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THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. 



VOLUME II. • 



BAU-ANTVNK, HANSON ANIJ TO. 
RUINBURGH AND LONDON 






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57V 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE ASCENT OF THE SILLA OF CARACAS. 

(APRIL) 1872.) 

Previous ascents of the Silla — Union of Excursionists at Los Dos 
Caminos — A lypical sunset — The mountain cottage — '^Flor de 
Cachimbo" — ^Tne doctor first favourite— Tropical frigidity 
— The landscape develops itself — Start from Cachimbo--- 
Gk>erin^s " humbug " — The distance to the Peak — ^The sum- 
mit gamed —The Nuguatd from the Silla — Preparing the 
bonfire — Sky rockets — A cold night — Short commons — 
Transformation scene— The descent from the SDla — Excite- 
ment in the valley of Cardcas — " The Volcano of the Avila " 
— The return to tne Capital Po^m 1-13 

CHAPTER II. 

THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATA. 
PART I. — THE START. 

(April, 1872.) 

The Venezuelan coast chain of mountains — The Silla from Caracas 
— ^The Naiguatd as it appeared from the Silla — Traditional 
superstition respecting the inaccessibility of the Naiguatd — 
Failure of former ventures — Strong incentives to attempt the 
ascent— Objects of the expedition — Members of the pajrty— 
Lisboa an acquisition — The departure from the capital — 
Humboldt ruins — ^The guides — ** John the Evangelist" shows 
the white feather^QUeregiiere — ^The dark mountain — ^The 
guides try to discourage us — Precipice of the "Tiger's leap " — 
Dtonr of a mother^s love — The bruised band — Suggestions as 
to the route — Ambidexterity of the ^des — Quartered for 
the night — An earlv start — Up the bndle path— Fatigue of 
the mules — The bald summit— Cerro Duarte . . Pages 14-27 

VOL. n. b 



vi CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER III. 

THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATA. 

PART II. — THE RISE TO THE RIDGE. 

Pio Berroteran appointed commander-in-chief — Adieu to Cerro 
Diiarte — La Soledad — A change of pack-animals— On asses 
in general — The abodes of Senora Soledad and Madame 
Berroteran contrasted — Destruction of forests — Bram- 
bles and wild strawberries by the wayside — Outposts 
of civilization — Tall ferns — La Fuente de la Vida — 
Difficulties of the ascent — A medical examination — The 
attack on El Calvario — Cutting through the woods — 
Demoralization of the guides — ^' La cuesta de los pasos 
perdidos " — Breakfast under tlie shade — " The Trench — A 
stiff climb — " El Cerro de los Treinta y dos Diablos " — Dis- 
covery of tiger tracks — Sinjpilar effect of the sun's rays on 
the Silla — " Punta de Qoerrng " — Choice of a camp site on 
the ridge — Water supply — Advice to mountaineers — 
Resignation of Lisboa — Three guides sent to the "Well of 
Life*' — Hallacas — Preparations for the bivouac — The 
camp and its surroundings — Ruggedness of the confonna- 
tion — Vegetation — A marvellous^ sunset — After dark — A 
hard pillow Pages 28-43 



CHAPTER IV. 

THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATA. 

PART III. — THE RIDGE. 

A low temperature — Equipment for the attack on the Peak — 
Advent of the water-carriers — They receive a salute — More 
advice — Misplaced confidence — The doctor anticipates a rich 
harvest of casualties — Saint Berroteran — Obstacles on the 
ridge enlarge at every step — Mouldering monuments — A 
sea scene— The summit recedes — Ups and downs on the 
ridge — We have chosen the right path — A natural bridge — 
** Tne leap for life " — Isolation of the Naiguatd increasing 
with time — More difficulties — ^The goal reacned — Deceived ! 
— A Cachicama — The vegetation of the Peak — " El Balcon " 
— The Sphinx — HAbel discovers a peat deposit — Veri- 
fication of the general law respecting the direction of earth- 
quakes in Venezuela — Fantastic forms of isolated rocks — 
" The garden of the Naiguatd " — The final onslaught on the 
Peak . Pa^w 44-57 



CONTENTS. vii 

CHAPTER V. 

THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATA. 

PART IV.— THE SUMMIT. 

** Hurrah for the Naigiiatd ! " — The Peak concmered — ^A glorious 
panorama — The Needle of the Naiguatd— -Minor elevations — 
— New Alpine plant — Heat on the summit — A record aloft 
— The descent commenced — Short of water — Sufferings 
entailed — Bolet discovers a liquid — The way lost in a fog — 
St Berroteran to the rescue — Hieroglyph on the ridge 
— **Aqui mismo" — Arrival at the camp — ^**No water!" — 
" Se gasto en las caraotas " — Desperation — Human tigers 
— A rapid descent — Fears as to Lisboa exhausting the stream 
— He proves a worthy son of a valiant father — Arrival at 
Cerro Duarte— Joy of Mrs. Berroteran — Punishment of Juan 
Evangelista — The return to Caracas — Reflections on the 
Expedition Paqt% 58-70 

CHAPTER VI. 

AFTER THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATi.. 

(April-May, 1872.) 

What was said of the ascent in the capital — Several friends of 
science — Government takes cognisance of the event — Letter 
of the Minister of Public Works — H<ibel on the geology of 
the mountain — Qoering on the fauna — Pamphlet in Spanish 
on the expedition — Biography of Nicanor Bolet Peraza — 
Letter of the Minister ot Public Works— A subsequent at- 
tempt on the Naiguata defeated — Ramon Bolet, the artist — 
His productions criticised by Mr. Ruskin — Dr. A. Ernst on 
the flora of the Naiguata — Letter from the British Minister — 
Guardians poem on the ascent — " Memorias de la Sociedad 
Econ6mica de Amigos del Pais " — " La Opinion Nacional '* 

Pages 71-89 

CHAPTER VIL 

RESIDENCE IN THE CAPITAL. 
EL ENCANTADO — CIVIL WAR — TREASON. 

(May-June, 1872.) 

Excursion to Petare — El Encantado — The river Guaire disap- 
pears — The Mora — The game of Colear — Theatre of Canicaa 
— An American circus — Matias Salazar — His early history — 



viii CONTENTS, 

Reported depravity — Inordioate ambition — His high position 
— Suspected of treachery — He iB sent to Europe — Goes to 
Curazao and plans a revolution — He lands on the coast of 
Venezuela — Raises an army--Fight8 at Tinaquilla — Is de- 
feated by Quzman Blanco — -He escapes — Is afterwards taken 
prisoner, tried by court-martial, ana shot — Triumphal entry 
of the conqueror into Caracas — Peace speech at the Govern- 
ment House — A visit to the President— He defends the exe- 
cution of Salazar — The natural resources of Venezuela 
compared with those of England— Introduction to General 
Alc^tara — Discovery of an original map of Guavana — 
Government educational movement — Model school, Guz- 
man Blanco— Satisfactory interview with the President 

Fagti 90-103 



CHAPTER VIII. 

EXCURSION TO PUERTO-CABELLO. 

(June, 1872.) 

Dinner on board H.M.S. " Sirius" — Divine service — How the little 
English ship would tight the big Spanish frigate '^ Gerona " 
— Restrictea 8mokin^--Tbe captain's invitation for a cruise 
to Puerto-Cabello— Vested interest in the **Siriu8" — A 
dashing naval exploit of the last century — Arrival at Puerto- 
Cabello— Spanish men-of-war on the look-out for the 
steamer " Vimnius " — ^Town of Puerto-Cabello — Former 
ravages of yem)w-fever — Population — Oricnn of the port — 
Pubuc buildmgs— Situation — Defences — ^The British Vice- 
Consulate— A visit to Goering's studio and museum — River 
San Esteban — Tropical vegetation — Departure of the 
** Sirius" for Porto Rica— The return by the "Bavaria'*— Dr. 
Jos^ M. R6jas — Curazao and its inhabitants — Where the 
Venezuelan revolutions are begun — Arrival at La Guayra — 
On the road with the President .... Pagt% \q\-\\% 



CHAPTER IX. 

GOVERNMENT MINING CONCESSIONS. 

(1871-1872.) 

• 

Commencement of negotiations with the Government— Proposi- 
tion for the lease of the islands — Other offers from Liverpool 
—Interviews with the Minister of Public Works — Slow 
progress — Government demands a royalty of one-tenth of the 
produce — All negotiations stayed tiU Scientific Commission 
reports on the islands — Petitions for concessions in Barcelona 
—These granted by the President — An opponent appears in 



CONTENTS, ix 



person on the field — He meets with no success, and leaves 
the Republic — ^Another proposition made to the Govern- 
ment, based on information gained in the Island of 
El Qran Roque — Delays owing to the absence of the Presi- 
dent: — His return and verbal consent given to accept the 
last offer — More delays in the Office of Public Works — Aid 
from an unexpected quarter — ^A favourable conclusion to the 
negotiations — The concession of the islands secured PagtB 1 19-126 



CHAPTER X. 

THE FIRST VENEZUELAN FINE ARTS EXHIBITION. 

(July, 1872.) 

How the scheme originated — Novelty of tbe enterprise — Enthu- 
siasm of the promoters — Loan of pictures, &c — Catalogue 
printed — Invitations — Theatre of tne CSaf6 del Avila trans- 
formed into a picture gallery — The room crowded for four 
days — The inaugural banquet — The Exhibition a complete 
success Pages 127-130 



CHAPTER XL 

PROJECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESOURCES OF THE 

REPUBLIC. 

Traction engines — Land and submarine telegraph lines — Coal 
Mines of Curemichate — New port for Maracaybo — Proposed 
railway lines in the lake district of Maracaybo^Navigation 
of the lake by steamers — The Copper Mines of Aroa — Rail- 
way from Tacacas — Venezuelan mimigration scheme — The 
Car&cas and La Quayra Railroad .... Pages 131-141 



CHAPTER XIL 

DEPARTURE. 

(August, 1872.) 

The lottery of the Charitable Society of Caracas — Last interview 
with General Guzman Blanco — Letters from the President 
and Minister of Foreign Relations — Last visit to the Foreign 
Ofl&ce — Banquet to the President and his Ministers — Prepara- 
tions for departure— ** Adieu" .... Pflw/M 142-150 



CONTENTS. 



APPENDIX. 

PAOB 

A. Ancient History of Venezuela 151 

Bw List of Plants observed in Los Roques. By Dr. A. Ernst . 175 

C. On some Venezuelan Birds collected by James M. Spence. 

By P. L. Sclater, M.A, Ph.D., F.R.S., and Osbert Salvin, 
M.A., F.Z.S 177 

D. Sertulum Naiguatense : Notes on a small Collection of Alpine 

Plants from the Summit of Naiguatd, in the mountains of 
Car^Usas. By A. Ernst, Ph.D., &c 180 

E. Description of Minerals and Ores from Venezuela. By John 

Plant, F.G.S 185 

F. Exhibition of Curiosities from Venezuela — Manchester Liter- 

ary and Philosophical Society . . . . . .188 

Q. OrchidesB VenezuelansB : or, An Alphabetical List of all the 
Oenera and Species of Orchids collected hitherto in, and de- 
scribed from, the territory of the United States of Venezuela, 
with the necessary literary references. By Dr. A. Ernst, 
Professor of Natural History in the University of Cardcas . 192 
H. Letter from H. B. M. Minister at Caracas, on the Ascent of 

the Naiguatd 221 

J. The Spanish Poetry of South America. By William K A. 

Axon, M.R.S.L 223 

K. Ascent of the Silla de Caracas. By Juan M. Cajigal . 232 

L. First Venezuelan Fine Arts Exhibition 244 

M. Decree Constituting the Islands of the Republic into a Territory 253 
N. Qovemment Concessions for the working of the Coal Mines of 

the Naricual, State of Nueva Barcelona, Venezuela . . 256 
0. Concession of Venezuelan Islands for the extraction of Mineral 

Phosphates 258 

P. List of Public Works in progress in Venezuela, December 1 873 263 
Q. Select List of Books, Pamphlets, Maps, and Manuscripts 

relating to Venezuela 271 

R. On Neolithic Stone Implements from Venezuela. By John 

Plant, F.G.S 294 

S. Exhibition of Venezuelan Curiosities — Manchester Scientific 

Students' Association 295 

T. The Church of Rome in Venezuela 296 

Index 301 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



VOL. II. 



1. Tropical Vegetation, Rio San Esteban . 

2. The Arms of Venezuela 



Frontispiece. 
Title-page, 

3. The Naiguatd and the Silla, from Los Dos Caminos . Page 3 

4. The Attack on El Calvario To face page 33 

35 
Z7 

M 
48 

49 
53 
55 

56 

57 

63 
64 

65 
11 
81 

82 

83 

84 

85 

91 
120 

148 



5. The Breakfast Party, on El Calvario 

6. The Tiger's Den . 

7. Isolated Rock on the Ridge . 

8. Isolated Rocks on the Ridge 

9. Isolated Rock on the Ridge . 

10. The Grand Precipice 

1 1. Isolated Rock on the Naignatd (The Arm-chair) . 

12. Isolated Rocks on the Naiguatd (Crowned columns) 

13. Isolated Rock on the Naiguatd (The Crescent) 

14. The Way lost on the Ridge . 

15. Discovery of the Hieroglyph 

16. The Hieroglyph . 

17. Portrait of Nicanor Bolet Peraza 

18. Portrait of Adolf Ernst 

19. Chusquea Spencei (new plant) 
2a Siphocampylus Microstoma . 

21. Gnaphalum Incanum 

22. Potentilla Ehrenbergiana 

23. El Encantado, near Petare 

24. Portrait uf Martin Jos^ Sunavria 

25. My Last Look at Venezuela . 



MAPS, &c. 

1. Outlines of the Silla of Cardcas and the Peak of Naiguatd, 

from the Valley of Cardcas (south side) . . To face page i 

2. Ideal Perspective of the Principal Mountains and Towns of 

the Cordillera of the Coast of Venezuela . . To face page 16 

3. Map showing the Route of the Bolivar Railway, from the Coast 

to the Aroa Copper Mines . To face page lyj 



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THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. 



CHAPTER I. 

THE ASCENT OF THE SILLA OP CARACAS. 

The first recorded ascent of the Silla of Caracas is 
that of Humboldt at the beginning of the present 
century.* Since then it has been climbed by various 
enterprising Venezuelans, and by some foreign visi- 
tors. The most notable ascents have been those of 
Cajigal,t Lisboa,t and Dr. Ernst, the last named 
having followed up the botanical researches of Hum- 
boldt and Cajigal, and made a very complete study 
of the mountain in its scientific aspect. 

To reach the somewhat dangerous summit of the 
Silla has always been considered an event in the 
capital, and when it was known that another ascent 
was contemplated, it gave rise to a good deal of 
innocent gossip. 

• See Personal Narratives of Travel to the Equinoctial Regions of 
America, by Alexander von Humboldt, 
t See Appendix K. 
X The title-page of the work in which the ascent is described will 

be found in Appendix Q., No. 149. 

VOL. II. A 



2 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. I 

Early in the afternoon of April 6th, 1872, our 
party started in a coach from Car&cas by the Camino 
Real del Onente (Main-Eastern Koad) for Los Dos 
Caminos, at which place we duly arrived 'and waited 
for the remainder of those who had promised to 
join us. I took the opportunity which the delay 
aflForded of sketching the Silla and the Naiguati from 
behind the posada, as it seemed the best point from 
which to obtain a comparative view of these two 
mountain giants of the coast range. 

Our company, consisting of Doctor Simon Vaa- 
monde ; General Luciano Urdaneta ; Sefiores Anton 
Goering and Manuel Montserrat ; the author ; two 
servants (Jesus Anoco and Juan Hernandez) ; and a 
dog named " Curazao," being now complete, we started 
for the Silla. Our body-guard, consisting of the two 
individuals, Jesus and John, and faithful " Curazao," 
proceeded on foot, whilst the remainder went on mules. 
We were detained in starting by Goering, who would 
not leave without a bottle of whisky, which he said 
was absolutely necessary for the preservation of any 
insects he might find during the excursion. 

Reaching the base of an abrupt and steep spur of the 
mountain, jutting out into the valley of Cardcas, we 
commenced its ascent by proceeding along a wind- 
ing zigzag bridle-path, or natural stair-case, to Cach- 
imbo — the last habitation on the way to the summit 
— where we intended to take up our quarters for the 
night. 

The sun was hovering on the verge of the western 
horizon, and his rays threw across the sky a glow of 




tilt; party, and a few quick lUi-shes of his brush 
bare record on paper that he bad caught the proper 
inspiratiou, and fixed this glorious vision, "curtained 
with clouded rt-d," Our appreciation of the painter 
and his work was somewhat damped, however, when 
]n: concluded with Ruskiuian force and faithfulness 



4 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. i. 

an eloquent peroration on art in general and the late 
sunset in particular, with a specimen of prosaic mate- 
rialism unworthy of genius, by estimating the value 
of his Sunset on the Way to Cachimbo in pounds, 
shillings, and pence. 

At a height of 4265 feet above the level of the sea 
the colour of the soil changed from red to dark brown, 
and in localities where the face of the hill had been 
burned, grass had begun to spring up, receiving no 
sustenance from rain or moisture in the ground, 
but only from the heavy clouds seen so frequently 
sweeping over the sides of the mountain. It was 
past 7 P.M. when we approached Cachimbo ; the 
shades of night had crept on so fast and so impercep- 
tibly that in the latter part of our journey it was 
so dark that we had enough to do to grope our way 
in safety along the perilous path. A light shining 
through the darkness showed that our goal was near, 
and our shout brought a quick response. 

The house which we eventually reached was situated 
on the top of a spur or shoulder of the mountain, 
at an altitude of 5300 feet, the occupants doing a 
thriving retail provision business with the charcoal- 
burners who inhabited these heights. Dr. Vaamonde's 
presence insured us a flattering reception, and the 
best of everything that Cachimbo could furnish was 
at our disposal. 

There were some terrible stories told that night of 
many who had taken refuge in the surrounding hills 
during the revolution, and some of whom, it was said, 
perished of hunger. Not far from our residence were 



Chap.L] DR VA A MONDE'S PRETTY PATIENT. 5 

found the remains of a man and a tiger who had both 
fallen in mortal combat. 

We were waited upon by the daughter of the house, 
a handsome girl whom Goering christened the " Flor 
de Caehimbo." Dr. Vaamonde with a merry twinkle 
in his eye introduced her aa one of his patients. The 
doctor was a universal favourite, and practised not 
for the sake of " filthy lucre," but for the amelioration 
of the woes of suffering humanity. If all his patients 
were like the pretty Flor^ then in this, as in other 
cases, virtue is its own exceeding great reward. We 
were all somewhat jealous of the evident partiality 
shown by our young hostess for Vaamonde, but in 
truth our irrepressible exhilaration and boisterous 
joviality contrasted unfavourably with his gentler 
deportment. Our animal spirits were exuberant ; 
even after we had climbed into the little loft which 
was to serve for a dormitory, the fun went on un- 
broken, and it was late before the conversation was 
silenced by sleep. 

The following morning we were roused by half- 
past five, and found the air so raw that we were 
glad to group ourselves around the kitchen fire. The 
sensation of cold was a novelty, and not altogether 
a disagreeable one ; its effect was bracing, and cer- 
tainly our nerves needed strengthening for the work 
before us. The physical inactivity naturally result- 
ing from a prolonged residence in the tropics is not 
favourable to the training that would have rendered 
our undertaking an easier one than it proved to be. 
Having breakfasted, and been encouraged by the 



6 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. L 

good wishes of our host and hostesses, we sallied 
forth, and as the barometer had risen during the 
night, we had the prospect of a very bright day. 

The morning cleared up apace. North of us was a 
great amphitheatre formed by the surrounding hills, 
with a narrow outlet into the plains below through 
the Quebrada de Cachimbo. The large valley of 
Car&cas, with its branches of Petare, Antfmano, 
and El Valle, lay before us dotted with luxuriant 
patches of grass and cane, whilst more distinctly 
visibly were the coflfee plantations and the long irre- 
gular wave-like lines of trees marking the meandering 
course of the river Guaire. Fleecy clouds drifted in all 
directions, here hiding one valley and there opening 
up another to our view in quick transition. As we 
toiled along at the first rise, we tried to keep up our 
spirits and to imagine that we were near the top, 
although the anxiously-watched barometer contra- 
dicted Hope's flattering tale. Having accomplished 
the work on the first slope, we were disappointed to 
find another still more severe in its aspect, with one 
side steeply falling off" to the valley, and on the north 
forming a precipice down into the Quebrada de Cach- 
imbo. Several times we were obliged to lie down 
from fatigue, which a short rest, however, soon dis- 
sipated. 

Goering was in good form, and took advantage of 
these breaks in the journey to search for insects. 
Road there was none, not even a trail, and our way 
now lay along the edge of the precipice ; to the right 
we espied a dense clump of vegetation indicating the 



Chap, i.] GOERING'S ENTOMOLOGICAL PRIZE. 7 

proximity of water. Thither we sent our peones 
to fill the flasks which had become by this time 
almost empty. On gaining a footing on another 
shoulder of the Silla, our disappointment was height- 
ened to see a higher one afar oflf, which we were pro- 
vokingly informed was not the last ; and to reach it a 
descent of a very rough character had to be made. 
We named the height just surmounted the Elephant's 
Head, which at a distance it greatly resembled. We 
stood for a time looking in the direction we had still 
to climb ; some of our party beginning to express 
their fears that further progress was impossible, and 
many were the propositions made to evade the steep 
face by flank movements. At this point Goering 
became ill, and was only brought round by the timely 
discovery of a new and interesting species of bug. To 
this entomological prize he gave a sesquipedalian 
name, but as it was a little, nasty, ugly-looking, 
noisy insect, we, according to the regulations of the 
old jest-book, called it a humbug. 

In a shady nook at the foot of the Elephant's 
Head we rested for a brief space, exclaiming with the 
poet : " Welcome, ye shades; ye bowery thickets, hail ! " 
We were getting tired, and our courage was on the 
ebb, but after partaking of refreshments, including 
a few drops of a very common stimulant, prescribed 
medicinally, things assimied a more cheerful aspect, 
and courageously we sprang from the ground with 
nerves braced for another attempt, and were quickly 
again in the order of march, 

All the newly-found prowess was needed, for the 



8 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. i. 

ascent of the next spur was exceedingly difficult, and 
we had to make headway by a zigzag course, using 
hands and feet ; in fact, a good deal of it was done 
on all fours. This work accomplished, the reward 
quickly followed, for the undoubted peak was seen a 
short distance ahead ; and spurring on our wearied 
bodies, the final climb, though a stiflF one, was made 
with a rush, and an exultant hurrah soon after told 
that the gaol had been reached. 

We gained the summit of the Silla at 1 1 a.m., 
having ascended 3233 feet in less than four hours. 
The temperature was 75*, and by a rough calculation 
we made the height to be 8833 feet.*** 

We were glad to take refuge under the friendly shade 
of some stunted trees growing near the top, for the 
enjoyment of a quiet siesta. On awaking, the pro; 
visions were distributed with a reckless prodigality, 
which we repented of before the morrow's dawn ; but 
the water was measured out very accurately to each, 
our stock consisting of less than a gallon. Some hours 
were quickly passed in botanizing, drawing, sleeping, 
and entomologizing. Goering gave us no peace in the 
prosecution of his studies in the latter-named depart- 
ment, for he was " death " on all insects, and the most 
notorious of lion-hunters was never more enthusiastic 
in the capture of the king of beasts than was our 
naturalist in that of his insignificant little game. 
Then for half an hour we were all hard at work 
gathering wood for a grand bonfire. 

* The height of the SiUa, according to the mean of several careful 
observations made by Codazzi and Cajigal, is 8625 feet. 



Chap. I] THE VIEW FROM THE SUMMIT 9 

Varied and beautiful was the view far below our 
feet. The most striking object was the Caribbean Sea, 
its surface at times seemingly smooth as glass, at 
others partially hidden fix)m our view by dense masses 
of fog and cloud drifting slowly over its bosom, and 
assuming in their erratic and vapoury course rare and 
fantastic appearances of icy peaks on vast mountains 
of snow, whose bases were in the ocean. The little 
village of Juan Dias, although far away on the beach, 
seemed as if only a stone's throw fix)m us, and strong 
was the temptation to roll a large rock down the pre- 
cipitous sides of the mountain, and watch it leap from 
point to point until it should reach the village 8cxx) 
feet beneath. We refrained from this, however, 
thinking the possible destruction of life and property 
might prove too great a sacrifice for a gratification so 
childish. 

To the east rose the high peak of the Naiguati, ap- 
pearing to defy the most gigantic efibrts of climbing, 
though in spite of this I determined to be the first to 
plant my foot upon its crest if resolute endurance 
could avail to win success. With the binocle the 
journey was done in half an hour 1 There were diffi- 
culties visible, but these I felt could be surmounted, 
although some of the places had an ugly look. This 
contemplation was broken into by my comrades, who 
all declared the Naiguatd to be impregnable ; but 

'* The distant mountains that uprear 

Their frowning foreheads to the skies, 
Are crossed by pathways, that appear 
As we to higher levels rise." 



lo THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. i. 

At 3.45 P.M. the thermometer registered 27,° at 
5 P.M. 63**, and at sunset 6o^ 

Now came the evening meal, and with it the 
knowledge that we were reduced to very short com- 
mons ; on our smoking wood fire coffee was made, not 
only for that repast, but to serve through the night, 
which promised to • be bitterly cold. Our cooking 
utensils consisted of a kettle and an empty sardine 
tin ; in the latter we made a substantial soup, — Liebig 
and water, — and the only fault it had was that of not 
going far enough. So keen were the appetites of all, 
that the entire stock of provisions was exhausted at 
this sitting ; from lack of a sufficient appreciation of 
the necessity of plenty of animal food on such an 
excursion, those who attended to the commissariat 
department had sadly failed in their duty. 

At 8 P.M. we lit our bonfire, and for an hour were 
engaged in sending up rockets, which we rightly sur- 
mised would astonish the natives and the concourse on 
the Plaza at Caracas listening to the military music. 

We then chose places for sleep on the dank and dirty 
ground, and had to experience some difficulty in find- 
ing comfortable locations. Two joined at a hole to 
shelter them from the wind, which blew all night 
with relentless fury. The surface was damp and our 
blankets soon got wet, the dew and a smart shower 
of rain spoiling our night's sleep completely. I changed 
my quarters several times, and at last got in between 
the two attendants. The bonfire having been ex- 
tinguished by the rain, we cleared some of the 
smouldering embers away, and found the warm steam- 



Chap, i.] A WORLD OF MIST. ii 

ing earth comparatively comfortable for the time, at 
least, though somewhat suggestive of old cramps and 
aches. 

Next morning (April 8th) we all shivered up from 
our couches, and our cheerfulness was not increased 
by the lively reflection that our entire provisions for 
breakfast consisted of two pints of thick coffee. This 
we dealt out in a semi-liquid state, so that those en- 
dowed with vivid imaginations might fancy them- 
selves consuming both food and drink. 

We looked around : the landscape on all sides had 
disappeared entirely. The sun was rising behind the 
bleak peak of the Naiguatd, and to judge by the scene 
we might have been transplanted to the frigid zone. 
All the valley of Cardx^as seemed filled with snow, and 
far away to the Tuy rose continuous chains of white- 
capped mountains; the Caribbean Sea, an infinite 
lake of ice, with here and there vast icebergs, spires, 
and peaks of fantastic shape jutting from it ; to the 
south-east, glaciers, precipices, and frozen rivers and 
seas linked together in wild beauty : the cold air rush- 
ing up from the valley as from regions of thick-ribbed 
ice aided the glamour which had been thrown over the 
scene. It required less imagination to think that what 
our eyes beheld was ice and snow, than to accept the 
fact that they were simply pictures limned by the 
great cloud-painter.* But soon — 

" The veil was lifted, and below 
Glowed the rich valley and the river's flow." 

* '* On some isolated mountain at daybreak, when the night mists first 
rise from off the plain, watch their white and lakelike fields, as they 



12 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. i. 

We commenced the descent at 6 a.m. with the 
temperature at 6o^ the landscape changing before us 
at every step. We had to proceed cautiously, some- 
times on hands and feet, whilst occasionally, in spite 
of cries of " Wait a bit 1 " two or three in anything 
but elegabt attitudes descended at a quicker rate than 
was agreeable, setting safety at defiance, and running 
the risk of rolling down hundreds of feet into the 
misty morning vapours. When we were above the 
4op of the amphitheatre of Cachimbo, the temptation 
was too much for one of the party, who pushed some 
large fragments of rock over the hillside, and we all 
watched them bound and rebound until they leapt over 
the precipice and finally disappeared into the clouds 
below. Above the clouds we could see the curling 
smoke rising from the houses of the charcoal-burners 
on the slopes of the Naiguatd. 

On the whole, the descent was marked by no par- 
ticular occurrence, and we arrived at Cachimbo at 
9.30 A.M., where we found a temperature of 80°. 
Here we had a long rest, and then mounting our 
mules returned to Car&cas, which we reached in the 
evening. 

6oat in level bays and winding gulfs about the islanded summits of the 
lower hills, untouched yet by more than dawn, colder and more quiet 
than a windless sea under the moon of midnight ; watch when the first 
sunbeam is sent upon the silver channels, how the foam of their undu- 
lating surface parts, and passes away, and down under their depths the 
glittering city and green pasture lie like Atlantis, between the white 
paths of winding rivers ; the flakes of light falling every moment faster 
and broader among the starry spires, as the wreathed surges break and 
vanish above them, and the confused crests and ridges of the dark hills 
shorten their grey shadows upon the plain.*' — Ruskin. 



Chap. L] ''THE VOLCANO OF THE AVlLAr 13 

All along the road we heard that the bonfire, and 
the rockets sent up fix)m the Silla, had caused great 
excitement in the State of Bolivar; many thought 
them to have been signals for the rising of the Blues, 
and in some places the Grovemment troops were 
actually ordered out. Others were reminded^ by it of 
an old prophecy that the Avila (the ancient name of 
the Silla) was to become a volcano and destroy 
Caracas. Our pyrotechnic display had been witnessed 
by an assembly of about sixty thousand ; — Todo el 
mundo y su mujer (All the world and his wife) hav- 
ing turned out to see the burning fagots flaming on 
the crest of the Avila and throwing out " bolts of 
fire." All this was opportune, as the capital was just 
then rather short of excitement, and the Plaza on the 
night in question was crowded with gazers at the un- 
expected sight. 

A few days after our ascent another was made by 
my enterprising young friend Lisboa, but the fire and 
the rockets this time created no excitement, as they 
lacked the charm of novelty. 



CHAPTER II. 

THE ASCKNT OF THE NAIGUATA.* 



PART I. 



THE START. 



"If any yet be so foolhardy, 
T* expose themselves to vain jeopardy, 
If they come wounded ofif and lame, 
No honour's got by such a maim." — Butler. 

The chain of mountains striking off at an almost 
right angle from the great range of the Andes, near 
Barqnisimeto, and extending along the shore in an 
easteriy direction until it finally disappears in Cabo 
Codera, presents two great heights near the valley 
wherein stands the capital of Venezuela, of which 
this range, indeed, forms a grand natural defence. 
These heights are the Silla of Caracas, and the Peak 
of Naiguatd. The latter being the most distant, and 
nearly in the same line, is not seen from the city. 
Viewed from the south side, the Silla, on the contrary, 
is the most striking and majestic part of the landscape 
which forms the background of the town. Its great 

* Messrs. Leopoldo Terrero, Anton Qoering, and Ramon Bolet have 
had the kindness to place at my disposal for this work the information 
they gathered in the expedition. 

The thermometer was always that of Fahrenheit, and the observations 
were taken in the shade ; those relating to height were made with an 
aneroid barometer (No. 620, J. Stewart, 66 Strand, London), and are 
given in EnglLsh feet. 



Chap, ii.] NAIGUATA AND ITS INACCESSIBILITY, 15 

height, its strange form, and the capricious changes 
of light and shade pla3mig upon its brow — when not 
lost in thick masses of cloud — produce in the beholder 
who for the first time admires its imposing grandeur 
a strong desire to ascend the summit, in order to enjoy 
the sight of the extensive panorama which it commands. 

From the crest of the Silla the high peak of the 
Naiguatd rose boldly to view, and the walled-in appear- 
ance of its flanks provoked not only curiosity but an 
enthusiastic desire to overcome its traditional difficulty 
of ascent. The Naiguatd claims a proud pre-eminence 
over all the heights of this region, it towers aloft with 
a majesty defying rivalry. 

My companions in the excursion to the Silla assured 
me that the Naiguatd was inaccessible. It was a firm 
belief in Caracas that its high peak would never be 
trodden by human foot. There was even an old tradi- 
tion which proclaimed its impregnability. The ferocity 
of the animals hidden in the forests surrounding it 
was a theme upon which the good people of the capital 
were positively eloquent, and, moreover, I was assured 
that all those who had attempted to scale the Naiguatd 
had been compelled to give up their adventurous 
design from its absolutely rugged impassability.* 

No mountain of the like altitude rises so pre- 
cipitously from the sea ; but these difficulties only 

• "An attempt was made in 1823 to conquer the Naiguatd, by a La 
Guayra merchant, and a large party, twenty-five in all, weU provided. 
They commenced the ascent, but after eight or nine days* effort they had 
only reached the foot of the peak, wliere they shot many tigers, but 
were forced by want of water to give up the enterprise and return un- 
successful. One of ihe party was thought to have been lost, but he made 
his way back to La Guayra in about fifteen days." 



1 6 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. ii. 

strengthened my desire to make the asbent of the only 
peak of the coast range that still remained unconquered. 
In a country so fiill of daring and valour as Venezuela 
— the land where the great War of Independence of 
South America first began — I was desirous of main- 
taining that reputation for pluck and fearlessness 
which Englishmen have earned by a thousand more 
courageous deeds. There is a pleasure even in peril 
and hardship, the extent of which no one can more fully 
realize and appreciate than he who labours hard to 
reach some hitherto untrodden height. I determined, 
therefore, to be the first human being to set foot upon 
the summit of this highly respectable mountain. 

[The relative heights of the various mountains and 
towns in the State of Bolivar are shown in the accom- 
panying sketch.] 

That the mere love of adventure was not the sole 
motive may well be supposed, and in forming a 
party to join me, the selection was made with a view 
to gathering information respecting the Naiguatd 
that might hereafter prove to be a welcome addition 
to the physical history of a country to which I was 
grateful for a hearty welcome and unbounded hospi- 
tality. The desire to join the expedition was freely 
expressed by many a Venezuelan and foreigner in 
Car&cas, but as nearly all of them considered the 
experiment would prove abortive, few really cared to 
throw in their lot with us. But for the risk of a fall 
and the fear of the ridicule which always clings to an 
unsuccessful adventure, the Naiguatd party would 
have been very formidable. 



Chap. ii. J MEMBERS OF THE NAIG UA TA PAR TY. 1 7 

I wished, in fact, to give to the project the character 
of a scientific exploration, as well as that of a pleasure 
excursion, and the companions who in this true spirit 
of enterprise joined me were — 

1. Greneral Leopoldo Terrero, whose good judg- 
ment. analytical powers of observation, and practical 
knowledge, made his company of great value to us. 

2. Seftor Ramon Bolet, a young artist, whose merit, 
but for his early death, would have made his name 
known far beyond the boundaries of his fatherland. 
He looked forward with delight to the prospect of 
placing upon canvas the rich landscape which we 
knew there was to be seen from the summit. His rare 
talents only required to be brought into more intimate 
acquaintance with nature and her beauties. 

3. Mr. Anton Groering, corresponding member of 
the Zoological Society, to whom a new field of labour 
presented itself. He is not only an experienced zoolo- 
gist, but an able and faithful artist ; and his delight at 
the prospect of investigating the natural phenomena of 
these virgin hills was great. To behold that which none 
but the Creator had hitherto looked down upon was in 
itself a strong inducement for him to join our party. 

4. Mr. Gustave Adolphe HAbel, a mining engineer, 
who gladly welcomed this opportunity of digesting a 
new slice of the earth's crust. From his geological 
knowledge we hoped for aid in identifying the dif- 
ferent strata we were to encounter. 

5. Dr. Simon Vaamonde, who, beyond the ordinary 
scientific interest attaching to our excursion, would 
doubtless feel that with only ordinary luck he could 

VOL. II. li 



i8 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Cliap. ii. 

with certainty count upon some broken arm, some 
tiger-torn limb, some poisoned foot, perhaps even a dead 
body to deal with before he found his way home. 

6. Senor Henrique Lisboa, whose remembrance of 
that section of the South American continent which 
had given him birth enabled him to compare the 
characteristics of the mountains of Brazil with those 
of the State of Bolivar. Lisboa having been in several 
excursions with me, I looked forward to his company 
with great pleasure, as his wit, and an unbounded 
spirit of contradiction leading him to take the opposi- 
tion side in all arguments, would help to enliven the 
journey and encourage us to get gaily over many parts 
of the road which might seem much longer but for his 
presence. 

Mounted on mules and preceded by four pioneers 
who conducted our provisions on a Jerusalem pony, 
we left Cardcas on the 21st of April 1872, at 1.30 
P.M. — with the thermometer at 85°. As we passed 
through the town many turned out to watch the 
departure of what was considered the most Quixotic 
expedition ever undertaken. We stayed for some time 
at the village of Sabana Grande, and rested in the 
cdi^a de campo, occupied by M. Saillard, the French 
Consul, where we were joined by Lisboa from his 
suburban retreat close by. Starting off once more, we 
quickly arrived at Los Dos Caminos (The Two Roads), 
3050 feet above the level of the sea, where we stayed 
an hour beneath the cool comdors of the posada. 

Between Sabana Grande and Los Dos Camiuos, on 
the right, on a knoll some little distance from the road. 



Chap, ii.] OUR GUIDES AND ATTENDANTS, 19 

stand the ruins of an old mansion, said to have been 
the residence, for a brief period at the beginning 
of this century, of Baron von Humboldt. It was 
destroyed by the great earthquake of 18 12, and is 
now known as the Humboldt Ruins. From this 
place a good view of the Silla and the Naiguatd can 
be obtained. 

Here we added to our store of provisions, and gave 
the requisite orders to the eight guides and attendants 
for the proper equipment of the expedition. I was 
determined that whatever might happen as to water, 
all should, at least, have sufficient to eat ; the un- 
pleasant experiences of the trip to the Silla having 
taught the disadvantages of ** short commons " in 
mountain climbing. 

As it is probably their only chance of a brief and 
passing fame, a list is here given of the names of 
our little army of locusts. They were Miguel and 
Julian Rivero, Ambrosio Mesa, and Meliton Cuervo, 
guides ; Antonio Pacheco, attendant of Lisboa ; Jos^ 
Jesus Sanoja, attendant of Vaamonde ; Juan Jose 
Guillen, attendant of Bolet; and my own servant 
Juan Evangelista Femdndez. The last-named went 
very unwillingly. His mind was full of dismal fore- 
bodings. He felt ill, and only came with us from the 
fear of being discharged from the services of, perhaps, 
a too easy master. I cannot say that " John the 
Evangelist " was of much use either as a pointer of 
paths or as a bearer of burdens. He was, however, 
an excellent meat - and - drink consumer. From 
all of which we may deduce this useful lesson : 



20 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. ii. 



never take an unwilling person on a mountaineering 
expedition. 

Mounted once more on our mules, we took the road 
to the right leading to Petare, and penetrated the 
beautiful sugar-cane plantation of Guereguere, the pro- 
perty of La Senora Vaamonde. This was considered 
one of the best-managed and most fruitful estates in the 
valley. The reduction works were in excellent order, 
and a credit to her son the Doctor, who had charge of 
the hacienda. It was six in the evening when we 
arrived at this lady's pleasant mansion, where we 
were to pass the night. The hospitality displayed by 
our truly amiable hostess was so unbounded as to lay 
us under a load of gratitude which this acknowledg- 
ment does not in the least degree lessen. 

The last rays of evening light were employed in 
pointing our glasses towards the Peak of Naiguatd. 
Boldly it seemed to defy us with its impassable aspect. 
The fading twilight melting into the first shadows of 
night made the proud mountain stand out distinctly 
against the sky, a great sombre mass, seeming half- 
rock and half-phantom. Darkness forced us, alas 1 too 
soon, to quit the view. Merrily glided on the hours 
preceding sleep in listening to the anecdotes related 
by our guides and attendants. Half-crediting, half- 
discrediting, we eagerly hearkened to these self- 
deluded mortals as they, in a rough, forcible, and 
energetic manner, chanted the tales of the Naiguatd, 
and the wonders nature was to disclose to our eyes on 
the morrow. Had we believed all, we should have 
expected to meet tigers at every turn and snakes at 



Chap, ii.] PRECIPICE OF THE ''TIGER'S LEAP:' 21 

every foot of our journey. One of these grim nar- 
ratives had relation to an accident which occurred at 
the terrible precipice known as the ** Tiger's Leap." 

Some peasants — a man, his wife, and child, accom- 
panied by a Mend— were riding along this danger- 
ous path; the ledge only admitting of Indian file, 
the woman with her chUd in her arms being in 
the middle. The husband had got some distance 
ahead ; the friend behind stayed to light his cigar, 
leaving the woman for a short time to pursue her 
way alone. Having got his smoking apparatus into 
order, he spurred on his quadruped and speedily over- 
took the husband. 

" Where is your wife ? " was his inquiry. 

" She has not passed, she is behind," replied the 
husband. 

" She is not behind," said the compadre. A 
terrible fear entered into their hearts ; and they knew 
that the unfortunate woman must have fallen over 
the precipice. 

They turned back to the "Tigers Leap," and 
there, down, down hundreds of feet below, lay the 
shapeless masses of humanity and horse-flesh that 
but a few moments before were in the full vigour of 
life and health. 

As they stood spell-bound at this terrible sight a 
feeble cry reached their ears, and they saw the child 
lying in a little patch of vegetation on the very edge 
of the precipice. The darkness and terror of death 
cannot destroy a mother's love, and even in the agony 
of that descent into the cruel grave below she had 



2 2 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. ii. 

with the strength of despair thrown her babe into its 
haven of safety. 

Then there was a story of an expedition which set out 
to conquer the peak — and failed. The mountaineers 
lost their way, and had exhausted both provisions 
and water. There was no help for it but to camp out 
all night. The leader suffered little from the exposure, 
but next morning on looking round he was horrified 
to see that all the members of his party were from 
cold in a state of stupefaction. He took them one 
by one and rolled them down the sides of a steep hill. 
This was rough treatment certainly, but it succeeded. 
A more bruised band of wretches was never witnessed, 
still none of these mangled objects of humanity made 
on that occasion an ill-conditioned exit. 

No doubt in the legends we heard that evening 
the narrators exaggerated the dangers, if not from a 
desire to fill us with fears, at least to give interest 
and dark colour to the prospect before us. 

We discussed also the question of the route that 
should be taken, and decided to follow the advice of 
Dr. Vaamonde, which was, to ascend by the side of the 
mountain opposite to the Silla, following the road as 
far as it went, and afterwards by the ascending angles 
leading to the crest of the ridge. It was evident 
that our track would in a great measure be chosen by 
circumstances ; we could only keep following up one 
ridge until it joined another. 

Backwards and forwards to Petare in the interest of 
the commissariat department went the pioneers. For 
an amount of money agreed upon between us they 



Chap, ii.] A NIGHT AT GUEREGUERE, 23 

were to furnish their own provisions for the journey, 
whilst our supplies were to be held in special reserve. 
When I saw their sack next morning it presented 
beggarly proportions when compared with our own. 
Truly they threw in their lot with their employers, 
but it was somewhat of a one-sided partnership that 
they so cunningly thrust upon us. 

The sleeping arrangements for the night were varied 
in their character. I had a comfortable bed, some of 
the party lay on sofas, whilst Goering stretched him- 
self on the floor with his saddle-bags for a pillow. 
" He that is low need fear no fall," and he was soon 
soundly sleeping the sleep of the just. Indeed, the 
whole company, being aware that there remained only 
two or three hours in which to rest, showed a laudable 
disposition to make the most of the flying moments 
by giving audible indications of vigorous slumber. 

At 4.40 A.M., on the 2 2d, we sallied forth, fifteen 
persons in all. The thermometer stood at 62°. Inter- 
secting the Guarenas road, and tracing out a course 
in a northerly direction, an hour s ride brought us to 
Tdcome, the estate of General Santos Jurado, situated 
on a gentle rise at the foot of the mountain, 3325 feet 
above sea-level. The temperature had increased to 
69"*. The bridle-path behind this estate is extremely 
steep, and full of crevices produced by the waters in 
the rainy season precipitating themselves with great 
impetus from the sides of the mountain. It has been 
opened out by the charcoal-burners, who transport 
their produce along it on the backs of asses. These 
animals have acquired an extraordinary dexterity in 



24 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. ii. 

avoiding danger, and they walk on the narrowest foot- 
path as securely as a horse would trot on a turnpike 
road. At this point, after crossing the little river 
T6come, the ascent fairly began. For some distance 
the road was only difficult for our mules on account of 
its steepness ; it tried their mettle, however, and made 
them pant and blow at a furious rate. Some of the 
company thought it prudent to dismount at places 
where the ledge was hardly broader than a curbstone, 
and where a false step would have given a premature 
finale to our expedition. Still the mule of this country 
fully merits the great confidence reposed in it, and in 
some spots — 

** Where hardly a huniau foot couUl pasjf, 
Or a human heart would dare ** — 

I confess I felt safer on its back than when walking ; 
"SO great is the skill and steadiness displayed in picking 
a way along these dangerous slopes. Where a descent 
had to be made, the extreme steepness of the trail 
became really hazardous, threatening our lives, and 
compelling repeated dismounts in the most perilous 
places. It would have been, however, much more to 
my taste to have dispensed with the mule altogether, 
were it not that I was anxious to husband my strength 
for the unknown regions above, and for the final con- 
test with the Peak. 

Fifteen minutes after we had begim the ascent we 
reached a height of 3725 feet, and the temperature 
lowered to 63''. By six o'clock we had gained 530 
feet more, and were 4255 feet high, with the thermo- 



Chap, il] AMONG THE FOOT-HILLS, 25 

meter indicating 62**. The fresh morning and the 
pure mountain air filled our minds with that child- 
like gaiety which is nothing more than the contagion 
of nature's joy when she first espies Aurora's glimmer- 
ing rays, whose absence she has wept among the 
shadows. In such moments the burden of years seems 
to roll from off one's shoulders, the voice gains strength, 
the step is quickened if we walk afoot, we gallop if on 
horseback, we feel a pleasure in being wet by the dew, 
we are keenly susceptible to external nature; our 
bodies long for movement, and the road seems short, 
however toilsome it may be. 

A wild spirit of hilarity possessed us, and our harsh 
shouts echoed through the foot-hills of the Naiguatd. 
Stimulated, perhaps, by our gaiety, the animals pro- 
gressed rapidly along the acute zigzags. From the 
outer angles we could talk to each other in spite of 
the long intervening road-space between each person. 
On our right rose mountains looking as if they would 
fall upon us ; on our left, steep precipices threatening 
instant destruction. Going along the mountain-side 
we came out upon a spot containing a few square 
yards of table-land. It was not what might be exactly 
called a plain, but the nearest approach to level ground 
we had encountered since we left the valley, and 
here we dismounted to rest our beasts. The sweat 
was running from their smoking flanks, and their 
short heavy gasps for breath showed how great was 
their fatigue. 

From foot to ridge, shadows covered all and 
struggled with the daybreak, but at the first ray of 



26 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. ii. 

the sun behind the interposing hill stretching out like 
a band of dark green, we saw the bald summit of the 
Silla. In appearance it was not unlike a Phrygian cap ; 
the sun had touched its tip with gold, but all around 
the rest of nature lay cold, dark, and dormant. All 
the drawing-books were unpacked, and some daring 
brushes wetted paper, whilst the mules, to whom the 
grandeur of the scenery signified nothing, amused 
themselves by nibbling the tufts of grass refreshed by 
the dew. 

On our immediate right ran the river T6come, the 
windings it made in order to reach the valley glittering 
like the rings of a silver serpent; on the left the broken 
ground skirting the Silla ; and on the east, rising above 
us, the crags and precipices which form the Naiguatd's 
most impenetrable defence. Towards the south, the 
mists covered the valleys of the Tuy completely, and 
it was in vain we tried to make out a single detail 
of this most beautiful garden of the State of Bolivar. 
North-west of us, dotted with the huts of charcoal- 
burners, was the great amphitheatre formed by the 
Silla, the Naiguatd, and the connecting ridge between, 
all sloping down to the Quebrada de Cachimbo. 

We continued the ascent, and presently met with a 
workman who pointed out a precipice where, a fort- 
night before, a poor fellow had lost his life. We were 
now 4865 feet high — the temperature 61°. After a few 
minutes' rest we took the road to the right, leaving 
to the left the charcoal-burners' trail leading to the 
amphitheatre. At eight o'clock in the morning Cerro 
Duarte (5375 feet) was reached ; it is a most beautiful 



Chap, iu] CERRO DUARTE. 27 

domain^ separated from the Silla by a profound abyss 
fearful to contemplate. Many a heartfelt wish for 
the peace and happiness of the pretty "Flor de 
Cachimbo " was wafted over the dark and frowning 
chasm dividing us from her and her mountain home. 
In this place the temperature had lowered to 6o^ 
From this great elevation the mountains circling the 
vaUey of Caracas began to flatten to our sight, and 
Antfmano, El Valle, Petare, and a few villages of the 
Tuy, which appeared to be coming to life again though 
still half-wrapped in mist, formed, with the variegated 
and synmietrical corn-fields and plantations of the 
neighbourhood, a landscape delightfully picturesque 
and ravishingly beautiftd. 



CHAPTER III. 



THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATA. 



PART IL 

THE RISE TO THE RIDGE, 

" But, those attained, we tremble to survey 
The growing labours of the lengthened way ; 
The increasing prospect tires our wandering eyes, 
Hills peep o*er hills, and Alps on Alps arise ! " — Pope. 

Whilst we were busy sight - seeing, our host, Pio 
Berroteran, a worthy hard-working farmer who 
owned Cerro Duarte, aided his esposa in the prepara- 
tions of the desayuno. Berroteran with his wife's 
consent — given with fear and trembling— decided to 
accompany us on the expedition, for, though he had 
done plenty of mountaineering, he had never made the 
ascent of the Naiguatd. He was a noble-looking fellow, 
with honesty engraven on every lineament of his tran- 
quil face. With him we felt safer than with the guides 
we had brought from Cardcas, over whom he was at 
once appointed commander-in-chief It was thought 
on all sides that his counsel would do us golden 
service, and that our chances of success were now 
very much improved. 

Turning our backs on the meseta^ or little table-land, 



Chap, iii.] GUIDES VERSUS DONKEYS, 29 

of Cerro Duaxte, the stout-hearted animals bore us up 
the next steep rise without much evidence of ex- 
haustion. At the hut of a charcoal-burner we found 
it necessary to leave them, as all vestige of road, path, 
track, or trail ended a short distance ahead. It was 
now nine o'clock, and we soon began to experience 
the disagreeable effects produced by the rays of the 
sun as it rose from behind the Naiguatd. 

The provisions which the humble donkey had 
carried so far, with that fortitude peculiar to his docile 
race, were now transferred to the backs and shoulders 
of his bipedal brethren. What a happy day it will 
be for mountaineers when pack-animals can manage 
precipitously inclined slopes and sharp ascending 
angles I Then farewell to guides, " ye hungry wolves, 
adieu 1 " On a beast of burden food is not lost, but a 
guide, when he has robbed without limit and fed him- 
self to repletion, can in a moment change his look, 
and appear as though he were perishing from hunger, 
when dying of plethora would better describe his 
condition. 

The place where we left the animals we caUed La 
Soledad — The Solitude — not from its desert-like 
aspect alone, but because it was the name of the 
woman to whose charge they were committed. 

I was much impressed by the contrast between 
the miserable hovel of the Senora Soledad and the 
comfortable dwelling graced by the presence of 
Madame Berroteran from whence we had just come. 
In the habitation of the tiUer of the soil — a high 
farmer certainly — there were cleanliness, hospitality, 



30 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. iii. 

plenty, neatness, order, and comfort ; but here, in this 
extreme outpost of civilization, this abomination 
of desolation, there were squalor, wretchedness, 
and piled-up misery, painful to behold; the misery 
which is the Nemesis of Ignorance and Idleness. 
Berroteran, with honest industry, made the kindly 
earth to bloom in fruits and flowers; the charcoal- 
burner only robbed her, and converted her fair scenes 
into a howling wilderness. Berroteran wa^ the only 
one on those heights who devoted himself to agri- 
culture, and he alone appeared to live in comfort. 
The others, who obtained a miserable pittance by the 
piecemeal destruction of these fine virgin forests, had 
the careworn marks of adversity stamped upon them. 
These locusts are gradually destroying the whole of 
the trees in order to supply the city of Caracas with 
charcoal and firewood. In a short time there will be 
no wood left, and then the valley will lose its rich 
vegetation and semi-tropical aspect. Deprived of the 
forests, the hills will not retain the moisture for 
gradual distribution during the dry season, and thus 
the source of the streams fertilizing the vales below 
will be dried up, and the now blooming garden con- 
verted into an arid waste. 

Under the Spanish rule the CordUlera del Avila 
was regarded as the property of the State, and none 
were permitted to cut down the trees growing thereon. 
It is certainly bad policy to allow the rapid de- 
struction of recent years to proceed unchecked. At 
least some Government precautions should be taken 
to enforce the planting of one or two fresh trees for 



Chap, iii.] WILD FRUITS. 31 

every one destroyed, which would have the eflfect of 
mitigating the evil. 

To return to Soledad — the thermometer in the 
shade indicated 75°, and in the water 63°. The height 
was 6550 feet. 

In this part the vegetation, although profuse, was 
sickly and stunted, due possibly to the fact of the 
charcoal-burners in this vicinity having almost stripped 
the mountain-sides of big timber. 

Here I happened to see some wild strawberries and 
brambles, whose luscious fruits brought to memory 
sweet associations of early days. My heart felt moved 
by the reminiscences which now arose in the presence 
of a scene indescribably beautiful. Before me stretched 
an inmiense horizon, and beyond the impenetrable 
vaporous lines I looked, but looked in vain, for the 
land whence proceeded my gladsome recollections. 

Though the mind fondly lingered with memories 
of the past, it was only for a moment, for there 
was work enough ahead to monopolize all the 
powers of mind and body for its due accomplish- 
ment. 

The strawberries and brambles found by the way- 
side served somewhat to mitigate the thirst produced 
by the heat and fatigue of ascending a very steep 
hill-side. The greatest surprise was shown by the 
inhabitants of those places when they saw us follow- 
ing a direction which their few wants and little 
curiosity had never tempted them to essay. At the 
last of the huts, or rancherias, we passed, the woman 
who lived there stood at the door with some half-naked 



32 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iii. 



chadren, showing in her face very plainly the fear she 
entertained that we were not in our sober senses. 

It was curious to observe the caprices of vegetation ; 
trees which a thousand yards lower down attained 
great bulk, were at this part but little developed, 
whilst on the contrary some of the plants assumed the 
proportions of small trees. Ferns of 20 to 30 feet 
high, with trunks of 3 feet in circumference, were 
common. 

From a fine spring of water bordering a terra in- 
cognita we drew what was supposed to be our last 
supply. Three full garrafones, or demi- Johns, consti- 
tuted our sole stock and store. Precious theu should 
have been these jars filled from La Fuente de la Vida 
in the estimation of every member of the company. 

At the height of 6625 feet the temperature had 
risen to 76*", and at this point, " The Fountain of Life," 
the difficulties of the ascent, strictly speaking, began. 
We were entering upon an unknown land ; there were 
no guide-books to show the route, no traditional in- 
formation of former travellers to aid us ; our course 
was a matter of mere conjecture, our future — doubtful. 
Dr. Vaamonde, claiming the right which science un- 
questionably vouchsafed to him of examining the state 
of our health before venturing further towards the 
summit, felt every individual pulse, probably to see 
if he could discover, in the irregularity of its beating, 
signs of fear. We had the pleasure of finding him 
perfectly satisfied with the examination, and the cere- 
mony ended by his prescribing for both physician and 
patients a modest refreshment. We had looked some- 



Chap, iil] A STIFF BIT OF CLIMBING. 33 

what curiously at each other to see if there were any 
traces of faint-heartedness, but the white feather was 
nowhere visible. 

We formed jocosely, but in sober earnest never- 
theless, a resolution to conquer or die, and with a 
dash of enthusiasm entered upon the unexplored 
territory. Grasping with difficulty the trunks of 
trees, we commenced to ascend a frightfully steej) 
mountain slope. No enticing gap appeared in the 
forest as it closed around us, but inch l)y inch, foot 
by foot, onward and upward, through a close and 
thick-set mass of vegetation, the guides with long- 
bladed knives in hand hacked out a passage for our 
feet. At short uitervals we stopj)e(l to take breath, 
the conversation cccosed entirely, fun and frolic had 
given place to quick loud l)reathiugs, telling of chests 
violently agitated with effort and fatigue. There wore 
moments when we lost all hojie of gaining the top of 
that interminable ladder. Deep gasps showed how 
much this ill-judged spurt — for we were all sadly out 
of training — had taxed the strength ; and now and 
again a loud Caramba! from a Venezuelan, and a 
still louder equivalent expletive from a foreigner, 
spoke of some one having come to grief More than 
one member of the party covered with pei^spiration 
fell exhausted to the ground. 

The name of El Calvario was given to this mountain 
side. On helping the pioneers to carry the water we 
found the contents of the flasks greatly diminished, 
owing to the inconsiderate draughts they had taken, 
without reflecting that their employers also were 

VOL. II. "^ c 



34 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. iii. 

human beings, and therefore subject to the same 
wants and the same weaknesses. Most ungracious 
wretches were they — 

'' Fit for mountains and the barharous caves 
Where manners ne'er were preached ! " 

The footing of familiarity on which we had placed 
the guides was decidedly prejudicial to our comfort. 
We had allowed them a freedom that proved destruc- 
tive to discipline and order. They were of course as 
ignorant as ourselves of the best route, and in fact 
served only to transport our provisions ; and the 
manner in which they relieved themselves of the 
trouble of carrying full water-flasks forced us to take 
these precious treasures into our own charge. 

The heat had increased, and although the altitude 
of 7295 feet had been attained, the thermometer, 
keeping pace with it, now indicated 78°. At last we 
came to a place which had been reached by the great 
fire of 1868. The charred shrubs broke when we 
leaned against them in ascending, and the accUvity 
was so perpendicular, and the dry grass so slippery, 
that it seemed as if we were going upon ice, and 
making one step forward to two steps backward. It was 
agreed upon to call this slope the Cuesta de los Pasos 
Perdidos (Mountain Side of the Lost Steps). We 
escaped hence by scrambling, with faces and hands as 
black as negroes, and, as the unpleasant struggle had 
not at all helped to put us in good temper, our 
appearances were grotesquely diabolical. My servant 
had to scrape the soles of my boots which had be- 



Chap, iii.] A HALT FOR BREAKFAST. 

come as smooth as glass ; without this rasping pro- 
cess it would havb been impossible to proceed except 
barefooted — a measiure not to be thought of in a dis- 
trict abounding with insect life of a highly poisonous 
nature, and reported to be the asylum also of still 
more dangerous reptiles- 
Here we held a consultation to decide if we should 
have breakfast (it was already eleven o'clock) ; but 




as the ground was very little adapted for the purpose, 
our position was even worse than that described in 
the rhyme — 

" I cannot flit or stand, the beggai criea, 
But if he apeakfl the truth, he surely lies ! " 

we resolved to go a bttle to the left, and there, 
reclining against some stocks of gramineous plants, 



J 



6 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. iii. 



and under their grateful shade, my companions took a 
hasty breakfast. I did not join them, preferring to 
avail myself of the opportunity the time afforded to 
sleep off some of the fatigue rather than load myself 
with the weight of a few ounces of our precious stores. 
It was 11.35 A.M., and we had reached a height of 
7575 feet. 

In half an hour we set forth again, and twenty 
minutes afterwards arrived at the foot of a rock to 
which we gave the name of La THnchera (The 
Trench). Imagining it to be a spur of the mountain 
which offered the most direct route up to the ridge, 
the climb was commenced. The way was long, 
rough, steep, and narrow ; the foothold slight and 
insecure, yet, in fifteen minutes we reached the sum- 
mit, and to seat ourselves thereon all felt was a real 
triumph. The part of the mountain at which we had 
now arrived deserved baptizing with a distinct name, 
one of the party therefore called it the Cerro de los 
Treinta y dos Diablos (Mountain of the Thirty- 
Two Devils) ; being more proud of our endurance 
than desirous to be complimentary — he considering 
that if each of the sixteen mountaineers had not been 
equal to at least two demons we could never have 
arrived at this place I Looking up we saw the 
mountain rising peak above peak to its cloud-topped 
summit ; but, alas ! between us lay ravines and great 
chasms enough to daunt the stoutest. We were all 
too plucky to think of failure, yet I doubt if any of 
us really expected to reach the top of the Naiguatd in 
safety ; but we had made a solemn compact to attempt 



it, ignoring, lu the fac-o 
aibility of failure. 

The descent of the face uf this deceptive spm' or 
peak, which was very precipitous, had now to be made. 
The affair was ruamigod expeditiously, u-ith simclrj' 



I 




exclamations eiThoing among the hills tcHing of the 
bruises inevitable in auch rough work. 

In the valley we entered a thick wood whoHc 
density defied the entrance of the sunbcama, and 
where bambuseiE interweaving their foliage formed 
magnificent arcades and beautifiil pavilions. It was 



SS THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. iii. 

a place of closely matted woods, " where crouching 
tigers wait their hapless prey;" and it was not 
long before we came upon traces of the recent 
presence of one of these animals. Under other cir- 
cumstances I should have admired the delicate archi- 
tectural taste of the wild beast, for the spot was 
one that an artist would have selected as the place 
upon which to erect the dwelling of his dreams, but 
at that moment my mind, solely from the artistic 
point of view, did not feel inclined to see the 
grandeur of this palace, and I thought it expedient, 
and very reasonable, to place myself in the centre of 
the party, calculating that, in case we had to make an 
abnipt acquaintance with the proprietor of this beau- 
tiftQ domain, those who occupied the extreme ends 
would have first to render him the honours due to his 
rank. 

Leaving the tiger's lair, we steered for another emi- 
nence which lay before us, and at 2 p.m. we ascended 
it. The temperature there was 83°, and the height 
8175 feet. The sun, hiding itself behind a cloud on 
the top of the Silla, began to pour its rays down into 
the Quebrada de Cachimbo, up which a thick mist 
was drifting ; although we were at or near the same 
level as the summit of the Silla, the ejffect of the sun's 
rays made that mountain assume undue proportions 
as it towered above us. 

There was much consternation here at the sudden 
illness of Dr. Vaamonde. We naturally looked to him 
to help us out of any bodily accident, but he, alas ! was 
the first of the party to be placed hors de combat. 



Chap. iiL] FAILURE OF THE WATER SUPPLY, 39 

He lay down incapable of proceeding further. At first 
we attributed his malady to disappointment at not hav- 
ing any broken bones to set j but Bolet was attacked in 
the same way, and as I was never sorry for an excuse, I 
spread my rug and had a quiet sleep. Goering led on 
the remainder of our party for a short distance, but 
returned to warn us of the foUy of remaining in a 
place 80 dangerous. Dr. Vaamonde having somewhat 
recovered, we determined to proceed. As a testimony 
of our gratitude for this humane warning, " Punta de 
Goering " was the name given to the district. Broken 
ground, gently undulating, was our next experience, 
and the change was delightful after the rough work of 
the morning. 

Three hundred and fifty feet higher up we found 
the dry bed of (what in winter would be) a small lake 
formed by the waters which come down from the 
highest part of the mountain, and receive in this 
ravine a check to their rapid discharge. Here gi-ew a 
delicate straw, promising us a soft bed, and as even- 
ing was already drawing near, it being 3.30 p.m., we 
took possession of the spot, and by unanimous consent 
it was selected for our encampment and head-quarters 
on the ridge. 

A grave question now presented itself, casting a 
gloom over every face. We had not water enough to 
last out the remainder of our journey to the peak, 
not even sufficient for the night. The situation was 
a doubtful one, and led to many reflections. In ex- 
peditions of this nature I would suggest that the 
water should be carried in double-locked cases, of 



40 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. iii. 

which two persons should each have a key, the one use- 
less without the other. The custodians, kept always as 
far apart as possible, should be persons of undoubted 
honour and integrity, and very well watched. 

At such an immense elevation, after a long dry sea- 
son, we could not reckon upon finding a single drop of 
water. It was idle to think of returning to the small well 
from which we had drawn our supply, and losing the 
vantage-ground already gained with so much painful 
labour ; while to turn back and abandon the enterprise, 
apparently so close to its termination, was a thing which 
the unflinching determination of the band obstinately 
forbade. Various were the opinions on this occasion, 
all agreeing, however, that the calamity which pre- 
sented itself to us was very great. Only Lisboa re- 
mained tranquil, assuring us that for himself the 
deprivation was nothing, as he could pass a whole 
day without even wishing for water. We all envied 
the Brazilian at that moment, although his statement 
brought only ridicule upon him, for we declared him 
an outsider who ought to have neither voice nor vote 
in our deliberations. In this affliction it occurred to 
my mind to send some of our followers in search of 
water, and I succeeded in inducing three of the 
guides to undertake the quest, by addressing to them 
the warmest personal eulogies mingled with the per- 
suasive eloquence of pounds sterling. They set off 
in the direction of the Well of Life^ promising to 
be back in the morning of the following day, and 
in this hope we addressed ourselves with much gusto 
to a delicious meal. The first rank in it was assigned 



Chap, iii.] OUR CAMPING GROUND. 41 

to the native delicacy hallaccuf — highly spiced pud- 
dings made from minced meat cand coarse Indian com 
meal, and boiled in a covering of banana leaves. 

Having finished gathering brushwood to feed the 
fire which was to save us from the severity of the 
cold during the night, as well as to lessen the proba- 
bility of an extemporaneous visit from the king of 
these forests, we devoted ourselves to the pleasant 
occupation of examining the surrounding domain. 
Enormous masses of stone lay scattered about with 
that negligence and disorder peculiar to Nature, 
inducing a suspicion that that venerable old lady 
must have been madly frolicsome when she did 
this portion of her work. Here great rocks formed 
bulwarks and galleries for our encampment; there 
platforms whence the sight could follow the dis- 
tant lines of the wide horizon ; whilst in the midst 
of these a few shrubs appeared struggling for a 
dubious existence. Lower down the hill-sides were 
plants which showed all the colours of the rainbow 
among their glowing clusters. What a sight it would 
be to see this district after the rainy season, when all 
around is green and fresh, and all the flowers are in 
bloom! 

During a halt in the evening we mounted one 
of the highest of the rocks. "On the jag of a 
mountain crag " some of us commenced to take notes, 
and others to sketch ; Bolet began to paint, whilst 
Terrero beneath busied himself with botanizing. The 
scene before us was one of such grandeur and solem- 
nity that I became enraptured in its contemplation. 



42 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iii. 

To the south the valleys and mountains formed 
an irregular table-land, and beyond the farthest hills 
were seen the plains below. To the north, about 
500 feet above us, by an optical illusion, the entire 
chain of mountains seemed to extend, like an endless 
curtain, very peculiarly folded in some of its parts. 
To the east the grand peak of the Naiguat4 appeared as 
if retreating from our sight like a night vision, whilst 
narrowing the h»izon to the west were visiile the 
Silla of Cardcas and the mountains of Aragua. Al- 
ready the mists were rising towards the Silla, and 
beyond, through a large gap in the ridge, we could 
discern what looked like the sea. The sun before 
withdrawing its light completely from the brows of 
the Silla cast its beams through the fog with ex- 
quisite play of light and shade, and soon fell upon 
the distant ocean, and in shadow and silence we 
watched the burning globe despoiled of its rays, 
tinged with purple, and surmounted by a sort of 
shining crown or cupola. As it sank into the blue 
waters the atmosphere which surrounded it seemed 
to grow rarer and purer ; the crown extended until it 
became lost in the great circle of the sky ; its purple 
changed to crimson, and meridians of black and green 
and blue girded it symmetrically. Gradually it dis- 
appeared, and with it the band of ruby which had 
tinged the surface of the waters before it finally sank 
into their waves. At this moment the moon rose 
behind us, illuminating with its pale light the summits 
of the hills, and giving to the ocean the appearance 
of an immense shield of burnished steel. 



Chap, iil] THE WATCHES OF THE NIGHT 43 

At 7 P.M. the temperature was 54°. The height of 
our encampment was 8450 feet above the sea. The 
fire being Ughted, and our party grouped around, we 
commenced a series of comic and lyric perform- 
ances, in which every one displayed his best humour 
and attitude, the proceedings terminating with the 
national primitive " dance of the bears," this panto- 
mime being executed by our two artists with such 
gracefulness as to draw from the audience applause 
loud and prolonged. The thermometer at 8 p.m. 
marked 50** of temperature, and 52° in the water. 

Soon after, accommodated to the best advantage 
on our beds of straw covered with blankets and 
cloaks, with our heads resting upon ungrateful stone 
pillows, we gave ourselves up to rest and sleep. The 
agreement that one of the party should sit up all 
night in order to guard against the attack of wild 
beasts was abandoned. The intention of having a 
relief-guard was dictated by the commonest prudence, 
but Lisboa, the first who took his turn at it, fell 
asleep in his watch and did not arouse until morning. 



CHAPTER IV. 



THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATA. 



PART III. 

THE RIDGE, 

" They gripe their oaks, and every panting breast. 
Is raised by turns with hope, by turns with fear depressed." 

— Dryden. 

The thermometer must have fallen almost to freezing 
point in the night, for at six next morning (April 
23d) it stood at 43°, when we all arose shaking like 
aspens. The night on the Silla was bad enough, but 
child's play when compared to this. From the necessity 
of being encumbered with as little baggage as possible 
our coverings were but scanty. The fatigue of the 
preceding day, and the chilliness of the damps and 
dews which had struck through our clothes, combined 
to fill us with cramps and aches. We jested at 
such trifles, however, and one of the party declared 
that the chattering teeth reminded him of a band 
of nigger minstrels rattling their castanets. But if 
our frozen bodies were in evil case, our hearts were 



Chap, iv.] RETURN OF THE WATER-CARRIERS. 45 

stout and brave, and beat high with the prospect 
of a successful termination to this toilsome enter- 
prise. Full of hope we resumed our preparations 
for the journey. 

Half an hour afterwards were heard the shouts of 
the pioneers with the water. We answered them with 
joyful exclamations and loud hurrahs; and saluted 
the precious liquid with a salvo of two guns, the 
echoing sounds of which were lost while repeat- 
ing themselves successively in the recesses of the 
mountains. Soon coffee was boiling in a ccdcerola 
(enamelled pan), which we rather ate than drank, so 
stingy with the water had been the improvised cook. 
The coffee, although nearly the consistence of paste, 
had not a bad taste, and at all events served to produce 
warmth, and stimulate the circulation of the blood of 
the benumbed band. I may give as the result of 
some experience a piece of advice which will be of 
service to any one forming part of such an expe- 
dition. When all have to drink out of one dish 
drink last, for common politeness will leave the 
largest share to the last man, who will also have 
the groimds — a by-product not to be despised on 
such an occasion. 

At 7 A.M., we recommenced our march, carrying 
some flasks filled with water ; against my advice the 
remaining liquid, with the provisions, blankets, and 
everything not likely to be of immediate use, were 
left behind in charge of two guides. This precau- 
tion made us somewhat more nimble for the ascent, 
but was afterwards the cause of new and more terrible 



46 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iv. 

sufferings. It was intended as a safeguard against 
the predatory incursions of wild beasts, but the most 
ravenous of animals could not have been more de- 
structive than those we left in charge of our stores. 

The Doctor briefly examined the group, and pro- 
nounced us sound in wind and limb, but none doubted 
that he was anticipating plenty of practice in the sur- 
gical line within the next few hours. We marched 
along, Indian file, in morose silence, for we were all 
impressed with the diflGlculties of the desperate work 
opening up ahead. 

We took with us four servants, two guides, and 
Berroteran, who, although desiring no remuneration 
for the important services he rendered us, endured all 
our caprices with praiseworthy patience. He merely 
smiled at the occasional " cantankerousness " which 
the inconveniences of the journey caused some of the 
members to exhibit. The torments inflicted upon him 
would have tried the piety and good temper of a 
saint. " Sweet are the uses of adversity " is a maxim 
that does not apply to the adversities of mountaineer- 
ing, as these only develop the sourer parts of human 
nature. I was so struck with Berroteran's forbear- 
ance and native courtesy that I dubbed him Saint 
Berroteran, and I am sure there are many worse 
fellows than he in the calendar. 

Our march was rendered more difficult by lack of 
any traditional precedent, and the necessity of taking 
circuitous routes in order to avoid the obstacles 
presenting themselves in following what seemed to 
be the most direct way to our destination. The 



Chap, iv.] ISOLATED ROCKS ON THE RIDGE. 47 




traces of vegetation grew fainter as we ascended, 
without, however, losing their peculiar character. 
The quartz now became abundant, and here and there 
jutting out from the mountain-side were enormous 
masses of rock, and the shapes these assumed were 
exceedingly grotesque, for they looked like the 
mouldering monu- 
ments in the bury- 
ing-ground of some 
barbarous and gi- 
gantic tribe. We 
would gladly have 
remained to gaze 
upon these ruins, 
awful in decay, but 
it could not be. 
We had taken Excelsior for our motto, and upwards 
we must go, and that with hurried steps. At the 
end of a march of thirty-five minutes the summit 
of one of the eminences into which the mountain 
of the Naiguatd is divided was reached. 

Here, looking towards the north, we were seized 
with amazement at the sublimity of the scene, and 
we could understand the surprise Nuflez de Balboa 
must have felt on discovering from the summits of the 
Andes the borders of the Pacific ; for, on coming sud- 
denly on this rise in the ridge, whose spurs we had 
been lately traversing, all the glories of land and sea 
burst upon us. The ocean looked like a gigantic 
tapestry, suspended from an apparently concave 
heaven — its aspect (ever changing) was dark, deep. 



ISOLATED ROCK ON THE RIDOE. 



48 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iv. 

mysterious, opaque, and almost colourless, whilst miles 
away its waves were seen to break on the yellow sands 
of Cabo Blanco, Juan Dias, and other places on the 
coast. The vegetation about us alone presented a sad 
appearance, as it consisted of only four families, and 
these stunted shrubs. 

Clefts and caverns abounded on all sides ; large 
stones which had feJlen upon deep crevices, formed 
natural bridges ; everywhere around was seen Nature's 




power in her wildest mood — " ruin upon ruin, rout 
on rout, confusion worse confounded." 

This peak {8795 feet) we had hoped was the last, but 
we found out by sad experience the vanity of human 
wishes ; the summit of the Naiguatd appeared to be re- 
ceding from us, and was BtUl peak after peak far away. 
Descending, we directed our steps towards the next 
rise, following the ridge tm it brought us to the foot of 
some enormous gneiss rocks, which age and storm had 



Chap, iv.] MINOR PEAKS OF THE MOUNTAIN. 49 

polished, and we began resolutely to ascend the new 
height, for all our efforts to flank this impediment to 
our progress proved abortive, aa the ridge had gradually 
become more precipitous, and its spurs, serviceable 
heretofore, were now rendered almost unavailable. 

The isolated peaks into which this part of the coast 
range is divided have the appearance of the naked 
turrets of an old round tower. Plants cannot grow 




/i/>V'\v '€ 



nor seeds germinate on their inhospitable brows, 
which, when warmed by the rays of the sun, throw 
out an excessive heat. It is my beUef that the only 
way to this elevated point of the Naiguati is along 
the spine of the ridge of which we made use ; the 
rocks, though rough as files, offering sufficient hold 
daring its perilous ascent. 

After some rough experiences in the descent of the 
height already mentioned, we came to a large stone 



so THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. iv. 

which in falling over an abyss (one of the frequent 
clefts or gashes in the ridge) had formed a wonderful, 
natural bridge, the opposite extremity of the stone seem- 
ing to rest upon another piece of rock at a violently 
inclined angle, but in reality leaving a gap which 
required a great jump to clear. Not over-anxious to 
monopolise either the glory or the danger of leading 
the way across the chasm, I tried my persuasive powers 
on a guide to induce him to be the pioneer, but, as he 
obstinately refused the venture, I was obliged after 
all to set the example. With the words Victoria 6 
muerte I threw myself on the opposite side, where I 
gained a safe footing amidst the hurrahs of our com- 
pany who were then just arriving on the scene. Had I 
failed to clear the space I should have been instantly 
dashed to pieces. I could not help reflecting that if 
I had succeeded in inducing one of our useless guides 
to lead the way, and he had fallen down the abyss, it 
would have drawn forth one of the noblest sentiments 
of our nature — viz., that Christian fortitude with which 
man bears the misfortunes and sorrows of others ! 

Puente del SaUo was the name given to the bridge, 
and the best view of the Naiguatd was from this 
locality.* The Grand Peak looked appalling, and 
seemed to bid the stoutest mountaineer despair — hill 
after hill rising one above the other, and culminating 
in a summit which appeared absolutely impossible to 
attain. 

I hurried on with Berroteran, leaving our party 

• The "Illustrated London News," of August 24, 1872, contains a 
sketch of the Peak of Naiguat^ taken from this spot. 



Chap, iv.] DISAPPOINTMENT 5 1 

either to take the " leap for life " — which some did — or 
to go by a circuitous route through the ravine below. 

The isolation of the peak of the Naiguatd increases 
with time ; there are traces of earthquakes on every 
side, and we may expect that some of these disturb- 
ances will rend the ridge with gashes of such a 
character as to make the summit totally inaccessible. 

We arrived shortly at the foot of another rise which 
it was necessary to scale, and which several of the com- 
pany in their flights of fancy supposed was the goal of 
our pilgrimage. Alas 1 the wish was only father to the 
thought, for the end was not yet. The hope of reach- 
ing its sunmiit disappeared when we found ourselves 
unable to fix upon any point where it was possible to 
attempt an ascent. For a while we stood irresolute 
until we discovered a slope which terminated in a 
kind of step with some little vegetation growing in 
its crevices. This seemed to promise resistance to our 
feet, whilst with our knives we could dig holes into 
the wall as we climbed up. We ventured, and thus 
cutting our way, aided after a time by a rope which 
one of our nimble guides threw to us from the top, 
the brow was gained. This was at 9.30 a.m. ; the tem- 
perature we found to be 72^*, and the height 9340 feet. 
Some intervening mounts had yet to be climbed or cir- 
cumvented before the final elevation could be reached. 

The high tor on which a few of the party were now 
congregated did not form, like the others, an altogether 
isolated eminence, but served as a base to the next 
one, which in its turn extended towards the east by a 
wall-shaped ridge, flanked on both sides by the most 



52 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. iv. 

fearful depths. At the highest point of this hill the 
rocks form three round columns, which seen from afar 
appear like the remains of a ruined temple. He who 
ascends for the first time may easily, here, believe 
himself to be already at the end of his journey, but a 
good look-out ahead is sufficient to show him his error. 

The report of a gun drew our attention to the fact 
that Dr. Vaamonde, below, had just killed a cojchicamo 
(armadiUo), which apparently had been running over 
the ridge in search of food. No great advantage 
resulted from this, however, for the unfortunate 
animal was extremely thin. It is supposed to inhabit 
the plains only, and its appearance 9000 feet above 
the sea astonished us. 

