  v.  blattaria 
or  Moth  mullein,  is  so  different  in  the  stem  and 
leaves  that  it  would  not  be  recognized  as  a  mul- 
lein. The  stem  is  slender  and  smooth,  "the 
lower  leaves  petioled,  oblong,  doubly  serrate, 
sometimes  lyre-shaped, the  upper  partly  clasping; 
racemes  loose;  filaments  all  beared  with  violet 
wool." — A.  Gray.  The  other  is  so  common  and 
well  known  as  to  require  no  description ;  the 
name  Mullen  or  Das  Woolkraut  is  sufficient,  from 
which  the  latter,  the  v.  lichnitis,  differs  chiefly  in 
apyramidal  panicle  of  flowering  heads.  The  plant 
is  clothed  with  a  thin  powdery  wolliness,  stem 
and  branches  angled  above.    Rather  rare. 

J.S. 


LOCUST  TREE  BLIGHT. 

My  attention  has  been  called,  on  several  occa- 
sions, to  what  is  commonly  called,  and  to  appear- 
ance, what  seems  to  be,  a  "  blight"  of  the  locust 
trees,  in  many  parts  of  Lancaster  county,  the 
present  season.  I  had  noticed  this  appearance 
last  season  still  more  extensively  than  it  has  oc- 
curred the  present  season,  up  to  this  time,  (Aug. 
10,)  so  far  as  my  observations  have  been  made- 
These  blights  are  caused  by  various  insect  depre- 
dations upon  the  leaves  of  the  trees,  and  perhaps 
also  from  other  causes.  On  the  10th  of  August  of 
the  present  year,  while  passing  through  a  long 
lane,  having  a  row  of  fine  thrifty  young  locust 
trees  growing  along  the  one  side  of  it,  I  had 
an  opportunity  of  making  an  examination  of 
them,  as  many  of  their  branches  were  brown  and 
crisp,  with  this  supposed  blight,  and  many  others 
rapidly  becommg  so.  I  found  the  immediate 
cause,  on  this  occasion,  to  be  the  feeding  of  a 
small  coleopterous  insect,  {Uroplata  suturalu)\>Q- 


longing  to  the  family  Hispid ae,  on  the  upper 
and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves.  It  may  seem 
almost  incredible  that  an  insect  could  possibly 
be  so  numerous  as  to  cause  all  the  blight  of  this 
kind  in  Lancaster  county.  Be  that  as  it  may ;  I 
am  sufficiently  satisfied  that  the  afore  named  insect 
was  the  cause  of  the  nineteen-twentieths  of  what 
I  saw  and  examined  on  the  occasion  alluded  to. 
They  were  present  in  thousands,  yea,  tens  of 
thousands,  and  all  actively  engaged  in  gnawing  ofif 
the  surface  of  the  leaves,  on  both  sides,  but  what- 
ever side  of  the  leaf  is  attacked,  that  seems  suffi- 
cient to  wilt,  curl,  or  turn  it  brown,  in  a  very  few  ; 
days.  I  do  not  think  I  ever  saw  this  insect  so 
numerous  before,  in  all  my  entomological  expe- 
rience— indeed,  I  well  remember  the  time  when 
it  was  considered  comparatively  rare,  at  least  in 
some  localities.  Dr.  Harris  says,  "  in  the  mid- 
dle of  June,"  this  insect '"  may  be  found  pairing 
and  laying  its  eggs  on  the  locust  trees."  "  The 
grubs  appear  during  the  month  of  July,  and  are 
transformed  to  beetles  in  the  month  of  August." 
I  found  numbers  of  them  pairing  on  the  luth  of 
August,  and  therefore,  there  very  probably  are 
two  broods  in  a  season,  especially  in  southern 
Pennsylvania,  and  localities  south  of  it.  It  may 
be  otherwise,  but  it  seems  to  me  that  the  great 
extent  of  the  damage  to  the  locust  trees,  can 
only  be  accounted  for  on  the  hypothesis  that 
there  are  two  broods ;  our  summer  season  being 
at  least  ten  days  in  advance  of  that  of  Massachu- 
setts, whdie  Harris  wrote,  they  appear  so  much 
earlier  here. 

The  mature  beetle  varies  in  length  between 
three-eighths  and  five-eighths  of  an  inch.  The 
head,  antennos,  body  beneath,  and  legs,  are  a  jet 
black.  The  thorax  is  of  an  impure  or  tawny  yel- 
low color,  deeply  and  roughly  punctured.  The 
wing  covers  are  deeply  striated,  and  punctured  in 
the  striations  logitudinally,  and  of  the  same  color 
as  the  thorax,  except  a  black  line  on  each  side  of 
the  suture,  or  central  dorsal  seam,  which  widens 
below  the  middle,  and  covers  three  of  the  stria 
on  each  side,  by  the  time  it  reaches  the  apex  of 
the  elytra.  The  Hispidans  may  be  easily  recog. 
nized  by  then-  oblong,  flattened  bodies,  short 
thorax,  small  head,  with  the  antennce  projecting 
in  front,  and  their  rough  puncturings  and  stria- 
tions. 

The  Zarua  are  "leaf-miners,"  and  are  flattened, 
whitish,  six-footed  worms,  about  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  in  length,  when  mature.  They  taper  gradu- 
ally from  "  fore  to  aft,"  with  serrated  projections 
along  each  side,  marking  the  segmental  division? 
They  feed  upon  the  parenchyma  of  the  leaf,  leav- 
ing the  skin  entire,  and  in  this  way  they  are  even 
more  damaging  than  the  mature  insect.    They 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


137 


undergo  their  transformations  between  the  skins' 
of  the  leaves.  I  have  found  the  mature  insect 
late  in  autumn,  and  also  early  in  the  spring,  and, 
therefore,  I  conclude  that  they  hybernate  during 
the  winter,  appearing  on  diflerent  kinds  of  foliage 
in  the  end  of  May  and  beginning  of  June,  accor- 
ding to  the  advanced  or  retarded  state  of  the  sea- 
son. 

I  found  also,  on  the  same  trees,  and  at  the  same 
time,  (Aug.  10,)  a  very  small,  black,  pear-shaped 
curculio,  (Apionsayii,)  eating  holes  in  the  learves; 
but  there  were  twenty  of  the  Uroplata  to  one  of 
^hQApion.  These  last-named  insects  are  said  to 
breed  in  the  seeds  of  the  locust  tree.  There  are 
also  various  species  of  Micro-Lepidoptera,  the 
larvae  of  which  are  said  to  be  leaf-miners,  and 
these  may  also  assist  in  producing  the  effect  upon 
the  foliage  of  the  locust  trees  we  see  so  extensively 
in  this  county.  As  to  an  eftective  remedy  for 
such  a  wide-spread  disease,  I  confess  I  can  suggest 
none.  I  have  seen  the  same  efiect  twenty  years 
ago,  and,  very  likely,  after  a  few  years  the  disease 
will  abate,  from  some  cause  beyond  our  view,  and 
which  we  usually  term  "  of  its  own  accord." 
These  periods  of  redundancy  and  scarcity  are  as 
common  in  the  insect  crop  as  they  are  in  other 
crops.  S.  S.  R. 

#    »    »     

THE  MILL  BEETLE. 

About  a  month  ago  Mr.  J.  0.  Steinhauser 
brought  me  about  twenty  specimens  of  a  small, 
oblong,  flattish,  black  beetle,  belonging  to  the 
genus  Trogosita,  which,  he  informed  me,  was  the 
very  bane  of  millers'  bolting-cloths.  The  com- 
plaints of  the  millers  against  this  insect  have 
been  loud  and  long  ;  for  it  eats  their  bolting-cloths 
into  holes,  allowing  the  bran  to  pass  through, 
and  so  far,  injuring  the  market  quality  of  the 
flour,  and  against  which  no  remedy  can  be 
applied  without  a  probability  of  a  further  damage 
to  its  quality.  From  what  I  can  learn,  all,  or 
nearly  all,  the  mills  in  tliis  section  are  infested 
with  this  insect ;  and  I  have  also  seen  it  in  corn 
cinbs,  granaries,  and  feed-troughs,  in  barns  and 
stjables.  There  are  at  least  fifteen  species  of  the 
genus  Trogosita  known  in  the  United  States,  eight 
of  which  are  in  my  collection,  but  those  I  ob- 
tained from  Mr.  S.  do  not  correspond  with  any  of 
them.  I  have  also  one  unnamed  species  from 
Europe,  which  seems  almost  identical.  Mr. 
Curtis,  on  page  332  of  his  "  Farm  Insects,"  says 
that  Trogosita  mauritanica  which  infests  barn  and 
granaries,  "  has  evidently  been  introduced  from 
the  shores  of  Africa,  iu  which  country  it  is  abun- 
dant, as  well  as  in  America,  and  has  now  spread 
itself  over  the  continent  of  Europe."  It  is  very 
probable,  therefore,  that  mauritanica  is  the  com- 


mon species  that  so  generally  infests  the  mills, 
barns,  and  granaries,  in  this  country.  It  is  said 
also  to  attack  dead  trees,  "  and  even  bread  and 
nuts."  I  have  myself  often  found  a  species  of 
Trogosita  in  ground  nuts  and  English  walnuts. 
On  one  occasion  a  cargo  of  loose  corn,  which 
arrived  at  Marietta,  while  I  resided  there,  from 
the  interior  of  Pennsylvania,  was  so  badly  in- 
fested that  the  whole  cargo  had  to  be  run  through 
a  screen,  and  among  these  screenings  a  bushel  of 
these  msects  could  easily  have  been  collected 
On  another  occasion,  on  the  Glatz  farm,  opposite 
Marietta,  whilst  they  were  cleaning  wheat  in 
the  barn,  quarts  of  these  insects,  and  the  black 
weevel  [sitoplulus  granarius),  could  have  been 
collected.  It  is  therefore  very  common,  but 
common  as  it  is,  there  does  not  seem  to  be  much 
known  about  the  larva  and  its  habits  as  identified 
with  the  imago ^  I  have  found  a  larvce  in  mills  where 
I  found  the  beetle,  corresponding  with  the  follow- 
ing description  from  Curtis. 

The  larvse  are,  however,  well  known  in  the 
south  of  France,  where  they  are  called  Caddie, 
and  are  particularly  destructive,  because  they  in- 
jure much  more  than  they  consume.  Mr.  Cmtis 
says  :  "  When  full  grown  the  larva  is  eight  lines 
in  length,  and  one  in  breadth  ;  the  body  is  whitish , 
composed  of  twelve  segments,  distinct  enough 
and  rough,  with  short  scattered  hairs ;  the  head 
is  hard,  scaly,  black,  and  furnished  with-  curved , 
sharp,  horny  jaws ;  the  three  thoracic  segments 
of  the  body  bear  each  a  pair  of  short,  scaly  legs, 
and  a  pair  of  obscure  dorsal  spots ;  the  anal  seg- 
ment is  terminated  by  two  very  homy  hooks. 
They  enter  the  earth,  or  bury  themselves  in  dust, 
to  become  piipce,  of  which  I  have  no  description." 
My  friend  Mr.  Staufl^er  informs  me  that  a  miller 
from  Rapho,  in  this  county,  on  several  occasions, 
brought  him  a  large  number  of  small,  whitish 
larvse  with  black  heads,  which  he  took  from  a 
conducting  trough  in  his  mill,  which  he  said 
sometimes  become  so  numerous  as  to  impair  the 
quality  of  the  flour.  This  trough  or  box  is  square, 
horizontal,  and  has  a  revolving  screw  passing 
through  it,  and  is  part  of  the  apparatus  used  iu 
a  mill  for  conveying  the  grist  from  the  grinding 
room  to  the  bolting-room.  Along  the  two  lower 
angles  of  this  trough  the  grist  or  flour  remains, 
and  here  is  where  these  grubs  remain  and  feed. 
It  is  only  after  they  become  beetles,  it  appears, 
that  they  commence  gnawing  the  bolting-cloth. 
A  plan  has  been  suggested  to  make  these  troughs 
cylindrical  instead  of  a  square  box,  and  then  there 
would  be  no  corners  for  the  insect  to  harbor  in  ; 
for  if  the  harbor  of  the  larva  is  destroyed,  the 
disappearance  of  the  beetle  itself  might  be  ex- 
pected to  follow.    The  insects  Mr.  Steinhausfer 


138 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


brought  me  are  of  half  a  dozen  different  sizes 
varying  from  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  length,  to 
one-half  of  an  inch,  and  from  one-sixteenth  to 
one-eighth  of  an  inch  broad ;  depressed  or  flat- 
tish ;  of  a  pitchy  color,  with  a  chestnut  shade ; 
head  and  thorax  irregularly  and  deeply  punctured, 
and  the  elytra,  or  wiug-coyers,  puncto-striate,  that 
is,  lined  and  punctured  in  the  lines ;  antennse 
short  and  clavate ;  head  broad,  and  furnished  with 
a  pair  of  strong,  black,  bifed  jaws.  The  thorax 
is  somewhat  broader  than  the  head,  and  the  elytra 
are  broader  than  the  thorax,  from  which  they  are 
separated  by  a  narrow  neck,  and  about  three 
times  as  long ;  legs  stout  and  short,  the  anterior 
pair  the  stoutest,  showing  their  burrowing  pro- 
clivities. This  insect  is  said  to  be  also  carniverous, 
destroying,  in  its  perfect  state,  the  larva  of  the 
grain  moth  ( Tinea  granella)  in  Europe.  But  when 
and  where  the  female  deposits  her  eggs,  is  not 
yet  known  there,  or  was  not,  when  Mr.  Curtis 
wrote,  in  1860. 

The  species  are  very  much  alike,  and  are  ex- 
ceedingly difficult  to  determine,  especially  as  the 
same  species  vary  so  much  in  size.  It  is  probable 
that  the  species  under  consideration  may  be  dif- 
ferent from  the  species  Mr.  C.  describes  as  mauri- 
tanica,  for  it  seems  to  be  larger.  He  says  a  Mr. 
Kirkup  bred  the  beetle  from  a  Spanish  almond, 
in  which  it  lived  as  a  larva  for  fifteen  months, 
after  which,  it  remained  alive  as  a  beetle  for 
twenty-one  months,  making  a  period  of  three 
years,  to  say  nothing  about  how  old  it  was  when 
he  first  obtained  it.  The  fact  of  the  larva  having 
been  found  in  an  almond,  and  the  perfect  insect 
in  nuts  with  the  shell  entire,  leads  to  the  infer- 
ence that  the  eggs  must,  at  some  period,  have 
been  deposited  there.  But  if  the  imago  is  car- 
niverous, what  can  it  find  in  a  dry  cotton  bolting- 
cloth  to  excite  its  carniverous  appetite  ?  More- 
over, if  Mr.  Kirkup's  experience  is  a  correct 
representation  of  their  longevity,  it  is  not  very 
encouraging  to  millers.  There  is  some  difficulty 
in  finding  an  expressive  common  name  for  this 
insect,  for  there  are  other  species  which  infest 
mills,  one  of  which  is  the  "meal-worm,"  or  the 
"mealworm-beetle,"  [Tenebrio  Molitor)  which  is 
also  an  imported  species.  The  "  Bolting-cloth 
Beetle,"  would  perhaps  be  better,  although 
longer.  Under  any  circumstances,  common 
names  alone  are  unsafe  guides,  from  the  fact  that 
half  a  dozen  different  localities  may  have  half  a 
dozen  different  names  for  the  same  insect,  but 
what  leads  to  the  greatest  confusion,  is  the  appli- 
cations of  a  common  name  to  a  particular  species 
in  one  locality,  and  the  same  name  to  a  different 
species  in  another  locality.  I  trust,  from  the 
foregoing  remarks,  millers  may  be  led  to  discover 
mpre  of  the  habits  of  this  insect,  and  also  a  rem- 
edy for  its  destruction,  or  prevention.    S.  S.  R. 


CATTLE  RAISING. 

I  propose  to  submit  a  few  reflections  as  indi- 
cating my  thoughts  on  the  subject  which  heads 
this  article,  one  as  I  conceive,  of  as  much  practi- 
cal utility  as  any  that  could  be  discussed  in  the 
columns  of  the  Lancaster  Farmer.  The  sub- 
ject has  been  somewhat  broached  in  previous 
nunibers  of  our  journal,  and  I  throw  out  some 
additional  ideas,  hoping  to  elicit  a  fuller  expres- 
sion of  sentiment  on  this  topic  from  some  of  our 
practical  and  scientific  gentlemen,  readers  of  the 
Farmer. 

Is'ext  to  the  growing  of  the  cereals  do  I  regard 
that  of  the  raising  of  all  kinds  of  live  stock  as 
holding  position,  and  an  interest  of  husbandry 
that  by  no  means  should  be  lost  sight  of  by  those 
who  desire  to  be  ranked  as  systematic  farmers. 
It  is  not  the  exclusive  raising  of  stock  that  is 
here  urged  upon  the  attention  of  our  readers,  for 
as  we  shall  endeavor  to  point  out,  that  would  not 
be  profitable  in  this  section  of  country.  From  the 
known  habits  and  customs  of  our  people,  it  is  ap- 
parent that  most  owners  and  cultivators  of  farms 
in  Lancaster  county  and  this  section  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, raise  more  or  less  stock  of  one  kind  or  an- 
other, influenced  by  motives  of  various  kinds.  The 
cow  is  regarded  as  an  indispensable  appendage  of 
the  farm  and  household;  and  he  would  be  re- 
garded as  a  thriftless  farmer,  indeed,  who  would 
not  have  his  farm-yard  stocked  with  cattle  of  one 
kind  or  another.  Again,  one  farmer  may  be  struck 
with  the  beauty  of  a  heifer  calf,  and  he  is  induced 
by  its  appearance  to  raise  it  for  a  milk  cow,  think- 
ing at  the  same  time,  that  home-raised  cows  are 
the  most  tame  and  gentle  to  the  milker.  Another 
"B  gjiBUi  ppoM  j\vo  puooas  v  ^f'eq^j  s9AI9Duoo 
first  class  bull,  and  he  raises  it.  Many  raise  a 
greater  than  ordinary  number  of  cattle  on  their 
farms,  without  calculating  whether  it  be  profitable 
or  otherwise.  Thus  the  farms  in  our  agricultural 
communities  are  from  various  motives  stocked 
with  cattle,  and  little  or  no  attention  bestowed 
upon  the  kind  of  cattle  that  are  so  raised.  Would 
not  the  objects  of  our  farmers  be  better  attained 
if,  instead  of  indolently  clinging  to  the  old  breeds, 
they  would  look  around  and  learn  the  kinds  of 
cattle  that  far  surpass  the  old  breeds  and  stock 
their  farms  therewith  ?  ; 

Of  the  new  kinds  of  cattle  Avhose  reputation  at 
this  time  seems  to  lead  all  others,  may  be  men- 
tioned the  Alderney  and  Durham.  The  Alderney 
is  at  this  time,  as  will  be  perceived  by  every 
attentive  reader  of  our  agricultural  journals,  at- 
tracting almost  universal  attention.  We  have  just 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


139 


learned  of  a  gentleman  in  the  city  of  Lancaster 
who  is  stocking  his  farm  at  great  expense  with 
this  new  kind  of  cattle.  The  raising  of  tlie  best 
grades  of  cattle  costs  no  more  than  the  growing  of 
the  poorest,  and  when  this  is  the  case  why  is  it 
that  a  little  eflbrt  is  not  made  to  secure  the  supe- 
rior kinds  ?  It  is  like  paying  a  trifle  extra  for  a 
new  variety  of  wheat,  or  a  new  seed  of  potatoes, 
that  pays  ten  times  better  in  the  end.  It  is 
believed  the  mixture  of  the  old  breed  with  the 
new  would  greatly  improve  the  stock,  and  this 
could  be  done  with  trifling  expense  indeed.  In 
no  event,  of  course,  can  the  growing  of  stock  of 
any  kind  in  this  section  of  country  be  so  profita- 
ble as  in  the  West,  where  thousands,  nay^  even 
jnillions  of  acres  of  prairie  land  lie  waste,  upon 
which  herds  of  cattle  by  [the  hundreds  are  kept 
at  an  expense  of  two  dollars  diu-ing  the  whole 
season.  Many  are  fed  for  a  trifle  during  winter 
even,  upon  the  stocks  of  corn  left  standing  in  the 
fields. 

Stock  raised  in  Pennsylvania  is  equal  to  any 
other,  but,  as  stated  before,  cannot  be  raised  at  as 
little  expense  as  in  the  West.  In  proof  of  this, 
and  by  way  of  comparison  between  raising  cattle 
in  the  West  and  in  Lancaster  county,  the  follow- 
ing estimates  are  submitted : 

Value  of  a  calf  in  Pa.,  when  4  weeks  old,  $8.00 

Cost  of  first  year's  raising,  10.00 

"        second  "         "  12.00 

"         third    "         "  15.00 

"       fourth    "         ''  20.00 


Whole  cost  of  raising  (without  charge  for 

trouble),  '         $05.00 

N'ow  suppose  a  steer  to  weigh  at  five  years  old 
1,200  lbs.,  and  to  bring  6  cts.  per  pound,  and  you 
liave  only  S7.00  of  profit,  much  risk  besides 
to    encounter,    and    nothing   for   the    trouble. 

In  Illinois  or  Iowa  on  the  contrary  we  have 
the  calf  of 
4  weeks  old  costing  only  $  5.00 


First  years'  keeprag 
Sec'd    "  '^ 

Third    '• 
Fourth  " 


5.00 

7.00 

8.00 

•  10.00 


Whole  cost  of  raising  in  Illinois  or  Iowa    $35.00 
Estimate  this  Western  steer  fouryear's  old, 
to  weigh  as  above  1,200  poimds  and  to 
bring  5  cts.  per  pound  $60.00 

Profit  in  Western  States  on  steer  S25.00 

Thus  it  will  be  perceived  there  is  a  difTereuce  of 
$18.00  of  profit  on  every  steer  raised  in  the  West, 
over  one  raised  in  Pennsylvania,  and  besides,  it 
can  be  done  there  with  less  trouble  and  no  im- 
poverishment to  the  soil  as  is  the  case  with  us. 

The  above  estimate  may  in  the  eyes  of  many 
seem  blind  or  conjectural,  but  is  nevertheless 


true,  and  can  be  verified  by  facts.  Land  in  Penn- 
sylvania is  worth  from  one  hundred  to  two  hun- 
dred dollars  per  acre,  corn,  one  dollar  per  bushel, 
hay,  twenty  dollars  per  ton,  and  pasture,  two  dol- 
lars per  month. 

In  the  West,  on  the  contrary,  I  land  is  worth 
twenty  dollars  per  acre,  corn  fifty  cents  per  bush- 
el, hay  from  five  to  ten  dollars  per  ton,  and  pas- 
ture for  a  whole  season,  two  dollars  per  head  for 
any  kind  of  cattle. 

It  becomes  clear  therefore  that  we  can  never 
enter  into  competition  with  the  people  of  the 
West  m  the  item  of  stock  growing  as  a  business 
to  be  pursued  of  itself.  Our  only  recourse  is 
therefore  to  secure  the  best  grades  of  cattle,  and 
feed  them  during  the  winter,  and  make  maum-c 
plenty  from  them,  by  which  we  shall  be  enabled 
to  keep  our  fanns  in  good  condition.  In  this  way 
we  shall,  by  turning  the  whole  of  our  corn  and 
hay  into  manure,  be  able  to  make  (as  is  believed) 
our  farms  so  productive  as  that  they  will  yield 
us  thirty  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre,  fifty  of 
oats,  and  from  sixty  to  one  hundred  bushels  of 
corn. 

Another  obstacle  with  us  to  successful  stock 
growing  is  the  fact  that  pasturing  cattle  greatly 
lessens  the  strength  of  land  and  renders  it  un- 
productive. This  fact  has  been  demonstrated  to 
absolute  satisfaction,  and  when  land  becomes  re- 
duced it  requires  a  cost  often  dollars  per  acre  to 
bring  it  again  into  condition,  by  the  application 
of  lime  or  other  fertilizers. 

I  may  add,  in  conclusion,  that  the  introduction 
of  the  Cherokee  Texan  cattle  among  the  West- 
ern graziers  (which  breed  is  regarded  amongst 
them  as  an  excellent  acquisition)  is  greatly  revo- 
lutionizing the  business  of  stock  growing  in  the 
Western  States. 

Peter  S.  Reist. 


MEETING  OF  THE  LANCASTER  COUN- 
TY AGRICULTURAL  AND  HORTI- 
CULTURAL SOCIETY. 

The  Society  met  Aug.  2d,  1869,  in  the  Orphans- 
Court  Room,  H.  M.  Engle  in  the  Chair,  and  A. 
Harris  Secretary.  The  minutes  of  the  last  meet- 
ing having  been  read  and  approved,  the  Chair- 
man made  a  few  brief  remarks,  congratulating 
the  Society  upon  the  great  variety  of  fruit  on  ex- 
hibition, which  he  considered  as  auguring  well  for 
the  success  of  the  Association,  and  remarked  that 
the  attendance  of  ladies  upon  this  occasion  may 
be  the  beginning  of  a  new  era  in  the  progress  of 
this  Society. 

Peter  S.  Reist  next  proceeded  to  read  an  essay 
upon  Cattle  Raising. 


140 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


On  motion,  A.  B.  Kauffman,  of  the  city,  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Society,  and  Tobias 
Martin,  of  Franklin  county,  Pa.,  an  honorary 
member. 

The  Secretary,  by  direction  of  the  Chair,  read 
two  articles  of  editorial  correspondence  from  the 
Philadelphia  Press. 

S.  N".  "VVarfel  made  some  remarks  on  the  grow- 
ing of  strawberries,  and  said  that  he  had  at- 
tempted to  grow  them  in  three  different  kinds  of 
soil,  but  he  failed  to  grow  them  in  such  perfection 
as  he  had  seen  them  on  the  grounds  of  J.  Knox 
of  Pittsburg. 

Jacob.  Stauffer  said  that  he  suspected  car- 
bon was  needed  for  the  perfect  growth  of  fruit, 
and  as  this  substance  was  so  abundant  at  Pitts- 
burg, this  might  account  for  the  fact  that  Mr. 
Warfel  could  not  equal  J.  Knox's  strawberries. 

Hon.  John  Zimmerman  said  he  had  a  grape 
vine  of  the  Clappier  varietj',  which  grew  very 
enormously,  and  yet  did  not  yield  much  fruit. 
He  was  at  a  loss  to  account  for  this. 

H.  M.  Engle  could  not  agree  in  Mr.  Staufter's 
surmise  as  to  the  utility  of  carbon,  as  he  once 
knew  peach  trees  to  be  planted  in  a  coal  bed,  and 
they  did  not  do  as  well  as  others  that  stood  else- 
where. 

On  motion,  the  matter  having  in  view  a  union 
with  the  Park  Association  the  coming  autumn, 
so  far  as  holding  a  fall  Fair  is  concerned,  was  in. 
definitely  postponed. 

Jacob  Staufier  next  proceeded  to  read  an  essay 
upon  weeds  (the  mullein). 

H.  K.  Stoner  reported  on  the  insect  destroyer, 
which  he  conceives  he  has  fairly  tested,  and  he 
says  he  has  fruit  where  he  never  had  before,  but 
he  is  still  at  a  loss  to  know  if  the  insect  destroyer 
has  had  any  influence  or  not,  in  the  production  of 
fruit. 

H.  M.  Engle  stated  that  he  himself  had  had 
fruit  this  season  where  he  never  could  grow  any 
before,  and  he  had  used  nothing,  and  he  regarded 
all  as  owing  to  the  season. 

On  motion,  the  Secretary  was  authorized  to 
piirchase  Downing's  Fruit  Trees  of  America. 

On  motion,  the  President  was  directed  to  an- 
nounce the  committee  of  ten  at  the  next  meeting, 
who  are  to  represent  this  Society  in  the  National 
Pomological  meeting,  in  Philadelphia,  in  Septem- 
ber of  this  year. 

Peter  S.  Eeist  submitted  his  views  as  to  the 
cereals  that  farmers  would  do  best  in  growing  in 
Lancaster  county  and  this  part  of  Penusylvania. 
Of  the  six  kinds  of  wheat,  viz.,  old  red  and  old 
white  Mediterranean,  the  smooth  chaff  and  the 
Canada  bearded  (all  winter  varieties),  and  the 
bearded  and  smooth  spring  wheat  he  considered 


best ;  first  the  Canada  bearded,  second  the  old 
white  Mediterranean  bearded,  and  third  the  old 
red  wheat.  Of  spring  varieties  he  regards  the 
bearded  spring  wheat  as  the  best. 

He  says  "  the  Canada-bearded  seems  stiffer  in 
the  stem  than  the  common  kinds  of  wheat,  and 
finer  in  quality."  The  spring-bearded  did  as  well 
with  him  as  could  be  expected  under  the  circum- 
stances. He  says,  "  my  opinion  is  that  we  shall 
be  able  to  grow  it  ere  long." 

Of  four  kinds  of  oats,  viz.,  the  Black,  the  Side, 
the  Barley, and  the  Schonen  oats,  he  says  "  I  like 
the  common  best  under  favorable  circumstances 
but  it  grows  too  rank  on  rich  land  ;  the  Schonen 
grows  too  long  on  rich  ground,  so  I  therefore  pre- 
fer the  Black  and  Side  oats,  because  these  variet- 
ies do  not  grow  so  long  in  the  stem." 

Calvin  Cooper  stated  that  he  was  about  to  dis- 
continue the  Lawton  blackberry,  and  says  he  de- 
cidedly prefers  the  Kittatinny  and  Wilson's  Early. 
He  believes  blackberries  should  not  be  picked 
when  wet. 

H.  M.  Engle  believes  the  Kittatinny  a  superior 
berry  to  the  Lawton,  so  far  as  eating  quality  is 
concerned. 

S.  N.  Warfel  thinks  the  Kittatinny  much  the 
best  berry  of  the  cultivated  kinds. 

The  display  of  apples,  pears,  and  blackberries 
was  creditable,  indeed. 

H.  M.  Engle  had  Hale's  Early  Peaches,  Os- 
baud's  Summer  Pears ;  All  Summer,  Gan-ettson's 
Early,  Red  Astrachan  and  Sweet  Bough  Apples 
on  exhibition. 

Calvin  Cooper  contributed  Maynard  pears,  ap- 
ples to  be  named,  and  Kittatinny  and  Wilson's 
Early  blackberries. 

Dr.  J.  H.  Musser  exhibited  two  varieties  of 
wheat  found  in  Saxonia  barley  distributed  by  the 
Society,  a  Bloodgood  pear,  two  pears  to  be  named, 
an  a^ple  to  be  named,  and  Beeven  apples. 

Two  varieties  of  pears,  to  be  named,  were  sent 
into  the  meeting  by  A.  C.  Herr. 

Casper  Hiller  sent  in  to  the  meeting  All  Sum- 
mer, Rose,  Sine  qua  Non,  Early  Joe  and  As- 
trachan apples,  Gifford  pears,  and  Hale's  Early 
peaches. 

Dr.  W.  L.  Diffenderfer  had  on  exhibition  ap- 
ples for  which  a  name  was  wanted. 

Mrs.  Mary  Reist,  of  Manheim  township,  had  on 
exhibition  several  Reist  apples. 

A  lot  of  gooseberries  raised  by  John  Rohrer,  of 
West  Lampeter  township,  from  a  plant  obtained 
in  Ohio,  attracted  considerable  attention  among 
the  persons  at  the  meeting. 

Mr.  Eby,  of  Elizabethtowu,  sent  in  sardples  of 
the  Norway  oats,  to  show  that  this  variety  some- 
times fails  to  yield  well.    Mr.  Eby  also  sent  in  a 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


141 


branch  of  grape  vine  thickly  covered  with  the 
grape  leaf  louse,  and  which  had  almost  entirely 
destroyed  the  foliage  of  the  branch. 

After  the  members  had  indulged  themselves  in 
social  intercourse  and  testing  of  the  fruits,  ad  lib- 
itum, the  Society,  on  motion,  adjourned. 


SMALL-FRUIT  CULTURE. 

Mr.  Peter  Riley,  residing  within  the  limits  of 
Lancaster,  and  a  member  of  the  Agricultural 
and  Horticultural  Society,  furnishes  us  with  the 
following,  as  the  result  of  his  experience  in  fruit- 
culture  the  present  season.  Mr.  R's  residence  is 
on  Orange  Street,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  city, 
and  his  occupation  is  that  of  a  machinest,  work- 
ing every  day  in  the  shop,  devoting,  with  the  as- 
sistance of  his  boys,  only  the  mornings  and  even- 
ings to  the  labors  of  the  fruit  gardening,  and 
therefore  only  claims  t©  be  an  amateur  in  the 
profession. 

Area  of  strawberry  grounds  under  cultivation, 
about  one  third  of  an  acre ,  two  parts  of  which 
was  devoted  to  Triompho  de  Gand  and  Wilson's 
Albany  seedling,  and  one  part  to  Agriculturalist, 
Green  Prolific, French,  and  Russel's  seedling,  and 
several  other  varieties. 

The  first  fruit  was  gathered  on  the  8th  of  June, 
and  the  last  on  the  6th  of  July.  The  gross  amount 
sold,  1,988  quai-ts,  averaging  20  37-100  cents  per 
quart,  amounting  to  S405.0G  for  the  entire  crop 
sold. 

Mr.  R.  also  raised  and  sold  295  quarts  of  Phila- 
delphia Raspberries,  at  25  cents  per  quart,  amount- 
ing to  S73.75.  These  were  grown  in  hills,  four 
feet  apart  each  way,  producing  two  and  a  half 
quarts  per  hill,  which  per  acre  of  2,741  hills  pro- 
ducing 6,8524  quarts,  at  25  cents  per  quart,  would 
realize  S1713.12i,  all  other  circumstances  being 
equal  Also  135  quarts  of  currants  at  7  cents  per 
quart,  amounting  to  $9.42,  and  51  quarts  of  early 
Richmond  cherries  at  10  cents  per  quart,  amount- 
ing to  $5.10. 

The  strawberries,  raspberries,  currants  and 
cherries,  were  grown  on  a  fraction  less  than  half 
an  acre.  The  first  named  was  one.  two  and  three 
years  bearing,  those  of  the  third  year  not  yielding 
more  than  half  a  crop.  In  a  recapitulation  of  the 
amount  realized  in  dollars  and  cents  by  Mr.  Riley 
from  this  less  than  half  an  acre  of  ground,  we  find 
it  amounts  to  $493.  36. 

Surely  this  result  ought  to  afibrd  sufficient  en- 
couragement to  all  those  who  may  have  a  little 
ground,  a  little  time,  and  a  little  energy,  backed 
by  a  little  will-power,  to  cultivate  these  luscious 
products  of  our  generous  soil. 


We  shall,  on  the  whole,  have  a  fair  crop  of 
fruit  the  present  season,  but  mark  our  words,  it  is 
not  going  to  be  "  dirt  cheap,"  as  some  suppose, 
and  so  many  desire.  The  consumption  of  fmit 
of  all  kinds  is  on  the  increase ;  it  is  coming  to  be 
regarded  as  one  of  the  healthful  necessaries  of 
life,  and  therefore  the  people  will  avail  them- 
selves of  th6  opportunity  of  canning  and  preparing 
it  in  various  ways  for  future  use.  Sufficient  atten- 
tion is  not  paid  to  this  part  of  domestic  husbandry 
everywhere.  Only  a  few  days  ago,  in  a  drive 
through  the  southeastern  part  of  our  county,  we 
observed  numbers  of  cherry-trees,  whose  ample 
crops  seemed  to  be  entirely  uncared  for.  If  these 
hadbeen  gathered  and  dried,  or  canned,  or  pre- 
served some  other  way,  in  due  season,  there  is 
nota  doubt  they  would  in  time  have  paid  well 
for  all  the  labor  bestowed  upon  them. 

In  reading  over  the  Lancaster  Farmer,  I 
was  highly  pleased  with  the  writer's  suggestions 
on  "  Horticultural  Exhibitions,"  and  a  certain 
passage  seemed  t3  occupy  my  mind  considerably : 
"  A  true  life  consists  in  something  else  than  sim- 
ply accumulating  property."  Is  there  not  a  great 
deal  of  meaning  in  those  few  words  ?  Might  we 
not  all  profit  a  little  by  pondering  over  them  care- 
fully ?  In  fact,  I  think  they  would  be  a  good 
foundation  for  a  sermon.  But  as  I  do  not  intend 
to  preach  from  them,  I  would  only  suggest  that 
each  one  mark  the  words,  (as  a  text,)  and  preach 
their  own  sermon  by  trying  to  live  up  to  the  true 
meaning  of  tbg  same.  Let  each  one  read  over 
the  whole  communication,  Commencing  on  page 
120  of  the  August  number,  and  see  if  there  is  not 
some  beautiful  suggestions  held  forth. 

J.  B.  E. 


COWS  FOR  GENERAL  USE. 

A  correspondent  of  the  Country  Gentleman  in- 
quires very  pertinently  what  breed  of  cattle  should 
be  selected  with  a  view  of  making  butter  and 
turning  them  off  to  the  shambles  when  their  use- 
fulness for  dairy  puiposes  is  ended.  This  is  the 
aim  a  majority  of  farmers  have  in  raising  stock; 
and  anaid  the  discussions  on  fancy  cows  bred  for 
specific  objects,  the  wants  of  the  agricultural  com- 
munity at  large  are  lost  sight  of.  It  may  be  laid 
down  as  a  truism  that  there  has  been  no  class  of 
animals  more  suitable  for  dairy  purposes  than 
what  are  called  native  stock — because  they  have 
been  grades  of  early  importations  from  all  parts 
of  the  world,  and  the  admixture  of  qualities  has 
produced  a  hardy,  good  sized,  milky  and  beefy 


142 


THE  LANCASTER   FARMER. 


race,  and  if  the  best  had  been  culled  out  and  bred 
to  pure  bulls  and  the  progeny  well  cared  for,  we 
should  have  had  a  class  of  milkers  superior  on 
the  average  to  any  in  the  world,  and  animals  fit 
for  the  butcher  at  early  age.  But  gross  neglect 
in  raising  the  young,  pinching  pastures,  poor  hay 
and  mongrel  bulls,  have  deteriorated  the  stock 
so  much  that  we  are  compelled  to  begin  anew, 
and  start  about  where  our  fathers  left  off  a  cen- 
tury ago.  "We  have  now  presented  for  our  con- 
sideration the  Durhams,  Devons,  Holstein,  Ayr- 
shire, Jersey,  Guernsey,  &c.,  and  writers  abound 
who  praise  up  this  or  that  breed  according  as  their 
wishes  may  dictate,  or  if  inexperienced  in  practi- 
cal farming,  as  they  are  told. 

A  very  accomplished  writer  in  a  popular  maga- 
zine lately  instructed  the  public  that  the  Ayrshire 
is  the  cow  for  New  England,  as  he  was  informed 
by  those  interested  in  that  species  of  stock,  that 
the  return  from  such  cows,  in  butter  and  cheese, 
is  estimated  at  $100  per  year,  and  in  milk  at  S175 
a  year,  and  his  city  readers  probably  believed 
that  such  was  the  average  yield  of  cows,  but  far- 
mers know  that  it  must  be  exceptional  cows  and 
exceptional  circumstances  to  produce  any  such 
returns. 

The  average  yield  from  the  best  dairies  in 
Orange  county  is  nothing  like  that,  and  in  the  ex- 
periments continued  for  several  years  by  Ayrshire 
owners  in  Scotland,  Col.  Pratt  and  the  Utica  Asy- 
lum in  New  York,  recorded  in  the  Country  Gen- 
tleman, Col.  Pratt's  dairy  of  native  cows  equalled 
those  of  the  competitors  in  the  amount  of  milk 
produced,  and  butter  and  cheese  made,  and  yet 
fell  far  short  of  the  estimate  above  given.  A  por- 
trait of  the  most  famous  Jersey  cow  has  been 
going  the  rounds  of  the  agricultural  papers,  and  a 
statement  of  the  amount  of  milk  and  butter  given 
and  made  by  her,  and  the  amount  does  not  exceed 
that  of  many  native  cows,  and  certainly  no  one 
but  a  "  Jersey  fancier"  would  buy  her  for  her 
shape  and  "  latter  end."  In  their  place  there  is 
none  superior  to  the  Jersey  cow,  and  every  farmer 
can  afford  to  have  one  or  two  in  his  herd,  as  they 
perpetuate  their  butter  qualities ,  and  its  golden  hue 
and  flavor  will  do  more  for  the  rest  of  the  churning 
than  any  vegetable  or  chemical  compounds,  but 
yet  they  are  not  the  cows  for  farmers  mainly  to 
rely  on.  The  Devon  is  not  generally  popular, 
owing  to  its  comparatively  light  milking  qualities. 
The  Holstein  and  Guernsey  are  not  sufficiently 
known  to  have  their  merits  fully  appreciated,  and 
those  introduced  into  the  country  have  not  met 
with  eminent  approbation. 

A  writer  in  a  late  issue  of  the  Country  Gentle- 
man, on  the  Jersey  cows,  referring  to  the  Short- 
Horns,  speaks  of  the  class  raised  only  for  beef 


purposes,  ignoring  the  fact  of  New  England  and 
New  York  State  possessing  at  this  time  a  breed 
of  improved  Short  Horns,  inferior  to  no  other  class 
of  animals  in  quantity  and  quality  of  milk,  and  with 
a  carcass  unequalled  for  beauty  and  handling. 
These  are  not  the  ponderous,  long-legged  animals, 
which  so  many  have  in  their  eye,  but  short-legged, 
round-bodied,  capacious-uddered,  easy-keeping 
beasts,  and  if  they  were  numerous  enough  to  be 
purchased  at  reasonable  prices,  every  farmer  who 
had  one  to  breed  from  would  be  on  the  road  to 
fortune ;  but,  unfortunately,  the  breeders  are 
rare  who  can  raise  such  animals,  and  the  best  we 
can  do  is  to  purchase  the  males  and  breed  them 
to  our  common  cows ;  and,  as  is  generally  the  re- 
sult, the  progeny  will  be  a  superior  animal,  show- 
ing that  the  male  stamps  the  characteristic  of  the 
offspring ;  and  if  we  breed  this  progeny  to  a  male 
of  high  breeding,  and  so  continue,  the  improve- 
ment will  last,  as  it  is  only  a  repetition  of  well- 
directed  efforts  that  raises  the  quality  of  the  herd, 
and  not  single  crosses,  as  many  farmers  not  ac- 
quainted with  the  true  principles  s  'Pin  +o  think. 

Now,  without  disparaging  any  otlv/  breed, 
without  disturbing  the  comely  Ayrshire  in  her 
efforts  to  fill  the  cans  in  which  the  lacteal  fluid  is 
conveyed  to  our  cities  and  towns,  or  the  Jersey 
in  her  successful  endeavors  to  furnish  the  rich 
men's  tables  with  piles  of  golden-hued  butter, 
without  robbing  the  Devon  of  her  fame  in  produc- 
ing the  best  of  working  oxen,  without  interfering 
with  the  march  of  the  Holstem  and  other  new 
importations  in  their  successful  paths,  we  cannot 
overlook  the  fact  that,  for  general  use  on  our 
farms,  especially  on  inland  farms,  we  need  an 
animal  of  good  size,  yielding  a  fair  quantity  and 
quality  of  milk,  that  we  may  have  our  comple- 
ment of  butter  and  cheese,  and  at  the  same  time 
feel  that,  when  not  suitable  for  the  dairy,  she  can 
be  easily  fattened  and  turned  off  to  the  butcher 
with  profit.  For  such  uses  can  we  find  any  breed 
superior  to  the  improved  milking  Short-Horns  of 
New  England,  and  can  we  improve  our  stock 
better  than  by  u^ing  the  males  of  this  breed  on 
our  native  or  grade  cows  ?    What  do  other  folks 

say?  A  NEW-ENGLAND  FARMEK. 

-^    »    ^     

THE  CAPACITY  OF  AN  ACRE. 

Previous  to  the  building  of  the  Camden  and 
Amboy  railroad  through  New  Jersey,  over  thirty 
years  ago,  there  were  tracts  of  land  within  two 
miles  of  Burlington,  New  Jersey,  which  were 
sold  at  S5  to  $10  an  acre.  The  reason  for  these 
low  prices  was  the  simplest  one  imaginable-^they 
did  not  produce  the  interest  of  the  money  they 
cost.  Now  some  of  this  very  land  is  selling  at 
over  $100  per  acre,  without  buildings.  The  cause 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


143 


of  this  advance  in  prices  is  equally  plain — the 
land  now  produces  much  more  than  interest  on 
its  cost. 

In  any  location  where  -land  can  be  made  to 
produce  the  interest  of  $1000  per  acre,  it  would 
seem  safe  to  purchase  it  at  $200.  Though  many 
acres  around  Burlington  have  produced  and  ai-e 
still  producing  such  returns,  yet  all  are  not.  Some 
are  very  far  exceeding  it,  while  others  are  falling 
below,  according  to  the  crops  cultivated  and  the 
skill  and  industry  applied.  It  is  to  be  observed 
in  this  connection,  that  the  best  returns  are  real- 
ized by  perse verence,  continuing  at  the  business 
for  a  term  of  years,  until  fruits,  if  fruit  culture  be 
adopted,  have  come  into  full  bearing.  A  trial  of 
a  single  year  amounts  to  nothing  if  then  aban- 
doned, as  the  first  year  on  even  an  old  farm  is 
generally  one  of  me  re  preparation  for  the  second. 
The  first  may  pay  a  profit,  but  not  often. 

Long  experience  in  a  thousand  places  has  shown 
that  an  acre  of  land  can  be  made  to  pay  the  inte- 
rest on  a  very  large  sum  Mr.  Leonard  of  Mon- 
mouth, obtained  from  asparagus  the  interest  of 
$5000,  and  from  grapes  the  interest  of  $7000  per 
acre.  Both  these  may  be  regarded  as  standard 
crops,  not  liable  to  casualty,  especially  asparagus. 
In  our  neighborhood  some  remarkable  results 
have  been  secured  from  standard  fruit  crops. 
There  is  an  acre  of  blackberries  on  the  farm  of 
Mr.  Dulty,  which  has  produced  the  interest  of 
over  $8500  gross— no  doubt  of  $7000  net. 

The  owner  of  a  three-acre  field  of  purple  cane 
raspberries,  told  me  that  his  sale  in  one  season 
produced  him  the  interest  of  $25,000  gross.  Large 
fields  of  even  perishable  strawberries  have  been 
made  to  pay  the  next  interest  of  $4500  per  acre. 
There  is  a  field  of  two  and  a  half  acres  of  black- 
berries near  me,  containing  twenty-six  hundred 
plantts,  which  last  year  produced  the  interest  of 
very  nearly  $30,000  net.  There  can  be  no  mis- 
ake  about  th  is  last  crop.  But  it  was  altogether 
exceptional,  not  likely  ever  to  be  repeated,  as 
berries  were  then  high,  and  while  other  growers 
had  few  or  none,  this  field  bore  abundantly. 

The  value  of  land  is  to  be  measured  by  its  pro- 
ductiveness, not  by  its  price.  All  the  paying  re- 
turns above  recited  were  obtained  by  good  ordi- 
nary cultivation,  not  by  forcing  or  extravagant 
outlay.  Had  these  been  resorted  to,  the  return 
would  have  undoubtedly  exceed  the  extra  cost. 
But  the  owners  [planted,  cultivated,  and  waited 
until  their  plantings  came  into  bearing.  Such 
waiting  is  sometimes  inconvenient  to  men  of 
moderate  means ;  but  men  will  wait  longer  for 
legacies  which  are  much  less  valuable.  Thus 
grapes,  asparagus,  and  the  cane-producing  ber- 
ries are  seen  to  yield  a  larger  interest  for  money 


invested  in  them,  even  in  the  high-priced  land, 
than  can  possibly  be  realized  from  low-priced  land, 
where  no^uch  markets  as  ours  are  within  reach. 
The  land  at  $300  per  acre  in  snch  a  market  is 
cheaper  than  that  at  $10  without  the  market.  The 
one  acre  pays  interest  on  the  cost  of  ten  acres, 
while  the  other  pays  interest  only  on  its  own  cost. 
But  time  and  patience  are  required  to  realize  such 
returns.  It  is  he  who  endures  to  the  end  that 
succeeds ;  not  he  who  plants  and  immediately 
quits. — Hearth  and  Home. 


THE  SPARROWS, 

Frederick  the  Great,  of  Prussia,  waged  war  in 
his  day  against  the  sparrow,  because  he  did  not 
respect  his  favorite  fruit,  the  cherry.  The  spar- 
row, of  course,  yielded  to  the  conquerer  of  Aus- 
tria, and  disappeared  from  Prussia.  But,  at  the 
end  of  two  years,  not  only  were  there  no  cherries 
in  all  Prussia,  but  also  hardly  any  other  kind  of 
fruit.  The  caterpillars  destroyed  all.  And  this 
great  king,  conquerer  in  so  many  battle-fields, 
was  glad  to  sign  an  humble  treaty  of  peace,  and 
to  surrender  up  a  fau'  proportion  of  his  cherries 
to  the  sparrow,  once  more  restored  to  the  country 
and  to  royal  favor. 

In  several  well-recorded  instances,  the  whole- 
sale destruction  of  these  birds  has  been  imme- 
diately followed  by  calamitous  consequences  to 
agriculturists.  Koxious  insects,  the  rapid  produc- 
tion and  increase  of  which  man  was  totally  unable 
to  prevent,  and  against  which  he  was  powerless, 
but  which  the  sparrow  had  kept  in  check,  multi- 
plied to  a  frightful  extent,  and  swept  before  them 
the  vegetables  of  the  garden,  the  grass,  grain,  fruit 
trees,and  vineyards.  Wherever  this  has  happened, 
men  have  been  at  last  only  too  glad  to  reintroduce 
the  sparrow ;  content  to  put  up  with  the  liberties 
he  tootc  in  their  gardens  and  wheat  fields  for  the 
sake  of  the  greater  good  he  alone  could  do  them 
in  the  destruction  of  their  insect  pests. 
— . ^    —    » 

The  Farmer's  Friend. — A  foreign  provincial 
paper  regrets  "  the  reckless  destruction  of  the 
goldfinch  and  other  lovely  denizens  of  the  air  for 
the  purpose  of  supplying  the  London  market," 
and  thinks  it  would  be  well  to  head  the  example 
of  France. 

It  says,  '•  the  slaughter  of  small  birds  in  that 
country  having  led  to  a  plague  of  insects,  which 
destroyed  the  crops,  a  stringent  law  was  passed, 
and  is  now  in  force  there,  to  prohibit  further  de- 
struction and  every  .encouragement  is  oflered  for 
the  restoration  of  the  feathered  element.  Tlie 
colonists  spend  heavy  suras  to  secure  the  availj 
able  services  which  we  at  home  too  slightly  value_ 
Shall  we  ever  learn  the  lesson':"' 


144 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


EFFECTS  OF  TREES  ON  CLIMATE. 

The  ground  on  which  stands  Ismailia,  a  town 
of  G,000  mhabitants,  on  the  Suez  Canal  route,  and 
the  headquarters  of  M.  de  Lesseps,was  but  a  few 
years  since  a  dry,  sandy  desert,  on  which  rain 
was  never  known  to  fall.  All  is  now  transformed. 
The  old,  dried-up  basin  of  Lake  Timsah  has  been 
again  filled  with  water  from  the  Nile  by  a  fresh 
water  canal.  Trees,  shrubs,  and  plants  of  all  de- 
scriptions grow  rapidly  wherever  the  soil  is  irri- 
gated, and  the  artificial  oasis  widens  fast.  "  Ac- 
companying," writes  a  correspondent, "this  extra- 
ordinary transformation  of  the  aspect  of  the 
place,  there  has  oeen  a  corresponding  change  in 
the  climate.  At  the  present  time  Ismailia,  dur- 
ing eight  months  of  the  year,  is  probably  the 
healthiest  spot  in  Northern  Egypt."  The  mean 
temperature  for  the  four  months,  June  to  Sep- 
tember, is  94  degrees  ;  the  following  four  months, 
74  degrees,  and  the  four  winter  months,  45  de- 
grees. Until  two  years  ago  rain  was  unknown  ; 
but  in  the  twelve  months  ending  April  last,  there 
were  actually  fourteen  days  on  which  rain  fell ; 
and  very  lately  there  fell  a  tremendous  shower 
of  rain,  a  phenomena  which  the  oldest  Arab  had 
never  previously  witnessed.  Rain  ceases  to  fall 
on  a  country  deprived  of  its  forests,  or  only  falls 
in  violent  storms.  Here  we  see  rain  returning  to 
the  desert  on  restoring  the  trees. 


The  Wire  Worm. — A  correspondent  of  the 
Gardener''s  Chronicle  says  that  he  destroys  the 
wire  worms  in  his  flower  garden  by  using  a  liquid 
composed  of  one  gallon  of  sulphuric  acid  to 
twenty  of  water,  and  applying  plentifully  to  the 
soil  late  in  the  autumn,  when  the  plants  have 
done  blooming,  and  early  in  spring,  before  vege- 
tation commences.  It  is  better  to  use  it  on  the 
soil  before  the  plants  are  set  out  or  the  seed  is 
sown,  as  when  it  comes  in  contact  with  the  larvse 
it  is  very  injurious  to  them.  He  says  that  he 
tried  it  on  soil  that  was  very  much  infested  by 
these  pests,  and  it  killed  every  one  of  them. 


Gapes  in  Chickens. — A  correspondent  of  the 
American  Agriculturalist  gives  the  following  mode 
for  preventing  gapes  in  chickens.  He  says  he 
has  treated  his  young  chickens  in  this  way  for 
several  years  with  complete  success.  When  the 
chickens  are  in  condicion  to  take  from  the  nest, 
he  puts  them  with  the  hen  in  a  coop  with  a  board 
bottom,  so  as  to  keep  the  young  ones  from  the 
cold  and  damp  ground.  They  are  fed  with  Indian 
meal,  on  which  boiling  water  is  poured  from  the 
tea-kettle,  well  stirred,  and  allowed  to  cool.  The 
whole  secret  is  to  keep  chickens  dry  and  warm 
when  quite  young,  and  give  them  cooked  food. 


Answers  to  Correspondents. 

Mrs.  p.  E.  G.,  Enterprise,  Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  July  14, 
1869. --The  .small  spur-shaped  galls  on  young  grape  leaves  about 
quarter  of  an  iuch>  in  length,  of  a  greenish-yellow  color,  and 
brownish  at  the  apex,  I  am  not  able  yet  to  determine.  They 
contain  an  orange  colored  larva  about  three  lines  in  length 
(thre'e-fortieths  of  an  inch),  and  are  composed  of  a  bead  and 
eleven  .segments,  very  distinctly  marked  in  their  divisions. 
The  head  is  of  the  same  color  as  the  body,  but  the  caudal 
antepenaltimate  segments  are  whitish  translucent.  No  feet 
or  eyes  are  visible,  but  as  the  head  is  obtuse  and  retractile 
within  the  first  segment,  the  eyes  may  therefore  be  concealed 
when  the  insect  is  dead  or  at  rest.  I  will  try  and  breed  the 
image,  but  until  I  succeed  in  doing  so,  I  will  not  be  able  to 
determine  what  it  is  with  any  degree  of  certainty — whether 
coleopterous,  hymonopterous,  or  dipterous.  A  similar  gall  is 
found  on  other  siiecies  of  vegetation  also. 

P.  S. --Since  writing  the  above  all  our  specim?ns  have  died, 
and  therefore  we  must  await  others.  They  i)robably  are  a 
species  of  midge,  (cicidomyida). 


Review  of  Markets. 

Monday  Evbnino,  Aug.  16 The  tone  of  the  cattle  mar- 
ket was  very  dull  last  week,  but  prices  were  without  material 
change.  2400  head  arrived  and  sold  at9w9)^c  for  extra  Pa., 
and  western  steers  ;  9Xc.  for  a  choice  ;  7a8>^  c.  for  fair  to  good  ; 
and  5>ja-  6>jc.  W  ft  grss,  lor  commoon  as  to  quality. 
The  following  are  the  particulars  of  the  sales   : 

82  Western,  Owen  Smith Sj^'O)  9^ 

112         "        A.  Christy  &  Bro., ., 8    «»  9^ 

48  Chester  CO.,  Dengler  &  McCleese. . .! 6>^a  8 

140  Western,  P.McFillen 1     m  9}^ 

100         "        P.  Hathaway 7     a  9^ 

65  "        James  McFillen 7     «  8je 

50         "        E.  S.  McFillen 8®      9},i 

142         "        Ullman  &Bachman 8    a  9^ 

21         "        Martin,  Fuller  «&  Co 7>^a)9 

95         "        Moonev  &  Smith 7    a  9)i 

105         "        J.  Smith 7    a  9^4 

50         "        T.McArdle 5>^a  9,-^ 

20         "        Pa,  H.  Chain..'. 5>^a  7,V 

109  Chester  CO.,  Jas.  S.  Kirk 7    <a>  9 

36         "        B.F.  McFillen 7     a  ii)i 

27  Chester  county,  B.  Baldwin C    «t  8 

35         "        J.  Clemson 6    «*  8 

65  "        Chandler  &  Alexander .6    a  9 

14         "        A  O. Kimble ...6    &1 

14         "         .Jesse  Miller 6    a  9 

loo  Viginia,  T.  Mooney  &  Bro 608 

90  Virginia,  L.  Frank 6^®  8 

62         "        Frank  «&  Schomberg 7     a  8  J, 

92       "        M.  Dryfoos  &  Co 6>^ai  8^ 

65         "        Elkon  &  Co., 6>^a  8 

3«         "        Blum  «&  Co 6    a  8>^ 

40        "       T.  Weldon 5    a7V 

32         "        Thos   Duffy 7     O)  8 

16  Delaware,  L.  Home 1    &S 

Penn'a    Hope  &  Co., 7    ia>  9 

Cows  were  unchanged.  200  head  sold  at  $40a60  for  Springers, 
and  $45a75  for  Cow  and  Calf. 

Sheep  were  dull  and  rather  lower  ;    11,000  head  sold  at  the 
different  yards  at  5,^a6c.  ^   ft  gross,  as  to  condition. 

Hogs  were   in  fair  demand  at  an  advance;    2600  heads  old 
at  the  Union  and  Avenue  Yards  at$14al4.72  ^  100  lbs.,  net. 

Lancaster,  Wednesday,  August    12 Our  market,  which 

is  usually  more  abundantly  supplied  with  produce,  and  at 
cheaper  rates  than  any  other  considerable  town  perhaps  in 
the  United  States,  fairly  outdid  itself  this  morning  in  these 
respects — as  regards  most  of  the  leading  article,  meat  except- 
ed, which  remains  about  as  heretofore,  and  dear  enough. 
Butter  sold  mostly  at  28c.  ^  lb.,  with  some  at  30,  and  still 
more  at  25c.;  Lard,  22c. ;  Eggs,  20  a  22c.— mostly  at  20c. ;  Veal 
by  the  iquarter,  10  a  12c.  #  ft. ;  Beef— best  cuts,  20  c;  boiling 
pieces,  15  a  16c. ;  dres.sed  chickens,  35  a  60c.  each;  Potatoes, 
8  a  10c.  ^  }i  peck,  and  50  a  60c.  ^  bush. ;  Tomatoes— mostly 
6  a  8c.  ^  >^  peck,  and  offered  before  the  close  of  the  market 
at  4c.  ^  j^  peck,  and  25c  per  bush. ;  Apples  6  a  12  to  15c.  ^ 
j^  peck;  Pears  15  a20o.;  Peaches  20  a  30c.  ^  X  pi'ck— 
several  loads  from  Maryland  selling  at  20  a  25c.  ■;  Onions  20 
a  2oc.  ^  X  peck  ;  Gr^en  Corn  10  a  15c.,  and  late  in  the  morn- 
ing at  6  a  8c  ^  dozeii;;  Cucumber  4  a  6c  ^'  dozen  ;  Squashes  1 
and  3c  each;  Jersey  Sweet  Potatoes,  25  a  40c.  i?'  )^  peck, 
according  to  .size  ;  tfersey  Watermelons,  20  a  40c  each  ;  do. 
Cantelopes,  5  a  10  u|p  to  15c  each,  for  very  lai/^e  ones  ;  do. 
Lgg  Plants,  5  a  10c.  each ;  Common  Blackberries  continue 
plentiful  and  cheap,  selling  mostly  at  5c.  %*■  qt.,  but  were 
freely  ottered  late  in  the  morning  at  4  and  3c. ;  Huckleberries, 
10  a  iSc. ;  Elderberrip.o,  3  a  4c.,  and  afterwards  at  2c  ^  qt. ; 
new  crop  Oats,  $1.65  W  bag^of  3  busIielBf 


TO    BTTILIDEI2,SI 


PLASTIC  SLATE!! 

The  Greatest  Eooting  Material  of  the  Age ! 

IS  NOW  OFFERED  TO  THE  PEOPLE  OF 

LANCASTER  AND  !0M  COUNTIES,  Pi  AND  CECIL  COUNTY, 

WITH  A  PROMISE  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  ADVANTAGES:     '^j  |  f'j  ' 

It  is  superior  to  other  coverings  for  all  kinds  of  buildings  for  these  reasons  : 

1.  It  is  water,  snow  and  air-proof  from  the  beginning,  and  is  as  fire-proof  as  ordinary  slate.  (See  testime- 
nials  New  York  Fire  Insurance  Companies.) 

2.  It  keeps  buildings  warmer  in  winter  and  does  not  make  them  hot  in  summer  as  ordinary  ^Inte  does,  and 
it  can  be,  after  the  first  year,  whitewashed  or  painted  any  desired  color  so  as  to  obviate  ail  ''■  t'fi  ulty  arising 
from  its  dark  color. 

3.  lieing   entirely  water  and   fire-proof,  it  is   invaluable  as  a  covering  for  the  sides  of  buildings  and  lining 

,  cisterns  of  whatever  material  they  may  be  built ;  stopping  water  out  of  cellars  and  d^xnpness  x)ut  of  walls  of 
house?,  and  closing  leaks  between  buildings. 

4.  Adhering,  as  it  does,  with  great  firmness  to  tin  and  iron,  it  is  useful  for  covering  tin  roofs  and  iron  exposed 
to  dampness  or  to  the  atmosphere,  such  as  iron  fences,  cemetery- railings,  &c. 

6.  Buildings  covered  with  PLASTIC  SLATE  de  not  need  tin  spouts  at  the  eaves  nor  do  the^valleys  need  tin 
to  make  them  water  proof.  ^\\^ 

6.  It  is  lighter  than  shingles,  and  is  equally  adapted  to  flat  or  steep  roofs.  llili. 

7.  The  testimony  of  Wm.  M'Gilvray  &  Go.,  published  herewith,  shows  that  it  is  not  only  fire-proof  exter- 
nally, but,  is  also  a  great  hindrance  to  the  spread  of  fire  within. 

8.  It  is  much  cheaper  in  first-cost  than  any  good  roofing  now  in  use,  and  when  all  att«»dant,expenses  of  the 
two  roofs  are  estimated,  costs  only  about  half  as  much  as  the  best  slate,  and  it  makes  a  better  and  closer  roof. 

9.  For  the  roofing  of  foundries  and  casting-houses  of  blast  furnaces,  where  there  are  gases  of  a  very  high 
temperature,  which  injures  and  destroys  other  roofs,  this  material  is  improved  and  seems  to  produce  a  better 
roof,  (see  certificates  of  Messrs.  Grubb,  Musselman  &  Watts,  S.  M.  Brua  and  Wm.  M'Gilvray.) 

10.  If  in  process  of  years  cracks  or  leaks  occur  in  Plastic  Slate  Eoofs,  they  are  about  as  easily  repaired,  as 
they  would  be  to  white-wash,  needing  only  a  brush  and  the  Mastic,  but  no  expensive  labor  of  mechanics. 

K^  The  Pamphlet  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  notice  can  be  had  gratuitously,  by  calling  at  the  Office  of  the 
Lancaster  Inquirek  or  Examiner  &  Hbrald. 

Persons  wishing  to  examine  PLASTIC  SLATE  ROOFS,  and  thus  verify  for  themselves  the  following 
statements,  are  invited  to  call  and  inspect  Roofs  put  on  for  the  following  persons,  among  many  others  : 

LA^'CARTER— Thos.  H.  Burrowes,  Stuart  A.  Wvlie,  (Editor  Lancaster  Inquirer,)  J.  B.  Schwartzwelder,  Abrabam  Bitner 
Sr.  MAfiiETTA— Henry  Musselman  &  Sons. ,  Mye  rs  and  Benson.  Cohtmkia— C.  B.  Grubb,  (Furnace,)  Columbia  Gas  Co., 
Samuel  Shock,  Pres't.,  Susquehanna  Iron  Compar.y.  Wm.  Fatten,  Pres't.,  Samuel  W.  Mifflin.  Mount  Jot— Henry  Kurtz, 
Dr.  J.  L.  Ziegler,  William  Brady,  .T.  R.  Hofter,  (Editor  Mt.  Joy  Herald).  Christiana— E.  G.  Booniell,  Wm.  P.  Brinton, 
John  G.  Fogle.    Bart— William  Whitson.    Beli-emontk  P.  O— Robert  P.  Mclhaine.    Pabadise— Robert  S.   Mcllvaine, 

WiLMAMSTowN—T.  Scott  Woods.    Ephrata— Eh-.   I.  M.   Groflf.    Gordonvili,e— Samuel  M.  Brua.    C^:rnarvon  Twr 

Mrs.  Fanny  Mast.  Upper  Lbacock  Twf.— Marks  G.  Menger,  Christian  R.  Landis,  Jacob  B.  Musser.  Leacock  Twp Isaac 

Bair,  Levi  Zook.  Wert  Earl — Christian  Beiler.  Lkaman  Place— Henry  Leaman,  Israel  Rohrcr.  Bruknerville — Aaron 
H.  Brubaker.  Sporting  Hill— Emanuel  Long.  Litiz— H.  H.  Tshudy,  David  Bricker.  Ddrlaoh  P-  O.,  Clay  Twp— Jonas 
Laber.  Manheim  Bor.— Nathan  Werley,  Samuel  Ruhl.  Penn  Twp.— George  Ruhl.  West  Lampeter— Aldus  C.  Kerr. 
Enterprise  P.  O.,  East  Lampeter- Mark  P.  Cooper.    Strasburg  Bob Hervey  Brackbill. 

Orders  for  Roofing  Should  be  sent  to 

Josepli  G-ibbons, 

LICENSEE  FOR  LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTY,  MD., 

Enterprise  P.  0.,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

Or  A.  W.  &  J.  R.  RUSSELL,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

Or  MOSkES  light,  Manheim,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

Or  JOHN  R.  BRICKER,  Litiz,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

ALDUS  C.  HERR,  Lampeter,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 


WEEK'S  WHEAT,  (WHITE. 


We  offer  prime  seed  of  this  very  early  White  Wheat,  which  we   consider  the  most  valuable  variety   of 
recent  introduction,    combining  the  hardiness   and  early   maturity  of  the  Mediterranean,  with  the  high 
flouring  quality  of  the  best  White  Wheats.     Its  straw  is  stiff,  protecting  it  against  the  Fly,    and  it  suc- 
?  cecds  well  in  land  of  moderate  fertility,  yielding  from  25  to  45  bushels,  according  to  soil  and  season. 
«  Prices :  1  bushel^  (SacJcincluded,)  -  -  -  -      $  4.00, 

*i        '   2      ''         {     ''  ''         )  -  -  -  -  7.50, 

'(         10     **         I    *'  *'         )  -  -  -  -        36.00. 

We  also  offer  a  fine  supply  of  FRENCH  RED  and  WHITE  CHAFFS,  EXTRA  EARLY  JERSEY, 
ROCHESTER  RED  CHAFF,  LANCASTER  RED  CHAFF,  by  the  bushel  and  sack,  and  a  number  of 
other  varieties  in  limited  quantity. 

