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Prof. S. S. SATHVON, Sditor.

LANCASTER, PA., .JANUARY, lS7o.

|1|0 farmery' frintinj pice, ^-^

THE LANCASTER EZPRE5S, ^

?£AI130L k GEI37, Pablishors.

THE FARMERS' HOME ORGAN,

% \mmi tamer;

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE,

DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
AND MISCELLANY.

tiiiiished uiuler the .luspices of the Lancaster Ctounty
Agricultural and Horticultural Society.

Edited ty Prof. S. S. SATHVOIT.

With iho.Tanuiirj- issue (187r0 The Karmf.b pnttrM upon
.ts Boveuth jfur, under a ri»»n^*^ of jiroiirictorh;, the pulilica-
tion ha\iuK bfcu tranyiVm-d to tbe iiinlt>rsiKnPd. who jiro-
nose to make it in all resperlH a fiift-ela.-'H \*^y\\ orgau of tbe
important iulvrestw to whi»Th it ifs fsj)eeiall> devoted.

With thin view The KAitMF.n has been enl»rf;ed aud its
fonn chun^fd to the Imi»erial Magazine style, eaeli niunhpr
4wnt)ti)iinK twenty iiagpn Imp. J<vo., earh payt- meaPiirinfr '.>| j
by i:t inchcK, sixteen of whicli will be cxcliiBiv^ly d»-voted to
rendiuK matter, tbe ad%ertisenieiit« and "'^raudiag matter "
txring limited to the remainiiiR jiayes. Thin increase of Bize
and chauRO of form, together with the use of a more uwmpaet
type, will enable tin to j^ve alK>ut peventy-fivo j.er cent.
^lore reading matter than wae contained iu the old form.

If thin efTort to give the atfricultnral community of lifin-
■ustermnnty a pubUcation worthyof their honorable (lalliuti
;s lilxrally Hecouded, we ]>i'opo«e to add other ijnprovf-
mentH from time to time, including illustintious of imi^or-
, tant topiw of general iutofei-t, and papers from si-ecial con-
tributorB on the more iinjiortant local industries aud re-
••ourccs of the county — a wide tUOd, which has l>eeu very
little cultivated by our local press.

The contributions of our able editor, Prof. Rathvon, on
jubjects cnniipcted with the science of farming, and partio
'darl> that specialty of which he is bo thorougtdy a master —
t^ntomological twieuee — Bome knowledge of which has become
a necosHity to the f>ui'ceHBful fanner, arc alone worth much
more than the price of thiw magazine.

Thk Farvkr will he published on the 15lh of every
nonth, printed on good j'aper with clewr type, in con-

enicnt form for reading and binding, aud m'aikd to sub-
•<cribers on tbe following

TEHMS:

To fiubucriber*. renidiug nithin the county —

One coi)y, one year, - - - . . $i.oo

Six copies, one year, - - - , . . 5.00

To Bubscribers outwide of Lancaster county, including
oMtago pre-paid by the I'Ublishers:

One copy, one year, - - . . , $1.35

Five copies, one year, - ..... goo

All subscriptions will commence with the Januarj- num-
ber nule.'iB otherw)t<o ordered.

All ixtmrnunicfttiona intended for piiblication Bhould be
iddrcBsed to the Kditor, and. to secure iuscrtJon, nhould be
n his bands by the fln^t of t^** month of imblication.

All buHinesH lettfrs, containing Mubfcriptions and adver-
).'«<-n>eutf), should be addreBsed to the publishery.

PEARSOL & GEIST,

Express Buildings, 22, South Queen Street,
LANCASTER, PA.

RATi:M OK ADVERTISING.— Trn Oiitu a

line for rnrta InHPrtlon. Twelve linen ocrupy one
•U'*b cf Hpnc'-, N<> rcTH wtfler thftu a niu^le eolumu taken.

CONTENTS OT THIS NUMBER.

EDITORIAL ARTICLES. lAf.F..

Our New Departure, - - i

The rul>lishers to the Reader, • i

Entomological, 2

' )vcr- Production — Under-Consuinption, 2

Large Emigration to Germany, - 2

# Prussian Maiuifaijtiirers Sending to
Amcric.t for Workmen.
The Opening Month of the Year, ■ 2

Jol\nson Miller's Annual Address, 3

r.'.-fort: the Lancaster County Agri-
cultural and Horticnilural Society.
Illustrations for the Farmer, - • 3

Answers to Correspondents, 3

Eggs of tlie Katydiil.
Specimen Copies of the Farmer. 3

The Patrons of Husbandly, - - 3

Comparative Value of Fruits, - j

Dr. Habel on Guano, - - - 5

The Future of The Lancaster Farmer, 3

Hlnky M. Engle.
Carnivorous Plants, . . . . .^

PROH.5SOR S. .S. RATIIvriN.

Wheat Gleanings, J. Staii fkr. 5

Results of Iinproved Culture, G. 5

The Fruit Growers Society, -6

Proceedings of their Annual Scs-^ion..
at York.

Proceedings of the Lancaster County Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Society, • 7-9

The Cultivation of Flowers, - • - 7
An Kssav, r.Y U. L. Resh.

Annual Address liy President Miller, of the

Agricultural and Horticultural Society. 7-9

Professor Riley on the Birds, 9

Letter from a Farmer's 'Wife, Q

Kecipe^ for Weevils and the ll-te of
a Cattish.

The Hay Crop and Hay Trade, • 10

A Kind Word for Farmers, 10

Agricultural Miscellany, io--i2

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture. — Proper
Mfdc of Feeding Horses. — .Agriculture and Spanish
Civilization. — Potato I>iet — How to Treat Swamp Muck
for Manure. — Soaking Seeds — (>vage Orange. — A ItinK-
eye View of Asricnllurc. — The Potato lilight. — Costring
Manure from the Weather. — Plowing I.and in the Autumn.

Horticultural Miscellany, - - 12-13

Winlerini; Plants in Rooms and Cellar*. — Winter Care of
Trees. — Spring Radishes. — Persimmons as Market Frt'iit.
— l>ise.a8c-Proof Potatoes,— A Handy t',ardcn Roller. —
Pras Three Thousand \'eani \ >ld. — t >rcluir(l and Nursciy.
— Cultivation of Roses.

Domestic Economy, - - 13-14

To M.akc Hens Lay. — Philosophy of Cookery, — Our
RL-,ipe for Curing Meal. — RoatI IJust.— Corn anil Hogs,
— Brilliant Whitewash. — Hay Tea for Olives. — Friar's
Oinlet. — Good Pudding. — Preparing and Packing Poul-
try. — New Style of Ilarrels, — Insects on Cattle.

General Miscellany, - 14- IS

Destniction of the Canada Thistle, — The Reason Why
ofSevcral Things. — Turning Points in Physical Life. —
Long-Lcgged Horses. — Training Young Stock. — Proper
MiHle ofr'ceding Horses. — Sulphur for Fowls, &c. —

Healing Power of Glue. — railui-
Hairs Numhcrc'i.

in lUisiness, — Our

(DAIl-'r AND •WTEEKLT,:

Tl)» Leadiijg Local Family and Busin»ss Newspaper, and Ihe
oijlyjndependeijt Ropiiblicai; Journal iq the County.

THE , FOX7NDED I "^HE

WEEKLY,! iiY rm: - DAILY,

1S43. I PRESENT PROPRIETORS. ( 1856.

Literary and Personal Items. - i6

IliiKtinoHM Aniionncc^moiitM, - - II, 111, Iv

This department it* a tiirt-ctorjr to o\-er forty Qmt-clatM
huHUH'f-; ht'ijptt^, to whirh wein\U** fpeoial Attention.

Thk Wkkki.y Kxthkhh han brf^n before tho rltlzenn of ,j
Ijaneitpter eoujiiy iy>v a ) »•> iml oi lliiriy-tuu yi-ttiN, unii Tm8
I>AiL.y Exi'KKss iVir o%er fi^litf-n ye^irf. \i\\x\\\v. *>ii« l<^i:R
pei-iod, and without ednnge ot nniDi«K*^n*'nt, Tpk Fippv.*!
liHH fairly (tarned u Lirge shar.- of imtruDHKo and tirmly^' n
fbtiiblinh<'d it*^^" iu Ibf iilhliroo ilidem-e. nt^ aunpri^htKndr ^

independent jnnrnid, m-ver lifftilHtin^ to defend tbf ri«ht ^^
and dfrnmnee the wr'tn^, no mutter when- fuund to exiat.
It haH alway« been y jonrual ol proj:reHn, aud thr nutMj'okon
friend of *'dne:dion. tenii-f-miM-e, nuund m(»mlii aiid n>kt{ion.
A"* ill Ih" phst, HO it will cniiniii.' in the futm-H.

limS OF THE EXPRESS.

The ^Veekly Express, one year. $1.00

The Daily Express, one year, 5.00

The Express and The Farmer: Tomuv renton rehtdiug
within the limits of Liii>i;i(»l*^r mnuty we will luuil —
The ^VeekIy and the Lancaster Farmer, one year, $2.50
The Daily and the Farmer, one year, 5.00

Or, two copies, each, of the Weekly and Farmer, 5.00

REAL ESTATE ADVERTISING.

The extended cireulation of Thk Kxrni'«H makefi It thn
>H*Ht nn-dium fi->r Hdvfrti>^in8 lieul Knt^ite and I'enional
Property in thn eonuty, a fa«-i whi<'h *'«n l»e uttivted by th©
niaHv fitrment and othent who bave Hvailed thcoim-UM) of
tlie lise of its I'OluniuH, lind to which we iuvltn the atteoUoD
of all having jiropei-ty to dispose of.

PRINTING SALE BILLS.

Thk KxPiiK*.'* printiuK offli-^' in one of tfaf Ijent furtUiibM
eHtabliNhm'-ntH for turnniK ""t all kindn of pnntlnff to bo
found in the interior of the State. We are prepared to
print any job from the Miiall vitiitinfr rsrd to the larffent sale
or bor>4r bill, poi'tfr, or broadnide, plnin or in colore, aa
(|UiekIy hk it can Iw done at any uth«T vHtabliHbment, and on
an reiiHuuable tennn. We make tbe ptiniinR of SaU'bilU
/lyr Fann^rtt a Ni>eciaUyf aud fmaruXiliV! aatiafaction to our
oufltouiers.

OUR STEAM POWER PRESSES

include the \ar:oU!* ii.itl«rnw ad.Tptit) to printing Itockii,
pamphletH. jvoxtrr^, Rale-ldlU, hand-btllH, millem' receiptw,
eiitalofruefl of live stix'k, and nny kind of work douo in a
rtrHt-ol»»»« i»rintin>; ottWe; iu nhort anything that may hn
enlh'd for by the fanner, merrbant. tmnker. merhanic, or
l)nKlue«R man, and we fruarsni'-** lo <lo the work a^ Hatlipftc-
torr BM it can be done in rhilaib-lphia or eb«»'wbrre.

With one of tbe mont complete Job omoe« in the State,
and nnHurj'anHcd convpidruced forexp«'ditiouKly turning #ui
work by tlie U-Nt worknieu. und<T tbe ixiraonaj t)Uper\iMion
of tbe proi'rielt>r«. who are lioth practical print«rn, all p#ir-
Honi) in ne<Ml of I'rintiug will find it to their inten-Ht to givo
n» a trial.

PEARSOL L GEIST,

BOOK. NEWSPAPER AND JOB PRINTERS,

Express Buildings, 22, South Quecn-st.
LANCASTER. PA.

Oar Pre«t<* Koomw are open to VlKitor«, and ttiey ar«
alway* ^'di-onii* t<> lix^k at our mnchlaery la op>*ratioo.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

A reUstWe Ume -piece should >)e In rhe posgeiislon of
every farmer, and nowhere can a better, more correct
and reliable Watch, either American or Swiss, he ob-
tained, warranted in every respect as represented, than

H. L. ZAHM&CO.

NO. 20 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

KEXT DOUK TO nARISI.K KROSiT.

SILVER ami SILVER I^LATED WAltE,
KNIVES, FORKS AND SPOONS.

A LARGE STOCK.

Farmers, tls a plea.sure to have a pood time-piece; 'Us
also a pleasure toe^joy the lieautltul la agriculture and
horticulture, and to see tli'" latest Improvements In
these, and all thlng;s nature has blessed us with. There-
fore, GOOD EYE SIGHT Is neccssary for the enjoyment of
these pleasures. The eye is often strained and weak-
ened from dlffereut causes and should be helped In
time. Call on H. L. ZAHM s. ( O., where H. L. Zahm, the
oldest and most experienced optician, with \ PRACTICE
OF THIRTY Tli.\RK. vrtll lit you with g^lasses warran-
ted to strengthen and renew the sight without a doubt.

DO NOT FORGKT THE PL.^.CE.

NO. 22 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

OPPOSITE BAER'.S BOOK STORE.

Sl»i;t'IAl.TY : Spectacles, Jewelry and Watches.

Repairing — Warranted First-class.

BOOKS !

E. L I

■ Til IIST EAS

AKK MADK BV

THOS. W. BROWN,

(SDCCrEI^SUR TO KI>. BLU'KESrnKRFEK.i

COVERLET AND CARPET WEAVER.

STORE, 542 EAST KING ST,

FACTORY, :A\ & 543 E, MIFFLi:>f ST.,

LANCASTEK, PA.

GD8TOMER WORK A SPECIALTY,

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

Attomey-at-liiw.

Office-zo4 Locust-st. House-27 S. Second-st.

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, Wills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,

And all manner of ,\GREKMF.NTS neatly and Pxpeditionsly
clruwu. Caaee carelully and thoroughly tried before

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS. ROAD-VIEWERS. AUDITORS.

Or in any CourtH ol' Ljuirustcr County,
COUNSEL GIVEN TO

EKECUTORS, ADMINISTRATORS & ASSIGNEES,

Or Trust eeB of any kind.

CoUectionp, large or »^maU, made upou a uniform table of
rates, in all parts of the (Tnitod Htuteu.

Special facilities for CoUectiouB of Estates «r Debts in
Europe, .

ConeuJtatiouB and C'orvefipondonr* conducted in either the
French, Gfnuan or Ent<hsb Ianguagi.'H.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

<;:olunibia, Pcjiiui.

JOHN BAER'S SONS

No. 15 North Queen Street,

LANCASTER, PA.,

invite tlie utirntion of the public to tlifirlarge arid wtlj b"-
l»'<-tfd i^toek of

Miscellaneous M Scliool Boots,

Fnglish and German Publications,
BLANJi BOOKS,

<'oni)iriHiu*T Lt-dgfr«. Day Books, Cagh Books. JouvLals,
Pans Boukh. &c., Fuieign and

Domestic Writing Papers,

AND STATIONERY,

lla\ing many veArs' experience in th^ bubinefiti. ample
ea] ital and a ^paciouis store, we

HA\/E THE BEST FAGIUtlES

for conduct iuK ourbusiui;68, and tiffer special induct'Djents to
ali whi.. may favur us with, their patiouajje.
»'a^ Agents for

Excelsior School Furniture.

GEO.W.BIDWn

FORNITDRE WAREROOMS,

No. 13 EAST KING STREET,

Over LIpp's Tin Storo, next door ti) First
Katlonal Bank.

AVI)

KITCHEN FURNITURE,

UPIIOLSTEIUNG DONE IN
ALL ITS BRANCHES.

HAIR, HUSK & COMMON MATTRESSES.

CANE AND WOOD-SEAT

All kinds of Furniture made to Order.
t»"Repali'lng ol all kinds promptly attended to.
GEO. W. EROWN.

Established 1770! Established 1770!

H.C. DEMUTH,

MANUFACTUKEi; OF

FINK CIGARS.

JOBBER IN CHEWING & FINE-CUT TOBACCOS.

All the bcHt tohiicc.:uiu "'e market at the Ic west re-
tail prices.

114 E. King St., Lancaster, Pa.

liatlivonftPiglier,

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

ESTA.BLISH2VIENT.

Cor N. aUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

ENGLISH WORSTED, TRICOT,

GRANITE, CASTORS AND

CASSIMERE COATINGS

AND VESTINGS.

All the Fine and Common Grades of

EMlisli & American PantaloouinEs and VestlnEs

SILK, VELVET, MERINO, CHALLEE.

AND VELENTIA VESTINGS.

Plain and Figured.

Keadj-roHde riotlilngof home manufacture lor Men
and Bo.vs. Hosiery, a tuU line of shirts, collars, shams,
and Neck FIxId^js, etc.

Clothing made to order promptl.v, and waiTanted to
(five satlslaetion. Agents for the sale of Scott's Fa.shlons.

RATHVON & FISHER,

l*rii<-ti<-Hl Tttllors.

E. J. ERISIif AIT,

The Shirt Maker,

AND UEALFIH IN

FINE SHIRTS. SLEEVE BUTTONS, COL-
LARS, CUFFS. DRAWERS. NECK-
TIES. UMBRELLAS. GLOVES.
SUSPENDERS. EMBROI-
DERED SHIRT FRONTS.

SHIRTS MADE TO ORDER.

WARRANTED TO FIT.

118 ZSrOK-TH Q,TJEElNr ST.,

■,Nc5t door to Horting & ScblutiV Uolel),
LANCASTER, PA.

FL:0ilST km &ABSEISB,

lire^'tihoitst's Olid lianifu on the Hiirnsburg Tuju
pike, near Krauklin and MaiHhall <.'oUeKt;.

li^'Catah>f]ue>i nent free.

MAKSHALLS'

Centre Square, Lancaster, Pa.

For Freuch Kip Pools, For French Calf Boots, For (.'id!' ftiii.1
Kip BouiH, lor heavy Boots and Shoes.

GO TO MARSHALLS'.

BOVS- AND YOUTHS KIP BOOTS,

RIBBEKS or liVEKY STYU:.

Ladies', MiBBes and CliiUreu's line Button Work. .K\m.
particular attention paid to cuetomers leavin;? their meas-
ure. We UBO nothinu but the best of material, and umvloj
uoue but the beet of workmen.

jy Kepairing promptly attended to.

BiTOsriEaas &c s:F'DE^3ECI3:aEI^,

DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF

1AMII.Y and UME-BIRNINO COAI. I

Orders received at

Office, No, 15 East King street, and at the
Yard, >0. 61? NORTH TiaNCE .STKKKT.

"THE FARMER IS THE FOUNDER OF CIVILIZATION."~WEBSTER.

THE LANCASTER FARMER,

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER :

DEVOTED TO

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE, PRACTICAL ENTO-
MOLOGY, DOMESTIC ECONOMY AND GENERAL

MISCELLANY.

EDITED BY PROF. S. S. RATHVON.

VOLUME VII.-1875.

LANCASTER, PA.:

PEARSOL & GEIST, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS,

EXPRESS BUILDINGS, n SOUTH QCEES STREET.

" THE FARMER IS THE FOUNDER OF CIVILIZATION."-WEBSTER.

THE LANCASTER FARMER,

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER :

DEVOTED TO

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE, PRACTICAL ENTO-
MOLOGY, DOMESTIC ECONOMY AND GENERAL

MISCELLANY.

EDITED BY PROF. S. S. RATHVON.

VOLUME VII.-1875.

LANCASTER, PA.:

PEARSOL & GEIST, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS,

EXPRESS BUILDINGS, 22 SOUTH QUEEN STREET.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME SEVEN.

.Animal Address Pres't ]Miller, 7
A Kind \Vfircl (nr Fanners, . . 10
AL'ricultural Miscellany, 10, 1],!",)
A Handy (iarden Roller, . . 12
A Word for The Far.micr ... 20

A Cheap Condnetor, 24

A Frii;id Record, 3cS

An Eclio from Tennessee, . . 44
A Potato that Resists Col. Bug, 47
About (iround Hofrs, . . . t . 53
Anotlier Rem. for I'otato-beetle, 53
Alfalla Clover, Barley, &c., . . 56

A Useful Table, 56

Appreciation of The Farmer, . 00
A Little Advice to Farmers, . 63
About Housework and Help, . 63
An Early Bait for Col. Beetle, 66
Afrricultural Statistics, .... 68
A F"amous .Short-Horn, .... 09

A Good Cov; 70

Adaptation to Climate, .... 72
Agricultural Progress in Italy, 90
Advantages of Mulching, . . . 93

A Little Garden 94

A Hint to Farmers, 94

A Preventive Against Moths, . 95
A New Horse Disease, . . . 101
Abortive Strawberries, . . 861,07

Artiiirial Waterings, 120

Aurora, 124

A Wonderful Flower, 124

Ashes in Orchards 124

A Beautiful Tree of Fruit, . . .132
About Egyptian Wheat, ... 134

Answers to Querists, 137

Adulteration Com. Manures, . 1.54
A Lancaster Co. Stock F'arm, . 155
A New CauseTrichiinein Pork, 158

A Woman's Answer, 159

A Test for Eggs, 1.59

A Farmer's Library, 160

A Perfect Cure for JPhylloxera, 170
A New Veterinary Device, . . 171
A Remedy for Dodder, . . . .171
A Vast Estate in Kansas, . . . 173

All the World, 174

A Case for Investigation, ... 25

Arbor Vitte, The 30

Apple Pudding, 31

Apple Butter, . 31

A Happy Home, 32

Apparatus for Paris Green, . 36
About Farmers' Wives, .... 44
A Good Waj' to Keep Hams, . 47
Artificial Swarming of Bees, . 76
A Home-Made Bee-Hive, . . . 76
An Appeal to Mothers, . ... 79
A Word for Clean Cellars, . . 79
A Magnificent Horse, .... 86
Asparagus Trade — Lorlg Island, 94

Apple Tree Borer, 97

A Convenient Meth. for Labels,144

Army Worm, The, 145

About Wheat and Bread, . . . 73
Agricultural District of Amiens,122
A Farm of 22,000 Acres, . . .155
Age which Live Stock Mature, 170
A Word on the Dairy Question, 171
A Good Way to Pickle 1 Ham, 174
Agricultural Department, The, 27
Apple, the History of, .... 116

A Garden of Herbs, 77

American Poultry Association, 100
Agr'e andfipanish Civilization, 11

All-Summer Apple 23

Art (iallery, . . .55

A Part oif Miscellaneous Ret'rns, 68

Ant Pest, The 47, J21, 137

A Land Mark of 3 iOounties, 133

Artichokes, ' 143

Brdliant Whitewash 13

Blackberries, 18

Butter Making, 20

Belmont Apple 23

Best Mode Extracting Stumps, 25
Best Rem.forWintering Cattle, 25
Binding Grain, ....... 29

Best Field Beans, The, .... 30

Blanching Celery 30

Baked Sweet Apple, 47

Best Mode Wintering Cattle, . 61 !
Build Nests for Birds, .... 78
Beautifying our Homes, ... 79 j
Balloon Jleteorology, .... SO '

Buckwheat for Bees, 91

Board Fences, the Best, . ... 94 i

Bogus Potato-Beetle, 98 j

Berries, 1< 3 |

Bone J^Ieal for Poultry, . . . .109

Blackberry Syrup, Ill

Blackl jerry Jam, Ill

Bits and Dimes, 115

Breeding Poultry for Profit, . . 124

Butter Making, 125

Bran for Milk Cows, 138

Bird Instinct 139

Bee Keeping for Farmers, . . 142
Bantams as a specialty, . . . 142
Borgians of our Kitchens, . . .143

Brighton Biscuit, 144

Berries and Brains, 152

Blooming Dutch Bulbs, .... 1,53
Broom Corn Market, The . . .157

Bronze Turkies, 157

Bee Culture for Ladies, .... 158

Buckwheat, 164

Blue Bird, The 164

Buckwheat, c*cc., as Fodder, . .170
Best Time to Plow Corn Land, . 171
Bees and Bee Culture, 70, 89, 91,

126, 142, 172
Beet, The History of the . . . 147
Bean, The History of the . . .161

Barley, 164

Button-hole Bouquets, &c., . . 93

Birds of Paradise, 179

Butter Ball (Duck), 181

Buck Wheat Cakes, 189

Bran and Corn Meal for Cows, 191

Correspondents, To, 3

Carniverous Plants, 4

Comparative Value of Fruits, . 5
Cultivation of Flowers, The . . 7
Coveri'g Manure from Weather, 12

Cultivation of Roses, 13

Corn and Hogs, 13

Cure the Stingii'of a Catfish, To, 9

Cow, The, 20

Canaries, 21

Cultureof the Grape, 22

Colorado Potato Beetle, 25, 42, 49,

65
Cultivation of Native Tree.s, . . 26
Culture of Flowers, The, ... 30

Charcoal for Poultry, 32

Curative Potato, The, 32

Cabbage, its Cultivation , . . ■ 39

Clover and ( ut-wornis 45

Centennial and Exhibitors, . . 46
Charcoal for Sick Animals, . . 47

Cocoanut Pie 31

Conestoga Puflfs, 47

Cabbage a la Cauliflower, ... 47

Cooking Celery, 47

Coffee Cake, 47

Cure for Toothache, 48

Clean Oil Cloths, To, 48

Catalogue s of Seed,Plants,&c.,48, 64
Cost of our Recent War, . . . 51

Chinese Yam, The, 59

Chemical Manures in Powder,.. 61
Caoutchouc in Harness, ... 61
Condition &c., of the Crops,. ..61, 74
Comparative Value of Food, . 61

Cultivation of Corn, 62

Cropping Oats on Corn Ground, 62
Cotemi)orary Press, The, 48, 64, 80
Condition of Cattle and Sheep, 68
Cattle Interestsof the U.S., . . 69
Cabbage Pest and its Parasite, 70

Culture of Roses, The 74

Cabbage Worms, 79, 103

Curious Thingsin Housekeep'g, 79

Cooking a Shad 79

Cheap Pudding, 80

Conserving Green Maize, &c., 90

Caterpillars 93

Cut Worm in Cabbages, The, - 93
Cure for Kicking Cows, ... 94
Clierry Jam, 95

California Beer, 95

(Vioking ( 'aulifiower, 95

Cement for Petroleum Lamps, 95

Crackers, 95

Cure Summer Complaint, To, . 96

Cut Worms, The, 98

Centennial Grounds on the 4th,105
Cultivation of Celery, The, . . 1(16
Cro|isin North Carolina, The, . 106
Cut off the Decayed Blooms, . 106
Cause of the Laving of Corn, . 107
Cure for the Vine Bug, .... 107
Clover and Lucern Pests, The, 107
Cultivation of Buckwheat, . 107
Cultivation of Hungarian Moha,107

Care of Lawns, The 109

Culture of Peppermint, The, . 110
Chea]) Food and Good Food, . Ill
Clean Out Your Cellars, . . .111

Codling Moth, T' e, 114

Condition of the Wheat Crops, 115

City Bee Culture, 127

Cold Tomato Sauce, 127

Clean Lime Out of Tea Kettle, 127
Caution to Stock Raisers, . . . 128
Curculio, or Plum Weevil, The, 129
County Fi.irs in Pennsylvania, 137
Correspondents, To, .... 137
Cattle Breeding in Mayenne, . 138
Continued Ravages of Vine Bug,l 38
Conservatory and House Plants,140
C^hicks in the Garden, .... 141

Cucumbers, 143

Cauliflowers, 143

Canning Peaches, 143

Cooking Rice 143

Churning Butter, 144

Coflee ]\laking, 144

Cultivated Vegetables, . . . .147

Curious Facts, 149

Correspondence, Cogitations, . 151

Coleman Estate, The, 155

Conservatory and House PIants,1.50
Concrete for Walks, etc., . . • 159

Corn Batter Cakes, 159

Corn, Preparations of, . . . . 159

Cockroaches, 159

Cream Cake, 1-59

< ider may be Purified 100

Clean Straw Matting, &c., To, 100
Clean Walls and Ceilings, To, . 160
Cultivated Vegetables, . ". . . 101
Crops of the L'uited States, . . 103
Centennial and Agricultural, ■ 104
Centennial Ornamental Park, . 105

Curriiut Worm, The 1(>7

Chinch-bug, orMormon Louse, 108

Corn-stalk Weevil, 169

Commercial Manures, .... 170
Corn and Fruit Presented, . . 171
Corn Crop in the Lower End, . 171
Commencing Bee Keeping, . . 172

Clarify Honev, To, 127

Cherry, The, ." 78

Cuckoo and Hedge Sparrow, . 179

Chicken Croquetes 189

Centennial Nat. Cook Book, . 191

Cai)ital and Labor 191

Colorado Cattle Range, a . . . 184
Disease-proof Potatoes, .... 12
Destruction of Canada Thistle, 14

Dying for Our Country 20

Disccussion on Orchard Ques., 41
Do Plants Need Water, . . . • 46

Diphtheria, 47

Distinguishing Sex in Eggs, . . 51
Destroy Bngson ' 'ucumbers,To, 94
Drive Awway Mosquitoes, To, 96

Destructive Worms, 134

Depredations of the Vine Bug, 1.54
Disinfecting Properties Hemp, 170
Dairy Interestsat Centennial, . 173
Domestic Economy, 13, 34, 47, 03,
79, 94, 110, 137, 143, 159, 174, 189

Dogs, Good and Bad, 175

Daniel V>'ebster, 19

Duke of Hillhurst, Second, . . 69

Drop Worm, The, 113

Destroying Cutworms, .... 121
Decay of Apple Trees, .... 123

Dividing Bees for Winter, . . 126

Delicious Rolls, • 144

Dark Brahmas, 163

Dog Story, A, 180

Decrease in Streams and Wells, 183

Eags of the Katydid, 3

Essay. An, by I). L. Resb, . . 7
Experim't and Report Results, 26
F^ducation of Farmers' Child'n, 29

Evergreen Trees, 30

Everyday Pudding, 47

Enemies to Col. Potato-Beetle, 65

F:ntomological, 2, 33, 70

Enemies of Cabbage Butterfly, 70
F^nemies of Bees, The, . ... 76
Entomological Correspondence,106

Egg ControTers}', 106

Eggs versus Meat, Ill

Experiments Fattening Cattle, 122
Exterminating Live-F'oreyer, . 124

r:ating Fruit 127

Early Peaches from Mr. Engle, 141

Election (.'ake, 174

■ Fruit Growers' Society, Penna., 6

F>iar's Omelet, 13

Failures in Business, 15

Farming in Illinois, 21

Forty Years have Passed, ... 21
Farmers' Northern Market, . . 21
Fanny and Fronclin Apples, 23,44
Farmer John, a Poem, .... 24

F"ruit-can Opener, A, 32

Farmers, Write for Your Paper, 33

Farmers' Sons 39

Farmers's ^\'ives. About, ... 44

Fancy Dish, 47

Fences, The Construction of . 54
FacSim. Centennial Medals,. 55
Fermentation in Trenches, . . 60
French Mode Selecting Horses, 61
F"armandDome.sticEcononiy, . 63
Famous Short Horn, A, . . . 69
Farmers and the Centennial, . 71
F'ire and Water-proof Paint, . 80

Furniture Polish 80

Fruit Pudding, 80

Fattening Calves for Veal, . . 90
Fruit Trees by the Road-side, . 90
Flowers, How to Pre.serve, . . 92
Fruit and Vegetable Garden, . 93
Farming as a Business, .... 103
Forage Plants — Their Culti va'n,107
Farmers and Farmers' Sons, . 107
Frauds in Com. Fertilizers, . . 110
Fruit Culture, Gossip on, . . . 119

Flower tulips, 121

Fruit Cans, tin, 121

Flavor and Colorin Milk, . . .122
Farm an<l Dairy, The, 63, 125, 139
Feeding Wheat to Horses, . . 126
Facts of Natural History, The,

66, 84, 90, 131, 167, 180

Fruit Gr,rdcn, 140

Flower Garden, 59, 140

Floral Novelties 141

Future of Peach Tra le, The, . 152
Farnung on Cont.of Europe, 60, 90,

107,122, 154, 170, 187
Flower Garden, .... 59, 92, 156

Farmer's Ijibrarv, A, 160

Ferns and Palm's, 167

Foot and Mouth Disease, . . 170
Fattening Fowls in Ten Days, 171
Farmers and Grain Dealers, . 173

Farm and Dairy, 174

French Way of Salting Pork, 174

Feeding Cornstalks, 191

Guano, 5

Good Pudding 13

Good Butter 19

Griddle Cakes, 31

Glycerine for Preserv'g Fruit, 32

Grangers, The, 39

Gallinoculture et Ovsfculture, . 50
Cxood Correspondents, .... 54
Great Centennial of 1876, The,. 55
Great Lilium Auratum, The, . 58
Garden Culture cs.FieldCulture, 70

Gleanings, . 73

Grease Your Nails 79

INDEX.

III.

Green Wdoil 8H

(iood I'uMic Koii.ls KS

Green Fly, The Ill'

Gouil Apple |)uinpllii[.'S, . . . !»1

Green I'e;! Scilip "J>'i,!lli

Grape Vine I'lnnie Moth, . . . 10(>

Grnluu.i Fl.i\n- I'lills, 112

Gravenslein Ap|ile lll>

GossiiMin I'rnil Cuhure, . . .]]!•
Griiwini; Hye-GrassSeeil, . • • 1--'

Gre;il Iniindatinn, Till! 121.'

Geraiiinnis, 124

Green I'eppers, 14:i |

Gherkins 14;>

Getting n|) a Kelisli, 14;> ;

(ilosseil Shirt liii.sonis, .... 144 ^
General I'tilily of .Shi)H-lIorns,l.')() !

Grant Kstate.The l.')(> j

Garden and Gnhard, The, 124, 141), !
l.">(i, 172

Good Ci'lery 172

(iipmlie Farming iu Penn'a . 17S

(iood Kindlin;;s, 17.">

General Miscellany, • 14, 17.5, 191
Go into I'.xiierinientin^, . . .171
llayCropanil Hay Trade, The, 1(1
Iln'riiiullnral Misci'llanv, . • . 12
Hay Tea for Calves, .".... IS

lleidin'.' Power of (iUie l.">

Here and There 21

How to Restore Fertility, . . . 21>
IhjWto.Makethe Farm" I'ay, . 2!»
Hav Troilueinjiand .Marketing, 30
Hay I'ressint; or I'.alint;, ... 30

Howto.Vpply Lime, 30

IIor.se .'^hoeint:, 30

HvaeinthsinCilas-ses, 31

Horticnltural Hall, The, ... 37

Hor.se's Foot, Tlie, 4.5

How to Destroy Kiirth Worms, 47

Home Interiors, 04

Honey Bee in Farm Economy, 64

Hungarian Grass 7C

How to Italianize Your Bees, . 76

Horseradish Sance 80

Honey-Bee, Instincts of the, . 91
How Scientitic FarniingPavs, . 94
How to Dress .*^alad, ...'.. 94
How to JIake Maryland Biscuits 95
Household Hecipes, . . 9."), 144, l.')9

Hatchinu' l'V'<rs 109

How to Fatten Fowls, 109

How to (an Fruit, 110

Huhhardston Nonesuch, . . .llfi
Heifers and First Calves, . . .122

llunfrarian Gras.s, llio

How Drains Act, 12(i

Historic Tree V.V.'i

How I'hil'a Kutteris Made, . . 139
How Ivisilv ButttT is .Spoiled, . 140

Hyacinth.s" in Winter 140

How to(iather Cider Apples, . 141
How Bets Know Their llomes, 142
Jlonev I'rodu<t of California, ■ 142

Hand'lin- liee.s 142

llintson .Makinfx Pickles, . . . 143
Hav Farniin<;and I'.alin}.', . . . l.")4
How Much liens Will Kat, . . 1.58
How to Telia Goose from a Gan-
der, ■ . . . _ 158

Horse F'pideniio, The, .... 158
How to Kcep."~w«x't Potatoes, . 1.59
Hens' Teeth— iioncDast, . . . 1(>9

Harnes.s to Pre.servo 171

Handling Bees, 172

How to Cure Haeon, Ham,«&c., 174

Hint.s Ahout Meat, 174

How to Boil KfTjis 175

How to Clean Car]X"t.s, . . . .17.5

liogColera, Coal for 1R.5

]Ior>,eKadish Culture, . . . .190

Hints in .Season 190

Hen Mamire, I'se of, 192

Horses, Curious Deaths of, . . 1!»2
How to Treat !>watnp Muck . . II
How to Drive Weevils out . . 9

Hlastralions, 3

Inseet.s on Cattle 14

In)|K>rtant Invention, .... 29
Irrigation in the Valley of the

Kio<;rande .58

Information .\houl Bees, . . (U
Influeniv of Country Life,. . 7(i
Improved Hardy Hybrid Kho-
dodendrons, ........ 78

Indian Pudding, 80

Insects, No.\iousand Beneficial, 82
Insect Fertiliza'n and Hybrids,. 83

Iinprov'g the Breed of Horses, 90
Insects on House Plants, . . . 92
Im|iortance ol (iood Feeding, . 107
Indian Cakes Without Fggti, . 112

Improved lice I lives liJS

Iniligest'n in Horses and Cattle, 1")8

Improved Sandwiches 144

Importat'n of \'alualile Horses, 14-I
Increasing the Ureeil of Hor.-ves,1.54

Italian Pees 158

Improve't in Out -door Closets, 160
Institute IC.Kperinii'nts, .... 171
Information Wanle<l, . . . .172

Indian Summer, 182

Is the Bee a Nuisance? . . . . 181

Incubation 182

Information AVanted, .... 179
Imperfect Potato Tests, . . . 191
.lac. Conkling, An (Jld Digger, . 31
.lohn P.nll Alter Colorado Bugs, .56
.lohnson Miller's .Vnn'l -Vddress, 3
.loining Swarms of Bees, ... 76

.lennv Lind Sou]), 80

Jersey Cattle 144

.lots and Tittles from Dauphin

County 74-170

Klaproth .\pple 2.3'

Keep the Birthdays 32

Keep .\way Cntwonns, To, . . 93

Killing Potato-Beetles 100

Kindly (Ireetings, 136

Keep Milk from Curdling, To, 138
Keep the Farm an<l Home Tidy, 140
Keei)ing Winter .\pi)les, . . .157
Large Kmigration to (iermany, 2
Lancastkr F.ah.micr, The, . 3, 26, 43

Long-legged Horses, 15

Literary Items, Ki

Letter from a Farmer's Wife,. 9
Letter From Our Old Home, . 21
Lancaster County Apples, . . 23
Leaves the Lungs of tlie Plant, 26
Letters, (Jueries and .Vnswers, 44
Lemon Orange Custard, ... 47
Laneaster County to the Front, 48
Lancaster Park Association, . 63
Live-stock at the Centennial, . 71
Love and Culture of Flowers, . 77
Literary or Classic Side of Gar-
den Culture, The 77

Landsca|)e Gardening, .... 78
Lime Water for Burns, . ... 79

Literary Notices, 32, 96

Lemonade, Ill

Lilies .58, 121

Letter from North t'arolina, . . 121

Live Stock and Flies, 123

Loss by Weeds and Insects, . . 126
Luscious Tomato, The, .... 127
Live Slock Miscellany. 128, 144, 1.58
Lancaster's Op|iortunitv, . . .129
Length of Boot Growth". . . . 172

Look to the Forests, 175

Limit Your Wants 190

Land Measure, .\ Convenient, 192

.Make Hens Lav, To 13

Milk Room, The, 20

Manuring Corn Stubble Land, 26

Milk (.iucsliim. The, 4(1

Main Fxhibition Building, . . ,55

Milk Cows, . . (i2

Miscellaneous Statis'l Circulars, 68
.Memories, Centennial, .... 71

Mountain Tea, .58, 73

Minute Pudding, ..... . . 8(1

Mnshroonis, Morels,. . ... 84

Making up the Deficiency, . . 85

Making Land Produce 88

Mulberries, 89

Meat versus Wool 90

iManiires for Sugiir Beet . . . 90

.Market Gardening 94

Make Farm Lite Attractive, . . 94

i Mend your Own Tinware, . . 95

Manufiictureof Dutch Cheese, . 107

Mulching 108

Maiuigenient of Silting Hens, 109
Making Butter in Winter, . . 110

Method 117

.Make .Jellies, To 121

Manufacture of Cheese, The, . 122
Meterological Observations, . 131
Making Lawns in Autumn, . .141
Movable Comb Frames, . • . 142

Mixed Blood 151

Mineral Resources of Southern

Lancaster County 153

Miscellaneons Items, 43, 60, 110, 1,54

Mississi|i])i Corn Bread, . . . 1.59

Mushroom, The 101

.Moths in Carijcts, 175

.Mad Itch — new cattle disea«e,..185

Managing the(irate, 3]

Mush Cakes, 159

Mingling .Manure 191

.\ew Style of Barrels 14

Nuudier of ( iranges. The, . . . 44
New " Butcher Ship," The, . . 61
Native Seedling .\pples, ... 62
Native I'lowcrs and Fruits,. . (>2

Nutrition of Oatmeal 63

Now- fin- House (lea in ng, . . . (i3
Notes onthe Colorado Beetle, . 9!)
New Agricultural Build'g, The, 104
Nights Hawks vs. Whip-poor-
wills 131

Nasturtiums, 14:!

New Processof Plant 'g Potatoes, 1.59

Newly Married, The I(i9

Natural History for the Young, 179
Nevada's Petrified Forest, . . 191
Noted .\niiuals. Selection of, . 192

Our New Departure, 1

Ovi'r Production, 2

Opening Month of the Year, . 2

Osage ( )raiige 11

(,)rchard and .Nursery, .... 13
Our l!ecei])t for Curing Metit, . 13

Omelet, Frier's 13

<!)ur Hairs are Numbered, . . 15

Our Situation, 17

(Jdors 20

Our Home Market, 21

Our National Centennial, 27, 37,

104, 164, 186
Our Public Reception,. ... 28

Our Illustrations, 38

Our Orchards, 41

Official List of Patents, 48, 64, 80, 96,

112, 128, 17t), 192
Our Paris Letter, 51, (iO, 90, 107, 122,
138, 1.54,170,187

Our Feme Corners, 51

Old aixl the Niiw, The, .... 71
Our Farmers and the ('enten'l, 71
Obtain Fruit from liarrcn Trees, 72
Old Horse's Lament, The, . . 74

Our Wheat Trade, 85

Our Share of the Kxpenses, . . 104

Our State K.xposilion 105

Orchard and (hirden 108

Oatmeal vs. Beefsteak Ill

Ornamental Gardening, . . .120

Order Lciiidoptera 130

Ornamental Horticulture, . . i:!6
Oleomargarine Cheese, . 139, 166

Onions, 143

Our Cult i vated Vegetables, 147, 161,
178

Old and New 148

(hits, 163

Our Cheese Industry '? . . . . 166
Publishers to the U'ca.ler, The, I
Prussian Manufacturers, &c., . 2
Patrons of Husbandry, The, . 3,43
Proceedings Lancaster .Vgrieul-
tural and Horticultural .So-
cietv„7, -.'5, 41.61,74,90, 107,
122," 128. 1.54,171.
Proceedings Penna. F. G. Soc'y, 6

Prof. Riley on Birds, 9

Projier .Mode of feed'gHor8es,ll,15

Potato Diet, 11

Plow iiig Land in .\utumn, . . 12
Philo.sophy of Cixikery, ... 13
Preparing and Paek'g Poultry, 14

PersiMial Items, 15

Persimmons as Market Fruit, . 12

Peas 3,000 Years Old, 13

Potato Bliuht, The 11,17

Patrons of llu.sbandry. The, . 18
Persimmon, Sex, X'arieties, . 19, 4.5
Planting and Train'g the Vine, 22

Persimmon, The 23

Prize Milk Cow 24

Pear anil Rose Slug 25

Plowing 29

Perennials and Bedding Plants, 30

Prevent Rii.sting 32

Pear Sings, 35

Paris (ireen, .35, 36

Penna. R. R. and Centennial, 37
Potato and Paw-Paw, The, . . 4(t

Peaches, The 41

Potato Beetle, The, 44

Plums and the Cureulio, ... 46

Plum Pudding. . 47

Progress of Invention, 48, 64,

80,96, 112, 128, 176, 192
Planting Potatoes F.arly, . . . .56
Persimmon and the Scupper-

nong (irape, 59

Potato Planting,F.arly and Late, 60
Peonies and the Rose Bug, . . 60
Pri'paralion of Food for Cattle, 60
Phosphorus in Oil Cake, &c., . 60
Parasites in Bird-Cages, ... 63

Past and Present, The 67

Plant Trees 78

Provide (iood Tools 79

Potato Beetles 60,81,97

Position of the Hive, 91

Pear Trees, Retentive Soil, . . 93
Propagation of Celery, The, . . 93

Plowing Orchards, ." 93

Perpetual Paste 95

Potato Stalk Weevil 97

Preserve TiiK Fahmku, . . . . KXt
Poultry Yard, The, 109. 124,141, 1.57

Poidtry Interest, The 109

Pennsylvania Crops, The, . .115
Primitive i'arming, . . .118,134
Public Watering Troughs, . .120
Poultry at Intern'l Kxhibil'n, . 125
Practical Cattle- Breeding, . . 125

Pot-au-Feu, 133,153

Peaches, . .' 133, 143

Plenty of Potatoes, 134

Preservation of Fodder, . . . 1.38
Pic-nic of Patron.--- Husbandry, 139
Poultry and Kggs forCenten'l, 141
Poultry Raising in Cities, . . .142

Pea.-h Mangoes, 143

Purple or Red Cabbage, . . .143
Present ami the Future, The, 149
Pure and Mixed Blood, .... 1.50
Prolitsof Farming on Prairies, 156

Public Poisoning, 157

Propagating lOvergreens, . . .157

Poland (.'hina Pigs 158

Preparations from Corn Meal, 1.59

Potatoes, 164

Preservation of Green Maize, . 170
Plowing (iuest'n Resumed,The, 171
Packing .\pples for Winter, . 172

Practical Hint.s 173

Parlor .Vilornnients, 175

Peculiarities of Spiders, . . . 177
Preservation of Fruit, &c., . . 184

Practical Brevities 190

Protecting .\nimals from Cold, 191
(Queries Answered, (>4, 89, 118,181

(Jueen of Puililings 47

Results of Improved Culture,. 5

Reily. Prof, on Birds 9

Rei>ort of Com. of .\griculture, 10
Receipt for Curing .Meat, Our, . 13

Koa.l Dust 13

Reason Wliy, The 14

Returning Prodigals 21

Reports on Crops, .... 25,171

Results of Hygiene, etc 2S

Raising Pota'toes 30

Remedy for Pear Blight, ... 31
Roasting a Sirloin of Beef, . . 31
Roa.sting Turkey and Carving, 31
Remedies f(.r Potato Beetle, . 50,53

Rose Culture 53

Remedy for the Cureulio, . 60, 130

Rose-bugs and Peonies 60

Ripeiiingoflhe Sugar-beet, . . 61
Remedies for Chilblains, ... 79
Remedy for .\i)ple-lree Borer, . 81

Rose slugs 121

Rose. The Double White Moss, 124
Raising Chestnut Trees, . . .126
Rules for Piuving Horses, . . .128

Rascal Leaf ■(runipler 130

Rich anil Rare Tree 132

Rejiair'g Damages from FIood8,138
Root-pits for Winter Veg't'ble8,140
Rheumatism in Horses, . . . 144,

Remove Mildew, To, 144

Reapers, .Mowers, Threshers, . 154

Rice Blanc Mange, 159

Remedy for Dodder, A . . . .171

Sulphur, 15

Soaking Seeds— Osage Orange, 11

Spring Radishes, 12

Savior .\pple • ■ 23

Strawberry Pest, The 26

So Far as Practical, &c. 26

Soup Making, 32

Sparrows — Finches 33

lY.

INDEX.

Shall we raise Osage Orange ? . 40
Something About Blackberries, 45
Scuppernong Grape, The . . 46
SalesofChester County Stock, . 47
Selection of Breeds of Cattle, . 47
Susquehanna Shad, The, ... 52
Super-phosphate, Raw Bones,.. 52

Soap, 5S

Separation of Butter in Churn 61
State Agricultural Fair, .... 62
Setting and Skinmiiug Cream, (J3
Summary of Winter Wheat, . . 68
Second Duke of Hilhurst, . . . 69

Sing More 72

Something About Grapes, . . 74
Scabby-legged Chickens, ... 74

Shorts Pudding, 80

Striped Apple-tree Borer, . .. . 81

Short Hay Crops, 85

Sulphuret of Lead, 86

Soils as Filterers, 90

Scale Insect, 92

Skeletonizing Leaves, .... 94

Shade Trees, 94

Study to Save Steps 95

Saratoga Potatoes, 95

Short-horn Durham Cattle, . . 101
Strawberry Question, .... 102
Something about Eggs, .... 106
Sheep-farming for Wool . . . 107
Sit and Set, Lay and Lie, . . . 109

Snails, 117

State Fair Committees, . . . .118

Seasonable Hints, 121

Strawberries, 121

Sudden Decay in Apple Trees, 123
State Agricultural Fair, .... 123

Story of a Rose, 124

Sheep on the Farm 128

State Fair Again, 132

State and County Fairs, . . . 137
Shade-trees for Stock and Profit,137

Some Exp'ts with Gr'nd Bones,137
Sheep in the Lower Alps . . . 138
Salt, Preservation of Lucern, . 138
Sowing Flower-seeds in Fall, . 141
September Manage't of Bees, . 142

Spanish Pickles, 144

State Fair Reflections, .... 146

Sheep and Wool, 154

Simple Dyspepsia Remedies, . 159

Slap-jacks, 159

Sweet Potatoes, . . . . . . .164

Save the Soapsuds, 175

Simple-interest Rules, .... 175
Something to Set us Thinking, 181

Spirit Duck, 181

Skirmishes, 184

Snows of Last Vear, 185

Stick to Your Trade, 192

Turning Points in Physical Life, 14
Training Young Stock, .... 15

To Prevent Rusting 32

This Number of The Farmer, . 38

Three Good Recipes, 47

Timber for Fences, 59

Trees for Fencing and Fuel, . 62

Testing Eggs 73

Truffles, 84

Testing the Fecundity of Eggs, 89
Tan Bark for Potato Bugs, . . 89
That Invitation to Dinner, . . 89
Treatment of Lambs for Market, 90
Treatment of Hoven, ... .90

Thrips 92

Tap-Root,The, 93

Treasury Depar't Whitewash, . 95
Traps and the Potato-Beetle, . 103

Tea-Pot Assailed, The Ill

The Drop Worm 113

To Make Jellies, 121

Tin Fruit Cans, 121

Thoroughbred Stock Sales, . . 126
Tomato Recipes, 127

To Preserve Posts 128

To Rid Wheat of Must and Rust,138

Take Care of the Tools 140

To Beginners with Poultry . .142

Three Grand Points, 151

Three Model Stock Farms, . . 155

Tree Planting, 157

Training Heifers to be Milked, 158

Tobacco, 164

Testing Richness of Potatoes, . 170
To Fatten Fowls Quickly ... 171
To Destroy Smut, Rust, &c., ■ 171
Thousands of Sheep atid Cows, 173
To Our Patrons and the People, 177

The Pea, 178

The Sheep — The Lambs, . . . 179
Things Worth Knowing, . . . 190
Teamsters, An Idea for, . . . 192

Under Consumption 2

Unaired Rooms, 32

Utilizing Potato-Beetles, &c., 34, 85
Unclaimed Premiums, .... 42
Useful and Ornamental, ... 78
Use of Paris Green, The, ... 99
Utilizing Damaged Fodder, . 107
Utilizing Water by Irrigation, 110

Useful Information, 157

Useful Hints, 160

Utilizing Raw Material, . . .191

Voices from Abroad, 21

Valueof Fish Food, The, . . . 52
Varieties of the Tree Borers, . 62

Valuable Milk Cows 63

Varieties and Cultivat'n Corn, 75
Valuable Recipes, . . .31, 80, 111
Vine Bug Disease, The, ... 90

Violets, 93

Value of Our Crops for 1874, . 140
Victoria Colony, Kansas, . . . 156
Vegetable Garden, .... 140, 156

Vienna Yeast, 159

Vegetable Ivory 181

Wintering plants in rooms, &c., 12

Winter care of Trees 12

What is Auguentum? .... 19

Wheat-gleanings, 5, 24

Wh.at our Farmers ought to do, 26
What others say of us, . . . . 28

Wheat and Cheat, 41

Words of cheer from a veteran, 46

White Gems, 47

White Custards, 47

What Fertilizers are used? . . 56

Weather, the, 72

AVeather two years ago, the, . 72

Waifs of Society, the 72

Why the Wheat was win'r kl'd 75

Winterkilled Vines, 86

Wife, Mistress and I/ady. . . 95
Way to Cultivate Flowers, the, 109

Wine Making 121

Winter Irrigation of Farms, . 122
We are growing Old together, . 126
What and How to Feed Bees, . 127
Write and Talk for the Farnier,134
Work to be Done in October, . 140
Winter Protection of Roses, . 140
Work to be Done in November, 156
Work to be Done in December,156
Women as Horticulturists, . . 156

Wheat 193

What is Good Grape Culture? 172

Window Adornnienls 174

Weight of Pigs for Market, . . 175
Winter-care of Pigeons, . . . 184
When I Mean to Marry, ... 182

Woodpeckers 180

Water Question, the, 179

Whitewash, a Good Durable, . 190
Washing Woolen Clothing, . . 191
You may Smile or be Shocked,122
Yield of the Harvest, the . . .154
Zinc and Boiler Incrustation, 88

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

Grape Trellises, 1,2,3, 22

Agricultural Building (Centeunial), 27

Horticultural Hall (Ceutenaial), 37

Henderson 's Early Summer Cabbage, .... 39

Potato-Blight (Perouospora, infestans),. . 40

Colorado Potato-Beetle, 49

Doryphora 10-lineata, a, b, c, d, e, f, 49

Poison Duster, 50

Egg Sex Test, a. b, c, d, 51

Susquehanna !5had, 52

Alosa PrastabiliiS, 52

Patent Fence and Gate, 1, 2, 3, 4, 54

Main Hall (Centennial) , 55

Art Gallery (Centennial), 55

Centennial MedaU (Fac-Similies), 55

Tachiua Fly (Lydella Doryphora), 65

Convergent Lady-Bird, a, b, c, 65

Hippodaima Couvergens, 65

Spotted Lady-Bird, 65

Hippodamia Maculata, 65

Many Banded Robber, 65

Harpactor Cinctue, 65

Fiery Ground Beetle, a, b, 65

(Calosoma Calidum,) 65

Spined Soldier Bug, a, b, 65

(Arma Siiinoso), 65

Lancaster and Frederic Stage (1799), 67

The Flying Machiue (1758), 67

A Modern Steamboat, 67

Second Duke of Hillhurst, 69

Independence Hall (1S75), 71

Independence Hall (1776), 71

The Girl and the Flowerbed, 77

The Girl and the Flowerpot, 77

The Sick Girl and the Flowers, 77

Striped Apple Tree Borer, 81

a. Larva ; 6. Pupa; c. Imago, 81

rf. Section of Perforated Trunk, 81

(Lytta Vittata), 81

Margined Blister-Beetle, 2, 82

(Lytta Marginata), 82

Ash Gray Blister-Beetle, 3, 82

(Lytta Ciuerea), 82

Black Blister- Beetle, 4, 82

(Lytta Atrata), 82

Morels (Morchella Esculenta), 84

Poland China Boar, 87

Green Fly, (Aphis), 92

Flower Protector, 92

Thrips, 92

Red Spider (Accarus), 92

Scale Insect (Coccus), 92

The Man that Dislikes Flowers, 92

The Man that Loves Flowers, 92

The Woman whose Flowers don't come up,93
The Woman whose Flowers do come up, 93

A Bouquet Holder, 93

Three-Striped Potato-Beetle, 97

Fig. 1 . Imago (Lema Trivitatta) 97

Fig. 2. Larvas and Pupa, 97

Potato Stalk Weevil, 97

a. Larva; 6. Pupa; c. Imago, 97

Flat-Headed Apple Tree Borer, 97

a. Larva ; 6. Pupa ; c. Imago, 97

(Chrysobothris Femoratus,) 97

Bogus Potato- Beetle, 98

(Doryphora Juncta), 98

6. Larva ; a. Eggs ; d. Wing ; c. Imago ;

e. One of the legs, 98

" Old Sam "—Short-Horn Bull, 101

Strawberry Flower, 102

Agricultural Hall (new, Centennial), . . . .104

Ground Plan of Ditto, 105

The Drop Worm, a, b, c, d, e,/, g, 113

(Thyridoptery X ephemerjeformis), 113

Apple Codling, a, b, c, d, e,/, g, 114

(Carpocapsa pomonella), 114

Gravensteiu Apple, 116

Hubbacdton's Nonesuch, 116

Curculio or Plum Weevil, 129

(Conotrachelus Neunphai, a, b, c, d), .... 129

Rascal Leaf Crumpler, 130

(Physita Nbulo), a,b,c,d, 130

The Army Worm, 1, 2, 145

(Lucauia Uuipuncta), 145

Shorthorn Bull Scotsman, 150

Mushroom (Agaricus Campestris), 161

Dark Brahma Fowls, 163

Young Blue Birds, 164

Machinery Hall (Centeunial), i65

Tropical Ferns and Palms, 167

Corn Stalk Weevil, a, 6, c, 169

(Sphenora Zea), 169

Birds of Paradise, 179

Lambs 179

Wood-Pickers, 180

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Asimina 41

Aplodes ribivora 45

Agrotis zea 45

Agrotis jaculifera 98

Alosa preestabilis 62

Alosa tyraiLS 52

Arctomis monax 53-66

AlauB accuiatus 62

Apion robinia 62

Aphis avena 65

Arma apiuosa 66

Aniaopteryx vernalia 82

Aristolochia clematis 86

Agaricus campestris 84-161

Argent ifera galena 86

Antrostomus vocif era 131

Antroatomus caruliuasis 132

Antrostomus nuttalii 132

Areca oleracea 167

Attalea funifera 167

Abraxes ribearia 168

Ageria tipuliformis 168

JEgeria exitoaa 168

.^geria caudatum 168

Aradiuidffi 178

Accentor modularis 179

Brassica oleracea 39

Bucephala albeola 181

Bromus 41

Baridius trinotatus 97

Beta vulgaris campestris alba 147

Beta vulgaris 148

Botry tis infestous 17-40

Blatta orientalis 34

Clytua robinia 62

Clytua picta 62

Calosoma calidum 65

CasBida bicolor 89

Copris Carolina 89

Coreus triatis 89

Crypt ogamns 167

Cynlhese 167

Capsus quadrinotatua 168

ConotraclielUR nenuphar 129

CapriniulgidiB 131

Chordeilea popetua 132

Chordeiles henry ii 132

Chordeilea texensis 132

Cetonia iuda 136

Carpocapsis pomonella 114

CetouiadBE 118

Cephalotus 4

Caloptinus spretus 35-82

CuculuB canorus 179

Chry Bobothria lemoratus 82-87

Doryphora 10-lineate 49-82

Doryphoro juncta 9'^

Dioscorea bat tala 69

Diospyrus japonica 53

Diosjiyrus Virginians 23

Diouiea musicapula 4

Darlingtouia brachyloba 4

Darliugtonia gloudulosa 4

Drosera longifolia , 4

Drosera rotundifolia 4

Drosera lilliformis 4

DiosjiyrUH kaki 19-45

Faba vulgaris arvensis 162

Faba vulgarie equina 162

Gymuetus nitide 1 18

Hippodamia convergens. 63

Hippodamia Maculata 65

Harpactor cinctus 65

Hispa BUturaiia 52

Hypautria textor 89

Hadeua arctica 168

Lydella Doryphora 65

Lycopodon germinatum 84

Lixus concavua 89

Lucania unipuucta 134, 145

Lucania albilinea 134

Liriodeudron tulipifera 121

Lytta vittata 34, 81

Lytta atrata 82

Lytta cinerea 82

Lytta marginata 82

Lema triliueata 97

Locusta migratoria 35

Macrosylla carohna 45

Macrosylla 5-maculata 45

Macrodactylus subspinoaas 60

Morchella eaculeuta 84

Minus carolinensia 89

Mlcropus lencop*erur 82

Maritiua Viuife 167

Nepenthe distiUaria 4

Nematia ventricosus 168

Nematis grosularius ? 168

Nyctiardea gardenil 153

Oiketicus couiferum , 113

Osmoderma eremicola 118

Ovisaries 179

Podophylum pellatum 53

Pieris rajife 70

Petromalus puparum •. 70

Phyllopetra obloilgifoUa 3

Plalyphyllum coucavum 3

Piugincula vulgaris 4

Perouospora infestous 17-40

Passer domestica 33

Phaseolus vulgaris 162

PhaseolvB avensis 162

Phanogameie 167

Phoenix dacty Ufera 168

Pristophora grosularia 168

Paenocerus superrotatus 168

Phycita nebula 130

Pyrus mains 116

Paphilio turuns 118

Philanopelis satellitia 118

Phylloxera vastratrix 46-82

Pieum sativum 178

Paradiaae major 179

Paradiaae regia 179

Paradisae viridis 179

Picidae 180

Beduvius raptoriua 65

ReduviuB uovenarius .163-65

Rhyparochromua devastator 168

Serracenia variolaris 4

Serracenia purpurea 4

Sarcophoga serracenia 4

Spizella socialia 33

Salaudria pyri 35

Salandria mali 35

Salandria pmni 36

Salandria cydoni 35

SialiaBialis 164

Sialia mexicaca 164

SiaUa arctica 164

SagUB rumphii 167

SagueruB saccharifera 167

Syrphns philadelphicus 168

Spcct rum femoratum 158

SphenophorusZea 160

Solidago odora 73

Saperda candid^ 81

SpermophiluB 13-lineata 53

Tuber vulgaris 84

Thyridoptery X sphemarBeformis 113

Xylinetus robinia 63

Xanthoptera semicrocea 4

The Lancaster Farmer.

Prof. S. S. EATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA., JANUARY, 1875.

Vol vn. No. L

OUR NEW DEPARTURE.

Li entering iipon this our seventh volume,
we liave deemcil it exix'dient to change the
form of our journal, believing that it will be
more acceptable to our reader.s, more conven-
ient to refer to, ami more valuable as a reading
and advertising medium.

We are fully aware that the times' are not
as propitious as we could wish, but still the
wealth and agricultural position of Lancaster
county are such that the sacrilice re(piired in
sustaining a local Journal among its farming
population is inlinilesimally small, when
compared with the ample means it possesses.
The great bulk of the material wealth of the
county is in the hands of the farmers and, by
parity of reasoning, they ought to possess the
great bulk of its intellectual and social wealth,
as we certainly feel they do of its moral and
industrial. Nearly all other interests have
their representative journals, and aspire to
unity; the farmers alone seem to be a dicer-
sily; and so far, as a class, are standing in
their own light. Whilst we are by no means
the friend or advocate of selfish, sinister and
one-sided combinations, having for their single
object the pecuniary interests of a single class
or clan, yet we would recommend a freer and
more social union among those TTiio are so
eminently the pillars of the nation, as Ameri-
can farmers are. AVe would not have them the
mere shadows or mimics of any other class of
men, but we would have them intelligent and
progressive thinkers and actors for themselves
in all that relates to their moral, social and
material welfare. But so far as they may be
able to attain and rftain such- a sdtfu.s, they
should feel that its consummation and contiu- j
uance will depend upon their own energetic
co-operation ; a co-operation of not only mus-
cular energy, but also of that God-given mind
and intellect which so peculiarly distinguish
man from a mere beast of burden. ^Vhen we
look abroad into the world, if we are not
blinded by ignorance or prejudice, we cannot
fail to see that a different order of things is
rapidly developing, from that which gave its
specific character to the iiast. The wheels of
time are moving onward, and never can be
turned backward. If such a thing wore possi-
ble, it would be fatal to the very existence of
the universe. "The dead have been raised;
hungry lions have refused their iirey \ the seas
have divided and formed walls of water whilst
a whole nation passed in safety through its
sandy bosom, and men unhurt have walked
amidst consuming flames; but never yet did
time, once past, ever return." Therefore, the
piment oiily is ours. The past we cannot
recall, and the future we may never see. All
our nece.ssitie.s are concentrated in the pend-
ing present, and i7i this we travel side-and-
side together. The moment we yearn after
the "flesh-pots" of the past, we fall behiTid in
the race of life. So soon as we indulge in
selfish anticipations about the future, we, in a
measure, unfit ourselves for the rcrt'idV.s' and
duties of the present. As the ever present
now is ahv.ays with us, and as nothing that can
or ought to 1)6 done iioio should be deferred to
the future, we ask the co-tiperation of the
farming puiilic in support of TiieI..\nc astkk
Fau.meu. We not only ask their paid sub-
scriptions — for, in reality, that is a mere
pittance, which a single week's rational econo-
my would rescue from the category of useless
expenses — but we also ask their literary con-
tributions and their moral and social sujiijort,
and we ask it now. We desire to make The
F.\RMEit such a home journal as will refleet
credit upon the farmers of our great county
abroad. We desire our farmers to oi)en their
"knowledge-boxes" and let their ideas fiee
forth as free as the birds of the air — not to

hide their light under a bushel or a bed, but
to set it on a candlestick. No class of men
occupying the advanced position in agriculture
that tlie farmers of Lancaster county do, can
be de.stitute of practical ideas on the sviljject-
of farming, and few who really possess this
knowledge are unable to tell what they know
in language sufliciently intelligible to their
compeers in agriculture and the domestic arts.
The yoimg farmers who are coming forward
now, are more conversant with sc'ience and
literature than the generations of the past,
and nothing will afford tlu-m greater opportu-
nities for im|irovement, more practical in-
struction, and greater mental expansion, than
habitually writing for the press; not writing
for the mere purpose of filling up a newspaper
column, but to communicate faHs important
for their brother fanners to know. Where
the fdi-ts exist, the language will unfailingly
adjust itself in such a maimer as to be under-
stood by those for whom it is intended. We
need only refer to the essays and other compo-
sitions which have been read before the various
meetings of the Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Society, and ])ublished in the columns of
this journal, to illu.strate that Lancaster
comity farmers can compose and write intelli-
gently if they imll; and why they should not
have the will, is something past our finding
out, because it is a Divine .■idmonition to give
as freely as we have received. We are not
always the best .judges of the value of what we
have to give. What seems a trivial matter to
one who thoroughly knows it. may lie an import-
ant matter to oiie who is profountUy ignorant of
it. We do not insist upon ' 'scholarly" composi-
tions from persions who have never had opnor-
tunities of becoming scholars. All we desire
is common sense contributions on i)ractical
subjects, and we will see that they are i)re-
sented to the public in such a form as the
writers will have no occasion to be ashamed
of In conclusion, we cannot too often ad-
monish the farmers of Lancaster county to
busy themselves in "working up" a physical
and intellectual representation of the resources
of the "Garden spot of the Keystone State"
in the approaehhig "Uen'ten'XIAL, " which
is scar^ly a year and half in the future. We
want to see the farming interests of our great
county honorably standing by the side of the
greatest in the land. ^Ve want to sec our
journal there, as the faithful an<l appropriate
advocate and exponent of those interests. We
want to see our t<ri-enth. volume in tlie hands,
and read, by twice as many as patronizi'd its
predece.s.sors ; and finally, we want to see our
eighth or "centennial volume" in double :is
niany hands as the seventh. With thesi' legiti-
mate and, we feel, unselfish desires, we again
launch our craft upon the sea of public favor ;
and with these sentiments we clo.se by wish-
ing our patrons a bright, prosperous, and
Happy New Year.

THE PUBLISHERS TO THE READER.

To those subscribers to The Farmer who
read the complimentary introduction given us
in the li\st numl>er by the retiring publisher
and the editor, it would be hardly neces.'^ary
for us to say anything in a<ldition. • Inas-
nuieh, however, as we exiiect this issue of
The Fahmeii to meet the eye of many who
never before read it, a few wonls as io om-
object and plans may not be out of place.
That a publication speciallv devoted to the
intere.sts of the large agricultural community
of this great county can become of much
practical value to tliose who will read and
profit by the information it imparts, no one
will be likely to doubt. The prejudice which
formerly existed against that knowledge thus

gained, sneeringly calle<l "book-farming,"
has long since d"isappeared along witli the
l)rejudice which some years ago was enter-
tained against reapers and mowers, and even
threshing machines; and indeed against most
of the great labor-saving inventions which
threatened to ri'volutionizi; old methods and
demanded an entirely new train of thought.
The able publications, devoted in whole or in
part to the interests of agriculture^to farm and
household economy — inrculated all over this
broad land, havi; done more than any other
single .agency to eau.se the farmer to mount a
step higher iii the intellectual as well as in the
industrial scale. It will no longer do for him
to be content, iW our grandfathers were, to
merely know how to hold the plough and
drive the horse, to wield the sickle or the
scythe, or the fiail, having no ambition to
know what is going on- in the great world
around him. The sickle, the scythe and the
fiail belong to a past age. Their place luis
been supplied by machinery, so wonderful in its
mechanicism and so important in its achiev-
ments, that no successful farmer can afford
not to avail himself of its advantages.
The successful management of nia<-hinery
requires intelligence of a higher order— a
knowledge of the principles of mechanics and
their application. To be thoroughly success-
ful in his avocation he must be continually
educating himself up to the demands of his
new surroundings. The appearance of new
insect depredators upon the croi>8 demands
knowledge in an important direction never
dreamecfof as an attainment of the farmer in
our boyhood. The improvement in cereals,
fruits, "and all cultivated productions of the
vegetable wiu-ld, even within our time, has
been wonderful. And so we might carry
these lefiections to an indefinite length— but
enough has been said to suggest what remains
unsaid to the mind of every intelligent farmer.
Relieving that the fai'mers of Lanca.ster
county would be interested in as well as bene-
fitted "by a |)nblieation which would serve as
an organ for the interchange of idesis and
l)ractical results between themselves and our
able and zealous editor, as well as among
themselves, and many of our agricultural
friends having urged as a rea.son that we had
the facilities to make The I-ancastek
Faumeu a success, we c(msenled to accept the
responsibility of its publii-ation. We must
confess that," like our enthusiiistic friend, the
editor, we have undertaken it more as a lab, r
of love or as a matter of local (iride, than from
any hop<> of innuediate pecuniary gain ; for,
as a business enterpri.'<e, it had never been
a success during the six years its life Wiia
maintained mainlv through the iiUtck of the
editor. Our plaii, including the enlarge-
ment and other contfuiplated improve-
ments, will involve a much lieavier actual
outlay of cash than can Ix- realized from the
.subscriptions on the list as it comes into our
hands. We therefore rely upon a large
increa.se of snbscribei-s to meet these iucrea,sed
expense's and to com|)eusate in some measure
for the lalxtr In-stowed upon it. The frien(ls
oftheenterpri.se will therefore see that tht-ir
interest and ours are mutual in making eflorts
to increase the sulwcription list. IJy the
change of form and the u.se of a more compact
type we will Ik- able to give nearly twice as
much reading mailer as was given in the old
form, and we have no doubt all will agree
with us that the new form is an improvement
in appearance as well as inconvenience. Our
success in otheri)ublishing enterprises, through
the confidence and liberal patronage of the
people of I.,ancaster county during the past
thirty vears, gives us assurance that the
future of The Lancaster Farmer will not
be a failure.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

ENTOMOLOGICAL.
The heavy drain upon tlie prospeetive ag-
ricultural resources of our country bj' de.struc-
tive insects is very generally atlniittcd ])y all
who are sutiiciently intelligent to comprehend
the subject. It is not necessary to go into
details ; it is sufficient to say that, in the
entire country, it annually aiiiounts to mil-
lions of dollars. Some knowledge of the sub-
ject, therefore, becomes a matter of interest to
evei'y farmer. But few farmers, if any, can
hope to become W(e»((/;e entomologists. There
is nothing, how<:ver, to prevent them from
becoming prartical entomologists, and what-
ever assistance the editor of this journal cau
render to make them such, will Ije freely ac-
corded. We therefore jiropose the following
si/ntem in the pursuit of the subject, liecause
without system of some kind, very little pro-
gress can lie made in any direction.

We propose, tlien, to gha them all the infor-
mation we can, on any specified subject, when
proper ai)plication is made. It would be
almost useless to volunteer genei-al princi]iles
or scientific theories on the subject of ento-
mology. People want scientific knowledge.
For instance, when they find a certain insect
depredating upon their crops or industrial
productions, they want to know what it is,
something about its transformations, habits,
history, jieculiarities, local characteristics and
the proper remedies for its destruction, as
well as irhtn and Imw to apply the remedies.
Now, as it is difficult for a novice to describe
an insect plainly enough to be clearly under-
stood, and as such a description might involve
more time and lalior tliat could be immediately
bestowed upon it ; and moreover as the indi-
vidual who desires the information may not
possess the necessai'y books, nor have access
to a library containing them, it is clear that
some shorter and more practical plan must be
adopted. A pr/'pcr ai>plication can be made
by mail, enclosing specimens of the noxious
insect, carefully secured against death or
injury, together with a few lines descrilnng
the nature of its deiiredations, on what vege-
table it has been found, what it had been
doing, as well as the time and place it was
found. And what is of equal or greater im-
portance to the editor, not only the ]iostage
on the communication shoidd be paid, (it
, would not lie forwanled if it is not) but it
should either contain a three cent stani]i or a
postal card, to insure an immediate reply.
This, however, is only necessary witli those
who are not regular subscribers to The Farmer,
through the columns of which all (luestions
will be answered, so far as they enn lie. f)ur i
reasons for this course are obvious, and will I
be regarded as valid by the liberal-minded.
la good truth, we cantujt nfforel to write a
specific reply and furnish paper and enveloiies,
and i)ay the return postage into thelmrgain —
it is not in equity. On a single letter the post-
age would be a trifle, but our correspondents
should rememlier that we receive many such
letters in a month, and to answer them all,
individually, would be a greater burden than
"even-handed justice',' requires us to bear.
By answering con-i'spondents through the col-
lunns of our journal information becomes more
diffused than it (itherwise could be, for other
persons than the ones immediately addressing
us may Vie interested in the very same insects.
This will inculcate habits of nwre minute
observation than usually obtains among fanners
in general — a thing much needed — and will
suggest experimentation in their destruction
or removal. Tlie time seems to be surely aji-
proaching when our agricultiu-al iiopulation
will be rrmipelhil to give more jiatient and per-
severing heed to this qmstion than they have
heretofore been in the habit of doing. Our
plan is co-o])erative and equitable in its special
effects, and ought to meet the approval of
those interested.

The openitcg month of the year is a good
time for us to take a retros]iective glance at the
past, in order to avoid in future, where possi-
ble, errors of judgment and defects in prac-
tioe, and thus profit by experience.

OVER-PRODUCTION — UNDER-CON-
SUMPTION.

"In 1872, when there was a great abimr'ance
of all things, we were not afflicted with over-
production. What now is the luatter is under-
consumption. Some eight hundred thousand
men and women are compulsorily idle who
then were regularly employed. The earnings
of the people amounted, probably, to $2,U()0,-
000 a day, or to §1500,000,000 in 'a year. This
l>urchasing power, vast in the aggregate, has
disappeared. Restore it in the shape of wages
paid for daily work, then what is styled ' o\'er-
production ' would vanish. We shall not get
out of our industrial depression in any sudden
way. Recuperation will be apt to emblemize
the slow return of the invalid to health and
strength. The medicine needed by the coun-
try is iilenty of live money to o]ierate-the cus-
tomary exchanges, and thus keep men and
women at work when once more the industrial
movement gets safely upon its legs. Mean-
time, enough things are not produced to satisfy
the wants of the people. There are more
mouths to be jed, more backs to be clothed,
more bodies to be warmed, more feet to be
shod, more heads to be sheltered, and more
minds to be instructed in 1874 than there were
in 1S7'2; yet the quantity of things produced is
smaller. The over-production is apparent,
not real — constructive, not actual — a ratio be-
tween production and the crippled power to
consume, not between production and the
urgent needs of consumers. To get at the
complete truth it is requisite for the Tribune
to shift its point of view. More money is the
key to the problem." — Inter-Oceun.

To this we may add that there will be more
wants to be supjilied in 1875 than there were
in 1874; Init what does all this amount to if
the necessary means are not available to pro-
cure the supiilies? We want more employment
for the laboring millions of the country, no
matter how unwisely they may squander the
products of labor. That is a thing beyond
constitutional control, and hardly worth talk-
.ing about, although it means a great deal; still,
if peoiile don't see it themselves it would be as
difficult to inject it into the fissures of their
brains, as to shoot potatoes into the crevices of
a millstone. In order to furnish more emi)loy-
ment we want "more live money;" by wliieh
we infer, money judiciouslj- invested where it
will pay at least six per cent., and which will
continue to be thus invested so long as it yields
any per cent, at all— money bnnight out of old,
uniiroductive " stocking legs" and put to prac-
tical and rational i(Sf/i('?ic<.s — money, if possi-
ble, unifonn in value, and secured against jieri-
odic fluctuations and depreciations. Just tliink
of the extraordinary measui'es wliicli the phi-
lanthroiiically inclined are compelled to resort
to, periodically, for the relief of the indigent,
unemiiloj'ed. or starving millions of our coun-
trymen. If these people had the pecuniary
means there would not long be an over-produc-
tion or supiily of anything, nor yet an under-
consumptioni the latter being the effect of the
absence of these means. Tilings woidd be kept
moving, and motion is the only sure remedy
against stagnation. We believe tliat a univer-
sal nation of spendthrifts would be ]ireferable
to a universal nation of njisers. It is the penu-
rious hoarding of some, the bloated accumula-
tions of others, and the imiirudent profligacy
of the many that cause the inequalities and
stringencies of the times, with all the depriva-
tions and stifferings that follow in theii' train.

"More money is the A'c// to the problem,"
but a I'ei/ is of very little account so Ions; as
there is no availalile J(i<-k into which it will fit,
and that may be opened by it. Those locks
ai'e the rich agricultural, mechanical and min-
eral resources of the country, and these are now
shut u)) and rusting, for the want of a key to
open them. There is a point in the domestic
aflairs of a nation beyond which " endurance
ceases to be a virtue," and no one can tell ex-
actly wlien that point is reached. The British
govemment did not " see it" previous to the
revolt of her American colonies; France did
not see it before the bloody revolution of ' 0?>;'
and the South did not see it before her attempt

to nationalize slavery. When will the pos-
sessors of the "key " of our industrial inter-
ests learn that it is more profitable in the end
to keep the laboring population of our country
constantly employed, at any cost ?

LARGE EMIGRATION TO GERMANY.

PKUSSIAN MANUFACTUKERS SENDING TO
AMERICA FOR WORKMEN.

"Forseveral daysjiast many jiersons, mostly
Germans, have besieged the offices of the com-
missioners of emigration at Castle Gai'deu, and
besought them to jirovide steerage passage to
Europe; Most of them professed to be with-
out means, while othei-s asserted tljat they had
a portion of the passage money. Of course it
was impossible for the eonunissioners to pro-
vide means for them to return to Germany;
but in some few instances, where only a small
deficiency existed, the balance was supjdied by
the commissioners. In nearly every case they
came provided with letters from Gennany, in
which they were assured that labor is plenty
and profitable at home, and that the demand
for mechanics is greater than for many years
previous. Information received by the com-
missioners themselves from all parts of Prus-
sia show that the situation has not been exag-
gerated. Skilled labor is scarce, and the prices
paid exceed anything that has been paid for
years past. Bookbinders, machinists, tjpe-
setters and mechanics in the different trades
are receiving from ten to thirty florins a week,
where only one-third that sum used to be paid.
This rate, considering the prices of rent, pro-
visions and living generally, is equivalent to as
many dollars here. Accomplished book-keep-
ers with large manufactiuMug companies are
receiving from 3,000 to 10,000.r' a year. Busi-
ness is brisk throughout the Empire, and pros-
perity and plenty prevail throughout the land.
Thisis accounted for by the eonunissioners and
others, from the fact that while Germany is
now homogeneous and a unit, she became en-
riched by the late war, levying tribute uiiou
France, which was made to bear all the ex-
pense of the campaign. She was more than
indemnified. Money became plenty, and the
industries which had slumbered when the war
was raging, were set in operation at its close.
Business relations were ojiened with other
nations, which, previous to tlie war, had only
fritting commercial relations with the Prussian
provinces. There was an increasing internal
and external demand for the manufactures of
I'russia, and skilled laborers were sought for.
]5ut the war had killed off many of them. It
had taken the bone an<l sinew of the land, and
many who had not been killed had been
maimed for life. This created a great want,
and the price of labor advanced. Manufac-
turers and tradesmen, as well as the friendsof
Germans in this country, are sending to Amer-
ica for them.jirotfering good positions at home.
The inducement is increased on account of the
prevailing dullness of trade here, and the com-
missioners predict that during the next three
or four months there will lie an uniirecedented
emigration to Germany. In many cases money
has been sent from Europe to per.sons here
with which to pay their passage home. Innni-
grants are still arriving here from Germany,
but they arc not mechanics nor tradesmen.
The commissioners state that the country is
losing those who have learned trades but can
find no work here, and have gone back to Eu-
rope to work at them. It is feared, too, that
the jNIennonites will cease to ccmie, as the in-
fonnation has reached the commissioners that
the Russian government has concluded to let
them remain exempt from conscrijition and
war duty, and no longer violate the convic-
tions of the Mennonifes by compeUing them to
take up arms." — Tribune.

The foregoing is very significant, and shows
how very superior the occujiation of a farmer
is, in comparison with that of other men ;
for it will lie observed that no farmers are
among the "large emigration to Germany,"
in search of that employment which they are

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

iiiiiil)le to liiul in America. It is true tliat
fiiriuirif; may not " pay" in a mere ))fc'imiaiy
sense, as well as sonu' otluT oL'cu|iatinus more
inllni'Mueil by siiasnioilic ('ontractions and ex-
pansions, and lieiice liazardous speculations,
but it pays more surely in tlieouteome; for, no
matter what takes piaie in tlie linaueial, po-
litical, social or moral world, so louu' as human
lil'e obtains, no individual is inde|iendent of
the material world, and hence the occupation
of a farmer is a i)erpetnal and universal ne-
cessity in civilized society; and as human pop-
ulation multiplies it becoinf's,-in the same
ratio, an increasiuj? and always present ne-
nes-sity. The farmer never thinks of niliii-
qnishin"; his oeciii)alion — "shnttiu;; down,"
as they call it — lettintt his fields lie fallow
and starving iiis slock, because he can-
not realize six, ten, lifleen or twenty per
cent, on his labor ; but he ploils on all
the same, at three, two, one, or no |)er
cent., to keep full or replenish the jjranaries,
corn-bins and meat-tnbsof the world, iiatieutly
toiling and waiting for the "better day a
coniinjf." Many occupations among men are
of a (inestionable moral character, or are con-
ducted in a very questionable mauner and
from ipiestionable motives ; but the tillers of
the soil and the agri<'uUnral jiroducers of the
country have not the shadow of a tpieslion
overhanging their occupation. An<l yet many
farmers are yearning for the uncertainties of
commercial, profi'ssional and nie.elianical life.
How superlatively visionary and foolish — how
suicidal to moral and material prosperity aud
domestic happiness!

It does not seem to speak well for America
and its free institutions, to lind those who
have sought an asylum luuler its lienign gov-
ernment and laws, appealing for oiiportuuities
to return to their native land as the better
couutry of tlie two for tlie laboring man.
Bloated monoiiolies, commercial combinations
and family clanships are fast converting our
country into that feudal condition in Europe,
which turneil the tide of emigration from that
country to ,oin- borders, liut which a more
liberal and eciuitable policy there is inviting
back to her shores again.

AVe do n<it believe, liowever, , that the in-
ducement for even mechanics to return to
Europe is of a very permanent cliaracler.
The fare is now so low that to single men the
sacritice woidd be trilling and easily borne,
but to men of families we do not think it
■jvould be advisable, if they can lind any cm-
ploymeut here at all.

.Tonxsox ]SriLLEii's ANXu.\i- ADDRESS, as
Pri'sident of the T.,ancaster County .\gricul-
tural and Horticultural Society, (lelivered at
the last meeting, will be found in our report
of the proceedings of that body, iirinted in this
number. While we disseiit in toto from not
only tile niutUr but also from the maniirr c(tn-
tained in some of tlie points of this ad-
dress, on the whole there is so much well-
timed truth in it. such good advice, and svicli
well deserved criticism niiiin the inefliciency
of the Agricnltnral and llorliciiltural oriiaiii-
Bations of the county o!' Lancaster, that we
should have published it in our columns, even
if it had had no claim upon us as the ])rodue-
tion of the presi<lent of a society under whose
auspices this journal has, from its very origin,
bt>en i)nblished ; moreover, as we liave here-
tofore published several papers in our columns
favorable to the " (iransre movement," it is
but fair that we should also give the negative
side of the (pie.stion ; and we confess that Mr.
Miller has elaborated .some idga.s on that snli-
ject that have not heretofore occurred to us,
whetlier tlii'v l>e true or otherwise. In refer-
ence to the itineratiie.: habits of many of the
members of the society durim; its sessions, he
made some good hits, which recall forcibly
to our mind the rebuke administered by an off-
hand Methodist preacher to a somewhat shift-
ing congri'gation. Klevatinij his voice and
rising on his toes he exclaimed with earnest
emiihxsis. " I have no objection to be called a
trareliiig pretuJiery but I do most unqualiliedly

object to preaching to a IrdfcVinij rmKirdjal'mn. "
It is a poor compliment to an essayist to greet
him with a slampedi^ the moment he begins
to reail his paper. We do not suppo.se that
any one Hica/i.s to ))e disrespectful, but it is
nevertheless embarrassing under any circum-
stances, and exhibits that want of culture to
which the [jresideiit of the society alhuled in
his address. We have never seen this habit
so common anywhere else, a.s we have in the
great and Wealthy county of Lanca-sler, an<I
nothing— not even a poorly written or poorly
delivered essay — can justify it.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

The arrangenunts for transferring TllK
Fau.mur I'l the present publisluMs were com-
lileted at too late a day to enable them to in-
troduce all the improvements into this issue
which are in contemplation. Among other
matters now (h'cmed of importance in publi-
cations of its character, are occasional engrav-
ings illustrating certain subjects of practical
importance which an- thus more easily and
satisfactorily explained than it is possible to
do in a mere letter-press description, however
full and complete. For example, it might be
dillicult to write a desca-iptiou of a trellis for
grape vines ami the most approved method of
in'uniug and training them, so that the ama-
teur might 111' able to do (he work correctly as
descril)ed; but liy the aid of an engraving, illus-
trating the cousiruetion of the trellis, the ar-
rangement of the vines at their different stages
of growth, and how t(j prune them, the pro-
cess can be made so plain that the merest tyro
in small fruit culture can comprehend the sub-
ject at a glance. These illustrations are, of
course, expensive, but the publishers have faith
that the farmers of Lancaster county will be-
stow such a liberal patronage iiixm The
FAi!?.[Eri, since it has taken its "new dejiart-
ure," as will justify them in making a venture
in this direction, and they hope to be able to
nnike a beginning in the February number.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

OxFouD, Pa., Jan. lltli, 1S7.5.

S. S. K ATll vox— Z>rar Sir: Please deci-
])hcr these animals and let us kn')W tlie result
of your investigations. Please report to Rev.
(). L., of this borough. Very respectfullv,

J. P. A.

The embryotic "animals" alluded to in the
above, wi're the eggs of the "Oblong-winged
Katydid " — I'liiilhijilcrn I'hhiiKjifii'iu—ci large
green and loiig-liuibed grasshopjjer, more fre-
(piently found, and ]ierhaps betterkuown, than
the true Katydid. (I'luHiiihiiJInm cini-nnan.)

These eggs are always found obliipiely ar-
ranged in two rows along the side of a twig,
very .seldom any larger than tlu^ one iijclosed.
This is not the insect that emits the stridula-
ting noise during summer evenings, which
sounds like Kul'iiVil. It is a vegetarian in
habit, but W(- never have known it to be snlli-
ciently numerous to be consi<lered noxious.
The coldest Weather has not the least utTect
upon the vitality of these eggs. — Ed.

Tlll.s xuMliKU will be sent to many who are
not now, or have not been heretofore, sub-
scribers to The FAmiKi!, but a.s we only de-
sire vohuitary subscriptions they need not go
to the trouble of returning it. Still, we hope
that tho.se within the county of Lancaster, at
lea.st. will respond favorably, and .allow us the
privilege of placing their names upon our list
of subscrilHM's. It will only cost them aur d'll-
htr a year, as there is no postage on publica-
tions circulating: within the county.

We are eonlideiit thai they will not regret
it: and will have the additional satisfaction of
feeling that they h.ave made a worthy and
judicious investment in behalf of the airricul-
tural inti'rests of our irreat county, and have
contributed their mite in developing its mate-
rial, moral anil intellectual resources. If they
will only sustain The Faumek at home, as it
is sustained abroatl, we cannot fail to make it
a .success.

THE FUTURE OF THE LANCASTER
FARMER.

Is it destined to live, (lourish and grow,
or to i>ine, languish and die V This question
ajiplies to farmers generally, but to those of
Lancaster county most emphatically. Will
tla- farmers of Lancaster county patronize,
ai<i and support a periodical that bears on its
title iiage so honorabh' a name V .Vol that
farmers ontsiile of our county are less honor-
ablir than those living within its borders, but
that the latter bear, if not a world-wiile, at
least a national reputation. The title of
"garden county" has not been vaguely
lavished upon il. There is scarcely ad iascn ting
opinion, among those who have traveled exten-
sively over our cnitntrii, that Lancaster lias
Scarcely a rival county in this broad agricul-
tural domain ; not so iiiueh on aceoniit of its
natural advantages, as for the excellent tillage
bestowed upon it, and its tlioroiigh im|)rovc-
ments in buildings and fences. It .seems
natural that such a re|iutation should stimu-
late the dignity (I will not say (iride, for our
plain farmers spurn jiriih} of our tillers of the
.soil to have at coniuiand a medium through
which they can disseminate their knowledge
to others as well as among tliemsidves. Look-
ing ui)on the reputation of our county from a
distant standpoint, the natural inference
would be, that in a county which has so high
a reputation for intelligent farmiiii;, tln^re
must be a corresiionding degree of mental
culture, and conseipiently there would \ye
found among us a large amount of valuable
literary productions on the subject of farming
and its auxiliaries. When, however, we scan
the pages of The LwfASTKii FAttMEK and
find so few contributors from its nativ.' county,
the conclusion must be that our fanners cannot
or will not aid in building up an <n'gan to rep-
resent their standing in the agricultural world.

And, further, when we learn that not five
hundred fdniirr.t of this county Wi're regular
subscribers to The FAioiElt during the pa.st
year, wc conclude they are not even a reading
people, or else patronize foreign publications
to the exclusion of those at home. Since the
publication of The Fahmeu hius pa.ssed into
the hands of Fkausol & Geist, whose rejiu-
tatiou as imblisliers is a sullieient guarantee
that they will leave nothing undone on their
jiarl to make it a success, we trust there is
a brighter future liefore it. The continuation
of I'rof. llATHVox as Editor, is an additional
guarantee that matter will be regularly fur-
nished for its pages, even if he will have to
write a large proportion of it himself between
his regular business hours; a t:isk which he
has iierformed since The FAiorKU has been
in existence, without any remuneration.
While all this labor of the eiiitor liitlu'rto has
been brKlniral to the public, shall not the
farmers of I,ancaster county res>)lve that with
the year 1 ST.") a new era shall commence for
The Fahmei:, in which they will not only
piitronize il by subscrii>lions, but also by con-
tributing to its columns! Then, ho! for the
Centennial — when Lancasti'rcounly shall pre-
sent an .\gri(ailturaland llorticnltural periodi-
cal worthy its nanio and fame. ll. M. E.

THE PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY.

The "Pennsylvania StatetiraiiLTe." of this
organization, convened incouncilat William.s-
jiorl on Ihi^ (llh in.st., and \w have conversed
with some of the returned <li'legates from Lan-
caster county on the subject. Over one thou-
.saiid members from differi'iit parts of the
State were ip atten<lance, and the business
seems to have b('eii of an inti-restin;; and im-
portant character. They speak in the highest
terms of the kind and aci-ommodatiiig spirit of
the peo))le of Williamsport. Among other
things, it was determined to hold the next an-
nual meeting of the SiHti (Inniijt in Lancaster
city on the "Jil of December next, provided hotel
accommodations and a suitable liall can Ik'oI)-
taiiied here. This is surely a distinction that
Lancaster county did not I'xpect, for the order
is yet in its infancy here. They expect a larger
attendance than that at William.sport.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

CARNIVOROUS PLANTS.

There are no doubt many intelligent people,
and some scientific people, too, who may be
somewhat startled at the coupling of a term
with subjects of the vegetable kingdom, that
is almost universally believed to be applicable
to the animal kingdom alone. But we have
fallen upon a veiy progressive period in science,
religion and literature, as well as in philosophy,
mechanics and agricultiu-e, and perhaps no
department of natural science has been so
thoroughly explored as that including botany
and vegetable physiology. If the question
involving the capture and assimilation of ani-
mal food b}' certain species of plants, has not
been determined in the a'ffirmativc, at least
sufficient progress has been made to save it
from an unqualified negative; for observations
have been made by learned explorers, whose
experiences and logical conclusions cannot be
successfully ignored, nor satisfactorily ex-
plained upon any other hypothesis.

When Dr. Erasmus Uarwin — the grand-
father of the author of the "Origin of Species"
— about one hundred years ago, published a
work on "The Loves of Plants," he was as
much laughed at for its strange theories as
ever Harvey was when he first announced his
theory of the circulation the blood ; but the
subject of consciousness and volition, which
he attributed to certain species of plants, is
not now considered so fantastic by learned
men as it was when the elder Darwin wrote ;
and in our day it is becoming manifest, almost
beyond a cavil, that paralysis of a plant can
be produced by external injury ; that the ex-
istence of a nervous system in many vegeta-
bles is capable of a satisfactory demonstration ;
and that some flowers, at least, display their gor-
geous colors to attract certain species of iusects;
and that without this arrangement the pollena-
ceous impregnation of certain plants could not
possibly take place ; and that some plants do di-
gest and assimilate animal matter. In the Scien-
tific American for Dec. 22, 1874, page 9, seven
species of these carnivorous plants, belonging
to as many different genera, are very cleverly
illustrated ; namely, the "Trumpet Pitcher,"
or "Side-saddle Flower" [Sarracevia vario-
Iciris) which, with the allied species purpurea,
according to Dr. Gray, are found growing in
the United States, from New England to
Wisconsin, and flower in June. The for-
eign "Pitcher plant" {Nepenthe dintillaria)
which grows wild in China and the East
Indies generally. " Venus fly-trap" (Dirmcm
rtuiseijmla) in the savannas of North ( "arolina
growing wild. The "California Pitcher"
{Barlingtonia hrachyloha et gJandulosa) which
are found in the mountainous regions of the
Golden State, and flower from June until
August. The " Butterwort " (Pintjuicida vul-
garis) found from New York to Lake Superior,
and northward, in July. The " Sundews "
(Brosera), of which there are several species in
America, namely, the " Long-leaved Sundew "
(D. longifoHa), the "Round-leaved" {£). rotun-
difolia), the " Line-leaved " (D. linearis), and
the "Thread-leaved Sundew," {D.Jiliformis).
Also a species of Cephalntvs, which is gen-
erically allied to Dioncca. The Drosera rotun-
difolia — "Pound-leaved Sundew," occurs in a
swamp near Sniithville, Lancaster county. Pa.
In addition to the foregoing there are a num-
ber of plants commonly called "sensitive
plants," including the "Sensitive Briar" and
"Sensitive Fern," which, if they do not capture
and approjiriate the liquid substances of insects,
yet they immediately collai)se or close their
leaves and droop their branches when any
object comes in contact with them ; or as soon
as darkness supervenes, either at nightfall or
in the absence of the sun during the day. M.
Dutrochet, after a series of minute and care-
fully conducted experiments, believed that he
found the true nerve motion of these plants,
which he attributes to the agency of the sap
alone, and he considers the power of locomo-
tion to depend upon its system of nervous cor-
puscles in the ligneous part of the plant through
certain tubes supplied with these nervous cor-
puscles, and that neither the pith, the bark,

nor even the cellular tissues, have anything to
do in detenuining the motion of the plant.

But it is of carnivennis 2jlants that we had
proposed to make some nienlion, and not those
that are merely sensitive plants, especially as
these involve questions bearing on Entomo-
logy, as well as on Botany. More than thirty
years ago a Mr. Ellis first divined the purpose
of the capture of insects by the JJiona'a; but
it was the Rev. Dr. Curtis — a most practical
writer on Entomology — who made out the de-
tails of the mechanism of motion by ascer-
taining the seat of sensitiveness in the leaves
of these carniverous plants, and he also pointed
out that their secretions were not a mere lure
exuded before the capture of the insects that
visited them, "but a true digestive fluid,
poured out, like our own gastric juice, after
the ingestion of food." In 1808, Mr. Canby,
an American Botanist, revived the subject
of this wonderful plant, (Venus's Fly-trap,)
after it had slept for a full generation in
statu quo ; and he is still engaged in his
botanical researches. To facilitate his labors
he located himself in the Dioncra district, and
carefully studied the points which had been
made out by Dr. Curtis. By feeding the leaves
with small bits of fresh beef, he found that they
were completely dissolved and absorbed, the
leaf opening again with a dry surface. Cheese
disagreed with the plant, and finally killed it.
He also gives a very interesting account of a
captured curctdio, which used all its power and
cunning to escape, but it was of no avail, it
finally became enveloped in the digestive fluid
and died. This fluid, he maintains, is an
actual secretion, and not the result of the de-
composition of the substance which has been
ca])tured.

Additional interest to this subject has been
recently elicited through some charming pa-
pers on " Insectivorous plants," by Prof. Asa
Gray, detailing many interesting observations
and experiments on the structure, habits and
functions of Dimicea, Drosera and Sarracenia.
But by far the most interesting paper on this
subject, in its entomological and physiological
bearing, is one recently contributed by Prof.
C. V. Riley, of St. Louis, Mo., to the Decem-
ber number (1874) of Hardwick^s Science Qossip,
on the " Spotted Trumpet-leaf," {Sarracenia
variolctris,) which, according to the testimony
of the Professor, must henceforth be ranked
in comparison with other plants of a similar
habit, as' 'a most consummate insect catcherand
devourer." It is not thefloiars, but the pecu-
liar, although varied, construction of the leaves,
which form the traps in which the various
kinds of insects that visit these plants are
captured. This fact is important, because the
leavts are earliest and latest in their appear-
ance, endurance and decay, and very probably
appropriate this kind of food, "from first to
last." The leaf of the Sarracenia — the plant
upon which Mr. Riley made his most interest-
ing observations— is trumpet-shaped, a gently
widening tube, with an arched lid, partially
or quite covering the mouth. The inner sur-
face of this tube is pubescent, that is, covered
with a coat of smooth silky hairs, inclined
downward. These, however, only extend about
midway between top and bottom, and from
thence downward the tube is beset with bris-
tles, with their jioints inclining upward, and
these increase in size until near the bottom,
where they are replaced by a perfectly smooth
surface. This receptacle at the bottom of the
trumpet-shaped pitcher, secretes a limpid fluid,
which possesses intoxicating qualities, and
here is where the insects meet their death.
Inside the mouth of the pitcher, and on the
underside of its pubescent lid, there exude
drops of a sweetish viscid fluid ; this, doubt-
less, is the fatal decoy.

The insects most numerously captured are
eints, although insects of all the diflerent orders
become victims. The decomposition' of the
bodies of these ants is supposed to add their
acidulous qualities to the secretion of the plant,
at the bottom of the tube, and increase its
solvent properties. Except auts, it a])pears
that but few other Hymenoptera are captured,
occasionally a Bombus or an Apis.

Prof. Riley says he found most commonly,
in a recognizable condition, several species of
Coleoptera and two or three of Hemiptera; ' 'while
katy-dids, locusts, crickets, cockroaches, flies,
moths, butterflies, si)iders and centipedes, in a
more or less unrecognizable condition, helped to
swell the unsavory mass" at the bottom of
the pitcher. The natural inference is, that
these insects are decayed and macerated in
order to support the plant, and the testimony
of dift'erent observers goes very far towards prac-
tically demonstrating that this is not " only a
speculation," but a/oct.

But although the macerating fluid at the
lower end of this pitcher is so fatal to most
insects, there is at least one species that has
the power of resisting its influence. A large
flesh-fly, described by Prof. Riley in the trans-
actions of the "St. Louis Academy of Sciences"
as Sarcophaya sarracenia, the larva of which
feeds upon the putrid insect remains in the
tube, and when it is perfectly matured, as a
larva, it bores through the leaf just above the
stem, escapes through the aperture, and bur-
rows into the ground, where it contracts to a
pupa, and in due time comes forth a perfect
fly, not much unlike the large gray and hairy
fly which is attracted by putrid flesh. If it be
asked how this insect can resist the action of a
fluid so fatal to all other insects, we can only
answer that we cannot tell, any more than we
can tell why it is that the larva of the bot-fly re-
sists the effects of the gastric juice in a horse's
stomach, which is capable of digesting oats,
hay and corn.

Perhaps more remarkable still, in resisting
the siren influence of the trumpet plant, is a
small species of moth (Xanthoptera semi-
crocea) or "Sarracenia moth," which walks
with perfect impunity over the inner surface
of the pitcher, or trumpet, so fatal to other
insects. The female lays her eggs near the
mouth of the pitcher in April, and as soon as
the young larva comes forth from the egg, it
spins for itself a smooth silken carpet, and very
soon also closes up the mouth by drawing the
rims together, and covering them with its web,
which, of course, then debars the entriince of
any other insect. By the time the laiTa has
matured, the lower portion of the tube is filled
up with its excretions, and above this mass the
pupa is formed in a slight cocoon. As the
leaf depredated upon by this moth collapses
above where the pupa is located, and finally
dies, the escape of the imago is thereby facili-
tated or provided for.

These two insects, Prof. Riley continues, are
the only ones of any size that can invade the
death-dealing trap with impunity ; but he
mentions two other minute species sometimes
found crawling within the pitcher; and also a
parasite upon the larva of the SarcojAaga, be-
longing to the "chalcis-flies, " which must in-
sinuate itself with iniijunity, in order to reach
its host at the bottom of the pitcher. The
reasons for certain insects enjoying an immu-
nity from capture and deatli, and certain
others falling victims, are explained on the
basis of the difEereut structure of the feet ;
but as this is not particularly germain to the
subject, we omit their details for the present.
The fertilization of some plants by insects is
well understood and pretty extensively ac-
knowledged ; but that certain plants carnivo-
rousiy api)ropriate and digest animal food is
comparatively new to the masses, although the
doctrine was advanced more than a hundred,
years ago, or nearly so long ago.

We have on sundry occasions noticed on
the leaves of Drosera rotundifolia in this coun-
ty, the feet, wings and thoracic and abdomi-
nal scales of flies and other small insects, the
moist and fleshy parts having been in some
manner evaporated or absorbed by the plants ;
and our impression was that they were in some
way beneficial to the plant. If a small pebble
or bit of wood is thrown upon the leaf, it
clo.ses in upon it the same as it does upon a fly;
it, however, almost immediately relaxes and
casts it out ; b\it if it grasps a fly or other ani-
mal matter it remains closed, it is presumed
until the animal is absorbed. Contemplating
this subject from any stand-point we will, we

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

find it invested with more than ordinary in-
terest. Mr. Ililev thus siinis up his eonclu-
sions, ba.sed upon his own and other corrolxi-
rative exporienee ; 1. There is every reason
to believe that Sarraeenia is a truly insectivo-
rous plant, and that hy its peculiar structure
and secretions, it is enabled to capture and
hold its prey. 2. That those insects most
easily digested and most uset'ul to the plant,
are principally ants and small tlies, which are
lured to their graves liy the honied secretions
about the mouth, and "that most of the larijer
insects are acci(h'ntally captin-ed. H. Tliat
the oidy benedt to the plant is from the licpiid
nianure which results from tlie imtrescence of
the captured insects. 4. The Sdmiphwid is a
mere intruder, the larva sharing; tlie food ob-
tained by the plant, and the i>arent lly is at-
tracted thither by the strong odor, just as it
would be to any otlier putrescent matter. 5.
That the moth (Xnnlhuptrni.) has no other
connection with tlie i)lant than as a destroyer,
though the i;reatest injury is done after the
leaf iias performed its most important func-
tions. (J. That neither the motli nor the lly
has any structure jieculiar to it that enables
it to brave the dangers of tlie ]dant, beyond
what many other allied siiecies jios.sess. Of
course the subject is not exliausted, and is
therefore open to further development. R.

COMPARATIVE VALUE OF FRUITS.

To those pereons who have only a limited,
or a comparatively small space, to devote to
the cultivation of fruit, the following list, re-
ported to the Pennsylvania Fruit-Growers Soci-
ety, at its meeting held in the city of Reading,
in .January, 1873, may be of some service in
the determinations of their choice. It is to be
regretted that detailed reports of this and
other similar associations, never reach the
public eye until long after the events occur.
It is the same with the National Department
of Agriculture at Washington. In the mean-
time, the people who are most interested in
the work of these associations are, for an in-
definite period, deprived of the knowledge they
are intended to diffuse. The list comprises
the following:

APPLES.

Smokehouse,

- -1.1

Red Astrachan,

- 7

Fallenwalder,

- 13

Baldwin, - -

- 8

Smith's Cider,

- -10

Maideu's Blush,

- (5

PEAPvS.

Bartlett, - -

- -23

Duchess, - - -

-10

Lawrence, - -

- 21

Catharine,

- 6

Shekel, - -

- -18

PEAC

Howell, - - -

IIES.

- 6

Crawford's Late, -21
Old Nixon, - - 13
Smock, - - - - 12

Concord,

Susquehanna, -
Early York, - - <J
Crawford's Early,- 13

GRAPES.

- - 21 I Martha, - - - - 4

STRAWnEItUIES.

Wilson's Albany, - IS | TriomphedeGand, 7

Tlie higlier the numl>er the greater the com-
parative value, (for instance. Smokehouse com-
pares with Baldwin as 1"> does to 8,) lint, of
course, this does not imply tliat the foregoing
only are worthy of cidtivation. But the list
contains those that have received a general
recognition in the latitude of southern and
middle Pennsylvania, and may be of value to
those who propo.se to plant fruit trees during
the coming siiring, especially those who may
only desire to set out a few of each kind.

GtTAXo: Dr. Ilabel has arrived at the con-
clusion, after mature study, that guano beds
are not made of the excrements of sea birds,
as has been hitherto supposed. Chemical
treatment has disclosed an insoluble residue
composed of fos.sil sponge and marine plants
and animalcule. nebcl's opinion is that
guano is made of fossil remains, of which the
organic matter has been transformed into a
nitrogenized substance, while the mineral
constituents have jremained unaltered.

WHEAT GLEANINGS.
BY .J. STAUFFEU.

Of the plants cultivated for the sake of their
seed, wheat holds the chief place among farm-
ers. What is called winter wheat develops
Very much like wliat we call biennial plants.
Soon after it is sown the young plants put fortli
the first leaves, which, during winter and tlu'
early months of spring, increase to a tuft,
when, to all appearance, it seems to stand still
for Weeks. But wlien warm weather comes
the soft stems are put forth to tlu^ height of
several feet, furnished with leavesiind tlie ter-
minal ear. Afti'r flowering the seed is f(Mined,
iintl as th(\v ripen the bottom leaves turn yel-
low and gradually die upwards.

During the time that the growth seems ar-
rested above ground, the underground organs
are in constant activity, incessantly absorbing
food and extending its root libers, storing up
and making preparation for the growth of the
stalk, &c. On the approac^h of tlie warmer
weather, this apparent rest is but collecting
the necessary energies to carry out the final
seeding. The lowtenii)erature in autumn and
winter reduces the action of the organs, with-
out altogether suppressing them, and is essen-
tial to the vigorous thriving in its future,
more favorable conditions. It is a most favor-
able condition for future development if
the temperature of the air is below that of the
soil, so as to retard for several months the de-
velopment of the outer plant — al)ove ground.
Hence, when covered with snow, the soil is
kept moist and warm, and the plants above
ground are protected from the severest cold.
It is found that a very mild autumn or winter
o])erates unfavorably upon the future crop —
warmth causes it to shoot up thin, and thereby
consumes the food which should have .served
to form the buds and new roots, or to increase
the store of matter in the roots ; conse(piently
the root supplies less food to the jilant in spring,
and its growtli is more feeble or stunted. Some
farmers endeavor to help the matter by graz-
ing down or cutting these feeble plants, in or-
der to start a new formation of buds and roots;
this, under favorable conditions of growth,
may have the desired effect, and if the plant
has time the normal conditions may, in a
great degree, be restored. Summer wheat, in
the several periods of its development is gov-
erned in like manner, only these periods are
of much shorter duration.

The farmer in cultivating his plants can act
upon tlie direction of the vegetative force only
through the soil, that is, by supplying bis field
with nutritive sulistauces in tlie riyht jinqntr-
fioii.-t. This implies a greater knowledge than
siniiily ]>lowing and sowing ; for to produce
the largest crop of grain, not only the choice
of seed and time of sowing require due atten-
tion, but the soil must contain a iireponderating
quantity of the nutritive substances neces-
sary for the formation of seed. "For leafy
)ilants, turnips and tuberous plants, the
])roportion is reversed,'' as Mr. Liebig says,
but he refers to the ash-constituents of
the wheat plant, and adds, "we cultivate
potatoes and clover, and take away from the
field the entire cro]) of tubei-s and clover ; we
remove from the ground, in these twoiiroducts
as much phosphoric acid and three times as
much potash as in three wheat crops. It is
certain that thealistraction of these important
mineral constituents from the ground liy the
cultivation of another plant must greatly all'eet
the fertility of the soil for wheat ; the crops of
wheat diminish in amount and in number."
The great point to understand istosupiily the
proper material in proper combination to meet
the demands of the plant. Supjiose 98 cwt.s.
of grain and straw from 21 acres of ground
averages, say .') cwts. of ash-constitnents. It
is believed that there is 100 times that (piau-
tity in an available state, yet it follows that the
first crop takes that amount from the soil.
Rye may still yield a good crop after the wheat,
and oats after the rye, as they do not require
the same amount of a.sh-constituents in the
soil as wheat does.

Various plants demand various ingredients
or proixjrtions of them. Licbig says "a

thousand grains of corn (wheat) require from
the .soil a tliousand times as much ]ihos)ihoric
acid as one grain; and a tlioiisaiid straws
demand a thousand times .as mucli silicic acid
as one straw. When, tlieretbre, the soil is
deficient in tlie thousandetli part of phosphoric
or silicic acid, the thousandetli grain or the
thou.sandeth straw will not be formed. If a
single stalk of corn is taken away from a field
the conse(iuence is that the field no longer
produces one straw in its room." It follows
that the alteration of good and bad crops does
not depend altogether upon the conditions of
the weather; too few pay attention to the
actually favorable chemical and jihysical con-
dition wliieli would enable them to cultivate
wheat, rye and oats for years in succes.sion,
without adding mineral conslitiH'iits. It must
be un<lersti)od, liowever, that tliejie constitu-
ents are not all distribuleil naturally in an
effective condition or accessible to the roots.
The phosphate of lime may be iiresent in more
than sullicient cpiantity. It depends upon
stirring the soil so that the inert food elements
become distributed and the iihosphoric-silicic
acid and potash become decomposed silicates,
thus ma<le soluble and availalile by means of
the plow and harrow to insure all parts of the
soil to be arable. It is claimed that if the
excess of these food constituents were every-
where accessible and available to the roots
of the plants our fields would be able to yield
thirty full average crops in thirty successive
ye.ars without the intervention of a season of
fallow. Thus it is argued, that even if all the
straw is returned to the field of the entire
wheat iilant, the field may retain its fertility
for straw, but the conditions required for the
production of grain are diminished. The
consequence is an unequal develoiiment of the
entire plant. This <iuestion has been discus.sed
by the Society* on several occasions with regard
to the propriety of stock feeding or selling the
grain, in relation to manures and manner of
application to the soil; that is, feeding the
crop to cattle in the farm-yard and bringing it
back to the field and plowing it in so as to restore
to the soil all the mineral constituents con-
tained in the crops. It is believed that by
this operation the fields would wear out in
thirty or sixty years. The conditions that are
required to "form the grain would not be
improved, and the cause of decrease in the
crops remain the same. This may suggest the
use of prepared phosphates, dtc, but I am not
engaged in farming nor in manufacturing
artilicial manures from natural jiroducts,
therefore have no motive for advertising those
who have. The Society h;is constituted me
their Botanist — I deem the foregoing in the
line of duty I owe them as a liotanist and not
as a farmer.

RESULTS OF IMPROVED CULTURE.

The able article on "Agriculture" in the
new edition of the American Cyclopedia, lays
just emphasis upon the fact that the actual
jiroduction of the meunsof supporting life has
largely increased, as the true principles of
cultivation have becoiiie lietter known and
understood. The average yield per acre of
some of the cultivated grains, as wheat, for
instance, h.as nearly (|uadruided in countries
where the principles developed by Liebig and
others in applying chemistry to agriculture
have gained the strongest hold, even within
the memory of men .still living; and this
increase is not merely proportionate to the
greater numlierof producers, or the additional
acres brought under tillage, but an absolute
increase per acre. It is Very dillicult to
ascertain the amount of crops, or the average
yield in times past, but the average yield per
acre of wlu'at in the 11th century was only
about six bushels. The actual productive
jiower of (Jreat Britain in the article of wheat
alone increa.sed, during the half century from
1801 to 18.")], to the extent of supporting an
additional population of 7,(K10,0fttl, an increase
which can be ascribed with confidence mainly
to improved cultivation. G.

'Laucaster County Agricultural aud Hortictiltural Society.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE FRUIT-GROWERS' SOCIETY.

PROCEEDINGS OF THEIR ANNUAL SESSION
AT YORK.

The animal session of the PeiniS3lvania
Fruit-Growers' Soeiety was held in York,
coniniencins; on the 2()th of the present niontli,
this being the lirst time the Society held an
annual session in that ancient borongh. The
following al'stiactof the proceedings, from the
special correspondence of the Frens, reaches
us just in time for this issue:

The mission of tlie Society is to take all the
leading fruit-growing centres, communicating
winit it has gathered in otljer places, and tak-
ing in a new stock of ideas in turn. Inde-
pendently of its interest to the fruit-grower,
there are i)oints of interest to the gnat outer
world, some of whom always accompany the
fruit-grower on these annual expeditions.
The town itfelf is not large for its age. It
contains, perhaps, about fifteen thousand in-
haliitants, most of whom are engaged in or
in some way or another dependent" on agri-
culture for their support. About three thou-
sand are sujiported by the manufacturing in-
terests of the place. The old, well-built, sub-
stantial houses remind us more of an Euroi>ean
than an American town, and this allusion may
be the more pleasantly indulged in when the
names of the streets are noted. Here is the
Queen street and the King street. King George
street. Princess street and Duke street, and
the people just as comfortable and satisfied
under Iheni as though after the French — we
might almost say rhilade]]iliia — fashion of
changing the names eveiy half dozen years.

The streets are like Philadelphia, in large
square blocks, and the more like Philadelphia
as we have a "Philadeljihia" and a "West
Philadelphia" in it, the Codorus creek divid-
ing the two. This is an innocent-looking
stream as we see it now, but is said to be
excessively wrathful at some .seasons of the
year. The old marshes on the west side have
been reclaimed, and furnish a beautiful green
divide between the two sections, which must
be excessively beautiful in summer time,
sepecially with the beautiful hills which form
a background all around the town.

The meeting of the fruit-growers was called
to order by the President, S. B. lleiges, who,
to the very successful management of the
Collegiate Institute of the place, addsthe emi-
nence of a very successful amateur fruit-cul-
turist. His annual address was one of tlie
most eloipient and instructive ever given
to the Society. After briedy alluding to the
historical associations conijectfd with the
town, he referred to the fact that some of tlie
most valuable Iruits had originated in that
section. The York imperial ajijile of that sec-
tion was to it what tlie Baldwin was to the
New England States. Then there was the
Cheese and the Creek apple, which were famed
for their superior excellence, both in flavor
and kee|iing qualities. A famous peach (the
General (irant) also originated in that sec-
tion. Another matter of interest is the in-
creased attention given to cherry culture in
that region, mostly within the few past years.
It was found to be especially well suited to
that part of the country. He had known of
eases where tlie product from one cherry tree
had brought in more money than an acre of
wheat. They commenced to bear at five years
old. He knew of two jiersons who had sold
last year about four thousand bushels of cher-
ries for canning purposes, besides what they
had disposed of during four market days of
each week in the city.

Keferring to the use of manures, he thought
that the use of stable material in a fresh or
nnfermented condition was often injurious to
fruit trees. In this connection he thoui;ht
there was no loss in that left behind, whence
saw the black, inky matter running away
from the mass in the barn-yard. The injur-
ious matter in the rough material was the
humic acid. He had experimented with ]iure
huraic acid on plants, and found it destroyed
all. He spoke of the theory of many, that we

should copy nature, but showed that this was
hardly worth a thought; man's objects and
nature's objects were wide apart. Wan could
make Nature do what she could never do for
herself. The sunbeam was the hardest of all
known substances. It would penetrate a
diamond with ease, yet man with a prism
could turn these beams ccnip.letely round.
He next referred to the use of lime in soil. It
was silex which gave the bloim to the plum
and the color to the appile and the pear, but
lime was the agent in prejiaring it. It was
])resent in all seeds, though often it was found
in but the minutest traces in the soil. It has
often a mechanical action as well as chemical
in lightening the character of heavy soils.
Lime should be used freely wherever there
was much undecomposi d vegetable matter in
the soil. The use of a.shes was dwelt on, and
highly recommended as one of the best means
of improving worn-out foil.

The rage for large fruits came in for a share
of his attention. He thought laige size in
fruits at the expense of vital principle, and the
effort to produce thi.'^e had 1( d to cultivated
fruits being more tender and more subject to
disease than the smaller wild ones. He did
not blame nurseiymen for getting what the
public wanted, but it was for their best inter-
est to educate the people as much as possible.
He hoped Pennsylvania fruit-growers would
help the American Pomological meeting next
September in Chicago, and urged immediate
and vigorous State action in belialf of the Cen-
tennial. He thanketl the Legislature ibr its
judicious action in regard to the geological
survey, from which heexpeet(d immense bene-
fits to the agricultural and horticultural inter-
ests of the State.

Among the fruits neglected in that part of
the State was the plum. The whole field had
been given over to the curculio. He exhibited
plie^tographs of his plums, haugiig " in rojies
like onions." By a hydropmlt he covered the
trees and fruits after every heavy rain with
the bitterest whale oil soap he could procure.
His neighbors' trees had no plums. He had
been charged with driving his curculios over
to his neighbors' trees. It might be well to
leave a tree or two here and there in a plum
orchard without the soap, as an additional in-
ducement for the curculio to leave the balance
alone.

Mr. Thomas Meehan was invited to address
the convention on how to plant, cultivate and
prune fruit t rees. He thought much was lost by
too expensive modes of prejiaratii^n of thesoil.
He would plant fruit trees in ordinary ground
just as one would get it ready for a corn or
potato crop, and dejieud on annual to]) dress-
ing to maintain the ferlility. Instead of
spending two hundred dollars, as some had
done, on manure for a fruit orchard, he would
have tloulile the good results from twenty
dollars a year for ten years. He thouglit in
many cases it would be found more iirohtable
to grow hay as the acconqaninient of an
orchard than any fither crop; but it was
essential in such ca.'-es to have a top dressing
every year. He had found even fresh eaith
good enough for this top drissing, so far as
the trees were concerned, with aljout six or
eight dollars ]>er acre of supei-])hospliate for
the grass. The address produced a lively
discussion, occujiying the whole of the evening
session.