As we ascended it became noteworthy that the 
vegetation had been gradually changing in character, 
assuming the forms and qualities stated by geographers 
to belong to the flora of regions where the tempera- 
ture is exceedingly low. There was thus an entire 
change in the course of our ascent to the summit of 
the Naiguatd. But, upon the deposits brought down 
by the rains to the level lands, which here open be- 
tween rock and rock, sheltered from the wind, and ren- 
dered fruitful by the rays of the sun, vegetation has 
sprung up which may be called exotic, and beautiful 
grasses and plants were to be found whose habitat 
was nominally 3000 feet lower down. It appears 
that, owing to a rare atmospherical combination 
which would have an interest for science, this spot 
lias a temperature equal to that which is artificially 
obtained in hot-houses. 




we could not look without a slight feeling of ( 
ness, and it required some time to accustom us to the 
sight of tlie abysa along which we had come, and 



54 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. iv. 

near which we now sat for the contemplation of its 
aspect and its surroundings. Looking back, we saw 
at a considerable distance, on a spur leading up to 
the ridge of the mountain, a peculiarly-shaped stone 
having the appearance of a sphinx — an exact resemb- 
lance of the ancient Eg3rptian mystery. On the right, 
500 yards further on in a direct line, we saw the 
needle of the Naiguatd, whose side towards the north- 
north-west was covered with vegetation. 

In this neighbourhood Mr. Hflbel called our attention 
to the small dry bed of a lake where the vegetable 
matter in fermentation had caused the formation, 
though very imperfectly, of a matter decided to be 
turf. We found two or three of these peat deposits, 
and their moisture led us to hope for a spring, but we 
were disappointed. Between the second of the three 
great heights into which the Naiguatd is divided and 
the third, "the grand peak," the entire hillside is 
covered with masses of rock, wild and grotesque in 
form, and thrown together in the most startling dis- 
order. We put the same manoeuvre into practice as 
before in ascending the slopes of the next elevation. 
With sticks and knives we made indentations in its 
side for footholds, and by this method we gained the 
top, where we stopped to take breath. 

There we were in the presence of a geological fact 
already known to science, but the importance of which 
was once more confirmed ; all the exposed bluffs, pre- 
cipices, and walls of rock lay in a north-north-easterly 
direction, and in general they were surmounted by 
loose stones, the greater part of which jutted out as 



Chap, iv.] ON EARTHQ UAKES. 55 

if ready to precipitate themselves into the abyss, but 
were held back by the weight of the matter resting 
upon their other extremities. This natural mechan- 
ism at the same time causes the formation of spacious 
grottoes. It is said that the water-falls of the Cordi- 
llera, which are large and rapid, slope in the same direc- 
tion. It may, therefore, be supposed that the great 
upheaval or eruption, which gave form to this part 
of the chain, has verified in the sense indicated this 
general law of the direction of north-north-east. K what 
has been told me by several persons be true, that the 




ISOLATED ROCK ON THE MAIGUAtI (TIIE ARM CTHAIR). 

earthquakes which are felt frequently at Caracas follow 
this same course, we may conclude that the internal 
forces long ago opened for themselves sufficient outlet, 
and that it is clear, therefore, that the fear of volcanic 
eruption in this part of the chain is groundless. 

Various and singular were the forms of the isolated 
rocks; sometimes they looked like walls carefully 
bound together ; at others they had the appearance of 
columns crowned with turbans, such as may be seen in 
Mussulman cemeteries, while some might have been 
taken for stately thrones ; but one which attracted 



S6 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap, iv 

particular attention took the shape of a large half- 
moon perfectly sculptured. 

With great difficiJty we descended into a little 
valley, the bottom of which in the winter season will 
no doubt be found covered with water. We surmised 
this from the great humidity of the ground, and the 
occurrence of plants which usually live in water. At 
the foot of this declivity, Terrero discovered a spacious 
cave into which the light of the mid-day sun pene- 
trated gently. Round about this grotto grew in great 




profusion grasses which had adhermg to their stalks 
a kind of gum somewhat disagreeable to the touch. 
Truly this spot by virtue of the nch luxuriance of 
its vegetation merited the name we gave it of The, 
Garden of Naigttatd 

After making innumerable turns, in consequence of 
the irregularity of the ground, we reached the crest of 
another peak, not arid and bare like the preceding one, 
but covered with verdure. The needle of the Naiguatit 
was now separated from us only by about two hundred 



Chap, iv.] THE FINAL ATTACK ON THE PEAK, 57 

yards, and the rich vegetation which climbed up to its 
point made us forget the distance which divided it 
from the habitations of men. It was a garden rich with 
diverse colours, the freshness of the soil defying alike the 
rays of the sun and the changes of the atmosphere. 

Full of confidence at having at last come so close 
to the goal and the end of our troubles, we soon 
recovered from our fatigue, and with renewed vigour 
made the final onslaught on the needle ; but the 
ascent was so steep that, in spite of the support 




ISOLATED ROCK ON THE MAIGUATX (THX CBKSCENT). 

afibrded us by the small trees, we found ourselves 
compelled to take a moment's rest, when, with remark- 
able temperance, we drank a few drops of aguardi- 
ente and water (homeopathically distributed), in order 
to quell the thirst which the fatigue of the ascent and 
the heat had so greatly increased. 

Like a group of warriors who had impetuously scaled 
a tower, intoxicated with glory, smiling upon death, 
and violently transported with enthusiasm, we hastily 
directed our steps towards the summit. 



CHAPTER V. 



THE ASCENT OP THE NAIGUATA. 



PART IV. 

THE SUMMIT, 

^ We reach the summit, earth is in a dream 
Of misty seas, and islands strangely born/' 

Ten minutes later the crest of that mountam, strange 
to the echo of the voice of man, resounded with the 
cry, " Hurrah for the Naiguatd I " 

This was the first time that a human foot had pressed 
the sharp summit of that proud peak, and it deserves 
to be recorded that the event took place on the 23d 
of April 1872, at 11.41 A.M., when the barometer 
indicated the altitude to be nine thousand four 
hundred and thirty feet (9430) above the level of 
the sea,* showing a diflFerence of 805 feet in height 
between it and the Silla of Caracas, the height of 
which we roughly calculated in our journey to its 
summit to be 8833 feet, but which in reaUty is only 
8625 feet. 

* We did not attempt to take the height by boiling point, as we had 
no water ! 



Chap, v.] A MAGNIFICENT PANORAMA. 59 

Seated on the rocks and stones crowning the top * 
we surveyed, aided by a powerful glass, the magni- 
ficent panorama, boundless, endless, and sublime, 
which was unfolded to our sight. Fronting northwards 
the sea extended so far into the sky as to be visible 
at a seemingly greater height than our own, and the 
islands of Los Roques and Orchila, which we could dis- 
tinguish with the naked eye, looked as though they 
were chained to the firmament. On the east the range 
of mountains descending suddenly from our feet, and 
sinking lower and lower mingled at last with the 
forests of Unare. To the south the valleys of Cara- 
cas and of the Tuy were lost amidst the thousand 
hills that surrounded them, the latter looking like so 
many simple undulations as they extended in the 
south-east to the wooded ranges of Barlovento, and 
in the south-west to the mountain chains of Aragua. 
The horizon in the west was blocked by the Silla, 
which, always heretofore grand and bold viewed firom 
whatever side, looked now somewhat dwarfed in 
height, and cheated of its fair proportions as never 
before had any one seen it. After having surveyed 
this immense expanse we reluctantly turned our atten- 
tion to the spot on which we stood. 

The needle of the Naiguatd owes the pointed form 
by which it is distinguished not only to its consider- 
able height but also to the narrowness of its sharp 
peak. The point itself consists of about a dozen 
rugged rocks, the largest (on the top) and only well 
formed one being about ten feet long by six feet wide, 

* See Frontispiece, Vol. I. 



6o THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. v. 

and three to four feet high ; the platform shelving to 
the north-west is embraced within an area of 200 
square feet. 

On the north and north-east the mountain goes 
down by "The Grand Precipice," 3000 feet, and 
then in a steep declivity forms a promontory to the 
sea ; in the direction of the east and south it is lost 
in dreadful cMs and high craggy spurs ; at the south- 
west, from which direction we had ascended, it first 
inclines to a high miniature valley, backed by six 
lower peaks, and then gradually descending it ends in 
another, beyond which rises the Silla with its barren 
summit. The declivities of the cone on which we 
stood were covered by an abundant vegetation, but we 
looked in vain, however, for more than a few speci- 
mens of the flora we had seen growing lower down. 

Near one of the stones of the peak we gathered 
a number of plants, the greater part of them being 
new to all of us. I found here in abundance a fine 
bambtisecB or tall willow-fashioned grass, which turned 
out to be an undescribed species of Chusqxiea. 

The rays of the sun were now so strong as to call 
for our serious attention. The excessive heat dis- 
tressed us considerably, and was attributable to the 
rarefaction of the air, a circumstance which did not 
tend to augment the number of our scientific and 
artistic memoranda. The thermometer showed 82° at 
noon. 

Wishing to leave a testimony of our prowess on the 
spot I got the guides to raise a cairn, upon which we 
fixed one of our climbing poles, with a handkerchief, 



Chap, v.] IVE BEGIN THE DESCENT. 6i 

bearing my initials, fastened to it banner-wise. Further, 
we obtained Goering's powder-flask, and placed in it 
a paper bearing the signatures of the party. This 
record we deposited at the foot of the standard, 
protecting it by one of the stones. 

Harassed by a burning thirst which the heat had 
increased, and having but a small quantity of water 
remaining, we resolved to set about the descent, and 
at 12.30 we took our departure from the summit. 
My companions were all very tired, and I was com- 
pletely exhausted. During the whole day I had 
taken but two or three ounces of Indian-corn bread, 
and absorbed by the object in view, like all those 
who allow themselves to be possessed by a passion, I 
had nearly forgotten myself. The object being gained 
and the result obtained, the mind which under this 
tension had so far vigorously sustained the body in 
the performance of its work now fell back completely 
depressed. At times from absolute physical pros- 
tration I almost . fainted, but trusting to the kind- 
ness of those whom I had led to the summit of the 
mountain not to abandon me at these critical 
moments, I asked them to make frequent halts until 
my limbs should be ready for fresh efibrts. The very 
little liquid, a mixture of brandy and water, which we 
still had, was distributed by rations of drops. This 
meagre consolation at last failed, and the burning lips 
sought in vain for moisture. 

When the water was all exhausted, an almost pro- 
found silence reigned among us : only the panting of 
labouring chests was to be heard ; few could speak, for 



I 



62 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. v. 

our tongues, dry, rough, and swollen, were unequal to 
their usual functions. Suddenly Bolet remembered 
that among his painting apparatus he carried a flask of 
water which served to wet his brushes ; he approached 
me fiill of Samaritan kindness and appUed the Uquid 
to my lips, but in spite of the frightful thirst which 
possessed me, I could not swallow it ; the flask had 
been fiUed some days before and turpentine had mixed 
with the water. From time to time as the travelling 
fogs passed close to us, eager lips opened to inhale 
the thin vapour. But the irritation of the thirst was 
terrible ; our temples throbbed, our footsteps became 
tottering and uncertain, one idea alone had hold of 
all our faculties, and that was to get back to the 
encampment where we had left some of the precious 
life-restoring fluid. 

The prudence of St. Berroteran saved us from losing 
our way, and perhaps also from death, since one of 
the pioneers, with that rustic simplicity natural to 
men in his condition, wishing to be thought a clever 
tactician and a knowing fellow, pretended to direct 
our return, and with singular persistence wanted to 
take us to the abyss. St. Berroteran pointed out to 
him the dangerous mistake he was making, and took 
the responsibility himself of guiding our downward 
track. 

Soon afterwards we lost our way in a fog which in- 
creased the discomfort of our condition, and had it not 
fortunately cleared away we should have had to stay all 
night in this part of the mountain, which, without our 
blankets or rugs, would have been almost certain death. 



64 



THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. 



[Chap. V 



hastened to copy this example of primitive art, which 
may have been a sign to show the direction of the 
sea, or to denote a date, an event, or a tomb. 

We descended two of the slopes very rapidly, some, 
in fact, preferring rather to roll than to guide their 
movements. Nevertheless it appeared to me as if we 
should neviT '.'"'" \<- *'■•■ fiii\Tmpnient, such was the 




anxiety I experienced. Desiring to hear somebody ex- 
press the hope of a prompt arrival at the place where 
water — truly the water of life — was waiting for us, I 
asked one of the pioneers, on whose arm I frequently 
leant, if the place was yet far ofF. He answered me 
with that eternal "aqui misTno" (close here), which 
is equivalent in the mouths of the country people 



Chap, v.] 



DESPERATION. 



65 



to the most unpleasant irony, and the cliBtressing 
meaning of which I had already learnt in my travels 
through the States of Barcelona and Aragua, and the 
valleys of the Tuy. 

At last, at 3.30 P.M., we perceived the encamp- 
ment like an oasis before us, and quickening our 
steps arrived there speedily. 

" Water ! water ! " shouted all but myself ; I could 
only utter a hoarse wordless sound ; while greedily, 
desperately, each seized — a decanter — a flask — a 
bonle — 




All were empty I 

"It has been used for the caraoias" (beans), coni- 
poaedly observed one of these human tigers whom we 
had left under the form of zealous guardians of our 
treasure, and before whose voracity the wild beasts of 
the Naiguat^ would have fled in terror. [I attribute 
the fact of not meeting a tiger on this expedition 
solely to the presence of these fellows. The brutes 
roust have felt that they would be overmatched 1 ] 



66 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. v. 

The most horrible ideas crossed my brain ; a red 
film covered my sight, my ears hummed, and my 
tongue vainly tried to translate into words my burn- 
ing indignation — I fainted and fell senseless to the 
ground. 

Suddenly a cry of joy was uttered by some one who 
had found a vessel containing a little water. It was 
placed to my lips, and a delightful gulp calmed some- 
what the fire which devoured me. 

My friends wished to leave the encampment imme- 
diately, but feeling utterly incapable of resuming the 
march, I begged them to delay our departure for a 
brief interval, and made use of the respite granted to 
indulge in a renovating sleep, which so greatly restored 
me that I could, although with difficulty, set about 
the descent. On awakening I asked for a little water, 
and was told that it was all consumed — not even 
a drop remained. Seeing near me the remnants of a 
pan of the fetal carao^cw, half- cooked, which the 
pioneers had left, I seized it with avidity, and, in 
spite of the black-looking nauseous appearance tlie 
semi-fluid compound presented, I drained to the very 
dregs this dish of uncleanness, which proved, however, 
a3 pleasant to my palate as the most insinuating of 
beverages. 

The guides, ashamed of their conduct, agreed to 
start before us in search of water, with which they 
promised to meet us on the road, and, some time after 
their departure — about 4 p.m. — we broke up our camp 
and commenced a furious descent, reaching in half an 
hour La Trincliera, where the water-carriers met us. 



Chap, v.] ENDURANCE OF LISBOA. 67 

Groering had the first draught, and the time that it 
took him to drink his share from the spout of the 
vessel seemed a century to the thirsty ones waiting. 
But this opportune help gave us vigour sufficient to 
proceed down the steep sides of the remaining decli- 
vities. Kefireshed and cheerful, we hurried on. All 
tongues were now untied, and to prove the fact, some 
gave loud vent to their feelings, and made " the rocks 
and nodding groves rebellow to the roar." 

Our " enthusiasmatized " Mend Lisboa — as one of 
the Venezuelans described him— an indefatigable 
traveller, and a man of rare and almost incredible 
endurance, had gone in advance of us on leaving the 
encampment. Being aware of this, the most serious 
apprehensions were felt lest one who could refrain for 
so long a time firom drinking, as Lisboa had declared 
he was able to do, and of which he had given ample 
proof, should make up for this abstinence by exhaust- 
ing at one draught the only well on the road, the one 
we were now approaching. Whether this fear was 
seriously entertained, or whether the exceedingly steep 
descent impelled us with greater force, remains an open 
question. We did not slide down the slope; — that 
is too mild a term — we rather rebounded from stone to 
stone and from rock to rock with amazing velocity and 
violence. A few minutes after 5 p.m. we arrived at 
La Fuente de la Vida, where the limpid current was 
still running as though to reprove our fears concern- 
ing Lisboa. 

We left behind in its clear waters the masks, com- 
posed of dust and the carbon of the charred trees, 



68 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. v. 

which had made us look outlandish objects, — "as 
black as Vulcan in the smoke of war." Pursuing our 
road we arrived at La Soledad at six p.m., where we 
all took to our mules except Lisboa, who, on the pre- 
vious day, had given orders for the return of his 
animal, and who proceeded on foot to his house at 
Sabana Grande. He arrived there earlier than we, 
thus giving additional evidence of his extraordinary 
fortitude. He may be said to be a true " chip of the 
old block," for his. father on one occasion left the 
capital, made the ascent of the Silla, and returned to 
Caracas all on the same day. At that time he was 
discharging the duties of the Brazilian Legation in 
Venezuela, where his fine qualities are still remembered. 

Favoured by the light of a serene and beautiful 
evening, we reached, about 7 p.m., Cerro Duarte, where 
the wife of Berroteran received us with the greatest 
possible satisfaction, seeing that we had returned safe 
and sound. Here we partook of a humble but abun- 
dant supper, richly seasoned by the kindness of our 
host and the sharpness of our appetites, for we were 
now like so many hungry bears. 

I had the mortification to notice that my servant 
no longer carried the plants which had been intrusted 
to him when we left the summit of the Naiguatd. 
Unable to Understand their value or interest, he had 
thrown them away near to our camp on the ridge, and 
it was only by threats of instant dismissal from my 
service that he could be induced to return in quest of 
them. I thought it a serious matter to lose by his 
stupid carelessness the specimens gathered with so 



Chap, v.] THE RETURN TO CARAcAS. 69 

much trouble. Amongst them were the only shoots 
we had brought of the new plant, and I was glad he 
succeeded afterwards in their recovery. • 

We parted kindly from our excellent friend Berro- 
teran and his worthy spouse, and enjoying the pleasure 
of being carried by other feet than our own wearied 
ones, we arrived at Los Dos Caminos at 10 p.m. 
Shortly afterwards we reached the house of Lisboa at 
Sabana Grande, and found him already there resting 
from his labours. We felicitated him upon his superior 
strength and pluck, bade him good-bye, and with many 
regrets and good wishes went on our way to Cardxjas, 
where we arrived just as the cathedral clock struck 
the hour of midnight, congratulating ourselves upon 
the fact that — 

" SomethiDg attempted, something done, 
Had earned a night's repose." 

The following day I sent to Dr. Ernst the plants 
we had gathered, and it is to his friendly aid and 
scientific skill I am indebted for the satisfaction of 
knowing that, in spite of the hurried manner in which 
our expedition was necessarily conducted, science has 
gained something by it, as will be seen in the following 
chapter, containing, amongst other letters, one from 
Dr. Ernst giving a brief epitome of our botanic dis- 
coveries. 

I have now fulfilled the objects with which I com- 
menced this narrative of the ascent, preferring to be 
diffuse, and to note down even trifling occurrences 
and impressions, rather than to omit any detail which 



70 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. v. 

might give a hint to the future traveller, and so eon- 
tribute to the advancement of knowledge, and to the 
well-being of the Republic. 

Having shown that as it is possible to explore these 
elevated regions, so it is for others to follow leisurely 
in our track, and collect fresh observations which may 
be useful to the inhabitants of this beautiful country, 
whose future prosperity and happiness are assured, if 
they are wise enough to take advantage of the peace 
which has lately been gained. God grant that on this 
occasion I may have succeeded as was my most fervent 
desire in conferring benefit upon Venezuela, a country 
in which I have received the most cordial hospitality, 
and amongst whose people I have spent some of the 
most pleasant days of my life. 

The dates of these adventures, the hardships of 
which I have recounted, will be marked as red-letter 
days in the memories of those who shared in their 
toils and excitements ; and, in after years, we shall all 
look back with unaUoyed pleasure to the hour when, 
inspired by the love of enterprise, we scaled, for the 
first time in the annals of Venezuela, the hitherto 
impregnable Peak of Naiguatd. 



CHAPTER VI. 

AFTER THE ASCENT OF THE NAIGUATA. 

** And aiblins if it winna stand the test, 
Wink bard, and say the folks ha* done their best." 

— Burns. 

The ascent of the Naiguatd was a nine days' wonder, 
and the exploit furnished food for an amazing amount 
of gossip. Everybody seemed anxious to obtain par- 
ticulars of our wanderings and our woes. On the 
26th of April, La Opinion NacioncU contained a short 
article, faithfully reproducing the substance of many 
conversations held that week in Card^cas : — 

" Of course, sir, I believe it, since you tell me ; but 
— have you seen them ? " 

" All of them." 

" And they told you that they had ascended to the 
very peak of the Naiguatd ? " 

" Eight to the very top, and they did not go any 
farther, because they found an end " 

" What, — to their provisions ? " 

" No, sir ; to the hiU ? " 

"But are you not joking? Have you seen the 
leader ? Have you talked with his companions, Lis- 
boa, Bolet, Goering, Terrero, Vaamonde, and HAbel ? 
Are they safe and sound with all their limbs complete?" 



72 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vL 

" Yes ; but it was a case of * neck or nothing ' with 
them. They were very near saluting his tigerish 
majesty, the king of these virgin mountains." 

" You don't say so ? " 

" They encountered very recent signs that he had 
passed that way, and not only evidences of his exist- 
ence, but of his good digestion. 

"Ten thousand feet above the sea, and with all 
these dangers, without roads, leaping over sharp- 
pointed rocks ; beyond all question they are the first 
mortals who have dared to place their feet upon the 
peak of this immense granite obelisk, whose height 
was respected even by Humboldt. 

" The terrible part of the afiair was that they were 
near dying of thirst I What do you think of them 
paying two guineas to the guides for a drink of water ? " 

" Astonishing I What moimtaineers these men are ! 
Ah ! there I see one of them approaching ; he will tell 
me all — I am dying to know more of this extraordi- 
nary affair." 

Our friends urged us to publish a detailed account 
of the ascent, and their desire grew so strong that it 
found expression in the following communication, 
which appeared in La Opinion Nacional, from 
" Several Friends of Science : " — 

^' Mr. James M. Spence, an English gentleman, who has been our 
guest above a year, has successfully accomplished the ascent of 
the Peak of Naiguat^, the highest of the mountains which form 
the coast chain of Venezuela. 

" That this peak was thought to be inaccessible, and that no 
human foot had ever touched its summit, excited in him the wish 
to organize an expedition to climb to the top, to make such 



Chap, vi.] ''SEVERAL FRIENDS OF SCIENCES 73 

obseryatdoDB as might be possible in the short time that his expedi- 
tion could devote to science, and to secure some sketches of the 
various views the landscape would present. 

''The expedition, composed of James M. Spence (as chief), 
Ramon Bolet and Anton Groering, both painters, and the latter 
also a naturalist and corresponding member of the Zoological 
Society of London, Leopoldo Terrero, Dr. Simon Vaamonde, 
surgeon, Henrique Lisboa, of the Brazilian Legation, and O. A. 
Hiibel, mining engineer, who were accompanied by Pio Berroteran, 
Miguel Bivero, Julian Kivero, Ambrosio Mesa, Meliton Cuervo, 
and four servants, altogether sixteen persons, left Car&cas on 
the 2i8t of the present month of April, and returned from their 
excursion on the morning of the 24th inst. 

'' Such an event deserves to be registered in our statistical annals. 
The novelty, the dangers and pains, which had to be faced before 
it could be accomplished, give it the interest belonging to extra- 
ordinary events. The observations they were able to make add 
something to scientific knowledge, and enrich our geographical 
data by the notice of a new lakelet, and by dissipating the mystery 
reigning around the highest point of the Cordillera of the Coast. 

" Several geographers and naturalists have entertained, before 
Mr. Spence, the thought of exploring the Peak of Naiguat4, but 
whether from the difficulties arising from its form and structure, 
or whatever other circumstance, certain it is that these intentions 
have never been realized. It is only to-day, more than three 
centuries since the Spanish conquest, that a daring son of Britain, 
accompanied by some other gentlemen, no less resolute (amongst 
them three sons of Caracas, two Germans, and a Brazilian), have 
succeeded in the hazardous enterprise of ascending the 10,000 feet 
of height which geographers allow to the Peak of Naiguat4, at 
every step escaping from dangers only to encounter others still 
greater in proportion as they neared the summit. 

" We have seen some of the sketches made by the artists Bolet 
and Groering pointing to scenes totally different from those which 
generally meet our eye ; we have also seen the specimens of plants 
the excursionists brought back with them for more careful scientific 
examination. They show a distinct type of vegetation such as 
might be expected from the climate of so high a mountain. 

" We hope that Mr. Spence, who has given so many proofs of 
his regard for Venezuela, will present us, as soon as possible. 



74 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. vi. 



with a relation of his expedition, which we shall esteem as an 
invaluable gift. 
**CarXoa8, A^ 29, 1872." 

If we had entertained any doubt as to the wide- 
spread interest felt in our expedition, it would have 
been dissipated by the missive I received from the 
Minister of Public Works, a translation of which 
follows : — 

'' Unitbd States of Venbzucla, 
Office of Public Works, 
CarXoas, May 4, 1872. 

" Sir, — This department is aware that in your desire to behold 
the beauties of our zone, you have undertaken two excursions, one 
to ihe Silla of Car&cas, and the other to the Peak of NaiguatA 
which every one had previously considered inaccessible, and incap- 
able of ever being explored. 

"The undersigned, whilst congratulating you on the happy 
result of your undertaking, desires to make a request, which, from 
your consideration, and from the interest which in so many ways 
you have exhibited towards this Republic, he has no doubt will 
be favourably received. 

" Although the necessities of war absorb the attention of the 
Federal Executive, it has also occupied itself in those public 
undertakings demanded by civilization ; as for instance, statistics, 
a social and political agency indispensable in every well-ordered 
country. But this same war renders it impossible, at present, to 
perform much work, and has compelled the direction of this branch 
to limit itself to the collection of the statistical data already 
existing, especially that relating to History and Geography, and 
amongst the documents of this kind, it would be a pleasure, not 
only to the undersigned, but to all the members of the Govern- 
ment, to include the history of the expeditions carried out by 
Mr. Spence, whose studies and observations would without doubt 
be highly interesting. — I have the honour to be, &c. 

" Martin J. Sanavria. 

Minister of Pvhlic Works" 

This letter was printed in the organ of the Govern- 



Chap, vi.] HUBEL ON THE NAIGUATA ROCKS, 75 

_ _ ■ ~ _ ■ - — 

ment, La Opinion Nacional, on the 7th of May, 
and along with it my reply. Whilst drawing up 
the account referred to in the preceding despatch, 
with a view to rendering it as complete as possible, I 
requested from each of my comrades such notes as 
they were able to supply. Some of these were given 
verbally, but from Messrs. HAbel and Goering the 
following were received : — 

'^ CARicAS, May 8, 1872. 

** Dear Sir, — Considering your kind request to give a full geolo- 
gical and mineralogical report of our ascension of the Naiguat4, 
which enterprise was so ably directed by you, and which was only 
through your untiring advance rendered a complete success, as 
none of us would have reached the summit, I beg to say : — 

*' That the mountains of Venezuela, and particularly the Silla 
of Caracas, of which the Peak of NaiguatA is a brother, have been 
thoroughly described by A. v. Humboldt and other eminent geolo- 
gists, so that it would be difficult for me to add anything new. Be- 
sides, the time we spent on this high mountain was too short, and 
the dry season too unfavourable, to allow of a faithful examination. 

'* Taking it, therefore, as granted that the Naiguatd is generally 
composed of metamorphic rocks, that is to say, gneiss (without 
homblend) and mica schist, I call your attention to two peculi- 
arities, the first of which is well stratified altered or primary lime- 
stone, highly crystalline, and to be found in the western slope of 
the second peak ; the second are those objects by our guides named 
hgunaSy which are nothing less than mosses of peat. This last 
discovery is of high scientific interest, as peat has as yet never 
been found at such a height above the level of the sea as 7000 feet, 
and, in this country, I believe peat has never been found before. 

" You will excuse this short notice, but I promise to complete 
it as soon as I come back from the second expedition, which is 
proposed to be made under the guidance of the eminent Dr. Ernst 
in August.* — I remain, &c. &c. G. A. HtJbel." 

* This proposed expedition was nut carried out No second ascent 
to the summit of the Naiguatd has taken place. 



76 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. vi. 

" Pubrto-Cabello, May 6, 1872. 

"My Dear Spence, — I received your note on the 4th inst, 
the morning of my arrivaL The heat is here very great, and I 
feel it the more as I have been such a long time in Caracas. 

" It is impossible to give you a complete account of the animals 
of the NaiguatA after having been there only a few hours, but it 
seems to me quite certain that this hill has no particular animal 
life. The same forms of animals which inhabit other considerable 
elevations of the coast range of Venezuela also inhabit and visit 
from time to time the Naiguat4. Many species which we know, 
from equal heights in the interior of Venezuela, are not to be found 
on the hills of the coast Kegions of higher elevation in the interior, 
in the provinces of Merida, Tachira, and Trujillo, are of greater 
extension, and bear a much richer vegetation, and naturally more 
variety amongst the animals must exist. Between that Cordillera 
and the high coast range of Venezuela, which together form a 
ramification of the great Cordillera of New Granada, exist a 
large region of a considerably lower elevation, and therefore, by 
this natural interruption, many plants and animals from the 
Cordilleras never reach the isolated Silla and the Naiguat4. 

" The particular situation of these two hills—the Silla and the 
Naiguat4 — so near to the sea, and their exposure to the north 
winds, has an influence on the development of the vegetation, and 
gives a certain typical character to this part of the coast range, 
but the extension of the upper region is too little to produce a 
distinguished fauna. There may perhaps turn out to be a few 
insects not found in other parts of Venezuela. 

" After all, my dear Spence, the time was too short, and we 
have only been able to get a general impression of all that we 
saw there, but, as before said, I consider that the Silla and the 
Naiguat4 have no particular fauna. The principal reason seems 
to me very clear. 

" After having finished my excursions I shall write something 
on the geographical distribution of quadrupeds in Venezuela. 

'* A great many people have been here at my house, and all 
asking me to tell them of the great NaiguatA expedition. — 
I remain, &c. &c. A. Goering." 

The account of the ascent of the Naiguatd appeared 



NICANOR BOLET PERAZA. 



in La Opinion Nacional, May i5tli, i6tli, I7tb, and 
1 8th ; its length preventing it from being alJ inserted 
on the flame tlay. It was afterwards printed in the 
form of a pamphlet, its many were anxious to have 
it in a more permanent form than that of a newspaper 
article.* J eannot elaim the credit of its elegiint 




L 

I Spanish, for my plain narrative was translated into 
I espiritual CaatUian by the kind offices of my good 
I friend Gleneral Nicanor Bolet Peraza, who is distin- 
I guiahed alike as Soldier, Author, Artist, Dramatist, 
and Orator, armed at all points, and equally ready 



78 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vi. 

with tongue, sword, and pen. It may not be irrele- 
vant here to give a brief account of his career, as I 
have ah-eady mentioned his name several times in 
various incidents of my sojourn in Venezuela. 

Bom in 1838, his father placed him while still 
young in the National College, but his strong distaste 
for mathematics led to his flight from that establish- 
ment. He was, however, passionately fond of litera- 
ture and the fine arts, and in conjunction with his 
brother Ramon, he set up in 1858 an illustrated 
periodical. El Oasis, but the military ardour of the 
time infected him, and he joined the army. This 
episode in his life included some hard experience as a 
prisoner of war. His prison gates opened in 1 865, and 
again aided by his brother's artistic talent he estab- 
lished El Museo Ve7iezolano* the most interesting and 
cultivated of all the literary periodicals the Republic 
has produced. It was given up, for its editor again 
took part in the war which was desolating the coun- 
try. His pluck and energy subsequently procured 
for him the rank of General He was also elected a 
representative of the people, and soon acquired the 
reputation of an orator by his brilliant and witty 
discourses. He also became a successful pleader at 
the bar, and at the present moment is the editor and 
proprietor of La THhuna Liberal. He has himself 
summed up the results of his life thus : — " So I may 
count, as the total result remaining to me of my 
thirty-three years of study, political agitation, and 

* Appendix Q., No. 35. 



Chap, vi.] DEFEATED ATTEMPT ON THE PEAK, 79 

marriage — some teeth less — the diploma of General, 
. • . and four sons." 

When the pamphlet was in tjrpe I sent three 
copies of it for the use of the Statistical Depart- 
ment of the Government, and their receipt was thus 
acknowledged by the Minister of Public Works : — 

" Sir, — This department has received the three copies of the 
printed account of your expedition to the Peak of Naiguatd, 
which you have been good enough to present as promised in your 
note of the 3d inst., in reply to a request made by me on behalf 
of the Government in a previous communication. 

" The undersigned has great pleasure in conveying to you his 
thanks for the gift you have made to the Government, and in 
which you have given a proof of a spirit of investigation in the 
field of physical science, and at the same time of your interest 
for Venezuela. Martin J. Sanavria." 

"CarjCcas, Juru 28, 1872." 

We afterwards heard of a party formed to attempt 
the ascent of the Naiguatd. Amongst its members 
were some experienced mountaineers, and it is said that 
they hoped to make the ascent before the notice of our 
climb was ready for the press. They went from the 
south-east side, and after encountering great diffi- 
culties reached the foot of the final rise, when the 
remaining ascent (1000 to 1500 feet) impressed them 
so much with its dangers that they returned to town 
declaring that it was impossible that we could have 
gone any higher. The proofs of our ascent were so 
well known that the defeated expedition was only 
laughed at. 

The expedition to the Naiguatd gave ample scope 
to the genius of the lamented Ramon Bolet, whose 



So THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. vi. 

pencil revelled in the wild and picturesque scenes 
which lay around our toilsome path. My admiration 
of this self-taught artist, whose imagination was fiill 
of poetry, constantly expressing itself in harmonious 
lines and colours, was very great, and we were quickly 
good friends. His social qualities were at once genial 
and brilliant, and he seemed modestly unconscious of 
the existence of his artistic talent. Chiefly at my in- 
stance he devoted a considerable amount of his time 
to the study and practice of art, in which I felt sure 
he would hereafter be famed. Since my return to 
England his work has received many warm en- 
comiums from persons whose judgment is entitled 
to the highest respect. Several of his drawings were 
submitted to Mr. Kuskin, and the following extract 
from a letter will show in what light the sketches of 
the talented amateur were regarded by the greatest of 
art critics : — 

" The drawings have come, and the silver paper has driven me 
wild ! but in spite of it, Tve made out that the drawings are 
really good and full of feeling and power. The portrait ones 
very wonderful indeed.* But Mr. Bolet must come home to 
study, he can make no further advance where he is — or at least, 
will be losing precious time. Very little teaching Iwre will set 
him on firm ground.'' 

I have already mentioned that our botanical speci- 
mens collected on the Naiguatd were sent for examina- 
tion to Dr. A. Ernst. Our learned friend was a man of 
mark, a very fine example of that class of savants of 
whom Grermany has been so prolific. Dr. Ernst, who 

• "The Peak Conquered" (Frontispiece to Vol. I.) is from one of 
these drawings. 



r 



Chap, vi.] DR. A. ERNST. 8i 

is an able botanist, zoologist, mieroseopist, and ethno- 
logy, has done mmth good work in various directions. 
To him is due the foundation of the Society of Physical 
Science of Cardcas,* the lalioura of which promise to 
be of service to his adopted country. His researches 
into the flora of Caricas have made him the best 




living authority upon the subject. The result of his 
examination of our plants he communicated to me in 
two letters, one in English, and the other in Spanish, 
l)Ut both of the same tenor and date. The English 
letter is as follows : — 

* La Suciedwl de Ciencias Plsicas y Naturales de Caracas. 



89 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vj. 

"CARiCAS, i/iiy 6, 1871. 

" Ht Dua Friend, — I have the boDonr to give some slight 
notM upon lh« pUnta collected by jod and your companjou in 
th« ucent of the Peak of Naignati, which j-oa were kind enoDgh 
to Mnd me for cluaification. 

" There are altogether thirty-two epecies, of which one is new to 
■cience ; it ia a tall graaa of the genera Chiuqaea, and as yon were 
it« discoverer, I hare named it Chutqwa Spencei Another species. 




H«i(ht or plut 6 to 10 tttL Bkstcb Ukn from ■ htlf-drlw] rpecLmfn. 

a Galium of the Relbunium family, is probably new also, but as 
the flowers are wanting it is impossible to decide the question. 
Amongst the other plants there are three which have not previously 
been found in our flora : Siphocampylua mierostoma, Hook (Nueva 
Granada) ; Gnapfuilium i«eatatm, H.B.K. (Peru) ; and Potentilla 
Ehrenberffiana, Schlecht (mountains of Beal del Monte, Mexico), 
The other species are found also on the Silla. The short time 
employed in the excursion did not permit you to make a very 



Chap, vi] SERTULUM NAIGUATENSE. S3 

large collection, but that which yoa have brought ia more than 
sufficient to justify the hope that the high Peak of NaiguatA is 
the habitat of many interesting species of oar flora andina. 

"For further particulars, and for the exact description of the 
Ckutquea Speneei, I refer you to an article which I am sending by 
this packet to the Editors of the Journal 0/ Botany, of London, 
and which is entitled : ' Sertulum Naiguaimx .- Notes on a small 
Colkdwn of Alpiiu Plants frem. the Summit of Naiyuaid in the 
Mountains of Cardcas." 




"Hoping that this may be enough for the present, and con- 
gratulating you as much as I have to thank you for the com- 
paratively highly satisfactory scientific result you obtained in bo 
hasty an excursion, I remain, &c., &r. A. Ernst." 

Amongst the many congratulations whicli poured 
in all from all quarters, few gave me greater pleasure 
than a letter from the gentleman who so worthily 

• The article by Dr. Ern« on the Naiyiiatil plaiils is reprinted in 
Appendix D. 



84 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vi. 

represents the interests of England in the republic* 
The highest honour I received, however, was from the 
hands of the greatest living poet of Venezuela, Sefior 
Heraclio M. de la Guardia, who wrote a poem upon 
the ascent of the Naiguati, which some good judges 
are inclined to consider his finest work. Falstaff, we 
are told, was not only witty but the cause of wit in 




others. Next to the pleasure of being a poet we may 
surely rank that of having been the cause of the pro- 
duction of real poetry : — 

VERSOS ESCRITOS PARA EL SR. J. M. SPENCE 

EN SU ASCENSION AL MATOUATA. 

A la ciuiibitf i d la altura ! 
De Dioa al fin mas cerca ul)i ettar^mng : 
La luz alii mas puro, 
Moa nflido el ambiente ; 

* See ApjicndJx H., Letter of Mr. MiiliUcton un llie ascent uf llie 
Naigualil. 



Chap. vL] POEM ON THE ASCENT OF NAIGUA tA. 85 

A nuestros pies el mar, el llano, el monte ; 

Mas ligera la frente, 

Mas libre el corazon, acaso el alma 

Se ensanchard a la par del horizonte ! 

A la cumbre ! d la altura ! 
De confusas pasiones 
L^jos del ruido tumultuoso, usado ; 
Con nuestro propio pensamiento solos 
Y con Dios en sus obras revelado : 
En medio la salvaje 
Naturaleza agreste y primitiva, 



i^^M. 



)siilK 




POTKNTILLA EURKNBERUIANA. 

Que nunca vasal laje 

Kindi6 al arte 6 la Indus tria ; 

Sino que muestra viva 

De la mano de Dios, aun se levauta, 

Virgen de todo ultraje, 

Libre del yugo de la humana planta ; 

Acaso dado sea 

En la buella divina, no tocada, 

Que el alma encuentre la escoiulida idea 

De U vida, del ser y de la nada ! 

Acaso un d^bil eco, por fortuna, 

Vibre alll todavia, 



86 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vi. 

En los misterios del recitito oscuro, 
De la voz celestial que oy6 en bu cuna 
El mundo al despertar vlrgen y puro ! 
Acaso alii, region de las tomientas, 
£1 cielo airado se desate en iras, 

Y en medio de sus luchas turbulentas, 
Cuando el rayo chispea, 

Y 4 la tr^mula voz del sordo triieno 
La cumbre sacudida bambolea ; 
Puede que la mirada 

En la luz del revuelto torbellino 
Descifre por el cielo iluminada 
Los ocultos secretos del Destino ! 

Adelante ! [ Del dspero sendero 
Que valen el peligro y la fatiga \ 
Premio al arrojo habremos lisonjero 
Cuando el gigante pedestal sumiso 
A nuestros pi^ se incline, 

Y abri^ndose el espacio de improviso 
Sus dmbitos profundos iluniine ; 

Y desde el alto niunte 
Sin limite terreno 

Se estienda y se dilate el horizonte 
De ardiente vida y claridades Ueno ! 

Esta es la cima ya. j Oh ! [ desvario 
Serd del aluia lo que el alma Uena ? 
I No serd sueiio vuestro 6 sueno mio 
Esta admirable, majestuosa escena? 
— Acd el mar, A lo-j pies, como gigante 
Encadenado en un profuudo abisnio 
Que nijiendo se ajita delirante 

Y tuerce en convulsion sobre si mismo, 
La agreste roca, la estendida costa 
Borda en copos de espuma 

En el afan inquieto de su ira ; 
Mas burlado su esfuerzo se retira 
Uasta perderse en la lejana bruma ! — 
Cruzando su extension, al soplo suave 
De la brisa marina, 
Se vd lijera nave 

Como viuda gaviota de alas blancas 
Que en las movibles ondas se reclina ! 
— Alii del Tuy la vega 



Chap, vi.] POEM ON THE ASCENT OF NAIGUATA. 87 



Lujosa en verde pompa y galanura, 

Y las colinas mil do la luz juega 

Y en varios tonos con placer fulgura. 
Donde la erguida espiga 

Del maiz generoso el \itil fruto 

Promete al labrador por su fatiga. 

Donde el Cafe perfuma 

La brisa en los jazminea 

Con que 8U clima pr6digo lo abruma ! 

— AlW el jardin, envidia d los jardines, 

Que riega el claro Aragua 

Y al que di6 la fortuna 
Beberla miel en estendidas eras, 
Corona sin igual de su laguna ! 
— Y mas allA, tendido mar lejano 
Que semeja de fuego 

Y en luminosa nube se desata, 
La llanura vastisima se extiende 

Y en horizonte immenso se dilata ! 
Qala de nuestra zona, 

De ruda industria asiento, 

Todo su augusta majestad pregona, 

Todo alii cobra yigoroso aliento ; 

Que lejos de los lazos 

Con que el placer cautiva, 

Tranquilo el corazon, fuertes los brazos, 

La savia el hombre guarda primitiva. 

— Y acd, y alld ; do quiera 

Que at6nito dirija la mirada, 

Renace el mundo a su beldad primera, 

Se suena el bien de la primer morada ! 

Y en todas partes Dios, en todas partes 
De su augusto poder la providencia, 
Sin que logron las artes 

O el vano g^nio de la humana ciencia, 
Ni fingir ni esplicar belleza tanta, 
Aunque en sua vanidades 
Su orguUo hasta los cielos se levanta ! 
— En el mar Dios severo, 
MisteriosO) insondable se presenta ; 

Y en los campos, benigno, 
Solo tesoro de bondad ostenta. 

Y aun mas en este suelo americano 
Brillan sus altos dones ; 



88 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vi. 



Que su pnSdigi mano 
A esta zona dar quiao 
Las galas del perdido paraiso ! 

For eso, oh ! Dios, te siento, 

Te escucho, te bendigo : 

Se oye en la ardieute tempestad tu acento, 

Y en los bosques aqui se habla contigo ! 
For eso, de esta altura 

Que domina los mares, las praderas, 

Y de la nube entre la sumbra oscura 
Quiere alcanzar iuc6gnitas esferas, 
Mi suplicante voz d ti levanto 
Fara que asi cual providente un dia, 
Hiciste con encanto 

Tarn bella y tan gentil la patria mia ; 
Hoi con piedad la mires 

Y de paz y de amor l^ernos afectos 
Bajo tu santa ejida nos inspires ; 

Y en las otras edades, 

En el carro de triunfo del progreso, 
De civiles, sangrientas tempestades 
Libre la pdtria, por cortejo augusto 
Solo babrd de llevar ante la historia 
Justicia y Libertad, grandeza y gloria ! 

Heraclio M. de la Gdardia. 
Af at^o dt 1872. 

About the same time, whilst Senor Rafael H. 
Gutierrez was one day looking over the curiosities of 
my museum, there came into his hands a small book, 
whose yellow leaves excited his attention by their ap- 
parent age. It was a volume of a periodical published 
in Cartas from 1831 to 1835, with the title of 
Memorias de la Sociedad Econ6mica de Amigos dd 
Pais, and one of the numbers contained a full ac- 
count of an expedition to the Silla of Cardcas in 1833, 
undertaken by sixteen gentlemen, and commanded by 
the celebrated Juan Manuel Cajigal, founder of the 



Chap, vi.] JUAN MANUEL CAJIGAL. 89 

study of mathematics in Venezuela, and in every 
way qualified to manage such an undertaking in a 
scientific spirit. 

This discovery had very great interest. All memory 
of the expedition had died away ; whilst the fame of 
Humboldt's ascent was still in every mouth, this one, 
later in date, and due to native-bom talent and enter- 
prize, had been utterly forgotten. Yet in some points 
the excursion was more interesting than that of 
Humboldt, especially on account of the rich collection 
of plants which was made, and afterwards classified by 
the learned Vargas. 

La Opinion Nacional having published my own 
account of the ascent of the Naiguatd, and afterwards 
Humboldt's expedition to the Silla, was now anxious 
to supplement these by the narrative of Cajigal, and 
it was printed in that journal, on June 8. As it is 
quite unknown to English readers, I have thought 
that a translation of it would be a valuable addition 
to this work. It will be foimd in Appendix K. 



CHAPTER VII. 

RESIDENCE IN THE CAPITAL. 

EL ENCANTADO — CIVIL WAR — TREASON. 

** Treason doth never prosper, what's the reason ? 
Why if it prosper, none dare call it treason." 

— Harrington. 

A WEEK after the ascent of the Naiguatd came an 
excursion to the Encantado. The morning was dark 
and cloudy for a pleasure trip, yet at six, in spite of 
wind and rain, our party, consisting of Mr. Leseur, his 
wife, daughter, and son, Mr. Gosewisch, Mr. StUrup, 
Mr. Goering, and myself, started for El Encantado. 
In this lovely country when a place is named " The 
Enchantment," it raises expectations of beauty which 
the rain (no joke is intended) cannot damp. 

On our way, near the Sabana Grande, we passed a 
sugar estate, with its hacienda, a very fair example of 
this branch of industry as it exists at the present time 
in the valley of Cardcas. We also passed Sans Souci, the 
elegant country house of Mr. J. Rohl, with its pretty 
flower garden and coffee plantation ; the farm of 
Blandin ; the wayside inn of Los Dos Caminos ; and the 
Guereguere property of Senora Vaamonde. We were 
all mounted on mules, proverbially slow but sure, and 



9« THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vii. 

The ancient river channel has become completely 
dammed with debris covered with vegetation. It 
has filled up not only the stream itself, but also the 
entire valley for a distance of nearly half a mile. 
By what cataclysm this chaos of rocks has been 
brought about it would be hard to say, but a Cyclo- 
pean force must have been at work to produce such a 
result. The river blocked out of its ancient bed has 
forced a passage underneath the piled-up matter, and, 
as there was little water in the Guaire during our 
visit, we could in some places trace its subterranean 
course and see evidences of the force with which 
during great floods it had broken or bent to its will 
the obstacles it encountered in its passage. When the 
river is high the imprisoned waters make their escape 
by this way, and their exultant song is like the voice 
of many thunders. 

In the sides of the precipices above and below, 
where the river is lost, are dark and tortuous caves 
in whose recesses one may soon be lost. In two of 
these, called The Caves of the Gudcharos, we got some 
fine specimens of the bird which gave them their 
name. In places where the bed of the Guaire should 
have been, deep down below could be heard the roai- 
of the river as it leapt from rock to rock, but we 
could only guess at its distance by the muffled sound 
which reached our ears. 

The Mora is an extraordinary sight. It is a 
huge stone, a natural obelisk, about lOO feet high, 
jutting up from the hillside ; it is covered with 
vegetation, and stands in the midst of a grove 



Chap, vii.] THE GAME OF "COLEAR:' 93 

of trees resembling some ruined church or monas- 
tery. 

It would be impossible to convey any notion of the 
wonders of the Encantado and its surroundings. The 
memory of them has all the beauty and glamour of a 
dream. 

Coming back we saw that it was dia de fiesta^ and 
at Petare the people were all busy with the game of 
Colear. In this pastime the ends of the streets are 
blocked up, then oxen are turned into them and 
hunted by horsemen. When one of the pursuers 
overtakes an ox his aim is to seize it by the tail and 
so overturn it. On the way I passed through one of 
their barricades, and soon had a pack of riders after 
me in a high state of excitement, attempting to catch 
my mule by the tail in order to make it serve their 
sport. I dismounted and protested against their con- 
duct in my most emphatic Spanish. They wished me 
to remount, as it was only fun on their part ; but I 
declined to do so unless they promised to cease their 
molestation, and at the same time expressed my 
astonishment that they should offer such an indignity 
to a stranger ignorant of the game. Another of our 
party well known to them now came up, and amidst 
the apologies of the peasant spectators we took our 
departure. 

This was the only occasion during my stay in 
Venezuela that I received any discourtesy from the 
natives, and the chief of the district gave me ample 
satisfaction afterwards, when he informed me that 
the men were hoi^rachoSy and after sobering down 



94 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vii. 

they expressed to him their sorrow for the inhospi- 
tality shown to the foreigner. 

The amusements of Cartas were increased by the 
appearance at the theatre of Senor Bertz, an English- 
man, who performed some very clever conjurings. 
His attempts at the Spanish language were painfully 
ludicrous, and when he varied his discourse with 
English the eflforts he made to smooth down the 
rough asperities of his strong Lancashire dialect were 
distressing to some of his audience. His tricks were 
of the class one is accustomed to see amongst pro- 
fessors of the magic art, but they were accomplished 
with a certain degree of smoothness and dexterity 
that gained him much favour and notoriety ; whilst his 
gallant attentions to the fair portions of his audience 
were duly appreciated by the belles, who crowded to 
watch performances that in their apparent violation 
of the laws of nature might have suggested the idea 
of diabolical agency. 

Towards the end of May whilst at a travelling 
American circus I witnessed an accident. The place 
was very crowded, and about sixty feet of seats, which 
were as usual in rows rising one behind the other, 
gave way, and the occupants fell down like characters 
in a dissolving view. Fortunately no one was hurt, 
and the performance went on with punctuality and 
despatch. These itinerants were unlucky, for, a few 
days later, the man who had ventured his life a 
thousand times on the flying trapeze at last met the 
reward of his folly by falling heavily on his breast. 
He died soon after from the injuries he received. 



Chap, vii.] SALAZAR, 95 

The month of May 1872 saw the end of the 
attempted revolution known as the "Treason of 
Salazar." On the very day of General Guzman 
Blanco's triimiphal entry into Caracas after the 
victory of the Apure, the republic was invaded by 
an Azul force, under the command of General Matias 
Salazar, whose history forms one of the strangest 
episodes in the annals of Venezuela. 

He was bom in 1828, and received no education 
beyond learning to read and write. He played many 
parts in the battle of life, was alternately shop-keeper, 
clerk, buU-fighter, and soldier. Principles he does not 
seem to have had, and in consequence was in prison 
often. His military skill and aptitude raised him, 
however, to a high position in spite of the outrages 
and crimes associated with his name. He was a man 
of undoubted bravery, but of an ambitious and turbu- 
lent disposition, naturally fond of civil commotion on 
the principle — still at work even in Great Britain — 
that personal benefits are more likely to accrue from 
a state of disorder than from a state of order. An 
absolute absence of shame brought him safely through 
disgraces which would have destroyed a more modest 
man. On one occasion when Salazar was in prison. 
General Colino made use of the memorable expression, 
" Salazar puede ser juzgado por cualquier anmen " 
(He may be sentenced for any crime) ; for he had 
passed step by step through every stage of human 
wickedness. 

Salazar was one of the first to take up arms in 
the liberal cause. His activity was prodigious. He 



96 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. vii. 

gathered men and munitions of war as if by magic, 
changed his encampment thrice in a single night, 
fought the Blues whenever there was a chance of 
success, evaded them when defeat appeared inevitable, 
and ever and anon carried on a sharp guerilla warfare. 
His unsuccessful attack on Valencia was undertaken 
against the judgment of Guzman Blanco, and its only 
result was the loss of many valuable lives and much 
material of war. In the campaign of seventy days, 
closing with the siege and fall of Caracas, Salazar ren- 
dered good service to his party, but jfrom that day of 
triumph for the Yellows he appears to have meditated 
treachery. His restless ambition aspired to the 
highest power, and he only waited for a suitable 
opportunity to declare against his commander and 
seize the dictatorship for himself. The defeat he re- 
ceived at La Mora from the Blues, if it had not been 
promptly retrieved by the victory of Guama (fought 
against his wishes, and due to the generals who had 
been sent to his aid), would have lost two- thirds of 
the Republic to the Yellows. Whatever assistance he 
had rendered to the liberal cause had been amply 
rewarded, as he was second in command of the army, 
a Vice-President of the Republic, and President of the 
important State of Carabobo. 

We come now to the incident known iis the Noche 
de San Bernardino, when Salazar, with a number of 
soldiers whom he had seduced from their allegiance 
to the Yellows, proclaimed a rebellion against the 
Government of Guzman Blanco, but finding no sup- 
port (for the people treated his advances very coolly). 



Chap, vii.] INGRATITUDE. 97 

he went to Caracas to beg pardon of the man to whom, 
whilst making the warmest professions of friendship 
and loyalty, he had been so black a traitor. General 
Guzman Blanco extended a pardon to the culprit, but 
exacted from him the resignation of his high offices, 
and advised him to travel in Europe, where he might 
study the political economy of the Old World, and ac- 
quire a knowledge that might hereafter make him of 
use to his fatherland. Twenty thousand dollars were 
given him for the expenses of the voyage, and Dr. 
Filepe Larrazabal,* who accompanied him, is said to 
have received half as much from the same source. 

Instead of proceeding to Europe, these two worthies 
went immediately to Curazao, and from that island 
issued manifestos against the Government of Cardxjas, 
which were badly received, although some of Salazar's 
partizans made an insurrectionary movement in 
Carabobo which was promptly suppressed. Instigated 
and helped to the utmost by the revolution-breeders 
of Curazao, Salazar in person commenced another civil 
war. He expected on landing in Venezuela to unite 
with the Blues of Trujillo, but found that General 
Pulgar had routed them, and that the district fully 
recognized the authority of Guzman Blanco. His 
next move was to join Olivo in Apure, but the 
tremendous battle of San Fernando and the death of 
Greneral Olivo frustrated this project. Still hoping 
for a revolutionary army, he met the armed forces of 
Blanco, and a battle took place in which Salazar's 
troops were worsted, and he himself (with a few fol- 

• Author of La ViJa de Bolivar, 
VOL. IL O 



98 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. vii. 

lowers) became a fugitive in the mountaiii fastnesses 
of Tinaquillo, in the State of Carabobo. Afterwards, 
on the loth of May 1872, he was surrounded and taken 
prisoner. A memorial from the officers of the army 
demanding the degradation and death of Salazar was 
forwarded to the President, who remitted the case to 
the consideration of a Grand Tribunal composed of 
the generals-in-chief. After hearing the statements 
of Salazar, this court-martial sentenced him to death. 
He was accordingly shot, in the presence of the army, 
on the 1 7th of May, on the very spot where, it is said, 
he had murdered an inoffensive citizen a short time 
before — 

"Ah me ! what perils do environ 
The mail that meddles with cold iron/* 

Tliis execution caused a profound sensation through- 
out the Republic. The telegram from General Guz- 
man Blanco announcing the end of Salazar reached 
the Vice-President and Minister of War whilst they 
were at breakfast in my rooms, and I well recollect 
the excitement it caused and the abrupt conclusion of 
our pleasant party. 

The triumphal entry of the victor of Tinaquillo 
into Caracas took place on the 30th of May. About 
thirty carriages and some thousands of persons on 
foot went a few miles out of town to meet him. 
They returned with the President at their head, who 
led the way to the cathedral where a Te Deum was 
performed for this last great victory. Afterwards he 
proceeded to the Government House, and in the court- 



Chap, vii.] SPEECH OF THE PRESIDENT, 99 

yard he addressed to the people one of the most im- 
portant speeches they had heard for a long time. 
"The principles of liberalism," he said, "are now 
firmly established, and the opposition is virtually 
wiped out. In Apure we completed the destruction 
of the Blue party, and the battle of Tinaquillo has 
shown that the Liberals can encounter and overcome 
traitors as easily as enemies. It is a lesson of warn- 
ing directed against that unprincipled treachery which 
for a generation has proved so great a curse to the 
Republic. It now remains for all to aid in the great 
work of national progress. Patriotism and self-abne- 
gation are necessary for the regeneration of Venezuela. 
The dictatorial power will remain in my hands until 
the Government of the States has been reorganized ; 
Congress will be summoned to meet in October, and 
to it I will resign my powers. All possible political 
prisoners will at once be released ; but those who 
were taken in arms, and some conspirators whose 
influence might be dangerous to the work of pacifi- 
cation, will have to remain in durance vile until 
Congress meets and decides their fate." This speech, 
which was eloquent with hope and conciliation, was 
received with great enthusiasm. Peace was now re- 
garded by all as firmly established. 

Next day the town was full of excitement ; the re- 
lease of the political prisoners adding no smaU amount 
of pleasure to it. Amongst them were three former 
Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Republic. 

I attended General Blanco's reception on the 2d 
of June to pay him a formal visit, and though on all 



loo THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. vii. 

former occasions he was very cordial, at this inter- 
view his attentions were marked. He introduced me 
to his father-in-law, General Ibarra, a veteran of the 
War of Independence who had been a personal friend 
of the great Bolivar. 

Speaking of Salazar, the President said, " The exe- 
cution of the arch-traitor was an absolute necessity ; 
had he been pardoned he would instantly have re- 
commenced intriguing, and probably would again 
have plunged this unhappy country into war." 

We spoke about the industrial resources of Vene- 
zuela. " These," I said, " far exceed my anticipations, 
and continued peace only is needed to make the 
Republic rich and prosperous. As far as material 
resources are concerned Venezuela is much more 
favourably situated than Great Britain, which is 
proverbially the richest of the nations. The national 
debt of Venezuela amounts to about ;^6 per head of 
the entire population, whilst for each man, woman, 
and child in the United Kingdom it is over £2^^. 
In Venezuela the produce of a month's work is 
amply sufficient to feed, clothe, and house the 
labourer and his family for a year ; but the working- 
man of England has to toil three hundred days to 
accomplish the same ends. Hence it is clear, with a 
stable government, the industrial peasantry of Vene- 
zuela would have better chances than even those of 
the British Isles." 

The President then presented me to General Alcan- 
tara, commander of the forces in Aragua. He had 
just ridden into the capital at the head of a thousand 



Chap, vii.] CODAZZrS MAP OF GUA VAN A, loi 

soldiers who were then filing past the door of the 
Presidency. In response to a request from General 
Guzman Blanco he promised me every attention 
during a visit I contemplated to his district.* 

In looking out for curiosities I had been fortunate 
enough to come upon a map of the State of Guayana, 
made by the celebrated geographer Codazzi, and en- 
riched with many valuable and curious annotations. As 
this map marked the boundary of Venezuela and Brazil, 
it was of special importance and interest. An Envoy- 
Extraordinary from the latter country had lately been 
in Caracas to try and arrange the disputes which had 
arisen on this point. It appeared to me that a document 
so important would most fittingly be preserved in the 
archives of the nation, and with this view I offered it to 
the President. It was received with great interest, and 
procured me a flattering letter from the Government. 

The second anniversary of the decree establishing 
primary education, national and compulsory, in the 
Republic took place on the 27th of June. When the 
history of the administration of Guzman Blanco comes 
to be written, its chief glory will be that he was the 
first magistrate of his country to recognize the fact 
that the encouragement of education is the duty of 
the nation, and that there can be no guarantee for 
peace and liberty amongst a population destitute of 
the elements of knowledge. 

An ignorant people will not only be less capable of 

* My intended excursion to Aragua with Mr. Leseiir was abandoned 
in consequence of illness, but I heai*d that great prei)aration8 were 
made for our reception. 

Since this work went to press General Alcantara has become the 
President of the Republic. 



I02 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. vii. 

self-government than an educated one, but more 
incapable of control. How firmly the love of freedom 
is implanted in the hearts of the sons of Venezuela 
let her bloody struggle with old Spain testify. Yet 
education was most deeply to be desired by every 
patriot, if only that the million, cultivated and in- 
structed, might learn to distinguish their true friends 
from false professors ever ready to flatter and betray 
for their own selfish purposes. The indispensable ad- 
junct of democratic institutions is popular enlighten- 
ment. Without it liberty is too often only a gift of 
tears. Education had been greatly neglected in Vene- 
zuela, not more than ten per cent, of the community 
could read or write, and in the country districts espe- 
cially there were thousands whose literary culture did 
not get beyond learning by rote the Lord's Prayer. 

The decree for primary education was signed two 
months after the taking of Caracas, but the troubles 
that intervened prevented it being carried into efiect. 
Tn only two States at this date had it been acted upon. 
Therefore the foundation of the model school " Guz- 
man Blanco " was felt to be an important advance. * 

• The following extract, translated from the President's (Annual) 
Message to Congress of 1875, shows tlie increased efforts which are being 
made to educate the people : — ** During the past year (1874-75) the 
Scholars in the Federal National Schools numbered . . I3>440 

Municipal „ „ . . 12.941 

Private Establishments „ . . 5,008 






31,389 
In the previous year (1873-74), the number in the Na- 
tional, Municipal, and Private Schools was only . 15.226 

Increase 16,163." 



Chap, vil] A PLEASING INTER VIEW, 103 

About this time I held my most important inter- 
view with the President, and although it was not of 
long duration, it gave me more gratification than any 
of the preceding ones. I found him in company with 
the Ministers of Public Works and Finance, the 
Rector of the University, and some other magnates, 
with whom he was arranging the affairs of the 
nation. As soon as I was seated he informed me 
that my business respecting the islands was now 
in the hands of the Minister of Public Works for 
formal completion. The welcome intelligence that 
I had at length brought to a successful issue my 
long and weary negotiations with the Government 
caused me profound satisfaction. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

EXCUBSION TO PUERTO-CABELLO. 

" War, war, is still the cry — * war even to the knife ! ' " 

— Byron. 

On the 1 5tli of June, accompanied by Lieutenant R. 
A. Hammond, I went to dine by appointment with 
Captain D. Miller, of H.M.S. " Sinus," which vessel 
had just come from the death -stricken west coast of 
Africa — the white man's untimely grave. There it is 
that the men of the English navy nobly protect the 
poor merchant, holding their own lives in their hands 
in so doing. A brave sailor hates to die of fever, but 
then consider our commercial interests 1 What are a 
few thousand lives, more or less, in order to secure 
the prosperity of our big shop ? The " Sirius " had 
been anchored off the coast for nearly a week, and 
during that time the captain and officers had availed 
themselves of the opportunity it afforded of inspecting 
the capital and its neighbourhood, where they passed 
— so they said — " some very jolly days." 

We left Caracas about i p.m., in a light coach drawn 
by three active horses, under the control of a spirited 
driver. For the most part of the way the road is 



Chap. viiL] ON BOARD H.M.S. ''SIRIUSr 105 

down hill ; our progress therefore was very rapid, and 
we reached the port of La Guayra in three hours, the 
TnininiiiTn time in which the journey is done. Just as 
the evening gun was fired we went on board the 
" Sirius." In the distance, beyond the rugged cliflFs 
of Cabo Blanco, the setting sun dipped below the blue 
waters, and his departing rays illumined with golden 
splendour the canopy of clouds suspended over the 
western horizon. 

We dined in the captain's cabin, where the British 
Diplomatic and Consular services were well repre- 
sented by Mr. Middleton and Mr. W. A. Cage, and 
where none failed to do ample justice to the captain's 
excellent bill of fare, which was enlivened by familiar 
airs vigorously rolled out by the drum and fife band 
of the ship. After dinner we were not loath to 
ascend to the quarter-deck, and there, under the 
awning, enjoy the " noxious weed " to our heart's 
content. 

I was roused at eight bells the following morning 
(Sunday), and after breakfast went to Divine service. 
I had been for some time a stranger to the " rest and 
peace of the sanctuary ; " the only religious observances 
I had attended for sixteen months were those of the 
Roman Catholic Church. The sailors were marched 
round and closely inspected by captain and officers. 
As even Spanish inquisitors would be unable to 
detect heresy by ocular examination, it is to be 
supposed it had reference either to the condition of 
their muscles or clothing, but to which of them was 
not very clear. 



io6 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. viii. 

Alongside our ship lay the " Gerona," the Spanish 
fipigate which in August 1866 seized the "Tornado" 
in the port of Fayal, under the pretence that she 
was intended for a vessel of war for Chili. 

Directing the attention of one of the officers to the 
huge proportions of the " Grerona," I asked him — 

" What course of procedure would be adopted on 
board the little ' Sinus ' in case of an action between 
the two ships ? " 

" We should keep the frigate at a respectable dis- 
tance," said he in reply, " and pepper her all round 
with our big guns 1 " 

This was a very practical matter-of-fact sort of 
answer to my question, and worthy of the age we live 
in, though I could not see where the " naval glory " 
would find a place in such a programme. 

There is an excellent regulation on board English 
men-of-war which forbids smoking before mid-day, 
a rule which might be very advantageously adopted 
elsewhere. In the afternoon Captain Miller and Mr. 
Middleton went on shore to pay their respects to the 
President, who was staying at La Guayra. In the 
evening Lisboa came on board with some of the 
officers, to whom at my request he had been show- 
ing the lions of the capital. The captain on his re- 
turn was good enough to ofier us a cruise to Puerto- 
Cabello, to which place the "Sirius" had next to 
proceed. This offer was gladly accepted. It gave me 
personally considerable pleasure to sail in a vessel in 
which I might claim a vested interest, and I walked 
the deck with the proud consciousness of being (part) 



Chap, viii.] A NAVAL MONSTER, 107 

owner of all I surveyed. This vainglorious impres- 
sion was however considerably modified by Lieutenant 
Herring's unfeeling calculation that my share was only 
about one thirty-second-millionth part of the ship 1 
and that this pecuniary interest in her — ^by which I 
had established such indisputable rights of possession 
and proprietorship — if capitalized would amount to 
about one halfpenny ! 

The order on board the *' Sirius" was perfect, Cap- 
tain Miller being a rigid disciplinarian of the old 
school ; nevertheless there was an evident good feel- 
ing all round evinced in the respect of the men for 
their officers, and in the latter for their chief. 

I was roused at 4 a.m. the following day by the 
kindness of Lieutenant W. Molyneux, who waited my 
letters to send on shore before our departure from 
La Guayra. The officers were all pleased to go to 
Puerto-Cabello, which had peculiar interest for them, 
as having been the scene of one of those dashing ex- 
ploits for which the English navy has always been 
famous. 

In 1 779, the 32-gun frigate *' Hermione " was under 
the charge of Captain Hugh Pigot, a commander not 
entirely destitute of courage, but of a brutal and 
tyrannical nature. On the 2 2d of September she was 
cruising off" Porto Rico, and whilst the sailors were 
reefing the top-sails Captain Pigot loudly expressed 
'his determination to flog the last man off* the mizen- 
top. To avoid this punishment two of them made a 
spring to get over their comrades in the rigging, and 
missing their hold, fell on the quarter-deck and were 



io8 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. viii. 

both killed, " Throw the lubbers overboard," was the 
only comment of the fiendish wretch in command. 
This last act of base inhumanity gave rise to a most 
determined mutiny, which burst forth the next even- 
ing, when the first lieutenant was tomahawked and 
thrown overboard. Sharp retributive justice now 
awaited the captain for his savage procedure. As he 
ran on deck, he was immediately beaten back bleed- 
iBg .0 hiB r«m, and forerf J^ a cabin window. 
Eight more officers were mangled and murdered. 
The mutineers then took the ship to La Guayra, where 
they represented to the governor that they had turned 
their officers adrift in the jolly-boat. The "Her- 
mione " was taken possession of and fitted up as a 
Spanish national fiigate, and in September 1 799 she 
was safe in the harbour of Puerto-Cabello, equipped 
and in readiness for a voyage to Havana. Since 
changing hands her guns had been increased to 44, 
and in place of 220 men, she had a crew of 393, in- 
cluding 72 soldiers and artillerymen. 

Sir Hyde Parker, the commander-in-chief in Jamaica, 
was very anxious that the "Hermione" should be 
intercepted on her way to Havana, and for this pur- 
pose Captain Edward Hamilton, of the " Surprise " 
— a 28-gun frigate, which had been captured from the 
French — was sent to look out for her off Cabo de La 
Vela, a point on the Groajira coast about 60 to 80 
leagues from Puerto-Cabello. His instructions were to 
remain as long as his provisions would hold out. As 
the " Hermione " did not appear, he determined before 
returning to Jamaica to learn whether she were still at 



Chap, viii.] CAPTAIN ED WARD HAMILTON. 1 09 

Puerto-Cabello, or if she had slipped past in the night. 
On the 2 ist she was seen in the harbour of that place, 
protected by two strong batteries ; she had her sails 
bent, and was ready for sea, and although Captain 
Hamilton continued to watch her closely until the 
24th, she showed no disposition to leave her snug 
quarters. 

The same evening, the hands being sent aft. Captain 
Hamilton concluded an appeal to their daring and 
patriotism by saying, " I find it useless to wait any 
longer ; we shall soon be obliged to leave the station, 
and that frigate will become the capture of some more 
fortunate ship than the * Surprise ; ' our only prospect of 
success is by cutting her out this night." His appeal 
was responded to in true British style, and by 7.30 
six boats were ready for action. The men were all in 
blue, with no white clothing of any kind visible. In 
the event of reaching the ship undiscovered, the 
regular crews of the boats were to take the " Her- 
mione " in tow directly the cables were cut. Whilst 
they were yet a mile off they were discovered by two 
gun-boats, armed with one gun each ; the alarm was 
given, and firing commenced. Captain Hamilton 
pushed off* for the frigate, but some of the boats, 
instead of following him, stayed to engage the gun- 
boats — an error in judgment which nearly proved 
fatal. 

Hamilton and the men in his boat gained a foot- 
ing on the forecastle, and freed the foresail ready for 
bending and hauling out to the yard-arms, laying 
over the fore-stays ; this served somewhat to screen 



no THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. viii. 

the handfiil of Englishmen now on board. Mean- 
while the sailors of the " Hermione " were at quarters 
on the main-deck firing at what they supposed to be 
two frigates coming to attack them, and unconscious 
that the enemy was actually on board, but not so 
those on the quarter-deck. For ten minutes the sixteen 
men had to struggle unaided, and at one time Captain 
Hamilton was alone 1 He was attacked by four 
Spaniards, one of whom felled him with a blow from 
the butt end of a musket, delivered with a force that 
broke the weapon. He lay for a short time insensible 
on the combing of the after-hatchway, and was only 
saved by the fortunate arrival of three or four of his 
men. At this moment the marines entered the ship 
over the larboard gangway; they instantly formed, 
fired a volley down the after-hatchway, and then, with 
fiixed bayonets, rushed on the main-deck. About sixty 
Spaniards retreated into the cabin and surrendered, 
while the fight still raged under the forecastle and 
on the main-deck. The cables were, however, cut ; 
the boats had the frigate in tow, three wounded sailors 
stood by the wheel, and the " Hermione " passed out 
of Puerto-Cabello, under the fire of the batteries, a 
British ship once more. Captain Hamilton boarded 
her at midnight, by one o'clock all opposition had 
ceased, in another hour they were out of reach of the 
batteries ; and then, for the first time, the men from 
the towing-boats set foot on her. The Spaniards lost 
1 1 9 men, and had 97 wounded — many of them danger- 
ously. The British had only 1 2 wounded, and if Cap- 
tain Hamilton's orders had been strictly obeyed there 



Chap, viii.] ARRIVAL AT PUERTO-CABELLO. iii 

would probably have been still fewer, for three of the 
boats, instead of pushing straight for the " Hermione," 
wasted their energies in a contest with the gun-boats. 

The audacity of this dashing exploit was amply 
justified by its success. A mere handful of English- 
men disabled two-thirds of the crew of the " Hermione," 
notwithstanding that they were armed and fully cog- 
nisant of the attack, and took her out under the fire 
of the shore batteries. As long as this pluck and 
valour remains to our race we need fear no reverses. 
Heaven send us plenty of gallant sailors, and rulers 
who will not reward borough-mongering with peer- 
ages, and the daring genius of an Edward Hamilton 
with simple knighthood. 

We arrived at Puerto-CabeUo, and came to anchor 
in the bay near the entrance to the harbour, when 
there commenced at once a series of courtesies be- 
tween the " Sirius," and other ships — fii-ing guns, 
hoisting flags, and receiving visits. Amongst our 
neighbours was the " Arapiles," a large iron-clad screw 
of sixteen guns ; the ** Pizarro," a wooden paddle 
steamer of five guns — both Spanish vessels ; and the 
" Shawmut," an ugly-looking American ship or hulk, 
something like a Newcastle collier turned man-of-war. 
Far inside the harbour, alongside the wharf, lay the 
" Virginius," ss.,* belonging to the Cuban insurgents. 
She was ready to sail, had all her papers made out, 
and carried the United States flag. The " Arapiles " 

• The " Virginius *' was afterwards captured on the high seaa by a 
Spanish man-of-war, and the captain, officers, and crew were taken to 
the nearest port, where they were aU butchered in cold blood. 



112 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. viiL 

was specially on the look out for her, but as she was 
under the protection of the Venezuelan Government, 
the big Spaniard could not butcher her where she lay : 
and the " Shawmut " was to cover her when she came 
out. How this was to be done was not very clear, 
for, to all appearance, the " Arapiles " could, in less 
than five minutes, have blown the " Shawmut " out 
of the water, and out of existence too — in which case 
there would have been at least one ugly thing less in 
the world. 

Puerto-Cabello was clean, well paved, and in good 
order, with every appearance about the town of its 
doing a prosperous business. At one time it was 
notoriously unhealthy — ^in 1793 a squadron lost a 
third of its complement there, and in 1802 three 
French ships of war were attacked by a plague which 
in twenty days killed 161 men. New comers formerly 
soon fell victims to the vomito negro, but of late there 
has been great improvement in sanitary arrangements, 
and the death rate is now comparatively low. The 
climate of Puerto-Cabello is much more agreeable 
than that of La Guayra from the fact of the average 
temperature being lower. 

The city has had more than its full share of the 
troubles which have visited Venezuela. Its popu- 
lation, which at the commencement of the War of 
Independence was 5000, at the close of that struggle 
had dwindled down to 2000 ; in 1 869 it had risen to 
6952, of whom 2568 were males, 3684 females, and 
700 described as " floating population." 

In its origin Puerto-Cabello was merely a station 



Chap. viii. ] PUER TO- CABELL O. 113 

for the smugglers in their business relations with 
Curazao. The increase of this contraband trade was 
the first cause of the extension of the population to 
its present proportions. The port is a good one ; its 
name is said to have been given to it because, in the 
opinion of the contrahandistas who frequented it, 
ships might anchor in it with a hair for a cable — los 
buques podian anclarse en el con un cabeUo. It 
has an excellent mole, which would probably attract 
ships to it for the purposes of loading and unloading, 
whatever sort of a place the port itself might be. 

The city of Puerto-Cabello has some public works 
worthy of notice : the chief are ; the famous fortress 
of El Castillo Libertador — in former times considered 
impregnable — commanding the entrance to the har- 
bour ; the lighthouse of Puenta Brava, which has a 
nautical school with endowed professors; El Res- 
guardo, or office of the captain of the port ; Las Pilas 
or public fountains ; and the Alameda or public garden, 
kept in good order by the municipality. There are 
also a railway and station (abandoned), some fine ware- 
houses near the wharfs, and numbers of well-built 
merchants' store-houses in various parts of the city. 

The landscape viewed from the sea is very beautiful. 
The water is generally calm and placid, its waves 
having none of that fury with which the ocean beats 
upon some coasts, but are as gentle as though it were a 
sheltered lake ; whilst above the city rises the range of 
the Hilaria mountains. Groves of mango and cocoa- 
nut trees add the beauty of their graceful forms and 

rich colouring to the scene. 
VOL. II. 11 



114 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. viii. 

Here the coast range of hills, at the foot of which the 
city nestles, reaches a great height. Patanemo is 4278 
feet. Las Tetas 4256 feet, and the Cerro de la Vigia 
4002 feet. The last hill owes its name to a watch- 
tower stationed on it — now in ruins and deserted. 
The like fate has happened to the Mirador de Salano, 
which formerly held sixteen pieces of artillery, but 
was abandoned by the captain-general before it was 
fairly completed, as it was thought the city could 
be better defended from batteries built lower down. 
Most of the fortifications established in the old colonial 
days have long since been abandoned. 

In the evening of our arrival I called upon Mr. 
Robert Conn, the English vice-consul, who has plenty 
of hard work though no pay from the British Govern- 
ment. So the post of maintaining the honour and 
glory of Old England in a place within ten degrees 
of the equator under such circumstances is not one 
to be envied. Conn felt it to be so I 

At three other ports in the Republic, the vice-consuls 
receive on an average ;^250 yearly. The gross English 
tonnage entering one of these (the port of Maracaybo), 
during 1861 was only 2046 tons, in eleven sailing bot- 
toms, and it is probably less now, as other flags are 
doing nearly all the business. At Puerto-Cabello 
twelve steamers call annually from Liverpool, and the 
same number from Great Grimsby, besides a fleet 
of sailing vessels hailing from the United Kingdom. 
The steamers vary in burden from 1500 to 2500 
tons each. 

If we profess to pay our consuls in Venezuela at 



Chap, viii.] A SYLVAN RETREAT. 115 

all we should scarcely make an exception to the 
detriment of the one appointed to the best port in 
that country. 

Next morning (June 18), Captain Miller, Lieutenant 
Hammond, and I called upon Mr. Goering, and 
examined his collection of objects of natural history, 
including no less than six hundred species of Vene- . 
zuelan birds, many of which he assured us were new 
to science. Not the least interesting portion of this 
exhibition was a variety of sketches he had executed 
for me of our late excursion to the Silla of Caracas. 

We then proceeded by coach to San Esteban, which 
is the country retreat for the business men of Puerto- 
Cabello. At an altitude of about 100 feet above the 
level of the sea the temperature was 88° in the shade ; 
a circumstance which did not at all detract from 
our enjoyment of a bathe in the river. We purchased 
some of the beautiful flowers and fans which they 
manufacture here from the feathers of birds ; and were 
much amused by the performance of an itinerant 
musician who played on six instruments at once — to 
play any one of which was exercise enough on such 
a hot day. 

Higher up the river plant life had a tropical rich- 
ness, and the ruddy brilliance of the rosa de montana, 
standing out from the background formed by the 
dark trunks of the trees, produced a very charming 
effect. San Esteban made a pleasant picture. The 
clear stream, now brawling into a cascade, now eddying 
round some rocky island, and now calmly reflecting the 
green foliage of the trees, and the brighter colours of 



. ii6 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. viii. 

the fruits and flowers ; the gorgeous plumage of the 
birds, and the blue sky flecked with fleecy clouds, 
completed the woodland witchery of the scene. There 
was nothing to mar its beauty, it was the harmony of 
nature undisturbed by any of man's vain inventions. 