Descriptive  Priced  Circular  mailed  free  to  applicants. 

Ed-w^ard  J.  Evans  &  Co., 


vrrtr  r ' 


THE  GREAT  AMERICAN  COMBINATION 


Is  warranted  to  execute  in  the  best  manner,  every  variety  of 

SEWING,  HEMMING,  FELLING,  CORDING,  TUCKING,  BRAIDING,  GATH- 
ERING, QUILTING,  OA^ERSEAMING,  EMBROIDERING  ON  THE  EDGE, 

And  in  addition  makes  beautiful  Button  and  Eyelet  Holes  in 
•^  "^=^=(21  a^l  fabrics,  being  absolutely  the  best  FAMILY  MACHINE 

?1  m^     iJmL.  in   the  world,  and  intrinsically  the  Cheapest,  for   it  is  two 

Machines  combined  in  one  by  a  simple  and  beautiful  Mechani- 
cal Arrangement.  This  is,  in  fact,  the  only  new  machine  in 
the  market  that  embodies  any  substantial  improv'^ement  upon 
the  many  old  machines  that  are  being  forced  upon  the  public. 
Circulars  with  full  particulars  and  samples  of  work  done  on  this 
Machine,  can  be  had  on  application  at  the 

Sales  Hooms  of  tlie  Conapany, 

S.  W.  Cor.  nth  and  Chestnut  Sts.,  PHILADELPHIA. 


Instructions  given  on  the  Machine  gratuitouslv  to  purchasers. 

AGENTS   WANTED   TO   SELL   THIS   MACHINE. 


aug  'C9-ly 


A.  B.   KAUFMAN'S 

Insurance  Agency, 

No.  1  EAST  ORANGE  ST., 
LANCASTER    CITY,    PA., 

Issues  Life,  and  also.  Policies  against  Fire  and 
all  other  Accidents. 

AGENT  FOR  THE  OLD 

CONN.  MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY, 

The  Best  Company  in  the  World. 

CAPITAI.,    -    -    -    ^33,000,000. 


PEACHES!  PEACHBBM 

A  heavy  stock,   4   to   6  feet  high,  at  low  rates, 

i@;§iSI  ^@§iS!|  ^@gi§.0? 
Best  kinds  in  all  the  classes.    Heavy  stock 

of  Prairies. 

Larf/e    blocks  of  CHERBTEH,   DWARF 

APPLES,  PLU3IS,  APRICOTS, 

IRISH  JUNIPER,  ARBOR 

VITjE,  &c.,   &c.. 

Full  Line  of  Stock  in  every  Department. 

Hoopes  Bro.,  &  Thomas, 

Cherry  Hill  Nurseries, 

WKSX  CHESXJER,  P^. 

N.  B.  The  "BOOK  OF  EVERGREENS."  by  .Tosiah 
Hoopes,  sent  per  Mail,  prepaid  on  receipt  of  price,  ?  3.00. 
Address  as  above. 


.jirlj^ISriDIS   &c  CDO., 


f  P 


fJames   Street,    Lancaster,    Pa., 

AKE  PREPARED  TO  DO  ALL  KINDS  OF 


BUILD  LARGE  AND  SMALL  ENGINES, 

Wm.  PULLEYS.  MSeEIS,  BOISE  k  WM-FOWEIS. 

MILL     GE^RIISTG, 

And  ail  kind  of  Machine  Work  done  at  a  first  class  Shop. 

Plaving  recently  removed   to   their   new  building,  and  provided  themselves 
with  a 


■^ 


14 


Adapted  to  the  wants  of  their  customers,  they  are  prepared  to  execute  all  or- 
ders   with   iieatness   and  dispatch,  and  on  terms  satisfactory  to  the  customer. 
They  would  invite  attention  to  their  large  foundry  connected  with  their  works, 
in  which  the  best  work  is  turned  out. 
•  They  also  announce  that  they  are  now  prepared  to  supply  their 

TO  ALL    CUSTOMERS;niHK0  orff Vd'eVooH 

This  Machine  requires  Less  Powee,  does  More  Work,  and  is  considerable 
Cheaper  than  any  other  Separator  now  in  the  market.  This  Machine  is  now 
improved,  well  built,  and  does  the  best  and  most  efficient  clnss  of  work. 

:Made   to   order   on   a   new  set   of  STANDARD    DIES. 

Repairing  of  all  kinds  promply  done  at  reasonable  rates.'' 
Give  us  a  call,  and  we  will  endeavor  to  please  our  patrons. 

FRANK  LANDIS, 
EZRA  F.  LANDIS, 

'^^'^  "V  ^"-=    :  JACOB  LANDIS. 


Diller  4  Groff's  Hardware  Store, 

No.  8  East  King  Street,  Lancaster  City,  Penna. 

DEALERS    IN 

Foi^eigii  and  Domestic  ECard^ware, 

Such  as  Building  Material,  Paints,  Varnishes,  Oils,  Glass,  Coach  Trimmings,  Stoves, 

Iron   and   Steel,  &c.,   &c.,   &c. 

XiOCfSB       FTJRHJS]BIMG     G  O  O  I>  S  . 

TIMOTHY  AND  CLOVER  SEEDS  OF  THE  BEST  QUALITY. 


No.  37  North  Queen  St., 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  SHOBEIR'S  HOTEL,  LANCASTER,  PA. 

liiif  ^  oiif  1, 

WAGON  GEARS,  WHIPS,  BUFFALO  ROBES, 

BLAMETS,  TRDMS,  VALISES,  CARPET  BA&S,  LABIES'  &GENTS'  SATCHELS, 

Of  aU  kinds  constantly  kept  on  hand  or  made  to  order.    Repairing  neatly  done. 

Also,  Agent  for  BAKER'S  HOOF  LINIMENT,  the  best  article  for  Sore 
Hoofs  in  the  country. 


J.  M.  WESTHAEFFER, 

44,  Corner  North  Queen  and  Orange  Streets, 


M 


•/»   A     T 


LA.lSr CASTER,    PA.. 


N.  B. — ^Any  Book  ordered  ean  be  sent  by  Mail  to  any  address. 


H[A.RD^VA.IIE! 

Stoves ! 

GedariTirare  ! 

Housekeepers'   Furnishings   Goods! 


The  undersigned  at  their  old  established  stand  in 
I  WEST  KINO  STREET, 

are  constantly  receiving  fresh  supplies  to  their  exten- 
sive Stock,  from  the  best  manufactories  in  this  Coun- 
try and  Europe,  and  invite  the  attention  of  Merchants 
and  Consumers,  feeling  that  we  can  do  as  well  as  any 
house  in  Philadelphia. 

Persons  commencing  Housekeeping  will  find  the 

The  Largest  and  Best  Selected  Lot  of 
STO'VES, 

at   Manufacturers'  Prices.     Also,  every   other   article 
kept  in  a  first-class  Hardware  Store. 

A  FULL  STOCK  OF 

Sadlers',  Coaclunakers'  and  Blacksmiths'  Tools 
and  Materials. 

BUILDERS   will   find   a   full   supply  of  every   thing 
suited  to  their  wants  at  LOWEST  FIGURES. 

CLOVER,    TIMOTHY   AND    FLAX    SEED, 

BOUGHT  AND  SOLD. 

STEINMAN  &  CO. 


p.  E.  GRUGER. 


J.P.GRUGER. 


GRUGER  BROTHERS, 

MARBLE  MASONS, 

14  South  dueen  St.,  Lancaster,  Fa., 

Have    always   on   hand  or   will  furnish   to  order  at 

(SHORT  NOTICE, 

MONUMENTS, 

TOMBS, 

GRAVE  STONES, 

&c.,  &c. 

We  pay  particular  and  personal  attention  both  to  the 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MATERIAL  and  the  EXECU- 
TION  OF  OUR  WORK,  and  our  facilities  now  are  such 
that  we  can  guarantee  our  customers  the  very  best 
work,  at  the  same,  and  often  Lower  Prices,  than  are 
usually  paid  elsewhere  for  inferior  productions. 

Lettering 


m 


English 


and 


German, 

ELEGANTLY  AND  CORRECTLY  DONE. 

We  earnestly  invite  our  country  friends  to   give    us  v 
call. 


SHULTZ  &  BRO. 

Manufacturers,  Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 

Caps  and  Fiars, 

LADIES'  FANCY  FURS, 

HOODS, 

TRIMMED  GLOVES  AND  MITTS, 
Gents'    Gloves,    Capes    and     Collars, 

Fancy  Robes, 

bla.nk:ets,  &c. 

20    North    Queen    Street, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 

AMERICAN  WATCHES 


H.LRHOADS&BRO., 

JVo.  2^  West  King  Street, 

Next  Dock  Below  Cooper's  Hotel, 
DEALERS   IN 

&MiSl€M  &  IMPdRf  IJ» 
^w  A.  T  c  H  e:s  , 

CLOCKS  AND  SPECTACLES; 


c 


11  Bill  KEiY!! 


THE  UNDERSIGNED  REPRESENTS  THE 


Y. 


AND  ALSO  THE 

Life  M  kikil  tarance  Compiif, 

Both  stable  and  well  established  companies,  the  former 
having  a  capital  of  $1000,000,  and  the  latter  $500,- 
000. 

The  plan  of  issuing  policies  by  the  Brooklyn  Life 
Insurance  Company  presents  a  feature  altogether 
unique,  and  one  which  removes  one  of  the  strongest 
objection,  hitherto  urged  against  the  plan  of  Life  Insur- 
ance ;  and  this  is  what  is  termed  the  Surrender  Value 
Plan.  Each  and  every  Policy  issued  in  the  name  of 
this  Company  bears  an  endorsement,  stating  the  exact 
worth  of  the  policy  in  Cash,  at  any  time  after  two  or 
more  annual  premiums  have  been  paid. 

Insurance,  can  also  be  effected  in  the  North  American 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  at  lower  rates,  it  is  be- 
lieved, than  in  any  other  Company  in  the  United  States. 

All  desirous  of  securing  insurance  upon  their  lives 
can  do  so  by  calling  upon  the  undersigned. 

ALLE^  CIllTflRIE,  Agt., 

Cast  Ijemon.  Street, 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


CHARLES  T.  GOULD, 

CBfAIR     MANUFACTURER, 

;  ^  'No.  37  North  Queen  St.,  Lancaster, 

.  "^'"mI^next  door  to  shober's  hotel,)  >  J/;'K|J< 

Old  Chairs  Re-painted  and  Repaired. 
'  CHRISTIAN  WIDMYER, 

S.  E.  Gor.  East  King  &  Duke  Sts.,  Lancaster. 

Cabinet  "Work  of  every  description  and  a  full 
,  assortment  of  Chairs  constantly  on  hand. 
n^All  Warranted  as  Represented.  ,,£j\ 


d.  yiii 


■> 


h 


LANCASTER,    P 

Dealers  in  United  States 
kinds  of  Railroad  Stock  and  State! 

Buy  and  Sell  Gold,  Silver,  and  United 
States  Coupons. 

Sell  Billa  of  Exchange  on  Europe  and  Pas^uge 
Certificates. 

•  Receive  Money  on  Deposit  and  paj  Irceicsi  as 
follows: 

1  month,  4  per  cent,,      6   months,  5    poT  cent. 
3      "        4i  "  12      "        5i 


FOR  SALE  AT 


J^aX 


Chas.  A.  Heinitsli's  Drug  Store,  13  E.  King  5f., 

LANCASTER,    PENNA., 

German    Cattle    Powders! 

The  best  Powder  made  for  the  Cure  and  Prevention  of  Dis- 
eases to  which  Oxen,  Milk  Cows,  Sheep  and  Hogs,  are  subject. 
For  Stock  Cattle  preparing  for  market,  a  table  spoonful  in 
their  feed  once  or  t^fice  a  week,  improves  their  condition  by 
strengthening  their  digestive  organs,  and  creates  solid  flesli 
and  fat. 

GERMAN  VEGETABLE  OB    UNRIVALLED    CONDI- 
TION POWDERS 
For  preserving  Horses  in  good  health,  removing  all  Diseases 
of  the  Skin,  giving  a  Smooth  and  Glossy  appearance,  also  a 
sure  remedy  for  Distemper,  Hidebound,  Loss  of  Appetite,  &c. 

PERSIAN  INSECT  POWDER. 
A  perfectly  safe,  quick  and  easily  applied  destroyer  of  Lice 
on  Cattle,  Fleas,  Bedbugs,  &c. 

PTROLIGNEOUS  ACID. 
A  suflltltute  for  curing  Beef,  Pork,  Hams,  Tongnef",  Sinobed 
Sausages,  Fish,  &c.,  without  the  danger  and  trouble  of  smok- 
ing, imparting  a  rich  flavor  and  color. 


JACOB  ROTHARMEL, 

rEEJIIUM 
DEALER    IN 

^©Mlbs.  and  FaEoj  AFtlelleSj 

No.  9^  North  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

CRUGER  &  iilCE,        ~~ 

DRUGGISTS  &  APOTHECARIES, 

^o.  13  WEST  KING  STREET, 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  STEINMAN'S   HARDWARE  STORE, 

Lancaster,   Pa, 

Have  always  on  hand  Pure,  Reliable  Drugs  and  Medi- 
cines, Chemicals,  Spices,  Perfumery  and  Toilet 
..  ■     Articles.     Also  Flavoring  Extracts  of 
their  own  Manufacture,  and  of 
unsurpassed  quality. 

Sole  Agents  for  Hasson's  Compound  Syeup  op  Tab,  the 
best  Cough  Medicine  in  the  market.  We  have  also  on  hand  in 
season  an  assortment  of  Laudreth's  Warranted  Garden  Seeds. 

The  public  can  rely  upon  always  getting  what  thky 

ABK  rOE  AND  NO  BUBSTIT0TES. 


GEO.    To    ROTH, 

UNDERTAKER, 

Corner   South    Queen   and    Viae    Streets, 

LANCASTER,    PA. 

Coffins  of  all  sizes  always  on  hand,  and  furnished  at 
Shortest  Notice, 


•1  V  I    /I 


i    J.  B.  KEVINSKI, 

•    i)'EALER  IN 

woj;  -"iit;!!  ■ 

Pianos,  Organs,  and  Melodeons 

AND  MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS  GENERALLY, 

A  large  assortment  of  Violins,  Flutes,  Guitars,  BanjoSj)^ 
Tamborines,  Accordeons,  Fifes,  Harmonicas,  and 
Musical   Merchandise   always  on  hand. 

SHEET  MUSIC !  ^  large  stock  on  band  and  constantly  re  j 
ceiving  all  the  latest  intblieations  as  soon  as  issued. 

MUSIC  BY  MAIL  :  I  would  inform  persons  wishing  Music,! 
that  Music  and  Musical  Books  will  be  sent  by  mail  free  of  J 
postage  when  the  marked  price  is  remitted, 

DECALCOMANIA,  or  the  art  of  Transferring  Pictures.  Can] 
be  transfeiTed  to  any  object.  I  would  call  especial  attentio  ■■ 
of  Ooachmakers  to  my  stock  of  Decalcomania. 


World  Mutual  Life  InsurancQ,Company, 

NO.    160    BROADWAY,    NEW    YORK. 

J.  F.  FRXSUAUFF^  General  Agenf^ 

No.  5  North  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

A.  r>.  REIDENBACH,  Litiz,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
SAMUEL  L.  TETTER,  Elizabethtown,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
J.  M.  GRAYBILL,  Columbia,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

JACOB  BAUSMAN,  President  Farmers'  National  Bank.        Maj.  JAS.  E.  RICIiSECIvER,  City  Treasurer.  '\ 

CHRIS'N  B.  HERR,  Pres't  Lancaster  Co.  Nat'l  Bank.  N.  ELLMAKER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Messrs.  BAIR  &  SHENK,  Bankers.  B.  F.  BAER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Judge  A.  L.  HAYES.  Col.  WM.  L.  BEAR,  Prothonotary.  J.  F.  LONG  &  SON,  Druggists. 

Xo  farmer  is  Justified  in  exposing  his  creditors,  tiis  wife,  or  Ids  children^  to  the  loss 
certain  to  occur  to  them  upon  his  death,  ivlthout  a  Life  Itisv/rance  Policy  for  their 
benefit,  and  in  no  Cor.ipany  can  this  he  done  tvith  more  safety  and  under  better  man- 
agement than  in  the  above.    See  one  of  their  Agents  and  have  him  explain  all  about  it. 


$200. 


ECi^RVEST  OF  i  869. 

w mm  w  iP^i 


$200. 


A  COiViBi^EO  SELF-BAKiHG  REAPER  AND  iOWER 

After  our  success  in  (be  Harvest  of  18^8,  in  pleasing  our  customers  with  a  neat,  light,  durable,  and  a  com- 
plete Combined  Harvester,  we  again  come  into  the  market  for  the  Harvest  of  1869  with  our  VALLEY  CHIEF, 
feeling  a  great  confidence  in  its  superiority. 

We  offer  this  machine  still  at  the  low  price  of  $200,  and  when  a  farmer  is  offered  a  first-class  Mower  and 
Self-Raking  ]\eaper  Combined  at  this  price,  it  is  well  for  him  to  examine  into  the  merits  of  the  offer. .  As  a 
Mower,  it  has  bean  tried  in  the  worst  kinds  of  heavy  meadow  grass  and  lodged  clover  and  has  gone  through 
it  triumphantly,  and  we  call  on  our  hundreds  of  customers  in  Lancaster  county  and  elsewhere  to  speak  a  good 
word  for  the  Marsh  Self-Rake.  We  claim  that  this  Self-Rake  in  heavy  tangled  grain  or  lodged  oats  is  the  most 
simple  and  efficient  one  ever  invented.  It  is  not  a  new  thing,  but  has  been  most  severely  tested  all  over  the 
United  States,  as  well  as  in  England  and  France.  We  think  no  other  one  in  the  market  can  fairly  compete 
with  it.  See  what  the  report  of  the  great  National  Reaper  trial  held  at  Auburn,  New  York,  by  the  New 
York  Agricultural  Society,  says  on  page  41  and  42  :  It  performed  better  than  was  expected  of  any  Self-Rake, 
as  it  raked  off  heavy,  tangled,  wet  grain.  And  in  their  language,  Reapers  are  not  built  for  so  severe  a  test; 
they  gave  it  the  highest  mark  for  perfect  work. 

The  VALLEY  CHIEF  is  a  simple  two-wheeled  machine,  having  side  delivery  which  throws  the  grain  en- 
tirely out  of  the  way  of  the  team  for  the  next  round.  It,  lias  a  rear  cut,  a  floating  finger  bar,  the  guards  or 
lingers  are  made  of  the  best  wrought  iron,  faced  with  steel.  The  heiglit  of  the  cut  can  be  altered  with  ease 
while  in  motion,  thus  enabling  one  to  pass  obstructions  or  cut  long  or  short  stubble  and  the  whole  machine  is^ 
built  with  an  eye  to  convenience,  siinplicifi/  and  dttrahilit'i.  This  Machine  is  built  in  Lancaster  county,  one  of 
the  heaviest  grass  and  wheat  growing  districts  in  the  United  States,  and  we  have  had  every  opportunity 
of  knowing  what  is  wanted.  In  this  machine  we  have  a  combination  of  a  complete  Mower  with  a  first-class 
Self-Raking  Reaper,  thus  giving  our  customers  a  simple,  strong  and  handy  machine  which  two  horses  can 
draw  with  ease. 

Pleaee  call  and  see  thig  machine  at  oiir  manuftotory,  in  M<iunt  Joy,  Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  or  on  D.  Burk- 
holder.  Agent,  at  Mrs.  Neber's  Saloor^,  Souihsvest  corner  of  Centre  Square,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  or  at  Yundts  Corn 
Exchange  Hotel.  JMAJRSH,  CrKIEK.  &>  CO. 


\ 


LAN0A8TER,  June  25th,  1868, 
Editobs  ExPKEes  :  Dr.  Wm.  M.  Whiteside,  the  enterpris- 
ing  Dentist,  has  purchased  from  me  a  large  stock  of  teeth  and  » 
all  the  fixtures,  the  instruments  formerly  belonging  to  me,  and 
also  those  used  by  my  father,  Dr.  Parry,  in  his  practice..  In 
the  purchase,  the  doctor  has  provided  himself  with  some  of 
the  most  valuable  and  expensive  instruments  used  in  dental 
practice,  and  has  beyond  doubt-  one  of  the  best  and  largest 
collections  of  teeth  and  instruments  in  the  State.  Persons 
visiting  the  commodious  olRces  of  Dr.  Whiteside,  cannot  fail 
to  be  lully  accommodated.  The  Doctor  loses  no  opportunity 
of  furnishing  himself  with  every  late  Scientific  imprevemeut 
in  his  line  of  business.  •  H.  B.  PABRY. 

W.  M.  ITITHITBSIDX:^ 

Office  and  Residence, 

EAST  KING  STREET, 

Next  door  to  the  Court  House,  over  Fahnestock's  Dry 
Goods  Store, 

LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

Teeth  Extracted  without  2*ain  by  the  use  of 
{Nitrous  Oxide)  Gns. 

BOOKS  AND  STATIONERY. 


A  Full  assortment  of 

SCHOOL,   MISCELLANEOUS,  AGRI- 
CULTURAL AND  HORTI- 
CULTURAL BOOKS, 

A  large  stock  of 

ST^TIOlSTiCRY, 

WHICH  WILL  BE  SOLD  AT 

GREATLY  REDUCED  PRICES, 

On  account  of  removal  April  1st,  1869,  to 

No.  52  North  Queen  Street, 

(KRAMP'S  BUILDING) 

Four  Doors  ubove  Orange  Street. 

Subscriptions  received  for  all  the  Agricultural  and 
Horticultural  Magazines. 

J.  H.  SHEAFFEE'S 

Cheap  Cash'  Book  Store,  No.  52  N.  Queen 
Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 

Dr.  N.  B.  BRISBINE, 

No.  93  EAST  KING  STREET,  Above  Lime. 

The  Doctor  pays  special  attention  to  all  old  obstinate 
diseases,  such  as  Consumption,  Liver  Complaint,  Dys- 
pepsia, Rheumatism,  all  diseases  of  the  Heart,  Head, 
Throat,  Lungs,  Stomach,  Bowels,  Kidneys,  Nervous 
Debility,  General  Debility,  &c.  The  doctor  makes  ex- 
aminations of  the  Urine.    Consultation  Free. 


S.  TVESLCHENS,  D.  D.  S., 

SURGEON    DENTSIT, 

Office  and  Hesidence, 

HOWELL'S  BUILDING,  No.  m  NORTH  QUEEN  ST., 

Hiilf  a  square  south  of  the  K.  H.  Depot. 

Twenty  Years'  Successful  Practice  in  Lancaster 

The  Latest  improvements  in  INSTRUMENTS 
and  TEETH  and  the  very  best  material,  Warranted 
in  all  operations. 

TEETH  EXTRACTED  WITHOUT  PAIN  with 
the  use  of  Nitrous  Oxide  Gas,  Ether,  or  the  Ether 
Spray. 

TERMS,  as  low  as  any  in  the  city,  when  low  priced 
material  and  Imc  priced  work  are  used. 

But  for  FIRST-CLASS  OPERATIONS,  with  ap 
pliances  and  material  to  correspond,  prices  range 
higher. 

S.  WELCHENS,  D.  D.  S. 


THOS.  J.  WENTZ, 

SUCCESSOR  TO 

WENTZ  BROTHERS, 

SIOJN  OF  THE  BEE  HIVE, 

Ho.  5  EAST  KING  STREET,  LANCASTER,  PENN'A., 

DEALEK  IN 

FOREI&N  AND  BOMESTIC  DRY  GOODS 

CariM*fs,  Oil  Cloths,  Window  Shades. 

SPECIAL  ATTENTION  PAID  TO 

HiaDJiS'  ©l^iii  (E®®©l 

Shawls  and  Embioideries,  Cloths  and  Cassimeres, 

Handkerchiefs,    Gloves    and    Hosiery, 

Best  Kid   Gloves. 

The  Choicest  of  the  Market,  and  at  the  Lowest  Possibh.' 
Prices.  ; 

BEMEMBER  THE  PLACE  TO  BUY. 

THOS.  J.  WENTZ, 

Bee  Hive  Store,  No.  5  E.  King  St, 


G.  J.  GILiLiBSFIK, 


DEALER  IN 


FOREI&N  AND  AMERICAN  WATCHE 

IN  GOLD  AND  SILVER  CASES, 

CLOCKS  OF  EVERY  DESCEIPTION, 

Jewelry  in  all  its  Shapes  and  Forms, 

SILVER  WARE,  designed  for  Bridal  Presents;   !j 

BRACKETS,  TOILET    SETS,    VASES,    SPECTACLBSlj 

GOLD  PENS,  &c.,  &c.,  &c.  !^ 

No.  10)^  West  King  Street,  opposite  the  Cross  Keys  HoteilN 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


BEST  fll  €1 


FLUTO, 

MELODIA, 

BASSOON, 

BOURDON, 

MANUEL-BASS, 

EOLEON-FORTE, 

KNEE-TREMOLO. 

c  c 


A     ROUlf^D,    FULL    IRSCH    TOPIE!" 


■■.::o\"c;:;-i,|:,l'::j. 


■/-iH.rr^J.'alllSmprKTi 


M. 


■>\\ 


PICCOLO, 

GAMBU, 

CLARIONET, 

EOLEON, 

OCTAVES, 

PICCOLO-FORTE, 

KNEE-SWELL. 


THIS  TEHVCIPIliE  OE.O-.A.3sf 

Js  aokiKiwk-ducd  l.v  all  who  have  exaiaiiiort  it  to  W-  the  most  perfect  Reed  instrument  everintroduced  to  the  pnhlic,  having 
been  awardeil  the  FIRST  PKIZK,  over  all  eomprtiJois,  "for  quality  of  tone  and  promptness  of  action."  IT  COM- 
BINES ALL,  REGENT  I  IMPROVEMENTS,  and  for  poweu,  fulnkss  pukity  of  tone,  and  quick  kesi-onse 
TO  Till-;  TOUCH,  snri)as;se.s  all  others  ill  its  ch>se  resemblance  to  the  Pipe  Organ.  Its  Construction  IS  entirely  WCW, 
and  different  from  all  otlier  Reed  Organs  now  in  use,  surpassing  aU  in  simplicity  and  equal  to  any  in  durability.  Tlie  editor 
of  the  "Temple  ok  IMusic"  says  : 

"It  is  a  most  mactnificent  instrument,  and  has  many  fine  qualities  to  recommend  it;  among  others,  its  stops,  imitating 
most  siieeessfully  many  of  tlie  most  useful  in  the  pipe  organ.  The  flute,  the  Piccolo,  bassoon,  clarionet  and  yarious  others, 
are  such  iierfect' imitations  that  it  would  be  difiieult  to  distinguish  them  from  the  genuine,  at  a  little  distance  from  the  per- 
former. Wc  liayo  for  a  long  time  seen  the  necessity  for  a  reed  organ  that  combined  the  qualities  which  we  believe  an;  con- 
tained in  this  ;  and  wo  invite  the  severest  eritici.sm,  not  only  as  to  its  superior  excellence  as  a  musical  instrument,  but  also 
•IS  to  its  ele;,'ant  finish,  making  it  the  most  beautiful  parlor  instrument  extant."  ; 

All  the  various  styles  for  Church,  Hall  and  Parlor,  furnished  to  ordivr,  at  manufacturers'  prices,  by  their  Agent, 


r.i<i  J.^ 


No.  70  East  King  St.,  Lancaster,  Ir*a., 
wliere  the  Organ  inay  be  seen,  and  details  as  to  styles  and  prices  obtained. 

SUPER   FHOSPHATE  OF   LIME, 

THE  GREAT  FERTIEIZER  OF  ALL  CROPS, 

:\L\NUF.\('TTRED    FROM   BONES,  DISSOLVED   IN    SULPHURIC    ACID.      WARRANTED    PERFECTLY 

FKEE  FROM  ADULTERATION. 
Our  new  C'irculav  containing  much  valuable  infoiiuatiou,  will  be  furuislied  free  on  application  to 

MILLER  &  SMITH,  Sole  Manufacturers  &  Proprietors, 
AGEICITLTURAL  CHEMICAL  WORKS, 

flic  BesTWork !      The  Lowest  Prices!! 


A.   SCHINDLER  &   BROTHER, 

(JildtT.s  and  ^JLtiniraetuiors  dl' Ivonkinii  (Mas.scs,  (ISfanlC'l,  I'k'i*  Glasses,  etc.,)  and  Picture  Fi-anios  of  all  kinds. 
Dealers  in  Cliiomo  Lilliogrnijlis,  Kteel  Engravings  and  Water  Color  Paintings. 

Gilt,  ]!ose\vood,  and  Walnut  Fi-amcs  of  every  description,  and  Square  and  Rustic.  Room  Mouldings,  Cornices, 
etc.,  always  on  hand  or  made  to  order. 

Also,lte-Gilding,  j-epairing  ard  inserting  of  Looking  Glasses,  etc.,  etc. 


THE  FLORENCE  SEWING  MACHINES. 

THE    BEST    MACHINE    FOR    FAMILY    USE. 

SIMi-LE  AND  EASY  TO  LEARN  AND  NOT  LIABLE  TO  UET  OUT  OF  ORDER. 

Capable  of  all  varieties  of  sewing  from  the  finest  to  the  coarsest.     Make  the  Lock 

Stitch  alike  on  both  sides,  and  use  the  least  thread. 

OT.  F.  DUBTGAN  Agent^ 

Xo.  65  North  Queen  Street,  i.ANCiVSTER,  PA. 


REGISTER  OP  WHILES. 

We  are  authorized  to  announce  that 

DR.  WILLIAM  M.  WHITESIDE, 

late  Lieutenant  of  Company  E,  10th  Regiment,  tirst  three  months  service,  and 
Captain  of  Company^  I,  79th  Regiment  Pen na.  Volunteers  of  Lancaster,  is  a 
candidate  for  REGISTER  of  Lancaster  county,  subject  to  the  decision  of  the 
Republican  votes  at  the  ensuing  Primary  Election. 


C  -A.  !R,  ID  ' 

REIGART'S  OLD  WIIVE  STORE, 

ESTABLISHED  IN  1TS5, 

No.  26  EAST  KING  ST.,  LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

The  reputation  of  REIGART'S  OLD  WINE  AND  BKAN- 
DIES  for  purity  and  excellent  quality  having  been  tully  es- 
tablished for  nearly  a  century,  we  regret  that  the  conduct  of 
some  unprincipled  dealers,  who  re-till  with  and  sell  from  our 
labled  bottles  their  deleterious  compounds,  compels  us  to  adopt 
the  annexed  trade  mark,  which  in  future,  for  the  protection 
of  ourselves  and  our  customers,  will  be  found  on  all  our  old 
bottled  Wines,  Brandies,  Gins,  Whiskies,  Bitters,  &c. 


TRADE 


MARK. 


And  further,  in  order  to  protect  the  same,  we  hereby  an- 
nounce our  determination  to  prosecute  to  the  fullest  extent  of  the 
Act  of  Assembly,  approved,  31st  day  of  March,  1860,  any  per- 
son or  persons  wlio  shall  violate  the  provisions  of  said  act  as 
appUeable  to  our  trade  mark. 

N.  B — We  respectfully  request  the  public,  when  they  have 
occasion  or  desire  to  use  Old  Brandy  at  the  Hotels  or  Restau- 
rants to  ask  particularly  for  Reigart's  Old  Brandy. 
Very  respectfully.  &c., 

H.  E.  SLAYMAKER,  Agt. 


UNION  SPOKE  AND  AGRICULTURAL  WORKS 

Cornex"  of  Water  antl  Leixion  Sts., 
Formerly  Shirk  «&  Royer's  Warehouse,  on  the  Penna.  Rail- 
road, near  Baumgardner's  coal  yard,  and  2  squares  west  from 
the  Railroad  Depot,  where  we  manufacture  the 

LATEST  IMPROVED  GRAIN  DRILLS. 

Also,  Grain  Drills  with  Guano  attached,  warranted  to  give 
satisfaction.  Rockaway  J^'ana,  Cider  JtlillH,  Cruahem  and 
Grattrs,  tor  horse  or  hand  power,  which  will  grind  a  bushel 
of  apples  i)er  minute  by  horse  power,  and  are  warranted  to  do 
it  well.  We  would  also  inform  Ooachmakers  that  we  have  put 
up  in  our  shop  two  of  the  latest  improved  Spolce  Jaachinea, 
or  Jjathea,  and  are  fully  prepared  to  fuinish  the  best  quality 
of  SPOKES  of  all  kinds,  sizes,  dry  or  part  dry,  and  warranted 
to  be  a  good  article.  We  buy  none  but  the  best  turned  Spokes, 
and  have  now  on  hand  100,000  SFOKJES.  Bknt  Felloes 
of  all  sizes;  Shafts  and  Cakria(;k  Poles,  Bows,  &c.,  of 
seasonable  stuft",  constantly  on  hand. 

As  Mr.  Keeler  has  been  in  this  business  16  or  IS  years,  an<l 
having  served  an  apprenticeship  at  Coachmaking,  he  knows 
what  the  trade  want  in  that  line.  All  kinds  of  Bent  Stutf  for 
sale,  or  made  to  order— and  Sjiokes  of  all  sizes  turned  for  per- 
sons having  them  on  hand  in  the  rough. 

Notice  to  Farmers  and  Mechanics Planing  and  Saw- 
ing done  at  the  shortest  notice.  We  have  one  of  the  best  and 
latest  Improved  Surface  Planes  for  operation. 

KEELER  ii  SHAEFFEK,  Lancaster,  Pa. 


ZAHM  &  JACKSON, 

No.  15  NOBTH  ftUEEN  ST., 

Beg  leave  to  call  the  attention  of  persons  in  want  of 
a  good  and  reliable  Time  Keeper  to  their  full  assort- 
ment of 

AMERICAN  AND  SWISS  WATCHES, 


In  Gold  and  Silver  Cases  which  will  be  sold  at 
prices  which  will  defy  competition.  Also,  a  full  assort- 
ment of 


of  all  kinds,  which  we  will  warrant  good  and  correct 
time-keepers. 


in  great  variety,  such  as  Pins,  Setts,  Ear  Rings,  Fiuoer 
Rings,  Sleeve  Buttons,  Chains,  &c. 


SOLID  SILVER  WARE, 

Manufactured  expressly  for  our  sales  and  warranted  coin. 

PLATEI3    WARE, 

From  the  best  factories  and  warranted  the  tinest  quality. 

Gold,  Silver  and  Steel  Spectacles.    Hair  Jewelry 
Made  to  Oraer. 

Repairing  Promptly  Attended  to. 

ZAHM  &  JACKSON. 


THE 


Vol.  I. 


LANCASTER,  PA.,  OCTOBER,  1869. 


No.  10. 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY 

WYI^IE    &    GBIEST, 

INQUIKER  BUILDING,  LANCASTER,  PA., 
At  ONE  DOLLAR  PER  YEAR  In  Advance 

UNDER   THK    AD8PICK8    OP   THE 

I^ANCASTER  C'OUNTT  AOKICITLIXRAI.  AND 
UOKTlCUIiTUBAL.  SOCIETY. 


Publithing  Committee: 
Dr.  p.  W.  Hiestand, 
H.  K.  Stoner, 
Jacob  M.  Fkantz, 
Casper  Hillek, 
Lkvi  W.  Gkofp, 
Alexander  Harris. 


Editnrial  Committee. 
J.  B.  Garbeb, 
H.  M.  Englk, 
Levi  S.  Kkist, 
"W.  L.  Diffenderpeh, 
J.  H.  Musser, 
S.  S.  Rathvon. 


"All  communications  Intended  for  the  Farmer  should  be 
addressed  to  6.  S.  Kathvon  and  Alex.  Harris,  the  resident 
members  of  the  Editing  and  Publishing  Committees. 

All-advertisements,  subscriptions  and  remittances,  to  Wylie 
&  Griest,  Printers. 


€5mH^ 


VEGETABLE    PHYSIOLOGY. 

THE  LEAF  AS  AN  ORGAN  OF  VEGETATION. 

The  organs  in  all  living  bodies  are  more  com- 
plex as  they  approach  the  surface,  or  become  ex- 
posed to  external  agencies.  The  root  of  the  plant, 
as  we  have  already  seen,  is  an  organ  of  vegeta- 
tion, but  by  reason  of  its  protection  by  being 
buried  in  the  earth,  its  structure  is  coarse  and 
tender.  Its  function  being  simply  to  imbibe  the 
moisture ;  no  complication  beyond  the  cell  struc- 
ture is^'required.  The  stem  is  also  an  organ  of 
vegetation,  but  its  exposure  to  the  changes  and 
violence  of  the  elements  renders  a  higher  and 
more  complicated  organism  necessary.  The  leaf 
in  its  turn,  emerging  still  higher  into  the  air,  and 
venturing  more  and  more  into  the  maze  of  exter- 
nal conditions  as  they  are  presented  in  the  gases 
of  the  atmosphere,  has  a  function  to  perform 
which  requires  a  wonderful  complexity  of  organic 
mechanism. 

The  economy  of  nature  is  so  rich  and  lavish  in 
all  its  powers  of  adaptation  to  the  conditions  of 
growth,  that,  although  the  organs  just  mentioned 
as  the  essential  principles  of  vegetation,  are  to 
some  extent  isolated  from  each  other,  and  widely 
different  in  form  and  structure,  they  are  neverthe- 


less most  happy  in  their  relative  actions  andblend, 
their  functional  powers  so  perfectly  that  every 
element  of  growth  in  the  earth  and  air  is  carefully 
taken  up,  and  all  the  changes  of  season  and 
climate  are  most  opertunely  provided,  for. 

In  the  process  of  vegetation,  nature  has  not 
only  amply  provided  for  the  upbuilding  of  the 
plant  through  its  organs,  but  by  various  complica- 
tions of  structure  and  texture  every  action  is 
carefully  guarded.  The  living,  moving  animal 
is<warned  of  danger,  and  seeks  self  preservation 
from  an  instinctive  principle,  which  is  inherent 
and  always  equal  to  the  task,  and  when  violence 
threatens  destruction,  hunger  pinches,  or  thirst 
parches,  the  power  of  locomotion  is  the  ready 
and  gracious  instrument  of  salvation  and  protec- 
tion. But  the  plant  being  held  to  the  spot  by 
virtue  of  the  very  organ  designed  to  furnish  and 
sustain  life,  the  stem  has  its  safeguard  in  the 
epidermis,  or  bark,  but  the  leaf  being  always 
tender  and  flexible,  and  ever  in  service  during 
the  whole  season  of  vegetation,  must,  in  its  very 
composition,  contain  the  power  of  preservation, 
in  connection  with  every  active  exercise  of  its 
proper  function. 

The  leaf  as  it  meets  our  every-day  vision,  or  is 
trod  under  foot  when  it  has  subserved  its  pur- 
pose and  has  fallen  to  the  earth  as  inert  matter, 
excites  very  little  wonder  or  admiration  to  those 
who  do  not  take  the  trouble  to  examine  its  won- 
derful mechanism,  or  its  admirable  adaptation  to 
the  office  it  is  destined  to  perform.  We  look  up 
into  a  tree  when  in  full  foliage,  or  upon  the  plant 
covered  with  the  verdure  of  living  green,  and  be- 
yond the  promise  of  fruit,  or  a  rich  harvest,  our, 
minds  rarely  penetrate  the  grandeur  of  the  great 
scheme  of  nature  which  requires  such  a  surface  of 
what  we  term  "  Parcrchymo."  Were  it  not  for 
the  economy  which  is  presented  in  this  wonder- 
ful organism,  it  would  be  about  as  difficult  to  pre- 
serve a  proper  vital  equilibrium  in  the  world,  as 
to  expect  a  full  vegetable  growth  in  the  absence 
of  rain  or  sunshine.  Those  great  fundamental 
powers  that  move  and  preserve  the  vital  ener- 
gies of  the  world,  as  they  are  recognized  in  the 
gases  of  the  atmosphere,— heat,  moisture  and  the 


146 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


laws  of  life  and  health,  must  have  their  purifying 
and  balancing  principles,  and  there  is  no  sub- 
stance more  effective  in  this  work  than  that  which 
is  represented  by  the  blade  of  grass,  or  the  leaf 
of  a  tree. 

The  leaf  is  not  only  so  constructed  as  to  elab- 
orate the  sap  of  the  plant,  but  it  absorbs  and  con- 
sumes the  carbonic  acid  gas,  which  is  everywhere 
evolved,  and  which,  were  it  not  thus  disposed  of, 
would  render  the  earth  uninhabitable.  In  this 
general  view  it  will  be  seen  that  nature  is  not 
thus  clothed  simply  to  gratify  the  vision  of  man, 
but  to  be  conducive  to  his  health,  as  well  as  to 
aftbrd  him  food  and  nourishment. 

The  same  laws  which  govern  the  conformation 
and  structure  of  the  root  and  branch,  are  applica- 
ble to  the  leaf  also  as  an  organ  of  vegetation. 
The  nature  of  the  tissues  which  enter  into  the 
fabric  of  the  towering  oak,  runs  through  these  de- 
ciduous organs,  which  flourish  but  for  a  season, 
and  then  fall  and  wither  as  the  grass  of  the  field. 
The  relative  position  of  the  leaf  upon  the  tree  'is 
not  only  essential  to  its  function ;  but  it  is  sug- 
gestive of  the  species  and  habits  of  the  growth  it 
represents.  Its  formation  and  size  indicates  its 
duration,  and  often  determines  its  life,  destiny, 
and  the  climate  to  which  the  plant  that  it  repre- 
sents, belongs.  • 

The  function  of  the  root  is  to  absorb  the  mois. 
ture  of  the  earth,  which,  by  a  previous  chemical 
action,  has  become  laden  with  the  various  min- 
eral compounds  which  enter  into  the  life  of  veg- 
etation. The  fluid  thus  taken  up  is  water  simply, 
holding  this  mineral  matter  in  solution,  which 
undergoes  a  change  by  contact  with  the  air  that 
prepares  it  for  assimilation.  The  leaf  is  not  only 
the  medium  by  which  this  is  efiected,  but  its  pe- 
culiar structure  renders  it  capable  of  its  elabora- 
tion also.  In  order  to  understand  properly  the 
structure  of  this  organ,  it  is  necessary  to  explain 
the  import  of  its  functions. 

This  process  of  chemical  change  in  the  circula- 
ting medium,  is  natvu*al  to  every  species  of  life. 
It  seems  to  be  necessary  that  this  transformation 
be  effected  within  the  body  of  the  object,  and  the 
higher  the  organization  is,  the  more  complicated 
the  apparatus  for  this  purpose  seems  to  become. 
In  the  animal  this  change  takes  place  in  the 
lungs.  The  venous  blood  there  comes  in  contact 
with  the  oxygen  of  the  atmosphere,  and  a  combus- 
tion takes  place  which  sets  free  carbonic  acid  gas 
and  returns  arterial  blood  to  the  system  for  assim- 
ilation. This,  however,  is  not  the  whole  process 
of  elaboration  of  the  blood  of  the  animal.  The 
liver  and  other  organs  are  concerned  in  its  prepa- 
ration for  this  final  change.  The  structure  of  the 
organs  thus  involved  would  be  a  theme  of  fruitful 


and  profitable  study,  but  it  does  not  properly  be- 
long to  our  subject.  We  refer  to  them  here, 
simply,  as  an  analogy.  But  the  grandeur  of  the 
arrangement  between  the  two  kingdoms,  which 
is  here  suggested,  is  well  calculated  to  challenge 
our  admiration.  One  of  the  fundamental  laws  of 
chemistry,  m  effecting  elementary  combinations, 
is  to  have  fixed  and  determinate  proportions. 
Now  to  preserve  that  balancing  power,  which 
regulates  the  remote  principles  of  vital  action, 
elements  which,  in  their  normal  relations,  are 
mutually  repellant,  must  become  subservient  to 
the  common  interests  of  life.  Accordingly,  the 
gas  that  is  exhaled  from  the  lungs  of  the  animal 
becomes  food  for  the  plant,  and  is  inhaled  by  its 
leaves.  This  gas  is  volatile  in  the  extreme  to  the 
animal,  and  by  reason  of  it  being  engendered  in 
unlimited  quantities  from  every  species  of  dead 
or  decaying  matter,  and  every  object  of  combus- 
tion ;  the  economy  of  nature  m  using  it  up  as  food 
for  the  vegetable  meets  in  a  remarkable  degree 
the  very  law  of  mutual  benefit,  by  chemical  equiv- 
alent, above  referred  to.  Where  the  leaves  of 
trees  and  grass  and  weeds,  therefore,  are  to  be 
found,  there  animal  life  can  be  sustamed,  and  will 
be  protected  by  the  immense  surface  afforded  by 
this  verdure,  for  the  absorption  of  all  that  is  poi- 
sonous in  the  atmosphere. 

As  an  organ  to  promote  the  growth  of  vegeta- 
tion, the  leaf  has  a  two-fold  significance.  By  its 
structure  it  is  capable  of  nourishing  the  plant  by 
a  rapid  absorption  of  the  element,  and  it  is  also 
able  to  protect  it  by  preventing  an  undue  evap- 
oration of  the  circulating  fluid,  in  a  dry  season. 
These  powers  are  the  leading  features  in^its  func- 
tion. If,  as  is  alleged  by  some  authors,  the  evap- 
oration of  the  sap  through  the  leaves,  is  equal  in 
all  cases  to  the  absorption  of  the  root,  the  heat 
of  the  sun,  when  the  earth  is  parched  and  sterile, 
would  very  soon  consume  the  parenchyma,  which 
is  formed  of  cellular  tissue,  and  is  extremely  ten- 
der and  susceptible  to  the  slightest  injury,  where 
there  is  not  a  perfect  chemical  equilibriiun  of  the 
conditions  of  growth ;  unless  in  its  formation  there 
be  some  safeguard  in  the  leaf  to  prevent  such  in- 
jury. Whether  this  theory  be  correct  or  not, 
(and  we  are  obliged  to  dissent  from  it  on  princi- 
ple,) it  will  be  seen  that  some  provision  for  the 
protection  of  the  tender  plant,  in  such  an  emer- 
gency must  be  present. 

There  is  an  immense  quantity  of  fluid  lost  by 
what  is  termed  the  perspiration  of  the  plant,  but 
as  it  is  worked  up  in  the  various  functions  of 
vegetation,  there  must  necessarily  a  great  quan- 
tity of  sap  remain,  for  obvious  reasons,  and  to 
prevent  the  loss  of  this,  is  one  of  the  leading 
characteristics  of  the  leaf. 


THE  LANCASTEE  FAKMER. 


147 


The  spongy  and  cellular  tissue  in  the  vegetable 
which  is  called  "  Parenchyma,^''  and  which  consti- 
tutes the  green  surface  of  the  leaf,  is  the  central 
object  of  interest  in  the  study  of  its  function.  In 
this  tissue  the  life  of  the  plant  meets  the  condi- 
tions of  growth  as  they  are  presented  in  the  air 
and  light,  just  the  same  as  the  cellular  tissue  im- 
bibes the  condition  of  growth  as  they  are  found 
in  the  soil.  Though  differently  constructed,  the 
root  and  the  leaf  are  homogenous  in  nature,  the 
difference  in  their  conformation  being  necessary, 
in  consequence  of  the  character  of  the  elements 
in  which  they  have  to  operate. 

It  is  the  "  Parenchyma  "  which  constitutes  the 
food  for  the  animal.  Grass  and  herbs  which  are 
designed  expressly  for  such  noiu*ishment,  are  con- 
structed almost  entirely  of  this  tissue.  The  woody 
or  fibrous  tissue  enters  largely  into  the  higher 
order  of  vegetation,  where  fruit  is  developed,  or 
the  flower  is  evolved.  In  trees  and  shrubs  that 
live  for  years,  the  woody  tissue  is  found  in  larger 
quantities  in  the  leaf,  not  only  to  produce  a  more 
enduring  texture,  but  to  render  it  better  able,  by 
virtue  of  its  organization,  to  elaborate  a  higher 
quality  of  sap. 

"VVe  have  devoted  this  article  to  these  reflec- 
tions upon  the  uses  and  functions  of  the  leaf,  to 
enable  us  better  to  understand  its  peculiar  struc- 
ture, which  will  be  our  theme  for  the  next  article. 

S.  W. 

THE  TEETH  OP  ANIMALS. 

No.  3. 

In  the  animal  kingdom,  as  well  as  in  the  vege- 
table kingdom,  there  is  a  classification  into  tribes, 
families,  and  species.  Xature  has  fixed  laws  and 
boundaries,  which  must  be  observed,  if  we  desire 
to  acquaint  ourselves  with  her  operations,  and 
systematize  our  studies  of  her  mysteries.  As  the 
result  of  careful  investigation,  the  teeth  of  ani- 
mals are  regarded  as  the  most  secure  basis  for 
their  classification. 

The  teeth  of  all  animals  are  composed  of  three 
distinct  substances ;  namely,  Enamel  which  con- 
stitutes the  crown,  or  grinding  surface  ;  the  Den- 
tine which  constitutes  the  body  and  internal 
fabric  •,  and  the  Cementum  which  invests  the  root, 
or  that  portion  of  the  tooth  which  is  embedded  in 
the  jaw.  The  importance  of  these  distinctions  in 
the  structure  of  the  teeth  cannot  be  overestima- 
ted, since  in  their  arrangement,  the  whole  question 
of  classification  rests.  The  Enamel  is  the  hardest 
Organic  substance  known.  Its  percentum  being 
from  four  to  six  parts  of  enamel  matter  in  a  hun- 
dred. When  we  consider  the  immense  amount 
of  service  allotted  to  those  organs,  the  amazing 


strength  of  the  animal  will  cease  to  be  a  wonder. 
The  Dentine  contains  a  great  deal  more  animal 
matter  than  the  enamel,  and  is  consequently  ex- 
ceedingly sensitive  when  exposed  to  the  air,  or 
to  the  action  of  food  and  the  fluids  of  the  mouth. 
It  is  also  a  much  softer  substance  than  the  en. 
amel.  The  Cementum  is  still  softer  than  the  den- 
tine, and  more  analogous  to  the  substance  of  the 
bones  of  the  system. 

As  we  said  before  these  structural  distinctions 
must  be  borne  in  mind,  in  order  to  comprehend  the 
mode  of  classifying,  and  determining  the  habits 
of  the  animal,  and  the  kind  of  food  necessary  to 
its  sustenance.  For  instance,Sthe  gramenivora,  or 
those  that  live  on  grain  and  grass,  have  the  ar- 
rangement of  those  substances  entirely  diflerent 
to  the  carnivora,  or  those  that  live  on  flesh.  In 
the  latter  the  whole  strength  of  the  enamel  is 
thrown  to  the  surface,  and  the  texture  is  dense  or 
soft,  according  to  the  habits  of  the  animal,  or  the 
length  of  time  in  keeping  with  the  allotted  limi- 
tation of  duration  and  life. 

In  the  former,  as  iia  the  horse  or  cow,  the 
crowns  of  the  teeth,  and  especially  of  the  front 
teeth,  the  soft  substance  of  the  cementum  is  mixed 
with,  or  is  rather  arranged  between  folds  of  the 
enamel.  This  provision  of  nature  is  admirably 
adapted  to  the  wants  and  habits  of  those  animals 
which  are  indispensable  adjuncts  of  the  farmer. 

To  illustrate  this  point,  we  have  no  better  com- 
parison at  hand  than  the  millstone.  The  trans- 
verse and  concentric  layers  of  the  enamel  as  their 
sharp  cutting  edges  come  up  boldly  to  the  sur- 
face, and  are  filled  in  with  this  softer  substance, 
and  kept  sharp  by  use,  by  the  softer  substance 
wearing  out  from  between  the  harder  substance, 
and  thus  in  the  normal  state,  the  grinding  surface 
of  the  teeth  of  those  animals,  is  like  the  grinding 
surface  of  the  mill-stone,  with  the  exception  that 
the  tooth  is  self-sharpening.  By  this  arrange- 
ment the  outer  edges  or  comers  are  kept  as  sharp 
as  a  knife,  and  is  well  calculated  to  clip  off  the 
smallest  and  finest  blades  of  grass. 

These  soft  centres  are  subject  tochanges.as  the 
animal  grows  in  years,  as  indeed  is  the  case  with 
the  whole  bony  system.  They  arc  hardened  by 
age,  and  this  will  explain  the  disappearance  of 
the  mark  of  the  horse  when  he  reaches  his  tenth 
year.  This  cementum  which  fills  up  the  spaces 
between  the  layers  of  the  enamel,  while  the  ani- 
mal is  yet  young,  is  soft,  and  becomes  stained  or 
colored  by  the  grass  or  food.  As  age  advance, 
therefore,  this  cementum  hardens  almost  to  the 
density  of  the  enamel,  and  it  being  no  longer  sus- 
ceptible to  the  coloring  properties  of  food,  th» 
mark  of  the  horse  gradually  but  T«ry  certainly 
disappear. 


148 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


These  constitute  some  of  the  characteristics  of 
the  teeth  of  animals  that  are  purely  graniverous. 
In  their  classification  of  course  other  distinctions 
come  up  in  the  way  of  peculiar  formation,  of  the 
teeth  and  bone,  by  which  their  tribe  and  family 
can  be  identified.  Our  object  being  simply  to  de- 
velop the  habits  of  the  animal,  by  the  kind  of 
food  suggested  through  the  formation  of  the  teeth, 
we  will  devote  our  future  article  to  that  purpose. 

S.  W. 


gtiaiKual 


WHEAT. 

Wheat  is  by  far  the  most  important  and  most 
extensively  cultivated  species  of  bread  corn 
raised.  Lancaster  county  at  one  time  took  the 
lead  in  raising  wheat,  the  flour  of  which  com- 
manded the  highest  market  prices.  Our  soil  is  of 
a  clayey  nature,  most  suitable  indeed.  Wheat  is 
adapted  to  heavy,  stifflands,  so  that  a  great  por- 
tion of  Lancaster  county  might  be  termed  wheat 
soil.  It  seems  that  Lancaster  county  flour  now 
only  commands  S7  to  $7.25  per  barrel,  while 
Western  or  Michigan  flour.brings  SIO  to  S10.50. 
How  does  this  happen  ?  there  must  be  a  cause  for 
this  falling  ofi*— because  the  same  varieties  are 
accessible  and  mode  of  culture;  has  the  climate 
changed,  or  the  soil  ?  Or  may  the  hasty  mode  of 
cutting  and  stacking  or  storing  away,  the  use  of 
reaping  machinery  and  the  "double-quick  go- 
ahead  principle"  now  so  prevalent,  augment  the 
cause  ?  Perhaps  each  may  have  a  bearing  on  the 
question  of  "  why  and  the  wherefore."  Wheat 
cut  ten  days  before  thoroughly  ripe,  and  when 
fally  ripe,  grown  in  the  same  field  of  thin  lime- 
stone soil,  yielded  diflerent  results  in  the  pro- 
duct—the one  220  pounds  and  the  other  209 
pounds.  The  time  of  cutting  then  makes  a  dif- 
ference. Again,  when  cut,  the  shocks  should  be 
loosely  set  up  and  exposed  to  the  sun  and  air,  to 
drive  off"  the  excess  of  moisture  before  the  wheat 
is  densely  packed  or  stored  in  the  barn ;  is  this 
done  now  as  in  former  years  ?  Or  is  it  cut  one 
day  and  packed  away  the  next,  because  not  cut 
till  dead  ripe?  If  cut  earlier,  and  immediately 
stored,  it  is  inclined  to  sweat  and  heat,  and  in 
proportion  as  this  heating  and  sweating  takes 
place,  the  grain  is  more  or  less  damaged  for 
bread  making. 

It  is  well  understood  by  bakers,  that  the  flour 
is  not  profitable  to  them  that  will  take  up  and  re- 
tain the  greatest  amount  of  water  in  the  baked 
bread.  It  is  ascertained  that  on  an  average  66i 
pounds  of  dry  flour  naturally  holds  lOi  pounds  of 
water.    The  flour  in  making  bread  will  take  up 


half  its  weight  in  water  besides,  so  that  100 
pounds  of  flour  will  very  nearly  give  160  pounds 
of  bread,  allowing  five  per  cent,  for  the  loss  in 
fermentation  and  the  dryness  of  the  crust.  Com- 
mon salt  makes  the  paste  stronger  and  causes  it 
to  retain  more  water,  so  that  the  addition  of  salt 
is  a  real  gain  to  the  baker.  Alum  is  also  used 
with  a  view  to  this  end,  but  it  is  doubtful  as  being 
conducive  to  the  general  health.  There  are 
other  adulterations  known  to  the  initiated  bakers 
to  improve  inferior  qualities  of  flour,  which  are, 
however,  really  deleterious.  I  shall  therefore 
not  mention  them,  lest  unprincipled  bakers 
might  profit  by  the  information,  to  the  injury  of 
their  customers. 

I,  however,  did  not  design  to  write  a  treaties 
on  flour  or  bread  making — my  object  is  to  awaken 
the  inquiry  as  to  the  cause—"  Why  is  Lancaster 
county  flour  inferior  to  Western- flour?"    Some 
may  claim  that  the  vergin  soil  in  the  West  would 
be  a  sufficient  reason,  as  also  the  climate,  the 
variety  of  wheat  cultivated,  the  absence  of  in- 
sects, atmospheric  blight  or  fungoid  infection,  not 
yet  introduced  in  this  comparatively  new  country. 
All  this  may  have  a  bearing  upon  ihe  question, 
yet  do  they  not  leave  their  shocks  longer  in  the 
field,  exposed  to  the  action  of  air  and  sunshine, 
to  consolidate  the  grain,  by  carrying  off  the  super- 
ficial moisture  more  eff'ectually  before  the  grain  is 
stacked  or  put  into  barns?    I,  of  course,  do  not 
pretend  to  know,  and  diflerent  farmers,  through 
choice  or  necessity,  may  adopt  different  niDdes  of 
manipulation.     The    question    now  is,  do    our 
farmers  rush  their  grain  into  stacks  or  barns  too 
soon?     Can  the  difference  of  the  produce  be 
traced  to  a  difference  of  time  in  cutting  and  se- 
curing the  grain  ?    These  are  the  points.    Not  to 
enter  into  the  question,  what  kind  out  of  the  55 
varieties  of  winter  wheat,  or  the  67  varieties  of 
spring  wheat,  found  to  exist  in  the  catalogues 
should  be  used  in  given  localities  or  soils  ?    That 
may  properly  come  under  another  head.    Here 
arises  the  question,  how  do  we  come  by  these 
varieties  ?    A  few  facts  may  draw  the  attention 
of  our  farmers  to  an  important  consideration.    I 
will  here  simply  state  how  and  from  whence 
several  varieties  of  wheat  came  into  use,  gleaned 
from  published  and  good  authority  : 

Mr.  Lambert,  in  a  field  extensively  injured  by 
rust  and  midge,  found  in  the  middle  of  the  same 
a  few  heads  perfectly  free  from  both  these  mala-  " 
dies.  These  he  carefully  gathered,  and  from  the 
product  came  the  once  famous  Lambert  wheat, 
a  variety  that  ripened  even  earlier  than  the 
Mediterranean.  It  was  found  that  a  larger  pro- 
portion of  eilicious  matter  had  entered  into  its 
composition,    thereby,    perhaps,    protecting    it 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


149 


against  the  attack  of  the  rust  or  midge.  A  su- 
perior variety  of  spring  wheat,  known  as  the 
China  or  black-tea  wheat,  originated  from  a  few 
kernels  found  in  a  chest  of  black  tea.  Hunter's 
wheat,  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  esteemed 
varieties  in  Scotland,  was  discovered  half  a  cen- 
tury ago,  by  the  roadside  in  Berwickshire.  The 
Fenton  wheat,  a  very  valuable  variety,  which 
yields  heavily  on  very  strong  soil,  such  as  that  on 
which  it  originated,  was  derived  from  a  few  ears 
found  growing  among  the  rubbish  derived  from  a 
quarrry  of  basaltic  rock.  Piper's  thick  set,  a 
wheat  which  yields  largely  on  meadow  soils, 
having  produced  60  bushels  to  the  acre,  but  is 
deficient  in  straw  product,  was  derived  from  a  re- 
markable ear,  found  in  a  wheat  field  and  its  pro- 
duce carefully  cultivated. 

This  shows  the  importance  of  observation  and 
availing  ourselves  of  natural  indications  of  su- 
periority in  the  growth,  and  following  it  up  with 
judicious  cultivation,  and  care  to  prevent  admix- 
ture. Yet  such  arc  the  laws  of  nature  that  all 
varieties  tend  to  relapse  to  their  original  type,  so 
that  unless  intelligence  to  guide  and  vigilance  to 
perform  or  render  the  necessary  attention  at  the 
proper  time,  the  best  soits  may  deteriorate,  the 
best  soils  wear  out,  and  the  product  diminish 
both  in  quality  and  quantity.  Who  is  sufficient 
to  understand  all  the  conditions  conspiring  to  pro- 
duce the  best  results,  and  even  when  greatly 
understood  to  guard  against  local  or  unusual  or 
periodical  climatic  and  other  causes  and  effects? 
Echo  answers  who  ?  J.  Stauffer. 


§^otticttlttttal 


FRUIT  EXHIBITION 
IN  THE  orphan's  COURT  ROOM. 

Udd  Sept.  2Qth.  1869. 

A  special  meeting  was  convened  in  the  ante- 
chamber of  the  Orphan's  Court  Room,  for  th'' 
purpose  of  the  appointment  of  the  various  com- 
mittees to  pass  upon  the  fruits  on  exhibition. 
The  President  announced  the  following  gentle- 
men as  constituting  the  different  committees,  viz: 

On  nomenclature,  Casper  Hiller,  .J.  B.  Garber, 
Calvin  Cooper,  Levi  S.  Reist,  and  Henry  M. 
Engle. 

Commttee  on  the  merits  of  apples,  A.  D.  Hos- 
tetter  and  Calvin  Cooper. 

Committee  on  the  merits  of  grapes,  H.  K. 
Stoner  and  S.  "Welchens. 

Committee  on  the  merits  of  pears,  J.  H.  Her- 
sbey  and  Peter  Riley. 

Comftiittee  on  the  merits  of  peaches.  Dr.  S«,n(il. 
Welchens  and  John  B.  Erb. 


Committee  on  the  merits  of  vegetables  and 
flowers,  S.S.  Rathvon,  J.  B.  Kevinski,  and  Mrs. 
A.  E.  Roberts. 

The  committee  on  apples  submitted  the  follow- 
ing report : 

Levi  S.  Reist  exhibited  a  small  red  apple  worthy 
of  cultivation,  and  also  an  assortment  of  other 
well-grown  apples. 

P.  S.  Reist  had  some  good  specimens  of  apples. 

G.  W.  tthroyer  showed  Fallawater,  and  Bald- 
win, and  H.  K.  Stoner  had  some  fine  apples. 

Henry  M.  Engle  had  a  dark  red  apple  of  good 
size  and  fine  flavor,  together  with  seven  othci,; 
varieties. 

C.  Cooper  had  three  extra  large  and  highly  col- 
ored Gravenstcins,  together  with  40  other  very 
well-grown  apples. 

J.  G.  Rush  had  eleven  varieties  of  apples. 

A.  D.  Hostetter  had  good  specimens  of  Falla- 
water, together  with  a  number  of  other  varieties. 

Levi  Hoover  had  six  varieties. 

Christian  Hoover,  five  varieties. 

W.  L.  Diffenderfcr  a  handsome  plate  of  Agnes 
apples. 

Casper  Hiller  a  seedless  apple,  and  some  very 
large  specimens  of  Rambos,  with  30  other  varie- 
ties. 

J.  H.  Hershey  a  plate  of  apples. 

Aaron  Witmer,  fine  Bellflower  and  Fallawater. 

J.  B.  Erb,  some  very  fine  specimens. 
By  the  Committee, 

Calvin  Cooper, 
A.  D.  Hostetter. 

GRAPES. 

Tlie  committee  report  the  finest"  display  of 
grapes  ever  exhibited  in  Lancaster. 

H.  M.  Engle,  Marietta,  a  large  assortment  of 
very  fine  grapes  ;  the  Concord  and  CreveJing  de- 
serve special  notice. 

PeterRiley,Lancaster,  the  Concord  and  Israel- 
la.  The  latter  a  new  variety,  but  of  very  fine 
flavor  and  growth. 

D.  Sraeych,  Lancaster,  Attends  Hybrid,  a  white 
grape  of  fine  flavor  and  growth. 

Reuben  Weaver,  of  Rapho  township,  a  fine  as- 
sortment. The  Martha,  a  white  grape  and  seed- 
ling from  the  Concord,  in  quality  and  growth,  is 
equal  if  not  superior  to  it,  deserves  especial  at- 
tention by  our  grape  growers.  Also,  the  Tele- 
graph, early,  hardy  and  of  fine  flavor.  These  va- 
rieties deserve  special  notice. 

S.  is^.  Warfel,  Strasburg.  The  finest  display 
of  Diana,  a  hardy ,  vigorous  grape,  aud  fine  flavor ; 
very  creditable. 

H.  K.  Stoner,  W.  Lampeter.-  The  White  Mal- 
laga,  and  the  Black  Hamburg,  grow  in  a  cold 


150 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


grapery.  Very  fine  specimens,  and  deserve 
special  notice. 

G.  W.  Schroyer,  Lancaster.  The  Black  Ham- 
burg and  Catawba.    Both  very  creditable. 

Aaron  Witmer,  Lampeter.  The  Concord  ;  a 
very  creditable  display. 

8.  Benedict,  Lancaster.  The  Maxaiawny  and 
Diana ;  splendid  specimens,  equal  to  any  on  ex- 
hibition. 

D.  I.  Mayer,  Strasburg.  Very  good  Delaware, 
and  the  best  Clinton. 

J.  B.  Amwake,  Lancaster,  a  fine  assortment  ol 
excellent  grapes. 

John  K.  Reed,  Lancaster,  a  splendid  specimen 
of  the  Clinton. 

Dr.  Carpenter  Weidler,  Mechauicsburg,  tlie 
Herbemont  and  Iowa,  both  deserving  special  no- 
tice, and  the  finest  specimen  of  Concord  upon  ex- 
hibition. This  display  was  so  good  and  the  fruit 
80  well  cultivated,  and  of  such  excellent  quality, 
that  the  committee  award  Dr.  Weidler  the  highest 
premium. 

J.H.  Hershey,  Rohrerstown,  splendid  Catawba, 
fine  Concord,  and  best  Isabella. 

J.  B.  Garber,  Mountville,  the  largest  assortment, 
and  all  very  fine  grapes.  s 

Allen  Richards,  Columbia,  the  Concord  Adiron- 
dack, and  the  Union  Village.  The  latter  a  large 
fine  fiavored  grape,  and  hardy,  vigorous  grower, 
deserves  special  notice. 

C.  Hoover,  East  Earl,  splendid  Delaware,  the 
^finest  on  exhibition. 

Casper  Hiller,  Couestoga  Centre,  a  large  as- 
sortment of  very  fine  varieties.  Deserving  spe- 
cial notice. 

T.  M.  Strole,  New  Holland,  a  very  creditable 
specimen  of  the  Delaware. 

Geo.  Sigle,  Xew  Holland,  a  very  fine  specimen 
of  the  Catawba. 

H.  K.  Stoner, 
f>.  Welchens, 
Committee. 
PEARS. 

The  Committee  on  Pears  report  a  fine  display 
generally.  The  following  are  especially  men- 
tioned : 

H.  M.  Engle,  one  dish  very  fine  Belle  Lucra- 
tive. 

Peter  Riley,  one  dish  extra  fine  Beurre  Clair- 
geau  ;  one  dish  very  fine  Beurre  Diel ;  one  dish 
very  fine  Lawrence. 