The fence question was one of the most
interesting discus.ssed, introduced by Henry
M. Eiigle, of Marietta. He built his remarks
on the idea thatfeiices were made solely to kee^p
out neighbors' cattle, and thought no one
should be compelled to do this, and would
alter the whole theory' of legislation if this
was the basis of action. Slone fences were
the most ccono^nical in a long course of years
if one lived in a stony country, but he thiuight
Osage-orange hedges cheaper in anV other,
except in places wliere timber was a drug. It
cost two dollars per rod to imt up a post-and-
rail fence in his part of the country, and but
twenty-five cents iier rod for an Osage-orange
fence, though there was some little annual
cost in pruning the latter.

A resolution was oflered and unanimously
adopted, that it was the sense of the meeting
that the Legislature sliould enact a general
law for the whole State, prohibitingcattleand
similar .stock from running at large.

For the last year or two the Society has sub-
scribed to the good old doctrine that "mau
cannot live by bread alone," so they discuss
matters of taste as well as the profit and loss
on fruits. They propose at the next meeting
to change the name of the Society to that of
the "State General Horticultural Soeiety,"
whose objc ct shall be the encouragement of
pomology and (jciwral horlimUvre. In this
spirit Mr. Josiali Hoojies, of West Chester,
made an adniiralile address on evergreens and
their culture, and Mr. Purple, of Columbia,
one on garden flowers, in which the old-fash-
ioned peony came in for a share of praise.

Whether it is profitable to grow many vari-
eties of fruits was opiened by Casper Hiller,
and made an interesting topic; most speakers
considering that in peais the Doyenne d'Ete,
Manning's Elizabeth, Bartlett, Seckel, Beurre
d'Anjou and Lawrence, they had the cream,
from a thousand varieties. One speaker, how-
ever, thfiught that, say in a thousand trees,
we should have fifty or so varieties, so as to
know what was going on in the new fruit line.

The blight in pear trees was discussed, and
various washes of the stem continuously with
lime, sulphur, soft soap, &c., recommended as
among the best preventatives.

Drying fruits as a means of utilizing over-
stocks of fruits was discussed. It appears
there are now drying machines costing but a
few dollars, and by the use of which even
children can be usefully employed. Grafting
the grape was referred to as one of the best
methods of growing the Delaware and more
delicate kinds. The Clinton and the Concord
are the best to graft on. It is best to have them
growing a year or so before grafting, and to
do the grafting in fall or winter before the sap
begins to rise. The graft is set a couple of
inclies beneath the surface of the soil. Keeping
fruits made a very interesting topic. A moist
atmosphere was good for perserving ajiples
and pears, provided it was not a foul atnios-
jihere. One speaker had a spring running
through his fruit-house, which made a jiure, J
cool, moist atniospliere,and in which he could 1
keep early winter fruit in good perfection up
to February or March. Close barrels were .
not found as good as hand-made or open ones.
One speaker had found apples kept best when
gathered by the full of the moon, but another
speaker said that he lost more by moonlight
than at any other time ! Whether he lived
near to a theological seminary, as Mark
Twain's melon jiatch was, he did not state.

It is iniiiossible to give even a brief outlfne
of the discussions. The secretary, E. Eiigle,
ofMarietta, however, made full reports, winch,
in connection with the reports of the State
Agricultural Society, will be published by the
Stale.

The ofllcers for the ensuing year are : Pres-
ident, Edwin Sattertliwaite, of Montgomery;
Vice Presidents, S. W. Noble, of Montgom-
ery, and Tobias Martin, of Cumberland-co. ;
Corresponding Secretary, W^. P. Brinton, of
Christiana ; Treasurer, Robert Otto, of West
Chester.

The next i^lace of mcetingis Doylestown, in
January next.

Among the horticidturists present were
some from t)hio, Maryland and New York,
and though the attendance was, as all other
things are, alfected in .some degree by the
times, the work of the Society was never
better done.

[It may be jiroper to state in this connection
that one of the new features of Tub Farmer
under its present management, will be full
reports of Agricultural, Horticultural and
similar meetings, held in Eastern Pennsyl-
vania, prepared expressly for these columns,
by one of our own rejiorters, who will have
.special charge of this department. The pub-
lishers are determined that their readers shall
hereafter see these reports first in their own
organ, The Lancaster Farmer.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE LANCASTER

COUNTY AGRICULTURAL AND

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tills society nicl .«tiiteilly, on the fourtli of
Jamuuy, 1S7.">, in llie (Jri>liiiiis" Court room,
Lancaster city. .Toliiison Miller, cliainiiaii,
pre.sided, ami" Alex. Iliinis was cliosen sec-
letarv ;<ro (( »i. I'leseiit, .loliiisoii Miller. II.
:M. Knu'le. Alex. Harris, T. W. Ilieslaiid.
Levi S[ rieisi, I'eter S. Heist, .laeol) IJiick-
walter, M. ]). Keudifj, .loliii H. Krl), T). L.
Resh, M. M. Kslileniaii, A. H. Heist, S. F. Eby,
A. C. Uvus, U. Cf. Swart/, Henry Fraiike, Israel
L. Laildis, J. n. Kisser and Hon. J. 15.
Livingston.

The reading of the minutes was dispensed
with, and the chairman then called for reports
from standing connnittees on the crops.

M. ]}. Eshleinan reported the crops lookinj;
as well as could lie expecti'd. Tohacco is
nearly all stripiieil and ready for the market.
"Wheat is aliout half s;oiu> into market.

>[. I). Kenilii; n'jiorted that the tobacco
was jiretty well stripped, and as to other
matters he agreed with .Mr. Kshleman.

n. M. Eu^le remarked that if the winter
did not iirove a hard one, the crops would
most probalily do well.

John 15. Erb reiiorted the fruit bndsswelled
a little, but regarded every I bins safe as yet.

1). L. Rcsli read the followinjf excellent and
interesting paper on the subject of

THE CULTIVATION OF FLOWERS:

The tirst article of our constitution declares
tliattlieobjcM'tofthe Horticultural Society shall
be to eiicouraiie and iiromote the cultivation,
improvement and exhibition of fruits, vetieta-
bles and llowers. The lirst two objects slate<l
have received, in a marked dejireo, the atten-
tion which they deserve from tlu^ members of
the Society, while the last, in my ii|>inion,
lia.s not been treated with that consideration
which it so richly deserves, and which its im-
portance demands.

Tlic ciiltivdtiiin i)f Jloicer/: — frcjm the earliest
times to the jiresent— always has occupied a
prominent place anions the industries of the
most eiiliaihtcned people. The ancient city
of Babylon was noted for its bantling gardens,
to which the utmost care was given. In tbesi'
gardens tlowers and |>lants were cultivated in
profusion, under royal patronage. Thevwere
the jtride of the great city. Xothing was
spared which conld add to their productiveness
. or beauty, and if history informs us correctly.
they have not been excelled by anything of
the kind in modern limes, with all our boast
of the onward march of iuiiirovement.

Flowers played no unimportant part in the
public and jirivate life of the (Jreeks and
Romans. At weddings and at funerals, at
their feasts and festivals, upon state occasi(uis
and in the worship of their gods, tlowers were
used with a lavish hand. ^'ictors in the
Olympic and other games were rewarded with
cliai>lets of tlowers, and at a marriage the
bride and her attendants were crowned with
garlands.

Xol only werP the heathen nations of an-
tiipiity devoted Worshippers at the shrine of
Flora, but (rod's chosen peo])le used the same
means to manil'est the rnllnessof their joy and
gladness on triumphal and festal o(!casious.
From that period down through the sne<'eed-
ing centuries of the Christian dispensation,
flowei-s have never lost their ancient signiti-
canee, although their language may have lu^en
partially unheede<l through the sanguinary
and intriguing .sellislme.ss of the darker ages.
They ever .spe.ak a beautifi* language, and
symbolize those active human ideas and affec-
tions \vhi<'h ultimately culminate in that sml,
which may germinati' and bloom in the realms
of the " better worhl."

At the present time, both in our own coun-
try and in Europe, much money is invested in,
and more attention is given to, "the cultivation
of ornamental plants and trees than was ever
before known. Not only in the cities, but
also in the rural districts,')>er.sonsof leisureare
devoting their time to this line and useful art,
while to many men of business, and to house-

wives and other women, it is fiwt becom-
ing a necessary and healthful recreation.

The time is jiast when the respectable farmer,
or merchant, or nu'chanie. after working hard
all day, spends his evening in the saloon or
tavern, or other loating iil.iee. He now spen<ls
it at home with his family, his books and his
tlowers. Nearly all farmers have blooming
plants in their windows in winter time, and
the number that are building conservatories
or greenhouses is yearly iiicrea-sing. This
shows a refined and cultivated taste which
true country life is well calculated to create
and nourish.

The IlorticuUural Society of Germantown,
in the suburbs of I'hiladelphia, with a view
to eiK'ourage lloriculture among tlu' people of
that iilace, annoimei's that it will distribute
amongfemale applicants lifty winter-blooming
carnations in live inch pots. The person who,
at the February nii'eting, shows hers in the
best condition will receive, as a premium, one
liKiiili-t'il iKHUling l>lants. The second best.si)e-
cinian calls for ti/hl bedding plants, and the
third liest for tn-'cHlii-jhr. The bedding plants
will lie delivered in iime for putting out in the
spring.

This iilan has been frequently practiced in
foreign citiesand villages, with the best results.
Will not other societies, like that of (Jermaii-
town, take a forward aU'fi in tbisdiri-ctiou and
introduce and encourage practical Horieulture
in city and country.

Will it pay me to beautify my home with
Howers and shrubbery V is a rpiestion which
everv one who lias a home must answer for
himself. There are few persons who cannot
afford to invest a small sum in a few rose
bushes or other ornamental ivlants to start
with, and in a short time they will be well re-
paid for their slight expenditure and trouble.

Anything which adds to the beauty and
cheerfulness of a home adds to its perinanent
value. There are many gems in the lloral cre-
ation which, when once implanted in the soil,
will continue to grow in lieauty year after
year, and remain joys forever to the f(n'tunale
po.ssessor. All will admit that this department
of nature is well wiu-thv the study of man.
" Flowers are not the trifles which many think
them to be, or God would not have besto\ve<l
the care on them that he did."

II. M. Eugle entirely endorsed the senti-
ments of the essayist, and concurred in the
opinion that llowers followed agriculture —
were next in importance. He believed that
most farmers failed to pay proper attention to
the cultivation of tlowers.

A vote of thanks was tendered Mr. Resh for
his essay, after which the Chairman, .Johnson
Miller, read his

ANNUAL ADDRESS.

Gextlkmex : With this meeting closes my
labors for the lirst term as I'resideiit of tln^
Agricultural and IlorticuUural Society of Lan-
caster County. One year ago, at the January
meeting of this Society, you held au election
for otlioer.s. Some important business in wliieh
I was interested recpiired my absence tVom
your meeting for some time, and when return-
ing into this room, a commit tee a|iproaehed me
and announced the unexpected intelligence
that I was elected President by a majority of
one vote. To he elected to the highest posi-
tion without my knowledge, or asking any
member to vote forme, isaeoniidinient worthy
of remembering, and for which acce|)t my
heartfelt thanks, one and all. When taking
the chair, which I have lillcd at every meeting
excepting one since my election, I wassomncli
cmbaiTa.s.sed when the idea struck me that the
youngest member of this Society at tlie time
should be the presiding oliieer, that 1 knew not
what to say. The only practice I had in par-
liamentary rules, or as chairman of public
meetings, was what I learric<l as Su|Hn-inten(l-
eiit of a fliiiday-.school, to which I was elected
for four consecutive terms. This, I think, was
more becoming to me than to be Chairman of
this Society. In the former, I was instructor
of persons younger than myself; in the latter,
quite the reverse. But notwithsUmduiy all

this, I conducted the meetings of your Society
to the best of my knowli-dge and ability. I
however feel that there are some members
here that could conduct them better.

As this is my tii'st annual address, you will
ple:i.se bear with me if 1 should go into details,
which, perhaps, do not Udong to siiidi papers.
I will, however, try to remain within agi-icul-
tural lines. In the lii'st place, a few words for
the Society may not be out of place. During
the year just closed, sevi'ial of our members
have passed from time to eternity, and somi!
new names have been added to the list already
on our b loks, so we set' that as some leave us
others tall in ; but tiiis is not all we want. I
think we ought to liavi^ made more progress
since the organization of this Association, in
ISlit). It has made, little advancement as a
c<iun)y society. Its meetings are often slimly
attended, jiarticularly when iiolitical excite-
nienls are in order in the county. I am ollen
called a politician my.si'lf, but I always regard
these meetings as of the lirst iiniiortance, and
even if I should be a candidate no inducement
couhl i)reveiit me from alteniling here. But
when politics run high we have only a half
dozen members here. Now, why is this state
of alfairs ? is a (pui.stion'which should engage
the attention of every member ujion thislloor.
Do the jieople of Lancaster county not know
there is a w<M-kiiig agrienltural society among
them y I say they do; they see the proceed-
ings in the dilVerent newspai^rs of this county,
for which the publishers deserve the thanks of
every menilKr of the Society. Wushould in-
vite the representatives of the press to rejiort
the proceedings of the Society from time to
time. Willi all this advantage the people have
of knowing there is an agricultural society,
they will not attend our meetings, save about
a dozen active member.s. It is a shame to have
to make such a report for a county like Lan-
caster, yet such is the fact ; and when I am
called upcm to make my annual address to-day
1 will frankly tell the truth of things, no mat-
ter whether it is in favor of or against our
Society. If we continue without awakening
more interest, and without endeavoring to get
people interested in our meetings, the trnmiM-t
of death of this Sociity will be sounded in our
ears before another President will deliver his
annual address. A year ago I made the ex-
pression that it would never die under my
hands, and I stand on the same platform be-
fore yon to-day.

Shall it be .said that Lancaster county is
without agood Agricultural and Horticultural
Society, when almost every other county in
the great Keystone State has a large Agricul-
tural society? The counties of Berks and Cuni-
biiland are lilting examiiles for us to follow.
They have interesting meetings, well attended,
and" we have some springing up within the
borders of our own county — primary societies,
(asidi' from the (Trange movement, to which I
will refer in another place), which will soon
overbalance our own in point of niimliei-s,
attendance and interesting proceedings. I
ap|)eal to you, members, let not this he the
case. Let us not 1m^ satislied any more with
the aunouneement of names for membership,
but let us make it a point to have <nir neigh-
bors and frii-nds along with us, and not only
at oni^ or two meeting.s, or perhaps, join for
the .sake of political gain, or become a member
to gain iullueiicc. We have upwards of two
hundred names, if I mistake not, upon our
lK)oks, when we never have twenty-live menil>ei-s
attending. This is a very unsatisfactory .state
of alVairs to rejiort, yet such is the ca.se. Many
of our members come to the city to attend to
business, and regard the coming to our meet-
ing as a matter of secondary importance.
This is one of the greatest mistakes, and is
one of the iirincipal drawbacks upon our
Society. It is very often the case that no
members make their ai)pearance until half-
(la-sl two or three o'clock, when the hour of
meeting is fixed (irecisely at two o'clock, and
should be (me o'clock. To remedy this an-
novanci! I would suggest a plan, viz : Meet
eaily and adjmirn early. The members who
live'at a distance have to go home by night,

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

or leave before adjournment. This always
makes a disturbance in the meeting, and is
unsatisfactory to those who liave to leave ;
and several times we had to adjourn without
arriving at any cor.clusion, from tlie fact that
nearly all the members had gone out. This
could and should all be avoided by meeting
early and adjourning at an hoiu' that all could
go home before it becomes late. This going
out before adjourament and talking among
members when the Society is in session is
often very annoying, and it is not very
pleasant for the chairman to be continually
calling to order. I liave no one in view in
making these remarks, but do hope we may
all avoid tliese things as much as possible.
The peeping in at the doorvhas also somewhat
disturbed the proceedings. The door should
always be closed, and it would be proper to
have a paper hung outside, and also one upon
the door entering this room, with the follow-
ing printed on it : " Meeting of the Agri-
cult\ual and Horticultural Society this after-
noon at two o'clock : Free to all." Some
would come to our meeting who I know would
not come now. I have often heard the remark
among people, "jl would come to the meet-
ings, but don't know where tlie meetings are
held." If you tell them in the Court House,
they are about as well informed as before.
Therefore the above suggestion would answer
the whole question, and woidd bring some
farmers and persons interested in our work.
As it is, they don't know where we meet or
whether they are allowed to come in. Invite
all, and spend more money for advertising and
printer's ink, and it will bring the people.
Have a committee on printing and advertis-
ing, and have always the essayist appointed
b eforehand, and four or five important subjects
for discussion at evei'y meeting — questions
th at come right home to the farmer and fruit
grower ; questions that everybody is interested
in — and advertise it. Spend more for printer's
ink, and this room will not be large enough to
hold our meetings.

Instead of meeting in this little room, Lan-
caster county should have an agricultural
society of 500 members, which would be only
about ten members out of every township.
Let us hold our,meetings in the large court
room up stairs. By energetic work, and
advertising, and working shoulder to shoulder,
this would be accomplished in the course of
time, and it would be an honor to which Lan-
caster county would be justly entitled. In
this way we would get in the leading farmers
of the county ; their sons, also, would become
interested in the bu.siness of agriculture,
■which is the driving-wheel which runs the
machinery of the wliole world. "When once
we have a large county agricultural society,
let us establish an auxiliary society in each
township in the county — have meetings — go
together to consult and talk over agricultural
matters. In this way we would teach the
rising generation the importance of knowledge
in tlie profession they are practicing and fol-
lowing. The farmers' boys are working day
in and day out ; most of them not reading a
book or a paper, but following the example of
their fatliers and grandfathers. Tlie result is,
no improvement. The world moves; we live
in a progressive age, and this class find when
they grow uj) to be men that they are liehind
the age. "When you tell them their situation,
they call you a book farmer; that if you edu-
cated your sons up to the times they won't
work, but will leave the farm and seek for
some office, etc. This expression I call a far-
cical humbug, and wherever this expression is
made we see tlie fruits of it. Here they labor
almost day and night ; they i)ost themselves
on nothing in or out of their profession — how
they could improve theii- farms, make their
land productive, their families intelligent ; the
result is "all work and no jilay makes .lack a
dull boy." Take, for instance, a farmer's son
who is raised in a family where there is
nothing to improve and cultivate the mind.
This boy grows up ; he goes out in company ;
the first place of amusement he meets is the
hotel or saloon in a neighboring town. The

games there practiced attract the attention of
that undeveloped mind, which is now looking
for something more than "all work ;" he soon
forms a habit to go to such places for passing
his long winter evenings, and his most pre-
cious time is thus passed to his bitter disad-
vantage when he grows old. He spends occa-
sionally a little; these "littles" count up a
nice sum out of the father's hard earned
dollars, which could be spent much better by
investing the same in agricultural books and
papers. After this habit of going to these
places to pass time which should be spent at
home in the family is rooted so deep in this
young man's system, he proposes to go to the
city into some business. " I won't farm," he
says, "it's a dull business; hard work, and
no pleasure. " This is the fault of parents.

The young man now goes to the city to com-
mence business. No education, no tact for
business of any kind, save places where play-
ing cards, loafing and vice and immorality liold
their court; he fails, turns out literally bad.
After he has gone through with his father's
hard earned dollars, he is here, poor and rag-
ged. Kow where is the fault V Is book farming,
or is educating farmers' sons up to the times,
the fault? No; I say emphatically, no. I say,
learn the young farmers all you can; teach
them that noble motto, that " agriculture is
the most noble employment of man." Teach
them to work, but have sometliing to improve
the mind. Have a number of agricultural
books and papers; and at the same time donot
neglect the Bible and other books that would
teach them something for their eternal wel-
fare and their future happiness. Ten times
better spend the money for such things than
give it to your sons to spend for things that
will lead them to the road of eternal damna-
tion. Let us have daily, weekly and monthly
papers, so that when evening comes and the
work is done, we can gather our families
around the table, and read what has happened
throughout the world. After having exercised
the body, the mind is in proper condition to
receive and keep knowledge. I ventiire to say
that there is no intelligent farmer in the county
of Lancaster, or anywhere, who will not say,
Amen; who will not say that this is the most
Iileasant and profitable way of spending time
and money, both for young and old. Let us
remember that the fanners' sons should be
brought to the meetings of the Agricultural
Society. The old are fast passing away; every
year a few of our members die. and if no in-
ducement for tlie young to come is offered,
one of the greatest aids to us, yes, we may say
the corner-stone of agriculture, will be entirely
neglected. That great good could be accom-
plished by having sucli an agricultural society
as I have referred to in the former ]iart of my
address, cannot he doubted; but this can only
be accomplished by having more interest awak-
ened, and have advertised what we are going
to di.si'uss, and every memlier make it a point
to bring his neighbors and friends along, and
then talk of matters which they understand.
There is often much time spent by this Soci-
ety in talking over matters not directly agri-
cultural or horticultural. I know that nearly
every year tliere is entirely too much time
spent in discussing when and where to hold the
fruit exhibition, and then generally too late.
Committees appointed to consult with the Park
Association, back and forward, delayed the
arrangement this summer until the eleventh
hour. "\Vliy not go to work early, and make
up our minds that we can hold an exhibition
or a fair, as yon choose to call it, by ourselves,
without joining in with an association that is
noted for horse-racing and betting, and the
reputation of whose grounds is such that tJie
respectable class of fanners will not enfertheir
gates. The evidence of this we take from the
fact that their fairs have time and again been
a failure. Instead of the committee appointed
to consult with such, that committeaiought to
be apjiointed in May and go to work at once,
and make such arrangements as will insure a
fair that would be an honor to Lancaster
county, and not a shame, as has heretofore
been the case in both societies. We have the

material and men to do it, if the thing is pro-
perly managed and put in right shape; but
when you have racing, gambUng, and that sort
of thing connected with fruits and productions
of our mother earth, don't ask why it is a fail-
ure. Let us go to work and make up a fair next
fall which will not only be a benefit and honor
to our Society, but also to the grand old garden
county of the Keystone State.

To make good a few words I said in the
beginning in regard to the Grange movement,
I will but briefly call your attention to it. I
Iviiow that there are some persons within the
sound of my voice who belong to it, (and
whether they are better off or whether it is a
direct benefit to them, I will not dispute, for
they know that part best themselves), but at
the same time, when I give my views on this
matter I hope I may not hurt the feelings of
any one. In the first place, it is a secret
organization. This is the main point of oppo-
sition I hold against it. I stand before you as
one of the bitterest o]iponents of all secret
societies, in any form or manner, whether you
call yourself a Mason, a Knight, a Mechanic,
or a Granger. The question of Grangery has
been fully and ably discussed in our meet-
ings of late, and I always have been quiet
until to-day. I think a few words may not
be out of place. One of my best friends in the
society made the remark to me, that the
Grange movement would gobble up this whole
concern— referring to the Agricultural and .
Horticultural Society of Lancaster county.
This has aroused my feehng to such an extent
that I tlioiight it not out of place to call your
attention to the matter, so that if this should
be the case, that we be not taken by surprise
and belong to the Grangers before we are
aware of what is going on. So far as their
principles of improving agriculture, so-
cial and moral advancement, I go with
them ; but when it comes so far that they
want to control railroads, markets, and many
other things, by secretly plotting such plans
for their own interest, I am opposed to them.
They hold out to the world very fine induce-
ments and show many advantages, but is it
sound moral principle for any class of citizens
to combine secretly and make a promise that
they will not sell their grain until they can
get so much for it ? Is it policy for any class
of men to hold back anything when the coun-
try needs it ? For instance, in the "Western
States, where the Grangers are a powerful
combination, they say we won't sell any pro-
ductions until such and such a price is paid.
"H'here is the poor man, outside of the Grange,
going to obtain the necessary supplies for his
family ? Is this doing as we like to be done
by ? Or is it loving thy neighbor as thyself?
I say no. In the VVest the cry was against
railroads ; they say railroad monopolies must
be crushed out, and they did most eflectually
crush them out— so effectually that European
and other capitalists said, "no more money
for railroads." "\Vhat was the result? The
panic came, and from its effects the w'hole
country is yet sick, and there is no telling J
when and where it will end. "No more rail- 1
roads" was followed by a general confusion in
all the iron manufactories. They stojiped
operations. No more railroads was followed
by " no more iron to luiild them," and now
we have to-day hundreds, yes, thousands of
men out of employment — without money or
food. These men have broken down railroad
monopolies, and built up Grange monoiiolies,
in which the farmers want to make all the
money themselves ; and I say as soon as
one class of men want to control everything, j
and go hand-in-hand secretly to accomplish j
their own selfish ends, they are injuring them-
selves and the wliole eountiy. In the East,
and here in I^ancaster county, T can't see any
use in them whatever. It is a new fangled
notion, and men go into them rough and
tumble, and derive very little benefit from
them. I say, let a farmer be a farmer ; a rail-
road man a railroad man ; a merchant a mer-
chant, and everybody attend to his o^^^l
business. Then we shall be better off than
with all this clubbing together. I do hope

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

that the day may not he far distant wiu-ii
everyliody will U' his own master ; be man
enoi!i;h to control his own alt'airs and have a
mimi to iudi,'e for himself, witho\it beloiiKin^'
to everv seeret order, asking and iilottinf; for
information to make K'ains without |)rinei|ile
or regard for honesty; and I say that the
worltl would lie belter oft to-tlay if they eould
do awav with all the seeret societies ever
organized, and let each man follow his own
business, and not try to cripple one monopoly
and hnild uii auolher that is really worse than
the one wiped out. If the farmer eould eou-
trol the whole affairs of this nation, both State
and church, bv belonging to the Grangers, I
would say, (iod forbid. As to my own ease,
I am opp"oscd to all .secret organizations, and
will never change my principles on this point
for gain, prolit or ollice. 1 will journey on in
this policy without fear or favor. I am born
free and independent, and, thanks be to (iod,
I have made up my mind to die free and
independent in all things. AVitli these few
remarks, I will close my first aniuial address,
and wish you, one and "all, much success, and
may we a'll try to be friendly toward each
other in all things. May this society prosper
and improve.

I), li. Hesli took exception to that part of the
address which relleeted on the (Jrange move-
ment, for he was disposed to favor the order.
He entirely dissented from the speaker so far
as he reflected uiion the Patrons of Husbandry.

Levi S. Reist was not a member of any se(^ret
society, but he unilerstood that the Grange ad-
mits I'emales to its mend)ership. This latter
feature received his favor.

M. U. Eshleman took exception to that part
of the President's address wliich implied that
no man could be " free and independent" if he
lielonged to a secret order. The speaker
thought that the Chairman's admission, that
lie was "bound by certain principles" pre-
vented him, also, from bein^ "free and inde-
pendent." The best class of i)eople belong to
the Grangers, and he therefore could not think
there was any harm in the movement.

Alex. Harris sustained the views of the Pres-
ident throughout, and regarded his address as
one of the most excellent that had been deliv-
ered before the Society.

John B. Erb expres.sed himself as "pleased
up to the handle" with the address. He did
not think the President had said anything
that could be construed as offensive to the
memlK'is of the Grange.

Dr. Hiestand believed a man could be as
" free and independent " while belonging to a
secret order as out of them.

M. I). Kendig was very much pleased with
the suggestions of the President in hisaddress,
and believed that if the sentiments were adopt-
ed the Society woiiKl be a comiilete success.

Judge Livingston thought the address was
an excellent one, and that much good could
be accomiilished by fanners providing good
reading matter for the home circle. Enjoy-
ment is just as nec'cssary for farmers' sons, in
the home circle, as among other classes of peo-
l>le, and too much attention could not be given
to it. He knew nothing of the (irange move-
ment, but if it be what is claimed for it, why
not let us know "// about it— why not let it be
free and opcnV He thought it perfectly proper
that the people should be allowed to iiuiuire
into the Grange movement, and they should be
permitted to do .so without giving offense.

I'eter S. Reist believed that many secret
societies were good in their way, but he did not
think this could be said of all of them. He did
not wish to be understood as ojiposed to the
Grange movement; but suppose iru-iihjdy
should Join it — would it be a sccrel order ?

Dr. P. W. Hiestand was not very favorable
to (iraiige organizati(ms.

On motion, a vote of thanks was tendered
Mr. Miller for his verv excellent address.

The Treasurer, P. AV. Hiestand, .submitted
his annual report, showing a balance in hand
of 884.u:{. The auditors, Messrs. Peter .S.
Reist, >L D. Kendig and D. (i. Swartz, re-
ported that they found everything correct.

On motion, "the Piesident, Secretary and

Treasurer were appointed a committee to con-
fer with the County Coniniis.sioners with rela-
tion to a room to hoUI the meetings of the
.Society ill during the eiisning year.

The Sociity went into election of oflicers, re-
sulting as follows:

For President, Johnson Miller, Warwick.

Vice Presidents, Hon. J. H. Livingston, H.
M. Kngle, Levi S. Reist, Peter S. Reist.

Corresponding Secretary, Milton B. Eshle-
man.

Hccoiding Secretary, Alex. Harris, esq.

'J'reasurcr, Dr. P. W. Hiestand.

Librarian, S. P. Eby, esij.

The remaining oflicers, elected a year ago,
hold over.

Diller Rare, esq., presented to the Society,
through Hon. J. B. Livingston, a number of
very large ]5artlett pears.

Adjourned.

PROF. RILEY ON THE BIRDS.

At a late meeting of the Alton Horticul-
tural Society, attended, by Prof. C. V. Riley,
State Entomologist of Mis.souri, after some
talk about the cedar bird, " which was jiro-
iiounced to be an nnmiligated .scamp," Prof.
Riley was called upon to give his views as to
what birds were the farmers' friends. AVe
take a sketch of his response from the St.
Louis ])i)n(H-ra(:

Mv. Riley was not sentimentally Vilind to the
faults of .some birds, and, perhaps, the blue
jay, the crow, blackbird, the red-winged black-
bird, the common roliiii, tlie golden roliin, the
cedar bird, and the king bird deserve to be
cla.s.se(l among our enemies, though much might
be said in favor of these wholesale denuncia-
tions. But he could not allow such wholesale
denunciation of our little feathered friends
without a word in their defense.

The ehiiieh bug is certainly a first-class in-
jurious insect, and yet there is abundant and
cnmiilativc testimony tliat the blithe little
quail devours immense nunibersof them, espe-
cially when hard pushed in winter. Let those
who are skeptical examine the craw^ of this
bird. He had rea.son to believe that the jirai-
rie chicken would alsoeat these nauseous bugs.
The euiculio is a hard customer, and we must
not expect much aid from the birds in dimin-
ishing its numbers; for the cnnniiig litlh^
hunchback, in the beetle state, knows well
how tc hide, simulate dead objects, and de-
ceive even the shai]) eyes of a bird : and in
the soft grub state takes good care to leave the
fruit, for transformation, eitlier in the night
or from the underside of the fruit as it lies on
the ground. Ihit even here there is good evi-
dence, from such men as S. W. Robson and
Dr. Trimble, that the Baltimore oriole will
devour it— the former having seen the bird in
the act, and the latter having taken the Ix-c-
tles from the cro]).

Thecoilling moth is certainly another of our
worst fruit pests, and he knew positively that
it was devoured by several birds, and men-
tioned the black-capiicd tit-mouse and the
downv woodpecker. So tli<iroiighly do birds
gilt its cocoons in our orchards that the pest
would hi' well kept down by them were it not
for our carelessness in harboring it in our
storeliou.ses, where tlu^y cannot reach it.

The yellovr-markcd cuckoo devoured the
larvae (if the white-billed Tus.sock moth— a
serious orchard pest ; and even so bad a bird
as the king bird had been seen devouring the
rosebug and the dilferent cabbage worms.
The tent-caterpillar is partially pri^yed ujion
by the Baltimore oriole, and greedily devoure<l
by the American cuckoo and the Jay. The
eanker-worin is also devouri'd by a number of
the different birds, anil among I hem the blue-
bird. Thus some of our very worst in.sict
enemies are preyed iilion by birds ; and who
can estimate how many hundreds of in.sects
there arc which, though not now da.vsed as
injurious, would soon lieeome so were it not
for the birds. Not one in a thousand of the
worms that hatch on <mr vegetation ever live
to go tnrough all their chaiifres, and he had
never been more forcibly reminded of the im-

jiortant part birds play in their destruction
than the present year in rearing silk-worms.
He hatched thousands of these out-of-doors on
an Osage orange hedgi- (his Sjiiing, and though
such as were protected with netting from
liirds and other enemies were remarkably
healthy, and in due time spun their cocoons,
not one of those feeding without such protec-
tion lived to si>in— all devoured by hinls.

He admitted that birds sometimes devoured
our friends, the parasitic insects ; but so does
man destroy tliein also, in a|i|ilying his artifi-
cial icmedies against the noxious ones. Ho
asserted, however, that, as a rule, predaceous
or canibal insects— tliose which are our liest
friends — such as ground-beetles and lady-
birds—are shielded from the attacks of birds
by some |)ecnliar attribute, such as |iungent
ollor, etc., which renders them unpalatable;
and t|ial most parasites were able to defend
tliein.selves by their own stings and other
weapons of oliense and defense. Thus a hun-
dri'd vegetable-feeders were <levoured to one
canibal or jiarasite ; and, all things considered,
birds are very essential and important friends
of man. He spoke of them as tiod's ap-
pointed guards and jirotectorsof the vegetable
kingdom, carrying and disjiersing its seeds,
and ever present to clear it of insects that
gnaw and destroy. He gave it as his convic-
tion that if a dozen or our most common birds
could be swept from existence, we should no
longer be able to grow our princi])al crops,
and insects would riot and multiply until they
become unendurable.

LETTER FROM A FARMER'S WIFE.

Elizaukthtowx, Jan. 12, 1875.

BJitnr nf The Fiirnier : ILiving a few min-
utes to siiiire this evening I thought I would
write a few lines to you.

No doubt y(Ui will be surprised to receive a
communication from one who is a total stran-
ger to you, hut I hope we will be Ijetter ac-
quainted by and by. I intend to drop you a
liractical note now and then, if I can be in any
way useful to Tii k Faismkk ; but you will have
to be indulgent with me. for I know veiy little
about writing, and nothing at all about gram-
mar : so if there is any mistake, the laugh
will be at mv expen.se.

I read The Laxc'Asteu Faumer with
much interest. My husband wanted to stop
it. but I said "no, not yet. I want to see what
it will be like this year, for I think it is im-
proving." "All right,'' said he, and I am
more pleased with tlie last numU'r than ever.

I have always delighted in Agricultural
publications, and I shall occasionally give
you some hints in housekeeping that may ben-
efit young married (leople, as I had an experi-
ence of more than twenty years in that line in
both city and country life, but I have always
had a preference for the country.

Hoping I have not tre.siia.s.sed upon your
time and attention, I close with my best
wi.shes f<u- the future success of your Journal,
and remain Your Friend,

Leolixe.

P. S. The following have Iteen practically
tested, and therefore are worth knowing:

now TO DKIVK weevils OUT OF A BAIiX.

Take the fresh .skin of a slieep and hiyig it
up in the entry about the middle of the bam
to drv. The odor of it will drive all the wee-
vils away, ami you will not know what has
l)ccomc of them.

TO (t'RE TIIESTIXO OF A CATFISH.

As soon as you can, take a woolen rag and
dip it in strong vineg-ar ; wrap it around the
! wounil two or three times, then hold the
member in the oven of a stove as hot as you
can Ix'ar it. from fifteen to thirty minutes, and
it will draw all the poison out.

— We commend the whole communication
of our fair eorresiHindent. The remedies are
so simple that any one can test them for
themselves.— Ed.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE HAY CROP AND HAY TRADE.

The fluctuating and high price of hay for
years past indicates how little surplus hay
"there has been in the old hay-producing sec-
tions, and the small amount of surplus there
is in any State, even with full crops, clearly
shows that a universal short crop would sub-
ject us to a severe famine in hay, and that
our only salvation hitherto has been the
extent of our country, and its varied climate,
which has infallibly secured us a surplus in
some sections to forward to others short of a
supply, as some portions of the country are
every year, through failure of the crop. Tliis,
together witli the rapid growth of our cities,
inci'ease of our commerce, and the develop-
ment of our mining, man ijftictu ring and lum-
bering interests, and the growing southern
trade, occasion an activity and demand
for hay tliat is certain to increase. But
a certain portion of the land in any sec-
tion can be devoted to the production of
hay, and as the greater portion thus produced
is required for the stock — even with a good
crop — hence it follows that this increasing
demand must be met by like increase in extent
of hay-pr(^ducing territory ; in other words,
our meadows must extend further west, where
there is more land to spare for them, and a
reserve supply of hay must be held to make
good deficiency in any State, and to supply
such cities as were dependent on such State.
In short, the great West and Canada must
wheel into line. Their farmers and merchants
must hold an ever ready surplus to meet the
demands from any section, as thej- now do
of grain, and the liay merchant, like the grain
merchant, must be at every station throughout
the country.

There is scarcely a location where a press
could not be advantageously located. Even
in Utah, Colorado and other territories, we
frequently find the price of hay beyond its
value in eastern markets. Indeed, there is
such a steady demand for hay west of the
States, that in no part of the country have our
patrons proved more successful. Texas, Ai'-
kansas, Tennessee and Kentucky have a ready
market at the South for all their surplus, at a
a much better margin than they can realize on
any otlier product; while the A\"estern States
have enough to do to supply the lumber and
lake trade, and contribute tlieir share to the
mining regions of Pennsylvania, and eastern
markets. Georgia, North Carolina and South
Carolina have more tlian enough to do to take
care of themselves, but we are pleasi d to add
that they draw much less from abroad than
formerly, and are steadily increasing their
amount of grass land. Virginia, West Vir-
ginia and Maryland must also enlarge their
meadows, as the jSIiddle States and Canada
have apparently enough to do to take care of
themselves and contribute the deficiency in
the Eastern States. We might add, that the
price hay commands in the mining and lumber
countrj' on tlie Pacific coast, makes its move-
ment golden when put up with suitable presses
for ecouonncal transportation, instead of be-
ing bundled with the rmlely constructed ma-
chines built liy Californians from recollections
of the old fasiiioned pivsses used in the East-
tern States (luring their lioyhood days.

Why should hay sell for doul)le, even triple,
the price in some part of almost every western
State-thal it will command in any other section
of tlie same State and no more distant from
market ? Why should our southern cities
want hay at such enormous prices, when sueli
States as Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky and
Tenne.ssee have more than a supply V It is
simply the want of facilities and inclination to
forward it — in other words, want of presses
and energy to take advantage of a market
which, altliough permanent and growing, is
foolishly supposed to be temporary. If corn
or wheat should advance live dollars per ton
above the level in any market in the country,
thousands of merchants would detect it in an
instant, even if a thousand miles distant, and
profit by it. Yet here we liave a difference of
sometimes twenty dollars in priceof hay but a

few hundred miles, or less, apart, and no one
seems to be aware of it. Tliese are not excep-
tional instances, nor exceptional times, but a
repetition of what has lieen for years past, and
will be for years to come, unless merchants
and farmers can be brought to understand
that hay has a casli value," and can be trans-
ported as easily and cheaply as grain, and
tauglit to market their crop, instead of allow-
ing hay to be forwarded to their neighVwrs
from remote sections and past their very doors,
and that a few hundred dollars invested in
machinery for handling liay will earn them
more money than tlieir §50,000 elevators for
handling grain, and with less capital and risk.
Tliere are thousands of tons of surplus hay,
annually, in every State in the West that
would find a ready market, far or near, and
at a good round profit, but that will never bo
moved in consequence of want of interest and
information. Even in the Middle States and
Canada, there are sections where there are no
presses nor forwarders, and the surplus hay is
lost to the market, unless some enterprising
hay mercliant may happen through and pick
it up. Much of this indillerence to so impor-
tant a trade is due to want of hiformation, as
the price of hay is not usually quoted with
other produce, except in large cities. The
merchant may be posted on New York,
Boston or Chicago markets, yet he has no
prompt means of knowing when hay will
bring him a larger margin at Washington and
Baltimore, at Indianapolis, Toledo or St.
Louis ; nor of keeping posted on the price of
hay in the hundreds of markets in the mining
districts of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and along
the lakes and the various Southern markets.
In conse(inence of this lack of information,
there not only seems to be an indifference to
the importance of tlie business, but verymuch
hay is forwarded to dull markets, when it
would have commanded larger prices, and,
may be, at a much nearer market.

A KIND WORD FOR FARMERS.

Farmers are charged with being proverbial
croakers. It is alleged by those wiiO are un-
acquainted with the onerous duties and numer-
ous cares attendant upon their pursuit, that
the farmer is never satisfied with his surround-
ings. The weather is frequently adverted to in
a complaining manner. It is either too. hot
and dry or too cold and wet. Tlie spring is
so backward as to retard the rapid growth of
vegetation, or the early warmth accelerates
the budding of fruit trees, to be injured, per-
haps, by unseasonable frost a;id culil. An ex-
cess of rain is a cause of dissatisfaction, be-
cause it tends to produce rot among the pota-
toes, and loss and inconvenience is complained
of owing to repeated rainfalls during the period
of gathering hay and iiarvesting crops. On the
other hand, a protracted spell of dry weather
causes springs to cease their supply, and con-
vert tlie verdant jiasturage into parched and
arid fiidds. Thus he is supposed to be in a
state of clironic discontent, and to have a per-
petual grumble upon his lips.

Of all men it is generally believed that the
farmer should be tlie most contented and uu-
coraplainiiig. Do not his crops grow while he
sleeps, and is not liis grain golden, figuratively
speaking, at least V i)oes not each blade of
grass glisten in the morning sun with the bril-
liancy of the diamond, even if its dewy bur-
then be the only cause of such radiance '? And
then the luxuriance of that most magnificent
of all the products of the soil — Indian corn —
how glorious to look upon when tossing its
broad blades in apparent exultation, as if re-
joicing in the pride of its rapid growth !

Who that possesses the slightest degree of
poetic sensibilitv can behold the lovely scene
which the well tilled fields of the thrifty far-
mer presents to the view, wilhout.a thrill of
pleasure and feeling of admiration V Tliecity
visitor at a country home is apt to regard the
farmer as one who is surrounded with every
comfort, and all the enjoyments of lite. The
after dinner siesta having been indulged in,

how delightful, while comfortably seated upon
the ample and well shaded piazza, to gaze upon
the beauties of nature, and to witness the ope-
rations of the farmer when performed in view
of the guest, who is the recipient of generous
and painstaking Iios|)itality.

Now all this is very fine and affords a fruit-
ful theme for comment and word-painting.
As a friend once remarked, the operations of
the busy hay-makers presents a pleasing pic-
ture to the eye, especially when contemplated
from beneath the wide-spreading branches of
an umbrageous tree. But the toil, care and
anxiety attending the fanner's eftbrt to pro-
vide a livelihood for his family are seldom con-
sidered by those who are inexiierienced in his
calling, and unacquainted with the laborious
duties required in its prosecution.

The farmer is not a croaker, nor is the allega-
tion correct that he refers to liis pursuit in con-
versation to a greater extent than is noticable
in those who are engaged in other vocations.
Dependant largely upon atmospheric changes
for his prosperity, it is perfectly natural that
the state of the weather should occupy a large
.share of his attention, and form a subject of
frequent remark. In view of the liability of
loss and inconvenience in unpropitious skies,
he naturally scans the heavens with an inter-
est scarcely surpassed by the mariner upon the
ocean.

We place great confidence in mother earth,
and believe that she will ever yield a bounte-
ous reward to the skillfully applied lalior of
the husbandman. The imrest and most tran-
quil enjoyments of life frequently attended the
efforts of the judicious and enterprising far-
mer, to provide a comfortable maintenance
for his family. But it must be confessed,
with all his boasted independence, he is sub-
jected to the caprices of the weather to a more
injurious extent than those who are engaged
in many other pursuits. The prolonged ab-
sence of rain is a serious disadvantage, and it
is not surprising that the fact of it is frequently
alluded to iu conversation.

AGRICULTURAL MISCELLANY.

REPORT OF THE COMJIISSIOSER OF AGRI-
CULTURE.

The Hon. Frederick Watts, Commissioner
of Agriculture, iu his annual report says,
there is no incident which so cripples the ,
operations of this deiiartmeiit as the want I
of the punctual publication of its annual report. '
For the last two years it has not been pub-
lished. While Congress, at the last session,
apparently made the effort to order the [lulili-
cation of the annual reports of 1872 and 1S73,
for the use of Congress, it failed, in the opinion J
of the Public Pnnter, to obtain its object. \
While the Coiuniissioner does not concur in
this opinion, it is due to him to say that to
print them involved a doubtful construction
of the law, a responsibility which he was nn-
willing to take, and therefore the reports for
the use of the members of Congress have not
been iH-inted. But by the separate provision
of the act there was an appropriation specially
for the printing of Ihe reports of 1872 and
1873. These have been printed and delivered
to the department for distriliutiou.

The Commissioner says he cannot be un-
mindful of the approaching centennial of the
independence of the United States. No such
an opportunity has ever occurred for such an
exhibition of the progress this ountry has
made in its agriculture, horticulture, manu-
factures, commerce, arts and sciences, its
ad;iptation for war and the benefits of peace,
whereby the people of other countries may be
impressed with tlie caiiabilities of this nation,
and our own made to feel proud that we have
achieved so much. Jle recommends that the
Government erect a building for it.self, to be
exclusively occupied by the several depart-
ments, a Board having been designated by the
President to suggest what part each may take
in the Exposition.

By action of Congress about four acres of

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

ground, I'onuerlv ootupicil by the c;iii;il, liavi-
iK'in added 1<> Hic dciiai-tiiicnt Knmiids, ami
are now uiidernoiiiK iireparatioii to loriu a
part of tin- aboretuiii. Tlie colkctiou ot ex-
otic, utili/able and eeoiioiine plants is •;iadii-
ally inereasinjj l»>lli in niunber and vaUie.
The orange lainilv is partieularly valuahle,
and the best conmiereial varieties are iiropa-
gated and distributed to the greatest prac-

tieable extent. . , . i, ' , • ^ p

There has been no period ni the history ol
this eonnlry when larniers'erops have been so
extensively "depredated upon as in the past
year, and this has bmnght into active exercise
tlie knowledge and industry ot the entcmiologi-
cal divisions of the department. There is
an increasing demand lor inlbnnation with
regard to insects injurious to vegetion. and
much pains have been taken to investigate
the character ot insects sent here to point
out their modes of intiicting injury, and
the means by which their depredations may
be averted, and for those who seek to prose-
cute the study or acquire the knowledge
of these insects, specimens of their injuries and
nest-arehiteeture have lieen arraiigi'd and ex-
hibited in a rocni providtil for the purpose.

During the past year the work of tlie botan-
ical division has been steadily prosecuted and
many contrilmlions added, it is bi'lieycd
that much valuable information of a (iractical
character is both received and cunununieated.
Many gratifying letters of acknowledginent
show high appreciation of the work of distribu-
tion. , , ,

The Commissioner shows the valuable ser-
vices rendered l)y the several divisions of his
department, and says : " In purchase of seeds
the department has patronized oidy seed-
growers and seed firms proven reliable by ex-
perience, whose guarantee of good (juality and
genuineness cannot be questioned, and by re-
ceiving them from llrst hands has been able to
prociue them at much lower rates, and, con-
se(iuentlv, in greater quantities, and is thus
enabled "to give more lilierally to the many
applicants who dailv apply for seeds from all
parts of the country, and to extend the benelits
of distribution. One million, two hundred
and eiirhtv-six thousand packages of .seed.s
were distribhtcd during the last liscal year."

PROPER MODE OF FEEDING HORSES.

Let me say a word or two in reference to
feeding the hor.se, as bearing upon the con-
dition of the foot. Every owner of a horse
must have obseived that the growth and
strength and appearance of the horse's fool is
inaleiially alfectcd by the condition of the
horse hiniself. A half-starved horse may have
a foot injured liy deficient nutrition ; an over-
fed horse may "have a foot heated into an
inllanimation ; and so dependent is the foot
upon a healthy .state of the animal economy,
that for the 'foot alone, if nothing else, the
diet of the hor.se should be reguhiled with the
utmost regard to his health.

I am confident that we give our horses too
much grain and too little hay — especially
horses under seven years of age, who will
work with more endurance and courage on a
good supply of grain- of the latter say six
quarts of oats and a pint of corn daily. Older
hor.ses re(|uire and will bear more grain — but
even they want more hay than is usually given.
Every horse should pass a few weeks of each
year without grain- either the first half or the
last half of the winter, whichever is the mo.st
convenient. And this mode of feeding can
he adopted without suspending the animal's
work.

I have one horse, fourteen years old, which
has had this regimen for fiuir months every
year of his life (and I bred himl, and he is as
■smooth, vigorous and healthy as a colt — has a
sound, smooth foot, was never lame and has
always been in good order. He is a good
specimen of what box stalls, brick Hoor, tar
ointment, turniiisand hay will do for horses
towards preserving their iiealth, strength and
soundness, and promoting longevity. — Muni'.

rioiKjhman.

AGIUfULTUUE AND SPANISH CIVILIZATION.

At one time in the world's history Spain
was the great power. Eivius and Slrabo
relate of Spain's fertility and of her abundant
harvests. I'ndcr the reign of Abd Errahman
111., Mohammedan, Spain snstaine<l a popu-
lation of ;5(l,(IOO,ltt)0. Tarragona, the second
city of the empire under th(^ Uomans, had
1,(10(1,00(1 inhabitants; under Abd Errahman
111. it contained :!.")0,000; now it contains but
I."),0()0. The fanatical Thilip II., and his suc-
cessor of the same name, struck the dealli
blow to agriculture by enacting inicpiitous
laws. By these measures 1^(10,000 Moors, men
and women, old men and children, were eoin-
(lelled to leave the land of their birth, their
blooming fields, and the houses their own hands
had built. The nourishing plains of the south
soon became a desert, agriculture decayed, and
then trade stagnated. As a result prosperous
villages were reduced to ruin, towns once
animated by commerce became depopulated,
lioverty an<l sloth seized tlu^ once rich and
happy countiy, the departed siileiidor of
which is still attested by magniliccnt ruins.
Thus does history show'thal where agricul-
ture holds the first plact^ in a peojile's affairs,
there wealth and progress advance; that
wherever agriculture is abandoned, there
national deciiy begins. The same grand trulli
runs through" all nations, that agriculture is
the source of wealth, the fountain bead of
civilization. As ancient nations grew rich,
and then i)ermitted agriculture to decline, So
they became demoralized, idle, vicious, and
poor; relapsing into barbarism, or vanishing
entirely from the face of the earth.— P/(ii)ii<-
loijical Journal. (
^

POTATO DIET.

Not long ago I remarked in the course of
conversation with a lady that my children ate
a good deal of bread aiid milk. ''My Willie
seldom eats it," she said. "He seems to
need something more nourishing— cats a good
deal of potato." Here our conversathm was
interrupted. If Willie eats milk, or e^gs, or
lean meat with his potato, very well. JJut if
he is kept upon potato and butter, and fat
gravy, with white bread and butter, and cake
and jiastry at meals when potato is absent, he
is very poorly nourished in my opinion. He
may look fat, as children always do when
food is mainly of the fattening or heat-iiro-
ducing kind ; but he will be likely to la<-k in
bone and muscle. Potatoes also cannot suji-
ply the system with enough of the mineral
elements reiiuired for a healthy growth. So
says ])r. Edward Smith, the author of an ex-
ce'llent book on "Foods." This book agrees
in the main with one fo which I have before
referred, "I'hilosophy of l-'.ating," though
less giveii to theorising and more to the simple
description of various kinds of food. In the
Philosophv of Eating we are taught that
])olatoes are finely adapted to be eaten with
lean meat— the starchy potatoes fiirnisbing
the fiitteiiing and heating elements which lean
meat lacks, while the lean meat supiilies the
bone and muscle-making eleineiifs not alford. d
by potato or tine Hour bread. Fat meat alVonls
h"eating and fattening elements, like potato,
but in a form less easily digested by most
jiersons.

fresh lime. This was sjiread evenly in layers
between layers of muck a foot thiik. In
twenty-four hours the lieajis were smoking hot.
lie threw more iiuuk over the top and beat
the siirtace closely with the shovel to exclude
the air. and in a few days the heat went down.
AVheii In- came to draw the muck, it had be-
come a black, rich mass, that exhaled a very
pimgent order, nmcli like barnyard manure;
and although it was late in October when it
was spread upon the grass, the color of the
field became at once a deeper green, and a
rapid growth started. Wood ashes (half a
bushel or mine to a loail of muck) will pro-
duce eijually good results, but more time is re-
quired for decomposition. — liitral Carolinian.

SOAKING SEEDS.— OSAGE ORANGE.

Among the most radical reforms in growing
plants is that pertaining to soaking seeds.
Time was when but a few kinils were thus
treated, and such only as were furnished with
hard shells or woody coverings: but now many
of our most successful gardeners believe in the
practice of soaking almost everything before
planting. The siiace of time necessary fortius
operation is governed by -a knowledge of the
germinating i)ower inherent in each; some
species rei|uire only a lew hours, while others
should remain in the water for several days.
Experienced Osage orange growei-s now ad-
vise for it immersion for a month at li-ast. and
some even place the bag of seeds in a spring
of water in the autumn, and allow it to re-
main there until the ensuing siiring. Those
of my readers who are in iHissessionof a fruit-
bearing tree may prolit perhaps by my expe-
rience. Last autumn I etdlected in a heap all
of the oranges from my old specimen, and let
them remain exposed to the weather until a
few days ago, when I washed out the decayed
mass witlunit any ditlicnlty, and obtained aliont
a peck of nice seeds ; the latter were thrown
into a bag, wet as they were, and much to my
sunnise ihey at once began si>routing. This
is merely an exemplilication of the desire for
moisture Viv the Osage orange, as in this case
the seeds were kept peii)elually damp.

now TO TREAT SWAMP Mt'C'K FOR MANUKE.

Wlietber it will pay to apply swamp muck
to land depends upon several circumstancis,
such as the richness of the deposit in the ele-
ments of fertility, in which there are great dif-
ferences ; the character of the soil to which it
is to be aiiplied ; Ihe cost of digging; the dis-
tance to 1 e hauled, and the consecpient ex-
pense of hauling." A little cyphering and a
few exiieriments will enable the farmer to set-
tle the question of prolit or loss. When used,
it shovdd alwavs be treated with lime or a.shes
to correct itsacidily. A Pennsylvania farmer
tells, in the IVihune. how he comiiosts it, and
his way is a good one. As the muck was dug,
he mixed with every five loads one barrel of

A nrUD'S EYE-VIEW OF AGRICULTURE.

When we consider that less than one-third
of the area of the United States, and less than
a fifth of the entire domain of the United
States, is mapped into farms, and remember
that of this farm aria only one-fourth is tilk'd
or mowed ; and when we further rellect that
the average yield fn'r acre could be doubled
if the maiiy could be brought up to the plane
of the fewin the practice of intensive culture
^then We begin to realize what nund)ers our
country is capabh^ of feeding, and what waste
of toil and ellort comes from the neglect of the
economic lessons taught by the statistics of
scientific agriculture. We "now know that our
wheat occupies an area less than the surface
of South Carolina, and if the yield should
eipial that of England, half of "that acreage
should easily sutlice. We know of our national
crop, maize, which grows from Oregon to
Floiida, anil veaily waves oyer a broader field
than all the cereals beside, that it might pro-
duce its amplest stores within fht) boundaries
of Virginia. The potato crop cmdd grow in
Delaware, though yielcling less than a hundred
bushels per acre; thc> barley for brewing needs
Uss than a half dozen counties, and tobacco,
suftieient to glut our own and European mar-
kets, grows on au area twenty miles square.

An important step has been gained in the
natural history of the potato blight. It is
stated that Prof. De I'.ary. of Strashnrg, ha.s
detected the existence of " helcnecism." or an
"alternation of generations," in the life
history of the rcirmnKjyirn infotnn.i. the para-
sitic fimgus which causes the disease. It is
conjectured that the second form may possibly
be found on clover.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

COVERING MANURE FROM THE WEATHER.

We have always advocated having a cover
over tlie manure heap, and have contended
that manure so covered is worth a great deal
more than manure spread out in the barnyard
in the usual way. A correspondent of one
of our papers takes exception to this. He as-
serts that uncovered is just as good as covered
manure, provided the rains are kept from
reaching it. He says that a heap of uncov-
ered manure will be just as good as a heap of
covered, if there has been no rain on it ; and
in this way he writes what we suppose is in-
tended to be an argument against covering
manure. We might also state that in this
sense we could urge there was no use in cover-
ing manure. But as we cannot keep the rain
off without some covering, it is hard to see
what the argument amounts to. If the corre-
spondent in question would show how to keep
the rain from washing away all the best of the
manure without covering, we could better un-
derstand the point he makes. Until this is
done, we shall still advocate covering manure.

It is certain that the land plowed in the
autumn will, all other things being equal,
yield better than that broken in spring. This
is partly because thorough teration of its soil
is essential to its fertility, partly because the
frost has freer action to break up the minute
minerals and hasten their disintegration and
the consequent liberation of mineral elements
of fertility, and partly because in the loosened
earth the surplus water drains quicker away,
and the warmth of the sun penetrates sooner
and deeper. But many fall-plowed fields are
so situated that surface water collects in hol-
lows, and these nullify all tlie rest ; carefully
drawn open furrows for such places should be
the subject of the first work in spring. In
newly plowing land run the furrows in such a
direction as to facilitate drainage, and run the
shovel as deep (and no deeper) as it can go
without turning up the cold, unfertilized and
lumpy subsoil. It will pay.

dry cellar that does not freeze, if some care be
taken. They do not need much water, but
must be as cool as possible, without freezing.
If care be taken to give them air in fine weatlier,
and a little water at long intervals, just enough
so that the earth does uot become really dry,
there will be but little trouble in wintering
them nicely.

Many plants, after being wintered all right,
are killed by putting them out of doors too
early in the spring. We have known large
oleanders to be killed dead in the spring from
exposure to frost a single night when the ther-
mometer marked twenty-four degrees. The
same plants had withstood a lower tempera-
ture in the cellar during the winter. When
taken from the cellar they should be carefully
guarded from frost in the spring until the
last of May or first of June, according to lati-
tude, aud although tender plants will stand a
considerable degree of cold in the cellar, it is
better that they be kept from actual frost. —
Western liural.

HORTICULTURAL MISCELLANY.
WINTERING PLANTS IN BOOMS AND CELLARS.

Those who grow tender plants in summer
for ornamenting the lawns and flower beds, of
course like to keep them over the winter, and
yet, in fully nine cases out of ten, Imt little
success is had with those wintered in rooms,
and perhaps fully as little with those winteied
in the cellar.

Those that are to be kept on the flower-
stands in rooms .should not have miich heat
upon first being taken in. They should be kept
in the coolest partof the room, but should have
plenty of light until well established, or until
they begin to make new growth. If one have
a bow window that may be closed tight, this
answers a good purpose, since the sun may be
admitted above and the plants may be kept
shaded below. If you have hot-bed ashes aud
a frame, a little bottom heat, say ten inches
of manure covered with enough sand in which
to plunge the pots, and keeping the sash pretty
close and shaded until the roots of the plants
begin to draw and send moisture tf) the to]is,
will answer a very good purpose. Keep them
covered warmly at night, aud, as they begin
to grow, give air and water, and at the end of
a month they may be taken into the room and
with little care they will give much satisfaction.

Do not give too much water to window plants
or those kept on a stand in the room. The soil
should be kept moist, of course, but frequent
and light syringings will tend to obviate the
excessive dryness of living rooms. This is the
great difficulty with plants wintered in this
manner, aud toassi.stiu neutralizing this trou-
ble as much as possible, a vase or basin of
water should be kept constantly on the stove
or heater to supply this lack of moisture.

Geraniums, pleargoniums, tender roses, and
other tender or half-hardy, woody or half-
woody perennials may be kept in a light, cool,

SPRING RADISHES.

are never so good in quality, because being
later in coming into use.

Most people sow thick because they have no
faith in the seedsman. They think some of
the seeds are bad, and they want to allow for
it. But we have not found seedsmen such
irredeemable fellows as many suppose. It is
rarely we have seeds to fail. When they do,
it is generally through deep planting. Radish
seed particularly likes to be kept near the
surface. If the seed is sown while the ground
is still moist from the digging or preparing, it
may be merely sown on the surface and then
rolled or beaten in. Then every seed will
grow, and only those seeds may be sown just
where a plant is to come up to mature. — Ger-
mantown Telegraph.

WINTER CARE OF TREES.

Where trees are purchased in the fall, many
of them are lost through want of proper care
during the winter months, and for this reason
many wait till spring before buying. If trees,
especially small ones, are properly cared for
through the winter, it is better to get them in
the fall ; or, if they are grown on the place,
and to be re-planted in the spring, they are
better to be taken up at the approach of cold
weather and heeled in. This operation of
heeUng is simple, easy, and puts the trees in
the very best condition for keeping through
*the winter — as, when they are thus treated,
there is no danger of heaving out by frost, and
the ends of the roots become well calloused
and are ready to begin a fresh growth at once,
when planted in spring. To heel in trees
projierly, dig a trench, say three feet wide,
and deep enough to cover the trees, a foot or
so above the top of the roots. Before the
trees are placed in the trench, the roots should
be dipped in what nurserymen call grout, and
other people call thin mud. This gives each
root and fibre a coating of fine earth. This
done, place one row of trees against the back-
side of the trench, leaning against the edge,
and as thickly as they can well stand, then
carefully sprinkle fine earth from the front of
the trees, among aud around the roots, taking
pains that no air holes are left— pack the earth
down firmly— there is no danger of it l)eing
too solid ; and when this row is finished, the
trench for the next row is ready. The great
point is to have the earth filled in closely
around every root, and well packed down.
If this is done, the trees will be in better con-
dition for planting in the spring than if they
had been allowed to spend the winter where,
they grow. If we were purchasing trees from
a distance, we would ranch prefer to get them
in the fall, and have them well heeled through
the winter, so that we could have them ready
at the earliest possible moment in the spring.
— Cor. liural World.

The. greatest delights of a garden are found
among the early spring vegetables, aud among
them all, the radish is one of the nio.st welcome.
They are tolerably hardy, and may be found
among the earliest sown. The great charm of
a good radish, like a good cigar, is in its
mildness, and this can^ only be secured by
growing it in a rich soil. For a spring radish,
indeecl, the soil can scarcely be too rich. This
hurries it up. A slow growu radish is sure to
be hot and stringv.

The round radishes, or turnip-rooted, are
best, and the white generally more acceptable
than the red. The loug-rooted radishes, some-
times are in eating a little earlier, but to most
tastes are not so grateful as the other.

In sowing radishes a too common error is to
put the seeds in too thick. It is thought that
they can be weeded if they all grow ; but they
are seldom thinned out, and when left thick

PERSIMMONS AS MARKET FRUIT.

The persimmon, in its unfrosted state, is an
austere, harsh fruit, which no one, unless just
learning to whistle, cares to indulge in. When,
however, it has been exposed in some frost, it
is generally agreeable to most tastes. A very
large market could be found for them in the
cities if they could be got in there witliout
mashing, but this has been hitherto found
impossible. A very short distance of travel
over a railroad, is enough to turn a basketful
into a shapeless mass.

Now we think it is well worthy of thought
by those practical minds that are always on i
the lookout for something on which to make, '
whether something cannot be done to turn the
persimmon into practical account as a market
fruit for great cities. Years ago it was thought
that the strawberry and rasi)berry could not
be grown to any profit away from large cities,
because in bulk they mash together so. But
Yankee genius got over this difiiculty by the
invention of the berry basket, by which the
mass of fruit was divided into small lots and
thus prevented from crushing ononeanotherin
slatted crates. The' same surely could be done
with the persimmon. Little shallow baskets
could be provided in which the persimmon
would lie only two courses thick. It is not
necessary to wait till the frost softens the
fruit before gatherino; them, as then they get
mushy in handling. But they can be gathered
before the frost while yet hard and firm, and
put in the crates, and the crates allowed to
freeze through. We are much mistaken if
quite a good trade might not be got up in
persimmons in this way. — Germantown Tel.

DISEASE-PROOF POTATOES.

It will be recollected that the Lord Cathcart
prize offered in England for the best essay on
the potato disease and its prevention, was not
awarded, as none of the ninety odd essays
presented any new facts or remedies. There-
upon the Royal Agricultural Society oflered a
prize of £100 to any one who produced an
early potato which remained disease-proof
over a trial of three years. Six different
varieties were entered for competition, and
were sent to twenty different districts in
England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, last
Spring, for trial. The result was not entirely
unforeseen or unsuspected. At the monthly
meeting held the first week in November, it
was reponed that not one of the six varieties
tested had resisted the disease. Thus the
trials of tiiese potatoes are concluded the first
year, aud a disease-proof potato is yet to be

found.

A HANDY GARDEN ROLLER.

Take a joint of stove pipe, 6, 7 or 8 inches
in diameter; set one end upon an inch board,
aud witli a scratch-awl or pencil mark around
0)1 the outside ; reverse the pipe and mark the
other end. Then with a pair of compasses
find the centre of these two wheels, and strike
around their circumference, allowing for the
thickness of the iron. Saw or cut them true
and round; bore a hole with a bit in their
centres, to receive a shaft of half-inch round
iron, about three inches longer than the length

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

of tlic ]n]H\ Now tit in one of these heads,
anil upset the .slieet iron \i\\n' ovei- it enoujjh
to hold it lirnily in place. I'ul the shall in,
and set the whole on end on tlie ki'<"I"<'i ^''^^-
ini; eare tliat the sliaft Klands true; and lastly
put in a <iuart or two of dry sand, and tamp
it hard with a suital)le rammer, repeatin(j the
Olieration till tlie pipe is full to within one
inch of the top. Fit in tlie other head with
the shaft in plaee; upset tla' iron over it as
l)efore, and you have a roller as servieeahle as
one of all iron, and at almost no cost. To lit
it for use, make a liox of inch stulV, lit a liandle
to it, slopins.;at an an^leof 'iOth'fireesfnun the
iHittom hoard : jiut a cross head to the end of it,
and for a -garden or walk roller this cannot he
beaten. If wanted heavier, it can lie loa<le<l
with brickbats or earth , and for wheeling
stones or rubbish olT garden or lawn, or newly
j)h)weil or spaded <;rounds, it will be pro-
nounced liy all who try it "tip top." Any
man or hoy who can use a saw, plane and
hammer, can make one in a few liours, and
with decent care it will last as many years. —
Cor. Oiuntry GentlcDian.

PEAS THREE THOUSAND YEARS OLD.

In the course of late explorations in the
ancient ruins of Kgypt, Gen. Anderson, an
English traveler, found, inclosed in a sarcopha-
gus beside a nunniny, a few dry peas, wliieh
he i>reserved carefully, and on his return to
Great Britain planted in the rich soil of the
island of tiuernsey. The seeds gi'rniinated,
and soon two little jilants appeared, from
wliieh, at maturity, sufficient peas were
gathered to plant quite a large tract of ground
in the following season. Some of the phmts
thus raised have attained a height of over six
feet, and have been loaded with blossoms of
exquisite odor, and of a delicate rose tint.
The j)eculiar feature of the growth is the stem,
whicii is so small near the root but increases
greatly in size ns it ascends, requiring a sup-
port to sustain it ujiright. The pods, instead
of being distributed around all portions of the
stem, as in the ordinary plant, arc grouped
abovit the upper extremity. The vegetable, it
is said, lielongs to the ordinary garden variety;
but from its presenting the very distinctive
differences above noted, it seems worthy of
close botanic;il observation. Tlie peas ;ire of
remarkably tine flavor, excellinir in delicacy
those of the choicest known varieties.

ORCHARD AND NURSERY.

Planting may often be done this month
where the whether is mild, but on no account
set the tree in |iarlially frozen .soil ; it is much
better to heel-in the trees in a dry, sandy spot
until spring, when they can be set out pro-
perly.

Stocks for root grafting should be taken up,
assorted, and tied in Inmdles of convenient
size, and stored in boxes of damp sawdust in
the cellar, where they can be easily reached
during the winter.

Scions may be cut at any time when the
wood is not frozen ; store in sawdust and take
care that they do not dry oui during the
winter.

(;iive seedlings early protection, but not
until the weather is quite cold ; if applied
too early, growth sometime occurs.

Collect and store as large a supply of leaves
as possible, for covering and bedding.

CULTIVATION OF ROSES.

Roses, like other things in the vegetable
kingdom, are also beautilied and enlarged hy a
judicious and generous course of treatment. 1 1
cannot be too often urged in connection with
their culture, that to succeed is to be success-
ful. He who raises (Uie perfect si)ecinien of a
plant is a better cultirator than he who raises
an acre of indifferent specniens, and whoever
has made himself a thorough master of the art
of cultivation of a single specimen or variety
has acquired a knowledge and skill which
enable him to succeed with the many. — Chcui.
H. Milhr. •

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

TO MAKE HENS LAY.

When eggs bear such a price, and are so
delicious in the many ways the good cook
brings them to the table, it is necessary the
hens .should have a little attention. Give
them warm drink every morning. Sec that
they have an abundance of gravel ; old pieces
of crockery pounded up will answer l<etter
than nothing. Concoct a iiudding for them
two or three times a week, not oftener. Tlace
an old pail out at one si<le, and into thisthrow
the Tiieat Bcraps that are good for nothing
else, egg-shells, beans, hominy, bread crusts,
corn parched very brown, coarse meal, sitt-
ings, etc., and when the day arrives to servo
up this dish, take the water in which you
have parboiled your jiork and beans, or other
greasy water, stirring into it bran sutficient
to thicken well, allowing it to cook a few
minutes, pouring the whole over these saved
up scrni)s. liet it stand a .short time after it
is thoroughly stirred, and feed while warm.
Aside from this give warm drink every morn-
ing, and you will have plenty of eggs.

PHILOSOPHY OF COOKERY.

Mrs. Hale says : Cookery is an art belonging
to woman's department of knowledge; its
importance can hardly be over estimated,
because it acts directly on human health,
comfort and improvement. One of the lirst
duties in domestic life is to understand the
quality of provisions and the preparation of
wholesome food. The jiowers of the mind as
well as tlio.se of the body are greatly depend-
ent on what we eat and drink. The stomach
nnist be in health, or the brain cannot act
with its utmost vigor and clearness, nor can
ttiere be strength of muscle to perform the
purposes of the will.

To i)reserve the full nourishment of meats
and other articles of food, in dressing and
cooking, is an art which reijuires a large
amount of scientific knowledge adiled to long
experience and observation. Without the
knowledge derived from this two-tbld source a
great part of food is waste<l and health
injured. It is an established prineii)lc in
physiology that man is omiiiverous— that is,
constituted to eat almost any kind of foo(l
containing nourishment. He can eat and
digest them in a raw state ; hut his health is
promoted by their being cooked, that is,
softened by the action of fire and water.

OUR RECEIPT FOR CURING BIEAT.

To one gallon of water, take li pounds of
salt, i pound of sugar, i ounce of .saltpetre, i
ounce of jiotash. In this ratio the [liekle can
he increased in any (piantily desireil. I^'t
these be boiled together until all the dirt from
the sugar rises to the top and is skimmed off.
Then throw it into a tub to cool, and when
cold iKiur it over your beef or jiork. The
meat mu.st be well covered with pickle, and
should not be jiut down for at least two days
after killing, during which time it should he
slightly si)rinkled with powdered saltpetre,
which removes all the surface blood, &c, leav-
the meat fresh and clean. Some omit boiling
the pickle, and 'ind it to answer well, thougli
the operation of boiling jturities the l)ickle by
throwing oil' the dirt always to be found in
salt and sugar. If this receipt is strictly
followe<l, it will reijuire only a single trial to
prove its suiieriority over the conunon way or
most ways of putting down meat. — Ocrinan-
tinm Tikyraiih.

ROAD DUST.

The .American .^l;/i-iC!(//(iriV« strongly advises
farmers to make a business of gathering up
road dust tor use as an ab.sorbent and fertil-
izer. It says : "This is the most convenient
absorbent the farmer can conniiand, and a few
barrels of it will save a large amount of
ammonia in the hennery, the privy, and the

slable. Hens should have a large open box
fidl of it under cover, where they may dust
themsidves at their pleasure. It is an excellent
thing to have in the stable and, when
saturated with urine, makes a valuable fertil-
izer. The fineness of the dust, continually
ground hy the iron tires and horse shoes, ia
one cause of its favorable action upon crops.
That gathered from a clay soil is best ; indeed,
sand, whether from the road or (d.sewhere ia
of little use us a deodorizer or absorbent."

CORN AND HOGS.

From carefully condiict(td exi)eriments, hy
different Jieiiions, it has been ascertained that
one bushel of corn will make a little over ten
and one-half pounds of pork, gro.ss. Taking
the result as a basis, the following deductions
are made, which all our farmers would do well
to lay by for a convenient reference :

When corn sells for 1.")^ cents per bushel,
pork costs IA cents a pound. .

When corn costs 17 cents per bushel, pTDrk
costs 2 cents a pound.

When corn costs 25 cents per bushel, pork
cost 3 cents a pound.

When corn co.sts ;i:{ cpiits {ter bushel, pork
costs 4 cents a pound.

AVhen corn costs M cents per bushel, pork
costs .5 cents jier ptumd.

The following statement shows what the
farmer realizes on his com, when in the form
of liork.

When pork sells for .'1 cents jier pound it
brings -2') cents ])er bushel in corn.

When pork sells for 4 cents per pound it
brings .'i2 cents per pushel in corn.

AVhen iiork sells for 5 <'en(s per pound it
brings 45 cents per bushel in corn. — Juurnal

of Agriculture.

BRILLIANT WHITEWASH.

Take half a bushel of un.slaked lime. Slake
with Ijoiling water; cover it during the pro-
cess to keep the steam in. Strain the liquid
through a tine .sleeve, and add to it a peck of
salt previously well dis.solved in water, three
[lounds of grain rice boiled to a thin ))aste,
and stirred in boiling hot ; half a ])ound of
jiowdered Spanish whiting, and a iioiind of.
clean glue which has been previou.sly dissolved
by soaking it well and hanging it over a slow
lire in a small kettle within a large (me filled
with water, and five gallons of hot water to
the mixture ; stir it well, and.let it stand a
few days, covered from the dirt. It should be
put on hot.

♦

HAY TEA FOR CALVES.

A farmer who had a calf of value and no
milk to give it was advised to give it hay tea.
He did so and the calf is reported as doing
finely though it has received neither hay nor
meal since he got it. He cuts the best and
finest hay he has, about two inches long and
pours boiling water over it ; lets it stand till
cooled to about the heat of milk from the cow,
when the tea is given to the calf and the hay
to the cow. IJoth calf and cow thrive on this
feed. We have fed a great deal of hay tea to
calves, with good results. — liunil Nttc Yorker.

FRIAR'S OMLET.

Boil eight or nine large apples to a pulp,
stir two ounces of butter, and add pounded
sugar to taste. When c<ild, add an egg well
beaten u]i. Then butter the bottom of a deep
baking di.sh, and the sides also. Thickly
strew crumbs of bread, so as to stick all over
the bottom and sides. Put in the mixture,
and strew bread crumbs iilentifully over the
to]). Put it into a moderate oven, and when
baked turn it out, and put powdered sugar
over.

GOOD PUDDING.

One quart boiled milk, quarter pound
mashed potatoes, quarter i)ounil of Hour, one
or two ounces of butter, and two of sugar.
When cold, add three egu'S well lieateii. Bake
one-half hour, and eat with sauce.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

PRErAIUNG AND PACKING POULTRY.

Poultry should be fat and kept twenty-four
hours from food before killing to have the crop
empty; food in the crop soms and blackens
the skin, injures the sale of poultry, and buy-
ers will not pay f(jr this extra weight. Open-
ing the vein in the ]ieck, or bleeding in the
mouth, is the proper mode of killing. If bled
inside the throat the bill should be pried open
with a piece of a chip and the poultry to be
hung up by the feet on a line. Tills makes
bleeding free and jjrevents bruising. Tlie
head and feet should be left on and the inter-
nals in. Tlie tiesh should not be mutilated in
any manner. Turkeys and chickens dry-
picked keep much longer and sell much higher
than when .scalded. If the 'picking is done by
scalding the water should be heated just to the
boihug point, and the poultry held by the feet;
dip in and out of the water tour or live times,
counting three each time in or out. The work
should be done quickly, neatly and thoroughly.
After picking, hang up. 'the poultry by the
feet in a cool, dry place, till all animal heat is
out and the poultry thoroughly cold and dry.
Avoid freezing, as poultry will not keep long
after thawing. Wrap in thin, light, strong
paper. Brown and dark heavy paper, having
too much acid in it, injures the poultry. The
head should be wrapped separately. Always
pack head downward. Tliis throws the soft
entrails on the breast bone, the poultry keep-
ing longer in this iiosition. Pack in clean,
dry, tight flour barrels.

Geese and ducks after being killed should
have all the feathers picked olf, then rub all
over thoroughly with fine resin, after which
dip them in boiling hot water in and out seven
or eight times, then rub off the pin-feathers,
after which wash off the fowls with warm
water, using soap and a hand brush. Imme-
diately after rinse them well in cold water,
then hang them up bj' the feet in a cool, dry
place, till thi-y are thoroughly dry, when they
can be wrai)]ied, and jiack as before suggested.
Poultry thus dressed and packed well, in
moderately cold weather, keep sweet and fresh
for fifteen or twenty days, and can be shipiied
from the extreme west with safety, by freight.

X ever pack poultry in straw, as in damp or
in warm weather it causes it to sweat or heat.

Game, deer, rabbits, coons, oppossums and
squirrels should be opened, all the entrails
taken out, leaving only the kidney fat ; then
the insides should lie wi|)ed perfectly dry,
with a soft clean cloth, after which wrap tlie
small game in pajier, packing back downward.

Wild turkeys, ducks, geese, grouse, iiheas-
ants, quails, piireons, and birds of all kinds,
should always have the entrails left in them,
and the head and feet left on. Tliey should
never Vie mutilated in any manner. Drawn
birds sour in a short time, and sell for less
than the undrawn, even if sweet. Wrap the
head seiiarately in paper, then the body. Pack
the head downward in tight, clean barrels, the
same as poultry. Shijipers should remember
Well that all game should be thoroughly cold
before being packed, otherwise it will soon
sweat and heat. IJarrels are the best packages
that shippers can ship in. — Muri/hmd Farmer.

on the animals and well rubbed into the hair,
and a taljlespoonful of ginger in nieal daily
for a week, is the simplest surest, and safest
remedy he has ever tried.

NEW STYLE OF BARRELS.

The paper barrel factory at Decorah, Iowa,
has already turned out several hundred liar-
rels. Much interest centres upon the exjieri-
ment there. If that is successful, as it pro-
mises to be, the barrel-making Inisine^s will
be revolutionized. By this process barrels are
made entirely out of paper. They can be
made at half the cost of tlie wooden material,
and as they weigh only onc-tliird as much,
there will be also a great saving in freight.-

INSECTS ox CATTLE.

A correspondent after having experimented
to his heart's conteiit with several kinds of
grease, tobacco, water, kerosene, ashes, aii-
gueiitum, etc., for killing lice on cattle, has
arrived at the conclusion that sulphur sprinkled

GENERAL MISCELLANY.
DESTRUCTION OF THE CANADA THISTLE.

In a brief note recently we directed the atten-
tion of our readers to the necessity of watch-
fulness against tlie introduction of vile weeds,
and especially of the Canada thistle. It is
worth while again to repeat that it does not
take long to annihilate pests like these in the
beginning, if only ]>eople will go to work earn-
estly and energetically. .Since writing the
paragraph referred to, a tact has come to our
notice which shows what may be done by
a watchful man.

One of our friends in going over his grounds
last spring was amazed to find that he was
guilty of harboring and entertaining tlie Canada
thistle. There it was and no mistake, thickly
covering a tract of over one hiuidred feet
square. lie did not send to town for a Inisliel
of salt or wait till the full of the moon, or
think of any of the cheap and easy ways
given in the papers as substitutes for hard
labor ; Ijut he sent Ezra to the tool-house for
a digging-fork, and, loosening the ground
about the plants, drew them up as much as
possible "by the roots." The :ask, he tells
us, took just half an hour.- About midsum-
mer he examined the spot again, and found
that about a dozen weak sprouts had appeared
in the place where there were huudeds in the
spring. These were served as tlfe rest of the
gang had been served before them, occupying
flfteeu minutes only, all told.

In again examining the tract recently, he
found but a solitary piece which had evidently
been overlooked before — no new ones having
appeared. This was drawn out by the hand,
breaking oft, and, as he says, leaving a small
nest egg, which may proliably hatch a little
brood to be Iqoked after next spring ; but he
has no doubt that fifteen minutes more next
spring will totally destroy his crop of thistles
"root and branch." Tlius in an hour of good
work, a man who resolved to conquer the
enemy will have come otY full victor, showing
how easy it is to cope with these pests when
taken in this way.

The fact is we begin to have rather a poor
opinion of anian wlio allows his property to be
overrun with Canada thistles. A strong,
coarse weed like this, which can lie easily
Seen and handled, ought to be looked after
and drawn out, as well as the dock, which
every good fa/mer about here thinks is an
imperative duty, if not an intense pleasure to
hunt, pull and destroy. Indeed, it sometimes
seems, as we note the intense satisfaction with
wliich some of our neighbors go at dock-
drawing, that it w.iuld ahnost be adding to
their recreations for some (me to sow dock-
seed among their crops that tliey might
enjoy the pulling up of them in due season.
There are thousands of weeds much more
injurious ; at least our friend the victor of the
Canada thistle ]iatch, thinks so. He is sure
he would sooner haveadoseof Canada tliistles
to swallow "any day," than be bothered with
sorrel, toad-flax, couch-grass, or land-grass —
and we thuik he is right. — Gcrmantoivii Tel.

THE REASON WHY

The editor of Arlliuv\'< Home Mnijazhie gives
the following questions and answers, which
are iicrtinent to this season of the year:

Why is fruit most unwholesome when eaten
on an empty stomach V

Beca use it contains a large amount of fixed
air, which requires great jiower to disengage
and expel it before if begins to digest.

Why is boiled or roasted fruit more whole-
some than raw.

Because, in the process of boiling or roasting,
fruit parts with its fixed air, and is thus
rendered easy of digestion.

Why are cherries recommended in cases of
scurvy, putrid fever, and similar diseases ?

On account of their cooling and antiseptic
properties, and because they correct the con-
dition of the blood and other fluids of the
body when there is any tendency of pu-
trescence ; at the same time, like all fresh
fruits, they posses a mild aperient property,
verv beneficial to persons of a bilious habit.

What ett'ect have vegetable acids upon the
blood y

They cool and dilute the blood, and.
generally refresh the system. All fruits contain
acids and salts, which exercise a cooling and
invigorating influence. Apricots, peaches,
apples, pears, gooseberries, and currants con-
tain malic aciik Lemons, rapsberries, grapes,
and pine apiiles contain citric acid. The
skins of grapes, plums, aloes, etc., contain
tannic acid, which has a bitter taste.

Why sliould salt be applied to vegetables
intended for pickling previously to putting
them in the vinegar ?

Because all vegetables abound in watery
juices, wliieh, if mixed with the vinegar,
would dilute it so much as to destroy its
lireservative property. .Salt absorbs a portion
of this water, and indirectly contributes to the
strength of the vinegar.

Why is bread made from wheat flour more
strengthening than that made from barley and
oats y

Because, as gluten, albumen, and caseine
are the only substance in the bread capable of
forming blood, and consequently of sustaining
the strength and vigor of the body, they have
been apuropriately called the food of nutri-
tion, as a distinction from those which merely
support respiration. Wheat contains 8-2.j parts
of starch, 315 of gluten, albumen and caseine,
and sixty of sugar and gum, while barley
containes 1,200 of starch, 120 of gluten
albumen and caseine, and 150 of sugar and
gum ; hence wheat is much richer in the food
of nutrition.

TURNING POINTS IN PHYSICAL LIFE.

From 25 to 35 is the true time for all the
enjoyment of a man's best powers, when
physical vigor is at its highest. During the
last half of this decade a man should be assid-
uous to construct a system of philosopliy, by
which to rule his life, and to c )ntract a chain
of hahits intelligently ; so that they should
neither be their slave, nor too easily cast them
aside. The exact proportion of pliysical and
intellectual strengih should be gauged, and
the constitutional weakne-ss, or, in other
words, the disease toward which a tendency
exists, should be ascertained.

Preserve, if possible, the absolute necessity
f(U- e-xercise, and have yourplac;of business
two or three miles away, over which let
nothing temiit yon to au omnibus or carriage,
save rain. The day on which a medical man
gives up riding to see his iwiintry patients, or
the use of his own legs to see his patients in
town, and takes to a close brougham, fixes
the date when sedentary diseases are set up—
while if, to utilize liis leisure, he reads as he
drives, his eyesight becomes seriously afl'ected.
From 35 to 45 a man should arrange with his
food, and avoid hypochondria. He cannot,
it is true, change his diathesis ; but he can
manage it. The liahitual character of food,
no less than its iiuality, begins to tell whether
it charges the system 'with fat, muscle, sinew,
fibre or watery 'iiarticles. From 45 to 55 the
recuperative powers should be encouraged
and developed.

There is nothing like work to keep an old
horse sound. Sporting dogs should be thin,
but obesity will set in. Anxiety ought to be
staved, hope encouraged, sordid cares avoided.
If a grief exists it should not be brooded over,
but talked out with a friend, gauged, estima-
ted in its wcn-st, and dismissed to absorb itself.
If aman at this time is much occupied out doors,
and lives wholesomely and temiierately, he is
liretty sure to be clear of sediaitary diseases.
Rheumatism, coughs, and inflammatory dis-

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

eases, arisiiifi from fxiiosurc to wot or cold, a
mail of 4.") will Uavt* to cmiU'iul willi, but his
lilodil will lie ill a jiood coiiililiou for tlicslruir-
glt;. AIoiU'ratL' fxposuri' to harilsliips of this
kind never harmed man yet.

LONG-LEGGED HORSES.

For most eveiy-day imrposes sliort-lejjgod
horses arc in general preferred, because in
themselves they iiidieatc suiierior streiijjth,
and because, by nature, they are associated
with depth of <hest and carcass, and other
sisns of stamina and diirabilility ; but the
long lefj possesses advaiitatjes in stride and
leverage, and therefore, wliere speed is rc-
quireil, becomes a desirable forinatioii. The
length of limb must very much (le]ieiid en the
jiurpose tlie animal is destined for; a loi g leg
would be as ill adapted for a cart-lioise, as a
short one would be fora racer. To get over the
ground length becomes absolutely necessary
ill the pro]ielliiig parts of the machine, and
these are th'e loins and the limbs. Occasion-
ally we meet with horses with long limbs and
sh<ut bodies ; but sucli are rare and undesira-
ble conforinations — the limbs doing too much
for the body, or, lather, the latter I'cstricting
tliem in their action.

reoiile in general make objection to horses
with undue length of liiiib ; such a hor.se has
'■ too much daylight underneath him to be
good for anything,'' is a common expression
enough in these cases ; and, primn j\iclc — and
in nine cases, jierhaps, out of ten — these
people are correct in their disapprobation.
But every now and then comes a horse before
n.s with all this apiiarent objectionable sub-
corporeal "daylight," and yet with extraor-
dinary iiowcr in his longlimbs, with circularity
in his chest, though it be not deeii, and witli
the known character of being " a good feeder
after work ;■' and when such a horse does
present himself, we may, should he possess
breeding, regard him, notwithstanding his
long legs and light body, as an animal of a
rare and vi'luable description. His legs, hav-
ing but little to carry, are therefore likely to
'•wear well" and he is likely to prove a ileet
hoi-se, and withal a good-winded horse — one
that is likely to turn out a most valuable ac<iui-
.sitioii. One ought not hastily to reject a
horse with long limbs and their oriliiiary
accompaniment, a light carca.ss. — Pi-uirk
Farmer,

TRALNING YOUNG STOCK.

• A corre.simndont of the New York Times
tells somi'thing about the management of
young and wild stock — colts, steers and heif-
ers, iiartieularly tlie latter. He very truly
believes that many abuse their cattle when
they would not if they knew any other way to
get along. He continues:

In the iii,st jilace, ynu must secure your
heifers liy tying tluiii up so that they cannot
hurt you if they would, or get away trom you.
Tliis islnst done with a halter (ropeorleather. )
I have seen a slip-noose |iut on a heifer's
horns and drawn so tight that it wouhl nearly
craze the animal, which was then beaten be-
cau.se it Would not stand still, and to complete
its misery and destruction of its horns, was
left to stand over night in the rain to swell
the rope. After you iiave got it secure (in the
stable is the best place) get your card and
brush and go to work gently wlierever you lan
get at them best. If you are in danger of get-
ting hurt then use a broom lirst. When they
tilid it does not hurt them you will be sur-
prised to see Iheell'ect it will have on the worst
subjects.

There is .something about this mode of treat-
ment that I cannot explain myself, but it is
far ahead of the charms of music to sootlie
the savage beast.

I lay no claim to any suiieriority over any
one tliat will be patient and take lime to get
acquainted witli the subjict. But I believe I
can take the wildest native cow in the I'nited
States that has not been handled at all, and

niaki' a quiet, gentle animal of it — that is, for
me to handle; it might be afraid and even
virions lo a stranger, lieim niber, thistreal-
ment must be followed upfor weeksorinonths,
but it will surely win in the end.

This plan will not always do so well with
horses or colts, as some are constitutionally
ojiposed to the card and brush, but kind Ireat-
meiit will do a great deal toward making
friends with them.

ruorEii MODE OF feeding iiohse.s.

Let me say a word or two in reference to
feeding the hor.sc. as bearing upon the condi-
tion of the foot. Every owner of a horse must
have observed that the growth and strength
and aiipearance of the horse's fool is materi-
ally affected by the condition of tlit^ horse
himself. A half-starved luuse may have a foot
iiijuredbydelicienl nutrition; an over-fed horse
may have a foot heated into an inllammation,
and so dependent is the foot upon a healthy
state of the animal economy, tliat for the foot
alone, if nothing else', the diet of the horse
should be regulated with the utmost regard to
his health.

I amcontident that we give our horses too
mucli grain and too little hay — especially
horses under seven years of age, who will work
with more endurance and courage on a good
supply of grain — of the latter say six ipiarls
of oats and a. jiint of corn daily. Older horses
require and will bear nuire grain— but even
they want more hay than is usually given.
Every liorse should pass a few weeks of each
year without grain— either the lirst half or
the last half of the winter, whichever is the
most convenient. And this mode of feeding
can be adopted without suspending the ani-
mal's work. ♦

I have one horse, fourteen years old, which
has had this regimen for four montjis every
year of his life (and I bred him,) and he is as
smooth, vigorous and healthy as a colt — has a
sound, smooth foot, was never lame, and has
always been in good order. He is a good
specimen of what box stalls, brick tloor, tar
ointment, turniiis and hay will do for horses
towards jireserving their health and strength,
and .soundness, and promoting longevity. —
Mdxs. Pldiujhman.

SULPHUIJ.

There is no remedy and assistant so easily
and cheaply obtained> so harmless to the
fowls, nor so satisfactory in its result, as
sulphur. It being in the system of animals to
a small degree, there is a greater alliuitv tor it
than tlure otherwise would be. It can be
administered to the fowls by having it in a
small box. so that they can help thein.selves,
or by mixing it with llieir food once a week,
as often as there are indications of vermin.
Penetrating, as it does, to every part of the
system, all iiarasites are (luickly and surely
destroyed. AlsogajU'S an' said to be ])revented
in chickens. Fowls need it more than most
animals, their feathers containing between
four and live per cent, of sulphur. Their egirs
also have a small quanily, which is notii^'d by
the discoloring of a silver siiooii when it comes
in contract with a boiled egg. A|)|ilied
externally to the fowls when on the nest, to
tlu! nest itself, or mixed with the soil in the
dii.sting-box. it is equally efficacious in de-
stroying vermin.

To be used as a fumigator of buildings, it is
neces.sary to remove the fowls, dose the room
or house, mix a little .saltixtre witli the
suli>hur in an iron vessel, and apply a match
to the mixturi'. This should be done in the
morning and the doors and windows opened
in the afternoon f<ir a thorough ventilation.

Lard mixed with sulphur in proper jirojior-
tions and applied as often as is necessary to
the fcafhei-s on the neck and back of young
and old turkeys, is a very good safe-guard
again.st the ravages of foxes.

For our own iirolit, and the comfort of the
fowls, let us then use sulphur or remedies of a
like nature. — Poultry U'lnld.

HEALING POWEU OF GLUE.

Many women do not know that glue, as a
healing remedy, is invaluable. For the last
twelve or fourtieu years, says a meclianie, I
have been employed in a shop where there are
over three hundred men at work ; and, as is
the case in all shopsof iliis kind, hardly a day
]iasses but one or more of us cut or bruise our
limbs. At lirst there were but few who found
their way to my department to liave their
wouikIs bound up; but after awhile, it became
generally known that a rag glued on a llesh
wound was not only a speedy curative, but a
formidable protection against furtlier injury.
I was obliged to kee|i a full supjily of r.ags on
hand, to be ready for any emergency. I will
here cile one among many of the ca.ses cuied
with glue: A man was running a boring
machine, with an inch and <a ipiarter auger
attached ; by some means the sleeve of his
shirt caught in the auger, bringing his wrist
in conta<-t with the bit, tcarirej the llc.sh
among the muscles in a frightful manner.
He was conducted to my apartment (tlie
))atlerii shop) anil I washed the wound in
warm water, and glued around it a cloth,
which, when dry, shrunk into a round shape,
holding the wound tighl and linn. Once or
twicea week, for three or four weeks, I dre.ssed
the wouikI afresh, until it was was well. The
man never lost an hour's time in lonsequence.
The truth of this statement hundreds can
testify to. I use, of course, the best quality

of glue.

♦

FAILURES IN UUSINES8.

Peter Cooper failed in making liats, failed
as a cabinet-maker, locomotive builder, and
grocer, "but as often as he failed he ' tried
again,"' until he ccnildVtuud upon Ids feet
alone, then crowned his victory by giving a
million dollars to help the poor boys in all
time to come.

Horace Greeley trietl three or four kinds of
business before he founded the Trihuiii , and
made it worth a million dollars.

Patrick Henry failed at everything he un-
dertook until he made himself "the ornament
of his age and nation.

The founder of the New York TTrntld kept
on failing and sinking his money lor ten years,
th( n made one of the most prolitable news-
papers on earth.

Stephen A. Douglas made dinner tables
and bedsteads and buri'aiis maiiv' a Ion-; year
before he made himself a giant on the lloor of
Congress.

Aliraham Lincoln failed to make both ends
meet !)}■ clioiiping wood ; failed to earn his
salt in tlie galley-slave life of a Mississippi
tlat boatman ; he had not wit emuighto run a
grocery, and yet he made himself the grand
character of tlie nineteenth century.

(ieiieral (Irant faileil at everything except
smoking cigars ; he learned to tan hides, but
could not sell leather enough to pnn-ha.se a
pair of breeches. A dozen years ago " he
lirinight up" on top of a wooil pile "teaming
it" to town for ??40 a month, and yet he is at
the head of a ■rreat nation.

OUR HAIRS numhered.

Somebody has been at the trouble of calcu-
lating the "average number of hairs which
grow on an averai;epei"Soirshea<l. Itis found
thai tin- number variTs according to the color
of the liair. Light or blonde hair is tlic most
luxuriant, the average of this number lieing
14(1.1111(1. When the hair is brown, the usual
number is much less, beingonly llo,(H«l, while
black hairs reach only the average amimntof
KKi.dlHI. It might naturally 1h' supposed that
a li'jht haired person having the most hair
woulil have the greatest weicht to carry, but
it is not so. That which is lighest in color is
also lightest in weight; and a lady with
abundant llaxen locks is as liglit-lieadeda.sone
whose tres.ses are of a raven view. Hence it
follows that the former is of a liner texture
than the latter.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

LITERARY AND PERSONAL.

Habper's Periodicals : The three moBt popular and in-
structive serial publications issued by any one house in this
country, are undoubtedly those of the great publishing house
of Harj^er & Brothers. Their "new Monthly Magazine''
abounds with able and useful, as well as entertaining papers.
The February number contains the fourth of a series of
papers on "The First Century of the Republic," in which
the progress of invention is traced, and the more remarka-
ble inventions beautifully illustrated with a style of wood
engravings for which the Harpers are not surpassed. The
leading arcicle is on " New Washington," in which the ex-
traordinary transformation which our National Capital has
Undergone within the last five years, is graphically sketched
and elaborately illustrated. This magazine has a monthly
circulation of 130,000 copies, and the publishers expend on it
for Hterary and artistic features alone about $70,000 a year,
while the yearly subscription is only $4. . . . Harper's
Weekly, the best illustrated weekly uewspapei; in the world,
has a popularity unrivaled by any similar publication, its
circulation being equal to the magazine. It is stricly honest
and thoroughly independent, while that prince of caricatur-
ist, Tom Nast, constitutes one of its most attractive features,
even to those who get the hardest cuts from his ever-ready
pencil. . . . Their other periodical. Harper's Bazar, is
a journal for the home— being especially devoted to all sub-
jects pertaining to domestic and social life. While it fur-
nishes the latest fashions in dress, it does not neglect any
of the weightier matters pertaining to the care of the house-
hold, or the cultivation of a higher life in mind and morals.
It, too, has been a wonderful success, its weekly circulation
now reaching 90,000 copies. , . . Either of these three
publications are furnished at $4 a year, any two of them for
$7, or the three for $10 in one remittance.

The Library of Congress grows steadily and rapidly.
There has been during the past year an addition of 15,405
volumes and 6,272 pamphlets. The principal source of
increase is in the requirement of the copyright law, making
it obligatory to deposit two copies of each i»ublication in the
library. Under this provision there were received during
the year 6,840 books, 6,436 periodicals, 7,722 musical compo-
sitions, 5.598 prints, 1,358 photographs, 922 engravings and
chromos, 658 maps, charts, and drawings, and 140 dramatic
compositions — a total of 29,674. Mr. Spofford, the Librarian,
in his annual rejwrt, speaks earnestly concerning the impos-
sibility of so enlarging the Capitol as long to afford quarters
for the vast and multifarious collection which is so rapidly
inereasing. He remarks; " In no country in Europe of the
first rank is it attempted to keep the libraay of the govern-
ment under the same roof with the halls of legislation. In
London, in Paris, iu Berlin, in Vienna, in Munich, in St.
Petersburg, there exists a national librai-y having its own
separate buildin^, while the library of the legislative body,
sufiBciently copious and ample for its wants, is provided for
within the parliamentory walls."

The Sacbamento Weekly Union is literally an "im-
mense" newspaper, containing sixteen pages (18 by 24 iu
size) of closely printed matter, in minion type, and seven
columns to the page. There are no blank spaces, no em-
bellished letters, but all is solid reading matter, and on a
multitude of subjects, almost •' boxing the (Uterarj-) com-
pass." We know not how this will comjiare with the leading
weeklies on this side of the Rocky mountains, nor yet
whether the weekly issues of the Unio7i are alwaytf of this
size, but we think they are. We only make this note to
illustrate the wonderful strides the " Golden State '" has made
in journalism, as in everything else, during the last twenty-
five years. Where a paper o ' this kind is profitably patron-
ized, there must necessarily be not only a "lively time,"
but also a readituj community. That, in our opinion, is the
key that unlocks the whole subject. The people are a pro-
gressive and a reading people, and therefore need large
newspaper facilities.

Hand Book of the ''Kansas State Agricultural College,"
Manhattan, Kansas, an octavo of 124 pages, in covers, 1875,
giving the Board of Regents, faculty, exi)lanatory notes, man-
agement, policy, course of study, curriculum for six years,
which is the length of the course, each year divided into two
terms. The departments include Practical Agriculture,
practical horticulture, botany, including entomology and
geology, chemisti7 and physics, English language and his-
tory, mathematics, legal, nientalKind moral science, studies
special to woman, languages. The industrial departments
are the Farm, horticultural grounds, carpenter, wagon,
blacksmith, paint, turning, sawing, carving and engraving
Bhops, and many other practical and useful occupations of
which we will speak again.

'* The Cheehie Maker and Cheese Factory, For such as
seek information pertaining thereto," by Wm. Ralph, Utica, N.
Y. This is a finely illustrated 12 mo. pamphlet, of 55 pages
and an index, giving finely executed engravings of all the
utensils and implements necessary in the manufacture of
this popular industrial product. It also gives all the neces-
sary instructions in the art of cheese making, and specific
tables of the number and size of the various articles em-
ployed, together with their aggregate costs, for a dairy of 20
cows, and from that number up to 400.

Peter Henderson's Catalogues of vegetables, flowering
and other plants, seeds, grasses, &c., for 1875, will favorably
compare with any iu the country. Those in need of any-
thing in this line, or who desire to be instructed in their
culture and floral ormamentation, would do well to consult
their catalogues, and then send on their orders to the pro-
prietor, at No. 35 Cortlaudt street, N. T. They number
about 180 pages, are finely illustrated, and in addition con-
tain five beautiful colored plates of the following : A group
of Roses, a group of Verbenas, a group of Pinks, a grouji of
Lobelias and a New Vegetable, These catalogues, with all
the plates, are mailed to all applicants, by Peter Henderson
& Co., on receipt of 50 cents. A catalogue without tlie platen
will, however, be sent to any address without charge.

Among the scientific serials deserving of favorable notice,
is the Cincinnati Qttarterly Journal of Science, edited and
published by Mr. S. A. Miller. Mr. Miller is a well-known
paleontologist of Cincinnati, and very much interested in
the identification of the fossils of Ohio and the ueighl)oring
States, and in this work he notices a large number of new
species of various orders. There are also papers by other
American naturalists, especially Messrs. Calkins, James,
Newberry, Andrews, and others. Mr. Miller is deserving of
great credit for his enterprise iu initiating this serial, which
supplies a want not filled by any of its American cotem-
poraries.

Specimen pages of Appleton's "New American Cyclopedia,
revised edition. This work, when finished, will be the cy-
clopedia of the period, and ought to be in the possession of
a great many people who will never be able to own a copy.
The cheapest style of binding will be $5 a volume, and it will
be completed in 16 large octavo volumes of 800 pages each ;
the aggregate would be $80. Now, considering the matter,
the fine illustrations, and the great bulk of the work, this is
absolutely cheap — "dirt cheap" — and yet there are many
people who fritter twice that amount away, during its pas-
sage through the press, who will never subscribe for the
Cyclopedia.

The "Gardeners Monthlt" and the **Practical Farmer^'
for January, 1875, and also the " Germantoion Telegraph " —
all occupying different spheres in the agricultural, horticul-
tural, floricultural and arboricultural, past and present his-
tory of the country — have duly come to hand richly laden
with their usual treasures. These may be regarded as the
true representatives of the aforenamed interests in Pennsyl-
vania,and while we would not discharge or displace others of
equal merit from elsewhere, we think that no " Keystone "
farmer should ignore the claims of these old and long tried
friends of the agricultural community.

" Address of the Representatives of the Religious Society
of the Friends in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delawaie"
on Theatrical Amusements and Horse Racing, issued in 1874.
If the whole argument were " confirmations stroug as
proofs of holy writ" — and we have no doubt it is — coupling
two such subjects together, strengthens neither and weakens
both.

'•Report of the '^Pennsylvania Fridt Growers^ Society,^ for
1873-4, prepared by its officers," 140 pages octavo, with a list
of the otficers and members, and several double-page illus-
trations of fruit, &c. Full of interesting essays, addresses,
reports and discussions upon the subjects of fruits and
flowers and other matters relating thereto. Published by the
State, which no doubt accounts for its late appearance.

The National, Live Stock Journal for January, 1875.
maintains its reputation as the best publication of the kind
on the American continent. Any stock-raiser who values
pedigree and blood, may find in the pages of this journal all
that is worth knowing. It is now so permanently estab-
lished, that those who desire it have only to seud on $2.00,
and 15 cents postage, to secure a copy for a year — Chicago,
111.

The Ledger Almanac for 1875 is on our table, and like
its predecessors, is a most capital and useful comj'ilatiou,
containing more reference matter condensed in the small
space, than any work of the kind that has come under our
observation the present season.

Landreth's Til/ ra/ Register and vl ^7»u«irtc for 1875— dis-
tributed gratuitously — is comparatively an unpretending
little 12 mo., freighted, however, with a large amount of in-
teresting and useful information to those engaged in rural
occupations.

Peterson's Lady's Magazine for February, 1875, has
been received, and is a splendid number. It contains
between its covers, all iu the realms of fashion, sentiment,
and the domestic fireside that any woman could desire.

ViCK's Floral Guide for 1875 is so beautifully Dlustrated
and gotten ny, and moreover is so popularly kuovrn, that it
needs no further illxuitratimi from us. Published quarterly
by James Vick, Rochester, N. Y. Price 25 cents a year.

Dry Readimo : A grandson of Noah Webster firesented
to his Majesty, King Kalakaua, of Sandwich Islands, when in
Boston, an elegant copy of Webster's Diciionary, The same
evening he commenced its perusal, at A.

Wood's (illustrated) //oimefiold Magazine is certainly the best
$1,00 magazine in the Union, and every subsequent number
seems better than the last. No. 41 Park Row, N. Y.

Peter Mahan, Sen,, and hia wife, Mary Mahan, of
Stampers Creek, Indiana, are undoubtedly the oldest couple
in that State. He was born June 15, 1782, in Virginia, and is
now, therefore, in his 93d year. Mrs, Mahan was born in
Pennsylvania in 1788, eighty-six years ago. They were mar-
ried June 6, 1806, in Shelby county, Kentucky, removed to
Indiana iu 1807, and settled on Lost River in what is now
Orleans townslip, where they remained until 1812, when they
removed to Stampers Creek township, where they have ever
since resided. They have had twelve children, eight
of whom are living, the youngest, Peter Mahan, being
forty-four years of ago. Notwith4tauding their extreme
old age they are still active, and read the finest print with-
out the aid of glasses. They have been married more than
sixty eight years, and have lived on the same farm since
1812. Mr. Mahan's first first vote for President was cast
for Thomas Jefferson, and he has voted at every election
since.

Joe. W. Fawkes, formerly of Bart, Lancaster county, and
well known as one of the early inventors and experimenters
with the steam plow, which was exhibited on the old Fair
grounds near this city in 1859, and subsequently at the
United States Fair at Chicago, writes an interesting letter to
TheExpre.sSfVfith the editor of which he constructed miniature
water wheels and tilt-hammers in their boyhood, forty years
ago. Mr, F, some years ago settled down at farming at
Maroa, Macon county, 111., where he seems to be prospering,
as he writes enthusiastically of the success of Illinois farm-
ing, and gives some interesting statistics in illustration. Our
old friend is a thorough mechanic, as well as a farmer, and
deserves the reward of success.

Mrs. Watson, wife of Prof. Watson, of Michigan Univer-
sity, is the only woman who enjoyed the privilege of going
on the Transit of Venus expedition from the United States.
First was the overland journey to San Francisco, then a voy-
age lasting twenty-six days to Yokohama, a four days' sail
to Nagasaki, and another of six days to Tieu-tsin. Then fol-
lowed a voyage up the river on small house-boats to Tung-
Chang, and finally a donkey ride of sixteen miles to the im-
perial city of Pekin. Prof. Watson, while at Pekin awaiting
the transit, discovered a new asteroid. He did-not name it after
his wife, but after a Chinese goddess (Ne-Wha) who once re-
paired the sky when it was in a dilapidated condition, and
has thereby earned the respect of astronomers.

The Widows of fifty-four generals draw pensions from
the United States government. It is stated that when the
pension paid to the widows of brigadier-generals, $50 a
month, was ofiered to the nidow of General Meade, she
emphatically declined to receive it because it was less than
that paid Mrs. President Lincoln. Of all the women who
served in the war in various capacities only one was pen-
sioned for physical disabilities, and that was Mrs. Isabella
Fogg, of Maine, who wag seriously injured by a fall, in
Louisville, while engaged in hospital work. She died last
summer.

An accident recently occurred in a coal pit in the north
of England from a curious mistake. A collier went to his
work, taking with him two bottles, almost similar in form,
one of which. contained tea and the other blasting pow^der.
After working for a short time, feeling inclined for a droi* of
his tea, he took from his jacket pocket by mistake the bottle
of powder, and held it over the flame of his lamp some time,
when it exploded, and burned him severely. More serious
results than this have often followed from mistaking a bottle.

Well Done, Girls ! Sir Andrew Fairbairn, chairman of
the Leeds School Board, speaking at a distribution ot prizes
recently, referred to the circumstance that, with one excep-
tion, the whole of the prizes were borne off by girls. And
Miss Alice Vickery, the first and only registered lady phar-
maceutist in England, has just passed honombly, iu company
with Miss Algernon Kingsford, the lirst year's examination
of the School of Medicine of the University of Paris.

Major John M, CowEll, Conveyancer and Real Estate
agent, whose card appears iu this issue of The Farmer, is
a valuable acfiuisition to our local citizenship. He is not
only thoroughly master of his profession but possesses the
advautage of a large experience also as civil engineer, as well
as in conveyancing and real estate business generally.

The New Hotel — The Stevens House — supplies a want
long felt in Lancaster. Our friends in the couuty as well
as those from abroad will there find all the appointments of
a first-class hotel at reasonable charges, and the Messrs,
Wilson attentive and obliging to their guests.

Mr. Corcoran, the Washington banker and philanthro-
pist, has again yielded to his conmieuduble force of habit.
After his princely benefaction of $250,000 to the Columbian
University, he has just given $77,000 toward the building of
the new Episcopal Ascension church in Washington.

Samuel Small Stevens, recently deceased in Baltimore,
bequeathed $40,000 to the theological department of the
Uuiversity of Boston, and $10,000 to benevolent institutions
in Baltimore.

Heinrich Brockhads, whose death is just announced,
was head of the great publishing firm at Leipsic, Germany,
He was a man of culture and ability, as well as a succeBBful
publisher.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

111.

JOHN M. COWELL,

teeiancer mi Real Estate ApEt.

N. W. (OR. DUKE AND GRANT SI'S..

LANCASTEB, PA.

Real KmlaUi of ill dowrijiliou Uiuiihl, nulcl uud »x-
cb&D^ed on coiunilNf^ioii,

l-oatu Srgutiiitrd. MorlKOK.-i< Ixinglit aiiJ «i>lil.

I'ropertirt t»ki u iu i'liari,'<\ uiiil imtK, iutereHt, etc.,
coUt-cled.

I'arliKHlar uttfiitlon fU. ii !■> mattfiH BiimrtniulnK to
lUvil Estate IjiW, aii'l t'wii\"\iwu-lllK.

Jt»sd», Horlyiiyex. Ilritju. Ili/M uml all olhir lig«l
iDStrunji-uttt corrtt-tlj Urawu aiul jjamihuuj*-ly aud ut-atl)
cugrt'ai^*'*!.

itap* of Pi-oiieiiiea, IaiIh, Funua, liC. .and DraugbllDg 111
general accurate)}' aud haudauluely executed.

EDGERLEY & CO.,

Carriage Manufacturers,

MARKET S'IREET.
Jn retii' of Market Uoutte,

I.A.\( ASIKK. I'A.

giving us 11 C4ll).

ALL WORK WARRANTED,

aiii lor th** warn*- rjnaliiy tb»* rbf^aj t-si in ib^ mark* t.

Wt) hiiNf tilt \m-m ahHorliut'Ui of ».t;c<'iul baiiil v^ork on
U:iuiJ f\*'r tifiVrtrd for ^le iii ibt* cuuiilj.

REPAIRING PROMPTL K /I ZTf/VZJfZ? JO.

LANCASTER, PA.,

With whuui ui:i.v L>»- found, at Wbole^aU- and lietail. a Utrge
aeHortmeut ol

^^KUGS, |SC£DICIN£S&^0HEMICALS

Fancy and Toilet Articles,

•JPONGKS. BKl'.SUK.S, PKKFVMr.ltY. fcc. A.v.

rtyticiaiib' PrPhrrijitiLtnv carefully (yiiiij.iJiinilfd. and ortUiR

uitiiiwvrfd witb care and ilif-patrb. Tht- pidiiji- will

&ud our atork of MediciueH roniiil»*te, war-

nuted geuuiue, aud of the besi tiuality.

THE ONLY PLACE IN TOWN FOR CHEAP SOAP!

STEAM SOAP AND CANDLE WORKS,

42 East King-St. Factory — S. Water-St.,

Ket-I 8 cuUMtautly ou baud a ^'uud a»Muriiii'-u( ul

Soaps of all kinds,

T^iUow and Kut lak* n in txihan^r,- iti \\u: biKhes*. market
priiK*M. Pal*"iit Wliecl-ClrfiiHf lor S;il**.

J. B. KEVINSKI,

>S(ILK AliF.NT For.
LASCASTKU VITY A}>ltrOVSrY fult

STEINV/AY & SON'S
WORLD RENOWNED PIANOS,

MASON cS: HAMLIN'S

CELEBRATED ORGANS.
NO. 8 NORTH PRINCE STREET.

moneys;

«iKilv Iliad? liv »c-lliii(( Ti;.\« at IM-
"(mTKKS- PiilcKM. or KetliiiK up
i-hlba iu tovhiia aud country lor the 0\i\-
eat Tea Cuupauy iu .\iuerica. ftreatext iuduconentH. Seud
for circular. ( .\XToX THA fOMP.\NY,

148 thamlJera St., N. Y.

BIXXfMIXliTll.N Sl'liMiKY. Bloomiilgloii, 111.— F. K.
Puauf IX. Kpring liata free, or the aet of fourcitaloguea
poa4 free fcr twenty ceuta. jau '7&-3ui {

DILLER & GROFF,

AGENTS FOH

m mm Ejifw iii mii

The best in the market. Guaranteed to
give satisfaction.

No pay anked until the c_^udJtion« of the fri]araiitc« are ful-
liiied. t'aU aud nee it ttith the late ini)>r*'veuieutH,^

.VLSO A

FULL LINE OF HARDWARE,

BUILDING MATERIALS.
Aud cverMhiug uaually k«pt in a ilrat chtaa Hardware

Hlorn, l(

NO. 7 EAST -KING STREET.

LANCASTER, PA.

CHARLES A. LOCHER,

DEALER LN

DRUGS, CHEMICALS,

MEDICINES,

SPICES, TOILET ARTICLES, &c.

Presriiptioue aud Faioily Hr-ci^.ts caretlluy coin-
pouiidt;d. Al^c inaui.trfcturtr of Jaiu*-» Hmith'u
Celebrated HoiBv acd Cattle Powuere.

No. 9 EAST KING STREET,

LANCASTER, PA.

House- Furnisliing Goods

JOHN D. SKILES',

No. 25 EAST KING STREET.

Jiiat received full linea of

«i,r.ACiii:i) A\i) I .\i!i.i;.\(.nKi)

ShirtiDL Sheeting &?illow-CaseMii!ilifls.

IK KlNiiS, ( nil hs.

TABLK I.JNKNS. TOWKIJ*,
NAl'KI.SH, (JIII.TH,

CorNTl.ni'ANKSaud lO.MFOKT!*.
PUINTS— Xe»iMt Ktylea.

miNTK— HhlrttiiK Klylea.

t'AltlTTS, OH. CLOTHS,

WIMioW HIIADKS, ki'.

ALL AT LOWEST PRICES.

Ureal Ileductlon in WINTKlt IJIIKHS (lOODS, SHA%1.M,
SKIUTS, fir., to make ruolu fur Nprlni; atork. .VIAj, cIohIuk
out our Winter Htock ol

READY-M A 1 )E ( "LOTJIIXG,

At Prices Regardless of Cost.

0<lATIX<JS, CASSIMKKKS aud VKHTIN(JS, made to or-
der or Hold by the yard at ifroatly redutH-d pricea.

H ATS,

FURS,

GENTS' GLOVES,

AND

WALKING CANES,

AU :*t tbe lowest prions, at the

CENTRAL IIAT STORE,

39 West King Strfcet,
Si'it to C«-'Opt!'e Hotel,

^
^
y

LANCASTEB, PEISTNA

AMEE ii HESLET. I ,

111

GILUS CITY GALLERY

PHOTOGRAPHY,

No. 19 East King Street,
LANCASTER, PA.

OPENING OF THE NEW HOTEL.

THE STEVENS HOUSE,

COR. WEST KING & PRINCE STS.,

LANCASTER CITY, PA.,

/.v xoK^ OjP/:.v to receive guests.

:m. h. "vvilso:^ «& sor

F.lTKON'Alii: <n' FARMER*) NOI.ICITED.

fii COMMODIOUS STABLING FURNISHED ON
REASONABLE TERMS.

Call and be eooviuretl.

JOHN D. SKILES.

Farmers, Attention!

H. C. EICHHOLTZ,

• NO. OS NORTH QUEEN STREET,

Will sell you a Oood .\rtl>le of Cutlery of any Und.

Will alao repair any t-uttiuK luHtruineut you may hare. In
the l>06t Diauner,

Will make you a stencil plate for markiUK your baga,
your liuen or anything eUe. Anything in the at&iup Uoe
made to order.

NEW GOODS

OrE.NEU IIAILV AT

O XJ ISr ID ^A^I^ E! FL' s

MILLINERY AND TRIMMING STORE.

I..\DiK»^. ««i have ju*,t 01 ci»-d a IiirK*" a)«Hortiu«;iil of

Hamburg Edgings and Insertings,

At Gcts. pkk Yaiid ip to SL'25.

Aleo all the bileat alylea of Dreaa Trlmniinga, auch a«

aiMi»S; frt:n^oeb,

OF EVEWY I»EHCBIl'T10N.

Abo. everything ehie kept in a

FIRST-CLASS
MILLINERY and TRIMMING STORE,

And will itlwuyrt (ruftranlW; our pric»s lu Ir- tin; VMr> Low-
cet and (iiulUy tbe iK-tit.
Otve utH B call ut

GUNDAKER'S,

142 and 144 North Queen Street,

IV. .

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

W. D, SPRECHER,

I>KA.I.Ert IN'

f Uld, Bar den I- flawer Segii

FARMING IMPLEMENTS,

TERRE com aiiURON WATER PIPE,

PUMPS, LAX J) PLASTER,

FERTILIZERS. COTTON BAGS,

ECLIPSE WHND MILLS,

STUDEBAKER FARM WAGONS,

XEAVCf/VWKPSEED.

31 :EJ. X^TlSTGr ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.

z
o
>

X
h

Iiliifst Faid on Bepesits.

3I0XEY TO 1,0AX AT ALL TIMES.

A GEXEUAI- I'.AXKIXa liUSIXESS

TKAXSACTEI) JX ALE ITS

r.llAXCIlES.

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER iN ALL KINDS OF

ROCJB^ r N ( i SL ATE-

iiKi rrE :

No. 15 EAST KING STREET,

1.1, -T.Vly I.ANf ASTICK. PA.

AGRICULTURAL STORE,

No, ;V20 Xorlh Oueeii Street, Lancaster,

(Near New JIai'ket Iloiiee).