The accompanying engraving is from a drawing 

. made by Mr. Goering on the spot, and gives a good 

idea of the form of this pleasant nook ; but colour 

alone can adequately interpret its sylvan beauty, and 

the bosky coolness of the vegetation.* 

In the afternoon I bade farewell to my naval 
friends ; the " Sirius " proceeding to Porto Rico, and I 
returning to La Guayra by the " Bavaria," a Europe- 
bound ship which was to call there. She was one of 
the Hamburg line of packets, and as I had had some 
experience of the Cunard and other first-class lines, 
I found everything about her to be far below that 
standard of excellence which is maintained on all 
ocean-going passenger steamers belonging to any of 
the large English steamship companies. The food 
it is impossible to describe, as I failed entirely to 
understand it.f 

On board the " Bavaria " I met Dr. Josd M. R6jas, 
one of the best scholars in the Republic, and an ener- 
getic business man of Car&cas. He is personally well 
known to the Venezuelan bondholders in London. 

Dr. R6jas had just returned from the Dutch island 
of Curazao, which circumstance gave rise to some 

* See Frontispiece. 

+ Most of the German steamers on the route to the West Indies and 
Venezuela are first-class vessels possessing every comfort and conveni- 
ence, and thus being the reverse of the ** Bavaria.'* 



Chap, viii.] RE VOL UTIONBREEDERS, 1 1 7 

- 

conversation relative to that place. A thousand cases 
of merchandise are landed there every month ; half a 
dozen amply suffice to clothe the half-naked mongrel 
race which constitute its population, and the rest 
are smuggled into Venezuela, New Granada, and the 
Central American republics bordering the Caribbean 
Sea. The capital of the island is a nest of hatchers 
of revolutions, smugglers, and renegade Jews, who 
enrich themselves by the blood they cause to be shed 
and the misery entailed on the unfortunate countries 
named. Political feeling runs very high in the Latin 
races, and each party, of course, thinks that the 
prosperity of the country depends entirely upon the 
adoption of its programme. If this cannot be done 
peacefully the gentlemen just alluded to are willing 
to supply the sinews of war ; but when the revolt has 
become a successful revolution the interest demanded 
is so exorbitant that its payment breeds fresh dis- 
content. To do the money-lenders justice, they are 
quite willing to aid in overthrowing the government 
of their first customers for a consideration. 

Trinidad is another hot-bed of conspiracy, but 
having its own legislative business to attend to, is not 
so bad as Curazao. Humanity would suffer little if 
the latter island were blotted out of existence. 

We left the wharf of Puerto-Cabello at 6 p.m., 
but lay at anchor outside four hours, and then by 
moonlight steamed to La Guayra. The following day 
we disembarked at 9 a.m., and amongst those coming 
on board I met Mr. Thomas Nevett, an Englishman, 
who after forty years' residence in Venezuela was 



1 18 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. viii. 

returning to the Old World ; many a time during the 
long winters he will regret the pleasant climate he 
'was leaving behind. 

I returned to CariUias in the afternoon with General 
Guzman Blanco, whose body-guard of 600 troops was 
on the road. On the way the President spoke of his 
plans for developing the resources of the country, and 
especially of a railway to Caracas £ix)m Cdtia (near La 
Guayra), and of a new port at the latter place. 

I arrived at my rooms at 7 p.m., having been only 
four hours on the road, which showed that the Pre- 
sident was not one to loiter by the way. 



CHAPTEE IX. 

GOVERNMENT MINING CONCESSIONS. 

/'Lo8 negocios del palacio andan despacio." 

— Spanish Proverb. 

Allusion has been made in the previous chapters to 
the progress of my negotiations with the Government 
for certain mining concessions or privileges which I 
had instituted, to enable various industrial projects 
to be inaugurated. I will now give a connected 
account of them. 

The first and most important of these was the 
leasing of the islands of the Republic for the extraction 
of phosphates. Los Roques, Orchila, Las Aves, and 
some smaller groups had been granted to an Ameri- 
can company, solely for the removal of guano. The 
first-named were also leased for the production of 
salt ; and having heard, on satisfactory authority, 
that they contained mineral phosphates, I at once 
determined to apply to the Venezuelan Government 
for an exclusive right to mine and ship this material. 
Accordingly, soon after my arrival in the country, my 
good Mend Leseur accompanied me to the Ministerio 
de Fomento (Office of Public Works), and intro- 
duced me to the Minister, Dr. Martin Jos(5 Sanavria, 
with whom a petition was lodged to be submitted to 



ISO THE LANG OF BOUVAR. [Chap. ix. 

the consideration of the Cabinet. About six weeks 
later another offer was made from a Liverpool house. 
I had interviews ahnost daily with Dr. Sanavria, on 
the Bubjeet of the phosphate concession, but my pro- 
gress was very slow. No real or tangible obstruction 
presented itself to be grappled with, but innumerable 




causes of delay ai-ose— enough tn have exhausted tlie 
patience of the man of Uz himself — and the business 
dragged on monotonously, instead of being brought to 
a speedy concliwion, as I had earnestly hoped, when 
first it was taken in hand. 

In June 1 87 1 Dr. Sanavria said the Government 



Chap, ix.] MINISTER 10 DE FOMENTO. 121 

wished me to offer a royalty of one-tenth of the produce 
of the islands ; but, as my proposals had already been 
varied several times with a view to meet the wishes 
of the Cabinet, his Levitical suggestion was not acted 
upon. The President, it appeared, was unwilling to 
make a grant of the islands until they had been exa- 
mined by a scientific commission. This was on the 
1 6th of June, and on the 1 7th came news of the seizure 
of the capital of Barcelona by the Blues, dispiriting for 
me, as I was now anxious to obtain certain privileges 
in connection with the coal mines of that State, for 
facilitating their working, and the construction of a 
railway. [These have already been mentioned in de- 
scribing the visit to Nueva Barcelona.] Authority was 
wanted for this work, and also exemption from im- 
port and export duties, and port charges. The Minis- 
ter advised me to complete my contract with Senora 
Mondgas, who was the owner of the coal property, 
and then send in my petition to the Government. 
Acting upon this advice, the necessary documents 
were prepared, and by the end of July signed and 
placed in his hands, in fiill hopes of an immediate 
and favourable response to my petitions. It was 
not, however, until the end of September that the 
matter was concluded. Before the President's de- 
parture for Valencia he left instructions for the com- 
pletion of the Barcelona concessions. The successful 
termination of these negotiations made me hope for 
the same good fortune with respect to those still 
pending. 

Early in August of the same year Mr. William 



122 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. ix. 



Grange of Philadelphia, whose acquaiiitauce I had 
made in England, came to Car^U^as. Hlb long life had 
been spent in roaming over all parts of the world, and 
now under the burden of fix)m eighty to one hundred 
years he was the very impersonation of one's con- 
ception of the wandering Jew. Thinking that he was 
endeavouring to gain a phosphate concession, I told 
him that after my six months' work he had not much 
chance ; but he protested that his sole object was to 
sell arms to the Government, a statement I received 
cum grano salis. The opposition so far encountered 
could have been overcome by personal eflforts, but 
when the American appeared upon the scene it be- 
came certain that mischief wa^ brewing, and the 
sequence showed the correctness of this forecast. Mr. 
Grange made oflfers to the Grovemment for the islands, 
and my proposition, virtually accepted before his 
arrival, was indefinitely postponed. I had secured 
specimens from Los Roques, and some qualitative 
analyses were made, and the mineral found to contain 
phosphoric acid, in sufficient quantity to induce me per- 
sonally to make a careful examination of the islands 
before submitting another proposition to the Govern- 
ment ; my previous offers having been based chiefly 
— though not entirely — upon speculative grounds. 

Meanwhile Mr. Grange was working industriously, 
but his progress was of a checkered nature. Some 
letters which appeared in the newspapers (and were 
attributed to his pen), so far from aiding, probably 
damaged his cause. At last he gave up personal 
negotiations and left for the United States, but before 



Chap, ix.] DIFFICULTIES WITH THE MINISTER. 123 

taking his departure he engaged Dr. Ernst to visit 
Los Eoques and report upon them. 

But Mr. Grange's absence did not increase the 
rate of my own speeding, and it was not until March 
1872 that my final proposition was made to the 
Government. The day after it was placed in the 
hands of Dr. Sanavria it became known that the 
President was going again to Valencia, and the 
Minister was urged to have the contract finished 
before his departure. I was so tired out with the 
constant delays that serious thoughts of giving up 
its further prosecution and returning to England 
were in my mind. 

The President on his return from Valencia having 
given his verbal consent to my last proposition, at 
an interview mentioned in a previous chapter, I 
hoped that at last the end of my troubles had 
arrived, but to my surprise, when next I called upon 
the Minister, he showed me an immense pile of 
documents relating to the matter, and mentioned a 
number of alterations which he wished to make in 
the contract. The first was to limit the concessions 
to Orchila, where, so far as I knew at the time, no 
phosphates of value existed I There were other 
important changes he desired to make, but this one 
was sufficient, and as the President had been under- 
stood to assent to my ultimate proposal, the discus- 
sion of these questions was declined. 

Whilst the negotiations were still hanging fire in 
this perplexing manner, I was the object of a delicate 
compliment, as agreeable as it was unexpected, and 



124 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. ix. 

which may perhaps have had its effect upon the 
Cabinet, by showing to its members that their 
petitioner had, to some extent at least, enlisted the 
good wishes of the people of Cardcas. It will be 
best to give a simple translation of the report which 
appeared in La Opinion Nacional of July 13th, 
1872, omitting only some portions of a complimen- 
tary character.* 

" Last night took place, in the Cafi del Avila, an artistic banquet, 
by which twenty gentlemen, friends of Senor James M. Spence, 
desired to show their appreciation of their esteemed guest. 

" The saloon was prepared with simplicity and art. The banners 
of England and of Venezuela, interlaced and crowned with garlands 
of beautiful flowers, adorned the walls ; and opposite the post of 
honour, which was occupied by the gentleman to whom the ban- 
quet was offered, was seen a beautiful allegorical picture in crayons, 
the work of Senor Ramon Bolet, on which was displayed the two 
shields of England and Venezuela, surrounded in artistic mingling 
by the sjnnbols of science, art, and commerce; shining above 
this beautiful combination was the English word * Welcome ' {qm 
espresaban un cordial saludo). Beautiful festoons of natural flowers 
ornamented this picture, which formed the base for a group of 
plants, amongst them being our characteristic cajtihour, the symbol 
of America, under whose shade was placed upon a pedestal the 
bust of the Liberator. 

*' The portrait of the guest, the excellent work of Seiior Diego 
Gasanas, had been fixed upon the opposite wall, and round it fell 
in graceful folds the English and Venezuelan flags. The lower part 
of the picture had a bunch of flowers, symbolic of those gathered 
by Senor Spence and his companions upon the Naiguatd to enrich 
the investigation of our flora. The banquet commenced by some 
musical pieces composed expressly for the occasion, and executed 

* La Revista, edited by General Diego Hugo Ramirez, published a 
special number a few days after, with a full account of the banquet, 
the number being dedicated to myself. See Appendix Q., No. 192. 



Chap, ix.] BANQUET OF THE LITER ATL 125 

by their authors, who were amongst those by whom the banquet 
was oflFered.* 

• • • t t « • 

'' The gentlemen of Caracas represented at this feast of friend- 
ship and of art have given a striking and eloquent proof of their 
ability to appreciate exertions made for the benefit of their country. 

" May Senor Spencefind imitators, and may they ever be inspired 
by such cordial demonstrations." 

On the 15th July I arrived at the actual conclu- 
sion of my negotiations. I had an appointment 
with Dr. Sanavria for 9 a.m., but was kept wait- 
ing until II A.M. before he could enter upon the 
business of the concession. After discussing some 
of the points, we met again at 2 p.m., and worked on 
until sundown, and as even then all the details had 
not been arranged, we adjourned to his house at " Los 
Chaguaramos," where we remained discussing the 
vexed questions until 10 p.m. As there were still 
some articles left for the decision of the President, I 

• ** Obsequio al Senor James M. Spence. 

Programa. 

1 . Pieza para canto y piano per Ildefoneo Meseron y Aranda. 

2. Romance sin letra compuesto y ejecutado por Eduardo Calcano. 

3. Barcarola por Eamon de la Plaza arreglada para piano y har- 

monium. 

4. Duo de cometas de piston con acompanamiento de piano, arre- 

glado por Eduardo Calcano y ejecutado por el mismo y los 
Seiiores de la Plaza y Marcano. 

5. Discurso de 6rden por Santiago Terrero Atienza. 

6. Poesla por Diego Jugo Ramirez. 

7. Composicion en prosa por Pedro Toledo Bermiidez. 

8. Poesia por Eloy Escobar. 

9. Composicion en prosa por Nicanor Bolet Peraza. 

10. Composicion en prosa por Leopoldo Terrero. 

1 1. Poesia por Jacinto Gutiteez Coll. 

12. Pensamientos en ingles por Emilio de Las Casas. 

Caracas, Jvlxo 22 de 1872. 



126 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. ix. 

set out at midnight by coach to cross the mountains 
to La Guayra where he wa^ staying, and saw him 
between 7 and 8 a.m. the next morning, when we 
settled in half an hour all that remained to be done ; 
after which I telegraphed the good news to my friends 
in Caracas, and returned there in the evening. 

Many called to congratulate me upon the successful 
termination of the aflfair, and the following day my 
rooms were besieged by others on the same errand. 
The documents * were now signed by the Minister of 
Public Works, and if the long delays had somewhat 
irritated and wearied me, the closing scenes were 
performed so gracefully, and with so much amiability, 
as to compensate for the eighteen months of hard 
work which the business had entailed, and as there 
were several competitors, I could scarcely blame my- 
self for lost time. 

• See Appendix 0., Translation of the Concession of the Venezuelan 
Islands for the extraction of Mineral Phosphates. 



CHAPTER X. 

THE FIRST VENEZUELAN FINE ARTS EXHIBITION. 

Don Carlos, I had engagements elsewhere. 
Pray who was there ? 

Laura, Why, all the town and court. 
• The house was crowded ; and the busy fans 

Among the gaily dressed and perfumed ladies 
Fluttered like butterflies among the flowers. 
There was the Countess of Medina Celi ; 
The Goblin Lady and her Phantom Lover. 
Herr Lindo, Don Diego, Donna Sol, 
And Donna Serafina, and her cousins. — Longfellow. 

One evening at the Cafd del Avila, whilst talking 
with my good friends Kamon Bolet and his brother 
Nicanor, Leopoldo Terrero, and some others, it was 
suggested that, as my collection of pictures was soon 
to leave for England, it would be well to give a pub- 
lic exhibition of them in Cardcas. On inquiring it 
appeared there had never been a public fine art col- 
lection in the capital, and it was immediately deter- 
mined to take the necessary steps to organize one. 

The scheme was espoused with enthusiasm by the 
gentlemen present, and although there were only 
three days at our disposal before the opening fixed 
upon, yet in that time we obtained loans of pictures, 
drew up and printed a catalogue,* secured the patron- 

♦ Appendix Q., No. 58. 



128 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. x. 



age of the President and his Cabinet, sent out invi- 
tations to the principal citizens of the town, and 
arranged for the " First Venezuelan Fine Arts Exhi- 
bition " to be inaugurated by a banquet. 

For four days the theatre of the Cafd del Avila was 
converted into a picture gallery. The greater part of 
the works shown came from my own collection,* but 
various other " amigos del arte " liberally lent from 
their treasures to increase the interest of an exhibition 
which it was felt might have considerable influence 
in stimulating the artistic talent of the Republic. 

The first day, from eight in the morning until 
three in the afternoon, was set apart for those specially 
invited ; after that hour the public were admitted 
without ceremony, and came in crowds of all ages 
and conditions to see and admire the genius of their 
countrymen. In short, the exhibition was a decided 
success, and the newspapers spoke of it in the most 
glowing terms. The collection showed that, notwith- 
standing the neglect of the fine arts in the Republic, 
there really existed a fund of talent that needed 
only culture to develop into proportions which would 
do honour to the nation. More than 12,000 persons 
passed through the room.t 

On the fitrst evening, at six o'clock, the rooms were 
closed to sight-seers on account of the preparations for 
the banquet, which commenced at eight, and was uni- 
versally considered a great triumph in its way. We 

* Appendix Q., No. 221. 

t See Appendix L., Translation from La Opinion Nacional, July 29, 
1872, of an account ol the " First Venezuelan Fine Arts Exhibition." 



Chap. X.] THE PICTURES OF THE EXHIBITION, 129 

had with us some of the most eloquent orators of the 
Republic, but it would be vain to attempt to record 
their " winged words." The speakers were Sefiores A. 
L. Guzman and Eduardo Calcano, Generals Ramon de 
la Plaza and Nicanor Bolet Peraza, and Doctors San- 
tiago Terrero Atienza and Martin J. Sanavria. 

Amongst the pictures exhibited were some that at- 
tracted justly merited attention from the visitors. One 
of the most popular was a small water-colour drawing 
by Sefior Ramon Bolet, entitled The First Son^ow, 
representing an incident in the domestic life of one of 
his own children. It was thus described by a well- 
known critic (Abdul Azis) : " The boy, whose only 
treasure was a little bird, which pleased him with 
its melodious notes, on opening the door of its cage 
one day to give it food found it dead. At what a 
little cost has the poor child entered the vale of tears, 
and yet, without doubt, there is no greater sorrow for 
him." 

Another from the same artist by its marvellous 
fidelity to nature excited great amusement. It repre- 
sented one of the " characters " of the city, a dealer in 
charcoal, whose daily rounds made him familiar as 
one of the public men. Each individual has something 
to be proud of, whether it be wit, long descent, or 
worldly possessions ; it was this man's boast that he 
had the finest donkey in the Republic ! 

There was one, a sketch by Anton Goering, which 
appealed to the martial spirit of the nation, and re- 
presented a group of Venezuelan Troops in Camp. 
They looked rough and ragged enough to have thrown 

VOL. II. I 



130 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. x. 



an English martinet officer into convulsions, but " in 
their eyes could be read that proverbial valour 
which in former times, when used against the well- 
equipped regiments of old Spain, gave memories of 
imperishable glories." 

A water-colour drawing by an Italian artist, Senor 
Francisco Devegno, of La GMayrafrom the East, was 
a picture of great merit, as were also four other 
studies from the same pencil. 

Several oil paintings by local artists who had 
studied in Europe were also exhibited, some of which 
for originality of design and colouring were the most 
attractive objects in the exhibition. 



CHAPTER XL 

PROJECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESOURCES 

OF THE REPUBLIC. 

'' And thus the native hue of resolution 
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought ; 
And enterprises of great pith and moment, 
With this regard their currents turn awry 
And lose the name of action." — Shakespeare. 

Besides the matter of the coal mines of Nueva Barce- 
lona, and the mineral phosphates of the islands, already 
mentioned, I gave a good deal of attention to projects 
for introducing traction engines into Venezuela, for 
extending the telegraphic system, and for improving 
the ports of Maracaybo and La Guayra by railroads 
from these places. 

Traction engines would be an immense benefit in 
the Kepublic. In the British Islands, with a net-work 
of railways and good roads, we make little use of 
them, but in South America, where the fertility of the 
land is rendered of no avail by the difficulty of trans- 
porting the crops to the coast, they would form, in 
many parts, exceedingly good substitutes for railways. 
Mr. Fred. H. Hemming, the Venezuelan Consul in 
London, has a concession of an exclusive right to 
introduce these engines for twenty-one years into 
Venezuela. 



132 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. xi. 

There is no telegraphic communication with Europe, 
and only a small portion of the country itself is sup- 
plied with this important means of communication. 
In the new career of peace upon which it is hoped 
the Republic has fairly entered, the swift messenger 
electricity will be found indispensable.* 

The most obvious course seemed to be that of a 
submarine cable to connect La Guayra with the island 
of St. Thomas, but the great distance (over 500 miles) 
would be fatal to the project, from the enormous cost 
in the first instance of laying such a line. Fortunately 
a much more feasible plan presents itself, which is, to 
run a system of telegraphic wires across the States of 
Bolivar, Barcelona, and Cumand to the Boco Grande, 
the strait separating Trinidad from the mainland. 
About five miles only of submarine cable would be 
required, and, with a short addition of land line, 
would unite with the telegraph at Puerto Espana, thus 
giving direct communication with Europe, t By this 
method three important States in the Union would be 
opened up, and the route would embrace most of the 
places of importance in them. From Barcelona a 
branch line could easily be constructed, to go to the 

* From a conversation with the manager of the Venezuelan telegraph 
lines held whilst a revolution was still raging, I learned that, in spite 
of the disturbed state of the country, the wires were very seldom cut 
or interfered with ; perhaps owing to the fact that both the Blues and 
the Yellows used them. 

t Another opinion, given to me by one of the most practical sub- 
marine telegraph layers in England, is that a cheap form of cable laid 
off the coast, from La Guayra to Puerto Espana, with branches to 
Barcelona and Cumani, would be the most advantageous — the distance 
not exceeding 375 miles. 



Chap, xi.] TELEGRAPH PROJECTS, 133 

flourishing town of Ciudad-Bolivar on the Orinoco, 
taking in its course Aragua, the centre of an import- 
ant cotton-growing district. 

The Eastern States have often given trouble to the 
national government in Caracas on account of the 
difficulty of obtaining prompt intelligence from them. 
The construction of more telegraphs would be a strong 
guarantee for the peace of the Republic. From La 
Guayra to Cardxias, thence by Victoria and Valencia 
to Puerto-Cabello, there is a line of telegraphs in 
good working order ; and an additional one, to the 
valleys of the Tuy, would be of great advantage to the 
State of Bolivar. The districts through which the 
proposed extensions would run are rising daily in 
importance. With peace their natural resources will 
become developed, and their wealth — agricultural 
and mineral — will be available for the service of 
mankind. 

The Venezuelan Grovemment has concluded a con- 
tract with Senor Carlos Hahn by which he has the 
sole right for twenty-one years of laying and working 
a submarine telegraph cable from La Guayra to St. 
Thomas, where it can be joined to the international 
or intercolonial telegraph system. The contract is 
dated October 31, 1872, and exempts from all duties 
the materials required for the construction and 
maintenance of this undertaking.* 

The existence of coal in Venezuela has been long 
known; in 1837 there were some mines partially 

* It is said, that owing to the work of construction not having been 
commenced within the time stipulated^ this concession has been forfeited. 




134 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. xi. 

worked, but the absence of customers led to their 
abandonment. The coal measures of Curamichate are 
said by Mr. Henry Kidley, an English engineer, to 
be rich and almost inexhaustible. They are situated 
on the coast, in the State of Coro, and are reported 
to extend from east to west a distance of 45 miles. 
The mines which have been worked belong almost 
wholly to Mr. Robert P. Syers of Caracas. 

The quality of the coal is said to be nearly equal 
to English common sorts, and the strata is so near 
the surface that the mineral can be very easily ob- 
tained. Mr. Ridley estimated that 500 to 700 tons 
daily could be obtained from one locality. The first 
bed is found along the coast at 11 metres above 
the sea level, but under this is a second seam, where 
the coal must be considerably harder than that of 
the surface deposit, which takes a place between 
bituminous and stone-coal or anthracite. 

Mr. A. HAbel has had specimens of this coal tried 
in some steamers with very satisfactory results. A 
German chemist (Dr. Fleck) made an analytical com- 
parison between the coals of Cardiff and Venezuela, 
and he thus sums up their relative heat-giving pro- 
perties : Venezuela, 548* 155; Cardiff, 728-215 — that 
is to say, that every 100 tons of the latter description 
is equal to 132-84 tons of the former. Cardiff coal 
costing at Trinidad nine American dollars per ton, 
Venezuelan coal should then be worth $6.77. 

It is estimated that the steamers engaged in the 
foreign trade of Venezuela consume about 86,400 
tons annually ; this alone would form the nucleus of 



Chap, xi.] A RAILWA Y AND HARBOUR PROJECT, 135 

a good and profitable market for coal so easily worked 
as that of Curamichate.* 

Maracaybo, notwithstanding that it suffered greatly 
during the civil war, which robbed it by death and 
abandonment of part of its population, at the present 
time enjoys a large amount of material prosperity. 
This is owing to its favourable geographical position, 
and to its magnificent lake. The only drawback is the 
harra (bar) de MaracayhOy which is yeariy making 
the entrance to the port more diflScult. The deposit of 
sand is now so great that, except for vessels of slight 
burden, entrance to the lake is attended with grave 
dangers and considerable delay. Every year ships 
are cast away, and the cargoes plundered by the 
Indians of the coast. We have heard of as many as 
twenty-seven ships being detained at one time, wait- 
ing for a favourable opportunity to escape this ob- 
stacle. The difficulties of the commerce will increase 
every year with the growth of the bar. It is already 
an evil calling loudly for a remedy, but fortunately 
the difficulty is one not insurmountable. 

At Cojoro, on the coast of the peninsula of Goa- 
jira, there is an excellent natural harbour, that by a 
comparatively short railway could be connected with 
Maracaybo so as to make the former place the port of 
the latter. The exportation of valuable timber would 
then be possible on a large scale. There is also 
wanted a railroad from the east coast of the lake to 

* The particulars given in the text respecting the Curamichate coal 
mines are gathered from a report furnished hy Mr. HAbel, who was 
specially engaged to examine the district in which they are situated by 
Mr. Leseor and myself. 



136 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. xi. 

the foot of the sierras of Betijoque, by which the 

produce of the interior could be brought to Maracaybo 

for exportation. Add to this the navigation of the 

lake by steamers, and the industries and agricidture 

of the States of the Cordillera would receive an 

immense impetus. 

80 convinced was I of the commercial importance of 

this scheme that, after a careful calculation of the ex- 
penses that would have been involved in canying it into 
eflFect, I made an application to Congress, in conjunc- 
tion with Mr. A. Boyer of Paris, for a concession of 
exclusive rights for forty years ; freedom from all na- 
tional and local taxes ; and a grant of government land ; 
in return for which the railway was to become the 
property of the nation at the end of that term. The 
matter did not come up for decision until after my de- 
parture from Venezuela, when certain local jealousies 
succeeded in " burking " the scheme in Congress, by 
a process similar to that so-called in the English 
House of Commons. Mr. Boyer, whose personal 
knowledge of the district extended over a period of 
twenty years, is of opinion that the Maracaybo and 
Cqjoro Railway and Harbour Project, if properly 
carried out, would yield a profit of nearly 30 per cent., 
after making provision for all possible expenses. 

The copper mines of Aroa, once the property of 
Bolivar the Liberator, now belong to an English 
joint stock enterprise, the New Quebrada Company, 
Limited. The veins or deposits of copper are con- 
sidered to be practically inexhaustible, and can bo 
worked at little cost for many years to come by adit 



THE 



MAP 
SHEWING TH£ROUTEofr«( RAILWAY 




^"b* ty 3a.Ti^aim Low.J^ai'staii fc.C? Looaoii. Lith ly B PitBTwn, London, 



Chap, xi.] THE COPPER MINES OF AROA. 137 

levels, without the necessity of either pumping or rais- 
ing machinery being called into requisition. The late 
Lieutenant-Colonel Strange, F.R.S., in 1871 estimated 
an output of 2o,cxxD tons per annum, which in future 
years he thought could be greatly augmented. To aid 
in the development of the rich deposits a railway has 
been projected, and is now in course of construction, 
to run from the mines to the port of Tucacas in the 
Caribbean Sea.* The length of the line will not ex- 

• "The Bolivar Railway Company, Limited, with a capital of 
;^35o,ooo, has been formed for the purpose of constructing a line of 
railway about 62 miles in length, from the port of Tucacas in the 
Caribbean Sea to the celebrated copper mines of Aroa, reputed to be the 
most extensive and the richest in the world. The mineral wealth of 
these mines is authenticated by the personal inspection of competent 
persons, including John Hawkshaw, late president of the Institute of 
Civil Engineers. 

" The mines are situated about 1200 feet above the sea level ; the de- 
posit, a vast lode of about 100 feet wide, is worked by horizontal adits, 
and without any pumping or other expensive mining machinery, hence 
the ore, which is of a quality yielding from 1 5 to 40 per cent, of copper, 
and in some cases of a much higher per centage, can be raised at very 
small outlay. The realisation of the wealth of these mines has hitherto 
been retarded by the expense of bringing the ores to a port of shipment 
— the only means of transport being by mules and boats, involving great 
delay, and an expenditure incompatible with the profits. 

" There are no engineering difficulties whatever throughout the entire 
line of the railway, which could be worked so as to yield profitable 
results on the copper ore tonnage alone, guaranteed as hereinafter men- 
tioned by the New Quebrada Company. 

" The New Quebrada Company, Limited (the proprietors of the land 
through which the railway will run), have agreed to lease the lands 
required for the construction of the railway and its accessories to the 
railway company for 999 years, at a nominal rent of ;^20. 

" As security for dividends upon the share capital of this company, 
the New Quebrada Company bind themselves to deliver a minimum 
quantity of twenty thousand tons of copper ore annually, for transport 
by the railway, for which they will pay to the company £^^ 53. per ton, 
o^ jC^SjOoo per annum. 

" The following are additional sources of income which may be fairly 



138 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. xi. 

ceed sixty-five miles, and the mining company guaran- 
tees to the railway company a minimum goods traffic 
that will, it is anticipated, return about lo per cent., 
whilst from 6ther sources — timber, agricultural pro- 
duce, and passengers — an additional 8 per cent, is 
calculated upon. 

The Government of the Republic is turning its 
attention to inmiigration. With a fresh influx of 
strong arms there would be some prospect of culti- 
vating the vast fields of Venezuela, which now lie un- 
touched. The Republic participates in the common 
wants of all new countries, viz., peace, capital, and 
labour, but these she could easily obtain were proper 
measures adopted for their acquisition. Capital 
would flow into the country in abundance with peace, 
and a stable Government resolved upon raising the 
fallen credit of the Republic abroad. Labour is equally 
important, but by far the most difficult to obtain. 

At first sight it seems strange that the tide of 
emigration from Europe should have turned in such 
a steady current to North America, whilst the more 
fertile lands of South America have received scarcely 
any of the surplus population of the Old World. Yet 
if we reflect that Great Britian and Ireland are the 

calculated on, viz.: — For all copper ore carried in excess of the above 
mjniTnnnri of 20,ooo tons, containing over 13 per cent, of copper, this 
company will be paid ;^3, 128. 6d. per ton, and for ore of a smaller per 
centage a rate of not less than £^2 per ton. In addition to copper ore, 
other mineral deposits, including gold, silver, and coal, are said to 
exist on the property of the company, which produces also, in almost 
inexhaustible quantities, valuable hardwoods and timber, such as rose- 
wood, Lignum-vit8B, fustic and mahogany." — Extracted from the Pro- 
spectus of the Bolivar Bailtoay Company, 



Chap, xi] COLONIZATION, 139 

sources whence the larger part of these emigrants 
are drawn, it ceases to be a matter of astonishment. 
The rustic or mechanic, from either of these quarters 
going 'to North America, arrives in a country where 
his own language is spoken, and where the general 
structure of society is built up on the same traditions 
as those of the land he has left behind. The internal 
dissensiona of the Latin republics have also helped to 
keep away the army of industry, whose soldiers were 
seeking, not for the laurel of glory, but for a place 
where they might sit under their own vine and fig- 
tree, no man making them afraid. Emigration to 
South America has rarely been attempted with suc- 
cess, and in the case of Brazil and Paraguay has 
proved a disastrous failure, hence it will be difficult to 
induce Englishmen to go to Venezuela, notwithstand- 
ing its vast natural advantages over other countries. 

The only method of obviating the difficulty is for 
the Government to institute a few small experimental 
colonies — English, French, German, or Italian. In 
the case of the establishment of an English colony, the 
service of an English gentleman practically acquainted 
with agriculture should be obtained, who should be 
authorized to select a small band of mechanics and 
agriculturists to settle upon land provided by the 
State, thus forming the first colony. The greatest care 
would be necessary in the choice of locality, which 
should combine fertility of soil, and salubrity of 
climate ; good roads being also indispensable. The 
colonists should be planted not very far from the 
capital of the country, and in a situation where, in 



I40 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. xi. 

addition to farms, saw-mills and other industrial 
establishments could be worked by water power. The 
success of the experiment, certified by the British 
Superintendent of the colony, would quickly induce 
other emigrants to follow. Eight or ten families suc- 
cessfully established in the country would be sufficient 
to show the feasibility of Venezuelan immigration, and 
would be a complete answer to those who point to 
the failures of Brazil and Paraguay. Owing to the 
rapid succession of the crops in the Eepublic the ex- 
periment would not take long to decide.* 

In this way Venezuela may hope to attract the in- 
dustrial force which is absolutely, necessary to enable 
it to avail itself of the riches of its mountain slopes, 
broad valleys, and almost limitless plains. 

We in England did a noble thing in aiding the colo- 
nies of South America to obtain their freedom from 
Spanish despotism, but had we, in addition to this, 
helped in the construction of railroads, erection of 
telegraphs, and other mighty instruments of progress, 
they would have been more blessed in receiving and 
we more profited in giving. Such investments would 
be far more beneficial to all concerned than the ordi- 
nary wretched foreign loans. My conviction of the 
truth of this principle led me to examine various plans 
which promised to be profitable if carried out. 

Amongst the railway projects which have been 

• In January 1874, a decree was passed by the Venezuelan (Jovern- 
ment appointing a Director of Immigration who should see to the dis- 
tribution and settlement of European immigrants as they arrived in the 
country. The experiment has been very successful ; during the twelve 
months ending April 30th, 1875, over 5000 arrived in the Republic. 



Chap, xi.] RAILWAYS. 141 



broached is one from La Guayra to Car&cas.* By 
carriage way the distance from the seaport to the 
capital is only 23^ miles, but the road lies over the 
coast range of mountains, and communication is there- 
fore slow, and the transport of goods difficult. The 
grade of the road would vary from 0*93 to 3*50 per 
cent. The traffic is now very large, nearly all the 
coflFee from the Central States being shipped from the 
port of La Guayra, which also forms the chief inlet 
of the Eepublic for European productions. 

* This railway is now in process of construction. 



CHAPTER XII. 



DEPARTURE. 



** Ever in dreams thou comest I may not trace 
In waking hours the presence of that spell 
Which holds me bound with such a winning grace — 
Farewell ! " — Anonymods. 

As the time for my departure drew nigh, I found 
myself in a continual bustle of excitement, making 
farewell visits and the necessary preparations for 
my voyage. Amongst the incidents of these latter 
days may be mentioned as a novel experience the 
lottery of the Sociedad de Beneficencict. 

With those benevolent man-traps, the English 
bazaars, I was of course familiar, but the annual raffle 
of the Charitable Society of Caracas was managed in 
a different fashion to them. The intention of having 
such a Hfa was publicly announced, and the donations 
of the benevolent solicited. The gifts did not as a 
rule take the form of money, but of a miscellaneous 
collection of articles. The names of the donors were 
daily printed in the local papers, with the number of 
things they had contributed. As soon as 2000 objects 
had been obtained, the list was closed, and the gifts 
arranged for exhibition, but there was none of that 
chaffering or enthusiastic display of extortion which 
goes on at an English bazaar; the only articles sold were 



Chap, xii.] CHARITABLE LOTTERIES, 143 

lottery tickets in sealed envelopes, the price being fixed 
at a low figure in order to tempt persons to buy a num- 
ber of them, which it was necessary to do if a prize were 
desired ; for two thousand prize-tickets had been mixed 
up with ten times that number of blanks. Half a dozen, 
generally, of the most graceful, amiable, and beautiful 
of the ladies of the capital stood behind a counter, like 
tellers in a bank, disposing of tickets, whilst the prizes, 
artistically arranged, formed the background. The 
Fates usually maintain in Caracas, as elsewhere, their 
very spiteful natures in assigning to the so-called 
lucky winners the most inappropriate articles. 

On the 4th of August I called upon the President, 
but found him very unwell. We talked about emi- 
gration from Europe to Venezuela, and about rail- 
ways, which would be immense boons to the country. 
He inquired if I could not do something in England 
to promote the construction of the railroad from 
Card.cas to the coast at Cdtea, which is intended to 
supersede the roadstead of La Guayra. After promis- 
ing to do what I could in the matter,* some one in 
the company remarked that the fisheries of Barcelona 
would be a great source of profit to the State if they 
were properly developed. The President thought 
that fishing was an occupation for barbarous peoples. 
" The history of nations showed a succession of epochs 
in which they advance from fishing and hunting to 

* On my return to England I broached the subject to one of the 
leading railway engineers in London, who entered fully into the project, 
and would doubtless have carried out the plan he proposed, had not 
news arrived from the Republic that the Government itself had under- 
taken to carry out the scheme. 



144 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Chap. xii. 



pastoral life, and thence to agriculture, but the crown- 
ing glory of civilization is the epoch of manufac- 
tures." " Venezuela," said he, addressing himself to 
me, " is now in the agricultural period, but I hope 
that she will soon enter upon the industrial era, 
the stage at which your country has long ago arrived. 
I trust that we may imitate those arts of peace, 
and public virtues, which have made England great 
and famous." 

The day following I received from the President an 
autograph letter, of which the following is a trans- 
lation : — 

**Car1cas, AuguA 5, 1872. 

" My Esteebied Frdend,— I return you many thanks for the 
map of the State of Apure by Count CodazzL* 

" I wish you a happy voyage home, and a quick return, with 
good results in the projects for the material development of 
Venezuela. 

" From the Minister of Foreign Affairs you will receive the 
nomination of Venezuelan Consul in Manchester, and the diploma 
of the BmsIo del Libertador, Simon Bolivar, with which my country 
decorates those who serve her faithfully and disinterestedly. 

" The state of my health, as you know, is not good, and will natu- 
rally prevent me from accepting the invitation to the banquet with 
which you wish to honour me. — I am, &c., Guzman Blanco." 

At the same time I received from the Minister of 
Foreign AflFairs the following gratifying letter (trans- 
lation) : — 

** United States op Venezuela, Bureau of Foreign Affairs, 

Caracas, August 6, 1872. 

" Sir, — I have the pleasure of informing you that the President 
of the Republic has conferred upon you the distinction of the Order 

• This map, which I presented to the President, was similar in 
character to the one of the province of Quayana, mentioned at page loi. 



Chap, xii.] VISIT TO THE FOREIGN OFFICE. 145 

of the Bust of the Liberator, Simon Bolivar, the illustrious son of 
Cardcas, and Liberator of Venezuela, Colombia, Equador, Peru, 
and Bolivia; a true hero and the founder of South American 
Independence. 

" This Order, the noblest that can be conferred in the Republic, 
is given as a reward for great services and distinction of every 
class. 

" You have made yourself worthy of it by the repeated proofs 
you have given of interest for the progress of this country, and by 
the sympathy you have merited in it. — I have the pleasure of 
remaining, &c., Antonio L. Guzman." 

The map referred to in the President's letter was 
an original production of the geographer Codazzi, 
delineating the State of Apure in much greater detail 
than in that published in his atlas. 

The same day on which I received the letter from 
Seiior A. L. Guzman I had a conference with this 
Minister on the general prospects of the country, and 
laid before him my views with great frankness : Vene- 
zuela being exceptionally well situated, I opined, only 
needed that the Government should administer the 
laws with equal justice to all, maintain peace through- 
out the land, and establish public confidence in the 
integrity of its financial administration, to insure its 
becoming the leading republic of South America. 
'* Now that peace is established, with every probability 
of its duration, a most important thing to be done 
is to put Venezuela on a proper footing with her 
foreign creditors. No doubt the long civil war has ex- 
hausted the public treasury, but if the President were 
to strike out a bold line of policy, based on the moral 
right of the situation, and at once commence paying 
interest to the foreign bondliolders, tlie result would be 

VOL. II. K 



\ 



146 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. xii. 

an increase of confidence that would attract to the 
country the capital and industrial enterprise it so 
much requires. At the close of the American civil 
war there had been much talk of repudiation, a word 
unknown to the statesmen of Europe,* and there was 
no doubt that if such a policy had been carried out 
it would have proved most disastrous. I do not 
give the Americans credit for more honesty than the 
Venezuelans, but they have a cleai-er perception of 
the national injury which would result from breaking 
fa^th with their creditors." 

I strongly urged upon the Minister that it was 
absolutely essential to the well-being of the country 
that it should fulfil promptly, and to the very letter, 
all the engagements into which it had entered abroad. 

Senor Guzman listened to the ver}^ plain-spoken 
exposition of my views with great attention, and pro- 
mised to bring them under the notice of his colleagues 
in the Cabinet. This was my farewell visit to the 
Minister of Foreign Affairs. 

The banquet mentioned in the President's letter, 
and which I proposed to give in honour of himself 
and his Cabinet, took place on the 8th of August. 
Instead of attempting to chronicle it myself, I shall 
simply translate one or two paragraphs from the report 
of it which appeared in La Ojnnion Nacional : — 

" Last night took place, at the Hotel Saint Amand, a splendid 
banquet, given by Mr. Spence in honour of the President and his 
Cabinet. General Guzman was unable to be present on account 



• At the time this conversation took place Turkey and Spain had not 
attempted to repudiate their obligations. 



Chap, xii.] THE LAST OF THE BANQUETS, 147 

of the state of his health, but all his Ministers, with two excep- 
tions, were present The guests were (general Jos^ I. Pulido, Vice- 
President of the Eepublic j Senor Antonio L. Guzman, Minister 
of Foreign Affairs ; Dr. Diego B. Urbaneja, Minister of the In- 
terior and Justice ; Dr. Martin J. Sanavria, Minister of Public 
Works ; General Juan B. Garcia, Minister of War and Marine ; 
Dr. Diego B. BArrios, Secretary of the Minister of Foreign Affairs; 
Dr. Santiago Terrero de Atienza, Secretary of the Minister of 
Public Works ; General Lino Duarte Level, Secretary of the Pre- 
sident of the Republic; General Nicanor Bolet Peraza, Fausto 
Teodoro de Aldrey, Rafael Hernandez Gutierrez, Juan Rohl, 
General Juan F. Perez, John R. Leseur, H. L. Boulton, Carlos 
Hahn, F. J. Wall is, Dr. Modesto Urbaneja, General Leopoldo 
Terrero, Ramon Bolet, H. Gosewisch, Otto Becker, Dr. Ernst, 
H. Lisboa, Manuel Martel, Jacinto Gutierrez Coll, R Terrero, 
and Alexander Boyer, jun.* 

"The saloon in which the banquet took place was adorned 
with luxury and singular good taste. With the exception of the 
banners of England and Venezuela, which in the most conspi- 
cuous part of the room were interlaced in a trophied symbol, all 
the ornaments were composed of the choicest flowers of our 
gardens. It was a floral feast, whose delicious perfume filled the 
air, and whose precious colours enchanted the sight by the artistic 
combinations of their varied shades. 

"The host in dedicating the banquet to General Guzman 
Blanco and his worthy Ministry, mingled the most flattering ex- 
pressions about the hospitality of the country, with hopes of a 
continuance of the prosperity which it is now achieving, under 
the enlightened and progressive administration of its present 
Chief-Magistrate. Other speeches were made which are worthy 
of being reproduced literally, but on this occasion, as on others, 
all were surpassed by the robust and brilliant oratory of the 
veteran Seiior Antonio Leocadio Guzman. 



* I may here say that this list contains the names of gentlemen whose 
hospitality and courtesy, which I had many opportunities of proving, 
were conspicuous, and I feel sure that any stranger visiting Venezuela, 
and having the privilege of becoming acquainted with any one of them, 
will corroborate my testimony. 



t4S 



THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [Chap. xii. 



" Soniu strangers spoke upon Vonesuela and pr&iscd the virtaes 
of its people. Dr. Ernst, in phrases full of poetical power, at- 
tested to the high gifts of General Gazman Blanco, and paiutej 
in graphic terms his character and the great things which thu 
country might bopi^ from his enlightened administration." 

Tlif (lay followiug the LiamjUL't {August g, 1872) 




was my last in Cardcjis auii jlIsk in the Repubiic. 
Friends and acquaintances came trooping iu fi-om all 
quartera to my rooms at the hotel to say fiu'ewell ; this 
and my preparations for the voyage made me exceed- 
ingly busy, and veiy grateful for the kind aid of 
Bolet and Terrero. It wa.s not uutil mid-day that 



Chap, xii.] '' farewell:' 149 

I was able to take my departure. Several carriages 
accompanied me to Cd.tea, where I bade good-bye 
to many friends, amongst them Mr. Leseur, whose 
partner, Mr. Gosewisch, came with me to England. 
Greneral Nicanor Bolet Peraza, his brother Ramon, 
and some others, came on as far as La Guayra, where 
— with my servant, Miguel Gonzales, a Zulian, who 
had been very attentive to me at the hotel dur- 
ing my illnesses — I embarked at 4 p.m. The little 
mail-schooner " Guayrena," in which I had taken a 
passage, set sail for St. Thomas immediately after. 

Venezuela, where I had landed eighteen months 
before, a perfect stranger, and where I had found 
many true friends, gradually receded from my sight. 
The Naiguatd. became the only object visible, and long 
I gazed upon it, till at last, as night drew on, its tower- 
ing peak sank below the horizon, and sea and sky alone 
remained. I had found the Republic in the throes of 
civil war, when I left it was at peace. The remem- 
brance of this sojourn in a life of travel and adventure 
will never be forgotten. Ever bright and fair in my 
memory will be the recollection of the lofty moun- 
tains, the blooming valleys, the glittering cascades, 
the luxuriant foliage, and, above all, the warm hearts 
of Venezuela. 



APPENDIX. 



A. 



ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 

" Man's inhumanity to man, 
Makes countless thousands mourn." 

— Burns. 

Cristoval Colon on the third of his adventurous voyages was 
detained by a calm between Trinidad and the coast, and dis- 
embarking on the ist of August 1498 at the mouth of the Drigo, 
explored the country to the point of Araya, and so earned the 
immortal glory of being the first European who had seen the 
continent of America. The following year the expedition under 
command of Alonso de Ojeda (which had for its object to continue 
and extend the discoveries of the great Admiral) came on the 24th 
of August to the lake and coast of Maracaybo. Finding the natives 
living in huts built on piles in the lake, the conqnistadores gave the 
name of Venezuela to the district. " Little Venice" is nowa country 
larger than half-a-dozen European kingdoms. In the same year 
.Cristoval Guerra's expedition discovered the coasts of Paria and 
Cumanagota (now Nueva Barcelona), the isles of Margarita and 
Cubagua, and went as far as the coast of Coro, when he determined 
to return to Spain on account of the ferocity of the natives of the 
districts where pearls were to be found, the obtaining of which 
was the sgle object of his voyage. 

Pedro Alonzo Nino, who was associated with this enterprise, has 
the honour of having been the first to make a mercantile trans- 
action with the Indians of Venezuela. Those who preceded this 
(13th of February 1500), like many who followed, were simply 



152 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A. 

pillagers. Glass beads and bits of metal were sufficient to obtain 
from the Indians pearls and every variety of food which the 
country produced. The Indians, says Bartolom^ de Las Gasas, 
were very content, thinking that they had cheated the Christians ; 
what the Christians thought is not recorded. 

The most uncultivated and least civilized of the Indian tribes 
were those which inhabited Venezuela. Some symbolical designs 
traced on the granite rocks of the Lower Orinoco, on the banks of 
the Casiquiare, and between the fountains of the Esequibo and of 
the river Brauco, are the only relics of the aboriginal civilization, 
and these may with more reason be attributed to a vanished race 
than to the wandering hordes who inhabited the district when it 
was first invaded by the Spanish conquistadares. 

In 1502 Francisco Yanes y Pinzon crossed the equator and dis- 
covered Brazil, and afterwards going between west and north, 
came to the equator again, where he noticed that the sea was 
composed of fresh water, and seeking the cause, discovered the 
vast river of the Amazons, which enters the ocean by a mouth of 
more than thirty leagues in extent. The sailors met with hospi- 
table treatment, which they repaid by taking into captivity thirty- 
six persons. This journey extended to 600 leagues, which, joined 
to the 400 explored by other navigators, gave full assurance that 
the New World was a true continent. Six years later was the 
voyage of Alonso de Ojeda, one object of which was to colonize 
the province of Coquibacoa, an attempt which proved unsuccessful. 
Succeeding efibrts in this direction were weak in the extreme, for 
Venezuela was not rich in those mines of gold and silver which 
alone appeared to have interest for European avarice. 

In 15 1 2 a Dominican mission was founded in Cumand, and with 
good results. The hardships to which the Indians were subject 
in Hispanola led to their extinction so rapidly that a slave trade 
sprang up which gave more than forty thousand captives to the 
oppression and cruelty which had destroyed their brethren. One 
of the ships engaged in this infernal traffic came to the coast of 
Cumaiid, and after some days of mutually pleasant intercourse, 
the Spaniards invited the cazique and his family (about sixteen 
persons in all) to come on board the ship. No sooner had they 
got their prey than they set sail for the island of Santo Domingo, 
where the cazique and his party were sold for slaves. The vassals 
thinking that the missionaries had been accomplices in the 
treachery determined to take revenge. The poor Dominicans 



App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA, 153 

obtained a respite, during which they wrote to the chiefs of their 
order to use all the influence they could to obtain justice in the 
matter. They were so far successful that the prey was taken 
from the pirates and divided among the judges ! The Indians 
remained in slavery, and the missionaries paid with their lives 
the cruelty and injustice of their countrymen. 

The endeavours of Las Casas, the celebrated apostle of the 
Indians, to ameliorate the condition of the natives were unavail- 
ing, and his efforts to induce European labourers to settle had 
little success. The cruelties and oppressions of the conquistadores 
sometimes goaded the Indians to bloody reprisals, which were 
made the pretext of further tyranny. The Emperor Carlos V. 
issued a decree authorising the Spaniards to enslave without 
exception all the natives opposing the conquest. The coasts of 
Venezuela were in consequence infested with pirates, and these 
carried fire and death among the Indians. The outrages were 
80 great that the Audiencia of Santo Domingo sent Juan de 
Ampi^es to regulate affairs and see that the privileges of the 
conquistadores were not shared by obscurer wretches. Ampiies 
founded in 1527 the city of Santa Ana de Coro, and by fair 
treatment of the natives secured their friendship, and realized 
in some degree the benevolent plan of Las Casas. 

In this same year Carlos V. made over to the Welsares of Augs- 
burg the entire province of Venezuela, from Cabo de La Vela 
to Maracapana, in payment of the loans he had contracted with 
them. The grant was accompanied by the condition that they 
should populate the country and build fortresses. They were 
empowered to appoint a governor (with the title of Adelantado), 
and to reduce to slavery all the Indians who refused obedience. 
Ambrosio de Alfinger was the first governor under this arrange- 
ment, and well he carried out his instructions, by immediately 
entering upon a course of cruelty and oppression. His band 
of soldiers scoured the country in search of gold, slaves, and 
pearls. His outrages and excesses were infamous. His course 
at every step was attended with robbery, murder, and incen- 
diarism. Those whom he could not enslave he slew, that which 
he could not pillage he burnt. After three years of murder and 
bloodshed Alfinger was wounded by the Indians, and died in 
three days. The expedition returned to Coro in 1532. 

The second governor, Jorge Spira, less cruel perhaps than 
Alfinger, arrived at Coro in 1534, and went on a progress of 



154 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A. 

conquest with an army of 400, of whom, in 1539, only ninety 
returned, the remainder having perished either in conflicts with 
the Indians or from the hardships of the journey. 

Don Rodrigo de las Bastides, first Bishop of Coro, and governor 
ad interim^ sent out a band of soldiers in search of the fabulous 
El Dorado. In the narratives of the Indians there were continual 
references to a distant land where gold abounded in extravagant 
prodigality. Here dwelt a king or priest whose body was gilded 
each morning with powdered gold by means of an odoriferous 
resin, which was washed off at night ! This fruitless expedition 
of Urre, as the Spaniards call Philip von Huten, was marked by 
the same want of principle and inhumanity towards the Indians 
that had marked those of Alfinger and Spira. 

The eighteen years during which Venezuela was under the 
rule of the Welsares was a period of disaster for that unhappy 
country. The hatred against the company became intense, the 
land was becoming depopulated, and Coro was a mere slave- 
market Las Casas gave eloquent expression to the general indig- 
nation, and at last Carlos V. annulled the grant and sent out 
as governor of the province Licenciado Juan Perez de Tolosa. 
Under his rule things were managed better, yet even he sent 
out military expeditions which had no other results than the 
destruction of parts of the country. Tolosa died whilst on his 
way back to Spain, on furlough, in 1548. His delegate, Juan 
Vill6gas, succeeded to power, tliough not without some disputes 
with the local authorities. He set his face more firmly than 
his predecessor against marauding expeditions, and encouraged 
the foundation of towns. A gold mine was discovered in the 
valley of Nirgua, and led to the foundation, in 1552, of the city 
of Barquisimeto, or Nueva Segovia, but the opposition with 
which the founders were harassed by the Indians caused its 
abandonment. Ho succeeded better in founding the city of 
Nueva Valencia, which stands in the same beautiful fertile 
valley where in 1555 Alonso Dias planted its first stone. 

The valley of Maya had long attracted the attention of the 
Spaniards, but the Caracas people, although divided into many 
tribes and nations, were united in the defence of their indepen- 
dence, and were unconquered. Francisco Faxardo, who first 
attempted to place a Spanish colony in this valley, had every- 
thing in his favour. He himself was the son of a Carilca, and 
had married the niece of the chief of one of the principal 



App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 155 

tribes : moreover, he spoke several of the Indian dialects. He 
went with several servants, and was very cordially received by the 
relations of his mother, especially by his uncle Naiguatd, whose 
name appears to have been given to the mountain which towers 
above the valley of Caracas. On a second expedition he was 
accompanied by his mother, and had obtained full powers from 
the Spanish authorities to treat with the Indians. This was enough 
to excite the suspicion and enmity of the natives. As soon as 
they found that Faxardo was an instrument of the aggrandizing 
policy of the invader, the common ties of blood and language were 
insufficient for his protection ; they rose against him, poisoned 
the waters, cut off his supply of provisions, and harassed him in 
every way until he was glad to escape to the shore in the dark- 
ness of night and sail back to Margarita. 

Soon after the foundation of Valencia, Villacinda (who 
followed Vill6gas) died in Barquisimeto, and the subordinate 
magistrates who remained in the full exercise of their powers 
were anxious to make this interregnum memorable by some 
action useful to the Spanish power. This desire turned atten- 
tion to the subjugation of the Cuicas, who were believed to 
inhabit the fertile regions which runs from Carora by the 
north, south to the Sierras of Merida. Diego Garcia de 
Parades, who was charged with this enterprise, went from 
Tocuyo with seventy men, twelve horses, and a good number 
of Yanacona Indians, traversed the entire land of the Cuicas, 
who willingly allowed him to choose whatever land he desired 
for his colony, and accordingly, in 1556, he commenced the 
building of a town which he called Trujillo. It can scarcely 
be said to have reached the dignity of a town, for the natives, 
exasperated by the misconduct of the Spaniards during a tem- 
porary absence of Parades, opposed the colonists so violently 
that they returned to Tocuyo. Francisco Ruiz was appointed to 
succeed Parades, and headed an expedition to subdue the Cuicas. 
Soon after leaving the Valle de Bocon6 he encountered Juan 
Maldonado, in command of a party bent upon the same errand, 
who had come from the newly-founded city of Merida. Disputes 
ensued that led to the rebuilding of Trujillo, which Ruiz, perhaps 
to pique the real founder, re-named Miravel. It did not long 
retain the name, for when the successor of Villacinda came, he re- 
stored Parades, who, however, experienced further troubles which 
at last led him to abandon Trujillo. The situation of the Spanish 



156 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. A. 

colony was several times changed, but in 1570 the wandering 
town came to anchor at last and began to make rapid advances 
in prosperity, so that it became one of the most prosperous in 
South America. The fame of its wealth and prosperity led to 
its destruction, for a century later Grammont the pirate sacked 
the place, killed or put to flight its inhabitants, and burnt to 
ashes its finest buildings. 

Faxardo made a third attempt at conquering the Caracas 
Indians, and armed with full power from Collado, the new gover- 
nor, he left Margarita. He landed at Ghuspa early in 1560, and, 
thanks chiefly to his friendship with Guaimacuare, a cazique, he 
traversed the valley of Maya, but rather as friend than conqueror. 
Gontinuing his route to the valleys of Aragua, he met with some 
opposition, but arranged a treaty with his opponenta He 
founded a town near the bay of Garavalleda which he named 
Gollado, in honour of the Governor, and continued his search in 
the valley of San Francisco for a gold mine of which he had re- 
ceived some intelligence. His success in discovering this mine 
was the cause of his subsequent misfortunes Collado revoked the 
grant which had been made to Faxardo, but this injustice was of 
little profit, for those who were sent to supplant hira, were unable 
to protect themselves against the incursions of the Indians, and at 
last the mine was abandoned, and is only memorable for the fact 
that the mining village occupied the site where Caracas now stands. 

Faxardo was in the meantime engaged elsewhere contending 
against the atrocities committed by the tyrant Aguirra Finding 
little success in Garavalleda, he returned to Margarita, but again 
sailed to the mainland to renew his attempt This time, to avoid 
encounters with his old Indian enemies, he resolved to disembark 
near Cumani, which was under the rule of Alonso G6bo8, a 
declared enemy of his, but who invited him in a friendly manner 
to his house. C6bo8 desei*ves a special niche of infamy, for when 
he had Faxardo secure in his hold, in defiance alike of hospitality 
and humanity, he had him hanged, and helped with his own 
hands in the murder of his guest. 

The advantages which Gar&cas offered were too great for the 
non-success of Faxardo to delay its conquest long. Accordingly, 
under the governorship of Ponce de Leon, Diego Losada, in 
1567, set out from Tocuyo, and proceeded to Nirgua, where he 
left the expedition for a time in charge of Juan Maldonado, and 
turned to Borburata in search of Juan de Sdlas, who had promised 



App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA, 157 

■ — - — 1 

to join him with a hundred Indians from Margarita In this 
manner Losada wasted fifteen days without having met S4las. 
His troops consisted of 150 Spaniards and 800 Indians, and were 
well provided with animals destined for their food. They 
marched to the rising ground of Teperayma without encountering 
a single native with whom to speak. To this solitude and silence 
they gave the name of the Valle de Miedo (Valley of Fear). 
The silence did not last long, for soon the invaders heard the 
mountain echoes ring with the shrill notes of the conchas with 
which the Indians sounded the alarm. The noise frightened the 
animals upon which the Spaniards were depending for sustenance, 
and they fled in all directions. When the men went to try 
to recover them they were attacked with great fury by the 
Indiana To have followed the natives to their mountain 
fastnesses would have been a fruitless attempt. The Spaniards 
encamped, but hunger drove some of them forth in an endeavour 
to get some birds which were visible at a short distance. 
These had been placed there by the Indians to entrap their 
enemies into an ambuscade. In a fight which ensued the victory 
was with the Spaniards, though it cost them the life of Francisco 
Marquez. But still greater perils were in store, for the invaders 
now approached the gorges of Lagunetas, where the Arbacos 
Indians were known to be not only brave and warlike but still 
full of that resentment and hatred which had caused the non- 
success of former expeditions. Losada marched so quickly 
that it was not until he had reached the valley of San Pedro 
that the Indians met him in battle. Here he encountered 
the hitherto unconquered Guacaipuro, who was at the head of 
some 8000 men. The Indians suffered a most sanguinary defeat ; 
whilst the little army of Losada was comparatively uninjured, 
although, for a time, the issue of the battle seemed doubtful. 
Losada pushed on for some time, and tried to get on a friendly 
footing with the natives, but he found them deaf to his charm- 
ing. Maldonado with eighty men was sun*ounded by some 
T 0,000 Indians, and would certainly have perished if Losada 
had not came to his aid. 

The resistance made by the natives convinced the conqueror 
that he must have some town which might serve for a base 
of operations or to cover a retreat, and with this view 
he founded in the valley of San Francisco the city of 
Santiago de Leon de Caracas, the future capital of Venezuela. 



. 



158 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A. 

This was towards the end of the year 1567. The Spanish 
colonizers seem to have made small work of founding towns 
and citiea "As soon as the site of a city had been chosen 
and a gallows erected there, with the formalities which the 
law required, the place was called a city, and a municipality 
appointed before a single hut was erected."* The young town 
had much to fear from the deadly enmity of Guacaipuro, who 
endeavoured to form a league amongst the Indian chiefs against 
the power of the Spaniards, and in 1568 succeeded in this design. 
Chance revealed to a foraging party of Losada's the presence of 
large troops of armed Indiana Finding that their plans were 
discovered, some of the natives withdrew, but Guacaipuro led the 
rest to the attack of Caricas. The Indians were defeated, and their 
heroic chief, whose crime was that of loving liberty too well, was 
slain in the fight by Francisco Infante, one of the first alcaldes of 
Caricas. The victory was decisive, and insured the security of 
the rising town. It made rapid progress in importance. 

The city of Caravalleda was rebuilt and served for a commercial 
port in place of Borburata, which had been abandoned in con- 
sequence of the ravages committed by the buccaneers. The 
Spaniards from 1531, and for twenty years subsequently, at- 
tempted to conquer the eastern part of the province, which from 
Maracapana formed the jurisdiction of Cumanl 

The discovery of lands watered by the Orinoco, and the searches 
for El Dorado (although unsuccessful and productive of great 
suffering and evil at the time) constantly enlarged the boun- 
daries of the geographical knowledge of the conquerors, and 
brought to light those wide extended table-lands which, under the 
name of the Llanos, now form an especial feature in the prosperity 
of Venezuela. 

Don Diego de Ordaz was the first to explore the Orinoco, and 
after losing many men by sickness and in fights with the Indians 
he reached Uriaparo, and from thence proceeded to Caroan, 
always hearing from the natives of a land, still further off*, blessed 
with innumerable riches. Avarice, and dislike to the idea that 
the Indians should suppose him afraid to push his discoveries 
in the direction they had indicated, induced him to send 
Juan Gonzalez, who returned in a short time after having dis- 
covered Guayana, where he had been very well received by the 
aborigines. The gold-fever led Ordaz to ascend the river, and 



* Southey'a Expedition of Omta^ 1821. 



App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 159 

though in a constant struggle with currents, insects, sickness, 
hunger, and the opposition of the natives, he persevered in his 
route. Having proceeded as far as the mouth of the river Meta, 
he returned to Uriaparo and thence back to Cuman^ The only 
reward he received for his laborious and dangerous expedition 
was to be despoiled of his conquest by Don Antonio Sedeno and 
Don Pedro Ortiz Matienzo, who had obtained an order to send 
him back to Spain. On this ill-fated voyage he is said to have 
been poisoned by Matienzo, who had him in charge. 

Grerdnimo Ortal obtained authority to continue the conquest 
of Nueva Andalucia, and in 1535 committed the charge of the 
expedition to Alonzo de Herrera, who explored the Orinoco, 
following the route of Ordaz. The adventurers would have 
perished from hunger but for the gratitude of a cazique of Cabritu, 
who in return for their restoration to him of a son whom they 
had rescued from the Caribes, furnished them with provisions for 
several days. They now pushed along the Rio Meta, but in place 
of a land rich and civilized, full of gold and pearls, which they 
had hoped to find, they encountered only tribes of warlike 
Indians who harassed them at every step. In one of the many 
encounters Herrera met his death-wound, and Don Alvario de 
Ordaz (nephew of the unfortunate Don Diego) thought it most 
prudent to abandon the enterprise, and returned to Cubagua 
more than half-starved, and in a state of extreme misery. The 
expedition under Sedeiio was equally fruitless. The wild search 
for El Dorado was the origin of all these enterprises ; to this 
fable is due all the inland discoveries of the Spaniards. Yet 
the repeated failures were ineffectual to repress the endeavours 
of the conquistadores to reach the land of gold. 

In 1568 Don Pedro Malaver de Silva received powers to 
conquer Omagua and El Dorado for an extent of 300 leagues ; 
whilst Don Diego Fernandez de Cerpa had a similar grant of 
the country from Boca del Drdgo to the confines of Silva's 
territory. Silva's expedition was a complete failure; many 
deserted, the forces broke up, and Silva returned to Spain, 
whence, in 1574, he again led a party of conquistadoreSy who 
landed on the coast between the Orinoco and the Amazon. The 
entire expedition, including two daughters of Silva, were de- 
stroyed, some perishing by disease, others by the hands of the 
Caribes. The only exception was Juan Martin de Albujar, who 
after ten years' captivity amongst the Indians managed, through 



i6o THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. A. 



many dangers and hardships, to reach Margarita in a canoe. The 
fate of Cerpa was equally hard. He landed in 1569 on a part 
of the coast held by the Cumanagotos, whom the past bad faith 
of the Spaniards had converted into bitter enemies. He founded 
the city of Santiago de los Caballeros, but the Cumanagotos 
uniting with the Chaymas, were able to bring a force of about 
10,000 men against the 400 Spaniards, and in the battle which 
followed Cerpa was killed, his party utterly routed, and the 
ciudad destroyed soon after. 

The expedition of Ursua forms one of the most romantic 
episodes in the history of Spanish America. Pedro de Ursua 
was a young and chivalrous knight, and took with him Dona 
Inez de Atienza, " with the intention of marrying her, as she was 
a spirited and beautiful woman." The expedition set out from 
Lima, and numbered about 300 men, many of them turbulent 
spirits who had been concerned in the various troubles and rebel- 
lions in Peru. It has been thought that the Viceroy of Peru, 
although sharing the common belief as to the rich land of £1 
Dorado and anxious for its discovery, was probably still more 
anxious to get rid of these unruly soldiers. The little army made 
their way to the river Orellana (Amazon), but the dangers and 
sufferings to which they were exposed raised a dangerous spirit 
of discontent This led to a plot, in accordance with which 
Ursua was attacked and murdered by a band of mutineers, who 
also killed Vargas, his lieutenant-general. They then appointed 
Don Fernando de Guzman commander of the expedition, whilst 
Lope de Aguirre, who had been the soul of the conspiracy, re- 
ceived the appointment of Maestre del Campo. The most 
particular friends of Ursua were slain, and those who remained 
were convinced of the uselessness of any attempt to alter the new 
state of things. Guzman had a document drawn up in which 
all that could be said against Ursua was set down for the justi- 
fication of those who had slain him. This was to be signed by 
all the expedition. When it came to the turn of the " maestre 
del campo," he signed his name " Lope de Aguirre, the traitor." 
After some more quarrels and murders, the desperados formally 
renounced their allegiance to the King of Spain, and hailed tlieir 
general by the lofty title of Don Fernando de Guzman, by the 
grace of God, Prince of Tierra-firma and of Peru. They con- 
structed two brigantines, in which, and in canoes, they purposed 
to make for Margarita. This brought the time to about April 



App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA, i6i 

156 1, and the new-made prince was not without some compunc- 
tions for the past and apprehensions for the future, as it became 
increasingly manifest that the real master was Lope de Aguirre, 
whose force of character and utter want of scruples gave him a 
great advantage over the weak puppet-king whom he had set up. 

Salduendo, the captain of Don Femando's guard, was making 
arrangements for the lodging of Doiia Inez and her mestiza com- 
panion in the brigantine, but Aguirre would not allow the mat- 
tresses intended for their use to be placed on board. Irritated 
at this, he used some expressions which, being repeated to Lope, 
filled his dark soul with fury, and with a band of his followers 
he attacked Salduendo, and murdered him in the presence of 
" Prince " Fernando, who vainly endeavoured to save him. Next 
he sent two of his men to kill Doiia Inez, which they did, muti- 
lating the body " in such a barbarous manner, that after her death 
even the most hardened men in the camp, at sight of the mangled 
victim, were quite broken-hearted, for this was the most cruel 
act that had yet been perpetrated." Friends of Don Fernando had 
previously resolved to kill Aguirre, but the kingling had become 
so listless and timid that they joined the opposite party, and 
revealed the project to him. This decided the traitor, and Don 
Fernando and some friends of his were slain by Aguirre's party. 
The place where this bloody deed was done received the name of 
the Village of the Butchery. 

Aguirre now assumed the chief command, and ordered that 
henceforward no one should speak privately with his comrades 
upon pain of death. As the expedition pursued its way down 
the river, it encountered many difficulties. On the slightest pre- 
tence Aguirre would have persons put to death who were in any 
degree obnoxious to him. The bloodthirsty wretch seems to 
have had a homicidal mania, and was ever on the look-out for 
victims. 

This strange army sailed into the Sea of the North on 
the ist of July 156 1. The traitors made for the Island of 
Margarita ; Aguirre, before landing, strangling two of his men, 
as he was afraid they would denounce him to the authorities. 
One of his vessels by stress of weather had been driven into 
another port. Aguirre sent a messenger to apprise those on 
board where to join him. This messenger had also a com- 
mission to strangle another person who had excited the tyrant's 
fears. The governor came to meet the strangers, who de- 

VOL. II. L 



i62 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A. 

chmnl themselves only in want of provisions, which they were 
willing to pay for. Aguirre (»btaiued permission for his " soldiers 
of Peru " to perform some military manoeuvres before the gover- 
nor. The only military manoeuvre was to take the party of Mar- 
garitans prisoners ! He then proceeded to the city, robbed the 
royal treasury and commenced a mad rule which earned for him 
the name by which he is best remembered — El Tirano. 

The rulers of the city were taken prisoners ; the houses of the 
citizens were sacked, their lands wasted, and their wives and 
daughters violated. Aguirre killed several more of his followers, 
amongst them a leader named Turriaga, whom he afterwards 
buried with great funeral pomp. 

He also caused the governor and his companions, the alcalde 
and the alguazil, to be murdered ; after which, although it was 
now midnight, the traitors were summoned by **E1 Tirano" to 
attend in the room where the bodies had been placed. 

Having raised the mats which covered the bleeding corpses, 
Aguirre made an oration to his men, in which, after recounting 
the various crimes which they had committed, he bade them not 
deceive themselves with any hope of pardon. 

Meanwhile the news of these strange outrages had spread to 
the mainland, where the liveliest apprehensions were felt lest 
this beast of prey should throw himself upon their coasts. The 
** Provincial " sailed to Margarita, and having come within sight 
of Lo])e and his men, and exchanged letters with him, sailed back 
again. 

His barbarities went on without intermission. To-day it was 
an old man, to-morrow a friar. Neither age nor sex were any 
])r()tection against his bloody orders. His " maestre del campo " 
was brutally murdered on a charge of conspiring against Aguirre, 
who bitterly reproached Llamoso (one of the murderers of Dona 
Inez) with ingratitude, for having taken part with Martin Perez. 

Llamoso protested his fidelity, and to prove it ** he rushed upon 
the body of Martin Perez, which was almost cut to pieces, and 
before those who were present, he threw himself upon it, shouting — 

** * Curse this traitor, who wished to commit so great a crime \ 
I will drink his blood ! ' and, putting his mouth over the wounds 
in the head, with more than demoniacal rage he began to suck the 
blood and brains that issued from them, and swallowed what 
he sucked, as if he were a famished dog." 

Aguirre now embarked his men, reaching the shore by a ladder 



App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA, 163 

from an opening high up in the fortress, to avoid the arrows of 
a party headed by Faxardo, who had come to see what they could 
do against the traitors. Aguirre murdered his admiral as a com- 
mencement of the voyage. The port of Borburata was reached 
on the 7th of September. Soon after he burnt his vessels to 
cut off all hope of escape by sea for his desperate followers. 
The wretches committed all kinds of excesses, and marched 
towards Valencia, and from thence to Barquisimeto, where the 
forces of the colony had been hastily gathered together. In the 
then infant state of the colony — it was only a tiny contingent that 
each settlement could furnish, so that — the handful of desperadoes 
led by Aguirre were really to them a formidable enemy. When 
Don Diego Garcia de Parades went out to reconnoitre the camp 
of the traitor he had with him fifteen men ; and his general, who 
remained in Barquisimeto, had an army of seventy men, armed 
with two arquebuses, one of them without a lock. Parades came 
within sight of Aguirre, but thought it best to retire, leaving 
letters of pardon addressed to the traitor and his men, who were 
exhorted to return to their allegiance. He managed, however, 
to detach four horses loaded with ammunition, which was very 
welcome to the Royalists. 

Pablo Collado, the governor, had retired to Tocuyo, and was 
not at all anxious to take an active part in the campaign 
against " El Tirano," but Don Pedro Bravo, wlio had brought 
more succours from Merida, urged him to be present in the royal 
camp that he might be ready to treat with the traitors. Bravo 
and his men appear to have had some amusement from the cau- 
tiousness of the governor, which was greatly increased when 
on their march they met a messenger from Lope to Collado, 
who, while shaking with fear, expressed his sorrow that he was 
not permitted to settle the matter by a single combat with the 
tyrant. 

Things were now approaching their end. Lope de Aguirre had 
entrenched himself, but his fears, well grounded, of desertions 
made a long resistance impolitic. A series of skirmishes ensued, 
the advantages behig chiefly on the king's side. Lope now 
proposed to strangle all the unwilling and the sick amongst his 
followers, but was dissuaded from this project. 

On the 27th October 1561 he disarmed the greater part of liis 
soldiers, upon which they said that he was taking them to be 
slaughtered, and were so determined in their attitude that he 



1 64 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. A. 

returnctl their weapons and asked them to pardon " the only 
error he had committed during the whole expedition." He was 
anxious to execute one of his captains, £spinola, but no one 
would help him to do it. This captain with his troops then 
joined the Royalists, and others of Aguirre's soldiers, under 
pretence of attacking the enemy, marched out in the sight of "El 
Tirano " and joined the forces of Bravo, shouting " Long live the 
king to whose service we come.'* In this manner Aguirre, who 
stood outside his entrenchment watching the operations, saw all 
his men desert him except Llamoso. The tyrant asked him why 
he also had not joined the king's party, but without paying 
attention to his protestations of fidelity, he went into the 
apartment of his daughter. " Commend thyself to God, my 
daughter," said he, " for I am about to kill thee that thou 
mayest not be pointed at with scorn, nor be in the power of any 
one who may call thee the daughter of a traitor." A woman who 
was with the girl strove to save her, and snatched the loaded 
arquebuse from the hands of the traitor, but he drew his poniard 
and slew his daughter with it. As the forces of Bravo entered 
the room, he threw down his arms, and stood in a dejected 
manner by the side of a bed which was in the room. The first 
man that approached was a sword-cutler, who cried out, " Here 
have I Aguirre as my prisoner," but '*E1 Tirano," with the national 
hauteur of his class (he was nobly born), replied, " I do not give 
myself up to such a villain as you," and seeing that Parades had 
entered the room, added, " Senor niaestre del campo, I }>eg that 
you who are a caballero will respect my rank and listen, for 1 
have many important things to say for the good of the king's 
service." Parades was inclined to retain him alive, but the 
soldiers, especially his former followers, who knew what drea<l- 
ful revelations he could make, were clamorous for his instant 
death. The " maestre del campo " was not urgent to save his life, 
and the traitor was shot by two of his former soldiers, whilst 
a third cut off his head, and holding it by its long hair, carried 
it out to meet the governor, who was just arriving on the scene 
of action. 

Such was the strange career of the tyrant Lope de Aguirre, 
in the narration of which numerous murders committed by him 
have been omitted. The letter addressed by him to the king 
of Spain, as w^ell as his purposeless butcheries, would seem to 
indicate a mind diseased. His end was a very welcome one for 



App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA, 165 

Venezuela, as he had inflicted great ravages both in Margarita 
and on the mainland. His memory was long held in execration, 
and the fiery vapour of the llanos, which answers to our will-o'- 
the-wisp, was long known to the peasantry by the name of " The 
Soul of the Tyrant Aguirre." 

The valour of Don Garcia Gonzales de Silva, the nephew of 
the ill-fated seeker for El Dorado, was at this juncture of great 
service to the colony, for called to the military leadership, he 
succeeded in reducing to obedience many of the warlike Indians ; 
amongst them the Taramaynos, the Teques, the Mariches, and 
others who had harassed the pobladores. The comparative tran- 
quillity which ensued encouraged the foundation of new towns 
and cities, and gave greater security to the Spanish conquest. 

The lake of Maracaybo early attracted the notice of the 
Spaniards. The lake-dwellings of the Indians suggested to 
Alfiuger the name of Venezuela, or little Venice, which was after- 
wards applied to all the province, but it was not until 1568 that 
an establishment was attempted upon its shores. Don Alonso 
Pacheco, with two brigantines, cruised about the lake, and after 
three years of constant struggle with the Indians, founded the 
city of Nueva Zamora in 15 71. In the next year Don Juan de 
Salamanca traversed, without opposition, the country Curarigua, 
where he founded the city of San Juan Bautista del Portillo de 
Carora (Baraquigua). 

In these wars the Indians often displayed, in individual cases, 
a valour and intrepidity, and a greatness of soul, equal to 
any of the renowned heroes of antiquity. On one occasion 
Garcia Gonzales had prisoner an Indian chief named Socoraymo, 
with three companions. As the Spaniards were much harassed 
by the arrows of the Indians, he threatened that unless Soco- 
raymo commanded them to cease firing he would have the four 
impaled. The Indian patriot, undaunted by this inhuman threat, 
raised his voice, and called upon his people to charge upon the 
Spaniards, and animated them by an assurance of victory if they 
did so. Garcia Gonzales was not insensible to bravery in a foe, 
and revoked the order which he had given, but it was secretly 
carried out by his soldiers. This caused great dismay amongst 
the Indians, and when the wife and children of one of the chiefs 
were sent back from their captivity, a treaty of peace was made 
and faithfully adhered to by them. 

The subjugation of the Quiriquires and Tomuzas was intmstod 



i66 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. A. 



to Francisco Infante, but illness obliged him to leave the command 
to Francisco Calderon, who entered by the valley of Tacata, and, 
following the margins of the Tuy, took possession of all the 
Sabana de Ocumare, where he would have founded a city but for 
the opposition of his companions. Calderon was succeeded by 
Francisco Carrizo, whose bad government nearly drove the 
Indians to revolt, and it was only prevented by the prudence of 
Garcia Gronzales. To liberate the province from tlie incursions of 
the Caribes, and to subjugate the Cumanagotos, who, since their 
defeat of Cerpa, had stopped all colonization in GumanA and pnt 
an end to the pearl travle on the coast, an expedition set out 
under the command of Garcia Gonzales, who left Caracas in 1579 
with 130 men, and making for the valleys of Aragua (and then 
crossing the llanos of Guarico), he came to Orituco. His intention 
in making this long detour was to surprise the Cumanagotos, but 
in this he was unsuccessful, and although he routed their army 
of 3000 men near Rio Unare, the only advantage he obtained 
from his victory was to establish the small town of Espiritu 
Santo, which had to be abandoned in consequence of another 
battle in which the Indians brought 12,000 men into the field. 
At the return of Gonzales to Caracas, there occurred a calamity 
whicii tlireatened the depopulation of the country. A Portu- 
guese ship came to Caravalleda in 1580, and brought with it an 
epidemic of small-pox which inflicted friglitful ravages on the 
colony. Entire tribes of Indians were destroyed by this dreadful 
disease. The cruelties and oppressions of the Spaniards are, it is 
said, less res})onsible for the total disappearance of entire races 
til an this terrible distemper. When the scourge had somewhat 
abated Garcia Gonzales was induced to leave the retirement in 
which he was living, in order to punish the Caribes who were 
threateninix Valencia and the districts near Caracas. In this 
he was successful, and at the same time he also impressed the 
Qiiiriquires sufliciently with the Spanish power to allow Sebastian 
Diaz to found the city of San Juan de la Paz at the junction of 
the rivers Tuy and Guaire, a locality that was abandoned on 
account ofitsunhealthiness, the colonists moving to San Sebastian 
de los Reyes, founded by the SB.mc poblador in 1584. 