D.  Rhoads,  one  dish  very  fine  Bartlett. 
S.  N.  Warfel,  one  dish  very  fine  Seckel. 

J.  p.  Schaum,  a  few  specimens  Beurre  C^air- 
geau,  very  fine. 
L.  S.  Reist,  fine  Seckel. 
H.  K.  Stoner,  fine  Beurre  Diel. 


S.  Benedict,  one  dish  extra  Buerre  Clairgeau ; 
one  dish  fine  Buerre  Diel. 

Charles  E.  Long,  one  dish  fine  Beurre  Diel ; 
fine  Beurre  Clairgeau. 

J.  H.  Hershey,  a  few  specimens  extra  large 
Lawrence. 

C.  F.  Eberman,  city,  had  a  dish  of  very  fine 
Louisa  Bonne  de  Jersey  pears. 

C.  Hiller,  fine  Flemish  beauty. 

There  are  quite  a  number  of  dishes  of  fine  fruit 
deserving  of  special  notice  ;  suffice  it  to  say,  it  is 
so  generally  good  as  to  deserve  a  flattering  com- 
pliment to  all  the  exhibitors. 

J.  H.  Hershey, 
Peter  Riley. 

PEACHES. 

The  Committee  report  a  very  creditable  display 
of  Peaches. 

H.  M.  Engle,  Marietta,  had  the  largest  assor- 
ment,  and  very  fine  varieties.  This  display  de- 
serves special  notice. 

J.  P.  Schaum,  Lancaster,  the  Susquehanna.,  a 
splendid  peach,  and  the  Crawford's  late.  Deserve 
special  notice. 

John  P.  Meyer,  Lancaster,  a  Seedling,  and 
Belle  de  Vitry.    Very  fine. 

P.  S.  Reist,  a  few  very  fine  peaches,  without  ^ 
name. 

J.  C.  Snyder,  a  splendid  specimen  of  the  Susque- 
hanna 2)each.    Deserves  special  notice. 

J.  B.  Erb,  Strasburg  twp.,  six  varieties  of  Seed- 
ling.   A  very  creditable  display. 

Aaron  "Witmer,  Lampeter,  a  few  fine  peaches 
without  a  name. 

D.  Evans,  Lancaster,  Crawford's  late.  Very 
creditable. 

Andrew  Leibly,  Lancaster,  one  peach.  The 
largest  Crawford's  Tate  on  exhibition. 

Casper  Hiller,  Conestoga  Centre,  Southern 
Cling,  large,  yellow,  fine  ;  Crawford's  late,Ward's 
late,  Amelia,  Southern,  and  a  variety  of  Seedling, 
all  very  fine. 

John  Hubley,  Lancaster,  a  branch  with  peaches, 
no  name.    Very  creditable. 

Calvin  Cooper,  Enterprise.  Good  assortment, 
and  very  fine  fruit.    Deserves  special  notice. 

CAISTNED   PEACHES. 

Mrs.  J.  B.  Livingston,  Lancaster.  A  fine  dis- 
play. 

Mrs.  D.  S.  Bursk,  Lancaster.  A  splendid  dis- 
play. 

Mrs.  J.  P.  Schaum,  Lancaster.    Very  fine  fruit. , 

H.  A.  Cooper.    Fine  fruit. 

The  display  of  canned  peaches,  though  not 
large,  ^ras  very  cruditable,  and  deserves  especial 
notice.  Dr.  S.  Welchens, 

John  B.  Erb,      > 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMEK. 


151 


VEGETABLES  AND  FLOWERS. 

The  Committee  appointed  to  examine  and  re- 
port on  the  vegetables  and  flowers  on  exhibition 
at  the  Court  House,  on  the  20th  of  September, 
submit  the  following : 

In  the  vegetable  department  .they  found  that 
the  exhibitors  were  Dr.  C.  Weidler,  Casper  Hil- 
ler,  Peter  Reiley,  D.  E.  Mayer,  H.  K.  Stoner,  J. 
H.  Hershey,  S.  D.  Hostetter,  D.  Landis,  J.  P. 
Schaum,  and  J.  G.  Rush.  The  vegetables  on  ex- 
hibition embraced  the  Early  Rose,  Excelsior, 
Early  Sebec,  Goodrich, Harrison,  Willard,  Michi- 
gan White,  Western  Chief,  and  Monitor,  pota- 
toes ;  Crosby's  Sugar  Corn  ;  Accidental  Tomato  ; 
Turnip  Beets;  Drumhead  Cabbage  ;  Filderkraut; 
Red-peppers;  and  the  Hercules  Club  Gourds. 
All  the  specimens  on  exhibition  were  of  the  finest 
kind,  and  therefore,  where  they  came  in  compe- 
tition, it  was  difficult  to  determine  between  them. 
The  Committee  feel,  however,  that  a  preference 
is  due  to  the  lot  of  Early  Rose  potatoes  exhibited 
by  Dr.  C.  Weidler,  although  they  were  not  so 
large  as  the  same  variety  exhibited  by  H.  K. 
Stoner.  But  for  fine  shape,  uniformity  of  size, 
and  smooth  skin,  nothing  excelled  them.  The 
nearest  approach  to  them  were  those  exhibited 
by  Peter  Reily,  which,  except  that  they  were  not 
quite  so  smooth,  could  not  be  distinguished  from 
them.  As  the  other  articles  on  exhibition  con- 
sisted of  only  single  specimens,  all  of  which  will 
be  reported  in  the  city  papers,  with  the  names  of 
the  exhibitors  annexed  to  them,  it  is  not  deemed 
necessary  to  notice  them  further  here.  Although 
the  display  in  this  department  was  very  fine,  it 
was,  at  the  same  time,  rather  limited  when  com- 
pared with  our  resources. 

The  floral  department  was  also  limited.  There 
were  64  varieties  of  Verbenia  by  G.  W.  Shroyer  ; 
a  handsome  specimen  of  "  Joseph  Coat,"  Ama- 
ranthus  tricolor^  by  Daniel  Smeych ;  fine  Zinias,  by 
Mrs.  J.  P.  Shaum,  also  a  fine  Boquet;  a  dwarf 
Oleander  in  bloom  by  Mrs.  Smith ;  a  beauti- 
ful Double  Geranium  by  Calvin  Cooper ;  Roses 
by  J.  G.  Rush  ;  a  Boquet  by  Mrs.  Daniel  Smeych 
also  one  by  Mrs.  P.  Riley ;  two  Boquels,  two 
Hanging  Baskets,  and  a  Scarlet  Canna  plant,  by 
Mrs.  S.  S.  Rathvon. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

S.  S.  Rathvon, 
J.  B.  Kevinski, 
!Mrs.  a.  E.  Roberts. 

The  exhibition  was  indeed  the  finest  ever  seen 
in  this  city,  and  reflected  great  credit  upon  all 
concerned. 

The  Wheeler  and  Wilson  Sewing  Machine  on 
exhibition  was  admired  by  many. 


iotang. 


WEEDS— NO.  7. 


WHITE  AVEED — Die  Wucherblume. 


Twenty  years  ago  I  noticed  the  fields  m  Ches- 
ter county,  along  the  railroad,  perfectly  white 
with  the  ox-eye  daisy — the  Leucanthemum  vul- 
gare,  of  Botanists.  I  notice  this  vile  intruder  is 
becoming  a  great  nuisance  in  certain  sections  of 
Lahcaster  county.  The  common  wild  or  stinking 
chamomile,  also  known  as  Dog's  Fennel,  May 
Weed,  «&c.,  German,  Stinkende  Kamille.  The 
botanical  name  of  this  is  Manda  Cotula,  D.  C, 
and  is  common  and  abundant  in  lanes  and  farm 
yards.  Although  a  disagreeable  little  weed,  it  is  not 
so  apt  to  spread  to  an  injurious  extent  over  culti- 
vated grounds  as  the  white  weed.  This  latter  has 
been  permitted  to  get  too  extensively  introduced 
into  pasture  fields.  Above  Mount  Joy  I  noticed 
fields  quite  white  with  it  this  summer.  Cows  will 
occasionally  crop  a  portion  of  the  weed,  and  some 
have  alleged  that  it  contrib-ites  to  the  making  of 
good  butter.  This  fancy  may  have,  in  a  measure, 
been  a  protection,  but  on  the  best  authority  it  is 
deemed  wholly  worthless.  This  plant  propagates 
rapidly  and  is  difficult  to  get  rid  of  when  once 
fully  established.  Like  the  Canada  Thistle,  con- 
tinual cropping  and  plowing  up  is  about  the  only 
remedy ;  but  thenceforth  fence  rows  and  neigh- 
boring fields  must  be  well  watched  and  kept 
clean  also,  to  prevent  the  formation  of  fresh  seed 
to  be  introduced. 

I  agree  with  H.  M.  E.,  in  his  article  on  the 
Canada  Thistle,  that  "what  landholders  most 
care,  is  to  prevent  its  getting  a  foothold  on  their 
land."  Yet  allow  me  to  say  that  the  Canada 
Thistle  belongs  to  the  genus  Cirsium,  of  which 
we  have  ten  species,  agreeing  in  many  particu- 
lars, so  that  it  can  form  no  objections  for  specify- 
ing the  particular  point  of  distinction.  There  is 
another  pasture  thistle,  found  in  dry  fields,  the 
cirsium  pumilum,  that  has  often  been  mistaken 
for  the  Canada  Thistle,  but  it  is  easily  extermi- 
nated. The  true  Canada  Thistle,  Cirsium  arvetise , 
is  quite  a  difierent  thing  to  get  rid  of—every  little 
fibre  will  sprout  again,  and  it  requires  constant 
cropping,  so  as  to  exhaust  its  vitality  and  kill  the 
roots.  True,  the  name  is  of  no  consequence,  nor 
a  botanical  description  to  him  who  knows  the 
plant  and  its  evil.  Yet  it  is  well  enough  to  know 
how  to  distinguish  it.  In  this,  the  outer  scales 
of  the  appressed  involucre  are  barely  pricky 
pointed;  the  filaments  nearly  smooth;  in  the 
others  tlieyare  hairy;  heads  imperfectly  dioecious. 
Plant  low  branched ;  roots  extensively  creeping : 


152 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


leaves  slightly  wooly  beneath  sinuate  pinnatifid, 
that  is  much  divided  and  cut,  with  prickly  mar- 
gins; heads  small  and  numerous;  flowers,  rose 
purple.  J.  S. 


^ommunicatiottjS. 


THE  FARMER'S  CURSE. 

Messrs.  Editors  : — There  is  no  doubt  but  that 
the  farmers  will  have  to  contend  against  weeds 
always,  as  it  is  on  record  in  Holy  Writ — that  for 
the  disobedience  of  the  divine  command  by  our 
forefather  Adam,  the  curse  was  pronounced — that 
"  Thorns  and  also  thistles  shall  the  Earth  bring 
forth  for  thee,  and  in  the  sweat  of  thy  brow  shalt 
thou  eat  bread." 

Now  as  our  friend  H.  M.  E.,  in  last  No.  of  the 
Lancaster  Farmer,  has  given  us  a  chapter  ou, 
the  Canada  Thistle,  I  may  be  allowed,  I  presume? 
to  say  my  say  on  that  pest,  and  also  on  another  of 
even  a  greater  curse. 

As  to  what  Mr.  E.  states  about  the  Canada 
thistle,  I  fully  agree  with  him,  and  farmers  can 
not  be  too  wide  awake  to  keep  it  at  a  distance. 
Many  farmers  possibly  may  not  know  the  nuis- 
ance even  when  they  see  a  stalk  or  two  on  their 
farms,  and  thus  permit  it  to  get  a  foot-hold  on 
their  grounds,  causing  much  trouble  afterwards  ; 
while  had  they  taken  it  on  its  first  appearance, 
it  can  be  easily  eradicated.  Some  te"  or  twelve 
years  since,  I  noticed  a  small  patch  on  my  farm, 
close  to  the  turnpike,  perhaps  about  ten  by  fif- 
teen feet  in  extent.  I  went  to  work  with  a  will, 
determined  to  conquer  it.  The  field  was  in  pas- 
ture, and  I  gave  each  stalk  a  good  sprinkling  of 
salt,  two  or  three  times  during  the  summer — this 
killed  the  stalks,  and  the  cattle  licking  the  salt 
and  tramping  the  ground,  altogether  had  the  ef- 
fect of  badly  using  up  the  pest.  Next  season  only 
a  few  sickly  sprouts  made  their  appearance,  and 
with  a  few  more  doses  of  salt  it  disappeared  en- 
tirely. The  field  has  been  in  corn,  oats,  wheat, 
and  grass,  but  none  has  been  there  for  the  last 
six  or  eight  years. 

Bad  as  this  Canada  thistle  pest  is,  there  is  an- 
other that  is  even  worse.  The  weed  I  allude  to 
hasliowever  neither  "thorns  nor  thistles,"  and 
yet  is  worse  then  any  other  weed  that  the  farmer 
has  to  contend  with,  when  it  once  has  a  local 
habitation  on  his  grounds.  Vouch  or  Quack  grass 
— Arp-opyroiiy  Triticum  rejyens,  is  the  most  trouble- 
some of  all  weed  nuisances.  It  propagates  from 
both  seeds  and  roots ;  and  if  a  scrap  of  a  root  is 
dragged  from  one  part  of  a  field  to  another,  by 
plow  or  harrow,  it  will  be  sure  to  "  fix  itself," 
and  in  a  j^ear  or  two,  a  large  patch  is  there.  "When 

/ 


it  gets  along  fences,  or  in  an  orchard  among  the 
roots  of  trees,  it  is  a  "  permanent  fixture,"  and 
rea  ly  to  migrate  in  all  directions— the  ground  be- 
comes a  mass  of  roots,  preventiag  all  other  crops 
from  growing,  and  at  least  injuring,  if  it  does  not 
kill  the  trees. 

Farmers  should  become  familierwith  all  weeds 
as  well  as  useful  plants,  noxious  as  well  as  harm- 
less insects — in  a  few  words,  to  study  Botany  and 
Entomology.  It  would  be  the  means  of  aiding 
and  enlightening  them  far  beyond  what  they 
otherwise  can  possibly  have  any  conception  of. 

J.  B.  G. 


THE   LATE   HORTICULTURAL    EXHI- 
BITIONS. 

The  Horticultural  Exhibition,  held  at  Philadel- 
phia, by  the  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society ^ 
in  their  spacious  hall,  on  Broad  street,  was  per- 
haps the  finest  of  its  kind  ever  held  in  this  State 
or  elsewhere.  Over  3,200  different  varieties  of 
fruits  were  on  exhibition  from  all  parts  of  the 
United  States  and  Territories,  besides  a  large 
variety  of  fine  vegetables-  The  floral  department 
was  superb,  and  well  represented  in  native  and 
rare  exotic  plants,  many  of  which  were  in  bloom, 
including  the  "Century  Plant" — Agave  Americana 
— which  reared  its  flower-stem  some  fifteen  or 
twenty  feet  above  its  base.  The  display  was 
grand,  and  the  immense  throng  which  crowded 
into  the  hall,  especially  on  the  evenings  of  the 
exhibition,  showed  that  the  efibrts  of  the  Society 
are  dul}'  appreciated  in  the  community  where  it 
exists.  The  arrangements  on  the  whole  were 
admirable,  and  the  liberality  of  the  managers 
worthy  of  a  standing  example  to  other  similar 
institutions.  The  exhibition  closed  to  the  public 
on  Thursday  evening,  Sept.  16th,  and  the  central 
portion  of  the  hall  was  cleared  for  the  reception 
and  banquet,  which  took  place  on  Friday  evea- 
ing,  the  17th.  ' 

Here  the  Society,  its  friends,  and  its  special 
guests,  the  members  and  delegates  of  the  "Amer- 
ican Pomological  Society,"  which  held  its  bien- 
nial convention  in  an  upper  apartment  of  the . 
hall,  all  assembled  to  engage  in  familiar  chat, 
and  to  partake  of  the  festivities  of  the  evening. 
Of  course,  on  such  an  occasion,  the  leading  viands 
were  fruits — the  rich  and  luscious  fruits,  which 
had  been  for  two  days  so  temptingly  set  before 
the  masses,  with  the  admonition,  not  to  "touch, 
taste,  nor  handle."  It  was  also  arranged  that  all 
who  desired  it  had  a  cozy  little  basket  of  fruit  to 
carry  away  with  them,  to  their  friends  at  home. 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


153 


But  the  banquet  did  not  consist  of  fruit  alone, 
but  other  things  in  abundance,  including  oysters, 
lobster  sauce  and  coffee,  with  cakes  and  comfits, 
were  profusely  provided.  The  whole  ended  with 
toasts  drank  in  wine  and  lemon  punch,  in  a  mild 
and  refreshing  form. 

"We  cannot  possibly  give  any  of  the  details  of 
the  fruit  on  exhibition,  for  the  amount  was  too 
vast  to  comprehend  it  at  a  glance,  but  we  were 
particularly  struck  with  the  superlatively  fine 
contribution  of  our  young  sister  State  of  Kansas, 
and  we  could  not  help  thinking,  that  "bleeding 
Kansas"  has  not  certainly  bled  in  vain,  if  these 
are  the  evidences  of  the  productive  qualities  of 
her  "  gory  soil."  Such  apples  and  pears — but  we 
forbear,  lest  we  may  not  be  able  to  do  the  subject 
justice. 

Our  local  society  was  represented  in  the  Pomo- 
logical  Convention  by  ten  delegates,  several  of 
whom  had  fruit  on  exhibition,  namely:  Messrs. 
Riley,  Hostetter,  Erb  and  Engle,  the  last  named 
taking  two  of  the  premiums  awarded,  for  six 
bunches  of  second  best  Concord  and  Creveling 
Grapes. 

The  late  exhibition  of  our  local  society  was 
perhaps  the  finest  of  its  kind  ever  held  in  the 
city  of  Lancaster — such  at  least  seems  to  be  the 
unanimous  opinion  of  all  who  witnessed  it.  The 
display  in  grapes,  apples,  peaches,  pears,  quinces 
and  potatoes,  compared  favorably  with  the  late 
great  exhibition  at  Philadelphia.  The  only  de- 
partment in  which  there  was  apparent  meagre- 
ness  was  in  the  floral.  The  lady  friends  of  the 
society — if  it  has  any  lady  friends,  and  surely  it 
ougJU  to  have — do  not  take  the  same  interest  in 
the  exhibitions  and  general  welfare  of  the  society, 
that  characterizes  the  ladies  of  the  eastern  coun- 
ties of  our  State.  We  know  that  there  is  material 
suflicient  at  almost  any  time  for  such  floral  embel- 
lishments, as  none  but  a  female  mind  and  hand 
could  conceive  and  execute.  But  we  are  pro- 
gressing, and  perhaps  a  good  time  is  coming  when 
our  association  will  even  receive  female  recogni- 
tion. 

Neither  was  the  vegetable  department  so  full 
as  it  should  have  been,  and,  perhaps,  on  this  oc- 
casion, it  was  lucky  that  it  was  not,  for  every 
particle  of  space  on  the  tables  was  occupied,  and 
in  some  places  things  were  too  much  crowded  to 
look  well.  Although  the  display  was  a  most 
magnificent  one  and  highly  creditable  to  the  so- 
ciety, yet  there  is  still  room  for  improvement, 
and  no  doubt  future  times  and  opportunities  will 
suggest  what  is  yet  needed  in  attaining  a  higher 
state  of  perfection.  We  refrain  from  giving  de- 
tails, because  these  are  published  in  the  daily 
papers,  and  report*  of  the  respective  committees 


will  be  found  in  this  number  of  our  Journal. 
We  may  add,  however,  that  over  350  varieties  of 
fruit  were  on  exhibition. 

Since  ^vriting  the  foregoing  we  have  received 
the  account  of  the  annual  exhibition  of  the  "Fruit 
Growers  and  Farmers  Society  of  East  Donegal," 
which  was  held  in  the  Marietta  Town  Hall,  on  the 
21st  and  22d  of  September.  From  all  accounts, 
printed  and  verbal,  this  exhibition  was  fully  twke 
as  large  as  that  of  the  county  Society  held  at  the 
Court  House  on  the  20th.  It  occupied  the  two 
large  rooms  on  the  second  and  third  stories  of 
the  Town  Ilall,  each  of  which  is  fully  as  large  as 
the  Orphans'  Court  Room,  and  are  lighted  from 
rows  of  windows  on-  each  side.  In  each  of  these 
were  three  tables,  extending  their  entire  length, 
all  of  which  were  crowded  with  fruit,  vegetables, 
cereals,  plants,  flowers,  &c.,  and  in  addition  to 
which,  a  large  variety  of  domestic  fowls  were  ad- 
ded. We  feel  as  much  pleasure  in  this  horticul- 
tural demonstration  on  the  part  of  Marietta  and 
its  vicinity,  as  we  possibly  could  feel,  if  it  had 
taken  place  here  in  the  city  of  Lancaster,  because 
we  see  in  it  a  noble  example  for  good,  which  we 
hope  the  citizens  of  Lancaster  may  ultimately 
find  it  their  pleasure  and  interest  to  imitate.  It 
also  suggests  that  in  another  year,  blessed  as  this 
has  been,  the  county  Society  ought  to  secure  Ful- 
ton Hall  for  two  or  three  days,  in  which  to  hold 
its  autumnal  exhibition,  and  that  it  also  ought  to 
offer  a  liberal  list  oi  premiums.  Notwithstanding 
our  last  exhibition  might  have  been  larger,  had 
there  been  more  space,  still,  our  people  require 
more  than  an  ordinary  stimulant  to  bring  them 
out ;  but  should  they  once  come  to  the  proper  de- 
termination, we  hioio  they  have  the  material,  the 
ability,  and  the  taste,  to  make  a  most  magnificent 
display.  The  late  exhibition  at  Marietta  does 
honor  to  the  horticultiu-al  head  and  heart  of  that 
place,  and  ought  to  be  as  a  sign  of  hope  for  the 
county  of  Lancaster,  which  has  so  long  been 
behind  her  sister  counties  of  Chester,  Delaware,  ^ 
Philadelphia,  Montgomery,  Bucks  and  others. 
We  have  been  informed,  and  indeed  the  printed 
report  will  show,  that  the  main  department  in 
which  it  excelled  ours,  was  the  very  department  in 
which  we  were  sadly  deficient,  namely,  the  vege- 
table, floral,  and  cereal.  These  in  future  mast 
demand  more  of  our  attention,  for  if  fruit  alone 
exhausts  our  whole  attention,  to  the  neglect  of 
vegetables,  we  shall  be  as  bad  ofl'for  vegetables 
as  we  have  been  for  years  past  for  the  want  of 
fruit. 


We  hope  our  patrons  who  yet  owe  for  the  Far- 
mer will  remit  to  this  office  the  amount  of  their 
subscription,  as  we  are  greatly  in  need  of  fundi. 


154 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


MEETING    OF    THE    AGRICULTUIIAL 
AND  HOBTICULTUKAL  SOCIETY. 

The  regular  monthly  meeting  of  the  Lancaster 
County  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  Society 
was  held  at  the  Orphans'  Court  Room,  Septem- 
ber 6,  1869,  H.  M.  Engle  in  the  Chair,  and  Alex. 
Harris  Secretary.  After  the  minutes  of  the  pre- 
vious meeting  had  been  read  and  approved,  the 
following  gentlemen  were  proposed  as  members, 
and  duly  elected,  viz  :  George  B.  Owens,  Upper 
Leacock ;  Samuel  M.  Clair,  Millersville  ;  John 
Hershey,  Manor;  and  David  Eva.ns,  City. 

The  Chair  now  submitted  the  names  of  the 
following  gentlemen  as  those  who  shall  compose 
the  delegates  from  this  Society  to  represent  it  in 
the  National  Pomological  Convention  at  Horti- 
cultural Hall,  Philadelphia,  viz :  J.  B.  Garber,  S. 
S.  Rathvon,  Levi  S.  Reist,  Dr.  W.  L.  Diffender- 
fer,  John  Brackbill,  J.  H.  Hershey,  J.  D.  Hostet- 
ter,  Jacob  Frantz,  Silas  K.  Walfel,  and  A.  Har- 
ris. On  motion  the  name  of  H.  M.  Engle  was 
added.  On  motion  of  A.  J.  Groflf  it  was  decided 
to  hold  a  special  meeting  of  the  Society  on  Tues- 
day evening,  September  14th,  in  order  to  make 
arrangements  to  attend  the  Pomological  Conven- 
tion, beginning  on  September  15. 

The  President  urged  the  propriety  of  the  dele- 
gates and  others  attending  the  Pomological  Con- 
vention that  they  should  take  of  their  fruits  with 
them,  in  order  that  Lancaster  county  be  fully  repre- 
sented. He  suggested  that  the  Convention  would 
be  a  good  place  to  have  fruits  presented,  in  order 
to  have  them  named. 

On  motion  it  was  decided  to  hold  a  fruit  exhi- 
bition in  the  Orphans'  Court  Room,  on  Monday, 
September  20.  The  Chair  appointed  as  a  com- 
mittee of  arrangement  the  following  named  gen- 
tlemen :  Dr»  W.  L.  Difienderfer,  S.  S.  Rathvon, 
Alex.  Harris,  H.  K.  Stoner,  S.  N".  Warfel,  C.  E. 
Long,  A.  J.  Groflf,  A.  D.  Hostetter,  J.  B.  Erb,  and 
J.  B.  Kevinski. 

On  motion  the  following  gentlemen  were  ap- 
pointed as  a  committee  to  inspect  and  report 
upon  the  merit  of  the  fruit  upon  exhibition  at 
the  meeting,  viz :  J.  B.  Garber,  Dr.  W.  L.  Diflfen- 
derfer,  S.  D.  Hostetter,  Jacob  Frantz,  and  Calvin 
Cooper. 

Jacob  Stauflfer  now  proceeded  to  read  an  essay 
on  Lancaster  county  wheat.  He  endeavored  to 
show  why  western  wheat  in  our  market  reports 
is  quoted  so  much  higher  than  that  raised  in  this 
neighborhood.  Experiments  made  in  England 
showed  that  grain  cut  ten  days  before  ripe  produced 
more  flour  than  when  taken  off  at  any  other  pe- 
riod. Wheat  should  be  cut  early  and  left  stand 
in  the  field  three  or  four  olayi  before  taken  to  the 


barn  or  stack,  in  order  that  superfluous  moisture 
be  removed  and  the  albumen  become  compact. 

Mr.  Brubaker  was  in  favor  of  early  cutting. 
Other  members  made  remarks  on  this  subject, 
one  of  whom  apprehended  that  while  the  grain 
would  3^ield  more  flour,  the  quantity  .  of  grain 
would  be  less. 

H.  K.  Stoner  stated  that  from  fifteen  square 
yards  of  ground,  planted  with  Early  Rose  pota- 
toes, he  raised  one  hundred  and  forty  pounds, 
which  would  be  at  the  rate  of  seven  hundred  and 
fifty-three  bushels  to  the  acr^.  Thirty  of  these 
tubers  aggregated  thirty  pounds,  seven  of  them 
weighed,  in  the  aggregate,  nine  and  a  half  pounds, 
one  sprout  had  seven  which  weighed  five  pounds, 
and  forty-nine  sprouts  averaged  three  pounds  to 
the  sprout. 

To  a  question  from  Dr.  Hiestand,  Mr.  Stoner 
replied  that  the  potatoes  were  of  good  quality. 

Casper  Hiller  said  he  had  Early  Rose  potatoes 
which  were  equal  to  the  Mercer. 

J.  Hartman  Hershey  had  Early  Roses  which 
were  equal  to  the  Mercer.  He  had  a  good  yield 
from  them. 

Dr.  Hiestand  thought  this  variety  had  sustained 
its  reputation. 

H.  M.  Engle  said  that  the  Early  Rose  has  sus- 
tained itself.  The  production  is  good,  but  there 
is  some  difference  of  opinion  as  to  quality.  He 
considers  them  nearly  as  good  as  Mercers,  which 
have  never  been  equalled,  taking  everything  into 
account.  The  Goodrich,  which  last  year  was  a 
failure,  has  redeemed  itself.  It  is  not  equal  in 
quality  to  the  Early  Rose.  The  liability  of  the 
Mercer  to  rot,  is  probably  owing  to  its  fine  tex- 
iXive.  Potatoes  should  not  be  left  to  lie  long  in 
the  sun  after  being  taken  out  of  the  ground. 

Mr.  Stoner  gave  his  experience  in  raising  pota- 
toes from  sprouts.  A  larger  crop  can  be  obtained 
from  sprouting  the  potatoes  than  from  planting 
the  eyes. 

J.  B.  Erb  had  failed  in  planting  sprouts.  It 
might  do  well,  if  started  well. 

Casper  Hiller  can  raise  as  many  potatoes  from 
a  sprout  as  from  an  eye.  He  made  an  experiment. 
He  put  the  potatoes  into  flower  pots  and  left  them 
there  until  the  sprouts  were  six  inches  long,  then 
he  broke  the  sprouts  into  small  pieces  and  placed 
them  in  a  hot  house,  where  he  left  them  root  for 
several  weeks.  A  single  eye  will  grow  several 
sprouts. 

John  Brady  gave  the  result  of  his  experience 
in  putting  potatoes  on  the  ground  and  covering 
them  with  straw  and  straw  manure.  He  thought 
a  thousand  bushels  per  acre  might  be  raised  by 
this  mode.  Cane  straw  would  answer  for  cover- 
log, 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


155 


Casper  Hiller  had  tried  this  plan  and  failed  in  it. 

H.  M.  Engle  said  this  is  no  new  system.  If  put 
on  top  of  ground  and  covered,  the  covering  can 
be  removed  in  the  fall  and  potatoes  raised,  with 
little  trouble.  He  did  not  think  there  was  any 
advantage  in  sprouting. 

The  display  of  fruits  was  very  large ;  a  table 
extending  nearly  the  entire  length  of  the  Or- 
phans' Court  Room  being  filled  with  apples,  pears, 
peaches,  grapes  and  other  articles.  Most  of  the 
apples,  pears  and  peaches  were  of  large  size  and 
excellent  quality.  Among  the  grapes  contributed 
were  some  very  fine  specimens  of  this  fruit.  We 
shall  not  specify,  but  leave  that  for  the  committee 
appointed  for  the  purpose.  The  following  is  a 
list  of  the  exhibitors,  with  the  articles  contributed : 

J.  B.  Garber,  Columbia  :  Stalk  of  the  Boemeria 
nivia  or  Ramie ;  specimens  of  Couch  or  Quack 
grass  ;  Georgia  clover ;  Uniola  Catafolia ;  Orna- 
mental grass ;  pepper  from  Japan ;  North  Caro- 
lina seedling  and  Telegraph  grapes ;  Ilericourt 
and  St.  Mark  pears,  and  apples  for  a  name. 

J.  B.  Erb,  Beaver  Valley  Fruit  Garden  :  Half 
bushel  of  Jeffries'  apples,  Pound,  Bellflower, 
Rambo,  Sour  Pippin,  Sweet  Pippin,  Romanstem, 
and  several  other  varieties  of  apples ;  several 
varieties  of  peaches  and  pears;  branch  contain- 
ing ten  quinces ;  jar  of  raspberries  two  years 
old  ;  jar  of  yellow  tomatoes ;  large  cluster  of  red 
peppers ;  clusters  of  grapes  and  raspberries  • 
bunch  of  Great  Mexican  Ever-bearing  strawber- 
ries •,  a  nectarine,  &c. 

Casper  Hiller,  Conestoga  Centre :  Bartlett, 
Flemish  Beauty,  Belle  Lucrative,  Seckel,  St. 
Ghislin,  Stevens'  Genessee, Henry  4th,  and  Kirt- 
land  pears;  All  Summer,  Sine  qua  non,Early« 
Rambo,  Large  Rambo,  Maiden's  Blush,  Jeffries, 
Benoni,  Graveustein,  York  Russet,  and  Sweet 
Crab  apples ;  Susquehanna  and  Old  Mixon 
peaches ;  Rogers'  No.  15  and  Rogers'  No.  19 
grapes ;  Excelsior  potatoes. 

Dr.  W.  L.  Diffenderfer,  New  Holland :  Keswick, 
Codlin,  and  Agnes  apples,  and  also  two  kind*  for 
name;  Beurre  Bosc,  Bergamot  and  Flemish 
Beauty  pears. 

Geo.  W.  Schroyer,  9th  ward,  city  :  Black  Ham- 
burg, Isabella,  Clinton,  Concord,  Hartford  Pro- 
lific and  Northern  Muscatine  grapes ;  Pound, 
Smoke  House,  Pittsburg  Pippin  and  Rambo 
apples;  Lawrence  pear;  box  containing  fifty 
varieties  of  Verbenas  in  flower,  principally  seed- 
lings. 

John  Zinynerman,  Lancaster:  Marshal  Neil 
Rose,  yellow  and  very  fragrant. 

Henry  Erb,  Manheiro  township :  No.  15  Rogers' 
grapes. 

Dr.  Joseph  Gibbons,  Enterprise  :  Louise  Bonne 


de  Jersey  and  Flemish  Beauty  pears;  also  two 
kinds  of  the  same  fruit  for  name. 

Jacob  H.  Zercher,  West  Lampeter :  English 
Horn. 

H.  K.  Stoner,  West  Lampeter :  Fine  specimens 
of  Black  Hamburg  and  White  Malaga  grapes, 
grown  under  cover. 

Mrs.  S.  B.  Rogers,  Lancaster:  A  basket  of 
very  large  Flemish  Beauty  pears;  Maxatawny 
grapes. 

Daniel  Smeych,  Lancaster :  Diana  Red,  Allen's 
Hybrid,  Concord  and  Clinton  grapes. 

Jacob  M.  Mayer,  Manheim  township  :  Jackson 
White  and  Henry  potatoes. 

P.  S.  Reist,  Warwick  township  :  Yellow  York 
peaches ;  Fallawater  and  Pound  apples. 

H.  M.  Engle,  Marietta  :  Concord,  Clinton,  Del- 
aware, Maxatawny,  Hartford  Prolific,  Franklin, 
Ontario  and  Diana  grapes:  Hosenshenk,  Bartlett 
and  Belle  Lucrative  pears;  Stump  the  World  and 
Susquehanna  peaches,  also  apple  and  pear  for 
name. 

Reuben  Weaver:  Martha,  Hartford  Prolific 
and  Telegraph  grapes. 

Christian  H.  Miller,  West  Lampeter ;  variety 
of  grapes  without  name  ;  also  apples  and  pears  to 
be  named. 

John  Huber :  Seedling  grapes ;  Doyenne  Bous- 
sock  pears. 

Dr.  J.  H.  Miisser,  Lampeter :  Benoni  apples. 

Peter  Riley,  Lancaster :  Israella,  Clinton  and 
Concord  grapes ;  Bartlett  pears ;  Harrison  and 
Early  Rose  potatoes. 

L.  S.  Reist,  Warwick  township  :  Three  varie- 
ties of  apples  to  be  named;  Giant  tomato,  adver- 
tised by  Washburn  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  in  Agricul- 
turist ;  Concord  and  AVhite  Fox  grapes ;  Flemish 
Beauty  pears. 

Samuel  Binkley,  Warwick  township  :  Susque- 
hanna and  Morris  White  peaches. 

S.  S.  Rathvon,  Lancaster:  Clinton  and  Isabella 
grapes. 

J.  B.  Kremor, Lancaster :  Large  peach,  without 
a  name. 

M.  N.  Brubaker,  East  Hempfield:  Nameless 
grapes  and  peaches. 

Calvin  Cooper,  Enterprise  Nurseries :  Northern 
Muscatine  and  Hartford  Prolific  grapes;  Benoni, 
Gravenstein,  Jersey  Sweet,  Munscn  Sweet,  and 
Fall  Pippin  apples. 

A.  D.  Hostetter,  Mount  Joy:  Apples  and  pears 
to  be  named. 

S.  N.  Warfel,  Strasburg:  Four  kinds  of  pears 
to  be  named;  Hartford  Prolific,  Israella  and  Diana 
grapes. 

P.  S.  Eeist  and  Abram  Shank  had  on  exhibition 
four  leaves  of  Coimecticut  Broad  Leaf  tobacco, 


156 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


each  of  which  measured  forty  inches  in  length  by 
twenty  in  breadth.  These  gentlemen  have  about 
ten  acres  of  this  plant. 

After  the  Society  had  indulged  themselves  in 
Bocial  intercourse  and  in  the  testing  of  the  fruits, 
it,  on  motion,  adjourned. 

The  Kew  Directory  of  Lancastr  embrac- 
ing all  the  adult  males  and  heads  of  families, 
with  their  occupations,  residences  and  post  office 
address  ;  together  with  a  carefully  classified  bus- 
iness directory ;  and  an  appendix,  containing  a 
descriptive  list  of  the  courts,  banking  houses, 
public  buildings,  churches,  educational  and  benev- 
olent institutions,  secret  societies  and  other  or- 
ganizations;  in  short,  a  perfect  vade  mecum,iov 
farmers,  mechanics  and  men  of  business.  This 
work  is  the  most  complete  of  its  kind  of  any  that 
has  ever  been  gotten  up  in  this  county,  and  is 
published  by  Barnes  &  Pearsol,  practical  print- 
ers, at  $1.50  a  copy.  The  work  also  contains  a 
map  of  Lancaster  county,  with  the  townships 
and  their  boundaries,  towns  and  villages,  rail- 
roads, water  courses,  public  roads,  and  other 
items,  usually  included  in  maps.  It  is  also  inter- 
spersed with  advertisements  of  most  of  the 
prominent  business  establishments  in  the  various 
towns,  villages  and  hamlets  of  the  county  ;  and 
therefore,  we  do  not  hesitate  to  recommend  itasa 
convenient  hand-book  to  our  readers.  Even  when 
a  work  of  this  kind  becomes  compai-atively  old 
and  obsolete,  it  may  be  referred  to  as  a  sort  of 
chronological  history  of  the  times  that  have  passed 
away,  and  in  this  respect  may  be  a  most  valuable 
record. 


^iiS(dIaMf0«si. 


"WANTED-A  CLEKK." 

A  few  days  ago,  a  gentleman  advertised  in  this 
paper  for  a  clerk,  and  requested  applicants  to 
address  their  notes  to  him  at  the  Ledger  office. 
By  the  close  of  the  first  day  on  which  the  adver- 
tisement appeared,  there  were  four  hundred  and 
eighteen  applicants  for  this  one  clerkship.  This 
afforded  a  most  forcible  illustration  of  the  extent 
to  which  the  occupation  of  clerking  and  book- 
keeping is  overstocked  in  this  city.  But  a  few 
months  previous,  the  head  of  a  business  estab- 
lishment, who  wished  some  help  in  the  way  of 
writing,  but  in  v/liich  some  literary  ability  was 
required,  advertised  for  an  assistant,  at  a  moderate 
salary,  and  having  incidentally  mentioned  that 
the  position  might  suit  a  lawyer  or  physician  not 
in  good  practice,  got  more  than  a  hundred  appli- 
cations, of  which  Hfty-three  were  from  young  law- 
yers and  doctors.  Here  was  another  illustration 
of  an  over  supply  of  the  professional  or  "  gente6l 
occupations."  Another  advertiser  in  the  Ledger, 
who  wanted  a  person  to  take  charge  of  the  edi- 
torial work  of  a  weekly  paper,  got  fifty-seven 


applications,  not  more  than  half  a  dozen  of  the 
applicants  being  recognized  newspaper  writers, 
but  nearly  all  of  them  being  clerks,  book-keepers 
and  professional  men.  Still  another  advertised 
for  two  apprentices  in  a  wheelwright  and  smith 
shop,  in  one  of  the  semi-rural  wards  of  the  city, 
requestmg  applicants  to  give  their  address  and 
age.  He  got  three  applications,  but  in  every 
case  the  applicant  was  too  old,  two  of  them  being 
over  eighteen,  and  one  nearly  twenty.  Still  an- 
other advertised  for  an  office  boy,  about  fourteen 
years  old,  and  had  so  many  applicants  that  his 
place  was  crowded  for  more  than  five  hours,  ami 
the  applicants  were  of  all  ages,  from  mere  chil- 
dren not  more  than  twelve  years  old  to  full-grown 
men  of  twenty-one. 

These  are  not  very  cheerful  or  encouraging 
signs.  They  are  such,  however,  as  every  man 
and  woman  in  Philadelphia  should  give  attention 
to.  The  present  generation  of  young  men  seem 
to  have  a  strong  aversion  to  every  kind  of  trade, 
business,  calling  or  occupation  that  requires  man- 
ual labor,  and  an  equally  strong  tendency  towards 
some  so-called  "genteel"  employment  or  profes- 
sion. The  result  is  seen  in  such  lamentable  facts 
as  those  above  stated — a  superabundance  of  ele- 
gant penmen,  book-keepers  and  clerks  of  every 
kind  who  can  get  no  employment,  and  are  wast- 
ing their  lives  in  the  vain  pursuit  of  what  is  not 
to  be  had ;  and  a  tenible  overstock  of  lawyers 
without  practice,  and  doctors  without  patients. 
The  passion  on  the  part  of  boys  and  young  men 
to  be  clerks,  office  attendants,  messengers,  any- 
thing, so  that  it  is  not  work  of  the  kind  that  will 
make  them  mechanics  or  tradesmen, is  a  deplora- 
ble sight  to  those  who  have  full  opportunities  to 
see  the  distressing  effects  of  it  in  the  struggle  for 
such  employments  by  those  unfortunates  who 
have  pul,  it  out  of  their  power  to  do  anything  else 
by  neglecting  to  learn  some  permanent  trade  or 
business  in  which  trained  skill  can  always  be 
turned  to  account.  The  applications  for  clerk- 
ships and  similar  positions  in  large  establishments 
are  numerous  beyond  anything  that  would  be 
thought  of  by  those  who  have  no  chance  to  wit- 
ness it.  Parents  and  relatives,  as  well  as  the 
boys  and  young  men  themselves,  seem  to  be  af- 
flicted with  the  same  infatuation.  To  all  such 
we  say,  that  the  most  unwise  advice  you  can  give 
to  your  boy  is  to  encourage  him  to  be  a  clerk  or 
a  book-keeper.  At  the  best,  it  is  not  a  well-paid 
occupation.  Very  frequently  it  is  among  the 
very  poorest.  This  is  the  case  when  the  clerk  is 
fortunate  enough  to  be  employed;  but  if  he 
should  happen  to  be  out  of  place,  then  comes  the 
weary  search,  the  fearful  struggle  with  the  thou- 
sands of  others  looking  for  places,  the  never- 
ending  disappointments,  the  hope  deferred  that 
makes  the  heart  sick,  the  strife  with  poverty,  the 
humiliations  that  take  all  the  manhood  out  of  the 
poor  souls,  the  privations  and  sufferings  of  those 
who  depend  upon  his  earnings,  and  who  have  no 
resource  when  he  is  earning  nothing.  No  father, 
no  mother,  no  relative  should  wish  to  see  their 
boys  or  kindred  wasting  their  young  lives  in 
striving  after  the  genteel  positions  that  bring 
such  trials  and  privations  upon  them  in  after  life. 

How  do  these  deplorably  false  notions  as  to 
choice  of  occupation  get  into  the  heads  of  boys? 
Why  do  they  or  their  parents  consider  it  more 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


157 


"genteel"  or  desirable  to  run  errands,  sweep 
out  oflBces,  make  fires,  copy  letters,  &c.,  than  to 
make  hats  or  shoes,  or  lay  bricks,  or  wield  the 
.'av  or  Jack-plane,  or  liandle  the  machinist's  file, 
or  the  blacksmith's  hammer  ?  "We  have  heard 
that  some  of  them  get  these  notions  at  school. 
If  this  be  true,  it  is  a  sad  perversion  of  the  means 
of  education  provided  for  our  youth,  which  are 
intended  to  make  them  useful,  as  well  as  intelli- 
gent members  of  society,  and  not  useless  drags 
and  drones.  Should  it  be  so,  that  the  present 
generation  of  boys  get  it  into  their  heads  that, 
because  they  have  more  school  learning  and  book 
accomplishments  than  their  fathers  had,  they 
must  therefore  look  down  upon  the  trades  that 
require  skill  and  handicraft,  and  whose  produ(  - 
tions  make  up  the  vast  mass  of  the  wealth  of 
every  country,  then  it  is  time  for  the  Controllers 
and  the  Directors  to  have  the  interior  walls  of 
our  school  houses  covered  with  maxims  and  mot- 
toes, warning  them  against  the  fatal  error. 

Tiie  foregoing  article,  taken  from  the  editorial 
columns  of  the  Philadelphia  Public  Ledger,  fur- 
nishes a  seqvel  to  that  taken  from  the  Germaiv- 
town  Telegraph,  and  published  in  our  February 
number.  The  extreme  points  in  the  argument 
arc,  that  four  hundred  and  eighteen  persons 
should  have  applied  for  a  clerkship  in  a  "  genteel 
occupation,"  whilst  only  three  individuals  applied 
for  an  apprenticeship  to  a  wheelright.  Perhaps 
if  an  advertisement  had  been  published  for  a 
man  or  a  boy  to  go  to  work  on  a  farm  in  a  rural 
district,  not  one  would  have  applied.  As  this  is 
a  matter  in  which  agriculture,  horticulture  and 
mechanics  arc  deeply  interested,  we  deem  it  a 
proper  subject  to  discuss  in  the  columns  of  this 
journal.  There  certainly  is  a  very  morbid  feel- 
ing fostered  by  the  people  of  some  localities  in 
our  Republic,  in  regard  to  the  respectability  of 
human  occupations,  in  utter  violence  of  the  senti- 
ment that — "  Worth  makes  the  man,  the  want  of 
it  the  fellow."  This  feeling  is,  however,  not  only 
entertained  by  those  who  seem  i<3  despise  the 
manual  labor  occupations  and  those  who  work 
therein,  but  laboring  men  themselves  look  upon 
some  occupations  as  more  respectable  than  others. 
Now  this  is  all  wrong,  and  the  legitimate  result 
of  wrong  modes  of  thinking  on  the  subject.  So- 
ciety in  its  complex  form  may  be  regarded  as  a 
man,  and  as  in  the  physical  and  mental  constitu- 
tion of  a  njan  there  are  various  functions  and 
various  members  or  functionaries  to  perform  their 
offices,  all  dependent  upon  each  other,  and  sym- 
pathizing with  each  other,  so  is  it  also  in  society. 
God  has  created  men  with  a  variety  of  abilities, 
differing  from  each  other,  because  such  a  consti- 
tution of  men  is  necessary  to  the  progress  and 
well-being  of  the  whole.  One  set  of  men  may 
perform  the  functions  of  the  brain  of  society,  an- 
other the  eyes,  the  mouth,  the  arms  and  the  feet ; 
but  no  one  of  these  is  independent  of  the  others, 


any  more  than  the  brain  is  independent  of  the 
cranium  that  contains  it,  or  the  organs  which 
convey  sensation  to  it.  Neither  is  the  cya,  the 
ear,  the  tongue,  or  any  member  independent  of 
those  other  members  which  assist  them  in  exe- 
cuting respectively  their  legitimate  functions. 
There  may  be  different  degrees  in  the  functions  of 
the  human  system,  but  these  are  circumstantially 
but  degrees  of  physical  altitude  ;  no  one  is  morally 
better  than  the  other,  all  are  necessary  to  the 
general  harmony.  Now  we  have  abundant  testi- 
mony, both  in  nature  and  in  revelation,  that  such, 
the  Deity  intended,  should  be  the  moral  and 
economical  construction  of  society ;  and  that  it  is 
not  so,  is  owing  to  the  perversions  and  circum- 
ventions ot  merely  human  agencies  \  and  such  a 
deranged  condition  like  that  exhibited  in  the 
Ledger  article,  is  the  consequence.  Everybo(ly 
seems  to  be  desirous  of  rushing  into  the  province 
of  the  nose  of  society,  making  it  a  great,  un- 
wieldy and  bloated  member,  and  thereby  destroy- 
ing its  usefulness  altogether,  besides  making  a 
wreck  of  its  symmetry. 

But  this  question  pl-esents  another  important 
phase— a  rather  deprecatory  one ;  and  the  more 
so,  because  under  our  assumed  free  and  progres- 
sive institutions,  there  seems  to  be  no  remedy  for 
it.  There  is  a  constant  effort  to  get  into  the 
sheep-fold  some  other  way  than  through  the 
door ;  and  as  going  through  the  door  may  be  the 
longest  way,  those  who  "  climb  over,"  often  have 
the  advantage  of  those  who  enter  in  the  regular 
way.  Complaints  are  made  over  and  over  again , 
by  those  who  have  served  a  regular  apprentice- 
ship to  a  mechanical  calling,  and  have  devoted 
their  best  years  to  it,  that  the  profits  are  often 
carried  off  by  those  who  have  never  been  bred  to 
it,  who  have  no  respect  for  it,  and  who  do  not 
identify  themselves  with  it,  any  farther  than  to 
huckster  in  its  emoluments  ;  and  therefore  there 
seems  to  be  no  encouragement  to  young  men  to 
learn  trades.  If  this  be  a  wrong  condition  of 
things,  that  wrong  has  been  instituted  or  brought 
about  through  the  assistance  of  mechanics  and 
laboring  men  themselves,  for  nothing  can  be  more 
true  than  this,  that  no  man,  nor  set  of  men,  could 
successfully  and  profitably  conduct  a  mechanical 
occupation — in  the  absence  of  an  experimental 
knowledge  of  that  occupation — if  they  were  not 
supported  in  it  by  those  who  have  such  a  know- 
ledge of  it.  If  we  mistake  not  there  are  govern- 
ments on  the  continent  of  Europe,  under  which 
no  man  is  allowed  by  law  to  carry  on  a  mechani- 
cal occupation  without  himself  having  been  a 
graduate  of  that  occupation  through  a  regular 
apprenticeship  to  it ;  and  the  evil  of  which  so 
many  complain    in  this  county,  will  probably 


158 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


never  be  corrected  until  a  similar  system  is  estab- 
lished here. 

As  such  a  system,  however,  coming  from  the 
old  obsolete  governments  of  Europe,  would  seem 
to  be  retrogressing  in  our  American  eyes,  and 
would  also  appear  to  trench  upon  human  free- 
dom, it  perhaps  never  would  become  popular 
enough  to  find  an  initiator  or  advocate  among  our 
patriotic  lawmakers  or  our  political  economists. 
The  maxim  "  Let  the  shoemaker  stick  to  his  last," 
may,  as  a  general  rule,  be  a  wholesome  one,  but 
we  think  it  would  be  an  arbitrary  exercise  of  pow- 
er to  compel  a  man  to  follow  a  certain  vocation 
all  his  life,  merely  because  he  had  been  first  edu- 
cated therein  ;  for  many  men  mistake  their  true 
function  in  early  life,  and  only  attain  to  it  after 
the  experiences  of  subsequent  years.  If  a  pro- 
fessional man  succeeds  in  life  better  as  a  farmer 
or  mechanic,  than  he  did  in  his  original  vocation, 
it  may  only  prove  that  he  had  previously  mistaken 
his  function,  or  may  have  yielded  to  circumstances 
which  he  could  not  control  at  the  time.  The  same 
may  be  trae  also  of  the  farmer  or  mechanic  who 
adopts  a  profession,  or  one  who  may  change  from 
one  mechanical  branch  to  another.  Still  the  fact 
that  mechanics  are  so  frequently  supplanted  in 
the  patronage  and  profits  of  their  calling  by  those 
who  have  not  been  bred  to  it,  but  who  possess  the 
capital  and  social  influence  to  monopolize  it.  is 
not  a  pleasant  aspect  for  mechanical  contempla- 
tion, and  must  occasion  the  disorderly  state  re- 
ferred to  in  our  extract.  There  are  very  few 
American  boys  now  engaged  iu  learning  trades, 
compared  to  what  there  were  thirty  or  forty 
years  ago  in  the  same  ratio  of  population.  Take 
shoemakers,  tailors  and  hatters  as  the  rule,  and 
there  is  not  one  apprentice  now,  to  where  there 
were  thirty,  that  many  years  ago.  Our  supply  of 
mechanics,  in  at  least  two  of  tlieso  occupations, 
are  almost  entirely  furnished  by  the  emigration 
from  Europe  ;  and  although  in  their  mother  coun- 
try, they  perhaps  never  thought  of  finding  em- 
ployment, except  under  one  who  had  been  him- 
self bred  to  their  respective  callings,  yet  when 
they  reach  our  shores,  and  find  wages  so  much 
better  than  they  were  in  their  fatherland,  they 
accept  employment  under  any  person  who  pays 
them  their  wages,  no  matter  who  or  what  he  may 
be.  Nor  can  this  state  of  aftairs  be  properly  re- 
garded as  the  source  of  the  evil  complained  of. 
The  evil  originates  in  the  fact  that  American  pa- 
rents, from  some  cause  or  other,  entertain  unfa- 
vorable notions  in  regard  to  mechanical  occupa- 
tions, and  inculcate,  inferentially  if  not  by  pre- 
cept, the  notioia;  that  it  is  not  "  respectable"  to 
be  a  mechanic.  ■■  And  no  doubt  from  this  stand- 
point too,  the  .patronage  of  the  "  genteel  profes- 


sions" is  extended  towards  those  who  have  never 
been  contaminated  by  having  learned  an  "  un- 
genteel  vocation."  Mechanics  like  other  men 
desire  to  rise  ;  but  if  they  never  can  rise  above 
being  mere  "  hewers  of  wood  and  carriers  of  wa- 
ter," then  there  must  be  a  sparseness  of  mechan- 
ics, and  a  redundancy  of  clerks  and  professional 
men.  But  this  evil  does  not  only  efiect  the  me- 
chanical occupations,  but  it  also  afi'ects  agricultu- 
ral and  rural  occupations,  and  makes  society  an 
upstart,  flippant,  and  tinselled  unsubstantiality, 
if  not  a  downright  hypocrisy. 


[From  Scientific  American.] 

LIGHTNING  RODS. 

Messrs.  Editors  : — I  notice  an  article  in  your 
paper  (No.  3,  current  volume)  headed  "  Are 
Pointed  Lightning  Rods  any  Protection  ?"  Allo'w 
me  to  ask  the  question  :  Is  a  lightning  rod,  as 
commonly  erected,  any  protection  at  all?  I  wrote 
an  elaborate  article  on  this  question ,  founded  on 
experience  and  observation,  ten  or  twelve  years 
ago,  for  the  New  York  Tribune,  showing  that 
they  were  not  only  of  no  use, but  really  a  danger- 
ous contrivance  often,  bringing  the  thunderbolt 
(electrical  explosion)  upon  the  building  when  it 
would  have  gone  some  other  place  had  not  the 
rods  attracted  it  to  the  building.  I  had  a  personal 
conversation  with  Professor  Henry  soon  after- 
wards on  the  subject,  and  he  expressed  the  same 
opinion  you  quote,  to  wit :  "  The  office  of  a  light- 
ning rod  is  to  protect  a  building  from  a  discharge 
from  the  heavens.  As  a  general  thing  its  eflects 
upon  a  distant  cloud  must  be  too  small  to  silently 
discharge  its  redundant  electricity,  though  in  rare 
instances  it  is  possible  that  it  may  so  reduce  the 
intensity  of  the  cloud  as  to  prevent  a  discharge, 
when  without  such  reduction  a  discharge  would 
take  placei' 

That  was  the  ground  I  had  taken  in  my  article, 
and  upon  that  showed  that  the  lightning  rod  did 
not  fulfill  its  intended  duty  when  it  received  elec- 
trical explosions,  but  frequently  caused  the  shat- 
tering of  buildings  and  setting  barns  on  fire.  In 
a  five  years'  record  I  kept  of  lightning  strokes  in . 
Lancaster  county,  over  two-thirds  of  the  cases 
had  lightning  rods  mounted,  and  six  barns  out  of 
ten  were  burned  to  the  ground,  with  lightning 
rods  mounted ;  that  is  ten  barns  burned  up,  six 
of  which  were  provided  with  rods  and  four  had 
none.  About  that  time  a  large  number  of  build- 
ings in  New  York  and  Boston  suffered  from  elec- 
trical explosions,  although  surmounted  by  rods, 
and  it  was  these  stubborn  facts  that  induced  me 
to  write  to  a  widely  published  paper  the  science 
and  facts  in  the  case.  The  only  counter  article,  op 
the  subject  thnt  I  learned  of,  was  from  Mr.  Quia- 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


159 


by,  who  simply  stated  that  the  cases  I  made 
reference  to  "  were  not  surmounted  with  rods  of 
his  construction."  Now  for  the  facts  of  the 
science.  The  discharge  generally  comes  from  the 
cloud  to  the  earth.  "When  it  passes  within  trac- 
tive distance  of  a  tractator,  which  may  be  a 
lightning  rod  or  other  metallic  prominence,  or 
any  projecting  pointed  wood  or  stone,  it  will  fly 
to  that,  at  an  angle  to  its  previous  course.  "When 
in  such  case  it  strikes  the  lightning  rod,  it  is  like 
trying  to  knock  the  discharged  cannon  ball  away 
from  your  person  with  the  bayonet  of  your  mus- 
ket instead  of  drawing  the  charge  from  the  can- 
non with  the  screw-rammer,  or  plugging  up  the 
prime  hole  with  a  rat-tail  file. 

The  legitimate  office  of  the  lightning  rod  is  to 
draw  the  electrical  discharge  from  the  cloud  si- 
lently. That  is  the  only  scientific  etflciency  of 
the  lightning  rod,  and  the  question  is  how  far 
from  its  point  will  the  rod  disarm  this  pending- 
surcharge  of  the  electrical  cloud  ?  Clouds  rarely 
come  within  fifty  or  one  hundred  feet  of  the  tops 
of  houses  and  barns,  oftener  over  one  thousand 
to  fifteen  hundred  feet.  Will  any  electrician  or 
lightning  rod  maker  claim  for  his  rod  the  power 
of  disarming  a  cloud  one  thousand  feel  above  it? 
Professor  Henry  said  it  may  disarm  it  b}'  induc- 
tion. I  will  not-  dispute  this  theory  as  applied 
within  reasonable  distance,  say  within  fifty  feet 
of  the  point  of  the  rod.  Mr.  A.  George,  of 
Philadelphia,  a  philosophical  instrument  maker, 
and  myself  saw  a  lightning  rod  illuminated  at  its 
point  for  several  seconds  at  a  time,  one  night 
when  a  thunder  shower  was  passing  over  the  city, 
but  it  was  a  remarkable  atmosphere — hot  and 
sultry,  and  the  clouds  appeared  to  be  brushing 
the  chimney  tops.  That  rod  was  performing  its 
legitimate  office.  Professor  Henry  mentioned  to 
me  a  similar  instance  he  witnessed  on  the  rod  of 

« 

the  Smithsonion  Institute ;  nevertheless  that 
building  has  been  twice  struck  by  electrical  ex- 
plosions, and  the  rods  on  it  are  put  up  in  the 
most  approved  scientific  order.  "With  the  point 
of  a  pen-knife,  or  a  cambric  needle,  you  can 
draw  the  charge  from  the  prime  conductor  of  an 
electrical  machine  silently  at  a  distance  of  ten  or 
fifteen  inches,  but  not  that  many  feet,  hence 
there  is  a  very  limited  distance  allotted  to  the 
withdrawing  power  of  a  lightning  rod  in  drawing 
off  a  surcharge  of  electricity  silently. 

Tall  trees  near  a  bliilding  are  a  better  protec- 
tion to  it  than  a  rod  surmounting  the  building. 
The  top  points  of  the  tree,  when  elevated  above 
the  top  of  the  building,  will  draw  a  bolt  to  the 
tree,  though  the  bolt  is  moving  toward  the  rodf 
of  the  building.  I  examined  one  case  where  the 
bolt  dashed  into  the  top  of  a  buttonwood  tree 


standing  in  front  of  a  one-story  house.  The 
house  had  a  shingle  roof,  with  a  sheet  of  tin  about 
four  feet  from  the  eaves,  stuck  in  to  replace  a 
rotten  shingle.  The  electricity  ran  down  a  main 
branch  of  the  tree  to  its  crotch,  and  tore  off"  the 
bark  there,  and  thence  jumped  over  about  fifteen 
feet,  and  lighting  on  the  sheet  of  tin  abjve-men- 
tioned,  made  a  hole  in  the  tin  as  if  a  chestnut 
burr  had  been  fired  through,  turning  down  eight 
points  of  tin  into  spiral  coils,  or  burrs,  around  the 
hole,  and  from  thence  jumped  four  or  five  feet 
down  to  the  tin  water  conductor,  perforating 
that  a  dozen  or  more  places  about  the  size  of  No. 
G  shot — running  right  and  left  of  the  water  con- 
ductor, and  at  the  closed  end  jumped  to  the  comer 
of  the  house,  tearing  off  splinters  and  expending 
itself  on  the  corner  bricks ;  while  at  the  other  end 
it  ran  down  the  spout  jumping  from  its  end  eigh- 
teen inches  on  to  an  iron  water  pan,  displacing 
that,  and  burrowing  into  the  earth,  under  the 
pan,  to  the  depth  of  a  foot.  There  was  no  light- 
ning rod  on,  nor  within  two  hundred  feet  of  the 
building.  I  examined  a  number  of  cases  where 
tall  ftees  drew  the  explosion  away  from  the  tops 
of  buildings,  as  the  directions  of  the  bolts  and  the 
impact  upon  the  trees  plainly  indicated. 

After  a  five  years'  investigation  of  the  subject, 
I  took  the  lightning  rods  down  from  two  houses 
I  owned,  looking  upon  them  as  decoy  ducks  to 
the  errant  thunderbolts  that  might  happen  in 
that  direction. 

A  lightning  rod,  or  protector  from  lightning, 
either  from  a  pending  surcharged  cloud,  or  a  bolt, 
to  be  efficient,  should  be  elevated  on  a  mast  or 
pole  as  high  as  possible — better  one  hundred  and 
fifty  feet  high  than  seventy-five  feet — and  it  ought 
to  stand  a  little  distance  from  the  building,  or 
buildings,  surmounted  with  a  metallic  ball  and 
finely-pointed  gold  or  platinum  point ;  it  will  then 
silently  draw  off"  the  surcharge  from  a  proximate 
cloud,  and  will  also  draw  a  stray  bolt  to  the  ball 
and  rod  that  may  be  moving  in  the  direction  of 
the  building.  By  bolt,  or  thunderbolt,  the  intel- 
gent  reader  will  understand  me  to  mean  electrical 
explosion,  in  distinction  from  surcharges,  or  sur- 
charged cloud.  A  bolt  is  exploded  electricity ; 
that  is  to  say,  the  cannon  ball  shot  out  of  a  Jupi- 
ter gun ;  surcharges  or  surcharged  cloud  is  the 
cannon  ball  lying  quietly  within  the  cavity  of  Ju- 
piter's cannon,  but  ready  to  go  off  at  any  moment 
that  the  match  of  electrical  traction  comes  with- 
in its  reach. 

As  regards  the  interruption  of  conduction  by 
paints,  or  other  substances  on  the  surface  of  the 
rods,  I  would  say  that  I  have  often  discharged  an 
electrical  battery  with  a  pair  of  fire  tongs  in  my 
bare  band,  and  never  felt  the  least  effect  upon  my 


160 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


bare  hand.  A  rough  piece  of  iron  would,  no 
doubt,  let  some  pass  off  internally — the  fire  tongs 
being  smooth  conducted  it  all. 

Such  are  the  stubborn  facts  and  science  of  the 
facts  of  electrical  forces,  as  exhibited  in  thunder 
bolts  and  lightning  rods,  and  if  I  have  stated  any 
controvertible  points  they  should  be  pointed  out 
f^r  the  benefit  of  mankind,  by  some  one  better 
acquainted  with  the  subject  than  your  correspon- 
dent. John  Wise. 

Lancaster,  Pa. 

CURIOUS  EFFECTS   OF    PINE    TREES 
ON  THE  SOIL. 

A  remarkable  instance  of  the  effects  of  pine 
trees  on  the  soil  in  which  they  grow  has  been 
published  in  the  Woods  and  Waters  Reports  of 
the  north  of  France.      A  forest    near    Valen- 
ciennes, comprising  about  eighteen  hundred  acres 
of  scrub  and  stunted  oak  and  birch  was  grubbed 
up  in  1843,  and  replaced  by  Scotch  firs  (pinus 
silvestris).    The  soil,  composed  of  silicious  sands 
mingled  with  a  small  quantity  of  clay,  was  in 
some  places  very  wet ;  it  contained  two  or  three 
fine  springs,  from  one  of  which  flowed  a  small 
stream.    The  firs  succeeded  beyond  expectation, 
and  large  handsome  stems  now  grow  vigorously 
over  the  whole  ground.    It  was  in  the  early  stages 
of  their  growth  that  the  remarkable  effect  above 
referred  to  was  noticed.    The  soil  began  to  dry  ; 
the  snipes  that  once  frequented  the  place  migrated 
to  a  more  congenial  locality ;  the  ground  became 
drier  and  drier,  until  at  last  the  springs  and  the 
stream  ceased  to  flow.    Deep  trenches  were  dug 
to  lay  open  the  souiC3S  of  the  springs,  and  dis- 
cover the  cause  of  the  drying  up ;  but  nothing  was 
found  except  that  the  roots  of  the  firs  had  pene- 
trated the  earth  to  a  depth  of  five  or  six  feet. 
Borings  were  then  made ;  and  six  feet  below  the 
source  of  the  spring,  a  bed  of  water  was  met  with 
of  considerable  depth,  from  which,  it  was  inferred, 
the  spring  had  formerly  been  fed.    But  in  what 
way  its  level  has  been  lowered  by  the  action  of 
the  firs  could  not  be  determined,  and  is  still  a 
matter  of  speculation.    But  the  fact  remains,  and 
may  be  utilized  by  any  one  interested  in  tree  cul- 
ture.   For  years  it  had  been  turned  to  account  in 
Gascony,  where  the  lagoons  that  intersect  the 
sandy  dunes  have  been  dried  up  by  planting  the 
Pinus  maritimus  along  their  margin.    Hence  we 
may  arrive  at  the  conclusion  that  while  leafy  trees 
feed  springs,  and  maintain  the  moisture  of  the 
soil,  the  contrary  function  is  reserved  for  spine  or 
needle  bearing  trees,  which  dry  the  soil,  and  im- 
prove its  quality.    Our  War  Office  might  perhaps 
do  well  to  take  note  thereof,  seeing  that  the  forts 
now  building  at  the  mouth  of  the  Medway  show 


a  tendency  to  sink  into  the  soft  marshy  soil.  If 
the  ground  can  be  consolidated  by  plantations  of 
the  maratime  pine,  it  would  be  good  economy  to 
have  them  planted. — Chamber''s  London  Journal. 
Altheas,  which  flower  on  the  young  wood,  cannot 
be  too  severely  cut  in,  looking  to  that  operation 
alone. — Gardener''s  Monthly.  ■ 

: .^^.«.»^^ 

Spruce  up.— If  you  get  a  moment  to  spare, 
spruce  up  :  put  that  gate  on  its  hinges ;  put  a  lit- 
tle paint  on  the  picket  fence  you  built  last  year ; 
trim  up  about  your  door-yard — make  it  cosy  and 
inviting.  Don't  say  you  can't  find  time  to  at- 
tend to  these  things.  The  fact  is,  you  have  no 
right  to  be  slovenly.  Your  wife  and  children 
will  be  happier,  your  farm  will  sell  for  more 
money  in  the  market,  and  will  be  worth  more  to 
you  at  home,  if  you  devote  an  odd  hour  now  and 

then  to  sprucing  up. 

^   »   ^  

To  Keep  Clear  of  Bed  Bugs.— Take  the 
whites  of  four  eggs  and  ten  cents  worth  of  quick- 
silver, put  them  into  a  bowl  and  beat  to  a  perfect 
froth.  Take  a  feather  and  dip  into  this  prepara- 
tion, and  apply  to  every  part  of  your  bedstead 
where  bugs  conceal  themselves ;  do  this  once  a 
year,  and  you  will  never  see  a  bed  bug  in  your 
house. 