Riapers Eb Mcwers/OcTaiii Drills,

Tho Improvrd Kn.-k:i\vay Ornin Fan. Pratt'n Patent Hay

Hukf* and < 'nrii SIuIIpi-h for Horfc mid Hand Power,

tUitliuy ]iiix*;s, Corn PlantfTN, and Imjiroved

CUler Mills

ot different kinds and pjzw ; also, all kinds of Coach-
makers' Stull'.

Farmers, look to your Interest before buying elsewhere.
I can Bell ii( small iiroain. The Shop is two B'luares
northwest of 1*. 11. R. Depot, and two sqnarefi wouth of
Heading Depot. jrickoi*>* Lumber and Spuke "Wood taken
in exchange for ^Miichinch'.

PLANING AND SA-WING

of all kinds at fhort notice ; and r'aptin;,'8 kej>t on hand for
repairing Farm ^[achinery. AUo, Agrirnltnral imple-
ments of every deficription on band. Wire and Sieves
mad© to order for farmers.

SAMUEL KEELEE,

MnyH '74-lv Lancaster, Pa.

FLOWER

SEEDS,

VEGETABLE

SEEDS.

jan '75-3Baos

Spoener's Prize Flower Seeds.

Spner's Bostti Martet
VEGETABLE SEEDS.

PeBcriptivo Priced Ci»talognie, with
over ir»o illUBtratioua, mailed free to
applicant.

W. H, SPOONER, Boston, Hass.

THE BEST

>Ty annual c:italotrne of ^v■t;pt.'lLlf and Fhiuer Seed for
lft75, will lie ready by Jan. 1st for all who apply, rustom-
ers of last season need not write for it. In it will he found
several valuable varieties of i*ew vegetables introduced for
the firt»t time this season, having made new vegetables a
specialty for many ye;irs. Growing over a hvndred and
fifty varieties on my several farms, I would particularly iu-
\"ite the patronage of market gardeners and all others who
are especially depii-ous to have their seed pure and fresh, and
of the very he.-<t ritrain. All ?eeds Hent out from my establish-
ment are covered by three warrants as given in my cata-
logne. JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass.

CENTRE HATf

Has now ready the Largest Stock of

For MEN, YOUTH anfl BOYS, JtADE t^P OF EVEKY
VARIETY OF GOOIiy and COLORN.

PRICES TO SUIT EVERYBODY.

CENTRE 11A.T.L

Has an Immense Stock of

PIECE GOODS.

All the Latest Styles in the market to make up to order, at
low prices, and at shortest notice.

To save money, buy yonr Clothing at CENTRE HALL, a
Live House, where they keep up with the times.

MYERS & RATHVON,

CENTRE HALL, 12 East King Street,

my 'Ti-ly LAKCASTEK, PA.

SECOSr AMUAL CATALOGUE

SUSQUEHANNA GREENHOUSES

AXTi

PLANT lfUEBt;RIES,

NOW KK'.DT.

Containing dc-i- <• ii,tn of
EOSEHanrt Smai.j. Plants.
Send for Catalogue— //PC
to aU. Addresa

D. L. RESH, Columbia, Pa.

p. O. BOX 330.

M VM tACTCRER OI"

XjiXJ]\/^:]B3E3T^,

Wtllianisport aitfi XooA- ITave.n,

Bill Mills— ROl'ND ISLAND k PORTAGE, PA.
Retail Lumber and Coal Yard,

NORTH WATER STREET, ABOVE P. R. R., LAHCASTEE, PA.

AMOS MILEY,

No. 108 North QueenSt., Lancaster, Pa.,

jiANUFACTrr.Ei; ov and deai.ek in

SADDLES, HARNESS,

Collars, Bridles, Whips. &c.

Also, a Fine Lot of

Tjuaks, ?aB§e§, Cispet lags,

BUFFALO robes; &c.

HARNESS ANP TRUNKS NEATLY EErAIEED.

LANCASTER, PA.

JOK^ REST,

MANrFACTTRER OF

Horizontal, Vertical and Portable, from 1 V. to 100 Uor»e-Pf.

STEAM B0ILEES~AJ)A1'TE1) TO ALL

PLTRPOSE.S.

Castings of all descriptions, Heavy ajid Tiight, Made to Order.

!
1

Illustrated Catalogues

^«^ 1875 "''

EVERYTHING

FOR THE

GARDEN!

( Seeds! Plants ! )

\lmplements. Fertilizers, etc./

Nambering 173 pages and containing five
beauiiful cok)reil jyhit^ityra^WQii ou receipt
of 50 cents.
Catalogue, without plates, free to all.

35 Cortlandt St.,

NEWTOBBi.

H. G. LIPP & CO.,

No. IS EAST KING STREET,

LANCASTER, PA.

HOUSE FURNISHING GOODS,

COOKING STOVES, RANGES.

PARLOR STOVES AND HEATERS COMPLETE.
S:OTTSE-STI"R,ES,

Plumbincj, Steam and Gas Fitting. Te^ra
Cotta, Iron andLead Pipes Tin Roofing and
Spouting done. Prices as low as any,

H. G. XiIPP & CO.

Published Quarterly. Janxarv Xi'Mkrr just

Issued, and cont.iiiis over 100 Pages, 500 En<;havings,
rfcscriptii.ns of more riian 500 of our tisst Flowers
and Vegetables, wltli I lirections for Culture, Colored

Plate, tic. I'lie most useful .ind clegnnt work of

Ihe kind in the world. Only 115 cents for the ye.-ur.

Piibli^ihed in Kni;IiNh ;ind tlermaii.

A.lrlre-, JAMES VICK. Rochester. N. V.

Frol S. S. BATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA.. FEBRUARY, 1875.

PEABSOL * OSIST, TaUltlun.

THE FAEMERS' HOME OEGAN.

mmt

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER,

DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
AND MISCELLANY.

> Piiblished under the auspices of the Lancaster County
Agricultural and Horticultural Society. .

Xditel by Frof. S. S. BATSTOir.

With the Jsnnary iMue (1875) The Farmer entered nptm
itn B©venth year, under a change of proprietore, the pnblicft-
tlon ha^ing been trunsferred to the uoderRigned, who pro-
pose to mako it In all reftpeclB a flrsl-claite local organ of tb6
Important interwita to which it is especially devoted.

With thin view Tne Fabmck hae been enlarged snd iti
form changed to the Imperial Magazine style, each number
containing twenty pages Imp. 8vo., each page meawuring 9}4
by 13 Inches, sixteen of which will be eiclusively devoted to
reading matter, the advertiwements and "standing matter "
being limited to the remaining pages. This iucresse of size
and change of form, together vc\\h the nse of a more compact
type, enablen nitTo i^%'e twice as much readhig matter M
wa» contained in the old form.

If this effort to give the ngrioultnral community of Lan-
CAater county a publication worthy of their honorable calling
la liberally seconded, we proj owe to add other improve-
menta from time to time, including lllnatrations of irnpor*
tant topics of geueral interest, and pupere from special con-
tribntOrs on the more imiwrtant local ludnstries and n-
eources of the counly — a wide field, which has been very
little oultivated by our local press.

The contributions of our able editor. Prof. Rathvon, on
fcubjecta connected with the science of farming, and partlo
nlarly that apeoialty of which he ia so thoroughly a master—
entomological science — some knowledge of wtiich has become
a neceesfty to the suocAssful fanner, are alone worth much
more than the price of this magazine.

The Farmer wlU be published on the Iftth of eT«r7
uonth, printed on good paper with cle^r. tyi)e, in oon-
Tenient form for reading and binding, and nuiUed to aub-
Mnibers on the following

TEHMS:

To snbeerlbers rf«ldiug within the comity—

$i.oo
- 5.00

To subacribers cait«ide of LaDca«t«r oouDtf, Including
postage pre-paid by the publishers:

One copy, one y««r. - . >,^ Ji^ .V-Z • $'-»5

Fiva copies, one year, . • • . • . 5.00

All subecriptipna will eommenoe with the January Dum-
ber unless olnerwise orderc<I.

All com mil nicat ions intended for publication should be
addressed to the Editor, and, to secure insertion, should be
ill his bunds by the firat of the mouth of publication.

All business letter*, containing siit>HuriptioDS and adwr-
tiaonents, ahould be addnsHcd to the liulilishcrs,

PEARSOL & GEIST,

Eicpress Buildings, aa, South Queen Street,
LANCASTER, PA.

One copy, one year,
Six copies, one year, -

BATES OF ADYERTISIBi'O.— T«n C'entfi a
line for ends lu(w>rtlon. Twelve lines occupy one
tsch of space. 5o Ct'Ts wider than a aingle column taken.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

EDITORIAL ARTICLES

Our "Situation,"

PAGE.
17
The Potato Blieht (Peronofpora iufettaM,) 17
The Patrons of Husbandry, - - - 18
Blackberries, . . - - - 18

What is " Anguentum ?" ... - 19
Daniel Welwter (Kindness to Animals,)
The Persimmon— Sex — Varieties,
Good Butter, ------

Butter Making— The Cow— Odors— The
Milk Room.
Specimen Copies of The Farmer, -
" Dying for our Country,"

19
19
19

20
20
21

Voices from Abroad— ''Here and There,"
Farming In IllinolB— Reminiswooea of
By-gone Days — (Joseph W. Fawk»8)
" iMe s Letter from Home"— (C. H.
Stoltxfus.)
The Farmers' Northern Market,
Canaries, ---..-
Our National Centennial {lUuflraltd,) •

The Agricultural Department.
Our Public Reception, - - - -
Wh»l Others Siy of Ci.
Culture of the Grape, J. M- W- Grist (777kj-
<roM— .Three Engravings,)

Flsnting the Vine— t'onntruction of the
Trellis— Pruning «nd Training. ■

Lancaster County Apples, H. M. En<;le,

The Smokehouse, " Wllliiim Peuu, "

"Peun," "Pen," 8«ylor, All-SMmmer,

Klaproth, Belmont, Fauuy, Fr«ukUn.

The Persimmon {Diospyras Virginiana).

CASPEKlIlI.bEK, - - - - -

W heat C leanings. No. a. J. StaufF£K,
Straw as a Lightning Conductor, -
An Ohio Prize Milk Cow, . . - -
Farmer John — A Domatic Poem. J. T.
TuowniiimiE, . - - - -

Our Local Organization. Reported by J.
M. W. Geist, ------

Interesting Proceedings of the Lanca.-
ter County Agricultural and Hortl*
cultural Society.
Fertility in the Soil. Am. Agr.,
The Relations of Hygiene to Practical
Medicine, ...--.
. Prof. Jarvla 8. White, M.1). Sanitarian.
Agricultural Miscellany, • 29-:J0

Binding Qraio— Imrorlint Inrention.— How
to Restore Fertility.— How to Make the
Farm Pay.— Plowing.— Education of Far-
mers' Children.- Hay Producing and Mar-
ketlug.— Hay Preaslug or Baling.— The Best
Field BeanB.— How to.Xprly Lime.— Itaialng
Potatoes.— Horse- Shoeing.
Horticultural Miscellany, - - 80-31

Evergreen Trees.— The Arhor-Vit».— The
Culture of Flowere.^Pereunials aad Bed-
ding Plants —Blanching Celery.- Remedy
for the Pear Blight.— Jacob Cookliu— Au
*' Old Digger."

Domestic Economy, . - - - 31-32
Valuable Domestic Reci|>e«— Roasting a Sirloin
of Betf.- noasllng Turkey and CarylOK.—
Boup Making.— Charcoal for I'oullrj.— The
Curative Potato.— Glycerine for Preserving
Fruit.— A Hnjipy Home.— I'naired Rooms.
—Keep the Birthdays.- A Fruit Can
Opener.— To Prevent Rusting.
Literary and Personal, ....
The Grape Culturist .— " The American Farmer
M. The Colorado Potalo-Bestle." — I>escrii>-
llve Catalogues of Se^^ls, Nursery Slock,
Tborougli-Bnid Stock, .\gricnUural Publi-
cations, etc.
RairfnpnM AnnoDnrementa, • - <l. III, iv
This department Is a lilrectory' to flrnt-clasa business
hoQBea, to which we in\it« special atteuttoo.

21
21

23
24
24
24

24
25

TES UNCASTEB EIFE&SS,

(DAILTr AND W KKKI.TJ

1\)» \.ti.i\i)f Local Family and Busineu Nnitpaptr, and ths
oi)ljr Independeijl Republicap Journal it) the Countj.

THE

THE -t

E E KLY, [
1843. J

FOUMDJL'D

BY THE

PRESENT PROPBIETORS.

f ■

THE

A I L y ,

666.

Thk Wbbklt EXPREA8 bA8 been before th« oitli«ns of

Lancaster oonnty for a period of thirty-two years, and Tas
Daily Kxpbehn for ovpf righlwn yeors. During this long
(leriod, and without chongo of mansK«ment, Tne F.xrBKss
hoR fairly t>arn<d a large fibar« Af patroBaffe and flrmly
estabhHhrtl lti*eif in the public confldencc, an an upright ana
Independent Jonmal, ncrver hu«ltatln|t to defend the rlffht
and denounce the wronR, no matter where found to exist.
It has always Ween a journal of progress, and ttie ontapoktti
friend of education, temperance, sound morals andreUglou.
As In the (last, so it will continue in the future.

TERMS OF THE EXPRESS.

The Weekly Express, one year, - - $>.oo

The Daily Express, one year, .... 5.00

The Express and The Parmer : To any person residing
within the llroltB of Lancaster county we will mail—
The Weekly and the Lancaater Farmer, on* year, t>'SO
The Daily and the Farmer, one year, - 5.00

fiEAL ESTATE ADVERTISING.

The exteadM rirciilation of Thr Kxi'HV.hs raakM it the
be«t medium for advertisinR Real Estate and Personal
Property in the <xmuly, a fad which can be ald'stcd by the
many farmers and others who have availed themselves of
the use of its columns, and to wluch we iurite Ihe atteotioD
of all tuvlug proi>erty to dispose of.

PRINTING SALE BILLS.

Thr KxrBBSs printing ofHoeisoneof the best furnished
establishments for tumluK out all kinds of pnntlng to be
found in the Interior of the t4t«te. We are prepared to
print any Job from the small \'isitinff card to the largest aaks
or horse bill, jwsler, or broadnide, plain or In colors, as
quickly as it can 1m' done at any other establJshiueut, and on
as reasonable terms. We make the jirinting of Sal^^dilU
for Farmev a speoteUy, and gu»r*«tee satisfactloa to our
cuBtomerv.

OUR STEAM POWER PRESSES

include the various patt**mR adapted to printing booki,
jiampblelH, posters, sale-bills, hand-bills, millers' recelpte,
cataloKum of live st<<ck. and any kind of work done in a
flrst-claw printing ofllre; in short anything that maybe
called for by the farmer, merchant, banker, mechanic, or
business man. and we guarant*^ to do the work as satisfac-
tory ss it can be done in Philadelphia or elsewhere.

With oue of the most complete Job Ofllcee In the State,
and unsurpaKse*! conveniences for expeditiously tnming out
work by thtOx-sf worknten, under the perwjual supervision
of the proprietors, who arc l>oth practical printers, all per-
sona m need of I'riiitlug will And It to their Intcrcet to glre
UH a trial.

PEARSOL & GEIST,

BOOK. NEWSPAPER AND JOB PRINTERS.

Express Buildings, aa, South Queen-tt,

TiATTCASTER, FA.

Oar Preiait K«oniH are open to Visitors, and they %t%
alw'ays welcome to look at oar machinery in operation.

II.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Iflif^;

A reliable time-piece sboald be In the possession of
every farmer, and nowbere can a better, more correct
and reliable Watch, either American or Swiss, be ob-
tained, warranted In every respect as represented, than

H. L.ZAHM&CO.

NO. 20 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

NEXT DOOR TO MARBLE FRONT.

SILVEBand SILVER PLATED WABE,
KNIVES, FORKS AND SPOONS.

A LARGE STOCK.

Fanners, tls a pleasnre to have a good time-piece; tls
also a pleasure to enjoy the beautiful In agriculture and
hortloilture, and to seb the latest Improvements In
these, and all things nature has blessed us with. There-
fore. GOOD KVB siOBT is necessary lor the enjoyment of
these pleasures. The eye Is often strained and weak-
ened from different causes and should be helped In
time, call on H. L. ZAHM & CO.. where H. L. Zahm. the
oldest and most experienced optician, with A PRACTICE
OF THIRTY YEARS, will nt you with glasses warran-
ted to strengthen and renew the sight vrtthout a doubt.

DO NOT FORGET THE PLACE.

NO. 22 NOETH QUEEN STEEET,

OPPOSITE BAER'S BOOK STORE.

BPECIAETT : Spectacles, Jewelry and Watches.
Repairing — Warranted First-class.

THE ilST Mi S41F1TS

ARE MADE BY

THOS. W. BROWN,

(SUCCESSOR TO ED. BUCKENDEBFER,)

COVERLET AND CARPET WEAVER.

STOEE, 542 EAST KING ST.

FACTORY, 541 & 543 E. MIFFLIN ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.

CUSTOMER WORK A SPECIALTY.

J F. FRUEAUFF,

Office-ao4 L,ocust-st. House-27 S. Secdnd-st.

coz.xyacBXA. pa.

BOOKS I

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, Wills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,

And all nunner of AOREEHENTS neatly and expeditiously
drawn. Caaee carefully and tboroy^hly tried before

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS. ROAD- VIEWERS. AUDITORS.

Or in any Courts of Lancaster County.
COUNSEL GIVEN TO

EXECUTORS. ADMINISTRATORS & ASSIGNEES,

Or TruBteea of any kind.

Collections, large or amall, made upon a uolform table of
lates, 1q all parts of the United States.

Special facilities for CoUectiouB of Estates or Debts in
Europe.

Conaultatlons and Correspondence conducted in either the
Freuch, German or English languages.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

Columbia, Penna.

JOHN BAER'S SONS

No. 15 North Queen Street,

LANCASTER, PA.,

Invite the attention of the public to their large and well se-
lected stock of

Miscellaneous anl School Boots,

English and German Publications,
BLANK BOOKS,

Comprising Ledgers, Day Books, Cash Books, Joonuls,
Pass Books, be, Foreign and

Domestio Writing Papers,

AND STATIONERY.

Having many years' experience in the business, ample
capital and a spacious store, we

HAVE THE BEST FACILITIES

for conducting our business, and offer special inducements to
all who may favor us with their patronage.

t^~ Agents for

Excelsior School Eumiture.

GBO.W.BIDWN'S

FDRNMRE WAREROOMS,

No. 13 EAST KING STKEEI,

Over Llpp's Tin Store, next floor td First
National Bank.

AND

KITCHEN FURNITURE,

UPHOLSTERING DONE IN
ALL ITS BRANCHES.

HAIR, HUSK & COMMON MATTRESSES.

CANE AND WOOD-SEAT

All kinds of Fnrsitore made to Order.
tyRepalrlng of all kinds promptly attended to.
GEO. W. RROWN.

Established 1770! Established 1770!

H.CDEMUTH,

MANUFACTUKER OF

AKD

FINE CIGARS.

JOBBER IN CHEWING & FINE-CUT TOBACCOS.

Ail the best tobacco in the market at the lowest re-
tail prices.

114 E. King St., Lancaster, Pa.

Rattivon fe PislieF,

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

III fllllllll

e:st/^bi.isxiimi[e:nt.

Cor N. QUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

ENGLISH WORSTED, TRICOT,

GRANITE, CASTORS AND

CASSIMERE COATINGS

AND VESTINGS.

All the Fine and Common Grades of

EoElisIi & American Pantaloonings and Yestings

SILK, VELVET, MERINO, CHALLEE,

AND VELENTIA VESTINGS.

Plain and Figured.

Ready-made Clotning of borne manutacture tor Men
and Boys. Hosiery, a full line of shirts, Collars, Shams,
and Neck Fixings, etc.

Clothing: made to order promptly, and warranted to
give satisfaction. Agents for the sale of Scott's Fashions.

RATHVON & FISHER,

Practical Tatlora.

E. J. BBJSICAIT,

The Shirt Maker,

AND DEALER IN

FINE SHIRTS, SLEEVE BUTTONS, COL-
LARS, CUFFS, DRAWERS, NECK-
TIES, UMBRELLAS, GLOVES,
SUSPENDERS, EMBROI-
DERED SHIRT FRONTS.

SHIRTS MADE TO. ORDER.

WARRANTED TO FIT.

118 isroiiTia: Q,"CJEEisr ST.,

(Next door to Horting & Schlott's Hotel),
LANCASTER, PA.

MARSHALLS'

Centre Square, Lancaster, Fa.

For French Kip Boots, For French Calf Boots, For Calf and
Kip Boots, for heavy Boots and Shoes.

GO TO MARSHALLS'.

BOYS' AND YOUTH'S KIP BOOTS,

RUBBERS OP EVERY STYLE.

Ladies', Misses and Children's fine Button Work. Also,
particular attention paid to customers leaving their meas-
ure. We use nothing but the best of material, and employ
none but the best of workmen.

tS^Repalriug promptly attended to. *

liAXTCASTSH, PA.,

With whom may be fonnd, at Wholesale and Retail, a large
assortment of

HUGS, ^EDICINES&pMKMICALS

Fancy aad Toilet Articles,

SPONGES, BRUSHES, PERFUMERY, be, Ac.

Physicians' Prescriptions carefully compounded, and orders
answered with care and dispatch. The Public will
flud our stock of Medicines complete, war-
ranted genuine, and of the beat quality.

The Lancaster Farmer.

Prof. S. S. SATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA., FEBRUARY, 1875.

Vol VIL No. 2,

OUR "SITUATION."

It is not to be inferii'd lh;it when an indi-
vidual assumes the editorial control of an
agricultural Journal, that he therefore knows,
or necessarily ouglit to know, more upon
agricultural sultjects than all, or any portion,
of his readers. K veil if he were an aeknowledReil
oracle on the sulijeet, iiis stock of knowledffe
would soon be exhausted. It is iirecioiis little
real knowledge that any mw man has, on aiii/
subject, in this age of sliifting and constantly
developing progression, and the more an indi-
vidual knows, the more humiliated lie becomes
at the scantiness of his stock of knowledge, the
more deeply he will be impressed with the
rertection that there is much for him yet to
learn ; and these facts and feelings he may be
doomed to carry with him through all his
experiences, to the very end of the longest
possible life-lease. An agricultural journal is
essentially — or ought to be — a depository of
the thoughts, experiences and knowledges of
its readers, its contributors and its patrons,
among the agricultural classes ; and an agri-
cultural editor, at best, can be little more than
"a gatherer and disposer of other men's stuff;"
and to do this effectually would seem to pre-
clude the possibility of his attaining proticiency
in both functions. The functions of the editor
are necessarily those of ktlers — .a collector and
arranger of the external garments which clothe
the ideas of practical cultivators; and although
it may not be necessary for him to have a
mechanical knowledge of the subject, yet he
should be sufficiently intelligent to comprehend
its scope and avoid impcjsition.

Six years ago the editorial mantle was, in a
manner, thrust upon our .shoulders, and the
experiences of those six years have served only
to astonish ns at the little progress we have
made ; and if anything were necessary to in-
crease our astonishment, it is, that the world
itself has api)arently been progressing no faster,
notwithstanding its many h^gh professions.

Since the functions of an agricultural editoi',
then, are mainly thoseof a ' 'gleaner, ' ' the value
of his labor will be more or less apparent and
effective, according to the character of the tield
allotted him to glean. If there is nothing in
it, nothing can come out of it. But we have,
during all this time, felt a conviction that in
the field which we are exploring there are
valuable "mines of wealth," and we have
never been without the hope that we would
ultimately strike the rich veins for which we
have so long been " prospecting."

It is not personal pecuniary wealth, either
present or prospective, that has stimulated us
in this apparently bootless enterprise ; but the
moral, social and intellectual wealth, which
we felt was hidden in the deep recesses of rural
minds, and the life-experiences of our fanning
population. We have all along felt, and we
still feel, that there is no independence more
enviable than that of a Lancaster county far-
mer, and if we have had any ambition in
the matter, it is that he might stand socially
and intellectually where he does physically and
materially.

From the very origin of The Farmer, in
assuming its editorship, we never expected to
dictate, or to teach practical lessons on agri-
culture, but merely to manipulate the jour-
nal .so as to make it a medium of the jjractical
ideas of our farming public; and to do this
successfully we did expect, and we still expect,
the co-operation of our rural patrons.

When the centennial jubilee of American
freedom and independence transpires, we want
to see our journal and its patrons occupying a
position worthy of the "grand old county" in
which was established the second printing
office and printing press that dignified the
early history of the American continent. If

this is a fantasy in us, it is due to partialities
and sympathies imbibed for farming occupa-
tions through a five year's api)rentice8hip dur-
ing a labor-iovhig boyliood.

It is, of course, indisputable, that if an
editor is so i'listructed and constructed as to
combine all the practical and thiMiretical know-
ledges of farming in his own fiiiK'tional com-
position, he would possess superior (pialifica-
rioiis for the work befori^ him, and could do
much more good. IJut then we rarely, or never,
find such rare combinations of talent, in any
calling, consenting to work six or seven years
without the hope of pecuniary compc^nsation.

Even if an editor should not be able tocom-
liose and write a single original contribution,
he might still find the labor of selecting and
compiling infinitely more onerous than origi-
nal composition. There is much that finds its
way into public prints of a most excellent
character that may not be at all adaiiled to
specific localities, and therefore if our agri-
cultural and domestic readers cannot write
themselves, we will feel ourselves under obli-
gations to them for approi^riate selections ap-
proved by their judgment, and which they may
desire to preserve in a more compact and du-
rable form, than they are in the journals where
they first appeared.

THE POTATO BLIGHT.

{Peronospora infeitann.)

On page 11, at the bottom of the third
column, of our January number, is a brief
notice of an important step that has been
gained in the natural history of the "Potato
blight," through the investigations of Prof.
De Bary, of Strasburg, Germany, in which he
has detected the existence of an "alternation
of generations," in the life-history of the
above named parasitic fungus, which causes
the disease.

A very full history of the "Potato blight
and rot" is also given in the United States
Agricultural Report for 187.3, with many
microscopic illustrations, (pp. ISlJ to 19i))
through the investigations of Dr. Payen, Dr.
Lyon Playfair, Rev. M. .1. Berkeley and other
eminent mycologists of Europe. Although
the researches of these distinguished savans
are very interesting, yet, as their experiments
were mainly microscopic, and under a power
of 50 to 75 diameters, very few farmers, under
the ordinary opportunities of observation,
woidd ever be able to detect the minutia
which they describe ; nevertheless, the
"blight" aiid "rot" are the visible effects of
causes which have their beginnings in just
such minutia as are here alluded to, and Ihirc
is where the remedy must be applied, if ever
the disease is to be abated.

It is stated that the potato disease was first
observed in Germany, near Liege, in 1842 ; in
Canada in 1844, and in England in 184.5.
This may be so, in reference to the places
named, but potato-rot was known in Penn.syl-
vania, to our knowledge, at least ten years
prior to the latter date, or about 18:i5, and
was quite extensively prevalent throughout
Lancaster county ; aiid especially on low rich
grounds. Wc cultivated a lot that j-ear, and
except in one end, which was little more than
a bed of stone-coal ashes, the potatoes all had
the "rot."

It has been estimated that the damage sus-
tained by Great Britain and Ireland alone, in
the year 1845, amounted to at least Ui-mtij-one
niiUions pounds sterJituj, and that in the follow-
ing year it was nearly twice that amount.

Tlie Tycmdon Titwa estimated that the loss
sustained by Great Britain in 1872 reached
about thirlti millions sterling.

For the last quarter of a century the potato

rot has been attributed by the most scientific
and intelligent explorers, to a jjarasitii^ fungus,
most (extensively known as Botrytis itifesUms;*
but byaraciM>f cliarlatans it liasl)cen attribu-
ted to all sorts of improbable, and in some
instances inq)>ssihle, sources ; and on these
theories remedies have been improvised, about
as u.seless and as ridiculous as administering
salt' to a bird's tail, or snuff to a di-sordered
threshing machine. The researches of Dr.
Payen, however, have resulted in the discovery
of a form of fungus in diseased potatoes that had
not been previously known, although Berkeley
and others are of" the ojiinion that the new
form discovered by Payen may be only a
secondary fruit of li'itri/tis itself, the habits of
which are not yet fully understocjd, notwith-
standing some of the ablest explorers of
Europe have for years been devoting mcjre or
less attention to this subject. It has been
discovered that the fungus attacks the stalks
first, causing brownish blotches and then 'the
disease is transmitted to the tubers. If a
withered stalk be taken, which has decayed
through tlie infection of the fungus, it will lie
found that the brown marks have matured
into forms similar to those discovered by Dr.
Payen, and if a section of the same is made
lengthwise, the interior wjU also exhibit spores
highly matured, and generally connected with
a very slender-jointed brown mould (my
cclium). These details are interesting in a
microscopical sense, but they arc too delicate
to be of much practical advantage to potato
growers in general.

Here, however, is a statement that is of a
more practical character, whether we can
account for it on rational principles or not.
Mr. Alartin McKinzie, of Boston, Ma.ss., wrote
to the department at Washington, in Novem-
ber, 187-2, to the effect that in a field near his
residence. Early Ros(! and Jackson White
potatoes were planted the previous season, in
enclosures adjoining each other, but the Early
Rose proved nearly an entire failure from
fungus-blight, whilst the Jackson Whites
were an entire success, growing to perfection.
Not the slightest appearance of blight was
manifested on them in a single instance, and
it is further stated, that all the conditions of
planting, cultivation, manuring and .soil, were
in both cases iiractically the same. It is
alleged that this is not an isolated case by any
means, and may ultimately demonstrate that
the disease was due to the condition of the
seed before it was planted.

It has often been stated that "the potato,
from high cultivation, is running out, and
that recourse should be had to the seed of the
I)lant, as a means of renewing the crop." And
here it may be stated that the tubn- or edible
portion, and which grows and matures under
gronnd, is not, properly speaking, the seed of
the plant. Tkat is only an enlargement or
tuljeral development of the root. The seed is
contained in the berry, or apple, which grows
on the tops, and in form is similar to that of
all other solanacious plants, the egg plant and
the t<miatofor instance. It is from the plant-
ing of these seeds that new varieties are pro-
duced, and it is to this source, many c intend,
we nmst return to escape the diseases which
now so extensively infect the plant. Some-
thing analagous to Ibis obtains in i)erpetuating
ths <inality of "live stock," and in all proba-
bility it is the same in the vegetable world.

To know exactly when the .seed is infected
by di.scase, and to what extent, in order to
prevent its increa.se and spread, is what potato
growers want, and ought to know. But, if
the presence of disease in the seed-tuber can be
determined only by the aid or a .50 or 75 diame-
ter microscope, there seems to be a poor pros-

•Now referred to the genua Peronotpora.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

pect for tlie potato, unless the govenimeuts,
State and National, should create Bureaus,
and require all seeds to pass an ordeal of micro-
scopic examination, and have a "stamp"
attached before they are iiemiitted to be plant-
ed, a thing more easily conceived than done.
From the foregoing, it seems very evident
that the seed of the Jackson Whites, in the
specific case alluded to, may not have been
previously infected, and that the product was
proof against the attacks of fungi, although
the spores were floating in the air by millions,
and they must have been surrounded by them.
It is well known that a superabundance of
moisture and heat produce rank vegetation,
and it is also quite as well known that when
this peculiar combination of climatic circum-
stances is prolonged when the tubers are ma-
tured, that rot is more likely to follow than
when the season is dry ; but when two varie-
ties of the potato are growing side and side,
and all the culture and climatic conditions are
the same, and yet one variety escapes and the
other becomes infected, we are almost bound
to conclude, either that the one is rot-proof, or
that insipient rot was in the seed-tuber of the
other when it was planted.

It appears that European savans liave no
better remedy to suggest in such cases, than
to cut off the tops as soon as the brown fun-
goid blotches appear on them. This might
answer the purpose if done just at the right
time, and if the mere preservation of the tubers,
as an article of food, was the object; but Amer-
ican savans think that from the absence of
stalks, leaves, and the healthy action of air and
light, the tubers would not attain a healthy
and consolidated growth, and would therefore
be unfit for seed.

It is conceded that the germs of a disease
may exist in an animal or a plant— either con-
stitutionally in their systems, or in the sur-
rounding atmosphere— without said disease
ever becoming developed, owing to antidotes,
tillage, and other favorable conditions ; and
hence, mir savans suggest that as potash has
the property of absorbing and retaining moist-
ure in a high degree, and keeping the soil wet
and moist, while carbonate of soda has the
property of giving oft' water in a dry atmos-
phere, these conditions should be duly con-
sidered in the cultivation of the potato. There-
fore they recommend that when tubers in any
locality have grown to a state of perfection
'■' during per loch of I pidernic," as in the case of
the Jackson Whites alluded to, a suflicient
quantity of such should be selected for seed
purposes, and planted in still more favorable
localities, and that this course should be con-
tinued, and by this means the disease might
be ultimately prevented or entirely abated.

THE PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY.

The Lancaster Fakmer is not the .special
adversary of secret societies — whether they be
Granges or Religious Inquisitions — nor is it
their special advocate. It does not an-ay itself
against these institutions, neither does it cham-
pion them any more than it does any jiarticular
reaper or corn sheller, either pro. or con. It
leaves that question entirely in the hands of
the farming jmblic to dispose of as individual
men endowed with common sense, and acting
under the privileges of social and civil liberty.
It believes that the moral and material w'orlds
are large enough for Grangers and anti-Gran-
gers to pass oh to their respective destinies,
without jostling each other, if they only prac-
tice a little self-denial, and subordinate tlie in-
dividual will to the greatest good of the great-
est nvmiber.

In approving the seemingly good, and in con-
demning the seemingly evil, there is one very
essential pre-reqiusite necessary before we are
in a proper condition to perceive things as they
are in their inner essences; and that is, the re-
moval of the "fccowi " before we attempt to
remove the ' • nwte. ' ' We say seemingly, because
the experiences of years have clearly illustrated
to our mental perception that there are reed
goods and upparent goods, as well as real evils
and only apyarenl evils, and that these things

take their colors and forms, more or less, from
the qualities of the mediums through which
they are reflected, or rather transmitted. There
is a common old saw, to the effect that "if a
rnrmkeij looks into a mirror, a prophet will not
look out," which is a trite illustration of how
the "line of incident" is influenced by the "line
of accident " in the domain of Imman per-
ception.

While we are not prepared to believe that
either all good men, or all evil men, are to be
found within the folds of secret associations,
neither do we believe that they are to be found
outside of them. Good and evil are conditions
that have their foundations upon mental and
moral stratifications that lie down deeper than
merely social organizations. A self-evident,
or universally admitted good thing, in the
hands and under the control of. evil men, may
be diverted from its original purpose and be
converted into an evil thing, and the reverse
of this proposition may be equally true. Even
the Spanish Inquisition, in the hands of men
unbigoted and unbiased, and acting under the
spirit of the "Golden Rule," wovdd have been
a far better institution, and would have had a
better reputation than that which is reflected
from it in the pages of human history.

In contemplating the diversified history of
Christianity from its first foundation down to
the present time, viewing its immense labors,
hardships, self-denia!s,patience, endurance and
sacrifices; takingaretrospectof the contumely,
contempt and persecutions it has endured, no
man endowed with the smallest spark of char-
ity will deny that its institution was intended
to redeem and regenerate the human family
from an impending state of evil and sinful
degradation; and yet its great symbol has, in
many instances, been converted into "a banner
under which madmen have assembled to glut
the earth with blood." But this does not,
legitimately, nor essentially, militate against
Christianity in any of its denominational forms,
so far as the fundamental spirit of the church
is concerned— it is a manifestation altogether
outside of its spirit.

In noting the characters and qualities of the
men who compose the secret organizations of
our countn— their difterent social, religious
and i)olitical sentiments— their varied clerical,
professional and mechanicalcallings— it would
be as "far-fetched" or gratuitous, to denomi-
nate them combinations organized for the pur-
pose of advancing social, religious and politi-
cal ends, against the interest of those outside
of their organizations, as it would Ije to esteem
all outsiders arrayed in combinations against
them. There are interests, likes and dislikes,
laws of affinity and congeniality, which deter-
mine the social and fraternal relations existing
among men, that lie deeper and are anterior
to those which merely draw them together in
these external organizations, and these affini-
ties will determine the quality of their affilia-
tion in spite of others.

Whether the social organization known as
"Patrons of Husbandry" or "Grange,"
among the agricultural population of our
country, is a necessity or a superfluity, time
and circumstance will determine. The Miver-
ted— and we may also add, jjccverted- condi-
tion of human society imposes many things
which in a more periect state of order, would
be regarded as entirely useless ; and if these
things have the least shadow of right in other
industrial interests, who has the power to
limit themtotho.se interests alone? As we
said in the beginning of this paper, our pur-
pose is not to ai)prove or condemn, simply
because no man standing outside of a house in-
to which he has never been admitted, is com-
petent to judge of its contents, nor to deter-
mine the" character of its occupants or the
quality of its appointments, in an intelligent
manner.

If the time should ever come when we could
speak as experimentally of the "Grange" as
we think we can of other secret organizations,
and we feel it our bounden duty to do so —
upon the basis of public and private use— we
should not hesitate to speak, if we felt we were
doing a correspodiug good thereby. In the

meantime we would counsel all to meet the
issue amicably, and without i)rejudice or
partiality. There is no necessity of luidue
exasperation upon the subject. It is either a
necessity and a good, or it is not. If it is not
it will come of itself to naught ; if it is then
there is no power in human society that can
prevent it. One thing is certain : it is extra-
judicial and entirely outside of our civil,
organizations; therefore, every citizen has the
political right to act in freedom under the
dictates of conscience and of reason.

Whilst we do not proffer an unqualified use
of oiu' columns to a heated discussion of the
questions involved in granges or other secret
organizations, still we shall from time to time
note the progress they are making, the good
they are accomplishing, or the evils they are
engendering, so far as we understand them.

We will also cheerfully grant the use of our
columns in publishing statistics of them, in
correcting errors in respect to them, in dissi-
pating wrong impressions and other inadver-
tencies which may grow out of their discussion
when such communications are couched in
courteous language, are confined to facts, and
of a reasonable length. But we accord the
same facilities to those who are averse to
them from jirinciple, and under the same niles.
In conclusion, the Grange cannot be ignored ;
so far as its external organization is concerned
it is a /act, and must be met and treated as a
/ttcf.

BLACKBERRIES.

To the question, "What kind of blackber-
ries should we plant ?" the following, con-
densed from the United States Agricidtural
Report for 1B73, may be of some importance
to those engaged in growing "small-fruits."

Mr. C. Gillingham, of Accotink, Fairfax
county, Va., describing the condition of his
blackberry canes during the spring of 1872,
says, that in lSCt> he planted ten rows of
" Kittatinny " and ten of " Wilson " in the
following manner: First four rows of Kitta-
tinny, then following, alternately with Wilson
and Kittatinny, six rows each, ending with
four rows of Wilson. All had been treated
alike from the time they had been received by
him, and all appeared healthy until the spring
of 1872, when the Tvittatinny became covered
with " rust. " At a short distance the Kitta-
tinny appeared as if painted with yellow ochre. |
Some were destroved from its eilects. None
of the Kittatinny canes bore fiuit. The Wil-
son were uninjured, although surrounded by
an atmosphereladen with fungus spores. Every
leaf of the Kittatinny was covered with thou-
sands of spores, yet not a single leaf of the Wil-
son was affected. The Wilson canes bore their
usual complement of fruit. Mr. GiUingham.
states that the canes have not been manured
for several years. Although this circumstance
may not illustrate that the Wikson blackberry,
under all conditions, is absolute proof against
rust, nor that the Kittatinny, under similar
conditions, is always subject to it, it still will
have some effect upon sn'iall fruit-growers, in
determining what varieties they ought to select.
These are but the effects of causes perhaps not
yet fullv understood, and therefore a full and
true solution of the question will have to be
developed by future investigations. In the
meantime it may not be amiss to state the
pbvsiological theory on the subject.

The glossy covering on fruits and leaves con-
sists of wax; that of the grasses, of siliceous
matter. The wax may be removed by sulphu-
ric ether, the siliceous matter by caustic alka-
lies, or by hydrochloric acid. Should plants
fail to secrete and cover their surfaces with
wax or silica for their protection, their albu-
minous substances will then alford food for the
growth of fungi. Future investigations may
prove that in the case of the Kittatinny black-
berry alluded to, the absence of this outer pro-
tection was the cause of their destruction; but
it will not amount to much, practically, until
the atui^e of the disease can be given, and also
the remedy to cure or prevent it. The fact that
rust only appeared five or six years after the

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

canos were planted is not (piite in liannony
witli the tlii'ory tliat the (liscasc wa.s trans-
milti'd thronuli jilanls that iiail luen previ-
ously inf('ctf<l, or (Iffcclivf. Tliis yellow or
orange colonel nist, wliieh occurred on the
Kitlatinny lilacklieriy, is prol)aliIy the same
that is sonietinies found so ]>lenlilul!y on the
raspberry. It is the l'rt<l'i /((/^nii/y/iol' AIvcolo-
gists, and we have .seen the " l'hiladel|phia
raspberry" very seriously infected with it, in
the inclosme of Mr. Peter Uiley, formerly of
Lancaster city. There seems to be no reiiiedy
yet discovered for it, but the complete ile.struc-
tion of the plants, "both root and branch;"
and unless this is unhesitatingly and thunuighly
done, in a few years the whole blackberrv or
raspberry i)lantation may W destroyed. jThis
orange colored fungus lias been notir:ed in the
State of Pennsylvania, both on the blackberry
and the raspberry, these many years, but es-
pecially on the dewlwrry, where it is sujiposed
to have originated; and Dr. Michener, of New
Garden, Pa., wrote a paper on the subject as
early as IStlS.

In coulirmation of Mr. Gillingham's experi-
ence, we may add that Dr. ^iicbeuer states
that he i)lauted the Wilson blackberry on
ground from which other varieties hadbpen
removed on account of their infection some
years previously, and that they were free from
the infection.

Even if the theory of the superficial wax
secretion is correct, how are the [plants to be
restored to their normal condition when they
cea.se to secrete or eliminate sufficient wa.\ for
their own protection again.st Ur((h>' Can the
soil be so chemically manipulated as to afford
this substance in sufficient ipiantity V Even
if it can, it would seem almost suicidal to de-
pend upon a process so tardy and delicate in
its operation. It might an.swer as a future
preventive, but when the disease is once pres-
ent, then, like a hopeles.sly decayed and aching
tooth, the best thing is to pull it out entirely.

WHAT IS "ANGUENTUM?"

Near the bottom of the first column, on
page 14 of the January number of The
Fau.mei{, among a li.st of" insecticides used, is
one called "Anguentum," and we are asked
—"What is it?"' Well, in good truth, we
find we cannot tell. The article was ntkrUtl
from a respectable source, upon which we,
lierhai»s, relied more implicitly than upon our
own judgment, if we noticed it at all. Since,
however, our attention is specifically called to
it, we feel pretty safe in saying that the word
is a misprint, and that UiujufnUun was in-
tended. An Unijmnt, is a compound, mainly
of oil and bees-wax, to which may be, and
often are, added other ingredients, according
to the specific use that is to be made of it — in
short, an ointnunt. It is somewhat thicker,
or stiller, than a liniment, but not so still as
a cerate, which is generally composed of bees-
wax and tallow. The most connnon illustra-
tion of an unguent, or a cerate, is the sub-
stance used by tanners, and eonnnonly called
"Dubbin" or "Dubbing;" and we can now
[listinctly recall the circumstance, that when
we, its a boy, worked on afanu, full fifty years
ago, tluhbiti was frequently used as an antidote
311 lousy calves and pigs. And just here we
venture to add a few remarks upon the value
}f the remedies used by the writer of the
paragraph under discussion. He .savs that all
jf them failed except the "sprinkle" of
uilphur, "well rubl)ed into the hair," and the
nternul administration of ginger.

Now, notwithstanding all this, we confess
hat ICC have more confidence in unguents or
liniple oils well rubbed in, as an insecticide,
han we liave in any dry application of sulphur.
3ut the oil or ointment niu.st reach tlie insects
-come in actual contact with them— for they
lave too much aversion to such substances, to
leliberately walk into and envelop themselves
vith them.

In connection with this subject, no time
ould be more ajipropriate tluui the present,
o admonish our fruit, fiower and shrubbery
iiltivators, that before the buds begin to swell

ill the Spring —if they have any stock infested
with "scale insects." "bark-lice," " Scnb-
liee." or whatever other common name may
be |applied; to them— is the iHDjier time to
a(hiuii.>ter a coat of oil to tlie braiKthcs thereof .
Ungueutum, or ungiuiits, may be too slitT
ill cold wi'ather, and to wait until the weallwr
is warm enough for this application il may lie
too late; therefore, almost any li(iiiicl grease
would be more effectual. The oil closes up
the breathing pores of insects and is sure to
kill all it reaches. When dead they loosen
from the bark and the spring rains wash them
oil', and leave the trees and shrubs clean and
heallhy. This is almost a sovereign remedy,
esiieci;illy in young apiile and pear trees, an<l
has received the endorsement of the highest
authorities. Indeed, the late M. Walsh, of
Rock Island, 111., deni<uistrated that oil was
eiitirelj- eflectual, where every other sub-
stance had failed. The oil is administered
with a comnion paint or varnish briisli. It is
true, that on large trees it would be almost
impracticable, liut the greatest danger is to
young trees and mirsery stock — old trees may
not need it. In conclusion, we commend the
habit of asking such quustions. It exhibits
an interest in the subject and a desire
to read understandingly, whetlK^r a remedy
is efiectual or not. To know to a certainty
what a thing is not, or what it irill wit do, is a
lirogressive step towards finding out what it ix
or what it tcill (Jo, and this cannot be too <iflen
or too earnestly impressed upon the human
mind.

DANIEL WEBSTER.

" Daniel Webster was a farmer, and took (ielieht in
eounlry tliinsrs. He had a patriarcli's love of sheep.
Clioiee breeds tliereof he had. He took delif;lit in
cows. He tilled paternal acres with his own oxen.
He loved to ijive the kine fodder. It was iilcaeant to
hear him talk of oxen, and hut three days l)efore lie
left the earth, too ill to visit them, his oxen, lowiiii,',
came to see their sick lord, and as he stood in his door,
his i^reat cattle were driven up, that he mii,'ht smell
their healthy breath, and look his last on those broad,
generous faces that were never false to him.

" What an attecting scene is here deserit)ed ! Daniel
Webster loved these animals for thitir own sake and
not for their value in silver or .i^old. He l^ived to teed
them with his own" hands in order to witness their
hajipiness while satisiyino: tlieir hun<;cr, and to win
their love lor him. They loved their kind owner,
and no wonder they came lowinsr. one by one, to see
their sick lord! The scripture says "The ox
knoweth its owner." Then all the splendid animals,
numberine between one and two hundred, knew
Daniel Webster, as they were driven up and looked
on him lor the last time, and who shall say they did
not miss him and mourn lor him when he eould
see them no more ? No doubt this ^rcal man enjoyed
more real happiness in the society* of these dumb
brutes of every kind on the Marshtield farm, than he
ever realized in hearini;the plaudits of his fellow men,
as his eU'ijant words raiijr out in the Senate ehamher
of our ^reat nation, and thousands of worship-
ers were Ibllowiiif; in his train. He knew that fame
was but a breath, and learned, by bitter ex|M'rienee,
that the most devoted of his worshipers mi^lit des<'rt
and betray him, but that not one of these guiltless
creatures would ever prove false to him."

Any one who has been brought up on a
f^iriii, or who has ever lived on one, must have
noticed, in many instances, the affections, or
at least the partiality, which some of the farm
animals have niiuiife.sted for certain memlK'rs
of the family, and that preference has otleii
been for the master, or head of the family.
On the other hand, they cannot have failed to
notice the aversions, dislikes and even hates,
V Inch some animals have entertained agiiinst
Certain memlwrs of the human species. Now
this is not mere caprice on the ]iart of the diinil)
animals, but has its foundation in rejuson, wheth-
er the animals in question are able to reason
upon the subject or not. It usually has its origin
in the kind of treatment which the animals
have received from man. These instances art;
quite frequent, and often manifest themselves
in a very striking manner on the part of
horses, dogs, poulti-\' and birds, btit are not
unusual among cattle and slieei). And when
their kind human friends have absented them-
selves, through removal, sickness or death,
the animals have seemed to l)e impres-sed with
a feeling that something has gone wrong with

j their lienefactors, and they have exhibited feel-
! iiigs of anxiety or sorrow. Poor creatures —
how true il appears that "the ass knoweth
his master's crib, and the ox his stall."
Kindness is appreciated and rewarded by
animals, whether il comes from a Washington,
a Webster, or one of the biimlilest iiieml«'rsof
the hiiiuan family. This incident in the life
of Daniel Webster recalls maiiv similar a.s.so-
ciatioiis of long ago, Uith "fortunate and
adverse," and we have no doubt many of our
rural readers have had like experiences.

THE PERSIMMON— SEX— VARIETIES.

( )ur valued correspondent, C.VsiMCit IIll.l.Klt,
who furnishes an interesting paper in thisiss'uc
on 77((' I'emininion, expresses some apprehen-
sion about the scientific accuracy of the con-
clusion of the first paragraph, where he alludes
to the sex of the trees. Practically, he is cor-
rect. Although the persimmon, so f;ir as our
knowledge of it exti^nds, cannot be classed with
purely (//orioii.s trees, yet, according to Dr.
Gray, its lloral system is "diieciously jwilyga-
moiis;" that is, the fertile and sterile llowers
— although generally on the same tree — are of-
ten on two dill'ereiit trees, the fertile being
axillary and solitaiy , while the sterile are often
in clu.sters, and moreover are much smaller
than the former. As to the sex of the trees,
we can only recommend to Mr. II. to make a
minute examination of tlii^ llowers next s<'asoii
when they are in bloom. He has had sufficient
experience in strawlieny culture to Ix; able to
distinguish between the pistillate and staminale
llowers.

We are glad to see attention called to per-
simmon culture, and find that the inquiry is
spreading — indeed, if we are not much mis-
taken some nurserymen have them already
among their stock. There are about twelve or
fifteen species described by botanists as mdi-
geiious to different iiarts of the world.

The Dioniji/ws Kaki, or Chinese persimmon,
is rei)resented as being as large as an apple,
and when dried, far superior to dried figs. If
Chinese seeds could be obtained fnnn di.stricts
in our own parallel of latitude, we iirobably
might propagate that sjieeies in this country.
This fruit in fcneign .countries is not known
under the name of " Persiiiinion;" it is called
the "Date-plum" in English, and has other
local names, rcrsimmon is the Virginia In-
dian name.

GOOD BUTTER.

Deservedly high as much of the butter of
Laiica.ster county stands among butter con-
sumers, yet, on the general ipieslioii of quality,
it seems almost self-evident that there is ample
room for improvement, not only in the elemen-
tary principles of butter itself, but also in but-
iar'-iiKdiiui — its process in detail, :us well as the
necessary previous conditions involving itssiic-
ccssful production.

We, therefore, feel that the following extract
is most appropriate on this occitsiou, coming,
as it does, from such a distinguished source,
in the domain of American clii-ese and butter-
mtiking. We commend every word of it to
the thoughtful perusal of the professional and
amateur dairv lolks of our county. Although
tlie butter of Eanca-ster county, taken as a
whole, may very justly lie iiroiiounced ijood,
yet there is a higher degree of comiiarison cul-
hiinating in vci;/ ijood, that Lanca.ster county —
except ill very special cases — has not yet
reached, simply because she has not thor-
oughly comiilied with the neces-sjiry previous
conditions to any great extent.

It is very .seldom that we see .so mucli on a
practical .subject so well .said, and condensed
into so limited a space; and, judging from the
many specimens of butter which have come
under our observation, and have lieen forced
upon our ga.strononiic disctission, we feel sure
that butter-makers will find somtUiing in it
worth remembering.

There is no good rejison why there should be
fill// bad butter iirmluced in Lanca.ster county.
Biitter-making [involves the sublimest priiici-

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

pies of chemical transformation, or transmuta-
tion, and depends more or less upon precwus
conditions for its successful results ; no matter
how common place it may seem, or how much
farmers and farmers' wives may hoot at the
idea of scientific butter-malving. Things
"worth doing at all are worth doing well,"
and the sooner this is perceived and carried
out in any department of human industry, the
sooner the hoped for "good time" will be
"coming." Health, happiness, long life and
prospeiity are more intimately connected with
quality than they are with quantity, and the
sooner this is seen the better for the progress
of the human family.

We have always felt what we deemed a justifi-
able pride in the quality of our Lancaster county
butter as compared with other counties in and
out of the State ; but we were rather " taken
down" when we were infbrmed in a Philadel-
phia market that the butter from Chester and
Montgomery counties took rank above it in
texture, color and flavor. Lancaster was con-
ceded to be good, but Montgomery was Ixttcr,
and Chester best ; and to our reply that travel-
ing agents from Philadelphia made it a point
to stop in Lancaster merely for the sake of
getting a taste of Lancaster butter, we were
met with the response that their boarding
houses had not access to, or could not aftbrd to
buy, Chester county butter. Of course, tlie
quality of things sometimes depend upon parti-
ality, or personal preference, but there is a
possibility that our butter-makers, as a general
thing, do not attend to the conditions pointed
out in this article :

BUTTER MAKING.
THE COW.

The French cook, in givinp directions how to cook
a rabbit, began by saying- : " First catch the rabbit ! "
— it seeming essential, in his mind, that the rabbit
should be caught before it was cooked. So we, in
discussing the question of butter-making, will say —
first get the cow ! This is an important step, and
more im'portant than many think — for you cannot
make good butter unless you have a good' butter cow
to begin with. Do you ask what breed is best? We
answer, it does not make any difference what breed,
if you only get a good butter cow . There are good
cows among all breeds — more among some than
among others — and only experience — a practical test
■ — can decide the value of a cow for making butter.
She may not give a large mess, but she must give a
rich mess, and it must have a clean, sweet flavor.
We see that the farmers in some sections seem to
understand this point. They have in Otsego county,
along the Unadilla river, to some extent at least,
introduced Devon blood, and we And among tlie
butter-makers there fine herds of grade Devons.
They are not generally reputed the best butter cows,
as a breed — most preferring the short horns or
Jerseys. But the short horns are not adapted to
hilly regions. For this reason, perhaps, the Devons
crossed on the best native stock, with a sprinkling of
Jersey blood, are the best for that section.

But whatever blood you introduce, be sure it is
from a milking family. This is the main point to
look at. Get males from the best milking families —
males strongly marked with the characteristics of a
good milking family — and use no others. Cross these
only with your best butter cows, and if you have cows
that havecome from good native butter stock, so much
the better. But never trust to grade bulls, however line,
except in rare cases, where you are sure of the native
stock having proved good for several generations.
When you use a grade male, you never know what blood
you will breed from. He is just as likely to transmit
his bad qualities as his good ones, and give vou only
■worthless, or next to worthless, stock. You cannot
aflord to take the risk of trusting a grade bull, if you
are trying to improve your dairy stock . Thereibrc, we
say, use none but pure bloods. It is better to pay a
little more for them than to run any risks— but be
sure that j-ou get a full blood from a good butter
family and with a good pedigree— for' without a
good pedigree he may prove as worthless as a grade.

With a good butler cow and proper care and feed,
you are in a fair way to make good butter; but with-
out such a cow, your case is hopeless. No amount of
care and feeding will make a good cow out of a poor
one. But you may greatly injure, if you do not spoil,
a good cow by neglecting to give her an aliundance
of clean, sweet food and pure water. She is a
machine for working up raw materials into milk, and
she cannot make good milk out of poor materials.
The milk, and the butter and cheese made from it,
will be flavored more or less with the food which the
cow eats. See to it that she has sweet, nourishing
food and pure water in abundance.

ODORS.

The cow being all right, and her food and drink
being all right and in abundance, the milk will be all

right, and we have only to look at its handling and
subsequent management. It must be milked from
the cow in a clean, sweet atmosphere. There must
be no taints in the atmosphere for the cow to breathe
or the milk to absorb. If there are, you will find traces
of them in your butter. Fats of all kinds have a stroilg
affinity for odors, and are used by the chemists in ex-
tracting the fragrance from flowers for the purpose
of making perfumes. These fats wUl absorb odors
from the atmosphere quite as readily. Hence, milk
and butter, from first to last, must be kept in a sweet
place. Even a coal stove or the use of a kerosine
lamp in a milk room, will flavor butter. The Prac-
ticnl Farmer relates an instance where a fancy butter
maker discovered a bad flavor in his butter — very
slight, but nevertheless to be tasted by his fastidious
customers — and he traced it to the kerosine lamp
used to light the milk room. lie at once ran a tube
from the lamp chimney up through the roof, for the
smoke to escape, and the evil was remedied.

Not one cellar in a thousand is fit to set milk or
keep butter in, because of the mustiness or other bad
smells in them. The scent rising from vegetables, as
they sweat and steam — and especially if there is any
decay about them — will injure the flavor of butter.
A product so delicate and valuable should therefore
be kept by itself in a cool, sweet place.

THE MILK ROOM.

The milk house, then, must be clean and free from
all bad odors. It must also be well ventilated, and
ought to be so built that the temperature can be reg-
ulated and kept at about sixty degrees. It should be
built with double walls, so as to have an air chamber
between. If filled in with sawdust, all the better.
The windows should be double. The doors should
be double, and far enough apart so that you can
stand between them and shut one beibre opening the
other. The room should have facilities for giving it
an even heat in cold weather, and be provided with
means of introducing cool air through an ice-box
overhead or on the side near the ceiling, in hot
weather ; or, what is better, be put in communica-
tion, by means of tubes, with your ice-house adjoin-
ing and standing on a little higher ground. The
floor of a milk-room should be elevated above the
ground, and made double, like the sides, and have a
free circulation of air underneath ; or it should be
made of stone or cement laid on the clean earth and
made impervious to moisture at all points, so that it
will not absorb milk or other liquid spilt on it, and
generate bad odors. An elevated double floor is
much the healthiest to work on, as it will always be
dry and warm, whereas stone or cement will always
be cold, if not damp, and bad for th«dairywomen to
stand on. This is an important point to be considered
by all who desire to have their wives or daughters,
or whoever may work in the milk-room, healthy and
happy. Cold feet and limbs are sure to have a bad
etiect on the health and spirits, if they do not lead
directly to consumption and a premature grave.
Farmers should therefore always bear in mind the
health, comfort, convenience and happiness of the
women folks in all their arrangements about the
dairy-room, kitchen, and wherever women are em-
ployed. Too much attention cannot be paid to their
welfare.

The air of the milk-room should not only be kept
clean and sweet and the temperature even, but water
should be kept in the room, so that the air will not
become too dry. Where milk is set in tanks of water,
of course the necessary moisture will always be
present in the atmosphere. It is also essential that
light should be admitted. We know that some think
a milk room should be kept dark, but it is a mistake.
Without light there will be no color to the cream,
and it will be poorer in quality and deficient in flavor.
The butter will also be pale and insipid in taste.
Light is essential to color and fine flavor. Any one
can make a simple experiment which will go far
toward satisfying him of this fact. Put a bit of
board over one-half of the pan, or so as to cut off the
light. He will have yellow, rich cream where the
light falls, and white, poor cream where the shadow
falls. It is also an advantage to let the sunlight into
a milk room. Of course, it should not falf on the
milk ; but let it strike the liuilding and shine through
the windows on the floor. Sunlight is a wonderful
purifier and promoter of health. It is not desirable
to have the hot sun shine into the milk room in the
middle of the day ; but instead of excluding it with
blinds, we should jirefer white curtains, that would
let the light through while excluding the heat. Of
course, if cream stauds long exposed to light, the
bleaching process will begin. Some think a steady
dim light the best. We prefer full daylight a ix)rtion
of the time, at least. During the middle of the day
the light may be shut otl' altogether. — Syracuse
standard.

A WORD FOR THE FARMER.

Prom the time it was brought into existence
I have not ceased to feel interested in the
continuance and prosperity of The Lancaster
Paumeh. I know that it has had for six
years " a hard road to travel," or rather the
editor and publishers have had. This, how-
eve'r, proves great tenacity and perseverance
somewhere. I had no anxiety on account
of its recent change of proprietors, but was
somewhat concerned for its change of face
and size. With the first number of the change
I am very agreeably disappointed,and if it is a
fair ;sample of what is to follow, Lancaster
county will have made quite a stride in Agri-
cultural and Horticultural literature. Should
our citizens, and farmers especially, fail to
patronize it as it deserves, the fault will be
with them, and not with the periodical or its
editor and publishers. The latter cannot pos-
sibly have embarked in this enterprise with
prospects of a lucrative business ; for it cer-
tainly required a new impetus to keep it from
sinking. It is therefore evident that their
giving' it a new lease of life and business
momentum is more for the honor of Lancaster
county and its tillers, than for the "almighty
dolhir. " I therefore renew my appeal to my
brother tillers of the soil of "the garden
county." Let us "put our shoulder to the
wheel," and give The Lancaster Parmer,
an impetus that will keep it going up for the
next six years instead of going down, after
which I have no fears of its permanency and
ability to stand on its own bottom.

H. M. E.

This nujiber of The Pakjier will be sent
to some of our agricultural friends who are not
subscribers, that they may have an opportu-
nity to pass upon its merits, and in the hope
that they will become sub.scribers. We invite
the attention of all who receive it in that way
to the prospectus on first page.

"DYING FOR OUR COUNTRY."

In times of war we hear much said about the duty
and glory of dying for our country. Orators who are
careful to keep their precious selves out of the bloody
fray, will harangueaudiencesbythehouronthe noble-
ness and reward of other people laying down their lives
to save their bleeding country. So meritorious is this
sacrifice considered by some, that they are ready to
promise eternal happiness in heaven to those who make
it, whatever may be their characters, or other deeds
while here on earth.

But the religion which prepares men for heaven is
not manifested by imbruing our hands in the blood of
others, and the act of rushing intothe cannon's mouth
will not atone for other sins which have been com-
mitted throughout a lifetime.

Dying for one's country generally means, when
stript of its sophistry, dying for those who wish to gov-
ern the country. It is dying for kings and nobles and
other great men who quarrel among themselves, and
then, too selfish to do their own fighting, meanly call
on their subjects to do it for them. And when thou-
sands or hundreds of thousands of these subjects have
" bitten the dust," how soon they are forgotten and left
to moulder in unremembered graves, while their poor
families and friends are euflering forthe want of their
care and support. What has been the gain of dying
for the countries during the many centuries whose
history has beenwritenin blood? In many eases where
men have died for their country their country has died
with them. This was the case with ancient Greece and
Kome, and has been also with many modern nations.
They have resorted to the sword to avenge some fancied
insult, or secure some unlawful end, and mightierones
have paid them in the coin of their own choosing and
blotted them from the map of the continent.

How much more wise and noble to live for one's
country instead of dying for it. When dead there is
an end to all eflbrts to promote the welfare of our
friends and neighbors. But while we live we may daily
perform deeds and exert an influence that shall bless,
not only our friends and our country, but the world.

Let then this false maxim, that it is our duty to die
for our country, be relegated to oblivion along with
that equally false one, that the way to preserve peace
is to prepare for war. Both had their origin in times
darker than our own, and are unworthy to be cher-
ished or believed by enlightened people. L.

There is, most unquestionably, a time and a
sense in which the foregoing is just as true as
any "proof of holy writ," and that time is when
a nation or a country is enjoying a profound
state of peace. Although "in peace there's
nothing so becomes a man as modest stillness
and humility;" yet, when the "blasts of war
are blown in his ears, " at the behest of others,
he imitates the action of the tiger, "stiffens up
the siuews, summons' up the blood, and dis-
guises fair nature with hard favored rage,"
and it is then too late, and altogether useless,
to preach to hun the doctrines of peace.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

There is doubtless s<ich a thing as disin-
terested patriotism, or love of country, but we
never hare believed, and never ran believe, that
all manifestations of patriotism are in reality
what they appear to l)e. How can men, daily
subjccteii to the vicissitudes of the cannon's
fell moutli, indulge in wanton acts of theft,
rapine, pillage aiid destruction, and at the
Siime time be disinterested patriots? or what
must be their ideas of lieaveu and its beati-
tudes, and their fitness for such a jilace, when
they are ready to die ostensibly for their coun-
try, with their hands so imbrued in blood. The
farmers of our country are characteristically
men of peace, and when wars ensue they are
not brought about by the patienl and humble
tillers o^ the soil, who liir for humanity, l)ut
by scheming, intriguing, and ambitious idlers,
who esteem " the world as booty, and men as
brutes."

Xothing but a state of moral and intellectual
culture will impress men with a true knowledge
of their resiwnsibilities and their rights, and
teach knaves that " those who br.eed the quar-
rels should be the men to light."

VOICES FROM ABROAD.
"UERE AND THERE."

The following extracts from letters to The
Express will be read with interest by our farm-
ers, coming as they do from two former resi-
dents of Lancaster county; not only on account
of the information they impart as to what is
transpiring in other parts of our widely ex-
tended countrj', but alsoon account of the sug-
gestions they make in reference to the com-
munication of items of information on the
farming progress of the county, which would
be interesting to local readers, but more «.^pe-
cially to those residing far beyond our limits,
but who still retain an affectionate recollec-
tion of their dear old homes. Should any of
our rural population contemplate a change in
their local habitat, they miglit find something
worth knowing in these letters, by way of com-
parison or contrast with their present stalun.
If we, however, owned a farm in Lancaster
county worth S'500 per acre, and it was paid
for, we would not trouble ourselves much
about cent, per cents, on first investments, or
large profit margins. Many of the farmers of
Lancaster county have come into possession
of their broad acres through inheritance, and
have subsequently imjjroved them without
counting the cost, and who prefer moderate
profits and healthful ease more than they do
the increa.sed labors, the responsibilities and
ianxieties of larger and more complicated
operations. These, of course, will be content
with what they have and remain where they
are. Others will act according to necessity.

FARMING IN ILLINOIS— KEMINISCENCES OF
BY-GONE DAYS.
Maroa, Macon co., Ill, Jan. 16, 187.5.
Winter has laid itR icy hand upon us in earnest.
The thermometer on Saturday marked twenty-one de-
grees below zero. Kansas calls upon us for material
aid, and the good people re.spond cheerfully in money,
clothinc:, corn and other necessaries of life; and it is
ritrht they should, for seldom we see a iieople so pros-
perous and happy. Oureropsof all descriptions have
been Rood, with remunerating prices. The health of
our comnuuilty was never better. The doctors say,
"distressingly healthy."

DWEM.IN'I! HOUSES,

large and beautiful, are springing up like magic in
every direction, and few thrifty farmers are found liv-
ing in huts, or riding to chureli in a lumlier Wiigon.
Almost every necessary of the farmer hasgonedown,
■while the produce of the farm, except wheat, has
gone up.

DUB nOMR MARKET.

Lumber sells at from $lo to #40perthou8and; coal
from $3 to $4 i>er ton; wheat, SOcents; corn,.5.5cents;
oats, 50 cents; while i)ork stands (irni at (i'-i gross.
These arc balmy days for Central Illinois, and if the
money obtained is properly used will prove a great
blessing.

Thisdate, A. D. 187.5, reminds me that my flftieth
birthday is nigh at hand, and that

FORTY TEARS HAVE PASSED

since the managing editorof Tlic A' j-prcs.? and I struck
glad hands, not over the bloody chasm, but over the
silver stream, made alive, not with flsh, but with mini-
ature water-wheels and tilt-hammers, made and ope-

rated by our own hands near our olil homes In Bart.
I pause for rcllcction, not for the return of those
" balmy days" of our boyhood, or to return to the
rocks and hills of my native State, to obtain a liveli-
hood; for eleven years' experience has proven beyond
all doubt, that Illinois stands pre-eminently over her
sister States in agricullure, and will continue so
through all lime to conic. She lias never sutlercd to
any great extent from any natural calamity, and has
never called uiK)n her sister States for assistance, yet
many of her inliabitants emigrate East, West, North
and South; but I will venture the assertion that no
other State can boast of so many

" RKTCRXINO I'RODIGAI,8."

Farmers who believe there is more money made,
and made easier, among the rocks and hills of an
E.isterii farm, which costs $:!00 per acre, than we do
on our .?;J0 prairie lands, wilt be interested in the fol-
lowing :

Four boys, age<l from I'l to 20 years, raised during
the past season l,(i'i9 bushels of small grain and be-
tween 8 ,tKX) and 9,000 bushels of corn , besiiles potatfu's ,
sorghum, Ac. We will now take :i'20 acres of land at
$'!0 per acre .and add $1,400 for horses and imple-
ments, and wc have f 11,000 capital hivested.
Cash sales for hogs and other articles - $2.21.5,00
Value of corn and oats on hand . . - - 4,01.5.00
Earnings off the farm -------- 240.00

»(i,470.00

Int. at 10 per cent, on investments $1,100.00
Taxes --.-----.- 125.00
Cash paid out for labor - - - . 140,00

$1, .105.00

Balance ---------- $5,105,00

My own time has been spent chiefly on improve-
ments, as follows, with cost of material added :
240 rods of three-board fence - - - - $ 180,00

40 rods picket fence inclosing house - - 140,00
One corn-crib holding 4,000 bushels of corn 250.00
One two-story dwelling house 10 by 28 feel 2,000.00

Total - - - - $2,570,00

Now, Mr. Editor, if some one owning $'i00 land
will show a better year's work, with the same amount
of capital and labor, I will consider the subject of
emigrating East.

THE EXPRESS —

long may it live to express its condemnation of bad
men in high places — send it regularly, as I claim a
life-lease upon it. Please find a ten dollar " stamp "
to pay the printer. J. W. F.

"LIKE A LETTER FROM OUR OLD HOME,"
Powell'SjStation, Tenn., Jan. 18, 1875.
[Extract from a business letter,] Enclosed find
post-office order from Knoxville for $8 for The ^'cekly
Express, which will pay arrearages and one year in
advance, I will try to be more punctual the ne.xt
time. Your paper has come very regularly and we
have perused its columns with a relish. It always
seems like a letter from our old home. As Salisbury
township, Lancaster county. Fa., is our native place,
the articles written by your Gap correspomlent have
always been interesting. Could he not give some
items of the farming, &c,, in Pequea Valley — how
many cattle are fed by our old neighbors, prices paid
for them, prospects of growing crops, how much
sowed, planted, Ac, what good horses are selling for
and general items in the valley ? C. H, S,

THE FARMERS' NORTHERN MARKET.

At the annual meeting of the stockholders
of the Farmer's Northern Market Company,
of Lancaster, the President, David Evans,
presented his annual report. It states that —

"While reasonable profits may soon be expected,
they will not be as large as they ought, as long as
sellers will prefer to stand on the street with their
marketing, and people as willingly buy there as in a
place better adapted for the iiurp<isc. But let us hope
that what we have inaugurated here will soon be
follnwed in the three quarlcrs of the -city; and while
affording the public these belter facilities, will also
give the stockholders adequate renumcration for their
investment. Indeed, there arc no places in any city
of the same population, and laid out on the same
plan, that, affonl tiner and more suitable sites for
markets, than the places now occupied by the old
Indian Queen Hotel, in the eastern section of the city,
the Plough Tavern in the western section, and the
spot on the southeastern corner of South Queen and
Mid<ile streets, in the southern section of the city.
With the markets thus located, and two held on
Tuesday and Thursday, or Friday, of every week, and
the other op|iositc two on Wednesday and Saturday
of every week, there would be convenience afforded
to the cititizens of our city enjoyed by few ot her cities;
and, withal, create an impetus to improvement in the
different parts of the city not now to Ije realized. The
only objection that can tie urged to such a step is that
of a supiiosed decline in the value of property where
the market is now held. But this is not founded on

good reason. The exiiericnce of other places is not
such. And if the case were such, who would feel a
justification in the pleu — that general prospi'rity and
convenience to the public should be sacrificed for the
bcni^fit of a few ? Let us hope that this great need
will s(K)n be suiiplried to the full measure of its press-
ing claims."

The closing of the evening markets one hour
earlier is suggested, together with such rules
as will prevent the congregation of boys using
vulgar and indecent language, and the habit
of smoking in the market liouse. The punish-
ment of a f(!W transgressors by way of exam-
ple is recommended.

The Treasurer's annual report shows the
financial condition of the company. The re-
ceipts from rents of stalls were $:i,23li.'.»-2 ; for
rent of restaurant, .?.'!")'i.."5S, making total re-
ceipts ."Silj.Wii.:!!!. The whole amount expend-
ded WiW S4,0rt4.4H, leaving the excess of ex-
penditures over receipts S4!iM.lH, which is
$1H2.28 more of a dificiency than in the pre-
vious year.

For the current year the receipts are estima-
ted at - - - - - - 8.5,052.00

and the expenditures at - - - 2,980.13

Leaving a balance of - - - 82,071.77
which the report states may be applied either
to the reduction of the debt or the payment
of dividends to stockholders.

The following persons were elected directors
for the current year: Benj. L. Landis, .John
Buckwalter, .Joseiih Samson, Isaac Powl,
John Hess, Clirn. Zecher, C. A. Bitner, Con-
rad Gast, David Evans.

'FARMER JOHN."

On page 24 we print a little domestic poem
which impresses an instructive les.son and is
veiy appropriate to the fin^sides of both
"ti>wn and country." We insert it in The
F.\u>iEU because we feel it will be welcomed
by the wiser class of our readers, and serve to
break the dull monotony of perpetually playing
upon a single string.

We have long thought of devoting a
"corner" in our journal to the reception of"
effusions of this kind, but want of space,
heretofore, has prevented it. But, should we
conclude to make this a feature, of course we
must re.serve to ourselves the privilege of judg-
ing the quality of what should be iulmitted and
what denied.

Many poetical effusions are only flights of
fancy and written to merely please the fancy;
still, there arc many of the true "ring,""
which speak in more imprassive language than
the tame numbers of prose, and "Farmer
John" we conceive to be of that cluiracter.

CANARIES.

Rather more than three hundred years ago,
a ship partly laden with little green birds
captured in the Canary Islands, having been
wrecked near Elba, the birds made their
escape, flew to the island, and there settled
themselves. Numbers of them were caught
by the inhabitants, and on a<rcount of their
sprightly vivacity and the brilliancy of their
voice they soon liecamc great favorites, and
rapidly spread over Europe. The original
color of the canary is not the bright yellow
with which its feathers are generally tinted,
but a kind of dai)pled olive green, black and
yellow, either color predominating according
to circumsUvnces. By careful management
the bird-fanciers are able to procure canaries
of every tint between the three colors, having
instituted a set of rules by which the quality
and arrangement of the coloring is reduced to a
regular system. Still the original dappled
green is always apt to make its appearance,
and even when two colored birds are mated, a
green one is pretty sure to be found in the
uest For our own part we care little for the
artificial varieties produced by the fanciers,
and to our mind an intelligent bird and a good
song.ster is not one whit the less attractive
because the colors of its plumage are not
arranged precisely according to the fancier's
rules.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

CULTURE OF THE GRAPE.

PLANTING — THE TKELLIS — PEUNING.

Whatever else in the cereal or vegetable line
a landowner or householdci' may not have room
for, space can always be found for at least one
or more grape vines, the fruit from which is
among the most wholesome and delicious that
can he eaten; and coming, as it does, at the
season of the year when other small fruits are
scarce, it is the more desirable. This sketch
is not written for those practical horticultur-
alists who know more about the culture of the
grape than the WTiter, but for those
who have given little or no attention
to the subject, and may not have access
to such able and exhaustive manuals
on the subject as " The Grcqje Ciiltur-
t«t," by Andkew S. Fuller, which
is noticed more fully on another page.
This class, we apprehend," includes the
bulk of those owning faniis and gard-
ens in Lancaster county; and it will
therefore be our aim to make this arti-
cle as plain and itractical as possible.
For the accompanying illustrations, we
are under obligations to Mr. Fuller,
whose system of trellising and pruning we
adopted and experimented with someyears ago,
and which we still regard as the best, at least for
amateurs or those who desire to grow grapes in
limited quantities or for their own use. Whether
it is the best for vineyard purposes we leave for
the determination of those who have had expe-
rience in that wider field of culture — though we
think that few who read Mr. Fuller's reasons
for adopting and adhering to it, after a careful
consideration and trial of all other plans, will
fail to be impressed in its favor.

PLANTING THE VINE. .

Although our object is to treat more particu-
larly of constructing the trellis and pruning che
vine, as the season is approaching for planting
vines by those who did not plant last fall, a few
words on this subject may interest and profit
some of our readers. As a general rule, when
young vines are purchased from careful nur-
eerymen, who understand their business, the
roots will be pruned ready for planting ; for,
however carefully they may be taken from the
nursery, the ends of the roots will be more or
less broken. These should be trimmed ofl'
smoothly before planting. It is also beneficial
to shorten the roots considerably before plant-
ing, especially if they are long and destitute
of branching fibers. Two feet is long enough
for any rootupon a two or three year old vine;
longer ones should be cut ofl', not only for con-
venience in planting, but to incite the main
roots to throw out new ones from their ends,
as well as their sides. The soil will thereby
become filled with
feeding roots, instead
of a few long naked
ones, which have no
power of absorbing
food except through
the small fibres which
exist only at their ex-
treme ends. The soil
within the radius oc-
cupied by these long
roots is useless, so far
as furnishing nutri-
ment is concerned,
because they are not
capable of absorbing
it. It will therefore
often be necessary to
shorten the roots to
less than two feet,
and it is best to cut

off a portion of the ends, no matter what their
lengthmaybe; for it is not the number or length
of the roots that determine the quality of the
vine, but their condition. If long, soft, spongy
and unripened wood and roots are left upon tlie
vine, they are of little benefit to it at best, and
they will often die, and in their decay commu-
nicate disease to the other and more healthy
portions of the plant. Vines will sometimes
have so many roots that when transplanted the
buds left upon the stem are insufiicient to call

them into action, and they perish; forroots will
not remain entirely inactive for any considera-
ble time during the growing season without
suffering. K the roots are so crowded that they
cannot be distinctly separated and a clear space
allowed for each when placed in the groimd, a
portion should be entirely removed.

The roots properly trimmed, the stem should
be cut off to almost eighteen inches, if not
already done. The hole to receive the vine
should be dug in a circular foim, and from six
to ten inches deep on the outside, and four to
six inches in the centre; then set a good strong

Fig. 1.

stake in the centre of the hole, by which in-
jury to the roots is prevented after planting.
feet the vine in the centre of the hole close by
the stake; spread out the roots in every direc-
tion, and throw on a little soil as you proceed,
to hold them in position. When all the roots
are properly distributed, fill up the hole, press-
ing down the soil with the
foot. The depth to which roots
should be covered depends upon
whether the soil be heavy or
light, and on other conditions
— deeper covering in light than
in heavy soils being necessary,
because the air has more ready
access through a porous than a
tenacious soil ; and while it is
necessary that air should reach
the roots, it is not judicious to
allow it to penetrate too freely,
because roots require a partially
confined atmosphere, and not
one that has any apparent circulation. There
are those who advocate plantmgasdeepasone
or two feet, while others, going to the other ex-
treme, barely cover the roots with earth, and
then depend on mulching for moisture. Mr.
Fuller recommends a medium depth as the best.
If the vines are planted in the fa 11 a little mound
should be raised around the stem to protect the
lower buds from freezing out ; but if planted in
spring a shallow basin may be left about the
stem to allow the rains more readily to reach

two inches of the young shoot. As the young
cane grows, keep it loosely tied to the stake.
At the end of the first season the vines wiU
usually be large enough to be pruned for train-
ing, but many of the more feeble varieties will
require another year, and they should be cut
back in the fall or winter tatwo or three buds,
only one of which should be allowed to grow as
in the first year.

CONSTKUCTION OF THE TEELLTS.

While the usual manner of making trellises
with wires running horizontally is regarded as
objectionaVde for reasons which we have not
room to discuss, it is a much more expensive
method than the one shown in the accompany-
ing illustration (Fig. 1) consisting of two hori-
zontal bars and perpendicular wires. In trellises
constnicted in the ordinary way there is a diffi-
culty in keeping the wires straight, owing to
contraction and expansion imder a change of
temperature and weight of the fruit and vine;
besides, unless placed unusually close, the wires
are not where most needed when the young
bearing shoots first start. Mr. Fuller's method
is to select posts of durable wood of from four
to six inches diameter, and six and a half feet
long, and to set them in the ground two and a
half feet deep, and in a line with the vines,
about eight feet apart, the vine being in the
middle of each trellis. AVe used ordinary pine
three-inch scantling, with the lower end tlipr-
oughly saturated with parattineor gas tar, and
they have lasted for years and are still sound.
Nail on strips of ordinary lath, one inch thick,

Fig. 3.
the roots. It can be filled up when the vines
are fairly started in growth.

When the buds begin to push into growth,
select the strongest and rub the others off; a
bud near the ground is preferable to one that
is a foot above, and this is one reason why the
vines should be cut ofl'quite short when planted,
as itmakes the lower budsmore certain to push.
After the one bud or shoot has been selected,
the old stem above it may be cut off to within

Fig. 2.
one strip being placed one foot from the ground
and the other at the top of the posts. Then
take No. 16 galvanized iron wire and put it on
vertically, twisting it around the lower and
upper rail, each wire being placed just where
the upright bearing shoots are to grow. The
distance'between the wires will differ, accord-
ing to the variety of vines, as the distance be-
tween the buds varies; but usually from eight
to twelve inches will be the proper distance.
The wires can be eas-
ily moved to suit the
buds. No. 16 wire
runs 102 feet to the
pound and is there-
fore inexpensive. \

PKUNING AND
TRAINING.

The first year the
single vine is allowed
to grow to the stake
set in the planting,
the lateral shoots be-
ing stopped by pinch-
ing back. The next
season this cane is to
be cut back to within
twelve or fifteen inch-
es of the ground and
only the ujiper two
buds allowed to grow,
all others being rubbed oft'. From these upper
buds two canes are produced, each one of
which should have the same treatment as the
single one of the previous season. These canes
by fall should be from eight to twelve feet long
and at least half an inch in diameter. If
much smaller than this, one of them should
be cut away and the other cut back to two
buds, and two canes should be grown, as in the
previous season ; but with good vines and
good culture they will be ready for training at

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

tlip t'lid of tlie scconil season. Tlic two CiUics
of the vine arc now slidi-tt'iicd to four fciH eacli
aii<l bent down in opposite directions and laid
against the lower barof the trellis to form arms.
Select live or six of the buds on tlic upper side
of the arms thus laid down, to be >;rowii into
upriglit (^anes, making a mark on the trelHs bivr
opposite to each, and arrange the upright wires
accordingly. When the buds have all started,
and made ii growtli of two or three inches, the
arms should 1h^ brought up level and fast-
ened to tlie side oft lie lower bar. All buds and
shoots not wanted for upright canes sliould lie
broken otT, and so soon as those remaining are
longeliough to tie totlie uiirighl wires, it should
be carefully done. AVhcn the upriglit canes have
grown to almost two feet, they should lie stopped
by iiinching otF their ends, which will cause the
remaining leaves to grow healthy and more
vigorously. When they grow again to a few
inches, they should be again checked, so as to
keep them within the limits of the trellis, and
not allow them to grow much, if any, above it.
All the liitcr<ds or sldesliootssliould bestopjied
as thongh thej' were on young vini's. Figure
2 represents a vine at the end of the first .sea-
son aftertlie armsare formed. The first ujiright
cane at the left hand of the middle, shows the
position of the three branches of fruit, which is
all that should be allowed to grow on each .shoot
this year. No more fruiting canes should be
allowed to grow on one side than the other —
the vhw should be kept equally Ijalauced in
fruit, foliage and wood.

The upright canes are pruned Uick the first
year of training to two buds; the small cross
lines near the ba,se of the canes (Fig. 2) show
where they should be cut. The next year a
cane will procee*! from each of these biuls, and
all otluT shoots which may start from the
sniiiU ends near the arm should be rublied off;
or, if the buds should produce two shoots each,
as they will sometimes do, only the strongest
one should be allowed to grow. The second
year the caues will each produce three or four
bunches of fruit, and instead of twelve uiiright
canes (supposing that to have been the number
the first year) we now have twenty-four, and
allowing three bimchesof fruit to each, it gives
seventy-two bimches to each vine ; and Mr.
Fuller says this is not an over-estimate for the
product of a vine the fourth year after plant-
ing. The canes are to be treated the same aa
regards stopping, pinching laterals, etc., dur-
ing each year of their growth. Figure :S shows
a vine at the end of the fourth year (the second
on the trellis,) but with only five spurs with
two canes on each, making ten bearing canes
on each arm. The first two canes at the right
hand of the middle are represented with the
three bunches of fruit on each. The cross
lines near the base of the shoots show where
the vine is to be pruned at the end of the fourth
year. The uppermost of the two canes is cut
entirely away, and the other is cut back to two
buds. The vine in siibsequent years is to be
pruned in the same manner; but each year the
pruning should be reversed, if the position of
the lowi^r bud will .admit of it; that is, if we
cut away the left hand cane this season, we
should cut away the right hand cane thene.xt;
in this way the spur will remain nearly upright.

The olijection to this system of training has
been urged that in time the simrs liecome so
long as to be unsightly and iiK'onvenient; but
taking the average of .some twenty varieties
that he had trained, Mr. Fuller foiiiid that the
spurs do not increase more than three-fourths
of an inch each year, and if the foregoing de-
tails are strictly followed, the <i.nus need not be
renewed oftener than once in fifteen or
twenty years. If necessary, new arms may be
formed by allowing the two middle .spurs to
produce but one cane each, and these may
grow four or five feet long; at the next prun-
ing the old arms should then be cut away and
these two new canes bent down to form new
ones.

For garden culture the trellis is as indis-
pensable as in the vineyard, as the vines should
never be fastened directly on the side of a
building or fence, but should be at least six
inches from them; a foot is still batter, as

this allows a free circulation of air liehiml thi^
vine, and i>revents, in a great measure, the
brui.sing of the leaves, which usually occurs
when vines are laid against tiu- boards or
walls. Where the space is limited, as in a
yard, the form oftrellis may be varieil to suit.
15y doubling the height of tht^ tnOlis and train-
ing four tiers of arms instead of two, the
(piatitity of fruit may be doublcil ; thongh
where economy of space is not an object it is
better tn conline the system to one titir.

There arc many whys and wherefores which
may suggest themselves to the mind of the
amateur, which we have not space to explain
in this article ; but it will Iw the pleasure of
TllK F.MtMKlt to answer any spe(;jal iiKiuir-
ies on this as on other sul)jects, as well as to
give expression to the views of any of our
friends who may be partial to any other .sy.s-
tem of pruning and training. j. M. w. o.

LANCASTER COUNTY APPLES.

THE SMOIvKIIOUSE.

One of the most popular apples in this
State, and especially in this couidy, is tlie
SMOivElKU'SE, and unless it proves inferior in
other sections it is destined to become much
more widely disseminated. Its history and
description can probably not lie better given
than has been done by Downing, as follows :
"Origin — Lancaster county, Pa,, near Mill-
creek; grew on the farm of Gibbons,* near

his smokehouse ; hence its name. " Downing
pronounces it "good; valued for culinary
uses." This description has no doubt made
an impression, where it is not known, that it
is valued for culinary uses only.

This, however, is a mistake wherever such
an impression exists, for in this section of
country, if (in its season) it is not sold iiutrc
readily by hucksters and retailers than any
other ajiple, it certainly sells second to notie.
" WM. fenn" — "penn" — "pen."

Origin — Columbia, Lancaster county. It
is the opinion of Charles Downing that the
above names represent one and the same
apple. Although a great deal of controversy
has been had of late on account of another
apple becoming somewhat disseminated by
the name "Pen," it has since been conclu-
sively shown to he "Baldwin." .Suffice it to
say that the "Wm. Penn" is a Lancaster
coimty apple, described by Downing. It is
an excellent keeper and a prolific bearer. It
is important to pomology that there should
not be two fruits of the same class put out
under the same name. Should this article
cause further controversy, I shall be prepared
to show conclusively how and why the confu-
sion between two such different apples has
occuired.

SAYLOR.

The original tree of this apple stands now
in this town, (Marietta, Pa.,) on the property
formerl}' owned by Edward Saylor ; hence its
name. It has been an enormous and is still
an excellent bearer. It is described by Down-
ing under the name "Ned," which name
was aft(!rwards objected to by Saylor's friends
on account of its being a nickname givini to
him. In the nurseries it is now, I believe,
grown under the name of Savior only. It has
to .some extent been fruited on young trees,
and promises to be one of the most valuable
winter apples, for this section at least. As
an early, regular, and prolific bearer it is fully
equal to that iiopular apple, "Smith's C'ider;"
probably not quite equal in size, but of belter
quality, and ipiite as good a keeper. Whether
it will ]irove eiiually as valuable in other sec--
tions will require further testing.

all-summer,
is another Lancaster county seedling, destined
to Ix-come popular. As a summer apple there is
nothing again.st it except size, which is, how-

*To be more explicit, this popular apple originated about
the year 1805, ou the farm of WiIIi;im Oibbona, a ^^nind-
uncle of Dr. Jo«. Gibbous, who atill reside)* ou tlie old
homestead, in Ui>per Leacock, aud keeps up a fiue supply
of the aucestnU fruit. o.

ver, more attributable to overbearing than to
its real nature. When not lierinitted to over-
liear the fruit is niedium si/e, very crisp and
tender, the flavor resembling Farly Harvest,
but fruit of much more perfect form. The tree
bears very young. It was first brought to
imblit^ notice, I believe, by Casper Hiller, of
Coiiestoga ("entre, Lancaster county.

KI^APROTU

is also a Lancaster county a))iile, brought into
notice by Dr. J. K. Kshleiiian, on the farm of
Mr. Iheneman, lint he does not locate it. A
vigorous grower and prolifii^ liearer; pro-
nounced very good. August to October.

IIELMONT.

This very popular aiipN? originated near
Strasburg, Lancaster cimiity, in the garden of
Mr.s. Beam, at her gate— hence, the name
"(iate ap]il(%" as also other synonyms.
Although tliis valuable fruit is a native of our
county, it has not been extensively ]ilante<l
here, while in the west it is one of the most
popular winter apiiles. Its season is from
November to February. Size, medium to
large ; quality very good.

FAN.W.

This apiile also originated near Strasburg,
on the farm f<irmerly owned by .Jacob I5(;am.
Fruit large ; (luality very good. A new apple
of great promi.se.

FRANKLIN.

A native of Lanciuster county, not located
by Downing. Pronounced good. Septenilwr
to November.

These are all described by Downing in his
great work, "F^ruit and Fruit Trees of
America" — a work which should lie in the
possession of every fruil-grower in the land.

There are other valuable apples in Lancas-
ter county mit yet brought to public notice,
which should be liroiight out and fairly tested.
Not that the present catahigues contain too
few'varieties, but because fruits generally suc-
ceed best when not too far from their native
home. Lancaster county has already cfintri-
buted its full share to our native list of apples,
but as there are still valuable kinds not brought
liefore the public, may I, in behalf of progres-
sive pomologists, solicit all who possess valuable
apples, a-s also other fruits, not yet brought to
publicity, to bring such to the monthly meet-
ings of our Agricultural and Horticultural
Societj', where they will l^e examined by com-
petent committees, and reported through
The Lancaster F'aumer. u. m. e.

THE PERSIMMON.

Tlie persimmon {Diospi/ms Virriiniana)
sometimes called the date iilnm, from the re-
semblance of the dried fruit to that of the
true date, is found from T,ouisiana to New
York. In some soils it grows only to a large
bush, while in rich bottom land it is freiiuently
found twenty or m<ire inches in diameter, and
as much as sixty feet high. Some of the
trees appear to be i)ure males and are barren,
while others have perfect flowers, and bring
forth fruit without the aid of the ]iurely male.
Hut a male plant in the vicinity of the others
is of much advantage in producing large
crops.

The fruit in its wild state varies considera-
bly in size and (piality. In cultivation it
shows a disposition to increase, in size, and
from this we might infer that the horticul-
turist would have but little difliculty in bring-
ing about results .as favorabli- as have lieeii
accomplished in the peach, plum, &c.

The fruit is iiroduced abundantly and ripens
after most fruitsare over ; heni:e it would prove
a valu.able addition to our fall siqiiilv. Ft is
very pleasant to most palates, and in its dried
state is by many considered much superi<ir to
the true date. I have no doubt that by and
by we shall have seedless varieties, as we
have kinds now that are almost so.

Indeed, I was under the inqiression for sev-
eral years past that that desideratum was an
accoinplished fact. A tree growing on the
premises of Mrs. Rogers in East King street,

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Lancaster, to which I have access, had large
fruit, and all the specimens I ever got from it
were entirely seedless. I procured a sucker
from it which produced the third or fourth
year after planting about a dozen specimens,
which were likewise entirely seedless. For
several years past some of the fruit was seed-
less, while -.he majority of them had from two
to six seeds. Still it is a decided acquisition,
and by skillful management may bring forth
good results.

The seeds, if kept moist and frozen during
the winter, will grow readily, though sometimes
some will not come up until the second year.
The seedlings can be budded or grafted, and
will bear as young as the apple. c. h.

WHEAT GLEANINGS. No. 2.

The farmer, who, after all, is the most inde-
pendent and useful member of the common-
wealth, has to contend with drawbacks and
occasional short crops, in spite of all his skill
and industry. The weather and the seasons
he can by no means control, but he can observe
and note the results. He finds that a continu-
ance of dry or wet weather alters the relative
proportions of corn and straw in a crop of cere-
als. A spell of wet and warm weather will
favor the growth of the leaves, stalk aud roots,
as also the formation of new shoots. This ex-
hausts the material that should go to make up
the seed, hence the yield of the crop is dimin-
ished. On the otlier hand, a spell of dry weather,
before or during sproutmg time, produces the
opposite effect ; that is, the store of formative
matter accumidated in the roots is used in far
greater proportion for the production of seed,
and the quantity of straw will be less. The pro-
ductiveness of the wheat plant by division may
not be familiar to all. The experiment was
published by Mr. Stowe, who, on the 13th of
July, 1850, planted a single grain of wheat in
his garden. It came up in ten days and grew
luxuriantly till the 13th of September. It was
then taken up and divided into slips and
replanted. The plants lived and flour-
ished until the 13th of November, when
they were again i-aised, divided and i-e-
planted, and sufiered to remain until the Kith
of April, 1851. The weather then becoming
unfavorably wet they were aU taken up again
and divided into no less than 114 plants; these,
being planted, were permitted to stand until
the month of August, when they were produc-
tive of the amazing number of 520 ears of wheat,
many of them of full size, containing more than
fifty grains each. This shows what may be done
with a single seed ; but what bearing it has on
thin or otherwise sowing in the open field, I am
Dot able to see. It is more curious to learn of
its amazing productiveness under such a course
of treatment. They say "straws show which
way the wind blows." I therefore give it in
substance as I find it. The experiment is easily
made by any one who doubts it.

As the weather is mentioned as one of the
unavoidable hindrances, allow me to mention
that the learned W. H. Webster, a surgeon in
the Royal Navy, England, affirms (after the
most critical attention devoted to the subject
for a considerable period in all quarters ) that
"the weather is constantly marked by recur-
rences, separated by a solar month of thirty
and a half days. According to him tlie same
day of the montli, or nearly the same days, are
critical — either show the highest or lowest
barometer of the month, or else tlie highest or
lowest thennometer. " Tliis he affirms he has
verified in an enomious number of instances,
of which he gives a few. Of course, we neitlier
admit nor deny, but as he sets aside the suj)-
posed influence of the moon altogether, his
meterologieal pulses being "solar," he may be
astride of a hobby not yet recognized as of any
importance to the surgeon or the farmer. Our
"Prob.,"at Washington, seems to know some-
thing about the shifting winds, and hits it very
well on an average.

In my gleaning, the experiment of Mr. Ilal-
lett, an Englisli agriculturist, came to my
notice, on what is called by him "Nursery

Wheat." " A grain produces a stool, consist-
ing of many ears; each grain is planted in a hole
twelve inches apart every way, each head in a
row. From all these he selects the best grain.
This process he repeated. I copy his tabular
arrangement:

Year. length in in. No grains. Ears on stalk.

1857. Original ear, i% 45

1S.58. Finest, 6>^ 79 10

1859. Ditto, 7% 91 22

1860. Ears imperfect from wet season, 39

1861. Finest ear, 8% 128 .52

Mr. Hallett also states that the improvement
in the sixth generation was even greater than
in any of the others. " Thus," he continues,
' 'by means of repeated selection alone the length
of the ears has been doubled, their contents
nearly trebled, and the tillerir.g power of the
seed increased five-fold." By " tillering," he
means the horizontal growth, or root before the
vertical stems are thrown up. This certainly
shows what selection and proper attention can
lierform; besides, it would go to prove that
thin seeding is not necessarily attended by a
thin crop, but rather, that thin seeding and
early sowing are both beneficial, and that an
immense saving may be made in the quantity
of wheat used annually for seed. It is also
alleged that when thinly sown or planted it
grows stronger in the straw, and is better able
to resist a storm.

Plants require not only a porous, arable soil,
with a goodly mixture of humus, but there
are certain salts, such as chlorate of sodium,
nitrate of soda, and salts of ammonia, which
experience has proved to exercise under cer-
tain conditions a favorable action upon the pro-
ductiveness of a field. The woudeiful property
in arable soil of attracting and retaining these
elementary food principles, so that when liquid
maniu-e, however deep in color or strong in
smell, is filtered through it, the soil retains
all the coloring matter and odor, as well as
the ammonia, potash and phosphoric acid
which it holds in solution. This absorbent
quality of soil is important. A soil abounding
in clay, with a small proportion of lime in it,
possesses the absorptive power in the same
degree as a lime soil with a small admixture
of clay, but the amount of humus substances
will alter the absorptive relation, as it is
founded on the greater or less porosity of the
arable soil. Hence, a dense, heavy clay soil
and a loose sandy soil possess the absorptive
power in the smallest degree. The disente-
gration of minerals and rocks by mechanical
agency, or combined action of water, oxygen
and carbonic acid, during a period of thou-
sands of years, have deposited the soil in the
plains and low lands, with their properties
suited for the nutrition of plants. The same
causes, in the course of a few years, will con-
vert wood or vegetable fibre to humus, result-
ing from its decay. Yet saw-dust, when fresh,
has no more the property of humus than
powdered rocks have the property of arable
soil. It requires time and chemical changes
to bring about these conditions, and it is
questionable whether the art of man can arti-
ficially produce like results, due to ages and
special action. Lime and magnesia may be
blended with it ; these aid in separating pot-
ash from nitric acid and help to decompose the
nitrate of potash. A sort of double action
takes place in tlie soil. Soils vary, even in the
same field and difl'er essentially in their com-
ponents, whether manured or not, yet one
soil may have conditions or nutritive substan-
ces, eitlier adapted to cereals, tuniips, clover,
potatoes or the like. The food elements for
cereals and clover, and the food elements of
oats and rye, are essentially the same ; and the
nearer these elements lie together in one field,
the larger will be the result in the yield. J. s.

Prize Milk Cow: The Ohio Farmer says
that the first prize milk cow at the late Ohio
State Fair was a five-year old Short-Horn,
which gave 406 pounds of milk in severi days
on grass alone; the milk making 14 pounds 13
oxmces of butter.

FARMER JOHN.

Home from his journey farmer John

Arrived this mornina: safe and sound.
His blacl< coat off, and his old clothes on,
" Now I'm myself!" says Farmer John ;

And he thinks, "I'll look around."
Up leaps the dog : " Get down, you pup I
Are you so glad you would eat me up?"
The "old cow lows at the gate to greet him ;
The horses prick up their ears to meet him;

"Well, well, old Bay!

Ha, ha, old Gray !
Do you get good feed when X am away?

" You have not a rib !" says Farmer John ;

The cattle are looking round and sleek ;
The colt is going to be a roan.
And a beauty too — how he has grown !

We'll wean the calf next week."
Says Farmer John, " When I've been off,
To call you a^ain about the trough.
And watch you, and pet you, while you drink,
Is a greater comfort than you can think I"

And he pats old Bay,

And he slaps old Gray ;
"Ah this is the comfort of going away I

"For after all," says Farmer John,

" The best of a journey is getting home.
I've seen great sights ; but would I give
This spot, and the peaceful life I live,

For all their Paris and Rome?
These hills for the city's stifled air,
And big hotels all bustle and glar».
Land all houses, and roads all stones,
That deafen your ears and batter your bones ?

Would you, old Bay ?

Would you, old Gray?
That's what one gets by going away !

"There money is king," says Farmer John ;

" And fashion is queen ; and it's mighty queer
To see how sometimes, while the man,
Kaking and scraping all he can,

The wife spends every year.
Enough you would think for a score of wives,
To keep them in luxury all their lives !
The town is a perfect Babylon
To a quiet chap," says Farmer John.

"You see, old Bay,

You see, old Gray,
I'm wiser than when I went away.

"I've found out this," saj's Farmer John,

"' That happiness is not bought and sold,
And clutched in a life of waste and hurry,
In nights of pleasure and days of worry ;

And wealth is n't all in gold,
Mortgage and stocks and ten per cent.,
But in simple ways, and sweet content,
Few wants, pure hopes, and noble ends.
Some Land to till, and a few good friends,

Like you, old Bay,

And you, old gray,
That's what I've learned by going away."

And a happy man is Farmer John,

O, a rich and happy man is he ;
He sees the peas and pumpkins growing.
The corn in tassel, the buckwheat blowing,

And fruit on vine and tree ;
The large, kind oxen look their thanks
Ashe rubs their foreheads and st rokes their flanks ;
I'he doves light round him, and strut and coo.
Says Farmer John, " I'll take you too,

And you, old Bay,

And you, old Gray,
Next time I travel so far away I"

J. T. TKOWBRIDGE.

A CHEAP CONDUCTOR. .

An extraordinary account has appeared in
a French agricultural journal, to the eflect
that straw forms an admirable lightning con-
ductor. It had been observed that straw had
the eflect of discharging Leyden jars without
spark or explosion, and some one in the neigh-
borhood of Tarbes had the idea of construct-
ing straw lightning conductors, which wers
formed by fastening a wisp or rope of straw to
a deal stick by means of brass wire, and cap-
ping the conductor with a copper point. It is
asserted that the experiment has been tried
on a large scale around Tarbes, eighteen com-
mtmes haying been provided with such straw
conductors, only one being erected for every
750 acres, and that the whole neighborhood
has thus been preserved from the effects, not
only of lightning, but of hail also. The state-
ment comes from a reliable source, and the
apparatus being extremely simple and inex-
pensive, it is at any rate worth a trial. Cop-
per conductors are expensive, but every cot-
tager almost could set up a straw one.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATION.

INTERESTING ntOCEEDlNGS OF THE LAN-
CASTER COTINTY AOUICULTURAL AND
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This Society met statedly on Monday, Feb.
1, in the Orjihans' Court room, Lancaster,
the president, Jolinson Miller, in the chair.

The followini; members were present :
Johnson Miller, Warwick ; .lacuh Musser,
East Donefial ; .)olm 15. Erl>, East Lamiieter ;
Dr. r. W. lliestand, Millersville ; Epliraim
Ihiber, Manlieimtwp. ; .](ihn l{nssler,Maiilieim
twp. ; Wm. M. Ihiihalver, and Henry S. Sonan,
East Ilempliekl; Jonas JUickwalter,"East Lam-
peter; Abraham Snyder, C'lav tw]). ; Levi IS.
ileist, Warwick ; Eeter S. Heist, Manlieim
twp.; Abraham Zollinger, Warwick; Thomas
Wood, Fulton; and Alex. Harris^ Geo. W.
Schroyer, Daniel Smeych, Wm. McComsey, S.
S. Ratlivon, D. G. Swartz, and J. M. W. Geist,
city.

The reading of minutes of last meeting was
dispensed with and reports of standing com-
mittees called for.

Dr. Hiestand, from the committee ap-
pointed to confer with tlie County Conunis-
sioners relative to the use of a room to meet
in during the current year, reported that they
had the consent of the Connnissioners to use
tlie Orphans' Court room, they having agreed
to compensate the janitor for keeping the
room in order. On motion, his compensation
was fixed at 50 cents a meeting, or $(5 a year.

REPORTS ON THE CROPS

■were necessarily brief, owing to tlie season of
the year. Mr. Erb reported the grass, grain,
etc,, in good condition, so far as was apparent.
He had not examined the fruit buds, but did
not suppose they had been injured. He re-
ported the springs and wells as being very
low, with no prospects of improvement in
their condition.

The President called attention to the fact
that the secretary had served them faithfully
since the organization of the Society, with
the exception of the last year, when his place
was filled by another at his owii request, and
submitted whether some compensation ought
not to be allowed for his time and labor. The
proposition was favored by Mr. Erb and
others, and the compensation fixed at $12 a
year.

UNDER THE HEAD OF NEW^ BUSINESS,

Mr. Hoover called for information on this
point : Three weeks ago, when the thermome-
ter was six degrees below zero, his pump did
not freeze, but on the day following, with the
thennometer at four degrees above zero, it
was frozen. How was this to he accounted
for? Mr. Ililler said it might be explained
from diflerent causes. There might have been
more pumping when it was coldest. Then,
while the temperature remains below the
freezing point the freezing continues and pen-
etrates deei)er. It has this effect on streams.
Although the temperature may be several
degrees higher to-day than yesterday the ice
still thickens. Mr. Erb suggested that it
takes some time for the cold to penetrate
through the pump, and thought this was the
true explanation in this case.

THE APPLE TREE BORER.

Mr. Hoover proposed the question — How
can we best an-est the ravages of the ap])le
tree borer ? He said this was an important
question in some localities where the twier is
so bad that scarcely any trees can be raised,
■while in other localities the pest is scarcely
known.

Mr. Hiller said the trouble lay not so much
in what we don't know as in not practicing
what we do kuow. It requires vigilance and
■work to conquer the borer ; but it can lie done.
Trees should not be i)lanted without taking
certain precautions. His plan was to wrap
the base of the tree witli paper or nmslin from
the ground upwards about one foot, and keep
it wrapped during the season when the borer
deposits its eggs, which it always docs right at
the ground, or rather under it. This must
be done at time of planting. Occiisionally a

borer will deposit above the wrapping, but as
this operation must be d<ino in fidl view of the
eye, it can be frustrated by proper vigilance.
An old linen cloth is perhaps the best, but
paper answers the purpose. It had been sug-
gested to coat the wrapping with tar, but lie
thought that unnecessary and liable to injure
the tree. In answer to a <piery from a mem-
ber he said oil clolh would do. In the case of
the iieach borer he liad found a thin mixture
of cow manure applied about twice a year an
ellectual preventive.

Mr. Hoover said his plan had been to ex-
amine his trees, spring and fall, and destroy
the liorers; but he thought Mr. Hiller's pre-
ventive the better plan, as prevention is always
better than cure.

Some one suggested tliat the use of oil cloth
might be injurious, as likely to draw too much
heat to the ba.se of the trees, in which Mr.
Hiller concurred: and in answer to a sugges-
tion from Mr. Smeycli, that the borer might
work through cloth and still deposit its eggs,
Mr. H. said such had not been his ohservation.

Prof. Rathvon said they had l)een seeking
information about the borer, but there were
half a dozen of them. The most injurious,
however, and the one best known, is that which
deposits its eggs in the tree near the earth. It
does this becau.se heat and moisture are two
necessary conditions for hatching the eggs. A
young brood of small white grubs is hatched
from these eggs in from six to ten days— ac-
cording to the temperature of the weather —
which immediately penetrate the tenderest
portion of the bark, and the aperture of ingress
is soon closed, on account of the small size, by
the subsequent vigorous growth of the tree.
It takes from thi-ee to five years for these Inn-a
to mature. During the first year their opera-
tions are mainly conducted immediately under
the bark; the second year they penetrate the
wood, and subsequently tliey go in still deeper.
Their galleries are usually perpendicular, or
with the grain of the wood, but when the larva
is matured it cuts a transverse gallery out-
ward to the bark where it changes to the pupa
form, from which it emerges a perfect beetle
and cuts a hole through the bark and conies
forth in June, or the early part of July. Itis,
then, from three-quarters to an inch in length,
of a white velvety color, with three broad
brown stripes reaching from the head to the
hinder end, and distinguished by a pair of long
antenna, or horns. Heuce, it is called the
"striped apple tree borer" {Sapenht candid(i')
but the same insect also attacks the quince
and the pear. The quince is particularly sub-
ject to its attacks, and from the usually small
size of that tree it suffers more from it than
larger trees. An allied species of the same
form and size, but of a fawn color, with a few
blackish spots on the wing-covers (Haperila
vestita) infests the Linden trees, and has ruined
nearly all the trees of that species in the city
of Lancaster. These borers can be sometimes
dislodged by the introduction of a barlied steel
wire, or if not dislodged at least killed. No
one has such good opportunity for oliserving
its habits as the farmer, who ought to closely
observe and make a record of it. In this county
they generally make their apjiearancein June.
Nearlyall insects belonging to tliisorder mature
in June. In rare instances he has noticed them
as late as the first of August. This is a point
which every one should closely ob.serve for him-
self. They don't live more than six weeks or two
months, as a beetle, and it is only during this
period that the eggs are de|)osited ; and. if the
trees are protected during that time, as sug-
gested, they arc safe from their depredations.
The borer next best known always works
higher U]), and never goes into the wood, but
keejjs under the bark, where the "sap-suckers"
readily get at thein. This grub is much the
.shape of a horse-shoe nail. Another variety
make longitudinal cells in the twigs. The Ijase-
borer works right into the wood, slowly but
surely.

THE PEAR AND ROSE SLUG.

Mr. Erb saw a slug on the leaves of his pear
and quince trees resembling the horse-shoe
nail in appearance. AVas it the same V

I'rof. Uathvon said the pear slug was a
different species. Another infested tlie rose,
and a third the cherry. They belonged to
the same order as the wa-sj) — the Ilymenop-
tera. The first brood go down near the
ground and form a chrysalis, and then come
up and (U'liosit their eggs. The second brood
go down into the ground and sleep there
until Spring. The rose slug can be con(iuered
by vigilance. I^ast season he had efleclively
destroyed them in his garden. In May, when
they lir.st come, the fiy can be seen early in
the morning. They should be destroyed, and
lest you should not have found all, look for the
little caterpillar or slug on the under side of
the leaves and destroy it also. Early attentioa
and close vigilance will do the work.

THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE.

Mr. Erb desired Professor Katlivon'soi)inion
on the best method of iin'venting the ravages
of the i)otato bug in the coming st-ason. He
said last year he commenced fighting them,
but later in the season they came so fast ho
had to give it up.

Piof. 11. said his opinion no^w is the same
as it always was since he first warned the
fai-mcrs to preiiare for its aiiproach. It is
increasing rapidly and the farmers will be
sorry they did not pay attention to it sooner,
as he had advised them to do. There was a
pamphlet of 14 pages, entitled the " Pest and
its Uemedy" published in New York, which
gave the most valuable i)ractical information
on this subject he had yet seen in so small a
comjiass and within the comiirehension of the
unscientific reader. It recommends I'aris
green as the remedy for extiri)ation, and tells
how to apply it without danger to the iilant
or the 0|>erator. He said he had i)reiiare<l a
notice of the pamphlet and the name and
address of its publishers, which would apjX'ar
in the next number of The Lancaster
Farmer.

The President suggested that the ravages
of the pest might be prevented by planting
nothing but the Early Rose potato, as he had
noticed that in certain localities that variety
had not been attacked.

Mr. Erb said that he had raised that variety
last year altogether, and although the early
crop had escaped pretty well, the later one
was eaten out. Another member said he ol>-
served that they were as bail on the Early
Rose as on other varieties.

A CASE FOR INVESTIGATION.

Mr. Hoover said that in his neighborhood
there were five acres wliicji had Ix'cn eaten up
by the bugs, while a half acre separated only
by an ordinary fence had escai>ed. There
seemed to be no difterence in the soil or cul-
ture.

Mr. Erb suggested this might be owing to
the fact that the bug always goes for the ten-
derest stalk.s.

Mr. McComsey thought Mr. Hoover's state-
ment was so remarkalile and important tliat a
committee ought tobeaiipoinled to investigate
the facts, .and learn what the varying condi-
tions were. This suggestion was acted u]ion,
and the Chair apjiointed Messj-s. AVm. Mc-
Comsey, Ephraini Hoover, and Prof. Rathvon
as the committee to report at next meeting.

BEST MODE OF WINTERING CATTLE.

The question, " AVhat is the best mode of
whitering cattle," proposed at a former meet-
ing by Mr. Eshleman, was laid over owing to
the aiisence of the propounder.

REST JIODE OF EXTRACTING STUMPS.

Mr. Huckwalter proposed for discussion the
l>est mode of extracting stumps, to which Mr.
Musser replied that a neighbor of his (Mr.
Dully) had cleared aluuit forty acres of from
600 to "(«> stumps, by a New \'ork extractm-,
working on the screw principle, which was
effective and exjieditious in taking out any
stumps not over Iwentv inches hi diameter.

Mr. Brubaker said the easiest way was to
plow around them and wait until they rot.

Mr. Miis.ser said that was a waste of time
and ground. Rather than do that one could
afford to pay a dollar a piece and make money

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

by it. He never cuts a locust without digging
out the stump at the same time.

Mr. Hiller said he had them talcen out
piece-meal by hand labor and did not find it
expensive, although his \yere mostly chestnut
and more easily taken out than some others.

In answer to a query in regard to burning
them out with coal oil, Mr. Musser said he
had tried both coal oil and benzine, which he
had seen recommended, but both were failures,
although he had given them a fair trial.

RUST ON FE.\US AND SMALL FRUITS.

Mr. Erb inquired, " What is the best means
of preventing rust on pears and to keep them
from prematurely falling off?" remarking
that his Flemish Beauties were nearly all lost
last year from this caase.

Mr. Hiller said he had no information to im-
part that he considered worth anything, but
he had an opinion which might suggest the
proper inquiry. He thought, ih the course of
cultivation, we were robbing the soil of some
particular ingi'edient which was necessaiy to
the healthy growth of the pear, and that not
Ijeing replaced, rust or premature decay re-
sulted. Some pears, which did well years ago,
are now worthless for cultivation. Those pres-
ent would remember the old " Butter Pear ''
which was unequalled by any now cultivated,
but it will no longer flourish. Then, there was
the old "Winter Pear," which ripened in the
cellar as regularly as winter apples, but now
it is a failure. By continuous culture we have
been robbing the soil of a particular element
which should be replaced, if we can learn what
it is and how to do it. We ought to study
what that deficiency is. He did not pretend
*• to know, but he was clear in his mind that

;^, ■''this is the direction in which we should make

* ■ our investigations.

Prof. Rathvon said that vegetable physiolo-
gists claim to have discovered that the outer
coating of pears is a sort of wax, which is
formed by a certain element derived from the
soil, as silicate is supplied which is assential to
the healthy growth of grass. Whenever this
rust or mould olitains on the pear there
has not been enough of that secretion to pro-
tect them. To make these experiments suc-
cessfully requires the aid of a microscope of
seventy-five diameters, and hence we must de-
pend mainly on the researches of vegetable
physiologists and keep read up in their dis-
coveries. One variety of the same plant may
require more of a certain element than others.
Mr. Gillingham, of Virginia, had communi-
cated some interesting results of his experi-
ments with the blackberry to the agricultural
department. He had planted different varie-
ties under the same conditions of soU., &c.,
four or five yeai^s before. Two years ago the
Kittitany was affected with the red rust, and
did not bear or mature its fruit. Both leaves
and stems were covered with rust. The Wilson
came out unscathed. Even if the theory of
absorbing from the soil to make the wax or its
- etiuivalent be true, some plants may absorb
more than others, the soil and the climate be-
ing the same. A few years ago he noticed in
Mr. Riley's garden, in this city, that the Phil-
adelphia ras|)beiTy rusted while the Black Cap
did not. Therefore, it would require a care-
ful analysis of the soil, and close observation
of other conditions of the plants to determine
this point.

Mr. Erb said he noticed the "horse-shoe
nail " slugs on Ins pears which were rusted,
and that they had injured the leaves.

LEAA'ES THE LUNGS OF THE PLANT.

Prof. Rathvon — These were the "pear slug. "
Tlie leaves are the lungs of the tree. Injuiy to
them alone would cause the fruit to fall. A
healthy condition of the leaves is essential to
the health of the tree and the maturing of the
fruit. The same holds good with the grape or
any other fruit.

CULTIVATION OF NATIVE TREES.

Levi S. Reist had noticed that the Buerre
Diehl and Duchesse pears are liable to rust
when grown as standards, while they do very
well as dwarfs. He therefore suggested that
more attention should be paid to native

varieties. In illustration, he referred to a na-
tive pear grown at Reading, which flourishes
there, but fails elsewhere ; and the Vicar of
Wakefield seems to do better in Lancaster
than anywhere else. He had no doubt that
native seedlings would be free from many of
the diseasesiucident to foreign varieties.

THE STRAWBERRY PEST.

Mr. Erb desired 'some information on the
subject of raising strawberry plants. He said
he had failed to raise both plants and berries.
He planted a half acre last spring and before
the summer was over he could scarcely see
where the rows were. A kind of lice had
eaten the roots. They were of a whitish, dull
blue color. He couldn't even raise the Wilson,
conceded to be the liardiest variety.

Prof. Rathvon said this insect belonged to
the same order as the Phylloxera vastatrix,
which had been creating such terrible devas-
tations on the vines in France, that 100,000
francs had been oftered by the French Acad-
as a standing reward for a remedy. They
were called " the Grape root and leaf aphis,
or louse." You might have noticed little
tuber-like projections on the leaves of the
grape. Cut them open and you will find a
female aphis and several eggs. In the fall of
the year they go down to the ground where
they attack the roots. They are analagous
to the aphis which attacks the strawberry.
Prof. Riley, of 8t. Louis, recommended pierc-
ing holes in the ground and putting in acid
and lime, keeping oft" far enough not to injure
the roots. His remedy was tried in France,
but did not seem to do much good.

Without, however, seeing the insect itself,
it would be impossible to determine its species,
its genus, or perhaps its family even. The
insects that attacked the roots of Mr. Erb's
strawberries may have been a species of
"Spring-tail" or "Snow-flea" (Poduridce).
Two years ago Mr. Mehaffey, of Marietta,
brought me several thousands of these insects,
that occurred in his garden in millions, with-
out however doing any perceptible injury to
the vegetation therein; but Dr. Fitch describes
them as injurious to vegetation. Pulverized
gas lime or sawdust saturated with carbolic
acid, and mixed with the soil, has been recom-
mended as a preventive. I would recommend
experimentation on these subjects by farmers
and fruit growers, and a publication of the
results. A failure may be of as much impor-
tance to be known as a success.

MANURING CORN-STUBBLE LAND FOR OATS.

Johnson Miller proposed for discussion the
question, Would it be profitable to manure
corn-stubble land for the oats crop ? He pro-
po.sed the question because the oats crop has
become a failure, and he attributed it to the
fact that we manure for all other crops but
this. He proposed to try it next spring,
but he wanted tli^e opinion of older farmers.

Mr. Musser said he need not be afraid of
manuring too heavily for oats.

Mr. Levi S. Reist looked upon that propo-
sition as a progressive" step. The time was
when oats came to maturity without manur-
ing, iind would have grown rank with it ; but
now that the soil is less fertile he thought
manuring on the corn-stubble would not only
produce a good crop of oats but would mater-
ially benefit the succeeding crop of wheat.