As even Garcia Gonzales had been unable to conquer the hardy 
Cumanagotos, tlie next expedition against them took the shape of 
a puni.shment for its commander. Cristoval C6bos, the son of 
the murderer of Faxardo, was condcmue<l to undertake the war 



App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA. 167 

against these warlike Indians as a penalty for his father's perfidy, 
and Don Luis de R6jas, the governor, assigned to him only 170 
Spaniards and 300 Indians for the prosecution of a task which 
had been given up as hopeless by the greatest captain in the 
colony. C6bos met Cayaurima at the head of 8000 Indians, and 
gave battle at the mouth of the river Neveri. The fate of the 
Spaniards was very doubtful, when two cavaliers, by a dasiiing 
exploit, took prisoner the Indian chief. A treaty of peace was 
concluded, and the conquerors founded, higher up the river, the 
city of San Cristoval de los Cumanagotos. C6bos had strong 
feelings of resentment towards R6jas for sending him, as it ap- 
peared, to certain death, with such a handful of men against the 
large and warlike tribes who had hitherto defied the Spanish 
power \ and gave expression to this feeling by placing himself 
and his new conquest under the command of Don Rodrigo Nunez 
Lobo, the governor of CumanA, thus circumscribing the limits of 
the governorship of Venezuela. Another act of R6jas led to the 
abandonment of the city and harbour of Caravalleda. The 
cabildos (municipalities) had always enjoyed considerable powers 
of self-government, and particularly that of electing their magis- 
trates. The inhabitants elected the regidores, who regulated the 
local affairs, and nominated the alcaldes. This appears to have 
been undoubted right, both by law and custom, but R6jas in 
1587 arbitrarily appointed the alcaldes of Caravalleda without any 
reference whatever to the local wishes. The inhabitants, unable to 
cope with the superior force, hit upon a most effectual and simple 
mode of resistance ; their abandonment of the town was so 
complete, that they may be said to have blotted out the name 
of Caravalleda from the list of Venezuelan cities, and its ruins 
alone remain as a warning to those who would trample upon the 
rights of citizenship. 

The port of La Guayra was founded in consequence of the 
unwillingness to return to the old site. R6jas was also in diffi- 
culties with his subjects, because he attempted to enforce 
the laws for the protection of the Indians, which his prede- 
cessors had allowed to sleep quietly in the statute-book. The 
Audiencia of Santo Domingo sent over a judge to inquire into 
his proceedings. As the judge had a considerable share in the 
fines which he infiicted, his inquiry was conducted with great 
vigour, so that at last the corporation of Cardcas, foreseeing the 
ruin of tlieir city, sent a deputation to tiie Audiencia, and ob- 



1 68 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A. 



tained his recall. He was superseded in 1 587 by Don Diego Osorio. 
The task of Osorio was the reverse of easy. He came in the 
midst of discontent and disorganization, and had to deal with 
conqtiistadores not too scrupulous of the rights of others, with 
soldiers who had lost even the habit of discipline, and with the 
savages, who were at once objects of cruelty and fear. But the 
new governor gained the confidence of the people, and in 1589 
the municipality of Caracas sent out an agent to the court of 
Spain to ask for the additional powers which Osorio deemed 
necessary for his task. The Venezuelan agent obtained, amongst 
other grants, the suspension of the excise for ten years, and the 
right to import, «iuty free, a cargo of negro slaves ! It is not a 
little curious to find the name of Simon Bolivar borne alike by 
the enslaver of the blacks and the liberator of the whites. 

Osorio encouraged the peaceful occupation of the land, regu- 
lated the land-system, favoured the establishment of municipa- 
lities, congregated the Indians in villages, and in every way 
seems to have aimed at converting a colony of canquistadores 
into an industrious community of agriculturists and manufac- 
turers. Whilst he was on a visit to the provinces, the famous 
Sir Francis Drake sacked the city of Cartas. The manners of 
the time were different no less in war than in peace, and Drake's 
mode of procedure was quite in accord with the customs, half- 
barbarous and half-chivalrous, of that era 

At the beginning of June 1595 he landed 500 men at La 
Guayra, which he occupied without resistance. Many of the 
inhabitants having fled to Cariicas, Garcia Gonzales and Francisco 
Reballedo, the alcaldes, raised a force and marched down the 
great road to La Guayra, placing ambuscades in various places on 
their march. Meanwhile Drake had found a scoundrel named 
Villalpando base enough to sell his country, and under his 
guidance was marching by a secret path to the capital. Arriving 
there, he found that all the men-at-arms had gone to give him 
battle at La Guayra, so that he had ample opportunity to 
plunder the city at leisure. They were not entirely unopposed, 
for an old caballero, Don Alonso Andres de Ledosma, rode out 
alone, lance in hand, to combat them. Drake, touched by the 
old man*s courage, desired his soldiers to spare him, but it is no 
easy matter to save the life of a man who rides against five 
hundred. Ledesma was killed, but the English bore him to 
his grave with every mark of honour and respect, as was fitting 



App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA, 169 

to so brave a knight. When Garcia Gonzales returned to Caracas 
he found the city plundered, and the English entrenched in 
the municipal buildings and parish church adjoining, whilst the 
traitor Villalpando was decorating a tree on which Drake had 
caused him to be hanged, as a fitting reward for his treachery. 
The Spaniards do not seem to have contemplated attacking 
Drake, but tried to starve him out, and posted ambuscades to 
harass him. However, at the end of eight days, he marched 
off in battle array with his booty, and reached his vessels without 
loss, burning and sacking whatever houses came in his way. 

In 1597, Osorio was promoted to the presidency of Santo 
Domingo. His successor at Cardcas, Lidueua, appears to have 
worked on the lines laid down by Osorio. LiduefLa died in 
1600, and was succeeded by Alonso Arias Baca. The progress % 
of the province of Cumand was slow. It was many years 
before its governor ruled two cities. In 1631 Don Juan de 
Urpin obtained authority to reduce the Cumanagotos, Palan- 
ques, and Caribes. With 300 men enlisted in the isle of Margarita 
and in Caracas, he crossed the llanos, and, at the cost of many 
bloody encounters, forced his way to Unare, thence to Uchire, 
and by the shore to San Cristoval, where his further progress 
was stopped by the intrigues of his enemies. To surmount these 
obstacles he proceeded to Spain, and got from the Council of the 
Indies the full authority he required. He returned to undei-take 
his conquest anew, but the constant opposition of the Indians 
was too great for him to succeed. He founded several towns, 
which seem to have been somewhat nomadic in disposition. 
Nueva Barcelona owed its origin to him in 1637. If he did not 
succeed in conquering his warlike neighbours, he appears to 
have made a good trade by selling hides. The fertility of the 
country offered a reward to industry, which gradually led to an 
increase in the number of settlers and towns. 

The conquest of Venezuela can hardly be said to have been 
completed before the end of the 1 7th century. It now remained 
for peace and good government to consolidate the work, which, 
if begun from cupidity and prosecuted in blood, had yet given 
bright examples of courage and endurance. The bad success 
which attended the early attempts to work the gold mines can 
only be regarded as a piece of good fortune, since it prevented 
the colonists from abandoning the pursuit of agriculture and 
other peaceful arts, which, in the end constitute truer riches 
than shining gold or glittering jewels. 



170 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. A. 

It was whilst the eastern part of Venezuela was slowly becom- 
ing colonized, that the romantic incursion of Sir Walter Raleigh 
took place. The history of the fruitless expedition which he con- 
ducted to Guayana is too well known to need repeating here. 

As the sword was found powerless to subdue the hardy Cumana- 
gotos, it occurred to Francisco Rodriguez Leita that missionaries 
might succeed where fighting men had failed. In 1652, a c^ula 
real prohibited further military expeditions against the Indiana 
of Cumani, and eight Franciscans were sent out to Christianize 
and civilize them. There seems to have been quite as much 
politics as religion at the bottom of these missions, for the first 
place chosen for their apostolic labours was the province of Bar- 
celona, because its subjection would open out communications 
with the western shores of Venezuela, which had so fiir been 
prevented by the op|>osition of the Indians. These Franciscan 
settlements were divided into two classes; in those called doc- 
trinOy the Indians were held to tribute as direct vassals of the 
king, but in those called misiones, the })reachers were the sole 
depositaries of power,' and all other white persons were excluded 
from settlement or authority. At last, in spite of occasional martyr- 
doms, the Franciscans had founded thirty-eight pueblos, containing 
25,000 inhabitants of the aboriginal races. This does not include 
the missionary labours in Guayana. I^ut however excellent may 
have been tlie motives and conduct of the early missionaries, they 
degenerated into instruments of extortion and oppression. For- 
bidden by the cedula real of 1687, which gave the Indians into 
their hands, to receive payment for the administration of the sac- 
raments, they carried on an usurious trade in rosaries and images, 
and sometimes availed themselves of the simplicity of the Indians 
to abuse and oppress them, until it was no rare thing to see 
deputations of Indians coming to the capital to seek redress from 
the civil authorities for the wrongs inflicted by their monastic 
rulers. Sometimes they would take a more summary course. In 
the following century these missions were deprived of their 
powers, by being subjected to the general ecclesiastical rule, in 
consequence **(/« los males que sufrian los hnUtantcs ad en In 
vioral canw en el politico.** 

Returning from this digression to the general history, it may be 
noticed that in tlie seventeenth century the province suffered from 
the French, who were twice driven from Cuniun^, and who suc- 
ceeded in sacking Caracas, and taking great booty in 1679 > whilst 



App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA, 171 

the next century saw several attempts by the English upon La 
Guayra, Puerto-Cabello, and Angostura. 

The Compauia Guipuzcoana, formed in 1728, acquired the 
command of all the commerce between Venezuela and Old Spain. 
Whatever excesses these traders may have committed, they cer- 
tainly gave an important impulse to the commerce and agriculture 
of the colony. They introduced the culture of cacdo, and the 
valleys of Aragua received new fruits from them. The cultiva- 
tion of anil and of sugar alternated in those smiling vales, and 
gave a great impetus to their social progress. Cargoes of tobacco, 
of hides, of indigo, of dlvidive, and of other drugs showed that 
Venezuela was not dependent alone upon the cacdo as her sole 
product for export. 

The Guipuzcoana Company having the entire monopoly of 
the trade, soon forgot the moderation which had marked its 
early years, and its exactions and extortions became excessive. 
All the evils that a gigantic monopoly can produce were visible, 
and the complaints against it were loud and universal. Its 
misconduct reached a pitch which provoked a popular rising in 
1749, and very nearly plunged the country into civil war. It 
was not until 1778, that this company was deprived of its 
monopoly, and then only to be replaced by the Compafiia 
Filipinas, which, however, only lasted until 1780. The mis- 
fortunes of the French colony led to the extension of coffee- 
culture in Venezuela, and the mountains of Caracas were soon 
covered by the coffee plant, and the valleys of Aragua with the 
luxuriant verdure of the anil. 

We now are drawing to the close of the colonial history of 
Venezuela, and it must be admitted that the rule of Spain had 
not been one to bring prosperity and contentment to the colony. 
Spain seems ever to have had in view the object of enriching the 
old country with the wealth of the colonies, in place of building 
up free and enlightened communities. Education offers a good 
test of her policy. Ignorance has ever been the ally of tyranny 
and misgovemment. It is impossible permanently to enslave an 
enlightened people. The first provision for education seems to 
have been a college-seminary, founded by the Bishop of Caracas 
in 1696, with nine professorial chairs. This college was for 
ecclesiastics alone ; the laymen if rich might proceed to the uni- 
versities of Santo Domingo, Mexico, or Santa F^ ; if poor, they 
must sisiy Sit home in ignorance. In 1724, after many applica- 



172 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. A. 

tioiis, this college was converted by a royal charter into a 
university ; a privilege confirmed in the next year by Innocent 
XII. The course of study was enlarged, and the new institution 
was a great advantage to the country. Moved by similar motives 
the inhabitants of Merida i)etitioned the court of Madrid to 
grant to their seminary a university charter. The two institu- 
tions mentioned were the only public schools which existed 
in the country. The reply of Carlos IV. to this request is 
the strongest condemnation of the principles upon which Spain 
ruled her dependencies. He refused their request "because 
His Majesty did not think it proper that education should 
become general in America." * This was at the commencement 
of the nineteenth century ! The education of women was at 
an extremely low ebb ; " for fear of illicit correspondence few of 
them were taught even to write." The printing-press was not 
introduced until the beginning of this century, and was subjected 
to a strict censorship which permitted very little that was of real 
use to appear. The first printers were two Englishmen, Matthew 
Gallagher and James Lamb, who came from Trinidad. It was 
chiefly used to spread false news about the state of Europe, lest 
the successes of France and the critical condition of Spain should 
lead to a revolt. There were not wanting, however, men who 
were working ardently for the spread of the education which the 
weak Spanish king tliought improper for his American subjects. 
They must have sacrificed their loyalty on the altars of common 
sense. To Don Pedro Sojo is due the teaching of music in 
Cardcas; to liafael Escalona and Alexandro Echesuria the in- 
troduction of modern philosophy ; to the brothers Uztariz the 
creation of a private literary academy, and to Sanz the diffusion 
of the science of political economy. 

The immediate causes of the insurrection which deprived Spain 
of her South American possessions are not far to seek. The mis- 
government under which they groaned was such as to excite bitter 
discontent, but their own monarch, and his ally Louis XVI., 
showed them how it might be remedied. It is not safe for 
despots to aid liberty in other countries. The revolt of the North 
American colonies from the English rule was aided and encouraged 
by the courts of Versailles and Madrid, and the republican spirit 

* " Porque S.M., no consideraba convcniente el que se hicicse general la 
ilustracion en Amdrica.'* JUsutnen de la Historia d€ Venezuela. For Baralt. 
Paris, 1841. 



App. A.] ANCIENT HISTORY OF VENEZUELA, 173 

which they helped to bring into existence swallowed up the 
French monarchy and the Spanish colonies. The example of 
North America was always before their eyes, and in spite of the 
censorship and the low state of education, the democratic teach- 
ings of the writers of France had prepared them to strike for 
liberty. As early as 1797, an unsuccessful republican movement 
was attempted by Gual and Espana. The latter, who was hanged 
and quartered on the 'plaza of Caracas a month before Humboldt's 
visit, uttered these prophetic words on the scaffold, " No pasara 
viucho tiempo dn qm mis cerdzas scan honradasJ^ In 1806 General 
Miranda, a native of Cardcas who had served with distinction 
under the French republic, made an ineffectual demonstration 
which did not receive any popular support. Nevertheless, the 
Spanish rule was felt to be so insecure that Carlos IV. was 
advised to erect his American dominions into three kingdoms for 
his children. 

The news of the disasters in Spain caused a reaction of 
feeling, and when the French commissioners arrived in 1808, 
although the captain- general was willing to acknowledge the 
French rule, the people rose in great enthusiasm, and took the 
oath of fidelity to the imprisoned Fernando VII. Various 
attempts were now made at Cardcas to constitute a Junta, similar 
to those which were then governing Spain. One was at last 
formed and the captain-general exiled. The other important 
towns were invited to follow the example, and it was followed in 
many cases. The Junta of Cardcas took in hand a good work. It 
abolished the excise on the necessaries of life, did away with the 
Indian tribute, forbade the importation of slaves, created a mathe- 
matical academy, and reformed many abuses in the administration 
of the laws. Some portions of the country declared for the 
regency, but those composing the Junta declared that they had as 
good a right to form a provisional government as their brethren 
in Spain, and turned their eyes to England as a power likely to 
aid them against the common enemy, and to be of service as 
a mediator with Spain. This mission was confided to Simon 
Bolivar and Luis Lopez M^ndez, but met with little success. 

Meantime, an event at Quito gave a new impetus to the spirit 
of the revolution. The Junta of that town, comprising many 
nobly born and wealthy persons, was overturned, and the Conde 
Ruiz de Ciistillo restored to his ])osition as president, in con- 
sideration of his undertaking to grant a full amnesty to all 



174 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. A. 



its late members. As soon as he received some auxiliary troops 
he broke his pled«:e<l w<jrd. and some seventy individuals were 
tried, and many of them condemned to death and confiscation 
of their property. The popular excitement became intense, 
and Kuiz threatened to put his prisoners to the sword in case 
of a disturbance. Nine men armed only with knives attacked 
the soldiers, who had committed grave outrages. The rioters 
were easily killed, as the people ha<l taken no luirt in their mad 
action. In retaliation twenty-eight of the prisoners had their 
throats cut, eighty |)eople in the town were murdered by the 
soldiers, the richest houses were sackeil ; and the perpetrators 
of these brutal murders received the thanks of the Sftanish 
Governor ! 

The excitement in Caracas was intense, and the Junta decreed 
funeral honours to the victims of Quito, but at the same time 
ex|>elled three persons who had been conspicuous in the popular 
demonstration and indignation. 

This was the last important civil movement previous to the 
events chronicled in the body of this work. 

The character of the revolution was now completely changed. 

The movement which at the commencement had been a revolt 
against the French usurpation in Spain, was now a struggle for 
independent national existence. 



B. 

LIST OF PLANTS OBSERVED IN LOS ROQUES BY 
DR. A. ERNST, September I 87 I.* 

(A Translation.) 

1. CakUe cequal'is. Viler, Very abundant in the sands of the 
shore. 

2. Euphorbia buxifolia. Lam. With the preceding, but rarer. 

3. Sesuvium portulacastrum. L. Ilare. 

4. P(yrtulaca pilosa. L Rare. 

5. Suriana maritivia. L. Common name " Salcedo." 

6. Salicornia ambigtui. Mich. " Portuguesa." 

7. Batis marUirna. L. ** Vidrio.*' 

8. Lithopila muscoides. Sw. The lower leaves which form stars 
are perfectly lineal and an inch (pulgada) in size ; the upper leaves 
are smaller (3-ioths of an inch), and somewhat lanceolate. Very 
abundant in the crevices of the rock and on the road to the Light- 
house. 

9. Gossypivm barbademe. L. On one of the smaller hills there 
are ten or twelve rickety trees, which have no doubt been intro- 
duced. 

10. Corchoi'us hirtus. L. Very rare. 

11. FUhecolobinm unguis. Benth. " Beeschy de Iguana" 
(Vainita de Iguana) as it is called by the people of Bonaire. Pro- 
bably introduced. 

12. lihizophora mangle. L. "Mangle colorada.*' Forms in 
many parts a dense woody veil on the borders of the isles. The 
wood is red, very hard, and makes an excellent fuel, for which 
reason the wood-cutters seek it. The shell of the mangle is used 
in tanning, and costs $25 per ton of 20 quintales in the dry goods 
stores of La Guayra. But as there are no bulky trunks in the 
islands, the exploration of the mangles is difficult and little re- 
munerative. 

13. Laguncularia raccmosa. Gr. " Mangle bianco." Grows far- 
ther from the shores than the preceding species. 



* Printed in the first volume of the Mcmoria dc la iJirerclon ikneral de 
Ettadistica de. Vtmzada, 1873, Tart 11., p. 174. 



1 76 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. B. 

14. Conocarpus iredus, Z. '* Botoiicillo." Both trees have 
bark which contains tannin. 

15. Mdocadus communis, D.C. 

16. Cereus Stcartzii, Griseb (t). 

1 7. Opuniia spinosissima. Mill, These three " cacteas " grow on 
the hills in El Gran Roque. The last is a disagreeable obstacle in 
the ascent of these little heights, for it is abundantly armed with 
large thorns. The fishers have given it the curious name ofjonge 
frouwen, Le., young ladies. 

18. Cordia cylindristachya, B,Br, '* Carischuri " in the patois 
of the fishers of Bonaire. It is the Cariaquito of Caricas. 

19. Toumeforiia gnaphalodes, B.Br, The fishers call it 
" Tobacco de Pescadores/' and chew its entirely insipid leaves 
when tobacco fails them. 

20. Avicennia tomentosa, Jacq. " Mangle prieto," so called be- 
cause the leaves turn black when dyed. The bark is used in 
tanning. 

21. Thalassia testudinuni. Keen. Near the north shore of 
Little Spar key, very plentiful, forming large submarine mea- 
dows. After some hours' search we were not able to find examples 
with either fruit or flowers. 

22. SpoToholus virginicus. Kth, ** Brack grass." Covers all 
the flat laud in the eastern part of El Gran Roque. 

23. Eragrostk proUfera. Steiui. 

24. Cyperas brunneas. Sw, On the sands of the shore. 

25. Cypevus cousins. Beklr. Not rare on the brows of the hill. 

26. Boccdla tincktria, Ach. "Orchila." Rare in El Gran 
Roque, probably more plentiful in tlio island of Orchila, which 
owes its name to this plant. 

A singular fact is the absence of Coccolohi urifera, Ipomcca pes 
caprce, and other seaside plants which abound on the shores of the 
neighbouring continent. Perhaps it is from the difficulty of the 
conduction of seeds; as the current (which is noticed on the 
coast running from east to west) is sufficiently strong to be an 
obstacle. 



o. 



ON SOME VENEZUELAN BIRDS COLLECTED BY MR. JAMES 
M. SPENCE. BY P. L. SCLATER, M.A., PH.D., F.R.S., 
AND OSBERT SALVIN, M.A., F-Z-S.*^ 

Mr. James M. Spence, F.R.G.S., of Manchester, has been kind 
enough to submit to our examination a large collection of birds, 
partly made by himself during a recent visit to Venezuela, and 
partly obtained from a collector resident at Caracas, t 

The collection contains 23 mounted and over 300 unmounted 
skins, referable to about 250 species. Only two of these prove to 
be absolutely new to us ; but there are several others of sufficient 
interest to induce us to offer to the Society the following notes on 
them. 

1. TuRDUS OLIVATER (Lafr.) ; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 333. 
Mr. Spence's collection contains a single skin of this species, 

which, so far as we at present know, is confined to the neighbour- 
hood of Caracas. 

2. LOCHMIAS SORORIA, sp. nov. 

Similis L. nematurae, ex Brasilia^ sed paulo major, superciliis 
albis nulliSf et maculls corporis infer iorihus minorihus et inagis 
elongatis : long, iota 62, alee 3, caudce 17, tarsi i. 
Hab, Venezuela (Spence), 

This is a northern representative of Z. nematura of the wood- 
region of Brazil, and is closely allied to that species, although easily 
recognizable by the characters above given. 

3. CoccYZUS LANDSBERGi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 112; Sclater, P.Z.S. 
1870, p. 169. 

A single skin of this rare Cuckoo in the collection is the only 
example we have met with besides one in the British Museum (men- 



* From the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London , May 20, 1873. 

t Sefior Carlos E. R^jas. 

VOU II. M 



178 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. C 



tioiKHl P.Z.S. 1870, p. 169). The species appears to be restricted 
to Venezuela and the northern coast of Columbia. 

4. MiCRASTUR ZONOTHORAX (Cab.). 

Mr. Spence brings us a fine adult si>ecimen of this northern form 
of M, ruficolliSy which agrees in every way with the points of dis- 
tinction pointed out by Dr. Cabanis.* We had previously only 
seen immature examples.f 

5. Ardea herodias, Linn. 

The occurrence of this northern species so far south as Venezuela 
is a novelty to us. The most prevalent species in South America 
is Ardea cocaiy which extends into Guiana (Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 
752). But A. herodias occurs in the Antilles and in the Galapagos 
(Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1870, p. 323). 

6. PoRZANA LEVRAUDi, Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1 868, p. 452, pL 

XXXV. 

This is the only specimen of this distinct species we have met 
with, except the specimens in the Paris Museum, from which our 
description was taken. The bird may be distinguished at once 
from the allied P. cayemuiisis by the absence of the red crown 
and by the white throat and median line below. 

7. PoRZANA ERYTHROPS, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1867, p. 343, t. 21 ; 

Scl. & Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 457. 

We are glad to get a Venezuelan specimen of this fine species, 
as it serves to confirm our notion (hesitatingly expressed, P.Z.S. 
1868, p. 458) that Sclilegel's Forzana schomburgki is referable to 
this species, and not to Crex schomburgki of Cabanis. 

8. Crypturus cerviniventris, sp. nov. 

Sujn'a fuscesceiUi^cervinus fere unkoloi', pileo ohscuriore fere 
nigrkante: subtus cervinus, in peciore satnratioTy in venire 
medio dUutior et albicantior : gida pallide dnerea: ventre imo 
tibils et caudcR tectricibus inferioribus ni^ro undvlaiis : tedrici- 
bus alarum inferioribus aJbis : campterio intus obscure cinereo : 
remigibus intu^s pure cinereis, horura quarto quinto et sexto fere 
(Efpudibiis et longissimis: rostro fluvido, pedibus ftiscescenii- 
corylinis: long, tota 10, cdce 5*8, caudoe 2. 

Hab. Venezuela {Spence). 

* Jouni. f. Orn. 1865, p. 406. t Of. P.Z.S. 1866, pp. 254, 356. 



App. C] VENEZUELAN BIRDS. 179 

Ohs. Affinis (7. tataupcBy sed pectore cervino et alls longioribus, 
necnon colore dorsi flavicantiore distinguendus. 

There is unfortunately only a single and not very perfect skin 
of this Tinamou in Mr. Spence's collection. But it appears to be- 
long to a species intermediate in size and coloration between C. 
obsdetus and C. tataupa. It is rather larger than the latter, but 
considerably smaller than the former species. 

Bonaparte has described a Crypturus cervinus as an ally of C, 
iataupa (C. R xlii. p. 954) ; but if the short characters given are 
correct, his species must be quite different from the present bird. 

In concluding these remarks, we must not fail to acknowledge 
Mr. Spence's liberality in allowing us to select the specimens 
above noticed and other valuable skins from his collection. 



D. 

SERTULUM NAIGUATENSE I 

Notes on a small Collection of Alpine Plants from the Summit of 
Naigaat^ in the Mountains of Caracas. By A. Ernst, Ph.D., 
&c. &c. 

(From the Journal of Botany ^ September 1872.) 

At a short distance towards the east from the well-known Silla 
de Caracas (2670 metres) rises the lofty mass of Naiguat4 to the 
height of about 2800 metres, the most elevated mountain in the 
Venezuelan coast chain. Since Mr. Linden's partial ascent some 
twenty-five years ago no traveller had made the attempt to reach 
its top, which was generally believed to be next to inaccessible ; 
but this was for the first time successfully achieved on the 23d of 
April 1872, by Mr. James M. Spence of Manchester, accompanied 
by Mr. A. Goering, an ornitliological collector and skilful land- 
scape painter, and five other gentlemen (R. Bolet, Hiibel, Lisboa, 
L. Terrero, and Dr. S. Vjiamonde). A small collection of alpine 
plants from the summit, brought down rather as a souvenir, was 
submitted to my examination, and as it contains several interest- 
ing forms, 1 beg leave to publish the following notes. I hope my- 
self to visit Naiguat^ in the month of August, and shall then be 
able to give a complete account of its vegetation. 

1. Usnea ceratina, Ach. Lich. Univ. 619. On the stems of 
Befaria ledifolia. 

2. Stkta laciniata, Ach. Nyl. Syn. i. 354. On rocks. 

3. Frullania cylindrica, Gottsche, Syn. Hepat. 458. A form 
certainly belonging to this very variable species was found on the 
stems of Be/arin. 

4. MacromUrium longifolium, Hk. ; Mitten, Musci, Austro- 
Americani, in Joum. of Linn. Soc. xii. 210. 

5. Funaiia hygrometrica^ Hedw. ; Mitten, 1. c. 246. 

6. Polytrichum aristiflorum, Mitten, 1. c. 620. 



App. D.] SERTULUM NAIGUATENSE. i8i 

7. DavaUia concinnay Sclirad. Hook. Fil. 100. Sterile fronds. 
It is the form called by Hooker D. Lindeni, Spec. Fil. i 193, t. 
56, B. 

8. Blechnum sernUaium, Rich. ; Hook. Sjm. Fil. 186, Spec. Fil. 
iiL 54. A barren frond, but perfectly agreeing with Schkuhr's 
plate 108. 

9. Lycopodium complanaium, L., Spec. PI. ed. Willd. vol. i. 19. 

10. L. clavcUuiThy L., 1. c vol. L 16. 

11. Z. taxifolium, L., 1. c. 48. 

12. FodosoBmum alpestre, H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. PL L 131. 

13. Chusquea Spencei, sp. n. : — 

Ch. ereday 6-i2-pedali8 et ultra, culmis nodosis glaberrimis 
ezsudatione ceracea vcUde gltUinosis ; intemodiis ad sexpollicaribus, 
diam. semipollicari ; ramis erectis 6~io-pollicaribus, densissime 
fasciculatis, gracillimis, compressis oligophyllis ; vaginis (inferiori- 
bus aphyllis) apice bilobis lobis acutis ; ligula nulla; foliorum 
limbo breviter pedunculato, membranaceo, glauco, basi attenuato 
lineari-subulato, apicem versus subtilissime spinuloso, 3-4 pollices 
longo, 3-5 lineas lato, siccitate spiraliter et transverse convolute ; 
nerviis primariis 5, medio subter prominulo, venulis secundariis 
numerosis pellucidis, transversis nullis. Eeliqua adhuc ignota. 

Though at present I can say no more on this plant, I think there 
is already sufficient evidence of its being a new and distinct species, 
with well-marked good characters. There are eleven species of 
Chusquea known to me, either from specimens in my herbarium, 
or from descriptions and plates,* and I think they may easily be 
distinguished from each other even in the flowerless state, as I 
endeavour to show in the following tabular arrangement : — 

I. — Ligula nulla. 

A, Vaginae ciliato-pilosae. — Ch, aUetifolia, Griseb., West Ind. 

FL 529. 

B, Vaginae glabrae. 

a. Lobis vaginarum rotundatis, vegetatio scandens ramis 
teretibus. — Ch. scandens, H.B.K, Nova Gen. et Sp. PI. i. 
20 1 ; viL 154. 

* Gen. Munro, in his monog^ph of Bambuseae in the 26th volume of 
the TransactiooB of the Linn. Soc., describes 30 species of this genus. He 
reduces two of the species in the above table to varieties, C. valdtventitf Desv., 
to C. Quila, and C. breviglumUy Phil., to C. CWeoti.— Ed. Journ. Bot. 



1 82 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. D. 



6. Lobis vaginanim acutis vegetatio erecta, ramis compressis. 
— CK Spencei^ sp. n. 

II. — Species ligulis pnediUe. 

A. Ligula ciliato-pilosa. — Ch. Quila, Kth. Enum. PL ii euppl 

350- 

B, Ligula glabra. 

a. Folia inaequilatera. — Ch, Ihmbeyana^ Kth. L c 351. 
h. Folia tequilatera. 

a. Ligulffi obtuse bilobse. — Ch, CummingU^ Elsenb. ; Desv. 

in Gay, FL Chil. vi. 448, Ub. 83, fig. i. 
/3. Ligulae integrse. 

a.a, Foliis minoribus (13 lin. long., 2 J lin. lat). — Ch, 
andinay Phil. Linnasa, xxix. 103; Walp. Ann. 
vil 1044. 
b.b. Foliis majoribus. 

a. a. Nerviis primariis 7-9. — Ch, vaMiviensiSy Desv. ; 
Gay, FL ChiL viL 446 ; Walp. Ann. vii. 1044. 
i3./3. Nerviis primariis 5. 

* Venulis transversis, pellucidis : — Ch. Culeou, Desv. ; 

Gay, op. cit. vi 450, tab. 83, fig. 2. 
** Venulis transversis nuUis. 
t Vaginae supeme ciliataj. — Ch. Gatuikhatidiiy Kth. 

Enum. PL iL suppl. 352. 
ft Vagina? glabrae. — Ch. hrevighimky PliiL Linnfea, 
xxix. 103 ; Walp. Ann. vii. 1043. 

The different species of Chesquea are called Carrizo in Venezuela, 
a name derived from Carex ; and places where they grow abund- 
antly, which they always do, are called carrizales, the ending al 
having in Spanish the same meaning as etum (e.g., dumetum) in 
Latin. 

I have named this new species after its discoverer, Mr. James 
M. Spence, a gentleman who during his stay in Caracas has given 
ample proofs of his great interest in botany, by the large and 
valuable collections of Orchids he has sent from this country to 
his father, Mr. Peter Spence, of Erlington House, Whalley Range, 
Manchester. 

14. Peperomia galioideSy H.B.K., Nova. Gen. et Sp. i. 71 ; Cas. 
De Cand. in Prodr. xvi. L 463, n. 362, the typical form. 

15. Rhopala ferruginea, H.B.K. op. cit. iL 153; Mcisn. in Do 
Cand. Prodr. xiv. 426. It is var. jS. minor. 



App. D.] SERTUL UM NAIG UA TENSE. 1 83 

16. Phytolacca rivinoides, Kth. ; De Cand. Prodr. xiil 2. 459. 
The fruits are manifestly costate ; the inflorescences were not pre^ 
served complete ; I cannot, therefore, say whether they are nodding 
or erect. 

17. Gardoquia discolor y H.B K op. cit. ii. 312; Benth. in De 
Cand. Prodr. xii. 238. 

18. Gaylussada humfoliay H.B.K. op. cit. iii 276, tab. 257. 
Not in flower. 

19. Vacdnium caracasanumy H.B.K. op. cit iii. 266. The speci- 
mens are in fruit. 

20. V, OttoniSy Klotzsch ; Walp. Ann. ii. 1 100. Likewise in fruit. 

21. Befaria ledifolia, H.B. Plant. Equin. ii. 124, tab. 120. 

22. GatUtheria rigida, H.B.K. op. cit. iii. 286. 

23. Siphocampylus microstoma^ Hook. ; Walp. Rep. iL 733. 
Some specimens were found by Mr. Goering in a place sheltered 
by an overhanging piece of rock, shortly before reaching the top. 
They are in fruit. Fructus capsula turbinata, calyce lo-nervio 
vestita, bilocularis, loculis apice dehiscentibus, parte superiore dis- 
sepimenti tardius fissa in comicula dua ad margines spectantia, 
seminibus numerosis ovatis minimis griseis levissime sub lente 
reticulatis. This plant was hitherto only known from New 
Granada. 

24. Gnaphalium americanum, Mill. ; De Cand. Prodr. vi. 234. 

25. Gn, incanum^ H.B.K. opi cit. iv. 80 ; De Cand. Prodr. vi. 
228. The specimens have lost their achsenia, but the scales of the 
involucre are well preserved. I did not notice this species on the 
Silla de Cartas. 

26. Achyrodine vargasianay De Cand. Prodr. vi. 220. Growing 
also in the lower part of the valley of Cardcas. 

27. LiI>amthamntLS neriifolitLSy Ernst, Yargiism, I S^, (Bailleria? 
ntriifolia, H.B.K. op. cit. iv. 289.) 

28. Galium sp, (Sect. Relbunium?). Not in flower, so that it 
is impossible to make out the species. I add the description as 
far as the material allows : Caulis tetragonus, quadrisulcatus, ad 
angulos retrorsum pilosus ; foliis quaternis sessilibus late ellipticis 
margine revolutis apico mucronatis, mucrone sursum flexo, 
utrinque minutissime punctulatis et sparsim pilosis, margine 
ciliolatis, subopacis, reticulato-trinerviis, nervis lateralibus ad 
apicem usque ductis ; gemmis floralibus ut videtur tribus in axillis 
verticilli foliorura. — Herbula annua, caespitosa, subcarnulosa, basi 
aphylla et terra) immcrsa, vix decimctralis. Folia siccitate nigra, 



i84 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. D. 

4-5 mm. loDga, 2-3 lata ; mocro millimetralis ; internodia infe- 
riora 5 mm., superiora 2-3 mm. 

29 Pseudarhachicallis caracauanOy Karst Flora Colombi iL 10 — 
HedyUii caracasana, ILB.K. op. ciL iiL 393. BaMeallis earaea- 
saiuL, De Cand. Prodr. ir. 434. I adopt Karsten's riews, who 
proposes the uew geuus Pstud4)rhachicaIlU for those species of 
Rhachkallis which have winged seeds, and are therefore tnie 
Cinchones. Kunth's Hedyatis caraeasana has certainly a minute 
s<;ed-wing, and moreover a valvate aestivation, whilst Rh, rupeshis, 
D.C., is stated to have wingless seeds and an imbricated corolla 
(Griseb. West Ind. Flora, 330). 

De Candolle and Karsten write Rachicallis; I prefer with 
Grisebach RhachiealUs ; for De Candolle says : '' Nomen ex ^^yjoL 
rapes maritima and xaXXis pulchritudo, quasi omamentum rupium 
maritimaruiii.'' I do not know whether Rh, rupesiris, which I 
never have seen, deserves such eulogy ; but our Caracas plant, with 
its dense, dark green foliage, covered by numberless sweet-scented 
little blue flowers, is certainly a rock beauty. 

30. Hypericum caracasanum, H.B.K. op. cit. v. 186. 

31. Weinmannia hiria, Sw. Flora Ind. Occid. 691; £ngler in 
LinnsBa, 36, 618. 

32. (?) FoUntilla Ehrenbergiana, Schlecht Linnsea, xiii. 261 ; 
Walp. Rep. iL 31. Though not in flower, my specimens agree so 
perfectly with Schlechtendars elaborate description, that they 
belong most probably to this handsome an<l interesting species. 
The type was discovered by Ehreuberg near Real del Monte in 
Mexico, 2781 metres over the level of the sea (Humboldt, Nouv. 
Espagne, Paris, 181 1, i. 199). It is said to be very abundant on 
the top of Naiguatd ; I did not see it on the SiUa.* 

* It is an interesting fact that several peculiar Mexican plants belong like- 
wise to the flora of Cardcas, without known intermediate stations. Besides 
the Potentilla I may cite Asa^rcpa officinalis, Lindl. ; Gt^mrtopsis Schiedeana, 
Du Cand. (Aldama dcnUUa^ Less.) ; Sclerothrixfcuciculata, Presl., &c. 



E. 



DESCRIPTION OF MINERALS AND ORES FROM VENEZUELA. 

BY JOHN PLANT, F.G.S.* 

(Read before the Microscopical Section of the Literary and Philoso- 
phical Society, Manchester, January 27, 1873. Professor W, C, 
WUliamson, F.R.S., President of the Section, in the Chair,) 

The collection of minerals acquired by Mr. J. M. Spence during 
bis residence at Cardcas, and on several journeys along tbe coast, 
came from tbe provinces of Barcelona, Bolivar, Carabobo, and Coro, 
with a few obtained from the regions of the River Orinoco and the 
Lake of Maracay bo. The collection contains gold in quartz of very 
rich character, argentiferous ores, green and blue carbonates of 
copper, copper pyrites, galena, iron ores of various kinds, carbona- 
ceous minerals, calcites, silicas, and rock specimens of gneiss, mica, 
talc schists, kaolin, hornblendic rocks, and serpentine, with a few 
imperfect fossils and silicified woods. 

The gold quartz of the richest kind came from the province of 
Guayana, where vast regions of auriferous rocks occur, and where 
also gold is found in small grains, flakes, and nuggets of all sizes, 
from an ounce to many pounds' weight, in a clay from two to eight 
inches thick, as well as in a red peroxidated iron earth, both pro- 
bably alluvial drifts. The quartz veins are richly impregnated with 
gold in crystals and strings, as may be seen in specimens in the 
collection. Other specimens of the gold rocks come from the Isle 
of Oruba, and the Loro Estate, Tacasuruma. 

The argentiferous ores are galenas and cupiferous, and are not of 
very great richness ; they are from La Guayra, Cumand, and Coro, 
where decomposed galenas are worked for silver. 

The copper ores include twenty specimens from mines that have 
been worked with profit, one of which, the Aroa mines in the pro- 
vince of Yaracuy, is the most famous for the superior richness of its 

• Proeetdingt, LU, and PhU. Socitty, Vol. xii. No. 11, Scasion, 1872-3. 



1 86 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. E. 

carbonates. The specimen of cuprite from the mine of Quebrada 
has some long and beautiful crystals of olivenite with cubes of 
strontian, and from Aragua are specimens of pyrargyrite or red 
silver ore ; others from Caracas, Coro, and the river Tuy, include 
malachites and a native sulphate of copper, probably a crystalliza- 
tion from the waters issuing from the mines. The chalcopyrites 
are neither numerous nor very good ; the best comes from the Aroa 
mines, the small granular pjrrites appears to be most abundant in 
a decomposing gneissoze rock. 

The galenas are from mines at Los Teques, Aroa, and Cardpano ; 
several are pseudomorphous crystals in filmy aggregations, interest- 
ing specimens for the mineralogist. 

The iron ores include specimens of pyrites (mundic), which in 
Venezuela appears to be as abundant as in most palseoiSoic regions ; 
ten of the samples are rich, and would be profitable if the cost of 
mining is not too expensive at Barquisimeto, Caracas, and the Aroa 
mines. 

The hsBmatites include specular, micaceous, and red iron ores, all 
comparable to the best European ores. The limnites comprise bog- 
iron ore of recent formation and a brown amorphous ore. The 
siderites include an aggregation of tubular crystals from Caracas, 
probably a carbonate of protoxide of iron valuable in making steel, 
and massive clay ironstones from the districts of Curamichate, 
where coal is also worked. The crystallized and compact magnetites 
come from the same place. A thin vein of brown siliceous ironstone 
has its surfaces covered with minute fragments of clear quartz, 
singular and beautiful under the microscope. 

The carbonaceous minerals are coals, graphite, sulphur, asphal turn 
and petroleum. The coals are from Nueva Barcelona, where Mr. 
Spence has proved the existence of workable coals, the Island of 
Toas in the Lake of Maracaybo, and a cannel coal from Coro, with 
several black shales from these localities. These coals are un- 
doubtedly of excellent quality, and from report can be worked 
economically ; their age is at present unknown from the want of 
any proper geological survey, and in the absence of fossils of any 
kind in the shales in this collection ; in all probability, however, 
the Venezuelan coals are of true carboniferous age. 

The graphite from Caracas is an impure amorphous earthy kind, 
in schists of two inches thick, occurring in talcose and micaceous 
rocks. The sulphurs are massive and of good quality, from Can\- 
pano, Cuman^, and Coro. Asphaltum and its varieties are reported 



App. E.] VENEZUELAN ORES AND MINERALS, 187 

to be found on the coasts in great deposits and in springs : the 
specimens in the collection are of excellent quality. 

The twelve rock specimens of quartz crystals include some of 
equal purity and size to those obtained from Brazil. The marbles 
are of inferior quality and quite devoid of colour and beauty ; but 
in the International Exhibition of 1862 some excellent green and 
red marbles were shown. 

The predominating rocks of the mountain ranges in Venezuela are 
palseozoic, metamorphosed talcose and chloritic slates, with great 
layers of gneiss ; and within this range, along the line of faults and 
in veins, are found an endless variety of minerals, of which the 
collection contains asbestos, serpentine, talc, hornblende, chlorite, 
kaolin, felspar, and selenite. 

Amongst the comparatively recent rocks are stalactites, salt, 
marl, alimi, gypsum, and many calcareous deposits from the sea 
shores and fresh-water lakes. 

The special collection made by Mr. Spence during a visit to the 
Island of Orchila is interesting to the geologist. It contains suffi- 
cient specimens to decide the main geological character of the island 
to be entirely metamorphic gneiss, overlaid with modem calcareous 
tufas. 

The collection includes a number of crude guanos, phosphates of 
lime, alumina, and urao^ a sesquicarbonate of soda — all of com- 
mercial value, and sources of prosperity if efficiently worked. 



p. 



CURIOSITIES PROM VENEZUELA — MANCHESTER LITERARY 

AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. 

{From the Manchester Ouardian^ December 17, 1872.) 

On Wednesday evening, at the meeting of the Microscopical and 
Natural History Section of the Literary and Philosophical Society, 
Mr. James M. Spence exhibited a large and interesting collection of 
natural history and other objects from Venezuela. Mr. Spence has 
lately returned from that country, in which he spent eighteen 
months, during which time he accumulated the extensive collection 
which is now on view at the Society's room in Greorge Street. An 
artist accompanied Mr. Spence, and a large collection of drawings 
and paintings — hung in the top room of the institution — ^forms a 
very remarkable and interesting portion of the exhibition. 

The natural history collection contains a number of hunter's skins 
of the larger animals of prey and of the chase ; but the great wealth 
and beauty of the fauna of the South American continent is best 
illustrated by an extensive collection of birds, embracing examples 
of nearly all the tribes found in the Venezuelan Republic, and in 
most instances the greater number of the genera and species 
arranged by ornithologists in the various tribes. Examples of the 
birds of prey, from the great harpy vulture to the smallest hawk or 
owl, occur in specific profusion. The care and judgment that have 
been shown in making the collection to secure examples of every 
individual species rather than — as is the usual practice of travellers 
— large numbers of highly-coloured kinds, is everywhere apparent. 
Of the beautiful snowy kite, the dingy sharp-shinned hawk, the 
finely-formed true falcon, and the almost grotesque hawk owl, well- 
preserved skins occur in equal distribution. Leaving the raptorial 
birds, we see shrikes, true thrushes, and babblers represented — 
amongst others, by the remarkable Pteroptochus, the representative 
on the great American continent of the still more remarkable lyre- 
tail of Australia. Orioles, warblers, chatterers, and the next suc- 
ceeding tribes of fly-catchers, jays, and fruit crows, prepare us in 
their sequence for the expected leap we shall have to make in our 



App. F.] CURIOSITIES FROM VENEZUELA. 189 

hurried survey over the typical starlings of the Old World, and step, 
by means of the boat-tails and maize-eaters, to the great family 
of the finches, which is here largely represented. The climbing 
birds, such as the toucans — with their large painted beaks — and 
their congeners the parrots, pass next under review. Five 
examples of the woodpeckers and creepers succeed these. We 
confess our disappointment when we come to the gem-feathered 
humming-birds; but Mr. Spence's explanation relative to the 
absence of these is that the collection has been overhauled by 
his lady friends. The remaining families of birds we are com- 
pelled to pass over, only calling attention to that fine game bird 
of the crax family, Pavxi galeata, of which a splendid example is 
here shown, togetiier with a nice series of herons, sandpipers, 
snipes, plovers, which, with a few sea-birds, must close our notice 
of this which is not the least interesting or valuable portion of 
the collection. 

The economical portion of the collection is of great interest and 
value, chiefly from its extent and the care which has been exercised 
in its collection and transportation ; and the valuable notes of Dr. 
Ernst, of Caracas, which accompany it, render it still more valuable. 
Specimens of the vegetable and mineral productions of Venezuela 
are found in great number and variety. Among the former are 
most of the plants yielding dyes or possessing medicinal properties 
— for example, the mucilaginous bark of the guazuma tree, the 
chica, from which the Indians prepare a red pigment ; the fruit of 
the taparito, from which some of the spoons exhibited have been 
made ; the bark of the chinchona, or Peruvian bark trees, which Dr. 
Ernst states does not o«:cur in quantities sufficiently large for ex- 
portation ; the fruit of the roble or oak, which Mr. Spence says is 
generally planted as a shade for the coffee trees, the practice in this 
country being to grow coffee under shade. Tonka beans — a well- 
known article of exportation — are here ; and it is a matter of regret 
that the vessel which contained the famous tecua oil was broken in 
transport, as otherwise its fame as a preserver from rust in steel 
goods might have been practically tested. The curious crab oil, on 
the acids contained in which a paper by Mr. Wonfor appears in the 
** Proceedings of the Royal Society " (vol. xviii. pp. 303-307), is 
here exhibited ; and also the milk of the cow tree, alluded to by 
Humboldt in his personal narrative. One of the boxes contains a 
quantity of the seeds known under the name of Sabadella, which, 
according to the notice already referred to, occurs very abundantly. 



I90 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. F. 

and is exported from the countiy in considerable quantitiea The 
bark of a species of Vallecia, described bj Dr. Ernst in the 
'* Journal of Botany" (vol. viiL p. 375), possesses apecaliar bitter 
principle, which he recommends for further investigation. This 
bark in Venezuela is used as a cure for ague. A bottle contains 
the water obtained from the dssoA Viatorum — the bejuco de agua — 
the stems of which are described as being so succulent as to jrield, 
when cut into, as much as half a pint of liquid, fresh and good 
to drink, from a stem of not more than two inches in thiVln>f>i|^ 
The flowers of Broumea ffrandiceps are also exhibited as a styptic 
remedy of great efficacy ; and the beaten and softened bast of 
Bertholletia exceUa, which, under the name of esiapa de Rio Neffro, 
is used for caulking the seams of boats. Among the manu- 
factured articles shown in the collection are some of exquisite 
fancy and execution made from the fruits of Si^a cylindriea. 
The fibrous network of the interior is the part made use of ; and 
it is difficult to conceive the existence of any material, whether 
metallic or vegetable, capable of more delicate and elegant 
manipulation. Panama hats — a well-known article of commerce 
— are made from the fibres of the leaves of Carludcvica palmata. 
Both the leaves and their fibres are to be seen in this collection. 
The seeds of another of the coffee plantation shade trees, called 
by the inhabitants hucare, are here ; also seeds of Muciina pruri/rji.^ 
known by the singular name, when Anglicised, of " eye of the 
carrion vulture," and stated to be a most efficacious remedy in 
affections of the respiratory organs. There is also a kind of 
sarsaparilla, which is exported in considerable quantities, but of 
which the botanical name is not yet settled. 

The above, which is a mere selection of the most strikinir 
examples of the vegetable products of the collection, must be 
taken as illustrative of the medicinal plants. There are in 
addition examples of gums, resins, and various woods, useful for 
strength or ornament, well prepared so as to show their special 
claims as articles of probable commercial value. 

Among the plants exhibited is a small collection of Chnrac^'^ry 
named by Dr. Ernst ; but the chief interest centres in a small 
collection of plants gathered by Mr. Spence on the summit of 
Mount Naiguatd. This mountain, whose altitude is nearly 
9500 feet, is the highest in the cordillera of the coast of 
Venezuela, and was regarded as inaccessible until Mr. Spence 
and six companions made a successful ascent in April of the 



App. R] CURIOSITIES FROM VENEZUELA, 191 

present year, of which an account recently appeared in the 
Manchester Guardian, A species of grass allied to the bamboos, 
and new to science, was one of the results of this ascent. It has 
been named Chusguea Spencei, after its discoverer ; and specimens 
will be found in the rooms of about six or seven feet in height. 
This grass is also represented in one of the water-colour drawings 
by a native artist, giving a sketch of the mountain peak. Other 
plants collected were too limited to generalise, but it is interesting 
to see European si)ecies, as Lycopodium complanatum and our own 
Lancashire L, clavatum. Amongst some of the slender stems of 
trees exhibited are one or two lianas, of which abundant use is 
made for cordage purposes in the packing of cotton bales through- 
out that part of the world. 

The exhibition includes, in addition to the natural history and 
economical collections referred to, an assortment of interesting 
curiosities of native manufacture, recent and ancient There are 
goblets, drinking cups, and flasks, more or less finely carved out of 
cocoa-nuts, some mounted in silver ; and a series of delicately 
worked cups and bowls of calabash. There are some arrows said 
to be poisoned, and, at all events, each with its sharp point of wood 
carefully protected by a little cane sheath. Another bundle of 
arrows includes two of the flint-headed weapons with which the 
Indians stun birds which they wish to secure unsoiled. From the 
State of Trujillo Mr. Spence has brought home three curiously 
shaped vessels obtained from Peruvian burial-places. 

By the courtesy of the Literary and Philosophical Society the 
collection will remain open to the public, on presentation of an 
address card, during this week. 



ORCHIDEiE VENEZUELANiE : 

Or, an Alphabetical List of all the Grenera and Species of Orchids 
collected hitherto in, and described from, the territory of the 
United States of Venezuela, with the necessary literary refer- 
ences, by Dr. A. Ernst, Professor of Natural History in the 
University of Caracas, Sec &c. &c. 

To JAMES M. SPENCE, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., Corr. M. Soc. 
of Phys. and Nat Sciences of Caricas, &c., the enthusiastic 
collector of Venezuelan Orchids, the following pages are 
dedicated in remembrance of many happy hours spent 
together, and as a cc»ntribution to his interesting work on 
Venezuela, by his friend, 

A- Ernst. 

Caracas, Easter Monday^ 1875. 

The following alphabetical list of Venezuelan orchids has been 
carefully compiled from the most important works on this family 
and systematic botany in general, as well as from the author's own 
experience, after many years of floral researches in the neighbour- 
hood of Caracas. It contains 426 species, distributed in 82 genera ; 
and although this number is very considerable, it is evident that 
the orchid flora of Venezuela must contain a great many species 
more ; only those having been mentioned which are expressively 
recorded from the territory of the republic. But the greatest part 
of this extensive country has not yet been sufficiently explored, and 
there can be no doubt that the deep forests of Guayana, the Upper 
Orinoco, and Casiquiare, will ofier an abundant orchidological 
harvest to the future collector. It will, therefore, be no exaggeration 
to suppose that the total number of species in the country will be 
about 600, even if it should be necessary, as most probably it will, 
to give up many forms described to-day as true species, but which 
hardly are constant varieties. 

This abundance is fully illustrative of the luxurious riches which 
nature displays in these fertile regions, and shows at the same time 



App. G.] ORCHIDE^E VENEZUELAN.E. 193 



how very difficult it is to compose a flora of any tropical country 
with tolerable and approximative completeness. Provisional cata- 
logues, or, as it were, rough lists, must prepare the road, and this 
was one of the principal objects the author desired to obtain by 
drawing up the present enumeration, which he tried to make as 
exhaustive ks possible, rather than to give only a list of valuable 
garden species or so-called /o^iona^/^ orchids.* 

Botanists will not be astonished that the author has adopted the 
important changes introduced in nomenclature by the great orchi- 
dologist. Professor Reichenbach, Director of the Botanic Garden, 
Hamburg, from whom, if from any one, we may expect the natural 
system of orchids, one of the greatest desiderata of botanical science. 

The abbreviations used in the titles of the works of reference 
need, of course, no explanation to the botanical reader, who soon 
will notice that some books have not been consulted, as there 
were no copies within the author's reach. However, it is hoped 
that the number of species omitted on this account will be but 
very small. 

I. ACINETA. 

1. A. Humboldtii Lindl. Flore des Serres, x. 65, tab. 992. 

Caracas (A.E.). 

2. A, superba Rchb. fit, Bonpl. ii. 19 (Anguloa superba, 

H.B.K., Nova genera et species plant, i. 343, tab. 
93). Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener, A.E.). "Pico de 
loro," i.e.y parrot's bill. 

II. Aeranthes. 

3. A. micrajitha Rchb. Griseb. Flora Brit. West Ind. 625 ; 

Bot. Mag. 1772. Venezuela (Grisebach). 

III. ANGRiECUM. 

4. A. spec. aff. organensi. Eaton in Orchidese FendleriansB 

Venezuelans, t (Trans. Amer. Acad, of Sciences and 
Arts, new series, vol. viii. 220.) Fendler. 1458. 

IV. Anguloa. 

5. A. Clowesii Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 599 ; Bot. Mag. 4313. 

Merida, near Jajl, 5500-7000 feet (Linden, Wagener). 

6. A. Clowesii Lindl. b. major Rchb. fil.y in Schiller's Katalog 

(1857), No. 69. Same locality as the type. 

* Corrections or additions will be thankfully received, and duly acknow- 
ledged, by Dr. A. Ernst, Caracas, 
t This is nothing but a list of names, not eyen their authors being indicated. 
VOU II. N 



194 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G. 



7. A, JiucJxri Lindl, Walp. Ann. vi. 600; Bot Mag. 5384. 

Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener, A.K). 

8. A, Buckeri, h, auratiHaea. Rchb. in Schiller's Kat. No. 7 1. 

9. A. Buckeri, c purpurea. LincL, ibid., No. 72. 

10. A. spec. 2. Kchb. in Schiller's Kat 75. Cariaco. 

11. A. spec 3. Kchb. in Schiller's Kat 76. (White 

8()otteii.) Cariaco. 

V. 61FRENARIA. 

12. B. Jrageneri Bchb. Bonpl. ii- 17 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 548. 

Car^U;as (Wagencr). 

VI. Bletia. 

1 3. Bl. cucuilata, var. cuspidcUa Bchb, fil. Bonpl. il 2 1 ; Walp. 

Ann. vi. 433 ; Xen. orchid, ii. 66. (Brassarola cus- 
pidata Hook. Bot Mag. 3722.) Caracas (Wagener, 

A.E). 

1 4. Bl. florida B. Br. Rchb. in Walp. Ann. vi. 442 ; Bot. 

Mag. 1 40 1. Caracas, in savannas; common, all col- 
lectors. 

15. Bl. fiorida var. meridana. Echb.loc.cit. Merida (Moritz, 

Wagener). 

1 6. Bl. Ilumboldtii Bchb. (Epidendrum Humboldtii). Walp. 

Ann. vi. 430; Xen. orchid, i. 159, tab. 52, ii. 58. 
Puerto-Cabello, on trees in the valley of San Juan 
( Wagener). 

17. BL nodosa Bchb. (Brassavola nodosa Lindl.). Rchb. Xen. 

orchid, ii. 65 ; Bot. Reg. 1839-40. 

b. genuinay Puerto-Cabello (Wagener); Cardcas (A.E). 

c. grandiflara, Carabobo (Wagener, Bonpl. ii. 21). 

18. Bl. retusa Bchb. (Brassavola LiiidL). Walp. Ann. vL 435 ; 

Xen. orchid, ii. 62. Maracaybo. 

19. Bl. uiidulata Bchb. (Schomburgkia Lindl.). Bonpl. ii. 

10; Xen. orchid, ii. 49; Bot. Reg. 1845-53; Walp. 
Ann. vi. 420. La Guayra, near Cabo Blanco. Very 
common. "Mulata." 

20. Bl. Wageneri Bchb. Bonpl. ii. 21 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 

443. Guareyma (Wagener) ; Guarenas (A.E.). 

VIL BOLBOPHYLLUM. 

21. B. brcLcteolatum Lindl. (Eaton, Orchid. Fendl. 1394). 

22. B. meridense Bchb. Linna^a, xxii. 836 (Didactyle Lindl.) ; 



App. G.] ORCHIDE^ VENEZUELANS, 195 

Walp. Ann. vi. 251. Merida, 4500 feet (Funck and 
Schlim) ; Trujillo, near Timotes and Chachopo, 6000- 
8000 feet. 
(Didadyle, n. sp. Eaton in Orchid. Fendl 2129, belongs 
probably to this species.) 

VIII. Brachtia. 

23. Br. glumacea Rchb, LinnsBa xxii 854 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 

855; Xen. orchid, i. 76, tab. 29, ii. 1-12. Colony 
Tovar(Moritz); Merida, 6000 feet (Funck and Schlim). 

24. Br, stdphurea Echb, Bonpl. ii. 14 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 

856 ; Xen. orchid, i. 75, tab. 29, i. Merida (Wagener). 

IX. Camaridium. 

25. C, ochroleucum LindL Bchb. in Bonpl. ii 18; Walp. 

Ann. vi. 541 ; Bot. Mag. 3306. Caracas (Wagener, 
A.E). 

X. Catasetum. 

26. C callosum LindL Walp. Ann. vi. 568 (C. Lansbergii, 

Myanthus Lansbergii LindL Walp. Ann. i. 782). 
Bonpl. ii 19. Caricas (van Lansberge, Wagener, 
A.E.). 
(There is a curious account of this singular plant in 
Darwin, Fertilization of Orchids, 245.) 

27. C. macrocarpum Bchb, Bonpl. il 19; Walp. Ann. vi. 

564. Cardcas (W^agener). 

28. C, macrocarpum Bchb, b. purpureum Bchb, in Schiller's 

Kat. 174. Caracas. 

29. C, macvlatum Kunth, in Humb. et Bonpl. Nova gen. et 

spec, plant, vii. 157, tab. 630. Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 19. 
Caracas (Wagener). 

30. C, macrocarpum Bick Walp. Ann. vi 564; Rchb. in 

BonpL ii 19. Caracas (Wagener). 

31. C, macrocarpum Bith, b. purpureum Bchb, in Schiller's 

Kat 174. Cardca& 

32. C. Naso LindL Walp. Ann. vi 571. Caracas (Linden). 

Cattleya vide ErroENDRUM. 

XT. Chloidia. 

33. Chi, flava Griseb, West Ind. Flora, 643. Caracas, 

Carrizal del Catuche, 5000 feet (A.E.). 



196 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G. 



XII. Chondrorrhyncha. 

34. Ch, rosea LindL Walp. Ann. vi. 663. Deep and damp 

forests of Merida, near Jaji, at the height of 5000 feet 
(Linden). 

XIII. Chysis. 

35. Ch. aurea LindL Walp. vi. 471. Cumanacoa (Hench- 

man) ; Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener) ; Mountains of 
Capaya (Spence, A.K). Rare. 

XIV. Ck)MPARETTIA. 

36. C. coceinea LindL Eaton, Orchid. Fendl. 2435. 

37. Cfalcata Popp, Walp. Ann. vi. 688. (C. rosea Lindl. 

Flore des Serres, ii. May, pi. 6.) Merida (Linden) ; 
Car^Uuis, Galipan (A.K). 

XV. CORYANTHES. 

38. C, Fiddingi Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 598; Flore des 

Serres, iv. 358-360, pi. 364**, 365^ State of Tachira, 
where the plant is called CanastUlo^ or little basket. I 
have a pretty good coloured sketch of this remarkable 
species, made by a lady in San Cristobal, the capital 
of Tachira, and have been told that the plant is not 
uncommon there. 

39. C. macrantha Hook. Bot. Mag. 1841 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 

598. Caracas (Lockhart). 

40. C. vuLculata Hook. Bot. Mag. 3102; Walp. vi. 597. 

(C. AlbertinsB Karaten, Aiuncald neuer und schim blii- 
hender Oervdchse Veiiezuelas, 5, pi. i.) San Esteban, 
near Puerto-Cabello, on trees at the foot of the Cumbre 
of Valencia (Karsten). 

XVI. Cranichis. 

41. Cr. miiecosa Sw, Griseb. West Ind. Flora, 639. Caracas 

(AE.). 

XVII. Cyenoches. 

42. C. cMoTochHon Klaizsch, Walp. Ann. vi. 560. Caracas; 

pretty common. " Pellcano." 

43. C. Ttiacidatum LindL Walp. Ann. vi. 561; Rchb. in 

Bonpl. ii. 19. Caracas (Wagener). 



App. G.] ORCHIDE^ VENEZUELANS, 197 

XVIIL Cymbidium. 

44. C. cordigeruniy H,B.K. Nova gen, et spec plant. L 341. 

Between S. Barbara and Puerto- Cabello (Humb. and 
Bonpl.). 

45. C. diumum Sw, LindL Genera and species of orchid. 

plants, 169. (Limodorum diumum^ Jacq.) On trees 
near Cardcas (Jacquin, Icones pL rar. iii 603). 

46. C. glandtdosumt H.B,K, Nov. gen. et sp. pi. i. 340; 

Lindl. Genera et spec. 168. Silla de Caracas (Humb. 
and Bonpl.). 

XIX. Cyrtopera. 

47. C, longifolia Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 19; Walp. Ann. vL 668. 

Merida (Linden) ; Caracas ( Wagener). 

48. C. Woodfofdii LindL Griseb. Flora, 630. Island of 

Margarita, near S. Ana del Norte (A.E., April 1873). 

XX. Cyrtopodium. 

49. C, pundaium LindL Walp. Ann. vi. 666 ; BonpL ii. 19. 

Caracas (Wagener, A.E.). ** Terciopolo." 

XXI. DiCHiEA. 

50. D, echinocarpa LindL Griseb. Flora, 624. Caracas, 

Galipan, 6000 feet (A.E.). 

51. 1), graminoides LindL (D. graminea Griseb.). Griseb. 

Flora, 625 ; Bonpl. ii. 15. Cardcas (Wagener). 

52. D, muricata LindL Eaton, Orchid. Fendl. 1457. 

XXII. Elleanthus. 

53. E, arpophyllostachys (Evelyna) Echb. Bonpl. ii. 21; 

Walp. Ann. vi. 479. Cardcas (Wagener). 

54. E, bractescens (Evelyna Lindl.) Echb, Walp. Ann. vi. 

479. Pdramos of Merida, 8000-10,000 feet (Linden). 

55. E. capitatus Echb, Walp. Ann. vi. 475. Slopes of the 

Sierra Nevada, Merida (Linden) ; Cardcas (A.E.). 

56. E, columnaris Echb, Walp. Ann. vL 483. Agua de 

Obispo and Sierra Nevada, Merida (Linden). 

57. E, ensatus Echb. Walp. Ann. vi. 482. Sierra Nevada, 

Merida (Linden). 

58. £. flavescens Echb, Walp. Ann. vi. 479. Between 

Humucaros Abajo and Agua de Obispo, in Trujillo, at 
the height of 7000 feet (Linden). 



198 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. G. 

59. E, furfuraceus Bchb, Walp. Ann. vL 48a Merida 

(Linden) ; Cartois (Wagener, A.K). Bather common. 

60. E. gracilis Rchh, Walp. Ann. vi 481 (Evelyna, Bchb. in 

Linnsea xxiL 843). Merida, 6500 feet (Funck and 
Schlim). 

61. E. kermesianus KM, Walp. Ann. vi 478; Bonpl. iL 

21. Caracas (Wagener). 

62. E, linifolius Prd. Walp. Ann. vi. 476 (Evelyna granimi- 

folia Popp. and EndL) ; BonpL ii 21. CahU^s, 4000 
feet (Wagener). 

63. E, lapulinus Rchh, Walp. Ann. vL 483. Pdrafnos of 

the Sierra Nevada, 10,000 feet (Linden). 

64. E, Wagensri Rchb, Bonpl. ii. 21 ; Walp. Ann. vi 474. 

Caracas (Wagener). 

XXIIL Epidendrum. 

65. E, agathosmicum Bchb. LinnsBa zxiL 841 ; Walp. Ann. 

vi. 413. Caracas, near the Venta, on the old road to 
La Ouayra (Moritz); Tnijillo (Wagener, BonpL iL 
20). 

66. E, (dbovirescens Hors, Link. Rchb. in Schiller's Kat. 

415. Caracas. 

67. E, alpicolum Bchb. BonpL iL no; Walp. Ann. vL 366. 

Merida (Moritz, Wagener). 

68. E. ansiferum Rchb. BonpL ii. in; Walp. Ann. vL 394. 

Cardcas, Chacao (E. Otto). 

69. E. airopurpureum JFUId. (K macrochiliim Hook.). Ann. 

VL 344; Flore des Serres, iv. 372. Caracas, rather 
common. There is a variety with a pure white labellum 
and some red streaks. (Wagener, Spence, A.E). 

70. E. attenuatum. Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 359. Trujillo, 

Agua de Obispo, 9000 feet (Funck and Schlim). 

71. E. bicornutum Hook. Walp. Ann. vi. 345; Bonpl. ii. 

20. Carabobo (Wagener). 

72. E. bilamellatum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 345. Caracas 

(Wagener, A.K). 

73. ^. Blepharisks Bark. Walp. Ann. vi. 379. La Guayra 

(Linden) ; Venezuela (Funck and Schlim). 

74. E. brachychilum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vL 352. Sierra 

Nevada, Merida (Linden) ; Caracas (Wagener, BonpL 
ii. 20). 



App. G.] ORCHIDE^ VENEZUELANS. 199 



75. E, brachycladium lichh. Walp. Ann. vi. 379. (K cras- 

sipes LindL) Caracas (Purdie?).* 

76. E, cardioglossum Bchb, Linnaea xxii. 841 ; Walp. Ann. 

vi. 407. Silla de Caracas (Moritz). 

77. -B. carneum LindL Walp. Ann. vi. 364. Merida, Jajl 

(Linden). 

78. E. ceralistes LindL Walp. Ann. vi. 329; Bonpl. il 19. 

Caracas (Wagener). 

79. E. chacoMnse Rchb, Bonpl. ii. 20 ; Walp. Ann. vL 358. 

CardcaSy Chacao (Wagener). 

80. E. ciliare L. Walp. Ann. vi. 347. Cardcas. Very 

common. '* Mariposita bianco," i.e.y " a little white 
butterfly." 

81. E, clavdtum LindL Walp. Ann. vi. 349. Cumand 

(Henchman). 

82. E. cocMeatum L. Walp. Ann. vi. 359 ; Griseb. Flora, 

616. Caracas (Wagener, A.E.). " Araiia," i.e., spider. 

83. E, cochlidium LindL Walp. Ann. vi. 393. Merida, in 

sub-alpine rocky places (Moritz). " Flor de San Jos<5," 
Merida. Caracas (Wagener, Bonpl. ii. 20). 

84. E. coriophorum Rchb. Walp. vi. 347 ; Bonpl. ii. 20. No 

precise locality, but collected by Wagener in Venezuela. 

85. E, cornutum LindL Bonpl. ii. 20. Cardcas (Wagener, 

A.E.). 

86. E, cuspidatum Lodd. Eaton, Orchid. Fendl. 1384. This 

species is generally considered as a form of E. ciliare, 

87. E, Dendrohii Bchb. Linna^a, xxii. 841. Merida, in the 

alpine region (Moritz). 

88. E. difforme Jacq. (E. umbellatum Sw.). Walp. Ann. vi. 

402 ; Bonpl. ii. 20. Cardcas (Wagener). 

89. E. elongatum Jacq. Walp. Ann. vi. 395. Cardcas. 

" Vara de San Jos6." Very common. 

90. E, fcdlax LindL Walp. Ann. vi. 353, var. b, flavescens. 

Merida, Sierra Nevada (Linden); Barbacoas (Wagener, 
Bonpl. ii. 20). 

91. E. fimbriatum H.B.K, Nov. gen. et sp. pi. i. 351 ; Walp. 

* Purdie was never in Cariicas; the species is, therefore, mentione<l hero 
with some doubts. Lindley, and others, comprehend under the name Carac- 
cos generally the whole Caribbean coast of South America to Santa Marta, 
an entirely false denomination, wliich ou!,'ht not to be continued in recent 
books. 



200 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G. 

vi 406. Pdramo del Zambador, i i^ooo feet (Linden) ; 
Caracas (Wagener, BonpL ii. 28). 

92. E. flaribundum H.B.K, Nov. gen. et sp. pL i 353, tab. 

86; Walp. Ann. vi 413. The variety b. lilacinum 
Schb. (Linn. xziL 840) was collected in Venezuela 
(locality not stated) by Moritz, and Funck and Schlim. 

93. E. fragrans Sit. Bot Mag. 152; Walp. Ann. vL 357 ; 

BonpL ii 20. Barcelona (Wagener) ; Car^Usas (A.K). 

94. E, frigidum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 411. Sierra Nevada 

of Merida, on damp rocks a short distance from eter- 
nal snow (Linden, Wagener, BonpL iL 20). 

95. E, fulgens Brogn. (R cinnabarinum Salzm. Bot Reg. 

1842, t. 25). Venezuela (Griseb. Flora, 617). 

96. E. grammaioglossum Rchb. Linn. xxiL 857 ; Walp. Ann. 

VL 350. S. Ana in Trujillo, at the height of 5000 
feet (Funck and Schlim). 

97. E. heterodoxum Bchb. BonpL ii 20 ; Walp. Ann. vi 

326. Caricas (Wagener). 

98. E, jajense Rchb. BonpL ii. 20; Walp. Ann. vi. 352. 

Jajl, Merida (Wagener). 

99. E. Kermesianus Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi 349. Caracas (1). 

100. E. Klotzschianum Rchb. Linn, xxii 838. Merida, on 

cold places in the deep forests of the Sierra Nevada 
(Moritz). 

10 1. E. laUatum Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 313 (Cattleya labiata). 
Var. MossiCB, " Flor de Mayo." Caracas, common to 

all collectors. This is a very variable plant ; the most 
frequent forms are the following : — 

a. Pallida, La Gnayra (Rchb. in Schiller's Kat. 211). 

b. *Sjpecio5a, Caracas (ibid. ibid. 212). 

c. Reineckeana, ibid. (Rchb. in BonpL iv. 327). 
Var. Ursellij Rchb. in Schiller's Katalog, 214. 

Var. JFageneriy Rchb. in Xen. i 28, 29, tab. 13 (Cattleya) ; 
Walp. Ann. vi 314; Bonpl. iii. 21. Very rare near 
Caracas. 

102. E. lacustre Rchb. (E. leucochilum Lindl. ; non, Klotzsch). 

Walp. Ann. vi. 369. Laguneta, near Merida, 8000 
feet (Linden). 

103. E. leucochilum Klotzsch (E. fiiwidumljiuilX.). Walp. Ann. 

vi. 369. Caracas (Otto) ; Barbacoas (Wagener). 
" Paloma blanca," i.e., white dove. 



App. G.] ORCHIDEyE VENEZUELANS, 201 

104. E, lAndeni Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 393. Merida, 

Caracas (Linden). 

105. E. Matutinum Bchb, Linn. xxii. 840. Merida (Moritz). 

106. £. Moritzii Bchb, Linn. xxii. 837 ; Walp. vi 350. 

Merida (Moritz, Wagener, Funck and Schlim). 

107. E, naucraiis Echb, Bonpl. ii. 20; Walp. vi 412. Col- 

lected by Wagener, but precise locality not mentioned. 

108. E. nodurnum L, Walp. Ann. iv. 404; Bonpl. ii. 20. 

Caracas (Wagener, A.R). 

109. E, nutans Sw. Walp. Ann. vi. 376; Hook. Exot. 

Flora, 50. Caracas (A.E.). Also collected by Fendler, 
1770. 
no. E. orchioides, Eaton, Orchid. Fendl. 1452. 

111. E. OUonis Rchh. Griseb. Flora, 613. Venezuela. 

112. E, paniculalum Ruiz and Pavan. Walp. Ann. vi 376. 

The var. C, cuspidatum was collected by Linden, 
Funck and Schlim, near Caracas. 

113. E. Peperamia Rchh, Bonpl. ii. 20; Walp. Ann. vi. 368. 

Caracas (Wagener). 

114. E, polyanthum Lindl. (E. Landsbergii Kegel). Walp. 

Ann. vi. 380. Car&cas (Lansberge). 

115. E. purum Lindl Walp. Ann. vi 412. Caracas (Linden, 

Wagener, A.E.). 

116. E, pygnuBum Hook. Griseb. Flora, 615; Bot. Mag. 

3233. Caracas (A.E.). 

117. E. ramosum Jacq. Walp. Ann. vi. 399; Grist^b. 

Flora, 6 1 8. Caracas ( A.E. ). 

118. E. raphidophorum Lind. Walp. Ann. vi 371. Silla 

de Caracas (Funck and Schlim) ; PAramo de los 
Conejos, Linden (not ConisoSy as is erroneously printed 
in the place quoted). 

119. E. recurvatum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi 410. Bailadores 

(Linden). 

120. E. refradum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 354. Sierra 

Nevada of Merida, 10,000-12,000 feet (Linden, 
Wagener). 

121. E. rigidum Jacq. Walp. Ann. vi. 400 ; Hook. Icones, 

314; Bonpl. ii 20. Caracas (Wagener, A.E.). 

122. E. sceptrum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi 353. Jajl, 6500 

feet (Linden). 

1 23. E. Schomhurghi Limll. Walp. Ann. vi 389 ; Griseb. 



202 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G. 



Flora, 617. Island of Margarita, near S. Ana del 
Norte (A.E,, April 1873). 

124. E. Schlimii Rchh. Walp. Ann. vL 361 ; Linn. xxii. 

838. Merida, 6500 feet (Funck and Schlim). 

125. E, sciUeUa Lindl, Walp. Ann. yi. 367. Merida 

(Wagener). 

126. E. Stamfordianum Batem. Walp. Ann. vL 415 ; Xen. 

orchid. IL 36 ; Bot. Mag. 4759 ; BonpL ii. 20. 
Car&cas (Wagener). 

127. E. stellatum Lind. Walp. Ann. vi. 339. Caracas 

(Purdie 1). 

1 28. E, sthenopotalum Hook. Walp. Ann. vL 402. Near San 

Cri8t6bal, State of Tachira, in forests at the height of 
3000 feet (Linden) ; Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener, 
Bonpl. ii. 20). 

129. E. sirobiliferum Rchh. Griseb. Flora, 618. Island of 

Margarita, on trees in the ravine of the rivulet 
Tamoco, near Santa Ajia del Norte (A.K). 

130. E. subpurum Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 21 ; Walp. Ann. vL 413. 

Caracas (Wagener). 

131. E. tenax Rchh. Bonpl. ii. 20; Walp. Ann. vi. 367. 

Venezuela (Wagener). 

132. E. tesselatum Batem (E. lividura Lindl). Walp. Ann. 

vi. 340, 341. La Guayra, Cardcas (Wagener, Bonpl. 
ii. 20). 

133. E. tUjrinum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 354. Jajl, 5000- 

9000 feet (Linden) ; Bonpl. ii. 20. Caracas (Wagener). 

134. E. tipuloidmm Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 350. Carabobo, 

Campanario, 1000 feet (Funck and Schlim). 

135. E. tovarense Rchh. Linn. xxii. 838; Walp. Ann. vi. 

370. Colony Tovar (Moritz) ; Bonpl. ii. 20. Cardcas 
(Wagener). 

136. E. variegaium Hook. Walp. Ann. vi. 355 ; Bonpl. ii. 

20. Cardcas (Wagener). 

137. E. violaceum Rchh. Walp. Ann. vi. 318 (Cymbidium, 

H.B.K. ; Cattleya superba Schomb.); Flore des Serres, 
ix. 926. San Fernando de Atabapo (Humboldt). 

138. E. virens Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 337 (E. Wageneri 

Kltzsch.); Bonpl. ii. 19. Cardcas, 3500 feet 
(Wagener, A.E.). 

139. E. xaniholmaim Rchh. Linn. xxii. 839; Walp. Ann. 



App. G.] ORCHIDEyE VENEZUELANS. 203 

vi 373. Merida, Chachopo, near Mucuchies, 9000 
feet (Funck and Schlim). 

XXIV. Eriopsis. 

140. Er, spec, Schb. in Schiller's Kat No. 532. Venezuela. 

XXV. Galeandra. 

141. G, Beyrichii EM, Linn. xxii. 854 ; Walp. Ann. iil 

55 2 J Bonpl. iL 19. Caracas (Wagener). 

XXVI. GONGORA. 

142. G, odoratissitna Lemaire, in Flore des Serres, iiL 229 ; 

Walp. Ann. L 783, vi 596. La Guayra (Wagener, 
A,E.). 

143. G. odoratissima, h fvlgida. Rchb. in Schiller's Kat No. 

554. Venezuela. 

144. G. odoraiissima, c. zenischii Rchb. in Schiller's Kat. No. 

555. Venezuela. 

145. G. quinqtienervis Ruiz and Pavon. Walp. Ann. vi. 595. 

Puerto-Cabello, Caracas (A.E.). 

146. G, retrorsa Rchb, Bonpl. ii. 19; Walp. Ann. vi. 593; 

Xen. orchid, i 54, tab. 20 iiL Merida (Wagener). 

XXVIL GOODYERA. 

147. G, guayanensis Lindl, Genera and Species, 494. Cara- 

cas, Catuche (A.E.). 

XXVIIL GOVENIA. 

148. G, tingens Endl, arid Popp, Linn. xxvi. 144 ; Walp. Ann. 

vi 559. Silla de Caracas, 4000 feet (Wagener, A.E.). 

149. G, utricidata Lindl. Bot. Mag. 415 1; Griseb. Flora, 

628. Venezuela. 

XXIX. Habenaria. 

150. H, angustafoliay H,B,K, Nova gen. et sp. pi. i 330. 

Ciudad-Bolivar, in swampy places (Humb.). 