Hay  Required  for  Cows.— After  an  ex- 
perience of  70  years,  a  WTiterin  the  N.  E.  Far- 
mer says  that  good  cows  will  eat  on  an  average, 
201bs.  of  hay  per  day  when  giving  milk,  and  151bs. 
when  dry.  Not  by  guess-work,  but  tested  by 
actual  weighing  for  months  at  a  time.  They 
will  pay  well  for  their  keeping  by  yielding  an 
average  of  6  quarts  of  milk  per  day  throughout 
the  year.  He  estimates  summer  pasture  at  50 
cents  per  week,  and  milk  at  3i  cents  per  quart. 

Manurial  Power  of  Salt.— A  correspon- 
dent of  the  Journal  of  Agriculture  says  he  finds 
his  clay-loam  ground  increased  more  in  produc- 
tiveness by  the  use  of  eight  bushels  of  salt  to  one 
bushel  of  plaster  to  the  acre  than  from  the  ap- 
plication of  animal  manure.  Others  have  been 
equally  benefitted  by  the  application.  Perhaps 
a  judicious  mixture  of  both  would  secure  the  best 

results. 

i^»   »  » 

To  Dry  Fruit. — Take  two  frames  and  glass 
used  for  hot-beds,  or  "cord-frames,"  and  place 
them  over  a  clean  gravel-bed  ;  inside  arrange 
shelves  on  which  to  place  the  fruit.  After  this 
you  need  not  give  the  fruit  a  second  thought,  ex- 
cept to  take  it  out  when  dried.  It  is  secure  from 
flies  and  other  insects,  rains'or  dew,  chickens  and 
small  children,  nor  can  it  be  burned  up. 


World  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company, 

NO.    160    BROADWAY,    NEW    YORK. 


J.  F.  FRUHJAUFF^  General  Agent^ 

No.  5  North  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

A.  B.  REIDENBACH,  Litiz,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
SAMUEL  L.  YETTER,  Elizabethtown,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
J.  M.  GRAYBILL,  Columbia,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

JACOB  BAUSMAN,  President  Farmers'  National  Bank.         Maj.  JAS.  F.  RICKSECKER,  City  Treasurer. 

CHRIS'N  B.  HERE,  Pres't  Lancaster  Co.  Nat'l  Bank.  N.  ELLMAKER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Messrs.  BAIR  &  SHENK,  Bankers.  B.  F.  BAER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Judge  A.  L.  HAYES.  Col.  WM.  L.  BEAR,  Prothonotary.  J.  F.  LONG  &  SON,  Druggists. 

No  farmer  is  Justified  in  exiiosing  his  creditors,  his  wife,  or  7iis  children^  to  the  loss 
certain  to  occur  to  them  upon  his  death,  without  a  Life  Insurance  Policy  for  their 
benefit,  and  in  no  Compamj  can  this  be  done  tvith  more  safety  and  under  better  man- 
agement than  in  the  above.    See  one  of  their  Agents  and  have  him  explain  all  about  it. 


$200. 


HARVEST  OF  1869. 


$200. 


MOWER 


After  our  success  in  the  Harvest  of  1868,  in  pleasing  our  customers  with  a  neat,  light,  durable,  and  a  com- 
plete Combined  Harvester,  we  again  come  into  the  market  for  the  Harvest  of  1809  with  our  VALLEY  CHIEF, 
feeling  a  great  confidence  in  its  superiority. 

We  oflFer  this  machine  still  at  the  low  price  of  $200,  and  when  a  farmer  is  offered  a  first-class  Mower  and 
Self-Raking  Reaper  Combined  at  this  price,  it  is  well  for  him  to  examine  into  the  merits  of  the  offer.  Ab  a 
Mower,  it  lias  been  tried  in  the  worst  kinds  of  heavy  meadow  grass  and  lodged  clover  and  has  gone  through 
it  triumphantly,  and  we  call  on  our  hundreds  of  customers  in  Lancaster  county  and  elsewhere  to  speak  a  good 
word  for  the  Marsh  Self-Rake.  We  claim  that  this  Self-Rake  in  heavy  tangled  grain  or  lodged  oats  is  the  most 
simple  and  efficient  one  ever  invented.  It  is  not  a  new  thing,  but  lias  been  most  severely  tested  all  over  the 
United  States,  as  well  as  in  England  and  France.  We  think  no  other  one  in  the  market  can  fairly  compete 
with  it.  See  what,  the  report  of  the  great  National  Reaper  trial  held  at  Auburn,  New  York,  by  the  New 
York  Agricultural  Society,  says  on  page" 41  and  42  :  It  performed  better  than  was  expected  of  any  Se^f-Rake, 
as  it  raked  off  heavy,  t  angled,  wet  gra  in.  And  in  their  language,  Reapers  are  not  built  for  so  severe  a  test; 
they  gave  it  the  highest  mark  for  perfect  work. 

The  VALLEY  CHIEF  is  a  simple  two-wheeled  machine,  having  side  delivery  which  throws  t'le  grain  en- 
tirely out  of  the  way  of  the  team  for  the  next  round.  It  has  a  rear  cut,  a  floating  finger  bar,  the  guards  or 
fingers  are  made  of  the  best  wrought  iron,  faced  with  steel.  The  height  of  the  cut  can  be  altered  with  ease 
while  in  motion,  thus  enabling  one  to  pass  obstructions  or  cut  long  or  short  stubble  and  the  whole  machine  is 
built  with  an  eye  to  ronvenience,  simplicity  and  durabiliti/.  This  Machine  is  built  in  Lancaster  county,  one  of 
the  heaviest  grass  and  wheat  growing  districts  in  the' United  States,  and  we  have  had  every  opportunity 
of  knowing  what  is  wanted.  In  this  machine  we  have  a  combination  ef  a  complete  Mower  with  a  first-class 
Self-Raking  Reaper,  thus  giving  our  customers  a  simple,  strong  and  handy  machine  which  two  horses  can 
draw  with  ease.  •  t»    t»     v 

Please  call  and  see  this  machine  at  our  manufactory,  in  Mount  Joy,  Lancaster  county.  Pa.,  or  on  D.^  Pyrk 
holder,  Agent,  at  Mrs.  Neher's  Saloon,  Southwest  corner  of  Centre  Square,Lanca3ter,  Pa.,  or  at  Y'undt  s  Corn 
Exchange  Hotel,  MIARSH,  ORIER  &>  CO. 


Lancastee,  June  26th,  1868. 
Editors  Express  :  Dr.  Wm.  M.  Whiteside,  the  enterpris- 
ing Dentist,  has  purchased  from  me  a  large  stock  of  teeth  and 
all  the  fixtures,  the  instruments  formerly  belonging  to  me,  and 
also  those  used  by  my  father,  Dr.  Parry,  in  his  practice.  In 
the  purchase,  the  doctor  has  provided  himself  with  some  of 
the  most  valuable  and  expensive  instruments  used  in  dental 
practice,  and  has  beyond  doubt  one  of  the  best  and  largest 
collections  of  teeth  and  instruments  in  the  State.  Persons 
visiting  the  commodious  offices  of  Dr.  Whiteside,  cannot  fail 
to  be  fully  accommodated.  The  Doctor  loses  no  opportunity 
of  furnishing  himself  with  every  late  scientific  imprevement 
in  his  line  of  business.  H.  B.  PARRY. 

0BHTIST5 

Office  and  Residence, 

EAST  KING  STREET, 

Next  door  to  the  Court  House,  over  Fahnestock's  Dry 
Goods  Store, 

LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

Teeth  Extracted  without  pain  by  the  use  of 
{JSfitrous  Oxide)  Gas, 

BOOKS  AND  STATIONERY. 


A  Full  assortment  of 

SCHOOL,  MISCELLANEOUS,  AGRI- 
CULTURAL AND  HORTI- 
CULTURAL BOOKS, 

A  large  stock  of 

STATIONEIIY, 

WHICH  WILL  BE  SOLD  AT 

GREATLY  REDUCED  PRICES, 

On  account  of  removal  April  1st,  1869,  to 

No.  52  North  Queen  Street, 

(KRAMP'S  BUILDING) 

Four  Doors  alaove  Orange  Street. 

Subscriptions  received  for  all  the  Agricultural  and 
Horticultural  Magazines. 

J.  H.  SHEAFFER'S 

Cheap  Cash  Book  Store,  No.  52  N.  Queen 
Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 

Dr.  N.  B.  BRISBINE, 

No.  93  EAST  KING  STREET,  Above  Lime. 

The  Doctor  pays  special  attention  to  all  old  obstinate 
diseases,  such  as  Consumption,  Liver  Complaint,  Dys- 
pepsia, Rheumatism,  all  diseases  of  the  Heart,  Head, 
Throat,  Lungs,  Stomach,  Bowels,  Kidneys,  Nervous 
Df  bili^y,  General  Debility,  <&c.  The  doctor  makes  ex- 
aminatg.j?ns  of  the  Urine.    Consuliat^on  Free. 


S.  TVELCHENS,  D.  D.  S., 

SUKGEON   DENTIST, 

Office  and  Mesidence, 

HOWELL'S  BUILDING,  No.  65^  NORTH  QUEEN  ST., 

Half  a  square  south  of  the  E.  K.  Depot. 

Twenty  Years'  Successful  Practice  in  Lancaster 

The  Latest  improvements  in  INSTRUMENTS 
and  TEETH  and  the  very  best  material,  Warranted 
in  all  operations. 

TEETH  EXTRACTED  WITHOUT  PAIN  with 
the  use  of  Nitrous  Oxide  Gas,  Ether,  or  the  Ether 
Spray. 

TERMS,  as  low  as  any  in  the  city,  when  low  priced 
material  and  loiv  priced  work  are  used. 

But  for  riRST-CLASS  OPERATIONS,  with  ap- 
pliances and  material  to  correspond,  prices  range 
higher, 

S.  WELCHENS,  D.  D.  S. 


SUCCESSOR  TO 

WENTZ  BROTHERS, 

SiaN  OF  THE  BEE  HIVE, 

No.  5  EAST  KING  STREET,  LANCASTER,  PENN'A., 

deaijER  in 

FOREM  AND  DOMESTIC  DRY  GOODS, 

GLASS   AJVJ9    qUEJENS\l^^BJR, 

Carpets,  Oil  Clotlis,  Window  Shades. 

SPECIAL  ATTENTION  PAID  TO 

IL^IDOi©*  ©IBiSi  ©©©©i 

Shawls  and  Embroideries,  Cloths  and  Cassimeres, 

Handkerchiefs,    Gloves   and   Hosiery, 

Best  Kid  Gloves. 


li  ^©t©e^@dl  ©ai^  \ 


The  Choicest  of  the  Market,  and  at  the  Lowest  Possible 
Prices. 

REMEMBER  THE  PLACE  TO  BUY. 

THOS.  J.  WENTZ, 

Bee  Hive  Store,  No.  5  E.  King  St. 


DEALER  IN 

FOREIGN  AND  AMERICAN  WATCHES, 

IN  GOLD  AND  SILVER  CASES, 

CLOCKS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION, 

Jewelry  in  all  its  Shapes  and  Forms, 

SILVER  WARE,  designed  for  Bridal  Presents  '    " 

BRACKETS,  TOILET    SETS.    VASES,    SPECTACLES^ 

GOLD  PENS,  &c.,  &c..  &c- 
No.  10j4  West  King  Street,  opposite  the  Cr08 
liAN  CASTER,  PA 


H  A.  E  D  ^W^  A,  R  E ! 

Stoves ! 

Gedarmrare  ! 

Housekeepers'   Furnishmg   Goods! 


The  undersigned  at  their  old  established  stand  in 
WEST  KINQ  STREET, 

are  constantly  receiving  fresh  supplies  to  their  exten- 
sive Stock,  from  the  best  manufactories  in  this  Coun- 
try and  Europe,  and  invite  the  attention  of  Merchants 
and  Consumers,  feeling  that  we  can  do  as  well  as  any 
house  in  Philadelphia. 

Persons  commencing  Housekeeping  will  find  the 

The  Largest  and  Best  Selected  Lot  of 
STO"VES, 

at  Manufacturers'  Prices.     Also,  every  other  article 
kept  in  a  first-class  Hardware  Store. 

A  FULL  STOCK  OF 

Saddlers',  Coacliinakers'  and  Blacksmiths'  Tools 
and  Materials. 

BUILDERS   will   find   a   full   supply  of  every   thing 
suited  to  their  wants  at  LOWEST  FiaURES. 

CLOVER,    TIIVIOTHY   AND    FLAX    SEED, 

BOUGHT  AND  SOLD. 

STEINMAN  &  CO. 


P.  E.  GRUGER. 


J.P.GRUGER. 


GRUGER  BROTHERS, 

MARBLE  MASONS, 

14  South  Queen  St.,  Lancaster,  Pa., 

Have    always   on   hand  or   will  furnish   to  order   at 

BHORT  NOTICE, 


ENTS, 


rOMBS, 


GRAVE  STONES, 


&c.,  &c. 


We  pay  particular  and  personal  attention  both  to  the 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MATERL\L  and  the  EXECU- 
TION OF  OUR  WORK,  and  our  facilities  now  are  such 
that  we  can  guarantee  our  customers  the  very  best 
work,  at  the  same,  and  often  Lower  Prices,  than  are 
usually  paid  elsewhere  for  inferior  productions. 


Lettering 


m 


English 


and 


German, 

ELEGANTLY  AND  CORRECTLY  DONE. 

We  earnestly  invite  our  country  friends  to   give    us  a 
call. 


SHULTZ  &  BRO. 

Manufactxirers,  Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 

Caps  and  Furs, 

LADIES'  FANCY  FURS, 

HOODS, 

TRIMMED  GLOVES  AND  MITTS, 
Gents'    Gloves,    Capes    and    Collars, 

Fancy  Robes, 

20     North    Queen    Street, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 

AMERICAN  WATCHES 


H.  Z.  BHCADS  Sc  BRO., 

JVo.  23  West  King  Street, 

late  the  Lamb  Hotel, 
AND  Opposite  Cooper's  Hotel, 

DEALERS    IN 

IMEEIGli  ^  lMP#Ef  SB 

SILWEIWAIE, 

J  E -^Tir  E  X.  H  "2"  , 

CLOCKS  AND  SPECTACLES. 


THE  UNDERSIGNED  REPEESBNTS  THE 


AND  ALSO  THE 


Life  ai  AccWeit  tarance  CoiiijaDj,- 

Both  stable  and  well  established  companies,  the  former 
having  a  capital  of  $1000,000,  and  the  latter  $500,- 
000. 

The  plan  of  issuing  policies  by  the  Brooklyn  Life 
Insurance  Company  presents  a  feature  altogether 
unique,  and  one  which  removes  one  of  the  strongest 
objection,  hitherto  urged  against  the  plan  of  Life  Insur- 
ance ;  and  this  is  what  is  termed  the  Surrender  Value 
Plan.  Each  and  every  Policy  issued  in  the  name  of 
this  Company  bears  an  endorsement,  stating  the  exact 
worth  of  the  policy  in  Cash,  at  any  time  after  two  or 
more  annual  premiums  have  been  paid. 

Insurance  can  also  be  effected  in  the  North  American 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  at  lower  rates,  it  is  be- 
lieved, than  in  any  other  Company  in  the  United  States. 

All  desirous  of  securing  insurance  upon  their  lives 
can  do  so  by  calling  upon  the  undersigned. 

ALLEIV  (^UTHKIS,  Agt, 

East  J-iemon.  Street, 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


REED, 


,     <■■■     %..iniiiia     vk     ^'vm, 

LANCASTER,    PENN'A, 

Dealers  in  United  States  Bonds  and  all 
kinds  of  Eailroad  Stock  and  State  Loans. 

Buy  and  Sell  Gold,  Silver,  and  United 
States  Coupons. 

Sell  Bills  of  Exchange  on  Europe  and  Passage 
Certificates. 

Receive  Money  on  Deposit  and  pay  Interest  as 
follows : 

1  month,  4  per  cent,,      6  months,  5  •  per  cent. 

3      "        4i  "  12      "       5i 

FOR  SALE  AT      / 

Chas.  A.  Heinitsh's  Drug  Store,  13  E.  King  St., 

LANCASTER,    PEMNA., 

German    Cattle    Powders! 

The  best  Powder  made  for  the  Cure  and  Prevention  of  Dis- 
eases to  which  Oxen,  Milk  Cows,  Sheer  and  Hogs,  are  subject. 
For  Stock  Cattle  preparing  for  nuiiket,  a  table  spoontul  in 
their  feed  once  or  twice  a  week,  improves  their  Condition  by 
strengthening  their  digestive  organs,  and  creates  solid  flesh 
and  fat. 

GERMAN   VEGETABLE   OR    UNRIVALLED    CONDI- 
TION POWDERS 
For  preserring  Horses  in  good  health,  removing  all  Diseases 
of  the  Skin,  giving  a  Smooth  and  Glossy  appearance,  also  a 
sure  remedy  for  Distemper,  Hidebound,  Loss  of  Appetite,  &c. 

PERSIAN  INSECT  POWDER. 
A  perfectly  safe,  quick  and  easily  applied  destroyer  of  Lice 
on  Cattle,  Fleas,  Bedbugs,  &c. 

PYROLIGNEOUS   ACID. 
A  substitute  for  curing  Beef,  Pork,  Hams,  Tongues,  Smoked 
Sausages,  Fish,  &c.,  without  the  danger  and  trouble  of  emok- 
jng,  imparting  a  rich  flavor  and  color. 


CHARLES  T.  GOULD, 

CHAIR     MANUFACTURER, 

No.  37  North  Queen  St.,  Lancaster, 

(NEXT  DOOR  TO  SHOBER'S  HOTEL,) 

Old  Chairs  Re-painted  and  Repaired. 
CHRISTIAN  WIDIYER, 

S.  E.  Cor.  East  King  &  Duke  Sts.,  Lancaster. 

Cabinet  Work  of  every  description  and  a  full 

assortment  of  Chairs  constantly  on  hand. 
IXF^All  Warranted  as  Mepresented.  .^£^ 


JACOB  ROTHARMEL, 

PKEMIUM 
DEALER   IN 

iS@Mfes  aadi  f  aa(Sf  Articles, 

No.  Si  North  Qneen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

GRUCER  &  RECE, 

DRUGGISTS  &  APOTHECARIES, 

JVb.  13  WEST  KIIiG  STMEET, 

NEXT  DOOB  TO  STEINMAN'S   HARDWARE  STORE, 

Lancastex*,   Pa, 

Have  always  on  hand  Pure,  Keliable  Drugs  and  Medi- 
cines, Chemicals,  Spices,  Perfumery  and  Toilet 
Articles.     Also  Flavoring  Extracts  of 
their  own  Manufacture,  and  of 
unsurpassed  quality. 

Sole  Agents  for  Hasson's  Compound  Strup  op  Tar.,  the 
best  Cough  Medicine  in  the  market.  We  have  also  on  hand  in 
season  an  assortment  of  Landreth's  Warranted  Garden  Seeds. 

The  public  can  rely  upon  always  getting  what  they 

ASK  FOR  AND  NO  SUBSTITUTES. 


UNDERTAKER, 

Corner   South   Queen   and    Vine    Streets, 
LANCASTER,    PA. 

Coffins  of  all  sizes  always  on  hand,  and  furnished  at 
Shoi'test  Notice. 


DEALER  IN 

Pianos,  Organs,  and  Melodeons, 

AND  MUSICAL  INSTRUMEXTS  GENERALLY, 

A  large  assortment  of  Violins,  Flutes,  Guitars,  Banjos, 

Tamborines,  Accordions,  Fifes,  Harmonicas,  and 

Musical  Merchandise   always  on  hand. 

SHEET  MUSIO :  A  large  stock  on  hand  and  constantly  re 
ceiving  all  the  latest  publications  as  soon  as  issued. 

MUSIO  BY  MAIL :  I  would  inform  persons  wishing  Music, 
that  Music  and  Musical  Books  will  be  sent  by  mail  free  of 
l^ostage  when  the  marked  price  is  remitted. 

DECALCOMAHTA,or  the  art  of  Transferring  Pictures.  Can 
he  transferred  to  any  object.  I  would  call  especial  attention 
of  CoacLmakers  to  my  stock  of  Decalcomanifu 


f 


Xj^I^HDIS   &c  CO-, 


James   Street,    Lancaster,    Fa., 

ARE  PREPAEED  TO  DO  ALL  KINDS  OF 


BUILD  LARGE  AND  SMALL  ENGINES, 


MILL     G  E  A_  R  I  ISf  a , 
And  all  kind  of  Machine  Work  done  at  a  first  class  Shop. 

Having  recently  removed  to   their  new  building,  and  provided  themselves 
with  a 


Adapted  to  the  wants  of  their  customers,  they  are  prepared  to  execute  all  or- 
ders with  neatness  and  dispatch,  an'd  on  terms  satisfectory*  to  the  customer. 
They  would  invite  attention  to  their  large  foundry  connected  with  their  works, 
in  which  the  best  work  is  turned  out. 

They  also  announce  that  they  are  now  prepared  to  supply  their 


TO  ALL   CUSTOMERS. 

This  Machine  requires  Less  Powee,  does  Moee  Wokk,  and  is  considerably 
Cheaper  than  any  other  Separator  now  in  the  market.  This  Machine  is  now 
improved,  well  built,  and  does  the  best  and  most  efficient  class  of  work. 

Made   to   order   on   a   new  set   of  STANDARD   DIES. 

Repairing  of  all  kinds  promptly  done  at  reasonable  rates. 

Give  us  a  call,  and  we  will  endeavor  to  please  our  patrons. 

FRANK  LANDIS, 
EZRA  F.  LANDIS, 
JACOB  LANDIS. 


Diller  A  Groff's  Hardware  Store, 

No.  8  East  King  Street,  Lancaster  City,  Penna. 

DEALERS    IN 

Foreign  and  Domestic  Hard^v^are, 

Such  as  Building  Materialj  Paints,  Varnishes,  Oils,  Glass,  Coach  Trimmings,  Stoves, 

Iron   and   Steel,  &c.,   &c.,   &c. 

3EEOiaSB      FURHXSMJMG     G  O  O  jO  S  « 

TIMOTHY  AND  CLOVER  SEEDS  OF  THE  BEST  QUALITY. 


I 


i^m~       ^MOS    MII^EY'S 


yrr        r 


"•5%liE£-.- 


H  .^?5i.  lEi  IST  E  SS 

No.  37  North  Queen  St., 


NEXT  DOOR  TO  SHOBER'S  HOTEL,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


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WAGON  GEARS,  "WHIPS,  BUFFALO  ROBES, 

BLAMETS,  TRUNKS,  YALISES,  CARPET  BA&S,  LADIES'  &&MTS'  SATCHELS, 

Of  all  kinds  constantly  kept  on  hand  or  made  to  order.    Kepairing  neatly  done. 

Also,  Agent  for  BAEEE'S  HOOF  LINIMENT,  the  best  article  for  Sore 
Hoofs  in  the  country. 

J.  M.  WESTHAEFFER, 


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.     44,  Corner  North  Queen  and  Orange  Streets, 

N.  B. — Any  Book  ordered  can  be  sent  by  Mail  to  any  address. 


TO    BTJILIDErE^-S  I 


PLA 

The  Greatest  Eoofing  Material  of  tlie  Age ! 

IS  NOW  OFFERED  TO  THE  PEOPLE  OF 

LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES.  PA..  AND  CECIL  COUNTY. 

WITH  A  PROMISE  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  ADVANTAGES: 

It  is  superior  to  other  coverings  for  all  kinds  of  buildings  for  these  reasons : 

1.  It  is  wafer,  snow  and  air-proof  from  the  beginning,  and  is  as  fire-proof  as  ordinary  slate.  (Sec  testimo- 
nials New  York  Fire  Insurance  Companies.) 

2.  It  keeps  buildings  warmer  in  winter  and'does  not  make  them  hot  in  summer  as  ordinary  slate  does,  and 
it  can  be,  after  the  first  year,  whitewashed  or  painted  any  desired  color  so  as  to  obviate  all  difficulty  arising 
from  its  dark  color. 

8.  Being  entirely  water  and  fire-proof,  it  is  invaluable  as  a  covering  for  the  sides  of  buildings  and  lining 
cisterns  of  whatever  material  they  may  be  built ;  stopping  water  out  of  cellars  and  dampness  out  of  walls  of 
houses,  and  closing  leaks  between  buildings. 

4.  Adhering,  as  it  does,  with  great  firmness  to  tin  and  iron,  it  is  useful  for  covering  tin  roofs  andiron  exposed 
to  dampness  or  to  the  atmosphere,  such  as  iron  fences,  cemetery-railings,  &c. 

5.  Buildings  covered  with  PLASTIC  SLATE  do  not  need  tin  spouts  at  the  eaves  nor  do  the||valleys  need  tin 
to  make  them  water  proof. 

6.  It  is  lighter  than  shingles,  and  is  equally  adapted  to  flat  or  steep  roofs. 

7.  The  testimony  of  Wm.  M'Gilvray  &  Co.,  published  herewith,  shows  that  it  is  not  only  fire  proof  exter- 
nally, but,  is  also  a  great  hindrance  to  the  spread  of  fire  within. 

8.  It  ia  much  cheaper  in  first-cost  than  any  good  roofing  now  in  use,  and  when  all  attendant  expenses  of  the 
two  roofs  are  estimated,  costs  only  about  half  as  much  as  the  best  slate,  and  it  makes  a  better  and  closer  roof. 

9.  For  the  roofing  of  foundries  and  casting-houses  of  blast  fuinaces,  where  there  are  gases  of  a  very  high 
temperature,  which  injures  and  destroys  other  roofs,  this  material  is  improved  and  seems  to  produce  a  better 
roof,  (see  certificates  of  Messrs.  Grubb,  Musselman  &  Watts,  S.  M.  Brua  and  V.m.  iVrOilvray.) 

10.  If  in  process  of  years  cracks  or  leaks  occur  in  Plastic  Slate  Roofs,  they  are  about  as  easily  repaired,  as 
they  would  be  to  white-wash,  needing  only  a  brush  and  the  Mastic,  but  no  expensive  labor  of  mechanics. 

DS^  The  Pamphlet  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  notice  can  be  had  gratuilously,  by  calling  at  the  Ollice  of  the 
Lancaster  Inquiker  or  Examiner  &  Heuald. 

Persons  wishing  to  examine  PLASTIC  SLATE  ROOFS,  and  thus  verify  for  themselves  the  following 
statements,  arc  invited  to  call  and  inspect  Roofs  put  on  for  the  following  persons,  among  many  others : 

Lancaster — Thos.  H.  Burrowes,  Stuart  A.  Wylie,  (Eflitor  Lancaster  Inquirer,)  J.  B.  Schwavtzwelder,  Abraham  Bitner 
Sr.  Marietta— Henry  IMiisselman  &  Sons.,  Myer.s  and  Benson.  Oolumbia — C.  B.  Orulib,  (Furnace,)  Columbia  Gas  Co., 
Samuel  Shock,  Pres't.,  Susqueli.inna  Iron  Compai.y,  Wm.  Patton,  Prcs't.,  Samuel  W.  Rlittlin.  Mount  Jov — Henry  Kurtz, 
Pr.  J.  L.  Zieglcr,  William  Brady,  J.  R.  Hofter,  (K.litor  Mt.  Joy  Herald).  Christiana— E.  G.  Boomell.  Wm.  P.  JBrinton, 
.Tohn  G.  Fogle.    B.art— William  Whitson.    Bellkmonte  P.  O.'— Robert  P.  Mcllvaiiie.    Paradise — Robert  S.  Mcllvaine, 

WiLLIAMSTOWN—T.  Scott  W^OOds.      KiMiRATA— Pr.    I.  ]\L    GlOff.      GORDONVILLK — Samuol    M.    Brua.      CyKRVARVON  Twp  — 

Mrs.  Fanny  Mast.  Upper  Leaoock  Twp.—  Marks  G.  Meiiger,  Christian  R.  Laiidis,  Jacob  R.  Blus.scr.  Lkacock  Twp I.saac 

Bair,  Levi  Zook.  Wkst  Earl— Christian  Beiler.  Leaman  Place- Henry  Leanmn,  l,sra<'l  Rohror.  Biiunnerville — Aaron 
H.  Brubaker.  Sporting  Hill — Emanuel  Long.  Lrnz— H.  H.  Tshudy,  Davi(LBrickor.  Dhrlaoii  P-  O.,  Clay  Twp— Jonas 
Laber.  Manheim  Bor.— Nathan  Werley,  Samuel  Ruhl.  Pknn  Twp.— George  Ruhl.  West  Lampeter— Aldus  C.  Herr. 
Enterprise  P.  O.,  East  Lampeter— Mark  P.  Cooper.    Stkasburo  Bor Hervey  Brackbill. 

Orders  for  Roofing  hould  be  sent  to 

Joseph  Gribbonsn 

LICENSEE  FOR  LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTY,  MD., 

Enterprise  P.  0.,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

A.  W.  &  J.  R.  RUSSELL,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

Or  MOSES  LIGHT,  Manheim,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

Or  JOHN  R.  BRICKER,  Litiz,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

ALDUS  C.  HERR,  Lampeter,  Lancaster  county,  Fa. 


WEEK'S  WHEAT,  (WHIT 

We  offer  prime  seed  of  this  very  early  White  Wheat,  which  we   consider  the  most  valuable  variety  of 
recent  introduction,   combining  the  hardiness  and  early  maturity  of  the  Mediterranean,  with  the  high 
flouring  quality  of  the  best  White  Wheats.     Its  straw  is  stiff,  protecting  it  against  the  Fly,    and   it  suc- 
ceeds well  in  land  of  moderate  fertility,  yielding  from  25  to  45  bushels,  according  to  soil  and  season. 
Prices;  1  bushel,  (Suck included ,)  -  -  -  -     $  4.00, 

ti  2      ''        {    "  "        )  -  -  -  -  7.50, 

**         10     *'         I    "  «        )  _  _  _  .        30.00. 

We  also  offer  a  fine  supply  of  FRENCH  RED  and  WHITE  CHAFFS,  EXTRA  EARLY  JERSEY, 
ROCHESTER  RED  CHAFF,  LANCASTER  RED  CHAFF,  by  the  bushel  and  sack,  and  a  number  of 
other  varieties  in  limited  quantity. 

Descriptive  Priced  Circular  mailed  free  to  applicants. 

EdTvrard  J".  Evans  &  Co., 


THE  GREAT  AMERICAN  COMBINATION 


Is  warranted  to  execute  in  the  best  manner,  every  variety  of 

SEWING,  HEMMING,  FELLING,  CORDING,  TUCKING,  BRAIDING,  GATH- 
ERING, QUILTING,  OVERSEAMING,  EMBROIDERING  ON  THE  EDGE, 

i  And  in  addition  makes  beautiful  Button  and  Eyelet  Holes  in 

h^  ^^^^  ^^^  fabrics,  being  absolutely  the  best  FAMILY  MACHINE 

^^  '^C33t->**^         '"  ^^'^  world,  and  intrinsically  the  Cheapest,  for   it  is  two 

Tj  ^^---''^^^^^^^^^^  Machines  combined  in  one  by  a  simple  and  beautiful  Mechani- 
fjq  ''^^^^fliff^^^^Jl  ^3,1  Arrangement.  This  is,  in  fact,  the  only  new  machine  in 
O  s^yT^IV  /^^m  ^^^  market  that  embodies  any  substantial  improvement  upon 
•^  Hi  /^CV   f^^l        the  many  old  machines  that  are  being  forced  upon  the  public. 

^  J  \/  /^^^\  Circulars  with  full  particulars  and  samples  of  work  done  on  this 

^        ;^*^  'JM.  ^  J       Machine,  can  be  had  on  application  at  the 

Sj         ijr         ^  rsJ<C!lEvC.^^^^^^I  Sales  liooins  of  tlie  Comr>a,iiy, 

h      ^^^^^^^  S.  W.  Cor.  nth  and  Chestnut  Sts.,  PHILADELPHIA. 


Instructions  given  on  the  Machine  grntuitouslv  to  purchasers. 

AGENTS   WANTED   TO   SELL   THIS    MACHINE. 


ang  '69-ly 


a  .  b.  kaufman's 
Insurance  Age-ncy, 

No.  1  EAST  OMANGE  ST., 
LANCASTER    CITY,    PA., 

Issues  Life,  and  also,  Policies  against  Fire  and 
all  other  Accidents. 

AGENT  FOR  THE  OLD 

CONN.  MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

The  Best  Compcany  in  the  World. 

CAPITAL.    -    -   •    833,000,000. 


PEACHES!  PEACHES!! 

A  heavy  stock,    4    to    6  feet  high,  at  low  rates, 

^mE^i  um^%n  ^mwrnn 

Best  kinds  in  all  the  classes.    Heavy  stock 

of  Prairies. 

Large    Mocks  of  CHERRIES,   DWARF 

APPLES,  PLUMS,  APRICOTS, 

IRISH  JUNIPER,  ARBOR 

VIT.E,  <Sc.,   (2c., 

Full  Line  of  Stock  in  every  Department. 

Hoopes  Bro.,  &  Thomas, 

Clierry  Hill  Nurseries, 

WEST  CHESTEK,  I»a. 

.  N.  B,  The  "BOOK  OF  EVERGREENS,"  by  Josiah 
Hoopes,  sent  per  Mail,  prepaid  on  receipt  of  price,  $  3.00. 
Address  as  alwve. 


u 


fii  iisf  ™jiiiFiif  r 

''A     ROUND,    FULL    RICH    TONE!" 


FLUTO, 

MELODIA, 

BASSOON, 

BOURDON, 

MANTJEL-BASS, 

EOLEON-FORTE, 

KNE&TREMOLO. 

c  c 


PICCOLO, 

GAMBU, 

CLARIONET, 

EOLEON, 

OCTAVES, 

PICCOLO-FORTE, 

KNEE-SWELL. 


THIS  TEDVvd^^LE  OI^a-.A.3^" 

Is  acknowledged  by  all  who  have  examined  it  to  be  the  most  perfect  Heed  instrument  ever  introduced  to  the  public,  having 
been  awarded  the  FIRST  PRIZE,  over  all  competitors,  "for  quality  of  tone  and  promptness  of  action.''  IT  COM- 
BINES ALL  RECENT  IMPROVEMENTS,  and  for  power,  fulness  purity  of  tone,  akd  quick  i-.EsroNSK 
TO  THE  TOUCH,  surpasses  !iU  otliers  in  its  close  rLsoniblance  to  the  Pipe  Organ.  Its  Construction  is  entirely  Nevr, 
and  dittere))t  from  all  other  Rued  Organs  now  in  use,  surpassing  all  in  simi)iicity  and  equal  to  any  in  durabiiity.  'ilie  editor 
of  the  "Temple  of  Music"  says  : 

"It  is  a  most  magnificent  instrument,  and  has  many  tine  qualities  to  recommend  it;  among  others,  its  stojw,  imitating 
most  successfully  many  of  the  most, useful  in  the  pipe  organ.  The  flute,  the  Piccolo,  bassoon,  clarionet  and  various  others, 
are  such  perfect  imitations  that  it  would  be  difficult  to  distinguish  them  from  the  genuine  at  a  little  distance  from  the  per- 
former. We  have  for  a  long  time  seen  the  necessity  for  a  reed  organ  that  combined  the  qualities  which  we  believe  are  con- 
tained in  this  ;  and  we  invite  the  severest  criticism,  not  only  as  to  its  superior  excellence  as  a  musical  instrument,  but  also 
*8  to  its  elegant  finish,  making  it  the  most  beautiful  parlor  instrument  extant." 

All  the  various  styles  for  Church,  Hall  and  Parlor,  furnished  to  order,  at  manufacturers'  prices,  by  their  Agent, 


J.  M.  W.  GEIST, 

No.  TO  East  King  St.,  Lancaster,  ]Pa., 
where  the  Organ  may  be  seen,  and  details  as  to  styles  and  prices  obtained. 


S  T  AN  I>  A  K  J3 

SUPER   PHOSPHATE  OF   LIME, 

THE  GREAT  FERTILIZER  OF  ALL  CROPS, 

MANUFACTTRED    FROM   BONES,  DISSOLVED   IN    SULPHURIC    ACID.      WARRANTED   PERFECTLY 

FREE  FROM  ADULTERATION. 
Our  new  Circular  containing  much  valuable  information,  will  be  furnished  free  on  application  to 

MILLER  &  SMITH,  Sole  Manufacturers  &  Proprietors, 
AGRICULTUEAL  CHEMICAL  WORKS, 

iTiHSrWoS !  _ The  Lowest  Prices"! ! 

A.   SCHINDLER  &  BROTHER, 

Gilders  ami  jSIanufacturcrs  of  Lciokinii  (ilasses,  (jMantrl,  Pier  (Jlasscs.  etc.,)  ami  Picture  Fra)ues  of  all  kinds. 
Dealers  in  Cliromo  Ijithograplis,  Steel  Eiigraviiii;s  ami  Water  Coli  r  Paintings. 

Gilt,  Rosewood,  and  Walnut  Frames  of  every  diisciiption,  and  .S(iuareand  Rustle.  Rpom; Mouldings,  Cornices, 
etc.,  always  on  hand  or  made  to  order. 

Also,He-Gilding,  repairing  ami  inserting  of  TiOoking  Glasses,  etc.,  etc. 


THE  FLORENCE  SEWING  lACIilNES. 

THE    BEST    MACHINE    FOR    FAMILY    U^JI. 

SIMPLE     AND    EASY    TO    LSAKN    AND     NOT    LIABLE    TO     GET    OUT    OF    ORDER. 

Capable  of  all  varieties  of  sewing  from  the  finest  to  the  coarsest.     Make  the  Lock 

Stitoh  alike  on  both  sides,  and  use  the  least  thread. 

F.  BUMOAM   Agent, 

No.  Go  NoiiTH  Queen  Stkeet,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


and  (jieiitlemeis's  Fiiniishlii^  Store, 


Mercliant  Tailoring,  tteneral  Ciothlii 

(KEAMP-'g  OLD  STAND),  .VJ'iWiOli 

Coi^hgi?  N'orth  Qiaeen  &   Oi^ange  Stx'eots, 

All  kinds  of  Men's  and  Boys'  Ready-Made  Clothing  raid  Fiirnisiiing  Goods  constantly  on  hand.  Also,  a 
superior  assoitment  of  French,  English,  German  and  American  Cloths,  Casaimeres  and  Vebtijigs.  which  will  be 
made  to  order  in  any  desired  style,  with  the  least  possible  delay  ;  warranted  to  give  satisfdCtioti,'  atid 'at  reason- 
able charges. 

S.  S.;KATHVON, 


CiJ^:BilDl 


REIGAMT'S  OLD  WINE  STORE, 


I    ZAHM  &  JACKSON, 


ESTABLISHED  IN  17S5, 

No.  26  EAST  KING  ST.,  LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

The  reputation  of  REIGART'S  OLD  WINE  AND  BRAN- 
DIES for  purity  and  excellent  ciuality  having  bten  luUy  es- 
tablished for  nearly  a  century,  we  regret  that  the  coiuluct  of 
.some  unprincipled  dealers,  who  re-hU  v/ith  and  sell  from  our 
labled  bottles  their  deleterious  compounds,  compels  us  to  adopt 
the  amiexed  trade  mark,  which  in  future,  tor  tlie  i^rotection 
of  ourselves  and  our  customers,  will  be  found  oil  all  our  old 
bottled  Wines,  Brandies,  Gins,  Whiskies,  Bitters,  v^fcc. 


TRADE 


MARK. 


And  further,  in  order  to  protect  the  same,  we  hereby  an- 
nounce our  determination  to  pmsfcule  in  i]ic  fnllrst  I'xh'nt  of  the 
Act  of  Assemhly,  approved,  31st  day  of  INTarch,  ISGO,  any  pur- 
son  or  persons  who  shall  violate  the  provisions  of  said  act  as 
applicable  to  our  trade  mark. 

N.  B We  respectfully  request  the  public,  when  they  have 

occasion  or  desire  to  use  Old  Brandy  at  the  Hotels  or  Bestau- 
ranfe  to  ask  particularly  for  Reigart's  Old  Brandy. 

V,  |i,  Very  respectfulh'.'  &c. , 

•'  HE.  SLAYMAKER,  Agt. 


UNION  SPOKE  AND  AGRICULTURAL  WORKS 

Oomer  of  Watex'  and  Loinoii  Sts., 

Formerly  Shirk  e^  Boyer's  WarehoNse,  on  the  Peima.  Rail- 
road, ne^r  Baumgardner's  coal  yard,  and  2  squares  west  from 
the  Railroad  Depot,  where  we  manufacture  the 

LATEST  IMPROVED  GRAIN  DRILLS. 

Also,  Grain  Drills  with  Guano  attached,  warranted  to  give 
satisfaction.    Itockaway  Fans,  Cider  Jtltlls,  Crushers  and 

4Jrater»,  for  horse  or  hand  power,  which  will  grind  a  bushel 
of  apples  per  minute  by  lioiss  power,  and  are  warranted  to  do 
it  well.  We  would  also  inform  Coachmakers  that  wo  iiaye  put 
up  in  t)ur  shop  two  of  the  latest  improved  Spoke  Jtlachinea, 
or  J^atheg,  and  are  fully  prepared  to  furnish  the  best  quality 
of  SPOKE.S  of  all  kinds,  .sizes,  dry  or  ji^rt  dry,  and  warranted 
to  be  a  good  article.  We  buy  none  but  the  best  turned  Spokes, 
and  have  now  on  hand  100,000  SJ*OKJBS.  Bknt  Felloes 
of  all  sizes;  Shafts  and  Oarriagk  Poles,  Bows,  &c.,  of 
seasonable  stuff,  constantly  on  hand. 

As  Mr.  Keeler  has  been  in  this  business  16  or  18  years,  and 
having  served  an  apprenticeship  at  Coachmaking,  he  knows 
what  the  trade  want  in  that  line.  All  kinds  of  Bent  Stuff  for 
sale,  or  made  to  order— and  Spokes  of  all  sizes  turned  for  per- 
sons having  them  on  hand  in  the  rough. 

Notice  to  Farmbrs  ajtd  ^Mechanics — Planing  and  Saw- 
ing done  at  the  shortest  notice.  We  have  one  of  the  best  and 
latest  Improved  Surface  Planes  for  operation. 

KEELEK  .fc  SHAEFFER.  Laiwastcr,  Pa 


No.  15  NORTH  aXJEEM  ST., 


Bog  leave  to  call  the  atteution  of  persons  in  want  of 
a  good  and  reliable  Time  Keeper  to  Iheir  full  assort- 
ment of 

AiEBicAN  m  mm  i itches, 


In  Gold  and  Silver  Cases  wliich  will  be  sold  at 
prices  which  will  defy  competition.  Also,  a  full  assort- 
ment of 

CLOCKS, 

of  all  kinds,  which  vv*  will  warrant  good  and  corraQ;^ 
time-keepers. 


^ 


in  great  variety,  such  ars  Pins,  Setts,  Ear  Eings,  Finger 
Kings,  Sleeve  Buttons,  uliaiii^,'&c.' 

SOLID  SILVER  WARE, 

Manufactured  expressly  for  our  .sales  and  warranted  coin. 

PLATED    WARE, 

From  the  best  factories  and  wariauted  the  finest  quality. 

Cfoid,  Silver  and  Steel  Spectacles.    Hair  Jewelry 
Made  to  Or^er. 

Repairing  Promptly  Attended  to. 

ZAHM  &  .JACKSON. 


•  (> 


^h\ 


THE 


Vol.  I. 


LANCASTER,  PA.,  NOVEMBER,  1869. 


No.  11. 


PUBLISHED  MONTHLY  BY 

WYLIE    &    GRIEST, 

INQUniEll  BUILDING,  LANCAfc>TER,  PA., 
At  ONE  DOLLAR  PEE  YEAR  In  Advance 

rXDEK   THE  AUSPICES   OP  THK 

liASrCASTER  COINTY  AUKICUJLTVRAIi  ABTD 
UOaTlCLXTtKAI.  SUCI£'1Y. 


PublisMnff  Committee. 

Da.  P.  W.  HlESTAND, 

H.  K.  Stoner, 
Jacob  M.  Fuantz, 
Oasper  Hiller, 
Levi  W.  Grokf, 
Alexander  Harris. 


Editorial  Committee. 
J.  B.  Garbkb, 
H.  M.  Enole, 
Levi  S.  Kkist, 
W.  L.  Dipfenderper, 

J.  H.  MUSSER, 

S.  8.  Kathvok. 


BE?"  All  communications  intended  for  the  Farmer  should  be 
addressed  to  S.  S.  Kathvon  and  Alex.  Harris,  the  resident 
members  of  the  Editing  and  Publishing  Oommittees. 

All  advertiRements,  Kubscriptions  and  remittances,  to  Wylie 
&  Griest,  Printers. 


€55ixm. 


VEGETABLE    PHYSIOLOGY. 

THE  LEAT,  AS  AN  ORGAN  OF  VEGETATION. 

The  structure  of  the  leaf  carries  with  it  the 
same  characteristics,  in  regard  to  fabric,  as  does 
that  of  the  maiu  branch  or  the  body  of  the  plant. 
The  difference  being,  in  chemical  proportion.  In 
the  tree  the  woody  tissue  predominates,  whilst  in 
the  leaf  the  cellular  tissue,  or  what  is  termed  the 
"  parenchyma,"  is  the  leading  fabric.  The  stem 
and  rib  of  the  leaf  are  of  the  harder  texture,  but 
the  whole  structure  is  so  arranged  as  to  meet  in 
an  admirable  manner  the  function  of  elaborating 
the  sap,  prior  to  its  office  of  nourishment  and  de- 
veloping the  fruit.  There  are  leaves,  such  as  thp 
Palm  for  example,  in  which  the  woody  tissue  is 
'  largely  in  the  ascendency,  whilst  the  Cactus  is 
composed  almost  exclusively  of  parenchyma. 
They  are  both  tropical  plants,  but  their  nature 
and  habits  being  widely  different,  the  structure 
of  the  leaf  must  conform  to  the  laws  which  gov- 
ern them.  The  drought  and  scorching  sun  of  a 
tropical  climate  render  their  peculiar  formation 
and  texture  necessary,  lest  the  life  of  the  plant 
be  drawn  out  by  rapid  evaporation,  through  the 
very  organs  designed  by  nature  to  protect  and 


develop  them.  The  Cactus  holds  its  nourishment 
by  virtue  of  the  thickness  of  its  leaves,  or  the 
.mass  of  cellular  tissue  of  which  they  are  com- 
posed. The  Palm  being  a  higher  organization, 
is  protected  by  reason  of  the  large  proportion  of 
woody  tissue,  and  the  immense  surface  of  paren- 
chyma its  broad  leaves  expose  to  the  external 
condition  of  growth. 

In  all  trees  and  plants  of  rapid  growth  and 
open  texture,  where  the  cells  are  large  and  so 
arranged  as  to  be  capable  of  the  transmission  of 
air  as  well  as  sap,  the  leaves  are  generally  larger 
and  thicker,  and  hence  better  adapted  to  catch 
the  dew  and  moisture  of  the  atmosphere  in  cli- 
mates where  there  is  not  much  rain,  or  where  the 
earth  becomes  parched  and  sterile.  These  pecu- 
liarties  are  much  more  perceptible  in  tropical 
than  in  temperate  climates.  In  the  latter  we 
find  trees  and  plants  that  are  hardy  and  well  cal- 
culated to  withstand  the  congealing  blasts  of  our 
severe  and  changable  winter,  yet  in  the  leaf  and 
stem  both  are  very  similar  to  those  belonging  to 
warmer  and  more  open  climates.  These  cases 
will  always  be  found  to  partake  to  a  very  large 
extent  of  the  nature  of  the  denser  organization. 
Many  annual  plant,  of  variea  fabric  flourish  upon 
the  same  principle,  in  both  climates,  as  those  we 
referred  to  as  being  peculiar  to  the  tropics  alone. 

Evergreens  and  fur-trees  have  leaves  of  a  pe" 
culiar  structure  and  shape.  *  They  seem  to  be 
elongations  of  the  cells  of  which  the  treeis  com- 
posed. The  resinous  nature  of  the  sap  of  those 
trees  renders  the  texture  of  the  leaf  almost  equal 
to  the  parenchyma,  or  cellular  tissue  of  the  bark. 
The  leaf  is  not  deciduous  as  other  leaves,  but 
when  shed  at  all,  it  seems  to  be  more  of  the  nature 
of  the  waste  of  the  tissue  through  the  bark,  than 
by  the  ordinary  receding  characteristics  of  the 
sap.  They  meet  the  external  conditions  of  growth, 
with  the  same  facility  of  other  trees,  the  differ- 
ence being  only  in  nature  and  character.  They 
grow  in  almost  any  climate,  the  structure  of  the 
leaf  being  capable  of  producing  and  retaining 
the  chemical  constituents  of  the  sap,  without 
either  a  very  rapid  elaboration  or  evaporation. 

Leaves  of  trees  and  plants,  in  the  various  stages 
or  rather  degree  of  organization,  here  iu  our  own 


162 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


climate,  are  of  that  well  balanced  structure  and 
fabric  which  renders  them  at  once  perfectly  capa- 
ble of  transforming  the  fluid  that  is  gathered  from 
the  earth,  and  forced  up  through  the  cellular 
structure  of  the  stem  into  the  branches,  thence  to 
be  spread  out  to  the  sunlight,  when  by  a  process 
of  combustion  the  oxygen  is  set  free,  and  carbonic 
acid  gas  is  taken  in,  for  the  double  purpose  of  sus- 
taining the  life  of  the  plant,  and  evolving  the 
fruit  and  the  flower.  And  the  more  effectually 
to  subserve  this  purpose,  their  position  is  hori- 
zontal, so  as  to  present  one  surface  to  the  ground 
and  the  other  to  the  sky. 

The  utility  of  this  relative  position  will  be  the 
better  appreciated  when  we  contemplate  the 
anatomy  of  the  leaf. 

In  its  complete  conformation  the  "  leaf  con- 
sists of  the  blade,  with  its  petiole  'or  leaf -stalk, 
and  at  its  base  a  pair  of  stipules^  Of  these,  the 
latter  are  frequently  absent  altogether,  or  else 
they  fall  away  as  the  leaf  expands.  The  petiole 
is  very  often  wanting  when  the  leaf  is  sessile,  or 
has  its  blade  resting  immediately  on  the  stem 
that  bears  it.  Sometimes,  moreover,  there  is  no 
proper  blade  or  expanded  portion,  but  the  whole 
organ  is  cylindrical  or  stalk-like.  It  is  the  gen- 
eral characteristic  of  the  leaf,  however,  that  "  it 
is  an  expanded  body."  When  cylindrical,  the 
horizontal  position  is  not  at  all  necessary.  The 
strata  of  parenchyma  forming  the  epidermis,  be- 
ing of  similar  texture  all  around.  The  expanded 
leaf  has  one  side  for  the  sun,  and  the  other  for  the 
earth,  and  both  sides  having  distinct  strata,  yet 
of  entire  different  structure. 

"  The  microscope  displays  a  magnificent  differ- 
ence in  the  parenchyma  of  these  two  strata. 
That  of  the  upper  stratum  is  composed  of  one, 
two,  three,  or  several  compact  layers  of  oblong 
cells,  placed  endwise,  or  with  their  long  diameter 
either  perpendicular,  to  the  surface,  while  that  of 
the  lower  is  very  loosely  arranged,  leaving  nu- 
merous vacant  spaces  between  the  cells ;  and 
when  the  cells  are  oblong  their  diameter  is  par- 
allel with  the  epidermis." 

The  wise  and  admirable  provision  of  this  com- 
pact stratum  which  forms  the  covering  of  the 
leaf,  which  is  exposed  to  the  sun,  is  apparent  in 
the  protection  it  affords,  not  only  to  the  leaf 
itself,  but  to  the  very  life  of  the  plant.  If  it  were 
open  and  porous  as  the  lower  stratum  is,  the  heat 
of  the  sun  would  exhaust  the  entire  supply  of 
sap  by  evaporation.  This  upper  surface  of  the 
leaf  being  composed  entirely  of  parenchraa,  will 
account  for  the  color  being  deeper  green  than  the 
lower. 

Between  these  strata  there  is  a  loose  paren- 
chyma composed  of  layers  of  cells,  so  arranged 


as  not  only  to  facilitate  the  circulation  of  the  sap, 
but  the  transmission  of  air  also.  The  air  admit- 
ted into  the  body  of  the  leaf  by  means  of  minute 
holes  or  stomata,  as  they  are  termed,  and  by  this 
contact  of  the  air  with  the  crude  sap,  the  process 
of  elaboration  is  carried  forward,  and  the  com- 
bustion above  referred  to  takes  place. 

All  this,  both  in  point  of  organic  structure  and 
functional  power  is  very  similar  to  the  action  of 
the  lungs,  and  the  elaboration  of  the  blood  in  the 
animal.  And  just  here  is  one  of  the  principal 
lines  of  demarcation  between  the  two  kingdoms 
in  a  physiological  point  of  view.  Whilst  the 
structure  and  the  function  are  so  strikingly  sim- 
ilar, the  chemical  change  is  directly  opposite.  In 
this  combustion  oxygen  is  thrown  off",  and  carbonic 
acid  gas  is  inhaled  or  absorbed.  Whilst  in  the 
same  action  in  the  case  of  the  animal  the  oxygen 
is  taken  in  and  carbonic  acid  is  exhaled.  Agents, 
constitutionally  different  and  mutually  volatile 
and  repellent,  and  yet  by  this  admirable  arrange- 
ment of  nature,  made  to  sustain  life  in  both  king- 
doms. 

The  nice  law  of  chemical  equivulents,  and  its 
adjunct  of  mutual  dependency,  seem  to  be,  in  the 
leaf  especially,  controlling  elements.  As  an  or- 
gan of  vegetation  it  is  much  more  complicated  in 
its  organic  structure  than  the  root.  Its  function 
is  consequently  of  a  higher  order,  but  being  ex- 
posed to  the  changeable  nature  of  the  external 
condition  of  growth,  and  the  danger  which  sur- 
rounds them,  there  are  many  safeguards  required 
to  protect  the  tender  delicate  tissues  by  which 
those  equivalents  are  rendered  capable  of  subserv- 
ing the  purposes  for  which  they  were  intended  by 
nature.  When  we  consider  that  the  spaces  be- 
tween those  delicate  cells  are  filled  with  air,  and 
they  communicate  with  each  other  throughout  the 
leaf,  and  that  a  corresponding  quantity  of  fluid 
must  be  retained  as  food  for  the  plant,  and  yet  a 
scorching  sun  and  sterile  soil,  conspiring  to  dry  out 
this  minute  life  principle,  we  are  disposed  to  seek 
for  evidences  of  protection  to  the  plant,  which  do 
not  appear  upon  the  surface,  or  to  the  naked  eye. 
This  we  have  in  the  "  stomata.''^ 

These  minute  pores  are  spread  over  the  imder 
surface  of  the  leaf  in  much  larger  number  than 
upon  the  upper.  Their  object  is  to  afford  free 
communication  between  the  external  air  and  the 
whole  interior  of  the  leaf;  and  the  fact  that  they 
are  in  such  large  number  on  the  under  surface,  is 
but  the  provision  of  nature,  which  requires  the 
peculiar  position  of  the  organ  in  order  the  more 
perfectly  to  perform  its  function.  These  pores  are 
more  equally  distributed  on  leaves  such  as  the 
Cactus,  for  instance,  where  the  horizontal  posi- 
tion is  rarely  assumed,  and  in  which,  Indeed,  it  is 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


163 


not  necessary.  Their  existence  at  all,  and  in 
such  large  numbers,  constitutes  them  at  once  the 
vital  medium  through  which  the  whole  power  of 
vegetation  is  carried  on.  They  are  emphatically 
the  "  Breathing-pores,^''  for  they  sustain  the  same 
relation  to  the  life  of  the  plant  which  the  breath- 
ing-pores of  the  Plura  sustain  to  the  life  of  the 
animal.  When  the  atmosphere  is  moist,  and  the 
plant  is  freely  supplied  with  sap  by  the  stem  and 
root,  the  minute  cells  which  guard  these  orifices 
are  expanded,  and  the  escape  of  moisture  through 
the  pores,  and  by  evaporation  keeps  pace  with 
the  rapid  circulation,  and  there  is  consequently  a 
perfect  healthy  chemical  equilibrium  sustained. 

This,  of  course,  is  the  highest  and  most  perfect 
process  of  nature,  and  gives  evidence  of  the  ap- 
plication of  all  the  conditions  of  growth,  not  only 
in  regard  to  soil,  but  to  climate  and  culture. 

When,  however,  this  rich,  full  supply  of  the 
elements  of  vitality  is  withheld,  and  the  paren- 
chyma begins  to  be  exhausted,  so  that  there  is 
danger  of  too  much  loss  by  this  breathing  or 
evaporating  process,  they  are  at  once  converted 
into  guardian  cells,  and  quickly  collapse,  so  as  to 
husband  the  resources  for  life  and  health,  already 
stored  away  in  the  several  tissues,  which  compose 
the  main  body  of  the  plant. 

The  whole  structure  and  functional  capacity  of 
the  leaf,  therefore,  though  ordinary  and  common 
to  the  naked  eye  and  casual  observer,  is  one  of 
the  finest  and  most  beautiful  pieces  of  mechanism 
in  nature. 

To  show  the  immense  surface  these  minute 
pores  afford  in  the  application  of  air  and  light 
and  moisture,  in  an  external  way,  to  the  general 
powers  of  vegetable  vitality,  it  is  only  necessary 
to  call  attention  to  their  amazing  number  in  a 
single  leaf.  They  are  variously  estimated  at  from 
800  to  17,000  to  the  square  inch  of  surface. 

Their  size,  as  well  as  numbers,  vary  greatly  in 
different  plants,  so  that  no  safe  inference  can  be 
drawn  of  the  comparative«amount  of  exhalation 
in  the  different  leaves,  simply  from  the  number 
of  their  stomato  or  pores. 

In  plants  of  full  vigor  and  health,  and  where 
there  is  an  acceleration  of  vital  energy,  the  cells 
or  pores  which  w«  have  just  been  considering, 
frequently  choke  up  by  a  too  rapid  deposit  of  the 
saline  or  mineral  properties  of  the  sap,  and  they 
accordingly  wither,  die  and  drop  off.  It  is  seldom, 
however,  that  this  takes  place  to  any  considerable 
extent,  where  the  plant  is  in  perfect  health  and 
condition. 

When  nature  and  season  have  exhausted  their 
powers,  and  when  vegetation  has  subserved  its 
purpose,  and  its  elementary  principles  are  re- 
versed, the  leaf,  as  all  inert  matter,  meets  a  com- 


mon end.  Instead  of  its  feeding  upon  carbonic 
acid  gas  as  when  in  full  growth  and  bloom,  the 
autumn  frost  drive  back  the  sap,  the  leaf  is  sus- 
ceptible to  the  ravages  of  oxygen,  and  it  soon  dis- 
colors and  drops  to  the  earth.  S.  W. 


gvitttltMtM. 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

Never  have  we  felt  more  encouraged  than  at 
the  present  time  as  to  the  advancement  of  agri- 
culture  as  a  science  and  a  progressive  art.  The 
days  of  empiricism  seem  to  be  passing  away,  and 
farmers  now  understand  that  a  knowledge  of  the 
components  of  their  soil,  and  of  the  crops  they 
intend  to  raise,  is  necessary  to  ensure  an  econom- 
ical and  profitable  production.  But  few  intelli- 
gent farmers  repudiate  the  use  of  books  ;  they 
no  longer  believe  that  a  fact  is  less  a  fact  because 
it  is  printed.  Deep  plowing,  sub-soil  plowing, 
under-draining  and  the  improved  methods  of  plant- 
ing special  crops  subject  to  weeds,  with  others, 
whichmay  protect  them,  from  such  weedy  growth, 
from  their  sudden  germination,  and  consequently 
of  the  crop  to  be  protected,  are  all  passing  into 
general  use. 

Farmers  now  know  that  an  oat  and  carrot  crop 
may  be  raised  from  the  same  piece'of  ground,  and 
in  the  same  season  with  less  labor  of  weeding 
than  if  raised  on  two  separate  fields.  An  intelli- 
gent farmer  can  scarcely  be  found  who  does  not 
know  that  his  soil  may  be  deepened  by  gradually 
increasing  the  depth  to  which  he  plows.  All  who 
have  tried  it  are  aware,  and  those  who  have  not 
are  more  ready  to  believe  that  deeply  sub-soiled 
lands  never  suffer  from  drought. 

The  fact  that  a  proper  rotation  of  crops  is  the 
proper  rest  of  the  soil,  and  that  consequently 
fallows,  are  unnecessary,  is  no  longer  doubted 
by  those  who  are  entitled  to  the  name  of  practi- 
cal farmers.  Practical  men  (and  by  such  we  do 
not  mean  mere  farm  laborers  who  have  no  know- 
ledge beyond  that  necessary  to  enable  them  to 
handle  a  farm  tool)  know  that  if  the  soil  be  prop- 
erly prepared,  the  grain  crops  never  lodge  from 
weak  straw,  and  this,  like  every  other  fact  in  ag- 
riculture, is  subject  to  remedy. 

Practical  men  no  longer  find  it  necessary  to 
move,  because  their  lands  have  ceased  to  be 
good  wheat  lands.  If  such  lands  refuse  that,  or 
any  other  crop,  they  know  how  to  ascertain  the 
remedy  required,  and  to  apply  it.  The  true  value 
of  farm-yard  manures  is  becoming  more  under- 
stood, and  those  who  understand  the  subject  best 
will  not  apply  them  alone  to  soils  requiring  such 
amendments  as  are  not  to  be  found  in  barn-yard 


164 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


manures  in  notable  or  sufficient  quantity.  If  the 
soil  is  short  of  any  one  of  the  constituents  of 
barn-yard  manure,  and  replete  with  the  other 
eleven  constituents,  that  one  constituent  is  now 
added,  not  by  the  addition  of  barn-yard  manure 
and  consequent  waste  of  eleven-twelfths  of  its 
value,  but  by  directly  offering  to  the  soil  the  miss- 
ing ingredient.  Thousands  of  acres  that  have 
been  considered  as  un-wheat  worthy,  have  been 
prepared  and  planted  with  that  crop  (after  the 
requisite  preparation),  and  with  results  entirely 
satisfactory  to  the  operator. 

The  more  intelligent  class  of  agriculturists  re- 
fuse to  entertain  a  recipe  proposing  effects  de- 
sired but  without  any  attempt  to  explain  the 
cause  of  action.  Indeed  agriculture  can  no  longer 
be  regarded  as  an  art  alone,  it  is  now  fairly  enti- 
tled to  the  name  of  science ;  free  from  mystery 
and  easily  understood.  Men  now  study  agricul- 
ture as  they  do  any  other  science  and  they  repu- 
diate empiricism  as  they  would  any  other  quack- 
ery. 

Cattle  feeders  view  cattle  as  organisms,  the 
composition  of  which  must  be  studied,  and  the 
requirements  of  which  must  be  fm-nished  to  them 
in  such  relative  proportions  to  each  other  as  will 
produce  the  best  and  most  profitable  results. 
Farmers  know  that  an  animal  cannot  become 
strong  and  fine-boned  if  fed  on  crops  raised  from 
soils  deficient  of  the  very  mineral  substances, 
which  go  to  form  bones,  and  they  therefore  add 
such  constituents  to  the  soil  as  will  supply  this 
desideratum.  Working  and  fatting  cattle  are  no 
longer  considered  as  entitled  to  the  same  class  of 
food,  but  each  receives  that  which  will  go  to  form 
the  desired  result.  The  milch  cow,  too,  is  fed 
with  a  strict  view  to  the  production  of  milk  ;  and 
those  materials  of  which  milk  is  composed  are 
resident  in  the  food  selected  to  produce  it.  In 
fine,  farmers  are  rapidly  learning  that,  like  me- 
chanics, they  must  possess  on  their  farms  the 
raw  materials  from  which  the  manufactured  art  i 
cles  derived  axe  to  be  created. 

WoKKiNa  Farmer. 


PLOUGHING  ORCHARDS. 

Editors  of  Farmer  :  I  propose  to  submit  to 
you  the  result  of  my  experiments  in  the  ploughing 
of  orchards,  which  may  convey  a  hint  to  some  of 
your  readers.  A  few  years  ago  I  purchased,  at  a 
public  sale,  what  I  could  not  surmise  for  what  it 
had  been  designed,  but  it  resembled  very  much  a 
whiffle-tree.  It  was  not  over  eighteen  inches 
long,  with  a  clip  in  the  middle  and  notches  sawed 
out  at  the  ends.  Some  time  afterwards,  while  I 
was  ploughing  my  orchard,  and  on  nearing  the 
trees  they  were  in   danger  of  having  the  bark 


peeled  ofi"  by  the  whiffle-tree,  when  the  thought 
occurred  to  me  that  short  whiffle-trees  would  an- 
swer the  purpose  better.  I  procured  the  instru- 
ment I  had  bought  at  the  sale,  and  put  it  on  the 
double-tree  for  the  horse  near<^st  the  trees,  and 
to  my  satisfaction  I  found  it  the  very  thing  de- 
sired. I  could  then  plough  quite  close  to  the 
trees  without  hurting  them.  Most  farmers  when 
ploughing,  desire  to  plough  as  close  to  the  fence 
as  possible,  and  in  doing  so,  find  it  difficult  to 
plough  the  last  furrow  away  from  the  fence,  the 
ordinary  whiffle-tree  catching  at  the  posts  and 
jerking  the  horses  in  such  a  manner  that  it  is  a 
rather  difficult  task.  By  using  a  quite  short  whif- 
fle-tree at  least  one  furrow  more  can  be  taken 
away  without  touchmg  the  fence ;  any  old  whif- 
fle-tree will  do,  the  ends  being  sawed  off"  and 
notches  cut  out  to  loop  the  traces  on. 

H.  B.  R. 


§^oi1iniltwviii 


RAISING  FOREST  TREES, 

Many  of  our  Lancaster  county  farms  are  now 
entirely  divested  of  their  forests,  many  planta- 
tions not  having  as  much  as  a  single  tree  left  for 
shade  for  men  or  beasts.  A  farmer  lately  sold  the 
last  two  acres  of  timber  on  his  farm,  in  West 
Lampeter,  by  the  tree,  ninety  in  number,  bring- 
ing between  five  and  six  hundred  dollars.  One 
hickory  tree  sold  for  fifty-eight  dollars.  Timber 
is  getting  every  year  scarcer  and  more  valuable. 
Some  of  the  Western  States  have  already  passed 
laws  to  induce  people  to  raise  forests.  Eastern 
Pennsylvania  is  becoming  every  year  more  de- 
nuded of  its  forest  trees.  Land  is  frequently  re- 
duced to  cultivation  which  barely  pays  the  trouble 
of  so  doing.  If  our  land  alread}'^  under  cultiva- 
tion would  be  improved  in  such  a  way  as  to  double 
the  crops,  then  we  could  afl^ord  to  leave  some  land 
lay  in  forest,  or  starf  young  forests.  There  is 
nothing  on  a  farm  that  gives  more  satisfaction 
then  the  planting  and  raising  of  trees,  &c. 

As  this  is  the  proper  time  to  make  a  start  to 
raise  fruit  and  forest  trees  from  seed,  I  will  pro- 
ceed to  suggest  some  points  to  the  readers  of  the 
Farmer,  how  they  may  raise  fruit,  ornamental 
and  forest  trees  from  seeds. 