Mr. Erb thought one cause of the failure of
the oats crop was to be found in the loose
manner it was put in. It dries out in our
seasons and hence will not mature. He be-
lieved in more thorough cultivation.

Johnson ^Miller said his plan is to cultivate
as thorougly as for other crops. He plants
"broadcast" with^the drill, but not in rows,
which he ccrasiders better than hand-.sowing.

Mr. Musser — The best plan is first the ]ilow,
then then the drag. He weighted the drills so
as not to get beyond a certain depth. The
best crop he ever raised was put in in this
manner.

EXPERIMENT AND REPORT RESULTS.

Mr. McComsey hoped the president, who is
one of om- most progressive farmers, would

make this experiment of manuring corn-stub-
ble for the oats crop and give the farmers the
benefit of his experience, if it was only on a
single acre. The question in his mind was
whether on farms where manure is scarce it
would pay to rob other crops of fertilizers.

The president urged the importance of not
only experimenting, but of reporting results.
This was the only certain way of investing the
meetings of this Society with interest and
profit, and of advancing the members in prac-
tical agricultural knowledge.

THE LANCASTER FARMER COMMENDED.

Mr. Rathvon presented the Society with the
ninth volume of the Proceedings of the State
Agricultural Society, calling the members' at-
tention to two articles of his it contains, one
on Potato Beetles, another on "White Cabbage
Butterflies." He also advised them to read
the article on the Potato Bug in The Farmer
of last July, and if they would keep up with
the literature of this and other important
subjects to subscribe for The Lancaster
Farmer for 1875— a recommendation which
the President and others heartily seconded.
The Farmer now contains more reading mat-
ter,and on a greater variety of subjects relating
to the farm and fireside, than any other onedo
liar journal in the Union — only a fraction over
cu/ht cents a month — and no matter how many
other papers he may subscribe for, the Lan-
caster county farmer should patronize his own
home journal; not only by his subscription,
but also by his contributons to its columns.
The more he gives in this way, he will find the
more he will have to give.

business FOR THE NEXT MEETING.

Casper Hiller was appointed essayist for the
next meeting. Subject—" Our Orchards."

The following questions were proposed for
discussion at the next meeting:

1. What is the best method of wintering
cattle ?— W. P. Albright.

2. What trees are most profitable to grow
for fencing and fuel ? — E. S. Hoover.

3. What is the best food for milch cows ?—
Jolmson Miller.

4. What variety of corn produces the most
bushels to the acre.

WHAT OUR FARMERS OUGHT TO DO.

This being the first meeting of this Society
at which we listened to all the discussions, we
cannot close without expressing our deep con-
viction of the wide field of practical usefid-
ness which it is in the power of the members
to occupy and improve. Although it is now
over thirty yeare since we held the plough,
swung the scythe, or drove the ox, and there-
fore do not claim to be " much of a farmer,"
we are free to confess that we were deeply in-
terested in the discussion of the various topics
presented, and pleased with the ])ractical off-
hand manner in which they were treated by
the different members. If the farmers gene-
rally would appreciate the advantages of par-
ticipating in these meetings and become mem-
bers, the benefit which would result to the
agricultural interests of Lancaster county
would be incalculable. As the President re-
marked in his annual address, the large court
room ought to be filled with farmers at every
meeting; and it would be, if every one inter-
ested would take some special pains to impress
the importance of the organization upon the
fanners generally. There is a vast fund of
practical and valuable information "lying
around loose " among them which could thus
be brought together and utilized for the gen-
eral good. J. M. w. G.

So FAR as practical agriculture is concerned,
the great storehouse of fertility is in the soil,
and not in the atmosphere. We must plow
better and perhaps deeper and more fre-
quently. Very few of us work our land
enough. Mr. Geddes says he plowed up this
old pasture because it "did not produce one-
quarter as much feed, as when newly seeded ;"
and yet many people think that grass and
clover " enrich " land. — Am. Ayr.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

OUR NATIONAL CENTENNIAL.
THE AGRICULTUU AL DEl'A RTMENT.

In our .lammiy issue we took ocrasion to
say tliat " wc cannot too often admonish tlio
farmers of Lancaster county to l)usy tliem-
selve.s in ' working up ' a physical and intel-
lectual representation of the resources of the

there, as the faithful and aiipropriate advo-
cate and exponent of those interests." And
we now add, with all the emphasis of the
accompanying lieautiful illustration, that one
of the most impressive sections of the Cen-
tennial Exi)Osilion will certainly be the Aijri-
cullural liiiihliinj. This fine structure, havim?
in its immediate vicinity a stock 3'ard, with

' Garden spot of the Keystone State ' in the
approaching Centennial, which is scarcely
a year and a half in the future. We want to
see the farminjr interests of our great county
honorably standing by the side of the greatest
in the land. We want to sec our journal

divisions for horses, cattle, sheep and swine,
and poultiy houses, will be located north of
the Con.^'fvatory and on the east side of
Belmont Avenue. The ground plan of this
department, covering an area of about ten
acres, is a parallelogram of 540 by 820 feet ;

constnactcd chiefly of wood and glass, it will
consist of a long nave crossed by three tran-
septs, both nave and transepts Ijeing con-
stituted (if truss arches of a (Jothic siyie.
This is intended for the recejition of every
kind of agricultural and dairy iniplemi-nia
and utensils, except, of course, such as are
properly included in the machinery depart-
ment. iSuch an ex-
hibition, aided as
it will be by tho
fraternal feeling
which now exists
among the farming
j)rofession, cannot
fail to inspire a
lively interest in the
present, and be pro-
ductive of substan-
tial benefit in the
future. There will
also be arranged in
this section speci-
mens of grain, and
products of the .soil
generally, which,
ctmsidcring the
wide area and ca-
pabilities of the
country, should
insure a national
display of vast im-
portance, and |)la<:e
the Agricultural
interests of • this-
country in a posi-
tion to compare fa-
vorably with other
developmentsofthe
national pntgi'css
during the past cen-
tury. TheFarming
fraternity should
certainly take a
lively, earnest, and
liberal interest in
making this de-
partment in partic-
ular, and the Cen-
tennial Exposition
in general, an un-
doubted and proud
success.

WeA-(imc that the
farmers of Lancas-
ter county, their
wives, sous and
daughters, are sec-
ond to none in the
Union, when they
choose to let their
presence be seen
and felt; and there-
fore, we would
admonish them
against that indif-
ference or (imidity
which may prevail
on account of the
imposing character
of the approaching
£.cp'iii>iiin}. A 1 1
those architectural
conceptions for the
accommodation of
a still more magnfi-
ccnt display of the
results of hiunan
industry— all llio.se
gigantic appoint-
ments and their
multitudinous de-
tails—all the de-
signs and plans
necessary in carry-
ing out the "com-
ing event " into
practical effect, arebut the nut births of human
thought — human ingenuity and human energy;
and, whether a farmer or a king, " a man's a
man for 'a that." Fundimentally, tbeCreator
has made all nun alike, all possess the same
organic principles — the same mental elements;

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

the difference in manifestation is only a differ-
ence in energy, and a perseverance in pur-
pose. On tliis great occasion the farmers of
Lanca.ster county ought not to be content with
merely self-gratitication ; they ought to do
something to gratify others, and we ktww that
they can ch it — their thouglits should be run-
ning in that direction now. A like opportunity
will not again be aiforded to this or the next
generation.

In this connection we would state that C.
M. HosTETTER, esq., of this city, has been
appointed General Agent for Lancaster coun-
ty of the Centennial Board of Finance, for
the sale of stock and medals, his head-quar-
ters being at the Stevens House. He has
shown us samples of the Centennial Medals,
of which there are four sizes and styles, silver,
bronze and gold — all very beautiful, with ap-
propriate State and National emblems, and
bearing the following inscriptions : On the
face — "These united colonies are, and of
right ought to be, free and independent States,
177G." On the reverse — "In commemniora-
tion of the hundredth aimiversary of Ameri-
can Independence. 187(3." Act of Congress,
June, 1874." These sell at prices ranging
from one to five dollars, or the set in a beauti-
ful case, for $11. The proceeds go to aid the
building fund.

THE RELATIONS OF HYGIENE TO
PRACTICAL MEDICINE.

BY PROF. JAR VIS S. WHITE, M.D.

"Who clothe tlje young ? It is done under
the guide of maternity. How is it done ? The
legs are bare, the arms are naked, the neck and
upper part of the chest are exposed, scanty
clothing is \>\\t on the horly, and that is all.
"Wliy so '? Would you believe it ? It is done
to harden the little ones, to give them good
constitutions ! How cruel, how sad, how
touching, and how lamentable may be tlie re-
sult ! The mother means this for good. But
let her dress herself as she does her infant; let
her give it a fair trial; depend on it, the trial
will not last long. Will you dissipate on the
winter air the warmth that God has provided
for developing your child into the full vigor
of manhood and womanhood ? W^ill you imi-
tate that poor mother, who gave her new-born
infant a daily snow-bath ? The gods had com-
passion on her tender babe and took it away.
I will not say that she was guilty of infanticide.

Intramural sepulture has been found to be
detrimental to health. This is simply a matter
of experience. In theory, the same result is
obtained. Sepulture now takes place outside
of cities; but the city grows — it invades the
place of sepulture, hence it is alleged that sep-
ulture is not accf>rding to the principles of
Hygiene. Why delay the change of " dust to
dust and ashes to ashes V" Why wait hun-
dreds of years for tlie decomposition of the
body ? Repulsive mummies, putrid flesh, and
disagreealjle bones are all surely going back to
dust again. I do not, at present, undertake
to give an ophiion on this subject; but they
tell us to burn the bodies of the dead — to imi-
tate that which nature does — but what we do,
to do quickly. A handful of gray ashes in a
sepulchral urn will symbolize the "ashes to
ashes and dust to dust," and rivet the links
of memory, wliile the uprising gases from the
furnace will symltolize the si>irit that's gone.
And then of a truth — the dead cannot harm
the living.

Where shall Sanitary Science be taught?
And to whom shall it be taught ? I will
answer this q\iestion by and liy. In the
meantime, let me ask : Who need aanitari/ in-
struction ? In my opinion, the people need it
—and the medical profession need it. Let the
elements of Hygiene be taught in every com-
mon school, ni every academy, in every private
school, and in every college in the counti-y.
The bodies of our youth need the saving grace
of cleanliness. And when they grow up they
will teach their children the simple and
health-saving rules of Hygiene. But where
shall we begin to dissipate ignorance V Why,

of course, begin with the medical profession,
and begin with undergraduates.

It was a damaging thing when one of the
officers of health of New York city gravely
informed Judge Whiting that "highjinnicks"
meant "a bad smell arising from dirty
water" — damaging both to politics and
medicine, but most damaging to the people,
whose most important interests were in the
hands of ignorant keepers.

But what shall I say of medical schools and
Hygiene ? If medical schools taught Hygiene
per sc, and insisted upon their graduates being
"posted " in the principles of sanitary science,
officers of health would at least have the
merit of being sanitarians.

The obstetrician is the sanitarian of the
cradle and of maternity. He heralds the
advent of the "little stranger," and watches
over the function that mvests the invisible
with the form divine. His office, ^:»er se, is the
prevention of disease, and when disease super-
venes he is no longer the obstetrician — but the
medical practitioner.

What hope is there for Hygiene in this
country ? Will it succeed ? Can it be planted
among the people ? And will it grow and
flourish V In my opinion. Hygiene has a
grand future in this country ; I will tell you
why I think so. The American youth — and
especially those who come here to study
medicine — have a practical turn of mind ;
they do not believe much in theories — they
believe in the useful first, and after that the
beautiful. It is an acknowledged fact, that
our. medical men are among the. best practi-
tioners in the world ; they have more science
on the other side of the ocean, but our stu-
dents are always wanting to know what will
cure their patients, and they generally find
out, too. Now, I hold that this practical
turn of mind is the best kind of soil for the
cultivation of a sanitary science. Let the
seed be planted there — it will take root and
grow, and it will be perennial ; the seed will
be scattered over the length and breadth of
the land, and the harvest will abound more
and more ; the calamities that befellMemphis
and Shreveport will not occur again ; the
beauty and healthfulness of our rivers will
not be marred by dead animals, by the refuse
of factories, and by sewage ; there will be
more to live for,, and life will be more desira-
ble ; there will be less sickness and less need
of medicine. Hygiene will be invited to come
to our banquets ; she will be a perennial guest
in our homes ; she will be the presiding genius
of our hospitals ; she will adorn our temples ;
she will be sculptured in marble and wrought
in bronze in our public parks ; and she will
be raised high above Medicine, and enthroned
in the Capitol of the nation with Liberty. —
Sanitarian.

OUR PUBLIC RECEPTION.

The reception of the first number of The
Farmer in its new dress, both by the press
and the agricultural public, has been most
cordial, and shall incite us to renewed efforts
to make still further improvements. We
stated that it would be our aim to make each
succeeding number an improvement on its
predecessor. We think a careful examination
of the present issue will show that this prom-
ise has been redeemed. In no other jomnal,
furnished at- the same price, can there be
found an equal amount of original and valua-
ble matter, of practical interest to the farmer
and fruit-grower, and especially of the same
local interest to the farmers of Lancaster
county. Nor is the favorable impression it has
made confined to our own county. Business
letters of encpdry from parties engaged in
stock raising and agricultural merchandizing,
Ln different sections of the country, indicate
that, aliroad, a first-class farmers' organ of the
great county of Lancaster is regarded as an
important enterprise, especially as a medium
of communication between our fanners and
the class referred to. We have room for only
a few of the many flattering compliments paid
to the appearance of our January number.

WHAT OTHERS SAY OF US.

"The. Lancaster Farmer." The first number
of The Lancaster Farmer issued by the new pub-
lishers is just out, and the general verdict is that it
is in every respect creditable to the editor, the pub-
lisliers, and the agricultural community, whose in-
terests it proposes to promote. The new head, en-
graved by one of the best artists in the State, is a
beautiful and life-like representation of a Lancaster
county farm scene, representing farm work in different
stages of its progress. Prominent among its features
is the ' big barn ' for which our county is noted by
strangers from every section of the country. The
motto which forms the base line, is that suggestive
and truthful declaration of the Statesman, Webster,
that ** the farmer in the fottndation of civilization^^' in
itself a text for an enlarged dissertation on one of the
noblest occupations in which man can engage. The
table of contents presents a great variety of interest-
ing and valuable information relating to the Farm,
the Garden, the Orchard and the Home, the number
of articles, large and small, footing up one hundred.
Even the advertisements are invested with a peculiar
interest, being made up of business announcements
of forty first-class houses, all engaged in different,
kinds of business — a very unusual feature in a work
of this kind. The publishers are conscious of pos-
sessing a valuable advertising medium in The
Farmer, and they propose to exercise the same care
over that department that the editor will over the
reading matter proper. All swindles and humbugs
will be rigidly excluded. Two thousand copies of
this number have been printed, and we see no reason,
why the circulation of The Farmer should not reach
ten thousand copies in Lancaster county within six
montlis. It will certainly be the cheapest local agri-
cultural newspaper in the country. We invite atten-
tion to the prospectus in our advertising columns,
where it will be seen great inducements are held out
to those who wish to subscribe to The Express in
connection with The Farmer. Specimen copies will
be sent to any who express a desire to examine it.

The next issue will be on the loth of the month.
Business men desirous of specially reaching the
farmers, cannot find a better medium through whicli
to do so effectively than by The Farmer.^ As the
space is limited, those desirous of advertising in the
next number, should make early application for the
space wanted. — Lancaster Express.

The Lancaster Farmer. This publication comes
to us this morning, opening its seventh volume with
great improvements manii^cst in its editorial manage-
ment and in its form of publication, which has been
changed and enlarged to twenty pages imperial, Svo.,
the cover being devoted to advertisements and sur-
mounted with a handsome and appropriate head.
Prof. S. S. Rathvon will henceforth be editor of The
Farmer, and his ample qualifications for the posi-
tion guarantees its success as an organ of the agri-
cultural interests of Lancaster county. Pearsol & Geist
are the publishers, and announce their intention to
make still further improvements. — Lancaster Intelli-
gencer.

The Lancaster Farmer. This deserving valua-
ble English agricultural monthly is now published in
this city by Messrs. Pearsol & Geist, and the first
number of the seventh volume, with every ap-
pearance of external and internal improvement, is now
before us. Prof. S. S. Rathvon will for the future
occupy the position of editor of The Farmer, and his
acknowledged ability and experience are equal guar-
antees for the excellence of the contents of this useful
publication, as are the names of the publishers for the
proper and attractive typographical execution of the
work, for which we wish a widely extended circula-
tion. — Lancaster Volksfreund.

Number one of volume seven of the The Lan-
caster Farmer is before us. This is one of those
excellent niontiilies so necessary to every intelligent
farmer, and indeed to all persons who feel interested
in agricultural or horticultural progress. Prof. S. S.
Rathvon, the editor, deserves great praise for the
improvement made on this journal. Everything
written or selected is worthy of a careful reading. —
Lancaster J^xaniiner.

The Lancaster Farmer, which has recently
changed hands, now makes its appearance in an en-
larged and greatly improved form, and presents a
very fine appearance, while its contents are of such a
character as to be of great value to farmers and
others, and especially so to the farmers of our great
county. Prof. S. S. Rathvon is editor, and Pearsol &
Geist are the pubhshers; subscription, $1.00 a year.
— New Holland Clarion.

The Lancaster Farmer has been enlarged apd
otherwise improved, and is now published by Pearsol
&. Geist. The January number is before us, and
abounds with interesting agricultural reading. It is
still edited by Prof. S. S. Rathvon. — Lancaster In-
quirer.

We have just received a specimen copy of the Jan-
uary number of The Lancaster Farmer, the first
one we have ever seen, and we are favorably impressed
with its style, form and general arrangement, and
cannot see why it should not succeed and prosper.
Wishing to encourage this noble cause, aud at the

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

same time add a trifle to its advaneement, we have
coneluded to lu-come one of your eutisiribers and
advertisers. — I'roprielvrs of CliJ'lon larms, C'he»ler
County.

TiiK Lancaster Fahmer. We are in receipt of
The Lancaster Fahmer, a niontlily newppapi-r,
devoted to tlie interests of a<;rieiilliire, liortieulliire,
domeslie eecinoniy and niiscelliiny. _ It is a valual)le
comjiendiuni of useful knowledire. a'nd should reeeive
nliundant putronaf^e. — York TtUi/ram.

The first ximuer of The Lancaster Farmer,
under its new proprietorshij), presents Ifi pacres of
Bolid reading matter, that indicates diserinnnatini:
enterprise on the jiart of the publishers. The farmer
will lind in it nnieh to interest and suggest. It is
issued monthly, at $1 a year. — l.ihanon Courier.

The Lancaster Farmer. The January number
of this monthly, edited by Mr. S. S. Hathvon, and
published by .Messrs. Pearsol & Cei.'st, is before us.
We have nohesitation in [jronouneine; The Farmer
one of the best papers of the kind now published.
Price $1.00 a year. — Laiicaslcr JJuily Xewt.

AGRICULTURAL MISCELLANY.

Binding Grain — Important Invention.

Prof. Dana, in the Wesleru .Vev-Yorkcr, describes
a new grain binder, whieli liids fair to be an import-
ant acquisition to our agricultural machinery. He
says a new era has dawned iu the culture of the cere-
als, the golden age of farmers and farnuTs' wives, a
day of deliverance from a crowd of hungry, high-
priced laborers in harvest time. Mr. Daniel .McPher-
Bou, of Caledonia, N. Y., has invented an attachment
to the Marsh harvester, which binds securely, with
No. 19 annealed wire, the grain as last as it is cut. A
trial of the machine was held on tlic farm of the in-
ventor, in the presence of several grain farmers and
machinists. The trial was a perfect success. No
better work was ever done in a harvest field. Every
spear was bound in the sheaves; no rakings were left.
The strip, fifteen feet wide, between the standing
grain and the straight line of bound sheaves, was per-
fectly smooth and clean. The line of sheaves, ar-
ranged with military praeision, looked like a batta-
lion of soldiers. The iron fingers of the machine bind
thistles as easily as grain, without gloves. The draft
Is about the same as that of ordinary reapers which
do not bind. A team of medium weight made very
easy work of it. In going six times around a five acre
field of oats, not a failure occurred which could be at-
tributed to any fault of the binder. The wire, winch
was of jjoor quality and badly reeled, was broken a
few times. One circuit was made without missing a
single sheaf.

Mr. J. A. McKinnon, a skillful machinist, who has
repeatedly examined the machine, says that it cannot
possibly fail to do its work perfectly, and that, if well
made of good material, it will last a lifetime. The
machinery is very simple, very strong, and w orks with
very little noise or friction. Major H. T. Brooks
thought that the binder would save the wages and
board of five strong men, say fifteen dollars a day
during harvest time. With it, a man can cut, rake
and bind ten acres a day. It can be set to bind a
sheaf once in any required distance; and, if the grain
Is very uneven, the distance passed over can be varied
for each sbcaf by means of a lever worked by the
foot. Sheaves may be bound tight or loose by vary-
ing the tension on the wire. All objection to the use
of wire bands is obviated by the use at threshing time
of a pair of nippers which cut the wire and hold it
fast by one end until it is dropped into a basket. The
wire bands can thus be removed as rapidly as straw
ones can be cut.

Not an objection could be raised by any one present,
which was not lully removed. The inventor has been
studying and working upon his invention I'or fifteen
yearsi and has expended fifteen thousanil dollars uiw)n
it. A bushel basket would hold the result, but fifty
thousand dollars would not buy it. The nujthcr, wife
and sister of the inventor were present at the trial.
Their delight over its success may be imagined. The
nation and the world will reiterate their joy. MePher-
Bon's binder must be as world-renowned as McCor-
mick's reaper. That the inventor may not, in any
way, lose the honor or the pecuniary reward of liis
labors is the wish of the writer.

How to Restore Fertility.

Agriculture presents no problem more difficult of
solution than that of restoring fruitfulness to an im-
poverished field in the most economical way. A
practice that will do best in one soil and climate may
signally fail where the conditions and substance are
entirely different . In the matter of soils and sub.soils,
parent rocks, climates and plants, nature delights in
an endless variety. Hence our best rules for practice
have necessarily many exceptions. We will state facts
briefly, and let the reader draw his own conclusions
from them, how one can best restore fertility or
Impart it to land that is naturally .poor, and, it may
be, nearly worthless.

Wood ashes and land plaster have been used about
one liuniired years in this country to increase the fer-
tility of land "and both have stood the test of this lung
experience. C'(il. \ViMcr,of .Massachusetts, is reported
as saying, at a i)ublic agricultural discussion, that he
regarilcd good ashes as worth •'iO cents a bushel to
apiilytothe commtm poor lands of New England.
Others of much experience in their use spoke in high
terms in favor of ashes as atop-dressing fiirmcaihiws
and pastures. Some use plaster and others salt, or
both, with ashes, on clover and other plants, at a
large profit. Simple and truthful as these statements
are, there are very few farmers who understand their
full meaning as compared with stable and cow yard
manure. As a general fact, not over two or tbrc(^
parts in a hundred, and often less, are incombustible
iu the solid droppings of farm stock. There is no
part of eowdung or ]ilanls that will rise into the air
when either dceoniiioscs which will not fall again as
plant food to the earth in rain and dew. If
this were not so it would be inpossible for wood ashes,
plaster and soluble phosphates to act i)reciscly like
good stable manure. Most obviously good nnncral
fertilizers are nothing but the best stable manure
with the volatile or gaseous parts left out

The venerable Mr. U. Lee, writing in The Country
on this subject says that for sixty years he has seen
with his own eyes the fertilizing power of plaster,
ashes and lime, and it is aliout that length of time since
Sir Humphrey Davy, Black and other chemists
taught confidently that jilants were composed of com-
bustible carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.
Before Liebig wrote a' word on agriculture, the fact
that decaying forest leaves send millions of tons of
carbon yearly into theatmospheresuggcstedtoothers
as well as to him that this carbon in some way re-
turned into new plant growth. For himself, the
writer had no doubt when a stuiient fifty years ago,
that plants led largely on air and water, like moss
growing on a rock. The farmer must learn to utilize
in a thousand ways this power in clover, grass and
other plants to organize air and water, that will cost
him next to nothing, and convert tliem into staple
crops. In an address before the Monroe County
Agricultural Society, iu October, 1844, and published
in the Genesee Farmer, Mr. Lee said : " I regard it
as one of the greatest discoveries of the age, that
about ninety-seven per cent, of the ingredients which
make up the whole substance of wheat, rye, oats,
barley, corn, beans and peas exist in the air in inex-
haustible (luantities. To transnmte these aeriform
bodies into the plants above named, and into grass
and roots, at the smallest expense, is the object of
nearly all your hard work."

lie now reiterates that what he regarded thirty
years ago as "the greatest discovery of the age,"
has not yet come home to the knowleilgc or api)reeia-
tign of American farmers. In 184.5, when secretary
of the New York State Agricultural Society, he lec-
tured in nearly half the counties of that State on the
above and kindred topics, but the idea of making
agriculture a science and a learned profession, was
generally regarded as the dream of a visionary.

How to Make the Farm Pay.

Our veteran friend Major Freas, of the German-
town Teleijraph, has been often heard to say that it is
amusing to listen to people who tell us how to make
the farm pay ; and ho again thus i)its practical suc-
cess against theoretical precept : It is fair-time and,
the Hon. General Jones is invited to tell >is
what is the matter with the thing. He is able
to tell just bow many greenbacks there should
be to every man, wf>man and child in the country,
and knows precisely how many miles of rail-
oads and canals arc necessary to the National
prosperity. Moreover, he ^^•as educated at the great
Jonesliorliugh University, and served his country well
on the bloody fielil of Jones' Cross-Koads. He ad-
dresses the farmers assembled on the situation and
shows chrarly that unless we have our beefsteak
analyzed we can hardly expect to have healthy
brcakfa.sts, and that the whole heart of farming is in
the nitrogen of the .soil. And the man covered with
hayseed laughs. The beefsteak is good enough as it
is for him, and he has made "a pile of money and
knows notion" of these tarnal things."

We turn from all these abstractions and look at
things as they arc. We find lots of people who are
as intelligent as the world can make tbi'm, and lots
of others who pride thcniselvi's on •■knowin' nothin'
but natur," and both alike fail; and then there are
many of both classes who have all the success any
one could wish for.

We have one such just now in f)ur mind. An
ae<iuaintance who has city business, has a farm of
alK)ut one hundred acres connected with his country-
seat. He has no time to farm it himself, so rents it.
For the first ten years, though every care has been
taken to get good men, there had l>een an annual
change. In some cases there had been a loss of rent ;
in all there was the profession that nothing could be
made of that farm. Two years ago a man took it
who was not a professional farmer, but an intellgent
ntan who had already much experience in matters
connected with farm affairs. He took it at $800 a

year rent. He made sometliing the first year, how
nuu'h we did not liear ; bnt llie last year it is said
that his profits are not less than live thousand
dollars !

We might go on and show in detail how all thig
was done, but it would not teach anybody anything.
He simply finds out what will grow anil how to grow
it, and what will wll best, and raises that which best
will sell. He is liberal in his expemlilurcs after he
8c('S <'learly that expenditures will pay, and careful
to slop all li'aks that so often fritter great suecesBes
away. It is simply common. sense business tact
which nobody can teach but which everybody may
learn.

Now, it does not hurt any one to know how much
carbon, or nitrogen, or phosphoric acid, or what-not
there is in his breakfast steak; it hurts no one to be
able to say that he was able to hold the plow or take
his turn with the mowers when he was fifteen years
of age. We like to know that people are well-in-
formed on these topics; but when we are aekcd liow
to make a farm pay we like to jwint to such men as
the one we have just described, for our answer.

Plowing.

A correspondent of the Country OentUman notices
that new fashions in plowing are coming into vogue
in Illinois, by which much expense Is saved. Instead
of the old plan of one man and a pair of horses and a
twelve-inch plow, an aiUlitional horse is used with a
sixteen or cighteen-inch phiw. One nnin therefore
attends to the work of three horses instead of that of
two. A further improvement is in the use of sulky-
I)low8. These are provided with seats so that lM)ysor
cripples can take a hand at plowing, and thus leave
the stronger hands free to do other work. Whether
much on the whole will be saved tiy this last contri-
vance remains to be seen. In a large number of eases
the heavy weights, as well as the light weights, will
not walk when they can ride, still theiwwerand abil-
ity to save, if one w ants to, is so much gain; and no
doubt these Illinois improvements will become ixjpu-
lar all over the country.

Another move, although not a western one, is to
provi<le umbrellas, which are attached to the plow-
handles, and thus the plowman Is shaded from hot
suns, .\ltogether it would seem as if farming was
about to become rather a means of pleasurable exer-
cise than the hard and severe labor it was regarded
to be at one time. Laying all pleasantry aside, how-
ever, it is wonderful how great is the advance in
labor-savnig machinery, and easy, comfortable imple-
ments, over fil'ty years ago.

In striking contrast witli the above, is the following
description (jf iirimitive plowing, as written by a .Mexi-
can correspondent of the Louisville Courwr: " On
our way back to Temiseo, we had an opixjrtunity of
observing more closely than diligence or railroad can
permit, the process of plowing as practiced in this
country. The plow itself is almost a fac-similiTDf the
pattern used by the Egyptians in the time of Abra-
ham, and certainly commends itself to all agricultur-
ists on account of its great simplicity and cheap-
ness. It consists of a wooden shaft about fimr feet
long and four inches thick, armed at its lower ex-
tremity with an iron point, slightly flattened, and
sometimes presenting a feeble forward curve. The
other end is provided with a round slick that passes
through a bole and serves as a handle. The \xi\c,
consisting of the Stem of a small tree, from which the
bark has been jieclcd, is fifteen feet long,and attached
to the shaft by means of a mortise and peg. The im-
plement thus constituted is fastened at the extremity
of the pole, to the middle of a very light wooden yoke,
about .-even feet long, which rests immediately behind
the horns of a pair of oxen, and is fastened there by
thongs of rawhide jassed anmnd the roots of the
horns. Not less than fiftysueh contrivances crawling
at a snail's pace over the' field which we stopiwd to
notice, scratching up the ground to the depth of two
or three inches, certainly to us, was a novel sight.

Education of Farmers' Children.

IIow is it that we can see men, who liavc mouIde<l
themselves on the anvil, who will not let their boys
be mimldcd on the anvil loo ! As the leather dealer
pounds the leather together to make a sole, so the
boy needs pounding to make him a man. If you
doii't you will bring up a tender child, a child that
will not wear well. And the same with a girl that
is brought up without knowing how to work. There
arc misfortunes enough that fall nimn the fair sex;
there are adversities and sudden revolutions iu affairs,
that more often fall like pitiless storms uixin their
heads than u|>on those of men; but of all adversities,
a tofilisli mother for a fair daughter is the most
adverse ; one who will not teach the child how to earn
her living, who will not teach her fruitful industry.
Music may be heard instead of spiniu'ng. In some
way or another, work sliimld be part of the education
of every boy, and the Ixjy who is brought up without
knowiiig how to work is not brought up at all ; he is
abused." The old Jews used to say, that a man not
brought up to a trade is brought up to be a thief.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

and we are of the same opinion to a larreat extent. So
then, parents, if you would bring up the best crops
here, that your p;round will allow, bring up stalwart
boys that are able to work and are not ashamed of
it, and bring: up good, buxom girls, that are able to
work in the kitchen and about the house, and are
not ashamed of it either.

Hay Producing and Marketing.

Hay producing as a marketable crop, at first looked
upon as exhausting to the soil, has demonstrated, by
experiment, that it does not reduce the condition of
land, even if the whole crop is marketed, pro%iding
the fall growth is not pastured too close. Indeed,
prominent farmers in the old hay-producing sections
claim that their land is steadily improving. We are
aware that most agricultural men, who have not had
the advantage of experience or observation, will dis-
agree with us on this point, but we will only refer
them to the old hay-producing districts near our large
city markets' or leave it to time and personal experi-
ment to convince them of the fact, that the sponta-
neous product, evidently designed *by nature as a
protection to the soil, draws less from it than it
returns. All, however, will agree with us that there
is no crop attended with 9o little care and expense as
the hay crop. Harvesting and marketing is all there
is to do, and even this is more rapid and less expen-
sive than with any other crop. In many sections it is
also considered the surest and most remunerative
crop, and in most active demand.

Hat preesing or baling is comparatively a new
feature in most parts of the country, and, even in the
most flourishing hay sections, we have not far to
retrace the past to find our markets filled with loose
hay, and barges stowed with it in the same condition
for transportation. To supply our large cities thus
now, would be hardly practical, if possible; nor is it
diificult now to see the advantage of bailing hay pre-
paratory to marketing. Indeed, it has now become
necessary to bale hay to market it, even in towns and
villages, and a few years hence loose hay cannot be
found except on the farm.

The Best Field Beans.

The American Jim-al Home says that in western
New York the Medium and Marrow are most planted
and the White Kidney and Early Pea to a limited ex-
tent. The Medium is considered the most reliable,
as, from its early ripening, it is less aflfected by the
vicissitudes of the season. It sells for less, however,
than the other varieties named. The Marrow is
quite a popular variety, and on a strong soU is very
productive. It is quoted thirty-five cents a bushel
higher than Medium in the Kochester market, now,
and the same as Kidney. The White Kidney has large
stalks, requires a longer season to be matured in, and
is more liable to be six)iled in ripening. When everj'-
thing, however, is favorable it will produce large
crops. It will, of course, make a ditlerence in what
way the beans are planted as to the quantity of seed
required, but farmers generally use about a bushel of
the Marrows and Mediums to the acre, rather more
of the Kidneys, and about half as much of the Pea
bean.

How to Apply Lime.

We think lime should never be plowed under, as it
sinks rapidly in the soil when placed on top, and it
needs the action of the atmosphere to produce the
best result. Mr. .1. S. Goe, of this State, says he has
plowed up lime from the bottom of the furrows ten
to fifteen years after sowing it upon the surface on
grass. This showed a rapid sinking, and that, if
plowed under, it would go below the reach of the
plow . Mr. G . regards it as of great imjjortance in bring-
ing up a poor soil, and says that many of the fields
formerly the poorest upon his farm, are now the
most productive, and made so from top-dressing with
lime, at the rate of tilty to five hundred bushels to
the acre. We should recommend to slack the lime
with brine made of refuse salt before top-dressing.

Raising Potatoes.

J. R. Cooney, in the Prairie Fanner, gives the fol-
lowing, in brief, as his mode of raising potatoes : "I
break my ground as early in the spring as the season
will adnnt of, and rclireak it again after I have my
corn planted, which is about the i:'.th of May; I then
harrow my ground level and mark it ofi' both ways
with a marker three feet four inches, riding on the
marker to make it go in. I plough then three times
with the cultivator. My yield this year is about three
hundred bushels to the acre."

Horse-Shoeing: In Holland, horse-shoeing is
done in a way very comfortable lor the horse and
convenient for the smith. The horse stands in a stall,
across the end of which is fastened a bar. The horse's
leg is bent at the knee, the foot tied to the bar, and
the smith having both hands at liberty the work is
speedily finished.

HORTICULTURAL MISCELLANY.

Evergreen Trees — The Arbor-Vitse.

One of our most valuable evergreens, says the
Germantown Telegraph, is the native arbor-vit», but
we see it so common everywhere that we hardly stop
to think what we should do without it. Though
found in its native places in swamps and low grounds
it has learned to accommodate itself to most of our
wants, except that of growing under the shade of
trees. Indeed, in our garden culture, it seems to pre-
fer to grow in a high and dry place rather than in a
low or wet one. One of its best olHces is to serve as
a screen from unsightly buildings or objects. It
grows so well under these circumstances that one
could not possibly do without it. It occupies little
room, seldom extending more than two or three feet,
and though it grows up tolerably rapidly it keeps
itself clothed with branches close to the ground.
Then it is so very hardy — in this respect it is sur-
passed by no evergreen known.

For hedges to mark boundaries we have nothing so
cheap or tractable. The hemlock is far more beauti-
ful but requires more skill to manage. If let alone
for a few years the idea of a hedge is gone, but
tliough an arbor-vitae hedge has nothing done to it for
a long time, it is some sortof ahedge still. Of course
the idea of having evergreen hedges about one is often
pushed to extremes. They are often made where it
would look better without one. But the cases where
they do look well are numerous, and arbor-vitfe is one
of the the best things to employ.

Though there are many places where hedges are
used that would look better without them, there are
a large number of people who have none who would
find a great advantage in one. Most of our gardens
and grounds suffer terribly from winds in winter, and
tall screens or hedges of arbor-vitie would make such
places comparatively warm and comfortable. Vege-
table and fruit gardens would be especially benefitted
by tall arbor-vitie hedges around them, particularly
where early spring vegetables are among the good
things aimed at. Most of our gardens are very
much exposed ; sometimes nothing whatever, and at
best a mere pale fence around them. A good warm
arbor-vita; hedge would often be as good as two weeks
added to the earliness of the crops.

And then as single specimens on a lawn there are
few things that will command more respect than a
well-grown arbor-vitte. To be well-grown means to
have a good ojjen place all to itself and to have only one
good leader allowed to grow. When several shoots
are permitted to grow up together the time will come
when rain, or snow, or wind will separate them, and
then the beauty of an arbor-vitae is gone forever.
The keeping of the plant to one main shoot or leader
guards against any contingency like this and tHfe
plant's beauty is not only maintained for years and
years, but is annually added to.

Horticulturists are continually appealed to,to get out
something new. It is a laudable effort, but it is well
once in awhile to look on our olil and tried friends and
note what they are to us and what we should do
without them, and thus it comes about that we have
been led to look into the merits of the common arbor-
vitie and to say a good word for it.

As having an important bearing on this subject, the
Scicidific Aiiicricaii calls attention to the value of
evergreen trees' when planted among fruit trees. It
says, a well grown evergreen tree gives oQ' continually
an exodium of warmth and moisture that reaches a
distance of its area in height ; and when the tree
planters 'advocate shelter belts, surrounding a tract
of orchard fifty or more acres, when the intiuence of
such belt can only reach a distance of the height of
the trees in said l)clt, they do that which will prove
of little value. To ameliorate climate, to assist in
prevention of injury against the extreme climate, cold
inwintcrand of thefrostingof thegerm bud offruitin
spring, all orchards should have planted in and
among them, indiscriminately, evergreen trees at dis-
tances each of not more than 1.50 feet apart. Such a
course pursued, we have no doubt will render greater
health to the trees, and be productive of more regular
and uniform ci-ops of fruit. At all events, it isw-orth
trial, and we shall be glad if our readers can inform
us of any practical experiments on the subject.

The Culture of Flowers.

James Vick's Floral Guide for 1S7.5, which as a
specimen of typogra])Iiy and artistic taste far sur-
passes any of his previous ertbrts, is also a st i »re -house
of lieautiful thoughts, as well as of useful facts .iliout
flowers and how to grow them. "The culture of
flowers," he says, "is one of the few pleasures that
improves alike the mind and the heart and makes
every true lover of these beautiful creations of Infinite
Love wiser and purer and nobler. It teaches indus-
try, patience, faith and hope. We plant and sow in
hope, and patiently wait with faith in the rainbow
promise that harvest shall never fail. It is a pleasure
that brings no pain, a sweet without a snare. True,
some fail to realize their hopes, but these failures are
usually partial, never embarrassing, and are only
such as teach us to study more carefully and obey
more strictly nature's beautiful laws. Thus we gain,

first, wisdom, and then success as the results even
of our failures. I have endeavored in a plain and
pleasant way to give some suggestions on the phil-
osophy of vegetation that I think will prove valuable,
revealing the causes of past failures and insuring
future success. Indeed, I have hoped in this improved
number of the Guide to make the subject so plain as
to render failure next to impossible, and success
almost certain. Exiierience, however, is the great
teacher. The book of nature is open, but its wonder-
ful beauties and mysteries are revealed only to the
careful student. Every species of plants has pecu-
liarities which must be studied, and while we can
give a few general principles we can furnish nothing
that will compensate for the pleasure and profit tol)e
derived from work and study in the garden. Above
all things, we caution our readers against over-confi-
dence. There is no one with less confidence in his
own skill and knowledge than the experienced gar-
dener. Every season he seeks for new facts : every
year adds to his store of knowledge. Do not, for a
moment, think that the purchase of a few seeds and
the perusal of any work on flower culture will make
a florist. The purchase of a drug store and a medical
library will not make a physician, nor does the pos-
session of paints and canvas constitute an artist. To
become skillful in any art requires both study and
practice, and this is especially true where we have to
deal with nature's laws. The study of Agriculture
and Horticulture has engaged the attention of the
wisest from the earliest ages, and yet what wonderful
discoveries and improvements have we witnessed in
our own day ; and we are still learners."

Perennials and Bedding Plants.

We are pleased to see that the eminent horticultur-
ist, Mr. Hogg, in his new Ameriean Garden, has a
good word to say in favor of the too much neglected
perennial plants. The writer of this has sjient con-
siderable money and time in the purchase and grow-
ing of flowers, but the investment which gave us most
lasting pleasure was the purchase, a few years ago,
of Peter Henderson's collection of select hardy herba-
ceous plants, the set of one hundred varieties costing
us eighteen dollars, among which were a number
scarce and valuable, and all being in such good order
that not one was lost. We therefore heartily endorse
Mr. Hogg when he says:

" A fter our long and dreary winters, lovers of flowers,
especially if they are residents of the country, long to
greet their eyes with something bright and cheerful in
the way of flowers. This thej' can do by making a pro-
per selection of hardy perennial plants. Commenc-
ing with Crocuses in March, they may, at little ex-
pense, have a hundred or more species bloom in suc-
cession before their bedding-out plants are fit to be
seen, which cannot be before the first of July. How
mucli more jileasure and interest is to be derived from
a [ilat a ciuarter of an acre in extent, planted with a
hundred species of such plants, lasting season after
season, and sulRcient to stock the whole ground, than
from a single bed costing twice as much, and contain-
ing fifty Amaranthus for an outside row, twenty-
five Centaureas for an inner row, and twenty-five
General Grant Zonales for the centre — the plants to
renew which trlie next season have, nine times oiit of
ten, to be again purchased.

*' With our almost tropical summers, we can do
that which gardeners abroad cannot equal in sub-
tropical gardening. What the various species of Ri-
cinus, Cannas, Erythrina, Caladiums, and similar
plants, we can give a variety and uniqueness to our
gardens, at but little expense, which the wealthiest
nobleman abroad would envy. Such plants are as
easily kept as Dahlias, Gladioli and Tuberoses; and
these added to the former will, with good taste, give
us all necessary means to divest gardens of any appear-
ance of sameness or lack of distinctive features. If
we add a judicious mixture of plants of colored or
striking foliage among our perennials, our gardens
will never be wanting in that individuality which
should distinguish one gartlen from another; and thus
each would become a continued source of delight to
its owner from March until November or December."

Blanching Celery.

Some time since a correspondent of the German-
toii'ii Tektjraph gave aninterestiugaecountof the pre-
servation of celery during the winter season, by stand-
ing it in spring water under a shed. Few persons
will have the chance to preserve celery in this
way, nor is it perhaps desirable that they should, as
there are many ways of preserving it which answer
just as well, and which allow of the celery being just
to hand, which it is not likely to be by any plan such
as that proposed, as it is rare indeed that a spring
would be close to one's house or that one would be
willing to put a spring to that use if it was. But for
all this the hint of our correspondent is a good one,
not so much for what it teaches as for what it suggests.
We know of one whose celery did not grow very
' well last season on account of the drought. At dig-
ging time it was what he termed " poor and small,"
and hardly worth preserving; but taking the water
hint of our corresiX)ndent, he concluded that by pack-

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

insr the roote in wet earth and keeiiinir thorn in a ei'I-
lar the vital princiiilewnulil tu'siistaiiieil anil i>eriia|iB
the whole heeonie wlilte. The ex|jcriment wasaeoni-
plele BHeeess, anil ho has hail an alvumlanee of white
crisp eelerv all winter. Larire lioxes were ohtaiiieil
ami a few jnehes thiek of earth plueeil on the holloni
ami niaile as wet as (Kissitile. The jilants were then
jmekeil upritrht, side hy side, as elose as they eoiild
stand, until t lie lM>xe8 "were full. The upper leaves
were of course exiH>sed, and atteniptin;; to firow a
little hy the eneouracoMient given to the root hy the
wet earth, caused growlh enoufjii to K" on to blanch
the whole.

There i.s an advantage In this plan, besides that of
blaneliintr a mass of niattorusually stored away irreen
and which never after becomes white, and is there-
fore wasted, aiul that is the crispy freshness which it
retains. Those who keep celery iiy various devices in
the open {rrounil, and in similar ways, have no trou-
ble from this source; but those who keep celery in
cellars often complain of it either rottini; or witlier-
ins. In the way described there is just what is
needed to keep it i'resli and nothing more.

We give this simi<ly as one plan which may suit
eomc one iicrson in an emergency, and not as the liist
plan. What is tiest for one is very often not the best
for another, and it lu'vcr docs any liarm to kiuiw lots
of them, and especially one which like this gives us a
jirinciplc which may be applied to many plans. — Ocr-
tnantoit'H Ttlvyraph.

Remedy for the Pear Blight.

Mr. F. B. Lcighton, President of the Norfolk, Va.,
Horticultural Society, is authority for the statement
that the remedy for jiear blight, recommended by the
Commissioner of Agriculture, has proved successful
in Eastern Virginia. This remedy is made and ap-
plied as follows: One pound of sulphur added to six
or eight jKiunds of carbolate of lime, reduced to the
consistency of thiek whitewash, and applied to the dis-
eased parts: and where the bark is diseased remove the
outer portion belorc making the application. Mr. L.
says he has used this with magical ett'eet on blighted
ordiseased trees, Ijut writes to the AtneHcan Faf}iier
that in future he will "use the formula recommended
by the Hon. William Saunders, of Washington, who
has charge of the pul)lie grounds, as being more eco-
nomical than the above, on account of the volatile
nature of carbolic acid: To half a bushel of lime add
foiir pounds of sulphur — slack to the consistency of
whitewash, and when applied, add half an ounce of
carbolic acid to each gallon of wash, and apply as
above directed."

Jacob Cocklin — An " Old Digger."

The gentleman whose name heads this article, was
last week in altemlance at the annual meeting of the
Pennsylvania Fruit (irowcrs' Society, held in York.
His venerable ajipearance and his interest in matters
pcrlaiuiug to Horticulture naturally excited remark,
and created a desire to know more of him. Personally
we have favorably known him for many years, having
been one of the earliest subseriljcrs to the Ouzctte. His
career has been active and useful, and as a citizen
challenges the emulation of his lellow men. He now
lives near Shepherdstown, Cumberland county. Pa.,
and has furnished us with a short sketch of his life,
as follows :

I commenced planting trees in 1827 and tip to this
date, 1(S7.5, I planted in orchards over forty thousand
trees, over i50 acres, comprising INO apple, 1"30 peach,
SO pear, -tO cherry, apricots, nectarines, almond,
quince, i)lum, persimmons, chestnuts, mulberry,
walnut, hickory-nut : also, currants, gooseberries,
blackt)erries, stra\\ Iierries, tilbcrts, hazlenuts, iVe.
Also, ornamental and I'orest trees, such as locust,
willow, maple, ailanthus, pawlonia, eottonwood and
tulip jioplar; also, evergreen, Norway spruce, hcm-
hick siiruce, pine of various kinds, cedars, Euroi)i'an
and American larch and many others too numerous
to mention. 1 commenced the Nursery business in
1.S28 and continued it lor upwards of oO years.
First planted grajic in INiS, the leading kinds to this
time, comprising about 10 acres. I intend [ilanting .5
acres in peach trees next Spring. The most I realized
in one year was in IS4<i, wlien I sold l,.^! busliels of
peaches for JIIKO and :^.5 barrels of brandy at 7.5 cents
per gallon. During this time 1 had b\isiness transac-
tions with more than 1,.'>00 persons; built 7 houses
and 4 stabli-s ; dug HI wells, .5 of about .'iO feet, the
others 20 to 2.5 feet deep; cut the timber olf 1-50 acres ;
made between oOU and 400 perches of stone fence ;
put up a eider press and distilling apparatus, besides
many other improvements. I also put up a water
ram which brings spring water 100 feet in height. I
planted three miles of willow hedge and made several
miles of wire fence, and planted 2 bushels of locust
seed in Iowa. I had some good stock, horses, cows,
hogs, fowls and sheep; of the latter I had at one time
600 head. 1 also had some cross dogs. I have trav-
eled about :i5,t)00 miles on railroad, steamboat, canal,
stage, wagon and horse. I have been in Philadelphia,
New York, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago,
Dubuque, Iowa City, Davenport, Iowa, Kichmond,
Va., Winchester, Va., Frederick, Md. Baltimore,

Washington, and intermediate points in Pcnnsylvaida,
Delaware, New .Icrsiy, .N'ew York, Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Michigan, ^Visconsin, Iowa, .Missouri, Ken-
tucky, Marylaml, Virginia and the District of Co-
lumbia. I never liad a bone broken ; not in bed sick
2 months ; I did all my own writing, which was i|uite
a lal'orious task in the Nursery business. 1 also
bought and read several hundred volumes of books
and a immbcr of ])criodicals, treating on religion,
medicine, agriculture, horticulture, Ac. I had been
school director for many years, assessor, collector,
constable, clerk, judge, insjicctor at elections, super-
visor and a juror a number of times. I never had a
law suit ; I never used tobacco or opium ; never
gambled ; never was drunk ; I never was in a
house of ill fame ; was a |KM>r customer to tavertis,
oyster saloons, doctors, preachers and places of
amusement, and did more manual lalnir than any
man I am aciiuainted with. I commenced with a
capital of nearly $10,000, and now in about 4<i yeai's
have oidy doubled it, whereas if I had jjut the $10,000
on interest at (> per cent, it would have been $S0,1I00
now. But the many laboring peojilc I employed re-
ceived the benefit of my labor. The country for miles Is
dotted with trees that passed through my hands. Many
hundreds of dollars are brought from Harrisburg
each yi'ar (or fruit, that would not have been realized
had I not introduced it — fruit raisers and consumers
are benelited. Every family slioidd have a home of
its own. I have helped more than .50 families to
homes by advancing money and giving time from one
to ten years to pay the money advanced. I am now
within a fewdaysof 78year8old,iugood health and in
peace with Cod and all mankind. I Ifvc in an hum-
ble state and cheerfully earn my living and envy not
the great. — York Gazette.

[And Mr. Coeklin's latest and most commendable
act was subscribing for The Lancasfer Fahmer
and jiaying in advance. In his letter to the publish-
ers, enclosing his subscription, he says he "would like
to liear from some other ' old diggers.' " And so
would we.]

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

Valuable Domestic Recipes.

Griddle Cakes : This is the way Nellie, in the
Germantown Telegraph, tells us how to make them :
Scald as much Indian meal as you think sutlicicut,
add salt and stir until smooth, not too stiff to put on
with a spoon, though molding w ith wet hands makes
the cakes more shapely. Sjilit, butter and serve hot.
We sometimes add stewed pumjikin to the batter, and
enjoy what we call pumpkin cakes. During the cold
weather it seems hardly worth while to have much
stale bread or biscuit on hand, as most folks want
some kinds of hot cakes, especially buckwheat for
breakfast, and with a little sugar stirred in they
brown very nicely.

Managing the Grate : To preserve a fire in the
grate or furnace over night there is nothing better
than moistened coal serceuings; they are better than
ashes and will not cause the tbrmation of clinkers.
In the morning, or at any time when the tire is low,
put on a little coal, let on the dral't, and after it has
burned uj) pretty well, rake gently and add more
coal. If raked when the tire is low and dead, it will
either go out or be a great while in getting on a head
and pi'oil.uciiig the necessary warmth. If clinkers
form in a grate or stove, throw in a few handfuls of
clam or oyster shells, and they will soon become so
loosened as to be removed easily without injury to the
fire-brick. I have followed this plan of managing a coal
fire for years with entire success. — Aline, in Ger-
7HajUvu'ii Tel.

Hyacinths in Glasses: Mary Jones wants to

grow hyacinths in glasses and wants to know how to
do it. The Rural New Yorker tells her: She should
get dark colored glasses, fill with water so that the
bulb will but or scarcely touch the water, and set bulb
and gla.sscB in a dark, cool jilace until the riMits of
the bulb reach topof the glass. Of course they must
be kept from the I'rost and the water changed
once in seven or ten days. Soft water should be
used, and when changed it should lie about the tein-
perature of the atmosphere in w liich the bulbs iu
glasses arc kept. When the glass is well tilled with
roots it may be exposed to the light, and they will
speedily bloom.

PnEPARiNii Minoe-Meat TO Keep: Mrs. Good-
hue, of Vershire, Vt., furnishes her mode of [ircpar-
ing niince-meat to keep a year or more, to the (ier-
mantown Tettt/raph, which is as Ibllows: I boil my
meat and salt it as lor jiics; chop tine; add suet if
you wish; after chopiiing take nearly the weight of
sugar that you have of meat, melt in a iiorcelain ket-
tle or tin pan; then put the meat in tliesugar and .«tir
it until thoroughly scalded; then pack in a stone jar,
press down firmly, and keep iu a dry, cool place.
When needed for pics add cider, apples, raisins, citron
and spices to suit the taste. I am now using meat
prepared in this way one year ago, which is as sweet
and nice as when put up.

Mi'su : We sometimes boil mush for supper and
put away a good crock full for future use. For

brcaklast put a generous lump of giKKl liutter in a
jian on the stove ; when well melted and pretty hot
]iut In some cohl, broken-np mush, heat rapidly,
slirring I'requently, and when thoroughly hot servo
on a hot dish and you'll find It exceedingly good.
Do not make the mush too stilf when boiling it. We
prefer it to the fried slices.

AiTLE riDDi.NO : One pint of t)r«Bd crumbs soaked
well and soft in a quart of milk, with two or three
well-bcatcn eggs and one or two applesehoppcd fine ;
stir all together and bake in buttered pans. Wiuo
dip with It.

To Sweeten Salt Pork : Cut as many siloes as
will be required for breakfast the evening previous,
and soak till morning in sweet milk and water ; then
rinse till the water Is clear, and fry. The pork will
be I'ound nearly as g(M)il as fresh iK>rk.

Afi'LE Butter : The best apple butter is made by
peeling, coring and slicing selected sweet apples, and
stewing them in swi'i't cider. Very little of this sort
of apple butter, however, comes to market. The
bulk of that sold is made from second rate apples,
peeled, sliced, stewed and sweetened with brown
sugar. A large quantity of such butter is made and
sold for ship stores for use by sailors.

CocoANiT Pie : One half a cup of butter, one cup
of powdered white sugar, four well beaten eggs;
beat whites and yelks together ; one cup of grated
cocoanut, one quart of sweet milk; mix butter and
sugar together, then add the eggs and cocoanut, and
lastly the milk. Hake in a lower crust. Eat when
cold. This quantity makes two pies.

To PREVENT lamp chimneys from cracking, put
them into a kettle of cold water and gradually heat
until it boils, and then let it as gradually cool ; the
chimney will not be brokni by the ordinary lluctua-
tion of the tlame of the lamp.

To REMOVE starch or rust from flat-irons, have a
pici-e of yellow beeswax tied in a coarse cloth, when
the iron is almost hot enough to use, but not quite,
rub it quickly w ith the beeswax, aud then with a
clean, coarse cloth.

Roasting a Sirloin of Beef.

An old Housekeeper, in the Germantown Telegraph,
thus criticises one of the miHles for roasting sirloin of
beef recommended by the Ohio Fanner. Sh<' says it "is
not the way that I or any experienctnl housekec]KT
would undertake to cook it. It first recouimends a
"joint weighing from fourteen to fifteen iK)unds from
a younfi and fat beef." Now everyhiHly knowing
anything about good beef would say " olil and fat
beef." Young beef is neither so tender, juicy or rich
as old beef, as the fat and the other Uesh on the latter
is newly put on. The writer goes on, " haviug laidit
in the ilrippinii-pau, tender-loin downward, wedredge
it slightly with Hour." Doesn't this « riter know that
all "doctoring" of beef helps to deteriorate its qual-
ity ? To go ou, the meat is then put down in the pan,
in which a little water is jioured, and then put iu the
oven, not to roast, as it Is claimed, but to uleir. The
writer then adds, " as soon as the surface of the
meat is so browned that the juices will not readily
escape, allow the oven to eool to a tuotUrate ilei/ree of
heat." This is remarkaldc. "When the beef Is
done, sprinkle ii-ith fait and pepper. Empty the pan
of all the drippings, ixmr in some boiling water,
slightly salted, stir it atiout and strain orer the no:at.'*
This is one way, truly, and it may suit some iK'oiile
who have never eaten really good roast lieef; but it
w ill not do for me or my family. Why, beef, to roast
it in the best manner, should not be tampered with in
any way— not oven touched with water before put-
ting in the oven. Instead of laying it broadside in the
water of the pan, it should be elevated on a "meat
stand" placed in the pan. A quarter of an hour to a
pound of liecf is thecorrect period toioast. Noilredg-
iiig, peppering, salting, or pouring ovorof gravy, iVc;
they destroy tlic sweetness, delieiousncss and rclish-
ment of the beef.

Roasting Turkey and Carving.

Rinse the turkey out in several waters, and in the
next to the last mix a teas|Kionful of soila. Fill the
body with this water, shake well, empty out and
rinse with clean walcr. singe off the hairsand prepare
a dressing of bread crumbs, add thyme and majorum,
or sage it jireferred. Wot with hot water or milk.
The liver, heart, A:c., should be boiled and chop|ied
fine and mixed with the ih-ossing. The water in
whieii they wore Imiled should bo put In the dripping
pan with whieli to baste the turkey. Dredge it with
ilour and salt before roasting, and basteoflen. With
a brisk fire and young turkey, allow ten minutes to a
pfiund for roasting. Tie a string lightly about the
neck when the craw is filled, and sow the l^ody with
a strong thread. Hemovethis wheuthe I'owl isdished.
When the turkey is lifted from the pan, add a siHKin-
ful of Ilour wot w ith cold w ator to prevent its lumping.
Boil up once and {X)ur into the gravy boat.. Jharlh
and Uoine says : "In carving a turkey, cut otf the
wing nearest you first, then the leg aud second joint ;
tbea slice the breast until a rounded, ivory shaped

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

piece appears ; insert the knife between that and the
bone, and separate them ; then turn over the
bird a little, and just below the breast you will find
the "oyster," which you separate as you did the inner
breast. Proceed the same way with the other side.
The fork need not be removed during the whole pro-
cess. A sharp knife is indispensalile. The platter
should be drawn i»ar enough to the carver for him to
reach each part of the bird with perfect ease."

Soup Making.

In the first place, observe always to lay your meat
in the bottom of the pan or pot, cutting the meat up,
or, if a bone, cracking it well. A lump of butter adds
richness, but it is not necessary. Select such herbs
and vegetables as you prefer; cut them up very small
and lay over the meat, with a very little water, and a
cautiously small piece of salt. Cover the vessel with
a close fitting lid and set it by a slow fire. This will
draw out all the herbs and roots, giving the soup a
difl'erent flavor from what is imparted by putting the
full quantity of water in at first. Turn the meat fre-
quently. When the gravy produced is almost dried
up, fill your pot with a sufficient quantity of water to
make soup enough for your family. To a large shank
bone of beef three quarts, or even one gallon is not too
much to allow. When your soup is done take it olT
the fire to cool, and skim thoroughly. Put it on again,
and be sure not to dish it up unless boiling hot. Be
careful to add salt and other high flavored condi-
ments sparingly; every table is provided with salt-
cellar and casters, so that a deflciency in these re-
spects may be easily rectified; not .^io an over quantity.
If other thickening "than the vegetables used is deemed
advisable use browned flour for all soups save chicken,
veal and oyster soup."

Charcoal for Poultry.

Fowls of all kinds are very fond of charcoal, and
will eat it with great relish if properly prepared.
Pounded charcoal is not in the shape in which fowls
usually find their food, and consequently is not very
enticing to them. To please their palate, the char-
coal should be in pieces of about the size of grains of
corn, and if these are strewed around their quarters
they will readily eat thereof. Corn burnt on the cotj,
and the refuse (which consists almost entirely of the
grains reduced to charcoal, and still retaining their
perfect shape,) placed before them, makes a marked
improvement in their health, as is shown by the
brighter color of their combs, and their sooner pro-
ducing a greater average of eggs to the flock than
before.

The Curative Potato.

Dr. Streeter, of Santa Barbara, tells the A!ta that
the worst case of gravel may be cured, the deposit
dissolved and passed away, by using the water in
which potatoes have been boiled to pieces ; strain the
water, sweeten to taste, and drink for two or three
weeks. This is a painless cure. The same authority
states that furring or coating deposited on the inside
of steam boilers may be easily removed, making the
surface appear like new iron, by placing a quantity
of raw potatoes in the boiler and letting them boil to
pieces. After two or three days o])cn the manholes
and a sandy deposit will be found; brush it out and
the boiler will be as good as new.

Glycerine for Preserving Fruit.

We learn through a German journal, says the
Journal of Applied Chemistry, that in order to pre-
serve fresh fruits it is necessary to only heat them, if
not perfectly ripe, in water almost to boiling, drain
nearly dry, and cover with warm concentrated glyce-
rine. If the fruit is perfectly ripe, heating in water is un-
neccssai-y. It is also ad\ised to pour oft' the glycerine
after standing for some time and add Iresh concen-
trated glycerine. The glycerine poured off may be
concentrated on a water bath and used a second time.
Ordinary glycerine is often inqjure, but only that
whicli is perfectly pure and colorless, with a clean,
Bweet taste and a specific gravity of 125 should be
employed,

A Happy Home.

In a happy home there will be no fault-finding,
overbearing spirit; there'will be no peevishness or
fretfulness. Unkindness will not dwell in the heart
or be found in the tongue. Oh, the tears, the sighs,
the wasting of life and health and strength, and of
all that ie most to be desired in a happy home, occa-
sioned merely by unkind words. A celebrated writer
remarks to this effect, namely, that fretting and
scolding seem like tearing the flesh from the bones ;
tliat we have no more right to be guilty of this sin
than we have to curse and swear and steal. In a per-
fectly happy home all selfishness will be removed. Its
members will always seek first to please each other.
Cheerfulness is another ingredient in a happy home.
How much does a sweet smile, emanating from a

heart fraught with love and kindness, contribute to
make a happy home ? At evening how soothing is that
sweet cheerfulness that is borne on the countenance
of a wife and mother! How do parent and child,
brother and sister, the mistress and servant, dwell
with delight upon those confiding smiles that beam
from the eye and burst from the inmost soul of those
who are dear and near. How it hastens the return
of the father, lightens the cares of the mother, renders
it more easy for youth to resist temptation, and, drawn
by the chords of aftection, how it induces them, with
lowly hearts, to return to the paternal roof. Seek
then to make home happy.

Unaired Rooms.

A writer in the Country Gentleman says: "I pass
some houses in every town whose windows might as
well be sealed in with the walls, as for any purpose
they have but to let in the light. They are never
opened, summer or winter. In winter it is cold ; in
the summer the flies stray in, or, if they are netted,
the dust sifts through the nets. Now, I can tell a
person who inhabits such chambers when I pass him
in the street — there is such a smell about his clothing
I always wish for a sniff of cologne or hartshorn, or
burnt feathers, or something of the sort, ' to take the
taste out.' A house that is never aired has every
nook and corner filled with stale odors of cooked
meats, boiled vegetables, especially cabbage and
onions, which, as the weeks go by, literally reek in
their hiding places. The very garments of the child-
ren tell the same story of uncleanliness. It is bad to
have unwashed 'clothes, but there may be an excuse
for it. But what excuse can there be for unaired
ones, when air is so cheap and free ? There is death
in such unaired chambers. Better a swarm of flies
or a cloud of dust ; butter frost and snow in a room
than these intolerable smells. The first thing in the
morning, when you are reatTy to go down stairs,
throw open your windows, take apart the clothing of
your beds and let the air blow through it as hard as
it will. There is health in such a policy."

Keep the Birthdays.

Keep the birthdays religiously. They belong ex-
clusively to, and are treasured among the sweetest
memories of home. Do not let anything prevent some
token, be it ever so slight, to show that it is remem-
bered. Birthdays are great events to children. For
one day they feel they are heroes. The special pud-
dings are made expressly for them ; a new jacket,
trowsers with pockets, or the first pair of boots, are
donned, and big brothers and sisters sink into insig-
nificance beside " little Charley," who is " six to-day,''
and is soon " going to be a man." Fathers who have
half a dozen little ones to care for are apt to forget
birthdays — they come too often. Sometimes they
are too busy and sometimes they are bothered,
but if they only knew how much such souvenirs are
cherished by their children, years afterward, when,
away from the hearthstone, they have none to remind
them that they have added one more year to the per-
haps weary round of life, or to wish them, in the
good old-fashioned phrase, "many happy returns of
their birthday," they would never permit any cause
to step in between them and a parent's privilege.

A Fruit-Can Opener.

This is sometliing that has been long needed in the
domestic circle. "The Sprague Can OPENEft"is
is a little instrument that can be very conveniently
carried in the pocket — a small lever with a steel blade
at theend,workingona pivoted fulcrum and through
a slat in a small piece of iron, which forms the plane
of purchase or leverage, and constitutes a sort of
shears ; used for cutting off the lids of soldered tin
fruit cans, sardine cases, oyster cans, or any other
vessel made of tin, copper, zinc, brass or iron, of the
same thickness as common tin. It is a small aflair,
costing from .50 cents to $1 each, according to style
and finish. We have tried this little instrument, and
find it admirably a<lapted to the use intended — far
more essential in a household using fruit, vegetables,
and other viands put in tin cans, than many other
domestic implements that have come into general
use.

To Prevent Rusting.

Boiled linseed oil will keep polished tools from rust-
ing, if it is allowed to dry on them. It is very dilli-
cult to get oflT and should never be put near a joint,
as it candies. Turpentine or soft soap will destroy it
when |it is necessary to brighten the surface oiled.
Common sperm oil will prevent from rusting a short
period. A coat of copal is frequently applied to
polished tools exposed to the weather. Woolen
materials are the best for wrappers for metals. Iron
and steel goods of all descrijitions are kept free from
the rust by the following : Dissolve one-half ounce of
camphor in one pound of hog's lard, take off the scum
and mix as much black lead as will give the mixture
an iron color. Iron and steel, and machinery of all
kinds, rubbed over with this mixture and left with it
on for twenty-four hours, and then rubbed with a
linen cloth, will keep clean for months.

LITERARY AND PERSONAL.

The Grape Culturist: This is the title of a
treatise on the cultivation of the native grape by
Andrew S. Fuller, the eminent practical horticulturist,
of Ridgewood, New Jersey, a new and enlarged edi-
tion of which is published by Orange Judd & Company,
the enterprising publishers of the American Agricul-
turist. In our article on the Culture of the Grape, in
this issue of The Farmer, we have followed Mr.
Fuller's system as the best, in our judgment, of the
many plans of trellising and pruning which have been
discussed pro and con, and we cannot too strongly
recommend his excellent manual to all who desire to
be thoroughly posted in all the details of the subject.
Mr. Fuller's treatise is comprehensive and exhaustive
of everything worth knowing in relation to grape grow-
ing, and his illustrations are so full and clear that the
most inexperienced amateur can have no difficulty in
understanding all directions given, so as to follow
them in practice. It contains 3^6 pages, and will be"
sent by mail on receipt of the price, $1..50.

"The American Farmer vs Colorado Potato-
Beetle" — "The Pest and Its Remedy." This is a
14 page octavo pamphlet, issued by C. T. Raynold's
& Co., 108 and 108 Fulton street, New York, and
secured by a copyright.

Although this pamphlet contains nothing new to
«s, yet it is a condensed history of the above named
insect, and the only reliable artificial remedy — Paris
Green — in which the publishers are dealers; its uses
and its dangers; the mode of judging it and applying
it; and the antidote in cases of poisoning from it. In
its essential points it is adapted to any locality where
this insect exists, and is written in language plain
enough for any one to understand. We presume it is
published for gratuitous circulation; but, in any event,
every farmer ought to possess a copy; and but for the
congressional restriction we believe we should have
transferred the entire treatise to our columns at the
proper season, although the task would be a trifle to
write one of our own.

R. H. Allen's "Annual Descriptive Catalogue of
Garden, Flower and Field seeds and Grains," and
Field and Garden implements, for 187.5, has been re-
ceived, and is by far the best yet published by that
house, giving not only the common local English
names of the different vegetable productions, but also
the foreign and the scientific names. Agricultural
warehouse 189 and 191 Water street. New York.

Attention is directed to the advertisement of
Ellwanger & Bakry, Nurserymen, Rochester, N.
Y. As is well known, they are the largest and most
successful growers of Fruit and Ornamental Trees,
Shrubs and Plants in the United States. Parties
wanting anything in their line will do well to send
for their Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue.

Coleman's Rural World, published weekly at
St. Louis, Mo., is one of the oldest and best Agricul-
tural weeklies we have seen. The eminent Prof. C.
V. Riley is the entomological editor. It is a large
quarto, and is conducted with ability and taste by
N. J. Coleman and his associates. Terms S3 a year.

The " Gallinocclture Institute" is an enter-
prising establishment at Hicksville, New York, em-
bracing the "latest discovery" in artificial chicken
production, by " Corbett's Ilatching Apparatus,"
operated without fire, steam, lampsor hens, the neces-
sary heat being generated by beds of horse manure.

The American Farmer — an octavo magazine of
40 pages — for February, 187.5, is on our table. This
ie a beautiful and compact journal, published by
Sands & Son, Baltimore, at $1.50 a year, embracing
all sorts of subjects on rural and domestic affairs.

The Massachusetts Plouuhman, a large folio,
has been received. The Pknighman. is largely devoted
to Agriculture, Horticulture, the Garden and the
Farm, as well as general literature. Published by
Geo. Noyes, Boston, Mass., at S2..5U a year, weekly.

Our Readers, who maybe" prospecting" fortheir
supply of Spring Plants and Flowers, should by all
means visit Schroter's Floral Headquarters, where
they will find a great variety of good stock to select
from.

Seeds of all kinds are advertised by William D.
Sprecher, of the old established and extensive Agri-
culture Implement and Seed Wareliouse of this city.
Attention is invited to his specialties.

The TuoROUGiinRED Stock, advertised for sale at
the "Clifton Farms," Kennett Square, Chester-co.,
is worthy the attention of purchasers. The proprie-
tors guarantee it to be as represented.

Spooneh's Descriptive Price Catalogue, published
by W. H. Spooner, Boston, has been received. It
contains over 150 illustrations, and is mailed free to
applicants.

Miscellaneous: The "Printers Circular" — "State
Hospital for the insane, Danville, Pa., 1874" —
"Forty-second Annual Report of the Managers of the
Pennsylvania Institute for the instruction of the
blind'"' — "New York city council for Political Re-
form " — American Journalist " — " Newspaper Re-
porter " — " Pennsylvania School Journal " — " The
Proof Sheet " — all duly received, all useful within
their several spheres, and all creditable to their pub-
lishers.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

III.

JOHN M. COWELL,

Conveyancer ani Real Estate Apt.

OyriCB IN LAW IIUILDINO,

N. W. COR, DUKE AND GRANT STS.,

LANCASTER, PA.

Heal Eatate of all description bought, Bold and ex<
ch&Dged on commlRHion.

l.oan9 Nrgotiatrd. Mortgages l>onght and sold.

Vropertiea token In charge, and rents, interest, etc.,
collected.

Bartirulnr attention given to matters appertaining to
Heal E«t;ite Law, and CouveyHiicing.

J>retlSf Mortgagem, Jirirfs, WUU and all other legal
Instruments correctly drawn and handsomely and neatly
engrossed.

Map* of Properties, Ix>ts, Farms, &c. .and Draughting in
general accurately and handsomely executed.

EDGERLEY & CO.,

Carriage Maiifactussfs,

MARKET STREET,
In rear of Market House,

LANCASTER, PA.

Persons wanting a good Carriage or Buggy, will do well by
giving us a call.

ALL WORK WARRANTED,

and for the same quality the cheapest in the market.

We have the best assortment of second hand work on
hand ever offered for sale in the county.

REPAIRIHG PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO.

FINE GROCERIES,

SAKINB MOL&SSES,

PURE SPICES,

Canned Vegetables and Fruits,

AT HENRY FISHER'S,

104 East King St.

DILLER & GORFF,

AGENTS FOR

m mm %mi m tm.

The best in the market. Guaranteed to
give satisfaction.

No pay asked until the conditions of tlie guarantee areful-
flUed. Call and see it with the late improvenieDta.^

ALSO A

FULL LINE OF HARDWARE,

BUILDING MATERIALS,
STOVES,

And everything usually kept in a first class Hardware

Store, at

NO. 7 EAST KING STREET,

LANCASTER, PA.

MONEY

eaeilv made by «eUmg TEAS at IM-
PORTERS' PRICES, or getting up
clubs in towns and countrj- for the Old-
est Tea Company in America. Greatest inducements. Send
for circular. CANTON TEA COMPANY,

148 Chambers St.. N. Y.

BLOOMINOTON NURSERY, Bloomingtou, lU.— F. K.
Ph(£}4IX. spring listsfree, or the set of four catalogues
pQst free for twenty cents, jtu '75-^u

Farmepg, Attention !

H. C. EICHHOLTZ,

NO. 58 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

Will sell you a Good Article of Cutlery of any kind.

Will also repair any cutting instrument you may have, In
the best manner.

Will make you a stencil plate for marking your bags,
your linen or anything else. Anything In the atamp line
made to order.

HATS,

AND

FTTSS,

GENTS' GLOVES,

AND

WALKING CANES,

AU at the lowest prices, at the

CENTRAL HAT STORE,

39 West King Street,

Next to Cooper's Hotel,

LA-NCASTKB, PKNNA..

AMEB Ic EESLET.

<hC * ^Oft P^r I*3,y at home. Terms free. Address

. Stinbon & Co., Portland, Maine.

OPENING OF THE NEW HOTEL.

THE STEVENS HOUSE,

COR. WEST KING & PRINCE STS.,

LANCASTER CITY, PA.,

IS NO IV OPEN TO RECEIVE GUESTS.

M. H. WILSOIST & SOK

PATBONAGE OF FARiHERS SOI.ICITED.

«S.COMMODIOUS STABLING FURNISHED ON
REASONABLE TERMS.

DEALEBS IN ALL KINDS OF

FAMIEY and EIDIE-Bl'RXINO COAE!

Orders received at

Office, No. 15 East King street, and at tbe
Yar4 No. 813 NORTH PMNOE HTREET.

AGRICULTURAL STORE,

No* 320 North Qneen Street, Lancaster,

(Near New Market House).

Be&pers & Mswers, &rdn Drills,

The Improved Rockawoy Grain Fan, Pratfs Patent Hay

Hake and Corn Shelters for Horse and Hand Power,

Cutting Boxes, Corn Planters, and Improved

Cider Mills

of different kinds and sizes ; also, all kinds of Coaoh-
makers' Stuff.

Farmers, look to your Interest before buying elsewhere.
I can Still at small profits. The 8hoi> is two squares
northwest of V. R. R. Depot, and two squares south of
Reading Dejtot. Hickory Lumber and Spoke Wood t&ken
in exchange for Machines.

of all kinds at Hhort notice ; and Castings kept on hand for
repairing Farm Machinery. Also, Agrictiltural imple-
ments of every description on hand. Wire and Sieves
made to order for farmers.

SAMUEL KEELEB.

Mayll '1«-ly Lancabtkr, P*.

NE^^^ GOODS

OPENED DAILY AT

MILLINERY AND TRIMMING STORE.

LADica, we have Just opened a Urge assortinent of

Hamburg Edgings and Insertings,
At 6ct8. pek Yabd up to S1.26.

Also all the Utest itylM of Dr«ss Trimmings, such u

GIM]PS, FRIISraES,

X.A.CES A.3SriD BTJTTOISrS

OF BVBBT DBSOBIFTION.

Also, everything else kept in a

FIRST-CLASS
MnUNEEY and TBIMMING STORE,

And will always guarantee our prices to be the Very I«ow.
est and quality the Best.
Oive us a call ut

GUNDAKER'S,

142 and 144 North Queen Street,

liA-lTCA-STEie.. FA-

IR YOU WANT A
SZ'WZITG MACSZXrZ,

DOH't but cite BEroBE TOU BXAHIMB TUB

REMINGTON,

—AT—

H. A.SCHROYER'8 GENTS' FURNISHING STORE,

No. 3 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

NEXT DOOB TO ZAHM's COBNEB,
WHO 18 AOENT FOR LANCASTER COUNTY.
ty Send for Circulars.

House Fupnishing Goods

JOHN D. SKILES,

No. 26 EAST KINO STBEET.

Just received full lines of

BLEACHED AND UNBLEACHED

suiting MWii & Pillow-Case MisliBS.

TICKINOS, CHECKS,

TABLE UNEN8, TOWELS,
NAPKINS, QUILTS,

COUNTERPANES and COMPOBTS.
PRINTS— Newest Styles.

PRINTS— Shirting Styles.

CARPETS, OIL CLOTHS,

WINDOW SHADES, *C.

ALL AT LOWEST FBI0E8.

Great Reduction in WINTER DREK8 GOODS, SHAWLS,
SKIRTS, kc. to make room for Spring stock. Also, closing
out our Winter Stock of

READY-MADE CLOTHEtfG,

At Prices Regardless of Cost

COATINGS, CASSIMERES and VESTINOS, made to or-
der or sold by the yard at greatly reduced prices.

Call and be eoDvinced. JOUM D> SKILEB.

IV.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

HELD, GARDEN AND FLOWER,

CANARY, BAPE, HEMP,

Alsike 8c White Clover,

LAWN GRASS, GREEN GRASS,

CLOVER & TIMOTBTT'.

AT W. D. Spreclier's,

31 E. KING ST., LANCASTER, PA.

O
>

laUftst Paid @a B@p@glig.

MONET TO LOAN AT ALL TIMES.

A GENEKAL BANKING BUSINESS

TRANSACTED IN ALL ITS

BRANCHES.

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF

OFFICE :

Ko. 15 EAST KING STHEET,

j»n 75-ly LANCASTER, PA.

TREES, Etc.

■Weofferfor SPRING,'75i an unoEuaUy
large Btock of well-grown, thrifty

8t*Bdard nnd Dwnrf Fruit Trees.
Ctrape VlnpN, Small Fruits.
Ornaniontal TrpOH, Shrubs, Roses.
New and Rare Friill and Ornamental Trees.
Evergreens and Bnlbens Roots.
New and Rare Green and Hot-House Plants.
Small parcels forwarded by viail when desired.

TBOMrx ATTEirTIOir GIVEN TO ALI. EXgUIRIEB.

Veteriptive and Illwstraied Priced CatalogruM sent prepaid,
on receipt ft/ stamps, as /allows:
Ko. 1— rnilte, lOe. No. i — Omameatal Tree<. lOc.
No. 3 — Greenhouse, lOc. No. 4— Wholesale, Free.

E^t^'dim. ELL W ANGER & BARRY,

Mount Hope Suraeries, ROCHESTER, N. T.

TEOEOnGHBBED STOCK

FOB SALE CHEAP.

PURB AYSHIRE CATTLE and CALVES,

PURE JERSEY CATTLE and CALVES,

of all a^es, all very eboiee and nicely marked, from the
choiceet blood and milking families. Also,

"PRIZE CHESTER WHITE PIGS,"

of all a^es. *' Unsurpassed." These Pure-Bred Pigs have
DO superior on this continent. Bred from our prize and pre-
mium stock. Also, extra improved BERKSHIRE and
ESSEX PIQS. Order soon. Address,

CLIFTON FABMS,

KENNET SQUARE,

OHBSTEB OODXTY, FA.

FLOWER

SEEDS,

VEGETABLE

SEEDS.

Jan '7fi-3inoB

Spoener's Prize Flower Seeds.

Spier's Bostii llirbt
VEGETABLE SEEE

Descriptive Priced Catalo^e, with
OTer 150 illustratiouB, mailed free to

applicant.

W. H. SPOOIER, Boston, Mass.

My annual catalogue of Vegetable ^nd Flower Seed for
1875, will be ready -by Jan. Ist ftv all who apply. Custom-
era of last eeasou need not write for it. In it will b« found
several valuable varieties of new vegetables Introduced for
tfa« first time this season, having .made new vegetables a
specialty for many years, GroiiTing over a hundred and
j(ft]/ varieties ■on my several farms, I would particularly in-
vite the patronage of market gardeners and all others who
are especially desirous to have their seed pure and fresh, and
of the very best strain. All seeds sent out from my establish-
ment are covered by three warrants as given in my cata-
logue. JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass.

CENTRE HALL

Has now ready the Largest Stock of

For MEN, YOUTH and BOYS, HADE UP OF EVERY
VARIETY OP GOODS and COLORS.

FBICES TO SUIT EVEBYBOnT.

CENTRE H^LL

Has an Immense Stock of ........^.^„

PIECE GOODS.

AU the Latest Styles in the market to znalLe up to ord«r, at
low prices, and at shortest notice.

To save money, buy your Clothing at GEHTRE HAIX, a
Live House, where they keep up with the times.

MYERS & RATHVON,

CENTRE HALL, 12 East King Street,

my '74-ly LANCASTER, PA.

FLORAL

HEADQUARTERS

SCHROYER'S,

On Harrisburg Avenue, in the Ninth
Ward, North of the College,

CSSTTIAL fWML BIFOT,

IN raONT OF

H.A. SCHROYER'S GENTS' FURNISHING STORE,

No. 3 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

Next door to Zahm's Comer, Centre Square,

Every day during the season, if the weather permita,

where I will be pleased to accomodate those who cannot

come to Headquarters.

tyThe earliest, the best, and the newest TOMATO
PLANTS, in Pots and Boxes; also EARLY CABBAQE
PLANTS, PEPPER PLANTS, &o.

GEO. W. SCHROYER.

Axnsdezi June Peach..

Large as Hale's. Fcllt three weeks earlier. Very fra-
grant, fine flavored, finely colored red, free-stone, firm.
Excellent Keeper. Foliage not affected by the "curi."
Fruited on 50 trees. Productive. Original tree 6 years old,
STILL viQOBOus. CircuUr fbee, endorsed by the Jasper
County Grange P. of H., and Co. Hort. Society.

Medium Tree, top cat off, SAFELY by mail, free, $1. Sec*
ond class, by mail, 60 cts. Mcb. $7.50 per doz. Dormant
buds, 4 for $1. First-class, $9 per doz. $50 per 100 by Ex-
press. Safe arrival Guaranteed any distance by Mail or
Express. Deposit the money with Ex. Co. and send receipt
with order G. O. D. Send Grange Address.

Im C. AMSDEN, Carthage, Mo.

THE BEST

LANCASTER, PA.

JOHN BEST,

MANUFACTURER OF

Horizontal, Vertical and Portable, from IX 'o 100 Horse-Pr.

STEAM BOrLEKS~AI)APTED TO ALL
PURPOSES.

Castings of all descriptions. Heavy and Light, Made to Order.

Illustrated Catalogues
^os 1875 °^

EVERYTHINa

FOR THE

GARDEN!

( Seeds! Plants! )

Xlmplements, Fertilizers, etc/

Numbering 175 pages and containing five
bearillful colored plates, mailed on receipt
of 60 cents.

Catalogue, without plates, free to all.

S5 Cortlandt St.,

NEW YORK.

SECONI) AiraUAL CATALOGUE

SUSQUEHANNA GREENHOUSES

AND

PLANT NlTBaERIES

NOW BEABT.

D. L. RESH, Columbia, Pa.

p. O. BOX 330.

Published Quarterly. January Number jnsl ^

issued, and contains over 100 Pages, 500 Engravings,
descriptions of more than 500 of our best Flowers
and Vegetables, with Directions for Culture, Colorib

Plate, etc, The most useful and elegant work of

the kind in the world. Only 1$ cents for the year.

Published in English and German.

A l.trcss. JAMES VICK. Rochester. N. Y

33. DEI. ikc^z^.a^xsr,

MANUFACTURBB OF

WitliatHsport attfl Lock Haven,

Bill Mills— ROUND ISLAND fc POBTAOE, PA.

Retail Lumber and Coal Yard,

NORTH WATER STREET, ABOVE P. 8. R., LAJCASKE, PA,

THE FARMERS' HOME ORGAN.

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER,

DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
AND MISCELLANY.

Published under the auspices of the Lancaster County
Agricultural and Horticultural Society.

Edited by Prof. S. S. EATHVON.

With the January issue (1875) The Farmer entered upon
its seventh year, under a cUauge of projaietors, the jiublicii-
tlon having been trunBferred to the uudpisigueJ, who pi-o-
poae to make it in all ronpects a first-class local organ of the
important interests to which it is especially devoted.

With this view The Farmer has been enlarged and its
form changed to the Imperial Magazine style, each number
containing twenty-four pages Imp. Hvo., measuring 9% by 13
inches, at least sixteen of which will be exclusively devoted
to reading matter, the advertisements and "standing matter"
, being limited to the remaining pages. This increase of sizp
and change of form, together with the use of a more compact
type, enables us to give twice as much reading matter as
was contained in the old form.

If this effort to give ihc agricultural community of Lan-
cihster county \ publication worthy of their honorable calling
la liberally seconded, we prO] oee to add other improve-
ments from time to time, iucluJiug illustrations of impor-
tant topics of general interest, and papers from aiteciul con-
tribiUors on the more important local industries and re-
sources of the county — a wide field, which has been very
little cultivated by our local i»resH.

The contributions of our nl)le editor, Prof. Rathvon, on
BubjectB connected with the science of farming, and partic-
ularly that specialty of which he is bo thoroughly a master —
eutomologiciil Bcience--some knowledge of which has become
a nect'ssity to the succt^saful farmer, arc alone worth much
more than the price of this magazine.

The Farmer will be publiHhed on the 15th of every
month, printed ou good paj^ier with clear type, in con-
venient form lor reading and binding, and mailed to BUb-
Bcribers on the following

TEKMS:

To Bubscribers residing within the county^
One copy, one year, .... - $i.oo
Six copies, one year, - - - - . . 5.00

Ten Copies, one year, ------ 7,50

To subscribers outside of Lancaster county, including
postage pre-paid by the pnblisherfl:

One copy, one year, ----- $1.25

Five copies, one year, . - - . . . j.cx)

AH Bubscrii'tions will commence with the January num-
ber unless otherwise ordered.

All communications intended for publication should be
addressed to the Editor, and, to secure insertion, should be
iu his hauds by the first of the month of publication.
• All business letters, containing suhRcriptions and adver-
tiaementB, should be addressed to the publliihcrR,

PEARSOL & GEIST,

Express Buildings, 22, South Queen Street,
LANCASTER, PA

RATES OF ADVERTISIKd.— Ten Cents n
line for eacb lunertiou. Twelve Unee to the lucb.

CONTENTS OrmiS NUMBER.

EDITORIAL ARTICLES: pace.

" Farmers, write for your paper," - - 3.S
Sparrows — Finches, - . - - 33

Entomoloijical, 33

Tbe Cabbage Butterfly Colomdo Beetle.
Utilizing Potato-Beetles and Grasshoppers, 34

Pear Slugs, ^5

Paris Green, ..--.- 35
1 18 poisouous qualities, mode of application,
&c.. dincuBscd.
Our National Centennial, ... 37

Horticultural Hall (Illustrated)— what the
PenuBylvania Railroad Company is doing,
A Frigid' Reeord — cold winters, - - 38

Read Twice— Potash in Plant-ashes, - 88

This number of The Farmer, - - 88

Our Illustrations, ----- 38

The Grangers— position of The Farmer, 38
To Correspondents, . - - - 38

The Cabbage— its History, Cultivation and

VarieliCH'(illustrated), . - . 39

Cooking Food by Fermentation, - - 39

Farmers' Sons and The Fahmer, - 39

Wheat and Cheat, - - . - - 41
Correeti(m — the Fronclin Apple, - - 44

The Potato-Beetle to be illustrated, - - 44
The Potato, J. Staukfer, (illustrated,) - 40

Shall we Raise Osage-Orange Hedges,

J. C. LiNViLLE, Gap, . - - - 40

The Paw-Paw, Levi S. Reist, Warwick, - 40
Olir Local Organizations, J. M. W. G. 41 — 44
Proceedings of the LauoaBter Counly Agri-
cull ural and Horticulturul Society— essay
ou "Our Orchards" by Caaior Hiller—
DiBcuBsion on Frnit Euiang- The Potato
Beetle— The Fabmkk, etc.— The Patrons
of Uusbandry, AddieBs by M. B.EBhleman
— Granges in Lancaster county- Growth
of tbe Order, &c.
Letters, Queries and Answers. - 44 — 4C

An Echo from Tenne-ssei — Information
Wanted about Lantaatcr County B.irns,
Manuring, Cropl-iug, Lime Burning.-
Atwut Farmers' Wives and .\i!ricultur(il
Newspapers.— Something about Black-
berries.— Tbe Horse's Foot and Shoeing
— 'The Chinese Persimmon. — Clover and
Cut-Worms.— riums and IheCurculio.—
Tbe ScupperTiong Grape. — Words of
Cheer from a Veteran.- The Centennial
and Exhibitors.— Practical Farmers.

Farm and Garden Items, - - - 4«

Do Plants Need Water?— The Milk Ques-
tion.— .\ Potato that Kesists the Colorado
Bug.— Sales of Chester County Slock.—
Charcoal for Sick .Animals.- Selection of
BreedB of Cattle.— Destroy Earth Worms.
Domestic Economy, . - - - 47
Valuable Household Recipes- Coneslog*
Pun's— Fiencb Kolls— Lemon, or Orange
Custard— The Queen of Puddings -Plum
Pudding- Preserving Hams — c'abbage a
la Cauliflower— Cooking Celery— White
Gems— White Custards— Baked Sweel .\p-
ples— Every-Dav Pudding— Fauov Dish
—Coffee Cake— kice CUBlards- Tbe .\ut
Pest- Diphtheria.- Cure for Tootliache.—
How to Clean Oil Cloths.
The Cotemporary Press, ... 48

Catalogues of Seeds, Plants, &c., - 48

Lancaster County to the Front, - . 48

The Progress of Invention, - - - 48

New Patents relating to tbe Farlll,Dalry,&c.
Our Fence Corners, ----- iii, vi, vii

Fact, Fancy, Wit and Humor.

Business Announcements, . - . - ii — viii

TES Lill^aaSTSR SIPEESS,

(DAILT AND "WEEKLY,)

11)6 Leading Local Family and Business Newspaper, and Iht
oijly Indepcndeijl Republican Journal iij the Counly.

THE
WE E KLY,

FOTJNDED

UV TllK

THE
DAILY

1843.

} PRESENT PROPRIETORS.

1856.

The Weekly ExPBEsa baa been before tbe cltiKena of
Lancaster county for u jeriod of thirty-two years, aud The
Daily Exphehk for over eighteeu yenrs. During tbia long
I>eriod, Bud without chungt? uf luaiiHgeiment, The KxpnESS
h&B fuii'ly eurued a liir^c fih^ii'C of patronage and firmly
establisbt'd itBr>lf in the public coiifldeuce, ua an upright and
iude^eiideut journal, never heaitatiug to defend the right
and deuouuce the wrong, no matter where found to exist.
It has always been a journal of jn'OgresR, and the oiilsj^ukea
friend of education, tenu rrance, sound moials audrcUgioa.
As ia the past, so it will coYitiuuo iu the future,

TERMS OF THE EXPRESS.

The Weekly Express, one year, ... $a.oo

The Daily Express, one year, .... 5.00

The Express and The Farmer: To any person realding
within the limiis uf I.^incasLer county we will mail —
The Weekly and the Lancaster Farmer, one year, $2.50
The Daily and the Farmer, one year, - • 5.00

REAL ESTATE ADVERTISING.

The extended circuhitiou of The KxraESH makes It the
best medium for advertising Uenl Katato ami Personal
Proi erty in the county, a fuct which can be attested by the
many furmera and others who have availed themselves of
the use of its columns, and to which we iuvUo the att«utiOD
of all having property to dispose of.

PRINTING SALE BILLS.

The Express printing office ia one of the b^^st fumlsbod
eatablisbmeuts for turning out all kinds of printing to be
found in tlie interior of the Slate. We are prei>ared to
print any job from the small visiting card to the largeat aale
or horse bill, i oater, or broadside, j-lain or iu colors, aa
quickly 11s it can bo dune at any other establishment, and on
i<8 rcaaonable terms. Wc make tbe jiluting of Sale-bitU
/or Fanners a specialty, and guarantee satisfaction to our
customers.

OUR STEAM POWER PRESSES

include the various patterns adajited to prluting books,
pamphlets, posters, satf-bills, hand-bills, millera' receipts,
catalogues of live stock, and any kind of work done in a
flrst-cluBs printing oftice; in short au>'thing that may be
called for by the farmer, nrerchaut, banker, mechanic, or
buftiness man, and we puarantet' to do the work as satlsfao-
tory as it can be done iu Philadel])hia or clsewbore.

\Vith one uf the most conii>lote Job Offices iti the State,
and unsurpusMMl couveuieucea for expeditiously turning out
work by tbe beHi workmen, under tbe [>erMooal su]>ervision
uf the proprietors, who are both practical printers, all per-
sona in need of Printing will find it to tbeir intercat to giv«
us a trial.

PEARSOL & GEIST,

BOOK, NEWSPAPER AND JOB PRINTERS,

Express Buildings, 32. South Queen-st,
LANCASTHH, FA.

Oar Prcfis Rooms are open to Vialtora, and they are
alwaya welcome to look at our machinery In operation.

II.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

PF.NKSYI>VAJfIA HAILROAD.
Trains leave the Pennsylvauia Depot in tniB city
as follows ;

Leave

An-ive

WESTWARD.

Lancaster.

Harrisburg.

Pacific ExpresB'

2:45 a. m.

4:10 a. m.

York Accommodation . .

7:50 a. m.

Mail Train via Mt. Joy..

11:20 a. m.

MaU Train No. 2 via

11:20 a. m.
3:25 p. m.
6.10 p. m.

1:20 p. m.

4:60 p. m.

Harrisburg Accom

8:10 p. m.

Lancaster Train

7:35 p. m.

Col. and York.

Pittsburg Express

8:55 p. m.

10:10 p. m.

Ciucinuati Express'

10:45 p. m.

12:01 a. m.

EASTWARD.

Lancaster.

PhilodelphU.

Atlantic Express*

12:40 a. m.

3:10 a. m.

Philad'a Eipresst

3:55 a. m.

6:.50 a. m.

Harrisburg Express

7:20 a. m.

10:00 a. m.

Lancaster Train

9:28 a. m.

Pacific Express'

1.45 p. m.

4.15 p. m.

Elmira Express

3.15 p. m.

5:55 p. m.

Harrisburg Accom

6-20 p. m.

9:30 p. m.

The Columbia Accommodation Train will leave Columbia
at 1:00 p. m., and arrive at Lancasleuat 1:35 p. m. Return-
ing, leave Lancaster at 3:40 p. m., and arrive at Columbia at
4:15 p. m.

York Accommodation leaving Lancaster at 7:50 a. m. and
Columbia at 8:20 a. m., vrtll connect at York with Baltimore
Accommodation, south, at 9:13, arriving at Baltimore at
12:05 p. m.

The York Accommodation, leaving York at 5:50 a. m., con-
nects at Columbia, at 6:35. with the train leaving Marietta at
6:22 a. m., and at Ijiucaster, at 7:20 a. m., with the Harris-
burg Express.

The Pacific Express east, on Sunday, will make the fol-
lowing stops, when flagged, viz.: Middletown, Elizabeth-
town, Mount Joy, Bird-in-Hand, Learaan Place, Gap, Chris-
tiana, Parkesburg, Coatesville, Gleu Lock, and Bryn Mawr.

•The only trains which run daily. Mail train west on
Sunday will run via Columbia.

tRuns daily, except Monday.

PENNSYLVAITIA RAILROAD.

FLORIDA EXCURSION ROUTES.

SEASON OF 1874-5.

TicketB to Jacksonville, Fla., and Return, for sale Decem-
ber iBt to April l8t, good to return uutil May 31st, and have

all the privileges of First Class Tickets.

EouTB No. 510.— Via Washington, Bichmond, Wilmington,
Charleston, and Savannah.

KouTK No. 611.— Via Washington, Richijiond, Charlotte,
Augusta, and Savannah.

Route No. 512.— Via Washington, Richmond, Wilmington,
Augusta, and Savannah.

KouTK No. 513.— Via Washington, Richmond, Charlotte,
•Atlanta, Mucou, and Jesup.

RouTK No. 514.— Via Washington, Lynchburg, Charlotte,
Augusta, and Savannah,

RoutkNo. 515.— Via Washington, Lynchburg, Bristol, At-
lanta. Macon, and Jesup.

EouTB No. 548.— Via Washington, Richmond, Augusta,
Yemassee, and Savannah.

Route No. 549.— Via Washington, Bichmond, Wilmington,
Augusta, Yemassee, and Savannah.

Route No. 546. — Via Baltimore, Norfolk, Wilmington, Au-
gusta, and Savannah.

Route No. 547.— Via Baltimore, Norfolk, Wilmington.
Charleston, and Savannah.
All of the above-described tickets return by same route,

and are sold at followiug THROUfiH Rates.

Now York, . , $5'j 00 I Trenton, . . $47 75
' " ■ ■ 45 50

49 50

50 75
52 75

Except Routes' No. 54C and No. 547, which are not sold at
Harrisburg, Williamaport, Altoona, and Pittsburg.

Variable Route Tickets are sold at New York, Jersey City,
Harrisburg, WilUumsport, Altoona, and Pittsburg, as fol-
lows :
Excursion No. 616.— Going by Route 510, returning by

Route 512, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 517.— Going by Route 612, returning by

Route 610, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 518.— Going by Route 510, returning by

Route 511, $10 additional.
Excursion No, 519.— Going by Route 511, returning by

Route 510, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 522. — Going by Route 510, retux'ning by

Boute 514, $10 additional.
ExcuRBiON No. 523.— Going by Route 514, returning by

Route 610, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 526.— Going by Route 511, returning by

Boute 512, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 627.— Gomg by Boute 512, returning by

Boute 511, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 530.— Going by Boute 511, returning by

Route 514, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 631.— Going by Route 514, returning by

Routes 1, $10 additional.
Excursion No. S36.— Going by Route 612, returning by

Route 514, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 537,— Going by" Route 614, returning by

Boute 512, $10 additional.
ExcuBsiON No. 542. — Going by Boute 613, returning by

Boute 515, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 543.— Going by Boute 515, returning by

Route 513. $10 additional.

Excursion Tickets and information of Boutes can be ob-
tained at the following Ticket Offices :
Boston— Nos. 77 and 79 Washington Street.
New YoSK— No. 1 Aator House, No. 526 Broadway, No. 944

Broadway, and at Depots, foot of Desbrosses and foot of

CoHrtlaudt Streets.
Jersey City — Depot. Newark — 182 Market St., and at

Depot. Elizabeth — Depot. Bahway — Depot. New

Brunswick- Depot. Trenton— Depot.
Harrisburg- Depot. Williamsport— 8, W. comer Mar-
ket Square and at Depot, Altoona— Depot. Pittsburg
— 78 Filth Avenue, and at Union Depot.
FRANK THOMSON, D. M. BOYD, JR.,

General Matia^er, Gen'l Passenger Agent.

7-3-lm

Jersey City,

50 00

Harrisburg,

Newark.

50 00

W illiamsport

Elizabeth.

d9 75

Altoona,

Rahway,

49 50

Pittsburg,

New Brunewick,

49 00

2,000 Copies of The Farmer

Have been printed each month since
the publication passed into the hands
of the present proprietors. Of this
number the copies not wanted for regu-
lar subscribers have been sent to leading
farmers in the various districts of the
county, for their examination, in the
hope that they would be pleased with it
and become subscribers. We are proud
to be able to state that The Farmer has
made a very favorable impression where-
ever it has been read, and we have every
reason to believe that its subscription
list will be doubled before the year is
out. Lancaster being one of the most
populous and wealthy agricultural coun-
ties in the nation, this journal is a very
desirable medium for those who wish to
reach a thrifty class of farmers.

Hcm^Palnt

A New Work by a Practical Painter, design
ed for the use of Tradesmen, Meclianics,
nercliants. Fanners, and as a Guide to Pro-
fessional Painters. Containini; a Plain Com
mon-SoDBe Statement of the Methods employed by
Painters to produce satisfactory results in Plain
andFancr Painting of every description, includ
Ing Formulas for mixing Paint in Oil oi
] Water, Tools required, etc. This is just the Book
needed by any person having anything to paint, and
makes

"Every Man His Own Painter."

Full Directions for Using White l,ead-l.amp-
Black— Green — Yellow — Brown— Wlilt-
Ing — Glue — Pumice Stone — Spirits ol
Turpentine — Oils — Varnishes — Furni-
ture Varnish — Milk Paint — Preparing
Kalsomlne, etc.

Paint for Outbuildings

— Whitewash— Paste for Paper-Hanglng-
Hanging Paper-Graluing In Oak, IMaple,
Rosewood, Black Walnut— Staining—
Decalcomaula— Making Bustle Pictures
— Painting Flower-Stands — Rosewood
3 Polish — Varnishing Furniture — Wax-
■rt Ing furniture— Cleaning Paint—

s Paint for Farming Tools

3 -for Machinery-Household Fixtures, etc.

To Paint a Farm Wagon

-to Re-Varnlsh a Carriage— to make Plas-
ter Casts. The work Is neatly printed, with illus-
trations wherever they can serve to make the subject
plainer, and it will save many times Its cost
yearly. Every family should possess a copy. Prico
by mall, post-paid, $1. Address

THE FARMER,

,_3_i2m Liancaster, Pa.

A. K. SPURRIER,

At Mayor's OfB.ce, Lancaster, Pa.

Criminal bueiness promptly attended to at all hours.

SPECIAL ATTENTION paid to Civil Bueiness. GoUec
tioue carefully attended to, and returns promptly made, on
reasonable terms.

DEEDS. JUDGMENTS and MORTGAGES

executed on short notice, and satisfaction guaranteed.

1875. PRE-CENTENNNIAL. 1875.

Rattivon fc Pistier,

PRACTICAL

Cor N. aUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

ENGLISH WORSTED, TRICOT,

GRANITE, CASTORS AND

CASSIMERE COATINGS

AND VESTINGS.

All the Fine and Common Grades of

EnElish & American PantalooninEs and Vestings

SILK, VELVET, MERINO, CHALLEE,

AND VALENTIA VESTINGS.

Plain and Figured.

Ready-made Olothlng of home mantilacture for Men
and Boys. Hosiery, a full line of SMrts, Collars, Shams,
and Neck Fixings, etc.

Clothing- made to order promptly, and warranted to
give satisfaction. Agents for the sale of Scott's Fashions.

Our stock consists of all the novelties In the market,
for MEN and BOYS, and will be replenished as the sea-
son advances. For quality, variety, style and price, we
feel II cannot be excelled elsewhere.

Thankful for past patronage, we would call the atten-
tion of buyers to our slock of Piece Goods and Ready-
Made Clothing tor the Sprtno; of iSTo.

Fashions received monthly, and Clothing made
promptly to order, on the most satisfactory terms.

RATHVON & FISHER,

7-l-12m Practical Tailors.

The Only Place in Town for Cheap Soap.
HERMAN MILLER'S

STEAM SOAP AND CANDLE WORKS,

42 EAST EINC! ST. Factory-SOUIH WATEE SI.

Keeps constantly on hand a good assortment of

SOAPS OF ALL KINDS.

Tallow and Fat taken In exchange at the filghest mar-
7-2] ket prices. Patent Wheel Grease tor sale. |6m

fHl ilST EAi C4EPETS

ARE MADE BY

THOS. W. BROWN,

(SUCCESSOR TO E». BtlCKESfDEKFER,)

COVERLET AND CARPET WEAVER.

STOBE, 542 EAST KING ST.

FACTORY, 541 & 543 E. MirFLIlSr ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.

7-1] CUSTOMER WORK A SPECIALTY. [3m

UTAH NATIVE PLANTS.

Our climate is 80 mild we Beldom have snow in the valleys
—but iu midsummer may find enow and ice in a day's ride.
The plants from the regions of the extremes of heat and
cold meet here and hybridize ; thus the many new plants-
some very beautiful iu bloom, and attractive as ornamenta.
Several new SPECIES have been discovered, and many more
new varieties.

1 will send plants or seeds, each in the proper season, for
orders accompanied by the "ready," and in some instances
will exchange for the rare and beautiful, for garden and
conservatory. J. E, JOHXSOBT.

7-3_tf St. George, ITtah.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

III.

EDW. J. ZAHM,

_ Z AHMS CORNER,

^orth Queen Street Ss Centre Square,
LANCASTER, PA.

A FULL ASSORTMENT OF

AMERICAN AND FOREIGN WATCHES,
CLOCKS, JEWELRY, SILVER-
WARE, AND

SILVER-PLATED WARE.

SOLE AGENT IN LANCASTER COONTY FOR THE SALE OF

The Aruadel Tmted Spectacles.

These SpectncIeB have been l>efore the public now for
some years, uiid have given entire satiefaetiou. They are
unquestionably the best in the market.

WATCH REPAIRING

and GENERAL JOB WORK in all its brauchea promptly
done. The well-earned reputation of

for flrst-clasB work will be fully maintaiced.

EDVS^.J. ZAHM,

ZA£CMS COKITSR,
North Queen St. and Centre Square,
7-3.3m ItANCASTEB, PA.

FITS CURED FR££.

OUR FENCE CORNERS.

THE LANCASTER FARMER ABROAD.

The Lancastku Farmku is not only rapiilly work-
ing its way into favor at home, but it la winning
golden opinions from leading agrieultuniliBts and
men of srienee abroad, wlio are attraeted to it by the
wfll written anil praetieally iisefnl artieles of its able
editor, I'rof. Katlivon. Indications already received
by the publlsliers in the way of compliments, suliseri-
bcrs and advertisements for The Fartiter, indicate that
it could be sustained by patronage outside the county,
even if our own I'armers fail to appreciate it, of which
the publisliers liavc, liowevcr, no fears, as subscrip-
tions from the county are steadily coming in. Tlic
following, culled from the many compliments of the
agricultural ])ress received, is from tlie Minne Fanner
published at Augusta, of which S. L. Boardman is
the agricultural editor. It is one of the leading and
oldest agricultural newspapers in the country, being
now in its forty-third year :

Among our excliangee, we have few that are more
welcome or more closely conned than TUe Laiicnnlcr
Fnriiier, published monthly at Lancaster, Pa., at
SI. 00 per year. While it is intended to Ije a local
journal merely, it is at the same time so ably edited,
so well tilled with judicious and sensible matter, and
so neatly printed and made up, as to be deserving of
a wider circulation than it can possibly have in the
county where published. Prof. S. S. liathvon — a
well-known writer on entomology, is editor.

The agricultural editor of the New York Tribune,
who is not given to paying idle compliments, and
from whom a word of commendation has great weight
with farmers and fruit-growers, says :

"The Lancaster Farmek, a monthly journal
published at Lancaster, Pa., and edited by Prof. S. S.
Kathvou, starts on its seventh year in an enlarged and
improved condition. It strives to develop local agri-
cultural interests, and should be well sustained."

Any person suffering from the above disease is requested
to address T>r. Price, and a trial bottle of medicine will be
forwarded by Express,

FREE I

The only cost toeing the Express charges, which, owing to
xny large business, are small.

Dr Price has made tlie treatment of

FITS OB EPILEPSY
a study for years, and he will warrant a cure by the use of
his remedy.

Do not fail to send to him for a trial bottle; it costs
sothing, and he

WILL CURB YOU,
no matter of how long standing your case may be, or how
many other remedies may have failed.
Circulars and testimonial.s sent with

FKEE TRIAL BOTTLE.
B« particular to give your Express, as well as your Post
Office direction, aud address

Dr. CHAS. T. PRICE,

7-3-12m 67 William St.. New York.

^. :iB. ]vi-A.nTriisr,

MANUFACTURER OF

n'itttniUJtpnrt anft I^ofh Ilnvettt

BiU Mills— ROUND ISLAND k PORTAGE, PA.
7-1] Retail Lumber and Coal Yard, [3m

NORTH WATER STREET, ABOVE P. R. R., LANCASTER, PA.

IF YOU WANT A
SB'WZITG MACHZITB,

don't but one before tou examine the

REMINGTON,

— AT —

H. A.SCHROYER'S GENTS' FURNISHING STORE,

No 3 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

NEXT DOOB TO ZAHU'6 COBKEB,
WHO IS AGENT FOR LANCASTER COUNTY.

ty Send for Circulars. [1-2-^ni

Heading off a Congregation.

Old Dr. Strong, of Hartford, was not often out-
witted by his i)eople. On one occasion he had invited
a young minister to preach for liim who proved
rather a dull speaker, and whose sermon was unusu-
ally long. The people became wearied, and as Dr.
Strong lived near the bridge, about the time of
the commencement of the afternoon service he saw
his people flocking across the river to the other
church. He readily understood that they feared they
should hear the same young man in the afternoon.
Gathering up his wits he said to the young minister :
"My l)rothcr across the river is very feeble, and I
know he will take it kindly to have you preach to his
people, and if you will do so I will give you a note to
him, and will be as much obliged to you as I would
to have you preach for me, and I want you to preach
the same sermon you preached to my people this
morning." The young minister supposing this to be
a commendation of his sermon, started otf in good
spirits, delivered his note and was invited to preach
most cordially. He saw before him one-half of Dr.
Strong's people, and they had to listen one hour and
a half to the s,ame dull, humdrum sermon they heard
in the morning. They understood the joke, however,
and said they would never undertake to run away
from Dr. Strong again.

The Lancaster Farmer has abandoned its octavo
form and comes to us in quarto style — something like
the PRACTirAi. Farmer. It is published by Pear-
sol & (iEisT, 23 S. Queen street, Lancaster, Pa., and
is edited by that well-known Entomologist and tal-
ented writer, 8. S. P.atiivon. It is published under
the auspices of the Lancaster County Agricultural and
Horticultural Society. We should much rejoice in
the prosperity of our valued cotemjwrary. It is ably
edited and always abounds in valuable practical mat-
ter. It ought to have 3,000 subscribers in Lancaster
county alone. — The Practical Farmer aiirf Journal of

the Farm.

A lisping genius, having Imught some pigs, said to
his neighbor : " I have juth been purtlialhing thome
thwine^wo thouth and pigth. I want to put them
in your pen till I can tind aplath forthem." "Why,"
exclaimed the neighbor, " my pen will hardly hold a
dozen I" " I don't thay two'thouglithand pigthi" ex-
claimed the lisper. " I hear you, two thousand pips;
why, you must be crazy!" Again, exclaimed the
man, angrily, "I mean not two thoughthand pigth,
but two thouth and two pigth !" "Oh, eh? Well,
the pen is at your service."

E. J. sb.ism:.ajct.

The Shirt Maker,

AND DEALER IN

FINE SHIRTS, SLEEVE BUTTONS, COL-
LARS. CUFFS, DRAWERS. NECK-
TIES, UMBRELLAS, GLOVES.
SUSPENDERS, EMBROI-
DERED SHIRT FRONTS.
SHIRTS MADE TO ORDER,

■WARRANTED TO FIT.
118 IsrOieTH Q,TJEEIsr ST-,

(Next door lo Horting A Schlott's Hotel),

LANCASTER, PA. 17 1 3m

1760. ESTABLISHED 1760.

GEO. M. STEINMAN & CO.,

26 and 28 W. KING ST.,

HARDWARE.

BUILDING HARDWARE, GLASS,
PAINTS. OILS, PUMPS,

TERRACOTTA. IRON anft LEAD PIPE,

LEATHER BELTING,

SEEDS, PHOSPHATES, AND
FAEM IMPLEMENTS.

AGENTS FOR THE
"OHIO" REAPER AND MOWER,
WHANN'S PHOSPHATE,
FAIRBANK'S SCALES,
DUPONT'S POWDER,
HARRISBURG NAILS, &c., &C.

We have the largest stocli of general Hardware in the
State, and our prices are as low and terms as liljcral as can
be found elsewhere. 7-3-3m

LANCASTER, PA.,

With whom may be found, at Wliolesale and Retail, a large
assortment of

^RUGS, ^EDICINES&^HEMICALS

Fancy and Toilet Articles,

SPONGES, BRUSHES, PEKFCMEBY, ic, *c.

easily made by selling TEAS at IM-
PORTERS' PRICES, or getting up
clubs in towns and country for the Old-
est Tea Company in America. Grciteat iuducements. Send
for circular. CANTON TEA COMPANY,

148 Chambers St., N. Y.

MONEY

" My dear fellow," said an old member of Congress
to a new one, " j-ou work too liard on your speeches.
I often prepare one in half an hour, and think noth-
ing of it." "And that's just what everytrody else
thinks of it," was the reply.

Physicians' Preacripllons carefully compounded, and order*
answered with care and dis| atch. The Public will
find our stock of Medicines complete, war-
ranted genuine, and of the beat quality. [7-l-3m

MARSHALLS'

BOOT Aro SHOE STORE,

Centre Square, Lancaster, Pa.

For French Kip Boots, For French Calf Boots, For Calf and
Kip Boots, for heavy Boota and Shoes,

GO TO MARSHALLS".

BOYS' AND YOUTHS KIP BOOTS,

RUBBERS OF EVERY STYLE.

Ladies', Misses and Children's flue Button Work. Also,
particular attention paid to customers leaving their meaa-
urc. We use nothing but the best of material, and employ
none but the best of workmen.

B^Bepalring promptly attended to. . n-l.An

IV.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

A A i

A reliable time-piece should te In tlie possession of
every farmer, and nowhere can a better, more correct
and reliable Wutch, either American or Swiss, be ob-
tained, warranted In every respect as represented, than

°H. L. ZAHM&CO.

NO. 22 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

NEXT DOOB TO MARBLE FRONT.

SILVEB and SILVER PLATED WABE,
KNIVES, FORKS AND SPOONS.

A LARGE STOCK.

Farmers, 'tis a pleasure to have a good time-piece; 'tis
also a pleasure to enjoy the beautiful In agriculture and
horticulture, and to see the latest Improvements In
these, and all things nature has blessed us with. There-
fore, GOOD EtK SIGHT Is necessary for the enjoyment of
these pleasures. The eye Is often strained and weak-
ened from different causes and should be helped In
time. Call on H. L. ZAHM & CO.. where H. L. Zahm, the
oldest and most experienced optician, with A PRACTICE
OF THIRTY YEARS, will flt you with glasses warrant-
ed to strengthen and renew the sight without a doubt.

DO NOT FORGET THE PLACE.

NO. 22 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

OPPOSITE BAER'S BOOK STORE.

SPECIALTY : Spectacles, Jewelry and Watches.
Repairing— Warranted First-class.

p-l-2m

BOOKS I

DAVID BAIK. R. W. SHENK,

BANKING HOUSE

—OF—

BAIR & SHENK,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

BUSINESS PAPER Discounted.
LOANS made on Collateral Securities.
Gold, Silver, Coupon*, Government and other 8eonritie»
bought and sold.
Interest paid on Deposits.

i)^ per cent. 3 months, I 5}^ per cent. 12 months.
6 per cent. 6 months, | 7-3-3m

J F. FRUEAUFF,

Attemey-at-Iiaw.

O£fice-ao4 Locust-st. House-27 S. Second-st.

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, Wills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,

And all manner of AGREEMENTS neatly and expeditiouBly
drawn. Cases carefully and thoroughly tried before

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS, ROAD-VIEWLRS. AUDITORS.

Or in any Courts of Lancaster County
COUNSEL GIVEN TO

EXECUTORS, ADMINISTRATORS & ASSIGNEES,

Or Trustees of any kind.

Collections, large or small, made upon a uniform table of
rates, in all parts of the United States.

Special facilities for Collections of Estates or Debts in
Xurope.

Consultations and Correspondence conducted in either the
French, German or English languages.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

Columbia, Pemu.

JOHN BAER'S SONS

No, 15 North ftueen Street,
LANCASTER, PA.,

luTite the attention of the public to their large and well se-
lected stock of

Miscellaneous ani School Boob,

English and German Publications,
BLANK BOOKS,

Comprising Ledgers, Day Books, Cash Books, Journals,
Pass Books, &c., Foreign and

Domestic Writing Papers,

AND STATIONERY.

Having many years' experience in the business, ample
capital and a spacious store, we

HAVE THE BEST FACILITIES

for conducting our business, and offer special inducements to
all who may faror us with their patronage.
B^~ Agents for

Excelsior School Furniture.

1-1-12]

•t-l-ltml

no.w.BRDwn

FDRHITDRE f AEEROOMS,

No. 13 EAST KING STREET,

Over Llpp'a Tin Store, next door to First
National Bank.

AND

KITCHEN FURNITURE.

UPHOLSTERING DONE IN
ALL ITS BRANCHES.

HAIR, HUSK & COMMON MATTRESSES.

CANE AND WOOD-SEAT

o:e3: ^ I n. s.

All kinds of Fnmitare made to Order.
tyRepalrlne ol all kinds promptly attended to.

7-l-3in]

GEO. W. RROWN.

Established 1770! Established 1770!

H.C DEMUTH,

MANUFACTURER OF

AND

JOBBER IN CHEWING & FINE-CUT TOBACCOS.

All the best tobacco in the market at the lowest re-

tail prices.

[7-l-3m]

114 E. King St., Lancaster, Pa.

Farmers, Attention!

H. C. EICHHOLTZ,

OXJTIjiESH.,

NO. 58 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

will sell you a Good Article of Cutlery of any kind.

Will also repair any cutting instrument you may have, in
the best manner.

Will make you a stencil plate for marking your bags,
your linen or anything else. Anything in the stamp line
made to order. [T-l-3in

OPENING OF THE NEW HOTEL.

THE STEVENS HOUSE,

COR. WEST KING & PRINCE SIS.,

LANCASTER CITY, PA.,

IS NOW OPEN TO RECEIVE GUESTS.

M. H. WILSON *fe SON.

PATROSTAGE OF FARIHERS SOLICITED.

«3.COMMODIOUS STABLING FURNISHED ON
REASONABLE TERMS. [7-l-3m

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN THAT

DR. J. B. MeCASKEY,

Office over First Natiooal Bank,

EAST KING STREET,

Is our ONLY Licensee for the use of Rubber as a base for
Artificial Denture, in Lancaster, Pa.

All persons are hereby cautioned against purchasing Rub-
ber Dental Plates of parties NOT LICENSED by this Com-
pany, as by BO doing they render themselves equally liable to
prosecution for infringement. A reward will be paid for
information that will lead to the conviction of any parties
for the unlawful use of our patents.

JOSIA^r SA.COZT,

Trea^> Goodyear Dental Vulcanite Co,
Boston, February 13, 1875. 7-3-lm"

J. B. KEYINSKI,

Sole Agent for Lancaster City and Connty lor

STEINWAY& SON'S

WORLD RENOWNED PIANOS,

AND

MASON «Sc HAMLIN'S
OELEBEATED OEGANS.

So. 8 North Prince St.

7-2-3m

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF

ROOFIJSra SLi^TE.

OFFICE :

No. 15 EAST KING STREET,

7-l-12in LANCASTER, PA.