151. H, brachyceras, Eaton, Orchid. FendL 1437. 

152. H, entomantha, ibid. ibid. 1438. 

i^^, H, heptadadyla Rchb, Linn, xxii 8 1 2. Caripe (Moritz); 
Orinoco (Humb.). 

154. H. Lindenii, Eaton, Orchid. FendL 1434. 

155. //. macroceralitis W, Griseb. Flora, 643. Caracas, on 

the grassy slopes of mountains (AE.). 



204 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G. 

156. H, maculosa Lindl. (EL Bpecioea Endl. and Pdpp.). Bonpl. 

iL 10; Griseb. Flora, 643. Caricas (Wagener, A.K). 

157. //. obtusa LindL BonpL iL 10. Car&cas (Wagener). 

158. H. spathaeea A, Rich, Bonpl. iL 10. Caracas (Wagener). 

159. n, triptera Bchb. Linn, xxii 814; BonpL iL 14. 

Cartois, in savannas at the foot of the Silla (Otto, 
Moritz, Wagener, A.E.). 

XXX. Hexisea. 

160. H, refiexa Bchb. Oriseb. Flora, 623. Caricas, in the 

mountains, hanging from the branches of trees (A.K). 

XXXI. HOULLETIA. 

161. H. Lansbergii Lindl. Walp. Ann. vL 617; BonpL ii. 

19. Cumani (Wageuer). 

XXXII. lONOPSIS. 

162. /. pulchella H.B.K. Nova. gen. et sp. pi. L 348, tab. 

83 ; Walp. Ann. vL 685 ; Bonpl. ii. 14. Carabobo, 
4000 feet (Wagener) ; Chirgua (Mariano Palacios). 

163. /. tenera Lindl. Reichenb. in Schiller's Kat. No. 585. 

Caricas, Flore des Serres, vii. 294. 

164. /. uiricidarioides Lindl. Walp. Ann. vL 685. Guare- 

nas (Funck and Schlim) ; Petare (Enr. Manrique). 

XXXIII. ISOCIIILUS. 

165. /. linearis R. Br. Cumanacoa (Humb.). BonpL iL 22. 

Caricas (Wagener, A.E.). " Pluma del Diablo," or 
Devil's pen. 

XXXIV. Kf:fersteinia. 

166. K. stapelioides Rchh. Xen. orchid, i. 69, tab. 25, iii. 

12-14 (Zygopetalum Moritzii, Rchb. Walp. Ann. vL 
658). Caricas (A.K) ; Merida (Moritz). 

XXXV. KCELLENSTEINIA. 

167. K. Kellneriana RM. Bonpl ii. 17; Walp. Ann. vL 

552. Xen. orchid. L 64-66, tab. 24, iiL 10-18. 
Trujillo, 7000 feet (Wagener). 

XXXVI. Lepanthes. 

168. L. Aq\dl<i Borussice Rchb. BonpL ii. 22; Walp. Ann. 

vL 197; Xen. orchid. L 157, tab. 50, vL 17-21. 
Caricas (Wagener). 



App. G.] ORCHIDEyE VENEZUELANS. 205 



169. Im cya/rwptera Behb. Linn. xxii. 819; Xen. orchid, i. 

i53> tab. 49, ii. 5-8. Mehda, 6000 feet (Funck and 
Schlim). 

1 70. L ruscifolia Rchb, Linn. xxiL 819 ; Xen. orchid, i. 154, 

tab. 49, iy. 13-15. Merida, Jaji (Funck and Schlim). 

XXXVII. LiPARis. 

171. L, bituberculaia Lindl. Bonpl. ii. 22. Caracas (Wage- 

ner). 

172. L. elliptica Rchb. Linn. xxii. 833 (Sturmia); Walp. 

Ann. vi. 218. Caracas (Wagener). 

173. L, Galeottiana, Eaton, Orchid. Fendl. 14 10. 

XXXVIII. LoCKHARtlA. 

174. L acuta Rckh, Walp. Ann. vi 819. Griseb. Flora, 624. 

Venezuela. 

175. L, elegans Hook, Walp. Ann. vi. 820; Griseb. Flora, 

624. Venezuela ; Caracas (Lansberg). 

176. L. obtusifolia Regel. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 

iv. s^rie, Bot. vol vi. 378. Caracas (Lansberg). 

177. L, pallida Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi 819; Xen. orchid, i. 

102, tab. 39, i 1-4. Carabobo (Wagener). 

178. L, parthenocomos Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 819. Xen. 

orchid, i tab. 40, ii. 3-7. Cartas (Wagener, Lans- 
berg, A.E). 

XXXIX. Lycaste. 

179. L. fulvescens Hook. Walp. Ann. vi. 605; Bot. Mag. 

4193 ; Keichenb. in Schiller's Kat. No. 643. Merida. 

180. L. gigantea Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 604 ; Bot. Mag. 

5616 ; Bonpl. ii 15. Merida, at the height of 5000- 
6000 feet (Linden) ; Caracas (Wagener). 

181. L. macrobidbon Rchb. Walp. Ann. i 782 ; Schiller's 

Kat. No. 646. Merida 

182. L. macrophylla Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi 602 ; BonpL ii. 

15. Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener). 

XL. Macrostyus. 

183. M. galipanensis Rchb. Bonpl. ii 11. Caracas, on the 

Galipan (Wagener). 

XLI. Masdevallia. 

184. M. affifm Lindl. Rchb. in Bonpl. ii. 23, iii. 69 ; Walp. 

Ann. vi 191. Caracas, 5000-6000 feet (Wagener). 



2o6 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G. 

185. M, Candida Kl, and KarsL Bonpl. ii 23. Caricas 

(Wagener). 

186. if. cawkUa lAndl, BonpL ii 23; Walp. Ann. vL 189. 

Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener). 

187. M. entaiaBchb. Linn, xzil 818. Merida (Funck and 

Schlim). 

188. M, maeulaia Kl, and Karst. Walp. Ann. L 774, vL 190 ; 

BonpL ii 23. CarAcas, on the SiUa (Wagener) ; Fend- 
ler, 1362. 

189. M. aff. mdeagri. Eaton, Orchid. FendL 1363. 

190. M. punUla Echb. Xen. i. 200, tab. 75, iiL iv. 5-7. 

CaiictLSy 6000 feet (Wagener). 

191. M. Schlimii Lindl, Bonpl. ii 283 ; Walp. Ann. vi 194. 

Merida, 5000-6000 feet (Wagener, Funck and Schlim). 

192. M. Tovarensis Bchb, Linn, xxii 818 ; Bot Mag. 5505 ; 

Fendler, 1361. Colony Tovar (Moritz). 

193. M. triangularis Lindl. BonpL ii 23. Caracas (Wage- 

ner). 

194. M. tricolor Bchb. Linn. xxii. 818. Merida (Funck and 

Schlim). 

195. M. verrucosa Bchb. Linn, xxii 819; Walp. Ann. vi. 

195 (Pleurothallis verrucosa Rchb., BonpL ii. 24). 
Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener). 

196. M. JVageiieriana Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi 188 ; BonpL ii. 

23; Xen. orchid, i 199, tab. 75, ii 2-4; Bot Mag. 
4921. Carabobo, 6000 feet (Wagener). 

XLIL Maxillaria. 

197. M. albata Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi 514; BonpL ii 15. 

Jajl, 8000 feet (Linden). Merida, 7000 feet (Wagener). 

198. M. anatomorum Bchb, Walp. Ann. vi. 513; Bonpl. ii. 

15 ; Xen. orchid, i 188, tab. 67, iii 6-9. Caracas 
(Wagener). 

199. M. brevifolia Bchb. (Camaridium Lindl.). Walp. Ann. 

vi 540. Merida (Moritz). 

200. M. callichroma Bchb. BonpL ii. 16 ; Walp. Ann. vi 518. 

Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener). 

201. M. corrugata Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 508. Perij4 

(Linden). 

202. M. corrugaia, b. JVageneri Echb. Walp. Ann. vi. 508. 

Cardcas (Wagener). 



App. G.] ORCHIDE^E VENEZUELANyE. 207 

203. Jf. crassifolia Rchb. BonpL ii. 16; Walp. Ann. vi. 529. 

Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener). 

204. M. discolor Rchh, Walp. Ann. vi. 529 (Dicrypta Lodd.) ; 

Eaton, Orchid. Fendl. 2127. 

205. M. fovecUa Lindl, Walp. Ann. vi. 510; BonpL ii. 17. 

Caracas (Wagener). 

206. M. grandiflora LincU, Walp. Ann. vi 516. Jajl, 5000- 

7000 feet (Linden). 

207. M, Guareimensis Bchb, Bonpl. ii. 16; Walp. Ann. vi. 

534. CarAcas (Wagener). 

208. Jf. hyacinthina Rchb. Linn. xxii. 855. Merida 

(Moritz). 

209. M, lancifolia Rchb, Walp. Ann. vi. 539. (Camaridium 

lancifolium Rchb. in Linn. xxiL 857.) Merida, 6500 
feet (Funck and Schlim). 

210. M, leptosepala Hook, var. b, svhiniegerrima Regel, Ann. 

des Scienc. Nat. 4. s^rie, Bot. vi. 374. Cardcas (Lans- 
berg). 

211. M, longissima Lindl, Walp. Ann. vi. 516. Forests of 

Merida, 6000 feet (Linden). 

212. M, lorifolia Rchb, Bonpl. ii. 92; Walp. Ann. vi. 524. 

La Guayra. 

213. M,luteo-alba Lindl, Walp. Ann. vi. 516; Bonpl. ii. 15. 

Merida, 8000 feet (Wagener). 

214. M, luteorubra Rchh, Walp. Ann. vi. 539, 540. (Cama- 

ridium luteo-rubrum Lindl.) Merida, 5500 feet 
(Linden). 

215. M, melina Lindl, Walp. Ann. vi. 527. Merida, 5600 

feet (Linden); Bonpl. ii. 16. Cardcas, 5000 feet 
(Wagener). 

216. M, meridensi^ Lindl, Walp. Ann. vi. 533. Merida, 

6000 feet (Linden). 

217. M. ntgrescens Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 518; Bonpl. ii. 

15. Merida, 5000-8000 feet (Linden). 

218. M, notylioglossa Rchb, Bonpl. ii. 16; Walp. Ann. vi. 

527; Xen. orchid, i. 24, tab. 10, iii. 3, 4. Cardcas, 
6000 feet (Wagener). 

219. M. pallidifilora Hook. Bot. Mag. 2806; Walp. Ann. 

vi. 510; Bonpl. ii. 17. Cardcas, 5000 feet (Wagener). 
Synonym with M. stenobulbon Klotzsch. 



2o8 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, 



220. M. peniura Lindl. Walp. Ann. vL 519 ; BonpL ii 15. 

Merida, 6000 feet (Linden). 

221. M, poneraniha Rchb. Bonpl. iL 17; Walp. Ann. yi. 

536. Caracas (Warscewicz ?). 

222. M, praeiexta Rchb, BonpL ii 16 ; Walp. Ann. vL 536 ; 

Xen. orchid, i. 23, tab. 10, L i, 2. Carabobo, 5000 
feet (Wagener). 

223. M. proboscidea Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 16. Caracas, 5000 

feet (Wagener). Very rare. 

224. M, purpurcUa Rchb, (Camaridium LindL) Walp. Ann. 

vi. 538. Merida, 5000 feet (Linden). 

225. M. rebellis Rchb, in Schiller's Kat Na 688. Venezuela. 

226. M, rufescens Lindl, Walp. Ann. vi 525 ; BonpL il 16. 

Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener). 

227. Af, scabrilingiiis Lindl, Walp. Ann. vi. 508. Rchb. in 

Schiller's Kat. No. 961. Caracas. 

228. M, setigera Lindl Walp. Ann. vi, 517. La Giiayra. 

229. M, spiloianiha Rchb. BonpL ii 17; Walp. Ann. vi 

534. Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener). 

230. M. squalens Hook, Rchb. in BonpL ii. 17. Caracas, 

4500 feet (Wagener). 

231. M. skmyphylla Rchb. BonpL ii 17 ; Walp. Ann. vi 

531. Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener). 

232. M. truxillemis Rchb. BonpL ii. 17 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 

509. Trujillo (Wagener). 

233. M. vlrguncula Rchb, Bonpl. ii 16 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 

522 ; Xen. orchid, i 24, tab. 10, 2. Caracas, 6000 
feet (Wagener). 

XLIIL MiCROSTYLIS. 

234. Af, disepala Rchb. Linn. xxvi. 142 ; Walp. vi 206. 

Curucutl (Wagener). 

235. M. ventricosa Endl. and Popp. Reichenb. in. BonpL ii 

22 ; Walp. Ann. vi 206. Caracas (Wagener, A.E.). 

236. M. umbelMala Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 612. Caracas, 

forest of river Catuche (A.K). 

XLIV. MORMODES. 

237. M. buccinator Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 578 (M. vitellina, 

Wageneriana, brachystachya, marmorea, and leurochila 
Kltzsch). BonpL ii. 381. Merida, San Crist6bal 
(Schlim) ; Caracas (Wagener, A.E.). " Capuchino." 



App. G.] ORCHIDE2E VENEZUELANS, 209 

XLV. NOTYLIA. 

238. N, pundaia Lindl. Walp. Ann. vL 672. Caracas 

(A.E.). 

239. N, sagiltifera Hook, Walp. Ann. vi. 673. Caracas 

(Wagener). 

XL VI. Odontoglossum. 

240. 0, auropurpureum Rchb, Walp. Ann. vL 839. Vene- 

zuela (Funck and Schlim). 

241. 0, constridum Lindl, Walp. Ann. vi. 825 ; Bonpl. ii. 

12 ; Bot. Mag. 5736. La Guayra, Caracas (Linden, 
Wagener, A.K). 

242. 0, costatum LindL Walp. vi. 835. Agua de Obispo, 

8000 feet (Funck and Schlim). 

243. 0. distans BM. Linn. xxii. 848; Walp. Ann. vL 837. 

Merida, Lagunilla, 6000 feet (Funck and Schlim). 

244. 0. megalophium LindL Walp. Ann. vL 838. Merida, 

7000 feet (Linden). 

245. 0. ncevium LindL Walp. Ann. vi. 828. Flore des 

Series, v. 594. Trujillo, near S. Ldzaro and La Pena, 
6000 feet (Funck and Schlim). 

246. 0, odoratum LindL Walp. Ann. vi. 826. Merida, 

Sierra Nevada, 5000-7000 feet (Linden, Wagener). 

247. 0. ramosissimum LindL var. h. h^terosepalum Rchb. 

Linn. xxii. 850; Walp. Ann. vi. 840. Merida, 

7000-10,000 feet (Funck and Schlim). A mosit 
splendid plant. 

248. 0, Schillerianum Echb. BonpL ii. 12; Walp. Ann. vi. 

827. Merida (Wagener). 

249. 0. JVageneri Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 12; Walp. Ann. vi. 827. 

Cardcas, 6000 feet (Wagener). 

XLVIL Oncidium. 

250. 0. abortivum Rchb. Linn. xxii. 847 ; Walp. Ann. iii. 

558, vi. 810. Caracas, Colony To var (Moritz, 
Wagener). Very rare. 

251. 0. mrmdum Rchb, Walp. Ann. vi. 705. Eaton, Orchid. 

Fendl. 1376. 

252. 0, ampVuituin LiddL Walp. Ann. vi. 744 ; Bonpl. ii. 

13. Barquisimeto and Cardcas (Wagener). 

253. 0, auriferum Rchb, Linn. xxii. 847 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 

806. Merida, 7000 feet (Funck and Schhm). 

VOL. II. o 



2IO THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G. 

254. 0. banrri Huok. Griseb. Rora, 632. Venezuela. 

255. 0. Boothianum Bchb. Walp. Ann. vi 779; Bonpl. ii. 

14; Xen. orchid, i. 190, tab. 68, iiL 6-9. Cumbre de 
Valencia (Funck and Schlim, Wagener). 

256. 0. cammiophtjTum Bchb. Walp. Ann. vi 792 ; Bonpl. 

ii. 1 3. Carabobo, 6000 feet (Wagener). 

257. 0. cartluigintnse Sip. Walp. Ann. vL 781. 

Var. c. sanguineum LindL La Gnajrra, Caracas 

(Wagener, A.R). 
Var. d. KlotzschiL Same locality. 

258. 0. caudaium BcJib. Walp. Ann. vi. 766 (Brassia cau- 

data Lindl., Bot. Mag. 3451). Griseb. Flora, 633. 
Venezuela. 

259. 0. Cehdh'ta Sw, Walp. Ann. vL 720. Caracas ; common. 

260. 0. cimiciferum Bchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 712. Trujillo, 

Agiia de Obispo; Merida, 8000 feet (Funck and 
Schlim, Wagener). 

261. 0. citrinum LindL Var. h. rotundatumy RegeL Ann. 

des Scienc. nat. 4 sdrie, Bot vol vi. 377. Caracas 
(Van Lansberg). 

262. 0. cuciUliUum LindL Walp. Ann. vi 733, var. b. san- 

gninvleutum (Lcocliilus sanguinolentus, Lindl.). La 
Guayra. 

263. 0. examinnns LindL Walp. Ann. vi. 713. Cardcas (]). 

264. 0. falcipctuhnn LindL Walp. Ann. vi. 704. Merida, 

5000 feet (Linden) ; Cardcas (Wagener). 

265. 0. ijlnmacc.um Bchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 769. (Brassia 

glumacea Lindl). Merida, 5000 feet (Linden). 

266. 0. hcrbact'um Bchb. (Leochilus herbaceus LindL). 

Walp. Ann. vi. 772. La Guayra, imp. by Wailes of 
Newcastle. 

267. 0. Keiliaufini Bchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 770; Bonpl. ii. 

14 (Brassia Keiliana, Xen. orchid, i. 126, 127, tab. 
45). Cardcas, 5000 feet (Wagener). 

2 68. 0. Indiginosnm Bchb. Bonpl. ii. 13 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 

790; Xen. orchid, i. 192, tab. 69, ii. 6, 7. Cardcas 
(Wagener). 

269. 0. leucochilmn Baton. Var. /;. spt'cio.^um, Regel, Garten- 

flora, 1873, '93' ^^^- 7^3- 

270. 0. Limminghii E. Murrcn. Walp. Ann. vi. Si 6. 

Carilcas. 



App. G.] ORCHIDE^ VENEZUELANS. 211 

271. 0. lingni/orme Lindl, Walp. Ann. vi. 755. (0. um- 

brosum Rchb. in Bonpl. ii. 12.) Merida, 5000 feot 
(Linden, Moritz). Caracas (Wagener). 

272. 0. luridum Lindl. (0. guttatum Rchb.). Bonpl. ii 

13 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 782. Caracas (Wagener, A.E.). 
" Ganso," i.e., goose. 

273. 0. maizafolium Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi. 803. Merida, 

7000 feet (Linden). 

274. 0. meirax Bchb. Bonpl. ii. 12; Walp. Ann. vi. 749; 

Xen. orchid, i. 42, tab. 18, iii. Car&cas, 5000 feet 
(Wagener, A.R). 

275. 0. miseirimum Bchb. BonpL iii 66 ; Walp. Ann. vi 

756. Venezuela (?). 

276. 0. nudum Baton. Walp. Ann. vi 719; BonpL ii 14. 

Caracas (Funck and Schlim, Otto, Wagener). 

277. 0. Papilxo Lindl. BonpL ii 13 ; Walp. Ann. vi 815 ; 

Flore des Serres, ix. 1 65. Caracas, on steep rocks ; 
all collectors. "Mariposa," i.e., butterfly. 

278. 0. Pardalis Bchb. BonpL ii 13; Xen. orchid, i 180, 

tab. 63, iii 3-7. La Guayra, Caracas (Wiigener). 

279. 0. piduratum Bchb. BonpL ii 13; Walp. Ann. vi 

788. Caracas (Wagener). * 

280. 0. pusillum Bchb. Walp. Ann. vi 714. (0. iridifolium 

H.B.K.) Caracas (A. E.). 

281. 0. refra4:ium Bchb. BonpL ii 12 ; Walp. Ann. vi 708. 

Merida, 9000 feet (Linden). 

282. 0. Beichenbachii Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi 802. Merida, 

Lagunilla, 7000 feet (Funck and Schlim). 

283. 0. scansor Bchb, Linn, xxii 844. (0. convolvulaceum, 

LindL and Paxt.) Walp. Ann. iii 556, vi 742. 
Merida, 6000 feet Funck and Schlim. 

284. 0. Schlimii Linden. Walp. Ann. vi 780. Merida, 

7000 feet (Schlim). 

285. 0. suavcolens Bchb. Walp. Ann. vi 765, var. c. pumila. 

Cardcas (Linden). 

286. 0. siiperbiens Bchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 705. Venezuela 

(Funck and Schlim). 

287. 0. tetrapetalum Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi 717. Cuniand 

(Funck). 

288. 0. volvirx Bchb. BonpL ii 13; Walp. Ann. vi 794; 



212 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G. 

Xeu. orchid. L 239, tab. 99, i. 1-5. Caricas 
(Wagener) ; common. 

289. 0, Wagtntri Behb. (Brassia wageneri). Walp. Ann. 

vi. 767. Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener, A.K). 

290. 0. zehrinum Behb, Walp. Ann. yi. 709 ; BonpL iL 1 2. 

Cardcas (Moritz, Wagener, A.K). 

XLVIII. Ophrys. 

291. O, ciliaia H.B,K. Nova gen. et sp. plant., i. 334, 

tab. 74. £1 Pejual, on the Silla de Car&cas (Humboldt). 

XLIX. Orxithidium. 

292. 0. Jenischianum BcJib. Bonpl. iL 18; Xen. orchid. L 

210, tab. 84, i. 1-4; Walp. Ann. vi. 490. Trujillo, 
7000 feet (Wagener). 

293. 0, miniatum LiruIL Walp. Ann. vi. 491 ; BonpL ii. 

18. Caracas (Wagener, A.E). 

294. 0, ruherrimum Bchb. (Scaphyglottis ruberrima LindL). 

Walp. Ann. vL 489. Merida, 5000 feet (Linden). 

295. 0, saiigMinulentum LimU. AValp. vL 489; Bonpl. ii. 18. 

Merida, 6000 feet (Moritz, Wagener). 

296. 0, serrulatum Lindl. (]) var. h. acuminatum Kchb. in 

Linn. xxii. 856. Merida (Moritz, Funck and Schlim). 

297. 0. ASophrtmlfis Bchb. BonpL iL 18; Walp. Ann. vi. 

486; Xen. orchid. L 211, tab. 84, iiL 7, 8. Colony 

Tovar (Moritz); Guareiraa (Wagener); Galipan 
(Koezl, A.E.). 

298. 0. veMum. Rchh. (Cainaridium vestitum Lindl.). 

Walp. Ann. vi. 491. Carjlcas (Wagener, A.E),. 

L. OllMTIIOCEPIIALUS. 

299. 0. Cnuujcri Rchh. Griseb. Floni, 635. On trees near 

Cua, Tuy (A.E.). 

300. 0. gladiatus Hook. Griseb. Flora, 635. Same locality, 

also near Baruta (A.E.). 

LI. PArilYPIIYLLUM. 

301. P. aijstaUinum Lindl, Walp. Ann. vi. 823 ; BonpL ii. 

15. PAramo de la Culata, Merida, 10,000 feet (Lin- 
den) ; Caracas, 4000 feet (Wagener). 

LIL Papiiinia. 

302. P. crUtata L'uul. AValp. Ann. vi. 615 ; Flore des Serros, 

iv. 338. Guayana. 



App. G.] ORCHIDEyE VENEZUELANS, 213 

LIIL Pelexia. 

303. P. rosecholba Rchb, BonpL ii 11. Caricas (Wagener, 

Moritz, Vermehren, A.K). 

LIV. Peristeria. 

304. F. daia Hooh Walp. Ann. vi. 607; Bonpl. ii. 19. 

Trujillo, 6000 feet (Wagener). "Flor de Espiritu 
Santo," t.6., Holy Ghost flower. 

LV. Physurus. 

305. Ph, Plantagitieus Lindl, Griseb. Flora, 643. Cardcas 

(A.E.). P. BrachyrrhynchuSj P, Hyphcemaiicus, See 
page 220. 

LVI. Pleurothallis. 

306. P, cahellensis Rchb. Linn. xxii. 832 ; Walp. Ann. iii- 

520. Puerto-Cabello, 4500 feet (Funck and Schlim). 

307. P, cardiostda Rchh, BonpL ii. 26; Walp. Ann. vi. 

180; Xen. orchid, i. 72, tab. 28, ii. Caracas, 6000 
feet (Wagener). 

308. P, cardium Rchk Bonpl. ii. 26 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 179. 

Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener, A.K). 

309. P, ceratothallis Rchb, BonpL iL 25 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 

183. Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener). 

310. P. chamcestelis Rchb. BonpL xxii. 925; Walp. Ann. 

iii 417. Merida, 6500 feet (Funck and Schlim). 

311. P. chamensis Lindl. Rchb. in BonpL iii. 172; Walp. 

Ann. vi 177. Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener). 

312. P. cord'ifolia Rchb. BonpL iL 26; Walp. Ann. vi. 179. 

Cardcas, 4000 feet (Wagener, A.E.). 

313. P. dendrophUa Rchb. Linn. xxii. 827 ; Walp. Ann. iii 

518. Merida, 6000 feet (Funck and Schlim). 

314. P. elegans Lindl. BonpL ii. 25 ; W^alp. Ann. vi. 179. 

(Wagener.) 

315. P. floripecten Rchb. BonpL ii 25; Walp. Ann. vi 175. 

Jajl (Wagener). 

316. P. gratiosa Rchb. Bonpl. ii. 25 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 184 ; 

Xen. orchid, i 71, tab. 28, i i, 2. Cardcas, 5000 
feet (Wagener). 

317. P. hemirlioda Lindl (PL nuda Rchb.). Walp. Ann. vi. 

187; Schiller's Kat. No. 921. Cardcas. 

318. P. Ilystrix Rchb. BonpL ii. 26; Wali». Ann. vi 182. 

Cardcas (Wagener). 



214 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G. 

319. r, incomptu Rchh, BonpL iL 24; Walp. Ann. tL 570; 

Xen. orchid. iL 113, tab. 137, L 2-5. Car&cas 
(Wagener). 

320. P, umantha Rchb, Linn. xxiL 830; Walp. iiL 519. 

Carabobo, 2500 feet (Funck and Schlim, Moritz). 

321. P. KefersUinianaBchb. Bonpl. ii 24; Walp. Ann. vL 

1 70. Car^U^as, 4000-5000 feet (Wagener). Very rare. 

322. P. lanceolaia, Eaton, Orchid. FendL 1476. 

323. P, lancipeiala (Dubois-Raymondia). Karst. Flora 

Colomb. ]. 95, 96, tab. 47. Gar^U^aa. 

324. P. Landsbergii Regel. Ann. des. Scienc. nat 4 s^e 

Bot VL 373. Car&cas (Van Landsberg). 

325. P. lepaiUhifvrmis Rchb, Bonpl. ii. 25. Caracas 

(Wagener). 

326. P. Lindeni Lindl, Ann. Nat History, xii. 397 ; Walp. 

Ann. xL 177; BonpL iL 25. Colony Tovar, 5000 
feet (Wagener). 

327. P. lorantophylla Rchb, Walp. vL 169. (Rhynchopera 

punctata Karst. Answahl Qerv. Venez. viL) Venezuela, 
Caracas, 5000-7000 feet (Karsten, A.E.). 

328. P. meridana Rchb. Linn. xxii. 826 ; Walp. Ann. iiL 

518. Merida (Moritz). 

329. P. minax Rchb. BonpL iL 24; Walp. Ann. vL 172. 

Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener). 

330. P. Moriizii Rchb. Linn. xxii. 823 ; Walp. Ann. iiL 

517. Colony Tovar, 5000 feet (Moritz). 

331. P. ociomericpformis Rchb. BonpL ii. 25 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 

176. Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener). 

332. P. j^>«//?i7era (Dubois-Raymondia). Karst. Flora Colomb. 

L 95, 96, tab. 47. Caracas. 

333. P. palancuMa Rchb. Linn. xxii. 822 ; Walp. Ann. iii. 

516; BonpL ii. 24. Merida and Colony Tovar (Moritz, 
Wagener). 

334. P. plumosa Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 608. Venezuela. 

335. P. pruinosa Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 608. Caracas 

(A.K). 

336. P. Rayiiwndi Rchb. Walp. Ann. iii. 520; Bot. Mag. 

5385. (Duboisia-Raymondi Karst. ; Walp. Ann. i. 
773.) Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener). 

337. P. racimcflota Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 607 ; Hook. Exot. 

Flora, 123. Venezuela. 



App. G.] ORCHIDEjE VENEZUELAN^E. 215 

338. p. rusdfolicL R.Br. Griseb. Flora, 608 ; Hook. Exot. 

Flora, 197. Caracas, Galipan (A.K). 

339. P. sarcophylla Rchb, Bonpl. iii 224; Walp. Ann. vi. 

181. Caracas. 

340. P. semipdlucida Rchh. Linn, xxil 823 ; Walp. Ann. 

iii 517. Caracas (Otto). 

341. P. sicaria Rchh. Griseb. Flora, 608. Venezuela. 

342. P. suhpelludda Klotzsch. Walp. Ana vi. 166. Vene- 

zuela (Wagener). 

343. P. testifolia Lindl. Griseb. Flora, 609. Venezuela. 

344. P. triangularis Kl. et Karst. Walp. Ana i 773; Bonpl. 

ii 25. Caracas (Wagener, A.E). 

345. P. tridetUata Khtzsch. Reichenb. in Schiller's Kat. No. 

936. Caracas. 

346. P. tripterantha Rchh. BonpL ii. 24 ; Xen. orchiA i. 

73, tab. 28, iii 4-6. Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener, 
A.K). 

347. P. tripteris Rchb, Linn, xxii 829 ; Walp. Ana iii 519, 

vi 177. Caracas, 4000 feet (Funck and Schlim, 
Wagener, A.K). 

348. P. tripterygia Rchh. Bonpl. ii 24 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 

173; Xen. orchid, i 74, tab. 28, iv. 7-9. Cardcas 
(Wagener). 

349. P. TnijUlensis Rchh. Bonpl. ii 25 ; Walp. Ann. vi. 

178. Trujillo, 6000 feet (Wagener). 

350. P. velaticaulls Rchh. Linn. xxii. 824 ; Walp. Ana iii. 

517. Cardcas (Otto). 

351. P. velcUipes Rchh. Linn, xxii 828 ; Walp. Ann. iv. 518. 

Merida (Moritz). 

352. P. Wageneriana Kl. Bonpl. ii 26; Walp. vi. 182. 

Cardcas, 6000 feet (Wagener). 

353. P. xaiUhochlora RcJib. Linn. xxii. 823; Walp. Ann. 

iii 516. Merida (Moritz). 

354. P. xiphochila Rchh. Linn, xxii 831 ; Xen. orchid, i 

173, tab. 60, V. 8, 9. Merida (Moritz). 

LVIL POGONIA. 

355. P. Moritzii Rchh. Xen. orchid, ii 89. Merida 

(Moritz). 

356. P. physurifolia Rchh. Griseb. Flora, 637. Venezuela. 

357. P. rosea Rchh. Xen. orchid, ii. 89 (Cleistes rosea 



2i6 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G. 

LindL); BonpL ii ii. Car&cas (Wagener, A.E). ; 
common in Bavannas. 

358. P. ienvuAs Bchb. Griseb. Flora, 637. Venezuela. 

LVIII. POLYSTACHIA. 

359. P. caracasana Bchb. BonpL ii. 15 ; Walp. Ann. vl 

641. Caricas (Wagener). 

LIX. PONERA. 

36a P. leucantha Rdhb. BonpL ii 22 ; Walp. Ana vL 
453 (Scaphyglottis leucantha Rchb., Linn. xxii. 856); 
Xen. orchid, i 43, tab. 19, 7-10. Merida, 7000 feet 
(Funck and Schlim). 

361. P. pundtdaiu Bchb. BonpL iii 220; Walp. Ann. vi 

45 1. Cultivated by Geituer in Planitz, who obtained 
it from Venezuela 

362. P. striata. Eaton, Orchid. FendL 1456. 

LX. PONTHIEVA. 

363. P. glandulosa RBr. BonpL ii 11. Griseb. Flora, 638. 

Caracas (Wagener, A.E). 

364. P. macvlata LindL BonpL ii 1 1. Colony Tovar, 6000 

feet (Wagener). 

LXI. Prescottia. 

365. Pr. stadiyoides LindL Griseb. Flora, 639. Caracas 

(A.E.). 

LXn. Ptekichis. 

366. PI. Diuris Rchb. BonpL il 10. Merida (Wagener). 

LXI II. Restrepia. 

367. JL elegans Karst Answahl. Gen. Venez. ii Bot. Mag. 

5966. Cardcas, 5000-6000 foot (Karsten, Wagener, 
A.K). 

368. B. eiythroxantha Bchb. Linn, xxii 817; BonpL ii 23 ; 

Walp. Ann. vi 205; Xen. orchid, i 171, tab. 60, ii. 
2. Merida, 7000 feet (Wagener). 

369. il*. Lansbergii Bchb. and fl^agener. BonpL ii 23 ; Walp. 

Ana vi 205; Bot. Mag. 5257; Xen. orchid, i 170, 
tab. 60, i I. Caracas, 5000 feet (Wagener). 

370. B. viffata BegeL Ann. des Scienc. nat. 4 sdrie, Bot. vi 

373. CarAcas (Lansberg). 



App. G.] ORCHIDE^E VENEZUELANS, 217 

371. KWageneri RchJb, BonpL ii 23 ; Walp. Ann. vi 205 ; 

Xen. orchid, i. 172, tab. 60, ill. 3. Merida, 7000 feet 
(Wagener). 

LXIV. RODRIGUEZIA. 

372. B. secunda H,B,K. Nova. gen. et sp. pi. L 367, tab. 92 ; 

Bot. Mag. 930. Caracas (A.E.) ; rather uncommoD. 

LXV. SCELOCHILUS. 

373. Sc, Ottonis KL Walp. vi. 688 ; BonpL ii. 14. Silla de 

Caracas, 5600 feet (Otto) ; Caracas (Wagener). 

374. Sc, stenochUus RM, vi. 689. (Eodriguezia stenochila 

Lindl.) Jajl, 6000 feet (Linden). 

LXVI. SOBRALIA. 

375. S, paradisiaca Rchb. Linn. xxii. 816. Merida, 5000 

feet (Funck and Schlim). 

376. S, violacea Lind. var. cUblflora. Bonpl. ii. 1 1 ; Flore des 

Serres, viiL 247. Merida, 5000 feet (Wagener). 

LXVIL SOLENIDIUM. 

377. S. racemosum Lindl. Reichenb. in Schiller's Kat. 1039. 

(Merida). 

LXVIII. Spiranthes. 

378. Sp, bicolor Lindl, Griseb. Flora, 641. Caracas, Catuche 

(A.E.). 

379. Sp. data Bkh. Griseb. Flora, 641. Caracas, forests on 

the south side of the mountain range of Avila (A.K). 

380. Sp, grandiflora. Eaton, Orchid. Fendl. 2438. 

381. Sp, minviiflora Rchh, Bonpl. ii. 11. Caracas (Wagener). 

382. Sp, picta, var. b. grandiflora Lindl, lichb. Linn. xxvi. 

142. Maiquetia, near La Guayra (Wagener); Caracas. 
Catuche (A.E.). 

383. Sp, Scopularice Rchb, BonpL iL 11 ; Griseb. Flora, 641. 

Caripe (Moritz). Cardcas, among grasses on savannas 
(Wagener, A.E.). 

LXIX. Stanhopea. 

384. St, eburnea Lindl, Walp. Ann. vi. 584; Bot. Mag. 3359. 

Venezuela, but no precise locality mentioned (Wage- 
ner). 

385. St, WardiiLodd. Walp. Ann. vi. 588 ; Bot. Mag. 5289. 

Caracas (Wagener, Appun, A.E). " Cigarron." This 



2i8 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. G. 

being the vulgar name of varioos species of large 
dipterous and hymenopterous insects with which the 
flowers have some distant similitude 

LXX. Stelis. 

386. St alaia. Eaton, Orchid. Fendl. 2154. 

387. SL eoriifolia. Ibid. 2144. 

388. St. eyminformis. Ibid. 1465. 

389. St. Fendleri Ibid. 1470. 

390. SL grandis Rchb. BonpL iii 70 ; Walp. Ann. vi 200. 

Merida (Funck and Schlim). 

391. St. gutturosa Rchb. BonpL iL 23 ; Walp. Ann. vi 201. 

Caracas (Wagener, A.K). 

392. St. humilis. Eaton, Orchid. FindL 1466, 1467. 

393. St. luiea. Ibid 1461. 

394. St. major Rchb. BonpL ii 23; Walp. Ann. vi 199. 

Caracas, Sierra Nevada (Wagener). 

395. SL mkrantha Sw. Griseb. Flora, 611. Hook, Exot 

FL 158. El Valle, south of Caricas (A.E). 

396. St muscosa. Eaton, Orchid. FendL 1468. 

397. St muscifera. Ibid. 1460. 

398. SL nitens Rchb. BonpL ii 22 ; Walp. Ann. vi 203. 

Caracas (Wagener). 

399. St. ophioglossoides Sw. (1) Griseb. Flora, 611. Caracas 

(A.K). 

400. SL Porpax Rchb. BonpL ii 23 ; Walp. Ann. vi 203 ; 

Xen. orchid, i 175, tab. 60, vii 13-15. Caracas, 
5000 feet (Wagener). 

401. SL sph<FrochUa. Eaton, Orchid. FendL 1464. 

402. SL tenuilabris. Ibid 1469, 147 1. 

LXXL Stenia. 

403. SL pallida Lindl. Walp. Ann. vi 542 ; BonpL ii 15. 

Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener). 

LXXIL Stenorrhynchus. 

404. St. orchidmdes Rchb. Griseb. Flora, 642 ; BonpL ii 

II ; Bot. Mag. 2797. Caracas, in mountain forests 
(Wagener, A.R). 

405. SL speciosij^ Rchb. Griseb. Flora, 642 ; Walp. Ann. iii 

596. Caracas (Wagener, A.K). 



App. G.] ORCHIDEyE VENEZUELA Ny£, 219 



LXXIIL Talpinaria. 

406. T, Uvalvis Karst. Flora Colombise, i 153, tab. 76. 

Caracas (Karsten). 

LXXIV. Telipogon. 

407. T, angustifolius H.B.K. Nova gen. et sp. pL i 336. 

Pdramo de Muchucles, near the Indian village of Cha- 
chopo, 10,500 feet (Linden, Walp. Ann. vi. 863). 

408. T. Klotzscheanus Rchb. Linn. xxiL 851 ; Walp. Ann. iii. 

562, 851. Colony Tovar (Moritz); Walp. Ann. vi 
862 ; BonpL ii. 15. Caracas, 6000 feet (Wagener). 

LXXV. Tetragamestus. 

409. T. isochUoides Regel. Ann. des Sc. nat. 4 s^rie Bot vi 

376. Caracas (Van Lansberg). 

LXXVL Trichopilia. 

410. T. albida K Wendl Walp. Ann. vi 681 ; BonpL ii 

815 ; Xen. orchid, ii 103. Caracas (Wagener, A.E). 

411. T. fragrans Rchb, Xen. orchid, ii 100 ; Walp. Ann. vi 

680. Merida, Lagunilla, 5000 feet (Linden). 

412. T. laxa Rchb. Walp. Ann. vi 680; BonpL ii 15 (Pil- 

umna laxa LindL) ; Xen. orchid, ii 100. Merida 
(Funck and Schlim, Wagener). 

413. T, nobilis Rchb. Xen. orchid, ii 100. Jajl (Moritz). 

414. T. JFa^eiieri Rchb. (Pilumna wageneri Rchb.) Bonpl. 

ii 15 ; Xea orchid, ii 100. Caracas, 5000 feet 
(Wagener). 

LXXVII. Trizeuxis. 

415. T. fcUccUa LindL Genera et species, 140 ; Hook Exot. 

Flora, 126; BonpL ii 14. Caracas, on trees in dry 
places (Wagener, A,E.). 

LXXVIIL Uropedium. 

416. U. Lindenii Lindl. BonpL ii 26; Xen. orchid, i 32, 

33, tab. 15. Merida (Linden, Wagener). 

LXXIX Vanilla. 

417. V. jplanifoUa Andr. Griseb. Flora, 638. Caracas; 

common. 

LXXX. Warcziewiczella. 

418. W. discolor. p]aton, Orchid. FcndL 1366. Reichenbach 



220 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [Apjx G. 

writes the name of this genus Warszewiczella, but 
makes it a section of Zygopetalam. 
419. W, spec Eaton, Orchid. FendL 1375. 

LXXXI. WULLSCHLiEOEUA. 

42a W. aphylla Rchb, Griseb. Flora, 639. Caracas, ravine 
of Sebucan (A.K). 

LXXXIL Zygopetalum. 

421. Z. cocMeare Lindl Griseb. Flora, 629. Venezuela 

422. Z. flabeUifofme Bchb. Walp. Ann. vi. 652 ; BonpL ii 

15. CariU^as, 3000 feet (Wagener); rara 

423. Z. gramineum Lindl. Walp. Ana vi 657 ; Bot Mag. 

5046; Xea orchid. L 67, tab. 25, il 2-1 1. (Kefer- 
steinia Echb.) Merida, 5000-6000 feet (Linden) ; Cara- 
cas, 6000 feet (Wagener, A,E). 

424. Z. sanguindentum Bchb. Walp. vi 658; Xen. orchid. 

i 67, tab. 25, i I. (Bonpl. ii 15; Kefersteinia.) 
Caracas, 4500 feet (Wagener, A,E). 



425. Physurus brachyrrhynchus Bchb. Xea orchid, ii 184. 

Venezuela (Fendler). 

426. Ph. hyphaematicus Bchb. Xea orchid, ii 184. Vene- 

zuela (Fendler). 



H. 



LETTER FROM MR. R. T. C. MIDDLETON ON THE ASCENT 

OF THE NAIGUATA. 

"British Legation, Cabacas, 
May 2, 1872. 

" Dear Mr. Spence, — Permit me to add my congratulations in 
writing, to those I hastened to express to you by word of mouth, 
upon your having succeeded in reaching the summit of the Peak 
of the Naiguatd, as yet (pardon the word) *unprofaned' by a human 
footprint ! 

" I desire, also, to offer my congratulations to the * gallant little 
band' who accompanied you, and amongst whom we mutually 
possess such highly valued friends. Still the real glory of the 
achievement belongs to you. Undaunted by the apparently insur- 
mountable difficulty of the ascent (until now universally declared to 
be impossible here), — the extent of which difficulty could not but 
present itself to you in its truest proportions as you gazed at the 
gigantic peak from that of the Silla of Cardcas, the summit of which 
you had reached, a short time since, at no small expense of toil and 
privation, — you did not hesitate to engage in the enterprise, in no 
mere spirit of hardihood alone, or of idle bravado, but in the hope, 
perchance, of opening a fresh page of the great book of nature to 
the English student. Of adding, if but a mite, to the already 
richly-stored granary of knowledge possessed by our country. To 
which it is the duty of all her children, as it cannot but be their 
fervent desire, to endeavour to contribute, alike at home and abroad, 
by every means in their power, setting every peril at nought, as you 
have just so nobly done, in the cause of science and of real progress. 

" I will not allude to the botanical or other discoveries made by 
you during your daring ascent of the Naiguatd, nor to any beauties 
or peculiarities of scenery disclosed by it, as the fullest delineation 
of the same will be disclosed to view by the pencil of the eminent 
Venezuelan and German artists, Bolet and Goering, who accom- 
panied you. 



222 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. H. 

" In again welcoming you back, however, from the ' dizzy peak ' 
and from the thickets amidst which the tiger prowls, and the 
rattle-snake, the scorpion and many other hideous reptiles lark, 
I cannot but express to you my belief that it must have been most 
satisfactory to you, as it most certainly would have been to me, to 
behold the Venezuelan friends who accompanied you devoting the 
intelligence, energy, power of endurance and other great qualities 
which so eminently cliaracterize their race to the achievement of a 
really noble object, and to the attainment of a nseful end, amidst 
the invigorating, healthy allurements of ' nature's handiwork ; ' 
nowhere more successfully carried out than here ; and forgetting, if 
but for a moment, the enervating, exhausting, and poisonous allure- 
ments of civil warfare. — Believe me most truly yours, 

-'R T. C. MlDDLETON." 



J. 



THE SPANISH POETRY OF SOUTH AMERICA. 

By William E. A. Axon, M.RS.L, Honorary Secretary of the 
Manchester Literary Club, Miembro Corresponsal de la 
Sociedad de Ciencias fisfcas y naturales de Caracas. 

The Spanish poetry of South America has excited very little atten- 
tion in England. There is a curious likeness between the literary 
history of New Spain and of New England. When the United 
States were only a group of English colonies their literary activity 
was very small, and its results of little value ; but when the 
sudden change from colonial to national life had entered fully 
into the consciousness of the people, there commenced an aspira- 
tion for a national literature and a national poetry. A generation 
passed away without anything being written in the highest forms 
of literature which could boast of more than local fame. The 
desire for an American school of poetry had also some comic 
effects, and led authors like Joel Barlow to suppose that because 
they could sing effectually the glories of Hasty Pudding, they 
were also equal to the writing of epic poems. The dire results 
of his infatuation are visible in a prodigious work entitled " The 
Columbiad," where the speakers are a medley of gods, mortals, 
rivers, and everything else to which a frenzied poet writing at 
fever heat can give the attributes of personal existence. Even 
yet the poetry of English-speaking America often retains a pro- 
vincial tinge. The Americans look more to London than even 
to Boston for the best of their mental food. This custom, whilst 
it has certain advantages, must be confessed to have a dwarfing 
effect, especially upon the poetical spirit. For instead of depend- 
ing upon those natural causes which lead to the expression of 
thought and sentiment in poetical form, they very often draw 
their inspiration from a foreign source. The characteristics of 
home life and scenery have left an indelible mark upon English 
poetry, but this is not the case, or at least to a much smaller 
extent, with the poetry of America. Their grand scenery, the 
quaint phases of their colonial and religious life, the strange legends 



224 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. J. 

of the red man whom they have displaced, have contribated com- 
paratively little to the sum total of the poetry of the Americana. 
This coincidence is the more remarkable that in the case of 
Spanish America one might have been tempted to explain the 
late origin of its poetry by other causes. There can be no doubt, 
however, that the evil policy of Spain towards her colonies had 
some share in retarding the development of literature in the Latin 
part of the New World. Spain never had any ambition to become 
" an august mother of free nations," and her dependencies across 
the seas were only valued as means by which the king's treasury 
might be enriched, and as places where a certain number of 
adventurous spirits might find scope for exertions which were not 
wanted in the old country. Education was discouraged, learning 
was confined almost exclusively to the priests, and to very few of 
them. So sensible were many of the richer colonists of the 
inferiority of the scholastic training afforded by the very few South 
American colleges and universities, that their sons were sent to 
Paris or to Madrid for the completion of their education. This 
was the case with Simon Bolivar, the great Liberator, who almost 
single-handed broke the Spanish yoke, and gave freedom to five 
nations. It is to this period that we must look for the new-bom 
aspirations after a distinctive literature. It is a fact not without 
a certain significance that the same year that saw the printing- 
press introduced into Cardcas also witnessed the establishment of 
a revolutionary junta. This was the beginning of that struggle 
for in<lependence which lasted for half a generation, and endured 
many reverses and defeats, but was successful at last. The history 
of that sanguinary war is one highly calculated to infiame the 
patriotism of the citizens of these new nations. If our American 
cousins can contrive to get material for so much glorification 
from the comparatively humdrum struggle in which they en- 
gaged with England, what shall be said of the war to the knife 
which was waged between Spain and her colonies 1 There are 
in it incidents of daring worthy of the greatest heroes, and 
lights and shades throwing a tinge of romance across the 
sober page of history. To-day the Liberator is sitting in 
a triumphal chariot drawn along by tlie hands of the fairest 
ladies, to-morrow he is a fugitive flying for his life, but in sun- 
shine or in misfortune never for one moment forgetting or 
setting aside the one object of his life, to free his country from 
the cruel oppression of Spain. A struggle like this — a long pro- 



App. J.] SPANISH POETRY OF SOUTH AMERICA, 225 



tracted fight for life — illumined on the insurgent side by deeds of 
magnificent valour and almost inconceivable daring is a potent 
agent in the creation of a distinctively national feeling. 

In Spanish America there are all the materials for a poetry inde- 
pendent of exotic infiuence& The glories of her forests and moun- 
taina, the smiling loveliness of her fertile plains, the traditions of 
the liberty-loving races who inhabited these vast regions before the 
first pMadoT planted his foot within them ; the memories of her 
colonial life lit up with such episodes as the search for El Dorado, 
and the bloody history of the tyrant Aguirre ; the story of her 
desperate fight for freedom with Spain, of her sons murdered in 
cold blood by the monster B6ves, of the heroism which at Quesaras 
del Medio, and above all, on the gory field of Carabobo, broke 
down the Spanish power — these, and a thousand other incidents 
of her past history, are deeds one would have expected to find 
immortalized in song. 

There was a time when Spanish seemed destined to become the 
language of the world, but her rulers were not equal to the future 
which opened before them, and the day has passed never to return. 
Even at the present moment, however, it is spoken by a larger 
number of persons than speak the French language. The struc- 
ture of Spanish is highly favourable to the mechanism of verse. 
The Spanish poetry of South America is now exciting attention 
in Old Spain, and on the Continent generally. The firm of Brock- 
haus of Leipzig, which is issuing a collection of Spanish authors, 
has included in the series a collection of specimens of Soutli 
American poetry. This selection has been made by the Seuora 
Anita J. de Wittstein.* On this charming volume the present 
sketch is based. The editor promises on her title-page " biogra- 
phical notices of the authors," but these are of the scantiest 
description, consisting of not more than three lines in her most 
liberal moments, whilst some of the lives are even more restricted. 

The first division of Senora de Wittstein's work relates to Reli- 
gion. The specimens are too long for quotation. The most 
beautiful of them all is an imitation of Victor Hugo's " Prayer 
for All," in which Andres Bello has successfully transferred into 
his own language the spirit of that magnificent poem. We may 
give instead a brief poem by Julio Calcano : — 



* Pofncu de la America Meridional. Col€0:ionadat }tor Anita J. de Witf- 
stein. Con Noticias hiogrojicat de los nutorea. Leipzig : F. A. Brockhaiii*, 
1870. 

VOL. IL r 



2 26 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. J. 



A Dioa. 

[ Que has »ido para mi ? Ser incoloro, 
Sombra, vapor, espiritu impalpable ; 
Ahora en otra forma yo te adoro : 
Te he dado voz y cuerpo y £biz amable. 

Tii vienes dulcemente sonreido 
Al rededor de mi lecho, vago, incierto ; 
Pero al verte me siento entristecido : 
Te veo en la forma de mi padre muerto. 

The second part is occupied with descriptions of natural scenery. 
Here, perhaps, we trace a new departure, which in the future 
may lead to a distinctive literatura The majority of these poems, 
however, are occupied by generalities ; yet in some, as in Lozano's 
" Recuerdo de Puerto-Cabello," local circumstances — the flowers 
of the soil — have been turned into poetry. 

The section on Youth, Love, and Friendship contains many 
beautiful poems. We may give the opening passage of a poem 
by Dona Gertrudis G. de Avellaneda, in which the hot imagin- 
ings of youth are well expressed : — 

" Abre tus puertas, roundo ! . . . ensancha, vida, 
Para mi tu caniino ! 
Broteii raiulales de placer divine, 
De amor, de libertaa ! grandes pasiones 
Dadiiie, dadme, sin lin . . . mi ahna eiicendida 
Se aj^ita en sed de vivas emociones. 
Quiero aj^otnr i o vida ! tiis tesores, 
Devorar qui^^ro, mundo tus placeres, 
( Jloria, virtu<l, festiiies y mujeres ; 
Cantos, risjis, y amoreH. . . . 
Todo (iebe formar mi altn ventunx, 
Toilo lo encierras en tu rico seno, 
iVmio ^uanlan las florea 
En Hu cilliz fcliz la esencia pura." 

Then we have poems on Sorrow, Misfortune, and Death. This 
is a section in wliich the poet's art is still more severely tried, for 
however pleasant it may be to sing the pleasures of youth at its 
spring-tide, it is certainly more blessed, as it is more difficult, to 
pour balm into wounded hearts, and to bind up the bleeding 
wounds which sorrow and death have caused. 

In many of these poems the influence of Catholicism is strongly 
visible. There is something exquisitely beautiful in the tender 
faith with which the mothers bring their sorrows to, and seek conso- 



App. J.] SPANISH POETRY OF SOUTH AMERICA. 227 

lation from, the maid of Nazareth. The Virgin, the type at once 
of sacred and secular beauty, is the most prominent figure in the 
religion of South America. In her are united the loveliness of 
maidenhood, and the hopes and tendernesses of maternity. Per- 
haps one could not have a stronger pr-oof of this than the fact 
that even Arvelo, the great satirical poet, leaving quips and 
cranks aside, goes out of his way to indite an Ave Maria, 

A somewhat daring strain is that of Jos6 Joaquin de Olmedo 
in his " Soneto en la Muerte de mi Hermana : " — 

Y I eres tii, Dios, d quien podre quejamie ? 
Inebriando en tu gloria y poderlo, 

Ver el dolor que me devora iinpio. 

Y una mirada de piedad negaruie ? 

Mandar alzar otra vez por consolanne 
La grave losa del sepulcro frio, 

Y restituye, o Dios, al seno mido 

La hermana que has querido arrebataiine. 

Yd no te la pedi. Qu6 ! es por ventura 

Crear por destruir placer divino, 

O es de tanta virtud indigno el suelo ? 

ya del coro absorto en tu luz pura 
Te es m^nos grato el incesante triiio 

1 Dime, faltaba este dngel A tu cielo ? 

Shorter and more cheerful is this piece by Jos6 Mada Reina, 
not included by Seiiora Wittstein : — 

ESPERA ! . . . 

En medio del desierto est4 el odsis ; 
Despues de las tinieblas llega el dia ; 
De las horas acerbas de agoiiia 
Vienen la calma y el consuelo en pos. 



Y del amargo ciiliz que el destino 
A beber nos condena gota d gotii, 
Alia en el fondo del brebaje Jjrota 
El suave nectar que derrema Dios. 



A similar piece, which originally appeared in the Museo Vene. 
zolanOf to which it was contributed by Seiior Domingo Eafael 
H ernandez : — 

Mi Esperanza. 

i Ves esa humilde tiunba silenciosa 
Donde brota la flor de los recuerdos ? 
Pues aye : tengo mi esperanza, hermoea. 
Mucho mas lejosy mucho inas lejos, . . . 



228 THE LAND OF BOUVAR. [App. J. 

i Ves eMi nubes de alabaBtro i ruea 
Que 80D del air caprichosot jnegoi} 7 
PuM aun existe mi espeianza, hermo«a, 
Mwko mcu Ujoi^ mudio nuu l^o§, . . . 

i Vet la azulada boveda espacioea 
Dunda lauzan los asdXM sob destelloe ? 
Pues aun fulgnia mi eaperanza 
Mu/cho nuu Ujotf mueko mat l^foi. . . . 

Ki astroa, ni nubes, ni funerea loea, 
Puedon de mi esperanza dar loa templos, 
Que Dioi impera, idolatrada henuoea, 
Mmcko nuu lejoiy mueko ma* lejoi, . . . 

The following translation is offered : — 

My Hope. 

'' Seest thou yon silent lowly tomb 
Where flowers bloom and children play ? " 

I see, but ah ! I have my hope 
Not there, but far, far, far away. 

'' Seest thou yon clouds of white and red 
On Heaven's fair bosom sport and play i ** 

I see, but ah ! I have my hope 
Not there, but far, far, far away. 

" Seest thou yon dome of azure sky 

Where sparkle stars of silver ray 1 " 
I see, but ali ! I have my hope 

Not there, but far, far, far away. 

Nor stars, nor clouds, nor mossy tomb 

Can be for me a hope and stay ; 
For wliile Gotl reigns my hope must Ije 

Not there — but far, far, far away. 

There is a good selection of comic poetry in the book. Not- 
withstanding the traditional gravity of the Spanish character, it 
has a vein of humour running through it. The same race which 
produced the mad seriousness of Don Quixote produced also the 
comic wisdom of Sancho Panza, with his quaint proverbs and 
shrewd jests. 
Of this class, from their brevity, we may take several examples : — 

The Old Man's Answer. 
(Oabriel A. Real de Azua.) 

They told Beltran that love 

For old men was not fit, 
That they should watch the sport, 

And afar o£f sit. 



A pp. J.] SPANISH POETR Y OF SOUTH AMERICA. 2 29 

He replied, " If Love 

Is nre, as you repeat. 
Snowy age should surely 

SeeK it for its heaf 

All is not Gold that Glitters. 
(Manuel M. Fernandez,) 

Donosto to the public cave 

Old stories yery badly told, 
Well printed in a portly tome, 

And bound in cloth of gold. 

And those who read his limping lines 

No trouble had in finding 
The only gold about the book 

Was that upon the binding. 

Love's Weapons. 
{FrancUco Manuel Martinez de Navarrette,) 

When Cupid first Clarinda saw, 
His golden darts he threw away ; 

** Those shining eyes," 

The love-god cries, 
" Shall be my weapons from to- day." 

Epigram. 
{Simon Calcano.) 

Upon Juana's table lay 

A pretty little horn, 
I begged it from her as a gift, 

For it was Christmas morn. 

But she refused to give it me, 

And, playing witn her ring, 
** My husband's property," she said, 

" I hold a sacred thing." 

We add the original, which first appeared in the Museo Vene- 
zolano: — 

Tenia Juana un cachito 

Precioso, sobre su mesa, 

I dijela : linda pieza ! 
Mia serd por San Benito. 

I el I a contestome asi 

Con un aire mui cumplido : 

'*■ Las casas de mi marido 
Son sagradas para mi." 



230 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. J. 

The following authors figure in Sefiora de Wittstein's Anthology : 
— Don Florencio Balcarce, an Argentine poet, who died at Buenos 
Ay res i6th May 1839; Don Baphael Maria Baralt, who was 
bom at Maracaybo in 1810 ; Don Adolfo Berro, bom at Monte- 
video nth August 1 81 9, and died 28th September 1841; Don 
Jos^ Maria Cantilo, bom in Buenos Ayres ; Don Alejandro Maga- 
riiios y Cervantes, born at Montevideo 3d October 1825 ; Don 
Jacinto Chacon, bom in Chili 1822 ; Don Jos^ Manuel Cortes, a 
native of Bolivia ; Don Felix Maria Delmonte, bom in the dty 
of Santa Domingo 20th November 1819 ; Don Luis L. Dominguez, 
bom at Buenos Ayres ; Don Esteban Echeverria, bom at Buenos 
Ayres ; Don Francis Acuna de Figueroa, born in Montevideo at the 
end of last century ; Don Juan Godoy, born at Mendoza (Argen- 
tine Republic) in 1793 ; Don Juan Carlos Gomez, bom 25th July 
1820 ; Don Bartolom^ Hidalgo, born at Montevideo; Don Manuel 
Inurrieta, born in Chascomus, Buenos Ayres \ Don Hermogenes 
Irisarri, born in Chili 19th April 181 9; Don Juan Cris6stomo 
Lafinur, bom in the Argentine Republic 27th January 1797, died 
13th August 1824 ; Don £usebio Lillo, born in Chili 14th August 
1826 ; Don A. Lozano, a native of Venezuela ; Don Esteban Luca, 
born in Buenos Ayres, died March 1824 ; Don M. M. Madiedo, a 
native of Nueva Granada ; Don Jos6 Fernandez Madrid, born in 
Cartagena, Nueva Granada, died in London in 1 830 ; Don Jose 
Antonio Martin, born at Pnerto-Cabello ; Doiia Mercedes Martin 
de Solar, born at Santiago, Chili ; Don Jos6 Marmol, Librarian 
of the Biblioteca Piiblica of Buenos Ayres, where he was born; Don 
Jos6 Joaquin de Olmedo, born at Guayaquil about 1784; Don 
Melcliior Pacheco y Obes, born in Uraguay 9th January 1810; Don 
Felipe Pardo y Aliaga, born in Lima about 1806 ; Don Mariano 
Ramallo, born at Oruro, Bolivia, 24th September 1817 ; ^^^ 
Gabriel Alejandro Real de Aziia, born at Buenos Ayres ; Don 
Jos6 Manuel Valdes, Director of the CoUegio de Medicena y 
Cirugia de Lima; Don Florencio Varela, a native of Buenos 
Ayres ; Don Juan Cruz Varela, born at Buenos Ayres 24th 
November 1794, died at Montevideo 24th January 1839. 

The last section of the work is occupied with patriotic homages 
and songs. In this section there is a striking absence of those 
qualities we should expect. Talent there is, but not genius, and 
nothing worthy of the heroic deeds by which the freedom of South 
America was achieved. 

There are some notable omissions in the book. Since it was 



App. J.] SPANISH POETR V OF SOUTH AMERICA, 231 

edited by a lady, we need not be surprised that the name of 
Arvelo does not occur in it, for although he is the wittiest of their 
writers, his jokes sometimes turn upon themes which are not of 
the purest. His muse also is strongly political, yet there are 
touches in some of his poems which certainly give him a right to 
rank in the national Valhalla. 

Still more noticeable is the omission of any reference to Hera- 
clio M. de la Guardia. There is much in his writings worthy of 
admiration. There is vigour and power about his larger efforts 
and a richness of diction which make him one of the foremost 
poets of Latin America, whilst in his shorter pieces there is a 
compactness which one would desire more of his fellow-writers 
to strive after. For an example we will (in conclusion) take a 
poem in four lines only : — 

Amor y Libertad. 

D08 cosas en el mundo nie son caras : 

Amor y Libertad 86I0 querria. 
Mi vida diera del Amor en aras ; 

Pero ^ Libertad nii Amor daria. 

The following is a translation : — 

Love and Liberty. 

I sigh for Liberty and Love, 

And these suffice for uiu ; 
My life I offer up to Love, 

My Love to Liberty. 



K. 



ASCENT OF THE SILLA DE CARACAS BY JUAN 

MANUEL CAJIGAL. 

Excursion to the Silla de Cardcas in August 1833, by Seilcr Juan 
Manuel Cajigal and Sixteen Companions, Translated from 
the Menwrias de la Sociedad Econ6mica de Amigos del Pais, 
1833. With some Observations on the Plants mentioned 
in this Excursion, by Dr. A- Ernst. Translated from La 
Opinion Nacional of June 12, 1872. 

When the illustrious traveller Alexander von Humboldt landed 
upon our coasts at the close of 1799, and spoke of his intended 
excursion to the summit of the Avila, known by the name of the 
Silla de Caracas, he sought in vain amongst the inhabitants of 
the city for a person who had ascended it. 

Sucli was the direction that the dark policy of the Spanish 
Cabinet had given to the education of its unfortunate colonists, 
tliat even in Cardcas, which possessed, without doubt, the most 
enlightened, there w^as no one who had thought of acquiring a 
knowledge of the rarities enclosed by the Cordillera of the coast 
of Venezuela, and especially the branch of the Avila. Nor were 
tiiere found any persons who had learned the heights of its most 
notable peaks. He therefore found it requisite to examine for 
himself the skirts of the mountain, to determine which would be 
the most convenient part to commence the ascent. Others have 
ascended it since who have either been animated simply by curio- 
sity, or else have not cared to publish the results of their obser- 
vations, and have passed without marking the path by which to 
arrive, in the quickest and easiest manner, at the eastern peak 
of the Silla, its highest point. 

In the present day this state is altered, the spirit of liberty 
is rapidly changing the apathy produced by despotism, and if 
thirty years ago there was not a single individual who had 
ascended the Silla, to-day there are many young men who can 



App. K.] ASCENT OF THE SILLA, 233 



serve as guides to the future traveller in the road which has led 
them to the summit, and which appears to be the least toilsome 
and rugged ; and their expedition and its results we are about to 
describe in the present paper. 

Sixteen young men having planned an out to the Silla, put them- 
selves on the march about mid-day on the 30th August in the pre- 
sent year 1 833. At starting there was some deliberation and doubt 
as to the proper route to be followed ; some thinking it best to pass 
the night in the hacienda of Dr. Kamon Monzon, situated at the 
foot of the eastern peak and nearest the point called Los Dos 
Caminos ; others that it would be wiser to stay overnight in the 
house of Senor Juan Manuel Matamoros, which stands at a consi- 
derable height, though sufficiently aside, at the west of the said peak. 
This last was chosen as it could be followed on horseback, and thus 
save some of the fatigues of the journey necessarily too great to 
need any prolongation of the part to be climbed. The weather was 
not very favourable, and they had to form a resolution to endure 
some rain-showers in order not to delay any longer the time of de- 
parture. Nor did they forget to inquire for some one more or less 
familiar with the paths which lead to the crest of the mountain. 
These arrangements made, the party, well provided with food and 
with some good instruments,* set out on the day appointed. At 
Sabana Grande, and a little before reaching the house called Los 
Colegialas, they left the highway, and turned to the right by a pass 
which leads to the height of the hacienda of Matamoros. Whilst 
the crest of the strip of mountain in which this pass opens is suffi- 
ciently steep, it is nevertheless possible to climb it on horseback. 
The ravine of Chacaito continues to the right of that ascended, and 
the direction is due north, until the view of the house of Matamoros 
is lost behind the crest of the strip, and takes the left skirt declining 
into a little ravine not far from that house. Before arriving at this 
crest they perceived very clearly the enormous mass of the western 
peak of the Silla, which besides being very steep is covered with tall 
and thick wood in which are many gigantic palms. There are also 
many perpendicular fissures by which are precipitated the little 
torrents that make up the ravine of Chacaito. It was five o'clock 
in the evening when the travellers came to the above-named house, 

- - — 

* These instruments were, an excellent centifirrade thermometer by Colar- 
deau, a syphon barometer of Bonsen's make, marked with the number 6, 
which, compared with one that exists of the same class in the Oltservatory of 
Paris, gave ten millimeters of difference, and a Saussure's hair hygrometer 
which Dr. Jos^ Maria Vargas was kind enough to lend. 



234 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. K. 

accompanied by the brother of its master, who had joined them 
on the road. This generous and kind-hearted peasant placed 
everything at their disposal which his small house contained. 
He was the first to give them some hope of success in their 
expedition, indicating the best place for continuing the ascent, 
and offering to accompany them to a place called La Ci^nega, 
which he assured them he knew well, having saved himself there 
from the ravages of the inhuman B6ve& 

At half-past five the free thermometer and the one attached to 
the barometer marked 22^*5 temperature ; the barometric column 
644-5 millimetres ; and the Saussure hygrometer 74® of moisture. 
At forty minutes past six next morning this observation was re- 
peated ; the two thermometers marked 16° '3 ; the mercury of the 
barometers, having condensed in proportion to the diminution of 
temperature, stood at 643*5. The air held in suspension a great 
quantity of watery vapour, so that the hygrometer rose to 82°, in- 
dicating a condition of the atmosphere bordering upon saturation. 
As already at this height there appeared some alpine plants, it was 
thought to determine this as the lower limit of the zone in which 
they grow. With this object, before leaving Caracas, an obser- 
vation was made in the Mathematical School in the Esquina de Sal- 
vador de Leon, at eleven o'clock in the morning, when the free ther- 
mometer marked 24° -9, the fast one 25°'2, and the barometer 695. 
Introducing these data in the formula of Laplace, the height of the 
house of Matamoros appeared from the observation of the evening 
to be 655, and by that of the morning 651. These calculations, 
made at such different hours, varied as little as could be expected, 
and gave as the medium 653 metres or 334^ ioems above Caracas. 

Having made every arrangement for attaining the summit this 
day, the party set out at half- past six in the morning in a N.W. 
direction, passing through a portion of the coffee plantation of 
Seiior Matamoros, who, accompanied by an expert, preceded the 
travellers. The crest of the strip they followed, whilst suffi- 
ciently steep in some parts, was far from inspiring fear. If it had 
not been partly cleared for coffee-planting it would have been 
covered with wood, as it was, with some few interruptions, when 
they changed the direction of the route a little to the N.E. 
to follow a y'ica de Lenaieros. In proportion as they advanced 
the vegetation became more vigorous and hardy until they en- 
countered great thick trees in a place between plains. 

IL-re the travellers saw themselves surrounded by a dense cloud, 



App. K.] ASCENT OF THE STLLA, 235 

which scarcely allowed them to see before them more than twenty 
steps, and which covered all the Cordillera up to the last hour of the 
evening, when it brightened up a little. When the wind from the 
east was blowing strongly it promised to dissipate the fog, but this 
came up from the regions below, destroying the pleasant views 
which might have been possible from this height, and rendering 
quite uncertain the distance necessary to conquer before reaching 
the end of the journey. Nevertheless the beauty of the plants met 
with at every step was enough to console the travellers. Some of 
these, as, for example, the Neoitia vaginata, mentioned by Kunth in 
Peru, have not elsewhere been found in this country. The beautiful 
Befaria glauca, which may fairly be considered as the rose of the 
Avila, was found from the house of Matamoros to the summit of the 
eastern peak, where it was scarcely three feet high, whilst in the 
wood it is sometimes eight feet in height. At a thousand metres 
above the sea, they found the Alstroeimrui rosea with beautiful 
red tile coloured flowers spotted underneath, in company with the 
Befaria ledifolia and the Bredertieyera foi-ihimda, of a fine cobalt 
blue colour. The odorous Gaultheria known as the pesjua, was 
noticed on leaving the wood, along with the TnxeSy of Swartz 
(the fragrant incense of the Silla), which rises in this part to a 
height of 15 feet, and which continued with greater or lesser 
abundance all the remainder of the ascent. A rapid descent which 
presented itself made the travellers doubt if they were really on the 
way to the Silla, as the cloud in which they were enveloped ren- 
dered it impossible to make out the surroundings, but a steep and 
diflBcult rise dissipated their fears, and led them by 10 o'clock a.m. 
to a small and agreeable piece of table-land surrounded by peaks 
and known by the name of La Cienaga (the Marsh), a designa- 
tion it has received from the ground in this place being moist 
and in some parts muddy, an eflect caused no doubt by the nightly 
condensation of the vapours, and by the waters flowing down from 
the surrounding heights. Its length from north to south would 
be, perhaps, 300 metres, but its average width was not more than 
50. All this is covered with a species of Podosarrnum alpestre, 
amongst which are scattered the plants we have mentioned and 
many others ; one of these we may name for its abundance the 
Hypericum cariicusanurny whose flower is very small, and of a blue 
colour slightly tinged with violet 

Almost in the centre of this lovely plain they found an excellent 
spring, the existence of which is easily explained. The water, 



236 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. K. 



coming down m rain enters the soil, is poshed farther down by 
that which filters in later ontil it encounters an impermeable layer 
of earth, where it accumulates. In the dry season many springs 
dry up by excessive evaporation, but that of La Cidnaga is abun- 
dant all the year round, partly because it receives the filtration water 
of all the surrounding heights, and partly because it is sheltered by 
an enormous granite stone, which protects it from the immediate 
action of the sun's rajrs. Probably this stone, and others near it, 
were at one time portions of the nucleus of the mountain, but being 
on the surface have been loosened by the continual shock of the 
waters. This delightful spot appeared the most suitable for a halt, 
whilst the travellers discussed a meal not quite so frugal as that 
which Humboldt was forced to take when he ascended this moun- 
tain. The water of the spring could only be drunk in small 
draughts. The thermometer was submerged in it for a quarter of 
an hour at 10.30 A.M. and lowered to I4^ a result which may be 
considered as giving the average temperature of the surrounding 
peaks. The same instrument registered in the open air 16^ being 
approximately the average temperature, if notice be taken of the 
month and hour in which the observation was made. We need not 
repeat that every precaution was taken to avoid all causes of error 
which influence these thermometrical indications. Of all meteoro- 
logical observations the most delicate and the most difficult are 
those relating to temperature, because the methods so far devised 
for the arrangement of thermometers do not fully answer the end in 
view. If the instniment be suspended at ^y^ or six feet from the 
ground it may still be influenced by the heat of the soil ; and if it 
is put in the sha<le, although the place may not be very sheltered, 
perhaps its indications may be deceitful from not being exposed to 
the action of sufficient air to graduate the temperature. Again, 
there is a continual variation in small local atmospheres, an 
inevitable consequence of the winds which lead to a continual 
change in the thermometer, causing it alternately to rise and fall. 
The temperature of the barometric column was not uniform 
with that of the free air. The fastened thermometer marked 
1 6° '5 when it was at a height of 5 89 5 millimetres. The hygro- 
meter marked 82° of humidity. These data showed that the 
plain was 141 o metres or 723*38 ioesas above Caracas. 

At 11.30 the travellers left La Cumiga in a northerly direc- 
tion. The grasses at the northern extremity of the mesita were 1 5 
feet high, and so thorny that it was with great difficulty a passage 



App. K.] ASCENT OF THE SILLA. 237 

could be forced through the dense thicket which they formed. 
After having walked some 1500 metres they were again on the 
crest of the Cordillera, and once more surrounded by fog. The 
precipices which they observed towards the north, crowned with 
masses of granite, showed that they were not far from the western 
peak. In point of fact, after a short and easy descent, and another 
ascent longer and steeper, they came to a height which was un- 
known, as there was no point visible with which to compare it. 
The great descent they had previously made led them to suspect 
that if this was not the western peak it was at least a notable 
point of the Cordillera, for which reason they resolved to make an 
observation with the instruments. It was now 1.30 p.m., and the 
two thermometers indicated a temperature of 15^*8, the barome- 
ter marking 577 and the hygrometer showing 84° of humidity. 
According to the previous formula the height of this peak was 1589 
metres, or 815*33 toesas above Car&cas. It was not until the next 
day that they found out they had not been very happy in the selec- 
tion of their station, for one twenty metres higher had been passed 
unobserved when walking into a cloud of hairy bees, which Hum- 
boldt has confounded with those generally called angelUos. These 
were certainly not so inoflfensive, as they sting without being urged 
by necessity, as some of the travellers found. They may with 
justice be termed had angels ! In this place were seen unequivocal 
signs that these heights are frequented by the Tapir or Danta, con- 
sidered by naturalists as the elephant of the American continent. 

The remarkable pyramid which forms the eastern peak was 
visible for some moments, and looked as though it might be 
touched by the hands, although it really could not be reached 
without descending from this spot and crossing the wood of musa- 
ceas, of which Humboldt spoke. In this descent they came into 
the route of the celebrated traveller, reaching the place at the 
same hour, that is, at two o'clock in the afternoon. When they 
examined the form of this pyramid they found that, as Humboldt 
had remarked, in order to reach the highest peak it is necessary 
to keep as closely as possible to the enormous precipice which 
slopes down to Caraballeda. 

At 2.30 P.M. a wind from the east cleared the summit, and 
allowed it to be seen in all its majesty; its sides covered with 
masses of granite, though not from any want of vegetation, for 
the learned traveller attributed the nudity of the eastern and 
western peaks, amongst other causes, to the frequent fires in the 



238 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. K. 

mountains of this equinoctial region. If thirty-three years ago 
grasses and some small shrubs of Befaria only were found, at pre- 
sent there can be seen the Triaces of Swartz growing in abundance 
to a height of four metres, and various other plants. 

The ascent is steep but not dangerous, and can be done in an 
hour, although our travellers took a somewhat longer time to reach 
the top. The dreadful precipice which descends to Caraballeda 
cannot be looked upon without fear. There are few mountains 
whose sides are so nearly vertical as to form with the horizon an 
angle of 52"^, which is the inclination of this part of the peak. 

When our travellers trod the summit they felt a sensation of 
cold the thermometer did not justify, a phenomenon easily ex- 
plained by the rapidity with which the evaporation of perspiration 
takes place in a rariiied air. For a similar reason the repercus- 
sion of the perspiration, caused by the transitions from heat to 
cold and from action to repose, in ascending great heights, is not 
dangerous. This is not the case with descents, although the 
fatigue is less. At 4.4 P.M. the instruments were again observed ; 
the free thermometer indicated a temperature i4°*2, the fast one 
15°, and the barometric colunm 562. The hygrometer marked 
82° of humidity. These data gave as the height of the eastern 
peak of the Silla 1830 metres or 930*24 toesas above Caracas. 

Humboldt, who has occupied himself very largely with meteoro- 
logical observations, has found that an elevation of 200 metres 
corresponds to a fall of one degree in the centigrade thermometer ; 
Saussure considers this fall equivalent to arise of 195 metres, and 
Gay Lussac, who in his aeronautical voyage occupied himself with 
this law, notes that the diminution of temperature follows an 
arithmetical proportion, in which the descent of a degree is equal 
to 187-4 metres. The difference of level between the eastern 
peak and the house of Matamoros is 1177 metres, and as this 
difference would increase to 1555 metres according to Gay 
Lussac's law, we may be certain that of the tliree this is the one 
nearest the truth, and so most worthy of confidence. 

The sky was now clear, and the view embraced an immense space. 
It cannot be doubted that Humboldt in tlie short time he remained 
upon the Silla had not the good fortune to enjoy a perfectly clear 
atmosphere, and hence could not see all that might have arrested 
the attention of a savant. We may believe this when he assures us 
that the Cordillera of Ocumare impeded the view of the Llanos 
of Calabozo. Our voyagers, on the contrary, noted that the de- 



App. K.] ASCENT OF THE SILLA. 239 

pression in its centre allowed the eye to see away to the south 
a great part of the vast llanuras which extend to the margin of 
the Orinoco, closed in by a terrestrial horizon, as the view on the 
north was by the sea. To the same cause may perhaps he aUnbuted 
the silence of Humboldt respecting the existence of the Peak of Naigu- 
aidy which, standing at a short distance from that of the SUla, may 
justly dispute with it the first place amongst the high peaks of the 
Cordillera of the A vita. 

The narrowness of the meseta did not allow our travellers to 
use it as the base for a trigonometrical determination of the rela- 
tive heights, and they had to content themselves with measuring 
the angle of elevation, which was three degrees. It is not so easy 
to explain, by the supposition of an atmosphere charged with 
vapour, the deception which has led the savant to say in con- 
clusion that the western peak of the Silla deprived him of the 
view of the city of Caracas, whilst in the judgment of our tra- 
vellers nearly all its houses were visible from the eastern peak, 
though only some were able to see the suburb of La Pastora. 

Although the air was not perfectly clear they could distinguish 
without difficulty all the valley of Caracas, and a great part of 
the valleys of the Tuy, with all the intermediate branches of the 
Cordillera, including the routes from El Valle to the Tuy and the 
new coach-road beginning at the height of Coche, and running in 
the direction of the valleys of Aragua. The high mountains of 
Guarayma prevented a view of these valleys, but the road leading 
to them by the heights of Higuerote and Las Lagunetas was dis- 
tinctly seen. The mountains of Tipe were also perceptible, and the 
turns which they make towards the sea in the direction of Carayaca 
and Tarma. The villages of Petare, Chacao, Baruta, El Valle, and 
La Vega were distinctly seen, and lastly, to the south, according to 
Humboldt, the narrow curtain of cultivated land contrasted agree- 
ably with the savage and melancholy aspect of the hills surrounding 
it, and to the north the narrow valley of Caraballeda, interposed 
between the base of the Cordillera and the mouth of the sea, gave 
additional grandeur to the aspect of the peak. Some slight vapours 
which seemed to rest upon the sea prevented them from clearly 
marking the line which separated it from the atmosphere, and con- 
sequently rendered the islands of Orchila, Tortuga, Aves, and Los 
Roques invisible, although they were included in the horizon open 
to the spectator. This horizon would include thirty leagues if we 
leave out the effects of refraction. Although the travellers might 



240 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. K. 

haye come down from the peak during the same eyening, they 
preferred to stay in order to enjoy the sight of the landscape at 
daybreak. They prepared to pass the night on the peak, bat 
had not counted upon the sudden changes of weather so frequent 
at this season. Whilst the east wind kept up the air remained 
clear, but as soon as the west wind began to blow dense clouds 
accumulated upon the peak ; then came a rainfall which lasted 
from nine to eleven, at which hour it ceased, and good weather 
again returned. This unforeseen eyent was fatal to the comfort 
of those who had expected to sleep tranquilly upon the peak. 
Their wet clothes and the damp soil made them watch with im- 
patience for the return of day to put an end to the melancholy 
plight in which they found themselves. 