This  is  the  time  to  gather  apple  and  pear  seed, 
to  be  deposited  in  moist  sand  until  next  spring. 
When  the  seeds  are  planted  they  will  come  up  as 
readily  as  corn.  Peach  seeds  must  be  exposed  on 
top  of  the  ground  in  the  garden  until  next  spring, 
when  they  can  be  planted  where  most  suitable. 
Walnut  and  shellback  hickory  nuts  must  be  treated 
in  like  manner.    The  acorn  is  very  critical  and 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


165 


must  be  stored  away  neither  too  dry  nor  too  wet, 
in  order  to  preserve  vitality  till  spring ;  or  it  may 
do  to  bury  them  under  the  surface  of  the  earth  till 
the  middle  of  April.  1  have  treated  chestnuts  in 
that  way,  but  to  my  surprise  when  I  examined 
them  in  the  middle  of  April,  they  had  already 
sprouted  and  I  lost  a  great  many  sprouts  in  break- 
ing from  the  nuts.  My  young  chestnut  trees  are 
growing  as  vigorously  as  if  they  had  spontaneous- 
ly began  their  growth  in  the  forest. 

Locust  seed  can  be  gathered  between  this 
time  and  next  spring  when  it  should  be  thorough- 
ly scalded  before  being  planted. 

The  sugar  maple,  tulip,  poplar,  magnolia,  and 
similar  seed  can  now  be  gathered  and  exposed 
in  the  ground  until  next  spring  ;  conifer  seed 
can  be  gathered  all  winter  and  the  seed  is  more 
difficult  to  grow  than  all  other  seed.  It  is  best 
to  start  them  in  well  mulched  ground,  and 
when  these  evergreens  come  up  first,  j'ou  can 
scarcely  discern  them  from  weeds;  the  hot  sun 
must  be  kept  entirely  from  them  during  the  mid" 
die  of  the  day  or  they  will  perish.  The  hem- 
lock spruce  is  one  of  the  tenderest  of  evergreens. 
When  growing  spontaneously  in  this  county,  it  is 
invariably  found  on  a  northern  exposure  of 
streams. 

May  we  not  hope  that  some  of  our  readers  will 
inaugurate  a  beginning  to  the  growing  of  forest 
trees  from  seed,  and  in  time  report  their  exper- 
iments to  our  society.  L.  S.  R. 

a»     MP     ^        

SCRIPTURE,  FARMING  AND  HORTI- 
CULTURE. 

"Ihave  planted,  Apollos  watered,  but  God  gave 
the  increase."  Those  words  of  Scripture  will  ap- 
ply to  us  as  a  s'ociety  while  we  are  striving  to  be 
successful  in  our  efibrts  to  grow  the  various  fruits 
and  products  of  the  earth  to  perfection.  Let  us 
search  the  Scriptures,  and  see  if  we  may  not  de- 
rive from  them  some  excellent  information  how 
to  meet  with  the  very  best  results  in  those  noble 
pursuits  (given  unto  man  by  God  himself,).  And 
in  order  to  have  our  labors  crowned  with  the 
blessings  of  heaven,  let  us  look  to  a  higher  power 
than  the  arm  of  flesh. 

In  the  Bible,  God  tells  us  :  "  Ye  shall  not,  there- 
fore, oppress  one  another,  but  thou  shalt  fear  thy 
God,  for  I  am  the  Lord  your  God,  wherefore  ye 
shall  do  my  statutes,  and  keep  my  judgments, 
and  do  them,  and  ye  shall  dwell  in  the  land  in 
safety,  and  the  land  shall  yield  her  fruit,  and  ye 
shall  eat  your  fill, and  dwell  therein  in  safety,"  &c. 
"Then  I  will  give  you  rain  in  due  season,  and  the 
land  shall  yield  her  increase,  and  the  trees  of  the 
field  shall  yield  their  fruit,  &c.,  and  ye  shall  eat 
your  bread  to  the  full,"  &c.    "  I  will  give  you  the 


rain  of  your  land  in  his  due  season,  the  first  rain 
and  the  latter  rain,  that  thou  may  est  gather  in 
thy  com,  and  thy  wine,  and  thy  oil,  and  I  will 
send  grass  in  thy  fields  for  thy  cattle,  that  thou 
mayest  eat  and  be  full,"  &c. 

People  often  wonder  why  it  is  that  our  fruits, 
&c.,  are  attacked  with  blast,  mildew,  catterpil- 
lers,  curculios,  weavels,  flies,  bugs,  and  many 
other  insects  th*at  are  very  destructive  to  the 
crops,  &c.  Now  when  we  look  at  the  wickedness 
that  covers  the  land ;  how  people  have  robbed 
God  of  the  honor  due  unto  his  name,  and  have 
taken  it  all  unto  themselves,  and  have  forgotten 
God  and  gone  astray  from  him,  need  we  at  all 
wonder  why  God  suflers  a  cm'se  to  come  upon  us 
which  we  can  not  prevent  nor  remove  with  all 
our  united  eflbrts,  remedies,  insect  exterminators, 
applications,  or  preventives,  &c.  Nevertheless, 
we  have  great  reason  to  thank  God  for  his  boun- 
tiful providence  towards  us  the  present  season. 
Yet  let  us  not  forget  to  seek  unto  God,  and  unto 
Him  commit  our  cause,  for  he  says  in  the  Bible  : 
"  Ye  have  robbed  me,  even  this  whole  nation,  (this 
is  true  at  the  present  time.)  Bring  ye  all  the 
tithes  into  the  storehouse  that  there  may  be  meat 
in  my  house,  and  prove  me  now  herewith,  saith 
the  Lord  of  hosts,  if  I  will  not  open  3'^ou  the  win- 
dows of  heaven,  and  pour  you  out  a  blessing,  that 
there  shall  not  be  room  enough  to  receive  it. 
And  I  will  rebuke  the  devourer  for  your  sakes, 
and  he  shall  not  destroy  the  fruits  of  your  ground, 
neither  shall  your  vine  cast  her  fruit  before  the 
time  in  the  field,  saith  the  Lord  of  hosts."  I  can- 
not at  present  relate  the  innumerable  blessings 
promised  unto  those  tliat  shxU  hearken  unto  the 
voice  of  the  Lord  their  God,  and  serve  him  with 
joyfulness  and  gladness  of  heart  for  the  abund- 
ance of  all  things.  "The  Lord  shall  open  unto  thee 
his  good  treasure  in  the  heaven  to  give  the  rain 
unto  thy  land  in  his  season,  and  to  bless  all  the 
work  of  thine  hand,"  &c. 

God  said  on  a  certain  occasion :  "And  I  will 
break  the  pride  of  your  power,  and  I  will  make 
your  heaven  as  iron,  and  your  earth  as  brass,  and 
your  strength  shall  be  spent  in  vain,  for  your  land 
shall  not  yield  her  increase,  neither  shall  the 
trees  of  the  land  yield  their  fruits.  And  if  ye 
walk  contrary  unto  me,  and  will  not  hearken  un- 
to me,  I  will  bring  seven  times  more  plagues  upon 
you,  according  to  your  sins,"  &c.  "  If  I  shut  up 
heaven  that  there  be  no  rain,  or  if  I  command  the 
locust  to  devour  the  land,  or  if  I  send  pestilence 
among  my  people.  If  my  people  which  are  called 
by  my  name  shall  humble  themselves,  and  pray, 
and  seek  my  face,  and  turn  from  their  wicked 
ways,  then  will  I  hear  from  heaven,  and  will  for- 
give their  sin,  and  will  heal  their  land,"  &c. 


166 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


Kow  while  we  would  return  our  humble  and 
sincere  thanks  unto  God  for  his  bountiful  Provi- 
dence, we  would  conclude  these  lines  with  the 
following  passages  of  Scripture :  "  If  there  be  in 
the  land  famine,  if  there  be  pestilence,  blasting, 
mildew,  locust,  or  if  there  be  catterpiller,  &c., 
whatsoever  plague,  whatsoever  sickness  there  be, 
what  prayer  and  supplication  soever  be  made  by 
any  man,  or  by  all  thy  people,  Israel,  which  shall 
know  every  man  the  plague  of  his  own  heart. 
Then  hear  thou  in  heaven,  thy  dwelling  place, 
and  forgive,  and  do,  and  give  to  every  man  ac- 
cording to  his  ways,  whose  heart  thou  knowest, 
that  they  may  fear  thee  all  the  days  that  they 
live  in  the  land  which  thou  gavest  unto  our  fath- 
ers, that  all  the  people  of  the  earth  may  know 
that  the  Lord  is  Gft)d,  and  that  there  is  none  else." 

J.  B.  E., 
Beaver  Yalley. 


tatmv. 


WEEDS— NO.  8. 


CREEPING  SPURGE— Z?as  EupTiorbium. 

Spurge  is  the  common  name  for  an  extensive 
family  of  plants.  The  generic  name  is  Euphorbia, 
named  in  honor  of  Euphorbus,  who  was  phys- 
ician to  Juba,  King  of  Mauritania,  and  the  first 
who  introduced  a  plant  of  this  genus  in  Medicine. 
They  are  readily  known  by  their  milky  white 
juice,  and  peculiar  fructification,  in  which  they 
differ  from  the  milk-weed  (Asclepias,)  and  dog- 
bane or  Indian  hemp  (the  apocynum).  Some  are 
remarkable  and  cultivated  for  their  curious  ap- 
pearance. Out  of  160  species  Louden  describes 
135.  Dr.  Gray  describes  19  species.  The  E. 
corollata  or  flowering  spurge,  is  common  in  rich 
or  sandy  soil  and  conspicuous  for  the  showy  false 
lobes,  like  5-white  petals  ;  this  is  also  called  milk- 
weed, black  purseley  &c.,  grows  erect  2  or  B  feet 
high,  stem-like  peduncles  forked  and  spreading 
like  the  reeds  in  an  umbrella,  (umbelled).  This 
like  other  species  is  considered  medicinally  as- 
tringent and  narcotic.  The  juice  of  most  species 
is  very  acid  and  corrosive,  and  will  destroy  warts, 
by  rubbing  the  milky  iuice  on  them,  the  Britain 
species,  E.  helioscopia,  or  wart-weed,  is  often  ap- 
plied to  eat  off  warts,  and  caution  is  required  in 
tender  parts.  According  to  Linnaeus,  sheep  eat 
it,  and  are  purged  by  it,  and  their  flesh  acquires 
a  bad  taste,  but  this  is  not  the  case  with  cows. 
Louden  adds — those  however  considered  as  ob- 
noxious and  poisonous  Aveeds,  are  several  species 
that  lie  close  to  the  ground,  and  branch  out  in 
every  direction  from  the  root.  The  E.  maculata 
thymifolia  and  also  called  depressa,  is  the  spot- 


ted spurge  so  common  in  our  corn-fields,  and  in 
dry  pasture  fields  open  places  every  where.  The 
other  species  is  called  E.  hypercifolia.  Large 
spotted  spurge  is  very  common  in  rich  soil ;  the 
leaves  have  a  spot  and  are  much  like  those  of  the 
St.  John's  wort.  (See  Weeds  No.  1.  April). 
This  acrid  weed  is  the  one  charged  by  close  ob- 
servers as  the  weed  that  salivates  or  produces  the 
slobbering  with  which  horses  are  often  affected  in 
the  latter  part  of  summer;  usually  imputed  to  the 
St.  John's  wort,  (hypericum).  Be  this  as  it  may, 
— from  facts  known  of  the  acrid  quality  of  the 
juice,  it  demands  attention.  It  is  fortunate  how- 
ever that  they  are  easily  choked  out  by  improv- 
ing the  soil  by  more  valuable  substitutes.  Still 
vigilance  is  demanded  to  keep  them  in  sub- 
jection. It  is  well  to  know  by  what  name  they 
are  known  to  science,  even  if  that  knowledge 
will  not  eradicate  or  change  the  nature  of  the 
plant.  It  is  as  desirable  to  know  the  proper 
name  and  character  of  a  weed  as  it  is  of  those 
plants  usually  cultivated  for  use,  if  we  desire  to 
express  ourselves  intelligently.  The  same  plant 
may  have  very  different  common  names  in  differ- 
ent localities,  which  leads  to  confusion  and  per- 
plexity. The  mere  fact  of  a  plant  exuding  a 
white  milky  juice  or  breaking  the  stem  or  leaf, 
and  calling  it  "  milk-weed,"  is  no  guide  to  one 
who  is  acquainted  with  numerous  other  plants 
having  the  same  property,  and  yet  the  euphor- 
bia differs  essentially  in  its  character,  from  all  the 
others,  as  much  as  it  does  from  the  common  low 
sumac  brush  or  the  poison  vine  that  climbs  over 
fences,  brushes  «fec.  My  object  is  not  to  show 
my  own  knowledge,  but  to  impart  some  useful 
information  about  "  weeds."  J.  S. 


^ditoiial 


TO   OUR  PATRONS: 

But  one  more  number  remains,  to  complete  the 
first  volume  of  the  Lancaster  Farmer,  and  just 
here  it  seems  necessary  for  us  to  say  something 
in  reference  to  its  past,  its  present, and  its  future  ; 
but  more  particularly  its  future.  In  our  exper- 
ience during  the  present  year,  we  have,  on  many 
occasions,  been  assured  that  a  local  Agricultural 
and  Horticultural  journal,  in  this  county,  is  be- 
coming as  much  of  a  necessity  as  a  political,  liter- 
ary or  religious  journal;  and  the  hope  has  been 
over  and  over  expressed,  that  the  present  enter- 
prise would  be  sustained,  pecuniarily,  intellec- 
tually, and  practically.  Local  pride  ought  to  induce 
every  subscriber,  not  only  to  renew  his  own  sub- 
scription for  1870,  but  also  to  send  in  the  name  of 
at  least  one  new  paying  subscriber,  along  with  it. 
"We  need  a  larger  subscription  list  than  we  have 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


167 


had  the  present  year,  because,  in  conformity  with 
our  original  design,  we  propose  to  enlarge  and 
improve  the  Farmer  in  many  essential  respects. 
It  is  true  that  the  country  is  already  supplied  with 
numerous  publications  of  a  similar  character,  but 
there  is  not  one  that  possesses  the  local  signifi- 
cance of  our  journal.  All  its  material,  its  thoughts, 
and  its  sympathies,  are  local ;  and  it  is  designed 
to  reflect  the  local  opinions  and  experiences  of 
the  citizens  of  our  great,  wealthy,  and  thrifty 
county.  The  question  then  is,  shall  it  be  sustained 
in  future  to  such  an  extent  as  to  allow  it  to  take 
rank  with  the  progressive  journalistic  spirit  of  the 
age  ?  or  shall  it  "go  down,"  at  the  end  of  the  year, 
^or  want  of  the  necessary  support  to  sustain  it  any 
longer  ?  The  whole  labor  of  conducting  it,  thus 
far,  has  been  a  labor  of  love,  for  no  one  connected 
with  its  publication  has  received  any  pecuniary 
reward ;  the  whole  income  from  subscriptions,  and 
advertising,  being  baraly  sufficient  to  pay  for  ink, 
paper,  and  printing.  Although  those  who  have 
been  so  far  chiefly  instrumental  in  writing,  and 
collecting  material  for  its  columns,  are  willing  to 
continue  their  labors  for  the  good  of  the  cause, 
yet,  it  must  be  evident  to  all  men,  that,  to  some 
extent,  "  the  laborer  is  worthy  "  of  a  more  sub- 
stantial "  hire,"  and  that  those  who  devote  their 
time  to  it,  should  receive  some  compensation,  be  it 
never  so  small. 

Our  next  number  will  include  a  title  page  and 
index  to  the  present  volume,  which  will  facilitate 
a  ready  reference  to  its  passages  on  the  part  of 
those  who  may  desire  to  have  it  bound :  and  we 
feel  assured,  from  some  experience  in  life,  relating 
to  such  matters,  that,  no  matter  how  little  impor- 
tance we  may  attach  to  the  possession  of  our 
journal  now,  a  time  will  come  when  its  value  wil! 
be  greatly  enhanced  in  our  esteem.  This  valua- 
tion will  be  correspondingly  increased,  when  we 
are  assured  that  the  present  volume  may  be  but 
the  beginning  of  a  long  and  successful  contmua- 
tion.  We  happen  to  Jaiow  that  there  are  some 
among  us  who  possess  copies  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Farm  Journal,  while  it  was  published  in  this 
coQnty — and  which  never  should  have  been  dis- 
continued or  removed  beyond  its  borders — who 
would  not  part  with  them  for  five  times  the  amount 
of  their  original  cost. 

Next  in  importance,  and  in  sequence  of  time, 
prior  to  it — in  order  to  make  our  journal  what  it 
purports  to  be — namely,  a  reflector  of  the  exper- 
iences and  practical  opinions  of  the  intelligent  yeo 
manry  of  our  county — we  look  for  a  continuance 
and  more  free  outpouring  of  appropriate  contribu- 
tions to  our  columns,  in  order  to  meet  our 
promises  to  the  public  for  the  coming  year.  We 
are  aware  that  these  literary  labors  of  our  cor- 


respondents and  contributors,  are  not  likely  to  be 
pecuniarily  rewarded  at  the  present  time  and  un- 
der present  and  pending  circumstances,  yet  they 
may  have  a  more  substantial  and  permanent  re- 
ward in  having  ministered  more  or  less  to  the 
wants  of  others,  for  an  honest,  earnest  efiort  to 
benefit  our  fellow  man  cannot  fail  to  prove  "bread 
cast  upon  the  waters,"  which  will  "  return  after 
many  days."  For  any  deficiencies  or  imperfec- 
tions in  the  mode  and  manner  of  discharging  our 
editorial  duties,  we  can  only  claim  the  indulgence 
of  our  patrons  and  contributors,  assuring  them  that 
as  we  have  endeavored  to  do  our  best,  according 
to  circumstances,  in  the  past,  we  will  increase  our 
eff"orts  to  also  do  so  in  the  future. 

We  propose  to  add  four  pages  to  each  number 
of  our  next  volume,  and  to  increase  the  price  of 
subscription  from  one  dollar  to  one  dollar  and 
twenty-five  cents,  which  will  make  it  at  about  the 
same  rate  as  our  present  price.  In  this  connec- 
tion we  would  beg  leave  to  say,  that  although  a 
few  districts  in  the  county  have  subscribed  very 
liberally,  yet  there  are  others  that  have  done 
very  little,  and  in  some  there  are  no  subscriptions 
at  all.  We  therefore  submit  the  following  club 
rates,  and  hope  that  in  each  district  of  the  county 
some  enterprising  and  energetic  individual  may 
be  found  who  will  take  it  upon  himself  to  get  up 
a  club,  and  forward  the  names  to  our  publication 
office  without  delay.  We  know  there  is  sufficient 
material  in  the  county  to  support  a  local  journal, 
and  we  hope  this  material  may  be  brought  out 
and  made  available. 

A  single  subscriber,  for  one  year,  in  advance S  1  25 

For  a  club  of  5  "  " 

10  "  " 

«  15  i<  « 

"  20  "  " 

"  25  "  " 

"  30  "  .  " 

«  35  «  « 

«  40  «  «< 

"  45  "  " 

"  50  "  "  60        '•         $50  00 

Come,  friends,  Thanksgiving-Day  and  Christ- 
mas are  approaching.  A  bountiful  Providence 
has  blessed  us  with  health,  and  an  usually  fruit- 
ful season,  and  we  cannot  show  our  appreciation 
of  His  goodness  in  a  more  charitable  and  useful 
way  than  in  giving  to  others  as  freely  as  He  has 
given  to  us  ;  and  what  more  useful  and  appropri- 
ate Thanksgiving  offering  or  Christmas  gift  can  we 
make  to  our  friends  than  a  yearns  subscription  to  the 
Lancaster  Farmer  ? 

^  —  » 


5  copies. 

600 

10       " 

1175 

15       " 

17  60 

20       " 

22  60 

25        " 

29  75 

30        ■' 

34  00 

35        " 

38  60 

40        " 

44  00 

45        " 

46  50 

MEETING   OF    THE    AGRICULTURAL 
AND  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

The  Society  met  Oct.  4th,  1869,  at  the  usual 
hour  in  the  Orphans  'Court  Room  and  the  attend- 
ance of  members  being  quite  limited,  owing  to 
the  swollen  condition  of  the  streams,  and  the 


168 


THE  LANCASTER  FAKMER. 


minutes  being  lengthy  the  reading  of  the  same 
was  dispensed  with  by  general  acquiescence.  The 
following  new  members  were  proposed  aud  elec- 
ted, viz  :  Hon.  Anthony  E.  Roberts,  A.  J.  Sander- 
son, Esq.,  and  Wm.  P.  Benton,  of  Christiana.  On 
motion,  Hon.  J.  P.  Wickersham  was  elected  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Society.  A.  Harris  in 
behalf  of  the  committee  having  charge  of  the 
Fruit  Exhibition,  submitted  the  report  of  the 
same,  showing  that  the  Society  had  netted  the 
sum  of  $16.90  in  holding  the  said  Exhibition. 
The  members  in  attendance  next  supplied  them- 
selves with  the  varieties  of  seed  wheat  which  had 
been  sent  to  the  Secretary  by  Thomas  Harvey 
of  the  Experimental  Farm  School  for  exhibition. 
After  the  transaction  of  the  usual  current  busi- 
ness, the  Society,  on  motion,  adjourned. 


■*»   *»   ^ 


THE  PENNSYLVANIA   FRUIT  GROW- 
ERS  SOCIETY. 

Will  our  horticultural  readeis  bear  in  mind  that, 
by  special  appointm_ent,  this  association  will  meet 
in  the  city  of  Lancaster,  in  February  next  ?  The 
State  Fruit  Growers  Society  is  entirely  distinct 
from,  and  has  no  connection  whatever  with  the 
State  Agricultural  Society.  It  has  kept  up  aa 
active  working  organization  for  more  than  ten 
years,  and  on  several  occasions  before,  has  held 
its  meetings  in  this  city.  We  would  especially 
suggest  to  our  readers,  who  may  attend  this  meet- 
ing, that  they  bring  with  them  specimens  of  such 
fruit  as  may  be  in  their  possession  at  the  time, 
and  particularly  the  unnamed  varieties.  They 
should  also  be  prepared  to  submit  such  remarks 
upon  cultm:e,  either  verbally  or  in  written  com- 
position, as  will  have  a  tendency  to  diflFuse  useful 
knowledge  upon  that  mteresting  subject.  "Let 
your  light  so  shine  that  men  may  know  3'our 
works."  Ko  man's  lamp  burns  less  brightly  by 
igniting  the  lamp  of  his  neighbor.  If  light  only 
comes  in  feeble  scintillations ,  it  is  better  than  dark- 
ness. A  feeble  flash,in  a  dark  night,  has  often  saved 
a  man  from  falling  into  a  ditch,  a  mire,  or  a  rush- 
ing stream. 

^   ^^^^ 


AGRICULTURAL  EXHIBITIONS. 

In  our  last  number  we  made  some  editorial  re- 
marks in  reference  to  the  Horticultural  exhibi- 
tions held  in  this  county  the  present  year,  in  the 
Court  House  at  Lancaster  city,  and  in  the  Town 
Hall  at  Marietta.  Since  the  issue  of  that  num- 
ber another  similar  exhibition  has  taken  place, 
on  the  grounds  of  the  "  Lancaster  County  Agri- 
cultural Park  Association,"  which,  we  feel  we 
would  not  be  a  faithful  chronicler  of  the  events 
of  this  character,  transpiring  around  us,  if  we  did 
not  notice  •,  should  we  do  nothing  more  than  to 


make  a  record  of  it,  as  a  matter  of  local  history. 
This  association  must  be  regarded  as  one  »f  the 
local  institutions  of  our  county,  and  if  money, 
enterprise  and  influence  can  add  to  its  tangibility 
and  perpetuity,  a  living  institution.  Contrary  to 
!jhe  expectations  of  many,  its  first  annual  exhibi- 
tion, under  all  the  unfavorable  circumstances  at- 
tending its  opening,  was  a  creditable  demonstra- 
tion; and  in  all  respects,  except  magnitude,  far 
superior  to  the  State  Exhibition  held  at  Harris- 
burg.  There  is,  perhaps,  no  similar  establish- 
ment in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  or  out  of  it, 
in  this  country,  that  is  so  complete,  and  so  neat, 
and  so  substantial  in  all  its  appointments  as  this 
park.  The  display  and  the  accommodations  al- 
luded to,  as  an  initiatory  efibrt,  were  grand,  and 
reflect  great  credit  upon  the  enterprising  citizens 
who  have  the  matter  in  hand.  Without  express- 
ing any  personal  opinion  upon  the  quality  or  the 
policy  of  it,  we  are  nevertheless  compelled  to  say 
there  is  a  feature  connected  with  the  park  that  is 
entirely  disapproved  by  a  number  of  the  most  in- 
telligent and  influential  agriculturists  and  horti- 
culturists of  our  county,  and  that  feature  is  the 
prominence  given  to  "  trials  of  horse-speed." 
We  confess  ourselves  entirely  too  unsophisticated 
to  understand,  from  personal  knowledge,  any  of 
the  inside  opperations  of  the  "  sporting  ring,"  if 
such  a  ring  exists ;  but  we  may  be  allowed  to  sup- 
pose that  these  trials  of  speed  may  be  conducted 
as  fairly  and  as  harmlessly  as  trials  of  base-ball, 
of  cricket  matches,  and  of  college  boat-clubs.  We 
are  no  apologists  for  that  which  is  unqualifiedly 
wrong,  and  while,  on  the  one  hand,  we  would 
•'  nothing  extenuate,"  neither  on  the  other  hand, 
would  we  "  aught  set  down  in  malice."  We  have 
indulged  the  hope,  and  we  indulge  it  still,  that  a 
time  may  come  in  our  agricultural  and  horticul- 
tural history,  when  the  whole  energy,  and  the 
mateiral  and  intellectual  means,  of  the  great  ' 
county  of  Lancaster,  will  be  concentrated  in  one 
grand  and  living  association,  with  the  Lancaster 
Farmer  as  its  acknowledged  organ;  and  that, 
too,  without  compromising  any  material  interest, 
or  moral  principle.  Whether  our  hopes,  in  this 
respect,  will  ever  be  realized,  is  a  matter  which 
can  only  be  determined  by  the  progressions  and 
mutations  of  time,  and  to  that  tribunal,  we  are 
willing  to  commit  the  subject,  whatever  the  con- 
sequences may  be. 

ni^    »m)    ^1         f 

POULTRY  MANURE. 

This  is  the  most  valuable  of  the  farm  manures, 
and  is  entitled  to  great  care  in  its  collection  and    j 
use.    Beyond  the  amount  of  water  it  contains,  it   1 
is  as  valuable  as  guano,  and,  therefore,  should    ^ 
never  be   sold  by  practical  farmers  to  morocco 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


16^ 


dressers,  as  is  generally  the  case.  The  poultry 
house  should  be  imderlaid  with  charcoal  dust 
when  it  can  be  procured,  so  as  to  receive  the 
hen  manure  as  fast  as  made.  The  surface  of  this 
charcoal  dust  should  occasionally  be  raked  all 
around  off  to  one  corner  with  a  portion  of  the 
dung.  This  way  be  continued  until  the  manure 
is  required  for  use,  when  it  should  be  thoroughly 
mixed  with  ten  times  its  bulk  of  soil  before  being 
applied  to  crops.  When  charcoal  dust  cannot  be 
procured,  well  decomposed  swamp-muck,  plaster- 
of-paris,or  even  aluminous  clay  maybe  frequently 
dusted  over  the  floor  of  the  poultry  house  to  be 
mixed  with  this  manure.  The  object  of  all  this 
is  to  receive  and  retain  the  ammonia,  so  as  to 
prevent  its  liberation  from  injuring  the  health  of 
inmates  of  the  poultry  house.  All  animals, 
man  included,  suffer  from  breathing  the  effects 
arising  from  their  excretia,  and  this  is  particularly 
true  of  the  feathered  tribes.  Their  natural  ha- 
bits in  the  wild  state  cause  them  to  pass  through 
the  upper  strata  of  the  atmosphere,  and  with 
such  velocity,  and  to  readily  rid  themselves  of 
the  noxious  gases  given  ofi"  the  surface  of  their 
bodies,  and  to  be  entirely  beyond  the  deleterious 
influence  from  the  fumes  of  their  excretia.  "We 
should,  therefore,  m  the  poultry-house  make  such 
arrangements  as  will  prevent  the  poultry  from 
inhaling  their  deleterious  gases. 


"  TOO    MANY  IRONS  IN    THE    FIRE." 


ADVICE  TO  WORKIKG  MEN. 

This  saying  was  evidently  born  in  a  black- 
smith shop.  It  has  done  service  in  every  kind  of 
shop,  and  has  passed  into  one  of  those  proverbs 
,  which  are  as  often  false  as  true.  Indeed,  this  is  the 
character  of  the  greatest  number  of  proverbs. 
True  in  a  limited  and  special  range,  they  are  used 
as  of  universal  application.  Now,  though  a  man 
may  have  "  too  many  irons  in  the  fire,"  it  is  just 
as  true  that  he  may  not  have  enough  irons  in  the 
fire.  It  is  foolish  to  take  on  more  work  than  one 
can  do  well.  It  is  wicked  to  work  so  excessively 
as  to  exhaust  the  strength,  weaken  digestion,  im- 
pair sleep,  and  shatter  the  nervous  system. 
When  these  results  are  produced  by  an  inordinate 
use  of  the  passions,  they  are  called  dissipations. 
But  they  are  none  the  less  dissipations  when  they 
spring  from  an  inordinate  addiction  to  business. 
But  it  is  not  in  this  direction  that  men  are  said  to 
have  too  many  irons  in  the  fire.  When  a  man  is 
carrying  on  so  many  separate  enterprises  that  he 
must  neglect  some  of  them  wholly,  and  can  attend 


to  none  of  them  thoroughly,  he  is  properly  said 
to  have  too  many  irons  in  the  fire.  But  the  same 
phrase  is  applied  to  a  man  who  turns  his  mind  to 
many  different  kinds  of  trade.  It  is  the  serious 
belief  of  many  that  a  man  cannot  be  a  good  workj 
man  in^'more  than  one  art ;  that,  if  a  workman 
means  to  be  skillful,  he  must  devote  his  life  to  a 
single  trade,  and  in  confirmation  of  such  notions 
proverbs  fly  thick — "Jack  of  all  trades  and  master 
at  none,"  being  a  specimen! 

In  olden  times,  when  men  had  little  education, 
and  were  slow  and  dull,  it  may  have  been  true 
that  a  man  could  master  but  one  trade.  But  with 
the  growth  of  intelligence  among  laboring  men, 
their  brains  are  nimbler,  their  hands  are  quicker, 
and  they  can  pursue  a  more  diversified  industry. 

At  any  rate, the  working  men  of  America  have 
kicked  this  proverb  out  of  their  shops.  It  has 
been  the  pride,  and  the  thrift,  too,  of  free  labor 
in  America,  that  it  could  do  anything.  The 
farmer  does  not  confine  his  labor  to  one  or  two 
crops.  Whatever  will  pay  well  in  the  market  he 
soon  learns  to  raise,  and  is  the  better  for  learn- 
ing. A  real  Yankee  may  learn  the  carpenter's 
trade.  Having  a  taste  for  fine  work,  he  teaches 
himself  cabinet-making.  Or  if  occasion  serves, 
he  carves  or  builds  models  for  machinery.  Time 
being  slack,  he  comes  down  to  the  coast,  hires  out 
in  a  ship  yard,  and,  after  a  little,  is  a  very  good 
ship  carpenter.  No  one  after  that  would  be  sur- 
prised to  find  him  in  a  wheelwright's  shop,  and 
at  last  he  settles  down  as  a  carriage-maker. 

Is  there  anything  in  these  different  trades  so 
difficult  as  to  require  for  success  in  them  the  whole 
of  a  man's  life  and  his  undivided  mind?  They 
are  all  of  a  family.  The  knowledge  which  a  man 
gets  in  one  is  applicable  to  them  all.  Nay,  they 
help  each  other.  In  the  shipyard  a  man  gets 
ideas  of  strength  and  solidity  that  would  make 
him  a  better  house-builder.  In  cabinet-making 
he  will  attain  an  accuracy  and  fineness  of  work 
which  will  improve  his  hand  all  the  way  down 
through  coarser  trades.  His  mind  will  be  im- 
proved. He  will  not  be  likely  to  get  into  "ruts." 
He  will  be  apt  to  carry  the  habit  of  thinking  into 
all  his  business.  It  is  said  that  farmers*  want  to 
buy  all  the  lands  that  bound  their  farm.  A  work 
ing  man  should  be  curious  to  understand  every 
trade  that  touches  his  trade.  A  man  of  a  single 
trade  is  like  a  knife  with  a  single  blade.  Every 
blade  in  addition  makes  it  a  better  knife,  up  to  the 
point  when  it  becomes  too  bulky  for  convenient 
use.  And  this  figure  very  well  illustrates  the 
benefit  of  being  able  to  pursue  several  difierent 
avocations.  If  the  blade  of  a  one-handled  knife 
breaks,  there  is  the  end  of  it ;  but  if  it  has  two 
blades,  it  is  serviceable  yet.    A  big  blade  for 


170 


THE  LANCASTEE  FARMER. 


coarse  work,  a  fine  blade  for  fine  work,  a  sharp- 
pointed  blade,  an  awl,  a  lancet,  in  short,  blades 
that  are  tools  for  half-a-dozen  difierent  uses,  make 
the  knife  all  the  more  valuable.  A  one-bladed 
man  is  not  to  be  despised.  But  he  is,  after  all, 
but  a  kind  of  jack-knife  man.  Commend  me  to 
the  man  who  carries  a  whole  handleful  of  blades ! 

So  far  from  exhorting  a  young  mechanic  to  stick 
to  one  thing,  I  should  urge  him  to  be  master  of 
his  trade  as  soon  as  possible  and  then  be  curious 
of  all  trades  that  are  nearly  related  to  it. 

A  carpenter  ought  to  be  a  good  roofer,  whether 
in  pine  shingles,  in  slate,  in  tin,  in  felt,  or  in 
paper  and  gravel.  A  village  blacksmith  ought 
not  to  be  content  with  shoeing  horses,  mending 
plows,  setting  tires,  etc.,  he  should  become  a 
manufacturing  blacksmith;  competent,  if  other 
work  gives  out  or  a  profitable  demand  exists,  to 
fashion  the  hundreds  of  articles  which  pass  under 
the  name  of  house-furnishing  goods.  Of  course 
he  will  do  the  most  of  that  which  pays  the  best ; 
but  variety  will  make  his  work  pleasanter,  will 
prevent  his  income  from  being  greatly  afi'ectedb]^ 
periodic  disturbances  in  the  market,  and  will  al- 
ways give  him  one  blade  with  a  cutting  edge. 

As  we  rise  from  inferior  to  superior  trades,  and, 
still  more,  to  professions,  the  more  striking  does 
this  truth  become.  An  inferior  trade  is  one  in 
which  hand-work  is  largely  in  excess  of  head-work, 
and  a  superior  trade  is  one  in  which  the  head-work 
predominates.  And  whenever,  in  any  calling, 
the  chief  part  of  the  business  is  thinking,  it  then 
has  became  a  profession. 

Ko  man  is  capable  of  carrying  on  a  profession 
or  superior  trade  who  is  not  able  to  organize 
many  distinct  branches  into  one.  Work  grows 
complex  as  it  rises  upon  the  scale  of  value.  A 
man  who  can  do  but  one  thing,  or  who  under- 
stands but  one  industry,  will  always  be  a  subor- 
dinate. It  is  this  power  to  comprehend  variety 
and  to  organize  them  to  unity  that  makes  a  mas- 
ter-workman. Each  superior  trade  results  from 
the  combination  of  several  subordinate  trades. 
Each  material  which  goes  into  the  working  of  a 
given  industry  comes  from  some  subordinate 
trade.  A  contractor  brings  together  in  the  build- 
ing of  a  single  house  the  products  of  half  a  hun- 
dred separate  shops.  He  should  possess  a  gen- 
eral knowledge  of  the  quality  and  working  prop- 
erties of  every  one  of  these  elements.  Here  is  a 
place  in  which,  if  he  is  not  Jack  at  all  trades,  he 
will  be  good  in  none,  or  rather,  he  will  not  be 
good  in  that  one  trade  which  unites  all  the  rest  I 

We  are  not  unconscious  that  there  are  many 
trades  which  require  peculiar  training  and  fine- 
ness incompatible  with  much  meddling  with  oth- 
ers', tbat  there  are  some  products  that  are  jeal- 


ous, and  yefuse  to  yield  their  best  forms  to  any- 
thing but  an  almost  exclusive  addiction  to  them- 
selves ;  that  at  a  certain  stage  of  manufacturing 
there  comes  in  an  element  of  fine  art — the  finish- 
ing stage.  At  this  point,  delicacy  and  perfect- 
ness  can  be  had  only  by  steady  and  long  practice. 
But  the  general  truth  remains,  that  in  the  com- 
mon industries  of  life  a  workman  who  makes 
himself  acquainted  with  many  allied  branches  of 
trade  is  apt  to  be  better  educated,  more  intelli- 
gent, more  prosperous,  better  armed  against  re- 
vulsons  and  depressions  of  business,  and  more 
likely  to  rise  from  a  subordinate  to  an  independ- 
ent condition.  In  short,  a  man  of  few  ideas  and 
narrow  skill  will  always  live  on  wages.  The  man 
of  enterprise  and  various  skill  will  soon  be  able 
to  live  on  his  capital.  Some  sturdy  old  English- 
man, we  forget  who,  derided  the  maxim.  "  Too 
many  irons  in  the  fire,"  saying,  "  you  can't  have 
too  many',  put  them  all  in — shovel,  tongs  and 
poker!" — Henry  Ward  Bcecher,  in  the  Manufactu- 
rer and  Builder. 


MUSHROOMS. 

Few  persons  in  this  country  are  aware  of  the 
number  of  species  of  fungis,  or  mushrooms,  that 
are  capable  of  being  made  useful  as  food,  or  for 
sauces,  and  of  the  excellent  qualities  that  many 
of  them  present.  One  or  two  species,  gathered 
with  much  apprehension,  and  frowned  upon  by 
most  persons,  exhaust  the  stock  of  availables  in 
this  direction,  while  our  more  fortunate  or  more 
learned  foreign  brethren  have  at  their  command 
varieties  that  serve  to  replace  nearly  every  kind 
of  food.  Of  at  least  aid  in  giving  them  a  piquant 
flavor.  A  gentleman,  however,  residing  in  North 
Carolina,  has  been  for  some  time  preparing  an 
illustrated  work  upon  the  mushroom,  in  which,  by 
means  of  figures  and  general  descriptions,  he  ex- 
pects to  be  able  to  point  out  readily  what  species 
may  be  €aten  and  what  must  be  avoided,  so  as  to 
render  it  entirely  practicable  with  such  a  guide  to 
make  a  suitable  selection  from  those  that  present 
themselves  to  notice  in  our  daily  walks.  The 
total  number  of  species  that  are  not  merely  eat- 
able, but  actually  desirable  as  articles  of  food, 
amounts,  we  believe,  to  as  many  as  sixty;  and  It 
is  said  that  the  proportions  of  the  poisonous 
kinds  to  those  that  are  wholesome,  is  not  greater 
than  exists  between  the  wild  fruits  and  berries 
that  are  ordinarily  met  with. 

Whereas  we  have  had  something  to  say,  on 
various  occasions,  in  the  pages  of  this  journal, 
on  the  subject  of  this  lucious  edible,  and  as  there 
is  a  bare  possibility  that  Mr.  Mushroom  may  be 
the  "coming man,"  in  the  catalogue  of  cultivated 
vegetables,  we  do  not  hesitate  to  publish  the 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


171 


above  extract  from  a  cotemporary  journal  for 
what  it  is  worth,  particularly  as  we  are  writing 
for  posterity  as  well  as  for  the  present  generation. 
The  book  referred  to  in  the  extract,  when  it  ap- 
pears, will  no  doubt  be  a  valuable  acquisition  to 
oiu- agricultural  and  horticultui'al  literature ,  and 
will  be  looked  for  with  interest,  by  our  leading 
cultivators,  as  something  which  they  have  long 
desired  to  see.  In  the  meantime,  as  a  partial 
reply  to  our  readers,  who  have  made  a  trial  of 
cultivating  this  singular  plant,  and  have  sign  xily 
failed,  and  have  made  anxious  inquiries  in  regard 
to  its  culture,  we  publish  for  their  edification  an 
article  on  the  subject,  whiph  we  find  in  Applelon's 
Journal  of  Literature,  Science  and  Art,  for  Octo- 
ber, 1869,  and  our  regret  is,  that  we  cannot  pub- 
lish with  it,  the  very  satisfactory  illustration 
which  accompanies  the  article.  There  are,  doubt, 
less,  within  the  county  of  Lancaster,  exhausted 
stone  quan-ies,  excavations,  or  cavernous  locali- 
ties, which,  with  a  little  artificial  aid,  might  be 
made  available  for  this  purpose,  on  the  principles 
detailed  in  the  article  below.  "  Musliroom-grow- 
ing,  as  it  is  carried  on  in  some  parts  of  France,  is 
one  of  the  most  extraordinary  examples  of  cul. 
ture  in  the  world.  In  the  vicinity  of  Paris  are 
extensive  stone  quarries,  long  since  abandoned, 
from  which  the  stone  has  been  extracted  as  coal 
is  obtained,  leaving  extensive  caves,  sixty  and 
seventy  feet  under  ground,  and  extending  great 
distances,  in  some  instances  fairly  under  the  city 
itself.  In  these  caves  the  temperature  is  very 
equal  and  the  atmosphere  moist ;  and  herfe  mush- 
room-growing has  been  brought  to  its  fullest  de- 
velopment. The  floor  of  the  cave  is  carefully 
swept,  and  the  beds  are  then  made  of  the  dust  of 
the  stone-cutting  yards  above,  mixed  with  stable, 
manure.  The  beds  are  about  22  inches  in  height 
and  the  same  in  width,  ranged  in  parallel  rows, 
between  which,  there  is  just  room  enough  to 
walk.  The  temperature  of  the  bed  is  carefully 
noted,  during  the  fermentation  of  the  manure, 
and  the  spawn  of  the  mushroom  is  not  sown  until 
it  is  below  70  degrees  Fahr ;  since,  if  it  is  above 
this,  the  layers  of  spawn  are  liable  to  be  burnt. 
The  spawn  when  sown  is  covered  with  manure, 
which  is  removed  as  soon  as  vegetation  begins, 
and  is  replaced  by  earth.  The  details  of  making 
the  beds,,  watering  them,  picking  the  crop,  and 
renewing  the  spawn,  vary  in  different  localities, 
but  the  general  system  L«  everywhere  the  same. 
The  mushroom  caves  of  Montrouge,  just  outside 
of  ihc  fortifications  of  Pai'is,  on  the  southern 
side,  are  reached  by  descending  well-like  pits,  by 
means  of  a  ladder,  which  is  simply  a  single  pole 
with  sticks  run  through  it  to  serve  as  steps. 
From  the  bottom  of  the  pit,  little  passages  radi- 


ate. They  are  sometimes  narrow  and  often  very 
low,  but  every  inch  of  available  room  is  made 
use  of,  and  as  many  beds  are  crowded  together  as 
possible.  Everything  is  kept  scrupulously  neat, 
and  no  litter  is  left  strewn  on  the  floor,  as  one 
would  naturally  expect.  Another  type  of  mush- 
room cave  is  to  be  foimd  at  Frepillon,  Mery-Sur- 
oise,  where  are  the  quarries  for  the  building-stone 
and  plaster  so  largely  used  in  Paris.  The  exca- 
vations here  are  not  in  small,  narrow  passages, 
as  in  those  previously  described,  but  form  large, 
vaulted  apartments,  one  of  which  is  represented 
in  our  engraving.  The  beds  are  arranged  in 
rows,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  the  most  of 
the  space,  and  here,  as  elsewhere,  the  practice 
of  planting  a  certain  number  of  beds  every  day 
in  the  year  is  observed,  so  that  the  supply  is  un- 
failing. An  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  mushr 
room  business  may  be  formed,  when  it  is  known 
that  one  proprieter  has  twenty-one  miles  of  beds, 
another  sixteen,  another  seven,  and  so  on, 
through  a  long  list.  Among  the  numerous  locali- 
ties in  which  musliroom  culture  is  carried  on,  be- 
sides the  two  mentioned,  the  principle  are 
"Moulin  de  la  Roche,"  Sous  Bicetre,  near  St. 
Germain,  and  at  Bagneux.  These  caves,  like 
mines,  are  under  government  supervision,  and 
vary  in  depth  from  twenty  to  one  hundred  and 
fifty  or  sixty  feet.  Coal  mines  are  not  adapted 
for  growing  mushrooms,  and  the  smallest  particle 
of  iron  in  the  beds  of  manure  is  avoided  by  the 
spawn ;  a  circle  around  it  remains  inert.  It  is 
said  to  be  the  same  with  coal." 

Tw'o  or  three  things  may  be  learned  in  this 
article,  and  ti»ese  are  that  a  uniform  moist  at- 
mosphere is  required,  and  that  no  coal  or  iron 
should  be  mixed  up  with  the  soil.  Deep,  ex- 
hausted stone  quarries  might  be  so  arched  over 
or  covered  as  to  make  them  suitable  for  mush- 
roonoB  culture,  and,  no  doubt,  in  the  end,  would 

pay- 

.^-^  ♦^ — 

ABOUT  CANDLES. 

The  first  step  towards  the  invention  of  candles 
was  taken  in  the  twelfth  century,  when  tallow 
torches  came  into  u£e.  A  hundred  years  later, 
the  tallow  candle,  pretty  much  as  it  exists  now, 
made  its  first  appearance,  and  was  deemed  so 
great  a  luxury  that  only  people  of  real  wealth 
could  afibrd  to  buy  it.  The  haughty  barons,  who 
forced  King  John  to  sign  Magna  Charta,  would, 
probably,  have  considered  a  parcel  of  tallow  dips 
as  a  most  welcome  present  at  Christmas  time ; 
and  to  have  stolen  one  of  those  precious  lumina- 
ries, or  only  the  end  of  one,  from  a  kitchen 
dresser,  would  have  been  to  incur  the  noose 
without  any  hope  of  pardon.    It  was  not  until 


172 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


the  fifteenth  century  that  burgesses  and  trades- 
people were  enabled  to  purchase  candles.  The 
prices  had  become  somewhat  lower  by  that  time. 
The  cost  of  one  candle  (they  were  sold  singly  un- 
til the  present  century)  was  about  six  pence  mod- 
ern money;  and  for  this  sum  one  had  the  where- 
withal to  escape  darkness  for  half  an  hour.  For 
it  must  be  remembered  that  the  primitive  dips 
differed  from  those  now  in  use  in  two  points; 
firstly,  in  the  fact  that  the  tallow  was  not  refined, 
and  secondly,  in  that  the  wicks  continued,  in  most 
instances,  to  be  flax.  Cotton  was  more  expensive 
than  silk  in  those  days.  A  pair  of  cotton  stock- 
ings cost  sixty  shillings.  And,  under  the  circum- 
stances, it  would  have  seemed  an  extravagant 
folly  to  burn  cotton  wicks  elsewhere  than  in  pal- 
aces. On  the  other  hand,  the  flaxen  wicks  acted 
very  fll ;  there  was  always  a  great  deal  of  trouble 
in  lighting  them,  and  when  once  the  feat  had 
been  accomplished,  they  burned  at  such  a  terrific 
rate  that  they  melted  half  the  tallow  without  con- 
suming it.  This  last  fact  gave  rise  to  a  quaint 
form  of  economy.  Instead  of  casting  the  drip_ 
ping  of  the  tallow  candle  into  the  fire,  as  now-a_ 
days  is  done,  every  scrap  was  saved,  and  when 
two  or  three  pounds  had  been  collected  the  chandj 
ler  bought  them  back  at  so  liberal  a  rate  that  the 
drippings  of  four  candles  afforded  the  price  of  a 
new  one. 

Some  half  century  or  more  after  the  invention 
of  tallow  candles,  wax  lights  were  introduced 
into  a  few  palatial  residences.    "Wax  tapers  had 
been  in  use  in  churches  in  the  ninth  century,  but 
their  cost  had  been  so  far  beyond  the  limits  of 
ordinary  purses,  that  no  one  would  have  dreamed 
of  wasting  his  money  on  such  an  expensive  arti- 
cle.   The  offering  of  a  wax  taper  to  a  chapel  or 
a  shrine  was  looked  upon  throughout  the  middle 
ages  as  a  princely  gift.    A  man  who  presented  a 
taper  weighing  a  pound  to  his  parish  priest  was 
certain  of  receiving  absolution;  and,  as  every 
one  knows,  it  was  customary  to  vow  a  taper  to 
the  "Virgin  Mary,  in  the  same  way  as  the  ancients 
vowed  a  hundred  doves  to  Venus,  or  a  white 
heifer  to  Juno.     As  a  first  attempt  to  pacify 
Thomas  A'Becket,  Henry  the  Second  sent  two 
wax  tapers  weighing  twenty  pounds  each  to  the 
cathedral   at  Canterbury,  and  this  munificence 
cost  him  four  hundred  crowns  of  gold.    "When 
Kichard  the  First  returned  from  France  after  his 
release  from  captivity,  he  bestowed  the  first  five 
hundred  crowns  he  could  obtain  in  buying  tapers 
for  the  church  at  Fontevrault;  and  Louis  the 
Eleventh  during  his  reign  of  one  and  twenty 
years,  spent  a  perfect  fortune  in  candles  for  "  Our 
Lady  of  Grace."     Now-a-days  the  practice  of 
burning  tapers  as  peace  offerings,  or  sin  offerings, 


still  prevails  in  the  Koman  Catholic  Church. 
Two  years  ago,  on  the  occasion  of  the  Prince 
Imperial's  illness,  the  Empress  Eugenie  went  in 
person  to  offer  a  taper  at  the  Virgin's  shrine  of 
Notre  Dame.  But  the  existing  custom  must  be 
looked  upon  as  merely  a  pale  reminiscence  of  t 
what  it  was  in  former  times.  The  fall  in  the 
price  of  wax  has  entailed  a  diminution  in  the  value 
of  the  sacrifice.  The  gift  of  a  taper  can  no  longer 
procure  absolution- — All  The  Tear  Bound. 

i»  »  »- . 

THE  HYDRAULIC  RAM. 

The  hydraulic  ram  is  a  simple  mechanical  ap- 
paratus,  constructed   upon   philosophical    prin- 
ciples and  is  used  very  effectively  in  raising  a  por- 
tion of  the  water  from  a  spring  or  running  fountain 
above  the  level  of  its  fountain-head.    The  follow- 
ing description,  it  is  believed,  will  be  easily  un- 
derstood :    Suppose  a  metal-pipe  is  laid  down  the 
course  of  a  stream  through  which  the  water  is  re- 
quired to  pass.    The  lower  end  of  the  pipe  is 
closed,  and  near  the  extremity  is  an  orifice  on  the 
upper  side  which  is  opened  and  closed  on  the  in- 
side by  a  puppet  valve'^  shaped  something  like  an 
inverted  barrel  bung.    There  is  also  another  sim 
ilar  orifice  and  valve  opening  outward  from  the 
main  pipe  like  an  air  vessel.      Kow  let  both 
valves  be  closed.    As  then  there  is  no  means  of 
escape  for  the  water  leading  from  the  spring  it 
is  brought  to  a  state  of  rest.    The  valve  opening 
inward  is  loaded  so  that  its  gravity  is  greater 
than  the  pressure  of  the  water  at  rest  in  the  pipe  ; 
it  consequently  falls  into  the  pipe,  leaving  the 
orifice  open,  through  which  the  water  immediate- 
ly begins  to  rush  with  increasing  velocity,  until 
its  momentum  becomes  such  as  to  push  up  the 
valve  to  its  place  in  the  orifice.    The  momentum 
of  the  water  suddenly  stopped  in   its  course  is 
such  as  to  lift  up  the  other  valve  opening  out- 
ward into  the  air  vessel,  through  which  the  water 
rushes,  compressing  the  air  into  a  smaller  com- 
pass, until  the  reaction  of  the  air  is  in  equi- 
librium with  the  action  of  the  water,  when  the 
valve  No.  2  falls  back  to  its  place  and  prevents 
the  water  in  the  air-vessel  going  back  again  into 
the  main  pipe.    The  water  in  the  main  pipe 
thus  having  no  escape,  is  brought  again  to  rest, 
whereupon  valve  Ko.  1  falls  down  again  by  its 
own  weight  and  the  process  is  again  repeated. 
From  the  air  vessel  a  discharging  vessel  leads 
off  to  the  upper  story  of  a  house,  or  any  other 
place  where  the  water  is  wanted,  to  which  point 
it  is  driven  by  the  elasticity  of  the  compressed 
air  in  the  vessel.    Of  course  the  amount  of  water 
raised,  compared  to  the  whole,  will  be  in  inverse 
ratio  to  the  elevatien  of  the  discharging  point 
above  the  foimtain-head.    The  momentum  of  th*- 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


173 


blow  forcing  the  water  into  the  air  vessel  when 
the  valve  closes  was  well  illustrated  at  the  time 
the  fountain  was  put  in  action  on  Boston  Com- 
mon, where  it  will  be  recollected,  the  momentum 
of  the  water  was  so  great,  at  the  sudden  stop- 
page of  the  jet,  as  to  burst  the  pipe  and  deluge 
the  Common — Boston  Journal. 


EECEIPTS  FOR  PRESERVING  FRUITS 
AND  VEGETABLES. 

The  following  suggestions  for  canning  and  pre- 
serving fruits  and  vegetables  have  been  carefully 
tested  by  experience,  and  approved  as  simple  and 
reliable.  If  the  fruit  be  fresh  and  healthy  when 
put  up,  they  may  safely  be  relied  on  to  keep  in 
their  natural  condition  for  a  long  time,  and  almost 
as  fresh  as  when  first  gathered.  An  important 
part  of  the  success  in  canning  and  .preserving 
fruit  consists  in  selecting  that  which  is  fresh, 
sound,  and  healthy.  This  done,  secure  good  tin 
cans,  or  if  you  can  get  them,  glass  jars  and  bottles, 
and  when  filled,  be  sure  that  the  air  is  entirely 
expelled,  and  that  they  are  perfectly  sealed  or 
soldered.  Glass  jars  are  to  be  preferred,  at  all 
times,  to  .tin  cans.  Be  careful  to  preserve  the 
fruit  as  nearly  whole  and  unbroken  in  the  process 
as  possible.  Fruit  and  vegetables  will  always 
keep  better  if  fresh  and  unbroken  than  if  bruised. 

The  rules  for  preserving  fruits  are  simple  and 
few,  and  can  be  successfully  observed  by  any  one. 
There  need  be  no  failure  if  reasonable  care  and 
attention  are  exercised.  There  are  two  ways  of 
expelling  the  air  from  jars  or  cans,  either  of 
which  will  answer.  The  first  is  to  heat  the  fruit 
after  putting  it  into  the  cans  or  jars,  and  the  other 
to  pour  the  hot  fruit  into  them,  which  itself  will 
expel  the  air.  The  first  method  is  usually  pre- 
ferred. It  preserves  the  form  and  beauty  of  the 
fruit,  which  is  likely  to  become  bruised  and  broken 
by  pouring  it,  hot,  into  the  jars.  Great  care  should 
be  taken  in  canning  cherries,  berries,  currants, 
and  all  small  fruits,  to  do  so  without  breaking  or 
bruising  them.  When  broken  the  juice  escapes 
and  presents  a  clear  syrup.  Too  much  cooking 
has  the  same  effect. 

To  prevent  breakage,  when  glase  Jars  or  bot- 
tles are  used,  they  should  be  immersed  in  warm 
water  before  pouring  in  hot  fruit ;  or  wetting  a 
towel  in  cold  water  and  folding  it  around  the  jar, 
before  pouring  in  the  hot  fruit,  will  answer  the 
same  pm'pose. 

All  fruit  and  vegetables  should  be  packed  in  as 
closely  as  they  will  permit.  In  heating  the  jars 
pieces  of  wood  should  be  laid  in  the  bottom  of  the 
boiler  to  keep  them  off  the  hot  surface,  and  as 
soon  as  the  fruit  is  sufliciently  heated  or  cooked 
they  should  be  sealed  or  soldered,  and  set  away. 


Before  setting  them  away  be  sure  that  they  are 
perfectly  air-tight.  The  least  air  will  spoil  the 
fruit. 

A  good  general  rule,  in  canning  fruit,  is  to  use 
one  pound  of  sugar  with  four  pounds  of  fruit,  and 
enough  water  to  keep  it  from  burning.  Tin  cans 
should  be  soldered,  or  sealed  with  sealing  wax, 
or  cement  made  of  equal  parts  of  rosin,  beeswax, 
and  tallow.  Sealing  wax  is  best  for  such  cans  as 
have  grooved  rims. 

Time  for  Quantity  of 

Boiling  Fruits.    Sugar  to  Quart. 
6  ounces. 


Cherries, 

5  min 

6 

Raspberries, 

6 

4 

Blackberries, 

6 

6 

Strawberries, 

8 

8 

Plums, 

10 

8 

WTiortleberries, 

5 

4 

Pie  Plant,  sliced, 

10 

10 

Small  Sour  Pears,  whole, 

30 

8 

Bartlett  Pears,  in  halves, 

20 

6 

Peaches, 

8 

4 

Peaches,  whole. 

15 

4 

Pine  Apple,  sliced. 

15 

6 

Siberian,  or  Crab  Apple 

25 

8 

Sour  Apples,  quartered, 

10 

5 

Ripe  Currants, 

G 

8 

Wild  Grapes, 

10 

8 

Tomatoes, 

20 

0 

Gooseberries, 

8 

8 

Quince,  sliced, 

15 

10 

To  Pkeserve  Strawberries,  Raspberries, 
Blackberries,  Gooseberries,  Cherries,  ajstd 
Currants. — Strawberries  being  very  juicy  re- 
quire but  little  water.  Fill  the  jars  as  full  as  pos- 
sible without  crushing  the  fruit,  place  in  a  boiler 
of  cold  water — let  the  water  heat,  not  boil — when 
reduced  one  third  of  their  bulk,  remove  from  the 
boiler,  empty  every  third  jar  into  the  other  two, 
r6place  in  the  boiler,  boil  three  or  four  minutes, 
and  fill  with  hot  syrup,  using  only  sufficient  water 
to  dissolve  the  sugar,  let  the  steam  escape,  and 
seal  as  directed  for  other  fruits. 

Or  use  three  quarters  of  a  pouud  of  sugar  to 
one  pound  of  fruit;  sugar  the  berries,  and  let 
them  stand  ten  minutes,  put  in  a  preserving  ket- 
tle, and  let  them  boil  three  or  four  minutes.  Pre- 
pare the  jars  as  directed,  and  seal  quickly  while 
the  contents  are  hot. 

Apples — Take  well  flavored  apples ;  pare, 
quarter,  and  boil  till  tender,  but  not  to  break  in 
pieces.  Add  sugar  to  the  taste,  and  let  the  whole 
boil  up  once  or  twice.   Fill  the  jars,  and  seal. 

Another  Recipe. — Halve  and  core  ripe  and  ten- 
der apples,  fill  the  jar,  pour  in  the  syrup  till  the 
jar  is  half  full,  place  in  a  boiler  of  cold  water, 
boil  ten  minutes — if  there  is  a  vacuum,  fill  the  jar 
or  can  with  hot  S3rrup — after  standing  a  short  time 
to  settle,  seal  as  before  directed. 

Peaooes.— Secure  fine  ripe  peaches ;  pare  them, 


174 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


part  them  in  halves,  and  take  out  the  stones  ;  put 
them  in  water  as  soon  as  pared,  to  retain  the 
color ;  fill  the  jars  with  peaches,  packed  as  closely 
as  possible ;  add  syrup  till  the  can  or  jar  is  half 
full.  Place  in  a  vessel  of  cold  water,  and  boil, 
(see  recipe  for  time,)  and  seal  according  to  gen- 
eral directions. 

Another  Recipe. — After  preparing  the  peaches 
as  above,  fill  the  jars  first  with  peaches,  then  with 
pure  water;  boil  ten  minutes,  and  seal  up  hot. 
When  wanted  for  use,  pour  off  the  water  ;  put  the 
peaches  in  a  dish  and  sprinkle  with  sugar  an  hour 
before  wanted,  same  as  for  fresh  neaches. 

QuEsrcBS.— This  fruit  should  be  sliced  and  boiled 
in  water  till  tender,  then  fill  the  jars  or  cans,  add 
the  hot  syrup,  and  seal  as  directed. 

Pears. — ^Pears,  like  peaches  and  quinces, 
should  be  put  in  cold  water  immediately  after 
paring,  to  preserve  the  color.  Let  them  boil  till 
tender.  Fill  the  jars,  and  fill  with  hot  syrup ;  seal 
immediately. 

Another. — Take  good  preserving  pears ;  pare 
and  quarter  them.  Boil  in  a  small  quantity  of 
water  till  tender.  Take  about  one  fourth  the 
"  quantity  of  quinces,  and  prepare  in  the  same  way, 
then  put  both  together,  with  as  much  sugar  as  will 
sweeten  to  the  taste,  into  a  preserving  kettle,  and 
let  them  boil  three  or  four  minutes.  While  hot 
pour  into  the  jars ;  reference  should  be  made  to 
the  time  table. 

Plums. — Make  a  syrup,  using  half  a  pound  of 
sugar  to  a  pound  of  fruit.  Take  off  the  skins ; 
boil  the  plums  in  this  syrup  ten  minutes,  or  until 
the  fruit  is  tender,  fill  the  jars  and  seal  hot. 

Plums  may  also  be  cooked  in  the  jars,  and  by 
many  is  preferred.  Fill  the  jars  with  plums,  and 
half  full  of  syrup,  and  place  in  a  boiler  of  cold 
water,  boil  ten  minutes,  and  seal. 

Tomatoes.— Scald  and  remove  the  skins,  place 
in  the  jars  or  cans,  reduce  and  treat  as  directed 
for  strawberries.  Boil  from  ten  to  fifteen  minutes, 
fill  up  and  seal. 

Another. — Take  off  the  skins,  put  in  a  preserv- 
ing kettle  or  other  convenient  vessel  without  salt, 
and  boil  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  fill  the  jars  and 
seal  hot. 

To  Can  Whole — Scald  and  remove  the  skin; 
place  in  the  jars  until  full.  Boil  twenty  minutes, 
and  at  the  same  time  boil  some  tomatoes  in  a  dish 
or  pan ;  when  ready  to  seal,  fill  up  the  jars  or  cans 
with  tomatoes  and  juice  from  this  dish,  and  seal 
boiling  hot.  Tomatoes  should  be  cooked  and 
canned  in  nothing  but  their  own  juice. 

Preserving  Vegetables. — To  preserve  vegetables 
it  IS  absolutely  important  to  take  nothing  but  that 


which  is  fresh  from  the  vine  or  stalk.    If  at  all 
withered  or  decayed,  success  is  impossible. 

Corn. — Cut  from  the  cob,  put  the  corn  in  the 
jars  or  cans  with  the  milk  of  the  corn.  Very 
young  and  tender  corn  has  been  preserved  by 
boiling  one  hour.  But  corn  generally  should  be 
boiled  four  hours. 

Another. — Cook  the  corn  on  the  cob,  as  much 
as  when  it  is  prepared  for  eatiug,  then  cut  it  ofi 
and  press  it  tightly  into  the  jars  ;  boil  one  hour, 
seal  and  set  away  in  a  dry,  cool,  dark  place.  Jars 
or  cans  should  be  temporarily  shut  while  boiling. 

It  requires  a  much  longer  time  to  expel  all  the 
air  from  vegetables,  than  from  fruit.  This  fact 
not  being  understood,  has  caused  much  failure  in 
attempts  to  preserve  them. 

, ^   »   »    

ARTS  FOR  HOME  USE. 

The  immediate  application  of  modern  discover- 
ies in  science  and  art  to  the  practical  matters  of 
life,  and  especially  to  domestic  economies,  is  a 
prominent  characteristic  of  our  times.  Some  of 
our  readers  would  be  surprised  to  hear  what  a 
number  of  periodicals  in  this  country  and  Em'ope 
are  devoted  to  this  purpose.  From  nearly  all  of 
these — published  in  all  modern  European  lan- 
guages— the  readers  of  the  Ledger  are  from  time 
to  time  kept  informed  of  the  progress  made  in  the 
direction  indicated ;  sometimes  in  brief  para- 
graphs, sometimes  in  more  formal  articles.  In 
what  follows  we  have  grouped  together  a  few  such 
matters  on  practical  and  home  subjects,  that  will 
repay  those  who  cut  them  out  for  preservation. 
We  begin  with  a  very  homely  article :  I 

A  substance  called  "Starch  Lustre"  is  used  for 
washing  purposes,  which,  when  added  to  starch, 
causes  the  linen  to  which  it  is  applied  to  assume 
not  only  a  high  polish  but  a  dazzling  whiteness. 
A  portion  of  the  size  of  an  old-fashioned  cent 
added  to  half  a  pound  of  starch,  and  boiled  with 
it  for  two  or  three  minutes,  will  produce  the  best 
results.  This  substance  is  nothing  more  than 
stearine,  colored  by  a  slight  addition  of  ultra* 
marine  blue,  the  essential  ingredient  being  the 
stearine ;  and  with  or  without  the  coloring  mat- 
ter, will  be  found  to  add  much  to  the  beauty  of 
linen  articles  to  which  it  is  applied.  Stearine  is 
to  be  had  at  any  good  drug  store. 

For  the  preservation  of  the  lustre  of  articles  of 
silver  or  plated  ware,  when  not  needed  for  actual 
use  for  a  considerable  time,  a  coating  of  collodion 
(to  be  had  at  the  drug  stores),  may  be  employed 
to  great  advantage.  The  articles  are  to  be 
heated,  and  the  collodion  then  carefully  applied 
by  means  of  a  brush,  so  as  to  cover  the  surface 
thoroughly  and  uniformly.  It  is  used  most  con- 
veniently when  diluted  with  alcohol,  as  for  pho- 


THE  LANCASTER  I^ARMER. 


175 


tographic  purposes.  Articles  thus  prepared  ex- 
hibit no  trace  whatever  of  their  covering,  and 
have  stood  for  more  than  a  year  in  shop  windows, 
and  in  dwellings,  retaining  their  white  lustre  and 
color,  while  other  pieces  not  thus  prepared  be- 
come seriously  tarnished. 

A  material  for  fastening  knives  or  forks  into 
their  handles  when  they  have  become  loosened  by 
use,  is  a  much  needed  article.  The  best  cement 
for  this  pm'posG  consists  of  one  pound  of  colo- 
phony (purchasable  at  the  druggists'),  and  eight 
ounces  of  sulphur,  which  are  to  be  melted  togeth- 
er, and  either  kept  in  bars  or  reduced  to  powder. 
One  part  of  the  powder  is  to  be  mixed  with 
half  a  part  of  iron  filings,  fine  sand  or  brick  dust, 
and  the  cavity  of  the  handle  is  then  to  be  filled 
with  this  mixture.  The  stem  of  the  knife  or  fork 
is  then  to  be  heated  and  inserted  into  the  cavity ; 
and  when  cold,  it  will  be  found  fixed  in  its  place 
with  great  tenacity. 

Straw  hats  which  have  turned  yellow  may  be 
bleached  by  the  use  of  a  soap  prepared  by  taking 
any  good  soda  soap  and  precipitating  it  from  its 
solution  by  means  of  common  salt,  and  adding  to 
it  one-fourth  the  weight  of  sulphate  of  soda,  pre- 
viously rubbed  into  a  mass  with  water,  then 
drying  the  product.  About  equal  parts,  by 
weight,  of  water  are  to  be  poured  upon  this,  and 
for  every  two  pounds  of  soap,  half  an  ounce  of 
spirits  of  sal-ammoniac  is  to  be  added ;  and  after 
the  whole  has  assumed  a  gelatinous  consistency, 
one  part  of  the  mass  is  to  be  dissolved  in  eight 
parts  of  warm  water  ;  smaller  proportions  of  the 
foregoing  will,  of  course,  answer  for  a  few  articles. 
The  objects  to  be  bleached  are  to  be  washed  by 
means  of  a  brush  in  this  solution,  and  transferred, 
while  still  moist,  into  water  acidulated  with 
hydrochloric  acid,  (twenty-five  parts  water  to  one- 
and-a-half  of  acid),  and  allowed  to  remain  a  few 
hours  in  this  liquid.  They  are  then  to  be  washed 
with  fresh  cold  water  and  dried.  Experiment  has 
proved  the  results  of  this  method  of  bleaching  to 
be  exceedingly  satisfactory. 