FINE GROCERIES,

BAKING MOLASSES,

PURE SPICES,

Canned Vegetables and Fruits,

7-2-3m

HENRY FISHER'S,

104 East King St.

The Lancaster Farmer.

Prof. S. S. EATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA.. MARCH. 1875.

Vol. VII. Ho. 3.

"FARMERS, WRITE FOR YOUR PAPER."

We luivo V>efore iis a large doiibli' folio on
af;i"icultuie, called the Farmers'' Vnitm, puli-
lishert at Afiiiiicaiiolis, Minnesota, whieli lia.s
the al)ove caption as its chief motto. It i.s not
only a motto, Imt also an ailmonition, and to
show how far it is re;;arded l)y its jiatrons, we
have only to say that tliis number (Febrnary
loth) contains jij'tii-Jivc orif^inal contributions
from the same number of writers. Twelve at
least of these writers are ladies, and about half
a dozen are youths. Their contributions num-
ber from ten lines to a whole cohnnn or more,
and they an^ on all sorts of subjects connected
with agricultural, horticultural, domestic, sta-
tistical and social affairs, with a slight sprink-
ling of religious, scientilic and political. In-
deed, nearly the whole eight i>ages are taken up
with original matter, and the small remainder
with literary and miscellaneous selections and
advertisements.

Minneapolis and its surroundings, in com-
parison with Lancaster city and county, is a
new settlement, far rinioved from the great
centres of eastern wealth and intelligence, and
yet no jom-nal has come under our obser-
vation that is patronized l)y .so many contii-
Ijutors. It is true, that many of these contri-
butions are of a common place or local char-
acter, and a few of them are pnrely di.scus-
sional, but the greater number are i)ractical,
and would be suitable to any locality in the
same degree of latitude. We have said that at
least twelve of these writers were ladies, but
from the fact that many of them only signed
their initials, or the initialsof their tirst name,
we could not alw.ays determine the sex of the
writers by the names alone, nor could it be
always determined l)y the context.

This leads us to make a remark here that we
think we have made elsewhere, namely, that
lady writers should adoi)t a signature or [vseu-
donym by which we might liww their sex from
the name alone. How can we tell whether J.
E. Jones means .Tane Elizabeth Jones, or Jede-
diali Eliphalet Jones V

Now, there nuist V>e some reason for the lib-
eral literary support which these Minnesotians
extend to their local journal. And it is not
this journal alone, but all that are published in
the western states have a more liberal support
in this respect than tho.seof the east, andcs]rc-
ciallj" those in Pennsylvania. Without intend-
ing to prejudice the ca.se one w.ay or the other,
we would merely suggest that "the "Patrons
of Ilusb.andry" are numerous in that locality,
and, although it is not consiiicuou.sly apparent
that this paper is the authorized organ of that
as.sociation, still, all through its columns it
smacks strongly of the Grange. People, how-
ever, who write liberally for news))apers and
magazines are most Jikely readers of and sub-
scribers to tho.se iiublications, and if the Granges
are capable of producing such an effect upon
the Social and intellectual condition of the peo-
ple, they ought to be "looked into," for it
would seem that they are not only "Patrons
of Husbandry," but also patrons of literature.

We know not whether the Grange imi)oses
obligations, or impresses instruction, involving
moral and intellectual culture, or whether it
is to the contrary, Ijut if it does, it is only in
harmony with those ideas of "compulsory edu-
cation" which now are engaging the attention
of local legislation in many [lartsof our country.
If there is no such obligation within the order,
it cannot be denied that such a one impliedly
exists cndsick of it. When the Creator iilaced
man in the Garden of Eden he was solemnly
admonished to "drf.ss U and keep it,''' and this
involved both mental and physical labor. Had
he heeded this admonition, and subordinated
his sensual toliis spiritual principle, there would
not now be any need of such an organization
as a Grange. The "one talent" which was

committed to the slothful servant was taken
from him— because he had "hidden it in a naji-
kin " — and given tojiini that had "ten." If
these cxaniiiles do not involve nioial and men-
tal culture, (hen it would be dillicult to impress
such a precept by any demonstraliou less em-
phatic than^he terrilic " thundering of .siuai."

If, however, the facts above narrated are a
merely ordinary manifestation of the iieople's
love for literary exerci.ses, then it exhibits a
degree of social and intellectual culture that, is
a credit to any connuunily where such a state
of thingsexists,and cannot be too soon adopted
by older settlements.

We can conceive no greater aid to llu- moral
and intellectual progress of our farming popu-
lation than the devotion of a small portion <if
their time to the cultivation of their minds.
This ought to be done, without leaving their
physical labors undone. Of what account are
hou.ses, and barns, and lands alone, in tliat hour
when — "This night thy .soul shall be recpiired
of thee — " is sounded in delimiuent ears V
^^ Farmers, write for your paper.'''

SPARROWS— FINCHES.

There are about one hundred species of
birds belonging to the family FrinyiUidiv, or
Finches, that are natives to the territory of
the United States, descrii)tions of which have
been imblished in books and ixipcrs on Orni-
tholtigij. The reader will note that we have
said one hundred species. Scattered over our
broad land, each of these species may be
counted by thousands, if not liy tens of thou-
sands, and perhaps hundreds of tliou.sands,
or millions. About forty of tliese species are
either natives to Lancaster county or make
short sojourns here on their passage farther
north — at least that is the nr.mber that have
been captured or observed within tln^ limits
of the county. Many of the.se species nest,
lay their eggs and raise from one to two
broods of yoimg during the summer season.
These Ijirds are known under tlu' common
names of Sparrows, Finches, Buntings, i^c,
and occupy a very important iiosition in the
economy of nature. Every female of these
species rears its broods f)f from four to six
individuals, on worms and the softer ?nrrip of
insects— such as grul)S, slugs, maggots, cater-
pillars, &c., and therefore must exercise an
inmien.se intluence upon the growing crojis of
the entire country. No matter what the adult
birds may feed on, they bring up their little
families entirely on insect food, and they
commence gathering early in the spring, long
before any fruits or seeds have matured.
Later in the sea.son the adult birds will feed
njion berries, seeds and grain, but the damage
they do is incomimral ily small when contrasted
with the good they do in the early iiart of the
season. IJuffon longago estimated that a single
family of sparrows will consume about four
thousand insect hirrrr ina week,andsub.sefiiii'nt
writers have made the estimate rather higher
than lower. The damage that four thou.sand
htrra' a week inightdoto the vegetation within
the limit of a singli' family of si)Mrrows, if said j
insects were permitted to mature and deposit
their eggs, is almost incidculable. We are
now alluding to sparrows or finches, exclu-
sively. There are hundreds of other birds
that feed entirely on small insects, in.sccts'
eggs and maggots, throughout the whole
Season, but their scavenging labors can only
be illustrated in a seiiarate paper; we are now
siteaking of the Fringillians asafamilv alone.
Within the last three years the "English
Sparrow," {Passer do-ine.^tica) has lieen intro-
duced into America, and is increasing rapidly.

It is a bold, impudent and greedy bird,
and before many years will have completely
superseded and displaced our most familiar and

domestic species (Spizella socialis). < Umplaints
are made in some (piarters that tliese biids are
aii])roprialiug the "small fruits," but these
croakers never rellect that if it were not for
these birds, and others of their family, in the
early part of the season, they might have no
fruit to be eaten by birds or any other beings.

These birds, like our native allied species,
are always on the verge of domestic civili/Ji-
tion, and wherever man erects for himself
a domicile in the wilderness, it will not 1h)
long before they hnd it. It is .said that this
peculiaritj- is not so much attributable to tlieir
love for man (for with all their familiarity
they are still dislrustful) as it is to their self-
preservative |)rudenie. Near human society
they are more protected against their feathered
and other animal enemies, find a more abun-
dant supply of food, and have safer nesting
facilities. Hence, their very boldness is a
characteristic that enhances their value, and
stamps them as superior to birds of more
timid and retired haliits. We want a class of
feathered friends that will go where the insect.s
are, and as civilization and domestic culture
increases the quantity and ([ualilyof food that
insects most delight to fee<l on, thire also the
antidote shoulil most abound, and this will
follow, if we allow nature's economies to pre-
vail.

Lancaster county is fast becoming popula-
ted with these English sjiarrows, and up to
the first of January 1.^75, we noticed many of
them in the city — the strei ts were full of them
and thej' almost approached to the doors of
Ijouses, in search of those tiny moi-sels that
only a sjiarrow can .see, and which are of no
valiie at all to the human family. Since the
first of January they are not so common,
and no doubt iiiany of them have retired a
little farther soiitliward. There is jirecious
little for them to feed upon when the ground
is covered with snow. A few seeds and win-
ter berries is all these little feathered friends
can find to break their winter fasts, and surely
we can atlord them these. But when sjiring
returns these, and the whole local trilx-, will lie
here again to begin their mission of good.
Taking them for all in all, we cannot witlihold
our testimony and our sympathies in behalf
of the sparrows, either foreign or native, and
we hope others may be intluenced in like
manner.

ENTOMOLOGICAL.

Late in the Fall of 1S74 (sometime in Nov.)
we observed on the inside of the door of our
water-clo.set the naked chrvs;ilid of a I'ierlf
rapn\ or "White cabbage tJutterfiy." Tlicre
it has hung all this blessed winter, and up to
the present writinir (March Idth) througli all
kinds of weather, from an intense freezi: to a
gentle thaw, wi bout aiiparent injury. The
closet is a new one, built of new pine boards,
and iiainted without and within; a naked,
hard painted surface, and not a very favorable
place, aiiparently, for an insect of any kind to
make its winter (piarters. The cold has been
protracted and severe, and often the whole of
the inside of the closet was covered with a
dense and glittering hoar frost, and wherever
a nail head or a clinched jioint lay undir the
coat of paint, the frost projected (mt in a
chrystalized relief, farther and more densely
tlian the surrounding surface. Formorethan
three months we have daily had this little
chrysalid before our eyes, and have watched
it with interest, and here is the singular ob-
servation we have made. N^1 matter how
intense this cold may have lie^n (on one occar
sion it was six degrees below zero, once two,
several times at zero, and at other times more
or less above) and no matter how dense and
glittering the frost may have been elsewhere,

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

we never at any time discovered any on the
chrysalid. This leads us to the conjectural
conclusion that at no time liad it been frozen
— that it always jiossessed sufficient latent heat
to protect it from the ellects of frost. And
this recalls analogous observations made many
years ago in collectiu;; chrysalids in AVintor.
We have often found chrysalids under the
loose bark of decayinj; loi,'S and trees, under
boards and Hat stones and in other similar
places. Some of these we found clean and
smooth, and others perfectly genuned all over
with hoar frost, standing in needle-like crys-
tals. Those covered with frost generally," if
not invarialjly, i)roved to be dead, whilst from
the others we" succeeded in evolving the mature
insects. At first we supposed these casualties
were the effects of subjecting them subsequently
to unfavorable conditions, or to souk; inadver-
tent violence. But we manipulated them
delicately, and all the conditions were in both
cases the same. Therefore it would seem that
hybernating insects possess a latent jtower to
resist the efl'ects of cold. We have also had
this in many instances exemplified in the lanrr
of moths, especially in the hairy caterpillai's
of the conmion arctians, sometimes called
"woolly bears. " We have obtained these in
Winter perfectly rigid, apparently frozen, and
on several occasions we have cut them out of
ice in that condition, and on removing them
to a temperature of about 7U^ they have in
an hour or two revived and become as active
as We find them in mid-siunmer. These ex-
l)eriences seem to manifest that there is a vital
principle in insects that is not alfected by any
ordinary degree of frost, and that when they
are found dead under such circnmstancesthey
must have sutiered previous violence, or have
lived out the natural measure of their days.
We have, however, ol)served that sulijecting
Zarivc and i)upre to alternations of heat and
cold has been fatal to the vital principles in
them. We have also oljserved in many in-
stances that 'iiioiMure has been more fatal to
them tlian any degree of dry cold.

We have on many occasions found large
numbers of insects in their Winter hyberna-
tions, some of which were covered with a
bluish or greenish fumjus or mould, wliilst
others in tlie same place were entirely free
from it. Under these circumstances those
covered with mould were invariably dead,
whilst those free from it revived when the
proper degree of heat prevailed. From idl
this it must be inferred that insects are en-
dowed with a tenacity which enables them to
resist unfavorable climatic contingencies, and
perpetuate their species in another season.

The i)ractical lesson, however, we desire to
ini-ulcate in this paper is the necessity of
attending to the collection and destruction of
bisect chrysalids during Winter and early
Sprin,', ami especially in the case of the "Cab-
bage Buttertly," the parent of the "green
worm." These may be foimd in many nooks
and corners of the field, the garden, and the
outhouses of the farmer and the townsman,
and ought to be removed before the swelling
of the buds. The pendent follicles of the
"Drop worm," too, may now be seen on the
trees, dangling in the "Winter winds. Tliese
worms are particularly destructive to the
arbor-vitie. These should be cut off during
the month of March, with a sharp knife or a
pair of pruning shears, instruments that no
' progressive horticulturist will do without.
Those out of arm reach may be cut off by
shears affixed to the end of a pole and mani))-
ulated with a cord. Tliose girdles of eggs of
the "Tent Caterpillars" around the branches
sliould also te removed and destroyed.
In the crotches of ajjple, i)ear, plum, peach
and quince trees, groups of eggs— and a little
later in the season young cateriiillars— of the
Spring and Sunnner "Webworms," should
receive the close attention of the fi-uit-grower
if he wishes to preserve his fruit and save a
world of labor later in the season.

We wnUd also call the special attention of
potato-gi-owers to the early broods of the
"Colorado beetle." Last year they showed
themselves during the mild weather of Feb-

ruary, but March being uniformly cold they
disappeared, and reappeared, in A)iriL Tliey
should receive early attention in all (juarters.
It has been clearly (lemonstraledthat, although
they are partial "to the potato, in the absence
of this they will feed on many other kinds of
Vegetable tbod, so that it will be diliicult to
"starve them out. " These labors may seem
a "useless botheration" to the farmer, but a
time is approaching when more attention to
these things will be required than is paid to
them now. It is true that birds, bats, quad-
rupeds, reiitiles and parasitic insects will ass'st
them much more than they receive credit for,
but then these animals only destroy as many as
they ncril for their own sustenance. ' Their own
instinctive economy — and without any regard
to human economy — influences them in the
amount of aliment they appropriate to their
own use. They do not destroy wantonly.

UTILIZING POTATO-BEETLES AND
GRASSHOPPERS.

In finding remedies against destructive in-
sects, a great deal of thought, ingenuity and
labor, as well as much precious time, are ofteij
exercised in vain. Now, if we could hit upon
some plan by which the worst and most numer-
ous among them could be utilized, so far as to
yield a profit, or at least a compensation for
the damage they do, it might transpire that
tlieir presence in large numbers would be a
blessing instead of a curse. It is on record
that in France, when the " white-grubs " be-
come distructi vely numerous, they a"re gathered
by poor iieople, and esiiecially by children, who
are compensated for their labor, and that .said
grubs (larvaj of Melolontiiid.e) furnish the
oily ingredient in the manufacture of soap. In
Mexico, the "Cochineal-insect" (Coccusracti)
is gathered and exported in large quantities,
and yields a well known scarlet and crimson
dye — the cactus on which they feed being
cultivated (jr fostered for that specilic puri)ose^
We. have now before us a beautiful, clear, wine-
red color, which we have extracted from "Cock-
roaches," (Blatia orieutidis,) which may also
be suggestive. If, therefore, the "Colorado
Potato-Beetles" could be so far utilized as to
yield as much, pecuniarily, as the potato crops
which they destroy, the farmer might afford
to grow and crop the plant for this purpose
alone, and gather the beetles as they gather
the cochineal. They proba,bly would yield a
yellow dye, or at least sufficient oily matter to
make a soap. If peradventure "the plants
should also yield tubers, this would be an ad-
ditional profit.

We have here in Lancaster county at least
four other species of potato-beetles, which be-
long to the family Cantiiauid.k or " Blister-
ing-Beetles," and it has been demonstrated
that their vesicatorial or blistering properties
are nearly or quite as powerful as those we im-
port from Spam under the name of "Spanish-
rties. " There are many species of these blis-
tering-beetles within the territory of the Unit-
ed States. California, New Mexico, and the
great western jilains are fidl of them, some of
which approach the Sjianish species more
nearly than our local species do. These bee-
tles seem to be omniverous in their gastro-
nomical habits, and fi'ed on different kinds of
succulent vegetation, but they appear to have
a partiality for the tops of the potato jilant.
We have noticed them in Lancaster county
for tliirty jears or more, and by a singular
coincidence one ofthem has always been known
as the "Striped Potato-B etle."' The least olj-
servation, however, is sufficient to distinguish
it from the Colorado species. Any confound-
ing of the two could only be the "result of a
greater degree of ignoraiice than ought to be
evinced by any one claiming to be an American
farmer. The Colorado beetle (ilorz/jj/fora ten-
linefila) is short, eonvexed, tortoised-sha])ed,
and has ten lines lengthwise on its wing-covers,
as its specific name implies. It belongs to the
"lady-bird" family (Chkysomkeir.-t;,) whilst
the other species alluded to (Lytla. Vitt(da)\\Afi
only four stripes on its wing-covers, and is
long, narrow, or cylindrical in form.

The Vittata is more numerous and more de-
structive to the potato tops than its congeners,
one of which is entirely a silky black (Li/tta
utrata,) another entirely ash-colored [Lytta
cinerm,) and a third has black wing-covers,
margined with ash, [Li/Ua nuu-ginata.)

We often impatiently ask why it is that all
these noxious insects have been created only as
pests of t;he human family. Time may demon-
strate that it is not wise to ask such a ques-
tion, except as a step towards its solution.
Ever since the foundation of the American
government, or perhaps ever since the disco-
vei7 of the continent, we have been importing
" Spanish-rties " formedieinal purposes, whilst
here at our very doors, or at least in some
smitten localities, a vesicat(H-ial or blistering
insect may be gathered by bushels. Do not
these things suggest what may ultimately be
the remedy for the circumvention or destruc-
tion of these noxious denizens of the insect
world y There rimsi he a use in them, and the
line of our investigations is to find out and
apply that use.

A third species of " SiriiKil Potato-Beetle,"
one also belonging to the same family that the
Colorado species does, (Chi:yso.mei,ida,) but
not so large and eonvexed as that more notor
rious species, is the little "Three-Luied Potato-
Beetle " (LniKi irilhi&ita) which sometimes
sorely infests the potatoes, especially in the
border States. Like the Colorado, "both the
larva', and adult beetles feed on the tops of the
potato plant, but. unlike the former, the pupal
transformation takes place on the leaf, instead
of under ground, and the winter hybernation
is passed in the beetle state. The larvau)f this
species have the dirty habit of casting their
excretions up on their backs, where it is held
upon two filaments growing out of the hind
end and thrown forward, forming a sort of
canopy, supposed to protect them ifrom the hot
rays of the sun, or from their enemies. It
W(jukl Ue dilficult to suggest what ».se could be
made of these insects in human economy.
They do not seem to possess fatty matter
enough to make soap, and any other use stiU
remains undeveloped.

As to grasshop'pers, mark the distress their
"ravages have caused in poor, suffering Kansas,
.and elsewhere. What assurance have we that
they may not be as destructive there, or else-
where, next season ? and the question very
naturally arises, " What are we going to do
abor.t itV" They make their appearance in
such innnense numljers that iiothing has yet
been discovered to arrest, or even check, their
progress, and the jn'ospects before the infested
districts is anything but hoi)eful and |iromis-
ing. It is true, there may be a cessation for a
year or two, or even longer, but periodically
they are likely to appear, just as they have
appeared these many years, in some port ion or
other of the great west. It is not yet four
hundred years since the continent of America
was first discovered by Columbus, and since
that time we have accustomed ourselves to eat
turtles, terrapins, frogs, lizards, oysters, clams,
crabs, lobsters, prawns, shrimps, and other
hopping, cree]iing and squirming things; and
who can say that long before we celebrate the
thousandth anniversary of .said discovery, we
may not be luxuriating on grasshopjiers. From
whatever source, either " good, bad or indif-
ferent," grasshopiiers may have come, they
must have been, as we said before, permitted
for some its", and that use it is the Imsiness of
the human family to discoverand ajiply. There
is no prospective I'elief in unceasingly regard-
ing tlieir presence as a calamity, but much
consolation in endeavoring to convert them
into a blessing. Think you the Parisians,
during the siege, near the close of the Franco-
Prussian war, would have long hesitated what
to do, had a shower of grasshoppers fallen ujion
their devoted city, while they were reduced to
dog-i)ie, cat-stew, monkey-hash, mule-soup,
and fricaseed rats ? Would they not, like the
Israelites in the wilderness, have regarded
such an event as fiiamm falling from heaven
for their special relief?

The "Digger Indians" of California have
been feasting on grasshoppers, perhaps for

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

contiiries, ami feast on tlicni still. A friciul
of ours who visited their caliii), and not only
witnessed tlu'ir i)rel)aratioM of these insects,
but also tasted of them, Ijcais testimony that
even with their imperfect eulinary skill, the
dish was not ill-tlavored or nnpalatalile. ])e-
struetivi'astlie Afrieanand I'^ast Indian locusts
are {Lonn'tn rniijrdtonn) theirlpresence in many
jihu'es is considVred more of a lilessinj; than a
curee, for they freely eat them. The western
grasshoppers "and the eastern locusts belonj; to
the same j^reat family {Lncustadix) in the order
Oiiliiijihra.

We are not by any means recomniendiuf;
them as proper food for man, Imt it is more than
probable that by the time we celebrate the
lialf decade of centuries since the discovery
of America, the Colorado f^rasshopiier (Calnp-
ionta Kjiri'liui) may be as welcome to the talile
of the epicure, as lobsters, frogs and turtles
now are.

Snakes, toads, frogs, turtles, lizards, sala-
manders and newts, all belinif,' to the great
cold-blooded cla.ss Hi i-pctdViijii, and human
g;ustrt)nomy has selected from these some of its
greatest di'licacies. It is true that there are
some |)Cople who could no more lie persuaded
to iiartake of any of these animals as food,
than they could of the filtliy contents of a
cesspool, but these are only commiserated by
the initiated. What is there about a dish of
grasshoppers that is less inviting than a dish
of shrimiisV They feed on green and succu-
lent vegetation, and .so do the domestic ani-
mals that we freely use as food, and they are
far more fastidious in their tastes than a
chicken or a jiig. As civilization extends and
expands itself, and the ground is brought
under a state of higher cultivation, grasshop-
pers and other insects will also extend and
increase theni.selves, and there seems no better
remedy than to invent means to cajiture them
and then to use them for food, or in the arts.

Grasshopi)er pies could not well be more un-
wholesome than many of the mince-pies that
find their way into the human stomach, and
hashed grasshoppers, properly |)rep;ired, miglit
be more digestalile than much of the hash now
made of tough and sinewy beef. }5ut even if
they shouUl not ultimately be adojited as
human food, there might be a virtue in thein
as food for farm stock. Pigs and chickens,
as well as turkeys, are exceedingly fond of
them, even in their raw state, and boiled with
a little salt, and mixed with chopjied feed, they
might l>e made more tooth.some to animals.

It is true, that these are merely suggestions,
but in view of the vast changes going on in
the ]iliysical world, there is no man who can
say that these things may never come to pass.
They are not more remarkable than what is
• going on daily. Forty years ago the tomato
was regarded as poisonous. To-day it is the
leading culinary preparation of the country.

PEAR SLUGS.

A blackish, slimy "sing" often occurs on
the leaves of the pear, the apjile, the quince,
the ]ihnn, tlu^ cherry and (a greenish one) on
the rose. The.se are the hirrii' of species of
"Saw-flies, " belonging to the genus Sdnndrin,
and may be referred to the species j'.'/cj, ?)(«//,
cudnni, jjnthi, ciTiisi iivil ro.-:(i' ; and if one is
found on the peach, it would probably be a
2xrsica. These fruits and flowers, it will lie
observed, all belong to some (inhr in the di-
vision UusAcE.T-;. It is not absolutely known
that these insects are all distinct sjiecies from
the mere fact that they infest the different
trees above named ; indei'd it is more than
probable that those that infest the ap]ile, the
pear and the quince are specilieally tlie same.

Notwithstanding these in.sects all belong to
one of the " first families " in the onler II v-
MEN'()rTEl!.\, (membrane-winged insects) they
are all slimy, disgusting slugs, and all skei-
etouize the leaves of the trees, leaving them
as dry and as cri.sji as if they ha(l been
scorched with firebrands, and wheii the
pnrcnchinnu or cellular tissui^ of the leaves is
once destroyed, it is, for that season, almost
equivalent to the destruction of the lungs of a

breathing animal. These insi'cts usually pro-
duce two !)roods in a .season, the last brood
remaiinng in the ground all Winter in the
pii2>:i state. The saw-llies issue forth from
the ground in the warm days of Spring, from
the beginning of April to the beginning of
May, earlier or later aeeonling to tlu^ ad-
vanced or retardi'd slate of the season. They
are then four-wiuged Hies, of a bitickish color,
and from ij to ^ of an in<-h in length. The
wings do not lie flat on the back like those <if
the eonnnon house-fly, but are bent downward
along the body, and meet in an obtuse angle
on top. The head is distinct, the tliorux or
mid-body moderately large, and the hind-body
somewhat tapering towards the end. The
anUnmr are short, and seem to (;ome out from
the middle of the head in front, divergent, and
somewhat thickened at the ends. Some of the
species have an orange-colored collar, but
those that iid'cst the rose are entirely black,
the wings in none of them IjeiiiLT as black as
tlie body, which is a glo.ssy black. The slwjx
nnght be very easily mistaken for snails, in
the species that infest the apjile, pear, iilum
and (luince, liut those infesting the rose are
green, and less slimy and repulsive than their
congeners. Anothergroup of sawflies, in their
hirvcr state, infest the leaves of the elm, the
beech, the currant, the gooseberry, the straw-
lierry and other jdants. These are called
"false caterpillars," and it is not easy to dis-
tinguish them from the true caterpillars, with-
out close observation and some practical
knowledirc of the.se distinctions. Some of the
dies from these are very pretty, and usually
are larger, brighter and more variegated than
the former. All, however, are noxious, and
if destroyed at all, it must be while they are
feeding on the leaves of Vegetation, otherwise
they might nevi'r be recognized or identified
as enemies. AVhere a (lerson has only a few
dwarfs or a few ro.se liushes under cultivation,
by using a little vigilant industry, it would
not be very diliicult to get rid of these slugs
and false caterpillars; hut where large trees
or large enclosures of trees are infested, the
task might well be regarded as hopelessly
beyond remedy. But these insects are not as
tenacious as the Colorado potato-beetles, and
therefore they will succinnb to applications
that would not alTect the former. Wt
never applied anything to our roses, but de-
pended ujiou handpicking aloue, and we linally
conquered them. After we ideidified the ;///
and made a note of its sea.son, the work was
mon^ than half accom])lislied. We visited the
ro.se bushes in tlie cool of mornings and even-
ings, and destroyed dozens of them at each
visit. During flie warmest part of the day
they are usually too active to allow themselves
to be cajitured unless the weather should
I'appen to be niuisually cool. I'nt even if we
have captured and destroyed all the Hies we
have seen, some will have eluded our vigilance,
and during the intervals bi'tween our visits
will have deposited their eggs on the rose
leaves. The.se they place on the un<ler side,
near the edges. The young slugs are very
small, green as the leaf in color, and usually
are found on the hiwer sides of the leaves,
but when they grow larger they also attack
the upjier sides, and soon convert them info
parched skeletons. Now, a vigorous and con-
timions ernshing Jiroee.ss must be carried on,
]!y doubling a leaf together tliis can be done
with thumb and linger, but a small )>air of
wooden forceps with flattened nozzles isnmch
better. In the ab.sence of these manual
efforts n^course must be had to whale oil or
cai'bolic soap solutions, tobacco decoctions,
white jiowdered hellebore, quick-lime, gas-
lime, unleacbed wood ashes or pulverized to
bacco. As the insects are similar in their
habits, these maniimlations and applications
will be more or less suitable to each.

Whether the mouldy, scruffy, and cracked
conditions of apples and pears can be traced
inunediately to the jiresenee of these "slimy
slugs" is more than we can pi>sifively allirin.
It is very certain that the leaves of a tree ]ier-
form a very inqiortant function in its physio-
logical economy, their absence stunting it,

weakening its growth and deteriorating its
fruit, illustrating that in the vegetalile king-
dom as Well as in the animal, "when one
memlier sull'ers the whole body sufi'ers."

As soon as we feel oinselves jiecuniarily
justilied in pro<-uring illustration.s, we will
])ublisli more detailed histories of these insects
in separate jiapeis. Thisnni<-h we feel called
upon to |)ublish now, in deference to the in-
(piiri<s made at the I'eliruaiy meeting of the
Agrii-uluual and llorlicullural Society. In
the mean time we would admonish our readers
to connunnii;ate fo us their personal observa-
tions and exjieriences, accor<ling to the sug-
gestions maih' in our .lanuary number, under
the title " Entomological."

PARIS GREEN,

ITS POISONOrS Ql'AI.ITIK.S — IK) TIIKV MAKE THE SOIL
roISONorS? — AKE TIIKV TAKKN Tl' INTO I'l.ANTS
SO AS TO MAKK THEM C NW1IOLE.''OME ? — I.MPORT-
ANCK OK Tlli;SI' QI'E.xTIO.NS.

I liave for some tiiiie iiiteiiilcil to writ can art Ufr for
tlic JCrniiiii/ J'vitt ii|K)ii tlie uKc of l*ariM irn'oii (arsc-
niatc of cnpiu-r) fur tfie liesl ruction of iiiNcrtH ii|«)ii
potatoes, ami otfier lilve purposcR.

Tlie rcMcni (Ualli of twn piTsims from tlip arcldcntal
Bwalfnwinjr of a very niimili* ^lo^e of tills i>oison, and
also pome invest ligations fif my own, iiave in'luced me
al tills time to carry out my inlenlion. I am aware
lliat it lia.-i lieen reported a« eoiriiiii.' fnnii lii!_'li autho-
rity that there is no ilam^er from such uses of the
poison: hut in conversation with one ol'tlie lies! chem-
isls in the country, Prol'. <i. A. Marriiier, of thiseilv,
I liud that he very much douhts the fact whether any
pueli extended ohservations as should lie rtHjUirud lie-
fo|-e eomiiii; to a conclusion U]ioii a sulijeet of sueli
trrave inqiortani-e have ever heen made hy competent
persons. He this as it may, I will venture to hope
that this arliele will hriuf out, tlimui;h the puhlic
press, the actual state of the ease, so that we may
know whether we are or are not pretty sure of (ifiis-
oniiiir the phinis to which the arsenic ^reen is directly
applied, and of endan^ierin^ from tliis course some, if
not all, (if the future crops from llie land.

The so-called Paris irrei'U, which is soM to the far-
mers, is more or less adidtcrated, accordini; to our
oliservation, mainly with white arsenic (urseiiious
acid,) or •' ralsliane," as it is fier|uenily called. This
ailulteration is, however, not more poisonous than the
fireen in its pure slate. Arsenic is used in the arts for
irlaSB-slaiiiiuir, dyeinir, and as the basis of several green
and yellow paints. It is used liy fjuacks of all kiiid8,
such as the su-called "cancer doctors" and farriers.
" AVell-informed vi-terinaries," says Prof. Tiison,
" however, irenerally discard it from their list of reme-
dies." " The reason for this," lie continues, "is that
we cannot control its action, and often a most exten-
sive and jiaiiitul wound is caused liy it."

We ourselves have seen a ease where it was applied
to a small tumor on the upper li]) of a man, by a can-
cer doctor, in which both lips were destroyed in a very
few days, and a consideralile |iortiori of both the up|H-r
and under jaws laid bare, cansiiiL' the most lerrililc
sutlcrin^', as well as a fearfully horrible wound. We
have also seen the nose of a poor horse eaten away In
the same manner with this poison.

For the olwcrvcd faelsof its ell'eets ujion veectablcs,
etc., we are mainly indebted to Prof. Tnsoii, ol' Kinij's
C'olle!;e, London, lie says that arsenic has been eni-
jiloyed as a steep for seed wheat, to prevent smut, and
that M. Audouard stales that he has detected traces
of arsenic in tfie crops raised from seed wheat thus
treated. If so small an amoinil of tlie [Ktisoii can so
atlcct tliesoil as to be taken up by the wheat iTop,
what niu.st be the result w here it is used in many hun-
dred limes the jjroiHirtion, as where it is scattered over
liclds of potatoes, and for successive years even. We
shall do w(dl to remember that arsenic remains arsenic
Ibrcver. and sull'ers no chani^e or loss of its {Hiisonous
properties during' the lajise of years, or in whatever
combinations it may enter. Both Ur. Kdmund Uavy
and Prof. Tuson join in warninir the public airaifist
the poison<ius elfecis of arsenic, in so small a (|uaiitity
as is found in " crude eiiiK'rpliosphati: of lime " used
as a manure.

Davy positively states tliat arsenic, as It exists In
artitieial manures, is taken up by frrowinjj plants. He
found (afibatiis and turnips giviufr nninistakable evi-
dence of beins: arseniated.

" These tacts," says Tuson, " have iniimrl ant liear-
iiifs ; for tliouirh the quantity of arsenic whieli occurs
in such manures is not larire when compared with
their other in!;rcdients, and the pro|)orlion of lliat
poison adiled to tile .soil must be very small, still
jilants dnriiiu' their •;rowtli, as in the case of the alka-
line and earlhy sails, take up a considerable quantity
of this sulislancc."

" Further, as arsenic is well known to aeeumulale
in soils, the effects after a time will jirobably be that
veiretablcs thus nnuiured will uiiimately be found to
contain arsenic, and will endanger the lives of men
aiitl animals."

" Our experiments," he concludes, " very carefully

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

performed, confirm tlie assertions of AudouarJ and
Diivy."

If tlie small amount of arsenic that can be intro-
duced into the soil in the manner noticed above is
considered so dangerous' by these eminent observers,
what must be the eravity of the ease, as we have be-
fore said, where it is sowed broadcast over the field ?

The mere dust of Paris green fallini; from the walls
of papered rooms will destroy health and life : how
much will it contribute to the health of the farmer
and his family, and to their domestic animals, to live
and work in an atmosphere filled with this dust, as it
must often be when it is set in motion by the wind?

If animals are not directly killed by it, as is the case
in some varieties, may not their fiesh, as that of do-
mestic fowls, be rendered poisonous as an article of
human food? Individuals within our own knowledge
have been poisoned by eating the tlesh of the New
England partridge, which was due to the bird having
fed upon some poisonous berries. Similar cases, the
cause of which has never been suspected, may have
come from the source indicated aJjovc.

We have now for microscopic examination a portion
of human flesh, taken from the body of one member
of a family, the whole of which perished from eating
poisoned meat. This specimen was received through
the politeuess of Dr. Murray, of the town of Flint,
Michigan. A case of arsenic poisoning, involving
some of the principles described above, was brought
to our notice yesterday. These causes are almost
every day occurring, and it would seem as if it had
become tlie duty of every one who has any knowledge
upon the subject to give it to the public. — K.U. Pipek,
64 Centre Avenue, Chicago.

We publish the above (from the New York
Evemwj Post) not because we indorse it, but
because the question involved in it wa.s sug-
fiested at the February meeting of tlie " Lan-
caster County Agriculturiil and Horticultural
Society," and we desire to keep our readers
thoroughly posted on the subject, both pro
and con.

There is no doubt about Paris Green being
a rank poison — indeed, if it was less than this
it could have little or no effect upon such an
injurious insect as the potato-beetle, or per-
haps any other insect; for, be it known that
all antidotes against noxious insects must
necessarily be poisons, at least to them, or we
could not reasonably expect any benefit from
their use. But that Paris Green or any other
mineral poison imparts its virulent qutilities
to the soil, in sufficient quantities to render Its
products unfit for edible use by niiiu or animal,
is not borne out by the experience of those
who have thoroughly tested it for the past
seven years in this country, and the opinion is
fast gaining ground that it is the only reliable
remedy that has yet been discovered, and that
when it fails, it is either owing to the inferior
quality of the poison or to its unskilled appli-
cation. Facts should always have greater
weight than mere speculation, especitilly when
those facts are the result of actual experiment.
Paris Green has been partially used for one or
two seasons in Lancaster county, and we believe
no case has yet occurred in which the potato
tubers have been poisoned thereby. In support
of its use we quote from a pamphlet recently
issued by Raynolds & Co., 106 & 108 Fulton
street, New York :

IT CANNOT POISON THE SOIL.

"Fears have been expre.ssed that the soil
becoming inijjregnated with Paris Green, po-
tatoes and other plants will necessarily absorb
it and partake of its poisonous qualities. If
this were so, it would be a valid argument
against its use; liut it is an insoluble salt, and
therefore it is quit* impossible for plants to
take it up (or absorb it) by capillary action.
The fact that many hundred tons of Paris
Green have been used in the West d ui iiig the
past four years, and there has been no instance
of poisoning caused by eating the potatoes,
should be suflicient to convince the most skep-
tical and set the matter at rest. We have to
thank Dr. Stiles Kennedy, of St. Louis Springs,
Michigan, for his voluntary testimony on this
point, which we quote from his letter, pub-
lished in the Ewniwj Post of January 7th, as
follows :

" 'In the sectionof country wherel live, it isutterly
impossible to raise potatoes without the use of Paris
Green. Everybody uses it, and everybody eats pota-
toes, but during the four years mentioned I have not
heard of any case of poisoning from eating the vege-
table.' "

WILL NOT INJURE THE PLANT OK POTATO.

Others, again, while freely admitting that
Paris Green is perfectly innoxious as far as
poisoning the plant of the potato is concerned,
have entertained the oiiinion that it injured or
in some way retarded the growth of the one,
and vitiated the quality of the other. Expe-
rience, however, has abundantly proved the
opinion to be without foundation. Professor
CuAS. V. Riley, State Entomologist of Mis-
souri, in his fourth annual report, referring to
Paris Green, says: "Properly mixed, I have
used it without the slightest trace of evil yn
the leaves or tubers ; and I know hundreds of
others who have done likewise, so that with
present experience I should not hesitate to re-
commend its judicious use." In this connec-
tion we take occasion to acknowledge our
indebtedness to Prof. Riley's able reports for
much valuable information. We iilso refer to
the testimony of the same high authority to
Paris Green as "the remedy tor the Colorado
potato-beetle."

MODES OF APPLICATION.

In its application the Western farmers gen-
erally use Paris Green dry, and as it is a highly
concentrated poison it is necessary to mix it
with some other substance, such as flour,
plaster or ashes, in proportion vaiying Avith
the strength of the green, and thus reducing
its cost. We give the preference to tlour as a
vehicle, as, combining with the dew on tlie
plant, it forms a paste which adheres with
greater tenacity than eitlier plaster or ashes.
Another mode is by mixing with wtiter, say a
tablespoonful of green to a pail of water.
This is in some respects a convenient way,
and has the advantage of being free from dust ;
it can also be used at any time of day. It has
some disadvantages, however. 1st. As the
green is not soluble — though it quickly gives
a green tint to the water when stirred — it soon
settles to the bottom, and needs continued
agitation to keep it in suspension. 2nd. It
settles in spots on the ?ea"fs, the natural tendency
of water in finding its level being to carry and
concentrate in wherever a drop tinds rest, and
evaporates. 3d. Much of it is wasted on the
ground in sprinkling. Experience will of
course demonstrate which is tlie better plan,
assisted, perhaps, also by local circumstances.

APPARATUS FOR .\PPLYING.

When used dry, the best apparatus is either
a fine sieve or a perforated tin box, which can
be obtained of any size desired. We prefer
the l)ox as less litible to allow the escape of
dust, but whichever is used it should be at-
tached to a handle or stick from eight to ten
feet long. Either is used by gently shaking
over the plants, taking care to walk windward,
so as to avoid any dust that niiiy arise. It
should 1)6 applied in the morning, when the
dew is on the vines. When mixed with water
it is usually applied by fneans of an ordinary
watering pot, or spriidiled on the vines with a
broom, taking care to keep it well stirred.

In addition to this we would suggest that
the handle need not be more than about six
feet in length, and that it be set into the side
of the box at an angle. Holding it over the
plant infested and striking on the handle with
a muffled billet of wood or a small mallet,
will enable the operator to cause the discharge
of the quantity from the box that each par-
ticular ca.se requires. This will be more eco-
nomical, prevent the loss of dust from shak-
ing, and discharge the green just at the place
where it is most needed, the more that falls
directly on the insects the surer the effect.

ALL SHOULD KNOW ITS POISONOUS NATURE.

Appreciating the danger arising from igno-
rance of the deadly nature of Paris Green, and
to guiird against carelessness in handling it,
the firm whose pamphlet we have been con-
sulting, have all their packages conspicuously
labeled POISON. And as further protection
they published the following :

PRECAUTION IN THE USE OF PARIS GREEN.

There is great danger in mixing this green
for the potato-beetle and cotton worm, owing
to the flue dust which arises in the process,
which is inhaled, and is rapidly absorbed by

the pores of the skin, especially if the person
using it should be in a state of perspiration.
To guard against this, the hands and face
(particularly the nostrils) should be protected
as mtich as possible, and should be carefully
washed after working in it, or in any of the
preparations of which it is an ingredient, as
it penetrtites and j)oisons wood — gets into tlie
seams and crevices of articles made of metal —
and even in earthenware that is porous ; there-
fore, ALL HOUSEHOLD UTENSILS, OR ANY-
THING IN BARN' OR STABLE (whlcli cattlc and
liorses could have access to) in which the
article may have been mixed, or from which
it has Ijeen used, should be carefully set aside,

and NEVER USED FOR ANY OTHER PURPOSE.

Malignant sores are not unfrequently caused
by scratching the skin when itching, or irri-
tated from handling the green. It should be
constantly borne in mind that it is a more
dangerous and deadlj' poison than arsenic ;
and farmers, planters and others, when pm'-
chasing, should be duly cautioned to exercise
the utmost care in using it.

AS A CURE OF THE POISON

the free use of milk as a beverage is recom-
mended, but a simple and harmless remedy
may be found in Hi/dratcd per-oxide of Iron,
its tlie best, according to the pamphlet we are
following. Sores caused by the green should
be well covered with it, as with an ordinary
.salve, and a teaspoonful in a wine glass of
water should lie taken twice a day, internally,
whilst working with the green. This remedy
can be obtained from any druggist or chemist.
In conclusion, it is tilleged tluit color is no sure
criterion of the strenijth or purity of Paris Green.
A highly adulteiiited article may be made to
assume a deep and handsome color by the
admixture of cheap chrome green.

The farmer must therefore depend upon the
integrity of the dealer in buying. The intensity
of color is said to depend upon the size of the
crystals and not upon the quality of the poison;
therefore, the deeper the color the larger the
crystals, which will not mix as readily and
intimately with flour, and is consequently
liable to be washed oft" the plant. The Iwtter
jilaii for farmers would be to buy the Paris
Green ready prepared for use, and from a
responsible dealer. Although the name of
this poison may never have been heard by
many of our readers before the advent of the
])otato-beetle, yet it is by no means a new
substance. It is a compound of arsenic and
copper, and under the name of "Scheele's
green," has been long in use as a pigment in
printing wall-paper,' calico, &c., and in the
manufiicture of wax and other artificial flow-
ers. These facts have long been known, and
yet i)eo])le still continue to use green wall
paper ; ladies still wear green calico dresses ;
manufacture green artificials, and burn green
wax-candles. Arsenious acid, the most pois-
onous ingredient in the compound of Paris
Green, has been eaten in small quantities by
the inliabittints of some parts of Geniiany,
and has the etlect of making them plump in
body and sustains their bretithing powers in
the act of climbing hills, and other exercises.

Its use for this purpose is, however, not to
be recommended, as when the habit is once
contracted it cannot be discontinued without
subjecting the victim of it to all the symp-
toms of arsenical poisoning. It is sometimes
also given to horses, and produces a sleekness
of skin not attainable by any other means.
Tlie English farmers use it e.xtensively as a
sheep-wash, and as a steep for seed wheat it is
also often emjiloyed. Indeed, it is used for
many domestic and medicinal purposes, and,
like many other substances, is "a good servant
but a bad master;" and those wlio have not
the intelligent caiiacity to subordinate it to
their use, had better let it and Paris Green
alone and do without potatoes.

Finally, whatever plants and tubers may
absorb from the soil in which they grow, and
thus enter into their composition, there is thus
far no evidence in support of the notion that
potatoes are poisoned by the use of Paris Green,
and as soon as such a case comes under our
observation we will publish it.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

OUR NATIONAL CENTENNIAL.

The Horticultural Hall.
The Ilortii'ullnnil Hall of the pre at_ Cen-
tennial Intcniational Kxliibilimi of 1870, of
■whidi our illustration gives a beautiful ]ier-
spective view of the structure, was designed

tory, -27 by 77 feet, and between tliis and the
ouler frame will be the Warm and < 'old Houses
on either side. At thi' ends, on the rislil and
left of the entrances, will be dining halls, retir-
iiij; rooins,oniees,&i'. Neartliis iiriiu-ipal build-
ing; will he a number of other .structures, such
as a Victoria Ilegia House, Domestic an(l Tro-

byMr. H. J. Schwarzmann, and will he omni
tlie most pleasing and graeefid of the Centen-
nial buildings. It will be cou.structed of ^lass
and iron, will be :ilU feet in length by USD feet
in width, affording an area of about one acre
and a quarter. The central portion of the build-
ing will be occupied by the Grand Conscrva-

pical Orchard Houses, a Grapery, and similar
horticultural buildings. The surrounding
grounds will be arranged for ont-door plant-
ini;. and under the auspices of the National
llortieidtural Soeieli', organized for the pur-
poaeof co-oi>erating with the (JentenniaU'om-
mission, it is expected that an imposing and

instructive display will be made. It is jiropo.sed
to plant, among other things, representative
trees of all jiartsof the Continent, so that side
by side the visitor may see the fidl variety of
the forest i)roduets and fruit of the countrv,
from the firs of the exlrenn^ north, to the
oranges and bananas of Florida, and the woii-
drous grapes and oIJut
fruits of California. In
this great work it is im-
portant that the most
perfect suece.ss shoidd be
achieved , so that tl le vast-
ness of territory, variety
of product, and perfec-
tion of species, which
C(m.st It ute the marvel and
the might of America,
may be displayed in such
a way as to Ix- realiz<>d at
a glance. It is a subject
upon which even a little
spread-.agle eiiljiusiasm
would be more than al-
Iowal)le,and the horticul-
turists and agricidturists
—professional and ama-
teur— of the nation, will
he ad'orded an opportu-
nity of displaying their
active synipatliv and
practical assista"nce in
tlie great celebration.

THE rKXNSYI.V.VN-IA

KAlLKOAD.VXDTItE

CENTENNIAL.

But one year remains
ni which to (ioi.sh the ar-
rangements for the great
Centennial E.xposition,
and as the I'ennsvlvania
llailroad Companv will
beretpilred to furnish the
pnucipal transit facili-
ties for the thousands
who will visit, the ollicers
of that companv have
completed all the plans
and designs for improve-
ments c(mnected with
their 1) ranch of the
world's union. These
plans embrace a railroad
comiectioii nowconiiilet-
ed, from the main tracks
to Elm avenue, the .soiit*-
ern line of Fairmotnit
Park, at the point where
it is entered bv Helmont
avenue. This connection
is in the form of a circle,
by whicli all trains from
the Ea.sl. West, Xorth
and South, arriving over
their ro;ul, and carrying
visitoiti to the exposition,
are run at once into the
Centennial depot, in
Vhich there are four
tracks. Pa.ssengers can
be arriving and depart-
ing at the sanje time
without confusion, and
the arrangenient is such
that a train can be re-
ceived and desjiatched
every three minutes, fur-
nishing tnmsit facilities
at this depot alone for
sixteen thousand jieople
per day. This arrange-
ment is designed to ac-
commodate only the
travel from distant ])oiiits
and the city snbnrbs.that
from central points in I'iiiladeliihia having
many other facilities for reaching the exposi-
tion.

The depot at Helmont and Elm avenues
will be connected with a hotel— the trains ar-
riving under a covend wav. on one side of
which will extend the first floor of this hotel,

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

on which floor will be a series of public looms,
such as billiard, bar, storage and storerooms,
servants' dinint; rooms, etc. At tlie park end
of this depot, stairways will ascend to a level
of the second floor of the hotel, and comnnnii-
cate with a bridge one hundred ieet wide, cross-
inj; Elm avenue and termiuatinj; Iwtween the
macliinery liall and tlie main exliibitiou build-
ing. This liridiie will be divided into twojias-
sage ways, eaeli fifty feet wide — the one for per-
sons entering the park, the other for persons
leaving it.

Tlie hotel proper will commence with the
second floor, which ison a level with this bridge.
This floor will contain a dining room one hun-
dred and seventy by two hundred and ten feet,
capable of seating comfortably twelve hundred
persons, being the largest room of the kind in
the world; a restaurant, fifty by two hundred
and thirty-nine feet; a waiting room one hun-
dred and seventy by two hundred feet, and all
the necessary parlors and reception rooms for
guests; besides kitchens, wasli rooms, etc., and
a number of sleeping rooms. The hotel build-
ing is designed to be seven hundred feet long,
two hundred and tifty-four feet wide, four
stories high, exclusive of basement, and will
comfortably accommodate two thousand live
hundred guests. While it is designed as a tem-
porary structure, to be removed at the close
of the" exhibition, it will be .substantially built,
warmed by steam, lighted witli gas, and sup-
plied with water tliroughout.

In the arrangement of trains to and from the
exjiosition, tlie company will use every exer-
tion to thoroughly acconnnodate all sections
of the country, and this they have facilties for
doing never equaled on a siihilar occasion. By
their own lines they reach all the principal
northern and western cities, and many in the
south, and tlirough trains will be run over all
these lines, combining all the comforts known
to American railroading. Between Kew York
and Philadelphia the. de of travel will, of
course, be heaviest, and here express trains
will ha run every few minutes, making the
distance in less than two hours. The company
will endeavor to show visitors a model Amer-
ican railroad, among the other attractions of
the Centennial.

A FRIGID RECORD.

The months of .January and February 187.5
were perhaps the most intensly and continu-
ously cold of any that have been experienced
in Lancaster county for many years, but still
not so cold as it has been in other places and
in other years, according to the following ex-
tracts, which we publish for the future refer-
ence of our readers. The coldest record in
Lancaster city during the two months above
named, was ft- below zero and in the county
it was 14'^ below. This was not a lower point
than was reached in 1873 but the cold was
more continuous.

A block of ice was brought from the Cones-
toga and exliiViited in this city, which meas-
ured four feet in thickness, but this may have
only been an extraordinary local formation.
The Susquehanna, in many places, was sup-
posed to have been frozen to tlie bottom, and
for a comparatively long period it become a
highway for the transport of heavy burdens
of freight.

According to the iV«p Northwest, there has
been some remarkalily cold weather in Silver
Bow, Montana. A correspondent of that
paper furnishes the following interesting item
of news :

"Your favor of the ll>th of .January is at
hand and inquiries answered herewith. On the
evening of .January 8, several persons being in
tlie store, and the spirit thermometer register-
ing "3.5'^ below," tlie remark was made that
quicksilver would congeal at :P lower. I reques-
ted my clerk, Mr. St()lte, to thoroughly cleanse
abartiimlilerand partially fill it with quicksil-
ver. We tlien exposed the glass of mercury and
the spirit thermometer on the roof of the fire-
proof on the north side of the store, giving
them as nearly equal exposure as possible.
An hour after the thermometer marked 33°

below, but the quicksilver still remained un-
changed. At i):20 p. m. the thermometer
stood 4(.P below ; still the quicksilver was live,
but terribly cold. At 'J:40 p. m. tlie spirit
indicated 41° below ; the quicksilver was
hardened on the outside. A few minutes later
the thermometer stood 42° below. I picked
i\\> the tumbler of quicksilver, and to my
astonisliment found it completely .solidified —
as hard as a rock. I carried it into the store,
and several persons examined it, it remaining
in that condition some time before it showed
life. On Jan. 10 at 11 p. m., the thermome-
ter stood 35° below. On the evening of .Janu-
ary 8, the evening above mentioned, at 10:30
p. m., tlie register was 40° below. This is the
coldest weather we have had."

A correspondent recently sent the Philadel-
phia Lrdijcr a record of the daily markings of
the thermometer in a small town of Nebraska
during the month of January. There were
only eight days in the month when tlie tem-
perature was above zero, and the highest mark-
ing was nineteen degrees. The lowest tem-
perature was twenty-six degrees below zero.
The average of the lowest markings of the
tliermometers at eighteen stations in the north-
westl-ecently, was thirty degrees below zero.
Since then, a correspondent at Minneapolis,
Minnesota, has favored us with a meteorolo-
gic-al talile, showmg the temperature and
weather of January of this year in that much
talked of climate. This will enlighten our
readers who feel an interest in Minnesota. In
Montana the temperature has been as low as
fifty-six degrees below zero. Extremely cold
weather is as disastrous to vegetables as to ani-
mal life. Our obituary columns show liow fatal
the comparatively cold weather here has been
to those in feeble health, and fears are there-
fore entertained that vegetation m.ay sufl^er
during the winter. The continuanceof cold
weather is not so much a source of dan-
ger as the extreme cold sometimes reached,
and infinitely less dangerous than the sudden-
ness of its coming and the circumstances at-
tending it. When the snows have been melted
from the ground and the moisture penetrating
the soil begins to loosen the frost, a sudden snap
of extremely cold weather kills the budding
seed, and too often injures or kills the mature
tree or shrub, lleasoning humanity is really
more subject to the danger resulting from sud-
den changes than unconscious vegetation.
Before a brief warm spell has swept away the
lirotecting snow and tempted the seeds to put
forth their tender shoots, impatient people too
often lay aside their heavy garments and ex-
jiose tlieniselves to dangers not less real than
those the soldier meets upon the field of battle.

In Europe, in the year 401, the Black Sea
was entirely frozen over. In 703 not only the
Black Sea, but the Straits of Dardanelles,
were fi-ozen over; thesnow in some iilacesrose
fifty feet high. In 82-2 the great riversof Europe,
the Danulie, the Elbe, &c., were so hard frozen
as to bear heavy wagons for a month. In 800
the Adriatic was frozen. In Dill everything
was frozen, the crops totally failed, and famine
and pestilence closed the year. In 10(i7 most
of the travelers in Germany were frozen to
death on the roads. ^ In 1134 th(; Po was frozen
from Cremona to the sea; the wine sacks were
burst, and the trees split by the action of the
frost, with immense noise. In 1236 the Danube
was frozen to the bottom, and remained long
in that state. In 1310 the crops wholly failed
in Germany; wheat, which some years before
sold in England at (is. the quarter, rose to £2.
In 1308 the crojjs failed in Scotland, and such
a famine ensued that the poor were reduced to
taed on grass, and many perished miserably in
the fields. The .successive winters of 1432-3-4
were uncommonly severe. In 1.308 the wine
distributed to the soliliers was cut with hatch-
ets. In 1083 it was excessively cold. Most
of the hollies were killed. Coaches drove ujion
the Thames, the ice of which was eleven inches
thick. In 17U0 occurred the cold winter;' the
frost penetrated the earth three yards into the
ground. In 1710 liooths were erected on the
Thames. In 1744 and 1745 the strongest ale
in England, exposed to the air, was covered in

less than fifteen minutes with ice an eighth of
an inch thick. In 1800, and again in 1812,
the winters were remarkably cold. In 1814
there was a fair on the frozen Thames.

READ TWICE.

Considering that the ashes of our crops con-
tain on an average ■ about thirty per cent of
potash — as shown in the following table — it
follows that iiota.sh must lie applied to the soil,
or the crop cannot be a healthy one.

Table— Showing the amount of potash con-
tained in a hundred jiarts of the ashes of
Wheat. In the grain, oO, in the straw, - - - -1.3
Barley. " " 32, " ' " . - - 14

Oats. " " n, " " - - - - 1.5

Kyc. " " 33, " " . - . 17

Potatoes. " tubers, 37, " leaves, - - - - 20
Hohl Kabi " " 27, " " - - - 9

Hops. " Hop 2.5, Leaf 15, Bine 21
Flax. " - - - 35, Beans 37, Peas 43
Man^jolds. - - -22 Turnips 22, Cabbage 41
Sugar Beet. - - 32, Kapeseed 25, Broeoli 47
Natural and artificial grasses, 20 to 42.

— W. N. Dunau's Circular, Jan. 1, 1875.

THIS NUMBER OF THE FARMER.

We think we have reason to be proud of this
number of The Lancasteu Farmer. Every
article it contains is either original or carefully
selected and condensed from the most reliable
sources, in which case the proper credit,
where known to the editor, has been given.
The table of contents cover a wide range of
practical subjects, of deep interest and impor-
tance ; and we do not believe those interested
in agriculture, horticulture or domestic econo-
my can anywhere get a better bill of fare for
the same money. If every farmer in this
county does not become a subscriber to The
Faioier before the year is out, he will not be
alive to his own interests.

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

In accordance with their promise in the
January number, the publishers of The
Faujier have completed arrangements for
giving illustrations of practical subjects in
each number. Another handsome engraving
of one of the great Centennial buildings is
given, and they will be continued until our
readers will be familiar with all that pertains
to this great event. In our next we expect to
give original illustrations of the Colorado and
other potato beetles. An article in type, illus-
trating the construction of board fences, is
unavoidably crowded over until our next.

The Grangers: We pubMsh an address
delivered by Milton B. Eshleman before the
Strasburg Grange of the Patrons of IIu.sbandry,
as a matter of local interest. We have, we
think, sulliciently defined our position on the
grange question in our February number, and,
if it were necessary to say anything further on
the subject, it would be this, that we do not
hold ourselves personally responsible for any
of the sentiments expressed in essays, ad-
dresses, and lectures, either for or against the
grange. We are quite willing to let the dis-
cussion of the question have a fair Held in our
columns within a reasonable limit, so long as
it is conducted with reference to the merits of
the question, and without personalities. There
is one passage in this address which, however,
is entirely ii«n tons, but which may be familiar
to "old Anti-Masons," and is as follows: "The
inventors and early advocates of Anti-Masonry
were women." We were an "yliifi-anti-Ma-
son " as early as 1828, but we do not recollect
that that argument was used against them
then. Of course, as to the comparative merits
of the secrcci/ of the grange, we are not compe-
tent to render an opinion.

It is hardly necessary to admonish our con-
tributors and correspondents, that their real
names should always accompany their com-
munications, and that if they do not appear
in our columns it may be owing to their
ab.sence. Of course, if they do not wish their
names to ajipear, we will withhold them, but
under all circumstances wc should know who
the writers are.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE CABBAGE— ITS HISTORY— CUL-
TIVATION— VARIETIES.

[HenderHou'fi K;iil\ sniiiiun- (Jubbtige.]

Altliiiusli tin- l\oiiiaiis doulillcss iiitvoiUiccd
gMitk'niii^ into Biitiiiii as ciiily as the yi'ar
100, th(^ cultivation of the ^janleii a^s an art in
Enj^lii'i'l tlati'S from llu' connncnccnient of the
llitli century. \'arietirs of ealibage were
taken to Kntjlaud from Holland about tlie
year lolO; the lirst plantinj; is ascribed to Sir
Arthur Ashley, of Dorset. It was introduced
into Scotland by the soldiers of Cromwell's
anny.

(.'ahbaRe is a plant belonging to the order
CHircii'Kn.Kaiul ijenus lirdssira, theorder ooni-
prehendini; the scurvy ,u;rass, pepiier grass,
mustaril, cress, radish and turnip, ancl the
genus including also the eaulillower, broccoli,
borecole or sprouts, rape, colza, savoy, and
kohl-rahi.

The Brassicn olcrcu-ea, from which all the
forms of cabbage siiring, is found growing
wild on the rocky shores and clill's in England,
with no appearance of a head. The cultiva-
ted cabbage is considered by some botanists a
monstrosity, but its varieties are well marked,
distinct and easily perpetuated, where care is
taken to secure such conditions as will con-
tinue their exact habits. The cabbage is a
biennial ; the seed being sown produces a full
grown plant the first season, and the next
season sends out shoots from eighteen inches to
two feet long, wliich bear small globular seeds
in a great nnnibei- of pods. The wliole plant
then perishes. The large solid heads of cab-
bage, now so familiar, have been produced
from the wild plant by gradual imiirovement
in soils, manures and cultivation. To repeat
them annually it is neceessary to observe two
points: 1. None ))ut those heiuls presenting
the best type of the variety should be saved
for seed ; they must be taken up with the
roots before the frost sets in, the useless out-
side leaves removed, and set in a cool dark
cellar, with the roots endjedded in soil, and
packed as closely as possible. In sju-ing they
are set out not less than two feet apiirt, in
good garden soil, and no seed saved except
from the most vigorous stalks. 2. They must
not be allowed to produce seeds near other
plants seeding at the same time which belong
to the same tribe, such as eaulillower, turnip,
broccoli, &c., as they will mix through their
flowers, the seed producing mongrel varieties.
Mu.cb disai)pointnient is experienced from
using seeds carelessly produced for sale by
unreliable seed growers.

There are many very valuable varieties of cab-
bage, some suited oidy to particular localities.
For early use, Early York is an old favorite,
but some prefer the early flat Battersea,
coming next in succession; tiie Winnigstadt is
excellent, heads comjiact and of ra|iid growth.
Mr. Henderson, in the latest edition of his
"Gardening for Profit," gives his preference
for early varieties in the following order —
Jersey Wakefield, grown from seeds originally
received from England under the name of
Early Wakefield; Early York, eipial to the
Wakefield in earlincss, but inferior in size ;
Early Summer; Early Wyman, tlie favorite in
the Boston market ; the Ox Heart, a valuable
variety for family culture; the Karlv Wimdng-
stadt, and the Early Flat Dutch for a succes-
sion, being two or tliree weeks behind the
earliest sorts. ^Ir. Henderson i;ives us an
interesting bit of history concerning the ex-
perience of himself anil brother gardeners

around New York, with the Jersey AVake-
field. Having experimented witli a score of
varieties he found nothingeipia! to it; but a few
years after its introduction he found that it
broke into over a dozen sub-varieties. No mat-
ter how carefully the heads were selected for
seed the same dilliculty ociau'red. A few miles
inland, .somewhere near the (grange Mountain,
an cild (ierioan was always aliead in having
(he lirst Wakcfields in the New York market.
Mild far surpassing any the New York garden-
ers could produce. All inducements to get
him to sell seed were disregarded, and year
after he kept the lead. Several plans were
laid to circumvent him, such as ordering a
hundred of his cabliages with roots on ; but
old Ca.rl was not to be caught so; he tilled the
order to the letter, making the buyer pay
rouiuUy for the I'oots, but took the liberty of
first dipping them in boiling water! 15nt one
day he invited a friend and countryman to
see his wonderful cabbaijes as they grew.
This was a fatal day for old Carl's monopoly,
for his friend had his eyes about him, and
observed that several of the stumps from
which the earliest heads had been cut were
marked with stakes, as were a few of the
choicest shape, as yet uncut. The secret was
out. Carl's success had been gained by ))er-
sistently year after year selecting the earliest
and finest heads; taking nj) the stumps froTU
whicli they werecut, he planted them cai-elully
and removing the young shoots ])roduced froiii
the stumps, he treated them exactly as a florist
treats cuttings of a (lower, that is by planting
the slip in the soil, and shading it until rooted.
After these cuttings or shoots of the cabbage
were planted in the usual cabbage frame, cov-
ered with glass in winter, set out in springlike
ajilant from the seed, and the next .Inly ripened
Seed. This process is too expensive ;ind slow
in rai.sing cabbage seed in quantity, but it is
now used by careful growers to produce i)ure
and improved stock from which to raise seed.

Of the varieties raised around Lancaster the
early Winningstadt is perhaps in the highest
favor. It received the end<u'sement of the
^Iniirirnn AfiriruU<iriili.'<l a few years ago, and
truck gardeners with whom we have conversed
speak Inghly of it, although, as Mr. Hender-
son suggests, it should be hardly claimed as
early, as it is quite three weeks later than
half-a-dozen other varieties, Imt it is an ex-
cellent sort wdiej'e two crops are not grown, as
it continues in succession for a long time.

In the second edition of his book(ls74) Mr.
Henderson thus simke of "an entirely new
variety of early eidjl)age, originated by Mr.
Van Sicklen, of Long Island, that is likely
to supercede all others for general market
purposes. He has now gi'own it f(u- the past
three years, but so far the see<l has not been
put in the market, Mr. Yixn S. being exceed-
ingly cautious not to introduce any variety
before tlau-oughly proving its nu'r'its. The
last seas(Ui, in comiiany with him. I madi' an
examination of the crop, and in my o|iinion it
is, take it altogether, the best early cabbage
I ever saw. It is i)erlia|is four or five days
later than the Wak.field, but fully one-third
heavier, and .as it has small outer leaves, may
be as closely planted. When fully matured it
will withstand the hottest weather without
cracking. All market gardeners know the
value of this ipmlity, as nuist of us have lost
heavily from this cause."

This is the cabbage of which we give an
illustration, as "Henderson's ICarly Summer,"
and of which the well-known seedsmen, Peter
Henderson & Co., who introduce the variety
this season, thus speak :

"We spiiil out tlii8 new vio-icly of Early Calilm^p,
fcoliiiir satisdiMl tliat it will rival, if not lo rsomo extent
supersede tlic WakcflpM. Tlii' merit of tliis variety
consists in its hoinir tlie earliest of all larpe fahliaffcs,
coniinjrin Imt a few days after I lie \Val«'nelil. It has
another valiialilc peculiarity, of rarely or never liurst-
in;ro|ioii when ripe, so that if a crop I'annot he used
at once, it will not s|H>il, as is the easi' with most of
the other early sorts. There is no ilonlit of it heconi'
in<r a standard variety, either for market or jMivate
uses."

As a good and reliable early cabbage is a
desideratum with market gardeuers, we have

deemed it projier to call the attention of the
readirs of TllK Fakmki; to this new viniety,
tliat those int<>resled in meeting the wants of
an early market may test it for themselves.
In market gardening a good eurh/ cabbage,
which can be depemled upon, will eerlaiidy
jiay in the viciidty of Lancaster. In this
article we have conlined ourselves maiidy to
early varieties, because the later varieties are
so much mort! easily raised, and at so much
less ex))eiise. The following, however, from
the excellent jiaper on this subject in the new
edition of ihe Amirintn (^'jirhijieiliii, now going
through the press, may contiiin some general
information fi) interest some of our readers.
After premising that aboid New 'i'ork the
late Bergen, (lat Hutch, anil best varieties of
drumhead cabbages are ]ireferred for late sorts,
the writer goes on to say :

"Three crops are seeured in a season; seeds of
early and lalc> sorts are sown in a moderate hot-bed
in .\laiih, ki-pt sliiilitly moisteiird, with plenty of air
at all tinifs when tlie temperature is not t(M) low.
The plants a re dusted with dry \vr)oil ashes, pulverised
lime, or a littU- .Scotch snulf. to keep olf the fly, (a
small black in.scct which is a !,'reat pi'sl), thiuni-d lo
an inch apart, anil kept free from wicds. When the
beds oiilsidc arc dry and warm cnoiiirh,tlie plants arc
removed diniie,' a cloudy day, or in the aflci-n<ion,
and the early sorts set with a dibhlc, 14 to IS inches,
the later ones 20lo2'iinch<'s aparl each way; watered,
and allowed to lake root, befVu'c disturbini,^ the soil
about Ihcin. If the weather continues ilry, the plants
slioulil be watered two or tlireccveniiiL's in succession.
This plantinir ^ivcsthe earliest i-abbai^cs, and summer
ealibai^cs, which come between the early and late
crops. For a late crop, the seeds are sown in an open
bed, thinly, in drills 11 to !l inches aparl, in -May, and
transplautcil from .Inuc 1(1 to .July 1, iiistraiiErht rows,
22 to 27 inches asunder each way.

"The eabbaire is a rank feeder and an exhaustive
crop. The soil shoulil be a di'cp, rich loam, not only
coniainin^: plenty of veiretable matter, but a full siip-
l>ly of polasli, soda and lime. .Vdressiiii^ of common
salt, al the rate of ten bushels per acre, will not itiily
benelit the eabbaire crop, liut kill yrulis and worms,
which destroy the youiiir piairs rapidly. Ibiirpen
manure ouirht neverto be a|>i)!ictl tothccabbajrc crojj,
as it distiirures the roots and destroys the plants,
('oniposls of muck, woorl ashes, lime, salt and com-
mon yard inainires, we!! decomposed, may he used in
larire quantities if well incorporated with the soil,
tluano, deeply duir under, is ;;ood in all liut very Uplit
sandy and ;;ravelly soils. A tirst-ratc super-phosphate
of lime, Willi one-third its wcisjht of truano mixed
with it, is one of the best inanin*cs for a irardcn soil,
or one which has al«'ays received i-ommon manures.
This eoinpoiiud may lie dissolved in w ater, and freely
used to water feeble plants, or dujr in almut llieni
with a hoe. As soon as Ihe youiif,' plants have taken
root ill Ihe new bed they shoulil be hoed, tlie oficncr
the better, until the leaves shade the soil. In its
younircr staires Ihe eabbaire must feed larirely on car-
bonic aeid, tVc, by its roots; but as it increases in
size it uses Ihe leaves more extensively; hence the
necessity of early and frciiuent hocinirs,"

We would urge upon our farmers, and 'Cs-
)ieci;illy those wlm raise vegetiibles tiir market,
to pay more attention to the seleetinu of the
liest vtirietiesiiuil the best mode of <-ultivation,
A really good cabbage is a good dish, and the
liest articK' always leads the market in cabbage
as well ;is in other vegetables. It costs no
more to raise a good artiide than an inferior
one, but in our markets the iid'erior too often
predomintite, and the i>idducer goes home dis-
stitished because he did not get good prices.
We ri'iieat, that in raising cabliage, as in doing
anything else, it always jiays U'st to do the
best that can be done under the circumstances.

M, L.VFoitTK, of France, as related by the
Paris correspondent of the Btiltimore Ainrri-
rn» FtirriiiT, cooks his food for cattle by fer-
mentation ; on a layer of cut straw he places
one of ptiliicd potatoes, tind so on aer'ording to
the sup]ily required, ti thicki-r layer of pota-
toes: and left for sixty hours it become,s ad-
mirably cooked for pigs and poultry.

F.MOiKus' SONS, and other young men of
energy, having a little leisure time on their
hands, ctin do a good business by (canvassing
for The Lan<;astf,u Faioieh. " To such we
will offer .special inducements, which can be
learned by addressing the ]iublisher,s. We
want to secure a canvasser in every township
in the county.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE POTATO.

The potato is emjjhatically one of the neces-
saries of life, and is found equally welcome on
the tables of the rich and poor. Notwith-
standing that its flesh-forming material is not
so abundant as in wheat, yet it ranks high
and is worthy of all consideration, it being
rich in starch; one pound of fresh potatoes
contains 12 oz. of water, 2 oz. and 219 grains
of starch, and only 100 grs. flesh-formers, with
smaller portions of sugar, gum, fat, woody
fibre and CI grains mineral ashes. In 61 va-
rieties of potatoes it was found that the amount
of starch varied from 9 to 20 per cent.

There is a nitrogenous substance which they
term hinMase, anil which is found in germin-
ating seed near the embryo, as also in certain
fungi. This, it is asserted, is capable of one
part to transform 2,000 parts of starch, first
into dextrine and finally into sugar. There is
a complication, however, it is known, that
any albuminoid may produce the same eSect,
that is, the bodies thus altered become fer-
vients; moistur(^ and an elevated temperature
hasten the process. It is generally taught
that oxygen acting on the albuminoids in
presence of water and within a certain range
of temperature induces decomposition. I will,
by way of comparison, state that 1 lb of wheat
contains 2 oz. and 100 grs. of water, 2 oz. 21
gi-s. of gluten, 120 grs. alliumen, 9 oz. and 242
grs. of starch and 385 grains of sugar, equiva-
lent to gum, fat, woody fibre, ashes and 7 oz.
of carbon. These constituents can readily be
varied by foreign admixture, or conditions of
soil, weather and moisture. We have thus
consideied the components of a good potato.
The thin skin that envelopes it is of a corky
nature, through which water can scarcely
pass, and hence aids in preserving the tuber
during winter. We all know what a good
potato is, and it requires no savant to tell us
when it is bad or waxy. What can they tell
us of the causes and remedies to prevent the
evil? The well-known "curl," they tell us,
may arise from using over-ripe seed stock, or
such that has been improperly kept during the
winterand exposed to the lightand air, instead
of having been covered with earth, sand, or
straw, so as to preserve their juices. Again,
it may also arise from want of lime or mag-
nesia in the soil, an excess of strong manures,
and successively planting'in the same ground.
But the potato rot of Europe and this country
has been carefully examined. Those kinds
that mature early are least liable to the rot.
The disease is rarely if ever known so early as
May, and foimd most prevalent in August,
especially during moist, warm weather. If
possible, they should be taken up before Sep-
tember,unless during dry weather. Wood ashes
are reconmiended as a good manure. Lime,
plaster and salt are advantageous, while strong
nitrogenous inamu'es are considered detrimen-
tal to the potato. The rot is ascribed by some
to a deficiency of lime and magnesia in the
soil, for upon testing the ashy residue of good
or sound tubers witli those that were diseased,
it was found that the sound ones yielded 5 per
cent of lime, but the ash of diseased ones only
1.77 per cent. Hence there may be an Im-
portant fact presented by Dr. Grace Calvert,
who has demonstrated that lime is one of the
feio knoiim subsUiwts tliat are capable of
altof/ether prerentlny the dcrdapmcnt of fimiji^
and thinks that caustic magnesia would have
a similar effect. This presents a valuable
hint, and may throw light upon the statement
of J. W. Boys, who affirms that he has escaped
from this foul disease attacking his potatoes
for eight successive years by his mode of keeping
them, wliich is to sprinkle tlie floor with fine
unslaked lime, on which he places a layer of
potatoes from 4 to 5 inclies deep, and then
another layer of lime, and so on, using about
one-fortieth jiart of lime by measure, to the
potatoes. lie also states that waxy and watery
potatoes are improved by this process.

Here are concurrent circumstances that seem
to teach a lesson worthy the attention of your
readers. It is worthy of notice that the eye
of the potato is the last part affected by the
rot. The eye is actually a- bud and has the

same relation to the tuber as the germ has to
the farinaceous matter of the albumen of a
seed in which it is enveloped. In developing
a young plant the Amyhim (that istlie starch)
aiid the nitrogenous and mineral constituents
of the sap of the tuber are employed to form
the young branches and leaves. Wehave now
glanced at some of the causes and cures of
disease ; I shall briefly consider the fungus
concerned in i)roducing the visible effects
called "blight " and "rot," so ably set forth
in the Jan. No. page 11 and Feb. No page 17,
vol. VII of The Fakmer. I have before
me the article referred to. The fungus by
Berkley named Botrytis in/estans is novi' named
and figured as the Feronotipora infestans.

This genus belongs to a
class of fungi wliich do not
foster on decaying plants,
as is the case with the
majority. There are now
known and figured other
species of Pcronospora sev-
erally infesting parsnips,
peas, cabbages, onions and
spinach, differing from those
found on the potato in structure. However
interesting, I cannot stop to describe the
various kinds in this article. For the benefit
of those who have no microscope I append a
copy of the potato fungus, above named. Tlie
external signs are soon apparent; the leaves
are usually first attacked; they turn yellowish,
the stem gets blotched with brown and the
fine threads (mycelium) extend to the tubers
and soon wholly or partially destroys them by
inducing a gangrenous ferment and producing
a putrid mass. Young plants are arrested in
their growth ; in older plants we find the
tubers discolored with reddisli spots, first under
the cuticle. When taken up and exposed to a
warm damp situation in the air, the parasite
appears on the surface, and will be found to
penetrate to the interior, deconii)osing the
tissues by a kind of ferment induced; this mass
forms a nidus for other kinds of fungi foimd
on decaying matter, and care must be taken
not to confound the two, as has happened.

Here, again, we see how necessary it is to
have a knowledge of eflects from change of
condition ; patient observation under diverse
circumstances may give us a clue to see from
which quarter the wind blows. The exjie-
rience and obsei-vations of others may assist us
in our own; therefore it is well to present them
to the public, that those who read and digest
may have some data from which to compare
notes. Some one says when the vines are de-
tected to be affected with the fungus, cut
them down and burn them. Although this
might supply some ashes as a manure, it is a
doubtful remedy, especially if the mycelium
has already reached the tuber.

As starch is so prominent an ingredient of
the potato, it may interest some to test various
kinds. Iodine is peculiar in its action on
starch when dissolved in water or alcohol, and,
brought in contact with starch, gives it a
beautiful purple or blue color. This test may-
be used even in microscopic observations with
the utmost facility. There are other tests.
Cut a thin slice of a potato; if reddish spots
appear, it is a bad sign for the health of the
potato. Witli a soft brush pass diluted tinc-
ture (alcoholic) of iodine liglitly but so as to
touch all the parts. This will "eftectually re-
veal the starcli cells, and often exhibit various
tancolored markings in concentric zones or
scattered-like letters of German text, as in one
case I lately witnessed. Cooking or steaming
potatoes, when done, all the part not tainted
by the red matter will break easily between
the fingers, wliile thataflected or marbled will
resist tlie jiressure and remain comparatively
solid. If you will take the time, a slice of
potato put in water for 12 or 15 days, the
soundest part will be the first to decay, whilst
that which is affected will remain un-
changed. But the point I wish to make is,
after all, to call attention to the im))ortanx;e
of lime as a preventive, and should any
good come of it, my object is attained. Jacbo
bTAUFFEK, Lancaster, Pa.

SHALL WE RAISE OSAGE-ORANGE
HEDGES?

Eighteen years experience convinces me that
osage-orange is not the thing for inside
faiTn fences. The objection arises not from
any imperfection in the hedge — for a well
grown osage hedge wiU turn any animal larger
than a rabliit — but because of the ground it
occupies. This plant is a gross feeder, and
impoverishes the ground for at least a rod on
each side of it. In a wet season the injury
done is not so great, but in a dry summer, like
the past, the row of corn next the hedge is a
total failure, the second one reduced one-half,
and even the third row is somewhat damaged.
Other crops are injured also, but to a less
extent than corn. It is not only the pecuniary
loss that is here complained of ; the farmer of
good taste dislikes to have half-staiTed crops
around the margin of his fields.

Those who are determined to raise osage
hedges had better plant them along the road-
side and let them draw half their nourislmient
from the public road.

The chief objection, then, tp the osage-
orange hedge is its exj)mse. I was led to make
this statement by a remark made by 11. M.
Engle, at the last annual meeting of the
Fruit Growers' Society, that osage-orange
hedge could be grown for twenty-five cents
per rod. I think that a hedge four years old
cannot be grown properly for less than one
dollar per rod. The young hedge, for two or
three years, should have the same attention
that a row of com or potatoes has. If the
mice are permitted »o gnaw the bark off the
roots and make gaps in the hedge it is difficidt
or well nigh impossible to get them filled up
again, after the hedge is grown it costs from
six to ten cents per rod annually to keep it
trimmed.

The osage-orange, in good hands, makes a
neat and tasteful, as well as an enduring
fence. The careless farmer should never at-
tempt to raise one. On the great prairies of
the West where land is cheap and the enclos-
ures are large, hedges may be used to advan-
tage; but in eastern Pennsylvania, where land
is high in price, we should endeavor to bring
every rod under culture. Fencing is a heavy
item of expense and the subject is one which
deserves the earnest attention of fanners ; but
I am convinced that we will not find relief in
hedging. In conclusion, I would advise those
who intend to plant a hedge, as Douglas Jer-
rold advised those about to get married —
'■'■don't do it." — J. C. L. Gap, Lane, co.. Pa.

THE PAW-PAW.

This subject of the vegetable kingdom be-
longs to the " Custard apple " family. Paw-
paw of the United States — a Creole name. It
grjiws west, middle and south, but is not known
in New York or Canada. It is more indige-
nous to the south than to the west. Found
abundant on the banks of the Susquehanna,
from below Harrisburg to the Chesapeake Bay.
It is oftentimes only seen as a shrub or a small
tree, or under the boughs of the majestic forest
trees. They are very numerous between St.
-Toseph and Kansas City, on the banks of the
Missouri, where they grow under the mam-
moth "Cotton-Poplar," and are generally
looked u))on as "underbrush." Tliey are in-
veterate si)routers from the root, and come up
almost as thick as hemp in a wild state, and
that accounts for the fact that they never ap-
pear very large. They are so nimierous on the
banks of the Missotn-i that the vineyardmen
use the tender herb to tie up the grape vines
in their vineyards. When one is kept clear
of other trees, it will get from six to ten inches
thick in the trunk, and on the southern river
bottoms they have lieen known to grow from
fifteen inches to two feet thick. The Paw-paw
is about Ijeing introduced as a common fruit,
and no doubt will be sold by nurserymeu
everywhere.

These trees, when brought imder cultivation
in yards, will form beautiful heads, foliage and
appearance resembling the Magnolia family.
Flowers precede the leaves in early spring, and

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

look much like the common "shrub "of our
gardens. There arc several varieties of thi^m.
The best variety ripens in the middle of Sep-
tember. It then bcfiins to dro)) off, yellow
and .soft, very delicious to those who like tliem.
There are other varieties rii)eniuR in Octolier,
or about the first frosts. Tlieyjare^uot as larjie,
nor of as pood a cpialily as the former kind,
and for a loiiK time remain (jieen and hard, or
turn blackish and become internally afl'eclcd
with apparent disease. The flavor of these is
inferior, but no doubt they might be improved
bj- cultivation.

The Paw-iiaw, or "Papaw," belongs to the
genus yl.sioinui, and to the or(?er Anonack.k.
Tout sjiccies are found within the limits of
the United States, but there are others within
the tropics. — L. S. K., Warwick, Mar. 1, 1!S75.

WHEAT AND CHEAT.

As an Item of interest in tlie furniini; line, we give
the foUowinp: of what luislKiiipened tons as a fanner ;
Tliree years aj^o we \vm\ t went y aeres in wlieat t liat
we seedeil to elover, trettinj; a fair stand of the latter.
Last year and tlie year previous we pastured the
elover. Unfortiin-ately, last season we were obliged
to use our pasture too late, and the eonsequenee was
our elover drew out and froze out in the winter, and
this spring the erop was entirely gone. We deter-
mined, having more ground for plowing than we
eould use, to let it lie, grow up to weeds, and what
clover might eome, tm-n it under early and re-seed it
to wheat and elover, thus losing one year's use of the
ground. Instead, however, of growing up to weeds,
there eame up as full a erop of cheat as if it had
been regularly sown to cheat, and we have just flu-
shed mowing and stacking it, and now have in stack
over twenty tons of almost entirely pure cheat. We
cut it green, and it consequently itiil not shatter out,
and made the heaviest hay we have handled for many
a year. There is a small quantity of elover with it,
hut no weeds, and our ground is as well seeded to
clover as we could desire. And now about the cheat.
We can readily understand how the seed eould lie in
the grouud and germinate under favorable cireum-
stauces, but the quantity that thus lay there for three
years, and then grew, surprises us. Be it as it may,
we have got the eroj), have not lost the year's use of
the grovuid and the field is nicely seeded to clover —
better, in fact, thiin it was at first. — Pittsfield (III.)
Democrat.

At the hazard of reopening the discussion
on this subject, we publish the above, which
is going the rounds of the agricultural press
again. A simihir case came under our notice
about ten years ago. Mr. Thomas Coleman,
who then resided on East Orange street, oppo-
site "Kramph's Arcade," on one occasion
called our attention to a small bed in his back
yard which he had sewed in white clover. When
we saw it there was little or no white clover
visible, but instead thereof a rank crop of
cheat.

From the most relial)le information we have
on the subject, we feel pretty confident that
neither the wheat nor the white or red clover
in the above instances were transformed into
clieat, Init rather that their seeds were not
clean, and contained a portion of cheat in
them.
Wheat (2V{(!CT())i), cheat {ISromu.t), and clover
(3ViJo/i«)))),arc generieally distinct, too dis-
tinct, in our opiition, for any one of them to
develop the other. But tliey all have the
habit, underfavorable circumstances, of tlirow-
ing out a number of stalks from a single seed,
and .some interesting experiments have been
made in that liiu' within the last year. But
we would i>articularly refer the reader to page
24, Feb. No. of Tiiic F.vi!MKR^"Stow's E,x-
periment " — where 114 plants, producing .r20
ears of wheat, were produced, by root division,
from a single grain. "We are willing, however,
to receive further light upon the subject.

To PREVENT horses' feet from scaling or
cracking in .summer, and enabling the slioes
to be carried a longer time witliout injury,
the French practice is to coat the hoofs once
a week with an ointment composed in equal
proportions of soft fat, yellow wax, linseed oil,
venous turpentine and Norway tar ; the wax
is melted separately before mixing.

The pe.vches in Frederick county, Md., are said
to have sutl'ered some by the severe frosts. Mr.
Jackson informs tlie Baltimore Furiiur that of about
one hundred buds he examined, thirty were killed.

OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS.

Proceedings of the Lancaster County Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Society.

The stated meeting of this as.sociat ion was
held in the Orphans' Court lloom, on Monday,
the 1st inst. In the abscnec of th(^ President,
Ileiny M. Engle was called to the cliair, an<l
L)r. P. W. Iliestand (Treasurer) wasappointe<l
Secretar)' pro tan. ()wing to the inclemency of
the weather, the attendance was not as large
as usual. The reading of the minutes being
dispensed with, the es.sayi.st aiipointed at last
meeting, Casper Ililler, of Conestoga, pro-
ceeded to read an essay as follows, on tlie sub-
ject of

OUK ORCHARDS.

It is a pertinent question to ask. What is the matter
with our orchards^ Our aitjiles fail of late years
much more in quality than iiKpiantity. Last year if
our apples had been fair, we would have had an
abundance for honu' consumption, tiut to-day you
find hut few of them in market, while their plaee has
been filled oy thousands of bushels of line New York
8tate apples.

We have for years past been attributing our fail-
ures to climatic changes, brought about by the cut-
ting away of the forests; but when we compare
weather statistics we cannot jiut our finger on the
changes. Another thing that knocks our climatic
change theory somewhat wrong, is that we oceasion-
ally find an orchard that bears regularly, and brings
forth fair fruit.

The standing rule for planting an orchard is, select
a piece or ground that would produce a good crop of
corn, and you may hope for success. Then it was
expected that the orchard should be cultivated with
hoed crops for a series of years — as long as anything
would grow. When the ground becomes too much
shaded to produce crops, turn to grass, ami, as was
too often the case, "let her rip." But, this latter
remark I do not desire to enter seriously into the
question. Many orchards, cultivated as before said,
have regularly received liberal dressings of stable
manure and thorough cultivation, and yet they, too,
have signally failed. I have mentioned that occasion-
ally we find orchards that do well. If such had re-
ceived any special treatment we might learn a lesson,
and prepare ours in like manner. But we generally
find such to have been treated precisel}' like others
that have been noted for failures. A very good orchard
that I know, is planted on a northeastern exposure,
on ground so wet in the spring of the year that it
might almost be called a swamp. It never was cul-
tivated nor nuinured. Should we therefore plant in a
swamp and not cultivate nor manure at all, we
would be likely to make sorry looking orchards.
These special eases of success are undoubtedly caused
by an abundance of natural plant-food in the soil.
And might not the question arise, whether by our
ordinary course of manuring and erojiping, we do not
leave the soil more deficient in the wood and fruit
forming elements, than it was at the time of jilantiug ?

Chemistry has satisfactorily demonstrated, that the
alkaline earths found in the ashes of plants and their
fruits, must abound in t!iesoil,orgood trees and good
fruit cannot be expected. Potash, lime and phosphate
of lime, enter largely into the ajiple, pear, jjcaeh and
grape, and all virgin soils naturally contain these in a
greater or less ttegrec. It is estinuitcd that l^Opouniis
of these alkaline earths are taken out of eaeh aere,
annually, by a crop of tobacco. Wheat, eorn, pota-
toes, trees and fruits all take up a large amimnt of
this food, and we need, therefore, not be surpriseil
that our apple trees are short lived, and our fruit im-
perfect. Stable nuouire, as our own ex))erienee has
shown, will not supply in suHicient quantity the alka-
line salts of which we robbeil our orehards by injudi-
cious erojiping. We ean see eviilenee of this i'rnmthe
fact that no orehard ean he sueeessfully raised on tlie
site of an olil fine. These losses ean probably be nuide
u]> by judicious use of linu' or phosphate of linu', asbes
or iiotash, ehareoal, »te. N(\general ride ean be given
for the ajtplieation of these sin-eial manures, ^leeause
we do not yet know enough about it to lay down a
regidar formula. Hut, we might say, as did the dot--
tor, (but. I'll say it in English.) "quantity sultieient."
Some soils may want mm-h, others little, and some
one kind ami some another. Those who fi-el interested
in the quesli<m, should have no diflieulty in solving
the proi)lem.

Our Horticultural periodicals give numerous cases
of trees that were made produetive. I will give only
a few examples. T\\o pear trei's that hail for years
brojight nri good fruit, were made to yield fine fruit,
by digging a treneh a few feet from the trees, and
filling il with suds mixed with twolmshelsof ehar-
cfia! and two |K)unds of potash. A sueeessful grower
of the peaeh scrapes the soil from the base of the
tree and pounds half a jieck or more of fresh lime
around them, old peaeh trees have been renovated
by pouring a few quarts of liol lye anmnd them.

When this im]Kirtant question of nuoiuring is once
properly understood, culture f>r no culture beeomes
a secondary tpu'stion.

Then, if a man is situated near a market, he may

use his orehanl for a garden ; grow vegetables, pota-
toes, corn, hiall/nj irooil and fr^iil. Or he may lay
down his orehard to grass, as is reeommanded by
Thomas .Median, the able editor of the tiiinlnuis'
.lloiilhlj/. Kivi' or six years ago he planted an experi-
mental orehard of II ft eeii hundred tress — a|ipleR, pears,
jieaches, ilierhes and grapes — and from the start put
it into grass, and has siiH'C annually taken off over
two tons of hay per aere. Those who have seen it
pnmouiiee it a niiulel of [lerfeetion. Hut he tells UB
lie gives it a lihcral top tlreifiiittff of inamtrf! (umnntly^
anil besides gives his trees a light mulehing of earth
taken from dilehes, fenee corners, elc. If trees and
plants would generally lloiirish under such a course
of Irealmi'iit, we couid adopt it wish profit. Our
hillside orchards would no longer \>r subject to have
the loose cultivated soil washed away by every heavy
shower of rain, and Ihesavingin labor — hoeing, weed-
ing, etc., in our grape patches, would be sulliclcni to
pay for all needed fertilizers. To 1 lie general farmer,
too, the hay crop would he as profilahle as corn or
potatoes. When the I rees become tiKi large, the grass
could at times he used for pasture, but in general
would be more iirolltable to mow and spread over the
ground for manure.

The yellows lu the peach, the blight in the pear,
and much of the premature rolling of fruit, are now
admitted to be caused by foigi— parasitic plants, in
their first stages so small llial they are invisible to
the naked eye. Our grand old sniokc-liousc appc of
late years rots badly. It is said by those who ought to
know, that with a glass sullieienlly jKiwerful, you
might noliee a bright colored fungoid plant on tlie
skin of the fruit, which in a short time spreads and
causes rot. These parasitic plants a|))>ear not to at-
tack all varieties of fruit alike. Some are of so robust
a constitution as to be able to resist their attacks.
But while some varieties are sound in one orchard,
they are badly aficcted in another. And this brings
the "plant Ibod " question up again. If trees were
neither half-starved nor forced into too succulent
growth, in short if they were perfectly healthy, would
tlu^y not in a great measure be able to resist these
enemies ?

We do not soon find yellows in a wcU-taken-carc-of
peaeh orchard, until the trees become exhausted by
an excessive erop of fruit. Then these fungoid plants
run riot, and in a year or two the orchard will be
numbered among the things that are past. This
holds the same in the human family. A healthy
man man will be apt to live through epidemic and
malarious inlluenecs, while the ill-fed, iutem|)erato
and weakly will give way. It might be objected to
this theory of jilant food, that occasionally in jcars
(1873 for instance,) the fruit is unusuallj- fair. But
we must bear in mind that fungoid and insect life are
sometimes much infiuenced liy certain conditions of
the weather. The peculiar dry season of 1872 may
have had much to do in preventing the depredatiou
of these pests.

In regard to planting it might be said that in a
sandy soil trees eould be planted rather deeper than
they stood in the nursery, but in a heavy soil they
should be phinled shallow. We have examples of
successful orchards in heavy soil, where the trees
were planted almost on the surface, the earth being
banked uji around them. It must be evident that
such an orcliaid would not answer for a market
garden; the roots being near the surface, would
become fatally injured by deep plowing. Hut, in the
sandy soil the roots naturally run deeper, and plowing,
at least for a number of years, ean be done without
serious injury to the trees.

In conclusion, I do not flatter myself that I have
produced anything new; but if anylhing has been
said that will stimulate inquiry, then this rambling
essay may not have been written in vain. When we
have faithfully done our part of the work, we can
console ourselves with the promise that cold and heat
summer and winter, seed time and harvest, shall
never wholly fail.

DISCUSSION ON THE OUCII.VRI) QUE.STIOX.

S. P. EliY, es<i., remarked that the subject
of plant-food was certainly an iinportant ele-
ment in the growing of (irchard fruits. But
from what he had read on the suhjeet there
appeared to be agre;it difference of opinion as
to whether lime should be put on orchards,
and if .so in what manner and ipiantity. It is
said by some writers that orchards do not
bear because too much lime is used, or that the
fruit is not so good as when lime is not used.
A friend of his planlcd a peach orchard on
entirely new ground, ;ind wasiiuite successful.
In the main the hooks agreed with the es.s.ayist.
In regard totrenchiiiK some distance from and
arouiul the tree, ;uid putting the lime or other
fertilizer in, he woiilil suggest that this might
hiive an elVeet similar to sliorlening the roots,
a plan advocated by some horliculturalists,
wliieh, it is claimed, results in furcing out the
fruit bud.s and retarding rank growth in the
wood and foliage. When we have once dis-
covered what plant food is necessary we will

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

have gained a great disidoratum. To have
good fruit tlie tree must be healthy. With
healthy trees he contended that, as a rule, we
would have good crops and fruit of a better
quality, though there miglit be failures in ex-
ceptional years, owing to other causes. He
commended the essay for its many excells;nt
practical suggestions.

William McCoMSEY commended the essay
as desei-ving the thanks of the Society. lie
agreed with the essayist in regard to the advim-
tage of manuring. He had tried it twice with
great satisfaction. In the year 1836 or 1837,
he planted an orchard with the best varieties
of trees that were then known. Twenty
years afterward he became the owner of that
orchard and was surprised at the scrubby and
mean condition of the trees, and the small
quantity and poor quality^ of the fruit they
bore; especially as he knew from personal
knowledge that the trees were of good varieties
and had borne fruit of a good quality. The
first year the orchard came into his possession
he ploughed it, limed it heavily, and gave it
besides a good coat of stable manure. That
year the apple crop failed everywhere, owing
to protracted rainy weather during the season
of bloom; but a change in the healthy growth
of the trees was apparent. They threw out
new branches and looked healthy. At the
first pruning he cut away half the wood— made
the pruning thorough. The next year he was
rewarded witli an abundant crop of excellent
fruit, and the orchard never failed under his
observation, even in years when his neighbors
had none. This experience convinced him
that manuring orchards is necessary to secure
good crops. A few years later he had a similar
experience with a single tree in a lot in this
city. It had been neglected and the fruit
deteriorated from year to year. Having some
hog manure for which he had no other use, he
spread it over the lot. You would have been
surprised at the change produced in the tree.
It threw out new and healthy wood and bore
finer and larger fruit than it had for years
before. The change was so marked in every
pespect, that it was the suliject of general
remark. He was, therefore, decidedly of
opinion that it was chiefly owing to the want
of cultivation and manuring tliat our crop of
apples fail. [To Mr. El )y . ] Did not continue
cultivating the orchard ; kept it in grass for
six or seven years, and it never foiled to bear.
Ei'iiRAra'HoovEu said his experience was
about the same as the last si>eaker. Manuring
cannot fail, whether it is applied by topdressiiig
or plouglied down. His experience was that
when he manured well his apple crop increased.
He manured his orchard live times in a iieriod
of thirteen years, and it not only improved his
soil, but increased his crop of fruit. He attri-
buted the best results t() manuring. He also
thought many farmers made a mistake in bar-
ring swine and other small stock out of their
orchards for fear they would eat some of the
fruit which first falls. He believed that swine
in eating the first fruit which falls prevented
the increase of insects injurious to the fruit.
An old former once said to him that lie believed
the swine were barred out too much; that the
first fruit which fell dropped becauseit was in-
jured by the insects which drop with it. If it
is not eaten, the insects get into the earth to
breed the following year to injure the fruit.
But if the hogs were let in they destroyed them
and thus saved the crop. After this suggestion
from the old farmer, he made it a rule to let
the swine have free access to his orchards until
about September; and the result was that the
more he kept them in the better fruit he
had, and more of it. It is better to lose the
few apples that fall early, and have the insects
destroyed, than to risk the whole crop.

.ToHN B. Eiin thought that this practice of
manuring would apply to trees in bearing, but
objected to it in the case of young trees, as
tending to force tliem into too rapid growth.
The object should be to grow them hardy and
solid, which might be better done on groiuid
not t(io rich ; young trees thus grown would
stand the wiiUer better. When fully come
into bearing he would cultivate and manure.

Prof. Rathvon said the lecturer remarked
incidentally that severe drought prevented the
production of insects injurious to the fruit.
This brought up an important fact, which may
not be generally known. Two conditions of
the weather are destructive to these insects in
their larva- and pupa state. In raising insects,
in which he had considerable experience, he
had been frequently defeated by either too
much moisture or too much drought. In the
one case they will rot, and in the other dry
out. In breeding moths from caterpillars, a
process which, in many instances, requires
parts of two seasons, he had often failed, by
not securing the proper conditions of moisture.
In seasons of extreme drought very few insects
mature. One reason is that in their unde-
veloped state they are partial to succulent
vegetation, and when that is dried up they
don't get well fed. Tough as are the Curculio,
they will die in dry earth, as he had discovered
l>y experiment. Moderate moisture is neces-
sary to the breeding of insects ; and that is
why some, and especially the striped apple
tree borers, deposit their eggs aljout the roots
of trees, away from the sun, except some spe-
cies which cover their eggs with a protective
glue to screen them from the sun ; others are
affected by excessive moisture. Millions of the
" chinch bugs " perish in the west from tliis
cause.

As liearing somewhat on the subject under
discussion, Prof. Rathvon said he would read
a short article written by Prof. C. V. Riley,
of St. Louis, for the New York Trihuue. He
had prepared a paper covering a different
ground on the same topic for the March num-
ber of The Faioiek. He read as follows:

IS THE COLORADO BEETLE POISONOUS?

This question, which waR very fully (liseussed, pro
.iiid con, between the ye.ars 18fi.5 anil 1870, and settled
in the affirmative, has been revived asrain by Prof. T.
J. Burrill, of the Illinois Industrial University, who
published an item which went the rounds of the
acrieultural press, to the effect that the insect is not
l)oisonous ; a statement he supported by the fact that
he had rubbed the juice of the mashed insect into a
flesh cut, and had some accidentally squirted into his
eye without any injurious effects resulting:. Now, I
would not CO to the extent of a certain sarcastic
Chicago professor, who affirms that he could fix up a
decoction from the dead beetles that would cause a
vacancy in the chair of Vcaretable Physiology and
Horticulture in the Illinois industrial University if
Prof. Burrill inhaled it. and susfrcsts that there are
certain animals that poison v/ill not affect, and that
Prof. B. may be one of them ; nor to the extreme of
a Philadelphia physician, who asserts that the tinc-
ture from this beetle is the most virulent of insect
poisons, that "nothing can be compared with it ex-
cept tlie Areas of Midna in Persia, and the Coya in
the Valley Neyba, in Popavan, South America," ac-
eordinc t^ " Ulloa'e Travels," vol. 1, page US.

Yet there arc so many well authenticated cases of
poisonin''- Iiy the fumes' from the scalded insects, that
it is surprising that Prof. Burrill should have so
stoutly assumed the negative of the question without
further research and exiierinient. It is as if I, who
am not affected by poison-ivy or bee-sting, should
insist on the harmlessncss of either in the face of
their well-known poisonous qualities and theirdanger
to many persons. I know of physicians who persist
in disbelieving that death was ever eaiised by colu-
brine poison, because they have never known a fatal
case of snake-bite in their own experience ; but skep-
ticism of that which is outside one's own experience
usually dwells luost where that experience is limited.
Since rny experience with the Colorado potato beetle,
three ^ases of its poisonous influence have been re-
ported to me by persons in whose judgment and
veracity I have the utmost confldence; and, without
for a monient doubting the facts Prof. Burrill has
recorded, which are valuable as far as they go, I
woidd simply say that they do not go far enough,
and he has liot solved the whole truth of the matter.
That the juices of the mashed insects on the human
skin are as a rule harmless, is proved by the.hosts of
farmers who have crushed them liy hand, and I can
testify to the fact from my own experience; indeed,
scarcely any one whohashad experience believes the
wild stories" of the poisonous nature of these juices.
Yet the rule is not without exceptions, and I do not
doubt that with blood in certain bad conditions per-
sons have been poisoned by gettinig said juices into
wounds or cuts.- But to the cases of undoubted poiscm-
ing from this insect— cases that have in some in-
stances been serious, and even proved fatal— and
not from the juices of the body, but from inhalation
of the fuuK'S arising from tlie bruising or crushing <>f
large masses, and esi)ecially by burning or scalding
large quantities at a time. Tlie poison seems to be

of a very volatile nature, and to produce swelling,
pain and nausea, very much as other animal poisons
do, and Dr. R. C." Kuden, of Joliet, 111., who, as
quoted liy Dr. Hale (Trans. N. Y. Med. Soc, 18T4),
experimented on himself by taking the saturated
tincture internally— increasing the dose daily from
two to twenty drops— experienced great disturbance
of the bowels, swelling of the extremeties, bloated
face, protruding eyes, "fever, great thirst, and desire
for something acid.

From the present state of the case, therefore, while
there can be little danger in the cautious killing of
the insect in the field, I would not advise recklessness
in handling it in large quantities; and we should
especially guard against collecting and destroying it
by scalding or burning, in such quantities. There is
no longer any occasion for thus collecting and de-
stroying the insects ; and since the custom of tackling
the enemy with the Paris Creen mixture came into
vogue, we have heard much less of "potato-bug"
poisoning. I shall be glad to receive, individually, or
through the widely circulated columns of the Tribune,
any experience on this subject, and especially well
authenticated reports of poisoning. Let the facts be
stated as briefly as possible, with the name and ad-
dress of the writer in full.

Prof. R. pronounced this one of the best
articles on the subject he had seen. He also
related an instance of a neighbor, who, with
his wife and children, undertook to tight the
potato bug by crushing them in thousands
witli their hands, no bad effects resulting from
it, except that one of the children got a little
sick. Finding that slaughtering was a failure
he resorted to Paris green and got poisoned,
though that was owing to the injudicious
handling of it, as he considered its application
entirely harmless if properly applied. He said
however, that some persons were more consti-
tutionally i>redisposed to poisoning than others.
lie had never been poisoned in his life, while
others could not come within its intluence
with impunity.

UNCLAIJIED PREMIUMS.

As he had to leave. Prof. Rathvon stiid he
-■--'- ,een

mimit-

had in his possession SflO.2."), which had
put in his hands as chairman of the Com
tee on Awards at last exhiliition, which had
not been called for by the parties to whom the
premiums had been awarded, and' which he
would now hand to the treasurer.

THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE.

Epiiraim Hoover, from the Special Com-
mittee appointed at the previous meeting to
investigate the case in Manheim township,
where five acres of potatoes had been eaten by
the potiito bug while a half acre separated
only by a fence had escaped, the condition of
soil and culture beiug apparently the same,
reported that the one lot was on the North
side of the fence and the other on the
the South side, the rows running at right
angles with the fence. The lot on the North
side was planted with Early Rose, Mercer and
Peerless ; that on the south side, with Early
Rose, Jackson AVhites and Pink-eyes. The
crop on the North side was the most injured,
nearly destroyed, and of the varieties the
Mercer was iiij tired the least. On the South
side of the fence there were very few bugs,
and little injury done, and of the varieties the
Early Rose was the least aftectcd. This w;is a
new piece of land ; the other had been long
under cultivation. He conversed with the
cultivators of both lots. They say the crops
were planted and taken up about the same
time. They could account for the differ-
ence in the ravages of the bug in no otiier
way than by the difference in the land, that
on 'which the crop was so little injured having
but recently been broken up.

Wm. McComsey stated that he had corre-
sponded with a number of farmers with a view
to elicit new facts. The general opinion seemed
to prevail that in order to lietid off the ravages
of the Colorado pottito beetle, potatoes should
be pUmted as early in the season as they can
be got in. The sentiment Is— plant early; and
the prevailing opinion also seems to be that the
Early Rose variety was the least aft'ected.

.Jno. AV. Erb said his experience was that
the bugs liked the Early Rose just as well when
they could get no other to eat; and he seriously
doiiljfed whether thev would be alile to get
ahead of the bugs by any such devices ;is early
planting, or changing varieties. When the

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

f;ronnii gets warm the bugs will bo cerfaiu to
be on hand.

('AscKi; Hil.LKl! thonglit the only effective
remedy lay in jioinoning them, and there was
no dithcnltv in doing it. Last year, witli two
jioinids of I'aris (ireen, lie had effeetually poi-
soned the pest on the (Toii of a lialf aere. It
re(iiiired bnt a single applieation during the
sea.son. He took an ordinary ean, perforated
it, placed it on a liandle, aiul dnsted tlie mix-
ture—one part of I'aris (ireen to twenty parts
of line? lime — carefully on each row.

EniitAiM 1I()()\'KK relateil his experience
with varictie.s. He planted Early Host; and
then sent f<ir a new variety from anotlier local-
ity. They wi'replaided seventy-five or one hun-
dred yards apart. The hugs nearly stripped tlie
first lot (Karly Rose) ; got at his neighbor's
next, but atlaclvcd his second lot at last witli
lis great voracity as tliey did tlie lirst.

.Jntu. AV. Eiii! said tliat last year on ground
wliere potatoes had been planted the year be-
fore the bugs lirst m.ide tlieir appearance, cat
them up, (they were Early Rose,) and then
went at the Peerless and strijiped them.

Hknky M. E.vfiLE said lie tliought tliey
would all come, finally, to the coiichision whieli
he reached with liis first experience with tlie
beetle. This pest made its lirst aiijiearance in
L.aneastercounty at ISIarietta. He also, at first,
thought they juvferred certain varieties ; but
found that the following year they preferred
another variety. They are no doulit attracted
to old potato ground liecause their larva; were
there. They love company. He don't tliiiik
varieties have anything to do with it ; tliey
■will attack the entire SdUinum family. Their
disposition to concentrate on patches is not
singular. The cucumber lieetle, or "lady-
bug," do the same thing. They generally con-
centrate, and clear out tlie liills as they go —
th.at has been his experience for twent3' or
thirty years. If not checked they will go on
until the entire crop is destroyed. He infers
tliat it is the same with the potato beetle,
without regard to .season, variety or planting.

In reply to some interrogations bj' Mr.
Pownall and others, Mr. Eiigle said there was
not much use in applying Palis Green to the
mature lieetle ; but the young larvie arc easily
killed by it. As they grow older the mucous
matter in which they are enveloped leaves
them and tlie poison has then very little effect.
Some old fellows jiut into a vessel over night
ill which they were enveloped in Paris Green,
were " lively " in the morning. When applied
at the proper time it does not take much— one
aiiplicatioii of one ]iart Parii^Green to twenty
parts of Hour or lime, if the conditions of the
weatlier are favorable, may do. It depends on
■ whether it is washed olf by rains how often it
must be repeated. He a))proved of early plant-
ing as favorable to securiiiga crop. This seems
to be the prevailing sentiment among the far-
mers, and it is iva.sonable.

THE LANCASTKK FAiniEI! COMMENDED.

Wm. McCoMSEYsaid he had a desire to spiNak
awordforTiiELANCASTEH Fah.mek. Ilehad
been a subscriber since it has been in existence;
but th(; last two numbers he had read with spe-
cial interest from first to last, and he wasfiee
to say that both the original and .selected arti-
cles possessed the deepest interest and liigliest
merit. Although he was not much of a fanner,
evi'ry article was of very great interest to him,
aiidhethoughtanyoneof them worth his year's
subscription. CiTtainly any one of the inniibers
issued in the new form was worth a year's sub-
scription to any farmer. lie was sorry, to see
the editor's statement — knowing that gentle-
man as lie did — that he had given six years of
labor to it without reward. This was a poor
recognition of his sendees to the fanners, for
informatioji imparted which it re([iiir(d years
of study and observation to qualify himself to
impart. He really thought the farmersof Lan-
caster county owed him a more sulistantial re-
cognition than they had given. In what way
can tliey do it better than to at once i)lacetlie
journal in which he takes such a deep interest
on a jiayiug basis V And why not do it? It
should iiave a larger circulation than any other
local journal, for it is especially devoted to the

interests of the largest element of our pojjnla-
tion. The better it is sustained the more will
each subscriber get for his money; foihe knows
that the enterprising publishei-s will make it
still better, in proiiortion to the |iati'onage re-
ceived, until it shall be sought after abroad as
one of the best farm journals of the day.

Hkn'uy M. E.\(ii,E said the gentleman who
had just spoken had fully expressed his views.
He had been urging the circulation of Tht
l'\(,iiiii r among his friends and believed that it
would now be a success under its new nian-
agenient. It might be slow work. Our farm-
ers are in some things regarded as a little
slow ; and he feared from what he learned
from the publishers, that our farmers may let
outsiders "steal a march on them ;" but he was
confident they will come out right in the end.

ErilKAiM iloovKli said he would ad<l, that
so far as his experience and observation went,
he never knew any business to succeed as well
as that in which those who were engaged
availed themselves of the best sources of infor-
mation. The lawyer must be familiar with
the literature of his profession; the doctor
with his ; and so witli every profession and
occupation— all deem it necessary to read tlie
organ of their calling, and they who thus keep
themselves best posted in the current literature
of their profession are, other things being
eipial, the most successful. When lie was a
teacher he would not have thought of doing
without reading Thv SclidolJow-fiai — and what
progressive teacher would ? And if there is
any one profession or occupation more impor-
tant than another, in its relations to the
material interests of the human family, it is
agriculture ; for, as Webster has tersely put
it, "the farmer is the founder of civilization."
A great many farmers who may not read, may
be good farmers ; but they must in some way
come in contact with the thought and expe-
rience of others who have read up, in order
to keep jiosted ; and these are receiving val-
uable information at the exjiense of otlier.s.
How much belter to get their information at
first hands — from some good, reliable organ of
their own calling — and he knew of none better
than our own — The Laiiamtn- Fanner Every
farmer should read his own local journal first
— then as many others as he could aftiird to
take or find time to read. It often happens
that a single article may be worth a whole
year's subscription in the information cf>n-
veyed on a particular point. For his own
part he regarded the Household Recipes in
The Fanner as well worth all he paid for it,
and he believed the day would come when the
farmers of Ijancaster county would be proud
of their organ.

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS.

S. p. EiiY, esq., presented sjiecimens of
apples bought in our local market, which he
claimed to be the (Jolden I'ipiiin ; but
Mr. Ililler said the question of identity of
this apple was raised at the Fruit (irowers'
Meeting at York, where the Eastern men
claimed that it was the Rhode Island Green-
ing, perhaps somewhat modified by cultivation
in our soil.

J. M. W. Geist presented specimens of
aiiples from H. B. Reist, of Spring (Jarden,
claimed to be Smith's Cider, noted for ]ir<ililic
bearing. Some doubt was expressed as to
whether they were really of this variety, Imt
Mr. Ililler lielieved they were.

1). L. Resu, llorist, of {'oliinibia, exhibited
very fine specimens of cut (lowers, including
varieties of roses, hyacinths, tulips, joii<|uils,
narcissus, azalias, geraniinns and carnations.
Among the roses were. Empress Eugenie,
Anne de Driesbach, Aggrippina, C'els, Iler-
mosa, Lauretta, and .several other varieties.

IlENiiY M. Engle also exhibted a choice
c<ille(-tioii of llowers handsomely grown.

A vote of thanks was tendered to C'asiier
Ililler for his valuable essay on "Our Orch-
ards."

BUSINESS FOR NEXT MEETING.

The following questions were proposed for
discussion at next meeting:

What is the best method of increasing the
fertility and productiveness of the soil V ■

AVliat .system of farming is best adapted to
Lancaster county V

The following questions proposed at the
February meeting lie over:

What is the best method of wintering cattle?

AVliat tries are most profitable to grow for
fencing and fuel ?

AVhat is the best food for milch cows?

AVliat variety of corn produces the most
bu.shels per acre ?

The next meeting will be lield on Monday,
the fifth day of April, at two o'clock p. in., iu
the Orphans' Court Room.

Progress of the Patrons of Husbandry in
Lancaster County.*

Buotheus and SisTiclis: In union there
is strength; in a multitude of counsellors
there is wisdom; iu prosperity there is \»)\y-
ularity. So goes the world. \Vhen any new
idea is advanced, it is almost uiiiviT.sally
sneered at and ridiculed ; but as soon as
enough persons announce themselves favorable
to it to make it fashionable, every one will
accept it. There was a time when it was very
uniiopularto be a member of church ; .so much
Vo that the adherents had to keeii it very ,
dark. It was then, to all intents and pur-
po.ses, a, nerret Kockt;/ ; Ixit now it -is the very
first mode of one desiring to be known as a
fashionable, intelligent jierson. There was a
time when it was very unpoimlar to wear a
moustache ; now you can scarcely find a real
"gentleman" without one ; nuicn more likely
to find young men so anxious to have them
that they strain the roots in their endeavors
to push them before the time. So it is with
the Patrons of Husbandry in this county.
The brave pioneers who undertook to present
to our people the blessings and iK'uefits slum-
bering in its sacred keeping had an up-hill
business, and for a long time did a thankless
work, subject to the jeers and jests of nearly
all who knew them, and to the open denunci-
ation of those who in their ignorance iinagined
that the (Jrder would work them injury. Rut
how is it now? Granges are being started in
every section of the county. Where one jier-
son joined then, ten join now, and soon it will
be twenty. The more who join, the more will
want to join, partly because the objects are
better understood, but princii>ally Ijecause it
is becoming fashionable ; because it is becom-
ing jiopiilar; because there are .so many iier-
sons in this world, like a false horse, always
ready to lend a hand when the thing is going,
but very careful not to help as long as it has
not got a good start ; so that if it should tail
to go, they might have the exijuisite plea.sure
of saying, " I told you so." Did you ever see
the boys ninning with an old-time fire engine ?
It was hard work for a few zealous firemen to
start it, and get up the speed ; bnt once
started, the others fell in, and the faster it
went, the more were anxious to take hold;
the less work there was to do, the more would
oiler to help do it, until then? were so m.auy
that they were in each others' way. From
this I wish you to take the hint that there is
.such a thing as too much help crowding in
when it is not wanted; and you always find
that they are most likely to be the persons
who are not wanteil. So, as faithful, true
members, we must man oiir port-holes and
guard well our gates, and not let any one get
hold of our rope who will lie in our way, and
wliDiii wi' will soon wish away ; for it is ex-
tremely easy to admit a lierson to a brother or
sisterhood, but to sever the bands is acconi-
lianieil Willi some unpleasantness. There are
a great many jiersons in this county whohas'e
in their veins some? of the old anti-.\Iasonic
blood, and liave had the hatred of secret
.societies drilleil into them from their youth
— yes, verily, ingrafted into them on their
mothers' brea.sts I I know that .some before
me this day are amongst that ninnber, and
I acknowledge mysidf as one. Rut any per-
son of a reasonable turn of mind can see that

*.\u jicidrfHS deliverfd l»'foio the Klranlmrp flntnge. by
the GmuKe lec'urcr, M B. Khhlemak, ou Saturday after-
noon, Feb. 13, 1875.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

there is so much difference between our order
and the old-time secret societies, that tliere
is no similarity at all, except in name, and it
is very easy for a stern opponent of the latter
to become a Patron of Husbandry. The invent-
ors and early advocates of anti-Masonry were
women, who, chagrined because not eligible to
membership, and knowing that it is not good
for man to be alone, felt it to be their sacred
duty to oppose any doctrine which involved a
division of the sexes. Concerning our order,
there is no room for jealousy on the part of our
wives and sisters; and I feel certain that if the
old orders had admitted the wife and the grown
up children, there never would have been any
auti-Masom"y, and we would have been saved
the trouble of out-gi'owing our early impres-
sions, and of out-reasoning our strong preju-
dices. Again, I insist that the principal argu-
ments of those who advocated anti-Masonry,
and the churcli laws which denounced secret
societies, would not stand against our Order,
because they were not made with reference to
it. It is a new arrangement, gotten up for a
different object, with different principles, and
conducted in such a diti'erent manner that the
old arguments fall flat before it. I need scarcely
tell you, brothers and sisters, tliat the founders
of the Patrons of Husbandry were men of th^
very first class; that the gentleman who wrote
out the ritual was Rev. A. B. Grosh, a native
of this county, a high-toned and very excellent
clergyman of Washington, D. C, and that the
members to-day are of the most advanced far-
mers. Wherever they are found, they are men
of progress, men of i)rinciple, men of honor,
men of religion, men who would disdain to do
a mean act, or to advocate an unjust cause,
and, as you well know, can have no possible
object in asking friends to Ijecome Patrons ex-
cept for their good. When I became a mem-
ber, I obtained all the benefits to be derived
from the order ; that is, a full right to the ad-
vantages that will accrue while I remain a
member; and have nothing whatever to gain
by introducingothers,except their thanks wlien
they come to realize the favor I have conferred
on them; and I assure you, I have received
many thanks that I believe to be from the heart.
I will not weary you with any remarks about
the money we have saved by our special ar-
rangements with wholesale merchants, for that
you know as well as I do; butat the end of the
year I will prepare a consolidated report, and
I feel assured that we will all be astonished at
the amount of it. But under the head of social
features, I desire to impress on your memories,
that to obtain the full benefit from any Asso-
ciation, whether it be church, school, lyceiun,
board of trade, beneficiary society or grange,
it is necessary to be an active member, to attend
as much as possible all the meetings, to know
all that is going on, to take part in the debates
and try to do one's full share of bringing in in-
teresting subjects for discussion and informa-
tion for the benefit of the other members; for
the most ignorant person living knows some
things that no one else knows. Ami if every
person in the world witldield his knowledge,
would there be any advancement ? Certainly
not; the world would go backward every day.
Selfishness is the greatest evil in the world; it
is the root of all evil, of all folly and crime, all
sin; it has no jjlacc amongst us. In its stead,
we must cultivate charity, meekness, liberal
views, the golden rule, the principles of true
piety and religion. Tlien and only then will
we fulfill the objects and intentions, and .sym-
bolize the three emblems of our order — "Faith,
Hope, and Charity."