At five in the morning a return of bad weather was threatened, 
for the winds again varied, and on opening the box containing 
the hygrometer, the instrument wliich at first only marked 85** of 
humidity rapidly rose to 90** ; but the east wind prevailing dissi- 
pated the vapours, and it fell to 84^, at which figure it remained 
stationary. Humboldt noticed the exact contrary effect upon 
the hygromttro de ballena of Deluc, for when in a great cloud which 
prevented him from seeing the nearest objects, this instrument, 
instead of being affected by the watery vapour, marked a degree 
less of humidity than it had done before the existence of the 
cloud. Others have noticed similar phenomena, but although 
they can be satisfactorily explained, it is not less certain that 
these are only caused by special atmospheric conditions. 

At six o'clock the thermometer marked 10° temperature, and if 
it is recollected that at 4.30 P.M. the preceding evening the same 
instrument showed 14° '2, we shall not be far wrong in supposing 
that the average temperature of the day was i2°-5. It is known 
that the average temperature of the month of October is the same 
as the average temperature of the year, and as this observation just 
mentioned was made on the ist of September, we may fix, approxi- 
mately, the average temperature of the eastern peak at 12°, which 
is equal to that of Philadelphia. At this hour the air was per- 
fectly clear; they could see with precision the objects already named, 
except the nearest valleys, which were covered with a great cloud 
as white as cotton. This rapidly cleared away from the city and 
villages on the banks of the Guaire. As these vapours in risino* 
slipped away by the folds of the mountain, the previous observations 
were not repeated, as it was feared, and not without foundation. 



App. K.] ASCENT OF THE SILL A. 241 



that they would lower the barometric column and increase the 
temperature. 

At half-past six they began the descent, and on coming to the 
seat of the Silla they thought it proper to determine its height. 
The barometric column was 585*5, the temperature of the air 
1 4** '5, and of the mercury 14°, which data would make its height 
to be 1462 metres or 750*8 toesas above Car&cas. At half-past 
nine the travellers had reached La Ci^naga, and having left it at 
eleven, reached the house of Matamoros at half-past one, and were 
in Caracas before four o'clock. 

Here we might conclude our relation, but as they took the 
Academy of Mathematics for the point of comparison in determin- 
ing the heights, it is clear that they cannot be compared with the 
results obtained by Humboldt without a barometric observation at 
the level of the sea. To complete this matter two of the young gen- 
tlemen who ascended the Silla, in the days immediately following, 
went to Maiquetia, where they found that the mercury at the mouth 
of the sea was 764'6, the temperature of the air 26°-6, and the mer- 
cury 25''*9. From these data the height of the Academy of Mathe- 
matics may be reckoned at 815 metres or 419 toesas^ and conse- 
quently the elevation of the eastern peak of the Silla at 2628 metres 
or 1349-24 iotsas^ a result which diflfers from that of Humboldt by 
less than a ioesa^ and, whilst confirming the observations of this 
savant, it shows the degree of faith which can be placed in those of 
our travellers. We conclude this narrative by a list of plants which 
have been brought down by them, and which have been classified 
by Dr. Jos6 Maria Vargas, who kindly undertook the task. 

Plants gathered on the Avila by Senor Juan Mamiel Cajigal and 

his companions. 

Baillieria Nereifolia, called "Incienso de la Silla." 

Equisetum Humboldtil 

Basella marginata. 

Gualtheria odorata (pesgua olorosa). 

Gualtheria coccinea (pesgua macho). 

Gaylaussacia buxifolia. 

Hypericum Caracasanum. 

Podosa»mum alpestre (the tall grass of the Silla). 

Malpighia (with yellow flower). 

Sysirinchium iridifolium. 

Tillandsia paniculata. 

VOL. II. Q 



242 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. K. 



Epidendro (with rosy violet flower). 
Another (drooping species). 

Oncidium. 

Neoitia raginaia (a Peruvian plant). 
Bredemeyera floribunda. 

Alstrcemeria rosea (with beautiful flowers of a red tile colour, 
almost crimson, spotted inside with green). 
Befaria glauca. 
Befaria ledifolia. 
Tabemfe montana umbrosa. 
Chiococca paniculata. 
Valeriana Caracasana. 

Melastomnacea trinerve (with a small white flower). 
Another quinquenerve (with a large crimson flower). 
Dodonae trialata. 

Some observations on the Plants mentioned in the Ascent of the Siila, 

By Dr. A. Ernst, 

The Neottia Vaginata, Kunih (Nova gen. et spec, plant., i. 
331), found by Humboldt and Bonpland near Loxa, Gonzanama, 
and Malacates in Peru, is probably a species of Spiranthes, but 
his description is very vague, and might apply to various plauts 
of the tribes of the Neotidea. 

The Alstrcemeria KosEiE (or rather Bomaria rosea) of the 
authors of the Flora Penivice has red flowers streaked with hlick 
lines (lineis nigris maculatis, Flora Peruv. iii. 61); the words of 
Cajigal, flores de color rojo de teja, leonada^ por dentro, show that 
the species they found was the B. Bredenieyerana, Herb. (Alstrce- 
meria Bredemeyerana, Willd.), of which there is a very minute 
description in the Enumeraiio Plantarum of Kunth, v. 808. It is a 
creeping plant sufl&ciently commou in our mountains, and has in it5 
roots tubes like small potatoes, for which reason it is called Lairen de 
moniatm. I recommend it to the attention of lovers of horticulture ! 

Bredemeyera Floribunda. If Cajigal did not deceive himself 
when saying that this was " de un beUisiim azul de cabalto " it could 
not be the plant named, which has yellow flowers. Its common 
name is Canilla de Venado, and it abounds in the lower parts of 
tlie valley of Cardcas. I cannot recollect a single instance of having 
seen it in the same region as the Befaria ledifolia. Perhaps it may 
have been mistaken for the Moftina jphytolaccxefolia^ Kunth, a plant 
of the family of the poligaleas (to which the Bredemeyera also be- 



App. K.] ASCENT OF THE SILLA, 243 

longs), which abounds in the Avila and has flowers of the colour 
mentioned by CajigaL (See the Vargasia 188, note 2.) 

Incienso de la Silla. This is not a species of Trixis, but a 
type of a new species which I have described (Vargasia 185) 
under the name of lAbanothamnus, For further details I must 
refer to that article. 

The Hypericum Caracasanum has yellow flowers, and not 
of Uue slightly violet^ which are found in none of the 160 species 
of this genera. I cannot say what plant Cajigal's may have been. 

The Basdla marginata is probably the Anredera scanderis, 
Moq., which abounds in the higher parts of the mountain. 



L. 

FIRST VENEZUELAN FINE ARTS EXHIBITION. 

{Translated from La Opinion Nacional, 2gth July 1872.) 

Yesterday began the exhibition of paintings, sculptures, and 
photographs in the salon of the Caf§ del Avila, which will con- 
tinue open two days mora To Mr. James M« Spence, an English 
gentleman, we owe this new development of our civilization, both 
in its origin and in the greater part of its happy realization. 
From eight o'clock in the morning until three in the afternoon it 
was visited by numberless families and native and foreign gentle- 
men who had received special invitations, and from that hour until 
six o'clock (when the exhibition closed on account of the prepara- 
tions for the banquet given to the artists by Mr. Spence) the 
public invaded the place, as if it were one of those religious spec- 
tacles which in past ages attracted to the churches immense crowds 
of the faithful. The living wave renewed itself at every instant, 
and the eye of the spectator passed over files of visitors of both 
sexes, of every age and condition, from the ancient grey-beard 
leaning on his staff to the proud lady with black and ringleted 
hair, from the mischievous boy to the grave statesman. Artists, 
litterateurs, artizans, poets, oflScials, antiquaries, priests, men of 
science, and men of labour all elbowed each other in this fane of 
Minerva, rendering homage to art, and hailing the advent of 
peace which binds all hearts in the brotherhood of civilization. 

On entering the hall the aspect was indeed magnificent. The 
little theatre in which Meseron, the proprietor of the cafe, has so 
often presented to the public of Cardcas his well-applauded 
dramatic pieces, was converted into a sumptuous exhibition of 
sculptures and photographs, whilst the walls, hung with blue 
cloth, were covered from top to bottom with a multitude of 
paintings, drawings, and portraits, in which shone the grace and 
ability of the Venezuelan pencil 



App. L.] VENEZUELAN FINE ARTS EXHIBITION 245 

Here was truly a novelty, a festival — and whilst the lively crowd 
investigated everjrthing, admiring here a detail, there a beautiful 
combination, inquiring the names of the artists, and eulogizing 
them according to their respective merits, one could scarcely help 
wondering if this was really the artistic genius of Venezuela sud- 
denly aroused from its lethargy, like a flower which, withering 
in the darkness of night, opens it leaves to the first rays of the day. 
And truly when we are so accustomed to see, only in a few private 
houses, some landscapes or portraits, or some images of saints, 
which are never taken down from the walls of the houses except 
to decorate the altars in the Corpus festival, we should almost 
have believed that the fine arts did not exist amongst us, or that 
if they did exist they were poor and shamefaced beings who hid 
their faces in their hoods, and only in the shades of night dared 
to seek the alms of the charitable. However, all that was want- 
ing was that which was seen yesterday ; that the spirit of associa- 
tion should bring them together, and that each should place his 
o£fering in the temple of publicity, to shine for the first time and 
receive the plaudits of intelligence and good taste. We thought, 
as we saw united so many examples of the national genius, that 
Mr. Spence and the enthusiastic companions who have aided him 
in this project had discovered the secret of forming from pearls, 
numerous and rich, but scattered and unknown, a magnificent neck- 
lace to embellish the statue of the arts. When our friend Meseron 
worked so industriously at the opening of the Salon de Senoras 
in his caje^ however ambitious he may have been, he could not 
imagine that in so short a time it would be converted into a 
splendid sanctuary of national art, where all those who love it 
might burn the agreeable incense of admiration, and where they 
might hear words of hope, concord, and progress — the flattering 
prophecies of the future. The number of objects which figure in 
this exhibition is 230.* As we had barely time to run over them 
in the brief moments we spent there, we shall limit ourselves to 
citing the names and authors of the productions which most 
generally excited the attention of those who are connoisseurs in 
these matters — following the order of the catalogue. 

The copies executed by Senora Felicia Castillo de Amundaray 
are in good style, especially the water-colour, The St<d of Affection^ 
There are thirty-six pictures by Ramon Bolet. We may mention, 



* ThU namber waa greatly enlarged after the catalogue was printed. 



246 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. L. 

The Visit to Ordtila, The Carbanero of CardeaSy and The Prwxseian 
of CdrpuSj as being indisputable for their merit and originality. 
Nicanor Bolet Perasa, who can wield the pencil as well as the pen 
of the Comic Muses, shines in the Oroup of Fnuis and Com, 
marked by fidelity to nature. The portraits of Se&or Spence and 
of Greneral Manuel Quesada were the most noticeable works of 
Diego Casanas Buiguillos ; whilst Senor Davegno pleased very 
greatly by his views of La Guayra and Genoa, The portrait of 
Creneral Guxman Blanco on horseback, executed by Carmelo Fer^ 
nindez, was reputed to be in good style, and so was that of SeHor 
Casiano Santana, by Garda Beltran. 

The views of the Lake of Valencia and Cave of the Oudeharos are 
beautiful copies, which reveal the talent of the Sefiorita Ana Gath- 
man ; and among the various paintings of Senor Groering, all of 
greater or less merit, those of the Panorama de Maraca^f the 
Rio San Esteban^ and the Ckorro de Marare^ overtop the rest. 
The picture of The Blind Hen and La Virgin de los paiiales^ both 
copies^ by Pedro Herrera V^gas, show harmonious colour and 
the touch of a dexterous hand. Senores Nestor Hemindez and 
Oelestino andGer6nimo Martinez enrich the exhibition with various 
pictures, of which, by the first, we notice the water-colour Group of 
Flowers of Cardcas; by the second, the oil-paintings of the Flight 
into Egypt, the story of which is told in an original and masterly 
manner, and the Portrait of Marshal Falcon on horseback, the 
resemblance being perfect ; and by the third, the Portrait of Sehor 
Juan Jose Mendoza, one of the most finished pictures present. Of 
Jos6 Manuel Mauc6, we may cite as interesting copies in oil the 
pictures of the Magdalen and Women Bathing. The talent and style 
of Senor Navarro y Cauizares were here worthily represented in the 
magnificent oil-painting of Santa Clara and the celebrated Portraits 
of the beautiful Seflora Inocenie Pulacios, and of Padre Ildefonso 
Rkra Aguinagade. Manuel Otero, an artist of surprising fisMsility 
and invention, exhibited various views, chief amongst them being 
that of La Guagra and the original painting of the Disembarkment 
at Falma Sola. The Venus of Kamon Plaza is an essay which shows 
that in him harmony is not limited to music. With reference to 
Senor Martin Tovar y Tovar, the oil-painting of Misery, the Study 
from Nature, and the Portrait of Senor L J, Pardo, would be enough 
to establish his reputation as an artist and as an excellent por- 
trait painter if he had not earned it long ago. 

In the section for sculpture, the palm was borne ofi* by our young 



App. L.] VENEZUELAN FINE ARTS EXHIBITION 247 



artist, Manuel Gonzalez, whose majestic work, the Bust of General 
Francisco Mejia, has justified the praises of all intelligent persons 
who have at mind the exactitude, fidelity, and expression so difii- 
cult in a portrait made of wood. His busts of Coquetry and Fear 
prove that Gonzalez is capable of revealing to the inert matter 
which he touches all the passions and sentiments of the human 
heart The Lions in clay, executed by Senorita Dolores Ugarte, 
are beautiful works. 

In the photographs by Sefior Pr6spero Rey, there is a pre- 
cision of line, a neatness, and a suavity of colour, which would 
lead the observer to think that an insensible machine could not 
produce images so perfect as those obtained by this clever but 
modest artist. Senor Jos^ Antonio Sdlas is of the same school as 
Rey, — good taste, purity, perfect resemblance, all is praiseworthy 
in his photographic work. 

It only remains for us to add some words about the picture of 
the Fountain of Pope Julius, which does not figure in the catalogue. 
This picture, which is very beautiful and highly finished, was 
brought at the last moment from the Valle, where its author, 
Senor Manuel Cruz, lives. From this obscurity it was drawn by 
Senor Navarro y Canizares, a fellow-student with the artist at 
Rome under the celebrated Madrazo. At the present time Cruz 
is simply a workman concealing his artist- face in the obscurity of 
the camp. The picture of his, just named, would honour any 
European collection. 

The exhibition was followed by a banquet given by Senor Spence 
to the Venezuelan artists. It commenced at eight o'clock in the 
evening, and was attended by the persons of whom we have given 
a list. The reunion was a brilliant one ; the genial cordiality, the 
careful service, the splendid viands, all contributed to universal 
enthusiasm and happinesa The feast terminated about midnight, 
leaving in every breast the pleasantest emotions. Our country 
will never forget the gratitude it owes to her English guest, who 
has shown his love to Venezuela in acts like those of yesterday, 
and to the many friends who have responded worthily. 

Chronicle of the Banquet. 

SehoT Spence expressed in feeling terms his satisfaction in see- 
ing around him the artists whose talents had been receiving praise 
throughout the day from the numerous visitors who had beheld 
their works. He said that the execution of this idea owed less to 



248 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. L. 

himself than to the spontaneous co-operation of the friend pre- 
sent, in whom he had ever found the most fervid enthusiasm for 
all that is grand and noble. He had resided a year and a half 
amongst them, and that period had been the happiest part of his 
life, and the experiences which he had passed through in the Ke- 
public warranted him in testifying to the virtues of the Venezuelan 
people, displayed under circumstances most unfayourable, at the 
very time, in fact, when they were being tested by what appeared 
to be a cruel, demoralizing, and sanguinary civil war. 

Senor A. L. Guzman, the orator, par excellence^ of the Republic, 
responded in his happiest manner. He said that he had feared 
to awaken from one of those enchanting dreams in which the 
imagination called up golden illusions, but on awakening he en- 
countered in reality all that was beautiful in the dream. He had 
seen a great nation which, having experienced a peace of cen- 
turies, had raised itself to the greatest height of civilization, 
progress, and power ; that its people had mixed their blood with 
ours in the great days of Independence, and that after this proof 
of generous sympathy they still desired to be our friend and guide 
in the work of progress which Venezuela has undertaken. That 
he had awakened from this enchanted dream and had seen Senor 
Speuce, as though sent by noble England to give, with proofs 
like those they had to-day witnessed, a new testimony of the 
interest which she feels for our well-being. 

Seuor Ledo. Eduardo Calcano afterwards spoke, and having 
expressed his satisfaction for the generous efforts that Seiior 
Spence had made in favour of art in Venezuela, he defined in 
eloquent terms its mission, saying that our artists should draw 
tiieir inspiration from the incidents of our glorious War of Inde- 
pendence, and thus, whether they gave animation to the marble 
of the sculptor or life to the canvas and paper of the painter, 
they might hand down to posterity monuments in which our 
sons would behold eloquent examples that would raise their souls 
to noble lispirations. 

General liamon de la Plaza, after some general views on the 
history and mission of art, said : — ** Forty years have passed, and 
Venezuela sees for the first time, and even now under the protect- 
ing jegis of a stranger, an exhibition of the artistic work of her 
youth. Forty years, in 'which the stoical indifi'erence of our Gk)vern- 
ments has tried to drown that national genius for art, which after 
all has raised itself by the sole impulse of its own inspirations. 



App. T.] VENEZUELAN FINE ARTS EXHIBITION, 249 

Forty years, in which it has thought of everjrthing except the 
beneficial effects of ties between the nation and art, amongst a 
people essentially spiritual. 

'' It is a consolation, however, to see presiding at this feast of 
art a representative of the new era commenced by General 
Guzman Blanco, and we have much to hope from his enlighten- 
ment and patriotism, knowing full well that nations fulfil the most 
innate of their necessities, and satisfy their justest aspirations, in 
the cultivation of the arts, which is the cultivation of the intellect." 

General Nicanor Bolet Peraza said that the best method of 
showing their gratitude to Senor Spence for the stimulus and 
patronage which since his arrival upon our shores he had given 
to Venezuelan talent — a stimulus raised to the grandeur of the 
spectacle they saw around them, would be to prove that his con- 
ception had not perished from indifference, but, on the contrary, 
had germinated and increased, so that next July they might 
solemnize this anniversary with a new exhibition. That, he 
added, would not need any great effort, for if they brought the 
aspiration under the notice of the President of the Republic, it 
would be enough to secure its success, as was the case with the 
other proposals of a similar character, which were already on the 
programme of his administration. 

Dr. Terrero Atienza said that this being the first time that he 
had seen gathered together so many lovers of art, and the success- 
ful realization of Seiior Spence's idea of an exhibition, was an 
appropriate occasion in which to point out the absurdity of a be- 
lief generally entertained and avowed by the press almost without 
contradiction. '^ It has often been said that we in Venezuela are 
destitute of logic, and that the results always mocked calculation 
and destroyed effort. This was false. In the physical, in the moral, 
and in the intellectual world, results always agree with causes ; 
actions are the certain consequences of principles or premises 
which have been allowed to predominate. The truth was, persons 
had called logic that which conformed to false judgment, to 
spurious desires, to calculations dictated by selfishness and ambi- 
tion ; and in the work of insensate passion, by which they had 
wished to seat Falsehood upon the throne of Truth, the things 
which had come to pass appeared paradoxical The republic had 
not existed in Venezuela in reality, but only in name ; they had 
hunted down loyalty and patriotism, disguised under those names 
things which were the opposite, and seeking in the region of 



2SO THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. L. 

facts for fallacious words, many had said there was no logic in 
Venezuela. The proof of the contrary was, that scarcely was a 
Grovemment installed which resembled the empire of tnith, of 
good faith, of work, and of noble aspirations ; scarcely had con- 
fidence succeeded to fear before grand projects present them- 
selves, and we were spectators of scenes like the beautiful and 
sublime spectacle which we owed to the efforts of Senor Spence, 
and of the many artists and lovers of art resident in CarAcas. 

" Providence had decreed that in an epoch of regeneration for 
our country, a son of England, — ^the nation of good sense, — 
should come amongst us, and that, with that practical instinct 
which the English possess, he should understand that our nation 
would raise herself from her fall with greater vigour than ever to 
re-establish the equilibrium of interests, the reign of principle, and 
progress in all its forms." 

Senor A. L. Guzman again spoke, and graphically pictured the 
noble characteristics of the English people, and the great con- 
quests which Right, peacefully discussed, had made in the long 
peace which wise England enjoyed, and called upon all to follow 
this civilized example. A new era was dawning for Venezuela, 
in which the weapons of discussion would be the only arms 
permitted in the war of aspirations. " Do this," said he ; 
*' launch the Republic in the free practice of the principles it 
has so dearly earned, and we shall see very soon the realization 
of the promise of regeneration, material and intellectual, which 
goal the present Administration is striving to reach." 

Dr. Sanavria said that all that he had seen and heard on this 
occasion had given him the hope that the Government would meet 
with the requisite amount of co-operation to carry into execution 
the proposal to found an Institution of Fine Arts, and he would 
use this opportunity to ask from all present a formal promise to 
co-operate frankly and energetically for the realization of this 
thought, which promised so many benefits to Venezuela. 

These words were most warmly received and crowned the 
general rejoicing, as the earnestness of the Minister gave all 
the weight of a promise. 

The host then concluded the banquet with a few word8,'expres- 
sive of the satisfaction he should experience by their sending to 
Europe two or three of the young artists present, that they 
might perfect themselves in the schools of the Old World, and 
return able to add lustre and honour to their country. 



App. L.] VENEZUELAN FINE ARTS EXHIBITION 251 

List of those present at the Banquet. 

Antonio L. Guzman, Minister of Foreign Affairs. 

Dr. Martin J. Sanavria, Minister of Public Works. 

Dr. Jesus Maria Paul, Governor of the Federal District. 

Dr. Diego Bautista BArrios, Secretary of the Minister of Foreign 
Kelations. 

Dr. Santiago Terrero Atienza, Secretary of the Minister of Public 
Works. 

General Pedro Toledo Bernnidez, Secretary of the Governor of 
the Federal District. 

General Juan Francisco Perez, President of the State of Bolivar. 

Dr. Alejandro Ibarra, Rector of the University of Caracas. 

Dr. A. Ernst, President of the Society of Physical Science. 

Fausto Teodoro de Aldrey, \ ^ ^ ^. r^i. t> 

■oriTT yj i^^« r Representatives of the Press. 

Rafael Uerndndez Gutierrez, j ^ 

Heraclio M. de la Guardia (the Poet-Laureate of Venezuela). 

Robert P. Syers. 

Greneral Leopoldo Terrero. 

Ledo. Eduardo Calcano. 

Luis Rigail 

Martin Tovar y Tovar, artist. 

Miguel Navarro y Cauizares, do. 

Manuel Cruz, do. 

J. Garcia Beltran, do. 

Manuel Otero, do. 

Dr. J086 Manuel Mauc6, do. 

Ramon Bolet, do. 

Ger6Dimo Martinez, do. 

Francisco Davegno, do. 

Jos^ Antonio S^las, do. > 

General Nicanor Bolet Peraza, do. 

H. Lisboa, do. 

General Andres A. Level, do. 

Manuel A. Gonzalez (sculptor), do. 

Luciano Urdaneta, do. 

General Ramon de la Plaza, do. 

Eduardo Blanco, do. 

Aristides Est^ves, do. 

Diego Casanas Burguillos, do. 

Pr6spero Rey, do. 



2S2 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. L 

Andres Socarris, artist 

Carlos Alberto Izquierdo da 

Anton Goering, C.M.Z.S., do. 

L Meseron y Aranda, proprietor of the Caf<§ del Avila. 

Poem by SeSor Heracuo M. de la Guardia, read by Senor 

K Calcano after the Banquet. 

{Dedicated to SeHor Spence,) 

Cuando el genio de America sn frente 
Corone con loe laoros de la gloria 

Y en el campo del Arte, floreciente 
Digno sea bu nombre de la historia, 
Al recuerdo lejano del presente 

De esta fiesta del alma hard memoria. 

Y habi^ de bendecir, en su fortuna 
Al que alent6 sus pasos en la cuna 

Ser hombres, combatir, veneer al cabo 

Y alzar libres la frente al firmamento 
Es ser un pueblo indepcndiente y bravo, 
De noble instinto y varouil alieuto ; 
Mas no se rompe el yuffo del esclavo 

Ni se cnmple ae Dios el pensamiento 
8i el Arte al fin con su poder fecnndo 
No le da nombre, y lo pregona al mundo. 

Por eso Venezuela agradecida 
A I elcvado fin que le senalas 
Al entrar del espiritu en la vida 
Viste feliz sus uids valiosas galas, 
Crespusculos de aurora no sabida, 
Debu ensayo de atrevidas alas 
Que por falta de espacio, luz y aire 
No dejan el vergel del patrio Guaire. 

Mas hoi que en tomo la discordia cesa 

Y tranquilo el espiritu, se lanza 
Tras de mds noble, generosa empresa 
A la voz de la paz y la esperanza, 
Digno se hard de la immortal promesa 
Que de su cuna el Arte d dar alcanza ; 

Y tu fecundo afecto serd un dia 
Orgullo y gloria de la patria mia. 

2Z de Julio, 



M. 

DECREE CONSTITUTING THE ISLANDS OF THE REPUBLIC 
OF VENEZUELA INTO A TERRITORY. 

{Translated from La Opinion Nacional, 2^d August 187 1.) 

Antonio Guzman Blanco, 
Provisional President of the R^mhlic, <i:c, <kc. 

By virtue of the powers intrusted to me by the Congress of Pleni- 
potentiaries of the States for the promotion of the public good, 
and for considering — 

1. That according to the 2 2d section of Article 43, it belongs 
to the Federal Power to establish, under the title of territories, 
special rules for the temporary government of regions either un- 
inhabited or inhabited by uncivilized natives, making such terri- 
tories to be dependent directly upon the Executive of the Union. 

2. That the opportunity has now come of improving the ad- 
ministration of the islands hereafter named. 

It is decreed, — 

Art I. There shall be a territory called " Colon," subject to a 
special rule, and dependent upon the Federal Executive, and 
including the following islands : — 

1. The island of the bay of La Esmeralda. 

2. The group of Los Frayles, nine miles to the north-east of 
Margarita. 

3. The islet La Sola, twelve miles to the north-east of the 
largest of the Los Frayles. 

4. The group of Los Hermanos, forty miles to the north of 
the west portion of Margarita. 

5. The islands of Venados, Caraca del Este, Caraca del Oeste, 
Picudas, Chimanas, Borrachas, and also the islets between 
Cuman4 and Barcelona. 



254 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. M. 

6. The Arapos islands, half a mile to the west-north-west of 
the Punta de la Cruz. 

7. The isle of Monos and the islets of the bay of Pertigalete. 

8. The islets of Piritu, twelve miles to the west of the mouth 
of the river Neveri, and three and a half from the mainland. 

9. The islet Farallon or Centinela o£f Cabo Codera. 

10. The islet of Ocumare, at the north-east of the bay of the 
same name. 

1 1. The islands and islets situated from Turiamo to the rocks 
of San Juan inclusive. 

1 2. The island and rocks of Orchila, seventy-two miles to the 
north of Cabo Codera. 

13. The group of Los Roques, twenty-two miles to the west of 
Orchila. 

14. The two groups of Aves, thirty miles to the west of Los 
Eoques. 

15. The group of Los Monjes, from nineteen to thirty miles to 
the north, 1^ east from the Cabo de Chichivacoa. 

Art IL The territory of " Colon " shall be under the authority 
of a civil and military Governor, according to separate decrees to 
be dictated for the political and military government of the 
territory. 

Art. in. There shall be put at the disposition of the Governor 
one of the ships of war of the nation, in order that he may 
examine the islands, select that which may be best adapted for 
his residence, and dictate provisionally what he may think 
necessary, giving account of all to the Federal Executive. 

Art. IV. With the Governor there shall be sent a scientific 
commission, charged to make the investigations indicated by the 
Minister of Public Works. 

Art. V. The Governor shall present to the national Executive 
a circumstantial report of the islands, according to the observa- 
tions which shall have been made, and shall propose all the 
regulations and other dispositions which he shall think fit for 
the organization and government of the territory of " Colon." 

Art. VI. The salary and expenses of the Governor shall be 
fixed by a separate resolution — the same to be paid by the 
Public Treasury. 



App. M.] ISLANDS OF THE REPUBLIC, 255 



Art VII. The Minister of Public Works is charged with the 
execution of the present decree. 

Given, under my hand, and countersigned by the Minister of 
Public Works at Caracas, August 22, 1871— Sth and 13th. 

(Signed) A. Guzman Blanco. 

Countersigned by the Minister of Public Works. 

(Signed) Martin J. Sanavria. 

A true copy. 

(Signed) S. Terrero Atienza, 

Secretary of the Minider of PMk f Forks, 



N. 

GOVERNMENT CONCESSIONS FOR THE WORKING OF THE 
COAL MINES OF THE NARICUAL, STATE OF NUEVA 
BARCELONA, VENEZUELA. 

(Translation by Mr. WiL A. Andral.) 

Office of Public Works, 

CarIcas, October, 5, 187 1. 

Decree. 

Whereas Mr. James M. Spence has solicited from the Govern- 
ment the grant of certain franchises for the projected working of 
some coal mines, the property of Sefiora Clara Marrero de 
Mondgas, and situated in the parish of Aragiiita in the State of 
Barcelona, the Government, desirous to promote the progress of 
the country, decrees : 

I St. Vessels arriving at Barcelona loaded either entirely or at 
least half with machinery, tools, and instruments for the working 
of the coal mines, and^the transix)rt of the coals to the port, shall 
pay no tonnage dues. 

2d. The articles specified in the foregoing number shall l)e 
free of import duty. 

3d. In order that the articles mentioned in Nos. i and 2 may 
enjoy said franchise, tliey shall be stamped in the manufactory 
with a mark of the mining company, a facsimile of which shall 
be deposited in the office of this Ministry and in that of the 
Custom-House of Barcelona. 

4th. The articles imported for the quarrying and transporting 
of the mineral to the harbour shall be employed exclusively in the 
works, and it shall not be allowed to offer them for sale, nor em- 
ploy them for other purposes. All the objects which should be 
employed in a manner different from the one stated shall forfeit the 



App. N.] CONCESSIONS TO COAL MINES, 257 

franchise of free importation, and likewise all those of the same 
description which afterwards might be imported. 

5 th. The mining company shall give security to the Custom 
House for the amount of duty on the articles imported for the 
working of the mines, as if they were not free of duty, and when- 
ever an importation is made an authenticated copy of the invoice 
is to be presented, in order that the Government may declare that 
the imported articles belong to those included in the foregoing 
numbers, and give orders to cancel the security. 

6th. Sailing vessels and steamers arriving in ballast for coal, and 
actually loading, shall not pay any tonnage dues either on their 
arrival or on their departure. 

7th. Steamers touching at the port in order to take in coal shall 
not pay any tonnage dues either on their arrival or on their depar- 
ture although they be loaded, provided no goods are landed. 

8th. By the fact of making use of these concessions the company 
shall be obliged to sell to the Government the coal required for 
the use of the navy at 5 per cent under the current market price. 

9th. These concessions shall be forfeited if the working of the 
mines is not begun within a period of twenty months from this 
data 

nth. The foregoing concessions in no case whatever shall be- 
come the subject of international claims. 

Be this communicated to the interested party. 

(Signed) Martin J. Sanavria. 

For the President. 

(For right copy.) 

(Signed) Santiago Terrero Atienza, 

Secretary of the Minister of Pvblic Works, 



VOL. II. R 



o. 



CONCESSIOX OF THE ISLANDS OF VENEZUKLA FOR THE 
EXTRACTION OF MINERAL PHOSPHATES. 

TransUaim hy SOkar Bafad St^ 

Martin J. Sanavria, the MiniBter of Public Woifa of the United 
States of Venejsaela, being specially aathorised by the Provisional 
President of the Bepablic on the one part, and James M. Spence, 
a British subject, on the other, has concluded the following 
contract : — 

Aftide I. 

The Venezuelan Goyemment grants to James M. Spenoe, and 
his lawful successors or partners, permission to ship, to the exclu- 
sion of any other enterprise, whether individual or joint, from the 
Roques Islands, being a part of the territory of Colon, the phoa- 
phatic mineral in its natural state which may exist thereon. 

Article 2. 
This permit to last twenty-one years from this date. 

Article 3. 

The Venezuelan Government grants likewise to James M. 
Spence, his partners or successors, permission to ship for the same 
time phosphatic mineral from the Orchila Island ; but this grant 
does not exclude other enterprises which may obtain from the 
Government a similar permit 

Article 4. 

James M. Spence engages to pay during the first three years of 
this contract, to the Venezuelan Government, a hundred and 
twelve Venezuelan cents for each ton of 2240 pounds in weight, 
of phosphatic mineral in its natural state, which he may ship from 
the above-named islands. The cost of working, carriage, and 
maritime transport, or any other expense connected therewith, to 
be borne by the said James M. Spence. 



App. O.] CONCESSION OF ISLANDS, 259 

Article 5. 

At the end of the first three years, and from that time forward 
(every three years), the Venezuelan Government and James M. 
Spence shall appoint each an arbitrator, and the persons so ap- 
pointed shall select an umpire in order that they, on inspection 
of the then ruling prices of phosphates, may fix the value of each 
ton of the mineral for the tliree years ensuing, in doing which 
they shall be governed by the proportion which the then ruling 
prices bear to the average prices maintained during the previous 
three years of this contract, so that the value of said mineral in 
its natural state will rise or decrease according to the like ratio 
of its rising or decreasing in its markets. For the purposes of 
this stipulation the prices of phosphates in England is hereby 
fixed at one shilling and one penny and a half per unit of phos- 
phate of lime which the mineral may contain. 

Article 6. 

On account of said working, James M. Spence shall advance a 
sum of Eight thousand dollars (Fenezolanos), to be paid into the 
national treasury on this contract being signed, either in cash or 
in a bill of exchange upon England. 

Article 7. 

The extraction of Guano from the Venezuelan Islands having 
been contracted for with an American company, and mineral 
phosphate being quite different from guano, James M. Spence 
concurs with the Venezuelan Government that the rights of the 
above company are not affected by the extraction of phosphates, 
— the subject matter of this contract. 

Article 8. 

The vessels which the enterprise may send to the Los Roques 
Islands or to Orchila when transporting solely materials for the 
construction of buildings, wharves, and other works of the enter- 
prise, as well as the instruments, implements, and machinery 
necessary to the working referred to in tliis contract, shall pay 
no duty on any account ; the national officers on the island shall 
require only a statement of the things imported. 

Article 9. 

On the vessels of the enterprise bringing from abroad victuals 
and provisions for its consumption, either on the Koques Islands 



t6o THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. O. 

or on Orchila, the master of the Teesel or the manager of the 
enterprise on said islands shall exhibit to the government oflbser 
there for the time being the manifest of the cargo ; and as soon 
as the victuals or provisions are examined by him, he shall ex- 
press at the bottom of the manifest the correctness thereof, and 
shall transmit it to the Costom House at La Ghiayra that it may 
liquidate the import duties, and collect from the agents to be 
established by James M. Spence, either at La Ghiayra or Caricas, 
the duties accrued according to the Yeneroelan laws. 

Ariide lo. 

The vessels of the enterprise going to the aforesaid islands to 
take cargoes of the mineral shall not be liable to any port dues. 

Ariide ii. 

The masters of the vessels referred to in the preceding article 
shall make a manifest in writing, and signed, wherein they shall 
specify the name of the vessel, her flag, and the number approxi- 
mately of the tons of phosphatic mineral which they may have 
on board. Such a manifest in original shall be received by the 
national officer on the respective island, and by him sent to the 
Custom House at La Guayra on the first fitting opportunity. 

Artide 12. 

James M. Spence engages to have the amount of the weight of 
the cargo mineral verified at the port of her destination, with 
the intervention of the fiscal authority there, and of the Consul 
of the Republic if there be one on the spot This authenticated 
act shall be forwarded by James M. Spence or his agents to the 
Custom House at La Guayra, by the first English packet after 
the arrival of the vessel at the port of destination. 

Ariide 13. 

On receiving the manifest spoken of in the 12th Article, the 
Custom House at La Guayra shall proceed immediately to liquidate 
the credit of the nation arising out of the value of the cargo of 
phosphatic mineral, bearing in mind the prices established and to 
be established agreeably to this contract The agent or agents 
to be appointed by James M. Spence at La Guayra or at Caracas 
shall pay in cash the amount of such a liquidation as soon as the 
advance referred to in Article the 6th is discounted. 



App. O.] CONCESSION OF ISLANDS 261 

Article 14. 

The Custom House at La Guayra shall every six months form 
another liquidation of the credit accruing to the nation out of 
the value of the cargoes of mineral, calculated at the rates fixed 
and to be fixed as per this contract ; and on inspection of the 
authenticated acts referred to in the 12th Article, either party 
shall pay to the other in cash any balance which may result from 
a comparison between such a liquidation and the manifests re- 
lating to the same cargoes. 

Artide 15. 

James M. Spence engages to present to the Minister of Public 
Works, every six months, a sworn statement of the cargoes of phos- 
phatic mineral, with specifications of the names of the vessels, their 
tonnage, flag, names of the masters, cargoes of the mineral in 
weight, and foreign port in which the cargoes have been landed. 

Article 16. 

The Venezuelan Government shall be at liberty to take such 
other measures as it may deem indispensable to secure the fiscal 
interests on Los Eoques Islands and Orchila ; therefore, though 
the vessels of the enterprise are not bound to proceed to La Guayra, 
or any other port on the mainland for clearance, provided they 
engage in the traffic permitted under the contract, if any of these 
vessels become guilty of smuggling she shall be sent to La Guayra 
for trial according to the laws of the Republic. 

Artide 17. 

In the event of the Venezuelan Government being willing to 
contract with any other person or company for the working of the 
phosphatic mineral on any of the other islands belonging to tho 
Republic, it shall make known either to James M. Spence, or his 
successors or partners, or his agents or attorneys at Caracas or 
La Guayra, all the conditions of the intended bargain, and should 
any of the same offer, within fifty days* time, to comply with all 
those conditions, they shall be preferred, and the Government 
shall be bound to conclude the respective contract. 

Artide 18. 

At the expiration of this contract the buildings and works of 
an immovable nature shall become the property of the nation. 



a62 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. O. 

Ariide 19. 

Whatever doubts and contToversies may arise shall be dedded 
by the courts and under the laws of the Republic, nor shall they, 
in any case and on any account whatsoeyer, be made matter of 
international claims. 

Done in duplicate to one intent alone at Car&cas, on the 
twentieth of July One thousand eight hundred and 
seventy-two. 

(Signed) Martin J. Sanatria. 
(Signed) James M. Spencs. 



p. 

LIST OF PUBLIC WORKS IN PROGRESS IN VENEZUELA, 

DECEMBER 1 873. 

(Fortnightly Review.)* 
{La Opinion Nacimml, Sth December 1873.) 

We have the greatest pleasure in announcing to our foreign 
readers, that the Republic is enjoying perfect peace, liberty and 
legality. 

To form a correct idea of the colossal proportions in which 
progress is increasing throughout the country, we publish a 
resume of the principal Works which are being carried out with 
the greatest activity. 

TJie Capitol, — A handsome massive building of the Doric 
order, erected in 90 days, for the Legislative Body to celebrate 
its session ; this is the largest building in Caracas. 

The JVater-JVorks and Aqueduct Guzman Blanco. — Supplies Cara- 
cas with water, and is 45,000 metres in length. 

Promenade Guzman Blanco.. — The barren hill formerly called 
the Calvary has been turned into a most beautiful promenade, 
offering a magnificent and extensive panorama. Within a few 
years the trees, and shrubbery, now planted, will form an agree- 
able walk, equal to any to be found in Europe. 

The Aqueduct of Coro. — These Water- Works were constructed 
during the administration of Marshall J. C. Falcon, but require 
some important repairs both as regards the dam and in the 
drains. These repairs having been granted, are being carried 
out with rapidity. 

Custom- house of la Vela. — This is the finest building in the 
State of Falcon. — General Guzmon Blanco ordered its construc- 
tion and it was concluded to celebrate the 28th of October last. 

T/ie alamcda of Maiquetta, having been formeerly awfully 
neglected. Government appointed a committee intrusted with its 

* Verbatim. 



264 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. P. 

care and presenratioii, so that thit promaiade U at preaent is a 
flourishing state. 

The akmsiaof Ia Omaria which was also mnch nqjlected, has 
been taken in hand by Gorenunent^ and considerably imprsfod 
and supplied with numerous lampSL 

The Alameda of Puerto GaieOo, has been kept in good erder, 
with the funds provided by the Board of public works fiv its 
preservation and amelioration. 

The Stredi (/ (kurdcae^ have almost all been repaved, Ugring 
slabs to the largest portion of the blocks which had none. 

The StrteU of Fofefido,— A considerable sum of monqr 1^^ 
been laid out in their repair. 

The Streets of Puerto CabeUo. — ^In this town streets have been 
made where none existed, having to contend with the greatest 
difficulties. 

ne Streets of the FaUe.—The Yalle is a town in the vicinity of 
Caracas, to which many families resort for change of air, its 
streets not having been repaired for long, were in a deplorable 
state, the principal ones have now been repaired, by which this 
pretty little town, which is becoming notorious for its baths, has 
been much improved. 

The northern mule-road^ which unites Caracas to La Guaira, 
crossing the Cordillera, was constructed by the Spaniards, required 
important repairs, which have been carried into effect, and there 
are constantly numerous gangs of labourers keeping it in repair. 

The canal of the Gudrico, is intended to bring the waters of the 
Kiver Guarico to the State ''Guzman Blanco.'' A competent 
Engineer is making the necessary survey for this important work. 
Bringing the waters of the River San Jttan to the town of Pa/rapara. 
— The necessary survey for this purpose is also being made, and 
the needful funds have been applied to carry out this project. 

JFaterfor the State " Brttzual" — One of the districts of Caracas 
bears the name of the hero of Puerto Cabello. This popolation 
demanded of the Government the necessary water-pipes to bring 
the water, which were brought out,, however, from neglect little 
or nothing has been done, we are informed, therefore, that the 
Government will undertake this enterprise. 

Tlie High-road of ^*Agua Caliente" whi^h unites Faleneia with 
Puerto Cabello, — The rains made this road intransitable : large suma 
have been laid out on its repairs, which are nearly terminated. 
High-road from Faleneia to San Cdrlos. — San Carlos is the 




capital of the State of " Cojetles " and the key to the Llanos. To 
unite this State to Valencia has been a happy thought ; the works 
are proceeding with activity and in two months will be concluded, 

Tlie High-road from Puerto Cabello to San Felipe. — The State of 
Yaraqiii is one of the most productive of the Kepublie, but it had to 
contend with the want of Roads connecting it with the sea-coast : 
this is the object of the present Road, where it is not only neces- 
sary to struggle with the difBcultiesof theformation of theConntry, 
but also with the unwholesome ncss of the climate, at a certain spot 
on the Coast. All difhculties have however been conquered, and 
tlie two towns will soon be united, as the works are proceeding at 
the same time from Puerto Cabello to San Felipe, and vice-veraa. 

The High-Toad from Carikas to Petare. — A sum of money is laid 
out monthly in preserving and improving this road, a Bridge 
which was much needed, has been lately built. 

Highroad from Petare to Mariclies. — This branch road bo much 
required for the transport of the produce of the Crops, which are 
so abundant on the high-lands of the State of " Bolivar." 

Tlie Weslem-road, unites Cardcas to La Victoria. — A Board has 
the management of this Road, and many hands are daily em- 
ployed, preserving and improving it. 

The NwOiem Higlt-road connects la Guai'ra trilh Cardcas. — The 
constant traffic of this road, and the immense defects of its original 
construction, which took place in tlie time the Tory's were in 
power, — renders it necessary to spend considerable sums on its 
constant repair. 

The Highroad lo Charayave, which unties Cardcas with the valleys 
of the Tuy. — It is long since this road has been undertaken without 
obtaining any satisfactory results. The Illustrius American, Guz- 
man Blanco, decided that it should be carried out, and the road was 
made, the present works only tend to improve a port that was 
badly layed out in the time of the Tory government. 

The High-road from Charayave to Cua. — This is an important 
branch-road which unites two towns and is already concluded. 

The High-road from Cua to Ocurnare, was commenced and termi- 
nated under the present Administration. 

The High-road from Cliarallave to Santa iMcia. — The works on 
this branch-road continue, with activity and it will not be long 
before they are concluded. 

Tlu High-road to Paracvtos, was only commenced a few days 




266 THE LAND OF BOUVAR. [App. P. 

The High-road from Cua to the " Ouarico." — ^This is a new line 
which opent the traffic of the higb-lands with the Uanoey and 
which will shortly change the ntoation of the rich Yallej of the 
Toy, the necessary snnrey haTing been made, these worics have 
already commeneed. 

Tlu High-road frtmCwdaddBCw^ 
of Guzman Blanco, OoAricOy and Apore in commonication, this 
road is already far adTanoed, having OTeroome the principal 
difficulties. 

The Highroad fnm Oamutre to fhe IAtmo$^ via Cmmmataft. 
This road also unites the YaUeys of the Tny with the Uanos, and 
will produce immense advantagei^ these works have commenced. 

The High-road Guzman J/anco, starts from the city of Barcelona 
and ends at Soledad, opposite Ciudad Bolivar, the capital of the 
State of Gnayana. This road progresses rapidly, and General 
Guzman Blanco expects that it will be concluded in a few months. 

The High-road from Merida to the hke of MdracaOo. The 
States of the Cordillera having no dibouehi; its commerce suffers 
considerably from the want of so important a road, which is 
already begun. 

The High-road of Ouama. — General Guzman Blanco is deter- 
mined that this road, which has been commenced, since time 
immemorial, shall speedily be terminated, not only on accoun tof 
the advantages it will afford to the States of the Cordillera, but 
that it will in a great measure simplify the question of limits 
with Columbia 

The Highroad from Maiurin to CaHo Colorado, — Caiio Colorado 
is the port where goods proceeding to Maturin are landed ; there 
they are transshipped to small crafts which ascend the Biver 
Guarapiche with great difficulty and expense. When once this 
road is open these difficultiee will cease, it will be concluded 
befors March. 

The High-road from La Guaira to Maiquetia. — This short road 
has been intransitable until lately, since when it has been perfec- 
tioned, as well as the Street of Maquetia, through which it passes. 

Tfie High-road of La Guaira to Ma<:uto, has been totally re- 
formed, and remains perfect 

TJte Cenftus. This is the first that has been thoroughly carried 
out in the Kcpublic, and is of itself a Work of sufficient impor- 
tance to raise the pride of Government. It was carried into 
effect on the 6th 7th and 8ih of November. 



App. P.] LIST OF PUBLIC WORKS, 267 



The Exhibition of Vienna, For the first time the products of 
Venezuela have been worthily represented abroad. — 23 prizes fell 
to its lot in the distribution. 

The waiefi's of the River Apure to form am single branch. The 
engineer, who went to Paris for the purpose of procuring the 
necessary machinery for this work, has just returned, so that in 
a short time it will be in operation. 

The Bail-road from Caracas to the Sea, — The Survey and Sec- 
tions are being concluded, and in January the inauguration of the 
works will take place. 

The Lazaretto of Caracas. — This important work, which was 
brought to a stand for a few days, from the want of materials, 
has again commenced. 

Immigration, — Government will commence to occupy itself with 
this important matter, which is being studied by special commis- 
sions, who are to inform the Executive, concerning the means to be 
adopted. 

Public Slaughter-house of Caracas, this building will be ter- 
minated within two months. 

Furniture for the Federal palace, has been ordered from Europe, 
(of an appropriate kind.) 

The Plaza Bolivar, is the general center of all that is beautifull 
and youthful, thanks to the warm interest the Government has 
taken in it. 

The Bridge Guzman Blanco, unites the parishes of the Cathedral 
and Candelaria in this City, and is concluded. 

The Bridge of Curamichate, embellishes the Southern entrance 
of Caracas, it is finished. 

The Bridge of CaHo Amarillo, at the entrance of Guzman 
Blanco promenade, is finished. 

The Temple of San Felipe. — Government has appropriated one 
hundred thousand Venezuelans for this building, the works pro- 
ceed with activity. 

The Temples of Barbacoas, Piritu, Clarines, Barcelona, Curata- 
quiche, Pozuelos, San Diego, Aragiiita, and San Bernardino, have 
been assisted with different sums of money to be invested in the 
repairs they require. 

The Temples of Caracas have been endowed with rich and 
adequate ornaments. 

The Masonic Temple. — Government has decreed the finishing of 
this extensive building, and the Committee in charge is provided 
with the necessary funds. 



t68 THE LAND OF BOUVAR. [App. P. 

Fnmi dmOkm of (ke ITfmwntlgf.— Thia is a lumdioiiia gothie 
monoinen^ and the only one of this style in the eonntzy. It may 
be said that it is finished, ai what lemaina to be done ia trifling. 

The Pari OwBmm Bkmoa.—la the State of Bareekna, reqaiies 
expensive worics, as it is neoessaiy to dredge the Bay, buld a 
Coostom-honse, a warf and a Boad to unite it with Baxoelona. 
The whole of tliese worin are to be finished in march. 

The SUiiue of the Libertadar, is being cast in Europe, is already 
paid for, and will be inangorated next year. 

Bridge mm (ke Bker of MimMnaret.—Tht town of Comana is 
divided by this Biver, therefore its importance will be easDy 
anderstood, it is to be condoded in January. 

Port Sucre, Cumana. — Beqoires a Custom-honse, a warf, a 
Light-house, and a Buoy to be fixed at the point of Araya, also to 
repair the road which unites it with the town. These works are 
to be concluded by April 

The ParkaUs of the prominent Hen of the war of Independence, 
and those of the Presidents of Yenesuela, have been contracted 
for, and will be executed in Paris by a Yenesuelean artist^ who 
will deliver them up in the course of next year. 

IForks to he executed in the dishid of Rwero, State of Cumana. — 
To canalize the River Carinicuao, build a Bridge across the Biver, 
lay out a Boad from the Gulf to Caripe, and the irrigation of the 
lands bordering the Biver. These works have been commenced. 

The aqueduct of Gvanare^ has been ordered to be constructed, and 
the Committee intrusted with the work, has the funds necessary. 

The Aqueduct of Barquesimeto, — ^The engineer intrusted with 
this work has already been dispatched. 

Coal Mines of Barcelona, — For the necessary workings of these 
mines an engineer has been sent for from London, who is to 
make the surveys. 

School of sculpture, — The opening of this establishment having 
been decreed, it has already been effected. 

The acueduct of Valencia having been ordered to be constructed 
by Government, must already be commenced. 

The alameda of San Juan in Caracas, an especial committee has 
been appointed to lay out and enclose it 

The Barracks of San Carlos, the important repairs ordered have 
been executed. 

Territory of Amazones, — An engineer will proceed to this country 
to explore it as far as necessary, as former governments have at- 



App. P.] LIST OF PUBLIC WORKS, 269 

tended but little to this point, and a Committee of public works 
has been named to construct the public buildings and roads that 
may be required. 

Lazaretto of Cumand. — This institution possesses the needful 
funds for its support and amelioration. 

Public Works at Cardpano. — The repairs of the Warf, the 
public buildings and the light-house, have been ordered, and by 
this time will have been concluded. 

Irrigation from the River Manzanares, which was decreed by the 
President, — The necessary surveys have been made, and the 
works will shortly be inaugurated. 

Bead from Cumand to Maturin, — Last month this work was 
commenced, it is a costly enterprise, and will require time. 

Navigation of the " Vribante " and High-road from Vivas to San 
Cristdbal, — These two enterprises will open the communications 
with the States of the Cordillera, Zamora, Apure, and Guayana, 
and will give new life to the commerce of these districts, both 
are proceeding with rapidity. 

High-road from Coro of Barguisimeto, — This road has been layed 
out and already begun. 

Plaza " Guzman Blanco^^ in Valencia, — Government has granted 
the payment of the railings and the column they are to enclose, 
which have been ordered abroad. 

Boad from Cumand to Urica, — The survey is being made to lay 
out this line. 

High-road from Puerto de Tablas to Nueva Providencia, — This 
road which has been at a stand for some time past, has been 
taken in hand by the Government, and supplied with funds for 
its conclusion, which will be in three months. 

Pontoon-floating light-house on the Orinoco. — The vessel to be used 
for this purpose is being prepared, and in January it will be fixed 
at its station. 

IForks of the State of Zamora. — Government has decreed the 
following : 

The Dredging of the River Santo Domingo, and clearing it of 
several obstacles which impede its navigation. 

Canalizing of the River Canagud, and bringing all its waters to 
the branch which passes through "Delgadito" dike. 

The repairs of the house which is to serve as the national Col- 
lege of Barinas. 

The construction of a Bridge over the River Santo Domingo, 



270 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. P. 



at the wrUt of the town ; and laying oat the road from Rarinai 
to BarioitaSy so as to make it a good high*road 

It can be easily understood that with all the f<»egoing enter- 
prises the resources of the BepaUic are dsily inerearing^ and 
accounts for the warm support and enthousiasm with which, all 
classes of the people of Venezuela, second the Pkvsidents pro- 
positions of regeneration, causing the great presUge he enjoysL 

We conclude our present reriew by informing our foreign 
readers, that the eminent democrat^ Hector F. Varela, afker 
having been the object of the most enthusiast demonstrations, 
admiration and esteem on his arrival, both in this capital and 
La Ouairs,^in the midst of the feasts to the Liberator, — ^has 
since taken a trip through the States Qusman Blanco and Cara- 
bobo, in which he was received with splendid triumphs, which 
prove, how well the american people kuow how to appreciate, all 
this illustrious orator of Geneva has done, for the honour of the 
american cause, both proving his eloquence in Uie tribune, and 
in the columns of El Americana 

He is once more in our capital, having returned from his 
triumphant excursion, and this enlightened city continnes offer- 
ing him proofs of its gratitude, and its fraternal affection. 



Q. 

SELECT LIST OF BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, MAPS, AND MANU- 
SCRIPTS RELATING TO VENEZUELA. 

1. Acosta. Cuestion de Retracto Convencional. Niimero extra- 

ordinario de " El Toro." Por Cecilio Acosta. Car&cas, 
i860. 4to, pp. 14. 

2. Acosta. Doctrina Federal y Leys secundarias. For Cecilio 

Acosta. Caracas, 1869. 8vo, pp. 108. 
2a, Acosta, F, de P. See Rdjas, and Vargasia. 

3. Aem, Un Drama en Caracas, Novela de Costumbres, por 

Aecio [seud6nimo]. Puerto-Cabello. 8vo, pp. IL 322. 

4. Agricultor Venezolano. See Diaz. 

40. Aguirre, Lope de. See Simon, and Southey. 

5. Aldrey, Cuestion de Derecho piiblico intemacional de 

Venezuela (Sobre derechos y deberes de los estranjeros 
residentes y transeuntes en Venezuela). Fausto Theodoro 
de Aldrey. Caracas, 1865. 8vo, pp. 60. 
5a. Agriculture, See Cafe, Codazzi, Colombia, Cultivo, Diaz, 
Engel, Ernst, Larrazdbal, and Madriz. 

6. Alfonzo, La revolucion de 1867 & 1868, por Luis Ger6nimo 

Alfonzo. Caracas, 1868. 8vo, pp. 32. 

7. Almanaque. Almanaque port^til para el ano de 1869 y guia 

de la Ciudad de Car&cas. Caracas, 1868. 8vo, pp. 67. 

8. Almanaque. Almanaque para todos de Edjas Hermanos, 

para el ano de 1872. Caracas. i2mo, pp. 128. 

9. Alpine Journal. The Pico de Naiguat4, Venezuela (August 

1872), Account of its first ascent (November 1872). 

10. Appun. Unter den Tropen. Wanderungen durch Vene- 

zuela, am Orinoco, durch Britisch Guyana und am Amazon- 
enstrome in den Jahren 1 849-1 868. Von Carl Ferdinand 
Appun. Erster Band : Venezuela. Jena, 187 1. 8vo, pi. 

11. Apure. Diario hist<5rico de la Campana de Apure en 1837. 

Cartas, 1837. 8vo, pp. 50. 

1 2. Arancel. Arancel de Derechos de Importacion arreglado al 

sistema metrico decimal Edicion oficiaL Cardcas, 1870. 
8vo, pp. 93. 

13. Arrowsmith. West Indies (Map). By J. Arrowsmith. 

London, 1858. 
13a. Atlas. See Codazzi 



272 THE LAND OP JSOLIVAR. [Appi Q. 

14. Aveleda. ObiervadoiMM meleorolteieM en GarieM» aIKo da 
iS68w Leido en U Sodedad de CienciM fincM y natanlM 
de Caricasy en la aeaion del i de Febrero de i869» por 
Agasdn Areleda 8to^ pp. 4. 
40. Ardeda. See Yamna. 

5. Arvda. Poetiaa del Yeneiolano R Airela Caricac^ 1867. 
8yo, pp. 104. 

6. Atmeo (m). Periodioo quincenal de eiendat literatnra y 
artes. Tomo L Cariicai, 1854. 4to, pp. 124. 

6& AMdria. See Montilla. 

7. Audria. UnBecoflrdodeBoIiTar, por Jos^ Austria. CarieaSy 
1835. 8vo, pp. 63. 

70. Auttria, Boeqnejo de la Hietoria militar de Yenesuela en la 
Goeira de ra Independencia^ Por Colonel Jos^ de Austria. 
Tomo L (complete). CarAcas, 1855. 8yo, pp. 390. 

76. Aves, See Brice&o. 

8. Aviku Biografia del Doctor Jos^ CecQio Avila^ por Juan 
Vicente Gonzales. Caracas, 1858. 8yo, pp. 67. Portrait. 

8a. Baneo de Venezuda, See Documentos. 

9. BaraU y Diaz. Sestimen de la Historia de Yenesuela desde 
el descubrimiento, hasta el afio 1797, por Bafael Maria 

Baralt Ha cooperado it el en la jMUte relativa i Iob 

Sierras de la conquista de la Costa Firme el Seiior Ramon 
iaz. Paris, 1841. 8vo,pp448. Portraits. 

20. Baralt y Diaz. Resiimen de la Historia de Venezuela desde 

el afio de i797» hasta el de 1830, por Rafael Maria Baralt 
y Ramon Diaz. Paris, 1841. 8vo, 2 vols. Portraita 

2 1 . Baralt y Urbaneja. Gatedsmo de la historia de Venezuela, 

desde el descubrimiento de su terretorio in 1498, hasta su 
emancipacion politica de la monarquia espafiola en 181 1. 
Compuesto por Rafael M. Baralt y Manuel M. Urbaneja. 
Caracas, 1865. i8mo, pp 94. 
2ia. ** Barima," Manifiesto justificativo de la conducta del Go- 
biemo en esta cuestion. Por Diego Braulio B4rrios y 
Mariano Bricefio. Caricas, 1841. 8vo, pp. 23. 

22. Baring Bros. See Venezuelan Loan. 

23. Bdrrios. See " Barima." 

24. Becerra. £1 general Jos^ Tadeo Mon^igas. Apuntes bioeri- 

fico& Documentos politico^ Funeraies. Honores oficiiSea 
Por Ricardo Becerra. Edicion oficiaL Caracas, 1868. 
4to, pp xL 46. 

25. BMoy Andres. Coleccion de Poesias originates, con apuntes 

biogr&ficos, por J. M Torres Caiceda Caricas, 187a 
i2mo, pp 302. Portrait 

26. ^6^0, ^n^re5, Venezolana Silva Americana LaAgricultura 

de la Zona torrida Car4cas, 1863. i6mo, pp 15. 
2 7. Beniies. Principios para la Materia M^dica del pais en forma 



App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS 273 



de diccionario, per J. Maria Benites. Gardcas, 1844. 8vo, 
pp. 80. 
27a. Birds, See Sclater. 

28. Blanco, G, Informe sobre la epidemia reinante presentado al 

Poder Ejecutivo, por Dr. Ger6nimo Blanco. Caracas, 
1853. 8vo, pp. 19. 

29. BlancOf A, G. Exposicion que dirij6 el General Guzman 

Blanco, al Congreso de Plenipotenciarios de los Estados. 
Gardcas, 1870. 8vo, pp. 16. 

30. Blanco, A. G, See Godigo, Gatalogo, and Guzman Blanco. 
^oa. Blanco, M. See Yangues. 

^ob.Bohn, See Humboldt. 

30c. Bolet, R, See Rothe, and Terrero. 

31. Bold, N. Memoria sobre los efectos de las pildoras tocol6gi- 

cas en la curacion de los abortos. Por Dr. Nicanor Bolet. 
Cartas, 1867. Svo, pp. 20. With a lithograph plate. 

32. Bolet, N, La Salud de la Mujer conservada, por las pildoras 

tocol6gicas del Dr. Nicanor Bolet. Gardcas, 187 1. 8vo, 
pp. 24. 

33. Bolet Peraza, A Falta de Pan, buenos son Tortas. Gomedia 

de costumbres, en un acto, original Por Nicanor Bolet 
Peraza. GarAcas, 1873. 8vo, pp. 21. 

34. Bolet Peraza, See Spence. 

35. Bolet, H, Museo Venezolano. Tomo I. Bolet Hermanos 

editores. Gardcas, 1866. 4to. This excellent periodical 
terminated at the 24th number. 

36. Bolivar. Gampaiia del Peru, por el Ejercito Unido Liberta- 

dor, k las 6rdenes del inmortal Bolivar en los ailos de 
1823-24-25, con [3] mapas, por Manuel Antonio Lopez. 
GarAcas, 1843. 8vo, pp. 86. 

37. Bolivar. Correspondencia Greneral del Libertador Simon* 

BoHvar enriquecida con la insercion de los manifiestos, 
mensages, exposiciones, proclamas, &c. &c., publicados 
por el heroe Golombiano desde 18 10, hjvsta 1830. Pre- 
cede k esta col^ccion interesante la Vida de Bolivar. 
New York, 1865. 8vo. 2 vols. Portrait and facsimile. 
These two vols, contain only the life of Dr. Felipe 
Larrazdbal. 

38. Bolivar, Efem^ridas Golombianos sobre Venezuela, Golombia, 

Ecuador, que formaron en uno tienipo una sola republica. 
Paris, 1870. 8vo, pp. 140. There is a second title as 
follows : — Raciocinios del Libertador Simon Bolivar sobre 
Religion, Politica, Educacion, y Filosofia, 6 Diari6 de 
Bucaramanga, por La Groix. Paris, 1869. 

39. Bolivar, Los Funerales y la Apoteosis de Bolivar. Produc- 

ciones escojidas del Seiior Antonio L. Guzman. 7a edicion 
en Gardcas el 28 de Octubre de 1872. 8vo, pp. 84. Portrait 
VOL. IL s 



274 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q. 

40. Bolimr. Proclamas del Libertador Simon Bolivar. CahUsas, 

1842. 8vo, pp. [vi] 64. 

41. Bolivar. La Ultima Enfermedad, los nltimos momentos 7 

I08 funerales de Simon Bolivar, Libertador de Colombia 
y de Peru, por 8u medico de Cabacera el Dr. A. P. 
Reverend. Paris, 1866. 8vo, pp. 64. Portrait and 
view of S. Pedro Alejandrino. 

42. Bolivar and fFashington, See Urdaneta. 
42a, Bolivar, See Austria, Guzman, and Syers. 
42b. Bollaert, See Simon. 

43. Bonpland, A, See Ernst, and Humboldt 
43a. Bourgoin. See Yargasia. 

44. Bovadilla, Viaje que hizo Don Francisco Fernandez de 

Bovadilla desde la Guayana al Alto Orinoco. Original y 
firmado. MS. In the collection of the author. 
44a. BrasiL See Briceno, Documentos, and Michelena. 

45. Bric€flo. Memoria justificativa de la conducta del Gtobiemo 

de Venezuela en la question Isla de Aves, presentada al 
Exemo. Seuor Secretario de Estado de los Estados 
Unidos. Por el Enviado Estraordinario y Ministro Pleni- 
potenciario de Venezuela, Dr. Mariano Briceno. Caracas, 
1858. 4to, pp. 28. 

46. Briceno. Llmites del Brasil con Venezuela, Nueva Granada, 

Ecuador, y Peru. Por Mariano de Briceno. Caracas, 
1854. i2mo, pp. 36. 

47. Briceno. See "Barinui," 
4 7 a. Cacao. See Cafe. 

48. Cafe. Memoria de los abonos, cukivo y beneficios que nece- 

sitan los diversos valles do la proviucia de Caracas para la 
plantacion de Cafe. Instruccion para el gobiemo de las 
haciendas de Cacdo. Caracas, 1833. 4to, pp. 90. Plate, 
4Sa. Cafe. See Madriz, aud Schoeffer. 

49. Caicedo. See Bello. 

50. C alcana. El Lefiador. Legenda Americana. Por Jos6 An- 

tonio Calcauo. CarAcas, 1857. 8vo, pp. 40. 

51. Calendar to. Calendario Manual y Quia universal de Foras- 

teros en Venezuela, para el ano de 18 10. Caracas en la 
imj)renta de Gallagher y Lamb. 8vo, pp. 64. This rare 
work is one of the oldest specimens of Venezuelan printing. 
51a. Cam Dulce. See Engel. 

52. Caracas. See Constituciones, Contestacion, Diaz, Ernst, 

LarrazAbal, Manuscript, and Kevenga. 

53. Caracas. Reglamento general del " Club Union." Caracas, 

187 1. 8vo, pp. 8. 
53a. Caratal Gold FiMs. See Foster. 

54. Cardenas. See Garcia. 

55. Can-eilo. Manual de urbanidad y buenas maneras, para un 



App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 275 

de la jeventud de am bos sexos. . . . Por Manuel Antonio 
Carreno. Caracas, 1853. 8vo, pp. xvi. and 318. 

56. Castillo. Teatro de la Legislacion Oolombiana y Venezolana 

vigente. Por Dr. P. P. del Castillo. Caracas, 1852. 
•3 vok 4to, pp. 592, 549, 412. 
56a. Casas, See Defensa. 

57. Castro, Confesion de Julian Castro y Sentencia de la Nacion 

Venezolana. Ann de 1858. Caracas. 8vo, pp. 29. A 
political satire on a former President of the Republic. 

58. Catalogo. De los cuadros, fotograflas y esculturas espuestas 

en la primera esposicion venezolana anual llevada & cabo en 
1872, bajo los auspicios de los seilores Jeneral A. Guzman 
Blanco, Presidente provisional de la Republica, Ministros de 
Fomento, Dr. Martin J. Sanavria y de RelacionesEsteriores, 
Antonio L. Guzman, y del Gobemador del Distrito federal. 
Dr. Jesus Maria Paul Caracas. Fol. pp. 4. 
58a. Catalogiie, See Spence. 

59. Catdin. Historia corografica, natural y evangelica de la 

Nueva Andalucia, provincias de Cuman4, Nueva Barce- 
lona, Guayana y vertientes del rio Orinoco. Por Antonio 
Caulin. 4 to, pp. 460. 

60. Chirinos. Carta postal de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela, 

por Rafael Chirinos. Caracas, 1873. One sheet. 
60a. Chitty, See Vargasia. 
6o5. Clvh, See Caracas, and Ernst. 

61. Codazzi Atlas flsico politico de la Repiiblica de Venezuela 

dedicado, por su autor, el Coronel de Ingenieros Agustin 
Codazzi, al congreso constitugente de 1830. Caracas, 
1840. Folio, pp. 8. 19 maps. 

62. Codazzi, Catecismo de la Geografla de Venezuela. Por 

Agustin Codazzi. Caracas, 1867. i2mo, pp. 80. 

63. Codazzi, Proyecto de poblar con las razas teut6nicas los 

terrenos altos y hasta ahora incultos de Venezuela. Car^ 
cas, 1842. 8vo, pp. 14. With map. 

64. Codazzi, Rapport sur les travaux g^ographiques et statisques 

ex^cutds dans la r^publique de Venezuela, d'apr^ lesordres 
du Congr^, par M. le Colonel Codazzi Paris. 4to, pp. 
18. (Extrait des Comptes renduo des stances de 
PAcad^mie des sciences, stance du 15 Mars, 1841.) 

65. Codazzi, Restimen de la Geografla de Venezuela, por Agustin 

Codazzi Paris, 1841. 8vo, pp. 648. 

66. Codazzi, See Milan, R6jas, and Rosa. 

67. Codigo, Codigo civil sancionado, por el Congreso de los 

Estados Unidos de Venezuela desde su descubrimiento 
y conquista hasta que se declar6 estado independiente. 
Caracas, 1840. 8vo, pp. xL 192. 

68. Codigo, Codigo civil sancionado, por el General Guzman 

Bianco, Presidente provisional de la Republica y General 



276 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q. 

en jefe de bus ejercitoa. Edicion oficiaL Caricas, 1873. 
Folio, pp. 183-5. Codigo Penal, ppi 78, 2. Codigo de 
Comercio, pp. 112, 2. 

69. Citleccion. Colecdon general de los Tratados pdblicos Gele- 
brados por Colombia y Venezuela con varias naciones de 
Europe y America. Garicas, 184a 8yo, ppi 151. 

69(1. Coiondtia: being a Greographical, Statisticid, Agricultural, 
Commercial, and Political Account of that country, adapted 
for the general reader, the Merchant, and the Colonist. 
London, published by Baldwin, Cradock, & Son. 1822. 

696. Colombia. The present State of Colombia, containing an 
account of the principal events of its revolutionary war, 
the expeilitions fitted out in England to assist in its 
emancipation ; its constitution, financial, and commercial 
laws ; revenue, expenditure, and public debt ; agriculture, 
mines ; mining and other associations, with a map exhibit- 
ing its mountains, rivers, departments, and province& 
By an Officer late in the Colombian service. London : 
John Murray, Albemarle Street 1827. 

6gc. Cdomh'uL See Bolivar, Briceiio, Castillo, Garcia y Garcia, 
Leyes, Lisboa, Michelena, and BecoUections. 

7 a Cdoinhia. Constitucion de la Republica de Colombia. Cara- 
cas, 1822. 4to, pp. 4a 

70a. Colon. See Montenegro. 

71. Colonia Tovar. Boletin de la Colonia Tovar. (In Spanish 

and Germaa) Nos. 1-5 complete. Colonia Tovar, 1843. 
8vo, pp. 42. 
jia. Cotif/rciio. See Bknco, Castillo, Codazzi, Codigo, Consti- 
tucion, and Guzman. 

72. Couslitucion. Constitucion politica del Estado de Venezuela 

formada por su segundo Congreso Nacional, y presentada 

a los pueblos para su saucion, el dia 15 de Agosto de 18 19. 

Improsa en Angostura; reimpresa 4 Habana, 182 1. 4to, 

pp. 60. 
72 a. Coif' ridge. See Form. 
726. Comedia. See Drama. 

73. Comiitucioi}. Constitution de los Estados Unidos de Vene- 

zuela. Edicion oficial. Caracas, 1864. 4to, pp. 52. 

74. Constitucion^s. Constituciones synodales de Venezuela y San- 

tiago Leon de Caracas. Hechos en la Santa Iglesia Catedral 
de diclio Ciudad de Caracas, en el ano del Senor de 1687. 
Por el ilustrlsimo y reverendlsimo Senor Dr. Don Diego de 
Bancs y Sotomayor, Obispo de dicho Obispada Madrid, 
1 761. Folio, pp. 495. New edit. 1848, pp. viiL 486. 

75. Cmitestacion. Contestacion veridica, y formal, que se hace al 

manifiesto,que ha dadoal publico laCompania Guipuzcoana 
de Caracas, sobre los Beneficios, que de su estable cimiento 
han redundado al Estado, a la Beal Hacienda, al buen 



App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 277 

publico, ya los verdaderos interesses de la Provincia de 
Caracas fundada en hechas de tan inexorable verdad, que 
lo mas se pueden diferir a lo que sabe, y ha experimentado 
el mismo Director, Autor del Manifiesto. Caracas, 1 748. 
Folio, pp. 62. 

75a. Coronado. See Vargasia. 

755. Correspandencia. See Bolivar, Paez, and R6ja8. 

75c. Cotton. See Cultivo. ' 

76. Crame. See Manuscript. 

77. Question. Cuestion pegones y Tacamahaca. Valencia, 1858. 

8vo, pp. 12. 

78. Cuestion. Cuestion promovida por los Agentes de Francia y 

de la Gran Bretana. (Expulsion of General Monagas.) 
Caracas, 1858. 8vo, pp. 49. 

79. Cultivo. Cultivo del algodon *' Sea Island." Caracas, 1869. 

8vo, pp. 7, 
79a. Cumanagota. See Yangues. 
796. Dance. Recollections of Four Years in Venezuela, by 

Charles Daniel Dance, a Mission Priest in the Diocese of 

Guiana. London, 1876. (Henry S. King & Co.) With 

a map and three illustrations. 

80. Defensa. Defensa documentada de la conducta del Coman- 

dante de la Guayra Sr. Manuel Maria de las Casas, en la 
prision del General Miranda y entrega de aquella plaza & 
los espanoles en 181 2. Caracas, 1843. ^^^7 PP* 74* 

81. Delgado. Tablas que indica diariamente la hora media en 

Caracas y demas puntos de Venezuela, el momento en que 
i la luz del creptisculo di la tarde se lea con dificultad este 
escrito. Por Elias Delgado. Cardcas, 1862, one leaf. 

82. Diaz. El Agricultor Venezolano 6 Lecciones de Agricultura 

practica nacionaL Por Jos^ A. Diaz. Car&cas, 186 1-4. 
8vo, 2 vols. 
82a. Diaz, J. D. Recuerdos sobre la rebelion de Car4cas. Por 
Jos6 Domo. Diaz. Madrid. Ymprenta de D. Leon 
Amarita, Plazuela de Celenque, 1829. 

83. Diaz, R. See Baralt 

2t^a. DiaSy M. V. See Vargas, and Vargasia. 

84. Documentos. Documentos relativos al establecimiento del 

Banco de Venezuela. Caracas, 1861. 8vo, pp. 177. 

85. Documentos, Documentos relativos k la cuestion de limites y 

navigacion fluvial entre el Imperio del Brasil, y la Reptiblic 
de Venezuela. Caracas, 1859. 8vo, pp. 165. Map. 
85a. Drama, See Aecio, Bolet, Escobar, Maufredo, and Perez. 

86. Dupons. Travels and Description of the Carracas. London, 

1807. 8vo. 

87. Eastwick, Venezuela; or. Sketches of Life in a South 

American Republic ; with the history of the Loan of 1864. 



2 78 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q. 

By Edwani B. Eastwick, C.R, F.RS. London, 1868 

(Chapman & Hall). 8vo. Map. 
87a. Ecuador, See Brice&o, Garcia 7 Grarciay LUbda, and 

Michelena. 
876. Educacion. See Bolivar. 
%^, Educacion, Projectos de leys sobre instrnccion ptiblica j 

proteccion de cultos, dedicadoe & la legislatara de 1839. 

Por un Ciudadano entusiasta de la prosperidad de su 

patria. Caracas, 1838. 8vo, pp. 9. 

89. E/emcrides Colombianos, See Bolivar. 

90. Engel, Elstadio Sobre la Cana Dulce, en el Estado Aragoa. 

Por Louis Engel. Dedicado a sus amigos los Sefiores Dr. 
Martin J. Sanavria, Ministro de Fomento, y James M. 
Spence. (La Opinion Nacional, Feb. 10, 1872.) 

91. Ernst. Apuntes biograficos sobre Amadeo Bonpland leidos 

en la sesion de el de Noviembre de 1869, de la Sociedad 
de Ciencias fisicas y naturales de Caracas. Por A. Ernst 
Carlicas, 1869. 8vo, pp. 18. 

92. Ernst. Consideraciones Getierales sobre los maniiferos F68iles 

y especialmente sobre el Mastadonte de San Juan de los 
Morros. Por A. Ernst La Opinion Nacional. Julio 

1874. Nos. 1575-76-77-79- 

93. Ervst Das Thai von Caracas in Venezuela. Von A. Ernst 

(Globus XX. 25.) 
94 Ernst. Detenuinacion barometrica de la altura de Caracas. 
[Por A. Ernst] Estracto del acta del Colegio de Ingenieros 
(i»^ Venezuela sosion de 23 de Marzo de 1870. Caracas, 
1870. Svo. 

95. Ern^f. Francia, Alsacia y Lorena. [Por Charles Leland.] 

Traducido del Ingles [por A. Ernst]. Caracas, 187 1. 
Svo, pp. 22. 

96. Ernst. La Feculo y los plantas farin^ceos del Nuevo 

Mundo. Por A. Ernst. Puerto-Cabello, 1873. i2mo, 
pp. 18. 

97. Ernst, Proben venezuelanischer Volksdichtung, von A. 

Ernst in Cardcas. (Globus, vol. xviii. p. 9.) 

98. Ernst. Reile bei der von dem deutschen Club in Caracas, 

am 22 Marz 187 1 veranstalteten Feier <les Geburtstages 
Kaiser Wilhelms I , gehalten von A. Ernst. Caracas, 187 1. 
8vo, pp. 14. Also a Spanish edit, traducido del Aleman 
por el Licenciado Rafael Seijas. pp. 14. 

99. Ernst. Sertulum Naiguatense : Notes on a small collection 

of Alpine plants from the suraniit of Naiguatd in the 
mountains of Caracas. By A. Ernst, PLD., &c. (Jour- 
nal of Botany, Sept. 1872.) 

99a. Erfist. See linger, and Vargasia. 

996. Esdaviiud. See Ley. 



App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 279 

100. Escobar. Viaje fantastico en 3 Ganto& For Eloi Escobar. 

Gardcas, 1857. 8vo, pp. 48. 

1 01. Escobar. Nicolas Eienzi Drama en 4 actos 7 en versoa 

For Eloi Escobar. Caracas, 1862. 8vo, pp. 62. 

102. Espinosa. Batalla de Santa Ines 6 rasgo hisuSrico sobre la 

Campaiia del occidente en 1859. For J. M. Espinosa 
Gar&cas, 1866. 8vo, pp. 29. 
10 3a. Estadistica. See Larraz4bal. 

103. Estctdistica de Fenezuda. Memoria de la Direccion general 

de Estadistica al Fresidente de los Estados Unidos de 
Venezuela en 1873. Folio, pp. xyi. 311, 320, 288, xzzvii 
Edited by Greneral Andres A. Level 

104. Estadistica de Vmezuda. Frimeros Actos del Ejecutivo 

Federal para la Estadistica de Venezuela. Edicion oficiaL 
Garicas, 187 1. Folio. 
104a. Fecula. See Ernst 

105. FerrocarriL Los Empresarios del ferrocarril central de 

Venezuela al publico. Valencia, 1858. 8vo, pp. 58. 
105a. Ferrocarril. See Geneste. 
1056. Fine Arts Exhihition. See Gatalogo. 