An  excellent  water-proof  varnish,  without  alco- 
hol, for  various  articles,  is  prepared  by  taking 
three  parts,  by  weight,  of  pale  shellac,  one  part 
of  spirits  of  sal-ammouiac,  and  six  or  eight  of 
water,  and  shaking  them  together  m  a  bottle,  and 
to  be  then  corked  up  for  twelve  hours.  This  is 
then  placed  in  an  earthen  vessel  over  a  fire,  and 
boiled,  with  constant  stirring,  till  the  shellac  is 
dissolved.  This  solution  replaces  to  great  ad- 
vantage the  alcoholic  solutions  of  shellac ;  and 
when  mixed  with  about  twelve  parts  of  water, 
with  the  addition  of  terra  de  sienna  or  ochre,  can 
be  used  in  the  preparation  of  oil  cloths.  After  a 
little  exposure  to  the  air  the  ammonia  evaporates, 


and  leaves  a  layer  entirely  impervious  and  unal- 
tered by  water.  The  same  solution  may  also  be 
used  in  various  combinations  for  staining  wood  of 
a  brown  color,  and  rendering  it  at  the  same  time 
water-proof.  The  applications  in  this  direction 
will  suggest  themselves  readily  to  our  readers. 
It  is  an  interesting  fact,  in  connection  with  the 
substance,  that  it  readily  dissolves  certain  aniline 
olors,  as  green,  yellow,  blue,  etc.;  and  it  can 
thereby  be  employed  for  the  purpose  of  impart- 
ing a  brilliant  and  permanent  water-proof  color, 
and  of  imitating  many  articles.  In  decorative 
painting  it  replaces  to  great  advantage  the  various 
glues  and  sizinga  usually  employed,  and  which 
are  so  readily  acted  upon  by  atmospheric  and 
other  agencies. — Public  Ledger. 

^     m     m 

HOW  MUffiH? 

How  much  better  is  your  farm  than  it  was  one 
year  ago  ?  How  much  lovlier  have  you  made 
your  home  by  the  planting  of  trees  and  shrubs  ? 
How  much  better  is  your  stock  of  horses,  sheep, 
and  cattle  ?  How  much  of  error  have  you  dis- 
covered in  your  mode  of  treatment  of  the  differ- 
ent crops  you  have  grown  ?  How  much  have  you 
learned  from  your  neighbors,  from  your  agricul- 
tural paper,  from  your  experience  in  relation  to 
your  farm  operations  ?  How  much  have  you  done 
to  aid  your  wife  and  daughter  in  their  household 
duties  by  furnishing  them  with  improved  house- 
hold utensils,  and  the  better  location  and  arrange- 
ment of  wells,  cisterns,  walks,  wood  piles,  cellars 
and  dairy  rooms  ?  How  much  of  kindness  and 
charity  have  you  shown  towards  the  needy  and 
the  helpless  ?  How  much  better  husband,  father 
and  brother  are  you  than  you  were  one  year  ago  ? 

Now  is  the  time  to  reflect  upon  all  these  things. 

»   »   »        

Raising  Celery.— The  successful  raising  of 
celery  is  one  of  the  most  difficult  things  to  achieve 
in  garden  culture.  It  requires  nearly  as  much 
attention  as  hot-house  grapes.  The  failure  in 
raising  this  vegetable,  which  is  the  rule,  is  mainly 
from  neglect  of  certain  conditions.  These  are — 
1.  Trenches  should  be  dug  from  eight  to  ten  in- 
ches in  depth,  in  rich  soil.  2.  The  trenches 
should  be  half  filled  with  well-rotted  manure, 
mixed  with  the  soil,  in  which  the  plants  should  be 
set  well  down.  3.  There  should  be  only  a  single 
row  of  plants,  instead  of  two  or  more,  as  is 
commonly  the  case.  4.  The  plants  should  be 
set  out  from  ten  days  to  two  weeks  earlier  than 
is  customary  ;  that  is  to  say,  for  the  first  crop  the 
last  week  in  June,  and  the  rest, or  the  bulk  of  the 
crop,  in  the  two  first  weeks  in  July.  Boards 
should  be  placed  over  the  rows  to  protect  the 
plants  against  the  scorchings  of  the  sun,  from  ten 


176 


THE  LANCASTER  FABMER. 


to  four  o'clock,  until  they  have  taken  a  firm  grasp 
of  the  earth  and  commence  growing.  They  should 
be  watered  for  some  time,  in  the  absence  of  rain, 
twice  a  day,  afterwards  once  a  day.  After  grow- 
ing about  eight  inches,  the  earth  should  be  care- 
fully drawn  to  the  rows,  and  continued  gradually 
as  the  growth  progresses.  Manure-water  is  ex- 
cellent, and  should  be  applied  at  least  twice  a 
week  until  the  middle  of  October.  Guano-water 
is  the  best.  In  drawing  the  earth  to  the  plants, 
care  must  be  taken  not  to  cover  the  leaders  and 
stunt  the  growth.  Use  the  hand  altogether  in 
distributing  the  soil  about  the  plants  and  releas- 
ing the  leaves  when  covered.  Celery  can  be  pro- 
duced four  feet  in  length  from  the  root  to  the  top 
of  the  leaves,  by  good  management,  and  we 
have  so  grown  it  more  than  once  upon  our  own 

premises. 

^    »    »  

American  Sumac. — We  have,  on  several  oc- 
casions, urged  our  people  to  attend  a  little  to  the 
mine  of  wealth  about  them  in  the  shape  of  native 
sumac,  instead  of  importing  at  the  present  pre- 
vailing prices.  We  are  glad  to  see  that  something 
is  now  being  done. 

Mr.  A.  S.  McRae,  oil  and  produce  broker,  Liver- 
pool, writes  to  the  New  York  Journal  of  Com- 
merce^ that  he  received  a  lot  of  American  sumac 
from  Philadelphia,  a  sample  of  which  was  ana- 
lyzed for  him  by  Hudson  and  Arrott,  chemists  of 
Liverpool,  with  the  following  result : 

Tannin 20.80  ) 

Sand 75  V  100 

Vegetable  matter. . » ,  78.45  ) 

On  this  result  Mr.  McRae  says :  "  The  average 
of  tannin  in  the  best  Sicily  sumacs,  is  16  per  cent, 
(authority  Prof.  Muspratt.)  Our  first  commercial 
analysts  have  seen  it  as  high  as  26  per  cent  (and 
this  only  one  sample  within  the  last  twelve 
months),  and  American  (Philadelphia)  is  produc- 
ing at  20  per  cent.  Kow  for  value :  The  lowest 
sumacs  of  any  kind  yield  7  per  cent,  tannin,  and 
sell  at  £8  10s.  per  ton — this  is  French.  The 
Sicily  Sumac,  giving  16  to  26  per  cent.,  sells  at 
£13  to  £24  per  ton.  American,  therefore,  with 
20  per  cent,  tannin,  should  command  (and  will,  in 
time)  £16  per  ton  I" 

The  sumac  sent  from  Philadelphia  was  the 
Rhus  glabra,  which  abounds  on  dry  hills  from 
Canada  to  Florida,  and  may  be  had  for  the  gather- 
ing. There  is  no  doubt  but  a  fine  business  may 
be  done  with  it. — Gardenerh  Monthly. 

^    »    »     . 

A  Remedy  Against  Insects.— We  found  it 
next  to  impossible,  last  year,  says  the  Germantown 
Telegraph,  to  protect  the  young  canteloupe  vines 
against  the  persistent  attacks  of  the  black  gnat 


and  the  striped  bug.  Even  young  radishes, 
which  we  had  always  found  before  a  sure  protec- 
tion, had  little  or  no  effect.  Eventually  soap-suds 
were  applied,  which  seemed  to  do  the  business, 
both  in  driving  them  away,  and  in  keeping  them 
away.  They  should  be  applied  several  times, 
and  always  after  a  rain  has  washed  off  the  effects 
of  the  previous  sprinkling.  Whale-oil  soap  is  the 
best  for  this  purpose,  using  about  one  pound  to 
four  gallons  of  water.  This  soap  can  be  obtamed 
at  the  agricultural  stores,  generally,  as  well  as  at 

some  of  the  drug  and  grocery  stores. 

^    ■    » • 

To  Grow  Horse  Hair.— Oftentimes  the  owner 
of  a  valuable  horse  discovers  a  spavin  or  curb 
makmg  its  appearance  ;  a  blister  is  applied,  and 
many  times  the  hair  comes  off,  which  as  a  nat- 
ural consequence  the  owner  wishes  to  have  grow 
out  as  soon  as  possible.  Now,  I  her-ewith  send  a 
recipe  which  will  cause  the  hair  to  start  right 
away  on  bare  spots  caused  by  blistering,  harness* 
gall,  or  otherwise.  Take  an  old  boot  or  shoe, 
place  it  on  the  fire,  burn  to  a  coal,  pulverize  and 
mix  with  hog's  lard  to  a  very  thin  paste.  A  few 
applications  of  this  paste  to  the  places  will  do  the 
work. 


REVIEW  OP  MARKETS. 


PHILADELPHIA  GRAIN  MARKET, 


Thursday  Evening,  October  21. 

Flour.— There  Is  very  little  demand  either  for  export  or 
home  use,  and  the  market  continues  dull ;  about  1200  barrels 
changed  hands,  Including  superfine  at  $5  SOaG  75  ^  bbl ; 
extra  at  $6a>6  25;  northwest  extra  tamily  at  $6  ST^aiT;  Penn- 
sylvania do  do  at  $6  25ffl6  75 ;  Ohio  and  Indiana  do  do  at 
$6  60«n7  ;  and  fancy  brands  at  $7  60«r9,  according  to  quality. 
Rye  Flour  sells  at  $6  ^  bbl. 

Grain Wheat,  as  we  have  noticed  for  several  days  past, 

continues  very  dull,  but  prices  are  without  material  change  ; 
sales  of  6000  bushels  western  and  Pennsylvania  red  at  $1  37 «» 
1  40  ;  and  500  bushels  Ohio  and  Delaware  do  at  $1  40.  Rye  is 
selling  at  $1  05ail  10  ^  bushel  for  Western.  Corn  is  dull  at 
the  decline  noted  yesterday ;  sales  of  1000  bushels  western 
yellow  at  $1  03,  and  7000  bushels  western  mixed  at  94a98c,  the 
latter  rate  for  high  mixed.  Oats  are  firm  but  quiet.  Sales  of 
5500  bushels  western  and  Pennsylvania  at  56a60c.  Barley  is 
dull  and  unsettled  ;  sales  of  3000  bushels  two-rowed  New  York 
at  $1  15al  25,  and  5000  bushels  four-rowed  at  $1  40.  The  re- 
ceipts to-day  are  as  follows:  1955  bbls  flour,  14,800  bushel* 
wheat,  8235  bushels  corn  and  7424  bushels  oats. 

Provisions — The  market  continues  quiet,  but  prices  are  un- 
changed. Sales  of  mess  Pork  at  $31a32  50  ^  bbl.  Bacon 
Ham8atr9xa2ixc  ;  pickled  Hanjs  at  ISalS^c;  salt  Shoulders 
sold  at  15)^  c  ^  lb,  and  smoked  Souldersat  lesijanc,  and  Lard 
at  18c  ^  ft. 

Seeds— Cloverseed  is  dull ;  200  bushels  sold  at  S6  50a8  ^ 
bushel.  Timothy  is  dull ;  150  bushels  sold  in  lots  at  $3  50. 
Flaxseed  sells  on  arrival  at  $2  55. 


HOUSEHOLD  MARKET. 


Lancaster,  Oct.  27. 
Butter  sold  at  45a48,  and  some  at  40c  ;  Eggs,  30a32c.  ^  doz.; 
Lard,  20a22c.;  live  Chickens,  50c. aRl  ^  pair  ;  dressed  Chick- 
ens 40a50c.  each  ;  Sau8ageB,20a22c.  ^  lb.;  Beef  by  the  quarter, 
lOallc.  for  front,  and  12al3c.  W  lb-  for  hind  quarter.  Pota- 
toes, 60a65c.  ^  bus.,  according  to  quality,  and  8al0c.  ^  % 
peck ;  Turnips,  8al0c.  W  }i  peck ;  Onions,  20c.;  Apples,  12a 
18c.^)ipeck;  Cider,  30c.  4^  gallon  at  reiail,  and  86a6  50  ^ 
bbl. 'Without  the  vessel ;  Chestnuts,  15a20c.  ^  quart ;  Buck- 
wheat flour,  »1.25  W  quarter  of  25  lbs.;  Corn,  90c. a$l  W  bus., 
Oats,  $1.80a2  ^  bag  of  3  bus.,  according  to  quality. 


World  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company, 

NO.    IGO    BROADWAY,    NEW    YORK. 

J-  F-  FREUAUFP,  General  Agent^i 

No.  5  North.  Queen  Street,  Ijancaster,  PS'* 

A.  B.  REIDENBACH,  Litiz,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
SAMUEL  L.  YETTER,  Elizabethtown,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
J.  M.  GRAYBILL,  Columbia,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

Average  per  centage  of  realized  cash  assets  to  total  assets  of  the  New  York  Life  losurfince  Companies,  Decern. 

berSl,  1868 , ^^* 

Pcrccntagre  ofthc  World  IVIatual .7454 

Average  of  losses  paid  to  total  income  of  the  New  York  Life  Insurance  Companies li.^S 

Per  centagre  oftheWorld  Mutual, 11.08 

Average  of  losses  to  amoudt  insured  of  the  New  York  Life  Insurance  Companies. ^2 

Per  centage  of  the 'World  Mutual, -49 

Average  of  realized  cash  assets  on  hand  for  each  dollar  of  insurance  liabilities  (25  companies)  excepting  Companios 

commencing  business  in  1868 oW 

Per  centag-e  of  the  World  Mutual, 1.3550 

JACOB  BAUSMAN,  President  Farmers'  National  Bank.         Maj.  JAS.  F.  RICKSECKER,  City  Treasurer. 

CHRIS'N  B.  HERR,  Pres't  Lancaster  Co.  Nat'l  Bank.  N.  ELLMAKER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Messrs.  BAIR  &  SHENK,  Bankers.  B.  F.  BAER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Judge  A.  L.  HAYES.  Col.  WM.  L.  BEAR,  Prothonotary.  J.  F.  LONG  &  SON,  Druggists. 

No  farmer  is  Justified  in  ex])Osing  his  creditors^  his  tvife,  or  his  children,  to  the  loss 
certain  to  occur  to  them  tipon  his  death,  without  a  Life  Insurance  Policy  for  their 
benefit,  and  in  no  Couipany  can  this  he  done  tvith  more  safety  and  under  better  man- 
agement than  in  the  above.    See  one  of  their  Agents  and  have  him  explain  all  about  it, 

$200         "     ^~~  Wo. 

H:A.RVEST  of  1869. 

COMBINED  SELF-RAKING  REAPER  AND  MOWER 

After  our  success  in  tlic  Harvest  of  1868,  in  pleasing  our  customers  with  a  neat,  light,  durable,  and  a  com 
plete  Combined  Harvester,  we  again  come  into  the  market  for  the  Harvest  of  1869  with  our  VALLEY  CHIEF 
feeling  a  great  confidence  in  its  superiority. 

We  offer  this  machine  still  at  the  low  price  of  $200,  and  when  a  farmer  is  offered  a  first-class  Mower  and 
Self-Raking  Reaper  Combined  at  this  price,  it  is  well  for  him  to  examine  info  the  merits  of  the  offer.  As  a 
Mower,  it  has  been  tried  in  the  worst  kinds  of  heavy  meadow  grass  and  lodged  clover  and  has  gone  through 
it  triumphantly,  and  we  call  on  our  hundreds  of  customers  in  Lancaster  county  and  elsewhere  to  speak  a  good 
word  for  the  Marsh  Self-Rake.  We  claim  that  this  Self-Rake  in  heavy  tangled  grain  or  lodged  oats  is  the  m  ost 
simple  and  eflBcient  one  ever  invented.  It  is  not  a  new  thing,  but  has  been  most  severely  tested  all  over  the 
United  States,  as  well  as  in  England  and  France.  We  think  no  other  one  in  the  market  can  fairly  compe  te 
with  it.  See  what  the  report  of  the  great  National  Reaper  trial  held  at  Auburn,  New  York,  by  the  New 
York  Agricultural  Society,  says  on  page  41  and  42  :  It  performed  better  than  was  expected  of  any  Self-Rake, 
as  it  raked  off  heavy,  tangled,  wet  grain.  And  in  their  language,  Reapers  are  not  built  for  so  severe  a  test ; 
they  gave  it  the  highest  mark  for  perfect  work. 

The  VALLEY  CHIEF  is  a  simple  two-wheeled  machine,  having  side  delivery  which  throws  the  grain  en- 
tirely out  of  the  way  of  the  team  for  the  next  round.  It  has  a  rear  cut,  a  floating  finger  bar,  the  guards  or 
fingers  are  made  of  the  best  wrought  iron,  faced  with  steel.  The  height  of  the  cut  can  be  altered  with  ease 
while  in  motion,  tlms  enabling  one  to  pass  obstructions  or  cut  long  or  short  stubble  and  the  whole  machine  is 
built  with  an  eye  to  convenience,  simjilici/i/  and  durabililtj.  This  Machine  is  built  in  Lancaster  county,  one  of 
the  heaviest  grass  and  wheat  growing  districts  in  the  United  States,  and  we  have  had  every  opportuuity 
of  knowing  what  is  wanted.  In  this  machine  we  have  a  combination  of  a  complete  Mower  with  a  first-clasa 
Self-Raking  Reaper,  thus  giving  our  customers  a  simple,  strong  and  handy  machine  which  two  horses  can 
draw  with  ease. 

Please  call  and  see  this  machine  at  our  manufactory,  in  Mount  Joy,  Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  or  on  D.  Burk- 
holder,  Agent,  at  Mrs.  Neher's  Saloon,  Southwest  corner  of  Centre  Square,  Lancaster.  Pa.,  or  at  Yundt's  Corn 
Exchange  Hotel.  M^RSH,  OMER  «Sc  CO. 


Lancaster,  June  25th,  18C8, 
Editors  Express  Dr.  "Wm.  M.  Whiteside,  the  enterpris- 
ing Dentist,  has  purchased  from  me  a  large  stock  of  teeth  and 
all  the  fixtures,  the  instruments  formerly  belonging  to  me,  and 
also  those  used  by  ray  father.  Dr.  Parry,  in  his  practice.  In 
the  purchase,  the  doctor  has  provided  himself  with  some  of 
the  most  valuable  and  expensive  instruments  used  in  dental 
practice,  and  has  beyond  doubt  one  of  the  best  and  largest 
collections  of  teeth  and  instruments  in  the  State.  Persons 
visiting  the  commodious  offices  of  Dr.  Whiteside,  cannot  fail 
to  be  fully  accommodated.  The  Doctor  loses  no  opportunity 
of  furnishing  himself  with  every  late  scientific  improvement 
in  his  line  of  business.  H.  B.  PARKY. 

Wn  m.  WTHITSSSIDE^ 

OBHTIST3 

Office  and  Residence, 

EAST  KINO  STREET, 

I^ext  door  to  the  Court  House,  over  Fahnestock's  Dry 
Goods  Store, 

LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

Teeth  Extracted  tvithout  pain  by  the  use  of 
{Nitrous  Oxide)  Gas, 


BOOKS  AND  STATIONERY. 

A  Full  assortment  of 

SCHOOL,   MISCELLANEOUS,  AGRI- 
CULTURAL AND  HORTI- 
CULTURAL BOOKS, 

A  large  stock  of 

STA-TIOiTEIlY, 

WHICH  WILL  BE  SOLD  AT 

GREATLY  REDUCED  PRICES, 

On  account  of  removal  April  1st,  1869,  to 

No.  52  North  Queen  Street, 

(KRAMP'S  BUILDING) 

Four  Doors  above  Orange  Street. 

Subscriptions  received  for  all  the  Agricultural  and 
Horticultural  Magazines. 

J.  H.  SHEAFFER'S 

Cheap  Cash  Book  Store,  No.  52  N.  Queen 
Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 

Dr.  N.  B.  BRISBINE, 

No.  93  EAST  KING  STREET,  Above  Lime. 

The  Doctor  pays  special  attention  to  all  old  obstmate 
diseases,  such  as  Consumption,  Liver  Complaint,  Dys- 
pepsia, Rheumatism,  all  diseases  of  the  Heart,  Head, 
Throat,  Lungs,  Stomach,  Bowels,  Kidjueys,  Nervous 
Debility,  General  Debility,  &c.  The  doctor  makes  ex- 
aminations of  the  Urine.    Consultation  Free. 


S.  WELCHENS,  D,  D.  S., 

SURGEON   DENTIST,      i 

Office  and  Mesidence^ 

HOWELL'S  BUILDING,  No.  m  NORTH  aUEEN  ST,, 

Half  a  square  south  of  the  R.  U.  Depot. 

Twenty  Years'  Successful  Practice  in  Lancaster 


The  Latest  improvements  in  INSTRUMENTS 
and  TEETH  and  the  very  best  material.  Warranted 
in  all  operations. 

TEETH  EXTRACTED  WITHOUT  PAIN  with 
the  use  of  Nitrous  Oxide  Gas,  Ether,  or  the  Ether 
Spray. 

TERMS,  as  low  as  any  in  the  city,  when  low  priced 
material  and  low  priced  work  are  used. 

But  for  FIRST-CLASS  OPERATIONS,  with  ap- 
pliances and  material  to  correspond,  prices  range 
higher. 

S.  WELCHENS,  D.  D.  S. 


THOS.  J.  WENTZ, 

SUCCESSOR  TO 

WENTZ  BROTHERS, 

SiaN  OF  THE  BEE  HIVE, 

No.  5  EAST  KING  STREET,  LANCASTER,  PENN'A., 

DEALER  IN 

FOREM  m  DOMESTIC  DRY  GOODS, 

GIjASS   AJVJ9    qV£JENS\V^RJ!:, 

Carpets,  Oil  Cloths,  Window  Shades. 

SPECIAL  ATTENTION  PAID  TO 

IL^D^ii'  ©(^iiS  (i(D©©i 

Shawls  and  Embroideries,  Cloths  and  Cassimeres, 

Handkerchiefs,    Gloves   and   Hosiery, 

Best  Kid   Gloves. 

The  Choicest  of  the  Market,  and  at  the  Lowest  Possible, 
Prices. 

EEMEMBEB  THE  PLACE  TO  BUY. 

THOS.  J.  WENTZ, 

Bee  Hive  Store,  No.  5  E.  King  St. 


DEALER  IN 

FOREM  AND  AMERICAN  WATCHES, 

IN  GOLD  AND  SILVER  CASES, 

CLOCKS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION, 

Jewelry  in  all  Its  Sbapes  ana  Forms, 

SILVER  WARE,  designed  for  Bridal  Presents 

BRACKETS,  TOILET    SETS,    VASES,    SPECTACLES, 

GOLD  PENS,  &c.,  &c..  &c 

No.  V)%  West  King  Street,  opposite  the  Gross  Keys  Hotel, 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


FARMERS 

LOOK  TO  YOUR 

FRUIT  TREES. 

Best's  Improved  Fruit  Tree  and  Vine 
Insect  Destroyer,  is  the  great- 
est discovery  of  the  age. 

The  following  gentlemeu,  with  their  P.  O.  addresses,  have 
given  it  a  thorough  trial,  and  all  speak  of  it  as  the  best  prepa- 
ration that  has  ever  been  used,  and  any  one  desiring  their 
certificates  (which  we  hold,)  can  have  them  by  writing  to  us. 
S.  G.  Weachter,  RothSTiUe,  P.  O-,  Lan.  Co. ;  Wm.  Burgess, 
Brickersville,  Lan.  Co.  ;  Henry  Brackbill,  Leamon  Place, 
Lan.  Co.;  John  Stultzfus,  Churchtown,  Lan.,  Co.;  Joseph 
Shertz,  Churchtown,  Lan.  Co.;  Cyrus  Fox,  Reinholdsville, 
Lan.  Co. ;  H.  K.  Stoner,  Lan.  City  ;  Hon.  John  C.  Evans, 
Morgantown,  Berks  Co.;  Joseph  Broadbent,  Morg.antown, 
Berks  Co.  ;  John  and  Daniel  Plank,  Morgantown,  Berks  Co.  ; 
Adam  Styer,  Morgantown,  Berks  Co. ;  Joseph  Minker,  Birds- 
bor.,  Berks  Co.  ;  Geo.  Maxton,  Mt.  Airy,  Berks  Co.  ;  Col. 
Thos.  Bull,  Loogs,  Chester  Co. ;  Christian  Kurtz,  Blue  Rock, 
Chester  Co.  ;  John  Mingle,  Morgantown,  Berks  Co.  ;  F. 
Leaf  Smith,  Esq.,  Reading,  Pa.,  and  many  others. 

The  preparation  should  be  used.  We  have  a 
powerful  ingredient  added  since  Spring.  If  it  will 
not  do  all  our  circulars  set  forth,  we  will  RETUR^N^ 
THE  MONEY  to  all  who  buy  of  us. 

S200  will  be  paid  for  the  conviction  of  any  one 
using  the  preparation  without  having  purchased  of 
us. 

TOWNSHIP  AND  SINGLE    RIGHTS 
FOR  SALE. 

For  Circulars,  address  with  Postage  Stamp/ 

KVAIVTS  «£  CO., 

Proprietors  of  Lan.  Co. 


P.  E.  GRUGER. 


J.  P.  GRUGER. 


GRUGER  BROTHERS, 

MARBLE  MASONS, 

14  South  dueen  St.,  Lancaster,  Fa., 

Have   always   on   hand  or   will  furnish   to  order   at 

SHORT  NOTICE, 

MONUMENTS, 

TOMBS, 

GRAVE  STONES, 

&c.,  &c. 

We  pay  particular  and  personal  attention  both  to  the 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MATERIAL  and  the  EXECU. 
TION  OF  OUR  WORK,  and  our  facilities  now  are  such 
that  we  can  guarantee  our  customers  the  very  best 
work,  at  the  same,  and  often  Lower  Prices,  than  are 
usually  paid  elsewhere  for  inferior  productions. 

Lettering 


in 


English 


and 


German, 

ELEGANTLY  AND  CORRECTLY  DONE. 

We  earnestly  invite  our  country  friends  to   give  U3  a 
call. 


SHULTZ  &  BRO. 

Manufacturers,  'Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 

h:a.ts. 

Caps  and  Furs, 

LADIES'  FANCY  FURS 

HOODS, 

TRIMMED  GLOVES  AND  MITTS, 
Gents'    Gloves,    Capes    and    Collars 

Fancy  Robes, 
BLA^ISTKETS,    &C. 

20     North    Queen    Street, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 


AMERICAN  WATCHES 


H.  L  RHOADS  5^  BROm 

JVo.  23  West  King  Street, 

late  the  Lamb  Hotel, 
AND  Opposite  Coopek's  Hotel, 

DEALERS    IN 


"^^TOHES, 


if  J 


0"  E -^T?- E  Xi  E.  "S- , 

CLOCKS  AND  SPECTACLES. 


THE  UNDERSIGNED  REPRESENTS  THE 


Y, 


AND  ALSO  THE 


NJQBTH  ^liRte^M 


Life  ai  AccMeit  iDsnraice  Compaaj, 

Both  stable  and  well  established  companies,  the  former 
having  a  capital  of  $1000,000,  and  the  latter  $500,- 
000. 

The  plan  of  issuing  policies  by  the  Brooklyn  Life 
Insurance  Company  presents  a  feature  altogether 
unique,  and  one  which  removes  one  of  the  strongest 
objection,  hitherto  urged  against  the  plan  of  Life  Insur- 
ance ;  and  this  is  what  is  termed  the  Suerender  Value 
Plan.  Each  and  every  Policy  issued  in  the  name  of 
this  Company  bears  an  endorsement,  stating  the  exact 
worth  of  the  policy  in  Cash,  at  any  time  after  two  or 
more  annual  premiums  have  been  paid. 

Insurance  can  also  be  effected  in  the  North  American 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  at  lower  rates,  it  is  be- 
lieved, than  in  any  other  Company  in  the  United  States. 

All  desirous  of  securing  insurance  upon  their  lives 
can  do  so  by  calling  upon  the  undersigned. 

ALLEN  GUTHRIE,  Agt, 

East  Liemon  Sti-eet, 

LANCASTER,  PA. 

REED,  M'GRANN  &  CO.r 

LANCASTER,    PENN'A, 

Dealers  in  United  States  Bonds  and  all 
kinds  of  Railroad  Stock  and  State  Loans. 

Buy  and  Sell  Gold,  Silver,  and  United 
States  Coupons. 

Sell  Bills  of  Exchange  on  Europe  and  Passage 
Certificates. 

Receive  Money  on  Deposit  and  pay  Interest  as 
follows : 

1  month,  4  per  cent.,      6   months,  5    per  cent. 

3      "        4i  "  12      "        5i 

FOR  SALE  AT 

Chas.  A.  Heinitsli's  Drug  Store,  13  E.  King  St., 

LANCASTER,    PENNA., 

German    Cattle    Powders! 

The  best  Powder  made  for  the  Cure  and  Prevention  of  Dis- 
eases to  which  Oxen,  Milk  Cows,  Sheep  and  Hogs,  are  subject. 
For  Stock  Cattle  preparing  for  market,  a  table  spoonlul  in 
their  ietd  once  or  twice  a  week,  improves  their  condition  bv 
strengthening  theit  digestive  organs,  and  creates  solid  tiesn 
and  fat. 

GERMAN   VEGETABLE   OR    UNRIVALLED    CONDI- 
TION POWDERS 
For  preserving  Horses  in  good  health,  removing  all  Diseases 
of  the  Skin,  giving  a  Smooth  and  Glossy  appearance,  also  a 
sure  remedy  for  Distemper,  Hidebound,  Loss  of  Appetite,  &c. 

PERSIAN  INSECT  POWDER. 
A  perfectly  safe,  quick  and  easily  applied  destroyer  of  Lice 
on  Cattle,  Fleas,  Bedbugs,  &c. 

PYROLIGNEOUS  ACID. 
A  substitute  for  curing  Beef,  Pork.  Hams,  Tongue?,  Smoked 
Sausages,  Fish,  &c.,  without  the  danger  and  trouble  of  smok- 
ing, iiupartiug  a,  rich  flavor  and  color. 


CHARLES  T.  GOULD, 

CHAIK     MANUFACTUKEK, 

No.  37  North  Queen  St.,  Lancaster, 

(NEXT   DOOR  TO  SHOBER'S  HOTEL,) 

Old  Chairs  Re-painted  and  Repaired. 
CHRISTIAN  WIDMYER, 

S.  E.  Cor.  East  Kin^  &  Duke  Sts.,  Lancaster. 

Cabinet  Work  of  every  description  and  a  full 

assortment  of  Chairs  constantly  on  hand. 
IX^All  Warranted  as  Hepresented.  ,^£j\ 

JACOB  ROTHARMEL, 

FBEMIUM 
DEALER    IN 

(SomB.s  aad  f  ai@|  Article's, 

No.  94  North  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 


CRUCER  &  RICE, 

DRUGGISTS  &  APOTHECARIES, 

Ko.  3    WEST  KING  STREET, 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  STEINMAN'S   HARDWARE  STORE, 

Lancaster,   Pa, 

Have  always  on  hand  Pure,  Keliable  Drugs  and  Medi- 
cines, Chemicals,  Spices,  Perfumery  and  Toilet 
Articles.     Also  Flavoring  Extracts  of 
their  own  Manufacture,  and  of 
unsurpassed  quality. 

Sole  Agents  for  Hasson's  Compound  Syrup  op  Tar,  the 
best  Cough  Medicine  in  the  market.  We  have  also  on  hand  in 
season  an  assortment  of  Landreth's  Warranted  Garden  Seeds. 

The  public  can  rely  upon  alwats  getting  wuat  tuey 

ASK  FOR  AND  NO  SUBSTITUTES. 


GEO.   F.     ROTE, 

UNDERTAKER, 

Corner   South    Queen   and    Vine    Streets, 
LANCASTER,    PA. 

Coffins  of  all  sizes  always  on  hand,  and  furnished  at 
Shortest  Notice. 


J.  B.  KEVINSKI, 

DEALER  IN 

Pianos,  Organs,  and  Melodeons, 

AND  MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS  GENERALLY, 

A  large  assortment  of  Violins,  Flutes,  Guitars,  Banjos, 

Tamborines,  Accordions,  Fifes,  Harmonicas,  and 

Musical  Merchandise   always  on  hand. 

SHEET  MUSIO:  A  large  stock  on  hand  and  constantly  re 
celving  all  the  latest  publications  as  soon  as  issued. 

MUSIO  BT  MAIL :  I  would  inform  persons  wishing  Music, 
that  Music  and  Musical  Books  will  be  sent  by  mail  free  of 
postage  when  the  marked  price  is  remitted. 

iiECALCOMAN  lA,  or  the  art  of  Transferring  Pictures.  Can 
be  transleired  to  any  object.  I  would  call  especial  attention 
of  Coachmakers  to  my  stock  of  Decalcomania. 


Xj^ISTIDIS  &c  CO., 


James   Street,    Lancaster,    Pa., 

ARE  PEEPARED  TO  DO  ALL  KINDS  OF 


IC 


f 


BUILD  LARGE  AND  SMALL  ENGINES, 

FIIUEYS,  lillEIS,  USE  &  WITEI- 

MILL     GEA^EIISra, 

And  all  kind  of  Machine  Work  done  at  a  first  class  Shop. 

Having  recently  removed   to   their   new  building,  and  provided  themselves 
with  a 

;  LARGE  ASSORTMENT  OF  MACHINERY 

Adapted  to  the  wants  of  their  customers,  they  are  prepared  to  execute  all  or- 
ders with  neatness  and  dis^^atch,  and  on  terms  satisfectory  to  the  customer. 
They  would  invite  attention  to  their  large  foundry  connected  with  their  works, 
in  which  the  best  work  is  turned  out. 

They  also  announce  that  they  are  now  prepared  to  supply  their 


^11 


al 


J 


TO  ALL  CUSTOMERS. 


This  Machine  requires  Less  Power,  does  More  Work,  and  is  considerably 
Cheaper  than  any  other  Separator  now  in  the  market.  This  Machine  is  now 
improved,  well  built,  and  does  the  best  and  most  efficient  class  of  work. 

Made   to   order   on   a   new  set   of  STANDARD    DIES. 

Repairing  of  all  kinds  promptly  done  at  reasonable  rates*. 

Give  us  a  call,  and  we  will  endeavor  to  please  our  patrons. 

FRANK  LANDIS, 
EZRA  F.  LANDIS, 
JACOB  LANDIS. 


Dlller  &  Groff's  Hardware  Store, 

No.  8  East  King  Street,  Lancaster  City,  Penna. 

DEALERS    IN 

Foreign  and  Domestic  Hard^v^are, 

Such  as  Building  Material,  Paints,  Varnishes,  Oils,  Glass,  Coach  Trimmings,  Stoves, 

Iron   and   Steel,  &c.,   &c.,   &c. 

MOUSB      FiaRHXSJEJIIHrG     GOOOS. 

TIMOTHY  AND  CLOVER  SEEDS  OF  THf  BEST  QUALITY. 


A.MOS    MILEY'S 

H  .A.  H  3Sr  E  S  S 

No.  37  North  Queen  St., 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  SHOBER'S  HOTEL,  LANCASTER,  PA. 

y 

WAGON  GEARS,  WHIPS,  BUFFALO  ROBES, 

BLAEETS,  TRUNKS,  VALISES,  CARPET  BA&S,  LADIES'  &  GENTS'  SATCHELS, 

Of  all  kinds  constantly  kept  on  hand  or  made  to  order.    Repairing  neatly  done. 

Also,  Agent  for  BAKER'S  HOOF  LINIMENT,  the  best  article  for  Sore 
Hoofs  in  the  country. 

J.  M.  WESTHAEFFER, 

,  fflTlB,  f  id  WM,  M,  kl 

44,  Corner  North  Queen  and  Orange  Streets, 

N.  B, — ^Any  Book  ordered  can  be  sent  by  mail  to  any  address. 


TO    BTJILIDEK-S  I 

PLASTIC  SLATE!! 

The  Greatest  Koofing  Material  of  the  Age ! 

IS  NOW  OFFERED  TO  THE  PEOPLE  OF 

LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTY,  MD., 

WITH  A  PROMISE  OF  THE  FOLLOWING  ADVANTAGES : 

It  is  superior  to  other  coverings  for  all  kinds  of  buildings  for  these  reasons  : 

1.  It  is  water,  snow  and  air-proof  from  the  beginning,  and  is  as  fire-proof  as  ordinary  slate.  (See  testimo- 
nials New  York  Fire  Insurance  Companies.) 

2.  It  keeps  buildings  warmer  in  winter  and  does  not  make  them  hot  in  summer  as  ordinary  slate  does,  and 
it  can  be,  after  the  first  year,  whitewashed  or  painted  any  desired  color  so  as  to  obviate  all  difficulty  arising 
from  its  dark  color. 

3.  Being  entirely  water  and  fire-proof,  it  is  invaluable  as  a  covering  for  the  sides  of  buildings  and  Itning 
cisterns  of  whatever  material  they  may  be  built ;  stopping  water  out  of  cellars  and  dampness  out  of  walls  of 
houses,  and  closing  leaks  between  buildings. 

4.  Adhering,  as  it  does,  with  great  firmness  to  tin  and  iron,  it  is  useful  for  covering  tin  roofs  andiron  exposed 
to  dampness  or  to  the  atmosphere,  such  as  iron  fences,  cemetery-railings,  &c. 

5.  Buildings  covered  with  PLASTIC  SLATE  do  not  need  tin  spouts  at  the  eaves  nor  do  the  valleys  need  tin 
to  make  them  water  proof. 

6.  It  is  lighter  than  shingles,  and  is  equally  adapted  to  flat  or  steep  roofs. 

7.  The  testimony  of  Wm.  M'Gilvray  &  Co.,  published  herewith,  shows  that  it  is  not  only  fire  proof  exter- 
nally, but,  is  also  a  great  hindrance  to  the  spread  of  fire  within. 

8.  It  is  much  cheaper  in  first-cost  than  any  good  roofing  now  in  use,  and  when  all  attendant  expenses  of  the 
two  roofs  are  estimated,  costs  only  about  half  as  much  as  the  best  slate,  and  it  makes  a  better  and  closer  roof. 

9.  For  the  roofing  of  foundries  and  casting-houses  of  blast  furnaces,  where  there  are  gases  of  a  very  high 
temperature,  which  injures  and  destroys  other  roofs,  this  material  is  improved  and  seems  to  produce  a  belter 
roof,  (see  certificates  of  Messrs.  Grubb,  Musselman  &  Watts,  S.  M.  Brua  and  Wm.  M'Gilvray.) 

10.  If  in  process  of  years  cracks  or  leaks  occur  in  Plastic  Slate  Roofs,  they  are  about  as  easily  repaired,  as 
they  would  be  to  white-wash,  needing  only  a  brush  and  the  Mastic,  but  no  expensive  labor  of  mechanics. 

\X^  The  Pamphlet  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  notice  can  be  had  gratuitously,  by  calling  at  the  Office  of  (he 
Lancaster  In^uieer  or  Examiner  &  Her.\ld. 

Persons  wishing  to  examine  PLASTIC  SLATE  ROOFS,  and  thus  verify  for  themselves  the  following 
statements,  are  invited  to  call  and  inspect  Roofs  put  on  for  the  following  persons,  among  many  others : 

Lancaster— Thos.  H.  Burrowes,  Stuart  A.  Wvlic,  (Editor  Lancaster  Inquirer,)  J.  B.  Schwartzwcklcr,  Abraham  Bitner 
Sr.  Marietta— Henry  Musselman  &  Sons.,  Myers  and  Benson.  Columbia— C.  B.  Grubb,  (Furnafc,)  Columbia  Gas  Co., 
Samuel  Shock,  Pres't.,  Susquehanna  Iron  Compaty,  Wm.  Patten,  Pres't.,  Samuel  W.  Mifflin.  Mount  .Toy— Henry  Kurtz, 
Dr.  J.  L.  Ziegler,  William  Brady,  .T.  R.  Hofler,  (Editor  Mt.  Joy  Herald).    Christiana- E.  G.  Boomell,  Wm.  P.  Brinton, 

John  G.  Fogle,    Bart — William  Whitson.    Bellemontk  P.  O Robert  P.  Mcllvaine.    Paradise— Robert  S.   McIIvaine, 

WiLLiAMSTowN—T.  Scott  Woods.    Ephrata— Dr.  I.  M.   Grolf.    Gordonville — Samuel  M.   Brua.    Carnarvon  Twp 

Mrs.  Fanny  Mast.  Upper  Lbacock  Twp.—  Marks  G.  Menger,  Christian  R.  Landis,  Jacob  R.  Musser.  Leacock  Twp Isaac 

Balr,  Levi  Zook.    West  Earl — Christian  Beiler.  Leaman  Place- Henry  Leaman,  Israel  Bohrer.   Brunnerville — Aaron 
H.  Brubaker.    Sporting  Hill — Emanuel  Long.  Litiz—H.  H.  Tshudy,  David  Bricker.    Durlach  P- O.,  Clay  Twp— Jonas 

Laber.    Manheim  Bor — Nathan  Werley,  Samuel   RuTil.    Penn  Twp George  Ruhl.    West  Lampeter— Aldus  C.  Herr. 

Enterprise  P.  O.,  East  Lampeter— Mark  P.  Cooper.    Strasburg  Bor Hervey  Brackblll. 

Orders  for  Roofing  Should  be  sent  to 

Joseph  G-ibbons« 

LICENSEE  FOR  LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTY,  MD., 

Enterprise  P.  0.,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

A.  -W.  &  J.  R.  RUSSELL,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

Or  MOSES  LIGHT,  Manheim,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

Or  JOHN  R.  BRICKER,  Litiz,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

ALDUS  0.  HERR,  Lampeter,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 


WEEK'S  WHEAT,  (WHITE.) 

We  oflfer  prime  seed  of  this  very  early  White  Wheat,  which  we   consider  the  most  valuable  variety  of 
recent  introduction,   combining  the  hardiness   and  early   maturity  of  the  Mediterranean,  with  the  high 
flouring  quality  of  the  best  White  Wheats.     Its  straw  is  stiff,  protecting  it  against  the  Fly,    and   it  suc- 
ceeds well  in  land  of  moderate  fertility,  yielding  from  25  to  45  bushels,  according  to  soil  and  season. 
Prices:  1  bushel t  (Sack included.)  -  -  -  '     $  4,00, 

'       "  2      -'        I    '*  "        )  -  ■    -  -  .  7.50, 

"         JO     "         (    «  "        )  -  «  _  .        S6.00, 

We  also  offer  a  fine  supply  of  FRENCH  RED  and  WHITE  CHAFFS,  EXTRA  EARLY  JERSEY, 
ROCHESTER  RED  CHAFF,  LANCASTER  RED  CHAFF,  by  the  bushel  and  sack,  and  a  number  of 
other  varieties  in  limited  quantity. 

Descriptive  Priced  Circular  mailed  free  to  applicants. 

Edv^ard  J.  Evans  "&  Co., 

Nurserymen  and  Seedsmen,  * 

THE  GREAT  AMERICAN  COMBINATION 


Is  warranted  to  execute  in  the  best  manner,  every  variety  of 

SEWING,  HEMMING,  FELLING,  CORDING,  TUCKING,  BRAIDING,  GATH- 
ERING, QUILTING,  OVERSEAMING,  EMBROIDERING  ON  THE  EDGE, 

And  in  addition  makes  beautiful  Button  and  Eyelet  Holes  in 
H^  <^^^  all  fabrics,  being  absolutely  the  best  FAMILY  MACHINE 

T't  ^T     n?,  -  in  the  world,  and  intrinsically  the  Cheapest,  for   it  is  two 

Machines  combined  in  one  by  a  simple  and  beautiful  Mechani- 
cal Arrangement.  This  is,  in  fact,  the  only  new  machine  in 
the  market  that  embodies  any  substantial  improvement  upon 
the  many  old  machines  that  are  being  forced  upon  the  public. 
Circulars  with  full  particulars  and  samples  of  work  done  on  this 
Machine,  can  be  had  on  application  at  the 

Sales  Rooms  of  the  Company, 

S.  W.  Cor.  nth  and  Chestnut  Sts.,  PHILADELPHIA. 


Instructions  given  on  the  Machine  gratuitously  to  purchasers. 

AGENTS  WANTED  TO  SELL  THIS   MACHINE. 


aug  '69-ly 


a  .  b.  kaufman's 
Insurance  Agency, 

No.  1  EAST  ORANGE  ST., 
LANCASTER    CITY,    PA., 

Issues  Life,  and  also,  Policies  against  Fire  and 
all  o+her  Accidents. 

AGENT  FOR  THE  OLD 

CONN.  MUTUAL  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

The  Best  Company  in  the  World. 

CAPITAL.    -    -    -    tQ3,000,000. 


PEACHES!  PEACHES!! 

A  heavy  stock,   4   to   6  feet  high,  at  low  rates, 

^©iiSS  K@iii!l  B@)Si^S» 

Best  kinds  in  all  the  classes.    Heavy  stock 

of  Prairies. 

Large    blocks  of  CHEBBIES,   DWABF 

APPLES,  PLUMS,  APRICOTS, 

IRISH  JUNIPER,  ARBOR 

riT^E,  c€r.,   dc. 

Full  Line  of  Stock  in  every  Department. 

Hoopes  Bro.,  &  Thomas, 

Clierry  Hill  Nurseries, 

WEST  CHESTER,  ]Pa. 

N.  B.  The  "BOOK  OF  EVERGREENS,"  by  Joslah 
Hoopes,  sent  per  Mail,  prepaid  od  receipt  of  price,  $3.00. 
Address  as  above. 


"TIE  BIST  fmj^EBMEETl 

''A     ROUND,    FULL    RICH    TONE!" 


If 


FTJITO. 

MELODIA. 

BASSOON, 

BOURDON. 

MANUEL-BASS, 

EOLEON-FORTE, 

KNEE-TREMOLO. 

c  c 


PIOOOLO. 

GAMBU, 

CLARIONET, 

EOLEON, 

OCTAVES, 

PICCOLO-FORTE, 

KNEE-SWELL. 


THE  TE:]Va:i^IL.E  CDTtCSrJ^JSr'' 

Is  acknowledged  hy  all  who  have  examined  it  to  be  the  most  perfect  Reed  instiuraent  ever  introduced  to  the  public,  having 
been  awarded  the  FIRST  I*RIZP;,  over  all  competitors,  "for  quality  of  tone  and  promptness  of  action.''  IT  COM- 
BINES ALL  RECENT  IM^'ROVEMENTS,  a»d  for  powek,  fulnes.s  puuity  of  tone,  and  quick  response 
TO   THK  Torci!,  surjiasscs  all  others  in  its  close  resemblance  to  the  Pipe  Organ.     Its   Construction  is  entirely  NeW, 

and  different  from  all  otlier  Reed  Organs  now  in  use,  surpassing  all  in  simplicity  and  equal  to  any  in  durability,  "nie  editor 
of  the  "Tempi-K  of  ]\Irsic"  says  : 

"It  is  a  most  magnificent  instrument,  and  has  many  line  qualities  to  recommend  it;  among  others,  its  stops,  imitating 
most  successfully  many  of  the  most  useful  in  the  pijte  organ.  The  flute,  the  Piccolo,  bassoon,  clarionet  and  various  others, 
are  such  perfect  imitations  that  it  would  be  diflicult  to  distinguish  them  from  tlie  genuine  at  a  little  distance  from  the  per- 
former. We  have  for  a  long  time  seen  the  necessity  for  a  reed  organ  that  combined  the  qualities  which  we  believe  are  con- 
tained in  this  ;  and  we  invite  the  severest  criticism,  not  only  as  to  its  superior  excellence  as  a  musical  instrument,  but  also 
•IS  to  its  elegant  finish,  making  it  the  most  beautiful  parlor  instrument  extant." 

All  the  various  styles  for  (Church,  Hall  jind  Parlor,  furnished  to  order,  at  manufacturers'  prices,  by  their  Agent, 

J.  M.  W.  6EIST, 

No.  TO  East  King  St.,  Lancaster,  P»a., 
wlieie  the  Organ  may  be  seen,  and  details  as  to  styles  and  prices  obtained. 


S  T  AN  r>  A  R  lV 

SUPER   PHOSPHATE  OF   LIME, 

THE  GREAT  FERTILIZER  OF  ALL  CROPS, 

M.ANUF.VCTTRKl)    VHUM    F.ONES.   DISSOLVED   IN    SULPHURIC    Aril).      WARRANTED    PERFECTLY 

FREE  FROM   ADULTERATION. 
Our  lu'w  ('ir(nilar  ooiitaiiiiiii;  much  valuable  iiifonnatiou,  will  be  furuished  free  on  application  to 

MILLER  &  SMITH,  Sole  Manufacturers  <&.  Proprietors, 
AGRICULTURAL  CHEMICAL  WORKS. 

TlieT^BesFlVoiin     The^owest  Pricesi ! 

A.   SCHINDLER  &   BROTHER, 

Clilders  and  ^[aiiufai'turers  ofJiOoking  Glasses,  (Mantel,  Pier  Glasses,  etc.,'*  and  Picture  FraniPs  of  all  kinds. 
Dealers  in  Clironio  Litliojiraphs,  Steel  Engravings  and  Water  Color  Paintings. 

<iilt.  Rosewood,  and  Walnut  Frames  of  every  description,  and  (Square  and  Rustic.  Room  Mouldings  Cornicei, 
etc..  always  on  hand  oi-  made  to  order. 

Also.Rp-fiildino-.  i-epairin'.i  .ard  in.sfrting  of  Looking  Glasses,  etc.,  etc. 


THE  FLORENCE  SEWING  MACHINES. 

THB     BEST    MACHINE    FOR    FAMILY    USE. 

SIMPLE     AND     EASY    TO    LEARN     AND     NOT    LIABLE    TO     GET    Ol'T    OF    ORDER. 

CajDable  of  all  varieties  of  sewing  from  the  finest  to  the  coarsest.     Make  the  Lock 

Stitch  alike  on  both  sides,  and  use  the  least  thread. 

VW.  F.  DUiy^GAI^^  Agent, 

No.  65  North  Queen  Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


lerchant  Tailoring,  General  Clotliiiig  and  (jientlemens  Fnrnlshing  Store, 

(kramp's  old  stand), 

corner*  DN'orth  Qnoen  &   Orange    Stre(^ts5 

All  kinds  of  Moil's  and  Boys'  RciidyMade  Clothing  and  Fui-nishiug  Goods  constantly  on  hand.  Also,  a 
superior  assortment  of  French,  English,  German  and  American  Cloths,  Cassimeres  and  Vestings  which  will  be 
made  to  order  in  any  desired  style,  with  tlie  least  possible  delay  ;  warranted  to  give  satisfaction,  ;ind  at  reason- 
able charges. 

S.  S.  RATUVON. 


C  -A_  ZR  X)  ' 

REIGART'S  OLD  mm  STORE, 

ESTABLISHED  IX  178.5, 

No.  26  EAST  KING  ST.,  LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

The  reputation  of  KEIGART'S  OLD  WINE  AND  BRAN- 
DIKS  for  purity  and  excellent  quality  having  been  tullv  es- 
tablished for  nearly  ;i  century,  we  regret  that  the  conduct  of 
.some  unprincipled  dealers,  who  re-till  with  and  sell  from  our 
labled  bottles  their  deleterious  compounds,  compels  us  to  adopt 
tlie  annexed  trade  mark,  which  in  future,  tor  the  protection 
of  our.selves  and  our  customers,  will  be  found  on  all  our  old 
bottled  Wines.  Brandies,  Gins,  Whiskies,  Bitters,  &c. 


TRADE 


MARK. 


And  further,  in  order  to  protect  the  same,  we  hereby  an- 
nounce our  determination  to  prosecute  to  Ihefulh'.st  extnit  of  the 
Act  of  Assembly,  approved,  31st  day  of  March,  1800,  anv  per- 
son or  persons  who  shall  violate  tlie  provisions  of  said  act  as 
applicable  to  our  trade  mark. 

N.  B — We  resppctfully  request  the  public,  when  they  have 
occasion  or  ilc  sire  to  use  i  >ld  Brandy  at  the  Hotels  or  Restau- 
rants to  ask  pai-ticularly  tor  Reigart's  Old  Brandy. 
Very  respectfully,  &c., 

■  H  E.  SLAYMAKER,  Agt. 


UNION  SPOKE  AND  AGRICULTURAL  WORKS 

Corner  of  Wafer  tmrl   Lf^nion  Sts., 
Formerly  Shirk  &  Rover's  Warehou.se,  on  the  Penna.  Rail- 
road, near  Baumgardiier's  coal  yard,  and  2  squares  west  from 
the  Railroad  Depot,  where  we  manufacture  the 

LATEST  IMPHOVED  GRAIN  DRILLS. 
Also,  Grain  Drills  with  Guano  attached,  warranted  to  give 
satisfaction,  aockaicay  JFaiia,  Cider  Jfltlls,  Crushers  and 
Graters,  for  horse  or  hand  power,  which  will  grind  a  bu.shel 
of  apples  per  minute  by  horse  power,  and  are  warranted  to  do 
it  well.  We  would  also  inform  Coachmakers  that  we  have  put 
up  in  oiir  shop  two  of  the  latest  improved  SpoJce  Jflachines, 
orJyathes,  and  are  fully  prepared  to  fuinish  the  best  quality 
of  SPOKES  of  all  kinds,  .^^izes,  dry  or  part  dry,  and  warranted 
to  be  a  good  article.  We  buy  none  but  the  best  turned  Spokes, 
and  have  now  on  hand  100,000  SPOKES.  Bent  Felloks 
of  all  sizes;  Shafts  and  Cauiuage  Poles,  Bows,  &c.,  of 
seasonable  stufl',  constantly  on  hand. 

As  Mr.  Keeler  has  been  in  this  business  10  or  18  years,  and 
having  served  an  apprenticeship  at  Coachmaking,'he  knovs 
what  the  trade  want  in  that  line.  All  kinds  of  Bent  Stuff  for 
sale,  or  made  to  order— aid  Siiokes  of  all  .sizes  turned  for  per- 
sons having  them  on  hand  in  the  rough. 

Notice  to  Farmers  and  Mechanics — Planing  and  Saw- 
ing done  at  the  shortest  notice.  We  have  one  of  the  best  and 
latest  Improved  Surface  Planes  for  operation. 

KEELER  &  SIf  AEFFEU,  Laiwaster,  Pa. 


ZAHM  &  JACKSON, 


No,  15  NORTH  aUEEW  ST., 


Beg  leave  to  call  the  aUention  of  ]iersons  in  want  of 
a  good  and  reliable  Time  Keeper  to  liieir  full  nssori- 
nient  of 


AMERICA!  AM  SWISS  WATCHES. 


In  (lold  .-uid  Silver  Cases  which  will  be  sold  at 
prices  which  will  defy  competition.  Al^o,  a  full  assori- 
nient  of 

C  Ij  O  C  K  8  . 


of  all  kinds,  which    we  wi.l  warrant   good  and  correct 
time-keepers. 

in  great  variety,  such  as  Pins,  Setts,  Ear  Rings,  finger 
Rings,  Sleeve  Iiuttons,  Chains,  &c. 

SOLID  SILVER  WARE, 

Manufactured  expressly   for  our  sales  and   warranted  coin, 

PLATED    WARE. 

From  the  be.'<t  factories  and  w.arranted  the  linest  quality. 


Gold,  Silver  and  Steel  Spectacles.    Hair  JcHclrj 
Made  to  Order. 


Repairing  Promptly  Attended  to. 


ZAH.M   &  JACKSON. 


THE 


Vol.  I. 


LANCASTER,  PA.,  DECEMBER,  1869. 


No.  12. 


PUBLX.SHKD  MONTifLY  KV 

WYLIK    &    aillKST, 

INQUIRER  BUILDING,  LANCASTER,  PA., 
At  ONE  DOLLAR  PER  YEAR  In  Advance 

INDER   THE    AUPPK'KS   OF   TUB 

LAXCAMTER  COrXTY  AGUICIJIiTl7RAL  AXD 
IIORTICVLTrRAI.  SOCIETY. 

•^  All  communicatlonB  intended  lor  the  Fanner  should  be 
addressed  to  S.  S.  Rathvon  nnd  Alex.  Harris,  the  resideut 
members  of  the  Kditing  ami  Publishing  Committees. 

All  advertinements,  subscriptions  and  remittances,  to  Wylie 
&  Oriest,  Printers. 


(SjlSSilDO 


THE  CIRCULATION    OF 
PLANT. 


SAP  IN    THE 


There  lia.s  beeu  con.sideraMe  speculation,  autl 
quaint  reasoning,  upon  the  subject  of  the  circula- 
tion of  nap  in  the  plant.  We  know  that  many 
well  informed  persons  hold  the  theory  that  the 
(sap  never  "  goes  down."  or  recedes  from  the 
plant,  becau.se  by  cutting  a  branch  from  a  tree  in 
the  winter,  it  will  be  found  as  fresh  and  green  ap- 
parently in  the  wood,  as  it  is  in  the  spring  and 
summer,  while  in  full  and  vigorous  vegetation. 

A  discussion  upon  this  point  might  involve  the 
question  of  it«  rising  at  all.  There  is  a  manifest 
difference  between  the  life  of  the  plant  which  al- 
ways requires  a  certain  amount  of  circulating 
fluid,  and  which  causes  this  freshness  in  all  sea- 
sons as  long  as  it  lives ;  and  what  is  termed  the 
circulation  of  the  plant,  when  the  time  for  aclive 
vegetation  arrives. 

We  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  as  advocating 
the  theory  that  sap  goes  down  precisely  as  it 
comes  up,  or  that  it  recedes  from  the  fruit  and 
the  leaf,  after  having  perfonned  its  functions,  in 
the  same  condition  in  which  it  ascended  from  the 
earth.  But  it  becomes  exhausted  by  evaporation, 
by  the  appropriation  of  part  of  it  to  the  evolving 
of  the  flower  and  fruit,  and  the  assimilation  of 
«tIU  other  elein«nt«,  which  it  carries  up  from  the 


'  ground,  by  which  the  plant  itself  is  nourished  ami 
built  up.     There  is  a  circulation — a  vigorous  .sujy- 
j  ply,  and  a  corresponding  waste,  and  a  receding 
j  or  sinking  of  the  surplus  sap,  all  separate  and  dis- 
•  tinct  from  that  freshness  and  moisture  which  cha- 
j  racterizes  the  life  of  all  vegetation.    We  do  not 
mean  to  say  that  the  circulation  and  the  life  can 
exist  separately  ;  but  they  are   two  systems,  the 
!  result  of  separate  functions,  with  two  determin- 
ate and  positive  objects,  namely,  the  germinal 
vitality,  and  the  growth  incident,  to  foliage  and 
fnictification. 

With  this  distinction  we  will  sec  that,  whatever 
may  become  of  the  sap,  no  plant,  or  tree,  or 
species  of  vegetable  growth  is  as  full  of  this  cir- 
culating fluid  in  the  winter  as  it  is  in  summer.  If 
the  sap  were  up  during  the  chilling  blasts  of  win- 
ter the  plant  would  freeze  to  death,  just  the  same 
as  it  would  starve  in  sununer  if  no  ascending  cir- 
culation would  take  place.  Xaturc  has  not  onlv 
established  this  distinction,  but  it  has  contrived 
and  developed  the  organs  so  to  confomi  to  the 
seasons,  as  to  have  protection  of  vegetable  organ- 
ism well  cared  for,  and  all  her  law.-s  harraoniously 
operative  and  active. 

In  our  scries  of  articles,  heretofore,  we  have 
endeavored  to  point  out  the  stmctural  an-anf'e- 
raent ;  we  will  now,  in  as  plain  and  practical  way 
as  possible,  describe  the  settled  theory  in  regard 
to  the  function  or  process  of  this  circulation. 

We  have  studied  the  cell  system  and  their  ar- 
rangement adapted  to  the  appropriation  of  nutri- 
tion to  the  woody  libre  and  cellular  tissue ;  we 
have  also  noticed  the  various  external  conditions 
(\-hich  call  the  organs  of  vegetation  into  action: 
wo  will  yet  further  note  and  describe  the  proces.s 
o?  ^'  cndosmosis,'''  by  which  a  column  of  sap  is 
forced  up  through  the  plant  with  as  much  power 
as  the  circulation  in  the  animal  carries  the  blood 
by  the  action  of  the  heart. 

'■  Endosmosis^'  is  simply  the  absorption  of  a 
lighter  fluid  into  a  denser  one.  This  constitutes 
the  idea  of  imbibition.  The  cells  in  the  growth 
of  vegetation  contain  a  fluid  which,  by  virtue  of 
its  organic  nature,  is  denser  than  the  water  which 
i«  sopped  up  by  the  root.    This  light  fluid  there- 


178 


THE  LANCASTER  FABMER. 


fore  is  absorbed  by  the  contents  of  the  cells,  and 
thus  a  power  is  obtained  equal  to  from  15  to  45 
lbs.  to  the  square  inch. 

The  power  thus  exerted,  emanatiog  from  a 
simple  and  imbibing  function,  by  the  delicate 
cells  which  form  new  rootlets  or  fibrils,  and  new 
tissue  at  the  end  of  each  branch  of  the  root,  every 
season  at  the  time  all  nature  rises  into  new  life 
and  beauty,  becomes  a  subject  of  the  highest 
interest  and  inquiry. 

This  power  can  be  modified  and  so  divided  as 
to  be  capable  of  preserving  an  equilibrium  of  the 
vitality  of  the  plant,  and  thus  extend  its  life  ac- 
cording to  the  natural  power  of  its  species.  Were 
this  not  the  case  this  vital  action  would  exhaust 
the  fluids  of  the  earth  within  reach  of  the  root, 
and  so  inundate  the  higher  properties  of  the  or- 
ganism as  to  destroy  its  capabilities  of  producing 
either  fruit  or  flower. 

The  supply  at  the  roots,  therefore,  is  regulated 
by  the  demand  at  the  extremities  and  in  the 
leaves.  Kow,  when  a  plant  is  placed  in  circum- 
stances where  the  conditions  of  the  growth  are 
multiplied,  and  the  demand  for  this  vital  action 
is  rendered  greater  than  in  ordinary  cases,  it  may 
be  said  to  live  too  fast.  Its  vital  forces  being 
overtaxed  its  energies  would  soon  die  out. 

Heat  is  a  powerful  stimulant  to  the  "  vis  a  tergo,''^ 
or  impelling  force  thus  exerted.  But  all  the  or- 
gans must  be  exposed  alike  to  this  genial  influ- 
ence, and  at  proper  seasons.  A  plant  or  vine 
which  is  hardy,  and  acclimated  to  our  changeable 
seasons  here,  when  taken  to  a  southern  climate, 
where  the  mild  winter  would  be  nearly  as  warm 
as  our  summer,  would  soon  lose  its  vitality,  tor 
the  reasons,  that  this  stimulant  would  keep  the 
sap  up  by  every  new  and  increasing  circulating 
action,  thus  superinducing  a  growth  too  rank  to 
bear  fruit,  and  a  premature  exhaustion  and  decay. 

Light  is  also  a  condition  by  which  the  functions 
of  circulation  are  called  into  action.  This  too 
must  have  its  proper  limits,  or  the  same  difficul- 
ties might  occur,  as  would  befal  the  plant  under 
an  acceleration  of  heat.  Darkness,  accordingly, 
checks  the  action,  and  affords  a  season  of  repose, 
and  thus  prevents  an  exhaustion  of  the  powers  of 
vegetation.  Darkness  and  cold  being  the  counter 
princloles  of  those  two  elements,  have  the 
same  influence  in  inducing  a  cessation  of  the  cir- 
culating action.  As  great,  therefore,  as  we  have 
seen  this  vis  a  tergo,  or  impelling  force  to  be,  the 
rapidity  or  momentum  of  the  whole  action  is  gov- 
erned by  these  silent  yet  potential  conditions, 
htat  and  light. 

"  The  movement  of  the  descending  sap  offers 
pmneroas  points  which  deserve  to  be  considered. 


This  fluid  is  strictly  comparable  to  the  blood  of 
animals,  having  undergone  a  preparation  or  elab- 
oration in  the  leaves,  which  adapts  it  to  the  nu- 
trition and  extention  of  the  structure,  and  the 
formation  of  the  various  secretions  of  the  plant. 
A  great  part  of  the  fluid  of  the  ascending  sap  has 
been  lost  by  exhalation,  and  the  remainder  thus 
concentrated,  receives  a  large  additional  supply 
of  solid  matter  through  the  green  cells  of  the  leafy 
parts,  which  take  in  carbon  from  the  atmosphere, 
so  that  it  now  includes  a  considerable  amount  of 
gummy  matter,  in  the  state  prepared  for  being 
converted  into  solid  tissue,  as  well  as  numerous 
other  compounds.  Now  this  elaborated  sap  seems 
to  be  conveyed  into  the  various  parts  of  the  sys- 
tem, partly  by  transmission  from  one  cell  to 
another,  and  partly  through  the  agency  of  a  net- 
work of  vessels,  which  takes  its  origin  in  the 
leaves,  and  extends  along  the  branches  to  the 
stem  and  roots,  chiefly  in  the  bark  of  those  parts. 

"  These  vessels  are  strictly  analogous  to  capilla- 
ries, or  the  small  blood-vessels  of  animals ;  but 
they  differ  with  them  in  this,  that  the  capillary 
net-work  of  animals  communicates  on  either  side 
with  large  trunks,  being  formed  in  fact  by  the 
interlacement  or  anastomosis  of  their  minutest 
branches,  whilst  the  net-work  of  nutritive  vessels 
in  plants  is  everywhere  continuous  with  itself. 
Not  having  any  communication  with  large  ves- 
sels, so  that  the  fluid  prepared  in  the  leaves  com- 
mences to  circulate  there,  which  is  continued  on 
the  same  plan  until  it  has  found  its  way  to  its  re- 
mote destination  in  the  roots." 

According  to  this  author,  it  will  be  seen  that 
this  downward  flow  of  the  sap,  which  terminates 
in  the  root,  is  after  all  the  principal  nutritive 
element.  It  only  receives  its  stimulating  power 
in  the  green  substance  of  the  leaf,  where  it  takes 
in  carbonic  acid  gas  from  the  atmosphere,  which 
renders  the  sap  gummy  and  capable  of  nourish- 
ing both  the  plant  and  its  fruit.  This  function 
being  performed,  the  residue  sinks  into  the  earth, 
and  the  frosts  of  autumn  and  the  chilling  blasts 
of  winter,  driving  all  vegetation  into  a  character- 
istic torper,  circulation  ceases,  and  though  the 
life  remains,  the  sap  is  down. 

In  regard  to  the  peculiar  propelling  force  in 
this  interesting  circulating  process  there  has  been 
much  speculation,  and  various  important  experi- 
ments to  test  its  force  and  determine  its  chemical 
relation  to  that  order  of  life  which  prevades  the 
entire  vegetable  kingdom. 