Our discussions on Agricultural and House-
keeping siilijects are calculated to do us all
good, and the only reason that we have not
had more timetod'evole totliem, is on account
of the time required to give instruction to the
new members at every meeting; Ijut we can
look for Ijctter times liefore long, because all
who are eligible will be within our fold, and
then we will have more time, and can make
more rapid strides in tlie scientific investiga-
tion of advanced Inisljandry, horticulture and
pomology, in household economy, and ways
and means whereby we can make our money

procure for us the greatest amount of comfort,
and how we shall obtain the most enjoyment
and benefit from our social meetings, and con-
trive ways that we may have time from our
work to enjoy more of them. Human beings
were never created to be slaves, and those
who, actuated by avarice, or enveloped in the
clouds of ignorance, make slaves of themselves,
disgrace the divine form they wear, and offer
an insult to the All-wise Creator. Brothers
and sisters, farmers and farmers' wives, we
will rise from the ranks of slavery ; we will be
free men and free women ; we will honor the
divine form given to us, and in our contact
with each other and the world ever be guided
by our sacred emblems. In conclusion, I will
quote a stanza from the farmer's poet, Geo. F.
Root, of Chicago :

" Brothers of the plough !

The power is with you ;

The world in expectation waits

For action prompt and true.

Oppression stalks abroad,

Moiioplies abound —

Their giant hands already clutch

The tillers of the ground.

Awake ! then, awake !

The great world must be fed,

And heaven gives the power

To the hand that holds the bread."

The Number of Granges.

There are 490 Granges of the Patrons of
Husbandry in this State, of which there are
eiglit in Lanca.ster county. The following are
their nominal and numerical designations, with
location of Grange, names of Master and Sec-
retary, and their post-otHce address :

Ko. 3, Octoraro, Octoraro : Master, Jesse
Brosius, Octoraro; Rec. Secretary, Harry
Davis, Octoraro.

No. 62, Strasburg, Strasburg : Master, J. H.
Breckbill, Strasburg ; Secretary, E. C, Mussel-
man, Strasburg.

No. 6(5, Fulton, Fulton : Master, J. G. Mc-
Sparran, Green P. O, ; Secretarj', Day Wood,
Goshen P, O,

No. 80, Oak Hill, Little Britain ; Master,
B. S. Patterson, Oak Hill ; Secretary, W. R.
Wright, Oak Hill.

No. 87, Union, Colerain: Master, W. N.
Bunting, Colerain ; Secretary, J. R. Jackson,
Colerain.

No. 161, Sadsbury, Christiana : Master, C.
B. Moore, Christiana ; Secretary, W. P. Brin-
ton, Christiana.

No. 224, Donegal, Marietta: Master, Colin
Cameron, Marietta ; Secretary, John A, Gar-
ber, Maytown.

No. 441, Silver Spring, West Hempfield twp:
Master, Jacoli H. Hershey, Silver Spring ;
Secretary, WeKster L. Hershey.

If we liave omitted any in the foregoing list
we shall be pleased to supply the omission and
also to give the time of the stated meetings of
the different Granges.

The growth of the Order of the Patrons
of Husbandry throughout the south is remark-
able. In Alabama there are reported to be
641 Granges, with 32,000 members ; in Florida
108 Granges, with r),r)00 members; in Arkan-
sas, .521 Granges, with 21,000 members ; while
in other States there are numerous lodges
with large membership.

LETTERS, QUERIES AND ANSWERS.

The Fronclin Apple : In the February
issue of The Farmer an error occurred in
Mr. Engle's ])aper on "Lancaster County
Apples," (page 23) where one of our native
varieties, not located by Downing, printed
Franklin, should read Fuonchn.

An Echo from Tennessee.

Through the kindness of Mr. C. H. Stoltzfus, for-
merly of t he old Keystone State, I had the pleasure
of [jerusing the January No. of " The Farmer," with
which I am greatly pleased and deeply interested. I
am requested to ask, through your very valuable and
ably edited journal, that some one or more of the in-
telligent larmers of Lancaster county will write a few
articles for The Farmer, giving a general description
of the farm barns of said county ; the mode of mak-
ing, treating and using manure ; mode of burning and
applying lime, and the general system of rotation of
crops.

These are considered practical questions, and vital
to the ultimate succcess of agriculture in all sections,
and particularly in the State of Tennessee. If you
will lay this subject before your readers, you will
confer a very great favor. — John G. Caulkins,
Knoxville, Tenn., Feb. 1.5, 1875.

Herein is an ample opportunity for some of
our intelligent farmers to imitate the example
which we endeavored to portray in the leading
editorial of our present number. The farmers
of Lancaster county occujiy an elevated posi-
tion in the esteem of their brother farmers all
over the Union, where Lancaster coimty is
known ; and their experiences upon the sub-
jects enumerated by our correspondent would
have as much — if not more — weight than com-
ing from any other district in the country, es-
pecially among tliose who "were to the manor
born. " We hope, therefore, that for the benefit
of those who may need it, both at home
and abroad, the above suggestions will meet
with a ready and cheerful response. Our torch
of intellignnce will not burn less brightly by
lighting the torch of our neighljor. Every
man on this earth has a mission to perform.
Twice happy is he who discovers, even faintly,
what that mission is liefore his career has
ended, and thrice happy if he attempt to per-
form it when the discovery is made, however
feeble and imperfect the effort may be. We
are not the special advocatet of " much speak-
ing" merely for the sake of speaking, but
we woidd have men tell what they know on
any and all subjects connected with the health,
happiness and prosperity of the human family.
Without the products of the farm, human
society could not possibly exist. Practically
the vegetable kingdom is the basis of the
animal kingdom, and upon which the latter
subsists.

The Potato Beetle : The illustrated
article on this destructive pest, which will
appear in our next issue will alone be worth
more to any potato-grower than a year's »ul)-
scription to The Farmer. Now is the time
to subscrilie. Form clubs. Ten farmers club-
bing to etiier can get it a year for only
seventy-five cents each !

About Farmers' Wives.

I NOTICED in the last numberof your valuable jour-
nal an article dated from Elizabethtown. That name
always excites my interest, not because of anything
remarkable having transpired at that place, but be-
cause it is my native town ; and, though I have long
since lost all special interest in the place, I never catch
sight or sound of the name but what a crowd of pleas-
ant memories chase themselves through my mind,
memories of the careless, happy days of my boyhood,
and I seem to live over again those bright, joyous days.
And reading over the article merely for this cause, I
became interested in it for its own sake, or rather for
the sake of its ** fair author," LcoHne. She withheld
her consent to have her husband discontinue The
Lancaster Farmer, and deserves to be warmly
credited for the firmness and sensibility exhibited in
that attitude. Her fortunate husband has reason to
be proud of his wife. I wish we had many such far-
mers' wives. Would not our agricultural interests
nourish ? How many more such wide-awake farmei's'
wives are there in old Lancaster county, who will use
their intluencc in getting husband, friend or neighbor
to subscribe for or continue The Farmer, or other
agriculttiral papers? In many cases, wives have a
great inlluenee in such matters, and it often becomes
necessary for them to use that influence. Surely all
farmers eet back the worth of their money, and more
than legal interest to boot, in i;ivinga liberal support
to the agricultural journals of the country, and espe-
cially the " home journals." I take quite a number
of these agricultural papers, and find their cost trivial
compared to the ample remuueration received by their
careful perusal. I was asked by some one to-day.
Don't it cost awful to get so many papers ? ,\Iy reply
was, It costs awful not to get them: they contain too
much valuable information which would be a loss for
us not to know. Ihope " Leoline " will give us some
hints also, in reference to the managing of her house-
hold all'airs, her vegetable and flower ganlens. I ven-
ture to predict they will be worth reading. We shall
look for them. — T. il., Mercersburg, I'a., Feb. lOth,
187.5.

We liardly know which to connnend most,
" Leoline " or " T. M." Both are highly com-

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

pliiupntary to us, and both evince a literary
and (lonii'slicaiiiiri'i-iation nfaninre tlian ordi-
nary character. We I'cel sincerely tliai\kfid to
both of tlieni lortlie interest tliey seem loinani-
fest in our helialf, and hope to hear from them,
on tojiics familiar to them, "many a time and
often."

Our chief ambition is to make our jour-
nal a reflex of the Illegal sentiment and domes-
tic experience of the (leople, and especially that
class anionic the peojile not too proud to "eat
tlieir bread by the sweat of their brows;" and
we liail every manifestation of interest in thi'
labor we are enija^ed in, as so many "sreeii
spots in the dcstrt of our days." In tliiscoTi-
nection we desire to make two suggestions. 1.
No pcr.son can ever learn to write without
wriiimj. 2. Nomatterhow imperfectly an article
is written, if it contains a trutli worth know-
ing it will always be welcome to the drawer of
the_ editor. If tlie readers of The FAltsiElt
act on these suggestions, their efforts will be
" twice blest " without a peradventure.

Something About Blackberries.

" WImt kind of blaikberrios should we plant?"

This question has not been satisfactorily answered
yet, and 1 ean only answer for my own locality ; for,
I think much depends on loealily and the natuiv of
the soil, iV:e. But after a trial of more than half a
dozen kinds, I would say plant the Lawtons and
Kittitinys in the same pateh, but not in the same
row, (unless you only plant one row.) This will make
the Kitlitiny fruit do mueli better than it sometimes
does by itself, and 1 don't think there is a tietter berry to
be found than it is when £;rown to perfection. I don't
mean to say that these liave no faults. But they have
also flood qualities. The Lawtou is a jjreat bearer of
largre jjlump berries, the stalks are strong growers
and should be innehed off when three or four feet
hiirh, so as to form trees or bushes that need no "fix-
ing up," and it also Ibrms more fruit buds. But the
stalks will sometimes freeze — the wood or buds — in a
very eold winter. I have not notieed the yellow fun-
gus on them ; but a few stalks were attacked with a
roughness in the leaf and blossoms that looked like
" foxy " tobaeeo stalks, and of course it atfeeted the
fruit some. But there were some Ijerrieson the same
stalks (I don't know what the disease is called); the
blossoms have a very unnatural and bloated appear-
ance. I should like to know something about it.

The Kittitinvs are large, long berries, sweet and
very palatable. The busli is large and a fast grower,
endures the eold a trille better than the Lawtons; it
is sometimes a sliy bearer when planted by itself. It
gets the yellow fungus tionietimes, and all such stalks
should be destroyed as soon as notieed. They are also
troubled with the Ijorer at the roots, and tlie bushes
die out sooner than Lawtons, and need replanting
ofteucr. And there is something else the mutter with
about half of my Kittitiny patch that I can't under-
stand. It goes ahead of my knowledge box.

The one-half of the rows, that is, the cast end of
each row, is all that ean be desired for bearing good,
perfect ripe fruit in abundance ; while the west end
.of each row hioks as well, or rather better, and blos-
soms well and sets fruit well, grows well until about
the time the first tierries commence to turn red, then
the point or outer end of the berries seems as though
something sueked the juiee out, and it dries up while
the hut end mostly ripens a few seeds, or sometimes
more than half the length of the boi-ries, and some-
times a few are good enough to pick. Now, I would
like to kuow what is the causcof the entire loss of the
fruit on one end of my pateh. They are not quite as
close to the Lawtons as I would wish to have them,
but I don't think that causes all the trouble. I have
watched for insects and seen some, but dcm't think
they did it, for the green berries showed the shrink-
ing, dried appearance at the out ends, as well as the
ripe ones. But where they do well they are hard to
beat, and I mean to try them at another place ; lor I
think this dilfieulty can be overcome. J am not as
Diueli concerned about the yellow fungus, tor I oidy
lost a few stalks by it so fur, while the other takes
half of my patch. I have seen the yellow fungus on
the wild blackberries ui a thicket along the roadside
in Lampeter Square, very bad for several seasons past
—it seems to be spreading. 1 have tried the Wilson,
it didn't pay ; I tried Missouri Mammoth, (all mam-
moth but the berries ;) I tried White Blackberries,
(a nuisance) " good for nix ;" I tried two varieties
called Thornless — they may have less thorns, but they
have plenty of jaggcrs, and the fruit oidy middling
and not worth cultivating, tiive me the good old
Lawton and the Kittitiny in perfection, and I think it
is all that could be desired, (except the jaggers.)—
J. B. E., LUne VulU'y, Laii. county^ I'a.

There is a beautiful little pea-green motlL,*
the hii-m of which attacks the ripe fruit of the
raspberry, excavating galleries through it in

'Aptodis rubivora.

various directions, and, of course, destroying
it, partially or totally ; and |iossibly this insect
may also infest the" fruit of tlie lilackberry :
altliough from our contributor's dcscripticin,
we should think sonietliing else was the mat-
ter. We hope some |)ractical blackberry grower
will give him some light upon this subjecit. It
can haidly have a climatic cause, or bilth ends
of the rows would be alike all'ected. It may
be in the nature of the soil, dilleri'nce in eleva-
tion, or a rankiu'.ss of growth. Will J. B. K.
institute a series of close observations the com-
ing season, and, as soon as the rot appears,
send us .some of the berries.

The Horse's Foot.

I see notices from dill'ercnt eorresjxmdents of agrl-
enltural journals, in reference to the horse's foot — as
it is the support of that noble animal — how it should
be treated ; Jiow he should be fe<i, Ac. Now I do not
propose to get up a discussion on tfds point, but will
try to give my reasons for differing with some other
people.

One correspondent informs us that too much strong
feed has a tendency to create fever, and hence the
foot will become brittle. If this be so, my impression
is, that the feed, providing it has a tendency to injure
the foot, would have the same tendency to cause the
liorse 1(1 lose his eyesight. Again : they recommend
plenty of hay. Now, as for hay alone, I think it a poor
substitute; for, according to some of our best veter-
inary authorities, it is not very highly reeommended.
But to go back to the frmt, and lookat the subject a
little, it is apparent, that to have a good foot, have a
good, first-rate No. 1 mechanic to shoe him, and you
need never fear of your horse having bad feet.

About two-thirds of the smiths know nothing atiout
shoeing the horse. They think that burning the shoe
on to make it level, and driving in the nails, leaving
the elim'hes half an inch long, cutting great chunks
from the sides and toe of the foot— (/lis I say, they
call shueinij, and this is the way they are learning to
be good horseshoers.

In order for a smith to become a good horseshoer
he must give the subject close attention, and this too
from the very first start in the business, and then
success will erown his efforts. I have known men to
go ten miles to have their horses prupcrly shod.

But this article is rather of a negative character,
and as such, may be too much of a trespasser upon
your time and space. I will therefore close tiy prom-
ising in my next to describe as to how horses" sliouM
be shod, and the kind of shoes that should he used
in order to insure good feet to those noble animals. —
J. Q. T., Vet. Surg., .Varietia, .Uarah 1, lHr.5.

We know next to notliing about "horse-
flesh,'.' and perhaps less about "horse feet,"
but we have no doubt our correspondent will
be able to ventilate the subject to the satis-
faction of our readers, who may be "horse
fanciers."

The Persimmon.
I see the almve fruit noticed in the February num-
ber and deservedly reeommended as a desirabli' fruit,
by our friend C. lliller. There is, however, unolhcr
short article in the same number, jirobably by the edi-
tor, which is not correct. He says, "The JHoxpijriu
Icald, or Chinese Persimmon, is represented as being
as large as an apple. This is a mistake. I had the
Kaki in bearing years ago; it is smaller than our
native varieties, but deliciously sweet. The bark of
this variety is yellow, and the leaves imrtake of the
same color, while the Japan rersimmon is said to be
as large as a good sized apple. It is eaten with a
spoon. The bark of the Japan variety is dark brown,
the [ilant far more robust, thick shoots, leaves large
and thick, of a dark green color. Hon. J. llogg, of
Brooklyn, N. Y., who first introduced the Japan vari-
ety, he truvelin;,' in Japan, suei'ccded in fruiting it in
the open air i]i 1S71 or bSTli, but the cold winter of
IST.i killed all his trees. Ilesent me four small plants.
These all froze to the irround; two of them sprouted
up from the roots. These I took up ami planted in
lioxes, whiTi' I now have them in the green house.
South of liallimore they will he perfectly hanlv. In
ordinary winters they will he hardy he're, especially
if planted on elevated grounds, but an occasional col j
winter will assuredly cut them down. So, however
desirable, we cannot depeud on their being a fruit that
we ean grow out in the open air. — J. B. (lAitnEK.

We confess thtit "large as an apple," is
almost as indctinite as a iigure of comparison
as to say " large as a piece of chalk ; " still we
cannot see that our statement "is not correct,^'
if our mUhnriUj is correct.

Rind, on i)age .'(71, s:iys, "the Kaki, or
Cliinese Date-Plum {Dios]iiimx A-oAi) is a tree
of middle size, bearing a fruit about the size
of an apple, of a reddish orange color, a
very luscious fruit, with a brownish semi-trans-

[larent jiulp. Tlic fruit of one species is dried
with sugar like ligs,"and another author says
they are "superior to ligs. "

All depends now upon what kind of an
api)le Rind had in his mind when he wrotf the
above vagiiede.scription— whether a "Siberian
crab," or a "pound-apple."

The (luestion seems to be one of a purely
.scientilic character— whether William Kind,
or oin- friend .1. (i. 15., was wrong in his
idtmtilicationof Dliisjii/rax kaki; as for ourself
we "kick out" of all individual responsibility
— p.\cei)t the— "it is represented."

That our venerable friend did not succeed
in growing tht^ fruit of the kaki a.s large as it
is said to grow in (Jhinti, is not at all surprising.
Neither did he grow the Scup|iernong grape
as hirge ;is they grow it in the South— Georgia
for instance. Tiiere are ('limatic or soil con-
ditions that may cause these adverse results.
^ Some years ago we rcc^eived, through the U.
S. Agricidtural Seed Department, about twen-
ty seeds.of a "Japanese Kadi.sh" (Raplutnus
candatii.'') represented to grow bimches of crisp
and tender radishes on thi^ tops, from 12 to 18
inches in length. By the way, these to]) rad-
ishes were nothing more than the .seed-pods,
but they were said to be far superior to any
variety of that cruciferous plant grown uiid((r
ground, and made a most cai)ital salad. We
distributed these seeds' among some of our
horticultural friends, but, except in one in-
stance, wi^ believe they all came to naught; in
that instance tliey were iilantcdin in apotand
forced forward in agreenhonse. They were sub-
sequently exhibited at a Strawberry fair of our
local society, at the Court Iloase, i"n the month
of June, and a more puuv, wiry, spongy
bunch of little distorted "tails," "could not
well be conceived of; the very largest Ix'ing le.ss
than six inches long. They were almost
ta.steless, and yet they might lie quite a dilli-r-
ent thing in .Japan ; and i>crhai)s, under differ-
ent circumstances, a different result might
have been obtained, even here.

Clover and Cut-Worms.

Clovek is generally esteemed a valuable crop for
increasing fertility of "soil ; but is supiKised to aid in
generating the "lut-worm." Is this theory correct?
If so, it would be ot)jeetionable to follow it with
tobacco.- An iNQtiiur.ii, Feb. '21, 187.5.

There are various sjiecies of noxious insects
under the name of "cut-worm." (Afjroti.s) that
depredate ui>on young c;ibbage, In^an, aster,
corn, buckwheat, lettuce, and other kinds of
succulent vegetation, but we do not know thtit
clover, in a very piirticnhir mannei-, "aids in
generating" any of them. The insects most
destructive to the tobacco cro]) are the Jan-tp,
of the large gray " Ilawk-moths " (MacroKi/Ua
caralina and 't-maru\ala), but these only attack
the iilants when they are pretty well forward
in the leaf, anil are not generally found in
clover fields.

Cut-worms are subterranean in their habits,
feeding entirely upon the roots of vegetati<in;
hatched from eggs deposited by the "owlet
moths" in the ground the previous sea.son;
burying themselves beneath the frost line and
becoming torpid during the winter; conniig
up ;ibout half-grown in the spring.

During Mtiy and .liine they come up out of
the groinidal night, or in very cloudy weather,
cut off young vegetation near or just below
the surface of the ground, devour a part of it,
and then retire and renuiin hidden in the .soil
near the scene of deva.station, during the day,
where they may be found if properly looked
for. When full grown they are from an inch
to an inch and-a-li;ilf in length and of an
ashen, or dark gray color.

They change to a smooth brown chrysalis
in the ground, from which is.sues a niotli, in
June, Jidy and August, the body and fore-
wings of which are various shades of gray,
or blackish-grey, striped or vari<'gated— ac-
cording to species — and the hind wings silvery,
of various shades. The body of these moths
are about \ of an inch long, and the wings ex-
pand from an inch-and-a-half to two inches.
They are night-fliers, and are attracted by
luminous bodies.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

But the "Hawk-niotlis," that are the pro-
genitors of the large green "tobacco worms"
which infest the plants in Julj' anil Angust, are
in the earth, a large brown chrysalis, with an
appendage like the handle of a jug during the
winter, and come forth in summer about the
time the "jimson-weed " is in bloom. They
are in repose during the day, but fly abroad in
the evening, and regale themselves on the
nectar of the weed aforenamed, and deposit
their eggs on the leaves of the tobacco plants
in small groups of from six to a dozen, from
which the worm in due time hatches and de-
veloHS, and then goes into the ground, where
it has been reared!, and changes to a chrysalis.
Hand-picking is the the cliief reliance, but the
introduction of a sweetened, active poison into
the trumi>et flowers of their favorite plant,
will prevent many of the worms from being

born. •

Plums and the Curculio.

There is no fruit in ejreater demand than the phjm.
If any one could succeed in raising them, he would
have no difliculty in tindinp; a market, and in making
a pile of money out of tliem. But that little fellow
commonly called the "Turk," (the cui'culio) stands
in the way.

Some liave been trying to circumvent the pest by
introducing curculio proof varieties, but the result,
so far, has not been very encouraging, as these cur-
culio proof kinds compare with the green gage about
the same as the sour crab docs to the smokehouse
apple. The various expeiJients in use for preventing
its depredations have not been very successful and if
notliing better '* turns up" we might almost as well
give it up for a bad job. But, as " every day brings
something new," we must still hope for a successful
remedy.

Prof. Heiges, at the York meeting of the Pennsyl-
vania Fruit Growers' Society, showed pliotographs of
branches laden with beautiful plums. He has been
experimenting, and thinks he has found a sure
remedy against the curculio. His trees were laden
with fruit, while tlie same varieties across the fence,
on hie neighlmr's lot were a total failure. He simply
syrintj^cs his trees with a strong suds of whale oil
soap, commencing with the completion of the bloom
and going over the trees after every rain, until the
fruit is safe. Let us try this simple remedy next
season. Its cost will be but tritUng. Have a lot of
the stinky stuft' ready in an out-of-the-way place.

A bucketful put on with a syringe, will completely
coat over several trees. Anj' tinner can make a
cheap, ett'ectuQl syringe. But it would pay to get a
"portable pump and sprinkler," an instruments so
useful about a place, for washing windows, carriages,
watering plants, etc., that it need only be seen to be
appreciated. Cost from ^5 to -JIO. — C. H., Couestoga,
March Hth, 187.5.

The remedy suggested by our correspondent
is ceitainly a simple one. and of easy applica-
tion, but it is "'as old as the hills," and for
many years has been the general remedy in all
cases of insect infestation, with different de-
grees of success, according to the strength of
the solution, the particular species of insects
upon wlucli it has been tried, and the
skill and perseverance with which it has
been applied. We must confess that vc
haven't as much cunlidence in it as we have
in the "jarring" process, although it is un-
doubtedly much cheaper and less laborious.
Some months ago, we read an article on this
subject, which we had intended to refer to
at some future time, but we took so much care
of it, that we have not been aljle to lay our
hands on it since. It purported to be the ex-
perience of an old peach and pliun grower, we
think in fSouth Michigan. He considered the
status of the rurndio to be such that it would
be nearl}' useless for any man to attcm-pt to
grow plums vmless he iilanted a large number
of trees in the same inclosure — not less than
one hundred as the iiihiirnuiti, but live hun-
dred or one thousand and upward woidd be
better, and would insure proportionately more
successful results. He also gave an account
of the quanties he sent to market, and the
prices he realized, which seemed entirely satis-
factory. His theory was, that it is useless to
attempt to "kill off" the curcidio by artificial
remedies, for it will he li.ere in greater or lesser
numbers at each returning season, and the
only way to meet the case is to ])lant and cul-
tivate a crop large enough to sujiply the
demands of the mark'et and the curculio also.

He did not deny the efficacy of other reme-

dies, but considered them "one-horse affairs"
at best. A dozen or two of plum trees on a
farm he considered only "curculio luirseries."
We make these remarks, not to discourage
plum culture on a small scale, but as sugges-
tions pointing to large co-operative systems
thr(jugh which the whole community may be
ultimately supplied with plums.

The Scuppernong Grape.

As I am now having a little leisure time, I will take
the opportunity to comply with the promise to furnish
you with a short article on my operations with the
Scuppernong grape this season.

At the outset, I will say I am amazed at the pro-
ductiveness of this class of grapes ; the quantity that
can be raised on an acre of ground is no longer prob-
lematical with me. I have one vine covering an arbor
twenty yards long and fourteen yards wide, and
thirteen years old, which has given me thirty bushels
of clean grapes, by actual measurement, being at the
rate of five hundred and twenty-five bushels per acre ;
and as a bushel of grapes weighs fifty-two pounds,
and yields three and a half gallons juice per bushel,
lam getting at the rate of thirteen tons and 1,H00
gallons of wine per acre. This vine has never had
an hour's cultivation nor any manuring sipce it was
planted, other than the leaves that fall from it annually.

I have another vine larger and older than the above
mentioned, being twenty-five years old. This is not
so productive, in consequence of growing in ground
too rich, being in the back yard to my house, where,
from its receiving the waste water incident to such a
situation, its growth is too vigorous.

I have have had clusters of grapes this season car-
rying twenty-four large berries, aud numbers of ber-
ries measuring one aud a quarter (1'4) inches in
diameter each. I found one berry which measured
l'$ inches in diameter audiv; inches in circumfer-
ence, which is the largest I have ever seen or heard
of. I see in the papers some statements in regard to
the large yield of grapes the present season in some
of the vineyards in Calilbrnia, to-wit — four to five
tons per acre. I have no doubt whatever that, with
our Scuppernong, I can raise treble the number of
pounds per acre that can be either in California or
the Valley of Eschol, with any grape in the world.

I have about one hundred vines of various ages
under cultivation. — J. Van Bueen, ClarlcsirUle, Oa.

We clip the above from the columns of
the '■'■ llural i^mUlierner (tnd PlanUUion" more
to show what can be done with this poinilar
grape on its "native heath," than any design
of recommeuding it to the culture of Pennsyl-
vanians. If we are not very much mistaken,
our veneraljle friend Jacob 13. Garber, of Co-
lumbia, Pa., has given the "Scuppernong" a
thorough trial, and finds it not at all adapted
to the latitude of Lancaster county.

This grape is also said to be free from the
attacks of Phiilhixera and other enemies that
this fruit is heir to, and that scions grafted
on its roots will escape their infestations. The
yield above described is so abundant, and the
fruit so remarkably fine, that other attempts
to acclimate jt might result more favoraljly,
and therefore be worthy of extended trial.
Of cotn-se, practical growers who cultivate
grapes for profit will best know what to do in
the premises. This is an exi>erimental or
transition period in the Ilortieultm-al history
of our country, and therefore in securing
any step forward we must run the risk of tem-
porary backward movements occasionally.

Words of Cheer from a Veteran.
Havino been confined to my room by sickness for
the last three mouths of this extraordinary continnnl
cold winter, I have been unable to get to Lancaster.
I will now avail myself of the mail to tend you my
subscription for The Lancastek Fahmku. I do
hope, now that you have made so great a change in
the character of the paper, with the increased size,
that farmers and nil who are friendly to the farmers,
will at once subscribe; for it. Ti'uly I have spent time
and money to encoui-age it, but it seems all to no
purpose. Now I am no longer able, or I should still
try to say a good word for it. Every farmer wlio now
refuses to spend the dollar I'or so useful a publication
ought to have his name placed on a Itlack list.' To
pay $.")(! or more to a set of unknown tree agents is,
they think, well laid out, though when the trees
c«me into bearing they mav i)erhai)S find themselves
badly swindled.— J. B. G.,'Cclu„Ma, Feb. 18, 187.5.

Nothing coidd stimulate us more in our en-
terprise tlian the above words of cheer from
our veteran friend, to whom we feel grate-
ful for his many efforts in Ijehalf of The
Faioier. We sympathize with him in his

afflictions, for, to some extent, we have been
a fellow sufferer, but hope we may both have
a brighter and more joyous Spring.

The Centennial and Small Exhibitors.
What ixDUCEMEXTSforpersons of small means to
exhibit anything at the Centennial ? Will they not
be imposed upon and have to pay extortionate prices
for board and lodging? Will it not be a very expen-
sive undertaking to attend as an exhibitor ? Persons
intending to exhibit would wish to know or be en-
lightened before they get themselves into a trap. — J.
B. E., Lancaster county, Fa.

The foregoing queries, sent to us by an es-
teemed correspondent, are very reasonable, aud
ought to be very satisfactorily answered, but
we cannot answer them so now. We hope,
however, that small exhibitors will not be em-
barrassed or deterred, and that no imposition
will be permitted, under any circumstances,
on the approaching a\igust occasion, aud we
think there will not. The matter of "board"
will not be difficult to arrange, we think.

I am glad to see The Fakmer "turn over a new
leaf." I have no doubt it will be a success in the
hands of the enterprising publishers who have taken
hold of it. The main thing now is to get the farmers
to write. We have plenty of good practical farmers
amongst us, who are not accustomed to " sling ink,"
whose views we should be glad to have thnmgh your
columns ; but the chief attraction in The Faiimeu to
me, are the articles on entomology. You shall hear
from me again when I feel that I have anything worth
writing. — J. C. L., Oap, Lan. county, /'i*. 15(A, 1875.

FARM AND GARDEN ITEMS.

Do Plants Need Water?

Thomas Meehan, editor of the Oardener's ^fonthly,
answers this question by saying that "if any one
thiidcs plants need water, he can try by stopping up
the hole in the bottom of a Hower pot, in which a
plant is growing. This will be one of the best ways of
learning that the essence of all good culture is to get
rid of the water in the soil as soon as possible. This
is the great principle that underlies the practice of
underiiraining land. AVe want moist oir in the soil,
not water. 'Firm potting' favors a large amount of
air spaces. If soil is moderately dry, the more we
' pound ' it, the more we pulverize it, and pulveriza-
tion means dividing into minute particles. Tlie more
particles the more spaces — the more spaces, the more
porous is the mass. Every pfire contains air, and this
air is moist air, and it is on this moisture that the
plants draw. There is no difference in the manner by
which a root draws moisture from the atmosijhere
under the ground, and that by which the root of an
air plant draws moisture above the ground. If you
take the earth in which a healthy plant is growing,
and handle it you will find no nat'.r in it; but you
will perhaps find it moixt enough to damijen a
piece of paper. We do not know that any amount
of pressure would squeeze water out of some soils
in which plants grow healthy, though jiossibly
moist air might be so compressed as to make water.
Inde.ed, the matter seems so clear to us, that we sup-
posed it would be necessary only to state it to insure
conviction. And we wonder very much that writers
still contiime to use the word water, when they speak
of the necessary conditions in the food of plants."

The Milk Question.

The farmers of Bedford, New Hampshire, had their
annual "feast" on the r2th ult., at which they dis-
cussed various phases of the farming interest. In
re])ly to some comiilaints that they could get only
four cents a quart for their milk. Ward Parker, of
Merrimack, said he wastiredofthe continual whining
about milkmen. If you don't want to sell your milk
for four cents you needn't ; there is no law to jirevent
your m.aking it into butter or carrying it to market
yourself. If the milkmen pay all they agree to, that
is enough ; if anyone will agree to pay more, it is your
pri\ilege to sell to him. As for him, he wouldn't sell
milk for six cents per quart; could do better making
it into butter. By making butter he saved lugging
home the price of it in grain and hunting the cuuntry
through for new milk cows every fall. He believed
the prospect was never so good for butter-makers as
now. His cows have yielded over ?;UII1 worth of but-
ter each this year, and the skim milk from each cow
he calls worth $4-0 more; gets this amount out of
skim milk by feeding it to calves which sell for from
$.50 to *100 each ; keeps Devons and can sell at these
prices all the calves he can raise. There are only 800
Devons in the United States and Canadas. The first
ones imported and sold were sold at low prices, which
has kept the price down ever since. His cows give
milled quarts of which will make a pound of butter;
has one cow which has given 32 quarts per day ; feeds
no grain except after the cows come in aud before they
get out to grass.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

A Potato that Resists the Colorado Bug.

A. .lai-ksiiii, (if Frnli-riiU loiinry, Mil., inniiniiiii-
cati'S the foUowiu}; iiitcroKtini,' fui'ls to tin- liiilliinmi'
Ainri-lcan Fartiitr, wliicli lionuyscHiilii'iillrstcil liy tlie
6wi)rii testimony 111" two of iiis liiliorfr.s. Aliout live
years a'_'o In- neciveil Iroiii New Jersey u peeiiliar
kiiul of a red |x)talo,uiiiler tlie name ol'8ilierian Heil.
It pioveil to be a very prolilic bearer, anil of a inon-
strims size; very mealy and wbolesome lor llie lalile,
tlioti^'b some piir|ile streaks would neeasiiinally run
llironi:!! the tubers. Last siinimiT lie planted tliem
in hills, four feet apart, between youn^' irrape vines,
wliieli stood eiirlit feet by eiL'lit feet, and raised on
one Here a littli- better Mian one hundred busliels of
niairnitieent imtatoes. He fertilized tlie bills by mi.K-
inir lime with ten jieri'ent.of salt, and mixinir old
eow manure with about ten per eeut of said lime and
salt eninpound. He used a ijood shovelful of it in every
lull, and embodied it with the yroiiud (elay soil) by
diiruin;:. Tlie result, be says, was astonisliinir.
Wlieu Mie potato buss (wliieh bad appeared in
myriads) had eaten olf a vine, presently two or more
viiies would shoot up. keepimr on u-rowinff until the
November frosts killed them. Most eurious of all,
tliev bore here and there small potatoes (not seed
balls) on the vines. One remarkable bill yielded
forty-tive averatre-sized |Kilatoes. .Ml his other kinds,
as Early lio.se, I'eaeh Blow, Early (ioodrieb, thoujib
treated in the same manner, were an utter failure.

Sales of Chester County Stock.

The proprietors of Clifton Farms, Kennet Scpiare,
Chester eounty, whose advertisement appears in Tin;
Fahmku, report havinL' reeeiitly sold tlie followiui;
thoriiuurbbred stnek ; The prize Ayrsliire heifer,
"Kennett Beauty," to .losliua Hunt, esip, Catasau-
(pni, I'a. ; the two .\yrsliire heilers, " Lily Dale" and
".luly .Morn," and the .Ayrshire bull ealf, "SirChel-
ton,""lo Col. Joliii M. White, of t^outli Carolina; the
Ayrshire bull ealf, "Ashland Duke," to Cieor^v II.
Terry, Orient, N. Y. ; the Ayrshire heifer ealf, " Hill-
side Beauty," to T. V\'. Krvin, .South Carolina; the
two Ayrshire heifers, "Ashland Belle" and "Laura
the Beauty," to liobert Ileunin!r, esip, Wilminfiton,
N.C.; also the Jersey bull calf "Sir Clinton," to
same tt;entleman; the Ayrshire heifer, " (jentle
Annie" and Ayrshire bull, "Kennett Laddie," to
Gen. J. Bratton, South Carolina; alsothetwo Ayrshire
Jieifers, " Fair Maiden" and "April Morn," to Capt.
Clowiiey, of same State; the Jersey bull, "Ashland
Duke." to Jos. Boman, Lancaster county, Pa. ; the
Jersey bull ealf "Clifton Boy," to Geo. B. Whislow,
Gouvencur, N. Y., also the Jersey heifer "Lady Par-
qua," to the same centleman; the .Jersey cow "Low-
land Beauty," to W. T. liiid iV Bio., Freuebtown, N.
J. Also prize Chester White and Essex pigs to many
parties in the ditt'erent States.

Charcoal for Sick Animals.
Nearly all sick animals become so by improjier
feeding. Nine cases out of ten the disestiou is
wrong. Charcoal is the most efficient and rapid
corrective. It will cure in a majority of cases if
jiroperly administered. .\n example of its use: the
hired nuin came in with the intellii:;ence that one of
the finest cows was very sick, and a kind neighbor
propiised the usual drugs and jmisons. The owner
being ill and unable to examine the cow, concluded
that the trouble came from overeating, and ordered a
tcacupful of pulverized charcoal given in water. It
was mixed, placed in a junk bottle, the head held
upward, and Uie water and charcoal jioured down-
ward. In live minutes improvement was visible and
in a few hours the animal was in the pasture, quietly
eating grass. Another instance of equal suci-ess
occurred with a youngheifer which had become badly
bloated by eating green apples after a hard wind.
The bloat was so severe that the sides were almost as
hard as. a barrel. The old remedy, saleratus, was
tried I'or correcting the acidity. But the attempt to
put it down always caused eouirbing, and it did little
good. Half a teacupful of fresh powdered charcoal
was given. In six hours all ajipcarance of the bloat
had gone and the Iieifer was well.

Selection of Breeds of Cattle.

Mr. Shaw, of Milford, an extensive Now Hampshire
farmer and dairyiiien says, our selection of breeds of
cattle shoidd be determined by the use we propose to
make of them. If we would raise beef, we should
take Shorthorns; if a large quantity of milk, without
reference to (pnility, desired, Ayrsbires ; but if we
would iret good niiik, and make nice butter, then we
elionld keep Jerseys or .\hlerncys. He had tested
the milk of one of his Jersey cows, and found it con-
tained 4:!'; per cent, cream. This was an extraor-
dinary yield, but the milk from Jerseys would aver-
aire 20 i>cr cent, cream. His herd nnike a iionnd of
butter from less than six quarts of milk, and be bad
made a pound frtun less than four quarts. Jersey
milk, where it is known, sells one or two cents higher
per quart than common milk : and larire quantities of
Jersey butter, properly made and packed, can be sold
readily at from ■'jO to 7.5 cents per (Miund. He knew
one herd of Jerseys from which the butter was sold
through the season for il.'ih per pound. Feed has a

great deal to do with butter. Woidd feed no turnips
or eabbaires. as they taint the milk, but had faith in
beets. Milk sliould not be set in a room with pies,
boiled dishes or anyl hing else, as it all^orbs all llavors
arisintr I'rom other substances. It is a mistaken idea
that Jerseys are not good for lieef; when projierly
fatted, they make the best lieef in the world, tender,
sweet anil rich. The notion that .Icrseys are not as
hardv as other brei'ds is also a mistake. They eiiduri^
our eliinate well. Another thing in their favor is
their dotillty.

How Til Dksthov Eautii Woii.MS : Mr. Vick, in

his Floral (iiiide, says that ten drops of carbolic acid
in a pint of water, put in llowcr pots, w ill lU'slroy all
the earth-worms which do so much damage to the
plants.

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

Valuable Household Recipes.
AQiTATFiiN'loN OF FiiiST-ri.Ass Kkiti'Ks: .\ House-
keeper of this city who communicates the following
recipes to The Faiimkic makes frequent use of them
in her family and gives them her unqualilied endorse-
ment. We can vouch for the phtls and rolls as the
best we ever eat:

Coiustwiii I'liffx : One (piart of (lour, one qtnirt
of milk and three eggs. ..Mix the milk gradually into
the Hour to make a smooth batter ; also the yi'lks of
the eggs; then add the whites beaten stilV: bake in
gem pans in a hot oven, having the pans heated wlien
you |ionr in the batter.

French. Jiulh: Set a si>onu:e about ten o'clock in the
morning with a half [jint of milk, two eggs well-
beaten, with a cuji of silirar, one cn|) of butter, and
one pint of yeast ; Hour to make a batter, not toostitf;
let it rise until light, then make into a loaf, with flour
sulKcicnt to make a soft dough ; let it ris** again un-
til light ; then roll out thin, and with a soft brush
spread with melted butter; cut into squares and turn
over ; put into jians and spread again ; let thcrii rise
until light, (about an biuir,) and bake in a moderate
oven about twenty minutes. These will be found to
be delicious, and alter a couple of trials you will find
no trouble in achieving a success.

Lviiion, or OniJiijf ('Hstard : One-quarter pound of
butter, a half pound of susrar, two teaspoonsful of
flour worked to a cream, four esys and one jiint of
milk ; the grated rind ami .juice of two lemons, or the
rind and juice of three oranges. Bake in crusts of
jjastry.

(Jiieen of Pmhliiigg : One pound of bread cninibs,
one quart of milk, four eggs; sweeten and flavor to
taste; a small i>iece of butter ; soak the bread in half
the milk about an hour before using. Serve warm
with sauce.

Aiiulhfr ii'iiy — very good: Leave out the whites of
the eggs ; when the pudding is done spread the top
with a layer of jelly, or any sweetmeats you prefer;
then put on the wdiitcs beaten still", with u cup of
sugar; place in the oven to brown slightly. To be
eaten with cream.

Tiihi:e (ioon Uecipes. The Queen of PmWingii ;
Take one jiart of nice bread crumbs, add one qtiart of
milk, one cup of sugar, the yelks of four eggs, well-
beaten, the rind of a fresh lemon grated tine, a jiicce
f)f butter the size of an e.irg ; bake tnitil done. Now
beat the whites of the eggs to a stitf froth, adding a
tcaiaqi of ]iowdered sugar in which has been previ-
ously stirred the juice of the lemon. Sjiread over the
])uililing a layer of jelly, (any kind to the taste,) then
jiour the whites of the eggs over, :inil jilaeein theoven
initil brinvned. Serve with cold cream. This is the
richest and best pudding I ever made or eat.

I'hiin I'lKldiiifi : Take slices of light bread spread
thin with butter; place in a pudding dish layers of this
bread and raisins until within an inch of the top. Add
five eggs, well-beaten, and a quart of milk, ami pour
over the pudding ; salt and spice to taste. Bake it
twenty minutes, and eat with liipiid sauce.

,1 (ioud Will/ In Kir/i JJaiiiK: .M'ter the hams have
been smoked take them down and tboroughly rub the
liesb part with molasses, then immediately apply
grt)unil pepjier, by sprinkliiii^ on as muib as will slick
to the molassi-s ; then bani^ up to dry. Hams treated
in tljiis manner will keep perfectly sweet, and free
from insects. — J/'"^- (tooilhnc^ {(h-ttntjc couiiti/^ I''-,)
in (tcruiuHtoifii Ti-lci/ra/ih,

Cadhaoe a i.a CAti.in.owEii: Faith Koehester
(Am. Ai/lnl.) likes her cabb.au'c cooked like eauli-
ll(»wer, and she says it is almost as ::ood. This is the
way she does it: Chop the cabbaLrc head flne, or cut
it as small as you e;m well with a knife. Hal("of an
averairi* head is sutlieient for a meal. Put it into a
kettle, and jjour over it a pint of AiWiz/.f/ water. Cover
it. and keep it boilinsr steadily, (not letting it burn
dry by too Inird bitilinir.) l"or half an hour. Pour off
what water remains — t he cabbaiie it self supplies some
water in cookiie.' — and pour in a teacupful — or two, if
you like — of irood milk, sailing' to t;iste. Let all Imil
up tocretber, and it is done. If^ you put in considera-
ble milk, it will be much liked if poured over "wliitc
gems" split in two.

Cooking Ci:i.eiiv: We all know what a delicious
relish celery is wheu eaten raw with a little salt, but

few of our readers may hi- aware that it makes an ex-
cellent dish when cfioked. At the tietter class of res-
taur:ints it is not r;ire to lind in tin- bill of l";ire Cream
of Celery. A bowl ol'tbis, eaten with bread or crack-
ers, is ii delicious and nutritious lunch, with nothing
else. This cream of celery Is a diluted form of puree
of celery, uscfi as u sauce f<ir i^amc. and the Aiiwi-ican
Ai)rifiiltiiriKt thus tells us kow to make It: Cut white
celery line, and stew with a little water, pepper and
salt, in a covered dish, until it will form a pulp ; llieii
milk Is added, or three parts milk and one of cream ;
l)oil for a l"ew minutes, and pass through a sieve, rub-
bing through all but the coarser parts of the celery.
Heat aiiiiin, and thickeiiinir with a little (lour, stirred
up with cold milk. If milk Is used without cream,
then butter may be added. .\t home, besides the
abovi- method, we more frequi'iilly cut it in pieces,
cook it soft in water, pour olf the water, and add
abundance of sauce, made of cream and a little liotir,
or drawn itutler when cream happens tf> be scarce.

White (Jems: Faith Koehester, who conducts the
household dep;irtmcnt fvf the Amrricitii AtiricuUnriitty
says, these should always be maile of the hrxt fif line
flour and new milk, with a little salt, beaten well
together into aslilf batter, t(Ki still' for griddle cakes —
or into a soft dough, too soft for bisetiit — and baked
in a hot oven in gem pans, made hot before the dough
is dipped in. .She tliinks these are the best of" warm
biscuits," and that you <m// put in baking [lowder, but
advises you to try them without.

White CtsTAiiDs: One jiint of cream, three ounces
(tf sugar, the wbitesof four eggs, and one tablesiKH>n-
I"ul of oramre-llower water. Boil the cream with a
blade of mace ; let it simmer for about Ave mlnuti'S ;
then take it olf the lire, ami add the suirar ; beat the
wliitcs of the eggs to a complete Irolli ; put them into
the cream ; set it on the lire again, and let it boil
gently, stirring constantly, till it becomes thick ; take
it olf tlic lire, add the oramre-tlower water, or a few
drops of almond-flavor, and serve in custanl glasses.

Bakei> Sweet Aim-les; Sweet ap[iles, which are
not relished fur eating by the many, may be converted
into a palatable baked apple dish, half jellied, deli-
cious in flavor and moisture, which any one can have
by stewing them in a porcelain kettle, with just enough
molasses and water to prevent them from burning,
till cooked through, and then transferring them to the
oven with all the liquid residuum, to dry and brown.

"EvEKV-DAV" PiDDixo: Half a loaf of stale
brown home-made bread soaked in a quart of milk ;
four egirs, foiw tatdcsiKionsful of flour ; a little fruit,
dried or fresh, is a great :iddit ion ; steamor boil three-
fourths of on hour. .Serve with the following sauce:
Butter, sugar and water, thickeiieil witli a little corn-
starch, and flavored with lemon juice and rind.

Fancy Dish: Take half a dozen eggs, make a hole
at one end and empty the shells ; 1111 tliem with blaiic
mange ; w hen stitf and cold, take olf the shells ; pare
lemon rind very thin, boil in water till very tender,
then cut in thin strips to resemble si raw, and preserve
in sugar ; HU a deep dish luilf full of jelly (jr nice cold
custard, put the eggs in and lay the straw, nest-like,
around them.

Coi-KEE Cake: One eup of butter, one of sour
cream, one of collee, live eggs, one eui" of currants,
one of stoned raisins, one teaspoonful ol" cinnamon,
one of allspice, one nutmeg, one teasiXKinful of soda ;
add flour to mix hard, and bake slowly.

KiCE Ci stakds: One ounce and a half of ground
rice, three ounces of loaf sugar, and one pint of new
milk ; boil the rice in the milk, adding the sugar, and
a piece of cinnamon; pour it into custard cups, in
wliiih a little fcesh butter has been melted, and bake
in a slow oven.

The .\nt Pest: Oueof the most troublesome pests
to the housekeeper is the ant. especially the little red
ant. We have tried chalking and all sorts of insect
powder, and various other devices, but, like the
weather siirns, wliich always "fail ill wet weather,"
they all seemed to fail in the ant season: but Camden
Nellie furnishestbe (iermantown 7V/'.i/ni/>A with her
experience, which is the simplest of all. She says:
"In a cupboanl. inleeted with ants, I <me day put :i
plate containing .some flour on one of the shelves, and
left it there for several days. I soon noticed that the
little pests did not molest it in any way, ami eoneluiled
to receive some beiiclit from the knowledge. Accord-
ingly I sprinkled wheat flour all over the shelves,
pretty thickly, too, and so far I am satislied with the
result. They lind it a hard mad to travel, and now
we can put any article of food in that cupljoard with-
out fear of them."

DiI'HTiiEKrA: A gentleman of Troy, N. Y., who
had a severe attack of ilipht heria, informs the Xntioual
AfJi'icuUurUty that when the chokinir sensation was
greatest, some pulverized bayberry rtjot hapix'iilng to
come in the vicinity td" his nose, provoked a sneeze.
This wasof course painful, but llii' jwiwder penetrated
and bad the elfei't ol" cleansiinr out his throut llior-
ou::idy for the time being. Uimiu re|M'ating the liose
oiiei' or tw ice a day, or as often as the case required,
he Ibund it to do him more t'ood than all the doctor's
prc-criptions. Tlie harl substance svas loosened, but
in small ijiiantilies. Since that time he has recom-
mended it to several suffering in the same way, and
all have found relief.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Cure for TooTnACHE: The London La7icet gives
the following as a certain cure for toothache: Add
one drachm of collodion to two drachms of carbonic
acid, a small portion of which, inserted in the cavity
of an aching; tooth, will give immediate relief.

To Clean Oil Cloths: Add to one gallon of
water two teaspoonsfulofammoniajWith which cleanse
the oil cloth thoroughly, using a sponge and soft rag,
and wiping dry ; then sponge off light!}- with sweet
milk, wliich brightens the cloth and gives it a glossy
appearance.

The Cotemporary Press.

The New York Semi-Weekly TiiiBUNE,themo6t
perfect epitome of current events, on all subjects,
upon our exchange list, or perhaps, in the Union.

The American Agriculturist, Vol. 34, Nos. 1
and 2, Orange Jvdd <t Co., is the highest eulogy
necessary to pronounce on this journal.

Home, Farm & Orchard, a $1 weekly quarto,
Newburg, N. Y., about the ageef "The Farmer,"
small but very ably edited.

The LrvE Stock Journal, New York, a beautiful
and ably conducted illustrated quarto, very liable to
be confounded with the " National" of Chicago, by
the uninformed.

The Japanese Mail, a quarto of forty-four pages,
giving a " fortnightly summary of intelligence from
Japan for transmission to Europe and the United
States. Yokohama. — $12 a year.

The Farmers' Union is a large, eight-page, well
filled, and ably conducted agricultural folio; Minne-
apolis, Minn., at ?2.00 per annum, weekly. W. J.
Abernethy, editor and publisher.

The Prairie Farmer, a double folio weekly jour-
nal for the Farm, Orchard and Fireside, Chicago, 111.
Two dollars a year. ■ Its reputation is established or
it could not have survived forty-six years.

The National Agriculturist, 16th volume,
the same in form and size as the CttUivator (royal
quarto) and handsomely illustrated and ably con-
ducted. New York, $1.2.5 a year.

The Progressive Farmer, a journal of practical
agriculture, horticulture, mechanic arts, and litera-
ture, issued under the auspices of the State Agricul-
tural College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, a monthly royal
quarto. $1 a year.

The Cultivator and Country Gentleman
commences its fort-flfth year, fiir more vigorous and
fresher than it ever appeared in its youth. An excel-
lent standard journal on agriculture that needs not
our commending. Albany, N. Y.

The "Pen and Plow," for 187.^, is one of the
most spicy and best mechanically executed journals
on our list. An agricultural and literary quarto of
sixteen pages, printed on fine tinted paper, at $1 a
year, monthly; New York.

The Western Agriculturist: The February
number for 187.5 is on our table. A twenty page
quarto with additional tinted covers, Quincy, 111. A
handsome imprint of interesting matter on " agricul-
ture, horticulture and household reading. $1 a year.

The New England Homestead, a double folio
" weekly journal," concerning the farm, the orchard,
the garden and the fireside, Springfield, Mass. $2. .50
a year. Illustrating on its title page " the past " and
"the present " in farm architecture and improvement.

The Industrial Bulletin, one of our oldest and
most punctual exchanges. Devoted to the protection
of American industry. Published by the " Industrial
League," Johnstown, Pa. A protective monthly
quarto of sixteen pages, opposed to free trade, and
ably edited.

Wells' Annual of Phrenology and Phy'siog-
nomy for 1875 contains m_any Portraits, Biographies,
and Characters of leading'men, and much other useful
and entertaining matter. Large octavo, full of
pictures, sent first post for 25 cents. Address S. K.
Wells, 389 Broadway, New York.

" The Rural Southerner and Plantation "
comes to us enlarged, improved, and changed in form.
Instead of a folio, as heretofore, it is now a royal
quarto of sixteen pages, and is combined with the
^^ J'lantatiou*' and " iri/.so«'.s- Htrald vf Jltalth.'^
Atlanta, Georgia, monthly, at $1 a year. Cheap and
well adapted to tliat locality.

The Sanitarian still maintains the high position
It took from the start as a leader of thought in sani-
tary science. It is unquestionably the best work of
its class in this country, and ought to have a general
circulation. Edited and published by Dr. A. N. Bell,
New York. Monthly ; $o a year.

The Spirit of the Times, "a chronicle of the
turf. Held sports, agriculture, and the stage." The
February number of the 89th volume of this journal
is on our table. An ably conducted paper; "each
number containing more reading matter than any
other periodical published in the United States."
Royal, 2-1 page quarto.. New York — weekly — $5.00 a
year. George Wilkes, Editor.

Pamphlets received : "Second Geological Sur-
vey of remisylvania." "Report of the Commission
to Revise the Constitution of Pennsylvania."

Catalogues of Seeds, Plants, &c.

The following catalogues of trees, plants and seeds
have been received since our last :

E. J. Evans & Co.'s Catalogue of Fruit and Orna-
mental Trees, Vines and Roses," York Pa.

"H. M. Thompson's Price List of Evergreen and
Deciduous Tree Seedlings, Fruit and Shrub Trees,"
Milwaukie, Wis.

" DiNGEE & Conard Company's Descriptive Cata-
logueof New and Beautiful Roses," West Grove, Ches-
ter county. Pa.

S. H. Purple, Columbia, Lancaster county, de-
scriptive catalogue of roses, bedding and greenhouse
plants, shrubs, trees, &e., for spring of 1875.

Bryant's Nurseries: Retail Price List and Cata-
logue of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Grapes, Small
Fruits, Forest Trees, >&c. A. Bryant,jr., Princeton, 111.

Geo. W. Schroyer, Lancaster, catalogue of roses,
greenhouse and bedding plants, of which he has an
unusually large stock for the ensuing season. See
advertisement.

James Fleming, New York, (successor to Hender-
son & Fleming) annual descriptive catalogue of
flower, vegetable and agricultural seeds, garden
implements, &c., for 1875.

F. K. Phoenix, of the Bloomington nurseries,
Bloomington, 111. Wholesale price-list of nursery
stock and his plant catalogue of greenhouse, bedding,
hardy herbaceous and other plants. Established in
18.52.

Briggs & Bro., Rochester, surpass all their previ-
ous efibrts in their catalogue for 1875. It is printed
on a richly tinted paper, and elaborately IlluBtrateed.
Theirs is one of the largest ^eed establishments in the
country.

II. E. Hooker & Bro., Rochester, send us their
Illustrated Catalogue of Novelties and Specialties, and
their Wholesale Price List of Fruit and Ornamental
Trees, Grape Vines, Roses, &e. Rochester seems to
the national niirsery of the flower, plant and seed
business.

D. M. Ferry' & Co., Detroit, Michigan, illustrated
and descriptive catalogue of garden, flower and agri-
cultural seeds. This firm are extensive growers and
importers of seeds, and their catalogue is one of
unusual interest to farmers and gardeners. It con-
tains 218 pages, profusely Illustrated.

Cascade Nursery Company's Catalogue of
Roses, Greenhouse and Bedding plants, Hardy plants,
Vines and Shrubs. E. Y. Teas & Co., Richmond, Ind.
They claim that their stock of roses is the largest and
best collection in the United States. Eugene Verdier,
the well-known Rosarian of Paris, has named a new
hybrid perpetual after the founder of the firm, (Mon-
sieur E. Y. Teas,) which the grower highly praises.

Vick's Floral Guide, No. 2, for 1875, just re-
ceived, is a gem as beautiful as it is useful. It has a
prettily illustrated article on the seed and culture of
flowers — another shot at " the government seed-shop
at Washington" — " the post-office and seed distribu-
tion," and an illustrated list of the novelties of the
season. James Vick, Rochester, N. Y. Twenty-five
cents a year, which includes the four quarterly num-
bers of 200 or more pages.

Lancaster County to the Front!

In looking over our advertising list of nurserymen,
seedsmen and florists, for March, we are struck with
the fact that the proportion of advertisers outside of
Lancaster county is larger than that of onrhome pat-
rons. There are quite a number of persons in this and
adjoining counties engaged in this line of business who
would be greatly benefited by advertising in The
F.vrmer who allow enterprising men in the same
business at a distance to " steal a march on them,"
as Mr. Engle expressed it the other day at the Horti-
cultural Meeting. To our certain knowledge hundreds
of dollars are sent out of this county every year for
seeds, plants and trees, which our own nurserymen
and florists could keep at home, if they appreciated
the value of printers' ink as their more enterprising
rivals abroad do. It don't m.'ike much difference to
us where our advertising jiatronage comes from, so
long as our available space is occupjfd, and we have
no fears that it will not ; but we simply suggest that
it is not creditable to home enterprise that our own
people, for whose interests we are laboring in endea-
voring to foster a taste for the useful and beautiful
in gardening and fruit growing, as well as farming,
to let strangers reap all the advantage of it. If those
who have agricultural implements, nursery stock,
plants and seeds to sell, don't let the farmers know
the fact, while those from a distance keep it con-
stantly before them, how can they expect to increase
their trade with the developing progress? As before
stated, we can get as much advertising patronage as
we have room for in The Farmer, without begging
for it, ibr there are those who appreciate its value* as
an advertising medium ; but as a matter of local
pride we desire to see those at home whose interests it
seeks to promote, availing themselves of its advan-
tages. Therefore, we say, Lancaster County to the
front I

THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION.

Official List of Patents,

Relating to the Farm, the Dairy, Apiary, &c.,
For the Month, ending March 6, 1875.*

Fifth-Wheel for Vehicles ; L. Blair, Paiuesville, 0.

Mowing Machines; P. W. Brownhack, Limerick, Pa.

Cultivators; E. Children, Dunleith, 111.

Iron Tips for Vehicle Poles; J. Alder Ellis, Chicago, 111.

Middlings Purifiers ; W. J. Fender, Minneapolis,Minn.

Grain Binders; M. L. Gorham, Roekford, 111.

Cultivators; M. L. Gorhan, Roekford, 111.

Cultivators ; J. O. Milne, Minneapolis, Minn.

Bridle Bits; Nathan P. Stevens, Hopkinton, N. H.

Running Gear for Vehicles; J. Stirk, Lancaster, Pa.

Brakes for Vehicles; Wm. Fletcher, Boston, Mass.

Wheels for Vehicles; S. B. Fuller, Erving, Mass.

Draft Equalizers; E. A. Beers, De Kalb,'lll.

End Gate Fastenings; J. W. Collins, Chicago, 111.

Fanning Mills ; Asa Y. Felton, Plain View, Minn.

Spring Equalizers; T. L. Guest, Pottstown, Pa.

Grain Separators ; M. D. Judkins, (Jlenwood, Minn.

Churns ; Aug. Meger, Port Washington, Wis.

Feed Racks; A. V. Mitchell, La Salle, HI.

Harvesters; C. Myers, Pekin, 111.

Hay Gatherers; C. T. Noell, Clarksville, Mo.

Thill Couplings; E. Saper, Brooklyn, N- Y.

Corn Planters; A Staley, Martin, Mich.

Ladders : D. Argerbright, Troy, Ohio.

Running Gears for Vehicles ; J. Becker, Seymour, Ind.

Grain Drills; Wm. Brison, La Prairie, 111.

Sulky Flower; J. C. Cams, Millbrook, 111.

Farm Gates; S. H. Dasis, Chicago, 111.

Apparatus for Feeding Fowls ; Alfred de Garis, N. Y.

Bee Hives; J. R. Dixon, Topics, Miss.

Floral Stands for Windows ; G. Hills, Plainville, Conn.

Wheat Cultivators; E. E. Leech, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Riding Harrows; E. E. Leech, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Wire Fences; J. A. Little, Cartersburgh, Ind.

Bag Ties ; J. O. Millue, Minneapolis, Minn.

Hay Pjesses; H. E. Skillen, Pownal, Me.

Wagon Jacks; J. B. Webster, Genoa, N. Y.

Harness Hanging Frames ; X. Whiting, Trenton, Wis.

Cotton and Hay Presses; W. A. AVright, Griflin, Ga.

Green Corn Cutters; I. Barker, Otislield, Maine.

Stump Pullers; C. C. Hogue, Bush Creek, Iowa.

Governors for Windmills; W. L. Oliver, Rantsul,ni.

Sulky-attachment to Plows; G. Van Winkle, Aaron,Ill.

Shaft-tugs for Harness; T. E. Weber, Pittston, Maine.'

Land Rollers; Wm. Williams, New Berlin, 111.

Corn Shellers; W. S. Brogles, Nola Chucky, Tenn.

Carriage Seats; Daniel Conbag, LTxbridge, Canada.

Mowing Machines; E. C. Dewers, Towanda, Pa.

Methods of Tubing Wells; W. T. Dobbs, Pana, HI.

Chairs; Wm. T. Doremus, New York, N. Y.

Harvester liakes; N. H. Felt, Auburn, N. Y.

Drags; W.Gardner, Wheelershurg, Ohio.

Wheels for Vehicles; D. Gribe, Pittsburg Pa.

Garden Rakes; F. B. Hedge, Greenspot,"N. Y.

Wagon Bodies; C. W. Kinne, Cortland, N. Y.

Corn Planters; A. M. Mandy, Roekford, 111.

Seed Planters; E. M.Potter, Rutherford DeiX)t,Tcnn.

Cultivators; J. H. Rice; Keithsburg, 111.

Whiflletree Hooks; O. J. Smith, Wanwatosa, Wis.

Milk Cooling Apparatus; O. Y. Stickler, Canton, N.Y.

Vegetable Slicers; A. Vuillier, Newark, N. J.

Fruit Gatherers; C. A. Werden, Waukegan, 111.

Harvester Droppers; Cyrenus Wheeler, Auburn, N. Y.

Clinrns; James L. Wilson, Calhoun, Georgia.

Harvesters; W. A. Wood, Hoosick Falls, N. Y.

Hog Ringing Nippers ; W. E. Bingham, Decatur, HI.

Bee Hives; John Bullock, Deep River, Mich.

Plows; Cumberlon G. Cox, Richmond, Va.

Stands for Flower Pots; E. D. Durant, Kenosha, Wis. '

Plow Adjusters; S. T. Ferguson, Minneapolis, Minn.

Harness; Geo. W. Hoover, Kutztown, Pa.

Harvester Rakes; J. H. Kiston, Roekford, 111.

Bird Houses; E. A. la Baz, Philadelphia, Pa.

Corn Planters; L. L. Lawrence, Dublin, Ind.

Wheels for Vehicles; G. Leverick, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Portable Fences; T. MeSwarz, Daviess county, Ky.

Lightning Rod; M. D. Phelps, Bristolville, Ohio.

Plows; Artemas Rigby, LTpper Stillwater, Maine.

Corn Harvesters; W.N. West, Milford, Mich.

Cranberry Separators; D.Y. Saurford,NewEgypt,N.Y.

Horse Checks ; John Sugden and J. P. Gaffney, Law-
rence, Maes.

Animal Shearing Machines; Wm. C. Harlow, Med-
ford, Mass.

Wheel Cultiv.ators ; G., S. E. W., and E. A. Brower,
Crawibrdsville, Ind.

Portable Horse Feeding Supports ; Albert H. Spencer,
Boston, Mass.

Bob-sleds; B. K. Verbryck and Thos. Newberry,
Chicago, 111.

Machines for Thinning or Spacing Crops ; M. H.
Eustace, James >fc T. Kennan, Dublin, Ireland.

Machines ibr Sharpening Horse-shoe Calks; Crasters
Gleason and R. Hamiltou. Greenwich, N. Y.

Band Cutting Feeders for Threshing Machines ; David
Frost, Latrobe, Pa.

Packages for Prints of Butter; A. Robinson, Web-
ster, Maine.

Unloading Attachments for Carts, etc. ; Thomas
Crossley and L. A. Bertolette, Wilmington, Del.

• Prepared expressly for The Lancaster Fakmeh by Louia
Bagger & Co., Solicitore of Patents, Waehington, D. C.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

koivie:-im[J)lDe:

FERTILIZERS

TH£ B£ST.

Farmers, Attention!

Upon receipt of 10 eentB, to pay iirintiiig, postage and
proportion of expense of this ndvertiBenieut, the Oray'e
Ferry Chemical Works, mtiniifitcturers of Oil Vitriol,
GrouuJ Bunes and other fertiliziUR materials, will send to
any farmer or other jierson a rccijie for making n home-
made fertilizer from bones and other chemicals, at a cost of
about twenty dollars per ton, without trouble, apparatus or
machinerj*, pronounced by hiindreds who have used it to be
equal, if not superior, to any super-iihosphate of lime pur-
chased in the market. Address

GRAY'S FERRY CHEMICAL WORKS,

Ofiace— 105 South Front Street,

7-3-2m PHILADELPHIA, PA.

STMNGE_BUTTRUE!

The TOONG QUA CUCUMBER grows to weigh seventy
pound'* each, and fine quality. 15 cents per seed; 10 Heeds.
|l. SNAKE CUCUMBER grows from 2 to 8 feet long, and
ooils like a snake. 20 cts. per paper. PERSIAN WATER-
MELON. Very superior, and keeps perfectly /reHh and
stee t throughout the winter, 20 cts. per paper. STRAW-
BERRY WATERMELON, finest in cultivation ; 200 prizes;
10 cts. per paper. JAPAN RADISH . Pods 2 feet long, and
deUciouB. 15 cts. per paper. MAMMOTH CABBAGE.
Heads weigh from twenty to sixty poundn pach ; tender and
sweet ; ten cents per paper. CONQUP:ROR TOMATO, ten
days earlier than any other variety ; 25 cte. per paper;

JAPAN PEAS — Two hundred bushels per acre on common
laud; uneiiualed for stock or table use; grows on an up-
right stalk. Fifteen cents per paper; fifty cents per pint ;
eighty cents per quart.

CHUFAS— Furnish grazing all summer and food for your-
Belif all Winter; fine for poultry, and fattens more hogs than
ten times the area in corn; one hundred and fifty bushels
per acre on poorest land ; ten cents per paper ; forty cents
per pint ; seventy cents per quart ; ten dollars per bushel.

NO HUMBUG,— We have certificates to prove all these
claims.

ROSE SLIPS— With good roots, of any variety the pur-
chaser may choose, at four for fifty cents ; nine for one dol-
lar, twenty for two dollars, one hundred for nine doUara.

Also, potato, cabbuge and other I'lants at low rates.

Seeds and roses by mail, pout paid.

Send for our free catalogue giving full list, descriptions
and tentimoruala from thorn who have grotcn the above seeds.
Address

SOUTHERN SEED & PLANT CO.,

Gallatin, Tenn.

he Meschacebe says of us: "Their rare and prodigious
vegetables elicit the ndmiration of all who have the good for-
tune to visit their celebrated gardens at Gallatin." [7-3-lm

SEEDS AND BULBS.

ILLUSTRATED SPRING CATALOGUE FOR 1875

UrOW READT.

■sent, with a epecimen copy of The Anifricmi Garden, a new

lUuslrated Journal of Garden Art, edited by Jamee Hogg

on receipt of ten cts. BEACH & SON, Seedsmen, '

7-S-tf 7(i Fulton St., Brooklj-n, N. y

ora 20,000 DEALERS

IN THE UNITED STATES SELL

BRIGGS & BRO.'S SEEDS,

And tlie Miyersal verdict is mat Hey

WII.L CiROW!

KF"The Quarterly Illustrated Floral Work sent one year
for 25 cts. Price Lists and Circulars sent free on applica-
tion to BRIGGS & BROTHER,
ROCHESTER, N. Y. -or- CHICAGO, ILL

7-3-lm

TS0B0T7GSBBED STOCZ

FOB SALE CHEAP.

PURE AYSHIRE CATTLE and CALVES,

PURE JERSEY CATTLE and CALVES,

of all agee, all very choice and nicely marked, from the
choicest blood and milking families. Also,

'■PRIZE CHESTER WHITE PIGS,"

of all ages. •' Unsurpassed,'^ These Pure-Bred Pigs have
DO superior on this continent. Bred from our prize and pre-
mium stock. Also, extra improved BERKSHIRE and
ESSEX PIGS. Order soon. Address,

CLIPTON FARMS,

KENNET SQUARE,

7-3-3m CHESTEB COCNTX, PA.

RIVERSIDE NURSERIES.

A fine assortment of NURSERY STOCK, Including :

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM,
Cheiry, aud other Fruit Trees.

GRAPE VINES, HLACKBEKRY, llASPBEKRY AND
STRAWBERRY PLANTS.

RHUBARB AND ASPARAGUS ROOTS,

SEASE ti OSHAUZHIAL TSZES, BOSES, SESITBBEBT, te.

Also a fine slock of FI.OWKKS and OUKKN HOUSE
PLANTS, TOMATO, CABBAOEand other Vegetoble PUnts
in season.

tB'"Send for price list to

H. M. ENGLE & SON,

7-3-2m M.\UIKTTA, Lancaster Co., Pa.

BONE DUST!

GUARANTEED PURE.

MAUFACTURED AND FOR SALE BY THE
UNDEl SIGNED.

Ko. 1 VERY FINE.

Bagged and delivered on cars at Leaman Place in any
quantity for 2X cents per pound.

No. 2, SIZE OF WHEAT GRAINS,

2>4 CENTS PER POUND.
Address, MILTOIV B. ENHI>EMAN,

7-3-3m LEAMAN PLACE, Pa.

EVERYTHING

FOR THE

GARDEN!

FOR

Florists & Market Gardeners,

at lowest rates — monthly wholeasle lists of
which mailed free on application.

35 Cortlandt Sti-eet,
NEW YORK.

C H £: IME I C J^ X«

FERTILIZERS.

Nitrate of Soda ; Nitrate of Potash; Sulphate of Potash;
Sulphate of Ammonia; Acid Phosphate—yielding 23 per
cent. Soluble Phosphate of Lime ; jirice, $27.50 per ton; also

CLIMAX SUPERPHOSPHATE,

CONTAINING 3 2(i per cent, of Ammonia and 24 per cent,
of Soluble Phosphate of Lime.

In reply to letters of inquiry, prices and the exact analysis
of any or each of the chemicals will be given : and tliey will
be sold with GUARANTEE of the quality as stated.

GEO. E. tVIIITE,

7-a-2m IGO Front St., New York.

12 HENS GIVING \

PROFIT A YEAR.

SYSTEM PATENTED.

GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS, AND SEVERAL

DIPLOMAS AWARDED TO

Pror. A. OORBKXT

MANAOBR OF THE

GALLINOCULTURE INSTITUTE

AT HICKSVILLE, N. Y.
No Humbug. MilliouB of people have seen it.
Working Book, explaining bow, 50 cts; Circular, 3 cts.

For Sale at a Bargain.

A FOSTER HAND PRINTING PRESS, in good order.
Will print a form 13x18 inches. An excellent press for
light jobbing. Enquire of PEARSOL & GEI8T, Publishers
of The Lancaater Farmer 7-3-1id

TRZZXSS, Stc.

Weofferfor SPRING, '75, »■> >">u»oally
large Mtot^k of wcU-Kruwit, thrifty

Ntnndnrd nn<l nwnrf Friilt Trpea.
<irnp<- ViiicN, •iinnll FriillK.
4>rnniii«>iiliil 'l'r4>«*N. Nhriil»s. RoNes.
Nrw nnci Knrr Friiil nii<l (kriinmrntnl Trr««.
EV4>rerr<>ii itnfl ItiilboiiH Kooln.
New ntitl Itnrp <Mr4'4>ii iiiitl llot-lloiiNe I'lantft.
.Sinatt parreU /oru-ardfl by mail when deeired,

ritOMrX ATTENTION GIVEN TO ALL KNQUIBIES.

Daicriptive and liluKtralM Priced Calaloyueji nml prepaid,
on receipt of utavipn, as/ollow»:

No. 1— Fruits, IOC. No. 2— Mrnaraoutal Trees. lOe.
No. 3— Oreenhons", lOo. No. 4— Wholesale. Frco.

Address,
Kntcibd 1840.
7-2-3ni] Munnt ll,>i„- .M/iM-ni-A-, KOCH rsTKK. .\. T,

MARIETTA NURSERIES.

We invite the attention of Planters to a very largo and
fine stock of

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM and CHEItnT TREES.

Also, SHADE and ORNAMENTAL TUBES.
Small Fruits, Roses and Green-house Plants.
Send your orders early. Prices very low. Descriptlra
Catalogues free. Address

7-»-2m ENGLE & BRO., Marietta, Pa.

ELLWANGER & BARRY,

FIELD, GARDEN AND FLOWER,

CANARY, RAPE, HEMP,

Alsike & Wliite Clover;

LAWN GRASS, GREEN CR 8S,
CLOVER & TIMOTITY-.

AT W. D. Sprecher's,

31 E. KING ST., LANCASTER, PA.

FLOWEE

SEEDS,

VEGETABLE

SEEDS.

7-l-3m]

Spoener's Prize Flower Seeds.

SpooBcr's BostoD Market
VEGETABLE SEEDS.

Descriptive Priced Catalogjie, with
over 160 illustrations, mailed free to
applicant.

W. H. SPOONER, Boston, Mass.

the: oLiD

CRESeENT BONE DUST,

AND OTHER

RELIABLE MANORES.

Uni/onn in quality and me-
chftnicjil condition.

For Circulars and Low Prices, address

RALSTOIS & KIRKE,

Successors to Jno. Ralston A: Co..
7-3-2m 170 FRONT ST., New York.

I(X) 1000

LODinARDand other choice Flnma,

1 yr. 2. 4 feet $t2..W $110
E;irly Beatrice Peach, 1 yr., lat class, 15.
Alexander & Amsden 1 yr., 1st class, each $1,

Asparagus Giant lyr., 1000, $2- 2 yrs. 3.

" Conovers Colossal, 1>T.,1000,$3.S yrs. i.

Rhubarb choice seediugs, 1.00 6.

freebymaU 1.50 12.60

Ash. White. S. 10 ft. 10. 60.

Black Walnut, 10. U " 8. BO.

Elm, White 10 12 " 15. 120.

Uouev Locust, 8. 10 " 7. 80.

Silver M„|,ie, 12. 15 " 10. 60.

Mountain Ash, 8. 10 " 8. 60.

•' *' Weeping, first clau, 12.

Pine, Scotch fine, 3, 4 ft, lrans[>lanted k root

pruned. 6. 50, .
Spruce Norway flue, 2. 3 ft., transplanted and

root pruned, 6. (SO.

Berberrv. strong bearing, plantfl, 3. . 25.
Calycanthus, 1. 2 ft. per 10. 1.50 8.

Tuberoses, strong flowering roots, 3. 25.

Sweet Potatoes. Nausemond and Southern Queen roots
for sprouting, per bushel, $2.->0. Greenhonae and Bedding
Plaats. Send stamp for price list, or 20c. for 5 Catalogue*.

7-3-lm F. K. PUCENIJl, BloonaingtoD, lU.

VI.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

NE\^^ GOODS

OPENED DAtLT AT

o xj nsr i>.A.i^ IE n.' s

MILLINERY AND TRIMMING STORE.

L,ij>tES, we have just opened a large assortment of

Hamburg Edgings and Insertings,

At 6cts. pee Yard up to $1.25.

Also all the latest atyles of Dreae trimmings, such as

GIMi>S, FRINGES,

OF EVEBT DISCHIPTIOlf.

Alsot ererytbing else kept in a

FIRST-CLASS
MILLINERT and TRIMMING STORE,

And will always guarantee our prices to be the Very Low-
est and quality the Best.
Give ua a call at

GUNDAKER'S,

142 and 144 North Queen Street,

7-l-3m1

HEED, McQRANN & CO.,

Illili ill iiiiii

LANCASTER CITY.

Execute orders lor Stocks and Bonds, allow Interest on
Deposits according to time, Loan Money, Make Collec-
tions, Buy Gold and Silver, and transact a General
Banking Business.
Drafts and Passage Certlflcates for sale on Europe,
GEO. K. REED, A. M. McCONOMT,

B. J. MCGKANN, R. H. BRUBAKER,

PETER McCONOMY, Jr. [7-S-3m

CONSUMPTION CURED.

To the Editor— Esteemed Friend:

Will you please inform your readers that I have a
positive

CURE FOR CONSUMPTION,
and all dlBordere of the Throat and Lungs, and that, by its
use in my practice, I have cured hundreds of cases, and
will give

Sl.OOO.QO
for a case it will not benefit. Indeed, eo strong is my faith,
I will send a. Sample, free^io s^ny sufferer addressing me.

Please show this let'er to any one you may know who is
soffering from these diseases, and oblige,
Faithfully yours,

r>r. T. IB'. BTJItT,

7-3-6m 69 WILLIAM St., New York.

JOHN M. COWELL,

Conveiancer aM Seal Estate Apnt,

OFFICE IN LAW SUIUjXNG,

i^. W, COR. DUKE AND GRANT 575.,

LANCASTER, PA.

Real Estate of all deBcription bought, sold and ex-
changed on commission.

Loans Nfgotintfd. Mortgages bought and sold.

JHropertifs taken in charge, and rents, interest, etc.,
collected.

l*arlicular attefitioti givenjo matters appertaining to
Real Estate Law, and Conveyancing.

I>vedSf Mortgages, llriffs, Wilis and all other legal
instruments correctly drawn and handsomely and neatly
engrossed.

MvxpH of Properties, Lots, F.irme, &c., and Draughting in
general accurately and handsomely executed. [7-l-l2m

OUR FENCE CORNERS.

Whisperings from February.

The Lancaster Farmer : The February number
of this excellent monthlj' agricultural newspaper is
out "on time,,' the fifteenth of each month being its
regular publication day; and it is a decided improve-
ment even over the first issue under the new manage-
ment, both in tyjxjgraphy and the character of its
contents. Among other improvements the extracts
and miscellaneous matter are set in a new and com-
pact readable minion type, which could not be pro-
cured in season for the January number, and quite a
new feature are the illustrations, which the publishers
promise to improve still more upon if the enterprise
receives proper encouragement from our farmers.
Prof. Rathvon, the editor, manifests his usual untir-
ing industry in the editorial department, which con-
tains articles of interest and practical value on our
" Situation ; " the Potato Blight ; the Patrons of Hus-
baudry; the Rust on Blaeberries; What is "Angumen-
tum ? " Daniel Webster and his kindness to animals ;
the sex and varieties of Persimmons ; Good Butter
and how to make and keep it ; Dying for our Country;
The Agricultural Department of our National Cen-
tennial, beautifully illustrated with a full page
engraving, besides minor editorial articles. Henry
M. Engle" contributes an interesting article on Lan-
castercounty apples, giving a history of the " Smoke-
house" and several other local varieties: Casper
Hiller one on the Persimmon and its culture ; Jacob
StauflTer the second of his series of "Wheat Glean-
ings;" Henry M. Engle speaks another good word
for The Farmer; and J. M. W. Geist, the office
editor, furnishes a paper on the Culture of the Grape,
in which Mr. Fuller's system of trellising and pruning
is advocated and illustrated with engravings. The
proceedings of our Agricultural and Horticultural
Society are reported at length, and the prose of farm-
ing is enlivened by Trowbridge's admirable poem of
"Farmer John" —

"You see, old Bay,
And you, old Gray,
I'm wiser than when I went away ! "

Four pages, or twelve columns, are devoted to
Agricultural and Horticultural Miscellany, Domestic
Economy, (including various Housekeepers' Recipes)
and Literary and Personal items.

It is apparent that the farmers of the county are
determined that this enterprise, which had been
languising for some years past, shall be sustained. —
Lancaster Daily Sxpreff.

The Latest Acquisition in Sunday-Schools.

A correspondent of the National Baptist shows
how one Sunday-school was saved from being "talked
to death" by its superintendent. He visited a flour-
ishing school. Its exercises opened promptly, with-
out an audible voice ; the hymn was silently placed
on the blackboard, and sung; a teacher, previously
designated, prayed; another hymn was sung, arranged
in the same manner, and at once then, with no word
from the superintendent, the classes entered upon
their recitations. The visitor expressed his admira-
tion to a teacher at the quiet order and studiousncss
exhibited, and asked how this marvelous silence and
earnestness had been attained. He was led to the
superintendent and requested to propose the question
to him. Beginning to say that he had never seen the
like in his life, the superintendent quietly shook his
head, and, lifting a little slate, wrote upon it, to the
visitor's astonishment, "I am a deaf mute !" The
stranger turned to his friend for an explanation. We
had been talked to death, he said, in substance, by
previous superintendents. It seemed impossible for
an average man to avoid the error, so we chose a
mute, who is an accomplished Christian gentleman.

We have received from the publishers. The
Lancafter Farmer for January. This newspaper has
lately changed publishers, and at the same time
changed its form. We do not want to flatter, but the
change is a vast improvement upon the old Farmer,
both as to its contents and its typographical appear-
ance. Its editor is Prof. S. S. Rathvon, a scientific
entomologist, and one of the best authorities in
America on the important subject of entomology. If
our readers desire to become thoroughly acquainted
with the pests that annoy them most, and of which
they know the least, we advise them to subscribe for
the Farmer. It is an imperial 8 vo. of 16 pp.,
printed from clean type, on good paper, and is very
cheap. Address Pearsol & Geist, Lancaster, Pa.—
Louisiana (Mo.) Journal.

•*

A brow-beating lawyer, in cross-examining a wit-
ness, asked him, among other questions, where he
was on a particular day ; to which he replied : " In
company with two friends." " Friends !" exclaimed
the lawyer; "two thieves, I suppose you mean."
"They may he so," replied the witness, " for they
are both lawyers." '

" John, I am afraid you have been forgetting me,"
said a bright-eyed girl to her sweetheart the other
day. "Yes, Sue, I have been for getting you these
two years."

DILLER & GROFF,

AGENTS FOR

The best in the market. Guaranteed to
give satisfaction.

No pay asked until the coDditions of the guarantee are ful-
filled. Call and see it with the late improvements.

ALSO A

FULL LINE OF HARDWARE,

BUILDING MATERIALS,
STOVES^,

And everything usually kept in a first class Hardware

Store, at

m 7 EAST KING STREET.

7-Mm LANCASTER, PA.

House Fupnishing Goods

JOHN D. SKILES,

No. 25 EAST KING STREET.

Just received full lines of

BLEACHED AISJ) rNBLEACHED

SMrtiflL Slieetiiii & Pillow -Case Mnsliiis.

TICKINGS, CHECKS,

TABLE LINENS, TOWELS,
NAPKINS, QUILTS,

COUNTERPANES and COMFORTS.

PRINTS— Newest Styles.

PRINTS— Shirting Styles.

CARPETS, OIL CLOTHS,

WINDOW SHADES, fco.

ALL AT LOWEST PRICES.

Great Reduction in WINTER DRESS GOODS, SHAWLS,
SKIRTS, he. to make room for Spring stock. Also, closing
out our Winter Stock of

EEADY-MADE CLOTHIS"G,

At Prices Regardless of Cost.

COATINGS, CASSIMERES and VESTINGS, made to or-
der or Bold by the yard at greatly reduced prices.

Call and be convinced.
T-l-3m]

JOHN D. SKILES.

dealers in all KllinS OF
FA1WII.Y and I.IllIE-BlTRXI9rG COAl, I

Orders received at

Office. NO. 15 East King street, and at the
T-l-l!m] Yard. No. 619 NORTH PRINCE STREET.

AGRICULTURAL STORE,

No. 320 North Qneen Street, Lancaster,

(Near New Market House).

The Improved Rockaway Grain Fan, Pratt's P.itent Hay

Rake and Corn Shellers for Horse and Hand Power,

Cutting Boxes, Corn Planters, and Improved

Cider MtUe

of different kinds and sizes ; also, all kinds of Coach-
makers' Stuff.

Farmers, look to your interest before bujang elsewhere.
I can sell at small profits. The Shop is two squares
northwest of P. R. R. Depot, and two squares south of
Reading Depot. Hickory Lumber and Spoke Wood taken
In exchange for Machines.

PLANING AND SA^WINa

of all kinds at short notice ; and Caatings kept on hand for
repairing Farm Machinery. Also, Agricultural imple-
ments of every description on hand. Wire and Sieves
made to order for fanners.

6-B-12m]

SAMUEL KEELEB,

Lancasteb, Pa.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

VII.

CENTRE HALL

Has now ready the Largest Stock of

READY-MADE GLOTHING,

For MEN, YOUTH au.l BOYS, MADE UP OF EVEKY
VAUIETV OF GOODS unil COI.OUS.

PBICES TO SUIT EVERYBODY.

Has an Immense Stock of

PIECE GOODS.

All the Latest Styles in the market to make up to order, &t
low priceB, and at Bbortest notice.

To save money, buy your ClothiuR at CENTRE HALX, a
Live HouBO, where they keep up with the times.

MYERS & RATHVON,

CENTRE HALL, 12 East King Street,

6-7-12m LANCASTER, PA.

HATS,

AND

FTJRS,

GENTS' GL0VE8,

AND

WALKING CANES,

All at the lowest pHcee, at the

CENTRAL HAT STORE,

39 West King Street,

Next to Cooper's Hotel,

LA.NCA.STER, PENNA.

AUES & HESLET.

I— ^

l-3m

PATENTS

OBTADdD BEST iNB CHEAPEST BY

LEWIS BAGGER & CO.,

. SOLICITORS OP PATENTS,

\^/'ASHINGTON, D. C.

ez^Addrfsa nil IclterB to P. O. Box <«. 7-3-12ni

ROCKY MOUNTAIN PILLS.

A TAriABLK MEDICINE.

PROM NEW AND RARK MEDICINAL PLANTS

RECENTLY DISCOVERED IN THE

ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

PURELY VEGETABLE.

Fifteen yeora of earnest botanical research among these
mouutaius and valleys have resulted in the diacovery, not
only of many new varieties of plants, but of new species —
some of which have wonderful medicinal and curative
properties. By continued eiieriment their virtues have
become kuowu — and thus from extracts of these newly dis-
covered plants are these pills compounded.

If properly used, they will cure very many disensea, pains
and aches — aud are more esgeciallv valuable in Dl'.SI-
M'Et'filA. LlVICRfOMHLAlSl. J yi>lO tISTiON,
JAVXniCJS, and «11 cases of ITEVKHS. ftH.US,
VJilNAHYanAKiDSKl'DiBQjse^, HHEVMATISM,

cosTi jicyEss. II EA urn uns, niAJtRHfEA,

MVMHS, MEAShES^toT Purifying the Blood, and for
many other diseases, and all cases of Biliousness and Dis-
ordered Stom:tcb.

On orders accompanied by the cawh or fostal order, I will
send safely by mail jost-paid one boi Pills for 2o cents, one
duz. boxes, $2.50, one gross boxes, $'24.00.

J. E. JOHIVSOM,

OUR FENCE CORNERS.

Law and Equity.
It is told of, the lati- Judge Benjamin Tappan of
Oliio, that when he applied to Judf;cRof the Supreme
Court for admission to tlie l)ar of that State, he was
asked the following questionn, to whleh he gave the
aiiswir as follows: "Mr. Tappan, what is law?"
Answer — " An unjust distriljution of justice. " Mr.
Tappan, what is equity?" Answer — A confounded
imixisitlon upon common sense I" No other questions
were asked, aud he was given a certificate.

The Lancaster Fakmek — Edited by Prof. S. S.
Rathvon: \Vc have before us this excellent periodical
in a new-ftfid Improved form, makini; a very liandsomc
appearance indeed, and entitling it to the respect and
attention of all those who "till the soil, or ply the
loom or hammer." As a Lancaster literary and
scientific production. It will command notice for its
handsome typographical ajipearance, and will com-
mend itself especially for the solid original matter its
pages contain. The subscription price is only $1.00
per annum, which should secure its extensive circula-
tion anion our worthy farmers throughout our garden
county and throughout the United States. We
heartily commend the Farmer to the favorable notice
of our readers. I'earsol i Geist are the publisherB.
— Lancaster ]\'eekhj UevUw.

The Only t>ifference.

The servant of an army oflicer one day met a crony,
who Inquired of him how he got along with his fiery
master. " Oh, ex<-ellently ! " answered the servant;
"we live on friendly terni.s; every morning we beat
each other's coats ; the only ditrerence is, he takes his
off to be beaten, and I keep mine on."

HEMO^A^LI

TRIMMING STORE

The LANfASTER Farmer : The February num-
ber of this journal Is even belter than the January
number, which we took pleasure in commending when
it made its appearance in its new dress. The present
number contains several excellent editorials on sub-
jectsof great interest to the farmer and horticulturist,
while the correspondence and selected articles show-
that careful editorial supervision has been exercised
in their preparation and arrangement for the press.
A beautiful engraving of the Centennial building in
Philadelphia, is also published In the present number,
which should be In the hands of every Lancaster
county farmer, horticulturist and stock raiser. —

Lancaster Itiielliqeneer .

^ •

An intolerable bore, having talked a friend nearly
out of his senses, finally struck out on the " oyster,"
which he called "one of the most remarkable speci-
mens of creative wisdom extant," when his friend in-
terrupted him and "closed the debate" with the ex-
clamation, "The oyster! Ah, yes, the oyster is a
glorious fellow. He always knows when to shut up."
^

The Lancaster Farmer : We take pleasure in
acknowledging the receipt of the Lniicasler Farmer
for January and February, In its changed, improved
and enlarged form. We have no doubt that under
the able control of Prof. S. S. Rathvon, it Is destined
to occupy a first-class position among the journals
devoted to scientific and practical Agriculture. lis
contents are varied and well adapted to the wants of
the farmers of our county; furnishing them with
just such information as will be of great ultimate
benefit to them in their daily avocation. — Marietta
Register.

An old-fashioned clergyman named More was
riding on horseback one stormy day, enveloped in a
loose" cloak of large proportions and having a broad
scarlet collar. By the action of the wind the cloak
was tossing about in all directions, when a gentleman
rode up on a spirited horse, whleh shied and almost
threw the rider. " That cloak of yours would frighten
the devil," said the gentleman. " You don't say
sol" replied .Mr. More; "why, that's just my

trade."

Lancaster Farmer : The February number Is re-
ceived. It now certainly ranks among the first of our
agricultural journals. Prof.S.S. Rathvon, the editor,
islwidely known as a leading entomologisl, and asbeing
well versed In the natural sciences and agriculture ;
hence the Farmer cannot fail in his hands totakethe
front rank among the journals that furnish useful
and rellaWe information to farmer, gardener, fruit-
grower, aud stock raiser. Address the ptiblishers,
Pearsol & Cielst, Lancaster, Pa.— .V(. Joy Ihrahl.

Our friends and patrons will plea.sc take notice that

On the First of April

will Remove our Trimming and Variety Establishment

To 54 NORTH ftUEEN STREET,

Into the Room now occupied by MU. JOHN A. KRBEN,
as a Dry Goods store, directly opposite the Inquirer
Printing onice.

We are dally adding to our stock NEW and HAND-
SOMK HOODS, and will sell at the Low«8T Prices.

T-3-lm

BLIJOMINUTO.N NLTltSKKV, Uloomiugtoii, 111.— F. K.
Piiu£Nil. Spriii|{ liblsfrec, or thu Hut uf fourc.ituloguetl
post fruo fur twenty avutii. [7-l-3m

[urgerYiia ^ |kect(jtj.

The undersigned have In preparation a NURSERY •
MAN'S DIRECTORY, embracfiig a list of the

NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS, SEEDS-
MEN & TREE DEALERS

OF THE tJNITED STATES.

The work will be sold wholly by subscription, the
price of which will be KIVK DOLLARS HER COPY. A
limited space will be given to .Advertisements, at the
following low rates :

Full page, - $25.00 | One-third page. - $10.00

Half page, - - u 00 | One-fnurth page, 8.00
One-sixth page, $5.50.

For Sample I'ag<'3, and further Information, address

X). "W. SCOOTT & CO.,
T-3-4m] Printers and Publishers, Galena, Ills.

VISITING- CARDS.
FOR LADIES AND OENTLEMBS,

Printed In the best style at the 6Blce of

THE FARMER.

NOW IS THE TIME TO SUBSCRIBE.

1875.

1821.

54th

"voXiXrjycE.

7-S-«f

ST. OEOROE, UTAH.

A harmless, half-witted creature was accosted by a
saucy fellow, who thought to make game of him.
" I say. Jack, lad, dost want a place ! Master wants
a fool." " \\-, indeed," replied Jack: "wants a
fool, does he f Then are you going to leave, or does
he want a couple ?"

A man who was sentenced to be hung was visited
by his wife, who suiJ, " .My dear, would you like the
children to sec vou executed i" " No," replied he.
"That's just like y.iu," said she; "for you never
wanted the children to have any enjoyment."

The Saturday Ivealag Post.

The Oldest Literary and Family Paper in America.

Founded Aug. 4, A. D. 1821.

A large eight-page Journal, priutt'd on fine white paper,
and beautifully illuHtrated. Contains A& columns of the
choicest reading. Powerful aud jioj ular UlilciNAL avd
Sebial Storikh from well known writers of abibty in each
number, with from ten to fifteen C'omi-leted Talkh,
Sketches and Essays, covering h wide raD^e of literature,
and e^ch the best of itn kind.

Our SPECIAL DEP.\KTMENTS will continue to be a
brilliant feature ot the paper— The Boudoir, containing
the very latent fashion news, presented in most attractive
ferm ; Faikieh' Cclumn, aud Ovr Own Sphinx, never-fail-
iug sources of iuBtruclion and umuMetnt-nt for the LITTLE
FOLKS, News OK Inteweht, The Rkviewkb, New Pii»-
LicATiuNs, Fxt^KTi.K, and the C(>«bkki'Oni>entb' BniEAU,
contuiuing solid and valuable iubtruction given in Answehh
TO ALL Inquirers upon almost every tiueetinn which can
be presouted or diKcuBsed. Since THE POST passed Into
the hands of the present Editor and Proprietor, neither la-
l>or nor exj ense have been spared (o make it the VERY BEST
Literary and Family Paj er pubhshed. New life and vigor
have l)een infused into the old favorite; the be*t writers
now contribute to its columns, and the reading matter, il-
lustrations aud typographical appearance arc e<|Uol to the
very best. THE POST, during the year 1875. will contain a
larger fund of instruction, amusement aud entertainment
than can be procured for the same terms in any other pa
per published.

TEIR^i^S FOIR 1875.

Postage to anv part of the United States, hitherto paid by
Subscribers, wi'll, after the Ist of Januar>, 187.%. be paid by
us, without additional charge to our SubscritxTS.

THE Post will l>e sent to aily address, either single or in
clubs, as follows: Single Subscrilx-rs, oneoj^y, four months.
$1-00; "*» muiiths, $1.50; om? y**-'^'', $i.OO. (lubs— Foor
copies, one year, post-i-aid, for $10 00. which is $2 60 I *'r
copy. Fight copies, one year, for $20 00, ^^^ »" additional
copy FREK to any one remitting that amount at one time.
Additions may be made to clubs at Knnic rales, via.: $^.50
(^cb. Send stamp for sj ecimcn copy tu

R. J. C. WALKER,

EDITOR AND PBOPRIETOB
727 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.

ORSE-BILLS.

PL.\1N l)U IN' FANCY COLORS.

Printed in the Best Style at the olBce of

THE FARMER.

VIII.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

WEBSTER'S Unabridged Dictionary.

•* The best practical English Dictionary

KXTANT." — London Qitarterli/ Review, Oct., 1873,

To the 3,000 Illustrations heretofore in Webster's
Unabridged we have recently added four pages of
COIiOREn ILLUSTRATIONS,

engraved and printed exijressly for the work, at large
expense, viz.:

ARMS OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES.

ARMS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.

FLAGS OF VARIOnS NATIONS.

UNITED STATES NAVAL FLAGS, to.
Thus adding another to the many useful and attractive
features of Webster's Unabridged.

[^"The authority of everybody.

Proof~20 to 1.

The sales of Webster's Dictionaries throughout the couu-
try in 1873 were twenty times as large as the sales of any
other Dictionaries. In proof of this we will send to any
person, on application, the statements of more than 100
Booksellers, from every section of the country. Published
by «, A C. MERRIMAN, Springfield, Mass. [7-3-lm

FLORAL

HEADQUARTERS

SCHROYER'S,

On Harrisburg Avenue, in the Ninth
Ward, North of the College,

IN FRONT OP

H. A. SCHROYER'S GENTS' FURNISHING STORE,

No. 3 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

Next door to Zuhni's Corner, Ceutre Square,
Every day during the season, if the weather permits,
where I will be pleased to accomodate those who cannot
come to Headquarters.

t^"The earliest, the beat, and the newest TOMATO
PLANTS, in Pols and Boxes; also EARLY CABBAGE
PLANTS, PEPPER PLANTS, &c.

7-2-3m) GEO. W. SCHROYER.

OUR

Illustrated Catalogues
^01^ 1875 0^

EVERYTHING

FOE THE

GARDEN!

( Seeds! Plants ! )

Xlmplements, Fertilizers, etc./

Numbering nspagesand containing five
beautiful colored plates^maWci. on receipt
of 50 cents.
Catalogue, without plates, free to all.

85 Cortlandt St.,

NEW YORK.

D. L.

P. O. BOX SM.

SECOND ANNUAL CATALOGUE

^ SUSQUEHANNA GREENHOUSES

AND

PLANT NUESEEIEB

NOW READT.

RESH, Columbia, Pa.

[7-1 -3m

K
H

%
K

m Stpoilts.

MONEY TO LOAN AT ALL TIMES,

at Liberal Hates, at approved security.

SPECIAL AND LIBERAL TERMS made with parties
having charge of Trust and Estate Funds.

B^"Governmeut and State Bonds, Gold, Silver, and
Coupons, bought and softl. T-l -3m

We would call the attention of
housekeepers, and those commenc-
ing housekeeping, to our very large
stock of Cooking Stoves, Ranges
and Heaters, together with our tre-
mendous variety of House Furnish-
ing Goods, such as Table Cutlery,
Britannia and Plated Spoons, Coal
Oil Lamps and Chandeliers, Wash
Wringers, Brushes, Brooms, Buck-
ets, Tubs, and every variety of Tin
and Copper- Ware, all of which we
are selling at the Lowest Prices.
Flinn & Breneman, No. 152 North
Queen St., Lancaster, Pa. 7-3-3m

$0 '° $20 Q. Stinson

home. Terms free. Address
& Co., Portland, Maine.

My annual catalogue of A'egetable and Flower Seed for
1875, will be sent free to all who apply. Customers
of last season need not wi-ite for it. In it will be found
several valuable varieties of new vegetables introduced for
the first time this season, having made new vegetables a
specialty for many years. Growing over a huniired and
fifty varietiex on my several farms, I would particularly in-
vite the patron :ge of market gardeners and all others who
arc especially desirous to have their seed pure and fresh, and
of the very bent Mtrain. All see^ls sent out from my establish-
ment are coveted by three warrants as given in my cata-
logue. JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass.

PSIME FRESH OSAGE ORANGE SEED.— l.bush., $7.60;
•i bush., $14 ; a bush.. i'iO ; 4 bush., $'25 ; 6 bush.. $30.
7-3-lm F. K. PHffiNIX, Bloomington, 111.

THE BEST

LANCASTER, PA.

JOHN BEST,

MANUFACTURER OF
Horizontal, Vertical and Portable, from IX to 100 Horse-Pr.

STEAM BOILERS^ADAPTED TO ALL
PURPOSES.

[7-l-3m

Castings of all descriptions. Heavy and Light, Made to Order.

be
MAILED FREE
all appli-
cants.— This Is
one of the largest
id iiiost oompre-
h n s i v e Catnlof^rups
published; contains ?16
s, over 300 fine engrav-
' ings, and gives full desci-ip-
tioiis, j^riees, and directions
planting about 1200 varieties
f Vegot.ible and Flower Seeds,
Beddini? Plants, Roses, <te., and is
invaluable to Farmer, Gardener, and
Florist' Addretss, D. M. FERRY & CO.,
Seedsmen and Florists, DETROIT, MICH.

EDGERLEY & CO.,

MARKET STREET,
In rear of Market House,

LANCASTER, PA.

Persons wanting a good Carriage or Buggy, will do well by
giving us a call.

ALL WORK WARRANTED,

and for the same quality the cheapest in the market.

We have the best assortment of

second hand vrork on hajid

ever offered for sale in

the county.

REPAIRING PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO

7-1 -3m

Published Quarterly. January Nimber just

issued, and contains over 100 PaOES, 500 EncravingS,
dcicrintions of more than 500 of our best Flowers
and Vegetables, with Directions for Culture, CoLtjKBD

Plate, etc. The most useful and elegant work of

the kind in the world. Only J5 cents for the year.

Published in English and German.

Address. JAMES VICK. Rochester, N. V.

111

.x^

s^^^

ite^'^"

^^^'^Bi

Prof; S. S. EATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA., APRIL, 1875.

FEASSOL in GEIST, Publishers.

THE FARMERS HOME ORGAN.

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER,

DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
AND MISCELLANY.

Founded under the auspices of the Lancaster County
Agricultural and Horticultural Society.

Edited Tsy Prof. S. S. EATEVON.

With the January issue (1875) The Farmer entered upon
itsaeventh year, uuJerii change of luoprietois, the publica-
tion ha\iiig bi-en triiUflfened to the inuleiHiKned, who ino-
pose to make it in :ill re«i>ects a first-ch.sa locil organ of the
importuut intereHta to which it is especially devoted.

With this view The FAiiMEn has been enlarged and its
form changed to the Imjeriul Mag;izine style, each number
containing tw^nty-fourj-ages Imr.Svo., meiisuring 9J^ by 13
inches, at least seventeen of which will be exclusively devott^d
to reading niatrer, the advertisement sand "si anding matter"
being limited to tbe remauiiiig pages. This inoeasc of size
and change of form, together with the use of a more compact
type, enables lis 10 give twice as much reading matter as
was contained iu the old form.

If this effort to give the agricultural community of Lan-
caster county a publication worthy of their honnruble calling
is liberally seconded, we propose to add other improve-
ments from time to time, including illustiatioun of impor-
tant topics of general interest, and papeis from special con-
tributors on the more important loc;il industries and re-
Bources of the county — a vride field, which has been very
little cultivated by our local press.

Thf coiitril*utioiifl of our able editor, Prof. Hathvon, on
8ubj.-c'e c-oiiuected with the science of farming, and jtartic-
ularly lli.it si.eciuUy of which he is so thoroughly a master —
entoniologicii scieuce— some knowledge of which has bei-onie
a necflairy to the successfal farmer, arc alone worth much
more than the ^irice of this i-nblication.

Thk Fabmeu will bo jmblished on the 15th of every
month, printed on good pa] er with clear type, iu con-
venient form for reading and binding, and mailed to eub-
Bcribers on the following

TEEMS:

To subscribers residing within the county —
One copy, one year, . - _ _ , $1.00
Six copies, one year, - ..... 5.00

Ten Copies, one year, ------ y.50

To subscriljerB outsiile of Laucastor county, indudiitg
postage pre-paid by the pubUshere:

One copy, one year, ----- $1.25

Five copies, one year, - - - - - . 5.00

All subscriptions will commence with the January num-
ber unless otherwise ordered.

All communications intended for publication should be
addressed to the Editor, and, to secure insertion, should be
in his hands by the first of the mouth of i)ublication.

All business letters, containing subscriptions and adver-
tisements, should be addressed to I he publishers,

PEARSOL & GEIST,

Express Buildings, 22, South Queen Street,
LANCASTER, PA.

RATES OF ADTKRTISING.— Ten Cents a
line Tor each insertion. Twelve liuea to the inch.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

SIX TOPICS ILLTTSTRATED.

TWENTY-FIVE ENGRAVINGS.

EDITORIAL ARTICLES: page.

Colorado Potato-Beetle. Ittutitratedf - 4'J

(lallinoculture, et Ovaeulture, - ' - .50

Distinguisliiner Sex in Etise. lUnstraleJ, .51

The Cost of Our Receut War, - - 51

Our Paris Letter ami Our Fence Corners, 51

Susquehanna Sliail. lUnstrated, - .52

Super-Phosphate from Kaw-Boues, - - .52

Aliout (irouuil Hogs, - - . - 5:{

Rose Culture, ------ 53

Another Remedy for the Potato-Beetle, .53

The Illustrations in The Farmf:!!, - - 53

Coiistruetionof B(.>ard Ftmees. IlliiKti-ati'il, .54

Good Agricultural Correspondents, - .54

The Centennial Exix>sition. Ilhtxtratcd^ 5.5

John Bull After the Colorado-Bugs, - 56

Alfalfa Clover, Barley, tSte., - - - 56

Plantins Potatoes Early, - - - 50

What Fertilizers are Used in Your County ? .56

A Useful Tahle for Farmers, - - .56

The Great Lilium Auratuin, - - - 5.S

Irrigation in the Valley of the Rio Grande, .57

Frank It DlFFF.NDEnr'FEn, Laucaslfr, Pa.

Soap, How to Make it, JE - - - - ■5S

Mountain Tea, Levi S. Keist, Warwick, - 58

Timber for Fences, Levi S. Reist, Warwick, .59

Letters, Queries and Answers : - 59 — 60

Tlie Flower (l.iriliMi — Tiie t,'liineHC Yam —
Tlie Persinimnti and Scnpi'cnioiigOrai.e
— Tbe ('uicnl)i) auil Se<'il IMaiitiiip — The
Potato Beetle and Kaily or Late Phint-
iiig — I'eoaieHuuil tbe Uo«e-Hug — Apijre-
ciatiuu of The Fakmkb, &c.

Our Paris Letter: .... 60

Farniibg aud Feeding ou the CoQtiueut of

Enroiie.

Our Local Organizations : . . 61 — 63

ProceediugB of tlie Lancaster County Ag-
rieultin-alaiid Horticultural Society, uud
tbe Lancaster Pal k AsHociation.

The Farm and the Dairy : ... 63

Succes8lul aale of Short-IIoruB — Valuable
Milk Cows— Setting and Skiiuniilig
Oiealn— A Little Advice to Fanners —
How a Dollar Spent will "Pay."

Farm and Domestic Economy : . . 63 — 64

The Nutrition of Oatmeal — Now for House
Cleaning — ParaBites iu Bird Cagefl —
AlHjut Housework and Help — Home
Interiors.

Information About Bees : - - - (H

The Honey Beo in Farm Economy —
yueriCM answered alxjut (jueens, Itulian-
izing stock, kc.

The Cotemporary Press, ... 64

Catalogues of Seeds, Plants, &c., . .64

The Progress of Invention, . - 64— V.

New Patents Relating to the Farm, Dairy, &c.

Our Fence Comers, - . . iii, vi, vii.

Fact and Fancy, \Vit and Humor.

Business Announcements, . - ii — viii.

TIE LANCASTER EXPHESS,

(DATLT ANTD WEEKLY.)

Tlje Leadii;^ Local Family and Business Newspaper, and lh«
oijly Independerjt Republicar; Jouraal it} the County.

THE ^ FOUNDED
WEEKLY, \ nv iiiK

1843 J PRESENT PROPRIETORS,

f '

THE
A I L Y ,

856

The Wkekly Expuess U:i8 been Iwfore the citiEenrt of
Lancaster couuty for u jKirioit of tUIrty-two years, and Th»
Daily Kxi'Rf.ss for over eighteen ye:irH. DuriiiK thia long
jieriod, mid without chaut^e of maunf^ement, Tiii-: EXt>RKft9
hu8 fairly c^iriied it Idr^e share of pntrouage and firmly
eHtaliliHbed itselt in the public coiitldeiice. an an u))nghl and
Indereiident journal, never hesitating to defend the right
and denounce the wrong, no matter where found to exiiit.
It huB always been a journal of jii-ogreKS, and the outspoken
friend of cduc.itiou, temperance, 8ound morals and religion.
Ah iu the i)a8t, so U will continue iu the future,

TERMS OF THE EXPRESS.

The Weekly Express, one year, - - - $a.oo

The Daily Express, one year, .... 5.00

The Express and The Farmer: To any pertjon roBidiug
within thy liniiis of IjimcaKler cuunty we will mail —
The \Veekly and the Lancaster Farmer, one year, $2.50
The Daily and the Farmer, one year, - 5.00

REAL ESTATE ADVERTISING.

The extended circulation of The Kxi'KKbs makes it the
best medium for advertiHJng Uetl EHtate and Personal
I'roj erty in the county, a fact which can be allested by the
many farniers anil utherH who have availe»l Iheintielvei) of
the UHti of its columns, and to which we invite the attention
of all having property to dispose of.

PRINTING SALE BILLS.

The Exi'itEKK printing ofllce is one of the tMutt fumiflh*d
e»labliH)inieMt8 for turning nut all kindu of prniting to t>e
found in the interior of the State. Wc arc prepared to
print any job from the Hinall visiting card to the largent dale
or horse Itill, j oster, or broadside, ]jlain or in colom, aa
quickly as it can Ik- done at any Oiher establishment, and on
«a reasonable ternis. We muke the i.iil:iting of SaU-bUla
fur Farmerx a si-ecialty, and guarantee satiiifactiou to our
cuHtonieru.

OUR STEAM POWER PRESSES

include the various patterns ndaptivl to printing books,
pamphlets, pou'etH. sale-bills, hand-bills, millers' receipts,
cataloguprt of live Hlock. and any kind of work done in a
Rrsl-class irinting office; in short anything that may bo
called for by the fiirnier, merchant, banker, mechanic, or
business man, and we guarantee to do the work as satisfac-
tory as it c;in Ui done iu I'lilladelphia or elsewhere.

With one of the most com)>lete Job Offices in the Rtate,
aud un8ur|)aasetl convenience8forexpo«lit)ously tuniuig out
work by the U'st workmeu, under the iwrsonal supervisiou
of the proprietors, who are both practical printers, all per-
sona iu need of Printing will find It to their interest to glre
us a trial.

PEARSOL & GEIST,

BOOK. NEWSPAPER AND JOB PRINTERS.

Express Buildings, 22, South Quecn-st,
LAITCASTEH, PA.

Onr Prew* KootnM arc open to Viaitors, and they ar«
always welcome to look at our machinery iu operation.

II.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

PENSrSYI/VASriA RAII.ROAD.
Traine leave the Peunsylvauia Depot in this city
as follows ;

Leave

Arrive

■WESTWARD.

Lancaster.

Harrisburg.

Pacific Express"

2:45 a. m.

4:10 a. m.

York Accommodation..

7:50 a. m.

Col. and York.

Mail Train via Mt. Joy..

11:20 a. m.

1:00 p. m.

Mail Train No. 2 via

11:20 a. m.
3:25 p. m.
6.10 p. m.

1:20 p. m.

4:50 p. m.

Harrisblirg Accom

8:10 p. m.

Lancaster Triiiu

7:35 p. m.

Col. and York.

Pittsburg Express

8:56 p. m.

10:10 p. m.

Cincinnati Express*

10:« p. m.

12:C1 a. m.

EASTWARD.

Lsncaster.

Phil.'.delphia.

Atlantic Expiess'

12:40 a. m.

3:10 a, m.

Philad 'a Expi i-Bst

3:55 a. m.

6:50 a. m.

Harrieburg Express

7:20 0. m.

10:00 a. m.

Lancaster Train

9:28 a. m.

12:25 p. m.

Pacific Express*

1.45 p. m.

4.15 p. m.

Elmira Express

3.15 r. m.

6:5^ p. m.

Harr jsburg Accom

6-20 p. m.

9:30 p. m.

The Columbia Accommodation Train will leave Columbia
at 1:00 p. m., and arrive at Lancaster at 1:35 p. m. Keturu-
ing, leave Lancaster at 3:40 p. m.^ and arrive at Columbia at
4:15 p. m.

York Accommodation leaving Lancaster at 7:50 a. m. aud
Columbia at 8:20 a, m., will couiiect at York with Baltimore
Accommodation, Bouth, at 9:13, arriving at Baltimore at
12:05 p. m.

'J'he York Accommodation, leaving York at 5:50 a. m., con-
nects at Columbia, at C:35, with the train leaving Marietta at
6:22 a. m., and at Lancaster, at 7:20 a. m., with the Harris-
burg Expre88.

The Pacific Kxpress east, on Sunday, will make the fol-
lowing stupe, when flagged, viz.: Middletown, Elizabeth-
town, Mount Joy, Biid-in-Hand, Lehman Place, Gaii, Chris-
tiana, Parkeeburg, Coatesville, Gleo Lock, and Bryn Mawr.

•The only trains which run daily. Mail train west on
Sund.Ty will run via Columbia.

tRuus daily, except Monday.

MARSHALLS'

Centre Square, Lancaster, Fa.

Top French Kip Boots, For French Calf Boots, For Calf and
Kip Boots, for heavy Boots and Shoes,

GO TO MARSHALLS'.

BOYS' AND YOUTH'S KIP BOOTS.

RUBBERS OF EVERY STYLE.

Ladies', Mieses and Children's fine Button Work. Also,
particular attention paid to customers leaving their meas-
ure. We use nothing but the best of material, and employ
none but the best of workmen.

CS'~Eepairing promptly attended to, [7-l-6m

The Shirt Maker,

AND DEALER IN

FINE SHIRTS, SLEEVE BUTTONS. COL-
LARS, CUFFS. DRAWERS, NECK-
TIES. UMBRELLAS. GLOVES,
SUSPENDERS. EMBROI-
DERED SHIRT FRONTS.

SHIRTS MADE TO ORDER,

WARRANTED TO FIT.

118 Is^OI^TII Q.TJEEIT' ST.,

(Next door to Horting & Schlott's Hotel),

LANCASTER. PA. [l-Uim

ROCKY MOUNTAIN PII.LS.

A VA1.UABI,E MEniCISfE.

FBOM NEW AND BABE MEDICINAL PLANTS

BECENTLY DISCOVEKBD IN THE

BOCKY MOnNTAINS.

PURELY VEGETABLE.

Fifteen years of earnest botanical research among these
mountains and valleys have resulted in the discovery, not
only of many new varieties of \ lants, but of new sjecles —
Bome of which have wonderful medicinal and curative
pro] ertiee. By continued experiment their virtues have
bectime known — and thus from extracts of these newly dis-
covered plants aie these pills compounded.

If properly used, they will cuie very many diseases, pains
and aches — aud are more eegecially valuable in J>1'.S'-

rii:hsjA:j.ivKn iOMPLAiyi, iNniOLSTioy,

JAVNVICIC, and all cases of JTEVERS, <OLJ>S,
UJfJNAJtYuiid KIDNEY DiHeuses, HHEVMATISM,
COS TI r EN ESS, li EA it TJi UJfty, J)1A RItJI OCA ,

MUMPS, MEASLES~for Purifying the Blood, and for
many other diseases, aud all cases of Biliousness and Dis-
ordered Stomach.

On orders accompanied by the cash or postal order, I will
send safely by mail post-paid cue box Pills for 25 cents, one
doz. boxes, $2.50, one gross boxes, $24.00.

J. E. JOHIVSOIV,

7-3-tf

ST, GEORGE, UTAH.

2,000 Copies of The Farmer

itow^ P!airil

A New Work by a Praotical Painter, design
ed for the ate of Xradesiueii« ITleelianics,
]TIcrc1iaiits. Farmers, aud as a Guide tn Pro-
resxional Painters. Coutaining a Plain Com
mon-Sonse StateBient of the Methods employed by |
Painters to produce satisfactory results in Pltiiu
and Fancy Paintingof every description, inclnd
Ing Formulas for inixlug Paint in Oil oi
Water, Tools required, etc. This is just the Book
needed by any person having anything to paint, and
makes

"Every Man His Own Painter."

Pull Directions for Using White liCad— liamp-
Biack— Green — Yel low — Brown— ^Vliit-
iiig — Glue — Pumice Stone — Spirits ol
Turpentine — Oils — Varnishes — Furni-
ture Varnish — rank Paint — Preparing
Kalsomine, etQ.

Paint for Outbuildings

— Whlteivash- Paste for Paper-Hangliig- '
Hamming; Paper-Graining in Oalc, niaple,
Rosetvood, Black Walnut — Staining—
Decalcomania— niakins Rustic Pictures

— Painting Flower-Stands — Roseivood
Polish- Varnishing Furniture — Wax-
ing I< urulture— Cleaning Paint—

Paint for Farming Tools

-for Machinery-Household Fixtures, elo

To Paint a Farm Wagon

— to Re-Varnish a Carriage— to make Plas-
ter Casts. The work is neatly printed, with illiis-
tratlons wherever they can serve to make the subject
plainer, and it will save many times its cost ,
yearly. Every family should possess a copy. Prico '
by mail, post-paid, $1. Address j

THE FARMER, f

, „ ,.^ Lancaster, Pa i

A. K. SPURRIER,

At Mayor's Of&ce, Lancaster, Pa.

Criminal business promptly attended to at all hours.

SPECIAL ATTENTION paid to Civil BusinesB. Collec-
tions carefully attended to, and returns promptly njade, on
reasonable terms.

DEEDS. JUDGMENTS and MORTGAGES

executed on short notice, aud satisfaction guaranteed.

4>
r*

Meres

MONE¥ TO LOAN AT ALL TIMES,

at Liberal Rates, at approved security.

KT'KCIAL AND LIBEHAL TERMS made wltb parties
having charge of Trust and Estate Funds.

II3F"Government and State Bonds, Gold, Silver, and
Coupons, bought and sold. 7-l-12in

UTAH NATIVE PLANTS.

Our climate is so niUd we Beldom have snow in the valleys
— but in midsummer may find snow and ice in a day's ride.
The plants from the regions of the extremes of heat and
cold meet here and hybridize ; thus the many new plants —
some very beautiful in bloom, and attractive as ornaments.
Several new SPECIES have been discovered, and many more
new varieties.

I will send plantB or seeds, each in the proper season, for
orders accompanied by the "ready," and in some instances
will exchange for the rare and beautiful, for garden and
couservatory. J. E. JOHKSON,

7-3-tf St. George. Utah.

Egtablisiied 17701

Established 17701

H.C. DEMUTH,

MANUFACTUKER OF
J,

AND

'§ Celt

JOBBER IN CHEWING & FINE-CUT TOBACCOS

All the best tobacco in the maiket at the lowest re-
tail prices. [7-1-fm]

114 E. King St.. Lancaster, Fa.

The Only Place in lown for Cheap Soap.
HERMAN MILLERS

STEAM SOAP AKD CAKDIE WORKS,

42 EAST KING ST. Fictory-SOrTTH WAIIB ST.

K eeps constant ly on hand a good assortment of

SOAPS OF ALL KINDS.

Tallow and Fat taken In exrhange at tie highest mar-
7-2] ket prices. Patent Wlieel Grease for sale. |(jm

LANCASTER, PA.,

With whom may be found, at Wboleeale and Retail, a large
aesortment of

^KUGS, ^EDICINXS&I^^MEMICALS

Fancy and Toilet Articles,

SPONGES, BRUSHES, PEREUMEBY, &c., &c.