106. Flores de Pascaa. Goleccion de composiciones escritas por 

Venezolanos. Garicas, 185 1 and 1866. 8vo. 
1 06a. Forasteros. See Galendario. 

107. Form. Form of Gonsecration of the British Ghapel and 

Burial-ground, according to the Kites and Geremonies of 
the Ghurch of England, by William Hart Goleridge, D.D., 
Lord Bishop of Barbadoes and the Leeward Islands. 
Gar&cas, 1834. (Spanish and English.) Folio, pp. la 
107a. Fosiles. See Ernst. 

108. Foster. On the Garatal Gold Fields. By G. Le Neve 

Foster, B.A.D.Sc., F.G.S. (Quarterly Journal of Geologi- 
cal Society, vol. xxv. p. 336, June 1869.) 
loSa. Gallagher. See Galendario. 

109. Garcia y Reveron. Noticia biogrdfica del Doctor y General 

Gronzalo Gdrdenas. For Luis Felipe Garcia y Reverun. 
GarAcas, 1869. 4to, pp. vL 46. 
no. Garcia y Garcia. Kelacciones de los vireyes del Reino de 
Granada, ahora Estados Unidos de Venezuela, Estados 
Unidos de Golombia y Ecuador, compiladas y publicadas 
el Sr. Dr. D. por J. A. Garcia y Garcia. New York, 
1869. 8vo, pp. 705. 

111. Geografia. See Bovadilla, Godazzi, Golombia, Document(Js, 

Gumilla, Humboldt, Michelena, Montenegro, ll6jas, and 
Wappaus. 

112. Geneste. Ferrocarril de la Guayra. In forme sobre el pro- 

yectado Ferrocarril de via angosta Narrow Gage (systema 
do Fairlie) dc Caracas al mar. By F. A. B, Geneste, 



28o THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. Q. 

dated London, Mar. 24, 1874. La Opinion Nacional, 10 

June 1874. 
1 1 2a, Gfoiogical SmHy. See Foster. 
1 1 26. Gobierna See Aldrcy, " Barima," Beceira, Blanco, Briceno, 

Caf6, Godoi, Madariaga, Michelena, R^Sjas, and Villafane. 

113. Godoi, Manuel B. Decano de los porteros de la casa de 

Gobierno, Apuntes para la Historia. Sacesoe occurridos 
en el palacio de Gobiemo en Caricas. Cartois, 1862. 
8vo, pp. II. 

114. Gonzalez, Las Fiestas de la Pascua. For Jorge Rodit 

Gonzalez. Caracas, 1868. 8vo, pp. 31. 
1 14^. Got ring. See Yargasia. 

1 1 5. Gonzales. Veneznela y los MonAgas UnimpersonaL Por 

J. V. G. CahUsas, 1838. 8vo, pp 37. 
1 1 5(/. Gonzalez, See Avila. 

1 1 6. Gn)Sin)urdif, Renato de, £1 M^ico botAnico criolla Paris. 

Parte jtrimera : Flora medical y litil de los AntilUs y de 
la parte corrcspondiente del Continente Americano. 
Tomo I. Botanica elemental, M^todo dicot6mico, &c. 8vo, 
pp. 426. Tomo IL Familias, &c. 8vo, pp. 512. Parte 
segunda : Compendio de Terapdutica vejetal de las Antil- 
les y de la parte correspondiente del Continente Ameri- 
cano. 2 tomos (in. and IV.), 8vo, pp. 416, 511. 
\i6fi. Glial, See Kelacion. 

117. Guard in, Coleccion do Poesias Originales por Heraclio M. 

(le la Guardia. Caracas, 1870. [Havre printed.] 8vo, 
])p. 254. Portrait. 
117//. Guardia. See Vargasia, 

1 1 'jb. Guayana. See Appun, Bovadilla, Caulin, Dance, Manu- 

script, Michelena, and Tate. 

11 8. GmnUhi. Historia natural, civil, y geographica de las 

Naciones situadas en las Riveras del Rio Orinoco. Su 
autor cl P. Jos. Guniilla. Nueva imprcsion correcta. 
Barcelona, 1791. 4to, pp. xvi. 360, 352. With plates. 
1 i^n.Guijmzcoana Compaflia, See Contestacion, and Real 

1 1 9. Gutierrez, Religion y Bellas Artes. Estudia sobre los tem- 

ples antiguos y modernos y la catedral de Caracas. Por 
Rafael HemAiidez Gutierrez. Caracas, 1867. 8vo, pi>. 
88. Portrait of Arclibishop Silvestre Guevara. 

120. Guzman J A. L. El Venezolano. Numero extraordinario 

del 17 de Diciembre de 1843. Priinero Aniversario. [4 to, 
Rt'impresion del editorial del numero 149, publicado el 
20 de Diciembre 1842. Por Antonio Leocadio Guzman.] 
Cardcas, 1853. Folio. With page of engravings relating 
to Bolivar's second funeral. 

12 1. Guzman, A. L, Informe de S.E. el Vice-presidente de la 

Republica sobre iumunidades consulare& Reimpresion 



App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS, 281 

oficial. Cardcas, 1871. Svo, pp. 51. Signed Antonio L. 
Guzman, and dated April 12 de 1852. 

122. GuzmaUy A. L. See Bolivar, and Venezuelan loan. 

123. Guzman Blanco. Mensaje del General Guzman Blanco 

presentado al congreso constitucional de 1873 las leys, 
diecretos, resoluciones, documentos, medidas de fomento 7 
ornato las codigos de hacienda, civil, penal mercantil y 
militar, y todo lo hecho durante su dictatura desde 1870 
hasta 1873. Caracas, 1873. Folio, pp. 24, 911. 

1 24. Hawkshaw. Reminiscences of South America : from two 

and a half years' residence in Venezuela. By John Hawk- 
shaw, F.G.S. London. i2mo, 1838. 

124a. Hippisley. A narrative of the expedition to the Rivers 
Orinoco and Apure, in South America ; which sailed from 
England in November 181 7, and joined the patriotic forces 
in Venezuela. By G. Hippisley, Esq., late Colonel of the 
first Venezuelan Hussars, in the service of the Republic, 
and Colon el-Comandante of the British Brigade in South 
America. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 181 9. 

124b. Historia, See Baralt, Caulin, (Godoi), Gumilla, Oviedo y 
Banos, and Simon. 

125. Humboldt, Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoc- 

tial Region of America, during the years 1 799-1804. By 
Alexander von Humboldt and Aim6 Bonpland. Trans- 
lated by Thomasina Ross. London, 1852-53. 3 vola 

126. Humboldt, Recuerdos de Humboldt For Aristidos R6jas. 

Reimpresion de La Opinion Nacional. Puerto-Cabello, 
1874. 8vo, pp. 36. 

127. Humboldt. Views of Nature. By Alexander von Humboldt. 

Translated by E C. Ott6 and Henry G. Bohn. London, 
1850. 8vo, pp. 452. 
127a. Humboldt. See R6jas and Vargasia. 

128. illustrated LoTidan News, Peak of Naiguatd, Venezuela. 

(August 24, 1872.) With a woodcut. 

129. Indigenas, Ley sobre su reduccion y civilizacion. Caracas, 

1863. 8vo, pp. 23. 
1 29a. Indigenas, See Level and Pompo. 

130. Irisarri Historia Critica del asesinato cometido en la 

persona El Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho. Por Antonio 
Jos6 de Irisarri. Caracas, 1846. 8vo, pp. 266. 

i3oaw Journal of Botany, See Ernst. 

1 306. Kingsley. Westward Ho ! or. The Voyages and Adventures 
of Sir Amyas Leigh, Knight of Burrough, in the county of 
Devon, in the reign of her most glorious Majesty Queen 
Elizabeth. Rendered into modern English by Chai*les 
Kingsley. (7 th ed.) London and New York (Macmillan 
& Co.), 187 1. 8vo, pp. 519. 



289 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q. 

130& Kingttotk The Wanderers ; or, Adventares in the Wilds of 
Trinidad and the Orinoea By W. H. G. Kingstoa Lon- 
don (T. Nelson & Sons), 1876. 8vo, ppi 393. With 
illustrationa 

131. LaGraix. SeeBoliyar. 
131a. Lamb. See Calendaria 
131& Loffo ie AsfaUcL See B6jaSb 

132. Lander. Los Tribonales de Comereio y la Constitadon. 

Por Tomas Lander. Garieas, 1837. 8vo, pp. i& 

133. LanAerat. Venecnela pintoresca, 6 vistas de Jas principales 

ciudades, pueblos, rios, lagos y m6ntes de la Bepdblica de 
VenesnehL Por Henrique Van Lansberga GarioaSy 1853. 
8vo» pp. 38. Only two nombers appesred. 

134. La Bmsta. See Spenoe. 

135. Larrazdbal, J, Eetadistica general de la provincia de Cara- 

cas en 1855. Garicas, 1856. Svo, ppi 73. Gompiled by 
Juan Larraz&baL 

136. Larrazdbal. See Bolivar, and Vargasia. 

137. Larrazdbal Historie de los Seminarios dericalea Por 

Felipe LarrazibaL Caricas, 1856. 8vo, pp. 13a 

1 38. Larrazdbal Memoria sobre lais verdaderas causes del atraso 

de nuestra Agricultura y los medios mas convenientes 
para restablecerhk Por Felipe LarrazibaL Gartois, 

1869. ^^^y PP* 5^* 

139. Larrazdbal. Principias de Derecho politico 6 Elementos de 

la Cicncia constitucionaL Por Felipe LarrazibaL Cara- 
cas, 1864. 8vo, pp. viii. 212. 
139(1. Las Casas, See Det'ensa. 

140. Las CasaSy I $42. "Of the Realme of Vene8uela,"pp. 1587 

and 1 588 of voL iv. Of " Purchas, his Pilgrims," London, 
folio, 1625, being part of chapter iv. "A briefe narration 
of the destruction of the Indies by the Spaniards, written 
by a Frier Bart de la Casas, a Spaniard, and Bishop of 
Chiapa, in America." (Copied by Purchas, from the 
English edition of Las Casas, 1583.) 

141. Lei Lei de 1 6 de Junio de 1 865 sobre consulados y agencias 

comcrciales de la republica en paises estraiijeros. Ediciou 
oficiaL Caracas, 1872. 8vo, pp. 11. 

142. Leland. See Ernst 

142a. Li mites. See Briceuo, and Documeutos. 

143. Lengvaje de las Flares. See R6jas. 

144. Leseur y Yanes, Entretenimiento Familiar destinado a las 

personas de ambos sexos quo quieran aprender a jugar el 
Whist. Translated by John K Leseur and Emilo Yanes. 
Car4cas, 1872. i2mo, pp. 74. 

145. Level, A. A, See Estadisiica. 

f 46. Level A, E, luforme sobre el estado actual de los distritos do 



App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 283 

reduccion de indigenas — Alto-Orinoco, Central y Bajo 
Orinoco, 7 medidas que reclaman. Presentado a S. K el 
Poder Ejecutivo por el visitador nombrado al efecto (Andres 
K Level). Caracas, 1850. 4to, pp. 98. Lithograph plates. 

147. Ley, Ley y Keglamento sobre abolicion de la esclavitud en 

Venezuela. Car&cas, 1854. 8vo, pp. 20. 

148. Leys de Venezuela, Cuerpo de Leys de Venezuela con un 

indice — tomo primero que comprende todos los actos 
legislativos desde 1830 hasta 1850 — todos los tratados — 
y un ap^ndice de las leys vigentes de Colombia. Edicion 
oficiaL Car&cas, 185 1. 8vo, pp. xvi 831. 
148a. Lays de Venezuela, See Acosta, Aldrey, Codigo, Educacion, 
Estadistica, Guzman, Indigenas, Lei, rimentel, and Sanojo. 

149. Lisbda, Kela9&o de uma Viagem a Venezuela, Nova Gra- 

nada e Equador pelo Conseilhero [M. M.] Lisbda. Brux- 
ellas, 1866. 8vo, pp. 393. With engravings. 
149a. Loan. See Baring, and Eastwick. 

150. Lopez, See Bolivar. 

151. Lozano, Coleccion de poesias originales por Abigail Lozano. 

1864. 4to, pp. 472. 

152. Madariaga, Diario y observaciones del Presbitero Jos^ 

Cortes Madariaga en su regreso de Santa ¥6 & Garicas 
por la via de los rios Negro, Meta, y Orinoco, despues de 
haber concluido la comision que obtuvo de su Gobiemo, 
para acordar los tratados de alianza entre ambos £stado& 
4to, pp. 43. 

153. Madriz. Cultivo del Caf6, por F. G. Madriz. Paris, 1869. 

8vo, pp. vii 167. At p. 97 commences "El Comercio 
de Caf6, por H. Schoffer, traducido del Aleman, por el 
joven Diego Bautista Urbaneja. 

154. Maitin, Obras Po^ticas de Jos6 A. Maitin. Caracas, 185 1. 

8vo, pp. xxiil 163. 

155. Man/redo, Una Culpa. Drama en un acto, por Manfredo. 

Bogota, 1866. 8vo, pp. 4a 

156. Manuscript, — i. Nuevo Reino de Granada. CadU»». De- 

scripcion de la Provincia de Cuman4, por el Virrey de Santa 
F6e, Don Jorge de Villalonga en 1720 median te informe 
de un practico. Notas para al mas pronta comprehenscion 
del Mapa General de la Governacion de Cumani, por El 
Govemador Coronel Don J086 Dibuja y Villagomez en 
1 761 (no esta el mapa), Yncluyes^la de Barcelona, habla 
del Coroni, Surinam, Guayana, Orinoco, estado y regimen 
de las Missiones, estadistica, &c. Brebe Noticia del Gran 
Rio Orinoco, particularmente desde el Puento y Castillo 
de S. Francisco hasta el mar y sobre el establecimento y 
fuerzas HoUandezas por el mismo. 4to, 142 leaves. 
2. Nuevo Kc} no de Granada. Maracaybo. Plan de Defensa 



284 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q. 



para la Provincia de Maracaybo hecho de orden del Bey, 
por el Brigadier de Ynfanteria Don Agustin Crame de 
acuerdo 7 con aprobadon del Coronel Dr. Francisco de 
Santa Cruz GoTemador y commte 6ral de dicha Provincia. 
AWa /i>M de Gtografid, 

1 5611. Map, See Arrowsmith, Bolivar, Codazzi, Colombia, Doca- 
mentos, Eastwick, Manuscript^ Millan, Paez, and R6jas. 

1 566. Mnrkham, See S'mon. 

157. Marcano, See Vargasia. 

158. Maracaybo. Descripdon de los actos y regocijos pablicos 

que tuvieron lugar con motivo de la bendicion e inaugura- 
cion del Palacio Gobiemo. Maracaybo, 1868. Folio, pp. 21. 
iSSa.Afnrtely M. Proceso de los PresUterus Doctores Martin 
Tamayo, Domingo Quintero y sus complices, acusados del 
horrendo crimen cometidos m los dias ocho y nueve de 
Julio de mil ocho cientos sesenta y cinca Gar&cas, 1872. 
8vo, pp. 20. 

159. Medial, See Benites, Bolet, Grossourdy, and Pompo. 

160. Memorias, Memorias de la Sodedad Econ6mica de Amigos 

del Pai& Car&cas 1831 hasta 1835. 8yo, 2 vols. 
i6oa. Mendtz. See Revenga. 
1606. Mefisaje. See Guzman. 

161. Michelnm y Rdjas, Exploracion oficial por la primera vez 

desde el norte del America del sur siempre por rios, en- 
trando por las bocas del Orin6co, de los valles de este mismo 
y del Meta, Casiquiare, Rio-Negro 6 Guaviare y Amaz6nas, 
hasta Nauta en el alto Maranon 6 Amaz6nas, arriba de las 
bocas del Ucayali bajada del Aniaz6nas hasta el AtUntico 
comprendido en ese inmenso espacio los Estados de Vene- 
zuela, Guayana Inglesa, Nueva Granada, Br&sil, Ecuador, 
Peru, y Bolivia. Viaje & Rio de Janeiro desde Belen en 
el Gran Pari, por el AtUntico, tocando en las capitales de 
las principale provincias del Imperio en los anos, de 1855, 
hasta 1859, por T. Michelena y R6jas. Publicada bajo 
los auspicios del Gobiemo de los Estados Unidos de Vene- 
zuela. Bruselas, 1867. 8vo, pp. 684. 

162. Millan. Mapa fisico, politico, 6 historico de los Estados 

Uuidos de Venezuela sacada del mapa atlas del Greneral 
Agustin Codazzi en 187 1. Por Bonifacio Coronado 
Millan. One sheet. 

1 63. Millan. Teneduria de libras por partida doble, seguida de 

un apdndice que trata de conocimientos generales de co- 
mercio y cdlculas mercantiles. Por Bonifacio Coronado 
Millan. Cardcas, 1868. 4to, pp. 112. 

1 63a. Minerals. See Plant. 

163 A. Miranda. See Defensa. 

163c Monedas. See Prontuario. 



App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS 285 

164. Mondgas y Paez. Being a brief view of the late events in 

Venezuela. New York, 1850. 8vo, pp. 80. 

165. Mondgas, J, T, See Becerra, Question, Gonzalez, and Ponte. 

166. Mondgas, Bosquejo historico de la vida militar del ilustre, 

General en Jefe Jos6 Tadeo Mondgas, durante la guerra de 
nuestra independencia. Car&cas, 1855. 8vo. Portrait 

167. Montenegro, Geografia general para el uso de lajuventud 

de Venezuela. [Por Feliciano Montenegro Colon.] CarA- 

cas, 1 833- 1 83 7. 4 vola 
167a. Montilla, Biografia del General de Division Mariano Mon- 

tilla del 6rden de libertadores. Por CoL Juan Austria. 

Caracas, 1851. 8vo, pp. 23. 
1 67 ft. Museo Fenezolano, See Bolet 
167c. Mtisic See Rothe. 

168. Naiguaid, See Alpine Journal, Ernst, Illustrated London 

News, and Spence. 
1 68a. Nueva Granada, See Colombia. 
168& Orinoco, See Bovadilla, Caulin, Gumilla, Kingston, Level, 

Madariaga, Manuscript, and Michelena 

169. Orsua, See Southey. 
169a. Ores, See Plant. 
1696. Otte, See Humboldt. 

1 70. Oviedo y Bailos, Historia de la Conquista y poblacion de la 

provincia de Venezuela. Primera Parte. Por Jos^ de 
Oviedo y Banos. Madrid, 1 7 23. 4to. There was a new 
edition. Cartas, 1824. ** The second volume^ if ever really 
published, is supposed now to be lost. It is said to have been 
destroyed by Los Mantuanos, as it threw some unpleasant light 
upon their family history,** 

171. Paez, R, Travels and Adventures in South and Central 

America. First Series : Life in the Llanos of Venezuela. 
By Don Eamon Paez. London, 1 868. 8vo. Map and 
plates. 

172. Paez, Autobiografia del GeneralJos6 Antonio Paez. Nueva 

York, 1867, 1869. Two vols. 8vo, pp. 576 and 488. 
172a. Paez, See Mondgas. 

173. Paez, Carta que el General Jos^ A. Paez escribi6 de la carcel 

deCar4cas 4 un amigo suyo. Caracas, 1850. 8vo, pp. 21. 

174. Paez, Documents relative to the public life of General 

Jos6 A. Paez. New York, 1854. 8vo, pp. 67. 

175. Paez, £1 General J. A. Paez en los Estados Unidos. New 

York, 1850. 8vo, pp. 33. 

176. Pardo. Meditaciones sobre el desastre de CumanA. Por 

Francisco de Paula Pardo. Caracas, 1852. 8vo, pp. 23. 

177. Perez, Lo que siembras cajer^s. Comedia original de 

costumtumbras en 3 actos y en prosa. Por Francisco de 
S4les Perez. Caracas, 1869. 8vo, pp. 56. 



286 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. Q. 

iyja,PeraM, See Bole t. 
1 776. Perrey, See Rdjas. 
177c Peru. See Bolivar, Briceno, and Michelena. 

178. PeneU, See Codigo, and Guzman. 
178a. Piar, See Syers. 

1 786. Pimeniel y Roth, Resamen Cronol6gico de las Leys y Decre- 
tos del credito Pablico de Venezuela, desde el ano 1826 ; 
Cuenta general hasta 31 de Diciembre de 1872. Liquid- 
acion de todos los contratoe desde 1864 precedida de un 
resumen de todos ellos, y coadros demostrativos de las 
operaclones del mismo Credito Publico, por el Ministro 
del Ramo Francisco Pimentel y RotL Caricas, 1873. 
Folio, pp. cxxxix. 412. 

1 79. Pita, £1 Consultor del Sistema M^trica 6 tablas de redac- 

cion. Obra escrita y publicada por don Eduardo Sanchez 
Pita. Madrid, 1868. 8vo, pp. 254, 

180. Pizarro^ Franz, 1525. in Abschnitt II. (*' Niederlassungen an 

der Kiiste von St. Martha, Venezuela, und Toro"), pp. 47- 
56, of Capitel II. (''Rcisen und Entdeckungen gegen Siiden 
von America") of voL xv. (Funfzehnter Band) of the 
'^ Allgemeine Uistorie der Reisen zu Wasser und Lande ; 
oder Sammlung aller Reisebeschreibungen," &c Published 
at Leipsic by Arkstee und Merkus, 1757. Small 4to. 
1 80a. Piano. See lievenga, and Rosa. 

181. Plarit (paper). Description of Minerals and Ores from Vene- 

zuela. By John Plant, F.G.S. (Microscopical and Natural 
History Section). Proceedings Manchester Literary and 
Philosophical Society. Vol. xii. No. 1 1. Session 1872-73. 
i8ia. Poesias. See Arvelo, Bello, Calcano, Escobar, Flores, Guar- 
dia Lozano, Maitin, Rdjas, Salazar, Urdaneta,and Wittstein. 

182. Pompo. Coleccion de medicamentos indlgenas y sus aplica- 

ciones, extraidos de los reinos vegetal, mineral, y animal, 
recogidos y anatados. Por Geronimo Pompo. Caracas, 
i860. 8vo, pp. 148. 

183. Pmte. Oracion fiinebra que en las exequias del General J. 

T. Mondgas proniincio. Por Dr. J. A. Ponte. Valencia, 

1868. 8vo, pp. 15. 
iS;^a. Postal, See Chiriuos. 
1836. Proclamas. See Bolivar. 

1 84. Prontuario, Prontuario para el Bolsillo que contiene las tab- 

las de monedas estranjeras circulantes en Venezuela con- 
vertidas. Cardcas, 1872. i2mo, pp. 39. Table. 

184a. Purchas. See Las Casas. 

1846. QuinterO' See Martel. 

185. Eeal, Real Compaiiia Guipuzcoana de Caracas: Noticias his- 

toriales pr4cticas de los sucessos y adelantamiento de esta 
compania desde su fundacion ano de 1728 hasta el 1764, 



App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS 287 

por todos los ramos que comprehende su negociacion. Dia- 
puesto todo por la Diroccion do la misma £eal Compania 
ano do 1765. 4to, pp. 183. 

186. Eecolledions, EecoUections of a Servico of Threo Years 

during the War of Extermiuation in the Bepublic of Vene- 
zuela and Colombia. London, 1828. 

187. Relacion, Relacion de la gloriosa j singular victoria que han 

conseguido las annas de S. M. Cat6lica contra una escuadra 
brit4nica que inyadi6 el dia 2 de Marzo de 1743 la plaza de 
La Guayra, comandada esta por Don Mateo Gual y aquella 
por Don Carlos Wnole8(1). Car&cas, 1858. 8vo, pp. 15. 
187a. Religion. See Boliyar Constituciones, and Gutierrez. 

188. Bevenga y Mendez, Piano Topografico de la Ciudad de 

Car&cas. Lino J. Bevenga y Gregorio F. M6ndez. 1852. 
One sheet. 

189. Reveiiga, £studio Seismologico. Consideracioues sobre la 

revolucioD seismica del ano 1865-66. Por Lino J. 
Eevenga. Caracas, 1866. 8vo, pp. 39. 

1 90. Reverend, See Bolivar. 

191. Revista cieniifica. Eevista cientifica del Colegio de Ingeni- 

eros de Venezuela. Caracas, 1862. 8vo, pp. 128. No 
more published. 

192. Revista, See Spence. 

1 9 2a. Revoluciones, See Alfonzo, Apure, Espinosa, Monicas, Salazar. 

193. Rdjas. Los mitos volc4nicos en ambos mundos. Estudio 

geol6gico-hist6rico. Por Arlstides B6jas. Caracas, 187 1. 
4to, pp. 39. 
ig^a,Rdja$, Fragmento de un estudio geologico sobre los terre- 
motos y temblores de tierra en Venezuela. Por Aristides 
R6jas. Caracas, 1865. 8vo, pp. 28. 

194. Rdjas, Vindicacion de algunos hechos cientificos en sur 

America carta al profesor Perrey sobre los fen6meno8 
scismicas de America^ Por A. E6jas. Caracas, 1867. 
4to, pp. 18. 
ig4a, Rdjas. Mapa Politico de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela. 
Keduccion del mapa de Coronel A. Codazzi, arreglado a la 
actual territorial, por Ledo F. de P. Acosta, ingeniero. 
Caracas, R6jas Hermanos, editores (printed in Paris). Con 
privilegio del Gobiemo de la Kepublica (large sheet). 

195. Rhjas, El Lago de Asfalto en la isla de Trinidad. Por A. 

K6jas. Caracas, 1869. 8vo, pp. 15. 

196. Rojas. Lenguaje de las flores y de las frutas. Por A. B6ja8. 

Caracas, 1867. 8vo, pp. zxx. 140. 

197. Rojas, Primer Librode Greografia de Venezuela segun Cod- 

azzi. Por Aristides R6jas. Edicion ilustrada con mapas y 
figuras intercaladas en el texto. Car&cas (Havre printed), 
1870. 8vo, pp. 189. 



288 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. Q. 

198. Mjas, Ciencia y PoesiiL £1 ravo ftzul en la Natoialeza y 

en la HUtoria. Por A. R6ja8. Caricas, 1868. 8yo, pp. 43. 

199. Rbjas. Ciencia para todoa. El Kei de los Volcanea. Por 

A. R6ja8. Caracas, 1869. 4^^» PP* 4^- 

200. Rojoi. See Almanaqne, Humboldt, and Vargasia. 

201. i^o/Vu. La Cuestion Harina de Trigo en sua relaciones con 

la sociedad y con el fisco. Por Dr. Joa^ M. B6ja8. Care- 
ens, 1869. 4to, pp. iv. 58. 

202. Rom. Piano de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela, delineado, 

con arreglo k las mas recientes y antenticas aatoridadea, 
siendo las principales el Piano corografico de Codazzi, las 
cartas levantados por el almiron Tazgo britinico y las de 
los SS. Blunt. For el Ingeniero civil R. Sosa. New 
York, 1866. 

203. Rom. Piano de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela. Por el 

Ingeniero civil R. Rosa. New York, 1866. 
2030. Rosi. See Humboldt. 

204. RiAht. Album de Bailes, una nueva colecdon de Undisimas 

composiciones. Originales de este gtoero, todas por los 
maestros m4s renombrados del pais. 43 pAjinas con 26 
piezas, dibujados por el talentoso artista venezolano Ramon 
Bolet Car&cas : A. Rothe. 

205. Salazar. La Columbiada 6 Oolon, el amor & la patria y otra 

poesias liricas. Por Jos^ M. Salazar. Carto&s. 1852. 
8vo, pp. X. 192. 

206. Sala:arf J. M. Obras escojidas. Per Jos6 Maria Salazar. 

Carilcas, 1864. 8vo, pp. 32. 

207. Salazar. Biografia del General Matias Salazar. Valencia, 

1872. 8vo, pp. 48. 

208. Salazar, Proceso del General Matias Salazar. Publicacioii 

oficial. Cardcas, 1872. 8vo, pp. 26. 
loSa.Salvin. See Sclater. 
2oSk Sana ma. See EngeL 

209. Sanojo. Comeutarios al C6(iigo de Procedimiento judicial 

de Venezuela. Por Luis Sanojo. CarAcas, 1870. 8vo, 
pp. 220, iii. 

210. Satitandir. Derrotero de las Islas Aiitillas de las Costas de 

de tierra firme y de las del Seiio Megicano, corregido y 
aumentado y con un ap^ndice sobre las corrientes delOceano 
Atldii tico. Mandado reimprimir por el Esmo. Sr. Francisco 
de Paula Santander. Bogata, 1826. 410^ pp. 578. 

211. Schafer. El Comercio de Caf^ Por C. IL Schoeffer. Tra- 

ducido del Aleman por el j6ven Diego Bautista Urbaneja. 
Publicado por orden y & expensas del Ejecutivo Nacional. 
Cardcas, 1869. 8vo, pp. 37. 

212. Sch<cffer. See Madriz. 

213. Sdaier and Salvin. On some Venezuelan Birds, collected by 



App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS. 289 

by Mr. James M. Spence. By P. L. Sclater, M.A., Ph.D., 
F.RS., and Osbert Salvia, M.A., F.Z.S. From the Pro- 
ceedings of the Zoological Society of London, May 20, 

1873. 8vo, pp. 2. 
213a. Seijas, See Ernst. 

2136. Serttdum Naiguaiense. See Ernst. 

214. Simon, The Expedition of Pedro de Ursua and Lope de 

Aguirre in search of El Dorado and Omagua in 1 560-1. 
Translated from Fray. Pedro Simon's '' Sixth Historical 
Notice of the Conquest of Tierra Firm6." By William Bol- 
laert, Esq., F.RG.S. With an introduction by Clements 
R Markham, Esq. London, printed for the Hakluyt 
Society, 1867. 8vo, pp. (xiiL) liii. 237. 

2 1 5. Sauihey, The Expedition of Orsua and the Grimes of Aguirre. 

By Robert Southey. London, 1821. 12 mo, pp. x 215. 
215a. Sociedad de Ciencias Fiskas y NaturcUaSy de Cardcas, See 

Aveledo, Ernst, and Vargasia. 
2i$b. Sotomayor, See Constituciones. 

216. Spence, See Alpine Journal, Engel, and Sclater and Salvin. 

217. Spence, Primera Ascension al Pico de Naiguatd. Por James 

M. Spence, traduccion de Nicanor Bolet Peraza. Caracas, 
1872. 8vo, pp. 22. 

2 1 8. Spence, From a forthcoming work on Venezuela. An Ex- 

cursion to Puerto-Cabello. By James M. Spence. F. R G. S. , 
F.Z.S. Manchester. 8yo, pp. 12. 

219. Spence, Obsequio de La Revista y sus Golaboradores al 

Senor J. M. Spence. Caracas, Julio 20 de 1872. 8vo. 

220. Spence, Venezuela : its People and its Products. An ad- 

dress at the Spring Soiree of the Manchester Scientific 
Students' Association. By James M Spence. Manchester, 

1874, 8vo, pp. 16. 

221. Spence. Illustrations of Venezuela. Catalogue of Works 

of Art, &c., collected during eighteen months' travel in 
that republic, 1 8 7 1 -2 . By James Mudie Spence, F. R G. S. , 
F.Z.S., Miembro Corresponsal de la Sociedad de Ciencias 
Fisicas y Naturales de Cardcaa Exhibited on the fol- 
lowing occasions: — Primera Exhibicion Anual de BeUas 
Artes Venezolanos, Caracas, July 28, 1872 ; Literary and 
Philosophical Society, Manchester, December 11, 1872; 
Scientific Students' Association, Manchester, March 4, 
1872; Peel Park Museum, Salford, during the greater 
part of 1873. Manchester : Printed for private circulation. 

1873. 
221a. Sullivan, Rambles and Scrambles in North and South 

America. By Edward Sullivan. London, 1852. 

2216. Sucre, A. J, See Irisarri. 

221C. Syers, Bolivar y la muerte de Piar. Article in El Mundo 

VOL. II. T 



290 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. Q. 



Naevo-America. By Robert P. Syera. 1875. Vol vi, 
No. 12a IlostradiL 

222. Taavmahaca, See Cuestion. 

22 20. Tait, Notes on the Greology of Guayana in Venezuela. By 
Ralph Tate, Assoc. Linn. Soc, F.G.S., &c. Quarterly 
Journal of Geological Society, Vol xxr. p. 343, June 1 869. 

2226. Tebor^ J. M. See Vargasia. 

223. TerrerOy S, Cuba y Puerto Rico las AntiUas Espafiolas ante 

las naciones civilixadas. Asamblea popular el 5 de Julio 
de 1869, en Carkcas, en favor del reconodmiento del 
partido remiblicano de las AntiUas como beligerante 
legitimo. Edited by S. Terrero Atienza. Car^U^as, 1869. 
8vo, pp. 57. 

223a. Terrero, L. Biografia del Malogrado Artista, Yenezolano, 
Ramon Bolet, por Leopoldo Terrero. Caricas-Imprenta 
NacionaL Caricas, 1877. 8vo, pp. 22. 

2236. Teuidnicas. See Codazzi, and Colonia. 

224. ThirioTL Exposition Universalle de 1867. Etats — TJnis de 

Venezuela. Statistique presentee i la commission im- 
p^riale. Por M. Eug^e Thirion. Paris, 1867. 8vo, 

PP- 31- 
224a. Tovar. See Colonia. 

2246. Travels, See Bonpland, Bovadilla, Colombia, Dance, Du- 
pons, Eastwick, Hawkshaw, Hippisley, Humboldt (Kings- 
ley), Kingston, Lisb6a, Madariaga, Michelena, Paez, Simon, 
Southey, Spence, Sullivan, and Trollope. 

225. Trolhrpe. The West Indies and the Spanish Main. By 

Anthony Trollope. London, 1859. 8vo, pp. 395. 

226. Ugarte. See Vargasia. 

226a. Urhaneja, D. B. See Madriz, and Schoeffer. 
2266. Urhamja, M. M. See Baralt. 

227. Urhaneja. Honores Fiinebres tributadas 4 la grata memoria 

del Diego Bta. Urbaueja, por acuerdo del Sup. Cons, de 
G.G. J J. qz. 33. Caracas, 1856. 8vo, pp. 23. Portrait. 

228. UrddTwfa, Bolivar y Washington. A los libres del Nuevo 

Mundo por un Colombian©. [Amenadoro Urdaneta.] 
Cardcas, 1865. 8vo, pp. 22. 
228a. Urdaneta. See Vargasia. 

229. Urdaneta, La Batalla de Santa Ines. Canto 4 Zamora. 

For Amenadoro Urdaneta. Caracas, 1864. 8vo, pp. xvi. 
29. Portrait. 
229^7. Ursua, See Simon. 

230. Un^er, La sumergida isla de Atlantis. Estados geol6gico 

traducido de linger. Por A. Ernst. Caracas, 1867. 8vo, 
pp. 17. ^ 

231. Vargas. Historia de la Quimica tomada del Manual de 

Brande. Introduccion al curso de esta ciencia leida en la 
Universidad de Cardcas, por Dr. Jos6 M. Vargas. Publi- 



App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS 291 

cado por uno de sus discipulos (Dr. Manual V. Diaz). 
Cartas, 1864. 8vo, pp. 55. 

232. Vargas. Gurso de lecciones y demostraciones anat6micas 

en la Universidad de Car&cas, por Dr. Jos6 Maria Vargas. 
2 tomos. Garicas, 1847, 1848. 4to, pp. 394, 500. 

233. Vargasia: Boletin de la Sociedad de Giencias fisicas y natu- 

rales de Gar^cas. 

Num. 1-3. EnerOjFebreroy Marzo 1 868. — A, Ernst Intro- 
duccion. Reglementos y funcionarios. — M, V, Diaz, Estu- 
dios sobre Vargas. — A. Ernst, Sobre la Gesneria Vargasii 
D. G. — F, de P. Acosta, Materias calorantes. — A. B6jas. 
Gartas y escritos cientificos sobre Venezuela. — Humboldt. 
Gartas cientificas. — A. Avekdo. Guadras Meteorologicas. 
— A. Ernst, Sobre los manlferos de Venezuela. — C E, 
Eojas, Observaciones entomol6gicas. — A. R6jas, Sobre 
la tempestad selsmica de las Antillas en 1867--68. 

234. Vargasia, Num. 4. Abril 1868. — A, Ernst, Extractos 

de las actas de la Sociedad. — Z. Urdaneta, £1 acueducto 
de Goro. — F, de P, Acosta, Estudio sobre las materias- 
colorantes. — Hwmholdt, Gartas cientificas Variedades. 

235. Vargasia, Num. 5. 1869. — A, Ernst, Estractos de las 

Sesiones de la Sociedad. Lista de los Miembros. — A. 
Ernst In Memoriam. — A, Ernst Los Helechos de la 
Flora Gardcasana. Glane dicot6mica de los gen^roa — 
S, Ugarte, Una visitaAlas grutas del Pefioa — A, Aveledo. 
Observaciones meteral6gicas en Gardcas ano de 1869. — 
A. Ernst. Sobre una pequina correccion que debe hacerse 
al calcular por los medios correspondientes d cada mes, los 
terminos medios que corresponden al ano entero. AniJisis 
de un mineral de hierro (ologisto). — A. Edjas. Los Ecos de 
una tempestad Seismica. — A, Edjas. Comunicacion. — A. 
Ernst El Ursus nasutus Sd, — Le Neve Foster. Noticias 
geol6gicas sobre el distrito aurifero de Garatal en la 
Guayana. — A. Goering. Escursion & algunas cuevas hasta 
ahora no esploradas, al sur-este de Garipe (con una Umina). 

236. Vargasia. '^um. 6, Gontendido la celebracion del centesimo 

aniversario del nacimiento de Alejandro de Humboldt en 
Gardcas. Discurso, &c., por Jesus Munoz T^bor, Gaulterio 
Ghitty, Dr. F. de P. Acosta, Dr. Felipe Larrazibal, Heraclio 
M. de la Guardia, Adolfo Ernst, Vicente Goronado. 

237. Vargasia. Num. 7. 1870. Estractos de las Actas de las 

Sesiones (2d seroestre de 1869). — A. Aveledo, Estrellas 
cadentes de Noviembre de 1869. — Vic Marcano, Sobre 
un nuevo sulfocianato de platina. — A. Ernst, Plantas in- 
teresantes de la Flora Garicasana. — A. Ernst, Apuntes 
para la Fauna omitol6gica de Venezuela (con una lamina). 
— Bourgoin, Ascencion k la Sierra Nevada de Merida. — 



292 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR, [App. Q. 

- — 

A, Aveledo, ObservBciones meteoroldgicas en Caricas ano 
de 1869. 
237a. Fenezueld. See Eastwick, and Spence. 

238. Venezuelan Loan, 1862. A letter ^translated) addressed to 

Messrs. Baring Brothers & Ca, oy Antonio L. Guzman, 
fiscal agent of the Republic of Venezuela, with copies of 
documents referred to therein. London, 1865. 8yo,pp. 38. 

238a. FenezolanOf EL See Guzman. 

2386. Viar, See Yangues. 

238c. Viso, See Yangues. 

239. FUlafahe. Informe dado al Qobiemo sobre las actas de la 

comision mixta nombrada para conocer y decidir de las 
reclamaciones norte-americanos contra Venezuela. Por 
J. G .Villafane. Gar&cas, 1869. 8yo, pp. ii 79. 
239a. FUkUonga. See Manuscript 

240. VUlegas, Discurso prononciado en el acto de distribucion 

de premios del colegio de Chaves el 6 de Enero. Por Dr. 
Gudlermo Tell Villegas. Car^icas, 1868. i2mo, pp. 13. 
240a. Volcanos, SeeR6jas. 

241. JValL On the Greoloey of a part of Venezuela and of Tri- 

nidad. By G. P. Wall, Esq. (Quarterly Journal of the 
Geological Society. VoL xvi. p. 460.) May 16. 
241a. Walton, Present State of the Spanish Colonies, including 
a particular report of Hispanola : History, Trade, Popula- 
tion, Customs, Manners, &c. By William Walton, jun. 
London : printed for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, & 
Brown, Paternoster Row, 18 10. 

242. Wappdus, Die Republiken von Sudamerika, geographisch- 

statistisch mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung ihrer Pro- 

duktion und ihres Handelsverkehrs, vornehmlich nach 

amtlichen Quellen dargestellt von Dr. J. K Wappaus. 

Erste Abtheilung. Venezuela. Gottingen, 1843. 8vo. 
242a. JVar of Independence. See Austria, Baralt, Bolivar, Colombia, 

Defensa, Diaz, Irisarri, MonAgas, Recollections, Syers, and 

Terrero. 
2426. West Indies, See Arrowsmith, Form, and Santander. 
242c. Whist. See Leseur. 
24 2(/. Wiiistein. Poesias de la America Meridional. Coleccionadas 

por Anita J. de. Wittstein con noticias biograficas de los 

au tores. Leipzic : F. A. Brochaus, 1870. 

243. Vanes, See Leseur. 

244. Yanez. Manual politico del Venezolano 6 breve Exposicion 

de los principios y doctrinas de la ciencia social quedeban 
ser conocidos por la generalidad de los ciudadanos. Por 
un Venezolano (Dr. Yanez). Caracas, 1839. ^^^f PP- 

251- 

245. Yangues. Principios, y reglas de la lengva Cvmmanagota, 



App. Q.] SELECT LIST OF BOOKS 293 

general en varias naciones, qve habitan en la provincia de 
Cymmana en las Indias occidentales. Compvestos por el 
R P. Predicador Fr. Manuel de Yangues, del Omen de 
N. P. S. Francisco, hijo de la S. Prouincia de Castilla, y 
Missionero en las viuas Conversiones de los Cummanagotos, 
Piritus, y otra Naciones. Dirigidos al Beverendissimo 
Padre Fray Christoual del Yiso, Comissario General de 
Indias, &c. *' Sacado a Ivz aora nyevamente corregido," 
y reducidos 4 mayor claridad, breuedad, jvnto con vn 
Diccionario qve ha compvesto el E. P. Fr. Mathias Blanco, 
Beligioso de las misma Orden, Lector de Theologia, Ex- 
aminador Synodal de el Obispado de San luan de ruerto- 
Eico, hijo de la Santa Prouincia de Andaluzia, y Missionero 
de las dichas converziones. Con Licencia. £n Bvrgos : 
Por luan de Viar, ano de 1683. 4to, pp. vi 220. 
246. Zulia. £1 Estado de Zulia. Falcon y Sutherland. Svo, 
pp. 28. 



R. 



ON NEOLITHIC STONE IMPLEMENTS FROM VENEZUELA. 

BY JOHN PLANT, F.G.S. 

A Paper read before the Manchester Geological Society, 

December 24, 1873. 

In the collection of objects and natural products brought by 
Mr. James M. Spence from Venezuela are seven stone implements, 
obtained from the ancient burial-places of the primitive Indians, 
which are found very widely spread over the country. These 
implements are of serpentine, greenish jade, sienite, diorite, and 
black trap. The largest is shaped like an axe of uniformly thin 
serpentine, with the edges sharpened, and the projecting heft cut 
like a triangle, for the firmer fastening to the long handle. This 
implement is too weak for heavy work, and being nearly 9 inches 
long, was probably only a symbolical weapon used at the sacrificea 
It agrees with the Mexican and Central American axes in shape 
and workmanship. The next in size is a broken smoothed hatchet 
of fine grained trap, 6 inches long, thick, and nide in form, similar 
to hatchets found all over Central and North America. The third 
is a small hatchet of fine grained sienite, 4 inches long, a type of 
weapon of common occurrence in Europe and America. The fourth 
is a small hatchet of greenstone or diorite, like the implements seen 
in the hands of the carved figures and hieroglyphic drawings from 
Mexico. The fifth is a smaller one, nicely worked, but broken. 
The sixth is part of a knife or chisel of light green jadestona The 
seventh is a small boulder of dark diorite, with two flattened sides, 
and is traditionally said to have been used for the purpose of 
smoothing the stone weapons made by the Indians. These imple- 
ments have the typical characteristics of the weapons described by 
Mr. R G. Squier in his work, published by the Smithsonian 
Institution, as found over Central and South America. 



s. 

THE MANCHESTER SCIENTIFIC STUDENTS' ASSOCIATION — 
EXHIBITION OF VENEZUELAN CURIOSITIES. 

Last evening a soiree of this association was held in the Memorial 
Hall. The exhibition in connection with it of Mr. J. M. Spence's 
most interesting and valuable collection of Venezuelan curiosities 
(of which a larger portion was exhibited at the rooms of the Liter- 
ary and Philosophical Society, and described in the Guardian about 
two months ago) attracted a large crowd of visitors. There was a 
general feeling of regret that this collection, incomparable in its 
extent and variety, could not remain open to public inspection for 
a few days. Besides objects illustrative of the natural history of 
Venezuela, with which the tables were loaded, the walls of the room 
were covered with water-colour drawings, chiefly by native artists, 
which conveyed a vivid impression of the characteristic features of 
the country. In the course of the evening. Professor W. C. Wil- 
liamson, F.K.S., the president of the association, took the chair, 
and, in introducing Mr. Spence, said that no single traveller who 
had not gone abroad for the special purpose of collecting had ever 
made so large, varied, and valuable a collection as Mr. Spence. 
During his (Mr. Spence's) residence in Venezuela he was engaged 
in commercial pursuits, yet he set an example worthy to be fol- 
lowed by every one, similarly circumstanced, of how with such 
pursuits a devotion to the enlightened and elevating study of 
natural history could be combined. Mr. Spence delivered an ad- 
dress descriptive of Venezuela and its people, and of the natural 
products which it yields.* He also gave some account of his 
personal experience in the country. A very cordial vote of 
thanks to Mr. Spence was passed on the motion of Mr. Plant, 
seconded by Mr. Angell ; and some time was afterwards spent 
by the company in inspecting the objects in the room.t 

* Appendix Q., No. 220. 

tAj9 most of the objects fonning the collection were presented to the 
anthor by people of the Bepablic, he thinks it only dae to the donors to insert 
the aboTc article. 



T. 

THE CHURCH OF ROME IN VENEZUELA. 
{The Times, SepUmber i8, 1876.) 

Mr. R. J. Simpson, a member of the South American Missionary 
Societjr's Committee, has favoured us with the following correspond- 
ence from one of their missionary clergymen, the Bev. J. Roe : — 

"CARioAfl, May 15, 1876. 

'' It is not possible to estimate the importance of the religious 
crisis through which this country is passing. As I was arriving in 
the capital on Wednesday evening last, the Houses of Congress were 
voting unanimously that the Church of Venezuela will be henceforth 
independent of Rome. By this mail I will send you the particulars 
as published in the press. You will see that the President's Mes- 
sage is exceedingly important, for while it breaks off all connection 
virtually with Rome, it acknowledges and asserts the truth and 
greatness of the true Christian religion. The answer from the 
Congress exhibits the same spirit. I consider this step to be the 
only true statesmanlike step since the Reformation as regards 
political dealings of Roman Catholic countries in religious matters. 
The present President, Guzman Blanco, is a man of great talent and 
ruling power, and has kept the country in comparative peace during 
the past six years. He has suppressed all the monasteries and con- 
vents in the country, and turned their houses into useful institu- 
tions ; he has abolished celibacy and established civil marriage ; he 
the other day inaugurated a magnificent masonic temple, built at the 
expense of the State ; he is improving the city and country wonder- 
fully, and establishing schools throughout ; and last, but not least, 
as regards England, he is making arrangements to pay interest on 
the National Debt. Such are some of the things this extraordinary 
man is doing, and the future of this very beautiful and fertile country 
seems hopeful ; hitherto it has been in a state of chronic revolution. 



I append a translation of the Message of the Preaideni of Vene- 
zuela to the House of Congrese : — 

" ' Citizen Senators and Citizen Deputies, — In my report of the 
administrative year, vhich closed on the loth of February last, I 
Buid, speaking of archiepiscopal disputes, that the last term vhich 
I bad beeo a^ked to grant was in order that, in conformity with 
certain indications received from Rome, Senor Guevard should pre. 
sent to His Holiness his resignation of the Archbishopric, an act 
by which the usurping policy of the Holy See believes that Vene- 
zuela could alone be enabled to elect an Archbishop, and the Pope 
authorized to grant him the faculty to act, all which is to ignore the 
sovereignty of the country — the whole source of power whence its 
prelates derive the jurigdiction in their dioceses or archbtBhoprics 
— and is, moreover, diametrically opposed to the express text of 
Articles XVI. and XVII. of the Law of Patronage in force since 
i334, which hterally is as follows : — 

" ' Art, XVI. — Those designated by the Congress for the Arch- 
bishopric and Bishoprica before they present themselves to Hia 
Holiness through the Executive Government, must make before said 
Executive, or the person whom the Executive may delegate to this 
end,the oath to sustain and defend the Constitution of the Republic, 
not to usurp her sovereignty, rights, and prerogatives, and to obey 
and fulfil the laws, orders, and dispositions of the Government. 
Two copies of this oath shall be drawn up, both to be signed by the 
nominees, one of which shall be passed to the Senate, and tlie other 
bo the Chamber of Deputies, to be kept in their respective archives. 

" 'Art XVII. — As soon as the nominees have made the pre- 
ceding oath they may enter into the exercise of their jurisdiction, 
the Executive summoning the ecclesiastical bodies to this effect ; 
but they shall not enjoy the emoluments of their office untfl the 
Pope sbuU have conhrmed their nomination. 

" 'The term granted terminated on the 19th April ; but as the 
Pope's Nuncio in San Domingo notified to me on the zoth, that on 
the 21st he would proceed to Trinidad in order to obtain the re- 
signation of Sefior Guevard, in conformity with the instructions he 
had just received, I judged it advisable that I should make a new 
and tinal effort, and await the result of the Conference between 
Monsignore Roccabocetria and the ex- Arch bishop. Yesterday, I 
received the official intimation that Senor Guevard refuses to re- 
si^-n, and I am also informed that the Nuncio has not the power 
to oblige him to resign nor to remove him. Such being the situa- 



298 THE LAND OF BOLIVAR. [App. T. 

tion, all diplomatic means of settling the archiepiscopal dispute 
are exhausted, and I have taken upon myself to pass a law which 
shall declare the Church of Venezuela independent of the Roman 
Episcopate, and ask that you further order that parish priests shall 
he elected by the faithful, the Bishops by the rectors of paiishes, the 
Archbishops by Congress, returning to the usage of the Primitiye 
Church, founded by Jesus Christ and His Apostles. Such a law will 
not only resolve the clerical question, but it will be besides a grand 
example for the Christian Church of Kepublican America, hindered 
in her march towards liberty, order, and progress by the policy, al- 
ways retrograde, of the Roman Church, and the civilized world will 
see in this act the most characteristic and palpable sign of advance 
in the regeneration of Venezuela. Guzman Blanco.' 

" The following is the Address of Congress in reply : — * lUustrious 
American, President of the United States of Venezuela : — The 
Legislative Chambers assembled in Congress have considered with 
patriotic interest the important Message communicated to them 
through the Ministry, under date of the 9th inst, upon the Archi- 
episcopal Question. Congress sees, with profound displeasure, that 
the Roman See refuses to satisfy the just desires of the people of 
Venezuela upon the grave question which we are engaged in debat- 
ing through the fault of a prelate false to his duties as a priest 
and patriot, and who dares to insist upon the right to override that 
natural sovereignty which we exercise as an independent and free 
nation. The country knows, noble American, that with wisdom 
and prudence you have endeavoured to reconcile the interests of 
Venezuela with the capricious demands of the Roman See as far as 
our national dignity, the majesty of our institutions, and the high 
duties which the revolution of April imposed upon you have per- 
mitted ; and thus the Members of this Congress, founders of this 
glorious epoch of national regeneration, convinced of the justice 
which assists Venezuela in this dispute, and inspired with the con- 
victions of their constituents which repel all foreign intervention, 
do not hesitate to associate themselves with your Excellency to 
fight this last battle — all diplomatic efforts having failed — against 
the Roman See in the name of modem civilization and our na- 
tional sovereignty. Faithful to our duties, faithful to our convic- 
tions, and faithful to the Holy Dogmas of the religion of Jesus, of 
that Great Being who consecrated the world's freedom with His 
blood, we do not hesitate to emancipate the Church of Venezuela 
from that £piscopacy which pretends, as an infallible and omni- 



App. T.] CHURCH OF ROME IN VENEZUELA. 299 

potent power, to absorb from Rome the vitality of a free people, the 
beliefs of our consciences, and the noble aspirations and destinies 
which pertain to us as component parts of the great human family. 
Congress offers to your Excellency and will give you all the aid you 
seek to preserve the honour and the rights of our nation, and 
announces now with patriotic pleasure that it has already begun to 
elaborate the law which your Excellency asked it to frame. Bely 
upon our patriotism and upon our loyalty to the great principles 
of our democratic republic. T. V. Guevard, 

President of Congress and of the Senate. 

Eduardo Calcano, 
President of the Chamber of Deputies. 
Caracas, May 16th. 
Together with the Vice-Presidents and Secretaries of both Chambers.' 
'^ Let me only add a commentary from the leading journal of 
Venezuela, the Opinion Nadonal : — * To-day we publish the reply 
which was given last night by the Congress to the illustrious 
American upon the subject-matter of his last Message, which is, in 
fact, the question relative to the appointment of the Bishops of 
Venezuela which the Pope has for ages past arrogated to himself, 
and which should revert to and become the exclusive function of 
the territorial Sovereign in every nation, as it was uninterruptedly 
in the first ages of Christianity. To re-establish at this point the 
true discipline of the Church from the time of her foundation, when 
her doctrine was pure and she respected the civil rights and pre- 
rogatives of temporal government, when as yet the ambitions and 
earthly passions of the men she had raised to high ecclesiastical 
dignities had not culminated in those usurpations which have be- 
come the scandal of modem times, is to gravitate with all sincerity 
towards that genuine religion of Christ, and to refuse to become the 
accomplice of those adulterations which fabify her law, which sub- 
stitute the reign of vanity, pride, and contempt for mankind for the 
doctrine of gentleness, meekness, and love. This dispute does not 
enter into the region of dogmas, for two reasons — first, because it 
is by its very nature purely jurisdictional, and it cannot be dragged 
either by violence or reason on to the terrain of the fundamental 
truths of dogmatic belief ; secondly, because a National Congress, 
a purely political corporation, cannot by its very nature be called 
upon to declare new religious dogmas, and convert itself into a 
Council with the same authority wherewith the Pope has instituted 
himself for those and has donned the cap of infallibility.' " 



i 



I 



INDEX. 



'Abdul Azis,' the Litterateur, i. 
i66; iL 129. 

Abolicion de la esclavitud. See 
Slaves. 

Aboriginal civilization, relics of, ii. 
152. 

Aborigines. See Indians. 

Absenteeism, i. 39, 166, 505, 309. 

Acacia, i. 156. 

Academia Espafiola, i. 322-323. 

Academy, military, i. 57. 

Aceite tree, i. 76. 

Achiote. See Onoto. 

Achvrocline vargasiana, ii. 183. 

Acid, sulphuric, manufacture of, L 
112, note. 

Acid. See Phosphoric. 

Acineta, ii. 193. 

Acosta, Dr. F. de P. : On Indigo, i. 
243, note; ii. 271, 287, 291. 

Acosta, Sefior CeciUo, iL 271. 

Act. See Leys. 

Addenda. See Appendix. 

Adelantado, title of, ii. 153. 

Adornment See Dress. 

Aduanas, or Custom-houses : La 
Guayra, i. 16-18, 22 : Gross annual 
revenue from all in Republic, L 56: 
Export of bitters from the Custom- 
house of Angostura, L 82. 

Aduanero, or chief of the Custom- 
house, L 17. 

Adulteration of Peruvian Guano, L 
284. 

Adventure. See Incident 

Advice. See Mountaineers. 

Aeranthes, ii. 193. 

Affront, ii. 9^. 

Agents, or Middle Men, sharp pmc- 
tices of, i. II, note. 

Agitator. See Salazar. 



Agriculture, L 11, 13, 14, 39, 50, 63, 
75» 89, 97, 153, 165, 177, 236, 242, 
244, 247, 292-296 ; ii 28, 30, 171 : 
Works on, ii. 271. 

Agua bendita, L 220. 

Agua Caliente, village of, i. 171. 

Asuacate, or alligator pear, i. 51. 

*Agua Ptovidencial de Potentini,' 
L 96-^7. 

Aguardiente, L 45, 176, 228, 229, 

249 ; ii- 57. 

Agua Salud, villa^ of, i. 275. 

Aguastermales. iSec Thermal springs. 

Ague, cure for, ii. 190. 

Aguinagade, Padre Udefonso Riera, 
picture of, ii 246. 

Affuirre, Lope de, the traitor, L 67 : 
Joins expedition of Ursua, ii. 160: 
His first murders, ii. 160: Is ap- 

Sainted maestre del campo, iL 160 : 
is homicidal mania, u. 161 : He 
sails for Margarita, IL 161 : His 
murders there, ii. 162 : His depar- 
ture, iL 162 : He reaches the main- 
land, ii. 163 : His sanguinary pro- 
gress there, ii. 163: Is brought 
to bay, ii. 164: He kills his own 
daughter, iL 164 : His surrender to 
Parades, ii. 164: Death of the 
^nmnt, ii. 164 : Works rdating to 
A^uirre, 225^ 271, 289. 

A^^uirre river, 1. jr8. 

Aid, fortuitous, li. 123-125. 

Air, atmospheric, rarefaction of, ii. 
60. 

Air, humidity of, i. 208 ; ii. 234, 24a 

A jo, or garlic, L 241. 

Aionjoli plant, L ^i. 

Alameda, L 21 ; ii. 11 1, 264, 268. 

Alamo, Sefior Anjel Maria, L 161. 

Albion Hotel, Barbadoes, i. 13. 



302 



INDEX, 



Albajar, Joan Bfartiii de, captiyity 
of, iL 159. 

Album, L 268. 

Alcaldes, ii. 158, 162, 167, 168. 

Alf^ntara, Genwal FraneiBCO Lini- 
res : Anecdote of him, i. 121 : His 
sobriauet, i. 154 : His troops on the 
marcn, L 156: They enter Caticas, 
i. 178 : He joins Gozman Blanco, 
i. 259 : The author introduced to 
him by the President, iL 100 : He 
becomes Ruler of Venexuela, ii. 
loi, noie, 

AldLntara, San Pedro de, bone of, L 

96. 
Alcatras, or Pelicanus fuseus, L 

208. 
Alcoves. See Arbours. 
Aldama, Spanish general, atrocities 

of, i. 85-88. 
Aldrey, Sefior Fausto Teodoro de, 

editor, iL 147, 251, 271. 
Ale. See Beer. 
Alfinjer, Ambrosio de, ^vemor, ii. 

153 : His brutality, ii. 153 : His 

death, iL 153. 
Alfonso, Luis Gerdnimo, iL 271. 
Alguazil, ii. 162. 
Alngator pear. See Aguacate. 
Alligators, L 53, 262. 
Almdciga, or nursery for cofTce 

plants, i. 294. 
' Almanaqne paia Todos/ L 32, note, 
Almcja de mar, L 53. 
Alniciidroncs, grove of, i. 21. 
Almuerzo, or breakfast, L 11 5-1 16. 
Aloe, L 51.^ 
Alphabet, i. 220. 

Alpine district of Venezuela, L 72. 
Alstroomcria Bredemeyerana, iL 242. 
Alstrcemeria Rosea, iL 235, 242. 
Alta Comcrcio, banquet of the, L 

315. 
Alta Corte Federal, i. 56. 
Altagracia, difficulties to reach, i. 

249 : Estate of, i. 2^ : Route to, 

i. 254: Mansion of, 1. 255. 
• Alto ! Quien vive ? * meaning of 

expression, i. 28. 
Alum, iL 187. 
Alumina, iL 187. 
Alverjas plant, i. 234. 
Amar|?o de Siegert, L 82. 
Amanllos. Se€ Liberales. 
Amazon river, L 41, 48; iL 152, 159, 

160, 284. 
Amazonian territory of Venezuela, 

population of, i. 53, note ; ii. 268. 



Ambassadors : English, L 24: Brasl- 
ian, L 41 : American, L 217-218 : 
Danish, L 272 : CSemuui, L 318L 

Ambidexterity of the gnidesy iL 22- 
23, 29, 33, 65. 

Ambition of Geneiml Fiei^ L 134- 

"35. 139. 

Am ration. See Sabuar . 

Ambuscade, iL 157. 

Amphibolite slate. See Rocks. 

Amphitheatre, a great natund, ii 6^ 
12, 26. 

Ampdes, Joan de, iL 153. 

Amnndaiay, Sefiora Feuda Caatillo 
de, artist, iL 245. 

Ammunition. See Fire-anna. 

Amusements, and places of amuse- 
ment, L 22, 30, 37-38, 39> 111. 31S: 

11.93.94. 
Amyris altisama, L 293. 

Anache, lake of, L 63. 

Anaffram on the name of Simon 
Bolivar, L 122. 

Analysis : Salt of St. Christopher, L 
la note: Of phosphate, L 21 1, noie: 
Of the national dish* L 234: Of 
fruit of Onoto, i. 238 : Of Ort^iila 
guano, L 283: Of Los Rogues 
mineral, ii. 122: Of Cnramichate 
coal, iL 134. 

Anastacia, Santa, a bone of, i. 96. 

Anauco river, i. 3a 

Ancestors, i. 165-166- 

Anchorage, L 85, 103, 201, 284. 

Ancient History of Venezuela, iL 

151-174. 
Andes range of mountains, L 47-49, 

72. 73. 75 ; ii- 14. 47. 76, 
Audral, Mr. William A., iL 256. 
Anecdotes. See Incidents. 
Angelito (bee), L 237. 
Angostura Bitters, L 82. 
Angostura, City of. See Ciudad- 

Bolivar. 
Angostura, Congress of, L 13a 
Angostura, Grovcmment of, L 131. 
Angrcecum, iL 193. 
Anguloa, ii. 193. 
Afiil de Caracas, i. 242. 
A&ilplant, cultivation of, L 242-243 : 

When introduced, iL 171. 
Annihilation of the armed Blues, L 

262. 
Anniversary of the Revolution, L 

III : Of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, L 178. 
Anniversary of the Centenary of 

Humbolot, iL 291. 



INDEX, 



303 



Anoco, Jesus, guide, ii. 2. 

Anredera scanderis, iL 243. 

Anthracite. Ste Coal. 

Anthropolognr, i. 54, 300. 

Antidote, i. 81. 

Antilles. See West Indian Islands. 

Antimano village, ii. 6. 

Apio de Espa&a, L 234. 

Apostacy, u. 296-299. 

Appeal, Court of, L 56. 

Appendix, ii. 151. 

Apple, L 51. 

Appun, Von Carl Ferdinand, iL 271. 

Apure, battle of, plan of attack of 
the, i. 260 : The combat, L 261 : 
The victory, i. 261 : Flight of the 
vanquished, L 262 : Their total de- 
struction, i. 262, 311. 

Apure, campaign o^ i. 259. 

Apure, fisheries of, i. 76. 

Apure, llaneros of, i. 77. 

Apure, llanos of, L 52 : Enormous 
extent of, L 75 : lifeagre poi)ula- 
tion of, L 75: Abun(mnt animal 
life in, i. 76. 

Apure, Paso Real of, i. 260-261. 

Apure river, i. 60, 73, 74, 161 ; iL 267. 

Apure, State of, i. 75-77. 

Apurito river, i. 260. 

Aquaria, i. 280. 

Aqueducts, i. 69 ; iL 263, 268, 269. 

'A^ui miamo,' meaning of expres- 
sion, ii. 64. 

Araeonese Capuchins : They take 
refuge in caves, i. 6j. 

Aragua, Barcelona, l 89 : Cotton 
districts of, i. 98. 

Aragua, mountains of, ii. 42, 59. 

Aragua, State of, L 59. 

Aragua, valleys of, L 47 : First view 
into, L 152 : Descent into, L 153 : 
Estates of, L 153 : Troops of, L 
156 : The famous tree of, L 156 : 
Rich lands of, L 1^7-159 : Tobacco 
of, L 159 : Grand lake of, i. 159 : 
Bad roads in, L 163 : Dearth of 
cattle in, i. 163 : Acreage under 
sugar-cane in, i. 165 : Cost of war 
in, i. 166: Lands suitable for a 
colony, L 177; ii. 171. * 

AragiLita, parish of (Barcelona), L 
98, loi ; ii. 256 : Its Church, ii. 267. 

Aragiiita, State of Bolivar, L 59. 

Araujo, General Juan, i. 258. 
'Arapiles,' Spanish irondad, ii. iii. 
Arapos islands, ii. 254. 
Arauca river, L 130, 262. 
Araya, peninsula of, i. 63 ; ii. 151. 



Araya, mountains of, i. 63. 
Arbacos Indians, ii. 157. 
Arbours, L 38 ; ii. 7^ 35, 37. 
Arch, a triumphal, 1. 186, 312. 
Archbishop of Venezuela, L 56, noU; 

ii. 296-299. 
Archipelago, i. i^. 
Ardea herodoas, 1. 265 ; iL 178. 
Arena. Set Cock-pits. 
Arendetario, the system of, L 248. 
Arismendi, General, i. 67, 127. 
Aristeguieta, Grenend J. M., 1. 112. 
Aristocracy, L 138-139, 302, 305 : Los 

Mantuanos, vl 285. 
Arizona, territory of, i. i : Indians 

of, L QO. 
Armadillo, ii. 52. 
Arms. See Fire-arms. 
Army. Set Soldiers. 
*Amo,' steamer, L 9-13,41. 
Amotto, L 51. 
Aroa copper mines, L 67-68, 224 ; ii. 

136, 185. 
Aroa, mountains of, L 68. 
Aro river, i. jr8. 
Arquebuse, ii. 164. 
Arrechedera, Se&ora Nicolasa, death 

of, i. 226. 
Arrests, i. 120. 
Arrow-heads, iL 191. 
Arrow-poison, L 80. 
Arrow-root, L 51. 
Arrowsmith, J., ii. 271. 
Artesian well, L 96. 
Artilleiy, L 262. 
Arts, i. 69 ; ii. 127. 
Arvelo, Dr. Carlos, L 168. 
Arvelo, Se&or Rafael, L 168: His 

book of |>oeins, iL 227, 231, 272. 
Asbestos, li. 187. 
Ascent. See Naiguat^ and Silla. 
Asfalto. See Lago. 
Asphaltum, beds of, i. 69 ; iL 186. 
Asphyxia, i. 80. 
Assassin: Attempt on the life of 

Bolivar by an, 1. 126 : One takes 

the life of Urdaneta, L 144 : 

Another that of C<Sbos, ii. 156 : El 

Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho, slain 

by an, iL 281. 
Asses, L 52 : A collection of, i. 223 : 

A goods train of, i. 229, 247. 
Asses versus Guides, ii. 29. 
Asuncion, town of, L 66. 
Atabapo river, i. 78. 
Athlete, a Calif omian, i. i8j. 
Atienza, Dofta Inez de, iL 160 : 

Murder of, ii. 161. 



304 



INDEX, 



Atiena^ Dr. Santiago Temro de, L 
317, 322; iL 125 : He speaks at ar- 
tist's banquet, iL 129, 249, 251, 

255. «57. 190. 
Atlantic Ocean, L 2, 6 Nofe, 47, 77. 

Atmosphere. S€€ Air. 

Attic, 1. 285. 

Attire. Su Dress. 

Atiires Indians, destmetioa of, L 8a 

At&res, rapids of, L 70. 

Auriferous. See Gold. 

Aurora, ii. 2C. 

'Australian, ss. of the W. I. & P. 
M. Co., i. 391 

Austria, Jos4, it 272. 

Austria,ColonelJos4de,author,i. 272. 

Authors, list of, ii. 271-293. 

Auyama plant, i. 23^ 

Avarice. Stt Conquistadores. 

Aveledo, Seftor Agustiii, ii. 272, 291. 

Avellaneda, DoAa Gertrudis G. de, 
poetess, ii. 226. 

Aves, Las, island, iL 1 19, 254, 272. 

Avicennia tomentosa, iL 176. 

Avila, Dr. Joe^ Cecilio, iL 272. 

Aze, Indian, iL 294. 

Axon, Mr. Wul £. A., Prefaet iL 
223-231. 

Azatran plant, L 51. 

Azambuia, Dom J. M. N. de, Bra- 
zilian Minister, L 41-42. 

Azores, or Western Islands, i. 2-3. 

Aztia, Don Gabriel A. lical de, ii. 
228, 230. 

Azules. See Consenrativc party. 

Baba. See Alligators. 

Baca, Alonso Anas, governor, ii. 169. 

Bac^ge, 1. 17. 

Bania dc Nuevo Napoles. Set Nuevo 

Napoles. 
Baillcria neriifolia, iL 183, 241. 
Ballon, San Pascual, a bone of, i. 96. 
Baio-Seco island, fortress of, L 70. 
Balboa, Nufiez de, ii. 47. 
Balcarce, Don Florcncio, poet, ii. 230. 
Ballot, vote by, L 55: 'Stuffing 

the ballot boxes introduced,' i. 

140. 
Balls in CanCcas, L 113-116 : In the 

Tuy, i. 297. 299. 
Balsam Copaiba, i. 76. 
Bambusea;, iL 37, 60^ 181, note. 
Banana tree, and fruit of, i. 51, 88, 

1 7 J, 294-295. 
Bandiera Brothers, i. 179. 
Bank of Venezuela, ii. 272. 



Bafiot J Sotomayor, Dr. Don Diego 
de, iL 276. 

Banquete, popular, L iia, 371. 

Banquets, l 2^^ 271-272. 315 : An 
artistic one, iL 124 : One to the 
artists, iL 128: The aathoi^a, to 
the President and hia Cabinet, iL 
146-148 : An aeoonnt of the ban* 
quet to the artists, iL 247-252. 

Baptisms, custom at, L 188. 

Barait, Se&or Rafael ICuia, author, 
iL 172 noU^ 230^ 272. 

Baraquigua, city of, ii. 165. 

Barhacoas, town of, ita chnreh, iL 
267. 

Barbadians : What Trollope says 
about the L 12 : Hospitality of the, 
L 13: Presumption of the, i. 13: 
Language of the, L 14 : Sacred 
plant of the, i. i^ 

Barbadoes island, 1. 8, 9, 12-15. 

Barbosa, General Antonio B., L 19. 

Barbula, coffee estate of, i. 1:^171. 

Baiinas, city of, L 74, 126 : The city 
taken by Paez, L 128 : Roada, il 
270. 

Barinas, plains of, L 47. 

Baring Bros., Messrs., iL 272, 292. 

Barinitas, road to, ii. 27a 

Barlovento, hills of, L 228 ; iL 59. 

Barlow, Joel, poet, iL 223. 

Barnacle, L 53. 

Barometer, aneroid, i. 213 ; iL 14, 
note. 

Barquisimeto, city of , L 68 : Earth- 
quake in, i. 68 : (Capture of the citv, 
1. 143, 148 : Founding of, ii. 154, 
15s : Invaded by Aguirre, iL 163 : 
Beads, ii. 269. 

Barquisimeto, State of , L 68 : Large 
population of, i. 68. 

Barracouta fish, L 199, 285. 

Barrett, Mr. David^ L 283: Over- 
drawn portrait of, 1. 285-286 : Ter- 
rible tribulation of, i. 287-288. 

Bdrrios, Dr. Diego Bautista, ii. 147, 
251. 

Biirrios, Seiior Diego Braulio, ii. 272. 

Barter, L 198, 213; ii. 152. 

Bamta, villa^ of, ii. 239. 

Basella marginata, iL 241, 243. 

Basket. See Caramute. . 

Bostides, Don Rodrigo de las. Bishop 
of Coro, ii. 154. 

Batis maritinia, ii. 175. 

Battery Hill, El Gran Roque, 201, 
202, 207, 209. 

Battue, a strange, i. 205-206. 



INDEX. 



305 



'Bavaria,' Hamburg steamer, ii. 
116-117. 

Bazaar, ii. 142-143. 

Beans, i. 67 ; ii. 67. 

Becker, Mr. Otto, i. 26 ; ii. 147. 

Bee, i. 53 ; ii. 237. 

Beef, Preface; l 242, 244, 253. 

Beer, i. 176. 

Befaria, ii. 238. 

Befaria ^lauca, ii. 235, 242. 

Befaria ledifolia, ii. 235, 242. 

Beiuco de a^a, ii 190. 

Belligerent rights asked by patriots, 
i. 125. 

Bello, Sefior Andres, poet, ii. 22^, 272. 

Beltran, Se&or J. Garcia, artist, ii. 
246, 251. 

Benigna, Santa, a bone of, i. 96. 

Benites, Seftor J. Maria, ii. 272-273. 

Bergantin, mountains of, i. 62, 63. 

Bermtidez, Greneral Jos^ Francisco, 
birthplace of, i. 67 : His victory 
over the Spaniards, i. 125 : HiB 
defeat, i. 126 : Anecdotes of, i. 
317-318, note. 

Benuddez, General Pedro Toledo, i. 
317 ; ii. 125 note^ 251. 

Berro, Don Adolfo, poet, iL 230. 

Berroteran, Madam rio, comfortable 
home of, ii. 28, 29, 68, 69. 

Berroteran, Pio, joins the Naiguatd 
party, ii. 28 : His appearance, ii. 
28 : Appointed chiei guide, ii. 28: 
Patience of, ii. 46 : He is dubbed a 
Saint, ii. 46 : He coes in advance, 
ii. 50 : Prudence of| ii. 62, 68, 69, 73. 

Bertholletia cxcelsa, ii. 190. 

Betijoque, sierras of, proposed rail- 
way to, ii. \Th, 

Bibliographical list, ii. 271-293. 

Bifrenaria, iL 194. 

Bigote, village of, i. 235. 

BiUega, A., i. 276. 

Binocle, ii. 9. 

Birds, Venezuelan, i. 52 : Of ill omen, 
i. 76 : Indian mode of capturing 
birds, i. 81 : Of Los Roques, L 208 : 
A strange place to buUd their 
nesta, i. 232 : New and rare species, 
i. 265-267 : Birds of Orchila, i. 281, 
284, 288, 298 : Goering*s collection, 
ii. 115 : Author's collection, ii. 177, 
188 : Ernst's paper on Venezuelan 
birds, ii. 291. 

Birthdays, celebration of, i. 188. 

Birth-rate, i. 31. 

Bishop of Caracas, ii. 171. 

Bishop of Merida, i. 73. 
VOL. IL 



Bishops, i. 56, 73 ; ii. 297-299. 

Bitter-cedar, i. 293. 

Bittera. See Angostura. 

Bituminous coaL See Coal. 

Bivouac, ii. lo-ii, 43-44. 

Bixa orellana, i. 234, 238. 

Black-cattle, i. ^2, 60. 

Black trap, implements of, ii. 294. 

Black waters of the Upper Orinoco, 
i. 80. 

Blanco, Don Antonio, i. 161. 

Blanco, Dr. Gerdnimo, author, ii. 273. 

Blanco, Father Matthias : his diction- 
ary of the Cumanagota language, i. 
29 ; ii. 273, 293. 

Blanco, General Antonio Guzman 
(President), i. 27, 77 note^ 104 : 
Author's introduction to, i. 106: 
His personal appearance, i. 106: 
His frankness, i. 106 : His past ex- 
perience, i. 106 : His fitness to rule, 
1. 106: His Herculean task, i. 108: 
He goes to *banquete popular,* 
i. 112: He receives a puolic ova- 
tion, L 1 12 : A medal of iionour pre- 
sented to him, i. 112 : He goes to 
a baU, i. 113 : Author's interview 
with, i. 117: His biography, i. 142 : 
His profession, i. 14^ : His travels, 
i. 143: His expatriation, i. 143: 
He joins General Falcon, i. 143 : 
He enters the army, i. 14^ : His 
military aptitude, 1. 144 : He re- 
organises the Liberal forces, i. 144: 
He leads them to victory, i. 144 : 
He arranges a treaty of peace with 
the Blues, i. 14^ : Accepts high 
offices, i 145 : He visits Europe 
about a foreign loan, i. 145 : He 
comes home, i. 146-147: His house 
mobbed, i. 147 : He escapes to 
Curazao, i. 148 : Returns to Vene- 
zuela, i. 148 : He collects an army, 
i. 148 : He takes Caracas by as- 
sault, i. 148 : He becomes the 
Ruler of the Republic, i. 150: 
Road made by him, i. 152 : One of 
his supporters, i. 154 : Author's in- 
terxnew with him at Valencia, i. 164- 
165: The President goes in state to 
the Cathedral, i. 178: His reasons 
for forming the islands of the Re- 
public into a territory, i. 219: He 
neads the army of A pure, i. 259 : 
His plan of attack on San Fer- 
nando, i. 260: His engagement 
with the enemy, i. 261 : His great 
victory, i. 262 : Issues decree re- 

U 



3o6 



INDEX. 



»\H.*v\\\\\i new territory, i. 273 : Ue- 
tin-iisfn>iii Aptire, i- 311 : Ovatiuii:) 
on the \%uy, i. 312 : Keoeution in 
Car.ica.s i. 312 : His Hiwcon to the 
iniiltitiide, i. 313: The merchants 
entertain him, i. 315 : Hia trouble 
M ith Sfihizar, ii. (^5, 96 : He a^^in 
takes the liehl, ii. 97: His victory' 
of Tinatinillo, ii. 98 : His return, 
ii. 98 : His sjieech, ii. 99 : He de- 
fends the execution of Salazar, ii. 
100: His railway scheme, ii. 118: 
He refuses to lease islands till 
examinc<l, ii. 121 : Onlere coni- 
|detion of cojil-niiningconceasions, 
li. 121 : Ix'aves for Valencia, ii. 
121 : He pnmiises author the 
islands, ii. 123: Leaves a^^ain for 
ValiMieia, ii. 123: Completes con- 
er>*Hi«>n of i>hosjdiate islands, ii. 
125, 126: His tari'well letter to 
author, ii. 144 : The author's 
hanquet to him, ii. 147 : Decree 
resiHJCtinj^ islands, ii. 253 : His 
address to ('onjj:ress. ii. 273, 275, 
281 : His trouble with the Church 
of liome, ii. 296-299. 

Blanco, Seftor Adolfo, i. 317. 

Blanro, Sehor Eduardo, i. 317; ii. 
251. 

IJlanoo, Padre, the patriot, death of, 
i. 319 : His tunoral, i. 320. 

l»hmdin, estate of, i. 39 ; ii. 90. 

Hlaii<iiiilla, inland of, i 07. 

l^Iechnniii si'irulatuni, ii. iSi. 

IJK'tia, ii. 194. 

lUiK's. Src Coiisorvalive party. 

151 uir. Srr I'roci pices. 

l>(>a constrictor, i. 53. 

IJoats, i. 16, 21, 60. 

IJoca de Coplc, i. 261. 

Boca d(^ l)r;i;;o.s strait, i. 47. 

Boca (Iraudc, proiM>sed telegraph to, 
ii. 132. 

J^ocouo river, i. 72, 74. 

BocoiK) valley, ii 155. 

Body-;:jiard <»f Pacz, i. 129: Of the 
rrc>idcnt, ii. iiS. 

Bogota, battle of, i. 125, 

lioL'lcv, the Kecorder, iinec.lot(» of, i. 
iSi- 1S5. 

l>oIlMipliylhnii. ii. 194. 

Bolct, Dr. Nicanor, ii. 273. 

Bolct, Hcrmaiios, ii. 273. 