The  doctrine  of  a  powerful  "  vis  a  tergo,''^  that 
is  a  propelling  force  from  the  root  or  a  single 
organ,  will  scarcely  explain  the  phenomina,  since 
in  the  sap  vessel  there  is  no  contmuous  tube  or 


THEL  ANCASTER  FARMER. 


179 


class  ot  channels  from  any  central  propelling  ap- 
paratus. And  the  fact,  too,  that  the  circulation 
in  a  branch  of  a  plant  can  be  kept  up  some  time 
after  it  is  separated  from  the  parent  stock  shows 
that  the  power  is  of  a  general  character,  and  that 
it  proceeds  from  the  influence  of  external  condi- 
tions fully  as  much  as  internal  and  functional 
forces. 

Endosmosis  constitutes  a  force  similar  to  that 
which  we  And  in  the  circulation  of  the  plant. 
This,  in  connection  with  the  theory  of  chemical 
affinity,  will  perhaps  give  us  the  only  solution  of 
the  mystery.  The  one  on  the  principle  of  the 
denser  fluid  imbibing  the  lighter,  and  thus  carry- 
ing it  forward  from  one  cell  to  the  other;  and 
the  other  drawing  and  appropriating  it  by  the 
power  of  this  affinity,  the  sap  does  not  only  flow 
continuously,  but  in  conformity  with  this  aflinity, 
matter  is  drawn  both  from  the  ascending  and  de- 
scending sap  into  one  class  of  cells  to  increase 
the  woody  tissue,  and  in  another  to  build  up  the 
cellular  tissue,  and  thus  in  every  part  that  is  tra- 
versed by  those  vessels,  there  are  affinities  be- 
tween the  solids  and  fluids  which  are  continu- 
ally being  developed  afresh  by  acts  of  new  growth, 
as  fast  as  those  which  previously  existed  are  sat- 
isfied, or  neutralized  by  the  changes  that  have 
already  occurred. 

In  the  circulation  of  the  elaborate  sap  there 
is  a  constant  attraction  of  its  particles  toward 
the  walls  of  the  vessels,  and  a  continual  series  of 
changes  produced  in  the  fluid,  as  the  result  of 
that  attraction. 

"The  fluid  which  has  given  up  to  a  certain  tissue 
^ome  of  its  materials,  no  longer  has  the  same  at- 
traction for  that  tissue,  and  it  is  consequently 
drawn  from  it  by  the  superior  attraction  possessed 
by  the  tissue  for  another  portion  of  the  fluid, 
which  is  ready  to  undergo  the  same  change,  and 
in  turn  to  be  rejected  for  another.  Thus,  in  a 
cjrowing  part,  there  is  constantly  renewed  attrac- 
tion for  the  nutritive  fluid  which  has  not  yet  tra- 
versed it;  whilst,  on"  the  other  hand,  there  is  a 
diminished  attraction  for  the  fluid,  which  has 
yielded  up  the  nutritive  materials  required  by 
the  particular  tissues  of  the  part,  thus  the  former 
is  continually  driving  the  latter  before  it." 

In  this  highly  interesting  and  beautiful  process, 
the  circulation  of  the  plant  is  explained  in  entire 
conformity  with  physiological  principles  and  the 
laws  which  govern  the  forces  of  vital  action.  It 
certainly  approaches  as  near  a  solution  of  the 
phenomena  as  the  present  development  of 
science  will  warrant.  How  much  of  it  is  due  to 
the  endowment  of  vital  energy  it  is  impossible 
to  determine  ;  but  that  this  latter  bears  a  leading 


and  important  part  in  the  movement  of  the  sap 
and  nutrition  of  the  plant,  no  one  will  undertake 
to  deny. 

This  subject  of  the  circulation  of  the  sap  should 
be  well  studied,  the  better  to  understand  and  ap- 
preciate the  nutritive  process,  which  will  be  our 
subject  for  the  next  issue  of  the  Farmeh. 

S.  W. 


THE  TEETH  OP  ANIMALS. 

No.  IV. 

In  a  county  like  Lancaster,  where  so  much  at- 
tention is  paid  to  the  comfort  and  development  of 
stock  animals,  the  teeth  become  a  special  object 
of  interest.  It  is  not  often  that  any  irregularity 
occurs  in  the  arrangement  or  structure  of  those 
organs,  but  when  it  exists,  or  when  they  become 
diseased,  trouble  is  produced,  which  is  a  source  of 
the  greatest  inconvenience.  The  horse,  or  the 
cow,  or  the  hog,  are  all  liable  to  diseased  teeth; 
and  when  they  are  found  to  be  in  that  condition 
it  greatly  impairs  the  usefulness  of  those  animals, 
and  often  through  their  inability  to  cat  their  food 
the  whole  system  becomes  involved,  and  some- 
times death  Is  the  result. 

Those  irregularities  present  themselves  most 
frequently  in  the  form  of  what  are  termed  "wo?/ 
teeth.^^  When  these  teeth  make  their  appearance 
in  the  mouth  of  the  horse,  it  is  thought  that  the 
eye  sight  becomes  affected,  and  even  blindness 
supervenes.  The  question  has  often  been  asked, 
in  private  and  in  the  public  prints,  "  are  what  is 
called  '  wolf  teeth'  in  horses  ever  the  cause  of  the 
horse  losing  his  sight?"  We  will  endeavor  to 
answer  this  question  for  the  benefit  of  the  readers 
of  the  Farmer. 

We  will  say,  in  general  terms,  that  the  teeth 
are  in  no  dii-ect  connection  with  the  eye.  They 
are  separate  and  distinct  organs,  influenced  and 
rendered  capable  of  the  performance  of  their  func- 
tions by  nerves  widely  separated  and  entu-ely  dif- 
ferent in  size  and  power  from  each  other. 

There  may  be  a  mutual  sympathy  in  those 
nerves,  and  there  often  is  such  a  thing  as  one  be- 
coming more  or  less  affected  by  a  diseased  condi- 
tion of  the  other,  and  in  a  nervous  animal,  such 
as  the  horse,  this  sj'mpathy  is  much  more  marked 
than  in  almost  any  other.  The  optic  nerve,  or  the 
nerve  that  supplies  the  eye  for  instance ,  sj'mpa- 
thizes  largely  with  the  gastric  nerve,  or  that  which 
regulates  and  supplies  the  stomach.  If,  there- 
fore, the  colt  is  overfed,  or  the  horse  overheated 
and  overworked, 80  that  the  system  siiffers  through 
the  means  of  the  stomach,  the  eyes  are  apt  to 
become  inflamed  and  sometimes  are  destroyed 
altogether. 


ISO 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


This  sympathy  can  cause  trouble  and  danger 
when  the  nerves  which  supply  the  teeth  are 
affected  also.  But  there  is  no  direct  or  reflex 
action  between  the  small  supernumerary  teeth, 
called  "  wolf  teeth,"  and  the  eye,  and  therefore, 
they  can  never  become  a  direct  cause  of  blindness. 
The  question  may  here  be  asked,  what  are 
those  teeth,  and  how  can  they  so  derange  the 
nervous  system  as  to  cause  so  much  general  de- 
bility and  derangement  in  those  animals  ? 

We  have  already  said  they  were  supernumer- 
ary teeth,  and  as  such  much  more  liable  to  decay, 
or  become  diseased  than  regular  teeth.  "  Some- 
times the  roots  of  deciduous  teeth  are  not  ab- 
sorbed, and  become  what  are  termed  'wolf  teeth.' " 
Sometimes  the  points  and  edges  of  the  teeth  are 
not  ground  off  in  chewing,  and  this  form  of  irregu- 
larity becomes  what  is  called  "wolf  teeth."  In 
all  these  cases  the  tendency  Is  to  premature  dis- 
ease and  decay,  and  a  corresponding  excitement 
of  the  nervous  system.  The  use  of  a  file  will 
often  correct  the  difficulty,  especially  when  the 
teeth  are  not  properly  ground  off  in  chewing.  If 
a  dead  root  of  a  deciduous  tooth,  or  what  is  term-  1 
ed  supernumeraries,  which  become  black  and  dead  i 
for  the  want  of  room  and  proper  nourishment,  i 
they  should  be  extracted  at  once.  i 

If  there  is  occasion  to  remove  teeth  from  the  | 
mouth  of  any  animal,  take  an  oak  pin  of  pretty  j 
good  size,  and  with  the  point  properly  shaped, 
set  it  close  to  the  gum,  and  give  it  a  smart  tap 
with  a  mallet.  This  operation,  however,  should 
be  performed  with  great  care  lest  it  be  broken 
off,  and  the  root  remain  to  produce  much  more 
trouble  than  before  it  was  meddled  with.  Those 
teeth  never  stand  as  firm  as  the  regular  ones,  and 
rarely  break  if  the  proper  appliances  are  used. 

S.W. 


§9MaiIttt«Hl 


^ 


FARMING   IN    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

Editors  of  Farmer  :  I  have  thought  that  it 
would  not  be  uninteresting  to  the  readers  of  the 
Farmer  to  make  a  few  remarks  on  the  subject 
which  heads  this  communicatioa.  Our  farms  are 
sub-divided  about  as  they  are  in  other  sections  of 
the  State  and  Union,  and  yet  the  particular  mode 
of  farming  which  obtains  in  this  county,  and 
which  is  famed  and  spoken  of  far  and  wide 
throughout  the  country,  is  much  less  known  and 
understood  than  is  geuerally  supposed. 

Our  farms  average  from  twenty  to  one  hundred 
and  fifty  acres:  eighty  acres  being  about  the'ave- 
rage  size.    These  farms  as  a  general  thing  ar© 


worked  by  the  owner  of  the  land,  or  by  his  ten- 
ant; the  owner  and  a  hired  man,  or  the  owner 
and  his  son  together,  work  a  fann  of  one  hundred 
acres,  except  in  harvest  time  and  haymaking, 
when  some  additional  hired-help  is  needed;  and  in 
doing  so  the  farmer  and  his  hired-help  generally 
rise  at  4  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  retire  at  8 
o'clock  in  the  evening.  We  could  single  out  many 
of  our  principal  farmers  that  are  in  very  easy  cir- 
cumstances, ownmg  two  or  three  large  farms, 
and  who  work  with  their  hired  hands  during  all 
seasons  of  the  year,  and  at  all  kmds  of  work,  as 
'hough  working  for  stipulated  wages.  We  may 
safely  venture  the  assertion  that  farmers  in  this 
county,  as  a  general  rule,  work  harder  than  they 
do  perhaps  in  any  other  section  of  the  whole  Un- 
ion. This  is  indeed  the  great  secret  of  their  suc- 
cess in  this  line  of  industry. 

The  AYest  can  boast  of  its  large  cattle  and  corn 
fanns ;  the  South  of  its  large  cotton  and  corn 
farm-s ;  they  can  show  their  farms  of  one  thou- 
sand acres,  worth  at  S30  per  acre,  S30,0%;  or 
their  farms  of  two  thousand  acres,  worth  $40  per 
acre,  ainountiug  to  S80,000.  We  can,  however, 
in  I^incaster  county,  point  them  out  many  whose 
dimensions  as  to  number  of  acres,  by  no  means 
run  into  the  thousands,  yet  whose  wealth  and 
annual  increase  fully  equal  those  of  the  South 
and  West.  I  would,  in  this  connection,  call  spe- 
cial attention  to  J.  L.  Erb,  of  West  Earl  town- 
ship, Lancaster  count}',  a  farmer  who  resides 
near  Brownstown,  and  who  owns  six  farms,  three 
of  which  average  about  40  acres  each,  and  three 
of  which  average  about  140  acres  each  •  besides 
about  00  acres  of  timber  land  that  he  owns  in 
the  vicinity.  Mr.  Erb,  although  the  independent 
owner  of  these  fine  properties,  yet  superintends, 
manages,  and  farms  them  himself.  He  raises 
yearly  over  3000  bushels  of  wheat,  over  300{» 
bushels  of  corn,  more  than  3000  bushels  of  oats, 
about  800  bushels  of  barley,  and  about  200  tons 
of  hay ;  besides  a  large  quantit}'  of  clover  and 
timothy  seeds,  &c.  This  farmer  keeps  in  his 
employ  a  considerable  number  of  hired  hands. 
He  mostly  keeps  mules  to  do  his  work,  instead  of 
horses,  and  he  feeds  and  grazes  from  sixty  to 
eighty  head  of  cattle.  His  land  would  command 
now,  if  not  quite,  S200  per  acre  on  an  average  all 
around,  and  would,  therefore,  be  worth  S120,000. 
All  of  this  extensive  domain  this  industrious 
farmer,  who  has  not  yet  passed  the  meridian  of 
life,  manages  atd  farms  himself,  and  ie  even  now 
looking  around  him  to  purchase  another  farm, 
and  to  add  additional  acres  to  his  already  ample 
estate  ;  and  which,  when  acquired,  he  would,  no 
doubt,  farm  in  the  same  manner  in  which  he  is 
now  doing  that  already  in  hLs  possession.    We 


THE  LANCASTER  FAEMER. 


181 


might,  in  like  manner,  make  reference  to  many 
other  farmers  in  Lancaster  county  who  thus 
superintend  and  manage  their  extensive  planta- 
tions ;  but  it  would  be  difBcult  to  find  one  to  sur- 
pass this  leading  farmer  of  "West  Earl. 

PS.  R. 


BUTTER  AND  CHEESE  CULTURE  AS  A 
REST  FOR  GRAIN  CULTURE. 

The  subject  of  the  general  deterioration  of  the 
wheat  crop  in  the  United  States,  and  especially 
in  Pennsylvania,  including  our  own  county,  has 
employed  the  attention  of  some  of  our  most  think- 
ing and  experienced  agriculturists  for  some  years 
past,  and  essays  touching  the  same  question  have 
appeared  from  time  to  time  in  the  columns  of  this 
journal.  In  these  essays  various  causes  have 
been  speculatively  assigned  for  a  result  so  disas- 
terous  and  baleful  to  the  agricultural  interests  of 
the  country,  and  the  common  welfare  of  its  peo- 
ple, but  very  little  of  a  practical  character  has 
been  suggested  as  a  remedy  against  such  an 
alarming  contingency.  The  following  letter  from 
Hon.  R.  J.  Haldemak  seems  to  ofler  some  sug- 
gestions well  worthy  of  the  attention  of  our  farm- 
ing and  grazing  population,  and,  as  our  sister 
county  of  Chester  has  already  made  a  move  in 
the  matter,  we  feel  we  cannot  do  better  than  to 
place  before  our  readtrs,  on  this  occasion,  the 
whole  of  Mr.  Haldeman's  and  Mr.  Willard's 
letters  on  this  subject,  apprehending  that  the 
time  may  come,  and  that  too  before  many  years, 
when  our  farmers  will  be  compelled  to  resort  to 
some  system  of  rest  and  recuperation  for  their 
lands,  if  they  expect  to  realize  a  paying  compen- 
sation for  their  hard  labor.  It  appears,  according 
to  the  Practical  Farmer,  that  Mr.  Ebekezek 
Worth,  of  Chester  county,  and  about  four  miles 
from  the  borough  of  "West  Chester,  is  making  ar- 
rangements to  start  an  extensive  Cheese  Dairy. 
We  have  thought  for  years  that  the  use  of  more 
good  cheese  and  letss  bad  pork  would  be  more 
conducive  to  the  "health  and  wealth"  of  our  good 
old  county,  than  the  system  that  obtains  here,  as 
a  general  thing,  at  the  present  time.  Cheese  and 
butter  will  eventually  remunerate  our  farmers 
better  than  the  incessant  routine  of  cropping  and 
tilling  their  lands  until  the  very  life  is  worked  out 
of  man,  beast  and  soil.  Just  think,  Lancaster 
county  farmers ;  in  the  State  of  New  York  one  of 
Its  best  counties  produced,  in  a  single  year,  over 
300,000  pounds  of  cheese  and  over  400,000  pounds 
of  butter,  and  also  sold  287,237  gallons  of  milk. 
But  this  is  not  the  most  favorable  result,  for  the 
county  of  Herkimer  produced  and  sold  in  one  year 
13,893,801  poundis  of  ch£e3e,   and    in    addition 


thereto,  nearly  1,000,000  pounds  of  butter.  The 
product  for  seven  of  the  best  counties  of  New 
York,  for  one  year,  was  15,267,116  pounds  of  but- 
ter, and  48,851,399  pounds  of  cheese.  Averaging 
the  whole  at  twenty  cents  per  pound,  which  would 
be  a  fair  valuation  at  the  prices  these  articles  have 
been  bringing  for  the  last  eight  or  ten  years,  the 
aggregate  amount  for  one  year's  butter  and  cheese 
crop  would  amount  to  S12,823,703.00,  a  siun  total 
by  no  means  to  be  "  sneezed  at."  Perhaps  it  may 
be  said,  that  notwithstanding  all  these  vast  ag- 
gregate amounts  there  may  not,  after  all,  be 
much  profit ;  but  this  ground  would  be  altogether 
untenable,  for  it  it  is  not  likely  such  shrewd  busi- 
ness men  as  the  thrifty  farmers  of  New  York 
State  are,  would  for  years  invest  so  extensively  in 
this  business,  to  the  total  exclusion  of  all  other 
occupation,  if  it  were  not  profitable.  We  might 
say  something  upon  the  nutritious  qualities  of 
well  made  cheese,  but  we  forbear  for  the  present, 
and  on  the  general  question  leave  the  following 
letter  speak  for  itself : 

letter  from  the  hox.  r.  j.  haxdemax. 

East  Penxsboro,  Cumberland  Coukty,  \ 
Xovember  Sth,  1869-     j" 

[Editor  or  SejUuiel.) 

Dear  .S'lV  .—While  examining  the  Industrial 
and  Agricultural  Statistics  of  the  diflerent  States, 
in  connection  with  the  labors  of  the  Census  Com- 
mittee, I  was  very  much  impressed  by  the  great 
importance  and  development  which  cheese-mahing 
has  assumed  in  New  York,  and  I  have  thought  it 
would  be  well  to  call  the  attention  of  our  farmers 
to  a  neglectful  branch  of  industry,  by  the  prac- 
tice of  which  their  profits  may  be  largely  in- 
creased, our  land  rested  and  improved,  and  the 
whole  community  benefitted. 

Horace  Capron,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture, 
estimated  last  year  that  the  average  yield  of 
wheat  per  acre,  throughout  the  whole  United  ' 
States,  and  taking  the  new  land  with  the  old, 
had  fallen  to  about  (12)  bushels,  and  that  the  old 
land  yielded  considerably  less  than  twelve  bush- 
els to  the  acre.  This  miserable  yield  to  that 
branch  of  industry  upon  which  the  true  greatness 
and  happiness  of  the  Republic  depends,  has 
caused  the  utmost  solicitude  among  our  public 
men,  who,  upon  investigation,  have  come  to  the 
nearly  nnaniraous  conclusion  that  it  results  from 
unscientific  tillage,  the  severity  with  which  the 
land  is  farmed,  and  the  absence  of  sufiicient  diver- 
sity or  variety  of  produce  on  out  farms. 

We  must  give  our  land  more  manure,  more 
crops  of  grass  and  clover,  more  rest,  and  not 
such  rapid  successions  of  corn,  oats  and  wheat. 

How  can  this  be  most  easily  and  profitably 
done?  ,     . 


182 


THE  LANCASTEK  FAKMEE. 


By  the  extension  of  the  Dairy  and  Factory 
system  of  cheese  making  which  has  been  so 
successfully  introduced  into  New  York. 

In  the  New  York  Census  Report  of  1865,  taken 
under  the  superintendence  of  Dr.  Hough,  I  find 
there  were  through  the  whole  State  in  the  year 
1864: 

As  Butter  made.  fiis  Cheese  sold.  gal.  Milk  sold. 

84,574,458  92,195,337.  29,831,521>i 

There  is  thus  nearly  as  much  cheese  as  butter 
made  in  that  State,  although  counties  like  West 
Chester,  Kings  and  Orange,  lying  near  great  cities 
like  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  sell  nearly  all  the 
produce  of  their  cows  in  milk  or  butter. 

But  in  these  localities  where  the  manufacture 
of  cheese  has  been  fairly  tried,  we  can  see  how 
profitable  it  must  be  from  the  rapidity  with  which 
it  has  developed,  viz : 

lbs  Butter  ma<le.    His  Cheese  sold,     gal  >nik  sold. 

Cattaraugiw... 2,412,223                    3,635,350  12,513 

Chatauqua....     105,205                    2,105,642  73,085 

Erie 1,558,575                     3,344,734  489,206 

Herkimer 953,118  13,89.5,801  17,686 

Jefferson 3,100,234                    5,348,615  278,237 

Lewis 1,663,950                     4,755,043  138,126 

Madison 1,569,842                     3,452,682  13,506 

Montgomery... 1,035.731                    4,207,006  7,883 

Oneida 2,868,740                     8,108,540  191,698 

15,267,116  48.851.399 

We  here  perceive  that  nine  counties  in  the 
State  of  New  York  produce  forty-eight  millions 
pounds  of  cheese  and  only  fifteen  millions  pounds 
of  butter — more  than  half  the  whole  yield  of  the 
State,  which  is  seventy-two  millions  pounds  of 
cheese. 

I  have  now  reached  the  point  to  which  I  desire 
to  especially  call  the  attention  of  your  readers  :— 
On  page  215  of  the  New  York  census  tables  for 
1865,  will  be  found  a  summary  of  the  reports  of 
four  hundred  and  thirty-five  (435)  cheese  factories 
in  that  State,  which  manufactured  about  thirty- 
eight  millions  (38,000,000)  pounds  of  cheese,— two 
millions  more  than  was  manufactured  by  families. 
Of  this  factory  cheese,  some  ten  millions  of  dol- 
lars worth  is  exported,  and  Mr.  X.  A.  Willard, 
of  Herkimer  county.  New  York,  a  high  author- 
ity on  cheese  manufacture,  who  was  sent  abroad 
in  1866  by  the  American  Dairy  Association,  to 
examine  into  European  Dairy  and  cheese  making 
systems,  testifies  that  it  is  only  inferior  to  the 
very  best  English  cheese,  and  that  the  "  Ameri- 
can Factory  System  now  stands  pre-eminently  in 
advance  of  Diary  practice  in  the  world."  Im- 
pressed with  the  importance  of  introducing  this 
manufacture  and  the  Factory  System,  as  a  source 
of  profit  to  our  Farmers,  as  a  great  relief  from 
severe  drudgery  to  the  females  of  his  family,  as  a 
rest  to  the  land  from  too  much  grain  raising,  and 
as  a  wiee  diversity  of  production  for  our  valleys, 
I  wrote  to  Mr.  Willard,  asking  certain  questions 
with  a  view  to  build   a  factory  upon  my  farm 


should  public  engagements  permit.  I  append  his 
letter,  and  from  farmers  and  others  ask  its  serious 
consideration : 

iviTTLE  Falls,  July  11, 1869. 
Hon.  R.  J.  Haldeman,  near  Harrisburg,  Penna. : 

Dear  Sir:— "Your  letter  of  the  18th  came 
when  I  was  from  home,  which  will  account  for 
delay  in  answering. 

A  small  factory  can  be  put  up  at  no  very  great 
expense.  You  might  at  first  build  only  the  manu- 
facturing department,  say  a  building  25  by  50 
feet,  two  stories  high.  The  upper  story  in  one 
room,  to  be  used  as  a  place  for  curing  the  cheese. 
In  case  you  were  to  have  the  milk  from  a  large 
number  of  cows,  this  building  would  still  do  as  a 
manufactory,  but  a  dry  house  or  cheese  curing 
rooms  could  be  erected  any  size  as  desired.  The 
expense  of  manufacturing  will  depend  on  cost  of 
material  and  labor,  which  varies  in  difi'erent  lo- 
calities, and  hence  I  could  not  name  the  sum  for 
your  place.  You  could  commence  first  with  one 
self-heating  vat  (600  gallons  capacity),  which 
would  cost,  say  S200— other  fixtures,  SIOO.  You 
can  obtain  experienced  builders  from  New  York, 
and  an  operator  or  manuracturer.  If  you  have  a 
dairy  on  your  place,  and  can  take  in  the  milk 
from  neighbors  about,  should  think  it  would  be 
profitable  to  erect  a  small  factory.  But  as  a  busi- 
ness by  itself,  generally  a  less  number  of  cow* 
than  300  will  not  pay  in  commission — I  mean 
when  you  manufacture  for  others  on  a  commission 
of  2  cents  per  pound.  But  when  you  have  many 
cows  of  your  own  it  is  of  course  different  and  very 
profitable. 

I  can  give  you  actual  figures  on  600  cows  com- 
mission factory : 

Labor,  manufacturing  and  curing  at  62  cents  per  100 

pounds,  lor  200,000  pounds ^1250 

Boxes,  bondage,  salt,  and  -whatever  is  required  in  that 

line,  at  75  cents  per  100  pounds 1500 

Insurance  on  cheese  and  building 130 

12  per  cent,  on  factory  cost,  fixtures,  &c.,  at  S5000 600 

S3500 
Tactorv  of  600  cows,  running  seven  months,  and  mak- 
ing 200,000  pounds  cheese,  at  2  cents  per  pound,  the 
nsual  charge  for  manufacturings  and  findings S4000 

Profit,  in  addition  to  12  per  cent,  interest $500 

With  high  respect,  faithfully  yours, 

X.  A.  WlLLABn. 

It  will  be  observed  that  Mr.  Willard  makes 
here  no  estimate  of  the  farmers'  great  profits  on 
the  cheese,  and  that  he  merely  shows  that  the 
proprietor  of  a  factory  which  manufactures  the 
milk  of  600  cows,  will  make  twenty-two  (22)  per 
cent,  upon  his  investment.  But  let  the  co-opera- 
tive system  be  introduced,  and  twenty  farmers 
each  subscribe  $250  to  the  erection  of  the  estab- 
lishment (and  co-operative  industry  is  a  remedy 
and  protection  left  us  against  the  collossal  accu- 
mulation of  capital  in  few  hands,  which  a  false 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMEH. 


183 


financial  system  now  fosters),  and  they  would  not 
only  get  twenty  per  cent,  upon  their  money,  but 
by  keeping  thirty  cows  on  each  farm  instead  of 
the  present  number,  they  would  give  rest  to  the 
land  by  holding  more  of  it  in  grass,  have  more 
manure  for  the  remainder,  and  raise  larger  crops 
per  acre,  and  at  the  same  time  receive  more  for 
their  cheese  than  they  now  receive  for  the  total 
products  of  their  farms.  I  have  no  statistics  of 
the  average  yield  in  cheese  per  cow  in  America, 
but  in  an  English  Dairy  they  obtain  about  450 
pounds  of  cheese  per  cow.  That  our  farmers 
should,  suppose,  only  average  400  pounds  of  cheese 
to  the  cow,  that  would  be  12,000  pounds  per  30 
cows,  which  at  20  cents  per  pound,  would  amount 
to  S2400,  or  at  only  15  cents  per  pound,  would 
yield  S1800.  But  the  farmers  would  have  in  ad- 
dition to  the  profits  of  cheese,  as  much  or  more 
grain  from  less  land,  more  calves  and  cattle  for 
slaughter,  and  a  variety  of  other  produce  to  sell. 
Other  arguments  present  themselves  to  my 
mind,  and  here  are  English  statistics  showing  the 
importance  and  profit  to  be  derived  from  a 
greater  diversity  of  production  on  all  farms,  and 
a  less  exclusive  devotion  to  grain  raising;  but  I 
am  afraid  that  my  letter  is  already  too  long  and 
will  occupy  too  much  of  your  valuable  space. 
Hoping  that  I  have  said  enough  to  call  attention 
to  this  important  subject, 

I  am,  respectfully  yours, 

R.  J.  Haldkman, 

PHILADELPHIA  BUTTER. 

It  is  very  amusing  to  note  the  various  theories 
continually  put  forth  to  account  foi  "Philadel- 
phia "  butter.  "VVe  have  from  time  to  time  placed 
8ome  of  those  opinions  on  record,  and  now  add 
one  more  from  the  Boston  Cultivator.    It  says : 

"First,  they  always  make  a  first-class  article, 
so  their  customers,  sure  of  getting  the  best  there 
is,  will  not  desert  them  on  account  of  a  rise  in 
the  price.  Second,  they  bring  in  their  butter  in 
a  showy  and  attractive  condition.  Xo  pot  or 
delf-ware,  no  tub  or  pail  of  oak  hemlock,  no  vul- 
gar firkin  is  used  to  entomb  those  noble  balls, 
goldenhued  with  the  aroma  of  white  clover  and 
Poa  Pratcnsis  lingermg  in  the  firm  grain.  A 
large  tin  vessel,  designed  expressly  for  business, 
has  chambers  at  each  end,  into  which  ice  is  put. 
The  wooden  shelves,  about  three  inches  apart, 
rest  on  little  projections  from  the  sides.  A  layer 
of  balls  is  then  placed  on  the  bottom  and  covered 
with  its  shell,  but  not  so  as  to  touch  or  mar  the 
handsome  print  of  a  sheaf  of  grain ;  which  stands 
out  on  the  top  of  each  ball ;  on  the  shelf  another 
layer  of  printa,  and  so  on  till  tho  v««8«l  U  full, 


they  containing  forty  or  fifty  pound  prints.  The 
tin,  with  ice  in  each  end,  is  then  set  in  a  wooden 
tub  which  has  been  cooled  with  ice  or  spring  wa- 
ter. Over  this  is  drawn  a  cover  of  padded  car- 
peting, with  oil-cloth  on  the  top.  Thus  hot  air 
and  dust  are  wholly  excluded,  and  the  butter 
rides  to  the  city  and  opens  in  the  market-house 
in  as  fine  condition  as  when  packed  in  the  spring- 
house.  In  just  this  way,  with  this  degree  of  care 
and  skill,  is  the  best  Philadelphia  butter  made, 
marked  and  marketed.  No  wonder  the  Philadel- 
phians  would  rather  pay  seventy-five  cents  than 
go  back  from  such  manna  to  the  leeks  and  onions 
of  the  common  firkin." 

Of  course,  every  one  knows  that  "Philadel- 
phia" butter  is  not  made  m  Philadelphia.  All 
the  adjoining  counties,  and  indeed  most  of  the 
counties  of  the  State,  contribute  their  quota. 
And  of  course  we  all  know  the  secret,  which  is 
little  more  than  scrupulous  cleanliness,  and  con- 
scientious industry  in  working  out  all  the  little 
details  which  so  many  other  butter-makers  know 
as  well  as  we,  but  seldom  do. 

However,  if  any  of  our  Down  East  friends 
would  like  to  have  a  good  receipt  for  making 
Philadelphia  butter,  let  them  send  down  a  few 
thousand  of  their  young  unmarried  farmers  to  ask 
in  marriage  some  of  our  Pennsylvania  Quaker  or 
Dutch  dairy  girls,  and  we  will  guarantee  that 
from  the  rockbound  coast  of  Maine  to  the  land  of 
Goshen  they  will  have  Philadelphia  butter.  "We 
don't  know  that  the  girls  will  go — their  chances 
in  the  home  market  are  already  as  high  as  they 
desire ;  but  as  agricultural  missionaries,  and  pro 
vided  the  "Yanks"  bring  good  hearts  to  offer 
them,  they  might  risk  their  lots  with  them. 

If  the  foregoing,  which  we  clip  from  the  columns 
of  a  cotemporary  journal,  are  the  true  reasons 
why  the  Philadelphia  butter  is  so  much  better 
than  they  have  it  in  Boston,  and  "  Down  East" 
in  general,  what  would  the  Bostonians  say  if  they 
had  a  sight  and  taste  of  Lancaster  county  butter, 
for  we  have  known  even  Philadelphians  to  sojourn 
in  Lancaster  city  "  a  day  longer,"  only  to  get  two 
or  three  opportunities  of  luxuriating  on  Lancaster 
county  butter. 

It  is  true,  that  a  good  deal  of  our  Lancaster 
county  butter  goes  to  Philadelphia  in  mass,  but 
not  the  best  of  it  goes  there  by  any  means ;  but 
what  does  go  there,  it  seems,  is  far  superior  to 
that  which  finds  a  market  at  the  "  Hub."  But  the 
reasons  for  the  superior  quality  of  Lancaster 
county  butter  are  not  substantially  those  con 
tained  in  the  above  extract.  No  special  arts  and 
embelishments  are  resorted  to  here,  in  order  to 
produce  a  superficial  effect.  Good  pasturage, 
good  feeding  and  attendance,  rich  cream,  careful 


184 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


management  and  thorough  working,  is  the  whole 
secret,  without  regard  to  the  size  or  form  of  the 
masses,  or  the  vessels  containing  them. 

The  only  cow  we  saw  in  passing  from  Worces- 
ter to  Boston,  in  the  month  of  June,  was  a  hungry 
looking  piece  of  kine,  tied  to  a  stake,  nipping  the 
"  short  grass,"  where  we  would  hardly  suppose  a 
Lancaster  county  wether  could  find  subsistence. 
Of  course,  not  much  good  butter  could  be  expected 
under  such  circumstances.  Ed. 


I 


MORE  ABOUT  TBUIT  TREES. 

Fruit  trees  certainly  deserve  some  attention  it 
we  expect  to  reap  much  benefit  from  them.  In 
my  experience  with  several  orchards  that  I 
planted  and  reared,  and  from  observations  taken 
from  my  neighbors  around  me,  I  will  give  some 
little  account.  The  planting  we  will  pass  by  for 
the  present,  and  only  notice  the  treatment,  &c. 
Don't  coat  your  trees  with  tar,  paint,  grease,  nor 
whitewash.  A  good,  simple  treatment  is  this, 
clean  the  tree  of  borers  (a  white  worm).  I  take 
an  old,  pointed  butcher  knife,  and  after  cleaning 
the  soil  away  (funnel  like)  around  the  trunk,  I 
get  on  its  track,  and  soon  rout  it  out ;  a  good 
scraping  wont  hurt  if  there  should  not  be  any 
borers  there,  and  if  the  tree  has  rough  bark  it 
can  also  be  scraped  with  something,  and  then 
after  cleaning  away  the  scrapings  from  the  root, 
give  it  a  coat  of  thin,  soft  soap,  or  strong  soap 
suds,  from  the  limbs  down  to  the  roots,  swabiug 
it  in  well  with  a  brush  or  broom,  and  soak 
the  ground  a  little  close  at  the  tree ;  apply  once 
a  year  in  fall,  or  the  suds  twice  (say  fall  and 
spring),  and  fill  the  ring  round  the  tree  with  fell 
lime,  or  clean  fresh  soil,  and  allow  no  grass  or 
weeds  close  to  the  tree.  To  make  trees  grow 
fast  cultivate  them  well,  and  apply  the  soap,  and 
you  will  not  be  troubled  with  sickly  trees. 

The  finest  orchard  of  clean,  smooth  bark  trees 
I  ever  saw  were  treated  with  soft  soap  once  a 
year,  and  the  ground  cultivated  with  difi'erent 
crops,  &c.  I  think  it  best  not  to  force  cherry  or 
peach  trees  too  fast;  a  high  location,  somewhat 
sandy,  or  stony,  or  barren  soil,  seems  best  for 
them ;  seedlings  bear  the  best  with  me  in  the 
peach  line.  Apples,  pears,  quinces,  &c.,  should 
have  pretty  good  soil,  manured  or  fed  occasion- 
ally. At  one  time  I  spoiled  a  tree  full  of  peaches 
by  pouring  salt  pickle  to  it  when  the  fruit  were 
about  maturing ;  the  peaches  were  too  salty  to 
use.  Another  tree  had  its  fruit  spoiled  by  having 
»  filthy  sink  or  drain  around  it.    I  would  not  re- 


commend putting  much  brme  or  strong  substance 
to  the  tree  whjle  maturing  its  fruit,  although  it 
may  be  beneficial  at  other  times,  if  properly  ap- 
plied. 

Water  is  of  great  service  to  fruit  while  ripen- 
ing if  the  weather  be  very  dry.  Trees  that  have 
been  on  the  decline,  and  looked  like  dying,  have 
often  been  revived  and  made  to  thrive  well  by 
very  simple  means,  a  little  hunting  after  the 
worms,  or  by  applying  hot  water  or  chamber  lye, 
or  brine,  or  cut  lye,  or  soap-suds,  or  lime,  or  even 
clean  fresh  soil  after  cleaning  away  the  old  with 
the  worms,  &c.  If  you  will  look  after  your  trees 
properly,  and  take  good  care  of  them,  you  will 
not  have  many  sickly  ones.  In  case  a  tree  gets 
hurt,  the  bark  knocked  off,  or  gnawed  by  horses, 
or  rabbits,  or  sheep,  or  when  limbs  are  sawed  or 
cut  ofi",  a  very  cheap  and  good  healing  salve  is 
fresh  cow-dung,  apply  it  immediately  after  the 
tree  is  wounded,  a  trowel  or  small  paddle  will  an- 
swer the  purpose  (if  you  are  not  too  delicate  to 
use  it),  if  the  wound  be  very  large,  bind  it  with  a 
strip  of  something  to  keep  the  plaster  on,  and  it 
will  heal  up  very  fast.  I  once  healed  up  a  choice 
3'oung  apple  tree  that  was  pealed  all  around  by 
rabbits,  by  simply  greasing  the  wound  with  lard, 
to  keep  away  the  rabbits ;  in  the  spring  a  verj' 
small  strip  of  the  inner  bark  began  to  show  about 
the  size  of  a  small  tape-string,  and  as  it  swelled 
out  by  degrees  I  would  lay  it  open  slightly  with 
the  point  of  mj'  knife  as  it  crept  around  the  tree, 
and  it  healed  up  nicely.  Trees  that  are  crippled 
will  sometimes  bear  tolerably  well,  (and  should 
be  properly  cared  for)  while  others  that  appear 
to  be  the  thriftiest  will  scarcely  show  a  sign  of 
flint.  I  think  it  not  best  to  force  fruit  trees  all 
the  time.  Some  of  the  fullest  trees  that  I  ever 
saw  were  ou  poor  land,  they  seem  to  stand  the 
winter  better,  the  fruit  buds  don't  freeze  as  soon 
as  those  ou  rich  land.  When  trees  are  injured 
and  likely  to  give  out,  they  will  often  throw  up 
sprouts ;  I  sometimes  select  one  of  the  best,  and 
and  destroy  the  others,  and  keep  it  trimmed,  and 
if  it  came  out  below  the  graff  Igraft  it,  and  when 
the  o",d  stem  is  played  out  I  saw  it  off,  and  have 
a  new  tree  in  its  place.  This  plan  will  do  when 
trees  have  been  pealed  with  the  rabbits,  if  the 
sprout  be  above  the  grafi',  it  need  not  be  grafted, 
and  it  will  grow  very  fast,  and  save  the  planting 
of  another  in  its  place,  &c. 

Some  bugs  you  can  chase  by  giving  them  occa- 
sionally a  good  sprinkling  of  soap  suds  (whale  oil 
and  carbolic  soaps  are  very  good),  the  common 
will  do.  And  some  of  these  patent  compounds  are 
not  much  better.  You  cannot  kill  many  buzs  nor 
insects  with  any  such  stuff,  unless  it  comes  in  conj 
tact  with  them.    But  how  Trill  yon  apply  it  to  the 


THE  LANCASTER  FAKMEK. 


185 


Curculio;  they  are  uot  easily  disgusted  by  the 
smell  of  those  pateut  remedies,  and  it  is  impossi- 
ble to  give  them  a  dose.  You  would  come  better 
hpeed  by  Jarring  the  trees  and  catching  them 
without  a  patent  remedy.  This  might  do  with  a 
few  trees,  if  attended  to  until  the  fruit  is  too  old 
for  them.  But  how  are  you  going  to  prevent  the 
insects  Avherc  there  are  acres  of  trees,  vines,  bush- 
es and  plants.  Why  the  greatest  discovery  of  the 
age  ought  certainly  do  it!  (Sec  the  circular.)  The 
most  useful  discovery  ever  known  to  man,  Best's 
improved  fruit  tree  and  vine  msect  destroyer, 
Have  you  read  it '?  Any  persons  that  are  green 
enough  to  believe  or  swallow  all  that  it  contains, 
can  just  send  them  five  dollars  to  pay  for  their 
learning. 

One  of  his  recommendations  says,"  I  do  hereby 
certify  that  I  used  Best's  fruit  tree  invigorator  on 
my  plum-trees  in  the  spring  of  1868,  and  it  de- 
stroyed the  Curculio,  and  I  had  a  fine  lot  of 
plums."  Now,  does  any  sensible  person  believe 
that  the  Curculio  can  be  destroyed  l)y  applying  it 
to  the  tree.  It  seems  doubtful  whether  that  per- 
son knew  what  a  curculio  was.  Another  says, 
"  It  destroys  the  peach  grub,  the  worm  in  the 
heart  of  the  plum-tree,  and  keeps  all  destructive 
worms  and  insects  off  the  branches."  Xow  Best 
don't  believe  this  himself,  for  he  says  in  his  direc- 
tions, "  The  limbs  of  plnm,  apricot  and  cherry 
trees  should  not  touch  any  wooden  structure,  or 
limbs  of  other  trees  that  are  not  bandaged.  So 
this  proves  at  once  that  it  wont  destroy  insects 
that  can  get  on  the  tree  without  climbing  up  the 
trunk  with  the  saturated  bandage.  How  about 
the  curculio  and  other  winged  insects  that  go 
from  tree  to  tree  without  climbing.  At  another 
place  he  says,  "  It  will  prevent  the  curculio  from 
stinging  the  plums."    I  don't  believe  a  word  of  it. 

A  farmer  told  me  himself  that  he  bought  a  farm 
right  for  S5.00,  and  used  the  stuft'  according  to  the 
directions,  and  he  could  not  see  any  difference  on 
the  trees  that  he  used  the  stuff  from  the  others 
which  had  none  of  it.  He  told  me  that  the  fruit 
dropped,  and  were  stung  fully  as  bad  as  his  other 
trees  that  were  not  treated  with  the  stufl'.  Ho 
says  that  he  saw  the  warning  in  the  Lancaster 
Farmer,  to  look  out  for  humbugs,  but  he  did  not 
heed  it,  so  he  got  humbugged,  &c.  Another 
farmer  used  the  stuff  on  his  trees,  and  the  fruit 
fell  very  much,  being  stung  with  the  curculis ;  but 
still  they  had  more  fruit  than  for  several  years 
past ;  he  could  not  tell  whether  the  Invigorator 
did  it  or  not.  So  had  we  more  fruit  than  for 
several  years  past,  and  we  know  that  Best's  In- 
vigorator was  uot  the  cause  of  it.  Did  not  our 
horticultural  tables  prove  that  fruit  can  be  suc- 
cesafully  raised  without  the  aid  of  that  (sreatest 


discovery  of  the  age)  wonderful  stuff.  But  yet  if 
you  feel  inclined  to  give  them  five  dollars,  do  soj 
Yet  we  think  you  might  spend  it  more  to  your 
advantage  by  subscribing  for  some  good  Horticul- 
tural Journal,  &c.,  that  will  keep  you  posted  up 
all  the  time  (free  gratis),  with  the  most  approved 
plans  of  treating  your  trees  and  vines,  &c.,  &c. 
To  be  successful,  we  would  not  forget  the  eternal 
sourco  of  every  joy. 

Thy  praiBj  may  weU  our  lips  employ. 
Thy  hnnil  is  full,  aud  richly  pours 
Through  all  our  coaste  abundant  »torei«, 
If  man  would  only  use  the  skill 
Which  ia  revealed  In  thy  will. 
Dress  the  trees  and  thoy  will  thrive, 
Keep  them  growing  while  we  live  ; 
Still  cultivate,  and  plant  again, 
And  trust  In  God  to  send  us  rain. 
I  may  plant,  A  polios'  water. 
Increase  comes  from  God,  our  Father ; 
If  Qod  in  wrath  should  so  decree, 
That  fruits  should  fail ,  so  we  might  see, 
That  great  discovery  can't  prevent. 
The  curse  of  insects  Qod  has  sent, 
Then  where  would  Best's  discovery  be, 
To  keep  the  pests  from  every  tree  ; 
Wliich  he  avows  his  stuff  will  do, 
And  in  the  list  the  curculio. 
If  used  as  the  directions  say, 
It  drives  the  worms  and  bugs  away ; 
You'll  find  there  is  not  rinite  enough 
Virtue  in  that  patent  stufi'. 
If  at  their  bait  you  choose  to  bite, 
And  then  get  caught,  it  serves  you  right ; 
Fruit  has  been  raised  and  still  can  be, 
Without  that  great  discovery, 
Their  object  is  to  get  your  money, 
It  beats  the  bugs — aint  that  funny  ! 
Five  dollars  will  get  yon  a  right, 
To  kill  and  put  the  bugs  to  flight ; 
It  has  been  tried,  and  tried  in  vain. 
But  still  the  bugs  come  back  again  ; 
It  will  not  keep  the  bugs  away. 
Nor  do  the  half  those  humbugs  say. 
Five  dollars  for  a  patent  right. 
To  drive  the  bugs  all  out  of  sight ; 
If  worm  or  bug  should  come  about, 
Give  them  a  dose  to  drive  them  out. 
Beaver  Valley. 


J.B.  K. 


CHERRIES. 


At  the  late  meeting  of  the  American  Pomologi- 
cal  Society,  the  President  suggested  that  each 
delegate  should  name  one  variety  of  cherry  which 
was  considei-ed  the  best  and  most  flourishing  in 
the  State  where  ho  resided,  and  the  following  was 
the  result.  The  delegates  from  Washington,  New 
Jersey,  Tennessee,  Connecticut,  New  York,  and 
Kentucky,  declared  in  favor  of  C'oe's  Transparent; 
from  Kansas,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  in  favor  of 
Uarly  Richmond;  from  Massachusetts,  in  favor 
of  Douner''s  Late,  and  from  Canada,  in  lavor  of 
Old  Kejiiish.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  from  siix. 
districts  or  sections,  on  the  north,  east,  and  south 
of  Pennsylvania,  some  of  the  highest  pomological 
authorities   kave   declared   in   favor  of  "  Coe's 


186 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


Transparent,"  as  the  best  cherry  for  those  dis- 
tj'icts,  and  in  all  proijability  it  does,  or  would  do, 
equally  well  in  this  State,  and  especially  in  Lan- 
caster county,  although  no  response  to  the  Presi- 
dent's suggestion  was  made  from  Pennsylvania. 
The  "Early  Richmond"  was  endorsed  by  three 
States  or  districts,  all  west  of  Pennsylvania,  which 
does,  or  would  do,  probably  as  well  in  this  State 
as  they  do  in  the  "West. 

Cherry  culture  in  Pennsylvania,  except  perhaps 
in  some  of  the  eastern  tier  of  counties,  does  not 
seem  to  have  received  the  attention  of  fruit 
growers,  as  it  has  in  some  other  localities.  There 
are  numbers  of  huge  cherry  trees  on  nearly  all  of 
our  farms,  but  for  the  most  part  the  fniit  is  very 
inferior,  and  in  many  places  it  is  not  gathered 
and  used.  The  old  Black  Morella,  at  one  time  so 
common  on  almost  every  farm  in  Lancaster  coun- 
ty, has  almost  disappeared.  A  red  variety,  at 
one  time  quite  as  common,  has  shared  the  same 
fate.  The  "  black  knot"  and  the  "  curculio"  have 
put  an  "extinguisher"  on  them.  May  we  not 
hope  that  their  day  will  return  again  ?  We  in- 
dulge this  hope,  because  the  various  culinary  pre- 
paration of  cherries,  possess  a  relish  not  imparted 
by  any  other  fruit,  in  our  view. 


(i^ntotttologg. 


At  the  commencement  of  our  journal,  we  sug- 
gested a  plan  by  which  we  could  be  instrumental 
in  diffusing  among  our  readers,  from  time  to  time, 
some  entomological  knowledge  of  a  practical 
character ;  one  feature  of  which  was,  that  our 
subscribers  should  institute  a  series  of  observa- 
tions themselves,  by  capturing  and  sending  to  us 
all  insects  they  found  depredating  upon  their  pro- 
ductions. We  are  sorry  to  say  that  they — except 
to  a  very  limited  extent — have  not  responded  to 
our  suggestions.-  The  past  season,  compared  with 
a  number  which  have  preceded  it,  has  been  a 
a  fruitful  and  prolific  one,  and  from  some  cause 
or  other  very  little  injury  has  been  inflicted  upon 
vegetation — or  at  least  much  less  than  in  former 
years.  Even  if  the  injuries  from  insect  depreda- 
tions had  been  to  the  usual  extent,  the  prospect 
of  a  good  fruit  and  produce  crop,  overshadowed 
all  observations  upon  contingencies  that  might 
have  gone  far  to  prevent  it.  Another  year  things 
may  be  different,  although  we  sincerely  hope  that 
this  may  not  be  the  case.  Our  time  is  too  lim- 
ited, and  our  opportunities  too  few,  to  present  a 
general  detailed  view  of  entomology  to  the  con- 
sideration of  our  readers,  even  if  the  limited 
space  in  our  journal  permitted  it,  and  therefore 
Tf  e  hftd  proposed  to  confine  our  investigations  to 


such  special  subjects  as  might  be  presented  to  us 
by  our  readers;  answering  their  queries  according 
to  the  "  best  of  our  knowledge  and  belief,"  in  a 
column  devoted  to  that  special  question. 

In  closing  our  first  volume,  we  again  call  the 
attention  of  our  subscribers  to  this  subject.  We 
wish  them  to  propound  entomological  questions, 
and  so  far  as  they  come  in  contact  with  insects  in 
the  pursuit  of  their  daily  calling,  to  secure  them 
and  send  them  to  us — the  larvce^  the  pupa  and  the 
imago,  together  with  their  written  or  personal 
verbal  observations  upon  them,  so  far  as  they 
have  made  them.  In  this  manner  may  be  devel- 
oped the  information  they  most  need,  without 
bringing  the  subject  before  them  in  such  a  form 
as  to  confound  or  discourage  them  by  its  immen- 
sity. If  the  insect  can  be  sent  alive-  especially 
the  larvce  and  the  pup(e — so  much  the  better,  but 
if  they  cannot  be  secured  alive,  send  them  any 
way.  Portions  of  the  trees,  shrubs  and  plants 
upon  which  they  are  found  should  also  be  sent, 
together  with*  the  time  and  manner  of  their  at- 
tacks. By  these  means  will  they  assist  in  the  dif- 
fusion of  knowledge,  valuable  to  themselves  and 

their  neighbors. 

^    »    » 

Destruction  of  insects. — The  Vinelanders 
of  New  Jersey,  according  to  the  Gardeners^ 
Monthly,  have  adopted  the  plan  of  offering  pre- 
miums for  the  destruction  of  noxious  insects, 
after  the  manner  of  European  cultivators,  and 
the  following  list  exhibits  the  result : 

CURCULIOS. 

B.  C.  Campbell,  4416 ;  P.  Snyder,  800;  A.  C. 
Kinney,  292 ;  D.  P.  Arnet,  1315 ;  Mr.  Burge,  780; 
A.  K.  Gage,  121 ;  R.  Ingraham,  995  ;  C.  Coburn, 
480.  Other  persons  having  brought  in  enough  to 
make  the  total  number  9289. 

ROSE  BUGS. 

Dr.  W.  T.  Young,  29,737  ;  J.  McMahan,  955  ; 
J.  Ingram,  7200 ;  J.  C.  Parsons,  22,800 ;  Mr.  Burge, 
10,711 ;  R.  Ingram,  7005  ;  E.  W.  Gray,  18,254  ;  C. 
M.  Goodrich,  8580.  Total  number  of  rose  bugs, 
64,526. 

The  four  highest  have  been  awarded  premiums. 
This  plan  is  practical,  and  sure,  and  if  rigidly 
followed,  must  ultimately  extinguish,  or  greatly 
diminish  the  noxious  race.  But  it  will  require  a 
simultaneous  effort,  for  if  only  one  or  two  culti- 
vators pursue  this  plan,  they  may  only  have  an 
influx  from  their  neighbor's  premises. 

We  have  received  the  price-list  circular  of  J.  G. 
Kreider,  of  Lancaster,  whose  Nursery  and  Gar- 
den lies  two  miles  south  of  the  city.  The  assort- 
ment of  plants  and  seeds  of  all  kinds  is  very  full 
and  complete.  Circulars  sent  free.  Address  J.  G. 
Kreider,  box  103  Lancaster  P.  0. 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


187 


i0tattg* 


WEEDS— NO.  9. 


PLANTAIN   OB    RIB    <  HASS,   (GERM.,    Wegerich). 


Louden,  in  his  encyclopaedia  of  plants,  describes 
42  species  out  of  115  known  to  botanical  wTiters. 
Dr.  Gray  describes  8  species  as  found  in  the  north- 
eastern portions  of  the  United  States.  The  two 
species  most  common  are  the  broad-leaved  plan- 
tain, Plantago  Major^  L.,  and  the  pointed-leaved 
ribble  grass  or  rib  grass — Plantago  Lanceolata. 
The  common  English  name,  ''  Way-bred,"  and 
the  German,  Wegetritt,  as  also,  no  doubt,  the 
generic  name,  from  "planto,"  the  sole  of  the  foot, 
and  ''  ago,"  to  act  or  exercise,  have  arisen  from 
the  fact  that  it  chiefly  grows  along  paths  in  yards, 
and  across  fields.  Louden  informs  us  that  the 
Plantago  Major  is  a  native  of  most  parts  of  Europe 
and  of  Japan,  and  always  grows  by  way  sides. 
This  is  an  introduced  plant,  and  has  followed  the 
emigrants  from  their  earliest  settlement.  The 
Indians  noticed  this  fact,  and  gave  to  the  plant 
(in  their  own  language)  the  name  "  white  man's 
foot."  The  rib  grass  has  seeds  about  the  size  of 
clover,  and  it  is  diflScult  to  separate  it  from  clover 
seed;  our  farmers  call  it  "  Spitze  "Wetterich,"  a 
corruption  from  the  true  German  name,  "  Spitz- 
icher  Wegerich,"  to  distinguish  it  from  the  broad- 
leaved.  This  admixture  always  lessens  the  value 
of  the  clover  seed,  and  hence  should  be  guarded 
against.  It  is  fortunate,  however,  that  it  is  not 
much  inclined  to  spread  m  cultivated  fields,  but 
sticks  to  the  pathways  and  yards.  The  broad- 
leaved  plantain  has  had  some  reputation  in  a 
medicinal  point  of  view,  to  dress  blistered  sur- 
faces or  sores.  This  was  known  to  Shakspeare, 
as  we  read  in  his  play  of  tlomeo  and  Juliet.  Act 
.  1,  Scene  2. 

Enter  Benvolio  and  Romeo. 

Ben Tut,  man  !    One  fire  burns  out  another's  burning, 

One  pain  is  lessen'd  by  another's  anguish 
Tnm  giddy,  and  be  holp  by  backward  turning  : 
One  desperate  grief  cures  with  another's  languish . 
Take  thou  some  new  infection  to  the  eye, 
And  the  rank  poison  of  the  old  will  die. 

Rom Your  plantain  leaf  is  excellent  for  that. 

Ben For  what,  I  pray  thee ! 

Rom For  your  broken  shin,  &c. 

Dr.  Darlington  facetiously  remarks  upon  it  as  a 
"  shin  plaster."  That  the  plantain  leaf  continued 
in  vogue,  for  that  purpose,  until  a  substitute  was 
furnished  by  modern  experimenters,  in  their  em- 
pirical attempts  to  regulate  the  national  currency. 
(He  wrote  this  in  1846). 

The  Assembly  of  South  Carolina,  many  years 
ago,  rewarded  a  negro  for  publishing  a  recipe  to 


cure  the  bite  of  a  rattle  snake .  Woodville ,  in  his 
medical  botany,  says  that  the  plantain  was  the 
principle  ingredient.  Modern  authors,  however, 
ignore  the  plant,  be  its  merits  what  it  may- 
It  is  interesting,  however,  to  know  the  histojy 
of  our  common  weeds;  and  having  commenced  to 
bring  them  before  the  readers  of  the  Lancaster 
Farmer,  I  may,  for  a  time,  continue  to  do  so  as 
a  matter  of  pastime,  if  not  of  any  special  benefit 
to  the  public.  J«  S. 


MEETING    OP    THE    AGRICULTURAL 
AND  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

The  regular  monthly  meeting  of  the  Agricultu- 
ral and  Horticultural  Society  was  held  at  the  Or- 
phans' Court  Room,  on  Monday  afternoon,  Nov. 
1st,  1869.  In  the  absence  of  the  President,  H.  K. 
Stoner  was  called  to  the  chair.  The  minutes  of 
the  previous  meeting  were  read  and  approved  by 
acquiescence. 

H:  K.  Stoner  exhibited  specimens  of  White  Ma- 
laga and  Black  Hamburg  grapes.  J.  B.  Erb  had 
a  bottle  of  raspberry  wine  made  last  summer,  and 
also  a  quince  which  was  the  second  growth  of  the 
season.  John  Huber  exhibited  two  apples,  and 
asked  that  they  be  named  by  the  Society.  Two 
varieties  of  potatoes  were  sho^vn  by  J.  H.  Zer- 
cher,  and  a  name  was  desired  therefore.  John 
K.  Reed  sent  to  the  meeting  several  clusters  of 
Clinton  grapes  which  were  the  second  growth  of 
the  season.  Jacob  Frantz,  of  Paradise,  presented 
for  distribution  among  the  members  cuttings  of 
the  Israella  grape.  H.  K.  Stoner  had  with  him  a 
box  of  Sheldon's  Improved  Compound  for  the 
destruction  of  insects.  Mr.  Stoner  had  received  a 
number  of  boxes  of  the  article  for  distribution 
among  the  members  of  the  Society.    Society  on 

motion  adjourned. 

i»  ^  <* 

CLOSING  REFLECTIONS.  nr 

The  present  number  completes  the  first  volume 
of  the  Lancaster  Farmer,  and,  therefore,  it 
has  a  "local  habitation  and  a  name"  in  the 
Agricultural  and  Horticultural  literature  of  Lan- 
caster county— and  the  whole  country— and  ha? 
become  identified  with  her  in  history.  By  refer- 
ence to  our  table  of  contents,  published  with  this 
number,  notwithstanding  the  limited  space  to 
which  we  have  been  confined,  by  the  peculiar  cir- 
cumstances which  brought  our  Journal  into  its 
being,  it  will  be  seen  that  it  contains,  on  the 
whole,  a  comparatively  large  amount  of  useful 
matter  on  various  topics  that  is  interesting  and 


18« 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


instructive  to  the  general  reader.    We  feel  as- 
sured that  none  of  our  subscribers  and  advertis- 
ing patrons  have  any  reasonable  grounds  to  re- 
gret the  helping  hands  they  have  extended  to- 
wards us,  in  carrying  our  enterprise  through  the 
year,  and  trust  that  they  will  continue  in  this 
species  of  "  well  doing"  through  the  time  and 
times  that  are  coming.  The  editing  and  publishing 
committees  have   been   doing  what  they  could, 
ui.der  all  the  circumstances,  towards  making  the 
Farmer  a  welcome  local  visitant  to  the  "hearths 
and  homes"  of  their  patrons.    However  far  their 
efforts  may  have  fallen  below  th^  "  general  ex- 
pectation," and  whatever  imperfections  may  ap- 
pear in  the  general  conduct  of  the  journal,  they 
feel  that  none  can  be  more  sensible  of  them  thari 
they  are  themselves.    "Without  intending  to  mako  | 
and 'special  pledges,  they,  nevertheless  believe, 
that  with  proper  encouragement,  the  Lancaster 
Farmer  will  more  than  redeem  ii    the  future 
what  it  seemed  to  lack  in  the  past.    They,  there- 
fore, acrain  respectfully  and  kindly  call  the  atten-  • 
tion  of  the  patrons  of  the  Journal,  to  the  propo- 
sition contained  in  the  editorial  of  the  November 
number,  and  trust  they  may  not  call  in  vain. 
We  may  say  that  we  are  almost  on  the  threshold 
of  another  year,  and  in  reviewing  the  past,  many 
of  us,  doubtless,  may  propose  to  *'  turn  a  new 
leaf'  in  the  things  that  relate  to  our  personal 
affairs.    All  this  may  be  right,  but  the  very  fact 
that  it  is  susceptible  of  a  may  be,  evmces  a  possi- 
bility of  its  being  wrong.    Not  by  any  means 
that  is  is  wrong  to  turn  the  leaf,  but  that  the  right 
or  wrong  of  it  depends  upon  whether  we  turn  it 
backward  or  forward.    Let  us  be  sure  that  we 
turn  the  \ea,f  forward.    Let  us  be  sure  that  while 
we  proscribe  the  '*  pence"  that  ought  to  go  to- 
wards the  support  of  the  Farmer,  or  some  other 
journal,  we  do  not,  at  the  same  time,  squander  the 
"pound"  in  sensual  self-indulgence,  for  this  is 
surely  turning  the  leaf  BACKWARD.    When  we 
reflect  upon  the  daily  denial  we  are  required  to 
make  f<  r  the  support  of  the  Farmer,  and  com- 
pare it  with  other  useless,  and  often  injurious 
outlays,  it  becomes  astonishingly  small,  and  we 
almost  blush  in  our  closets,  to  think  that  we  had 
proposed  to  proscribe  it.    A  little  more  than 
three-tenths  of  a  cent  a  day,  is  all  that  is  required 
out  of  our  abundance.    The  commonest  cigar,  or 
a  mug  of  beer,  costs  us  from  thirty  to  fifty-tenths, 
and   these   pander   only  to  the    sensual   man. 
Cigars  and  beer  are  often  bloated  with  repletion, 
whilst  literature  and  intellectual  labot  go  beg- 
ging for  a  scanty  subsistence.    Let  us  turn  that 
*  new  leaf  in  our  book  of  lile,  which  teaches  us 
that  this  shall  not  continue  to  be  oiu*  case,  as  in- 
tellectual caterers  and  patrons  during  the  coming 
year.  ^ 


During  the  year  1869,  which  is  now  in  the 
twelfth  hour  of  its  annual "  watch,"  taking  it  as 
a  whole,  our  county,  and  our  entire  country,  has 
been  prosperous  and  peaceful,  as  well  as  health- 
ful.   It  is  true,  that  some  inequalities  still  exist  in 
regard  to  the  prices  of  the  various  human  pro- 
ductions which  so  vast  and  varied  an  empire 
yields,  but  these  in  time,  we  trust,  will  find  their 
proper  level  and  correction,  in  the  common  na- 
ture of  thinsis.    Since  the  outbreak  of  the  civil 
war,  now  happily  terminated  it  is  hoped  forever, 
a  ncAv  epoch  has  commenced  in  our  history,  and 
we  are  therefore  still  measurably  in  a  transition 
state.    The  boilings  and  surgings  of  bygone  years 
are  gradually  coming  down  to  a  simmer,  and  with 
patience  and  self-denial,  tranquility  in  all  things 
must  ultimately  be   restored,  for  it  cannot  be, 
under  God,  but  that  our  progress  must  be  upward 
and  onward.    In  social  and  political  commotions 
and  mutations,  all  interests   are  more  or  less 
effected,  and  perhaps  none  more  so,  either  for 
good  or  evil,  than  those  of  Agriculture  and  Hor- 
ticulture, because  these  are  also  subjected  to  cli- 
matic   influences,  which  many  others    are  not. 
But  under  the  most  adverse  circumstances,  the 
health  and  habits  of  the  farmer  are  such  as  to 
shield  him  from  much  of  the  suffering  and  depri- 
vation which  is  experienced  by  those  in  other 
walks  of  life.    The  independence  of  an  American 
farmer  is  an  enviable  one,  for  while  "  he  turns 
the  furrow  and  scatters  the  seed,  he  feels  that  he 
does   not  labor  for  a  master."     And  although 
midday  suns  may  brown  his  complexion,  and  his 
hands  by  rustic  toil  become  callous  as  a  horn,  yet 
he  has  a  heart  that  is  as  tender  and  accessible  as 
the  most  humane,  and  a  head  as  capable  of  intel- 
lectual culture  as  the  most  refined;  and  there- 
fore, in  the  improvement  of  his  "  farm,"  he  will 
not  neglect  his  "  fireside."    As  a  messenger  and 
improver  of  that  fireside,  as  well  as  the  farm,  we 
propose  to  lay  upon  his  table  the  Lancaster 
Farmer  for  1870,  if  he  has  not  already  become 
a  subscriber  to  1869.    If  he  has  that  local  pride 
which  legitimately  grows  out  of  a  love  of  country, 
he  will  welcome  it  to  his  domicil,  not  only  as  a 
paying  subscriber,  but  as  a  medium  through  which 
he  may  diffuse  his  own  individual  light  on  his  pro- 
fessional calling,  and  which,  notwithstanding  the 
army  of  writers  already  in  the  country,  is  so 
much  needed  in  his  immediate  county.    Although 
the  great  bulk  of  our  support  ought  to  come  from 
the  farming  interests  of  Lancaster  county,  yet  it 
is  cot  to  them  alone  we  look.    Every  man  and 
woman,  who  possesses  a  garden  and  a  household, 
ought  to  subscribe  for  it,  and  all  of  suflficiMit  in- 
telligence and  experience  shotild  contribute  to  its 
columns.    Before  the  appearance  of  our  next 


THE  LANCASTEE  FRAMEE. 


18P 


number,  our  annual  Christmas  festival  will  have 
passed,  and  we  cannot  close  our  remarks  on  this 
occasion  more  appropriately  than  by  the  usual 
greeting,  of  wishing  our  patrons  and  others — A 
Merry  Christtyias.  May  they  remember  that  it 
commemorates  the  anniversary  of  the  "coming" 
of  Him,  who  was  "  in  the  beginning  with  God, 
and  who  was  God,"  and  who  gave,fis  a  living  and 
perpetual  example,  that  we  should  also  give. 

ADVERTISEMENTS. 
As  the  Lancaster  Farmer  has  a  wide  range 
of  circulation,  copies  being  sent  to  various  parts 
of  Pennsylvania,  to  Massachusetts,  New  York, 
Xew  Jersey,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Illinois,  Missouri. 
Kansas.  Nebraska,  and  even  to  California  and  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  it  must  therefore  be  a  proper 
medium  for  the  advertisement  of  agricultural  and 
horticultural  implements  and  inventions,  as  well 
as  general  commercial  and  business  concerns. 
"Will  our  subscribers  and  readers  hold  this  fact  in 
consideration,  and  send  in  their  advertisements 
of  what  they  manufacture,  produce,  and  have  for 
sale?  In  this  way  they  may  be  "killing  two 
birds  with  one  stone" — the  pigeon  for  us,  and  the 
turkey  for  themselves.  For  iheir  liberal  encour- 
agement during  the  present  year,  we  return  our 
sincere  thanks,  and  respectfully  solicit  a  continu- 
ance of  the  same  during  the  coming  year.  The 
power  of  a  good  advertisement,  in  a  respectable 
journal,  is  universally  acknowledged,  and  the 
name  of  Lancaster  county,  throughout  the  Union, 
has  long  been  a  sure  indication  that  whatever 
emanated  from  it  is  worthy  of  the  consideration 
of  the  public. 


ENCOURAGING  THIEVES. 

A  large  dry  goods  firm  in  a  neighboring  city 
has  suffered  recently  by  dishonest  employees,  like 
many  other  establishments  in  that  and  other 
cities.  Investigation,  through  the  agency  of  the 
detective  ofticers,  has  led  to  the  confirmation  of 
a  fact,  well  known,  probably,  to  the  police,  but 
not  so  well  known,  as  it  should  be,  to  the  public. 
The  goods  purloined  were  converted  into  cash, 
through  the  agency  of  hawkers  and  pedlars,  even 
licensed  pedlars  being  engaged  in  the  business. 
Of  course,  the  articles  go  through  the  hands  of  a 
receiver,  in  the  slang  of  thieves  called  a  "fence." 
He  employs  men  to  dispose  of  them,  who  pre- 
tend to  be  hawkei::s  or  pedlars.  Operators  in  such 
aline  of  business  cannot  fail  to  make  good  profits, 
though  they  sell  their  wares  at  "  a  niinous  sacri- 
fice" to  the  parties  robbed. 