Phyeicians' PreBcriptions cai-efully compounded, and orders
answered with cure and dispatch. The Public will
tiud our stock of Medicines complete, war-
ranted (genuine, and of the best quality. [7-l-6m

HORSE-BILLS.
PLAIN OR IN FANCY COLORS,
Printed in the Best Style at the olBce of

THE FARMER.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

III.

EDW. J. ZAHM,

ZAHMS CORNER,

ITorth Queen Street & Centre Suc[are,
LANCASTER, PA.

A PULL ASSORTMENT OP

AMERICAN AND FOREIGN WATCHES,
CLOCKS, JEWELRY, SILVER-
WARE, AND

SILVER-PLATED WARE.

SOLE AGENT IN LANCASTER CODM FOR THE SALE OF

The Aruiidel Tinted Spectacles.

Theso Spectaclcfi have h'.'en bt-foro the public now for
Bomo years, and have given entire satisfaction. They are
uuquoatiouably the bent in the market.

WATCH REPAIRING

and GENERAL JOB WORK in all its branches promptly
done. The well-earned reputation of

for flret-clasa work \viU be fully maiutaiued.

EDV/.J. ZAHM,

ZAHMS CORNER,
North Queen St. and Centre Square,
7-3.3m LANCASTER, PA.

DILLER & GROFF,

AGENTS FOR

The best in the market. Guaranteed to
give satisfaction.

.\LSO A

FULL LINE OF HARDWARE,

BUILDING MATERIALS,
SSXOVK*,

And everything usuiUj- kept in a first class Hardware
Store, at

. W. 7 EAST KING STREET,

7-i-cm LANCASTER, PA.

IB. IB. lVt.A.H.TII>J",

MANUFACTURER OF

Wlttiainspnrt antl T^ck tlnvt'n,

BiU Mills— ROUND ISLAND & PORT.\OE, PA.
7-1] Retail Lumber and Coal Yard, [6m

WATER STREET, ABOVE P. R. R., LANCASTER, PA.

IF YOU WANT A
SS-WZITG MACSZITS,

don't dot one before you examine the

REMINGTON,

— AT —

H. A.SCHROYER'S GENTS' FURNISHING STORE,

No 3 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

NEXT DOOR TO ZAHM'S OOBKEK,
WHO IS AGENT FOR LANCASTER COUNTY.
t»-8end for Circulars. [7-»-3m

JQHN H. HETZLEE,

One of Ben. Butler's Last.

One of the last as well as one of the neatest lilts
maJe liy (Jeneral Hiitler, just before the elose of the
last session In Coiiirress, oeeiirreil iliirini; llie fumcms
"deaiMoek" tifrhl on the Civil Ki^'hts Hill. The
question of adjournment was tinder eonsiileration, and
(ieneral Butler had stepped over to Mr. Kamlall's
desk for a jirivate eonsultation. Butler favored a
iSiiiiday session. Kandall opposed.

•• Had as I am, I have some respeet for God's day,"
said llii^ Demoerat, ''and I don't think it proper to
hold a session of Congress on that day."

" Oh, pshaw ! " resixmded Bntler, " don't the bible
say that it is lawful to pull your ox or your ass out
of a pit on the Sahhath-day ! You have seventy-three
asses on your side of this House that I want to Ret out
of this ditch to-morrow, and I think I am engaged In
a holy work.'!

" Don't do it, Butler," pleaded Sam. " I have some
respect for you that I don't want to lose. I expect,
some day, to meet you in a better world."

" You will be there, as you are here," retorted
Butler, ipiick as thought — " a manber uf the Lower

In the eaki.y days of Ontario county, N. T.,
lived one Miller, from whom " .Miller's Corners,"
near Bloointielil, took its name. He had lieeii a black-
smith, and had broui;ht alom; his tools, Imt desi;;nKd
to give his attention mainly to fanniie^. But there
were so many calls upon his mechanical skill that,
without stopping to build a shop, he extcinporized a
forge, cut down a tree, placed his anvil on the stump,
ami went towork. Oneday ona man horsebaek. with
plow-irons strapped across liis saddle, who had made
his way from the south part of Canandaigua, encoun-
tered ilarvey Heeoek at the Oliver Chapin School
hou.se Corners, and inquired the way to Miller's hla<k-
sinith shop. Heeoek replied : " You are in the shop
now, but it is three miles to the auvil ! "

Plowing made easy, is what the American farmer
wants, and the wits of tlie Yankee inventor have
at last soared to the comfortable solution of the
problem. It goes forth to the public as a "shade
attachment for plows," and consists of an utnbrella
so fitted that the man at the plo<v is screened from
the heat of the sun. The legal and formal descrip-
tion, as filed at the patent olli<'e, is as follows : "A
cranked arm is secured in a socket by means of a set
screw, and is free to revolve in a horizontal plane.
The outer cud of the crank is jointed, and provided
with an adjusting brace, whereby it may be inclined
and secured at any desired angle. A suitable socket
at the upper end of the arm holds the umbrella
handle, retaining the same by a simple spring catch."
Illinois is just now in such a ferment about a
bishop that the following is not malapropos. We are
indclited for it to a correspondent who has heretofore
sent us anecdotes of the late Bishop Whitchouse.
During one of his sermons he undertook to illustrate
a point by telling the congergalion how he had once j
been lost on the prairies of Illinois, and had \yandered
for a long time, weary and almost hopeless. At last,
he saw a light, and ma<ie his way slowly toward it,
shouting for help. "Just as I thought I could go no
farther," said the bishop, "and was about sinking
dowu in despair, the door of a cabin was opened before
me, and the loiiq luohed-for ^Sucker' came." The
unintentional pun brought dov.n the house.

Of the many .iuvenile funniments that bubble
up ami seek for publicity through the types, the fol-
lowing of a little New Hampshire girl — quite mature
at six — is not bad. She went into a store where her
father was lounging, and slyly approaching him, said,
" I'apa, won't you liuy me a new dress !" "Well, I'll
see, I'll speak to your mother about it." A sad look
came over the little maiden's face, until looking up
with a smile into the paternal eyes, she said, " Well,
papa, if you do speak to mamma about it, touch her
easy, or she may want it herself! " He bought it —
for the daughter.

A Gascon who had a quarrel with the Bishop of
Bazas, swore that he would never again pray within
the diocese. Long afterward, in crossing a river in
the neighborhood, "he was overtaken by a severe Imrii-
canc. The boatman at last told him despairini;!y
that nothing further could be done to keep the boat
afloat, and that he had better recommend himself to
the mercy of God. " Are you sure," said the Gascon,
"that we are beyond the diocese of Bazas ?"

A fi:w days since a very pretty young married
woman, during a dinner-table discussion on Chureh-
manship, opened the eyes of the company and demo-
lished Iter husband by expressing, as her opinion, that
"the only difference between the ritualists and Koinan-
ists was in the fact that the latter burned iusccls."

A J HUGE in whose court was a great deal of noise,
exclaimed, "Ollicers ! call silenceinthe court. It is
a strange thing that this noise cannot be put a stop
to. I have decided I do not know how many cases
without having heard them !"

No. 9 SOUTH DUKE ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.

Real Kstate hou'^ht. sold ami exch.inge(l. Loans nc-
BOtlatcrt. I'rop.Tiicsr -u'ed. and 1 ntH co'.lect'^il.

Affcnt forth' FARMKKS' Kli.E ISSUUANlE <0. of
York, I'a. Assets, over f'JiJO.iOO. 7-l-3m

1760. ESTABLISHED 1760.

GEO. M. STEINMAN & CO.,

26 and 28 W. KING ST.,

HARDWARE.

BUILDING HARDWARE, GLASS,
PAINTS. OILS, PUMPS,

TERRA com, IRON aiillSAD PIPE.

LEATHER BELTING,

SEEDS, PHOSPHATES, AND
FAEM IMPLEMENTS.

AGENTS FOE THE
"OHIO" REAPER AND MOWER,
WHANN'S PHOSPHATE,
FAIRBANK'S SCALES,
DUPONT'S POWDER,
HARRISBURG NAILS, &C., &c.

We have the largest stock of i{<>iieral Hardware Id the
State, and our prioia are as low and terms aa liberal a« can
be found elHOwUere. 7-3-301

LUMBER FOU FARMERS.

NO MIDDLE-MEN.

We have a large stock of Lumber, and one of the most
extensive Sash and Door Factories in the Stale, and we are
prepared to furnish Honne and Karn Dills cjmiiletc.

All kinds of Manufactured iMMiciiig, &c., making a speci-
alty of suiiplving the auricullural eommiinily. We will
make prices itilivered to any Uiilroad Station. All our
material (flinranlped as rejiresented. All manufactured
work kiln-dried and warranted not to shrink. All inquiries
cheerfully answered.

One of the firm can be seen at the Franklin House. North
Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa., on Mjnday of each wv'ek.

KENDIG, BRICKER&LAUMAN,

7_i_12m] Middlctown. Dauphin co.. Pa.

J. STAUFFER,

LANCASTER, PENN'A,
235 EAST ORANGE ST.

All raattc-8 apperliiining to TNITED .ST.\TES or CANA-
DIAN PATENTS. TKADE .MAUKS. and COPYHrOHTS.
promptly attended to. His eil)erience, success a d faithful
attention to the interests of those who engage his •orvicee
are fully acknowledijcd and appreciated.

Prellmiuari- (•xamiualions made for him by a reliable As
sistant at Washingtou, without extra charge for dr^ng
ur description. l7-4-tx

IV.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE, 011.0

ORESeENT BONE DDgT,

AND OTHER

RELIABLE MANURES.

Uniforin in quality and me-
chanical condition.
Tor Circulars and Low Prices, address

Successors to Jiio. Ralston & Co.,
_3_o~ 170 FRONT ST., New York.

xioiviEi-iyEAXiE:

FERTILIZERS

THE BEST.

Farmers, Attention!

Upon receipt of 10 cents, to pay printing, postage and
proiortiou of ex] euse of Ibis advertisemeut, the Gray's
Ferry Chemical Woris, mannfaclurers of Oil Vitriol,
Ground Bones and other fertilizing materials, will send to
any farmer or other person a reci] e tor making a home-
made fertilizer from bones and other chemicals, at a cost of
about twenty dollars per ton, without trouble, apparatus or
machinery, jirouounced by huudieds who have used it to be
equal, if not su] erior, to any super-phosphate of lime pur-
chased in the market. Address

GRAY'S FEEEY CHEMICAL WORKS,

O face— 105 South Front Street,

7-3-2m PHIL.\DELPHIA, PA.

STMNGE_BUTTIIUE!

The TOONG QUA CUCUMI3EK grows to weigh seventy
pounds each, and tine quality. 15 cents per seed ; 10 seeds,
$1. SNAKE CUCUMBER grows from 2 to 8 feet long, and
coils iike a snake. 20 cts. per paper. PERSIAN WATEB-
MELON. Very superior, and keeps perfectly /rcs/i and
sweet lliTOtlrjhmit the winter. 20 cts. per paper. STKAW-
BERRY WATERMELON, hneat in cultivation; 200 prizes;
10 CIS. per paper. JAPAN RADISH. Pods 2 feet long, and
delicious. 1.") els. per jiaper. MAMMOTH CABBAGE.
Heads weigh from twenty to sixty pounds each ; tender and
sweet ; ten cents per pajier. CONQUEROR TOMATO, ten
days earlier than any other variety ; 25 cts. per paper;

JAPAN PE.\S— Two hundred bushels per acre on common
land ; unequaled for stock or table use ; grows on an up-
right stalk. Fifteen cents per pajier; fifty cents per pint ;
eighty cents per quart.

CHUFAS — Furnish grazing all summer and food for your-
self all Winter ; line for poultry, and fattens more hogs than
ten times the area in corn ; one hundred and fifty bushels
per acre on poorest laud ; ten cents per paper ; forty cents
per pint ; seventy cents per quart ; ten dollars per bushel.

NO HUMBUG.— We have certificates to prove all these
claims.

ROSE SLIPS— With good roots, of any variety the pur-
chaser may choose, at four for fifty cents ; nine for one dol-
lar, twenty for two dollars, one hundred for nine dollars.

Also, potato, cabbage and other plants at low rates.

Seeds and roses by mail, punt paid.

Send for our free catalogue giving full list, descriptions
and testivioniats frmii those who have groivn the above Heeds.
Address

SOUTHERN SEED & PLANT CO.,

Oallatin, Tenii.

Le Meschacebe says of us: "Their rare and prodigious
vegetablcH elicit the admiiation of all who have the good for-
tune to vi«it their celebr:ited gardens at Gallutiti." [7-3-3m

The undorslgncd have In preparation a NURSERY
MAN'S DIKE(_TURy, emljraelag a list of the

NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS, SEEDS-
MEN & TREE DEALERS

OF THE UNITED STATES.

The work will be sold wholly by subscription, the
prlee of which vrlll he FIVE DOLTARS PER COPY. A
limited space will be given to Advertisements, at the
loUowlni,' low rates :

Full page, . $2.1.00 I One-third page, - $10.00

Hair page, - - 14.00 | One-Iourth page, 8.00
One-sl.xth page, $5.60.

For Sample Pages, and further Inlormatlon, address
ID. -W. SCOTT &; CO.,

T-3-4m] Printers and Publishers, Galena, Ills.

PUBLIC SALE BILLS
FUR REAL ESTATE OR PERSONAL PRORERTY,
Printed expediously at the otlice of

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

EEO.W.BRflWn

FDSMITDRE WAREEOOfflS,

No. 13 EAST KING STBDET,

Over Llpp's Tin Store, next door to First
National Bank.

PARLOK,DINING-BOOM

AND

KITCHEN FURNITURE.

UPHOLSTERING DONE IN
ALL ITS BRANCHES.

HAIR, HUSK & COMMON MATTRESSES.

CANE AND WOOD-SEAT
O 13: ^^ I IFL S .

All kinds of Ftirnitnre made to Order.
t»~Repalring of all kinds promptly attended to.
7-l-6ni] GTIO. W. PRCWW.

RLMOVLD FROM S. WATER ST.

CO
Q

-4

Co"

/§

F. 0. STURGIS,

520, 522, <8 524,
POPLAR ST.,

LANCASTtR, PA.

MILLWORK

OF ALL KINDS

Manufactured in a su-
perior manner.

Estimates Fnruislieil

Aud all iuformatiou con-

ceruiug the business

cheerfully given.

BONE DUST!

GUARANTEED PURE.

MAUPACTUBBD AND FOR SALE BY THE
TJNDBKSIGNED.

No. I VERY FINE.

Bagged and delivered on cars at Leaman Place in any
quantity for 2>j cents perpjund.

No. 2, S ZE OP WHEAT GRAINS,

2M CENTS PER POUND.
Address, MIIiTOX B. ESHLEMABr,

7-3-3m LEAM.\N PLACE, Pa.

EVERYTHING

rOK THE

GARDEN!

FOR

Florists & Market Gardeners,

at lowest rates — monthly wholeasle lists of
which mailed free on application.

35 Cortlaiult Street,
NEW YOItK.

C XI E: 3VE I C .A. X.

FERTILIZERS.

Nitrate of Soda; Nitrate of Potash ; Sulphate of Potash;
Sulphate of Ammonia; Acid Phosjhate — yielding 23 per
cent. Soluble Phosphate of Lime ; price, $27. 5t) per ton; also

CLIMAX SUPERPHOSPHATE,

CONTAINING 3 26 per cent, of Ammonia and 24 per cent,
of Soluble I'hosrhiite of Lime.

In reitly to letters of inquiry, prices and the exact analysis
of any or each of the chemicals will be given : and they will
be sold with GUARANTEE of the quality as stated.

GEO. E. WHITE.

7-3-2m 160 Front St., New York.

DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OP

FAJIIIiY and LIME-BURNIKG COAL,!

Orders recelTed at

Ofllce, No. ir. East King street, and at tie
7-l-12m] Yard, No. 618NORTH PKINCE STREET.

J. M. KEIPER,

No. 45 Nortli Queen St.,

DEALER IN

PAIlLOR,DININaROOM

—AND—
HAIR, HUSK,& COMMON MATTRESSES,

Case mi Wmi-Ue^i Okdfs,

ALSO AGENT FOR THE CELEBSATED

Gover & Baker Sewing Machine.

7^~ Machines Promptly Itrpnired.

[7-4-1 ra

For Sale at a Bargain.

A FOSTER H.\ND PRINTING! PliESS, in good order.
\A'ill print a form 13x18 inches. An excellent press for
light jobbing. Enquire of PEAKSOL & GEIST, Publishers
of The Lancaster Farmer 7-3-lm

The Lancaster Farmer.

Pro£ S. S. EATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA.. APRIL, 1875.

Vol. VII. No. 4.

COLORADO POTATO-BEETLE.

« {Doryphora deeemlincata.')

The accoinpanyiiiK liE;iiivs, wo tliiiik, suffi-
ciently illustniU' this iiuw notorious insect, in
its various stages of dcvolopment, without iii-
ttictiuf; upon our readers a tcelniical descrip-
tion of it. It may, liowever, Iw necessary to
state, Ijy way of simplilicatiou, that a a shows
the CfiRS. deposited in groups on tlie under-
sides of tlic potato leaves; and which,
when first deposited, are of a lemon
yellow color: 6, ?j, 'j, the hirnr, of vari-
ous ages, colors, oraiific and black; r,
thepi(jj((,a lit;ht clay yellow,and always
found under ground; d, (?, the hiuitjo,
or adult l)ectle, colors dark clay yel-
low and tilack; e, a wing cover, magni-
lied, illustrating itsspeciliclineations,
theother figures being the natural size;
/, one of the posterior legs.

The most common translation of
the Latin name is " Tenlined Siiear-
man," y/hich. tptviJifdHi/ seemsobvious
enough, but i/oicriVd??;/ it would bedif-
Ikult to see anything aliout the insect
that conveys the idea of a spearman.
These figures, together with the living
forms, which are becoming familiar to
potato growers in Lancaster county,
will enable those to identify them who may be
yet unacquainted with their general appear-
ance.

It seems hardly necessary to publish the his-
tory of the "Colorado Potato-Beetle" again
in the columns of The Faumek, and yet, in
view of the fact that it may come before a larger
nimiber of readers since " our new departure "
than it did in our former volumes, and that past
e.xperiences have had a tendency to direct the
attention of potato growers towards a more
thorough imjuiry than they have condescended
to bestow uiion it heietofore, it may not be in-
appropriate to reproduce what we have for-
merly written, with such modifications, addi-
tionsand corrections as subsequent experiences
seem to suggest. And again, notwithstanding
the floods of literature with which our country
is now almost everywhere deluged, it is some-
times discreditably apparent that a great many
peoplestill read •'little or nothing," and espe-
cially those who, one would think, have the
greatest interest in reading the practkal mat-
.ter that h:is appeared, from time to time, in the
columns of the agricultural, horticultural and
scientific journals of the country. Moreover,
if it requires periodical preaching, and thecon-
.stant illustration of "line upon line," and
"precept upon i)recept," to impress or remind
people of tlieir ridigions obligations, wecannot
reasonably expect that they will give heed even
to tluir material interests — especially where
reading is involved — without a reiteration of
our admonitions, in res|)ect to those things
which are likely to seriously ((/fWthose interests.

In the spring of 1845 a friend of ours, hxtated
in Wisconsin, in the vicinity of Grand de Tour,
and him we had pri'viousiy commissioned to
collect for us the insects of that region. His
first instalment we received sometime during
tlie sunniier of that year, and among them were
four specimens of a large chrysomelan, which
we subse(iuently submitted to a competent
coleojiterist — for we then possessed neither de-
scription nor catalogue of American insects —
and hc> named them Poliiyramma W-lineaUi of
S.\Y, with juncta of Gekmek, as a synonym.
On a subsequent occasion we received two spe-
cimensof the same species,but somewhat larger
in size, from South Virginia. Allied species,
then included in the genera, lllephnridn, Lahi-
donifru, Zij(jn(jriiinmn and Cal'lijrnpha, we had
frequently found in Lancasterand York coun-
ties, hut we never noticed that any of them fed
upon the potato tops. Calliifrapha we gener-

ally found most abundant on the dwarf willows.
For about fifteen years our groU|) of (^hry-
sonu'lans remained undisturbed, unlit the laie
lamented Mit. WAl.sii.of Hock Island. Illinois,
demonstratiMl tliat U)-linc(tl<i. Mid* iiiitft<t were
not .synonyms, but distinct; that those we re-
ceived from (irand dcTonraiid Virginia were
thi' junctit, and that h)-linii<i from (!ol<irado
and farther west, only reached Wisconsin,
Iowa and Illinois, about 18(jl or 1802. And

that wherever they appeared they were par-
ticularly destructive to the vines of the common
potato, {Solanum tubcrosuni,) and since then
they have become a common pest.

This enemy of oneof our most essential crops
having, to all appearance, now fixed itself in
Lancaster county, allow us to ott'ersome specu-
lations as to how it got here so far in advance
of its usual yearly progress through the AVestern
States. In 1S71 we heard of its being within
twenty miles of the western boundary line of
Pennsylvania; and as its previous progress had
been from sixty t(j .seventy miles a year, we
might naturally have looked for its "advance
guards "in this county, about the year IS7.")
or 187(). But it was here already in IS7-J, and
as its first appearance was in the vicinity of
the Pennsylvania railroad, there is reason to
conjecture" that it had been brought here some-
how on the rolling stock of that road. In 1870
a few of these beetles had been discovered in a
potato patch in the town of Worcester, Ma.ss.,
according to Dr. Packard, who gave it as his
opinion that they had been conveyed thither
on the railroad, as the enclosure in which they
were discovered was in proximity to tlie road.
But through Yankee ingenuity and vigilance
they were exterminated.

No\\', the last brood of the season of this insect,
either in its pui>a or mature state, hyljcrnates
during the winter sea.son — that is, l)ecomes
torpid — either under the ground, un<ler heaps
of field rulibish, or in " cracks and ci'cvices,"
or other convenient hiding ))laces. In the
autumn of 1871 they were noticed near the
eastern boundary of Ohio, deserting a potato
field V)ecau.se no more potato plants wore in
their green or succulent slate, and winter was
approaching. Tliey were so nunurous in cross-
ing over the rails of the ro.ad, that the driving
wlieels of the engines would sometimes make
a whole revolution without making any for-
ward progress, in consequence of the cruslied
bodies of the insects lubricating the tracks.
AVe may, therefore, reasonably conclude, that
some of them took refuge in the rolling stock
standiiig on the road, or in exposed freight,
subsequently lo.aded on the cars — for even the
streets, sidewalks and yards of some of the

*We are in possession of iltiislratioiisof tliisiiiseet,
and in a future nuinliernf our jnurnai we will publit^li
ttieni ami piiinl out the speejJie ilistinetions lietween
it and lO-Zute/d, auil also soniethinir alK)ut its -jreo-
trraphioal distribution, its history and its habits, fur
the edilication of our readers.

towns, were full of them and thus were con-
veyed toother remote localities. It isditlicult
to comprehend how they could so soon have
crossed the Allegheny mountains, and have
reached ICastcrn Pemi.sylvania, on any other
theory.

It is true that the matured beetles arc pro-
vided with ample wings, and although tlieir
flight is sluggish, they may still possess the
power of flying a great distance in calm
weather. Butterflies have an appar-
ently weak and awkward flight, anil yet
they have been known to alight on the
■y^~J rigging of vessels ninety or a hundred
mihsoutalsea,iufair weather. Insects
of various kinds have fri'ipiently teen
known to cross the liritisli (^haimel, a
distance of thirty or forty miles from
the continent of Em-ope "to England,
and vice v< r.sn. This does not preclude
theiiossibilityof their being also trans-
ported by artificial means, and it was
evi<lently by such means that they were
first brought into Lancastercounty.

Although potato growers are liegin-
ning to acipiirc a realizing sense of
their destructive habits, and to learn
Something of their individual identifi-
cation, yet there is a vast amount of
the most profound ignorance still
abroad in reference to their history, their trans-
formation, and their modes of reinvnluction
and [lerpetuation ; some alleging that the
" white butterfly" deposits the eggs from which
the disgusting grubs are hatched; others that
the grubs are the parents of certain plant-lice
which infest the potato vines; and others again
that when the female is d<me laying her eggs
she creeps into the groimd, and comes forth
again rein vigorate<l; many of them vigorously
warring against the grubs," but paying no atten-
tion to the mature beetles — the authors of the
pestilential hordes.

Although the lives of virgin or gravid female
in.sects may be jirolonged to an iiulcfinite
period, yet when they have oviposited, they
usually .soon die thereafter from exhaustion.
As the female "Colorado Beetle" deposits
from one thou.siind to twelve hmwlred eggs
within a period of about forty days, there is
reason to believe that she .soon thereafter shares
the common fate. This is also the ca.sc with
the males after their sperniatozoic energies are
exhau.sted. Therefore those which survive the
hybernating period .and make their apj)earance
in early spring, are either gravid or virgin
female, and imexhau.sted males. We have seen
the .sexes in coin in the early |)art of .June, and
therefore concluded that they had hylH-rnated
in the pupa state; theearlier eggs must there-
fore have been from females impregnated la.st
year.

Under these circumstances then, it becomes
the bounden duty of all tin- imtato growers in
a district infested by theColorado Potato Bee-
tle to exerci.se a vigilant watch for the.se insects
early in the spring, evcm tefore their potato
plants have broken through the surface of the
ground, and by careful and thorough hand-
picking or otherwise, to gather and destroy all
the adult Ix'ctles as soon as they make their
ai)i)earance; for in so doing they destroy from
ten to twelve hundred insects in embryo.
Although the beetles themselvesalsofeed upon
the i)otato plants, yet their injuries are only
as one to to a hundred, when compare<l tothe
injury inllicted by the larva. Butthe farmers'
labors in t his <lircetionsh(mld not ceiwe here, for
some of the insects may have evaded their ut-
most watchfulness. They should, therefore,
thoroughly examine all their potato plants,
and, if eggs are present, they will l)e found in
clusters of from twenty to iifty on the under-
sides of the leaves.
Thejse eggs are sufficiently conspicuous to be

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

detected by the naked eye, and are a bright
orange color wlien first deposited, but as incu-
bation supervenes, tliey cliangy in color to
dirterent shades of brown. These eggs sliould
be carefully collected and destroyed. The em-
ployment of the children of the household could
be beneficially and economically improvised for
this purpo.se," but in the absence of such chil-
dren it would be far better to hire children at
reasonable wages than to leave the work un-
done. One day's vigilant labor in early spring
would be worth more than ten days at a later
period, when the eggs are hatched, and the
larva have begun their devastating work.

REMEDIES.

If, however, through negligence or other-
wise, the insects have become so numerous that
handpicking would be impracticabk^ and hope-
less, and antidotes or mechanical means be-
come necessary in order to save the crop, what-
ever is done shoidd be done intelligently, sys-
tematically and perseveringly. Too many re-
medies are carelessly and hastily applied, and
then if no good from them becomes immedi-
ately apparent, they are luiqualifledly con-
demned. People exi)ect the result of artificial
remedies to be something analogous to a patient
taking a dose of medicine. He shuts his eyes
and swallows the pill, and then folds his hands
and waits for its operation, without any other
eflbrt on his part. You might as well attempt
to kill a bird by dropping a little salt upon one
of the feathers of its tail, as to expect to kill
potato beetles by such an indolent application
of remedies. The tobacco grower goes to work
more skillfully and perseveringly than that, j
and surely the potato crop of the country is of
more consequence to the poorer masses of the
people than the tobacco.

Remedies may be divided into three classes,
namely : Mamial, arViflrial and naturul. To
the first of these belong hand-picking and the
various contrivances which have been invented
or devised for knocking the insects oil' the vines
into receiving vessels, by the hands, a broom
or wisp, a bat, a revolving fan-wheel i)assed
between the rows, or by a sort of scoop with a
divergent mouth. The simplest of these is a
shallow pan held in the left hand under the in-
fested vine, and then with the right hand sweep-
ing or stripping them oft' iuto the pan, and de-
stroying them. As the.se insects are not gifted
with any very great powers of locomotion and
prehension, they very readily fall into such a
trap, if it is carefully and skillfully manii)u-
lated. Of course, in the use of these remedies
many of the insects may tall upon the ground
near the base of the plant, and therefore these
should receive careful attention, or they will
soon returu again to the places from where they
had been temporarily dislodged. The adults,
also, when they fall, will be apt to practice de-
ception for awhile, and pretend to be dead —
trust them not.

The artificial remedies are many — good, bad
and indifterent; but even the best of them may
be worthless, if not skillfully and perseveringly
applied. Woodfuhts, strewn on the jilants when
they are wet with dew or rain, is claimed as a
remedy, on the ground that an alkalinous sub-
stance results from a combination of ashes and
water, that is distasteful or destructive to the
insects ; air-slaked lime, on account of its acid-
it'erous qualities; yas lime, as a repellant orex-
pellant, through its asphaltic odor; pulverized
tuhacro, on account of its narcotic qualities, and
for the same reason tohwco dienvtions are ap-
plied; a solution of wliaJe nil soap, which is a
general remedy for the destruction of insects,
is also classed among the artificial means to ex-
tinguish the Colorado Potato Beetle ; white
hellebore, on Account of its poisonous qualities,
has been applied, and in some instances with
perceptible effect; but, so far, the best remedy
yet discovered is Paris green, ai)))lied as a pow-
der or held in suspension in water. Those who
have tried both plans, give the preference to
the dry powder application as tlie simplest,
most economical, and also most effective, when
carefully administered.

As a liquid, a tablespoonful of Paris green
is put intoacommon pailof water, thoroughly
stirred up, and sprinkled on the infested plants

with a common watering can, or a sprinkler
made for that sjiecial purpose. In the same
manner, a potato grower recommends one
pound of concentrated lye dissolved in a barrel
of water, sprinkled on the plants at any hour
during the day; but an intelligent farmer, re-
siding near this city, reports that he has tried
it without any visil)le good effect. ' Although
all the foreiroing remedies may destroy some
of the insects when skilfully and perseveringly
used, yet many of them have proved failures.
Tills may notbesomuch on account of the
substance used, as upon its intrinsic quality —
its uece-s.sary strength to kill the insects or drive
them away," and yet not to injure the plants,
or not being so cmidoyed as to come in imme-
diate contact with the evil.

One pound of dry Paris green, however,
thoroughly mixed with twenty pounds of
wlieat,"rye, oafs or buckwheat flour, has, uprm
general trial, been adopted as the best artifi-
cial remedy, and to which no danger attaches
if the ordinary care be taken, as in the use of
any other poison. It must also be remembered,
that the dilution of Paris green must be in pro-
portion to its quality, if the desired benefits are
to be expected from its use.

Now that the demand for this substance is so
great in the western States, " a shoddy " or
adulferated article has found its way on the
market, and farmers have been cheated and
their crops destroyed through the application
of a weak, ineffectual remedy, and the remedy
itself decried as a failure. Honorable druggists
ought to compound and mix the remedy them-
selves, and keep for sale nothing but a good
article. If we do not greatly misconstrue the
"signs of the times," tlie demand for Paris
green will be a brisk one in the future, and
none but a practical druggist would so well un-
derstand the mixing of it, for on this depends
greatly its beneficial effects; moreover, the
man who sells the best article, would certainly
rt ( f ^ tli( largest patronage.

fi A tin or wooden cylin-

drical l)ox, {(j) capable
of hf)lding about one
quart of the remedy,
having a wire-gauze or
perforated bottom, to
avoid waste, is a good
implement to scatter
the powder on the
Jilants. This box should
lave a handle at the
side, three or fotu' feet
9 long. If this box is held
over the plant, after the lid (/() on the perfora-
ted end is removed, and a gentle or brisk blow
is struck on the handle with a small mallet,
enough of the powder will be discharged to kill
all the insects it cimies in contact with.

Care should lie taken nol; to inhale any of
the mixture; but a very small quantity* in this
diluted form would not be veri/ hurtful. The
ojierator should always keep to windward of
the discharge, but, if possiljle, the remedy
should not be used when it is very windy, as
much of it would be wasted, and would jirob-
ably not reach the enemy. The best time to
use any powdered preparation is early in the
morning, when the dew is on the plants, or
immediately after a rain. In the absence of
dew or rain, and it became important to save
the cro]), the plants could be wetted artificially.
In our next number we will pulilish an illus-
trated article on natural remedies, as a neces-
sary sequel to the foregoing; which will be fol-
lowed with an illustrated paper on other species
of "Potato-beetles, " that our patrons may com-
prehend what this popular term really means.

* On this subject, however, we refer our readers to
paices 85 and ".Oof the Marcli numberof The Fakmek,
aud commend to their careful consideration the whole
article, iu which both sides of the question are ably dis-
cussed. Also to the second column of pagQ. 43, as
touching the poisonous qu.alit y of the insect itself. We
have received several other papers on the same sub-
ject, from authors, which we may insert in some
future issue, but in the meantime we would like to
have the experimental knowledge of our local potato
growers themsi Ives — whether negative or alHrmative
— because we desire to invest the subject with facts,
and not merely reckless /iKJcics.

GALLINOCULTURE et OVACULTURE.

Without stopping to discuss which of these
branches of hmnan husbandry has the prece-
dence in the ordinary developments of na-
ture's realm, it may be as clear to state that
without chickens there could be no eggs, as
that without eggs there could be no chickens.
Under any circumstances, the egg and
chicken questions are assuming a magnitude
and an importance in this country, that
are little apprehended by the masses of our
citizens, or perhaps even by those of more than
orduiary intelligence on other subjects. Per-
haps it may surprise some of our readers to
learn, that through the reports of the Chief of
the Bureau of Government Statistics, at Wash-
ington, it transpires that diu-ing a period of
eleven months, in 1873, we have imported
.5,4(J7,264 dozens of eggs, at a cost of 4^732,-
234, and that the importations of 1874, proba-
bly, far exceed those amounts. If acciu-ate
statistics of tlfe consumption of eggs in the
United States could be obtained, we feel con-
fident that the general result would be an
"eye-opener," and clearly demonstrate the
little danger there is of overstocking the mar-
ket. One large hotel in Boston uses an aver-
age of one hundred dozens of eggs daily, and
another in Philadelphia one hundred and fifty
dozens daily. According to the most reliable
data that can be obtained on the subject, the
annual consumption of eggs and poultry in the
Union amounts to the enormous sum of two
hundred and sixty-five millions of dollars. Six
millions of dollars worth of poultry were sold
in New York and Boston alone, in a single
year. This exceeds the commercial value of
all the swine and half the value of all the
sheep sold during the same period in those
places. It exceeds the entire value of the
neat cattle, and over four times the total value
of the horses and mules, yearly sold in those
cities.

Mr. Geo. S. Burnham, in his work on poul-
try, states that during last year one estiiblish-
ment iu Europe, engaged in the egg and
poultry business, averaged 50,000 dozens week-
ly, which, with the annual sales of chickens
hatclied, yielded ^28-5,000. The expenses of
the establishment amounted to §145,000, leav-
ing a profit of .fl35,000 a year.

It seems to us that these facts and figures
very clearly illustrate the increasing impor-
tance of gallinrivulture and ovaculture in our
country, and the necessity for systematic ef-
fort in a most useful industrial enterprise
— an enterprise which, if intelligently and
perseveringly followed, could not help being
remunerative.

The fact that the eggs of the ostrich, the
crocodile, various species of terrapins, and
other rejitiles are hatched without the aid of
tlie mothers that lay them — by the heat of the
sun alone — led the Egyptians, centuries ago,
to improvise the hatching of the eggs of poultry
by artificial means; and the existence of the
"Egyptian egg-ovens" has passed into his-
tory as a domestic institution these many
years.

But the artifl(tial hatching of eggs and the
raising of poultry, as a source of profit, has
not been confined to the Egyptians, -but
on the contrary, the Chinese, and tlie people
of Damascus, Palestine and elsewliere, in an-
cient times, were extensive artificial breeders.

Let any man in ordinary circumstances
ponder the subject — let him note how often
during the year he has had eggs and chickens
served up at his daily meals, and see how it
will compare with rancid bacon and tough
beef. The fact is, both eggs and chickens are
usually too high in price for the general cou-»
sumption of the common people.

Many people of delicate con.stitutions and
sedentary occupations are nearly all the time
half starved, because they cannot appropriate
the coarse and fatty food that is relished by the
robust man, .or the one who has much daily
physical exercise.

Tliere is no reason why modern ingenuity
should not be able to improve upon the ancient
systems of chicken production, and develop an
industrial occupation that will pay.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

From the days of Ari.stnththiwn to the pres-
ent i)erioil, liistoiy has In^eu dotted in every
century with the Importance of this industry
and its pecuniary results. Tlie Itouian Em-
peror Constant ine, notwitlistandinji the war-
hlce period in whicli lie hved, reeoj;nized t]u'
claims of t;alliiioeuIture, Ijy writini; a memoir
on the snliject, and lonj; liefore his tiini' the
Grecian i)hilosopher had suggested improve-
ments on the K},'yptian system. The ICn^dish,
French, Germans, Italians and I'ortufjuese,
had also experimented with more or less suc-
cess on the sul)jeet from an early |>eriod.

It is true there has not been that success, as
a general thing, in the temperate or cooler
climates, whicli dislinguishetl the Egyptians,
but the chief obstac'les have, on(' by one, been
overcome, and the GnUiiuH-ulturc instilidc at
Ilicksville, Queens county. New York, .seems
to have solved the knotty problem. This busi-
ness, like all other kinds of business, must be
practically underetood before it would be wise
to embark in it, but when understood, no
doubt it would afford more pleasure and profit
than any other rural occupation in the coun-
try. Prof. A. Corbett, the manager of the
institute above named, is contident that Jire
hundred dollars a pear can be cleared with
twelve hens. We need more business occupa-
tions, we need chea|ier poultry and eggs, and
the.se needs alone will command cxmsumption
and profit to those who embark in the enter-
prise with their eyes open.

DISTINGUISHING SEX IN EGGS.

The popular notion that a pointed egg will
produce a male, and a strictly oval or blunt-
ended egg a female chicken, was long since
demonstrated to be simply egg-otistical non-
sense coming from that class of folks who take
popular tradition for truth, without due in-
vestigation. Most j)ecri)le admit the desiiabil-
ity of knowing whether a certain lot of eggs
will hatch out cockerels or pullets, but very
few will admit the possibility of such knowl-
edge, classing it among " those things which
no fellow can find out." But, about a year
ago our attention was arrested by the results
of experiments published in the West Chester
pai)ers,by Wm. J. Pyle, of West Goshen, Chester
county, which struck us as very remarkable,
and worthy of further experiments. About

It will be
seen that the
air-chamber
(Fig. a) is di-
rectly at the
apex or Itlunt
end of the
egs; tliis will
hatch a lively
cockerel, of
quicl< {growth
and light
plumage.

the same time, (March 12, 1R74) this new test
was illustrated in Tfie Fam-ierx'' Journal and
FouUry Exchange, of Philadelphia, prefaced
with the remark, by the editor, that "during
the piist yeiir we have had brought to our no-
tice no less than three experiments, which seem
to be entirely succe.ssful in selecting eggs that
would produce male or female as desired ; and,
as the season of liatching is ui)on us, and the
experiment can be tried without labor or ex-
pense, we have decided to give the information
to our readers, and have had the following
diagrams made to illustrate the sidiject more
plainly,"fortheloan of which illustra'tionsTiiE
Fakmer acknowledges itself endebted to Mr.
Joseph il. Wade, editor of the excellent Poul-
try Journal above named.

In his "Code on Poultry Keejiing," Mr.
Edwards, of England, quotes Columulia, Miis-

cal, Stephanus, Ueaumer, and others, as au-
thority for the instruction to "examine the
liosition of the air cavities in the eggs, and
only letain thosethat have tlKMU placed directly
at the apex of the liluiit or large end, avoiding
all that have them ])laced at all to the side.
In this way eight eggs out of ten will jirodiice
cockerels." A correspondent of the London
Journal of UorlU-ulturf furnished the following
as the result of his experience:

" Lust winter an old country |K)nllry-kcc|ier told
me he could dlstinguisli the sex In ei;fjs; I hiiiLrhiil at
him, anil was none the Iras sceptical when he told me
the following secret: ' E^KS with the air-bladder on

This (Fi?.
h) is the kind
rejected by
all of the ex-
peri mentcrs
who have so
far reported,
as it "will be
good for no-
thing but the
pot."

the centre of the crown of the egg will produce cock-
erels; those with the bladder on one side will jjroduee
Jjullets.' The old man was so certain of the truth of
this dogma, and his poultry-yard so far confirmed it,
that I determined to make experiments upon it this
year. I have done so, carel'ully registering every egg
' bladder vertical ' or ' bladder on one side,' rejecting
every one in which It was not decidedly one or the
other, as in some it is only very slightly out of the
centre. The following is the result : Fifty-eight
chickens were hatched, three are dead, eleven are yet
too joung to decide upon their sex ; of the remaining
forty-four every one has turned out exactly true to
the old man's theory. This, of course, may be an
accidental coincidence, but I shall certainly try the
experiments again. I am now trying the same theory
upon ducks' eggs."

Mr. Pile has used his plan for some time,
and he is confident that if it is followed out to
the letter it will succeed every time. Last

Mr. Pyle
6aysthis(Fig
e) will hatch
a pullet of
quick and
healthy
growth, and
will become
a hen of good
laying quali-
ties.

summer, he hatched one hundred and twenty-
two chickens from eggs selected on this prin-
ciple, and one hundred and nineteen were
pullets. lie siiys :

"I always- select eggs of medium size, believing
them to be the best for this puriKJsc. I then get a
large lamp, and take an egg in my right hand, be-
tween the thumb and two foretingers, big end upper-
most, and hold it as near to the light as possible, then
hold the little finger of the left hand across the middle
of the egg. This will throw the light on the egg ;
then turn it around slowly, and you will iK-rceive a
dark spot, the size of a three-cent piece, directly in
the centre of the large end, or on one side, as in dia-
grams a, ft, c, and d.

"As I raise poultry for eggs and for market, I, of
course, set only eggs like letter c, with a few of letter
(I to replace the cocks of last year.

" It would he well for an amateur to break a few
eggs, empty out the contents, and examine the large
end, where the air chamber in the diB'ercnt positions

as in diagram will be distinctly seen. Where the air
chamber is wanting the egg is unfertile and will not
hatch."

In publishing Mr. Pyle's experience with
this test, the editor of the VilhKjf Record Silid :

"Our expi-riiiiic this spring (1'<T4) proves this
little |K)int. Wi- .set a little bantam hen on seven
white leghorn eggs, In live of which we could iliseover
no air ehamber, an<l after she had been sitting ten
days we limnd chickens only ia the two which had
air chambers."

This (Fig.
d) will also
hatcli a pul-
let, but of
slow growth,
a poor layer,
inclined to be
mascul ine,
and will
sometimes
crow.

The other day we wrote to Mr. Pyle, stating
that we intended to publish the result of his
tests in The F.vumeu, and that we were
desirous of knowing whetliei;^hc had any new
facts likely to modify his former statements.
It will be seen by the following reply, that he
has no doubt of the reliability of the test, and
simply repeats his instructions for the benefit.
of the amateur :

Mr. Ceist : I have no cuts of the eggs, but I send
you to-day a pa|KT containing the diagrams ; jou can
cut them yourself. If you should publish them,
please say that when the air-bladder is not to ho seen
at all, the egg is not fertile. It may \>e plainly seen
by holding close to a strong light, large end upper-
most — between the thumb and first two lingers
of right hand, with left hand placed over the top, and
the the little linger one-third down the egg. Turn
it around quictlv. You have all the instruction that
is needed.— Wm. S. Pvle, April 6, 1875.

The Cost of Our Recent War.

Mr. David A. Wells has furnished the Cob-
den Club of England with an essay upon the
expenses, income and taxes of the UnitM
.States. We copy the following statement of
the cost of the Rebellion:

The whole cost of the war to the Northern
and Soutbeni Stiites from IHOl to ISdO is esti-
mated as follows: IJves, l,(tOO,OtM); property,
by destruction, waste, etc., $it,t)(K),O()0,00O.
The gross exi>enditures of the United States
from .lune, 18(U, to July, lH(>(i,S;.-,,792,2o",00<).
Of this the actual war expenses were al)out
$5,34-i,-2:^7,CKX).

The expenses of States, counties, cities and
towns in the Northern States, not represented
by funded debts, have been estimated at
S.')00,(IOO,0(X). The increase of State debts on
the war account was S123,(HXJ,000. The in-
crease of city, town and county debts is esti-
mated at 8200,000, (XX). Total war expenses
of the loyal States and the National Govern-
ment^ Sfi, 105,2:57,000.

The estimated direct expenditures of the
Confederate States on account of the war were
S2,0OO,(RKI,OOO.

Aggregate estimated expenses of the war to
the country. North and South, «?H, 105,237,000.

The total receipts from all sources during
the second year of the war were less than
842,0(M),(K)o. The expenditures were §00,-
(MXJ.OOO per month— at the rate of 8700,000,)KX)
a year.

Our P.\nis Letter, which appears in this
issue of The Faumek, is an ably written and
interesting resume of agricultural i)rogress on
the continent. These letters will hereafter Iw
an imiwrUmt feature of this journal.

OuK Fence Cokneks constitute an original
and "taking" feature of The Farmer. They
are snug corners to (ind an4 enjoy a laiigh in',

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE SUSQUEHANNA SHAD.

This fish, one of the most delicate and tooth-
some in itsseasontliatvisitstheiuland streams
of our country, Belongs to the Herring family,
(Clupeid^e.) There are several species be-
longing to the restricted genus Alosa, at least
two of which ascend the Susquehanna and its
tributaries (when not obstructed in
their passage) the earliest " run " of
which is the "Hickory Shad," (Alosa
tyranis,) but the true shad of tlie Sus-
quehanna, and the one most highly
prized, is the Alosa 2)rcestahilis. Of
all the shad caught elsewhere in the
country, there are perhaps none supe-
rior in size and excellence of flavor
to those caught in the Susquehanna
and its tributaries, and the higher up
the streams they are caught, the fat-
ter, more solid and delicious' they are.
Those taken at Safe Harbor and Co-
lumbia are far superior to those taken
nearer the Bay, and before the era of
internal navigation, and when the
rivers of Pennsylvania were unob-
structed by dams and fish traps, those
taken at the Marietta, Elliott's Is-
land and Clark's Ferry fisheries, were
even superior to the former named.
Shad ascend the streams for the pur-
j)ose of spawning, after which their
flesh becomes soft, milky and insipid,
and many of them die before they
reach the Bay again. The young fry
descend the streams in autunm, and
many are taken in fish-traps or "bas-
kets," to the great prejudice of the
fishing interests. From autumn until
■spring the shad inhabit the deeper ^
bay or sea waters, but return every S
season to gladden the heart of man, X
and relieve him from the stale mono- "^
tony of "flitch and rancid sausages. "
Neal,in one of his"charcoal sketches, ' '
through one of his characters says:
" Of all the fish that swims, commend
me to the shad as the most gentle-
manly and best educated, for every
year they return to our very doors.
This is no doubt owing to the fact
that they are partial to ' schools,' und
by a little improvement in the curi-
cuhim of those schools, they might be -o
taught to ring the door-bell and in n
quire for the cook."

All the legislative protection that
shad require, are clear and unob-
structed fishways from the bays up to
their spawning places. They are not
a local fish, but flsli 'of passage, and
will find their way into streams of
their o-ivn accord, and without the
labor of " stocking " them.

Although the sh.ad is one of the most
excellent of fislies in its edible quali-
ties, and also symmetrical in form,
yet It cannot be iiroi)erly considered
a "game-fish." It is by no means
remarkable for taking the fiy, or any
other kind of bait— indeed, the in-
stances where it has been caught with
a " hook and line, " are not at all com-
mon, although upon the authority of
"FiiANK FoRRESTEK " it is stated
that they will take the fly if it be a
large and gaudily colored one. There-
fore in fisliing for sliad the chief reli-
ance is upon tiie net. This is of vari-
ous forms, adapted to the conveni-
ences of the fishing pools, but along
the shores of the Susquehanna, and
on its islands and artificial batteries, a
long sweeping seine is mainly used.
In the bays and elsewhere, a Gill-net
supplies the place of the seine, but
the Susquehanna fishermen have al-
ways looked ujion this mode with much dis-
favor. In some places a "scoop-net," or dip-
net, is the only implement that can be used.

It is within the memory of many of the older
citizens of Lancaster, when shad were taken in
the Conestoga, and even within the city limits.

There are various views as to the quantity

and quality of aliment in fish diet, and the effect
it exercises upon the mental and physical
systems of those who consume it. It has
been claimed by some writers that it sharpens
and facilitates theexerciseof the mental facul-
ties, whereas fat pork and susages have the con-
trary effect. AVe arc pointed to the " univer-

or flesh kind except fish. We cannot resist the
impression, however, that in our consumption
of animal food, we ouglit to make a wider dis-
crimination in favor of fish, and the efforts
made at this time to propagate these animals
by stocking our exhausted streams, seems to
also point in that direction.

THE VALUE OF FISH-FOOD.

Many elaborate comparisons have
been made as to the comparative
value of butcher-meat and fish : occa-
sional controversies have arisen on
the suljject, in which the utmost di-
versity of opinion has been expressed.
Someeconomic writers maintain that
fish has no food value worth speaking
of; others say that fish-food must oc-
cupy a middle position between vege-
tables and beef and mutton. Again,
a learned authority says that fish, well
cooked, with oil or fat of some kind,
or served with butter when brought
to table, "it is chemically the same,"
for nutrition, as butcher-meat.

Another writer says that fish as food
is only fit for children and inva]ids,and
is totally unfitted to support the health
and vigor of men or women engaged
in laborious occuiMtious. As usual in
such disputes, we may hold that the
truth lies between the two extremes.
Many people following laborious oc-
cupations, especially in Scotland, live
largely upon fish. In that country,
the fishermen themselves eat a con-
siderable portion, and, as a class, fish-
ermen are strong and healthy; and
their wives who undertake a por-
tion of the men's work are still strong-
er and healthier. In Portugal, fish
fried in oil forms a very large projjor-
tion of the food of the pi^pulation;
their tlsh-diet is supiilemented with a
little bread and fruit, and although
the peasantry of the land never par-
take of fresh meat, yet they are a
hardy, vigorous and brave people.
Let it be remembered that fish is a
necessity of life in France and Spain,
and as regards the latter country, a
constant organization is at work in
the British islands to sujjply it with
many kinds of cured fish. A huge
proportion of the pilchards taken on
the coast of Cornwall, as well as many
himdred hogsheads of cured and
smoked herrings, are sent to the Span-
ish markets.

•rnmi i"iti.TO"iiii|tfii|. ir

sal Yankee nation," as an illustration, in com-
parison with the dull, heavy and obscured in-
tellects of porkeaters. Be this as it may, we
have no positive evidence that the highest type
of humanity that ever trod this earth of ours,
embodying the highest manifestation of spiri-
tual intelligence, ever ate anything of the meat

SUPER-PHOSPHATE FROM
RAW BONES.

We l)elieve that super-phosphate
made of raw or unburnt bones is much
superior to that usually made from
calcined bones. In the latter case,
everything lilje organic matter is
driven off or decomposed by the heat
and escapes.

The French chemist makes the
value of manure depend ui)on the
amoinit of nitrogen which it contains,
but super-phosphates from calcined
bones contain no organic matter, or
a very trilling quantity.

The supcr-pliosphate also contains
5l).8per cent, of phosphate of lime,
and thei-efore contains 26 per cent, of
phosi)horic acid. The soil is con-
stantly being robbed of its phos-
])liates. The ash of wheat, corn, and,
indeed, all the cereals, contains a large
percentage of phosphates. This is
taken from the soil, and we return, in
most instances, manure made from
the straw and hay, which is, there-
fore, eomjiaratively i)oor in phosphates, for it
is a trulh that farmers should lietter appreci-
ate: Tliat a manure cannot be richer than the
SKbstancefroni which it is made. A cow fed on
straw cannot yield more manure, nor, indeed,
so much, than that contained in the straw.
Hence our lands become impoverished in their

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

phosphates. They may be rich in cverythinjj;
else, but a (lelicieiicy in phospliates will be
fiital. You may be able to urow line wheat,
straw or corn stalks, but the ijrain will lie
wanting. One close of a pood super-phosiihate
will supi)ly the needed aliment, and you have
an excellent prain crop.

We believe almost any land, which has been
hmp eropi>ed, will be ijreatly benelited by a
proper applieation of tliis manure. Many new
soils are delieient in phosphates, and you are
unable to raise a crop of cereals until you fur-
nish thisneeded product. VuiW the peopleof
tliis (•ountry contrive some plan for preservini;
those useful jiroducts, carried to our (titles in
the shape of fruit, grain, etc., etc., which are
u.sed us food, and waslu'd into tlie sewers and
rivers, we shall never be able to keep up the
fertility of our virgin soil. We may carry
puano from Lobos islands, husband our straw,
manufacture bones into s\iper-pliospliate, and
the cry will be, Rive ! pive ! pivit! We nuist
leani to return to the soil tlie ))liosphates and
other valuable products snatclied from it by
the wondrous growth of vegetables.

ABOUT GROUND HOGS.

The past winter having been an extraordi-
narily long one, and an intensely cold one,
a more than ordinary interest has attached
to this animal, on account of a traditionary
belief in its prognostications of the weather.
The Dii/th is to the elt'ect, that if the ground-
hog comes out from his winter cpiarters on
"Candlemas day" (Fell. ,2d,) and if there is
sutfieient sunshine to make his shadow visible to
him, he inunediately returns to his lair,
which will be followed liy si.c weeks of severe
whiter weather. ]5ut i^ it is cloudy, and he
cannot see his shadow, the event will be fol-
owed by an early spring. The '2d of February
of the present year, happened to be a cold but
bright sunny daj', and this, it is said, ac-
counts for tlie severe winter weather which
has followed.

To show that the ground-hog has no possi-
ble cimuection with this meteorological phe-
nomenon, his nature is such that he would not
come forth on a such a cold day as we had on
the id of February, 1S7.5. Now this auiuud,
otherwise called the "marmot," (Aniomiis
monax) is a hybernatiug rodent, and the length
of his dormant period isaltogther governed by
the temperature of the weatlier ; therefore, his
animation is not revived until the warm spring
temperature is sutfieient to produce that
effect. He is a most inveterate feeder, and
consumes an enormous (puintity of green and
succulent vegetation, especially young clover,
and nothing would arouse him from his win-
ter sleep but luuiger, induced by the genial
'return of spring. When there is from tln-ec
to live feet of hard frost in the earth, as there
was on the 'ind of Feliruary of the present
year, it would l.'e impossible for the gronnd
liog to come out of his burrow, down deep in
the bowels of the earth, lielow the line of frost.
When he retires in the fall he closes the mouth
of his burrow with earth fnim the inside,
and does not open it again until he is instinc-
tively admonished that winter is over and
siiring has assumed her reign. Although we
believe him to be too stupid to make any re-
liable prediction in regard to the weather, yet
he is not stupid enough to come forth when
the thermometer is down to or below zero.
Again, as to candlemas day, it is not likely
that he would regard it much ; if there should
hajipen to be a week or ten days of warm
weather in the mf)nths of l^ecember or Janu-
ary, warm enough to excite his hunger, for
instance, it would make very little differenc'e
whether the time wasChrisl»ii(.s,s, Candleiua.s.s-,
or Easter?H'/.ss : he would be apt — like any
' ' other body ' '—to make diligent inquiry about
something to eat.

There must, of course, be a cmcse for every
outward effect, and even when that cause is
discovered it may tran.spire that it is itself
only the effect of some anterior cause, no^w
of which, however, have any special' relation
to the ground hog, or any other animal alreiwly
"tabernacled " in the realm of nature.

Whatever faith "wiseacres" mny profcxH to
have in the predictions of a visionary ground
hog, we think there are but few who would
hazard the success of an important enler-
lirise upon the weather prophecies involved in
his candlemas adviut. It is, therefore, not
very likely that any "jirudent body" will
sutler uuich through the "thin faith" which
is jirofessed in the gniund hog.

Independent of wealhiT prognostic's, there
is. however, an interest atlaeheil t<i this ani-
mal ; for it is such a gro,ss feeder that, where
it exists in large numliers, it makes sad havoc
in the clover fields of the farmer, and on this
account is "hunti'd <lown " as an evil of more
or less magnitude. Under t\u'. cmnnion names
of woodchucks, ground hogs, marmots, go-
phers, prairie dogs,*' siiermoiihiles, and ground
stpiirrels, we have about twenty spei'ies of
rodents in the United States, wliich form a
distinctive grouii, and all of which possess,
more or less, the cpialities of tlie Lancaster
county ground-hog, on whose habits the
weather is often prognosticated.

ROSE CULTURE.

We extract the following from the columns
of the Amcrimn Farmer, jiulilislied at Haiti-
more, Md. It is part of an address read before
the "Maryland Horticultural Soeiety " at its
February meeting, by Mr. James I'entland,
who is distinguished in his profession as a rose-
grower, and the originator of numerous va-
rieties of that beautiful and fragrant flower.
We have seen many roses, "good, bad and
indifferent, "the lattercpiality perhaps predom-
inating, and we have thought that much of this
indiffiTcnce w.as the result of a lack of that cul-
ture which seems so practically detailed in Mr.
Pentland's address. There are many other
jioints in this address, referring to varieties,
&c., which may only be of local significance,
but our (luotation, we think, will be applicable
to any locality. Under any circumstances,
we cannot reasonably expect fine roses with-
out the necessary culture, any more than we
can any other subject of the vegetalile king-
dom, and possibly even with culture we may
sometimes fail.

" Very few iicrsons linow liow to cultivate a rose In
order to' liriii"- I'nrtli all the latent lieaiily coiilaiiieil in
the Hower. Many ai-e eoiiteiit wlieii't hey buy a rose
from those who have them to sell, to take it home,
dig a small hole in the sroiind in their garden, and
put it therein, (I eannot eall it planline:) leaving it
take eare of itself, and when they come to look for
flowers they find none. Ami no wonder ! It will not
stand sueh'treatment, but will wither and die, and
then the poor gardener who sold it eomcs in for the
blame.

Now, this is all wrong. There is not a (lower that
grows that requires kinder treatment than the rose,
and there is none more deserving, or that will better
repay good cultivation, cither in a coniniereial point
of view or for the gratitieation of two of theJine senses,
namely, sight and smell.

To grow a rose to perfection you must in the first
place lind the jiroper soil in wliicli it delights, which
is a stiff, loamy, strong virgiu soil ; yes, even a clay
soil, provided it is well drained and deep and cool, so
that the roots can tind their way down into a cool
place, in order to get away from tlie inlluenee of our
burning summer suns. In the next place you must
sec to it that the soil is pniperly enriclied ; for, depend
upon it, you will not see a rose in [icrfcetion in a poor
soil ; for', like the grape vine, it is a very gross feeder.
Therefore make; your rose ground very rich and deep.
Use any well-rotted niamire for your plants, and
plenty of it ; and as your roses gain strengtli, you can
give tliem almost any kind of manure, even to fresh

*Somc years ago we received a fine specimen of one
of these species by mail from Western Missouri. It
had been obtained in its winter hybernation and in-
closed in a tin box, and after having liecn thus con-
veyed aboiU thirteen hundred miles or more, when
the box was opened in a warm room, tlic animal re-
vived and became very active, ami also very jiug-
naeions, which is a characteristic of the genus. After
a confinement of a week or more it made its escape,
by pressing apart the wires of its cage, and from
thence passed through an aperture in the cellar, and
never was recovered. It, probably, I'ilher starved to
death or became food for rats. Tliis species Is, per-
haps, the smallest of the genus, and now Is scien-
tifically known as Sperniopholix trithceiiilincdliif, and
various common names, as the " striped gopher,"
"striped marmot," Jcc.

night soil. Watering with liquid manure occasion-
ally yfiu will Unci a gi'cat help.

Ill orilcr Id have fine fliiwers you will find pruning
a very important |K)int in the cultivation, and this
part, 1 am *iirry to say, is but poorly understoixl by
most cultivators, for how often do you see a rare
plant smiblieil olf at Its extremity. In order to give the
liiish a nice round lica<l of vi'ry slender shoots, U|Km
which yim see a small weak flower, not worthy of
being called a flower, looking as If It was ashamed of
itself, (and I don't wonder that is Is) insteail of bring-
ing out all the bi'auly of which It is capable.

To have fine, large and beautiful flowi'rs, you must
have plenty of good, healthy riMit-powcr, and not so
much wood, anil to obtain this you must have the
ediidition previously mentliined. If y<iur rose plant
lias had those conditions you will have giHid, strong,
hi-allhy ltowIIi from the ground, and In the Knll, or
very early in the Spring, when danger of severe frost
is over, (I jirelcr fall pruning, for by pruning then
you make the plant more capable of withstanding
our severe frosts, because the late growths made t)y
the rose are too tender and sappy to withstand our
cold climate) commence jiruning by cutting out all
the old wood of the previous year, or at least all the
wood of that year until you reach the new and strong
Wdod of this, if the growth has been made uiKin any
of it, as it very frci|uently will be, unless care has
been used w hilc growing. .Vfter you have cut out
all of the old growth, then commence and reduce the
new growth to tliree or four or more buds, according
to the strength of the growth. Strong growing va-
rieties may have more wood left upon them than the
weaker growing varieties. If you f(dlow out these
instructions, my word for it, you need not be ashamed
of your rose llowers.

The remark has often been made to me In the
mimth of June, when the rose Is In its best estate, by
persons visiting my place: How is it that lec don't
have as fine llowers u|ion our nise bushe^i as youi*
arc; mine arc larger bushes than yours, and of the
same kinds? and the only answer that I could give
lliemwas, "they are not jiropcrly pruned." Why,
they would rejily, a gardener pruned them, and he
ought to know. What a comment uixui ganleners!
Yes, he oiir;ht to know, and a good gardener doef
know, but the fact is, he is not always allowed to do
as he knows it should tie done, for many persons are
so afraid of seeing their pets cut down tmi close, sup-
posing that it will kill them ; and, again, many want
large liiishcs, which they can easily obtain, tint It
must always be at the expense of the llowers; whilst
others again desire (pianlity and not quality. To all
siicb I must say, don't blame your roses for not dis-
plaving tlu; full beauty of which they are capalilc. I
sha'U close this iwrtioii of my subject by saying, in
brief, if you want fine flowers give your plants jilenty
of roots, and short tO|is ; you can get the former by a
rich soil and good cultivation, and the knife and good
judgment will do the rest."

Spe.aking of desirable varieties, Mr. P. says:
"But if you want a rose in which you can feel
a re;il enioynieiit, in beholding its delicately
mifolding petals, in inhiiling its most extpii.site
fragrance, peculiar to itself alone, observing
its delicate habit of growth, and its constant
bloom ; whose colors, so delicate, look ius if
the breath of man would soil them ; then you
must grow the tJueensT)f them all— the Tkas
—so called, from their flowers having the rich
aroma of fresh tea." These are general favor-
ites with the ladies.

ANOTHER REMEDY FOR THE POTATO
BEETLE.
Mr. W. F. M assey, who seems to be a practi-
cal man, and one of intelUgeut oUservation.
comnumicates to the Amcriean Farmer (Md.)
that a strong decoction of the green rof)ts of
the "Mav-apple," or " Mandrake "— Pwio-
phiiUumpiltdtum — ellectually killed the "Colo-
rado i)otiito-beetles," in a case, or cases, where
he him.seir tried it. He does not claim to lie
the discoverer of the remedy. He found it in
the pages of an agricultural journal, ami at
once proceeded to submit it to a test, with a
favorable result. AVe give it here for whiit it
is worth, and commeiul it to our readers i\n
worthy of a trial. The potato-b<-etlc is such
an arch-enemy to the farmer that he might
afford to be moderately "humbugged" a few
times, if it only faintly promised to lead to the
discovery of aii antidiite against this increas-
ing scourge. AVe a.sk oiu- ftirmers to try it next
summer and to send to us the result.

The illustrations in this issue of The
F ARM KU constitute. an interesting and instruc-
tive feature, which will be maintained iu the
future.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF FENCES.

The growing scarcity of timber in Lancaster
county, where we have not yet realized the
importance of supplying the waste of years by
planting forest trees for the purpose of fuel
and fencing, invests the question of the con-
struction of fences with a growing impor-
tance. The best variety of trees to plant to
supply these wants is one of the questions now
before our Agricultural and Horticultural So-
ciety for discussion, and it will naturally in-
volve the comparative merits and economy of
hedges, wire, board, ywst and rail, and the
old-fashioned worm-fence. The scarcity of
timber in this section, suitable for either of
the latter, and our direct communication with
the piue lumber regions, suggest the economy

yigure 1.

of board fences, and to their construction we
will confine our remarks in this article.

The board fence can be recommended for
economy and neatness ; but these desirable
qualities are often entirely lost by the careless-
ness of the builder, and the enclosure assumes
a dilapidated appearance within a short time
after being put up. In erecting a fence of
this description it will be found highly advan-
tageous to bear in mind the old adage that
' ' whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing
well." In the first place, the requisite boards
for a given distance should be all piled together
to ascertain their respective lengths, and those
not coming up to the standard dimensions
should be sawed to fit, or sorted out and
placed together, to be subsequently, used by
setting posts to suit them. In measuring the
distance for the posts care should be taken to
use accuracy. The usual distance in a fence
of this kind is seven feet, tUe boards being
fourteen feet long. The distance should be
measured invariably from middle to middle
of each post without regard to their size. The
holes should be dug large to permit the ram-
mer to be used freely around the posts — a
common error in setting posts being to make
the holes too small, thus iireventing the earth
from being thoroughly packed and leaving the
posts unfirm ;ind rickety. An excellent plan
is to make the holes large and fill in with
stones. This prevents the fence from being
thrown out of line by the action of the frost,
and preserves the bottoms of the post from
speedy decay.

After the posts are set, the top boards are to
be first nailed, and in doing so particular pains
are requisite, as they are to form guides for

proceed with rapidity and accuracy. The rails
being nailed on, the usual practice is to stop
here ; but the most important work to secure
a strong, durable fence remains to be done.
Now saw small pieces of board to accurately
fit the spaces between the rails, and nail them
against the post as seen in Figure 1, which
illustrates a panel of fence at this stage of the
operation. These little blocks are made from
the waste pieces of the rails ; they are quickly
l)repared ; one nail holds them and they add
much to the durability of the fence. They
should never be omitted. The finishing touch
is given by nailing a facing strij) foiu- or five
inches wide on every post, which not only
makes a neat finish but greatly strengthens
the fence. Tlu^ addition of a cap rail will

.give additional stability and preserve

r~J tlie crowns of the post from decay.
■l This is simply another board running
T"^l on top of the posts, and pnijecting a
■1 — J little over the edge of the top rail.
Fiijure 2 shows a section of fence com-
"1 pleted, with facing strip and cap rail.
The cost of such a fence varies with
the price of lumber in different sec-
tions ; but the average expense has been
reckoned at $'2 a rod or 12^ cents per
foot, wliich includes all expenses, nails,
cartage, digging, &c. The cost of keeping it
in repair is about a cent and a half a foot,
each year, which includes its entire renewal
every twelve years.

A writer in The Coimtry (?e»i?emaM says that
for several years he has adopted a mode of
making board fence which reduces the num-
ber of posts and the holes to be dug one-third
or one half. He sets the posts at a distance
equal to the whole length of the boards, and
places a short piece of scantling, or the split
portion of a thick slab, midway between them,
extending from the top of the fence down to
where the lower board is usually placed. He
saves the expense of the lower board by bank-
ing up the eartli ten or twelve inches at the bot-
tom. In this way a surface drain is made for

This plan possesses the advantage of cheap-
ness, since it is easily made, and no iron what-
ever is required. All gates thus hanging will,
however, after a time "sag down, for the wood
of the gate rots, even if the post remains firm.
Figure 4. shows a plan for hanging gates,
where the hanging post projects above the other
parts of the fence, in order to permit the con-
nection of a rod or chain between the outer
extremity of the gate and the upper portion
of the post, as shown in the engraving. We
have represented a rod composed of wood for
this purpose, but the connection may be made

Figure 2. i

the remainder. Two space boards may now be '
u.sed to assist in nailing the remaining rails I
with accuracy. These consist of pieces of
stout boards, about as long as the fence is
high, having as many notches cut in them as
tliere are rails in the fence. The space boards j
being hung one at each end of a top rail, act i
as supports for the boards below while being I
nailed, at the same time preventing any error !
as to distance, and enabling the workman to '.

h'igare

carrying water away from the posts, and, most
important of qll, when horses and colts occupy
the field, a barrier is offered by means of the
ditch and bank, to prevent their crowding or
leaning against the fence. For this reason
the bank should be narrow at the top, as a
broad shelf will enable them to i)lace their feet
upon it. The boards are nailed to the battens
or stiffeners the same as to the posts, and with
long boards two are placed in each panel.
, With the cap similar to that shown in our
i illustration {Figure 2.) and the protection
~ offered by the earth bank at the bottom,
he claims that a fence thus constructed is
as strong and secure as a common board

t fence with double the number of posts.
We think the earth bank is a good idea to
combine with tlie fence we have illus-
trated, as neither cattle nor horses will
place their feet in a ditch or on the steep
side of an embankment for tlie sake of
crowding or leaning against a fence. The
saving of the bottom board will pay for
raising the bank, if it is done with a plow after
the posts are set and before the boards are
nailed on.

A plan of constructing and hanging a good
and cheap farm gate is shown in Figure 3.
It will be observed that it is constructed with
diagonal studs and is l)ne of the strongest that
can be made. The heel post has two snjall
I)rojections, one at the top, the other at the
bottom. These fit into corresponding holes
made in a pin. This i)in fits into a hanging
post, as shown by the dotted hues in the figm-e.

Figure 4.
with a chain whenever it is desirable. Gates
constructed in this manner can be opened and
shut without the least risk or fear of sagging,
by reason of their violently shutting to. They
are not expensive and might be more generally
adopted to advantage.

It is of the first importance to have the
hanging post properly secured ; and even then,
in a few years, it giVes way, from decay. An
effectual method of preventing rotting in posts
is to chnr their bottoms. The preservative
qualities of charcoal are well-known. About
eighty years ago a quantitj- of oak stakes were
found in the bed of the river Thames, in the
very spot where Tacitus says the Britons fixed
a vast number of such stakes to prevent
the passage of Julius Ca?sar and his army.
These stakes were charred to a consid-
erable depth, had retained their form com-
pletely, and were firm at the heart. This
quality of charring was well-knowTi to the
ancients. Most of the houses in Venice
stand upon piles of wood, which had all
been previously charred for their pre-
servation ; and in England estates were
formerly marked out by charred stakes
driven to a considerable depth. Another
method which the writer of this has success-
fully tried for preserving wood in moist sit-
uations is to give it a good soaking in gas
tar or paratfine. An inlet for a sewer made
of common pine wood and thus treated lasted
for years and was entirely sound when re-
moved. Another, not thus prepared, rotted
in a couple of years.

Good Correspondents : Major Freas, the
veteran editor of the Germantown Telegraphy
hits the nail squarely on the head when he says
that to be a good agricultural correspondent,
it does not require any great amount of learn-
ing. One has only to be sure the language he
employs tells just what he means to say ; and
it will be found in nine times out of ten that
the simplest and most common word is better
than one seldom in use. And so in regard to
facts, one should be sure that they are just
what he expresses them to be. People often
write that such and such results were "about"
so-and-so, when it would have been just as
ea.sy to give the whole in feet, pounds or
bushels, exactly as it occurred. It may seem
precise and particular to some people ; but it
leads to habits of exactness which in the end
save a deal of trouble all round. In these
days when " exact science " is becoming so
jiopular, it will do no harm to ask for exact
figures and exact expressions ; and to corre-
spondents of agricultural papers especially,
we may say that probabilities, iwssibili ties and
absolute certainties, are very different things,
and should always be considered while writing.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE GREAT CENTENNIAL EXPOSI-
TION OF 1876.

By the time tliis number of The Farmer
gets into tlie hands of onr rcadciH, it will hn
only one. short year before the ijreiU L\r}x>sition
of the nhte-
tie)tthceutti-
rtj will be
opened to
the publie,
if the origi-
nal inten-
tion of the
proj ectors
of the en-
terprise is
realized.

\Vc say
only one
shirrl year;
for, com-
l)arinj;w7i((£
/( as be e n
done dur-
ing; tliepast
fice years,

with what is to be done in the one coming
year, the time seems very short indeed.
Another event of the kind, in all its sijinili-
cance, caiuiot oecur at;ainnntil the year lii7(),
a jieriod whi<-h, there perliaps is not a single
being now on earth tliat eoiild in human i)roba-
bility witness it. The (luestiou naturally arises,
Have onr peojjle anything like a realizing sense
of this great event in our national history ?
Are they making any preparations to jiartiei-
pate in itV Do they even ihiuh-nli it with that
method whieli usually preeedes the outward
manifestation of living aelion? Have they
.systematieally reflected at all upon what en)
be, and what oiiijht to lie, done in the matter '?
Lancaster county is a part of the three origi-
nal counties that in the early history of our
country constituted the entire province of
Pennsylvania. She is within seventy miles of
the historically venerated spot wliere tirst was
liromulgated on this continent the declaration
that '''these loiitcil i-nhmks are, and of riijhl
oiujht to he, free and iiidejiendint .S'/o('.s. " She
has justly won the distinguished title of the
" Garden of the Keystone State," and there-
fore she occu]iies a moral, physical, political
and geographical position that will not permit
her to be a mere spectator of the "coming
event." Her sister counties and states are
looking towards Iier for a demonstration wor-
thy of the prominent position she occupies in
relation to our gi'eat State and its material pro-
gress. Not to participate fully and freely in
the Centennial P^xposition, would be equiva-
■lent to her voluntary exiiatriation. To consent
to be a mere spectator of the scene, would be
a palpable stultification of the attitude which
history and circumstances have assigned her;
and she conl<l no more Ijc a part of Pennsylva-
nia or the Union, without a iiarticipation in
Pennsylvania's distinguished glory, than a

ments, in it exclusively her own, and to carry
such an idea into effect there ought to be an
organized effort of her citizens, and a pro-
grannne clearly setting forth what ouglit to be
done; for, without some sncli organization,

very little can be accomplished without involv-
ing much labor, iirocrastination or delay — and,
" delays are dangerous."

We cannot resist the apin-ehension that,
like the sessions of Congress, or the State
Legislature, procrastination may steal a march
on time, and push too much of the work that
ought to be done earlier, into the last days of

the working session, and thus create hurry and
confusion at the opening of the Expositi<in.
The past histories of these industrial exhibi-
tions have suthciently demonstrated the dan-
ger of this, and we ought to profit by tlie ex-
periences of the past. Another point we desire
to illustrate is this: In all onr experiences of
local exhibitions, during their continuance or

man could be a i>art of heaven without parti-
ciiiating in its beatitudes.

Lancaster county is sufficiently large,
wealthy, pojmlons and accessilile to the gieat
Exposition, to have a department, or depart-

after they were over, we have been met with
the remark from many speefators. tliat if they
"had only known what woidd have been on
exhibition, they could have produced articles
much superior to those they had seen at the

fair," and these remarks would often lie aeconi-
panieil by regrets, that tliey had not been ex-
liibit(u-st!iemselves. Ili-re is just where "the
trouble comes in." Too many iieople indulge
the idea of being benefited, entirtained or
amused, without contributing to thi' benefit,
the entertaiununt or amusement of others, or
to tlie general credit of the occasion. This is
a mutual, human work, to be conducted on a
human plane, by liuman beings, and for the
instruction of humanilij, in the commeiuora-
tion of a liuman event.

Of course, it is not expected that crfri/ one
can, or slioidd, Ix'come an exhibitor, butinany
more than usually jiarticipate in these afliiirs,
can assist, in one way or another, in helping
to forward the work to its consummation; Ix'-
sides, it is as nmch a matter of course tlial
if no one pra(aieally participates in it, there
cannot possibly ln' an exposition at all. Under
any circumstances, we should feel humiliated
if it should transpire that the native county

of liouKitr Fui.Toxand Linhlkv Mfnu.w

the lionie of the "Sage of Wheatland," and
the "Old Commoner"— with its immense
agricultural, mineral and manufacturing re-
sources, should have a meagre representation
in tlie tiUK.VT Ck.ntenmai.,.

Any one desiring to forward tlie work,
should immediately jiut himself or herself in
communication, and co-oiierate, with Mn. C.
M. 1I(JSTKTTK1!, of Lancaster city, who hits
been aiipoilited the general agent" of htncas-
ter county, and has his headquarters at the

Stevens
" House.

^Ve un-
derstand
Mr. II.
inten «is
to pu b-
lislia de-
scriptive
<iut line
of vhat
ought to
be done
by our
coun t y ,
and luno
i t ought
to be
done.
We liope
the peo-
ple will
re spond
iheerful-
ly. We

have, in lonner issues of The FAliifEi;,
given illustrations of the Agricultural Hall ami
Hortieiiltunil Hall. In this we illustrate the
JIain building, tlie Art (iallery or Slemorial
Hall, and the Centennial Medals, the latter of
which will be valued by future generations as
keejisakcs of tlie first Centennial of the great
republic of tlie world. The following arc the
dimensions of these magnilieent buildings:

MaixExhuutiox Uiir.DiNO: Lengtii(East
and West,)!. SSI) feet; width, 41)4 feet; heiglith
of central towers. 120 feet. Main iiitranceon
Elm avenue. Area covereil. '.KiCi.OOS s<|Uare
feet, this divided into ]iarallel zones, length-
wise of tlie building: countries and states will
occuiiy parallel sect ions crosswise of the build-
ing. This arrangement will bring the products
of each cla.ss from the whole world into the
same line.

Art (rALi.ETiY: I><Migth, 30.") feet: width,
210 feet; heighth, ."jO feet; heightli of dome
above the ground, 150. Materials; Granite,
gla.ss and stone. Site: Lansdowne Plateau, in
Fairmount Park.

The following, furnished to theGermantown
Teleiinijih, by Walter Elder, theejninent Phila-
deljihia landscape gardener, if it does not act
as a stiinulanl to owr local florists, to partici-
pate in fhe "Great Exposition " them.selves,
will at least excite a desire to witness the dis-
play made by others:

THE <iUF..\T KXPOSITIOM COSPERVATORT.

Tlic (rranil Conservatory, witli its ihoire collections
of tender exotic plants and ornamental garden sur-

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

roiindinge, will be oneof the moet interesting features
of the Centennial Exposition in 1876. The structure
will look noble, chaste anil eletrant. All the other
buildings, except the Agricultural, will be filled with
the ingenuity and handiwork of man, and will show
the advanced prouress of art and science; the plants
in the Conseri'atory will show the gracious works of
God. Some will dazzlethe sight with the brilliancy and
splendor of their blossoms so lovely; others will be-
wilder the senses with the sizes, forms and singular
variegations of their leaves; some will tickle the fancy
with their curious habits and strange faculties in many
ways ; others will delight the scent with their sweet
perfumes. The grand combination of the whole, and
the amazing diversity of the various genera, will show
the illimitable greatnessof the omnipotence of an All-
wise and ever-gracious Creator. The building will be
well-vcntUated for the comfort of visitors.

The great century plant (agavia Americana) will
be there, of many tons in weight. Beside it there will
be the grand screw pine (pandanusodoratissma); and
the famous fan-palm (coryphiaumbraculifera,) with
its broad fronds of fan form ; *the curious pitcher-
leaved plant (nepenthes phyllamphoraand distillato-
ria,) whose every leaf is a natural pint pitcher, and
always full of water distilled from the atmosphere ;
and the xpater-hohling pines, whose spine serated leaves
form a tube at the bottom which is always full of
water, also drawn from the air. Then the venus fly-
trap (dioncea muscipula,) with many natural Irapx,
like iron rat-traps, with teeth. When a fly goes into
one, it closes up until the fly is dead, and again opens;
the sensitive plant (mimosa sensitiva,) which curls
up its leaves and crooks its joints at the touch of the
human hand; the bottle-bru.sh plants (metrosideras
floribundus and beaufortia decussata.) whose flowers
are scarlet, and the form of bottle-brushes, and very
beautiful. There will be the famed yuccas, which
grew in the Garden of Eden; and of whose leaves
Adam and Eve made needles and thread to sew their
firstclothes; the needle wastaken from yncca gloriasa,
and the thread was from the yvccajilatnentosa. In the
water-tank there will be Victoria J'iji, the grand queen
of the aquatics, whose leaves measure ten feet in
diameter, and the double waxy blooms, two feet
across, all spread out upon the surface of the water,
with many gold and silver fishes playing beneath
them. So glorious will all be, that visitors will never
forget their amazement.

The managers, Messrs. Mitchell , Ritchie and Hough-
ton, are gentlemen of skill, energy and fine taste.
They will endeavor to make the arrangements sur-
pass in perfection everything of the kind the world
has ever yet seen. We cordially invite all the people
from every part of the nation to visit our Centennial
Exposition of 1876.

JOHN BULL AFTER THE COLORADO
BUGS.

Denis Donohue, the British consul for the States of
Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, Ken-
tucky and Missouri, whose consulate office is in Bal-
timore, yesterday issued the following circular : "In
order to avoid the introduction into Great Britain and
Ireland of the 'Colorado' or potato-destroying beetle,
I am instructed by her Majesty's Government to cau-
tion exporters against shipping with potatoes intend-
ed either for use during a voyage to or for importa-
tion into the United Kingdom, any potato haulms or
stalks, or adhering soil, from the place in which such
potatoes are grown. The otficers of customs at the
various ports of the United Kingdom have been in-
structed to examine carefully all potatoes coming
from the United States and from Canada, whether
brought as merchandise or ship's stores, and to take
care that all particles of haulm or stalk, or of loose
soil, which may be found with such potatoes, be de-
stroyed by fire."

We are not sure that the action involved in
the above extract from a recent number of the
Baltimore Sun, will not eventually prove a
most stupendous "mountain in labor," which
may result in bringing "forth a mouse." In
our opinion, the non-importation of potatoes
from the United States and Canada will be
about as ineftcctual in diminishing the geo-
graphical limits of the Colorado potato-beetle
as the non-importation of corn-cobs. Although
it is not impossible that some of the pests may
be carried over to England and the continent
of Europe in cargoes of potatoes, yet that is
not the chief danger of their transmission.
They will be carried over (if they ever reach
foreign shores) in the same manner that the
oriental cockroaches were brought here, and
that the American cockroaches were carried
over to England ; and nothing short of abso-
lute and universal non-intercourse could prove
a certain bar to their progress. When they
reach the sealioard they will go into their
winter hybernation in the ground, if they can,
but in any convenient nook or comer, if they
cannot. Late in the autumn of 1874 thou-

sands of them were scattered over the pave-
ments of Lancaster city, crawling under door-
steps and through cellar-grates, or anywhere
else, to get "out of the cold." In another
article in this ntmiber of our journal we have
given our theory of their sudden and unex-
pected advent in Lancaster county, at least
three years before they could have reached
the western base of the Allegheny Mountains,
according to their ordinary progress. Where-
ever they have appeared in Pennsylvania they
have always been first observed in the potato
fields along the railroads; and the plain in-
ference seems to he, that they were cairied
thither on the rolling stock of the road — per-
chance amongst the freight, whether it con-
sisted of potatoes or anything else. Ours is
not the function of an luinecessary alarmist,
but we would respectfully admonish John
Bull that before five years he may have the
CoJorado 2)otato-bcctle on his soil, anyhow; and
if it once becomes domicilated there, it is not
going to leave it in much of a hurry. No; we
do not think there is much danger of its being
exported in cargoes of potatoes; but tliere are
many other contingencies through which this
end may be effected. It was demonstrated
last year, both at Marietta and here in Lan-
caster city, that where they had eaten all the
potato leaves, they scraped the "epidermis"
off the ripened vines, leaving them white as
bleached skeletons; and, not content with
this, when the meagre crop was dug up, the
beetles attacked the tubers, almost burying
themselves in the cavities they had eaten out.
It is true that, should they happen to bury
themselves deep enough in the potato tuber,
and hybernate there, they mirjht thus be
transiwrted to other places; but these are
only exceptional cases.

ALFALFA CLOVER, BARLEY, &c.

Many of the agricultural journals which
come under our ol)sei'vatioii have something
to say about Alfalfa clover, and therefore we
conclude that it has been, or is about to be,
introduced into the middle region of our coun-
try as one of its grass or hay crops.

Our attention has been incidentally called
to this subject by reading a published letter
from Rev. C. Dny Noble, fomierly of Chicago,
111., but who is now residing at Riverside,
San Bernardino county. Southern California.
Mr. N. says: "The Alfalfa clover will pro-
duce about eight crops a year, at a profit of
SlOO per acre;" and that if the land is proper-
ly irrigated (either natiually or artificially, we
presimie), the roots are good for an indefinite
period; and it is alleged that there is no bet-
ter food for all kinds of stock that are not
subjected to hard work. It is true, the tem-
perature in the winter is very seldom lower
than .3(P above zero; but still, in our Lancas-
ter county climate, we might manage to grow
four or five crops, if the roots were not ex-
posed to an open, boisterous, and hard-freez-
ing winter. Barley hay is, however, consid-
ered better for working horses, and brings
$12 a ton in winter. .$400 an acre have been
realized for barley liay in one year. When
barley has been sown and harvested, the year
following two and even tt rec crops of barley
hay can be realized without re-sowing. Corn
and wheat are not profitable, but oranges,
lemons, figs, grapes, iiomegranites, almonds,
English walnuts, peaches, plums, apples, apri-
cots, bananas and strawberries all do well.
The Muscat grape, and the raisins therefrom,
are the most profitable staples of the district.

PLANTING POTATOES EARLY.

E. S. Brownell, in the Country Gentleman, says:
" From the experience I have had,Iwould recommend
planting as early as the ground is in a suitable condi-
tion. Potatoes planted early will in most seasons
mature early, and will be less liable to be injured by
blight or disease. Planted early, they will be fit to
harvest early. I recommend harvesting as soon as
ripe, if in August. Let (hem dry and put them in
"the cellar ; be sure to exclude light and air, in order
to preserve the quality. I am of the ojiinion that po-
tatoes planted early are less liable to be false-hearted,
as tubers that grow quick are much more liable to

show that defect. Cutting tubers to single eyes will
largely increase the yield from the amount of seed
used. It also has a tendency to produce large tubers,
but not so many in a hill as where more seed is used,
which will produce more in number but of smaller
size. Brownell's Beauty has excelled all varieties in
producing the greatest weight from a single pound,
but 1 think the Eureka, that originated with me in
1871, one year after the Beauty, will do better still."

All of the foregoing, and much more, we
think, would accrue to the planting of pota-
toes early. Now, that the " Colorado beetle "
is likely to become a "fixed institution" in
Lancaster county, furnishes an additional
stimulant to plant early. It is well known,
from past experience, that the early crops
suffer less damage from the infestations of
this insect than the late crops; nor is this
a mere arbitrary result, and altogether with-
out a good reason. Only a little reflection
will illustrate that the reason is quite obvious.
The early spring brood are never so numerous
as the later broods. The vicissitudes of cold
winter and variable spring may subject the
insects to contingencies to which they are not
exposed in midsummer. However tenaceous
they may be there are nevertheless many that
perish, one way or other, between their autumn
hybernation and their spring resuscitation ;
moreover, if birds or domestic poultry will
feed upon them at all, they are more likely to
do it then, when food is scarce, after a long
winter fast, than they are at a later period,
when fruit or vegetable food becomes more
abundant. Their parasitic and carniverous
enemies are also more numerous as the season
advances than they are at its beginning.
These things, taken together, seem to suggest
early planting.

WHAT

FERTILIZERS ARE USED IN
YOUR COUNTY?

To circulars sent to statistical correspondents
of the Agiicultural Department, in sixteen hun-
dred and twelve coimties in the United States,
propounding the above question, answers have
been received from ten hundred and ninety-six;
and the following tabulated report shows the
pereenteujeot the different kinds of manure and
fertilizers used.

It will be observed from this table that the
manure from farm-animals is the main reli-
ance for sustaining the fertility of the soil. It
is also demonstrated from other statistical de-
tails of the office, that fully one-half of the
counties in the United States are cultivated
"literallj' without fertilizers of any kind,"
and another fourth, with the incidental aid of
"green manuring," or a little lime, plaster,
cotton seed, &c., &c. On the whole, however,
the farmers of the country are becoming better
versed in the philosophy of fertilization, and
better able to adapt their practice to the pecu-
liarities of the soil.

states.

Maine

N. Harapshire.

Vermont

MassactiusettB.
Rhofle Island..

Connecticut

New York

New -Jersey

Pennsylvania. .

Delaware

Maryland

VirRiuia

N. Carolina

.S. Carolina . , . .

Georgia

Florida

Alabama

MissisBippi../..

p. a.

P.ct.

7.5

■26

6.5

States.

P.ct.

Louisiana

70
65

Arkansas

Tennessee

West Vii-giuia..

Kentucky

85
73

Michigan

[ndiana

[lliuojs

Wisconsin

Minnesota ...

100

Missouri

Kansas

100

Nebraska

100

California

P.ct.

30
35
20
23

3
15
27
16

5
10

A USEFUL TABLE.

To aid farmers in arriring at accuracy in ascertain-
ing the amount of land in different fields under culti-
vation, the following table is given:

5 yards wide by 9(iS yards long, contains one acre.

10 yards wide by 4S-t yards long, contains one acre.

20 yards wide by '^42 yards long, contains one acre .

40 yards wide by 121 yards long, ctmtains one acre.

fiO feet wide by 72fi feet long, contains one acre.
110 feet wide by 306 feet long, contains one acre.
220 feet wide by 198 feet long, contains one acre.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

IRRIGATION IN THE VALLEY OF THE
RIO GRANDE.

The irrigation of tin; soil by artificial means
is not a niodeni invention, nor a cu.stoni of
recent date. The soil of certain c()nntries has
always, at certain seasons, retjuired other
means than those supplied liy the iircvailinj;
iiatm-al laws, to insmc satisfactory returns t<i
the husbandman ; nor did it require more than
ordinary jiowers of observation to perceive
that if a deficiency of moisture was Iiurtful to
growini^ vegetation, the needed supiily of tliat
essential must prove beneficial. We may
safely assume, therefore, that the practice ol'
irrigation is coeval witli that of agriculture
itself.

AVe find, consequently, that in those early
times when Africa and Asia boasted of tlie
great monarchies of the world, this method of
assisting the i)arclied soil to yield its treasuics
was almost universally i)racticed. IIow the
annual overfiowings of the Xile make green
and fruitful the valh^y rendered famous by
that classic sti'cam, is known to all ; l)ut it is
not so generally known that on the temples,
jiillars and other remains tliat still strew the
banks of that mighty river, are pictured a
numlier of devices whereby the turbid waters
were dra^\ii from their channel and distiibutcd
over the sandy stiil at times when the low
waters of the Nile refused to (juit their muddy
bed.

A complete net-work of irrigating canals
covered the greater part of Assyria and Baby-
lonia, abimdant relics of which still greet the
eyes of the traveler. These, however, were
also employed for inirposcs of navigation, and
were found useful for a double jiurpose. Even
to-day the waters of the Euphrates and the
Tigris are drawn from their channels l)y the
same methods emphned 4,000 years ago. In
Spain, France and Italy, as, indeed, in all the
otlier countries bordering on the Mediterra-
nean, irrigation enters largely into the neces-
sities of the husbandman ; and without it his
lalKirs in many places would meet with iinor
returns. It was also tried in England in the
sixteenth century ; but as the rain-fall in that
country is generally sullicient, and too often
in excess of the farmer's needs, it soon fell
into disuse. It is still a common practice to
turn the water of adjacent streams into
meadows, when the .summers prove unusually
dry.

After this somewhat lengthy introduction,
we turn now to the method of irrigation as
practiced on this continent, and we purpose
to describe it with sufiicient minuteness to
render it intelligible to every reader. Our
observations, extending through a i>criod of
. many years, relate more particularly to the
valk-y of the Kio Grande, although "all over
Mexico, excepting only the valleys of the
Sierra Madre range and the narrow" belt bor-
dering on the .sea-coasts, the same geneial
system prevails. Even here the artificial
watering of land has jirevailed from immemo-
rial years. Cortes and Ids com])anions found
the practice in general vogue among the
Aztecs; and as the (ilan followed here ditfers
from that pursued on the Eastern continent,
it is a fair jiresumption that tlie concpierors
adopted the method observed by the natives.
Tliere are two primary facts connected with
this subject which must be borne in mind :
first, that irrigation is necessjiry only where
there is a deficient rain-fall ; and, second, that
it is practicable only in the valleys and coun-
try lying adjacent to streams of water. Where
the latter ar? wanting there can of course be
no artificial irrigation. It follows, therefore,
that in a regi(ui wheie there mv few rivers or
streams of considerable si/e Hint may lie made
available, there are often innnense tracts of
land which are, and must forever remain,
comparatively valueless for agriculluial pur-
poses. Gen. W. B. Ilazen has quite recently
called attention, in an article in the North
American Iievi(u\ to the immen.se region of
country lying immediately eastward of the
Eoeky Mountains, which,' from insufficient
rains and the limited number of streams, will
to all intents and purposes bid defiance to the

efibrls of the pioneer to make it available for
his siqiport. The vast plains of Colorado,
parts of Mebraska and Western Kansas, por-
tions of New Mexico and Arizona, and the
Llano Estaciulo of Texas, are all included in
this category, as well as nuich of the table
lands of Mexico.

The town of El Paso, in Mexico, is built on
the right bank of the Rio Grande river, and
contains, proViably, 4,r)t)0 inhabitants. Thesis
are scattered along the river for a distance of
six or seven miles ; and although the valley is
in some ])laces three miles wiiie, all or nearly
all the cultivated land lies within a mile of
the river bank, the rest being unoccupied.
About two miles above the town the river has
cut through a range of mountains, and, as is
usual in such placi'S, there is ('(insiderabli' fall,
and, what is eciually desirable, a rocky forma-
tion, thnuigh which a stable and permanent
mouth has l)een hewn for the irrigating ditch
or canal. Such canals are called ureqidaa, and
the main or principal one, the araiuia inndrc,
or mother canal. To furnish enough water to
suiiply the above poi)ulation, nine-tenths of
which are farmers on a larj^er or smaller scale,
requires a canal of considerable dimensions.
Indeed, the El Paso acequia is the largest we
have ever .seen, being at its origin about
twelve feet wide and five feet deep, and in
A\n\\ and May, when the spring rise has
swollen the river, generally bank full.

In digging an ace(iuia it is desirable to have
as much, and, if possible, all the water that
(lows through it, abucc the level of the fields to
be watered, because in that way the entire
quantity can be poured out over them, while
if part Hows lower than the surrounding
ground, it is not available, and conse(|uently
lost. It is very desirable also that the mouth
of the acequia — the mouth is that end where
the water first cjiters it, and not, as in a river,
where it discharges — should be quite or nearly
on a level with the bed of the river from which
it draws its supplies, because then, however
low the water in the stream might become in
a dry season, it would still continue to (low
into the aceciuia; whereas, if the mouth of the
latter was above the bed of the source of su])-
jily, either temporary or permanent dams
would be required to divert the How into the
irrigating ditch. And just here we may call
attention to the advantages this mod(" of sup-
plying the water has over that jiractised in
oriental countries ; here the canals are filled
by the direct flow of the water into them from
the rivers, while there it is jiumped or raised
up by machinery more or less rude, the motive
power lieing furnished by either men or cattle.
The former method has the advantage, both
on the score of simplicity as well as that of
economy.

The digging, cleaning and keeping in repair
of the acequias is a matter of h^gislative en-
actment, and in every townshi]) is under numi
cipal control. There is a mayordomo or gen-
eral sujiervisor, who app(jints the necessary
number of subordinates, called alathh^ de
aijua, or water magistrates, through whom all
complaints, reiiuests for the u.se of water, and
other like business must be made. Every resi-
dent, either pei-sonally or by |)roxy, is re-
quired to do a certain number of days work,
annually, on the acequias ; this amount of
work is governed by the wealth of the indi-
vidual, if he be a merchant or a professional
man, but if a farmer, then by the amount of
grain lu^ plants. The measure whereby this
service is regulated is the (ilniwhi^ equal to
.about one-fifth of our bu.shcl ; beyond a cer-
tain number of almuilas, however, a new regu-
lation conns in, and then the service exacted
includes carts and oxen to haul brush, stones
and dirt, when necessary. Any one can com-
pound by paying money instead of rendering
physical labor. Besides the regularly assessed
duty, in times of emergency, when a svulden
or unforseen tlood destroys or threatens to tear
away the banks of the acequia, or other dan-
ger impends, the Prij'ecin or Mayor of the dis-
trict ('aTi, and often docs, seize every man or
boy his police can get theirhands on, and sends
them to the point where the impending dan-

ger is. To keep in order tlie acequia madre
from its mouth to the point where the lateral
and smaller aceiiuies branch ofi', is the duty
of the entire county, but the citizens of each
precinct (of which there are seven) are obliged
to attend to the branches tliat llow through
their several districts.

This compulsoiy labor on the irrigating
canals is a very serious tax on the farmer:
more time than would be supjiosed is tlui.s, in
a measure, hi.st to him, and is an unceasing
cause of complaint. The water of the Hio
Grande dining the spring ri.se holds in solu-
tion mineral and vegetable matter equal to as
much as one-lilt h of its bulk. This being pre-
cijiitated soon (ills up the canals, and necessi-
tates fre(|uent cleanings: from one to two feet
of dirt are dug, or rather hoed from the bot-
tom, for th(! lioe is to the Mexican what the
shovel or spade is to the Iri.shman : the dirt
thus thrown out heightens and strengtheua
the banks of the canal.

It is found necess;iry to irrigate the planted
lands every eight or ten days during the sum-
uut: should considerable rains intervene, then,
of course, such frequent waterings are not re-
quired. No one can obtain the use of the
water without application to the Alcades do
Agiia, and not always then, for the sui)ply is
nearly constantly short, except during the
spring lloods. This often leads to taking the
water by stealth at night, partiiailarly at dis-
tant fields where the lialiilily to detection is
not great. Such misdemeanors are severely
jiunisbed when di.scovereil. Most farmers pre-
fer to irrigate at night, not only to avoid the
heat of the sun, but also ljccau.se they believe
the application of the water to be more etKca-
tious then than during the day.

A field to be irrigated is laid off into small
beds or divisions, each from ten to twenty
yards square: this is rendered necessary from
the fact that no considerable piece of ground
is found sudiciently level to allow of its being
evenly Hooded at one time; some porti<ms
would get too much water, and other parts
none: the ubiquitous hoe is therefore brought
into requisition, and a border from six to twelve
inches high is thrown up around a small Ix'd
of the size mentioned aliove. The water from
the acequia is turned into this small patch un-
til the soil will absorb no more, when the same
process is cimtiimed with the ne.\t division,
and so on until the whole field is gone over.

This is a tedious proceeding, and when the
water .supply is short, three or four acres are
all one man can go over in a day. When we
consider, too, that the wheat planting sea.sou
is in .lanuary, when sometimes spells of cold
Weather occur,and that thelaborer isobliged to
staijd and work in mud and water up to his
knees, it becomes apparent that the work is
anything liut agreealilc. And taking the mira-
berof (lays a farmer spends in irrigating his
crops, and then adding the time he is annually
compelled to devote to cleansing and repair-
ing the canals, it will at once be seen that the
.system entails no lit tlee.^penseuiiont he iilanter.
All this labor enhances the cost of his crops.
It must be very evident also, that, other things
being equal, agricultural products raised by
irrigation cannot compete with those grown
in iiiaces where copious rains render such a
coui-se uniK'cessary. Besides, no amount of
artificial watering of land can render the pro-
duct e(|ual, either in (juantity or quality, to
that grown when the moisture is precipitated
from rain clouds. AVIien, in addition to the
usual amount of irrigation, there are also sea-
sonable rains, the inerea.se in the crops pro-
duced is from thirty-three tofiftyiicr cent. A
hot sun, falling day after day, upon a soil that
has been flooded, bakes it dry and hard, and,
thecrnst that is formed, becomes full of cracks
and fissures, all of which are hmtful to vege-
tation.

Lateral acequias of all dimensions branch
off from the main stem and cover the valley
lik(^ a net work. The water for household
purj)oses, as well as for watering stock, is
taken from them. Ilorsesare washed in them
every day during the summer season, an<l they
are also {he common resort of men and women

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

for bathing piu'poses. Traversing as they do
the country in all directions, they are spanned
by innumerable rude bridges, whose repair is
a part of the duty of the supervisor and his
assistants. All in all, the system is simple
enough, but the innumerable annoyances which
arisefrom floods, from beavers and musk-rats
who dig holes through the banks and cause
leaks, and from cattle which, in crossing them,
break down the borders and send the water in
all directions, and from many other causes,
are enough to disturb the eqanimity of any one
who is not, like the Mexicans, a confirmed
optimist. — F. R. D., Lancaster, Pa.

SOAP.

To live in a clean house, to wear clean
clothes, and to have a cleaq skin, are privi-
leges hot to be lightly esteemed. A free use
of the compound which bears the honorable
name, Soap, aids very materially in attaining
these. All of us who labor on the farm, in the
shop, factory, kitchen or elsewhere, know-
that the material among which we work very
often gets out of place, becomes dirt, sticks
where it should not, and though water alone
be applied ever so freely, the " spot will not
out," and our only chance of preventin.i; an
immaculate appearance after oiu: work is done,
is by the application of soap.

The quantity of soap used by the people of
a country, it has been said, is a measure of
their civilization. A proper use, of course, is
meant ; and there is truth in this. Habitual
personal cleanliness is as sure a sign as one
can be named by which to recognize the man
or woman living under the influences of civ-
ilization.

Chemically, soap is the union of fat or oil
with an alkaline base, either potash or soda
The alkali on which its cleansing action de-
pends, used alone, would tend to destroy the
substance to be cleansed ; this is why wash-
ing powders are injurious to the textm^e of the
clothing on which "they are used, and the use
of the fat or oil in making soap is to neutral-
ize this tendency, and to act as a lubricant.

There are many extensive soap factories in
the country, and those housekeepers who wish
can be supplied with €very kind and quality
by the soap, grocery and country stores ;
but many — the majority in the country— yet
prefer that made by themselves. They have
the fat necessary in the shape of refuse lard,
tallow, bacon skins, etc., and the potash or
soda can now easily be obtained for use with
much less labor than was formerly required,
when the potash had to be extracted from the
pile of wood ashes at home. Where wood is
used for fuel this is yet done ; but we flunk
nothing is gained by it ; the unleached ashes
can be profitably used on the farm and gaixlen,
and there is always so nuicli to be done, es-
pecially about a farm-house, that no extra la-
bor should be engaged in where it can be
avoided without loss.

We would then say, if you want to make
soap (and tliis is generally one of the first jolis
in order on the approach of spring) go and liuy
caustic soda — you can get it at an apothecary
if nowhere else — and use it in this way. For
hard .soap, take to one pound of caustic soda
three pounds of fat, or five or six pounds of
ordinary soap fat, and three gallons of water ;
put all together in a kettle over the fire and
boil, adding three or four handsful of salt be-
fore the boiling is (pnte finished ; from two to
three hours boiling will l)e necessary. The ex-
perienced soap boiler will know by its appear-
ance when it has boiled sufficiently. The no-
vice will soon learn.

Where caustic soda can not be obtained, get
common washing or sal-soda, and by the ad-
dition of lime make it cai(.st/c, after the Pjllow-
ing plan, wliich is the one generally in use at
present, and wliich makes an excellent soap :
Take six pounds of washing soda and tlu'ec
pounds of fresh, unslacked lime ; place to-
gether in any water-tight vessel — an iron ket-
tle is best — and pour on two gallons of boiling
water ; stir occasionally until tb.e lime is
slacked and the soda is dissolved ; then allow

it to settle. Take the clean lye from the top
and pour it on the fat — of which three pounds
common scrapings are to be taken, and com-
mence boiluig ; then add another gallon of
water to the settlings of the soda and lime,
stirring as before. This lye is then to be added
to the other while boiling', also thi'iiw in about
six single handsful of salt about half an hour
before it is done boiling. Boil two hours

Without the salt either of these methods
will make a semi-soft soap ; but for a real
soft soap potash must be used. This you can
buy for the purpose ; or if you prefer, extract
from vfood ashes by simply mixing a little fresh
lime with them and pouring on water. An
old barrel or tub will do to hold them, if there
is a hole in the bottom for the liquid to drain
out. The ash hoppers fonnerly used for tliis
purpose are yet standing alongside of some
outhouse on many farms, but seldom used
now.

For toilet pui-poses a soap made with a
vegetable oil is to be preferred — castile, jialm
or cocoa, rather than those highly perfumed,
but which are sometimes made from the most
impure materials. If perfumed soap is wanted,
the common soap above can be melted, and per-
fume of any desired kind can be added ; but it
will be rather strong for delicate skins, and
castile is much to be preferred.

Soap-making need no longer be dreaded by
the woman to whose lot it falls, as by the
methods we have given, as well as other simi-
lar ones, all the soap needed in a family for
six months can be easily made in a single day.

It is sometimes said that home-made soap
costs more than it could be bought for. Per-
haps it does ; but then you have the satisfac-
tion of knowing from what it is made.

We would specially recommend the first
method we have given on account of its great
convenience ; but if there are any readers of
this who know of a "better way," we are
sure they cannot do better than to make it pub-
lic througli The Farmeb. JEi.

MOUNTAIN TEA.

The Beading Times, some time ago, pub-
lished an article on "Mountain Tea," and
spoke of a Mr. Hearsing as a veteran Tea
merchant, selling his tea in Berks and Lan-
caster counties. Mr. H., I believe, was never
known to visit old Warwick township, in
Lancaster County.

But the tea was well-known in this part of
the county for upwards of forty years or more.
Between the j'ears 1815 and 1820, a man by
the name of Jacob Mauss, a German, lived in
IMillport and ]5runcrsville, but left abruptly,
without paying all his liabilities. The neigh-
bors never knew what had become of him un-
til about 1830, when he "turned up," with a
large cargo of tea, contained in a muslin bag,
holding al)out fifty pounds, transporting it on a
wheelbarrow. Thus he would travel from
five to ten miles, occasionally taking out a quan-
tity and putting it into a smaller bag. He had a
light-weighing steelyards, almost worn as
white as silver from constant use, in weighing
out his tea in small quantities — from an eightli
to a pound. He represented himself as own-
ing large tea farms in the vicinity of Cold
Siirings, Lebanon county, and also in Dauphin
and Schuylkill counties. He gathered tea and
sold it, for many years, and, after his deatli,
his sons followed the same business for some
time.

After they quit the business, a man in Ra-
pho township took it up, and journeyed north-
westward, as far as Northumlierland county,
to gather tea. He carried it in packages of
difi'ercnt weights to suit customers, "it is
called tlie "Fragrant Goldenrod," (Solidago)
of which genus there are over thirty species in
the United States. "Goldenrod" comes from
an old Latin word which me<ins, to vutki: rolioU,
or, uirite, from the supposed healing qualities
of tlie tea. They llower from August to Oc-
tober, and have a rich, golden yellow color.
The loaves are lanreolnte, or willow shaped.
Tlie fall, or "Bitter Goldenrod" is very a-
bvndant throughout Lancaster county. Some

of it, in the leaves and flowers, looks like the
genuine Goldenrod, and can only be distin-
guished by tasting. The " Fragrant Golden-
rod " has been reported as existing on the hills
between Neftsville and the little Conestogo.
I noticed it in several counties west of Elmira,
in Kew York, and through Bradford and Ly-
coming counties, Pennsylvania. In passing
along the railroad, I could not ascertain whe-
ther it was the fragrant or the commoner
kinds.

I have examined the localities where it is
supposed to exist in our county, but I found
nothing but a kind of mint, and tlierefore it
has probably become extinct in Lancaster. It
makes a very pleasant tea, and if we could
habituate ourselves to it, we would like it as
well as Black or Green Tea, and would save
the vast amount of money we send annually
to China for tea. L. S. R.

P. S. — Dr. Wood gives 48 species of Soli-
dago for North America, but neither he, nor
Dr. Gray, makes any allusion to a fragrant
species, or that it is ever used for tea. Surely,
a plant used for this purpose these fifty years,
or more, must have been specifically identified
by Botanists long before this time. Can my
friend S. give the species, from its history a-
lone,and without having a specimen before him?

THE GREAT LILIUM AURATUM.

One of the most magnificent specimens of
this gorgeous flower ever seen, was exhibited
at the show of the Barnstable Agricultural
Society in September last. When the fact
that it bore no less than 61 perfect blossoms
at the time of the fair, and that three or four
others li.ad dropped off' in transjiorting it to
the show, was brought to the notice of the
State Board of Agriculture by Hon. J. F. C.
Hyde, who reported upon the exhibition as a
delegate from the board. Col. Wilder thouglit
it must be a mistake, so large a number of
blossoms never having been known. Major
Phinney, of Barnstable, amemljerof the board,
therefore addressed a note of enquii-y to Col.
Perkins, and received the following reply,
which we find in the 3Iassackusetts Plough-
man:

My Dear Sir : In accordance with my promise to
you, I herewith give you the statement regardiuff the
growth of the Lilium Auratura at Cotuit, 187i, aud
other circumstances wliich seem to bear upon the
case.

Mrs. Augustus D. Perkins began to cultivate the
Lilium Auriitum in her garden at Sandanwood, so
early as 1871. The position of the garden is on a bluff
fifty-five feet high, overlooking Cotuit Bay to tlie
southwest, and distant from the edge of the bank
about forty feet. The garden is surrounded with yel-
low pine trees. The original soil is merely sand, pro-
ducing nothing but pine and dwarf oak. After the
garden was laid out the sand was removed from the
beds to the depth of two feet, leaving the spaces round
them for paths. The beds were filled with a compost
made of black mud dug from a pond, mixed with the
sand taken from the beds, and enriched with manure
from stables near at hand. All the bulbs did well,
some reaching three and four feet in height, and hav-
ing from fifteen to twenty-five flowers on the beet
plants.

The lily which has caused some attention owing to
the size it attained in the autumn of 1874, and whicli
was exhibited at the fair at Barnstable, threw up
those shoots which still stand (February 17th, 187.5)
and by careful measurement now reach the extraor-
dinary size of seven feet eleven inches. When in ex-
hibition it had sixty-one flowers, and Capt. William
Childs, who prepared it for the fair, says that it has
already lost three, and that it bore sixty-four flowers
in all.

The well at Sandanwood, which is near the garden,
is dug through fifty-five feet of clear sand, free of
stones, but with faint traces of iron in it. This shows
the character of the soil to its whole depth. >
Yours very truly,

A. T. Perkins.

The above is not only interesting as an in-
stance of floral proliflcation of an unusual oc-
cin-ronee in the lily family, but also as involv-
ing tlie suliject of soil, and as such we com-
mend it to the notice of our correspond ent in
anotlier part of this paper, and especially since
tlie extraordinary result seems to have lieen
cftectcd through "the intelligent culture prac-
ticed by a lady.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

TIMBER FOR FENCES.

This qiK'stiiin Wils, or was to liiivo bocn, dis-
ciisscil at a luoi'tiiig of the Ayrindlural and
HorlicullKntl iSiiriiii/ of Lnwd.tlrr Count;/.

I believe the riiiestioii was ''what kind of
timber is (luiel^est and easiest raised for feuc-
ma purposes."

I would answer, the willow, the ailantus
and tlie loeust. Willows can be raised in from
twenty to tliirty years. I planted two willows
twenty-live years a>;o, and eut them into rails
last summer. I made fourteen panels of
"worm fence" from the rails of these trees,
and mitrht, no doulit, have made twenty-live
panels of four-rail post-fence. Willow rails
are as lasting as chestnut rails, when cut at
the proper time. I have some on my place
that were cut forty years aijo, and they are
still sound. I tliink the proper time to cut
them is when the saii is u]) — in May lor in-
stance — in order to facilitate the peeling oil'
of the bark.

The ailantus is a very rapid growing
tree — almost as much so as the willow. If it is
well sea.soned, it will last as long and as well
as locust, and it is also very good for fuel.
There may be a doubt about its durability as
a post, but it is worth trying. The locust is
also a fast growing tree, when planted in
favorable ground, and free from the "tree-
borer" (Cli/tvs rohinm). At twenty years
growth you can make from live to six posts,
b\it at ten years longer, you can make from
fifteen to twenty posts out of a single tree.

I believe, however, that locust timber ought
to lie well seasoned before it is used for fencing
and especially trees that had been growing
very rapidly.

Another word about willows. They can be
raised on any kind of waste ground, but moist
ground .is preferable, and they ought to be
raised in thick groves, in order to make them
grow straight. Xast spring I planted some
sixty young willows along a small water
stream shaded more or less on both sides by
forest trees, and at a place too where the
cattle have access the whole summer, thinking
at the time, that the cattle, by rubbing them-
selves against them might possibly retard
their growth more or less. I planted at the
same time some lifty in a low, wet place in a
corner of a field which had been intended for
corn, sujiposing those in the field would be
midisturbed, and would all grow, l)ut to my
suriirise the reverse was the case. Of those
shade<l and exposed to the cattle, nim out of
ten grew and thrived, whilst of those in the
open field and in the wet ground, nine out of
ten died.

Planting trees is mie thing, and getting them
to grow jiroperly is another thing.

It is the same in planting fruit trees. They
are too often planted, left to take care of
themselves and perish from neglect. — L. S. R.
Warwirk, April. 187.5.

[In .iddilion to tlic trops above n.iinofi, wp would
mention a kind of poplar, known as the "Balm of
(iilead," as a more rapitl trrowpr than anj' of them,
if that fdcl has any merit in relation to fpncinf;
material. Ed. J

LETTERS, QUERIES, AND ANSWERS.

The Flower Garden.

^fr. Kditor: Can we not have a Floral Dppartmint
in your exeellent paper? I have just read the Mareh
number of the Farmer, and your eordini invitation
to lady eontriliutors has prompted me to use my pen ;
hut rather for the i)urpose of ftu-itlmi information,
than for communieatini; it . I want some helpful smr-
pestions as to.tht; ease of my Ilower garden. I am
not a farmer's wife or daughter, elsp 1 should blush
for the confessions of in;noranee I must make. I live
in the eity, and have a small flower t'arilen ; I liud
niueh pleasure in the pare of plants and tlowers, and
deliirht preatly in their fragranee and beauty, but I
do not always have the gooil Hucrt-KX I desire. I want
now to solieit from yourself, or your readers, sueh
instruetivc suggestions as 1 need to beeome a better
gardener.

In the first place I want to enquire alx)ut the soU.
What is necessary to secure a good soil for flower
beds? Mine does not look right, or net right! It is
hard, light colored, and when watered, in the sum-
mer, gets packed and unmanageable. While visiting

at the West, last fall, in Illinois, I was so delighted
with the appearance of the soil there in its native
stale, that I briMight a pint of it home, in a box, to
show to my friends. It was very dark, nullow, anil
rich l(H)king; and it was really mortifying anil dis-
eoiirjiging to compare the soil of my garden with this
tieauliful loam. 1 decitlcil then that 1 wouM certain-
ly change the color of my soil, at any rate, l)y adding
imlverized charcoal to It., this spring. Will some on<;
inform me whetluT this would be a prudent course?
I should like to know, also, whether soil, such as Is
found under Ibrcst trees, in tin; country, is suitable
for garden plants. 1 have been iuforuied that it is not
so good as " made " soil.

You will see, .Mr. Kilitor, that I certainly jwcd In-
formation, anil 1 trust that some of y*»ur readers who
have had superior advantages in such matters, will
gciuTously aid me. If they will ilo so I shall, in an-
other letter, apply for help in regard to the culture
of roses and otlier tlowers and plants.

Eaknestine.

In reply to our "fair correspondent," we
would say that w(^ U^lieve we oi(<//(( to have a
"lloral deiKirtment, " and can have one if our
florists will assist us with their contributions
on FhriaiHure. The mo.st beautifid results
incidental to tilling the soil are those which
perttiin to the cultivation tjf llowering plants,
and in their sphere they occupy a plane of use
not inferior to anything that " mother earth "
produces, albeit tuey cannot be converted into
Suur-Krdut.

As to the proper kind of soil, we would spe-
cifically refer her to the article on "Ko.se Cul-
ture," in this number of our journal, as com-
ing from "one who knows." Of course,
different kinds of plants require a somewhat
dilleicnt kind of soil. Proliably, her garden
is not dug deep enough, h;is not enough of
vegetable manure, and too much lime and
sand. Lime and sand, with the addition of
water, are the elements of mortar, which, as
soon as the water evaporates, results in a
htirdened tind ailhesive mass, and there are
.approximations, more or less, to this condition
in the soil of many gardens. Note the follow-
ing selection :

SOOT AS A GARDEN KERTU.IZER. Perhaps it may
have occurred to some of our lady readers that the
refuse soot of our chimneys is one of the most valu-
able stimulants and fertilizers they can have for their
garden llowcrs. The following iueict^-nt of practical
experience is from a lady contributor to the Uurnl
Curolininn: During two seasons we nursed, fed and
petted the Hartford i)rolifie graiie vine — as much for
its sliade over the winilow as for its fruit — but it [)er-
si.sted in remaining a stunted cane, yellow, and refus-
ing to climb. Despairing a shade, grapes and ropes,
we finally iicthought ourselves of soot as a manure,
and forthwith made a "soot tea" l)y steeping a tea
cup of soot in a quart of water. This we adnnnistered,
two doses each, to both the trees and the vine. The
vine grew six feet in height in the space of six weeks,
the rose bush four feet in the same length of time —
both therefore rejoiced in living green.

The Chinese Yam.
Prop. S. S. Rathvon :

Dear Sir ; Can you itiffirm me where I can get
Chinese Yams (Uioxeorea Bnlaliis) . In view of the
Potato Bug pest, we thiidi of giving them a trial if
thi'y can lie got at a rea.sonablc rate. I sec one seeds-
man advertises at the modest rate of .?'2.0II per oz.

Would it be too late to have an artrcle on them in
The Farmer? I am under the impression you know
all about their culture and merits. — A. B. K., ,Siife
J{art>or, JMiicnuler county^ /'«., Mareh oti. l.S7o.

We know of no place within the county of
Lanciister nmn where the Y;im is kept for Siile,
btit we presume they can lie obtained fromaiiy
of the seedsmen of Philadelphia, ISallimore or
New York. It is very likely, however, that
the price will be comparatively high wherever
they may be olitiiined. VVe admire the
" pltick " of om- correspondent, and we wish
we could encomtige him in his efforts to
"head off" the potato-beetle liy planting the
Yiun instead of the potato, but really we
fear it would result in failure.

According to observations made in various
parts of the country, the "Colorado Potato-
beetle " has been seen to feiMl on Jiotatocs,
tomatoes, eggi)lants, night .shade, corn leave.s,
lambsquarter, amaraiitlius, lettuce, ciibbage,
thistles, .strawberry, currant and rasplx'rry
letives, plantain, potfito tubi'rs. and sundi'y
other vegetable substances, but its preference
is the potato.

But, under any circimistances, we think the

cultivation of the yam should not have been
discoirtinued. Previous to the, "rebellion "it
wa.s cultivated by a immber of per.scuis in thif
county, iind especiallv in and about Marietta
— .ludge Libhart, II. M. Kngle, anil others —
iind its yield and (|tiality were genenilly ap-
jiroveil, but the great objections were the great
labor in digging out the crop, on .acciiunt of
the grciit deptli to which the roots and tubers
IH'nelrated. We have always considered Ihein
excellent — to our tasle at least — tmd we should
like to see their cultivation resumed, as a
change in the productions of our soil.

They are easily rai.sed, for once plaiit,ed they
will not need to be planted soon again. Every
root fibre will send out a shoot iit the following
yi^ar ; moreover, the vine it.selfiirodiices .small
inters from which the plant can Ik- grown.

In looking over our exchtmges We were
rather suriiri.sed thiit so little is said about
did.sri/rea. Hut a single tirticlc on the subject
has cotne under our observation for months,
and that writer gave them a high edible, pro-
lific, ecimiimic, aiul healthful chtiracter, tiiid
slated that when they once became domiciliated
they are like the artichoke, (tomiiig up every
year of tluur own accord, liut unlike that tuber
they are as good the si'cond year as they were
the first, and therefore absolutely need no
gathering and housing as other tubers do ;
but he al.so deplored the great distance they
travel towanls their antipodal origin, and the
labor involved in unearthing them. Of course,
the snrlace of the soil where they grow should
be kei)t<:lear of weeds, but they grow .so deep
that a surface cro)) can also Ik; grown on the
same ground, if necessary. Some years ago
we cultivated them in boxes, but t"liis would
be imi)racticable oti a large scale. Oin- boxes
were square, and the tubers got down its low
as th<\y possibly could, llattenifigand penetrat-
ing the corners and even the fissures in ihe
boards. As the tubers increased in size they
heiived the ciirth upward, .so that the boxes
which were not qtiite full of soil in the spring,
were heaped full ;uid riuming over in the fall,
and the yield was good, but they had all sorts
of shapes and many angles.

The Persimmon and the Scuppemong Grape.

Our genial friend, the Editor of the Lancaster
F.XRMrR, it appears, cannot comprehend what is
meant when writers say, "Persimmons as large as
an apple," whether they mean "a Siberian crab, or a
jiound apple," and, after quoting some writer who no *
ilouiit mistakes the Chinese Ilioxiii/rux Knki, for JJiuit-
pyrnx .Taponiea, but not to commit hini.«elf tells us,
"as forourself, we kick out of all individual respons-
ibility — except the — it is represented."

Now , a few words in furl tier explanation. I will just
say that a friend in California wrote me some years
ago, that 1h' saw a drawing in 8an Francisco of the
.Japan variety, and that it, was "as large as your fist;
or a large sizeil apple!" They hadn't it fruiting there
then. "The man who had the drawings, also had
four trees that his son brought ilircct from .lapan."
From the above I think our friend will understand
that the large fruited variety is really the .Japan va-
riety, and not the Knl,-i, or Chinese — and that it is
some trifle larger than a "erali apple ! "

No, friend K., 1 did not sueccid in growing the
Kaki, even as large as our wild Persimmons — and
that variety never will grow larger than a small Si-
berian cral', I venture to say, even in China. No, I
did not succeed in growing the scuppemong grajic as
large as I hey grow in the .South, for I failed to fruit
it at all, and so will every one who tries to grow it
north of" .Mason and Dixon's line."

But as l« the Chinese variety of Persimmon being
mistaken for the.Ja|iaii variety — any person who can
see them both, will at once see llie dltt'crenee — the
Chinese plant being small, with thin branches and a
yellow bark, while the .Japan variety is of nuire uj)-
right growth, stronger and thicker branches, and the
color of tile bark dark lirown, so that the very ap-
pearance of the plants will at once convince the most
skeptical that it is the .Japan variety that bears the
largest fruit. Then Mr. Hogg, of Brooklyn, having
the trees bearing fruit, would certainly i»ot have in-
vitcil C. Downing and others to eome, see, and lest
It, if it were no larger than a Silierian crab apple !
Kespcctfully

J. B. Gaurer,

Columbia, Pa., Ifareh 20, 187.5.

Of course, this ditcu.fion iibout exotic |)cr-
simmons is not onr.s, but tetweeii a foreign
writer and tin American experimentalist.
Under any circumstances, it illustrates that

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Mr. Rind — the only authority on foreign bo-
tauy_ to which we have access — could not have
known anything about Biotipyrus Japonica, or
that he got the Kaki strangely mixed up with
it in his brief description, all of which may
be interesting to the readers of the Fabmer.

We have such confidence in the experimental
knowledge of our venerable friend, that we are
willing to concede that he is in the right, even
if he were not backed up by such authorities
as Downing and Hogg ; for we happen to know
that, in many instances, two or more subjects
of the mineral, vegetable, or animal kingdoms
may be confounded, even by writers of ac-
knowledged general merit. His remarks on
the Chinese persimmon and the scuppeniong
grape, are of undoubted value to those who
may have been hankering after foreign varie-
ties, or those not locally adapted to our soil.
Nevertheless, we must still insist that "big as
an apple," or "big as fi fist" even, are not
very definite illustrations of size. They might
answer if a particular kind of apple, or a par-
ticular person'' s fist were mentioned, but other-
wise, they approach the category involved in
— "big as a piece of chalk."

In conclusion, we thank our correspondent
for his interesting strictures, and we can assure
him that nothing emanating from his pen will
be consigned to tlie waste basket, only because
it seems to run "athwart" the statement of
the Editor.

of sulphur would give the airculios their quie-
tus, if it should reach them, but can we be
quite sure that this would be the case with this
remedy ? We see that the remedy alluded to
by C. 11. has been questioned in a Western
journal, by a writer who has tried it, but he
may also disapprove of the sulphur remedy,
on the ground we have mentioned.

Remedy for the Curculio.

Dear Editor : It is with the greatest of pleasure
that I affain resume my pen to write a few lines for
The Fakmek, which is growing dearer to me with
every number.

I can hardly wait till it gets printed, so eager am I
to read its contents.

I think T. M., of Mereersburg, " flings " his com-
pliments too high. I don't deserve them. But if he
comes to our neighborhood this summer, and deems
it worth while to come to see me, I shall cook him a
good dinner. I thought he had lost sight of me en-
tirely.

I have read C. H.'s letter on the "Plum Turk,"
and I can give you a better way to clear him out, and
not quite so offensive or expensive.

It is simply this : Take a wire, about 34 inches long,
bend it in half moon shape, or a little closer. Insert
them into dry corn cobs. Now sprinkle theiu with
flour of sulphur, then set them on Are in the grass,
around under your trees — see that the smoke gets to
every part of the tree.

Do this from the time that the buds begin to bloom
till the danger is over, twice a week. Take fresh cobs
every time,"and I tell you you will have more plums
than you know what to do with.

MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

I am not quite ready yet to satisfy T. M. as to my
housekeeping, but will do so in time. "Duty before
pleasure."

Already Spring is here, and the farmers have done
very little out of doors ; and when they get at work
they must work all the harder and faster, to make up
for lost time. Why should they not have a good word
every month through the P'ahmer? It gives them
food to study, as they follow the plough or harrow
day by day —

" A little kinduess every day,
To help your neighbors on the way."

A little about seed and then I will close for the
present.

Peas should be planted as soon as you can get the
ground in order, 3 inches deep, the rows 6 inches
apart.

Sugar peas should be planted 8 inches apart, as
they grow taller and need more room.

Onion seed ought to be sown \y, inches deep, and
not too thick, and covered lightly.

Sweet marjoram should just be sown on the surface
of the ground, and then pressed down. It is a very
fine seed, and planted like tol>acco seed. — Leoline,
ElizabethtoH'n, Pa., March '»1, 187.5.

We think, with Leoline, the corn cob and
sulphur fumes far preferable to whale oil soaji,
for anything that can stand ' • biu-nt brimstone ' '
with impunity must belong to "goblins
d d," but we confess that her communica-
tion is not quite clear to our comprehension.
Is any special virtue claimed for the corn cobs,
other than that their rough surface may hold
the particles of sulphur better than anything
else? Wliat use of the bent wires V Are
they hooked on the brandies of the trees ?

Wovdd not a windy day defeat the effects of
the remedy y We are satisfied that the fumes

The Potato Beetle and Early and Late Potato
Planting.

To the Editor of The Lancaster Farmer:

In the discussion following the report of the com-
mittee on the Colorado Potato Beetle, at the last
meeting of the Horticultural Society, the speakers
were all in favor of planting potatoes early, and rec-
ommended the Early Rose as the variety to plant. I
fully agree with them as to the variety, but my ob-
servation of the habits of the beetles the past season,
and experience in planting, have led me to believe
that a late planting for the main crop would be advis-
able.

No matter how early in the season you may plant,
the over-year beetles will be waiting for the potatoes
to come up to make the attack. In the early spring
the ground will be cold, and the vines will grow
slowly, and the potatoes will not mature in time to
escape the second crop of beetles, and you will have
to contend with these and their brood to raise your
crop. If you leave planting till later, say the 20th of
May, or near the time when the over-year beetles
cease flying and laying eggs, the ground will then
be warm, the vines will grow rapidly, and will be in
bloom before the first brood of the season make their
appearance as perfect beetles in search of new fields,
and you will only have to contend with these and
their brood to raise your crop of potatoes. — L. P.,
Ohrititiana, ith mo. oth, 187.5.

We place the above on record, upon the
principle that "In a multitude of counsellors
there issiifety," and because every new fact
in regard to the habits of this loathsome pest
is of interest to the potato grower and con-
sumer. Perhaps the proper mode of circinn-
venting it, inider all circumstances, is yet to
be discovered. — Ed.

OUR PARIS LETTER.

Peonies and the Rosebug.

Prof. S. S. Katuvon — Dear Sir: Please inform
us through The Farmer whether the White Peonies
( Chinicse doubly) are a benefit in grape gardens, on
account of the rose bug. As I have one large double
plant close to my grape vines, which is very full of them,
in their season, and not many on the grape vine, might
the peonies attract rose bug or slug from the vine, or
is it merely a breeding place? A Subscriber.

Aiiril 8., 187.5.

What is commonly called the " Rosebug "
(Macrod<i.ctijlu:i suh^ipdnosus) is a coleopterous
insect, and belongs to the family Mklolon-
TiiiD^, all of which arc partial to sweet-
scented flowers — the higher the fragnince, the
more is that partiality manifested. The peony
is l)y no means the " breeding place " of the
rosebug (a Slug is a different insect) but, by
ifsfragriince, its nectar, and its pollen, attracts
the insect to a sumptiieus feast. The grape
itself is fragrant when in bloom, and if the
peony, or any other llower, can draw the rose-
bug from the grape, that fact is suggestive.
This insect (more properly Rose beetle) de-
posits its eggs in fissures in the ground, and
the larva, or "grub," feeds on the roots of
vegetation.

Appreciation of The Lancaster Farmer.

Office of the State Extomolooist,
St. Lovis, Mo., March 2-:d, 187.5.
Dear Sir : I found the' March number of The Lan-
caster Far.mer you sent me quite interesting, and
am glad you are doing such good editorial work.
Shall be pleased to receive the paper regularly. — C.
V.R.

Rochester, N. Y., March atth, 187.5.

Prof.S.S. Rathvon — Dear Sir: I have to acknow-
ledge the receipt of a copy of The Lancaster Far-
Mi)H sent by you, or some other kind friend, and for
which I return thanks. I also desire to congi-atulate
you an<l the publishers on the su]3eriority of its eon-
tents and genei-al appearance. A piililieatiou of its
impress is certainly deserving of a wide circulation.
— Yours, &e., William Weilster, Garden Artixt.

Such testimonials from leading men are very'en-
couraging to both editors and publishers. Our aim
shall be to continue to deserve them, by making each
number of The Farmer better than its predecessor.

Farming on the Continent of Europe.

Correspondence of The Lancaster Farmeb,

Paris, March 30, 1875.
preparation of food for cattle.
Closely connected with the production of meat is
the selection and preparation of food for cattle. At
Berlin " loaves " for live stock are sold, and are com-
po.sed of different species of grain, according to the do-
mestic animal to be nourished or fattened. The
" bread " for horses is a compound of oats, rye,
maize and beans ; and besides analysis, experience
attests the value of this food. The same bread is
manufactured for pigs, less the oats, and all is sub-
ject to oilicial supervision. Since several years dogs
have had biscuits specially fabricated for their use.
It is a true adage, " that it is not what one eats that
nourishes, but what one digests ;" hence the value of
those processes which aid in the digestion of aliments.
Professor Colin, of the Alfert Veterinary College, has
stated as the result of his experiments, that he did
not find that chopped hay or bruised oats digested
better than these substances in their natural state.
But a horse does not utilize so perfectly its food as an
ox or a ruminant animal. Some agriculturists de-
mand that since pigs thrive so rapidly on a cooked
dietary, the same care ought to be bestowed on the
preparation of food for cattle. In the latter case fer-
menting can take the place of cooking. By mixing
cut hay, straw, roots, etc., in a vat, and pouring
thereon l:)Oiling water, the mass, after some hours,
will emit an odor like sour-kraut, and be highly rel-
ished by the animals. The mass is warm, and this
economizes the natural heat of the body in the work
of digestion, and the woody tissue of the aliments is
softened in advance — equal to a residence of some
hours in the digestive tube, while exacting less of the
juices of the stomach. At the end of the winter sea-
son horses, it is well known, are liable to deranged
stomachs, owing to the prolonged and large demand
of a continued dry regimen on the digestive juices.

PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN IN OIL CAKE.

Prof. Sansen, of the Grignon Agricultural College,
assures French farmers that the surest, cheapest and
most economical plan to secure a supply ' of phos-
phoric acid and nitrogen for their fields is, not to pur-
chase these valuable fertilizers in* the form of com-
mercial manures, but in that of the various kinds of
oil cake. He has already shown that, except in the
case of horses, wheat, barley and oats ought not to
be employed in the formation of wool, -eiilk and melt.
In the ease of adult animals, where the skeleton is
formed, analysis of their excretions proves that phos-
phoric acid is not retained in the system, and in the
case of growing animals, according to H. Weiske,
only 05 per cent, of the phosphoric acid in the food is
appropriated by the economy ; consequently, in both
cases the phosphate of potash, so assimilable by
plants, passes into the manure, and by purchasing
oil cakes the nitrogen and phosphoric acid they con-
tain are secured almost for nothing, while the animal
appropriates their fattening ingredients. An estab-
lishment in the vicinity of Paris, which manufactures
yeast from barley, rye and maize, sells the malt resi-
due to cattle rearers, at the rate of fr\ per 33 gal-
lons. M. Grandeau has analyzed the mash, and as-
serts three gallons of it to be equal to one pound of
meadow hay.

FERMENTATION IN AIR-TIGHT TRENCHES.

The same gentleman has also analyzed maize, cut
green and preserved in trenches for winter feeding.
This operation now becoming so general in dry maize
growing regions, concentrates the elements of nu-
trition by the fermentation and diminution of the
mass, and it seems this fermentation takes place, first
at the expense of the sugar in the plant, which sugar
itself ultimately aids in converting the starch and cel-
lular substance into sugar, and later, into alcohol,
while increasing the fatty and nitrogenous elements.
In the progressing plan of preserving green maize in
air-tight trenches, there is nothing newto record, save
that the trenches are now made in masonry instead
of being excavated in a field ; that the maize is
chopped along with straw — one part of the latter to
five of the former, and well trodden down. The
giant, or Caragua, maize is that generally preferred.
An ox consumes about one-tenth of its weight of
this preserve daily. It is essential to have the
trench about two yards wide, the same in depth ;
the sides to be vertical, according^nome, a^^d-
mitting of a more equal pressure ; tn^whgth iwfrle-
pend on the quantity of fodder to be stored—, JjiPlude
air and water ; and after transporting for consumption
the quantity necessary for the day, hermetically close
the opening. Maize being considered an exhausting
crop, the land receives 25 tons of farm yard manure
per acre in autumn, and a top dressing of 3 cwts. of a
mixture of supcr-pliosphate and sulphate of ammo-
nia in spring; the maize succeeding winter rye. In
parts of Bavaria a mixture of tares, peas and maize is
also preserved in trenches, and where maize alone is
cultivated, the cattle receive two or four pounds of J
oil cake daily with their rations, maize being regardj^
ed as poor in nitrogen.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

SYSTEMATIC FAUMINO IN FltANCE.

What prosiTBsivc asrriculturcniostrefiuriesls, facts

well piTsi-rvi'il ;iiid riTciriU'iI willi iiri'cit-imi ; it is thus
lliat sui-li :i plain, iiMvaniislicd tali' as lliat (if M.
ISiOiajrue's plan of farniiiif,- ili-s.Tvcs to lie wrlcomcd,
so as to I'licoiiraKe ollirrs to piibiisli tlic liistory <>f
tlioiroponilions. M. Bi>liaj;iii' is one of tlii' leadini;
pcntlcnian farnirrs of Kranir. His I'statc nimiiriscs
4,KIMI atTcs, of wliicli '.'17 an- in irrass. l,ir,4 in i-iilti-
valion, and tlic rt-inaiiuliT iindiTWooil, ponds and
lawns. He has ercotcMi hie castle, piirehased half of
his estate, acenmulnted the two-thirds of his im-
mense fori nne o\it of landed prollts, and considers
nothintr as prolil that is not represented at the end of
the year by hard cash, lie keeps one set of hooks
likea retailer, and another wherein is recorded tlic
" matters" of the faivn, as mannre, fodder, to'., and
which serves him as a i;nidc. The soil is anythim;
hut rich, it is i;ravclly, thin and cold, hnt ever tend-
ins; hy enltivation to'trrcater fertility. His workmen
—some M, have each a eottaire on the estate; there
are two tile liclds, a lime kiln ami sawing machines.
His sales of wood, cither in planks or for hurniuL'-,
yield him a net prolit of fril per acre and the pines,
liy their resin, somewhat less; his ponds bein.i; well
stocked with fish, are also a source of revenue, hut
■wood and lambs are the two jiivotsof his farming.
After years of cxpcrinii>nts, he gave up rearing meri-
nos for their wool, linding the price of meat to be
more luci-ative : he succeeded in obtaining a renumer-
ative race of sheep, liy crossing a bcrrichou ewe with
a Soutlidown ram, and his practice consists in breed-
ing ami fattening otf lambs, the issue of these cross-
ings, when eiglit or ten months old, and selling them
at some ;"/-t(l each ; he thus disposes of 1,0(10 lambs
])er annum. The ewes arc also fattened and sold
after their third lambing. The arable portion of the
estate nourishes about 170 pounds of live stock per
acre. M. Behague does not regard this stock as a
necessary evil, hut as a source of certain jirotit.

CHEMICAL MANUKES IN IMPALPABLE POWDER.

M. Menier draws the attention of farmers to the
fact, based on his own experience, that they canefl'eet
a great economy in the use of chemical manures, by
always applying them in the form of an impalpable
imwiier. The chemical action of a manure, its power
of assimilation by the plant, increases in proixirtion
to the surface in contact ; the more a mineral sub-
stance is then pulverized, the greater will consequent-
ly become that surface. In Britany the peasants con-
fer much benefit on their land, by strewing therein
the powder of ixirtious of rock specially crushed.

FKENTII MOOE Ol' SELECTING HORSES.

The purchasers of horses for the French army al-
ways endeavor to obtain a first look at the animal
when he is tranquil and in the stable; noting if the
animal supports itself equally well on all its legs, and
ifone seems to yield, to specially examine it ; atten-
tion is then directed to the largeness of the pupil of
the eye, which ought to be more dilated when in the
stable, tlian when exposed to full light. After the
ainmal has been led out of the stable, the eye ought
to be again examined to observe if the pupil has con-
tracted ; if not, the sight is feeble ; others, to test the
power of vision, feign to strike the forehead with the
hand. If the holhiw over the eyes be [irofound, and
the temples grey, old age is to be concluded ; wounds
about the temple suggest attacks of staggers, and
when the end of the nose i)rcsents circular sears. It
nniy be concluded the horse has been twitched with
. a cord to ensure his ciuietuess while being shod or
having had to sulimit to some painful operation.

THE SEPARATION OF BUTTER IN CHrRNING.

M. Limbourg, Veterinary surgeon and inspector of
the abattoir, at Brussels, draws attention to the ditfi-
culty loo Irequently encountered, for the perfect se-
jiaration of the butler in the process of churning.
This dilliculty presents many anomalies, and which
arc attributed to a chcmieal alteration in the milk, to
the existence of decomposing [irineiples, and the
health of tlie cows. As a cow is estimated to yield
from I'i to 1.5 quarts of milk daily, representing a
Ijound of butter, a prolonged dilliculty, in connectiou
with a large dairy, thus becomes serious. Some go
to seek the cause, where only the cfl'cct is percept-
ible, anil blame the vessels, or the atmosphere. M.
Limbourg has no hesitation in attributing the cause
of this non-separation of the butter in churning to the
feeble liealth of the cow, to the ixnerly of the ani-
nuil's blood, altlamgh thcaiumal presents at the same
time all the exiernal appearances of health. The cow-
is a machine for producing milk, and the organism
can be deranged by excessive or prolongeil milking,
or continuous breeding; the digestion is perforinc'd
imperfectly, the blood is not enriched, and hence the
animal becomes weak. Conueeted with this subji'ct
is the remark, that cows badly h'd during the winter,
rcllect this treatment by a diminished supply of milk
during the summer, and in addition, suller mo.st w hen
passing from a dry to a green dietary. An ill-fcil
animal draws uponits system for the elements of its
milk, and when sup|>licil with generous I'ood, first
fortifies its economy, bcftjre yielding the expected iu-
cruaec of milk.

RIPENINO OF THE SUGAR BEET.

The preservation of sugar beet occupies much at-
tention; f^ pounds of beet yield i'i of sugar — or

from .') to ten per cent. But this per eentage can fall
too or 4. when I he beet has been thri'c or lour months
stored in pits; lunce the importance of preserving the
roots, so as to lessen this diminution. The beet ouglit
never to lie lifleil till iierlictly ripe; to act otherwise
induces a li'rnientation which changes the sugar from
a erystalliiu- to an uncryslalline stale. In I be unripe
beet also, llicre exist acids whicli favor rcrmenlalion.
It is recoinmenilcd to lift the roots without bruising
them, anil to stack them, leaves on but lurncd out-
wards, in small bca|i» ; allow them to remain in this
state till llie death of the leaves, when these can be
cut olf and the roots placed in Irenches, covering
with straw, which is a bad conductor of lieat. The
root thus achieves its ripening ; by allowing the leaves
to remain, the sap thickens by the evaporation of the
water at the leaves and roots, and the latter dry, like
preserved grapes, but withinit altering.

THE NEW " ItUTCHER SHIP."

M. Tellier has produced the model of his "butcher
ship," for the preservation, by hie process of artificial
cold, and the transixirt of meat I'rom Australia and
South America. All that now remains is to aji/tly his
invention. The engine room is very abaft in the ves-
sel, and I he eold-produeing machinery is behind tliis
room ; the remainder of the ship is divided into com-
partmeuls, all fitted up with stalls, wherein the joints
are suspended, with facilities for examining the meat
throughout the passage.

CAOUTCHOUC IN HARNESS.

The idea ie being tried of introducing Caoutchouc in
the harness of draught animals, so as to augment the
strength of the cattle, on the prini'ipie, that a weight
attached to a spring, can be raised more readily than
if lifted without it, or like the elaetie union of a rail-
way train.

OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS.

Proceedings of the Lancaster County Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Society.

The Society met statedly in the Orphans' Court
Room on .Monday, April .5, "at 3 o'clock, the President,
Johnson Miller, in the chair. Present, .Messrs. John-
son Miller, Henry M. Engle, Alexander Harris, .M. D.
Kendig, Casper "Hiller, .John Staulfer, John Huber,
Milton B. Eshlcmau, Jacob K. Witmer, S. A. Her-
shey, Daniel Smeych, .John (irossman, Keubeu Wea-
ver, -Martin N. Brubaker, Levi S. Keist, Henry Erb,
J. M. W. t;eist,Ephraim Hoover, S. S. Kathvon, D.
G. Swartz.

.John (irossman, of Warwick, was elected a mem-
ber of the Association; also Samuel A. Hcrshey, of
Salunga.

Condition and Prospects of Crops.
Johnson Miller presented the following report on
the condition of agriodtural matters in Warwick
township, which was read :

After the ground has been covered with snow for
over one hundred days, and we have jiassed through
a winter of unusual cold weather, it afi'ords me great
pleasure to again make my monthly report to this
society. The snow only a few days ago melted away,
and w"ith this day commences the farmer's spring
work, after having rested a season from out-door
work, doing very little except feeding and currying
the stock, of which a good deal has been shipped
from our neighborhood and froju all over Warwick
township. Some twenty-five ear loads of fat cattle
have Ictt the Litiz depot within the last ten days.
This sliows that farmers have jirepared to meet field
work, and to-day we see the lioys who have been in
the school rooms out in the field ]iieking stones. The
farmers who have sjicnt the long and cold winler
days and evenings in reading (and if they have not
thus spent them it is time lost fiircver) are here and
there lollowing the plow, making ready for another
season and another crop; the gardeners are busy
cleaning out things, cutting and trimming vines and
trees, so that they will bein condition m bear another
crop; Hie birds are singing, and everlhing ajipears to
have awakened from the slumberings of a cold and
hmg winter. This is a hu.sy season for all, as there
are "so niany things that need looking after and re-
pairing, tine great point sliould be well eoiisidired
by every fanner ; Have the giound well tilled and
in good condition before planting and sowing, as
early as possible. This is a rule that is only not
practiced in Warwick township, but should be followed
all over the eountv.

As reganls lhe"prcsent condition and prospects of
grain, I'ruit and things in general, I would re|Hirt
that wheat fields come out in about the same condi-
tion as thev went under. Owing to the dry season
last fall grain was short but well scl . The ice has in
hiw places lolally destroyed the crop; but on average
with a favorable spring, we will have a tolerably
good crop. So far a.s grape vines aml^'ruit trees are
concerned they have Millercd more or less, as was the
ease two years ago. 1 noticed my peach trees a re frozen
considerably, while raspberries and grape vines have
shared the same fate. As to the fruition noihing can
be said yet. Taking all ihings togelhcr we can only
relv on an all-wise Provideiiee w ho directs all things
properly. We have no reason to complain. As we

have alwavs been abundantly blessed in the past, wo
will no iloiilit be equally eared for in the future; for
the iiromise is. If we sow we shall reap.

Henry M. Engle, of .Marietta, nqHirted that pears
and apples are all safe; but peaches arc somewhat
iniurcd. Tender grapes have also been somewhat in-
jured, but the hardy varieties are intact. Huspbcrries
sullered some but not seriously. He suggested that
the canes should always be laid down in the fall and
covered, to insure their safety through the winter.

Mil. TON B. Esuleman, of Paradise, gave it as the
result of his observation that the wheat has norbeen
injured, as it had been sown rather late In the fall,
and appearances Indicate a good coming crop. Jlo
had examined the peach buds, and thinks there will
be a giMid crop of peaches in his vicinity.

M. IJ. Ki;Niiiii. .Manor, reiiorted that farmers arc
abmit beginning field operations. There was no oats
sown in March this season, (irase and grain look
better than could be expected. A little more sunshine
and an oeeasional shower will give It a fair start.
Some of the small fruits arc very muidi atlecled hy
the severe cold ofthe past winter. Philadelphia rasp-
berries are badly frozen. Doolittlc may I'omc out
jiretty well, (irapcs materially injured, I'speclally
the less hjirdy varieties ; Cornconl and Clinton make
a toleralily fair show. Apples and [x^ars all right.
Peaches somewhat damaged. Of the farm products
of 1.S71 the bulk of wheat is on hand. Tobacco is
selling from prices ranging at 8 to IS for wrapix;re,
and :i to ."> lor tillers. Potatoes are scarce.

Jacob K. Witmer, of Manor, reiKirted that the
indicat ions were favorable for a g(H>d crop of peaches,
cherries, and other fruits generally. Clover looks
well, and the grape vines have not been injured. Ho
had heard an old adage that icicles hanging on trees
were generallv injurious and destructive to the crops.

Levis. l<i;'isT'believed that the wheat, especially
in fields that lie low, is entirely destroyed. They hart
been covered with a crust of ice for a long time, and
he fears whole fields arc destroyed.

Hi-.NRV .M. Engle did not agree with the adage
which predicted loss of fruit from icicles hanging on
the trees. On the contrary, he believed that if the
trees were even covered with ice they would still bo
safe and vield gtxxl crops.

Johnson Miller regarded the systematic report-
ing of the condition of the cereal and fruit crops as a
matter of great irn|iortance.

The Association tlien took the the question —

" What is the Best Mode of Wintering Cattle ?"
Milton B. Esuleman, who had proposed this
question, said he did not do so because he had any-
thing new to sav on the subject, but simply because
he wished to hear from others. He is a miller by
occupation, and has often heard the question dis-
cussed whether ground corn cobs eontaineiI.any nutri-
tive or fattening |in>perties. He would be glad to
hear this jioint discussed.

The President 6tatc*llhat a friend of his, iiiF.phrata
townsliip, fattened all his cattle on corn ground in the
cob, and was quite successful in the production of
good beef.

Casper Hilleh said he had been giving this mat-
ter some thought, and would read the following on

The Comparative Value of Food.

The majoritv of farmers feed their cattle just as
their fathers did before them, and the idea, perhaps,
never suggested itself to them that there might
be ,some improvement— .some plan by which more
stock can be kept, or more money saved. In countries
with large populations this fiidder question is an im-
portant One, not only in the way of supplying the
people with animal food, but also in the making of
manure for keeiiing up tlic lerlility of llie soil I o grow
cereals to perfection. In Germany, this (picstion re-
ceives a great deal of attention. The professors in
their agrieullural eollegcs have made full and search-
ing experiments on the comiiarativc values of different
kinds of food, as follows:

The basis of the comiiarison is the percentage of
nutriment in 100 pi>iinds ofthe foods mentioned.

100 POUNDS Ol'

Corn contains 'X> iHiunds of nutriment.

Oats " 70

Clover hav " 55 " " "

Wheat brin " 4H " " "

Corn fodder " 20

Wheat straw " U

From this it will be seen that, to secure an equiva-
lent to 1.(100 ths of corn, requires either 1,'1.57 tlis of
oats, l,7'27lt,sof hav, l.ilHOlt.s of wheat bran, 4,7.50 lbs
of corn fodder, or (l.'<00 llis of wheat straw.

Assuming that corn meal is worth * Ulpcrton. oats
J'll.'iS, clover hav *1.5. wheal bran *'i.5, corn fodder
$S, wheat straw ?lll— then, if we accept the theory
that an animal will require two [mt cent, of its live
weight in hay, the feed of an ox weighing 1,000 lbs
will be, per day either —

Ht-a-7

Ihs of

hay

corn meal

oats

bran

corn fodder

wheal siraw

valued

at l.V

" 17e

o 2.5c

" Site

1 " !>a<r

" ::!•<■,
From these tables it would a|ipear that hay and
vornmeal are the great staples upon which the farmer

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

should depend for carrying liis stock cheaply and
safely through the winter. But the less cost is not
all that can be said in favor of hay and corn, for they
have yet a greater proportional value in the manure
made from them.

It may be proper to say that the figures after the
comparative nutriment table are my own, so that if
the calculations are wrong tlie error may be placed
to its proper credit.

Mr. HiLLER further added that while hay and corn
meal are the cheapest, straw is the dearest. Yet, you
might as well talk heresy at Rome as to talk to Lan-
caster county farmers about selling straw, although
it commands a good price in the vicinity of paper
mills which use straw stock in the manufacture of
paper.

Mr. Engle said it was comparatively easy to put
these things on paper, but to his mind they were not
altogether satisfactory. The analysis read may be
correct, and no doubt it is, so far as it goes. It is
said, so much corn contains so much nutrition. What
is nutrition ? The carbonaceous foods are heat pro-
ducing, and are the best for fattpning stock. Hence
we use the yellow corn. But to produce muscle and
bone the nitrogeneous foods, such as the white-flint
corn, are preferable. We in the North often wonder
why in the South they eat corn all the year round,
while it is rejected in the North as summer diet, be-
cause it is considered too heating. The reason is that
in the South they grow the white corn, which contains
more nitrogen and phosphate, and less carbon. For
working horses the white is the best, as it produces
more bone and muscle ; but to fatten hogs the yellow
is the best, as containing more carbon. Hence it is
important in estimating the value of such an analysis
to know what kind of corn was experimented upon,
and to what kind of stock it was inteudet to be fed.
It was the same in regard to hay. It is an open ques-
tion as to when is the best time to turn grass into hay.
He gave it as his opinion that we cut it too late to get
its full nutriment. If cut young, the cattle will relish
it much better. It is not so much a question of what
nutriment is in it as what the cattle can extract from
it. Since we steam corn fodder, one load goes as far
as a load of hay or as far as three loads of fodder fed
in the usual way. In this connection he would not
discuss the question of manure.

Mr. Eshleman thought the low value of wheat
bran given in the analysis could not be correct.
Wheat is known to be the strongest of nutritious
grains, and the more of the bran is worked into the
liour thy more wholesome it is.

Mh. Enole said he had seen it asserted by a chemical
authority that there was more nutrition in a pound of
bran than in a pound of flour. But it is an undispu-
ted fact that the grain of wheat contains more nearly
all the elements of healthy imtrition than anythingelse
we can eat. To get all these eli'iuriils the grain and
bran should be ground and used toixi'tlier.

As this question was considered a little out of sea-
son, further discussion was postiwned until fall.

What Trees are Most Profitable for Fencing
and Fuel ?

This, another deferred question, was discussed at
some length, Mr. Eshleman favoring locust (or both
fencing and fuel ; although chestnut was better for
fencing rails, it did not pay so well to plant it. The
chairman considered locust most valuable for posts
and many other purposes.

Mb. Epuiuam Hhoveu said every farm has some
corners and fence lines which can be best utilized by
planting locust trees. Besides using it for fencing,
tilt- porliiiiKs of the wood not suited lor that purpose
makes excellent fuel, there being very little ditlerence
between it and maple. Every farmer can raise
enough to fence his farm without detracting' from his
area of cultivation. A locust post lasts from twenty-
five to thirty years. In twenty-Hve years he can
easily grow enough from seed to renew his fencing.
It may be said that while locust makes good posts it
is not adapted for rails, and both are wanted. But
we can sell the surplus locust posts to purchase
chestnut or pine rails. He therefore preferred locust
for fencing and fuel, as chestnut is not nearly so good
for fuel.

Mr. Hii.ler introduced a new competitor for the
meed of profit, in the cherry tree. He had recently
cut down a cherry tree twenty-five years old which
made excellent fuel, aud the lumber obtained from it
is valuable.

Mr. Keist championed the locust as most valuable
for all purposes. It can be raised sooner and cheaper
than any other. Owing to the scarcity of other woods,
such as oak and hickory, wheelwrights must use it
for axles and other mechanical purposes for which it
is well adapted. He would use locust for posts and
willow f(jr rails. A willow tree in twenty-five years
wiitild yield from 100 to l.'iO rails, and when cut in
the proper season (which he thought is May) it will
last as long as chestnut. The ailahtus was the most
rapid of growers and would make good rails. He cut a
cherry tree which he had planted 22 years ago which
g.ave a valuable yield of boards; but for fencing and
fuel his trio would be the locust, willow andailantus.

Mr. Kenuu; said the locust is not adapted to all
soils ; but where it will do well lie is in favor of plant-
ing along the fences around the farm. Around a
farm of IfiO acres, we would have 1,020 feet, which

would accommodate 440 trees planted 13 feet apart.
In twenty-five years these would yield 8,SS0 posts
worth S+,440, which would be the amount the value
of the farm would be enhanced in twent3'-five years.
The wood cut in trimming from year to year would
supply the family with fuel. Besides, it is a great
pleasure to have the roadside lined with trees which
afford a delightful shade in the hot summer when one
is driving along.

Mr. Engle, while he agreed with the other speak-
ers in their estimate of the value of the locust, said
he was looking to the day when fences would be
altogether dispensed with. We don't need much
wood for fuel when coal is so abundant and inex-
haustible, for years to come. A very valuable tree
had, however, been overlooked. The walnut will
grow more rapidly than locust and is more valuable.
You can sell enough of its fruit and lumber to buy
your fencing material. The improved American
chestnut is now extensively grown for its fruit., A
gentleman in New Jersey annually cropped from $2.5
to SSO worth of fruit from a single tree. The market
for this fruit is never overstocked. But after all, he
still desired to point public sentiment in the direction
of doing away with fences altogether, which "good
time " would certainly come.

Varieties of the Tree-Borers.

Mr. Kendig desired to know why the locust
would not grow in certain localities. In answer,
various theories and illustrative facts were given;
some remarking that the locust flourishes in gravelly
soil and does no good on limestone ridges — others
that it is often killed by excessive and close pruning
— but the locust borer was finally credited with all
the trouble ; but why this insect was so destructive in
some localities and never seen in others was not
explained. In answer to a question as to whether
the locust borer confined its ravages to that tree,
Prof. Rathvon said, to the best of his knowledge it
did ; that is the Clylus robinia does : but there are two
species of Cli/tus so nearly alike that it is very difficult
to distinguish between them — the one already named
and the Clytws jncttis, which is a hickory and walnut
tree borer. The former does not make its appearance
until September, and then it is often found abundantly
in the mature state, on the blossoms of the Soliilai/o.
The latter appears, in the beetle form, in the month
of June — sometimes even earlier. On one occasion
hundreds of them came out of hickory wood in my
cellar in the month of May, and two years ago John
A. Hcistaiid, esq., gave me several specimens that
came out of a piece of hickory wood in his office, in the
month of April. But there is a much larger " borer "
that infests thelocust trees — namely the larva of a
moth (Xylen/tcn robinUe) which is capable of doing more
damage tnan the Clylus. This insect also infests the
chestnut trees. On one occasion I took the larva of
our largest grey "snapping-beetle" (Alans occulatns)
out of tile limb of a locust tree, although it more fre-
quently occurs in the dead limbs or trunks of the
apple. There is also a minute leaf miner {llispit)
and a leaf puncturer {Ajnon) both of which infest
the foliage of the locust in vast numbers, often leav-
ing them as if they had been scorched by fire. [As
soon as we can olitain accurate illustrations of these
insects, we will publish detailed accounts of them.]

Mr. Engle said the fact being admitted that the
locust would not thrive in all localities, should teach
farmers the futility of attempting to grow trees not
adapted to the soil, or liable to be destroyed by the
borer, but to select those which were best adapted to
these conditions.

Milk Cows — Cultivation of Corn.

The questions as to the best food for milk cows, and
what variety of corn produces the most bushels to
the acre, were deferred ; and at the suggestion of Mr.
Engle the latter question was put in tbis form — What
variety of corn is most profitable, and what is the
best plan of cultivating it ''.

The Grashoppers.
Prof. Rathvon said they had h.ad so much dis-
cussion of the potato beetle of late, that he had con-
cluded to say something of grasshoppers. In the
March number of The Lancaster Farmer he had
said something about utilizing potato beetles and
grasshoppers. Since then he had seen an interesting
account of the exhumations going on at Pompeii,
where, among other things exhumed, was a table set
for the meal, containing, among other edibles, a dish
of stewrd f/rasshn/ipers. Although we might yet come
to this mode of utilizing the grasshoppers, we would
be still 3,000 years behind the fashions of the Pom-
peiians ! He proceeded to read a very interesting
article on The frrasshoppern, relating to their ravages
in Nebraska, and discussing the probabilities and
effect of a grasshopper raid in this county ; but owing
to the crowded state of our columns we are obliged
to defer its publication.

Cropping Oats on Corn Ground.

Mr. Grossman, of Warwick, inquired whether it
would not be better to chanije the usual jjractice of
cropping oats on corn ground preparatory for the
wheat crop, by manuring for the corn and foUow'ing
it with wheat, leaving the ground lie fallow during
the summer.

Mu. Hoover was opposed to manuring oats stub-
bles too heavily for wheat. Corn could not be grown

too rank, but there was such a thing as manuring for
wheat so heavily as to cause it to grow to straw.
Two successive crops of corn are too exhaustive on
the soil. If he did not sow oats he would seed with
clover.

Mr. Kendig said the oat crop had been a failure
for some years past, but it was a question whether
this was not owing to want of manure. A friend of
his had ground prepared for a crop of tobacco, but
the person who was to have planted it failed to do so
until too late. His only alternative was to plant it
in oats, and he got a crop of 90 bushels to the acre,
which paid him well.

Mr. Engle said that oats is an uncertain crop in
unfavorable seasons. We may, however, have favor-
able seasons and it will again pay well. In dry seasons
it fails, but if we knew what the season would be aud
manured accordingly, it would pay. If manured,
and a wet season follows, it will grow rank and run
tostraw. He had known cases where, for this reason,
it did not pay to harvest it. So he would not venture
to manure oats as a rule. Owing to a large demand
for other purposes, he had found it necessary to
economize manure for wheat on oats stubble. He
had it turned frequently to aid decomposition, and
then put it on lightly as a top dressinj^ after plough-
ing, stirring it in well, and had a good crop.

Mr. Hoover thought that if it was not intended
to follow corn with a crop of oats, the next best plan
would be to set the corn in larger shocks than usual,
and a greater distance apart ; then sow rye in the
spaces between. In the spring break the stubbles off
where the rows of shocks stood, and plant potatoes.
He would rather do this than let the ground lie
fallow.

The Chairman endorsed this suggestion, having
tried it successfully with five acres of rye in a twenty-
acre cornfield.

Mr. Engle said that sowing Hungarian grass
instead of oats was successfully practiced by many
farmers in Chester county, a yield of two tons of good
hay to the acre having been secured.

Mr. Eshleman suggested that crops were often
spoiled by too deep plowing; but.Iohnson Miller said
his rule for corn was to plough deep and plant shal-
low, and he always has good crops ; and Mr. Engle
said he had been harping on this for years. There
was an exception, however, in soil where the fertility
was shallow. There is nothing to be gained by
turning up sterile soil.

Native Seedling Apples.

Mr. Grossman presented specimens of a seedling
apple which he called his " Favorite," which was re-
markable for being unpalatable when first cropped,
but which kept well and grew into excellent flavor,
and also for cropping most prolificly when other vari-
eties failed. To our taste we never ate a better apple
at this season.

The same gentleman presented specimens of what
he supposed to be the White Vandivere, but Mr.
Engle said they did not correspond with his variety
of that name.

In this connection Mr. Engle, who is chairman of
the General Fruit Committee of the State Fruit
Growers Society, stated that they were desirofis of
securing specimens and;deseriptions of all good native
fruits in the county for notice in their annual report.

The State Agricultural Fair.

The chairman called attention to the fact that if the
proper effort is made the next fair of the State Agri-
cultui'ai Society can be sectired for Lancaster. This
matter was earnestly urged by the chairman, Mr.
Engle, and others, who commended it to the citizens
of Lancaster as a subject which should engage their
active co-operation. If the proper inducements are
held out by hotel keepers and our business men gen-
erally, there is no doubt that it will come here. The
advantages arising from this will not end with this
year. It has been the practice of the State Society of
late years to hold their fair in the same town two
years consecutively. If, therefore, we secure it at
Lancaster this year, we can retain it next year also,
which will be the great Centennial year. It requires
no argument to illustrate the great advantages this
would confer upon our county. Its near proximity to
the Centennial exhibition would give strangers from
all parts of this country and the world an opportunity
to see something of the richest agricultural county
in the nation, and we have no doubt hundreds of such
would avail themselves of this opportunity.

Native Flowers and Fruits.

Daniel Smeych, of Lancaster, presented a num-
ber of seedling geraniums — sub-genus Pelargonium^-
of his own raising, in relation to which the botanist
of the association, Mr, Staulfer, has furnished our
reporter with the following paper :

Do Varieties Die Out 1 The variety of plants of the
stork, or cranesbill family, called Pelargonium, from
pelargos, a stork, is extensive. Johnson, in his Gard-
eners' Dictionary, has a list of ninety-nine species,
herbaceous and tuberous rooted, and one hun'lred and
sixty named evergreen shrubs, cultivated in the green-
house. Superior varieties have been raised by seeds,
by hybridizing and tricks in trade which defy all rules
for classification. Mr. Daniel Smeych, No. I)3S West
King street, this city, who takesa great interest in

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

florii'ulluiv, li.id on ixliibitioii at llio mcetinc: of the
Horticiiliunil Society, a scTiosorilowers and li'avos to
ilhislralc tlio cliansi' liy cultiirc. No. 1, to lie-in with
the orijriiial lliiwcr dl'tjiat tiriirlit, \nirr, ilccp crimson
rcil species calleil " (iencral druiit," llowcrs larffc,
leaves Willi the oriliiiary zonale or dark central riii^'
(con.stantly present in these species and varietie.'s) ol'
moderate size. The sei'dinir, No. 3, was rather darker
in llie color, smaller, and the leaves reduced in size.
No. :!, also a seedlim; from No. 'i, color yood. Mower
rather less, Imt leaves much larirer in diameter. No.
4, color of llower lietwecn a rosi' and oraiiin', leaf
nearly as larire as in No. H, lloin- full size. No. ."i, a
seedliii!; from No. 4, color oraiiL'e red, leaves much
reduced in size — evidc'nily retnrnintr to its orisrinal
type of I'lliiri/oiiinin //i^ii/i'o/i, introduced in l.SOd.
Flowers were then I'... inch in diameter, of a brick-
re*! color, ite., just what No. .5 is In its rcirular lin-
eairc from No. 1, (iencral (irant, so lirilliantly red.
IIow came it so? lint whence arises color, or the
chanire of the rellectin:; anirles of liirht i Nay, what
does'even the s;reat Tyndall teach us in the matter of
(living us linht, on the nature (d' litjlit and floral
colors? No doidtt then* is a law of forces designed by
creative wisdom to act just so — nndersiu^h conditions
— anil perhai'S it is onr business to find tliem out, if
we wish to act by knowledge; yet a blind i>igcantinil
tlie acorn. So we often stundile upon a truth, and
produce results that astonish ns, if they do not edify.
So gardeners jiotter around, and often bring about a
grand change, bid for want of knowledge how tojjre-
'eerve it or iinjirove it, they "go back on us," and
ehow how little we know.

I'uoF. Katiivon- exhibited a very fine specimen of
the hmoii, grown by Mrs. C. O. Herr, of Crcsswcll,
Manor townshij), Laiieaster county.

TOI'II'S FOK niSCUSSIOX AT NK.XT MEETING.

1. What is the best method of jncreasing the fer-
tility of the soij ;

3. What system of farming is best adapted to Lan-
caster county ?

."i. What variety of corn is most |irofltable to grow,
and what is tlie best method of cultivating it ?

The .Society adjourned to meet on Monday the third
of May, at one o'clock, p. m., sharp.

THE FARM AND THE DAIRY.

The Lancaster Park Association.

At the late amnial meeting of the etoi-kholders of
the Lancaster Park Association, a large proportion
of the stock was represented either in person, or by
proxy. Mr. Robert A. Evans was called to preside
over the meeting, and Messrs. H. '/,. Khoads and John
T. Mctioniglc, to act as secretaries. The report of
the board was read detailing its operations for the
past year,, showing that the reeeijits from all sources
had been $7,()W).:!1, and the expenses ?7, 410.74,
leaving a balance of S'i4li.l'i3 after paying all the
exi>enses, one year's interest, on the mortgage, insur-
ance, taxes, t'te. The floating debts of the association,
at the time when the board came into olHee, have
been fnndeil by loan for which a ."iccond mortgage has
been given \ipon the property of the ass(iciation, and
I'rom the proceeds ot" which all these debts have been
paid otf, and a balance of :?:H..V.I remains on hand.
()u motion of J. L. Steinmetz, esq., the board was
instructed to make an eflort to secure the holding of
the next state fair in this city, and failing in this, to
liold a general county fair. An election for directors
for the ensuing year was thi'n held, and resulted in
the choice of the following gentlemen : liobert A.
Evans, II. Z. Klioads, .Jos. K. IJoycr, A. C. Kepler,
C. Kine Baer, tk'o. Youtz, John II. .Miller, Levi Sen-
senig, Sanniel Jetleries, Jas. Stewart, and L. Knapp.

The voting waseonilueted on the cumulative plan,
and 3,79.S votes were east. As there are only :^>3l
shares of stock, each entitled to eleven voles, or S,.5-il
in the aggregate, it will be seen that a large propor-
ti*>n of stock was rei)resented.

The exhibit of the atl'airs of the association was, on
the whole, favorable, and \nider the disadvantageous
circumstances which attcinled its labors, more could
not have been reasonably exi)ected.

Let them try to get the state fair, by all means.

A Little Advice to Farmers.

Help your wives in every way you can, trivial
though it may seem to you. For instance, keep an
extra pair of shoes or slippers in the bailor entry,
anti always reinendier to change your dirty boots
before entering her clean rooms. Then you may be
sure of a smile of welconn^, as no dirt will be left
after you for her to clean up. In the evening comb
yonrhairas carefully as you ever did in your courting
days. Put on a clean coat or ilrcssing-gown, ami
when you take your paper to read, do not read to
yourself and leave her to lonesome thfuights while
sewing and mending, but remember that she, too, has
been working haril all day, and is still working.
Ki'ad to her whatever interests you, so that her
interests and opinions may grow with yours, and that
she may c(nnprchend something besides love stories,
winch too many have read more than they should.
You will both l>e happier, and being a farmer's or
mechanic's wife will not be such a dreadtid tiresome
and lonely life as many girls have every reason" to
think it is — especially if he reads The Fak.mek.

Successful Sale of Short-Horns.

The Bclh'view herd, owned by William Stewart, of
Dixon, III., was recently sohl at auction. A large
mindicr of buyers were present, and eighty head
brought over ?3tl,(KH). The following is a list of the
highest ]irices ol" the day, with [lurchascrs:

Lady of Itaeine, one of thi' lini'st .Miss Wilysonthis
continent, to Col. K. H. Austin, Sycamore, 111., $1,-
.''ilill. Miss Wily, of Helleview, her" calf, same, •*7(lll.
They arc hotli gram! animals. Lord \N'ily, another
id' Lady's calves, to A. Powers, Dixon, 111., ?1,4.SI).
Du<*hess Loinm, said to be one of the tinest Lomins,
went to Col. H. II. Austin, at ?1,!MK). Louan's Thorn-
dali', N. Cornell, Dwight, III., .?"(l(l. Bloom 13lh, J.
V>. L ah man, Praidvlin (irove, III., $;!('».'>. Karl Duchess,
M. McWilhams, Darlington, Wis., ?:;(H). Caroline,
II. F. Brown, Minneapolis, Minn., $.S1(). Moselle, I!.
It. .Austin. .Sycamore, HI., *43.5. Hazel (Jneen, said
to be one (d' the tinest show -cows in Aim'riea, $77.">, to
(ireene A: .Morton, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Donna Lee,
to William Chandlers, liochelle, Ill.,S:!2.'i. Boxy, to
Mr. Van Patten, Stewart, 111., .?:i.50. Klsie, to W.
Chambers, Koehelle, III., *41ll. Hannah, to Prince-
ton, Hawks iV: .Moore, Polo, III., ?47l). Violet 3d, to
William Chambers, Bochellc, 111., *4IM). Lily of the
Valley, to AVilliam (.'hanihers, Boselle, 111., i.'idO.
Josephine, to E. A. Snow, Dixon, 111., ?^:i3."i. Linlloa,
to T. Hughes, Meriden, III., ^KIO. Cold King, to T.
Hughes, Meriden, III., .*:ii«. Marv lltli, .?:!40, to W.
W. Tilton, Dixon, III. Mai'ia,to Leonidas C. Dement,
Dixon, 111., $:'>0d. Hope, to Col. Austin, Sveaniore,
III., $:!.■«. Tanv, to W. Chambers, liochelle. 111.,
«!:i.5.5. Vi(det, to C. Dement, Dixon, III., -^-OO. Flo-
rence, $"(111. Duke of Thoriidale, to William Nael,
Paxton, III., S47.5. Champion of the West, to (ieorge
Dealand, Dixon, 111., #1,00(1.

The above includes the most of the sales, except a
few old cows, and young male and female calves,
which sold at from .?"l)0 to S12-5. Few more success-
ful sales have been madt^ in America, everything con-
sidered, and it gives a glorious prosi)ect to tlie great
sliort-horn future.

FARM AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

Valuable Milk Cows.

The Chambersliurg liepoaitonj claims that Dr. Ed-
mund Culberlson, President of tht^ First National
Bank of that place, has the mo.st valuable cow in the
county, if not in that section of tlie .State. This cow
had a line bull calf, aliout four weeks ago, and since
tliat time has been giving large quantities of milk,
the average being XfP^; lbs per day. The cream from
this cow was preserved for one week, and on being
churned yielded the large amount of seventeen and a
quarter pounds of btitter. This is an unusually large
yield. The butter is of a rich yellow color, and is
very sujK'rior in quality. The cow is an Aldi'mcy,
and was imported from the island of .Terscy, by Mr.
William .Massey, of Philadeliihia. Dr. Culberlson
bouglit her from Mr. Massey when she was liftecn
months oBl, for *300. Slie now has her third calf and
is a tine animal. We mention these facts for the ben-
efit of farmers wdio are interested in im|iroving their
stock, as they know it costs no more tfi keep a thor-
ough bred animal of any kind than it does one of an
inferior breed .

A. F. Boas, of Reading, recently imrehased (luern-
sey stock from K. W. Coleman's heirs, at Cornwall,
Lebanon county. He has since reported tliat he Inul
a yield of 1.5 poimds of a No. 1 butler in one week
from one of the cows. This speaks well for that breed
of Cattle.

Henuy Geist, of Point township, Northumberland
county, iirodueed from three cows, of ordinary grade,
in thirteen weeks, between December 4th and Febru-
ary 37th, last past, theexiraordinary amount of3il2'.i
pounds of butter, or about I wenty-one pounds per week

Setting and Skimming Cream.
Cream rises because of theeomparatively liglit spe-
cific gravity of the butter globules. Tlie cream ar-
ranges itself upon the surface according to the size of
the globules, tin' largest globules being at or near the
top. Cream is, therefore, an uneven product, rising
in layt'rs. Eatdi layer is ditlerent, and prtiduces adil-
ferent r|nality of butter, and one layer is better for but-
ter-making than another. The cream rising first is
the richest, proiluces the best Imtter, and churns
ipiickest. The second skimiidng is poorer for manu-
facture, and the third may be worthless for firsl-( lass
butter. Hence, in practice, a dairynnin may obtain
too much butter from his milk, the increase in <pian-
tity not suHiciently compensating for the deerea.se in
quality, brought about by the (diuniing of globules
which should have been left in the liullermilk. Dr.
Sturtevant argues that the value of a cow or a'breed
cajuiot be determined by the percentage of cream in
her milk, as milk yicdding but ten per cent, of cream
may furnish nioi-i' butter than that yielding thirty per
cent. He sugges's that shallow selling would prolia-
bly yield the most butter, and deep setting that of
best quality.

A Dollar spent for Tht^ Lancaxtfr Fanner is money
well invested. It will "pay" — ask your neighbor to
try it.

The Nutrition of Oatmeal.

Liclilg lias shown tliat oatmeal Is almost as nutri-
tious as the very best English beef, and that it Is
richer than wheaten bread ill the elements that go to
form bone and muscle. Prof. Forbes, of Edinburgh,
during sonic twenty years, measured the breadth and
height, and also testei! the strength of both the arms
and loins of the students in the university — a very
numerous class — and of various uatioinilitles, drawn ,
to Edinburg by the fame of his tea<-hing. He found
that in height, breadth of chest and shoulders, and
the strength of arms and loins, the Belgians were at
the bottom of the list ; a littli' above them the French ;
very much higher, the English ; and highest of all,
the Scotch and Scoth-Irish from Ulster, who, like the
natives of Scotland, are fed. In their early years, with
at least one meal a day of gofid milk and oatmeal
pcirridge. .Speakiiigof oatmeal, an exchange reniiirks
that a very good ilrink is made by putting alMiut two
spoonsful of the meal Into a tumbler of water. The
Western hunters and trappers c<(nsider it the U'st of
drinks, as it is at once nourishing, unsliinulating, and
satisfying. It is jHipular in the Brooklyn navy-yard,
two and a half pounds of oatmeal being put Into a
pail of moderately co(d water. It is much better than
any of tin* ordinary mixtures of vinegar and inobuises
with water, which farmers use in the haying or har-
vest field.

Now For House-Cleaning.

Fi.OKA, in the fierinantown Tihqrnjih, thus dis-
courses on a topic of prevailing Interest at tliis season
of the year : The season will .soon be upon us to begin
the worrying but indispensable spring house-cleaning.
Strange to say — at least it will no doubt tie strange to
many of the masculine style — we housekeep<'rs do not
dread — or allow me to jiut in a somewhat out-of-the-
way wiird — we do not nhirl; this inevitable semi-annual
overturning and refurbishing of the domeslh' para-
phernalia. It has really a pleasure in it, in so far that
it precedes a brighter day for us, that is, u reclaimed,
renovated castle — for a Iiouse ix one's castle — and
therein lies the jileasurable anticipation, and smooths
away any rough edges which house-cleaning might
seem to have to some who give no assistance to It per-
sonally.

It has been said, and very truly, that every husband
shoiih! be out of the lumse at least six hours daily,
as an ordinary rule. But he should be away a mck
during these (himestic ojierations, for then we should
avoid sour looks, <Toss remarks, grumbling at meals,
and complaints at the overturning of things generally.
Still, I don't mind this little " spatting." 1 just go
on as if I heard nothing, until the dondcile is as bright
as a new cent from garret to cellar, when I present
my jewels to my lord, anil demand an apology in view
of the charming picture iiresented, am! always get It.

Parasites in Bird-Cages.

Many a person has watched with anxiety and care
a i)et canary, goldfinch, or other tiny favorite evi-
dently in a state perturbation, plucking at himself
conlinually, his feathers standing all wrong, always
fidgetting aliout, and every way looking very seedy.
In vain is bis foml changed, and in vain is another
saucer of clean water always kejit in his cage, and all
that kindness can suggest for the little prisoner done;
but still all is of no use, he is no better — and why?
Iiecanse the cause of his wretcbcilness has not lu'cn
foiiiiil out, and until it is, other attempts are but vain.
If the owner of a pet in such dillieullies will take
down the cagi' and ea.st his or her eyes up to the roof
thereof, there will most likely be s«en a mass of stuff
looking as much like red rust as anything; and from
tlicnee comes the cause of the jwior liinl's uneasiness.
The red rust is nothing more nor less than myriailsof
parasites infesting the bini, and for which water is no
remedy. There is, however, a remedy, and one easily
procurable in a moment — fire. By proi uringa lighted
candle and holding it under every ]iarticle of the top
of the cage, till all ciianec of anything being left alive
Is gone, the remedy is eomplete. The pet will sixin
brighten up again after his " house-warming," and
will, in his cheerful and ileliglitful way, thank his
master or mistress over and over again for tills,
though slight, to him, imiKirtant assistance.

About Housework and Help.

It is the iioorcst of economy for a mother. If she can
atfonl to have help, to slave and fag herself out day
after day, besides working far into the night, for the
]iurpose of saving cxiiense. True, as many mothers
say, "help is a nuisance," or, "I would rather my
work was half done than botlnr with a girl," etc.
But we must not be too partiiular. Heminiber, we
cannot lind perfcelion in any one, and while girls
cannot do just as well as you do, or as you think they
ought, they do the best lliey can. Sjieak pleasantly
fo them, aiid whinever they do right, do not fail to
sneak of it, and let thcin know that you appreciate
their etlorls to please. In fact the lady of the house
is not always an angel, and a gri'at deal deixnds
u|Kin the example she makes of herself. Poor help

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

annoys us fearfully, but a tired, half-sick, worn out
mother puts a whole household out of sorts, and to
the children home ceases to attract when mother is
always scrubbing-, scouring, seoldinj; and Krumbliug.
Try to be cheeri'ul. If you have so much to do, that
you scarcely know where or how to begin, do not talk
of it, but do what you think you onght to do, and let
the rest go.

Home Interiors.

Domestic miseries cannot always be concealed by
the victims of them; they lie open to the gaze of all
who cross the afllicted threshold. But they do not
concern the outer world, and the outer world has no
right to look on tliera. Visitors ehould not see them,
even when their dismal forms come boldly into view;
and visitors should bear ofl' no memory of them to ex-
hibit to others. The joys of a household may be pro-
claimed far and wide, its weakness, its affections, its
sorrows, and its misery, possess a bitter sanctity that
every sensitive and honorable soul will religiously
respect. _^_^^_^^___________

INFORMATION ABOUT BEES.

The Honey Bee in Farm Economy.

Agriculture and bee culture bear a very close relation,
and the bee plays a very important part on every
farm ; for in the springtime they are ever ready and
anxious to perform their part, visiting the blooms of
the forest field and orchard, gathering the pollen
trom petals, and sipping the nectar from the cells of
the flowers, and bearing it home to their hives as a
treasury for the support of the little colony, turning
over the surplus to the farmer for his family, for the
trouble of furnishing them with a house and looking
after them. The bees, in gathering the pollen from
the blooms, carry it from one to another, thus more
thoroughly mixing and fertilizing them than could
possibly be done by any other plan. Thus it is seen
the bees perform their part in the farm economy,
and they deserve to be recognized and fully cared for
by every farmer. When we consider the honey, it is
found to be one of our finest luxuries on the family
table, aside from its medical uses. Then let every
one give the honey bee a place in the yard or orchard
If it be but a single colony, and keep an account of
the expenses, and after comparing it with any other
product on the farm it will be found to pay better by
four-fold than anytliing else invested.

On the first warm open days the bees will be flying
out, and you ought to set some rye meal, unbolted flour,
cornmeal or flour, and shorts mixed, in a shallow
box or vessel where the sun can shine down in it, and
you will see the bees bobbing in it, filling their little
baskets and legs and bearing it away to their hives
for feeding the young ones." You should open the
hives, take out the combs, brush out the dead bees
and all trash from the boitom of the hive, and be
certain to examine carefully to see if they have a
queen; and if none is fdund, take and unite them
with a weaker stock that has a queen. Attend to
this late in the evening, after sprinkling each hive
with sweetened water, perfumed with essence of cin-
namon or peppermint, and then brushing each into
one hive together, setting in the comb that has the
queen in it first. By morning they will be all right
and ready for l)usiness.

These suggestions may be of use to those beginning
bee culture, by giving them some idea of managing
■ the "little busy bee."

Queries Answered.

The Bee-keepers Magazine gives some valuable
information in its answers to the following queries :

1. "Can I buy a pure queen (Italian), put her in
a colony of black bees, Italianize the stock, and
rear queens, so as to Italianize all I have, and could
such queens be called pure Italians? and can I do
thus and change ten or twelve hives of black bees
from the one queen I buy, and that by keeping them
60 near together?"

You can Italianize one stock in this manner and
rear queens from it, but they would be very liable to
mate with black drones from the other stocks, and
all thus mating would produce hybrid progeny.

3. " Can black l)ces be transferred from old hives
during winter? If so, how can I move the comb and
make it stick? Would beeswax do to cement the
comb to what I-wish to fasten it to?"

Not with safety; wait until fruit trees blossom.
Melted beeswax not very hot, mixed with resin, will
do, but we use fine wire to wrap around the combs
and hold them in until the bees fasten them to the
frames, then the wire is removed.

3. "What hive did the N. A. B. Society adopt as
a standard, or did they not adopt any at their meeting
in Pittsburg?"

They did not adopt any hive, but most speakers
favored a hive with frames about 13x12.

Hereafter we propose to devote some attention
to the interesting and profitable subjectof the Apiary;
and we invite facts and suggestions from practical
bee-keepers.

The Cotemporary Press.

The Aghicultukal .\nd Floral Guide. An
illustrated demi-quarto of 20 pages. Mexico, Mo.
Monthly, at SI a year, with extra premium induce-
ments to clubs, paid in nursery stock.

The Bee-Keeper's Magazine, an octavo monthly
(illu.strated) of 30 pages. An ably conducted prac-
tical journal on the subject indicated by its title. W.
B. Cobb, publisher, 76 Barclay street. New York.
$1.50 a year.

The Weekly Fancier's Journal and Poultry
Exchange. A royal octavo magazine of 30 pages,
finely illustrated and printed, and devoted almost ex-
clusively to the chicken and pigeon trade. Philadel-
phia. S3.50 per annum. Joseph M. Wade, editor
and proprietor, No. 39 North Ninth street. An ex-
cellent journal for those interested in this specialty.

The Pioneer. We have received the February
number of this journal, published at Omaha, Neb.,
apparently in the interest of the "Union Pacific Rail-
road Land Company." It is a large folio, illustrated,
with a very significant " head " and maps, and con-
tains much useful information for the instruction of
emigrants.

The Colorado Agricultural and Stock Jour-
nal: devoted to "rural and home all'airs, arts, sci-
ence, literature, and the material interestsof the great
west." A double folio, illustrated, and in fair type.
Denver, Colorado. Weekly, at S3 a year, by James
B. Hill. Emanating from almost the outer verge of
civilization, it would be a credit to the centre of the
nation.

The Pacific Rural Press comes to us from San
Francisco in the form of alarge imperials vo. weekly,
published by Dewey & Co. It is in its ninth year, and
bears all the marks of prosperity which are apparent
in the business enterprises of the Golden State. The
publishers get S4 a year for the paper, and 3.5
cents a line for their advertising, of which there are
over twenty columns in the number before us.

The Canada Farmer, published monthly, at
Toronto, Canada, is the leading agricultural journal
over the line. It is an imperial 8 vo., of 30 pages,
with cover, somewhat larger than The Lancaster
Farmer, and furnished at $1 a year. It is ably con-
ducted and is standard authority on the topics it dis-
cusses. Three numbers came to us under a three cent
postage stamp, only one half what Uncle Sam charges
to carry The Farmer to Mountville ! For many
years the Government of Canada permitted all agri-
cultural journals published in the province to pass
through the post-office free of postage.

The Colorado Horticulturist : How rapidly
the New West is being developed is shown by the
establishment, in that far Western Territory of Colo-
rado, (on the Western verge of the so-called Great
American Desert,) of a quarterly journal devoted to
Fruits, Flowers and Gardening, a specimen copy of
which has been received. It is a handsomely illustrated
quarterly. From it the people of the East can learn
how garden. crops are grown where rain^ll is not
depended on. The July number is to contain an
illustrated article on the subject of Garden Irrigation.
The home of the enterprise is at Greeley, a town but
five years old containing 1,.500 inhabitants. This is
the town founded by Union Colony, to which
Horace Greeley stood as god-father ; the temperance
town of Colorado, wherein no man looketh upon the
wine when it is red. The paper is furnished at the
low price of fifty cents per annum, with a premium
of a plant of the Rocky MontUain Jlcd liaxpbur ry ,
(price 35c.), and a packet of seed of an ornamental
climber, the ^ylhl Vucainher Vine, (price 10c.) .
Foster & Co., Greeley, Colo.

Catalogues of Seeds, Plants, &c.

The American Booksellers' Guide, published
montldy, 119 and 131 Nassau street, New York.

" How to make S3.50 a Year by Bees," J. W. Pag-
dcn, Sussex, England. A 24 mo. volume of 45 pages,
in paper covers. Lorinu, publisher, Boston.

Centennial Address to the people of New York,
by prominent citizens, and the " United States Cen-
tennial Almanac " for 1875. King & Baird, Phila-
delphia, Pa.

D. L. Resh's Susquehanna Green-Houses and Plant
Nurseries, Columbia, Pa. This handsome 12 mo.
" Catalogue and Annual Report " came to hand too
late to be noticed in our last number.

Webster's Lanthcapeand Oniamental Gardener,
containing hints and plans for laying out and orna-
niciitinLT grounds in accordance with the principles of
an and taste. An octavo panijjhlet of ;i4 pages. Roches-
ter, N. Y. See advertisement.

International Exhibition 1870, Fairmount
Park, Philadelphia, Pa. A beautifully executed
royal octavo j)aiuphletof 53 pages, with several band-
some maps, and finely executed architectural illus-
trations relating to the " Centennial."

BtHLDiNG As.^oiiATiox JOURNAL. The Organ of
the Building and Loiin Associations. As its name
implies, it is an 8 paire quarto, devoted to an interest
of no ordinary importance. Philadelphia. H. A.
Mullen, 730 Chestnut street. 50 cents a year,

THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION.

Official List of Patents,

Relating to the Farm, the Dairy, Apiary, &c.,
For the month, ending April 1st, 1875.*

Apparatus for Pisciculture; A. Bond, Vernon, Conn.
Horse Blankets and Pantaloons Combined; C. Franke,

New York, N. Y.
Grain Separator; J. H. Locke, San Francisco, Cal.
Hay Loaders; Frank Marion, Tremont, III.
Rein Holders; Carmi Osgood, East Hardwick, Vt.
Jump Seats for Carriages; N. Starkey, Amesbury,

Massachusetts.
Machines for Packing Tobacco; H. Winterweber,

Offenbach, Germany.
Check-Rowers for Corn-Planters; Geo. D. Haworth,

Deeatiir, III.
Windmills; A. & G. Raymond, Wampun, Wis.
Harvester Reels; G. G. Read, Russellville, Ky.
Sulkies; Peter Soule, Colesville, N. Y.
Pump Suckers; I. M. Springer, Indianapolis, Ind.
Plows; C. R. Dugdale, Dixon, Pa.
Transplanting Boxes; P. Eby, Lancaster countv. Pa.
Butter-Workers; J. L. Englehart, New York, N. Y.
Automatic Clock operated Horse-Cribs; W. R.Grib-

bin & Augustus McMillan, Portland, Maine.
Plows; A. Hampe, Staunton, 111.
Horse Powers; E. J. & J. W. Hovle, Martins Ferry, O.
Gang Plows; J. B. Hunter, Ashley, III.
Pruning Shears; W. H. Johnson, Springfield, 111.
Pruning Implements; W.H.Johnson, Springfield, 111.
Grain Separators; W. M. Koppers, Seville, Ohio.
Cotton Scrapers and Choppers; Wm. A. McClaug-

hertz, Seguim, Texas.
Animal Traps; I. V. Newsom, Eatonton, Ga.
Green-Corn Cutters; W^m. J. Potter, Mount Lebanon,

New York.
Land Pulverisers; A. Underwood, Carrollton, HI.
Animal Hopples; J. D. Wilson, Round Grove, Kan.
Chums; D. C. Bailey, South Salem, Ohio.
Cultivators; Jacob Behel, Rockford, 111.
Horizontal Hay and Cotton Presses; T. P. Bennett &

E. J. Riincier, Belton, Texas.
Land Rollers; P. Bilzen, Moveagua, III.
Horse Shoes; S. B. Henry, Farmwell, Va.
Fertilizing (Compounds; C. H. Hoffman, San Fran-
cisco, Cal.
Stacker Attachments for Threshing Machines; Levi

Kittinger & J. K. Koutz, Massillon, Ohio.
Wagon Brakes; R. I. Knapp, Half Moon Bay, Cal.
Cultivators; L. L. Lawrence, Dublin, Ind.
Wind-Wheels; Newell P. Mix, Avenue & William C.

Jacobs, Columbia, Ohio.
Milk Safes; J. F. Pool, Monroe, Wis.
Vehicle Springs; J. M. Pressey, Salineville, Ohio.
Plow Carriages; D. W. Ralston, Rockford, 111.
Wind-Mills; G. F. Rounds, Benton Harbor, Mich.
Interfering Boots for Horses; A. Westbrook, Astoria,

New York.
Dough kneading boards ; L. L. Black, Lowell, Mass.
Sheaf Droppers" for Harvesters ; S. G. King, Round

Grove, III.
Milk Coolers; E. McEwan & Chas. 0. Gibson, Derby

Line, Vt.
Sulky Plows ; Wm. B. Quick, St. Louis, Mo.
Churns ; J. W. Simmons, East Monroe, O.
Butter Workers- F. B. Aldrich, Chicago, 111.
Hog Trajis ; J, F. Cooper, Frankton, Ind.
Colters ; A, M. Davis, Jerseyville, 111.
Horse Collars; L. W. Harbaugh, Muscatine, Iowa.
Thrashing Machines ; T. Harri.sou, Belleville, III.
Sod Cutters; R. Hinkson, Buft'alo, N. Y.
SadiUe Horse Apparatus; A. Hitt, Flora, III.
Feed Cutting Machines ; W. J. Jones, Hamilton, Ohio.
Sulky-Harrows ; J. Kimbell, Pleasant Home, Neb.
Fruit (iatherers: M. McDevitt, Hampton, Va.
Corn Shellers; S. H. Moore, Chicago, 111.
Cultivators ; P. D. Rogulmore, Panola county, Texas.
Draft Equalizers; L. J. Seely, Waldrou, Ind.
Grupe and Flower Pickers ; L. B. Snow, Cleveland, O.
Fruit Driers; T. C. Walter, San Francisco, Cal.
Fruit Driers; H. J Allen, Sturyis, Mich.
Plows; Wm. Bradford, Valdosta, Ga.
Horse Hay Rakes; S. H. Bushnell, Fairport, N. Y.
Pruning Shears ; J. Chase, Orange, Mass.
Bag Holders ; Leonard Crolbot, Pavilion, N. Y.
Cider Mills; Enos Curtis, Traverse City, Mich.
Grain Samplers; F. A. Furst, Baltimore, Md.
Straw Cutters ; Warren Gale, Chicopee Falls, Mass.
Churns; D. W. George, Pulaski, Iowa.
Lawn Settees ; H. H. Gratz, Lexington, Ky.
Grass Cultivator Teeth ; E. Leonard, Akron, Ohio.
Bag Fasteners ; A. M. Miller, Sturgis, .Mich,
Pruning Implements ; C. .Miller, Boonville, .Mo.
.Motors for Churns, &c. ; H. Odell, Peekskill, N. Y.
Cheese Safes ;W. P. Quackeiibush, HoUey, N. Y.
Preserving Apparatus; J. P. Schmidt, San Francisco, C.
Grain Conveyers; Wm. Stanton, Erie, Pa.
Machines for Subsoiliiig and Digging Vegetables ; T.

L. Webster, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Housemaid Pails ; EnimaC. Wooster, New York, N.Y.
Garden Sprinklers ; Frank M. Gray, Norwood, 111.
Road Scrapers ; A. MeCall, Saratoga, Cal.

• Prepared expressly for The Lanoasteu Faumeb by
Louis B.igger & Co., Solicitors of P.iteutB, Wasbii)gton, D.
C, frciiii whom complete copies of the Pateuta uud Druwiugs
may be obtaiued.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Wi'fil Cutlfrs anil ITillcrs ; .Tup. Kohson, Osci'oIh, Wis.
Wlicc'lM l(ir Ilarvfsti-is; (i. 1). Howell, .VppU'tin, Wis.
Slip Ti'clli for Sirilcrs; (i. 1). Howell, Appleton, Wis.
Rut ter Workers ; Oi\n. Siifrcr, Helviciero, 111.
llav Loiidcrs ; L. I'lKlcrHdoci, Otlawa, 111.

(iniiu Separators ; Orville K. \V 1, West Cliazy.N Y.

rniiiiiiij: Shears ; C. II. Billinf.'s, La (iraiii^e, Iiiil.
Horse Shoes ; Thomas B. Bishop, Washint'ton, U. C.
Brixiin Ba^s; E. I). Bronson, Amsterilam, N. Y.
Uraiii and Straw Lifters ; 0. Kraiie, Kiiij^hls Lamliinr,

C'al.
Hay and Cotton Presses; B. J. Day, Evansville, Ind.
Fruit Driers; Levi A. lionld, Santa Clara, Cal.
Windmills; A. & W. firaf, Bernard .Innetion, Wis.
Bag Fasteners; C. W. Harvey, Waterloo, Iowa.
Seed Drills and I'lanters ; L. L. llaworth, London, O.
Potato Diirnini; Machines; T. Head, Copetown, Can..
Wind Wheels; .1. .M. Kautlnian, (loshen, Ind.
Cultivators; P. F. I.andphere, Mason, III.
Cliineh Biiir Gatherers ; K. 11. Marsh, Usage MiSBion,

Kansas.
Drv Measures ; D. M. Metford, Toledo, Ohio.
Windmills ; P. Sheekler, Orangeville, 111.
Comltiiu'd H()rse Hoes and Plows; A. D. Sim<jns,

Windsor, Conn.
Wagon Seats ; W. H. H. Suollhaker, Chicago, 111.
Side Hill Plows; C. 11. Stratton, Mouroeton, Pa.
Presses ; C. S. Swan, Tamaroa, 111.
Karth Augers; K. Whitney, Marysville, Cal.
Gate Latches; H. C. Bei-nartl, Hocky Mount, Va.
Earth Augers; F. J. Clarke, Sit. Pli-asaiit, Iowa.
Feed Batrs for Horses ; Henry Engelhert, Kutherford

Park, N. J.
Dredging Boxes ; Jos. S. Field, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Grain Thrashers and Separators ; David Lippy, Maus-

tield. Ohio.
Horse Hay Kakos; Bcnj. Mellinger, Mt. Pleasant, Pa.
Bee Hives; N. C. Mitchell, Indianapolis, Ind.
Iinjilemcnts for BindingGrain ; William A. Patterson,

Juniata county. Pa.
Seed Planters ; H. E. Pennypaeker, Phoenixville, Pa.
Spring Vehicles ; Jas. H. Phoenix, Cinciimati, 0.
Portalilc Penecs ; H. Priekett, Edenlon, Ohio.
Grain Binders ; Charles S. Travis, Great Valley, N. Y'.
Seed Sowers ; Alex. Walker, Mornington, Canada.
Grain Separators; Wm.S. Cly mans, Burnt Cabins, Pa.
Harness Clips; F. Conway, Butlalo, N. Y.
Steam Plows; James Fogartv, Newark, N. J.
Potato Diggers; M. W. Knox, Sheridan, N. Y.
Straw Twisting Machines; S. Kuh, Jellcrson, Iowa.
Wagon Covers; E. M. Saunders, Sangus, Mass.
Stumii Elevators; J. II. Barnes, Baltimore, Md.
Grain Drills; Bcnj. Kuhns, Davl<iii, Ohio.
Plows; J.O. Minor, Beilford, idwa.
Swinging Gates; F. Kaymon<I, Cleveland, Ohio.
Harvesters; C. D. Schrailer; Lancaster, M'is.
Lifting Jacks; J. J. Adirate, Stevensville, N. Y.
Dumping Carts; J. J. Adgate, Stevensville, N. Y.
Windmills; O. B. Blakeslee, Hankin, 111.
Chain Pump Buckets; A. L. Cory, Ypsilanti,Mich.
Gang Corn Planters; S. P. Evans, Ash Kidge, Ohio.
Top Supports for Carriages; A. Goodyear, Albion,

Mich.
Harvesters; M. L. Gorhani, Kockford, 111.
Carriage Tope; C. lleergeist, Cinciimati, Ohio.
Cotton Seed Planters aud Fertilizer Distributers; J.

B. Legg, Rome, Ga.
Windniilis; Geo. 11. Lucas, Pekin, 111.
Corn Drills; J. B. LudU!W, Muncie, Ind,
Harrows; W. T. MeGee, Wheeling, Mo.
_ Cotton Choppers; J. G. Mickle, Fosterville, Tenn.
Farm Boxes; -M. M. Murray, Ciiu-innati, Oliio.
AVindmills; A. iN: (i. Havmond, Wuupun, Wis.
AVater Wheels; K. K. Hoyer, Ephrata, Pa.
Axle Skeins for Vehicles; B. Snyder, Johnson's Cor-
ners, Ohio.
Grain Bands; C. L. Travis, Great Valley, N. Y. '
Cotton Planting ,\ttaehmcnts to Harrows; S. H.

Wade, Chapel Hill, Miss.
Hay Presses; Chas. Wa.ste, Galeshurg, 111.
Unloading and Dumping Grain; J. B. Whitcomb,

Farmer City, 111.
Machines lor Distributing Compounds for Destroying

Cotton Worms; Wm.T. Willie, Breuhara, Texas.
Doors for feeding Straw to Furnaces; AVm. F. Mor-
gan, Oswego, N. Y.
Journal Bearings for Harvesters; E. S. Herrington,

West lloosiek, N. Y.

REI.'SSIES.

Lawn Mowers; E. G. Passniore, Philadelphia, Pa.

Patent No. S7,iS(l; dated Feb. 2'ld, ISfiil.
Grail) Drvcrs; J. B. Whecic, Bolton, Mass. Patent

No. ;;s,'l91; dated April Uth, 18li:i.
Plows; John Lane, Chicago, 111.; Old Patent No.

111,8.54, jlated Feb. U., 1.S71.
Harvester: C. W. A W. W. Mar.sh, Sycamore, TIL,

Patent; No. 31,201, dated Aug. 17, LS.W.
Harvesters; C. W. A W. W. Marsh, Sveamore, 111.,

I'atent No. 21,21)1, dated Aug. 17, 185S.
Mowing Machines: A. B. Allen, Toms Hiver, N. J.

Patent No. 2il,22.S; dated July 24th, LsliO.
Harvester Kakes; Andrew A. Henderson, Brooklvn,

N.Y. Patent No. 2'.),.5!I4; dated Auir. Uth, bStld.
Drills for Well Boriuir; John .M. Mav, Cedar Hapi<ls,

Iowa. Patent No. 49,120; dated Aug. 1, l.Sfi.->.
Harvester Kakes: Walter A.Wood & Co., lloosiek

Falls, N. Y. Patent No. 1S,009; dated Aug. IStli,
1857; extended seven years.

Powell's I'atent Wheel HarrowlGrainCoverer.

Tliis Ilitnow, for PiilvcrizjitiDii, Covcriiif; Seed, C'<miii;ii:itivc Eiisp of Draft, Simplicity,
Durability, and General I'ractlcabtlliy, lsunsurpa.ssed hy any other Harrow or Pulverizer In use.

IT IS ADAPTED TO EVERY KIND OF SOIL!

stony. Rooty, Clayey, Loamy or sandy, being supplied with f'a.st Iron or steel Teeth. It never catehi^s upon stone
or roots, nor turns up the sod on newly plowed sward land, owing to the peculiar construction ol the Teelli. It
does the work ot four plows on old potato land by properly adjusilng it.

A SEED SOWER, now ready for use. can be attached when dc'slred.

MANUFACTURED BY THE NATIONAL WHEEL HARROW COMPANY,

L. C. DODGE, General Agent, Burlington, Vt.

FARMERS, CALL AND SEE THE GREAT HARROW.

Being itssiircd tlKit this, tlic only Wlicol Harrow in tlif world witli ;i wlictd draft, wlnrli
works vertically. Independent of the main axle. Is on.' of the mosi Imporiant agricultural Impleincnis of ih.. day,
the publishers ot Thk Farmi-:p., have made arrangements wllhlle' Mauutacturers to hrln^' It to the at lent Ion of the
Farmers of I'ennsvlvonta liy pliulns one of the Harrows and Si-cd Sowers comMned on extilbltlon at the olllee of
Thk Lancaster Fakmek. wh.re thos.' Interested tn this tTeai Improv.iiicnt are invited to call. This will be the
first one seen in the state. It was awarded the (JRVND MEDAL OK PROGKESS by the New England ACTleultural
Society, at Boston. 1ST:), and at Providence, In lsT4; also the First Premium by the American Institute, \sTi. and
First at all state and Couniy Fairs wherever (Xblblied. ("-1.1m.

m%u

No. 1. The old Nursery at
Sevenlh-st. and Borougli limits,
with '.M\ acres of Kround, live
large flreeii and Hot-houHee, and
a loug line of Cold Fninies imd
Hot Beds, etc., where stock ia
grown for whoJefliiliuK,

No. 2 Is 11 Uetail Gieen-housc,
over one hundred feet loug.
Packing Hoiihc and Office.

largost nn'l moHt comjlete

Establimiment in the State, Philiid'a and vifinity cxeoi'ted.

Stock etteraud I'lic-cs lower than any other reliablo es-
tabliubment in any State of the Union.

SEND FOR MY DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

Pealcrs ami Planters will save and iniikc money by calUug
to examine ni.v stocli before i.uri>li;tsii]g elsewhere.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING
I> I- A. N T I N C3-

DONE IN THE BEST MODERN STYLE.

Decorating Assemlly Rooms,

and PfTTINO VV ANY STYI.K OF I'LOWIiR DKSKINS,
done in the most Arlistic Wt.vie, ou Short Nolioo, aud at
ReaBunuble Rates. Address,

s. II. ^'TJurr.io,

Cor. Third and Cheslnut Sts-,

7-4-lnil ron'MniA, im.

MARIETTA NURSERIES.

We invite the iiKcutiou ot I'lautcrs ton very large ind
fine stock of

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM and CHERRY TUEES.
Also, SHADE and ORNAMENTAL TREES.

Small Fruits. Kosea and aiecii-UouaeTlauts.

Send your orders early. Prices very low. Descriptive
Catalogue*! free. .-Vd.bess

7-3-2m ENULE & BRO., Marietta, Pa.

TRXSSS, Etc.

We offer for SPR I NG i '75 , "" "" ''">'»"?

large stock of well-grown, thrifty

Ntnnilnrd ami Hwarf Frull Tree*.
4i:ra|><< VliK'S. Siii.-ill I'rnils.
Oriiainotilal Tr«'«'«. Mliriihs. Roion.
New anil l(»r<> rrnil :>ii<l Oriiain<-n(al Trom,
F.voricri'rii aiifl liilllxMix KooIm.
Xen and Kar)- <.r<-rii aii<l il«l-ll»niio PInntn.
Small pnrceh forviiriWd hi/ vmil irhcn demrcd.

PROMI'T ATTKNTION OIVKN TO AT.I, ENQViniEfl.

Descriptive and llhtslratfd I'rirrd CataluriiifM wnt prepaid,
on rerfiiit of ntnmpn, ajt/oltntrn:
Nn. 1 — Fruits, l<>r. No. 'J— Ornninental Tre,-a. lOC-
No. »— flrecnhoUB-. lOr. No. 4— Wholesale, Frco.

Addt-esB.
KKtah'd 1S40.
l-i-Sm] Mnvnl II. f'

ELLWANGER & BARRY,

RIM'IIKSTr.K. >•. T.

SEEDS AND BULBS.

ILLUSTRATED SPRING CATALOGUE FOR 1875

>OW KK.IOY.

Bent, with a specimen coyy of 7'hr Avi^rirnn fiardrn, a new
IlhlHt rated Journal of (larden .\rt, edited Ity .Taroev Hogg,
on re<'eii>t of teu cla. REAPH & SON. Seednnien,

7-S-lf 71; Fiilion SI., Bro..ktyn. N. Y

THOEOUGHBHED STOCE

FOR SALE CHEAP.

PURE AYSHIRE CATTLE and CALVES,

PURE JERSEY CATTLE and CALVES.

of all age«. all very choice ani! nicvl.v marked, from the
clioic'Bt l>loo<l and'inilking faniibcH. AlHit,

•■PRIZE CHESTER WHITE PIGS,"

of all ages. " UnanvpaBUcd." Tbeec P>ire-Bred Piga have
no auj'erior on this continent. Rrcd from our pi-ize and pre-
niinm atock. Alao, extra improved Pr.RKSHIRE and
ESSEX PIGS. Order «oon. Addrco.

CI.IPTON FARMS,

KENNET SQUARE,

7-2-3m CHESTER CUUNTT, PA.

VI.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

WABI

v^^nt

II ||t€

CENTRE HALL,

No. 12 EAST KING ST.,

Is now ready to accommodate the Public
in the way of

REAOY-MAEE CLOTIINi;,

-FOR-

MEN, YOUTHS & BOYS.

Our stock is the largest in the
City of Lancaster. We manufac-
ture all our Clothing; we have
them sponged, made up well, and
use good irimmings. Our new
Centre Hall is packed with goods
from top to bottom. We are pre-
pared to show to the public the
largest, and one of the choicest,
assortments of Piece Goods, for
Spring, ever exhibited outside of
Philadelphia, of every grade and
shade, of both Foreign and Do-
mestic mauufacture, all of which
we are prepared to make up in
the best manner, at the shortest
notice, and at the most reasonable
prices. We are also prepared to
make up to order all kinds of
Clothing for Children, and we
keep them i-eady made. If you
want to purchase goods by the
yard, you can save money at
CENTRE HALL, as we buy
largely, and have an advantage in
our large purchases.

We keep a full line of Gentle-
men's Furnishing Goods. We
have a large lot of accumulated
Stock of Keady-Made Clothing,
Odd Lots, which will be sold
without regard to cost. It will
pay purchasers wishing Clothing
to call at Centre Hall and be suit-
ed, and save money, and you will
say the half has not been told you.
There are always ready hands
waiting to show you through the
immense stock.

Waiting your inspection, we feel
grateful to a generous public for
the patronage heretofore extended
to us, and hope by fair dealing to
merit a continuance of the same.

No. 12 EAST KING ST.,

T-4-3m]

LANCASTER, PA.

Passing them in.

A well known drummer for a Boston dry goods
house, who chanced, last summer, to be in a Maine
town where the circus was to show that night, made
a bet that he could pass every one of a party of thirty,
who had come over from a neighboring town into the
"show," without paying a cent. The wager being
accepted, the party were marshaled, and proceeded
to the tent, where the doorkeeper was busily engaged
taking tickets from all who passed through the aper-
ture in the canvas. Coming up with his crowd, the
drummer rushed up to the ticket taker with his hands
full of cards, and said :

" Just count these men as they pass in, ending with
the man in the straw hat."

" Certainly, sir," and the cerberus went to work.
" Five, ten, fourteen, eighteen," &c., as they passed
in and mingled with the crowd, till the straw hat was
reached, when he shouted "thirty-one," and turned
round for the tickets. But the polite individual who
had bade him enumerate had vanished, while the
party who was crowned with the straw hat, the only
one who was stopped before he had mingled with and
melted into the indistinguishable mass of the crowd
inside, proved to be an innocent countryman, who
had legitimately procured his admission paste-board.
The ticket taker couldn't leave his post, for the in-
gress by regular spectators was pressing, so he made
the beet of it, and said nothing. He had learned a
lesson, however, that made him take tickets first and
count afterward, for the future.

A Yorkshire butcher was going to York with his
son, a boy of eighteen. He took a ticket for himself
and a-half one for the boy. When the train drew near
to York the ticket collector came round, and ex-
claimed at this half ticket, " Where's the child ?"

" Here," said the butcher, pointing to the tall,
awkward youth.

" What do you mean?" asked the indignant ticket
collector. " He ain't a child; he's a young man !"

" Ah ! so he is, now," answered the butcher, " but
that's thy fault, not mine. I know when we got in
at Wakefield he were nobbut a bairn; buttha'st been
goin' so confounded slow that he's growed sin' we
started !"

An Englishman dining in a Chinese village was
greatly enjoying a savory dish, and would have ex-
pressed his pleasure to the waiter, who, however, un-
derstood nothing of English, nor could our friend
utter a word of Chinese. The smacking of lips indi-
cated satisfaction ; and then came the question,
ingeniously put. Pointing at the portion of meat in
the dish, and which he supposed to be duck, the
Englishman, with an inquiring look, said, "Quack,
quack, quack?" The waiter, gravely shaking his
head, as much as to say "No," replied, "Bow, wow,
wow ! " . .

A PENUBious FELLOW,having buried his wife,waited
upon the grave-digger, who had performed the
necessary duties, to pay him his fees. Being of a
niggardl}' disposition, he endeavored to get the knight
of the spade to abate his charges. The patience of
the latter becoming exhausted, he grasped his shovel
impulsively, and, with an angry look, exclaimed,
" Doon wi' another shilliu', or — up she comes 1 "
The threat had the desired etfeet.

"Why, you rascal," said Dr. Radcliffe, the great
physician, to a pavior who dunned him, "do you pre-
tend to be paid for such a piece of work ? Why, you
have spoiled my pavement, and then covered it over
witlv><!arth to hide your bad work." " Doctor," said
the pavior, " mine is not^the only bad work the earth
hides." "You dog, you," said Dr. Radclitt'e, "you
are a wit : you must be poor. Come in and you shall
be paid."

A DEAF-AND-DUMB mendicant was suddenly startled
by the rude shouts of some boys while wallcing down
a city street, and in turning slipped on a banana skiu
and fell. He gave the lads a severe lecture, much to
the enjoyment of the blind beggar at the corner, who
saw the whole occurrence through his green glasses,
and was much amused thereat.

".Jennie" said a venerable Camcronian to his
daugliler, who was asking his consent to accompany
her urgent and favored suitor to the altar — " Jennie,
it's a very solemn thing to get married." "I know
it, father," replied the sensible damsel ; "but it's a
great deal solemner not to."

ArniLosopHER borrowed adictionary to read, and
returned it after he got through, with the remark
that "it was werry nice reading, but it somehow
changed the subject werry often." It was his sister
who thought the first ice-cream she tasted was " a
leetle touched with the frost." >

The Lanoater Farmer : This agricultural news-
paper is constantly securing increased popularity, and
is well filled with instructive and useful reading mat-
ter. Published by Pearsol & Geist, Lancaster, Pa.—
York (/"a.) Telegram.

JOHN M. CO^AAELL,

Copeyaicer ani Seal Estate Apt,

OFFICK IN LAW BUlLltiSQ,

N. W. COR. DUKE AND GRANT STS.,

LANCASTER, PA.

Real EHate of all deacription bought, eold and ex-
changed on commission.

L^ntns Negotiated. Mortgages bought and sold.

fropt'rtiea taken in charge, and rents, interest, etc.,
coUected.

I*articiilar attention given to matters appertaining to
Real Estate Law, and Conveyancing.

Drfdst Mortgagea, Briefs, Wilts and all other legal
inetruments correctly drawn and handsomely and neatly
engrossed.

Maps of Properties, Lots, Farms, &c., and Draughting in
general accurately and handsomely executed. [7-l-12m

REED, McGRANN & CO,

LANCASTER CITY.

Execute orders for Stocks and Bonds, allow Interest on
Deposits according to time, Loan Money, Make Collec-
tions, Buy Gold and Silver, and transact a General
Banking Business.
Drafts and Passage Certlticates for sale on Europe,
GEO. K. REED, A. M. McCONOMY,

B. J. MCORA.NX, R. U. BRUB.\KER,

PETER MCCOXOMY. JB. [7-3-3m

OPENING OF THE NEW HOTEL.

THE STEVENS HOUSE,

COR. WEST KING & PRINCE STS.,

LANCASTER CITY, PA.,

IS NOW OPEN TO RECEIVE GUESTS.

M. H. WILSON & SON.

PATROSTAOE OF FARMERS SOLICITED.

«Pft.COMMODIOUS STABLING FURNISHED ON
REASONABLE TERMS. [T-l-«m

PATENTS

OBTAIED BEST AD CHEAPEST BY

LOUIS BAGGER & CO.,

SOLICITORS OP PATENTS,

U?" Address all letters to P. O. Box 444.

AGRICULTURAL STORE,

No. 320 North Qneen Street, Lancaster,

(Near New Market House).

The Improved Rockaway Grain Fan, Pnitt's Patent Hay
Rake :vnd Corn Siiellers for Horse and Hand Power,
Cutting Boxes, Corn Planters, and Improved
Cider Mills
of different kinds and sizes ; also, all kindb of Coach-
makers' Stuff.

Farmers, look to your interest before buying elsewhere.
I can sell at small profits. The Shop is two squares
northwest of P. R. R. Depot, and two squares south of
Rending Depot. Hickory Lumber and Spoke Wood taken
in exchange for Machines.

PLANINQ AND SA^WINQ

of all kinds at short notice ; and Castings kept on h;md for
repairing Farm Machinery. Also, Agricultural imple-
ments oi every description on hand. Wire and Sievea
made to order for farmers.

SAMUEIi KEELER,

6-5-12m] Lancasteh, Pa.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

VII.

J. B. KEYINSKI,

Sole Agent for Lancaster City and County lor

STEINWAY& SON'S

WORLD RENOWNED PIANOS,

AND

MASON & HAMLIN'S

CELEBRATED OEGANS.

No. 8 Xorth Prince St.

7-2-3m

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

Attorsey-at-Law.

Ofiice-204 Locust-st. House-27 S. Second-st.

coiaUrasBXA. ^a.

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, Wills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,

And all manner of AGREEMENTS motlyund pxicditiouBly
drown. Cases carefully and thorougUly tried before

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS. ROAD-VIEWtRS. AUDITORS,

Or in any Courts of Lancaster County.
COUNSEL GIVEN TO

EXECUTORS, ADMINISTRATORS & ASSIGNEES,

Or Trustees of any kind.

Collections, large or small, made upon a uniform table of
rat^s, in all inirtH of the United States.

Special facilities for Collections of Estates or Debts in
Europe.

Consultations and Correspondence conducted iu either the
French, German or English lunguuges.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

7-l-l*n] Columbia, Penua.

DAVID BAIR.

R. W. SHENK.

BANKING HOUSE

—OF—

BAIR & SHENK,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

BUSINESS PAPER Discountf-d.
Loans made on Collateral Securities,
Gold, Silver, Coui oni, Government and other Securities
bought and sold.
Interest paid on Def usits.

*X I'^r cent. 3 nuinths, I 5)^ per cent. 12 mouths.

5 per cent. 6 months, | 7-a.3m

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF

EOOF1NC4 ISLA-TE.

OFFICE :

No. 15 EAST KING STREET,

7-l-12m LANCASTER, PA.

FINE GROCERIES,

BAKING 1 GLASSES.

PURE SPICES,

Canned Vegetatles and Fruits,

AT
7-2-Sm

HENRY FISHER'S,

104 East King St.

MODEL WIVES.

Recently tlic Kubjicts of "Model Wives"
and "Model Iluslumd.s" liiive been ventilated
in lectures before the "Howard Association,"
but possibly tliey may not liave been entirely
exhausted. The following is in point, and
we liojie that some young lady reader
t>f The FAit.Mi':i: will in like manner paint the
jiortrait of a model husband, and endorse it
by ail appeal to the " law and tlie testimony. "
If furtlier elucidation should seem necessary,
she might illustrati^ it by an appropriate little
anecdote, of which there are no doubt an
abundance to select from, and wliich cannot
possibly do any harm:

Model wives liki> city docks bIiouUI l)e,

KxiK't to reifHliirity,

Yet not like city clocks so loud

As beard by all the vulji:ar crowd.

Model wives, like echo, should be true,

And speak when only spoken to ;

Yet not, like echo, so aiisurd.

Forever having the last word.

Model wives like snails should be akin,

And their own houses keep within :

Yet not like snails and their lilthy pack.

Wearing all their tcoodness on their back.

Now, to the law and testimony we go, and
from the sentence hereof there can be no
appeal :

Genesis, iii ; 16.

1st Peter, iii ; 1—6.

Proverbs, xii ; 4. >

Proverbs, xiii ; 1 — 31.

Ecclesiastes, vii ; 28.

1st Timothy, ii ; 9—14.

Ephesians, v; 22 — 24.

Titus, ii; 3—5.

Fond of Fishing.
"I met, the other day," writes a foreign
sportsman, "with an Englishman who travels
some hundreds of miles every year to indulge
in his favorite sport of trout-fishing. I believe
that, provided his favorite stream was undis-
turbed, this enthusiastic fishernian would be
but little concerned if the whole world was
submerged in a second deluge, as may be
judged by the following anecdote: One day
he was exploring the banks of his favorite
sti'eam, accompanied by the landlord of the
inn at which he was stopping. The latter
happening to come too close just at the moment
when his guest was throwing liis lly, the hook
caught the poor wretch's eyelid, causing him
intense pain. The sportsman coolly took out
the hook, readjusted the tly, and, as the iiui-
keeper continued howling at the top of his
voice, ' You can,' said he, in a whis])er, 'put
your eye down in your bill; but I'll trouble
you to stop that noise, so as not to frighten
mytish.'"

A GOOD STonY is told of a little seven year
old bfiy, at a juvenile party. He k(>iit aloof
from the rest of the company, and the lady of
the house called to him, .saying: "Come and
play and dance, my dear. Choose one of
those pretty little giiis f( r your wife."

"Xot likely!" cried the youngster, "No
wife for me ! Do you think I want to be wor-
ried all my life like poor papa V"

A Tau.or possesses the qualities of nine men com-
bined in one, as will be seen by the following observa-
tions :

1. As an economist he cuts his coat according to
his cloth.

2. As a gardener, he is careful of his ca!>bage.

.S. As a sailor, he sheers off whenever it is projier.

4. As a play-actor, he often lirandislies a bare b(xi-
kin.

T>. As a lawyer, he attends many suits.

0. As an executioner, lie provides suspenders or
gallowses for numy persons.

7. As a cook, he isgcnerally furnished with awarm
g(X)8e.

8. As a sheriff's ollicer, he does much at s|)onging.

9. As a rational and Scriptural divine, his great
aim is to form good habits for the benefit of himself
and others.

BOOKS !

JOHN BAER'S SONS,

No. 15 Xorth Queen Street,

LANCASTER, PA.,

Invite the attention of the public to their largo and well bo-
locied stock of "

Miscellaneous aiii Scliool Books,

English and German Publications,
BLANK BOOKS,

Com))rlslug Ledgers, Day Books, Cash Books, Journals,
Pass Books, &c., foreign and

Domestic Writing Papers,

AND STATIONERY.

Having many years* experience In the busiDesB, ample
capitul and a spacious store, wo

HAVE THE BEST FACILITIES

for conducting our bnsiness, and offer special inducements to
all who may favor us with their patronage.
J^^ Agents for

Excelsior School Furniture.

r-i-18)

1875. PRE-CENTENNNIAL. 1875.

Rattivon ft Pisher,

PRACTICAL

Tatfars acid) Giotfiiers.

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

Cor N. aUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

ENGLISH WORSTED, TRICOT,

GRANITE, CASTORS AND

CASSIMERE COATINGS

AND VESTINGS.

All the Fine and Common Grades of

l¥M & Americau PautalooiiinES auil Vestiiigs

SILK, VELVET, MERINO, CHALLEE,

AND VALENTIA VESTINGS.

Phiiii and Figured.

Ready-made clothlnfr of home manufacture for Men
and Boys. Hosiery, a fuU line of shirts, coUars, sbama,
and Neck Fl.tlnds. etc.

(lot 111 UK made to order promptly, and warranted to
give satisfaction. .Mrents for the ^ale of >eott's Kashlons.

our sloik consists of all the novelties In the market,
for M KN and BOYS, and wlU be reph nlshi d a.s the sea-
son advances. For quality, variety, style and price, wo
feel II cannot be excelled elsewhere.

Tliankful for pa.sl palroDa^re. w,' would call the atten-
tion of liuyera to our sioek of Piece Goods and Keady-
Made clolUInc for the sprlni,' of !*;.'>.

Fashions recilvert monthly, and flothlnsr made
promptly to ordi r. on the most sailsfaetory terms.

RATHVON & FISHER,

7-l-12m

I'mcllcnl 'i'nilora.

VIII.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

SCH ROVER'S

On Harrisbnrg Avenue, in the J)th Ward,
North of the College,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

My collection of this, the most popular of all flowers,
embraces THE BEST tliat can be had. I recomiuena
none which I have not ffrown and bloomed. Persons
who make thiir selections from some oJ the highly col-
ored descriptions and plctuTts which have been sent
out from the large cUles. will, m nine cases out of ten,
be disappointed. I can furnish any Rose, which can be
had, named In any ot the many catalogues which have
been circulated this spring In Lancaster county, at the
prices named therein, nd many of the very best ou'S
of my own growing, at less than half-price. My plants
are not grown In a hot-house, but In a cold green-house,
bunt especially for roses. B»~Call and see them, and
If they do not please, you need not buy.

FUCHSIAS, &c.

By the thousand, together with a large supply of every
variety of

FLOWERING & FOLIAGE PLANTS

fsually kept in floral establishments, for beddfng,
baskets, vases, etc.

E»"Vase8 and baskets neatly filled. Baskets left at
No. 3 North Queen strei-t will be tlUed and reltirned.
Vases will be called for and fliled and returned.

Imatii {liiilf, {aibise flant?:,

OF THE VERY BEST EIND.

t^*C'ut Flowers, Bouquets, Wreaths, Crosses, etc.,
lor Parties, Weddings, Funeials, etc., in the best style.

FOR THE SPRING OF 1875

Every Wednesday and Saturday morning I will have a
general collection ot plants at ZAIIM'S CORNER, and
every Tuesday and !<at.urday afternoon at market
stalls Nos. 10 and 12, Avenue D, NORTHERN MARKET,
entering at the upper door on North Queen street.

CUT SAL mm&L BIFOT ,

IN FUONT OF

H.A.SCHROYER'S GENTS' FURNISHING STORE,

No. 3 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

Next door to Zahm's Corner, Ceutre Square,
Every day during the season, if the weather permits,
where I will be j leased to accommodate those who caunot
come to Headquarters.
7-4-lm] GEO. W. SCHROYER.

PLANTS.

NEW
and RARE.

ROSES, SHRUBS, AND BEDDING PLANTS,
B7 Uail a&d Express. Kew Catalogue. FREE.
Address, KKLWAXGEK A BAKKY,

Established 1840. Mt. Hope Xurserics, Rochester, N. Y.
7-4-'2m

My annual catalogue of Vegetable and Flower Seed for
1875, will be sent /rce to all who apply. Customers
of last season need not write for it. In it will he found
several valuable varieties of new vegetables introduced for
the first time this season, having made new vegetables a
Bi ecialty for many years. Growing over a hxindred and
fifty varieties on my several farms, I would particularly in-
vile the j.atrou:ige of market gardeners and all others who
are especially desirous to have their seed pure and fresh, and
of the very hejit strain. All seeds sent out from my establish-
ment are covered by three warrants as given in my cata-
logue. JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass.

FIELD, GARDEN AND FLOWER,

CANARY, RAPE, HEMP,

Alsike Sc White Clover,

LAWN GRASS, GREEN GRASS,
CLOVER & TIMOTHY,

AT W. D. Sprecher's,

31 E.KING ST., Lancaster.

OUR

Illustrated Catalogues
^°« 1875 ^^

EVERYTHING

FOR THE

GARDEN!

j{ Seeds! Plants! )

illmplements, Fertilizers, etc./

iNumberiDg 175 pages and containing five
\bcautiful colored 2)lates^inaX[\^i on receipt
JofSO cents.
I Catalogue, without plates, free to all.

35 Cortlandt St.,

NEW YORK.

EGGS rOR HATCHING

FEOH THE FOLLOWIMQ TAEIETIES OF PUItE BSED FOWLS,

At $1.50 PER DOZEN.

DARK and LIGHT BR.VHMAS, BUFF and PARTRIDGE

COCHINS, BROWN and WHITE LEGHORNS,

SILVER GRAY DORKINGS,

and HOUDANS.

I warrant one-half ot eacli dozen Eggs to hatclL It
tney do not I will replace ilicm at 50 cents per dozen.
Send stamp tor circular. Address

7-4-2m] Maelboro, stark Co., OUlo.

(Please state whore you see this advertisement.)

"ITTEB.STEIfS ORNAMEBITAI. OAItnEiVEK

W coutaiue Hints and Pluiis for Laying out and Orua-
nieuting Grounds. Eveiy one who cultivates a garden
should sENi> FOR A COPY. Bcautifully illustrated. Mailed
to any address for 25c. WILLIAM WEBSTER,

7-4-lm Kochester, N. Y.

THE BEST

LANCASTER, PA.

JOH N BEST,

MANUFACTURER OF
Horizoulal, Vertical and Portable, from 1^ to 100 Horae-Pc.

STEAM BOILERS~AJ)APTED TO ALL
PURPOSES.

[7-1 -3m

Castings of all descriptious. Heavy and Light, Made to Order.

nin^nn l The undersigned has at his nur-jpnOPO I
1 IVlJfilJ i sery, in the village of SMOKE- 1 Mljljl} !
TOWN, six miles east of Lancaster, and four miles north of
Strasburg, a fine assortment of FRUIT, SHADE and OR-
NAMENTAL TREES.

APPLE. PEAR, CHEERY, GAGE, PLUM AND APRICOT
iTREES, ORAPE VINES AND SMALL FRUITS.|

3,000 extra PEACH TREES (budded) free from worme.
A fine lot of YELLOW LOCUST TREES.

LOUIS C. LYTE,
7-4-lm P. O. addiess, Bird-in-Hand.

12 HENS GIVING

PROFIT A YEAR.

SYSTEM PATENTED.

GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS, AND SEVERAL

DIPLOMAS AWARDED TO

P»i-or. A. COKBKTT

MANAGER OF THE

GALLINOCULTURE INSTITUTE

AT HICKSVILLE, N, T.

No Humbug. Millious of people have peen it.
Working Book, exiiliiiuiug how, 50 cts; Circular, 3 cts.
7-a-tf

^C tn *t*On ^*'^'^' ^''i' ^* home. Terms free, Atldresa
H>Q ^^U G. Stinson & Co., Portland, Maine.

RIVEESIDE l^URSERIE-.. "

A fine assortment of NURSERY STOCK, including :

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM,
Cherry, and other Fruit Trees.

GRAPE VINES, BL.WKBERRY, RASPBERRY AND
STKAWBERKY PLANTS.

RHUBARB AND ASPARAGUS ROOTS,

SHACE ii OSKAUEHTAL ISEES, SOSES, SHEtTESEET. ic.

Also a fine stock of FLOWERS and GREEN HOUSE
PLANTS, TOMATO, CABBAGE and other Vegetable Plants
in season.

t^fSend for price list to

H. M. T5NGLE & SCUT,

7-3- 2m MAKIlCTrA, Lancaster Co., Pa.

6,000 PEACU TBEBS,

By tne Hundred and Thousand,

AT RKUnCKD PRICES.
APPLE, PEAR, AND OTHER FRUIT TRKES.

SHADE AND ORNAMENTAL TREES.
GREEN HOUSE PLANTS.

At COOPER'S NURSERY,

Bibd-in-Hakd, Penna.
Orders by mall carefully ailed. [7-«-im

VISITING- CARCS,
FOK LADIES AND QENTLEUEN,

Printed In tlie best style at tlie efflce ot

THE FARMER.

d^1 A "Vi^or* (To eubscribera in
KpJ- -^1- ^ t;cil ■( thecouuty.

SINGLE COPIES 10 CENTS.

To BiibHcrib^rfl out of ) drl OR
the count J-. )■ ^Ji.^C).

Prof. S. S. KATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, MAY 15. 1875.

PEARSOL & GEIST, Publishers.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Importance and Prospects of the Enterprise.

The ro;iikT iKiw holds in liis liand tli(> fiftli
issue of The Lamastku Kaumkk sini-o the re-
sponsil>iHty of tlie ]nililic;itio;i was assumed
by tlie ])resent |iro|)rietors. rrartii-ally, it came
iiito their hands a liusiness faihiri'. In their
intrixluitory, in tlie .January number, it was
intimated tliat tlic work was undertaken more
as a labor of love, or as a matter <if loeal pride,
both by editor and iiublishers, than from any
lio]ie of immediate pccuniarj" gain. It was
then stated that—

"Our ]>lan, im-luilinn the enlar<:enient and
other contemplated ini|>rovements, will involve
a nnich heavier actual outlay of cash than can
be realize<l from the subscriptions on the list as
it comes into our luimls. We therefore rely
upon a larf;e increast' of subscribers to meet
these increaseil expenses ami to comiieusate in
some measure for the labor bestowed upon it.
The friends of the euter])rise will see that tlieir
interest and ours are mutual in making' ellorts
to in<rease the subscriirfion list, liy the chancre
of form, and the use of a more comjiact tyjie,
we will be al)le to jrive nearly twice as nuich
readiufi; matter as was jriven in the old form,
and we have no doubt all will ajiree with us
that the new form is an improvement in ap-
pearance as well as in lonvenience. Our suc-
cess in other pid>lishin!.' entcr|irises, throufrh
tlie conlidence and liberal patronaf;e of the
people of Lancaster county during the ])ast
thirty years, gives us assurance that the future
of TiiK Lancastkr Fahmku will not be a failure."

We have more than redeemed our promises.
In every issue we have given more than twice
as much rea<ling matter, anil for less money,
while the illustrations of such practical sub-
jects as the t'oloraihj Potato Beetle, and other
insectiverous pests, which were not i>romised,
are alone wortli more to any farmer than the
jirice of .'-Vib.scription. These will be coutinuecl
iroin iiionth to montli, the subjects adaiited to
the season. To please all tastes, we have added
Other illustrati(uis of various to|)ics of general
interest ; so that when we say Tiik Karmkii
is not surpassed in its general make-nj) ami
typograjihical appt'arance by any agricultural
publication in the country, as widl as in tlii'
variety and reliability of the information it
conveys, we only reiterate the o|iinions ex-
pressed of it l)y many leailing minds who have
complimented our enterprise.

When we ask the friends of progressive ag-
riculture to give TuK l'"A[iMi;n the largest circu-
lation of any other journal of its class, we are
simple asking them to i>romote their own in-
terests as much as ours. Thus far it has been
a success beyond our exjieetations ; but we
shall not be satisfied until the great county of
I-anea.ster can boast of the Jiest and most
prosperous local journal for the Farm, the
Garden and the Ilonseholil i>ublished in this
country. This is our ambition, and we shall
be satislied with nothing less. We therefore
ask every farmer into whose hands this num-
ber may come to give us his eo-oi)eration.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

FIVE TOPICS ILLUSTRATED.

TWENTY ENGRAVINGS.
EDITORIAL ARTICLES: pack.

The Colorado Potato-Beetle. Tllustrated, - 6.5

An Eurly RjiH for the Cnlorado-Beetlo.
The Facts of Natural History, - - 6f>

The Past and the I'reseiit. Iltuslrated, - 67

Modes of travel now iiud a hundred years ago.
Statistical Returnsof the AgrieuUural Dep't, 68
The Cattle Interests of the United States, - 69
A Famous Short-Horn. Ilhixtratai, - 69

The Kecond Duke of Ilillhuret.

Stewart on Fattening Stock, - - - C9
Entoniologieal — Enemies of the Cabbage But-
terfly, 70

Cianlen Culture >'s. Field Culture, - - 70

A (iood Cow, ----.. 70
The Old and the New. Ilhixirnlcd, - - 71
ludenendeace Hall in 177G and 1870— Our Far-
mers and the Centennial — Live Stock at the
Centennial,

The Weathei-— The Weather Two Years Ago, 72

The Waifs of Society, - - - - - 73

To Ohtain Fniit from Barren Trees, - - 72

Sing More — Cull i vatic uinf Music in the Family, 72

Adaptation to Climate— The Potato-Beetle, - 72

Gleanings No. 3 — About Wheat and Bread, 7;i
.lACtn STAi-FFElt, Lane.ister, Pa.

Letters, Queries and Answers: - - 7:?-74

Mountain Tea — Tt stiiiK K^y,» — Jot sand Ti:tles^
The Culture of Itos 8 — Fertilizeia for Tobacco
— Honielhiug About Grajies — Scabby-Legged
Chickens.

The Old Horse's Lament, (Poetry,) - 74

Our Local Organizations : - - - 74-76

Proceedings of the Monthly Meeting of the Lau-
c.ster County .Vgriinil'Ui'id and Ilorticulturul
Society — Condition and Prospec's of tlieCrojs
— Why the Wheat was Wint(M-i\illed— Varie-
ties and Cultivation of Corn — Hungariim
Grass — The I'ork (Question, &c.

Bees and Bee Culture: - - . - 76

Artilieial Swarming of Bees — How to Italianize
Your Bees — .\ Honie-M.lde Bee-Hive- Bee
Veils — The Kneuiy ot Bees — -Toining Swanns.

The Flower Garden. lUnstrahd, - 77-7S

The Love and Culture of l-'lowei b— Our Oardou
Itoses — The Literary or Classic Side of Gurdeu
Culture.

Landscape Gardening: - . . .

Imjiroved Hardy Hybrid Uhododendrons^Build
Nests tor the Itn-ds— Plant Trees, Useful and
Orntunental — The Cherry, &c.
Domestic Economy: - . - . 79-80

Curious Things in Uousekeei.lng — Beautifying
Our Homes — Lime Water lor IJurns— An Ap-
peal to Motllers — Provide Good TtHils — Iti-mi'-
dieH for Chilblains— Oreuse Your Nails— U-me-
dy for Cabb.ige Worms— .A Word for Clean
Cellais— Cooking a Shad— Valuable House-
hold Ueeeipts.

The Cotemporary Press, ... - 80
The Progress of Invention, - \ - 80-v

New Patents of Interest to the Farmer.
Our Fence Comers, - - - ii, iii, vi, vii
Business Announcements, - - ii-viii

THE LANCASTER FARMER.
Opinions of the People and the Press.

TiiK Fai!.mi:u eoiitimics to win K"l*lt''i
opinions everywhere, in and out of the county,
and its subscription list has been rapidly and
steadily increasing since its new depiirtuie at
the beginning of the year. Many of our best
faimeis, who know the value of it by a careful
perusal of its wtdl tilled and lianilsoiiielj'
])riuted pages, have- expressed their suiprise
that a single farmer should hesitate to bccoiiie
a subscriber at the the low i)riee of a dollar a
year, and even less when taken at the elub
rate.s. The following Udtcrs ;ire from gentle-
men ]irominently connected with agriculture
and horticulture in their varied iiileiests, and
where opinions are entitled to widght. Nor-
man .1. ('oluiaii, liublisher of the liund World,
St. Louis, one of the (dilest .and best agricul-
tural journals in the country, (establfshed in
1S4S) in a business letter soliciting the use of
certain illu.strations in our April number,
says, " We are highly jdeased with the appear-
ance and contents of your paper, Tiiic L.\N-
CA.STKH Fakmkii." A |)roinineiit farmer in
the lower end, in remitting his subscription
for TiiK Fahmkk hits the nail stjuarely on
the head when he .says :

"I am iniiili plea.sed with Tun Farmkk in its new
dress and wish it stieeess. 1 have alwtiysbeen of the
opinion that hiful aiirieultural pa[K'rs tnilij can be of
much practical value to the fanner. The great diversity
of climate and soil hi our widely exi ended country ren-
ders it imiH>ssil>le ftira paper haximra t^eiieriil eirciila-
tioij to treat those subjects tipmi which we need the
most lij^ht ill a way that can be of any ns<* Ion// of its
readers. Kaeh crop retjiiires ditVereiit trealiiient In
dirtereiit IcK-alities, anil thistreatiiieiit iiitist be learned
by the farmers themselves in these IrH-alilies. If they
will contribute the result of their experiments to an
agric'iiltiiral {ia)H-r which iseireulaled amoni; tliem,ii8
for instance loTuii bANc.4»TEii Kakmkk, other farni-
ors residing in baiu-asler i-oiiuty will b*' saved the
necessity of making the same ex i)erimeiits themselves ;
but in their turn can experiment upon olher entps and
manures tiiid iiiaki' known the resiibs; while to do
the same thimr tliroiuihoiit lln'eoiiiitry wouhl n'f|nlre
ail enormously iarire jH*ri«Miieal, any part (»f which
would be of u,«e to only a small iiiimlier ot its readers.
Lancaster eoiiiitv can and slioiiltl support rik-Ii a
l>a|ier. TuK Faumeu, edited by our able Iriend,
Prof. Balhvoii.aiid iiiulerlhe management of Its prea-
eiit eiiter|)risiiig pulilisliers, can and will meet all the
reqiilremeiits of an agrieiilliiral pa[>er in this eoiiiity,
ifthe farmers will do their |)art. — W. P. B., Liberty
Siftiitrtj Laiicnxttr cvitulij^ J'a.

Mr. Kililur: I thank you for a copy of Th