Sometimes  the  seller  pretends  that  the  articles 
are  smuggled,  and  as  it  is  too  common  to  consider 
cheating  the  revenue  a  venial  sin,  the  purchaser 
has  no  objection  to  share  in  a  thing  so  clever, 
when  he  supposes  it  is  to  his  profit.  The  rogues 
do,  perhaps,  sell  "  bargains."  But  they  are  not 
at  all  above  cheating  those  who  buy  of  them  too ; 
and  may  steal  besides,  if  the  opportunity  offers, 
as  many  a  simpleton  has  discovered  to  his  or  her 
cost.    Fair  dealing  always  pays  best  in  the  end. 

Sometimes  the  hawker  has  a  woful  tale  of  dis- 
tress, and  then  the  purchaser  is  willing  to  take 
advantage  rf  the  pretended  necessity  of  another. 
But  while  he  fancies  he  is  imposing  upon  poverty, 
he  is  really  helping  the  ring  of  thieves  to  realize 
upon  the  fruits  of  their  knavery.  The  safe  rule  is 
treat  all  hawkers  of  these  descriptions  with  sus- 
picion. Especially,  avoid  all  mysterious  individ- 
uals. There  is  always  a  shrewd  reason  for  this 
kind  of  mystery,  and  it  usually  is,  that  roguery 
may  be  concealed.  If  thieves  and  receivers  were 
not  assisted  by  thoughtless  and  often  unconscious 
buyers,  as  well  as  unscrupulous  ones,  there  would 
be  less  of  all  grades  of  thieving,  from  petty  lar- 
ceny to  burglary.  There  would  be  less,  too,  of  a 
crime  which  is  unfortunately  more  common  than 
burglary — the  cheating  of  employers  by  dissipated 
and  thievish  clerks,  porters,  watchmen  and  work- 
men. It  is  a  sad  state  of  things  when  a  man  can 
not  trust  those  who  are  earning  of  him  their  living. 
All  confidence  is  disturbed  by  such  crimes ;  and 
buyers  cannot  be  too  careful  in  avoiding  whatever 
may  tend  to  encourage  thieves.  Know  your  man 
before  you  deal  with  him,  or  know,  at  least,  that 
he  is  engaged  in  fair  and  legitimate  business, 
which  needs  no  winks  and  whisperings.  "Who 
cheats  another  will  cheat  you  if  he  can.  "With 
reference  to  that  particular  class  of  swindling 
hawkers,  who  pretend  to  sell  smuggled  goods,  the 
man  or  woman  who  is  approached  by  one  of  them 
should  always  think,  "  here  is  a  knave  that  I 
should  turn  over  to  the  police,  instead  of  driving 
a  bargain  with  him."  "  He  admits  that  he  has 
been  cheating  the  Government,  and  now  he  asks 
me  to  aid  him  in  his  rascality."  Or  if  the  person 
approached  is  not  disposed  to  prosecute  the 
knave,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that,  as  he  has 
cheated  the  Government,  and  is  also  defrauding 
honest  merchants  and  tradesmen  who  pay  the 
custom  house  duties  on  the  foreign  goods  they 
import,  he  will  not  hesitate  to  cheat  the  customer 
who  is  weak  enough  to  buy  his  fraudulent  wares, 
as  he  nearly  always  does.  These  fellows  go 
about  in  a  sort  of  sailor  garb,  with  large  packages 
under  their  arms,  and  always  afiect  either  a  strong 
foreign  accent  or  sailor  talk.  Their  wares  are 
generally  silks,  shawls,  laces,  dress  goods,  &c.. 


190 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


pretending  to  be  fine  foreign  goods,  smuggled  into 
port,  but  nearly  all  spurious  imitations  got  up  for 
this  very  traflSc,  and  dear  at  any  price.  If  they 
are  ever  genuine  goods,  they  are  probably  stolen. 
No  one  can  deal  with  these  putative  "smugglers" 
without  making  themselves  parties  to  fraud  or 
robbery,  besides  being  cheated  in  the  bargain. 

The  above  article,  taken  from  a  recent  number 
of  the  Public  Ledger,  may  be  read  with  profit  in 
this  locality,  for  the  class  of  traders  it  refers  to 
are  frequently  found  "  sneaking "  through  this 
city  and  count}',  and  vending  wares  that  are 
either  worthless,  or  if  worth  anything  sold  so 
cheap  that  they  must  have  been  stolen  or  ob- 
tained with  fraudulent  intentions.  These  fellows, 
for  the  mnst  part,  are  unlicensed  sharpers,  under 
the  guise  of  simple-mannered  adventurers,  and 
operate  upon  the  credulity  of  the  unsophisticated 
in  town  and  country,  who  often  buy  from  them  to 
get  rid  of  their  importunities.  If  they  sell  by 
weight  or  measure,  both  are  always  found  want- 
ing ;  and  if  by  the  "  lump  "  or  lot,  the  lot5  are  of 
such  unusual  and  impractical  quantities  that  the 
intended  use,  in  many  cases,  cannot  be  made  of 
the  pui'chase.  In  not  a  single  instance,  of  the 
many  that  have  been  brought  under  our  own  ob- 
servation, have  we  considered,  under  all  the  cir- 
cumstances, that  the  purchaser  had  made  a  good 
bargain,  or  if  a  bargain  at  all,  any  better  one  than 
they  could  have  secured  at  a  responsible  licensed 
store  in  the  regular  line  of  trade.  We  therefore 
coincide,  in  the  main,  with  the  sentiments  con- 
tained in  the  foregoing  remarks  in  the  Ledger''s 
editorial,  although  we  are  not  sure  that  many  of 
the  duped  themselves  will  harmonize  with  us  in 
sentiment.  There  seems,  to  us,  to  be  such  an  un- 
accountable romance  in  being  cheated,  on  the 
part  of  many  people,  that  warnings  of  any  kind 
only  appear  to  be  thrown  away.  Perhaps  these 
otherwise  prudent  and  single-minded  people  hope 
to  make  up,  in  dealing  witji  a  subsequent  set  of 
these  sharpers,  for  what  they  may  have  lost  with 
a  former  set,  but  this  is  also  the  very  "  vanity  of 
vanities."  These  "  jay-hawks  "  are  entirely  too 
sharp  for  that.  Buy  worthless  trash  from  them 
once,  and,  as  though  you  gave  them  a  legitimate 
lease  on  your  credulity,  they  will  find  you  out  and 
cheat  you  again.  But  there  is  another  phase  of 
the  subject,  in  which  is  involved  a  question  of 
morals.  By  encouraging  these  irresponsible  deal- 
ers, we  may  at  the  same  time  be  encouraging 
thieves,  although  we  maybe  doing  it  unwittingly. 
These  fellows,  as  a  general  thing,  take  out  no  li- 
cense, pay  no  government  tax, contribute  nothing 
to  the  support  of  the  poor  of  the  county,  and  in 
Bome  instances  do  not  even  pay  their  boarding, 
and  therefore  in  effect,  these  omissions  become 


commissions, and  are  allied  to  thieving.  Another 
evil  aspect  of  the  subject  is,  that  those  who  en- 
courage these  jay-hawks  often  deprive  themselves 
of  their  ready  money  by  purchasing  what  they 
really  do  not  want,  only  because  they  suppose 
it  is  cheap,  and  then  are  compelled  to  get  on 
credit  what  they  really  do  want.  This  is  not 
even-handed  justice,  nor  is  it  all  in  accordance 
with  that  golden  rule  which  requires  us  to  do  unto 
others  as  we  would  that  they  should  unto  us.  It 
is  also  confidently  believed  by  many  shrewd 
and  intelligent  people  that  one  purpose — and  per- 
haps the  main  purpose — of  some  of  these  itiner- 
ant dealers  is  to  make  observations  and  plans 
for  robbing  the  premises  which  they  visit.  And, 
as  if  these  surmises  were  not  altogether  ground- 
less, these  traveling  gentry  often  pass,  without 
the  least  ceremony  or  forewarning,  into  kitchens 
and  sitting-rooms,  where  they  may  expect  to  find 
no  one  but  the  females  of  the  household.  It  is 
very  certain  that  many  robberies  take  place  which 
cannot  be  accounted  for  on  any  other  principle 
than  that  the  robbers  must  have  had  some  pre- 
vious knowledge  of  the  premises  which  they  have 
robbed.  If  any  one  of  our  readers  have  been 
overreached  in  dealing  with  these  knaves,  we 
would  recommend  them  in  future  to  assume  the 
attitude  of  the  plain  old  Quaker,  who  said : — 
"  Thee  cheated  me  once,  that  was  thy  fault,  but  if 
thee  cheats  me  again  it  will  be  my  fault."  Of 
course,  we  are  no  advocate  or  encourager  of  ex- 
tortion, but  in  an  experience  of  forty  years  we 
have  found  that  those  people  whose  acts  and  pur- 
poses have  been  to  get  things  at  less  than  their 
real  value,  have  not  made  any  greater  moral  and 
pecuniary  advancement  than  those  who  have 
rendered  to  every  man  what  was  justly  due  to 
him. 


POTATOES  AND  THEIR  WINTER  MAN- 
AGEMENT. 

The  potatoe  crop  is  ranked  in  importance  but 
little  lower  than  that  of  wheat  or  corn,  and  while 
the  cultivation  necessary  to  produce  good  crops  of 
corn  and  potatoes  is  nearly  or  quite  the  same,  the 
after  management  is  essentially  different.  Many 
ways  are  adopted  by  farmers  to  keep  their  pota- 
toes from  freezing  during  the  winter,  each  one 
probably  thinking  he  has  the  best  plan,  but, 
doubtless,  many  times  he  has  been  obliged  after 
all  his  care  and  labor,  to  bear  the  loss  of  a  part, 
if  not  all,  of  some  of  his  choice  varieties. 

We  will  agree  that  a  good  cellar  is  a  fine  thing, 
and  almost  indispensable,  and  most  of  us  try  to 
have  some  place,  though  it  be  ever  so  small, 
where  choice  articles  may  be  free  from  frost,  but 


THE  LANCASTER  FARMER. 


191 


there  are  few  who  can  find  room  in  the  cellar  for 
all  their  potatoes. 

The  plan  I  have  adopted,  and  one  highly  re- 
commended by  others  who  have  tried  it,  is  to  dig 
a  pit,  three  feet  in  diameter  at  the  top  of  the 
ground,  and  after  descending  two  feet  gradually 
increase  the  size  till  it  is  six  feet  and  a  half  across 
at  the  bottom,  and  eight  feet  deep.  After  filling 
up  the  pit  to  within  two  feet  of  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  build  up  with  sticks  or  pieces  of  boards, 
gradually  drawing  in  till  the  opening  at  the  top  is 
about  eighteen  inches  across,  and  bank  up  around 
to  keep  out  the  surface  water.  A  piece  of  board 
and  some  straw  is  usually  sufficient  to  keep  out 
the  frost,  and  potatoes  put  up  in  this  way  are  said 
to  keep  good  a  whole  year.  The  pit  will  hold 
eighty  bushels,  and  with  but  little  repair  will  last 
several  years. 

There  are  several  varieties  of  potatoes  justly 
celebrated  for  their  excellent  qualities  for  table 
use,  as  well  as  for  their  productiveness. 

I  would  place  the  Early  Rose  first  for  early, 
and  the  Harrison  for  late. 

The  latter  part  of  June  I  received  from  George 
"W.  Best,  of  Utica,  N.  Y.,  two  pounds  of  the  Early 
Rose,  and  the  yield  from  them  has  been  four  hun- 
dred and  eight  pounds.  I  planted  one  bushel  of 
the  Harrison  and  have  realized  of  their  product 
eighty-seven  bushels,  one  potato  weighing  four 
pounds,  and  another  one  three.  More  anon. — 
Central  Union  Agriculturalist. 


STORING  CELERY. 

Many  people  complain  of  their  celery — one  of 
the  most  difficult  garden  crops  to-  raise  to  perfec- 
tion—that it  does  not  keep  well  through  the  win- 
ter—sometimes it  withers,  but  oftener  it  rots.  It 
is  asserted  by  some  that  it  should  be  preserved  in 
the  rows  where  it  grows,  and  that  removal  always 
more  or  less  injures  it.  Where  the  plant  is  grown 
in  soil  of  a  dry  nature,  it  may  be  kept  well 
enough  in  the  row,  but  we  deny  luost  emphati- 
cally that  removal  injures  it  in  the  slightest  par- 
ticular. 

We  pursue  two  modes,  and  find  both  answer 
well.  The  first  is  to  remove  the  celeiy  to  high 
and  dry  ground,  dig  a  trench  spade  deep,  stand 
up  a  row  of  plants  ;  then  three  inches  of  soil, 
then  another  row,  and  so  on  until  about  half  a 
dozen  rows  are  finished,  then  commence  another 
bed,  and  so.  The  soil  should  be  packed  in  firmly, 
and  banked  up,  so  that  the  tops  of  the  celery  are 
just  covered,  then  spank  off  roof  fashion  to  turn 
the  rain.  Over  this  two  wide  boards,  nailed  to- 
gether, should  be  placed,  as  a  security  against 
jnoisture.    For  remember,  it  is  water,  not  frost, 


as  some  say,  that  rots  celery.    Frost  adds  to  its 
tenderness. 

Another  plan  is  to  sink  barrels  into  the  earth, 
so  that  the  tops  are  two  or  three  inches  below 
the  surface,  then  fill  them  completely  full  of 
celery,  without  any  soil,  but  with  close  or  tight 
covers  upon  them,  so  as  to  exclude  moisture,  and 
then  a  couple  of  inches  of  soil.  By  this  mode, 
somewhat  more  troublesome  than  the  other,  ours 
kept  well  for  the  last  three  or  four  years  until  all 
was  consumed,  which  was  late  in  the  spring. — 
Germantoicn  Telegraph. 


DOMESTIC  RECEIPTS. 

WEDDING-CAKE  PUDDING. 

Four  cups  of  flour,  half  cup  of  butter,  tea- 
spoonful  of  soda,  one  cup  of  molasses,  one  cup  of 
currants  or  raisins,  a  teaspoonful  of  salt,  steam  it 
three  hours.  Sauce — a  half  cup  of  butter,  one 
cup  of  sugar,  beaten  to  a  cream,  one  egg  well 
beaten,  one  glass  of  wine,  a  wine  glass  of  boiling 
water,  steam  five  minutes. 

CIDER  PUDDING. 

Two    pounds  of   flour,  two    teacupsful    suet, 
chopped  fine,  a  cupful  of  raisins  or  currants,  mix  ' 
well  with  cider  until  it  is  a  stiff"  batter,  boil  two 
hours.    This  will  be  found  equal  to  plum  pudding. 

WESTERN  JELLY  CAKE. 

One  cup  of  butter,  two  of  sugar,  three  and  a' 
half  of  flour,  four  eggs,  one  cup  sour  cream,  tea- 
spoon of  soda.  For  the  jelly  make  a  custard  of 
one  pint  of  milk,  three  eggs,  sweeten  to  the 
taste;  just  as  it  boils  thicken  with  flour  to  the 
consistency  of  custard,  flavor  with  vanilla. 

GINGER  CAKE. 

One  and  a  half  cups  of  molasses,  one  do.  very 
full  of  shortening,  six  do.  flour,  mix  the  shorten- 
ing and  flour  together ;  tablespoonful  of  soda  dis- 
solved in  three-quarters  of  a  cup  warm  water, 
tablespoonful  of  ginger. 

MOLASSES  PIE. 

One  cup  of  molasses,  one  do.  sweet  cream,  one 
egg,  two  tablespoons  flour,  one-half  nutmeg.  To 
be  baked  without  tops. 

RECEIPT  FOR  LIGHT  DUMPLINGS. 

After  making  your  bread  the  second  time,  take 
off"  a  sufficient  quantity  for  dumplings,  and  set  it 
away  until  about  an  hour  before  dinner,  then 
make  them  up  in  rolls  as  you  would  biscuit,  sprin- 
kle a  little  flour  over  your  pie  board  and  put 
them  on  it,  far  enough  apart  to  allow  for  raising. 
Have  ready  a  boiler  with  sufficient  boiling  water 
to  steam  them,  place  the  steamer  over  it  and  put 
in  some  of  the  dumplings  so  as  not  to  touch  each 
other,  (see  that  the  lid  is  placed  on  tightly)  and 


192 


"mE.  LANCASTi:R  FAKMEH. 


let  them  remain  ten  minutes,  then  remove  them 
and  put  in  others.  Send  them  to  the  table  hot, 
to  be  eaten  with  cream  and  sugar,  or  butter  and 
molasses. 


CHESTNUT  CULTURE. 

Perhaps  few  of  our  readers  are  aware  that  the 
chestnut  tree  can  be  grafted,  and  the  crop  of 
chestnuts  increased  and  very  much  improved.  A 
few  days  ago  we  were  shown  a  handful  of  very 
fine  and  large  chestnuts  by  our  horticultural 
friend,  Mr.  Peter  Riley,  of  this  city.  These  chest- 
nuts were  grown  in  Montgomery  county,  in  this 
State  ;  were  about  the  average  size  of  the  whole 
crop,  and  measured  from  one  and  a  quarter,  to 
one  and  a  half  inches  broad,  and  about  one  inch 
in  length,  and  sell  in  the  Philadelphia  markets 
very  readily  atjifty  cents  a  quart,  or  from  eight 
to  ten  dollars  a  bushel  at  wholesale,  which  affords 
the  retailer  a  very  handsome  profit.  The  spines 
on  the  burs  are  not  near  so  long  as  those  on  the 
common  wild-chestnut,  and,  therefore,  the  burs 
themselves  do  not  seem  so  large  as  the  wild  vari- 
ety, and  there  are  almost  universally  three  chest- 
nuts within  one  bur.  The  trees  from  which  these 
nuts  were  taken,  were  grafted  on  the  common 
chestnut  sprouts  about  six  years  ago,  and  they 
have  been  bearing  good  fruit  crops  for  the  last 
three  years ;  so  that  three  years  after  the  trees 
were  grafted  they  began  to  have  fruit.  Our  en- 
terprismg  experimenters  in  fruit  raising,  perhaps, 
would  do  a  good  thing,  by  giving  this  subject  their 
respectful  attention. 


How  I  Make  Dutch  Cheese.— I  am  a  farm- 
er's girl,  and  can  make  a  tip-top  "  Dutch  cheese." 
I  have  made  enough  in  my  life  to  make  a  small 
Egyptian  pyramid,  and  the  following  is  my  "  mo- 
dus operandi."  Take  a  quantity  of  newly  lop- 
pered  milk,  place  it  in  a  kettle  over  a  morerate 
fire,  and  let  it  heat  gradually  until  the  curd  is  en- 
tirely separated  from  the  whey ;  then  add  your 
salt  and  add  a  small  piece  of  butter,  and  when 
these  are  thoroughly  worked  through  the  curd 
form  it  into  small  balls.  If  you  cook  the  curd  too 
long  it  will  be  tough  and  stringy. 

Cure  for  Glanders.— A  correspondent  of 
the  Southern  Cultivator  asserts  that  a  large  stable 
of  horses  and  mules  affected  by  glanders  were 
saved  by  giving  to  each  a  teaspoonful  of  tartar 
emetic  three  times  a  day  for  six  days,  consecu- 
tively ;  then  discontinue  the  dose  for  six  days, 
when  the  treatment  was  repeated  on  such  as  were 
not  well.  The  animals  were  fed  and  worked  as 
usual  during  the  treatment,  and  not  one  was  lost 
of  those  so  treated. 


Early  Rose  Fotato— Extraordinary  Yield.—- 
Mr.  Hurlburt,  of  Union  Precinct,  Nebraska,  plant- 
ed one-haif  bushel  of  the  Early  Rose  Potatoes 
which  yielded  him  thirty-six  bushels,  and  his 
brother  planted  two  bushels  of  the  same  variety 
from  which  he  dug  120  bushels. 

.^-«>.^^ 

Fall  Planting  of  Trees.— More  trees  are 
transplanted  in  the  Spring  than  the  Fall,  because 
such  is  the  custom.  But  most  fruit  growers  prefer 
Fall  planting.  During  the  winter,  while  the 
tree  is  at  rest,  the  roots  and  rootlets  accommo- 
date themselves  to  the  new  ground,  so  that  in 
spring,  when  growing  time  arrives,  they  are  ready 
without  loss  of  time  to  strike  out  their  fibres  in 
every  direction.  A  tree  Avell  planted  in  Fall 
gains,nearly  ayear  over  one  planted  in  the  spring. 
This  is  said  to  be  the  experience  of  those  who 
have  tried  both  Spring  and  Fall  planting. 

Trees  may  be  planted  from  now  until  the 
ground  is  frozen.  The  Indian  Summer  is  proba- 
bly the  best  tima  for  planting. 

We  advise  persons  who  are  setting  out  trees  to 
select  only  the  choicest  varieties.    Don't  plant  a 

young  tree  merely  because  it  costs  you  nothing. 

^  .^»  »■ ^- 

Rolls  Tomatoes. — Make  crust  of  sour  milk, 
soda,  butter  and  flour.  Roll  out,  in  small  pieces, 
about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  thick.  Pare  and 
slice  tomatoes  and  lay  the  slices  on  the  pieces  of 
dough  ;  roll  and  bake.  To  be  eaten  with  sugar 
and  cream. 

#    »    »    

Review  of  Markets. 

PHILADELPHiA~GRAIN  MARKET. 


Thursday  evening,  November  25. 

Flour — The  market  continues  dull,  and  the  inquiry  is  con- 
fined exclusively  to  the  wants  of  the  home  trade.  About  840 
bbls  changed  hands  at  {fSiffS  37>^  tor  superfine;  $5  44a'5  62y^ 
for  extras ;  $6  75ffl6  25  for  northwestern  family ;  $5  75  up  to 
6  50  for  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  do.,  including  fancy  lots  at 
$675®7  50.  Rye  Flour  is  lower  ;  sales  at  $5  75.  In  Corn  Meal 
no  movement. 

Gram — Wheat  is  dull  and  rather  lower  ;  3500  bushels  of 
Delaware  red  sold  at  $1  33al  36,  and  28C0  busheln  of  Pennsyl- 
vania and  western  at  $1  32al  33.  Kye  may  be  quoted  at  §1  07 
al  10.  Corn  is  higher,  with  saU-s  of  3500  bushels  yellow  at 
SI  12;  6000  bushels  new  do.  at  87a95c,  and  3000  bushels  west- 
ern mixed  at  SI  10.  Oats  are  in  fair  request,  and  5000  bushels 
western  Pennsylvania  sold  at  60a61c.  The  receipts  to-day  are 
as  follows  :  192')  bbls  flour,  0825  bushels  wheat,  StioO  do.  corn, 
and  7469  do.  oats. 

Seeds— C'overseed  is  in  fair  demand ;  350  bushels  sold  at 
$7  50  W  bushel.  Timothy  is  quoted  at  $3  37>^a3  50.  Flaxseed 
sells  at  $2  35  ^  bushel. 


household  market. 

Lancaster,  Nov.  24. 
Butter  was  held  and  sold  at  the  opening  of  the  market 
mostly  at  50c.,  but  there  was  an  over  supply  at  that  price, 
and  late  in  the  morning  it  was  freely  oftered  at  45  and  some 
at  42c.  ;  Lard  20a22c ;  Eggs  ^ca^ce  a'  40c.,  while  some  were 
sold  at  45c  per  doz;  Beef  by  the  quarter  9>i^«rl0c.  for  front, 
and  lla-lSe.  for  hind  quarters  ;  .small  Pork  by  the  quarter  Itiai 
I7c  ^  lb.;  poultry  was  abundant;  and  Turkeys  $l«r2each: 
live  Chickens  50(a  90c.  ^  pair  ;  do.  Geese  $1  25  each  ;  dressed 
Chickens  35«r65c.  each  ;  do.  Ducks  30«r00c.  each  ;  R  bbits  25c. 
each  ;  Potatoes  45'(i00c.  ^  bus.,  accnrding  to  quality  ;  Turnips 
45ffl50c.  W  bus.,  and  6«r8c.  ^  x  peck  ;  Onions  18ia2(ic. ;  Apples 
15a20c. ;  Walnuts lOalSc  ^  }i  peck;  Chestnuts  18a20c. :  Beans 
10c  ^  qt. ;  Buckwheat  $lal  20  ^  quarter  ot  25  tbs.;  Corn  l^ 
th«  oar  86a90c.  ^  bus. ;  Oats  $1 60al  80  per  bag  of  3  btu. 


World  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company, 

NO.    160    BROADWAY,    NEW    YORK. 

J.  P.  PREUAUPP,  General  Agent^ 

No.  5  North  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

A.  B.  KEIDENBACH,  Litiz,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 
SAMUEL  L.  YETTER,  Elizabethtown,  Lancaster  County,'  Pa. 
J.  M.  GRAYBILL,  Columbia,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

^^*'''*i!f,?f'",oli^'*^®  °^  realized  cash  assets  to  total  assets  of  the  Nev/ York  Life  Insurance  Companies,  Decern- 

Percentag-e  of  the  World  Mntval .7454 

Average  of  losses  paid  to  total  income  of  the  New  York  Life  Insurance  Companies 14.68 

Per  centag-e  of  theWorld  Mutual, 1108 

Average  of  losses  to  amoudt  insured  of  the  New  York  Life  Insurance  Companies * 82 

Per  centage  of  the  IVorld  Mutual, •         49 

•       '^"^^'Ximencfnllfus'iue^s !n'l?68°".  .^''"'^ '"'"  ^^''^  '^°"'''" ''*'  '°«'^'-»°<'e  liabilities  (25  companies)  excepting  Companies 

Per  centage  of  the  World  Mutual, 1.3550 

^-A.nsrC-A.STEPJ,    DaEFEI^EKTCES  : 

JACOB  BAUSMAN,  President  Farmers'  National  Bank.         Maj.  JAS.  F.  RICKSECKER,  City  Treasurer. 

CHRIS'N  B.  HERR,  Pres't  Lancaster  Co.  Nat'l  Bank.  N   ELLMAKER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Messrs.  BAIR  &  SHENK,  Bankers.  B.  F.  BAER,  Esq.,  Attorney. 

Judge  A.  L.  HAYES.  Col.  WM.  L.  BEAR,  Protbonotary.  J.  F.  LONG  &  SON,  Druggists. 

Nofarmet^  is  Justified  in  exposing  his  creditors,  his  wife,  or  his  children,  to  the  loss 
,  A     cP.rtain  to  occur  to  thetn  upon  his  death,  tvithout  a  Life  Insurance  Policy  for  their 
benefit,  and  in  no  Company  can  this  be  done  with  more  safety  and  under  better  man- 
agement than  in  the  above.    See  one  of  their  Agents  and  have  him  explain  all  about  it. 

„  „  $200  $200. 

ELA.RV^EST  OF  1869. 

oar  C^VWIP    ^1^  M  W  W  l^W   mumw^mi^mii 


>:c 


A  COMBINED  SELF-RAKING  REAPER  AND  MOWER. 

After  our  success  in  the  Harvest  of  1868,  in  pleasing  our  customers  with  a  neat,  light,  durable,  and  a  com 
plete  Combined  Harvester,  we  again  come  into  the  market  for  the  Harvest  of  1869  with  our  VALLEY  CHIEF 
feeling  a  great  confidence  in  its  superiority. 

^  We  offer  this  machine  still  at  the  low  price  of  $200,  and  when  a  farmer  is  offered  a  first-class  Mower  and 
Self-Raking  Reaper  Combined  at  this  price,  it  is  well  for  him  to  examine  into  the  merits  of  the  offer.  As  a 
Mower,  it  has  been  tried  in  the  worst  kinds  of  heavy  meadow  grass  and  lodged  clover  and  has  gone  through 
it  triumphantly,  and  we  call  on  our  hundreds  of  customers  in  Lancaster  county  and  elsewhere  to  speak  a  good 
word  for  the  Marsh  Self-Rake.  We  claim  that  this  Self-Rake  in  heavy  tangled  grain  or  lodged  oats  is  the  most 
simple  and  efficient  one  ever  invented.  It  is  not  a  new  thing,  but  has  been  most  severely  tested  all  over  the 
United  States,  as  well  as  in  England  and  France.  We  think  no  other  one  in  the  market  can  fairly  compete 
with  it.  See  what  the  report  of  the  great  National  Reaper  trial  held  at  Auburn,  New  York,  by  the  New 
York  Agricultural  Society,  says  on  page  41  and  42  :  It  performed  better  than  was  expected  of  any  Self-Rake, 
as  it  raked  off  heavy,  tangled,  wet  grain.  And  in  their  language,  Reapers  are  not  built  for  so  severe  a  test; 
they  gave  it  the  highest  mark  for  perfect  work. 

The  VALLEY  CHIEP  is  a  simple  two-wheeled  machine,  having  side  delivery  which  throws  the  grain  en- 
tirely out  of  the  way  of  the  team  for  the  next  round.  It  has  a  rear  cut,  a  floating  finger  bar,  the  guards  or 
fingers  are  made  of  the  best  wrought  iron,  faced  with  steel.  The  height  of  the  cut  can  be  altered  with  ease 
while  in  motion,  thus  enabling  one  to  pass  obstructions  or  cut  long  or  short  stubble  and  the  whole  machine  is 
built  with  an  eye  to  convenience,  iimplicitif  and  durability .  This  Machine  is  built  in  Lancaster  county,  one  of 
the  heaviest  grass  and  wheat  growing  districts  in  the  United  States,  and  we  have  had  every  opportunity 
0^  Vug  wing  what  Is- wanted.  In  this  machine  we  have  a  combination  of  a  complete  Mower  with  a  first-clasa 
Self-Raking  Reaper,  thus  giving  our  customers  a  sfnipile,  stropg- aaid  b'aaid'y  :pacl^'«  "wblcli  two  horses  can 
-  draw  With  ease.  •     - . 

"Ples-je  eailand  Be«*t4iisTaachiQe  at  tiur  taajiafa(Jfory,  iirMotmt  Joy,  Lancaster  ootujty,  Pa.,  or  on  D.  Burk- 
holder.  Agent,  at  MrB,  Neher'^s  Saloon,  Southwest  corner  of  Centre  Square,  Lancaster.  Pa.,  or  at  Yundt's  Corn 
Exchange  Hotel.  3£^RSH,  ORIER  Sc  CO. 


Lakoabteb,  June  25tb,  IMS. 
Editors  Exprbss  Dr.  Wm.  M.  Whiteside,  the  enterpris- 
ing Dentist,  has  purchased  from  me  a  large  stock  of  teeth  and 
all  the  fixtures,  tne  instruments  fonnerly  belonging  to  me,  and 
also  those  used  by  my  father,  Dr.  Parry,  in  his  ijractice.  In 
the  purchase,  the  doctor  has  provided  himself  with  some  of 
the  most  valuable  and  expensive  instruments  used  in  dental 
practice,  and  has  beyond  doubt  one  of  the  best  and  largest 
collections  of  teeth  and  instruments  in  the  State.  Persons 
visiting  the  commodious  offices  of  Dr.  Whiteside,  cannot  fail 
to  be  lully_  accommodated.  The  Doctor  loses  no  opportunity 
of  furnishing  himself  with  every  late  scientific  imprevement 
in  his  line  of  business.  h.  B.  PARBY. 


Office  and  Residence, 


S.  WELCHENS,  D.  D.  S., 

SURGEON    DENTIST, 

Office  and  Residence^ 

HOWELL'S  BUILDING,  No.  m  NORTH  QUEEN  ST., 

Half  a  square  south  of  the  R.  R.  Depot. 

Twenty  Years'  Successful  Practice  in  Lancaster 


The  Latest  improvements  in  INSTRUMENTS 
and  TEETH  ami  the  very  beat  material.  Warranted 
in  all  operations. 

EAST  KINGr  STREET,      teeth  extracted  without  pain  with 

I  the  use  of  Nitrous  Oxide  Gas,  Ether,  or  the  Ether 
Next  door  to  the  Court  House,  over  Fahnestock's  Dry     ^P^('!/- 

Goods  Store,  j      TERMS,  as  low  as  any  in  the  city,  when  low  priced 

j  material  and  low  priced  work  are  used. 
LANCASTER,  PENNA.  I      But  for  FIRST-CLASS  OPERATIONS,  witli  ap- 

♦  plianoes  and  material  to  correspond,  prices  range 

Teeth  J£jctracfed  withoxtt  i)ain  by  the  use  of    higher. 

[Nitrous  Oxide)  Gas.  !  S.  WELCHENS,  D.  D.  S. 


BOOKS  AND  STATIONERY.  I     THOS.  J.  WENTZ, 


A  Full  assortment  of 

SCHOOL,  MISCELLANEOUS,  AGRI- 
CULTURAL AND  HORTI- 
CULTURAL BOOKS, 

A  large  stock  of 

STATIONERY, 

(j^.   :  WHICH  WILL  BE  SOLD  AT 

GREATLY  REDUCED  PRICES, 

On  account  of  removal  April  1st,  1869,  to 

No.  52  North  Queen  Street, 

(KR AMP'S  BUILDING) 

Foux"  Doors  above  Orange  Street. 

Subscriptions  received  for  all  the  Agricultural  and 
Horticultural  Magazines. 

J.  H.  SHEAFFER'S 

Cheap  Cash  Book  Store,  No.  52  N.  Queen 
Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 

Dr.  N.  B.  BRISBINE, 

No.  93  EAST  KING  STREET,  Above  Lime. 

The  Doctor  pays  special  attention  to  all  old  obstinate 
diseasee,  such  as  Consumption,  Liver  Complaint,  Dys- 
pepsia, Eheumatism,  all  diseases  of  the  Heart,  Head, 
Throat,  Lungs,  StcanacJi,  Bowels,  Kiditeys,  Kerroui 
Debility,  General  Debility,  &c.  Th«  doctor  makes  eac- 
aminations  of  the  Urine.    Consultation  Frne. 


SUCCESSOR  TO 

WENTZ  BROTHERS, 

SiaN  OF  THE  BEE  HIVE, 

No.  5  EAST  KING  STREET,  LANCASTER,  PENN'A., 

DEALER  IN 

FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC  DRY  GOODS, 

Carpets,  Oil  Cloths,  Windoup  Shades. 

SPECIAL  ATTENTION  PAID  TO 
,» 


Shawls  and  Embroideries,  Cloths  and  Cassimeres, 

Handkerchiefs,    Gloves   and   Hosiery, 

Best  Kid   Gloves. 

The  Choicest  of  the  Market,  and  at  the  Lowest  Possible 
Prices. 

REMEMBER  THE  PLACE  TO  BUT. 

THOS.  J.  WENTZ, 

Bee  Hive  Store,  No.  5  E.  King  St. 


C.  J.  GILiLEISPIX:^ 

DEALER  IN 

FOREIGN  AND  AMERICAN  WATCHES, 

IN  GOLD  AND  SILVER  CASES, 

CLOCKS  OF  EVERY  DESCRIPTION, 

Jewelry  in  all  its  Shapes  and  Forms, 

SILVER  WARE,  designed  for  Bridal  Presents 

BSA0KET6,  TOILET   SETS,   VASES,   SPECTACLES, 

GOLD  PENS,  &c..  <Sc..  &<' 

No,  lOW  Wert  King  Str^pt,  opposite  the  Cro«B  Keys  Hotel, 

LANCASTER.  ?A. 


Stoves ! 

Gedar-virarG ! 

Housekeepers'   Furnishing   Goods! 

The  undersigned  at  Iheir  old  established  stand  in 
WEST  KING  STREET. 

are  constantly  receiving  fresh  supplies  to  their  exten- 
sive Stock,  from  the  best  manufactories  in  this  Coun- 
try and  Europe,  and  invite  the  attention  of  Merchants 
and  Consumers,  feeling  that  we  can  do  us  well  as  any 
house  in  Philadelphia. 

Persons  commencing  Housekeeping  will  find  the 

The  Largest  aDd  Best  Selected  Lot  of 

at  Manufacturers'  Prices.     Also,  every   other   article 
kept  in  a  first-clasa  Hardware  Store. 

A  FULL  STOCK  OF 

Saddlers',  Coaclunakers'  and  Blacksmiths'  Tools 
and  Materials. 

HUILDERS   will   find   a   full   supply  of  every   thing 
suited  to  their  wants  at  LOWEST  FIGURES. 

CLOVER,    TIMOTHY    AND    FLAX    SEED, 

BOUGHT  AND  SOLD. 

STEINMAN  &  CO. 


p.  E.  GRUGER. 


J.  P.  GRUGER. 


SHULTZ  &  BEO., 

Manufacturers,  Wholesale  and  Retail  Dealers  in 

Caps  and  Furs, 

LAr>IEKS'rANGY  FUKS 

HOODS, 

TRIMMED  GLOVES  AND  MITTS, 
Gents'    Gloves,    Capes    and    Collars 

Fancy  Robes, 
BLAISTKETS,    &C. 

20     North    Queen    Street, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 


GRUGER  BROTHERS, 

MARBLE  MASONS, 

14  South  ftueen  St.,  Lancaster,  Pa., 

Have    always   on    hand  or   will  furnish    to  order   at 

BHOnr  .NOTICE, 

MONUMENTS, 

rOMBS, 

GRAVE  STONES, 

ttc,  &€. 

We  pay  particular  and  personal  attention  both  to  the 
SELECTION  OF  THE  MATERLVL  aud  the  EXECU. 
TION  OF  OUR  AVORK,  and  our  facilities  now  are  such 
that  we  can  guarantee  our  customers  the  very  best 
work,  at  the  same,  and  often  Lower  Prices,  than  are 
usually  paid  elsewhere  for  inferior  productions. 

Lettering 


AMERICAN  WATCHES 


in 


English 


and 


German, 

tJLKGANTLY  AND  CORRECTLY  DONE. 

We  earnestly  invite  our  country  friends  (o   give   us  a 
call. 


H.Z.RHOAOS&BRC. 

JVo.  23  West  King  Street, 

late  the  Lamb  Hotel, 
AND  Oppositk  Coovek's  Horn.. 

Iji.A.lJa-0-A.STDEB3El.,    :E*J5^:^ 

DEALKRS    IX 

AMSRlCiif  S  lliP#Rf  S@ 

SILiriHWAll, 

J  E  "W^  E  L  R  "ST  , 

CLOCKS  AND  SPECTACLES. 


THE  UNDERSIGNED  REPRESENTS  THE 


AND  ALSO  THE 

Life  ai  AcciSeil  hmm  Compaiij, 

Both  stable  and  well  established  companies,  the  former 
liaving  a  capital  of  $1000,000,  and  the  latter  $500,- 
000. 

The  plan  of  issuing  policies  by  the  Brooklyn  Life 
Insurance  Company  presents  a  feature  altogether 
unique,  and  one  which  removes  one  of  the  strongest 
objection,  hitherto  urged  against  the  plan  of  Life  Insur- 
ance ;  and  this  is  what  is  termed  the  Sdkrknder  Value 
Plan.  Each  and  every  Policy  issued  in  the  name  of 
this  Company  bears  an  endorsement,  stating  the  exact 
worth  of  the  policy  in  Cash,  at  any  time  after  two  or 
more  annual  premiums  have  been  paid. 

Insurance  can  also  be  effected  in  the  North  American 
Life  Insurance  Company,  and  at  lower  rates,  it  is  be- 
lieved, than  in  any  other  Company  in  the  United  States. 

All  desirous  of  securing  insurance  upon  their  lives 
can  do  so  by  calling  upon  the  undersigned. 

ALLEN  GUTHRIE,  Agt., 

East  J-iemon.  Street, 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


CHAI^tLES  T.  COULD, 

CHAIR     MANUFACTURER;  ^ 

No.  37  North  Queen  St.,  Lancaster, 

(NEXT  DOOR  TO  SHOBKR'S  HOTEL,) 

Old  Chairs  Re-painted  and  Repaired;!'^^ 
CHRISTIAN  WIDMYER, 

S.  E.  Cor.  East  Kinj  &  Duke  Sts.,  Lancaster. 

Cabinet  Work  of  every  description  and  a  full 

assortment  of  Chairs  constantly  on  hand. 
n^All  Warranted  as  JRepresented.  .,£Q 


LANCASTER,    PENN'A, 

Dealers  in  United  States  Bonds  and  all 
kinds  of  Railroad  Stock  and  State  Loans. 

Buy  and  Sell  Gold,  Silver,  and  United 
States  Coupons. 

Sell  Bills  of  Exchange  on  Europe  and  Passage 
Certificates. 

Receive  Money  on  Deposit  and  pay  Interest  as 
follows : 

1  month,  4  per  cent.,      6   months,  5    per  cent. 

3      "         4i  "  12      "        5^ 

FOR  SALE  AT 

Chas.  A.  Heinitsli's  Drug  Store,  13  E.  King  St., 

LANCASTER,    PE2SNA., 

German    Cattle    Powders! 

The  best  Powder  made  for  the  Cure  and  Prevention  of  Dis- 
eases to  which  Oxen,  Milk  Cows,  Sheep  and  Hogs,  are  subject. 
For  Stock  Cattle  preparing  for  market,  a  table  spoonful  in 
their  fesd  once  or  twice  a  week,  improves  their  condition  by 
strengthening  their  digestive  organs,  and  creates  solid  flesh 
and  fat. 

GERMAN   VEGETABLE   OR    UNRIVALLED    CONDI- 
TION POWDERS 
For  preserving  Horses  in  good  health,  removing  all  Diseases 
of  the  Skin,  giving  a  Smooth  and  Glossy  appearance,  also  a 
sure  remedy  for  Distemper,  Hidebound,  Loss  of  Appetite,  &c. 

PERSIAN  INSECT  POWDER. 
A  perfectly  safe,  quick  and  easily  applied  destroyer  of  Lice 
on  Cattle,  Fleas,  Bedbugs,  &c. 

PYROLIGNEOUS  ACID. 
A  substitute  for  curing  Beef,  Pork.  Hams,  Tongues,  Smoked 
Sausages,  Fish,  &c.,  withoutthe  danger  and  trouble  of  smok- 
ing, imparting  a  rich  flavor  and  oolor. 


JACOB  ROTHARMEL, 

I'REMIUM 
DEALER    IN 

Semis  aad  f  aoioj  Arti^sleSj 

No.  9i  North  Queen  Street,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

GRUCER  &  RICE, 

DEUGGISTS  &  APOTHECAEIES, 

JVb.  3    WEST  KINO  STREET, 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  STEINMAN'S   HARDWARE  STORE, 

Lancaster,   Pa,  tJvOJ* 

Have  always  on  hand  Pure,  Reliable  Drugs  and  Medi- 
cines, Chemicals,  Spices,  Perfumery  and  Toilet 
Articles.     Also  Flavoring  Extracts  of 
their  own  Manufacture,  and  of 
unsurpassed  quality. 

Sole  Agents  for  Hasson's  Compound  Stkup  of  Tar,  the 
best  Cough  Medicine  in  the  market.  We  have  also  on  hand  in 
season  an  assortment  of  Landreth's  Warranted  Garden  Seeds. 

The  public  can  rely  upon  always  getting  what  they 

ASK  FOR  AND  NO  SUBSTITUTES. 


GEO.    F.    ROTE,^? 

UNDERTAKER, 

Corner   South    Queen   and    Vine    Streets, 

LANCASTER,    PA. 

Coffins  of  all  sizes  always  on  hand,  and  furnished  at 
Shortest  Notice. 


J.  B.  KEVINSKI, 

DEALER  IN 

Pianos,  Organs,  and  fflelodeons, 

AXD  MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS  GENERALLY, 

A  large  assortment  of  Violins,  Flutes,  Guitars,  Banjos, 
Tamborines,  Accordions,  Fifes,  Harmonicas,  and 
Musical  Merchandise   always  on  hand.  '  *'• 

SHEET  MTJSIO:  A  large  stock  on  hand  and  constantly  re 
ceiving  all  the  latest  publications  as  soon  as  issued. 

MUSIC  BY  MAIL :  I  would  inform  persons  wishing  Music, 
that  Music  and  Musical  Books  will  be  sent  by  mail  free  of 
postage  when  the  marked  price  is  remitted. 

uECALCOMAN  1 A ,  or  the  art  of  Transferring  Pictures.  Can 
be  transferred  to  any  object.  I  would  call  especial  attention 
of  Coachmakers  to  my  stock  of  Decalcomania, 


Xj^nsriDIS   San  CO. 


James   Street,    Lancaster,    Pa., 

ARE  PREPARED  TO  DO  ALL  KINDS  OF 


? 


MAOHIHE  WORK 

BUILD  LARGE  AND  SMALL  ENGINES, 

,  mm  nun  io  &  wmi 

MILL     GEA.Ili:Nr&, 

And  all  kind  of  Machine  Work  done  at  a  first  class  Shop. 

Haying  recently  removed  to  their  new  building,  and  provided  themselves 
with  a 

LARGE  ASSORTMENT  OF  MACHINERY 

Adapted  to  the  wants  of  their  customers,  they  are  prepared  to  execute  all  or- 
ders with  neatness  and  dispatch,  and  on  terms  satisfectory  to  the  customer. 
They  would  invite  attention  to  their  large  foundry  connected  with  their  works, 
in  which  the  best  work  is  turned  out. 

They  also  announce  that  they  are  now  prepared  to  supply  their 


TO  ALL  CUSTOMERS. 

This  Machine  requires  Less  Power,  does  More  Work,  and  is  considerably 
Cheaper  than  any  other  Separator  now  in  the  market.  This  Machine  is  now 
improved,  well  built,  and  does  the  best  and  most  efficient  class  of  work. 

C3rGL&    a,rrci    tStGstxn.    F'ittixxgrs, 

;  il  r|         Made   to   order   on   a   new  set   of  STANDARD   DIES. 

Repairing  of  all  kinds  promptly  done  at  reasonable  rates. 
Give  us  a  call,  and  we  will  endeavor  to  please  our  patrons. 

FRANK  LANDIS, 
EZRA  F.  LANDIS, 
JACOB  LANDIS. 


Diller  d  Groff's  Hardware  Store, 

SICa-KT    OIF'    THE!    .A.3Ja-VIXj. 

No.  8  East  King  Street,  Lancaster  City,  Penna. 

DEALERS    IN 

Foreign  and  Domestic  HCard^ware, 

Such  as  Building  Material,  Paints,  Varnishes,  Oils,  Glass,  Coach  Trimmiugs,  Stoves, 

Iron   and   Steel,  &c.,   &c.,   <fec. 

eiOUSB      FXJRHISOING     G  O  O  O  S  . 

TIMOTHY   AND  CLOVER  SEEDS   OF   THE   BEST  QUALITY. 


^MOS    MILIUY'S 

H  .A.  H  3Sr  E  s  s 

lAMHFAeT'QMI 

No.  37  North  Queen  St., 

NEXT  DOOR  TO  SHOBEK'S  HOTEL,  LANCASTER,  PA. 


n^if  t  Ollf  mil 


WAGON  GEARS,  VTHIPS,  BUFFALO  ROBES, 

BLANKETS,  TRUES,  YALISES,  CAEPET  BA&S.  LADIES'  &  &ENTS'  SATCHELS,. 

Of  all  kinds  constantly  kept  on  hand  or  made  to  order.    Repairing  neatly  done. 

Also,  Agent  for  BAKER'S  HOOF  LINIMENT,  the  best  article  for  Sore 
Hoofs  in  the  country. 


J.  M.  WESTHAEFFER, 


44,  Corner  North  Queen  and  Orange  Streets, 

LA.nsrc^sTER,   P^. 

j^.  B. — ^Any  Book  ordered  can  be  sent  by  mail  to  any  address. 


9\ 


TO     BTJILIDEI^S. 

ELASTIC  SLATE!! 

The  Greatest  Kooling  Material  of  the  Age ! 

^^^  IS  NOW  OFFERED  TO  THE  PEOPLE  OF 

LANCASTER  'aSd^'IORK  COUNTIES,  PA.,  AND  CECIL  COUNTY,  MD., 

)ITA  /  ^WY'  t  J^^^^"^^  ^^  '^"^  FOLLOWING  ADVANTAGES:         ^    r 

It  is  superior  to  other  coverings  for  all  kinds  of  builtlings  for  these  reasons : 

1.  It  is  water,  snow  and  air-proof  from  the  beginning,  and  is  as  fire-proof  as  ordinary  slate.  (See  testimo- 
nials ^ew  York  Fire  Insurance  Companies.) 

2.  It  keeps  buildings  warmer  in  winter  and  does  not  make  them  hot  in  summer  as  ordinary  slate  does,  and 
It  can  be,  after  the  first  year,  whitewashed  or  painted  any  desired  color  .so  as  to  obviate  all  difficulty  arisino' 
from  its  dark  color.  " 

3.  Being  entirely  water  and  fire-proof,  it  is  invaluable  as  a  covering  for  the  sides  of  buildings  Md  lining 
cisterns  of  whatever  material  they  may  be  built ;  stopping  water  out  of  cellars  and  dampness  out  of  walls  of 
houses,  and  closing  leaks  between  buildings. 

4.  Adhering,  as  it  does,  with  great  firmness  to  tin  and  iron,  it  is  useful  for  covering  tin  roofs  and  iron  exposed 
to  dampness  or  to  the  atmosphere,  such  as  iron  fences,  cemetery-railings,  &c. 

5.  Buildings  covered  with  PLASTIC  SLATE  do  not  need  tin  spout8°at  the  eaves  nor  do  the  valleys  need  tin 
to  make  them  water  proof. 

6.  It  is  lighter  than  shingles,  and  is  equally  adapted  to  flat  or  steep  roofs. 

7.  The  testimony  of  Wm.  AFGilvray  &  Co.,  published  herewith,  shows  that  it  is  not  only  fire-proof  exter- 
nally, but,  is  also  a  great  hindrance  to  the  spread  of  fire  within. 

.8.  It  is  much  cheaper  in  first-cost  than  any  good  roofing  now  in  use,  and  when  all  attendant  expenses  of  the 
two  roofs  are  estimated,  costs  only  about  half  as  much  as  the  best  slate,  and  it  makes  a  better  and  closer  roof. 

J.  For  the  roofing  of  foundries  and  casting-houses  of  blast  furnaces,  where  there  are  gases  of  a  very  high 
temperature,  which  injures  and  destroys  other  roofs,  this  material  is  improved  and  seems  to  produce  a'better 
roof,  (see  certificates  of  Messrs.  Grubb,  Musselman  &  AVatts,  S.  M.  Brua  and  Wm.  M'Gilvray.) 

10.  If  in  process  of  years  cracks  or  leaks  occur  in  Plastic  Slate  Roofs,  they  are  about  as  easily  repaired  as 
Ihey  would  be  to  white-wash,  needing  only  a  brush  and  the  Mastic,  but  no  expensive  labor  of  mechanics. 

CTT"  The  Pamphlet  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  notice  can  be  had  gratuitously,  by  calling  at  the  Office  of  the 
Lancaster  In^uirkr  or  Examiner  &  Herald. 

Persons  wishing  to  examine  PLASTIC  SLATE  ROOFS,  and  thus  verify  for  themselves  the  following 
statements,  are  invited  to  call  and  inspect  Eoofs  put  on  for  the  following  persons,  among  many  others : 

LANOASTBR-ThOB.  H.  Burrowes,  Stuart  A.  W  vlie,  (Editor  Lancaster  Inquirer,)  J.  B.  Schwartzwelder,  Abraham  Bitner 
St.  MARIETTA-Henry  Musselman  &  Sons.,  Mye  rs  and  Benson.  Columbia-0.  B.  Grubb,  (Furnace,)  Columbia  Gas  Co., 
Samuel  Shock,  Pres't.,  Susquehanna  Iron  Company,  Wm.  Patton,  Pres't,  Samuel  W.  Mifflin.  Mount  Jov-Henrv  Kurtz 
?'■v"^■/?'•^'®^^^'^'T>^'"'*'Sr•n•'■**^y'^l?^  Hoffer,  (Editor  Mt.  Joy  Herald).  Christiana-E.  G.  Boomell,  Wm.  P.  Brintou 
John  G.  Fogle.  BART-William  Whitson.  Bellemote  P.  O.-Eobert  P.  McIWaine.  Paradise— Robert  S.  Mcllvaine. 
WiLLiAMSTOWN—T.  Scott  Woods.  hPHRATA— Dr.  I.  M.  Groflf.  Gordonville— Samuel  M.  Brua.  C^-rnakvon  Twp._ 
Mrs.  Fanny  Mast.  Upper  Leaoock  Twp.- Marks  G.  Menger,  Christian  R.  Landis,  Jacob  R.  Musser.  Leacock  Twp.-Isaac 
Bair,  Levi  Zook.  West  Earl— Christian  Beiler.  Leaman  PLAOE-Henry  Leaman,  Israel  Rohrer.  BnuNNERViLLB-Aaron 
H.  Brubaker.  Sporting  Hill— Emanuel  Long.  Litiz— H.  H.  Tshudy,  David  Bricker.  Dhrlaoh  P.  O.,  Clat  Twp—Jonas 
Laber.  Manheim  Bob.— Nathan  Werley,  Samuel  RuhU  Penn  Twp— George  Ruhl.  West  Lampeter— Aldus  C.  Kerr. 
Entbrprise  P.  O.,  East  Lampeter— Mark  P.  Cooper.    Strasbubo  BoR.-Hervey  Brackbill. 

Orders  for  Roofing  Should  be  sent  to 

Joseph  Gibbons* 

LICENSEE  FOR  LANCASTER  AND  YORK  COUNTIES,  PA..  AND  CECIL  COUNTY,  MD., 

Enterprise  P.  0.,  Lancaster  County,  Pa. 

.::  A-  "W".  &  J.  R.  RUSSELL,  Lancaster,  Pa. 

Or  MOSES  LIGrHT,  Manheim,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

Or  JOHN  B.  BRICICER,  Litiz,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 

ALDUS  C.'HERR,  Lampeter,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 


WEEK'S  WHEAT,  (WHITE.) 

We  offi^r  prime  seed  of  this  very  early  White  Wheat,  which  we   consider  the  most  valuable  variety  of 
recent  introduction,   combining  the  hardiness   and  early    maturity  of  the  Mediterranean,  with  the  high 
flouring  quality  of  the  best  White  Wheats.     Its  straw  is  stiff,  protecting  it  against  the  Fly,    and  it  suc- 
ceeds well  in  land  of  moderate  fertility,  yielding  from  25  to  45  bushels,  according  to  soil  and  season. 
Prices;  1  bushel,  {Sack included,)  -  -  -  -      $  4.00, 

**  ^      •*         {    "  "         )  -  -  -  -  7.50, 

"         JfO     "         (    "  **         )  -  -  _  .        36.00. 

We  also  oifer  a  fine  supply  of  FRENCH  RED  and  WHITE  CHAFFS,  EXTRA  EARLY  JERSEY, 
ROCHES lER  RED  CHAFF,  LANCASTER  RED  CHAFF,  by  the  bushel  and  sack,  and  a  number  of 
other  varieties  in  limited  quantity. 

Descriptive  Priced  Circular  mailed  free  to  applicants. 

Edward  J.  Evans  &  Co., 

IViirserymcn  and  Seedsmen, 

THE  GREAT  AMERICAN  COMBINATION 


Is  warranted  to  execute  in  the  best  manner,  every  variety  of 


SEWING, 
ERING, 


HEMMING,  FELLING,  COEDING,  TUCKING,  BRAIDING,  GATH- 
QUILTING,  OVERSEAMING,  EMBROIDERING  ON  THE  EDGE, 

And  in  addition  makes  beautiful  Button  and  Eyelet  Holes  in 
all  fabrics,  being  absolutely  the  best  FAMILY  MACHINE 
in  the  world,  and  intrinsically  the  Cheapest,  for  it  is  two 
Machines  combined  in  one  by  a  simple  and  beautiful  Mechani- 
cal Arrangement.  This  is,  iu  fact,  the  only  new  machine  in 
the  market  that  embodies  any  substantial  improvement  upon 
the  many  old  machines  that  are  being  forced  upon  the  public. 
Circulars  with  full  particulars  and  samples  of  work  done  on  this 
Machine,  can  be  had  on  application  at  the 

Sales  Rooms  oftlie  Company, 

S.  W.  Cor.  nth  and  Chestnut  Sts.,  PHILADELPHIA. 


Instructions  given  on  tlie  Machine  gratuitously  to  purchasers. 

AGENTS   WANTED   TO  SELL  THIS   MACHINE. 


aug  '69 -ly 


a  .  b.  kaufman's 
Insurance  Agency, 

No.  1  EAST  ORANGE  ST., 
LANCASTER    CITY,    PA., 

Issues  Life,  and  also.  Policies  against  Fire  and 
all  other  Accidents. 

AGENT  FOR  THE  OLD        .„  ^,     ji/li 

■rl  OOM.MUTUALiLIFEINSURANGEOGMPANY. 

The  Best  Company  in  the  World. 


PEACHES!  PEACHES! 

A  heavy  stock,   4    to   6  feet  high,  at  low  rates, 

iO)^!^^  i@ii§!8  i^ii^ll^ 

Best  kinds  in  all  the  classes.    Heavy  stock 

of  Prairies. 

iMrge    blocks  of  CHERRIES,  DWARF 

APPLES,  PLUMS,  APRICOTS, 

IRISH  JUNIPER,  ARBOR 

VITJE,  etc.,  &c,. 

Full  Line  of  Stock  in  «rery  Department. 

Hoopes  Bro.,  &  Thomas, 

Cherry.  J^jJl, J^j^f fQy^ieg^, ^  _ 

- ;.,- Ni  S.  ' *£••  f'ficfe^'.iS*  ■  B*BBGBEBKS,"  by  Jo«iah 
.Bqopes^  j«nt  per  Mail,  p^epai^  on  reoeipt  of  price ,  $  3.00. 
Addr^wad  above. 


u^ 


Til  BIBT  TlEJllIFEiT.I 

"A     ROUND,    FULL    RICH    TONE!" 


PLUTO, 

MELODIA, 

BASSOON, 

BOURDON, 

MANUEL-BASS, 

EOLEON-FORTE, 

KNEE-TREMOLO. 


PICCOLO, 

GAMBU. 

CLARIONET, 

EOLEON, 

OCTAVES, 

PICCOLO-FORTE, 

KNEE-SWELL. 


c  c 


THIE  TEnyCIPIjE!  OI^C3-JL3Sr" 


iiPjisses  all  others  in  its  oiosr  irs.-mi.iaiice  to  the  Pipe  Or^an.  Its  Construction  is  entirely  New, 
all  otlier  Reed  Organs  now  m  use,  surpassing  all  in  simplicity  and  equal  to  any  in  durability.  Ulie  editor 
p  Music"  says : 


Is  acknowledged  by  all  who  iiave  examined  it  to  lie  the  most  perfect  Reed  instrument  ever  introduced  to  the  public,  havin<^ 
been  awarded  the  FIRST  PRIZE,  over  all  oonipititors,  "for  quality  of  tone  and  promptness  of  action."  IT  COM> 
BINES  ALL  RECENT  IMPROVEMENTS,  and  for  powku,  fulness  purity  of  tone,  axd  quick  iiesponse 
TO   THE  TOUCH,  surpasses  all  Others  in  its  elosr  nscmblaiice  to  the  Pipe  Organ.     --       —         -  ^-         -  -      - 

and  ditlerent  from  ;i" 
of  the  "Tejiple  of 

"It  is  a  most  ma,'?nilicent  instrument,  and  has  many  tine  qualities  to  recommend  it;  among  others,  its  stops,  imitating 
most  successfully  many  of  the  most  useful  in  the  pipe  organ.  The  flute,  the  Piccolo,  bassoon,  clarionet  and  various  others, 
are  such  perfect  imitations  that  it  would  be  diliicult  to  distinguish  them  from  the  genuine  at  a  little  distance  from  the  per- 
former. We  have  for  a  long  time  seen  the  necessity  for  a  reed  organ  that  combined  the  qualities  which  we  believe  are  con- 
tained in  this  ;  and  we  invite  the  severest  criticism,  not  only  as  to  its  superior  excellence  as  a  musical  instrument,  but  also 
as  to  its  elegant  finish,  making  it  the  most  beautiful  parlor  in.strument  extant." 

All  the  various  sryle.s  for  Church.  Hall  and  Parlor,  furnished  to  order,  at  manufacturers'  prices,  by  their  Agent 


W.  GEIST, 

IN'o.  TO  East  King  St.,  Lancaster,  IPa., 
where  the  Organ  may  be  seen,  and  details  as  to  styles  and  prices  obtained. 


S  T  AN  I)  A  R  I^ 


SUPER   PHOSPHATE  OF   LIME, 

THE  GREAT  FERTILIZER  OF  ALL  CROPS, 

.MANUFACTTRED    FROM   BONES,  DISSOLVED   IN    SULPHURIC    ACID.      WARRANTED    PERFECTLY 

FREE  FROM  ADULTERATION. 
Our  new  Circular  containing  much  valuable  information,  will  be  furnished  free  on  application  to 

MILLER  &  SMITH,  Sole  Manufacturers  &  Proprietors 
AGRICULTURAL  CHEMICAL  WORKS, 


A.   SCHINDLER  &   BROTHER, 

CiUlors  ami  ]\[aniifactuiers  of  Lookinii  Classes,  (Mantel,  rior  Glasses,  etc.,)  and  Picture  Frames  of  all  kinds. 
Dealers  in  Clirouio  Lithographs,  Steel  Enjiravings  am!  Water  CoUr  Paintings. 

CJilt,  Rosewood,  and  Walnut  Fi-unes  of  every  description,  and  Sijiiare  and  Rustic.  Room  Mouldings  Cornices 
etc.,  al\\  ays  on  hand  or  made  to  order.  ' 

Also, Re-Gilding,  repaiiing  ard  inserting  of  Looking  Glasses,  etc.,  etc. 


THE  FLORENCE  SEWING  lACIUNES. 

THE    BEST    MACHINE    FOR    FAMILY    USE. 

SIMPLE     AND    EASY    TO    LEARN     AND     NOT    LIABLE    TO     GET    01 T    OF    ORDER. 

Capable  of  all  varieties  of  sewing  from  the  finest  to  the  coarsest.     Make  the  Lock 

Stitch  alike  on  both  sides,  and  use  the  least  thread. 

xVo.  G5  North  Queen  Street,  LANCASTER,  PA. 

Merchant  Tallosliig,  General  Clothing  and  <ieiitleinen's  i  iirinshliig  Store, 

(keamp's  old  stand), 

Corner  ISTorth.  Qrioeii  &   Orano-e    Streets, 

All  kinds  of  Men's  and  Boyy'  Ready- Made  Clotliiag  and  Furnisliinn;  Goods  contstnutlj'  on  hand.  Also,  a 
superior  assortment  of  French,  linglish,  German  and  American  Cloths,  Cassinieres  and  Testings  which  will  be 
made  to  order  in  any  desired  style,  with  the  least  possible  delay  :  warranted  to  give  s-itisfaotion,  and  at  roasou- 

flbie  charigre?. 

"  .  S.  8.  RATH  VOX. 


REIOAET\S  Oil)  WL\E 

ESTAIiLISHKD   IN  l?«5. 

No.  26  EAST  KING  ST.,  LANCASTER,  PENNA. 

The  reputation  of  REIGAUT'S  OLD  WINE  AND  BKAN- 
DIKS  for  purity  and  exccilfeJit  qiiality  having  buen  tully  es- 
tablished for  nearly  a  century,  we  rcgrot  that  the  contluct  of 
.some  unprincipled  dealers,  who  re-till  with  and  .sell  from  our 
tabled  bottles  Iheiv  deleterious  compounds,  compels  us  to  adopt 
the  annexed  trade  mark,  which  in  future,  for  the  protection 
of  ourselves  and  our  customers,  will  W  found  on  all  our  old 
bottled  Wines,  Brandies,  Gins,  Whiskies.  Bitters,  &c. 


TKADJi 


MARK. 


And  further,  in  order  to  protect  the  same,  we  hereby  an- 
nounce our  determination  to  ■prosecMic  to  the  fulh  si  extent  of  the 
Act  of  Assembly,  approved,  31st  day  of  jNVarcli,  18fi(),  any  per- 
son or  persons  who  .«hali  violate  the  provisions  of  said  act  as 
applicable  to  our  trade  mark. 

N.  B We  respectfully  request  the  i>uhlic.  when  they  have 

occasion  or  desire  to  use  Old  Brandy  at  the  Hotels  or  Restau- 
rants to  ask  particularly  for  Reigar't'.s  Old  Brandy. 
Very  respectfully,  &c.. 

H   E.  SLAYMAKER,  Agt. 


Xi-A.3SrCA.STE:Et 

UNION  SPOKE  AND  AGRICULTURAL  WORKS 

Corner  of  Wsvler  arrd   Lif^iriom  Stss.. 
Formerly  Shirk  <S  Royer's  Warehouse,  on  the  Penna.  Rail- 
road, near  Baumgardner's  coal  yard,  and  2  squares  west  from 
the  Railroad  Depot,  where  we  manufacture  the 

LAT£ST  IMPROVED  GRAIN  DRILLS. 
Also,  Grain  Drills  with  Guano  attacUrMl.  warr.mted  to  give 
satisfaction.  Hockaivaiif  J-^ans,  Cider  •Jtiills,  Vrushers  and 
etraters,  lor  hor.se  or  hand  power,  which  will  t;rind  a  bu.shel 
of  apples  per  minute  by  horse  power,  and  are  warranted  to  do 
it  well.  We  would  also  inform  Uoachmakers  that  we  liave  put 
up  in  our  shop  two  of  the  latest  improved  Spi/ier  ttlarhinex, 
or  JLuthes,  and  are  fully  prepaied  to  famish  the  best  ijuality 
of  SPOKES  of  all  kinds,  sizes,  dry  or  part  dry,  and  warranted 
to  be  a  good  article.  We  buy  none  but  the  best  turned  Spokes, 
and  have  now  on  hand  100,000  SPOJKES.  Bent  Fklloks 
of  all  sizes;  Shafts  and  Caruiaoe  Poles,  Bows,  &c.,  of 
seasonable  stuff,  constantly  on  hand. 

As  Mr.  Keeler  has  been  ni  this  business  13  or  18  years,  and 
having  served  an  apprenticeship  at  Coachmaking,  he  knows 
what  tlie  trade  want  in  that  line.  All  kinds  of  Bent  Stuff  for 
sale,  or  made  to  order-— and  Spokes  of  all  sizes  turne.l  for  per- 
sons having  them  on  hand  m  the  rough. 

Notice  to  Farmers  and  Mechanics — Planing  and  Saw- 
inc  done  at  the  short -st  notiie.  We  have  one  of  the  be.st  and 
l;)test  Improved  Surface  Planes  for  operation. 

K£EL£B  &  SHAEFFER,  liaiuaster.  Pa. 


ZAHM  &  JACKSON, 


No.  15  NORTH  ftUEEN  ST., 


Beg  leave  to  call  the  attention  of  persons  in  want  of 
a  good  and  reliable  Time  Keeper  to  their  full  assort- 
ment of  ' 

AMERICAN  m  SWISS  WATCHES, 


In  Gold  and  Silver  Cases  which  will  be  sold  at 
prices  which  will  defy  compeijtion.  Also,  a  full  assort- 
ment of 

of  all  kinds,  which  we  will  warrant  good  and  correct 
time-keepers.  ^   J^jJ. 

in  great  variety,  such  as  Pins,  Setts,  Ear  Kings,  Finger 
Rings,  Sleeve  Buttons.  Chains,  &c. 


SOLID  SILVER  WARE, 

Manufactured  ex[)ressly  for  our  sales  and  warranted  coin. 

PI^ATET>    WARE. 

From  the  best  factories  and  warranted  the  finest  quality. 

Gold,  Silver  and  Steel  IsJpectacles.    Hair  Jewelry 
Made  to  Order. 


Repairing  Promptly  Attended  to. 


Zkini  &  JACKSON.