Bolet, Scnor Kaiiioii. artist, Prrfarc ; 
i. 29, >/"/'' ,• i. 103 : .Joins conniiis- 
sion to Orcliila. i. 27^. 2S2 : He 
desi,i;ns triumphal arch, i. 312 : 



Joins partv to Catucbe, L 317 : 
Joins tlic Naif^uaUi party, ii. 17: 
His sudden iUuess, ii. 39, 41 : He 
discovers water, ii. 62, 71, 73, 78: 
His artistic ix>wcra, ii. 79 : Knskin 
on his drawings, ii. 80: His alle- 
gorical picture, ii. 12^ : Promotes 
fane arts exhibition, iL 127 : His 
drawinf^s at exhibition, iL 129, 147: 
Accompanies author to La Guajra, 
ii. 149, 180, 245, 251. 

Bolivar. Plaza de (Cdracas), L 26, 86, 
126,221, 3»3»3i4; ii. 13- 

Bol i var liail way Company', ii. 1 37, nolt. 

BoiJVAR, Simon, the Liberator: 
Monumental statue of, i. 33 : His 
private secretary, i. 40, 68 : Hi* 
Onler of * La Guerra d Muerte,' L 

?2: His fear of the Caribe fish, i. 76: 
lis expedition to free Colombia, i. 
82: Birthplace of, i. 122: Travels of. 
i. 1 22 : Ana^n^m on name of, i. 122 : 
Mission of, to Europe, i. 122 : Fights 
under Miranda, i. 123: His trium- 
phal entry into Carkcas, L 125 : 
He escapes to Curazao, L 125 : 
Captures fortress of Tenerife, i. 
125 : Captures Izquierdo's entire 
force, i. 125 : He is haUed by the 
title of Lilx^rator, i. 125 : Defeated 
at San Mateo, i. 126 : Attempted 
a.ssas.sination of the Liberator, i. \2t>: 
Lands at Mar«j:arit^, i. 127: Decree.'* 
the aboliiiim «»f slavery and manu- 
mits his own slaves, i. 127: He joins 
Paez, i. 129 : His victory of Cala- 
bozo, i. 129: I)efeat of, at La 
Puerta, i. 130 : He attends Con- 
jrress, i. 130 : He lilK*rate*» New 
(Jranadai, i. 131: His victorj' of 
('aralK)bo, i. 132 : He liberates Peru, 
i. 133: Assumes the dictatorship 
of it, i. 133: He purchases the 
liberty of looo slaves, i. 133: His 
ma«,auinimity, i. 1^4 : He resi«?ns 
the Presidency of Colombia, i. 
135 : His country's in«;ratitude, i. 
135 : He dies broken-hearted, i. 
130 : Politic^il results* of his death, 
i. 139 : Grand national funeral, i. 
140 : P»6ves attacks the Liberator 
at San Mateo, i. 155 : His address 
toSeiiorita Brion, i. 26S: His exile, 
i. 269 : Anecdote of him, i. 31S, 
)ii)fr : ii. 173, 224: Work.s relatin*? 
to, ii. 273, 274. 280, 2S9. 
l>(>Iivar, Stale of. i. 50, 58: Islands nf. 
i. 5S: Mountains of, i. 5S, 59: IJivers 



INDEX. 



307 



of, i. 59: Climate of, i. 59: Notable 
sights iir, L 59, 174, 178: Capacities 
of the State for production of in- 
digo, i. 242 : For cattle-breedine, 
i 244, 308 : Proposed telegraph 
through, ii. 132. 

Bolivar, the Enslaver, iL 168. 

Bolivia, Republic of, i. 133 ; ii. 284. 

Bollaert, Mr. William, ii. 274, 289. 

Bomaria rosea, ii. 242. 

Bonaire, island of, i. 202, 278 ; ii. 176. 

Bonfante, Sefior Pedro, kindiiess of, 
i. no: His breakfast party, i. 116. 

Bonfires, i. 112 ; ii. 8, 10, 13, 43. 

Bonpland, M. Aim^, i- 157 : Orchids, 
ii. 193-220, 2^4, 278, 281. 

Bon-vivant, a, 1. 116. 

Books relating to Venezuela, ii. 271- 

293. 
Borburata, port of, ii. 156, 158, 163. 

Borburata nvcr, i. 173. 

Borracha, island of, i. 62. 

Borrachitos, islands of, i. 62 ; ii. 253. 

Borrego, General, joins Guzman 

Blanco, i. 259. 

* Borussia,* German steamer, i. 174. 
Bosket, ii. 115 116. 

Botany. See Flora and Vegetation. 
Boulton, Mr. H. L., ii. 147. 
Boundary. See Limits. 

* Bouquet,* American Guano Com- 

pany's schooner, i. 278. 

Bouquet. See Floral. 

Bovadilla, Don Francisco Femdndez, 
ii. 274. 

B(5ves, the Spanish general, cruelties 
of, i. 126 : He attacks Bolivar at 
San Mateo, i. 155 ; iL 225, 234. 

Boy6, Mr. Lodewic Christoff, his salt 
works, L 197 : His house on El 
Gran Roque, i. 201 : Hospitality 
of, i. 201 : HLs lighthouse, L 203 : 
His unselfishness, i. 204 : He saves 
lives, L 204 : His anecdotes of 
wrecks, i. 204 : His rat difficulty, 
i. 206 : His dread of heat, i. 209 : 
A sail round the island with him, 
i. 209 : He challenges the * Venus,' 
i. 212 : His sloop wins the race, i. 
214. 

Boyer, Mr. Alex., ii. 136. 

Boyer, Mr. Alex., junior, ii. 147. 

Brachtia, ii. 195. 

Brack grass, or Sporobolus virgini- 
cus, 1. 201 ; ii. 176. 

Brauco river, ii. 152. 

Bravo, Don Pedro : Hi« encounter 
with Aguirre, ii. 163, 164. 



Brazil, Empire of, i. 41, 47, 48, 50, 
77: Yellow fever in, i. no: Cost 
of producing raw sugar in, i. 168: 
How coffee is grown in, i. 293 ; 
ii. 274, 277, 284. 

Brazilian legation, i. 41. 

Brazils, i. 8. 

Brazil-wood, i. 51. 

Brazo del Casiquiare (river), i. 41, 48, 
78, 79; ii. 152, 284. 

Bread, i. 152. 

Bread-fruit, i. 51. 

Breakfasts in Cardcas, i. 11^, 116. 

Breakwater of La Guayra, 1. 20, 21. 

Bredemeyera floribunda, iL 235, 
242. 

Briceiio, Dr. Mariano, ii. 272, 274. 

Bridges, i. 21, 30, 97, 100, 171, 229 : 
Puente de Falcon, L 231 : Natural 
one on the Naiguatd, iL 50 : New 
erections, ii. 267, 268, 269. 

Bridgetown, Barbadoes, i. 12-14. 

Brigantine, L 192 ; iL 165. 

Brimstone. See Sulphur. . 

Brion, Admiral, death of, L 268. 

Brion, Se&orita Loria, i. 268. 

Brisco, Sir Robert, i. 9, note. 

British aid to War of Independence, 
L 123, 132. 

British Guiana, L 46, 77, 284. 

British Legation, the, i. 25, 188. 

British Legion, the, i. 129 : Valour 
of, i. 132. 

British Minister, a strange one, i. 
222, 223. 

British Minister, the. See Middle ton. 

Brockhaus, Mr. F. A., ii. 225. 

Brown, Mr. Charles, discovers high- 
est known waterfall, i. 79, note, 

Bruzual, Greneral, his joint-president- 
ship, i. 146 : His death, 1. 146. 

Bruzual, Feast of, i. 186, 187. 

Bruzual, Se&ora, i. 186. 

Bucare de fuego, or fire tree, i. 29^ : 
Its beauty, L 293 : Its seeds, li. 
190. 

Buccaneers, L 201 : Ravages of the, 
iL 156, 158. 

Buena Vista, defile of, i. 132. 

Buenavista, lake of, L 63. 

Buena Vista, Tuy, i. 250. 

Buenos Ayres, i. 244. 

Bug, Jos<S Antonio, i. 235. 

Buildings, noted public, i. 26, 30, 32, 
34, 35» 38, 95. >09, 164, 169, 315, 
321 ; ii. 113, 263, 267, 268. 

Bullion, transportation of (anec- 
dotes), i. 224. 



3o8 



INDEX, 



Burj^uillofs St'&or Diego CaMa&an, 
artint, ii. 246, 251. 

Burial. S(e Funeral. 

Burro, inland of, i. 70. 

Bur>'ing-groundA, ancient. Set In- 
dian. 

Buscarito, channel of, i. 161. 

Butcher, L 244. 

Butcher>', Villajjje of the, ii. 161. 

Butterfly. S€c Mariposas. 



(!)ABiMB(f mountain, i. 68. 

Cabo Blanco, La Guayra, L 20; ii. 
48, 105. 

CalK> Bhmco, Orchila. i. 282. 

Calx) C<»dera, i. 84 ; ii. 14, 254. 

Cabo de La Vela, ii. 153. 

Cabni lake, i. 6S. 

Cabrera, viUa^e of, i. 161. 

Cabritii, latitude of a cazique of, 
ii. 159. 

Cacdo, i. 12 note, 50, 51 : Cultiva- 
tion of, i. 67, 73 : \Vhen intro- 
duced into Venezuela, ii. 171. 

Caodo lands, i. 157. 

Cacdo districtn — Yaracuy, i. 67 : 
Cua, i. 243 : Ocumare, i. 249 : 
Santa Lucia, i. 307. 

Cacjio estates — cTiuao, i. 32 : Dr. 
Nicanor Giiardia's, Tuy, i. 242 : 
Mila«^ro, i. 306. 

('ac:io, exports of, i. 42, 89. 

Carhiraiiio, or ariiiadillo, ii. 52. 

CarliiinlM), lnuise of, ii. 2, 4 : A iii«;ht 
then', ii. 5 : Tlie return to, ii. 12. 

Cadiera, Captain L., of the * Por- 
tofia,' i. 276. 

Cadiz, Hogencv of, i. 124. 

( \ife. .SV>' Coffee. 

Cafe del Avila, Caracas, i. 316: 
Fine art8 exhibition in, ii. 127, 
128, 244-2^2. 

CajLjfe, Mr. ^^ . A., ii. 105. 

Caioara, the painted rocks of, i. 80. 

Caicedo. Senor J. M., Torres, author, 
ii. 272, 274. 

Caiman, i. 53. 

Caji^^^al, Si'Fior Juan Manuel, birth- 
place of, i. 67 : His ascent of the 
Silla. ii. 1,8 note, 88 : His account 
of an ascent of the Silla, ii. 232-241 : 
His Silla jdants, ii. 241, 242. 

Cakile a^cjualis. ii. 175. 

(^alabozo, liattle of, i. 129. 

Calabozo, llanos of, ii. 238. 

Calabozo, town of, i. 259 : Road to, 
ii. 266. 



Calamar, i. ^3. 

Calcafto, Ledo. Ednardo, ii. 12 j : He 

Hpeaka at artiBta' banqaet, ii. 129, 

248, 251, 252. 
Calcafto, Seftor Joa^ Antonio, iL 274. 
Calca&o, Se&or Julio, poet, iL 225. 
Calcalko, Selior Simon, poet, iL 229. 
Calcareous tufa, i. 279 ; iL 187. 
Calcerola, or enamelled pan« iL 45. 
Caldera, mountain of, L 72. 
Calderon, Fnmc^BCO, ii. 166. 
California, L i, 188, 208, 228, 304. 
' Calido y sano,' meaning of expres- 
sion, i. 20. 
Callc de Carabobo, Caricas, i. 225. 
Calle de Comercio, CarriUsas, L 219. 
Camaridium, ii. 195. 
Camino Real del Oriente, or Main 

Eastern Road, ii. 2. 
Camp-fire, on Naiguat^, iL 41, 45. 
Camp-fire, on the ^)illa, ii. 10. 
Canipo Alegre, village of, L 230. 
Ca&a Dulce. See Sugar-cane. 
Canagu^ river, canalization of, ii. 

269. 
Canal, i. 41, 48 ; ii. 264, 268, 269. 
Canalization, ii. 264, 26S, 269. 
Canastillo, or Little-basket orchid, 

ii. 196. 
Candelaria district, Caracas, i. 226. 
Cane, wild, i. 51. 
(^an«(rejos, island of, i. 78. 
Canilla de Venado, ii. 242. 
Cannel. See Coal. 
Cannon. See Fire-arms. 
Cafio Aniarillo (river), i. 260, 261,312. 
Cafio de Guariapo (river), i. 260, 261. 

312. 
Cantharis, i. 53. 

Cantilo, Don Josd Maria, poet,ii. 23a 

Caobo tree, i. 293. 

Capachos plant, i. 51. 

Caparro river, i. 74. 

Ca])es. i. 47. 

Capitol, the, ii. 263. 

Carabolw, Imttle of, i. 132; ii. 225. 

Carabob»), State of, it.s rich lands, i. 
61, 159, 163, 174, 176. 

CarabolH). valleys of, i. 165. 

Caraca island.s, ii. 253. 

Caracas (capital), i. 23-28: Climate 
of, i. 29 : 1 rade of capital, i. 30 : 
Population, i. 30, 31 : Vital sta- 
tistics of, i. 31 : Schools of, L xi : 
Churches of, i. 32, 36 : Social life 
in, i. 1 13-1 16: Peaceful state of, 
i. 118: Military troubles in, i. 143 : 
Rainy season in, i. 187 : Earth- 



INDEX. 



309 



quakes of, i. 187 : Floods of, i. 187 : 
Telegraph lines of, ii. 133: At- 
tempted conquests of, ii. 156, 1^7, 
158 : Sacked by Drake, ii. 168 : By 
the French also, ii. 170 : Streets 
of, ii. 264. 

Canicas, flora of, iL 81. 

Cartas Indians, independence of, 

ii. 154. 
Cardcas, rebellion of, ii. 277. 
Caracas, valley of, i. 29, 47, 59, 151, 

290 ; ii. 2, 6, 30, 59, 239. 
' Caramba,* meaning of word, i. 42 ; 

"• 33- 
Caramute, Indian basket, i. 94. 

Cara&a tree, i. 51. 

Caraotas, or frnoles (beans), ii. 65. 

Carapa, lake o^ i. 63. 

Caratal gold-fields, Guayana, ii. 274, 

^ 279. 

Caravalleda, ancient city of, i. 19, 
20; ii. 166: Its abandonment, ii. 
167, 238. 

Caravalleda, bav of, L 20; ii. 156. 

Caravalleda, valley of, ii. 239. 

Carayaca, village of, ii. 239. 

Cariaco, gulf of, L 47, 63 : Submarine 
thermal springs of, i. 66. 

Cariaco, lake of, L 63. 

Cajibbean Sea, i. 9, 84 : Winds close 
to land, i. 191 : The sea from the 
heights, i. 192 : Calm on, i. 195, 
196 : Islands, i. 196, 197 : Fishing 
in, i. 199 : Storm on, i. 212, 277 : 
Rise and fall of tide in, i. 283: 
How the sea looked from the Silla, 

Caribe fish, i. 53 : Their ferocity, 1. 

76. 

Caribe Indians, a family of, presented 
to author, i. 90 : Rapid extinction 
of the tribe, i. 92 : Legend respect- 
ing its origin, i. 93: Their aress, 
i. 93 : Their women, i. 94 : Their 
marriage ceremonies, i. ^ : Spanish 
attempts to reduce, ii. 159, 166, 
169. 

Carite fish, i. 52, 285. 

Cdrlos IV. of Spain, on the education 
of her colonies, ii. 172, 173. 

Cdrlos v., the Emperor, ii 153: His 
slave decree, ii. 1 54. 

Carludovica palmata, ii. 190. 

Came asada, L 112. 

Caroan, Guayana, iL 158. 

Caroata river, i. 30. 

Caroni river, i. 78. 

Carora, town of, i. 149 ; ii. 155. 



Carreho, Se&or Manuel Antonio, 

author, iL 274. 
Carrizales, the place where the car- 

rizos grow, ii. 182. 
Carrizo, Francisco, iL 166. 
Carrizo plants, iL 182. 
Cartagena, town of, i. 8, 126. 
Carthamus tinctoria, L 51. 
Cartipano, port of, i. 63, 66 : Public 

works of, ii. 269. 
Carving, ornamental, ii. 191. 
Casa de campo, i. 113, 306. 
Casa de Misericordia, L 30. 
Casa del Ingenio, L 155. 
Casa Mortuaria, L 320. 
Casanare, Nueva Granada, L 128. 
Casafias, Sc&or Diego, portrait 

painter, ii. 124. 
Cascades. See Waterfalls. 
Casiauiare. See Brazo. 
Castillo, Dr. P. P. del, author, iL 275. 
Castillo Libertador, el, capture of, 

L 149; iL 113. 
Castro, Julian, ii. 275. 
Castro, Mr. , L 1 76. 
Catalogue, Fine Art Exhibition, ii. 

127, 245, 247, 289. 
Catalogue of Illustrations of Vene- 
zuela, ii. 289. 
Cataracts. See Waterfalls. 
Catasetum, ii. 195. 
Cathedral of Caracas, i. 32, 33 : Te 

Deum in, L 178, 320, 321. 
Cdtia, proposed new port of, ii. 118. 
Cdtia, village of, L 275 ; ii. 149. 
Catre, a night on a, i. 246. 
Cattle, formerly plenty of, in Ajragua, 
i. 161 : Present scarcity of, i. 163 : 
Absence of, in the Tuy, i. 243 : 
Immense herds of, in the Llanos, 
i. 245. 
Cattle-breeding, i. 50, 52, 64, 68, 72, 
74t 75, 89 : Desirable location for, 
1. 243, 244. 
Cattle station, or hato, L 250. 
Cattleya, ii. 195, 200. 
Cattleya mossise, L 263 ; ii. 200. 
Cattleya superba, Schomb., ii. 202. 
Catuche river, L 30, 317. 
Caucho, L 51. 

Caulin, Antonio, author, ii. 275. 
Caura river, i. 78. 
Cavalcade, a grotesque, L 221 : A 

goodly one, l 247. 
Caves, Caverns, &c.: El Encantado, i. 
59: Gudcharos, i. 64-66: Rio-Neero, 
1. 80 : El Gran Rooue, i. 209 : Nai- 
guatd, ii. 55, 56 : Petare, 91, 92. 



3«o 



IXDEX. 



Cuvauriiiia, Indian I'liief, capture uf, 
il. 167. 

Tayo (le Sal, Los UuquoM, i. 196, 214. 

Cavil Kl niiradu, OrvUila, i. 278, 
2S2, 2S4. 

I'ayii (irainle (iHland>, Lofl Roque»« 
i. 196 : Salt workj* of, i. 197, 212. 

raziiiiio of rahritn, ii. 159. 

raziiiuc of Cuniaiia, ii. 152. 

CiMlar. i. 51. 

I'ltlrvia iidoratA, i. 293. 

(Vdn> aniar^To tree, i. 2^3. 

(Vilro HIauco del Kio-Nepti, i. 293. 

( *f<ln I d uloi*. or sweet cctlar tree, i. 293. 

Codula real, ii. 17a 

lVliliac>', almliahment of, ii. 296. 

CVmeteVioM, i. 30, 152, 225, 271 ; ii. 
279. 

CViiMiJ*. ts*r Population. 

iVniineIn, islet of, ii. 25.|. 

Ct'iitRil .•Viiirrioan axes, li. 294. 

CViitnil American revulutiout*, i. iSo; 
ii. 117. 

fVn'UM Swartzii, ii. 176. 

(Vr|ia, l)(»n Dii'go Fernandez de, de- 
feat and ileath of, ii. 159. 

' Crrrito ilel Diablo,* anecdote of, i. 

36. 
(Vrro Aziil, mountain, i. $9. 
Orm (le la Vi;;ia, ii. 114. 
LVrro Duarto, ii. 26, 2S : Meseta of, 

11. 20, (SS. 
Cliaraito, ravine of, ii. 233. 
(iiafat*, villa;:e of, ii. zy}. 
riiacon, I>oii <laointo, poet, ii. 23a 
<'haU'opyritc*?*, ii. 1S6. 
('hall»'ii;!reainlcnunten*i;rn, i. 28, I19. 
ChaiiilHrlaiii, Mrs., i. 80 : Murder of 

the luToinr. i. 87. 
(^iiaparal, i. 172. 
<'harallavr, battle «»f, i. 126. 
Cliarallavi* crot'k, i. 244. 
L'liaiallave town, roiid to, i. 233: 

l»a«kwanl state <»f, i. 235, 236, 241 : 

]ioa<l tlirou^Oi it, ii. 2O5. 
C'liarcoal, i. 229. 

('liariMKil-lninKTs, ii. 4, 12, 23, 30, 31. 
Cliavcs, colK»;;o oif, ii. 2<)2. 
(Miayiiias Imlians, victory of, ii. 160. 
('lieo>e, Venezuelan, i. 228 : liow to 

make it, i. 245. 
Chemicals for rough analysis, i. 192, 

201. 
Chemical works of Canicas, the, L 

112, note. 
Che win;,', women, ii. 176. 
Chichi vacoa, cape «>t, ii. .254. 
Chigiiire, tiie, i. 70. 



Chimanas, lAlanda of, L 62 ; iL 253. 
Chincha iMlandn* Peru, L 279, 2S1. 
Chinese couliea, L 12, noie. 
Chiocoeca |ianlcnUti^ ii. 242. 
Chi<^uichique plant, L 51. 
Chinmoya fruit, i. 38, ci. 
Chirinofl, Scbor Rimel, author, iL 

275- 
Chitty, Sefior Gaulterio^ author, iL 

275, 291. 
Chloidia, ii. 195. 
Cholera, L 42. 
Cliondrorrhyncha, iL 196^ 
Choro de Morare, i. 29S. 
Chuao, cacio estate of, L 32. 
Chnchivero river, L 7& 
Church building, L 21, 22, 33, 34, 

42,95. 

Churches, l 21, 22, 30, 32-36^ 95, 
126, 156, 163, 169, 246, 257, 306, 
321 ; il. 267. 

Church of Rome, i. 30, 31, 43, 56 ; 
ii. 227, 296. 

ChuHpa, village of, ii. 156. 

Chu»quea, species of, iL 60. 

ChuMjuea Spencci \p,ew plant), iL 
82, 83, 181, 191. 

Chysis, ii. 196. 

Cigarros. See Tobacco. 

Cigars. See Toliocco. 

Cinchona tree, ii. 189. 

' Cireuh> de Amigos," i. 115. 

Cissus viatomni. ii. 190. 

Ci t ies. 6V«? Towns. 

Citrnsl inioniuni. i. 153. 

Ciutlad-Holivar, or Angof<tura, i. 48: 
Heat in, i. 49 : Its trade with 
A pure, i. 77 : lUse and fall of 
Orinoco at, i. 78: Historic iin{K>rt- 
anco of, i. Si, 82 : Proj>oseti rail- 
way to, i. 90 : Capture of, i. 25S : 
l*rojH>sed telegraph to, iL 133; 
English attempts upon the city, 
ii. 170, 171. 

Civilized Indians, i. 79. 

Civil war. Sec Kevolutions. 

Clarines, town of. its church, ii. 267. 

Clerical seminary, i. 32, 57. 

Climate, i. 49, 61, 63, 67, 68, 71, 72, 
78, 109, 2S1. 284; ii. 76, 115. 

Ch)ck-tower, i. 33. 

Cloud etlects, ii. 9, 11, 38. 

Clulw, political, i. 147. 

('lub, the Uni(m, L 115 ; iL 274, 27S. 

C'nemidophonis nigri-eolor, i. 208. 

Coaches, i. 151, 170: Tlie fir^t one to 
enter the Tuy valley, i. 232. 

Coal, i. 52 : Anthracite, ii. 134 : 



INDEX, 



311 



fiituiuiuouts ii. 134 : Cuuuel, ii. 

186. 
Coal beds of Coro, i. 69 : Of Toas, i. 

70 : Of Tachira, i. 74 : Of Cura- 

michatc, ii. 134. 
Coal mines of Nueva Barcelona, i. 

63» 83, 98, ic», loi ; ii. 121 : Govern- 
ment concessions to work them, ii. 

256 : Engineer appointed to survey 

tiieni, ii. 268. 
Coast-guard, station of the, i. 22. 
Coast-line of Venezuela, L 47, 273. 
Coast of Venezuela, temperature on 

the, i. 49. 
Coast range of mountains, L 47, 84, 

170; ii. 14. 
Cobos, Alonso, the assassin, ii. 156. 
C<5bos, Cri8t<Sval, his punishment and 

its results, ii. 166 : His resentment 

to Rdjas, ii. 167. 
Coccyzus landsbergi, i. 265 ; ii 177. 
Coche, island of, i. 67. 
Coche, sugar estate of, L 230, 
Coche, the Peace of, i. 145, 230. 
Cochineal, i. 53. 
Cock-fighting in Caracas, i. 37. 
Cockpits, i. 38. 
Cocoa-nut trees, i. 11, 51, 172; ii. 

"3- . 
Codazzi, Agustin, the geographer, i. 

46, 49, 62, note: On the caves of 

the (jfudcharos, i. 64, 65 ; iL 8, note : 

His map of Guayana, iL loi : Map 

of Apure, ii. 144, 145, 275, 284, 

287, 288. 

Codera. See Cabo Cotlera. 

Coffee cultivation, i. 39, 67, 68, 73 : 
Mistakes made, i. 244 : System of 
* arendetario,* i. 248 : Venezuelan 
method of cultivation^ i. 292-295 : 
Cost, i. 295 : Profit, i. 296 ; ii. 171, 
274, 283. 

Coftee districts — Carabobo, i. 61 : 
Yaracuy, i. 67 : Aragua, i. 153 : A 
poor one, L 1 72 : Macarisao, i. 234 : 
CharalUive, i. 236 : Cua, i. 243 : 
Ocumare, i. 248 : Paracoto, i. 257 : 
Yare, i. 305 : Santa Teresa, i. 306 : 
Santa Lucia, i. 307 : Mariclics, i. 
308. 

Coffee estates — Blandin. i. 39 : Guay- 
abo, i. 233 : Monte Verde, i. 235 : 
£1 Delcite, of Nicanor Guardia, L 
242 : Of Pedro Cond^, i. 244 : Mar- 
are, i. 247 : La Vega, i. 254 : Alta- 
gracia, i. 255 : £1 Mamon, i. 292 : 
Milagro, i. 306 : El Volcan and 
Santa Cruz, i. 308 : Sans Souci, ii. 90. 



CoflTee, export** of, i. 42, 71, 89. 
Coffee lauds, i. 73, 99 note, 153, is 7, 

298. 
Cof!ee: Of greatest perfection, i. ii, 

12 twtc, 39, 50, 51, 67, 68. 
Cof!ee-picking, i. 247, 294. 
Coffee-planting, L 294 ; ii. 274, 
Coffee shade trees. See Shade. 
Coffee, transport of, i. 229, 247. 
Coffee trees, i. 234, 245, 247 : The 

height at which the tree produces 

most coffee, i. 293, 295. 
Coinage, copper, i. 215. 
Coins, custom of boring holes in, 

i. 188 : Mixed, L 215 : Scarcity of 

circulating medium, i. 254. 
*Cojedes,' State of, i. 61, note ; ii. 265. 
Cojoro, proposed new harbour of, ii. 

^135. 

Cold, extreme, i. 49; iL 5^ 11, 44. 

Colear, the national sport of, ii. 93. 

Coleridge, Mr, William Hart, ii. 276. 

Colino, General Leon : Abortive re- 
volution of, L 69 : He takes Carora, 
L 149 : Joins Guzman^ L 259 : 
What he said about Salazar, ii. 95. 

Collado, Pablo, governor, ii. 163. 

CoU, Se&or Jacinto Gutierrez, ii. 125 
note^ 147. 

Colleges, national, i. 57, 

Colleges, i. 32, 57 ; jL 171, 224. 

College Seminary, ii. 171. 

Colombia, independence of, i. 82, 131. 

Colombia. See New Granada. 

Colon, L 8. 

Colon, CristovaL See Columbus. 

Colon, Feliciano Montenegro, iL 276, 
285. 

Colon, territory of, i. j8, 219, note: 
Resort of smugglers, 1. 273 : Guano 
Company's lease of islands of, i. 
2^4 : Second government commis- 
sion to, i. 274 : Author receives 
invitation to join it, L 275 : Decree 
forming territorj% iL 2^3. 

Colonial nistory, L 30; ii. 151-174. 

Colonia Tovar, i. 59, 1 76 : Orchids 
of, ii. 202, 209, 214, 219, 276. 

Colonization, i. 176: ProjKMjeil Eng- 
lish, ii. 138-140: Spanish, iL 155, 
158, 169. 

Colony of emigrants, a fine field for 
a, i. 176. 

*Columbiad,* the, ii. 223. 

Columbus, his discovery of the Ame- 
rican continent, L 47; ii. 151. 

Commerce of Venezuela, i. 57-58. 

Coniparettia, iL 196. 



3"* 



INDEX, 



* Cuncoju AtliiiiiiUtnulur de Caiicu,' 
i. 112. 

ronrcrts iiim'II air, i. 38. 

CunccHrtiuiiN. i>€c Governinciit. 

i'niicliu!*, ii. 157. 

Oinctirrt'iicia. un the I'laza dc Boli- 
var, i. 221. 

Condd, <;t*noral Pedro, cntaUi of, i. 
244 : His death, i. 244, noit. 

(\>iidi*, Schiir Kal»rioi«i, i. 245. 

CoiiK'rejw, i. 55. 56. 82. "9. "24, 130 = 
Treat H the KutoniiiHta!* with great 
vi^>ur, i. 140 ; ii. 276 : Klanoo'« 
iiiei«Ma};e to INmi^^am un the Church 
of Home question, ii. 297. 

Conn, Mr. Hiibert, vice-conaul of 
Puert«>-CalK*llo, ii. 1 14. 

(^oniicarpUH erect u«, iL 176. 

Con4iii>iadores, los, i. 92, 157 ; ii. 

>5"->74. 
Const'rvative jwirty, i. 139: Election 

cxi»edientM of, i. 140 : I-imi and 

ilownxof, i. 141-150: Koail-makinf; 

by, i. 230, 232 : It a>:ain takes tho 

field, i. 2SS : Its succcMMeH, i. 259 : 

Its Ki<;naT defeat, i. 260-261 : Uh 

forceH annihilated, i. 262 : What 

the Prertident said about it, ii. 99, 

265. 

Contralmnd, i. 58, 273 ; ii. 113, 117. 

Contral>iindista.«, ii. 113. 

Conncos, <»r ootta;;e farms, i. 50, 75, 
222, 237. 

ConvtMit, I'raiH'iscan, i. 85. 

r«»nvi'iits, sUj»j»n*sMon of, ii. 296. 

Couvryanre of bullion, i. 223, 224. 

Copaiba. Stc lialsam. 

Copt'i, mountain (»f, i. 66. 

Ctipey tn'«\ i. 51. 

Co|>le, battle of. i. 144. 

Coplo, UiM'a do, i. 261. 

Copper, i. 51, 52, 152 : CarlwnatCh 
of, ii. 185 186. 

Copper ctMus, i. 215, 216. 

Copptir mines of Aroa, i. 67 68; ii. 
136-137, 1.85. 

Copper, native, 1. 1^2 ; 11. 1S6. 

Co]»per ore, i. 152; li. 137, 186. 

Copi>er pyrites, ii. 186. 

Copper sulphate of, ii. 186. 

(.'oppcr veins, i. 1^2. 

Coquibacoa, ]>rovnice of, ii. 152. 

Coral beds, i. 281. 

Coral reef. i. 213, 2S4. 

Corohorus birtus, ii. 175. 

Cordn^^e, plauts which serve for, i. 
51, 175, 222. 

Cordia cylindristachya, ii. 176. 



I 



Cordillera of the Andes. Set Andes. 
Cordillera of the AWU, iL 50^ 232, 

^39- 
Cordillem of the Coast, L 47 : Habi- 
tations on the Bommit of road over, 

222 ; ii. 73, 76. 
Cordillem of Merida, i. 49, 50 ; ii. 76. 
Cordillera of New Granada, iL 76c 
Cordillera of Ocomare, iL 238. 
(^ordillera. States of the, i. 71 ; iL 269. 
Cordillera, troops of the, L 259. 
Coro, city of , 1. 69 : Ancient slave 

market of, iL 154 : Road from, iL 

269. 
Coro, coast of, its discoveiy, iL 151. 
Coro, gulf of, L 47, 69. 
Coro, State of, i. 68 : Minerals of, iL 

69. 134, 185, 186. 
Corocuro, inland of, i. 78. 
* Corona de Sangre,' L 85-88. 
Coronado, Sebor Vicente, iL 277, 291. 
Corpo Cristo, Fiesta de, in Victoria, 

L 154. 
Corro, Don Juan del, anecdote of, i. 

35-36. 
Cortado de Rincon, i. 229. 
Cortado de Totunio, L 234, 257. 
Corteii, Don Josd Manuel, poet, li. 23a 
Coryanthes, iL 196. 
Cosechn, la, i. 295. 
Cott<ni, \. 12 nuic^ 51, 229: *Sea 

Islanil,' ii. 277. 
Cotton, cultivation of, in Barcelona, 

i. 89, 97. 
(\)tton districts, i. 67, S9, 9S, 157, 

306. 
Cotton exports, i. 42, 89, 
Cotton factory, a, i. 117. 
Cotton-pnnin^ works, i, 101. 
Cotton lands, 1. 98, 157. 
Ctnirt of appeal, i. 56. 
Cows, scarcity of, in Venezuela, i. 

243- 
Cow tree, i. 51 : Milk of, ii. 189. 

Crab oil, iL 189. 

Crnme, Brigadier Austin, ii. 277, 

284. 
Craniohis, iL 196. 

Crespo, tJeneral Joaquin, i. 259-262. 
Cn»vn'es on Naiguattf, ii. 48, 50. 
(ticket matches, military, i. 12. 
Cruz Sehor Manuel, artist, ii. 247, 

251. 
CrA'ptunis cerviniventris (new bird), 

i. 266; iL 178. 
Cun, town of, i. 237, 239, 241, 243 : 

New road, ii. 265. 
Cuartel, or guard -nouse, L 28, 119 : 



INDEX, 



I'^l 



Saintly patroness of a, i. 229 : Sol- 
diers of, i. 230, 275, 290. 

Cubagua, island of, 1. 67 : Discovery 
of, ii. 151, 159. 

* Cuban,* steamer, i. 14 : Wreck of, 
i. I J, note. 

Cuchivano, grotto of, i. 66. 

Cucurbita maxima, L 234. 

Cuervo, Meliton, ii. 19, 73. 

Cuicas Indians, subjugation of, ii. 

155- 
Cultivation. See Agriculture. 

Cumand, ancient province of, iL 152, 
156, 159, 167, 169, 170. 

Cumand, city of, 1. 63, 64: Earth- 
quakes in, i. 64 : When founded, 
1. 64. 

Cumand, coasts of, i. 124. 

Cumand Indians, ii. 170. 

Cumani, State of, i. 63-64 : Its 
caves, i. 64-66 : Proposed tele- 
graph through, ii. 132 : Its islands, 
li. 253 : Lazaretto, ii. 269 : Port 
Sucre, ii. 268 : Koads, ii. 269. 

Cumanagota, coast of, its discovery, 
ii. 151. 

Cumanagota Indians, their language, 
i. 29 : Ancient burying grounds of, 
i. 152 : Victory of, ii. 166: Defeat 
of, li. 166 : Large army of, ii. 166, 
169 : Missionary efforts to subju- 
gate them, ii. 170 : Language of 
the tribe, ii. 292-293. 

Cunucunuma river, L 78. 

Cura. See Villa de Cura. 

Curamichate, Bridge of (Caracas), ii. 
267. 

Curamichate, coal mines of, ii. 134. 

Curamichate, port of, i. 148. 

Curarigua, the country of, ii. 165. 

Curataquiche, town of, its church, 
ii. 287. 

Curazao, i. 69, note ; i. 125, 146, 148 : 
The trade between Venezuela and, 
ii. 113 : Revolution hatchers of, ii. 
117. 

Curiosity of Venezuelans compared 
with Americans, i. 193. 

Currency, mongrel, i. 215-216. 

Custom-houses. See Aduanas. 

Customs, curious native, i. 93-95, 
109, 114, 115, 188, 220, 226, 240, 
302, 315 : At funerals, i. 320, 321. 

Cutuciapon river, i. 232, n<iU, 

Cuyuni river, i. 78. 

Cyenoches, ii. 196. 

Cymbidium, ii. 197. 

Cyperus brunneas, ii. 176. 



Cyperus c^sius, ii. 176. 
Cyrtopera, ii. 197. 
Cyrtopodium, ii. 197. 



Dahlia, i. 38. 

Dalla- Costa, General Juan, Presi- 
dent of Guavana, i. 259. 

Dance, Mr. Charles Daniel, author, 
ii. 277. 

Dances, L 113, 115, 224, 272, 297, 
299 ; ii. 43. 

Danish Government blamed for per- 
mitting open shipment of arms 
from Curazao, for Venezuelan in- 
surgents, i. 69, note. 

Danish man-of-war visits La Guayra, 
i. 272. 

Davallia concinna, ii. 181. 

Davcgno, Se&or Francisco, artist, ii. 
130, 246, 251. 

Death penalty, abolishment of, for 
political ofi^nces, i. 142. 

Death-rate, i. 31, 32. 

Debt, foreign and national, i. 58, 

ii7i i45» 146 ; ii. 140, 146, 275, 291, 

296. 
Decorations. See Floral. 
Delgadito dike, Zamora, ii. 269. 
Delgado, Seiior Elias, ii. 277. 
Delnionte, Don Felix Mana, ii. 230. 
Delta of the Orinoco, i. 50, 64, 78. 
Demerara, cost of producing raw 

sugar in, i. 168. 
Desayuno, el, i. IJ2 ; ii. 28. 
Dcscerazar, maquma para, i. 295. 
Desmanthus, i. 156. 
Diabase or hynerstheine, i 207. 
' Dia de cumpleabos,* i. 188. 
Dias, Alonso, founds Valencia, ii. 

154. 
Diaz, Dr. Lisandro, murder of, i. 259. 
Diaz, Jos^ A., author, ii. 277. 
Diaz, Jos4 Doming, author, L 277. 
Diaz, Sebastian, ii. 166. 
Diaz, Scfior M. V., ii 277. 
Diaz, Se&or Ramon, historian, ii 277. 
DichsBa, ii 197. 

Diorite, i. 207 : Implements of, ii. 294. 
Diplomatic corps, i. 115, 178, 189, 

218 : Author's dinner to, i. 222, 223, 

272, 315. 318. 
Discorea alata, i. 234. 
Dish, the national, i. 233 : Analysis 

of, 234, 318. 
Dividive, 1. 51 ; ii. 171. 
Docks, i. II. 
Dodonse trialata, ii. 242. 



314 



INDEX, 



Dog, iiuHtinct of a, i. 304. 

Dogs, i. 39, P- . 

Dominguez, Hon Luis I^.poet, ii. 23a 

Domingucz, Dr. liafael, author, L 

Dominica, Ulatid of, i. 11. 
Dominican mission, ii. IJ2. 
Dormitor}', a strange, l 246, 257, 

285 ; ii. 10. 
Dos Aquadas road, i. 211. 
Drdgo river, ii. 151. 
Dragon's-blood, i. 51. 
Drake, Sir Francis, sacks CartKcas, ii. 

168, 169. 
Drama, ii. 277. 
Dra^^-ings. See Venezuelan Fine 

Arts Exhibition. 
Dress, i. 93, 113. 
Drugs, export of, ii. 171. 
Dry season, the. i. 49, 293 ; iL 40. 
Duchamie, General, i. 15a 
• Dudley Buck,' steamer, i. 83, 104. 
Dutch Government. See Danish. 
Dyewoods, i. 51, 89; ii. 171. 



Eagle, i. 52. 

Earthquake-proof buildings, i. 17, 25, 

33- 
Earthquakes, i. 28, ^3, 53 : In Cu- 

maiui, i. 64 : Barquisimeto, i. 68 : 
San Cristolwil, i. 74, note: Valencia, 
i. 164 : Caracas, i. 187, 190, 318: On 
Naiji^iatA, traces of, ii. 51 : Confir- 
mation of established theorj' re- 
garding, ii. 55 : Dr. A. K6jas on, 
li. 287. 

Eastwick, Mr. Edward B., author, 
ii. 277, 27S. 

Ebony, i. 51. 

Echcsuria, Alejandro, ii. 172. 

Echeverria,Don Esteban, j)oet,ii.23o. 

Ecuador, Kcpublic of, i. 82 ; ii. 278. 

Eden, an earthly, i. 30, 294. 

Education, i. 31, 32, 57 : Compul- 
sory, i. 219; ii. 101, 102: Of women, 
ii. 172 : Laws relating to, ii. 278. 

Educational establishments, i. 32, 57. 

Eels, elcctriail, mode of capture, 
i. 60. 

*E1 Americano,' newspaper, ii. 
270. 

* El Balcon,' Naiguata, ii. 53. 
*E1 Boqucron,' pass of, i. 59. 
*E1 Cafvario,' Naiguat4, ii. 33. 

* El Cambour,' inn of, i. 171. 

* El Casino,* public garden, i. 38. 
*E1 Ccrrito del Diablo,' i. ^ix 



*£1 Chingo,' meaning of the expres- 
sion, i. 2^9, note. 

* El Constitucioual,* newspaper, L 

134- 
'El Diano de Cardcas,* newspaper, 

i. 65, note. 
£1 Dorado, i. 52, 92 : Expeditions to 

search for, iL 154, 158-160, 165, 225. 
Elections, State, i $5 : Strange form 

of liberty of elections, L 147, note. 
£1 Encantado, caves of, L 59 ; iL 

90-93- 

* Elephant's head,' Silla, ii. 7. 

*E1 Gran Mariscal,* or The Great 
Marshal, i. 69. 

£1 Gran Roque, island of, L 58, 193: 
Bojr^'s house on, L 201 : Topography 
of,'L 201 : Scarcity of water on, l 
202: Mineral deposits on, L 202 : 
Lighthouse on, i. 203: Rat hunt on, 
i. 205 : Valuable part of, L 207 : 
Ernst on the formation of, L 207 : 
Guano on, L 207: Fauna and flora 
of, i. 208 : Excessive heat on, L 
208: Phosphates on, L 211. 

Elleanthus, li. 197. 

£1 Mamon, coffee estate of, L 292. 

*E1 Musco Venezolano,' periodical, 
11. 78. 

* El Oasis,' periodical, ii. 78. 
El Pioni, mountain of, L 62. 

El Poso (El Gran Roque), the well, 

i. 202. 
El Resguardo, Puerto- Cabello, iL 

"3- 
El Teqne district, how it lost its 

name, i. 1S6. 
*E1 Tirano.' Sc^^ Aguirre. 
El Valle, village of, i. 229: As seen 

from the Silla, iL 6, 239 : The 

streets of, ii. 264. 
El Volcan, coffee and cacdo planta- 
tion, i. 308. 
Emancipation of slaves. Sec Slaves. 
Emigrants, i. 176: A good field for 

them, L 177, 308; ii. 138-140. 
Emigration, i. 176; iL 138-140. 
Encantado river, L 231. 
Engel. SeFior Luis, i. 275 : Joins the 

party, i. 276 : His distress, i. 277 ; 

li. 278. 
English invasicms of Venezuela, ii. 

168, 170, 171. 
Entomological observations, ii. 291. 
Enumenitio plantarum, ii. 242. 
Epidendro, ii. 242. 
Epidendrum, ii. 198-203. 
Equisetum Humboldtii, iL 241. 



INDEX, 



315 



Eragrostis prolifera, ii. 176. 

Eriopsi8. ii. 203. 

Ernst, Dr. Adolf, Prtfojce: His de- 
termination of the height of Card- 
cas, i. 29, note: On the lormation of 
El Gran Roque, i. 207 : His new 
lizard, i. 200 : His kindness, i. 
264, 269 : In his rUt of priest, i. 
271 : His ascents of the Silla, 
ii. i: The Naiguatd plants sent 
to him, ii. 69 : His talents, ii. 
80 : His researches into the flora 
of Caracas, ii. 81: His letter to 
author, ii. 82, 147 : His speech at 
banquet, ii. 148 : His list of Los 
Roques' plants, ii. 175, 176: His 
paper on those of Naiguatd, ii. 180: 
nis notes on author's collection, iL 
189 : His list of Venezuelan Or- 
chids, ii. 192: His observations on 
SiUa plants, ii. 242,251: Some of 
his literary works, ii. 278. 

Eiythrina vclutina : £. umbrosa : 
E. dubia, i. 293. 

Escalona, Se&or Rafael, iL 172. 

Escobar, Seftor Eloy, poet, iL 125, 279. 

Escogida, la, i. 295. 

Esequibo river, L 50; ii. 152. 

Esmeralda, bay of, ii. 253. 

Esmeralda, village of, L 48. 

EspaRa, General, i. 124 : His pro- 
phetic words on the scafibld, ii. 

'73- 
Espejo, Greneral. courtesy of, L 240. 

Espinal, Greneral Mariano, Governor 
of Colon, i. 274, 276, 287. 

Espino, lake and estate of, L 229. 

Espinola, Captain of Aguirre's band, 
ii. 164. 

Espinosa, J. M., author, iL 279. 

Espiritu Santo, town of, iL 166. 

EsttSves, Sefior Aristides, iL 251. 

Estimates : Salt of St Kitts, i. 10, 
note: Phosphate on Redonda, L 10, 
II, note: Live stock, L 52: Cotton 
of Barcelona, L 98: Suj^^ar produc- 
tion of La Quebrada Estate, Ara- 
gua, L 154: Cost of coffee-growing 
in the Tuy valley, L 295 : Cost of 
a large coffee plantation i. 298 : 
Curamichate coal, iL 134 : Aroa 
copper mines, ii. 137. 

Estopa de Rio-Negro, iL 190. 

' Estoy demasiado limpio,* meaning 
of expression, i. 44. 

* Estrella,' ss., wreck of, i. 204. 

Eulalia, Santa, statue of, i. 95. 

Euphorbia buxifolia, ii. 175. 



Eustachio, San, a bone of, i. 96. 
Excise on necessities of life, abolish- 

ment of, iL 1 73. 
Exhibition in Caracas, iL 127-130, 

244-2J2. 
Exhibition of London, Venezuelan 

commission, L 318. 
Exhibition of Paris, i. 81, note. 
Exhibition of Vienna, i. 318; iL 267. 
Exports, L 42 : Annual national, i. 58, 

71, 82, 89, 211 note^ 242 : How to 

increase them, L 243, 284. 
' Eye of the carrion vulture,' ii. 190. 



Facundo, San, a bone of, i. 96. 

Faith, statue of, L 33. 

Falcon, bridge of, i. 231. 

Falcon, State of. See Coro. 

Falcon, General, i. 69: He proclaims 
the Federal Republic, L 143 : 
Leads the Liberals, L 143 : Is de- 
feated, L 144 : Seeks aid in New 
Granada, i. 144: He continues the 
war, L 144 : Triumphs over Paez, 
L 145: Becomes President, L 145: 
Dissensions in his party, i. 146 : 
His abdication in favour of two 
revolutionary chiefis, L 146. 

Falling stars, or estrellas cadentes, 
paper on, iL 291. 

Fsilsification in voting, introduction 
of, L 140. 

Fandango in the Tuy, i. 297. 

Fans, bird-feather, ii. 115. 

Faiallon islet, Orchila, i. 282. 

Farallon islet, off Cabo Codera, ii. 

FaroTde Maracaybo, L 71. 

Fauna of Venezuela, L 52. 

Faxardo, Francisco, a Cardca,iL 154: 
He marries Indian girl, iL 15^: 
Treats with Indians, ii. 155: His 
flight to Margarita,iL 155: Ilcnewed 
attempt to subdue the Indians, ii. 
1 56 : Again returns to Margarita, 
ii. 156 : Sails again for the main, 
land, ii. 156 : His assassination by 
C<5bos, ii. 156 : His attempt to sub- 
due Aguirre, iL 163 : Punishment 
to the son of C<51k>8, ii. 166. 

Feasts, grand public, L iii, 112, 178, 
i86, 271, 311, 312. 

Feasts, religious, L 101, 154, 225, 321. 

* Feast of the dead,' L 225. 

•Feast of St. Peter and JSt Paul,' L 
227. 

Feasts of the Libertador, ii. 270. 



3i6 



INDEX, 



Feat, a dexterous, 1. ^3, J04. 
Federacion Hill, Orchila, 1. 279-281. 
Fetloral Distrift, L J3 iioto, 59. 
Fetii*ralirit8. Sff. Lioicrales. 
Federal llepublic, i. 55: Proclaimed, 

i. 143- 
Felspar, ii. 187. 

Fernandez, Dun Manuel M., poet, 

iL 229. 
Fernindcz, Juan Evangellsta, ii. 19, 

68. 
Femindez, Seftor Carmelo, artist, ii. 

246. 
Fernando VII., ii. 173. 
Fem», tall, ii. 32. 
Ferrucarril de La Guayra, ii. 279. 
Ferrocarril (railway) Central de 

Venezuela, ii. 279. 
Fever • breetlin^ exhalations from 

inurslieH, a means of preventing, i. 

no. III. 
Fever districts, i. 74, 78, 109, 1 10 ; uL 

112. 
Fibrous plants, i. 51, 175. 
Fiesta de los Muertos, i. 225. 
Fiestas. Se^. Feasts. 
Figuerua, Don Francis Acu&a de, 

poet, ii. 230. 
Filipiuas, Com pallia, trading mono- 
poly of, ii. 171. 
Fine Arts Exhibition, ii. 127-130, 

244-252. 
Fire-arms, hijjli import duty on, i. 

17: l!ui>oris for revolution, i. 69 

ni}ti\ 129 noU\ 144, 201 ; ii. 164. 
Fires in forests ii. 34. 
Fire tree, i. 293. 
Firewooil, traii!iiK)rt of, i. 229. 
Fireworks, i. iii, 178, 274, 321 : On 

Silla of Caracas, ii. 10, 13. 
Fi8h-l)oiie tree, i. 293. 
Fisheries of Ajmro, i. 75-76 : Of 1 

Barcelona, i. 104 : Of Orchila, i. | 

285; ii. 143. 
FisheniuMi of Los Roques, i. 198, 214. 
Fleek, Dr., chemist, li. 134. 
Floods, i. 187. 217, 306. 
Flora amliua, ii. 83. 
Flora of Canlcas, ii. 81 : Its ferns 

(helechos), ii. 291. 
Floml decorations, i. 154, 189, 222, 

225, 312, 31?. 314, 315 ; Ji. 124, 147. 
Flora of Orchila, i. 281, 284. 
Flora of EI Cran Koquc, L 201, 208; 

ii. 175, 176. 
Flora of NaiguatA, ii. 180, 184. 

• Flor de Cacnimbo,* ii. 5, 27. 

* Flor del Tuy,' i. 301. 



Flor de Mayo, i. 263 ; ii. 

Flour, i. 152. 

Flower garaena, L 40, 1 14. 

Fog on tne Nai^natk* iL 62. 

Foreigners, advice to, i 1 79L 

Forei^ers in the Republic, number 

of, 1. 31. 
Forests, destruction of, L 159-160: 

How to preserve them, ii. ja 
Forests, extensive, i. 70-75, 78, 79, 

loa 
Forwta, virgin. L 50,57, 7<^ 71, 73, ga 
Fortifications, 1. 22, 57, 70, 81 neit^ 

125, 140; iL no, 113, 114, 153. 
Foster, Mr. C. L. N., author, li. 279. 
* Fountain of Life,' the, ii. 32. 
Fountains, puUic,L 21,3a 314; ii. 1 13. 
Franciscan missionariea, II 170. 
Fredensburg, Dr., L 109. 
Freemason's Journal, i. 322. 
Freemason's Hall, ii. 267, 296. 
French corsairs invade Venezuela, L 

163. 
French invasions, iL 170. 
Fristes, patriot soldier, his execution, 

i. 86. 
Fruits, farinaceous, i. 51. 
Fruits, tropical, i. 38, ^i, 236. 
Frullania cylindrica, ii. 180. 
Fry's Canicas Cocoa, i. i. 
Fuenta de la Vida, or Fountain of 

Life, ii. 32. 
Funaria hvgrometrica, ii. 180. 
Funeral of Bolivar, i. 140 : Of Padre 

Hlanco, 319, 320. 
Funeral, Protestant, i. 271. 
Fustic, i. 51. 



Galactodendrum utile, i. 51. 

(lalcandra, ii. 203. 

(■aleua, ii. 186. 

Ctak'ua arjpjntiferous, i. 69 ; ii. 185. 

Galindo, Sefior Tovar, soapmaker, i. 

112. 
Galium, sp., ii. 82, 183. 
Gallagher, ^Ir. Matthew, printer, ii. 

172, 274. 
Gamelote grasp, i. 235, 237, 243. 

* Gang of Apurc,* the, i 128. 
Garcia, General Juan Bnutista, i. 

144 : Becomes Vice-lVesident, i. 

275 ;ii. 147. 
Garcia y Garcia, Dr. J. A., author, 

ii. 279. 
Garcia y Reveron, Luis Felipe, author, 

ii. 279. 

* Garden of the world,' the, 161. 



INDEX. 



3^7 



Gardens, public, i. 38; ii. 113, 263, 
264, 267-268. 

Gardoquia discolor, ii. 183. 

Garlic, or ajo, L 241. 

Garrafones, ii. 32. 

Gathman, Seftorita Ana, ii. 246. 

Gato AmariUo, village of, i. 230. 

Gaultheria coccinea, ii. 241. 

Gaultheria odorata, ii. 241. 

Gaultheria ri^da, ii. 18^. 

Gaylaussacia i>uxifolia, ii. 183, 241. 

Gencste, Mr. F., A.B., iL 279. 

Greography of Venezuela, i. 46-82 : 
Books relating to, ii. 279. 

Greological fact, confirmation of, ii. 54. 

Geological Society, Journal of, ii. 
279, 289. 

Geology of Venezuela, works on, ii. 
279, 289, 291, 292. 

'Gerona,' Spanish frigate, ii. 106. 

Girasole, i. 5 1 : How it can be utilized, 
i. III. 

* Globus,' magazine, ii. 278. 

Gnaphalium americanum, ii. 183. 

Gnaphalium incanum, ii. 82, 183. 

Gneiss, ii. 75, 185. 

Gneiss, metamorphic, i. 280; ii. 187. 

Goajira peninsula, i. 40, ^o, 135. 

Groajira territory, population of, i. 53, 
note. 

Croats, rearing of, i. 68. 

Grodoi, Manuel R., iL 280. 

Godoy, Don Juan, poet, ii. 230. 

Goering, Mr. Anton, caves discovered 
by, i. 66 : Joins the Tuy party, i. 
289 : His snake story, L 290 : A 
proof of his friendship, i. 292 : His 
miracle, i. 297 : His Indian subiect, 
i. 297 : His sketch of the Tuy valley, 
i. 298 : His anthropological studies, 
i. 3CX) : He sketches the peasantry, 
i. 302, 308 : He joins the Silla 
party, ii. 2 : Is the cause of its de- 
tention, ii. 2 : His * Sunset on the 
Way to Cachimbo,' ii. 4 : His 
search for insects, iL 7 : His ill- 
ness, iL 7 : His entomological 
prize, iL 7 : His little game, ii. 8, 
14 : Joins the Naigua^ party* iL 
1 7 : His bed, ii. 23 : He cautions 
party, ii. 39, 43 : His inordinate 
thirst, ii. 67, 71, 73 : His letter to 
author, ii. 76 : Joins El Encantado 
party, ii. 90 : His collection of birds, 
iL II 5 : His paintings at exhibition, 
ii. 129, 180, 183, 246, 252 : His 
paper on the new caves he dis- 
covered, iL 291. 



Gold Bluff, California, i. 180. 

Gold-fever, ii. ij8. 

' Goldmakers' village,* the, i. 18. 

Gold mines, of Guayana, L J2 : Of 
Nirgua, ii. 154: A traditional mine, 
iL 1 56 . Beneficial results to Vene- 
zuela from failure of gold mines, 
ii. 169 : The mines of Tacasuruma, 
ii. 185 : Of Caratal, ii. 279. 

Gold quartz, iL 185. 

Gomez, Don Juan Carlos, poet, iL 
230. 

Gongora, ii. 203. 

Gonzales, Miguel, ii. 149. 

Gonzalez, Juan, discovers Guayana, 
u. ij8. 

Gonzalez, Sefior Manuel, sculptor, ii. 
246, 251. 

Gonzalez, Se&or Jorge Rodit, author, 
iL 280. 

Gonzalez, Sefior JuanVicente, author, 
ii. 272, 280. 

Good Haven Key, Los Roques, i. 
21J. 

Goods train, a Venezuelan, L 229. 

Groodyera, iL 203. 

Gosewisch, Mr. H., i. 26 ; ii^QO, 147 : 
Accompanies author to Eingkuid, 
ii. 14^. 

Grossypium barbadense, iL 175. 

Govenia, ii. 203. 

Government concessions, author 
treats for, L 106-108, 164, 175, 189, 
194, 218, 275; iL 119-126, 136 : De- 
crees, iL 256, 258. 

Government House, L 26 ; ii. 267, 280. 

Governor of St Thomas, death of, i. 
8. 

Grammont, the buccaneer, L 72 ; ii. 

156. 

Granadillo tree, i. 51. 

Granate mountain, L 74. 

Grange, Mr. William, L 274 : He ar- 
rives in Venezuela, iL 122: He 
makes offers for islands, ii. 122 : 
Meets with no success, ii. 122 : He 
writes to the papers, iL 122: He 
departs, iL 122 : Commissions Dr. 
Ernst to report on islands, ii. 123. 

Granite, i. 32. 

Granville, Lord, L 24. 

Grapes, i. 64. 

Grasses, tall, ii. 2^6. 

Great Britain andf Ireland, L 13, 31 
wote, 47. 

Grenada, island of, i. 15. 

Groasourdy, author, iL 280. 

Grotto, inec Caves. 



3i8 



INDEX, 



Guaraipuro, the Indian chief, iL 157 : 
Defeat and death <if, iL 15S. 

Guacamaya mountain, i. 163. 

Guacara, pueblo of, i. 162. 

(ruicharo binU L 64, 65, 66 ; iL 92. 

GnichanM, cave^ of thefCumanii), i. 
64 : Shrieking; of the birds in the, 
i. 65: A^Htin Codazzi*8 description 
of the caven, i. 65 ; Humboldt's 
\nsit, i. 65 : Gocring discovers new 
caves, i. 66. 

Ctuadeloupe inland, i. 11. 

Guaimacuare, the cazique, ii. 156. 

Guairc river, L 30, 117, 187 : Bridge 
over the, L 22^ : Ford on the, i. 
289, 306, 30S ; iL 6 : £1 Encantado, 
iL 91, 92, 166, 240. 

Gual, Don Mateo, ii. 173, 280, 287. 

(vuanio fruit, i. 51. 

Guaino rabo dc mono tree, i. 293. 

(vuanape, villaj^e of, i. 42. 

Guanipji, tabic- land of, i. 62. 

Guano, i. 6$ : Of El liran lto<iue, i. 
207 : Of Orchila, L 274, 275, 279, 
281, 2S3, 284, 287, 288; ii. 187. 

Guano, Peruvian, L 207 : How it is 
adulterated, i. 284. 

Guaracarambo villaije, L 275. 

Guara^uata, musical instnimcnt, i. 
104, 299. 

Gujirapiclio lake, i. 63. 

(Juarayina iiumntains, ii. 239. 

(iuard-house. ^ce. Cuartel. 

(iuard of honour to accoini»aiiy autlior 
through tlie Tuy valley, i. 302. 

Guardia, Dr. Nicanor, otate of. i. 
242. 

Guardia, Senor Hcraclio M. do la, 
hi.s j»ooiii oil the ascent of the Nai- 
f^uatii, ii. 84 88 : 231, 251 : His 
]»oeni at artists' banquet, IL 252, 
2S0, 291. 

Guardia, Stfior Tonias, i. 242. 

(inarenas, valley of, i. 59. 

Guari, colFec estate of, i. 255. 

Guariaparo lake, i. 63. 

(iuariapo river, i. 260, 261. 

(tuarico, llanos of, ii. 166. 

(iuarico river, i. 60. 

Guari CO, State of, i. 59 : Physical 
aspect of, i. 60, 62, 68, 77 : Canal 
in, ii. 264 : Ilofid througli, ii. 266. 

Guasaconiea lake, i. 63. 

(Juatire valley, i. 59. 

(Juaviare river, L 78 ; ii. 284. 

(iuayabo coflee estate, i. 233, 263 : 
(Jathering the annual crop of 
coUec on the, i. 290. 



Goayana Inglesa. See Biitiah Guiana. 

Guayana, State or Provinoe of , i. 4S : 
Gold mines of, i. 52 : Enormous ex- 
tent of the province, L 75 : Meagre 
population of, L 77 : The Orinoco, 
1. 78: Mountain ranges of Guayana, 
L 78 : Rivers of, i. 78 : Unhealthv 
climate of, i. 78 : The divirions of, 
L 79 : Natural curiosities of, L 79, 
80. 258 : Codazzi*8 map of, ii. 101 : 
Discovei^ of Guayana, iL i^ : Sir 
W. Kaleich's expedition to, iL 17a 

* Guayrefia,^ author takes passage to 

St. Thomas in the, iL 149. 

Guazuma tree, iL 189. 

Giieregiiere, sugar estate of, iL 20, 9a 

Guerra, Cristoval, expedition of, iL 
151. 

Guerrero, Spanish General, defeat 
of. i. 128. 

Guevard, Silvester, Archbishop, iL 
296-299. 

Guides— To the Silla, iL 2 : Those 
of the Naiguatd expedition, iL 19: 
Their stories, ii. 20: Their subtlety, 
iL 23 : Their powers of deception, 
ii. 29: Their selfishness, ii. 33: 
Three of them go back for water, 
ii. 40 : They return with it, iL 45, 
46 : They refuse to lead, ii. 50 : 
They steal all the water, iL 65 : 
They make some atonement, ii. 66. 

Ciuillen, Juan Jos(5, iL 19. 

Guipuzcoana, Compatiia's trading 
nionomily, ii. 171, 276, 2S0, 2S6. 

Guiria, Port of, i. 63. 

Giilich, F. von (Carman Minister), 
his tea party, L 318. 

Gumilla, Sefior P. Jos<5, author, ii. 
280. 

Gun-boatB captured by cavalry, L 
129. 

Guns, ^cc Fire-arms. 

Gutierrez, Dr. Jacinto (Cabinet Min- 
ister), i. 115. 

(Jutierrez, Sefior Juan J., i. 276. 

Gutierrez, Schor Kafael Hcmdndez, 
author, ii. 88, 147, 251, 280. 

Guzman Blanco, Bridge of, ii. 267. 

Guzman Blanco, Port of, i. 103 ; iL 
268. 

* Guzman Blanco Promenade,* ii. 

263. 
*(iuzman Blanco,' State of. Srr 

Ara^^aia. 
Guzman Blanco, Water-works and 

aqueduct of, ii. 263. 
Guzman, Don Fernando de, ii. 160: 



INDEX. 



3^9 



He is crowned by Aguirre, ii. i6o: 
Murder of, ii. i6i. 

Guzman, Se&ora Carlota Bianco de, 
i. 113 : Dcatli of, i. 271. 

Guzman, Sc&or Antonio Leocadio, 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, i. 40 : 
Faithful among the faithless, i. 
134 : His political mishaps, i. 140 : 
He edits a paper, i. 141, 142 : He 
speaks at feast of Bruzual, i. 186, 
220 : Represents the nation at 
funeral of Padre Blanco, i. 320 : 
He speaks at artists' banquet, ii. 
129 : His letter to author, ii. 144, 
145, 146, 147, 248, 250, 251, 280, 291. 

Guzman, State of. See Merida. 

Gypsum, ii. 187. 



Habenaria, ii. 203. 

Hachas, or torches, i. 102. 

Hacienda of Chuao, i. 32. 

Hsematites, ii. 186. 

Hahn, La Seflora £lena Echanagucia 

de, home of, i. 113, 114. 
Hahn, Mr. Carlos, his flower ^rden, 

i. 114: His estate of Tnijillo, i. 

308 : His telegraph concession, ii. 

i33» 147- 
Hakluyt Society, ii. 289. 
Halibut, i. 52. 
Hallaca puddings, ii. 41. 
Hamilton, R.N., Captain £dward, 

anecdote of, IL 108-111. 
Hammocks, i. 94, 99, 109, 261. 
Hammond, R.N., Lieut R. A., ii. 

104, 115. 
Harbour, a new one, i. 103, 189. 
Harrieros, i. 229. 
Hatchets, Indian's stone, iL 294. 
Hato, or cattle station, i. 50, 250. 
Hawkshaw, Mr. Jolm, ii. 137 noie^ 

281. 
Heart-disease, i. 244, note. 
Heat, tropical, its effects, i. 3, 7, 8 

iwte, 12, 13, 20, 23, 49, 78, 191, 208 

note, 305 ; ii. 29, 57, 60, 115. 
Hedges of lime tree, i. 153 : Of 

piaon, i. 153. 
Helianthus aunuus, L 51, iia 
Hemming, Mr. Fred. H., ii. 131. 
Heras, General, reinforces Paez, i. 

132. 
* Hermione,' frigate, ii. 107-111. 
Hermit crabs, i. 280. 
Hernandez, Juan, ii. 2. 
Hernandez, Senor Domingo Rafael, 

poet, ii. 227. 



Herndndez, Scftor Nestor, artist, ii. 
246. 

Herrera, Alonso dc, explores Orinoco, 
ii. 159: His death, li. 1^9. 

Herrera, General, his defence of 
Apure, i. 259 : Wounding of, i. 261. 

Herrera, General Joaquin, i. 302 : 
He kills a snake, i. 30^. 

Herring, R.N., Lieut., ii. 107. 

Hexisea, ii. 204. 

Hidalgo, Don Bartolom^, poet, ii. 230. 

Hides, export of, i. 42, 89 ; ii. 169, 
171. 

Hieroglyph, discovery of an ancient, 
ii. 163. 

Hieroglyphic drawings, ii. 63, 294. 

High Mass, where firat performed in 
Venezuela, i. 69. 

Higuerote mountain, ii. 239. 

Hilaria mountains, ii. 113. 

Hippisley, Colonel G., author, ii. 281. 

Historical works, Venezuelan, iL 281. 

History, ancient, of Venezuela, iL 15 1. 

History of Caracas, i. 30. 

Holy Ghost flower, or Flor de Espl- 
ritu Santo (orchid), ii. 213. 

Holy-water, strange use of, L 220. 

Holy Week celebrations, L loi, 320. 

Honey from the sunflower, i. iii. 

Hornblende, ii. 75, 187. 

Horses, i. 52, 57, 60, 75 : Wild, L 127, 
128: Gun-boats captured by Ca- 
valry, L 129 : Stampeding bands of 
wild horses, L 130, 131, 132, 151, 
152, 1 70, 192, 228 : Large number 
of, in llanos, L 245, 251, 253, 254, 
255, 256, 275 ; ii, 93. 

Hospitality, native, i. 39, 85, 104, 108 
note^ 113-116, 170, 177, 201, 233, 
266 note, 269, 290, 315, 317 ; iL 4, 
5, 20, 28, 20, 68, 70, 124, 147. 

Hospitals, military, i. 30. 

Hotel-keepers, tyee Hotels. 

Hotels and Posadas, L 13 : Hotel 
Neptune, i. 18 : The Saint Amand, 
L 25, 26, 152, I S3, 158 : Hotel in 
Valencia, i. 169: Moderate charges 
at, L 1^0 : Sala of the Saint 
Amand, 1. 190: Charallave, L 235: 
Cua, i. 241 : La Teja, i. 2^, 249, 
263 : Parodi, L 315 : Caid del Avila, 
i. ^16 ; iL 2, 18, 127, 128, 146. 

Hot-house, natural, on Naiguatd, ii. 

52. 
Hot-springs. See Thermal. 
HouUetia, ii. 204. 
Howard, R.N., Captain, i. 220, 221. 
Hiibel, Mr. Gustave Adolphe, joinn 



320 



INDEX, 



Niii^nmU iwrty. ii. 17, J4, 71, 73: i 
II in K'ttor im tliv funnation of Uie , 
Nai^tiatd, ii. 75 : II in rr|K>rt on 
ciMil iiiiui'i*, ii. 134, 135, No/r. 

HucM> iK'rtciiilo tree, i. 293. 

HuiiilMiliit. Ilunm Alexander %'on, i. 
S4* 65* 7^ ntAe, 79 Nofc, 89 nott : 
His reo(ill(>ctionH of the Snnian dc 
iiiicro, i. 156. 157: His theory ac- 
roiiiitiiiK fur the drj'in^ up of the 
fjikc of Vah*ncia,* i. 160, 161 : 
SViiat he mid about the iianoA. i. 
245 nute: \\\^ aM*ent of the Silla, 
ii. I, 10. 72, 75. 89, 173, 189, 232, 
2^6: His aii|;eIitoH. ii. 237, 238: 
HiH silt'iiee res})cctin^ the Peak of 
Nai^'uatu, ii. 239, 240, 241, 242, 
2S1. 

Humliohlt KuiiiH, the, ii. 19. 

HuiiiiiiiiiK-hinlH, i. 52. 2<>S ; ii. 189. 

Huiniit'aroH, orchid of, ii. 197. 

Humucants, waterfall of, i. 68. 

Hunting;, i. 39, 205. 

Hurricaiii'ri. i. 10 uot€^ 20. 

Hut en, Thilip von, /»/ir« I'rre, ii. 
154. 

IIv|H'riruni caracaftanuni, ii. 184, 235, 
'241, 243. 

Hy|H»r>*tlieiiio, or diahane, i. 207. 

Ikakka. Dr. -Vlcjandrn, ii. 103, 251. 

IK-irni. (mmkt.-iI, li. 100. 

Icavaro rivrr, i. 78. 

hvs. i. 15, 3S. 

Idiitiiis, SpiiiMNli, i. 44, 45, 240. 

I«:uaiiita<4, i. 10, nutr. 

llh';:itliiiaoy, i. 31. 

]lIiiiniiiati(inM, iniMic, i. 111. 113. 

3»2, 314. 
'IlliiNtrattMl Luiulon News/ ii. 50, 

uute, 

Iniaj^'os, iiiira<'n1oiis, i. 35, 36. 

Iiiiataca river, i. 78. 

Iiiiiiii^raticui, i. 176, 255 ; ii. 13S : 
Kx|ioriiiM*ntal colonies, ii. 139 : 
(l<>veriniieiit to tako the initiative, 
ii. 139: Special eonnnission a])- 
pointed, ii. 140 /<o/r, 267. 

Imports, annual national, i. 5S. 

Incidcnts-.V British Minister, i. i : 
Nocturnal despair, i. 3-6 : Com- 
modore Hivett, i. 6, note: The 
Ad nana, i. 16, 17 : Kojas, the 
tynmt, i. 19 : Heat of La (luayra, 
i. 20, note : A smart Yankee, i. 21 : 
The churcli of San Juan de Dios, 
i. 21, 22 : Heretic'.- money, i. 22, 



noU : The eTangelical agent, L 22, 
Mfte: A Venenelan soldier, I 
28 : Challenge and oonnterB^grB, 
i. 28 : Koman Catholic moiabty, 
i. 31 : Sl George and the maggota. 
i. 33 : A pioQH son of Caricas, i 
34 : The miraculona image, L 35 : 
Legend of ' £1 Cerrito del DiaUo,' 

'• i^ 37 = ^ L. Guzman, i 40 : 
'Caramba!* i. 42: The monka* 
caHuisti^-, i. 43: Spanish idioms, 
i. 44* 45 : Electrical eela^ L 60 : 
The caves of the Guicharoa, i 65 : 
The owl of Apore, L 76: Bolivar 
and the caribe fish, i. 76: An In- 
dian's love task, L 81 : A yonn^ 
general, i. 84: La Casa Fuerte, l 
85 : The quack doctor's remedv, 
i. 88 : Indians, i. 90-95 : Tfie 
church of l;»an Crist<5bal, i. 9^ : 
The Semana Santa, i. loi : The 
ncfSTO Perez, i. 102 : Death of the 
author's Her\'ant, i. 105 : A hall, 
i. 1 14 : A cabinet minister, L 119 : 
Venezuelan soldiers, i. 119, 120: 
The takinc of Caracas, L 120, 121 : 
The iiTetcn Zuazola, L 125 : Briga- 
dier Pardo, i. 127: Llanero caTalry, 
i. 128 : General Paez, i. 129 : The 
Hritinh Lcfiplon, L 132 : The elec- 
tions, i. 141 : Slave emanciitation, 
i. 142 : A nioh, i. 147 : The Kevolu- 
tion, i. 148 : Heroic [audacity, i. 
149: (leneral Duchanne, i. 150: 
The patriot Kicaurte, i. 15 j : Hum- 
Ixddt, i. 157 : Dr. R. Arvolo, i. 16S: 
A jiassport^ i. 174 : A German emi- 
gration a •rent, i. 176 : Alienated 
mail-bags, i. 179 : A Yankee cap- 
tain, i. 180 : Bogley the recorder, 
i. iSi: Reven;^', i. 182- 1S5 : An 
inebriated |)iirtizan, i. 187 : An 
earthquake, i. 18S : Mr. Ijoscur, i. 
191 : A backAvooilsnuinV iirst view 
ni the sea, i. 192 : A thirsty nepn>, 
i. lyS : A critic, i. 200 : lugniti- 
tude of merchants, i. 204 : The 
wrecked bulli(»n, i. 204 : Mr. 
lioye, i. 204 : A rat liattue, i. 205 : 
A stonn, i. 212 : National currency, 
i. 216: A. r.S.'s minister, i. 217: 
English naval otlicers, i. 221 : An 
eccentric British Minister, i. 222 : 
A rare collection of asscA, i. 223 : 
Shmder. i. 223 : A hon i^rant^ 
i. 223: The i>ea»antry. i. 223, 224 : 
A feast day. i. 227 : The tnivel- 
ler's Spartan stoix* of provision:*. 



INDEX, 



321 



i. 228: The Cuartelyi. 229 : Campo 
Alegre, i. 230 : Birds, i. 232 : Tne 
national dish, i. 23^: Military 
exigencies, i. 239 : The English- 
man and his donkey, i. 240: Vene- 
zuelan courtesy, i. 240: General Es- 
pejo, i.240: An unknown daughter, 
1. 240 : Garlic, 1. 241 : Beef, i. 242 : A 
catre, i. 246 : A mule's sagacity, i. 
251 : A merchant prince, i. 252 : 
A Tacata banquet, 1. 253 : Change 
for a sovereign, L 253 : General 
Olivo, L 259 : General Crespo, L 
262 : A tiger skin, i. 26^ : A jaguar, 
i. 265 : Bolet Peraza, 1. 268 : Boli- 
var, i. 268 : A missionary, i. 270 : 
The hermit crab, i. 280 : Linguistic 
difficulties, i. 287 : A snake bite, 
i. 291 : An old Indian, i. 296: In- 
dian woman, i. 297 : Indian boy, i. 
297 : A native ball, i. 299 : The 
death of the snake, i. 303 : A dog's 
instinct, i. 304 : Venezuelan sol- 
diers, i. 305 : Mr. Goering, i. 308 : 
General ^rmtidez, i. 317, note: 
Bolivar, i. 318, note: Goering's 
sketch, ii. 3 : Dr. Voamonde, li. 
J : Little game, ii. 7, 8 : * The 
Volcan of the Avila,* ii. 13 : 
The Naiguatd, ii. 15 : A mother*s 
love, ii. 21 : A defeated ex- 
pedition, ii. 22 : Guides, ii. 22 : 
La Trinchera, ii. 36 : The tiger's 
lair, ii. 37 : Low-water, ii. 39 -.The 
leap for life, ii. 50 : The water- 
flask, ii. 62 : Saint Berroteran, ii. 
62 : The guides' voracity, ii. 65 : 
Lisbda, ii. 67 : Bolet Peraza, ii. 78: 
A defeated expedition, iL 70 : The 
game of Colear, ii. 93 : General 
SSalazar, iL 95 : The * Sinus,' 
ii. 106 : A proud shipowner, ii. 
107 : A daring naval genius, ii. 108: 
The Cuban rebel steamer *Vir- 
ginius,*ii. in : Consular injustice, 
li. 114: Curazao, ii. 116: * The 
Wandering Jew,' ii. 122 : The 
Charcoal Seller, ii. 129; El Dorado, 
ii. 154: Uncle Naiguat^ ii. 155 : 
C<5bos, the assassin, iL 156: * El 
Tirano' Aguirrc, ii. 160: Llamoso, 
the murderer, iL 162: An Indian 
hero, iL 165: Ledesma, the patriot, 
iL 168 : The Quito massacre, ii. 173 

Inciensio de la Silla, or incense of 
the Silla, ii. 235, 241, 243. 

Independence Day, celebration of, 
i. 178. 
VOL, n. 



Independence of Venezuela, i. 82, 
124; iL 174. 

Independence Hill, Orchila, i. 281. 

Indian abodes, i. 79; iL 151, 165. 

Indian burying-grounds, i. 152 ; ii. 
191, 294. 

Indian Christian missions, rise and 
fall of, i. 170. 

Indian com. See Maize. 

Indian com cakes, i. 228. 

Indian ornaments, L 81 ; iL 294. 

Indian relics, i. 45, 80 ; ii. 1 52. 

Indian ancient pottery, 11. 191. 

Indians, civilized, i. 79. 

Indians, friendly, i. 57. 

Indians — Their intermarriages, L 54: 
Their rapid extermination, L 55 : 
Their antidote for poisoned arrow 
wounds, i. 81 : How they were 
taught to use the franchise, L 141 : 
Their enfranchisement, L 141: The 
Indians of Aragua, i. 156: Their 
veneration for tne big tree of Ara- 
gua, L 157, 162: Body paint of the 
Indians, 1. 238 : Their superstition, 
i. 296: Some fair specimens of 
Indians, i. 297 ; Musical instru- 
ments of, i. 290 : ^ Display of 
maternal solicitu(ie, i. 300: Car- 
goes plundered by Indians, iL 135 : 
Trade with, ii. 151 : Their re- 
vengefulness, ii. IJ3: Enslavement 
decree, ii. 153 : The El Dorado of 
the Indians, ii. 154 : Their honour, 
ii. 165 : They are decimated by 
small-pox, ii. 166 : Indian tribute 
done away with, ii. 17^ : Nations 
on the banks of the Rio Orinoco, 
ii. 280 : * Lev sobre su reducion y 
civilizacion,^ iL 281. 

Indians, wars of the — Destruction of 
the Atiires, i. 80: They destroy 
Spira's army, ii. 153-1J4: Their en- 
mity to the conouistaclores, ii. 155: 
Victories gainea by them, iL 156 : 
Large army of Indians, ii. 157: 
Their strategv, ii. 157 : Losada de- 
feats them, li. 157 : They defeat 
Herrera, ii. 159 : Instance of va- 
lour, ii. 165 : Treaty of peace with 
the invaders, ii. 165 : They are 
conquered by C<5bos, ii. 167. 

Indian tribes — Tuapocanos, i. 65: At- 
tires and Maipiires,i. 79: RioNegros, 
i. 81: Salinas, i. 93: Cumanagotos, 
i. 152: Tuys, i. 296: CarriU^, iL 
154: Cnicas, ii. 155: Yanaconas, 
ii. 155: Arlwicos, ii. 157: Caribcs, 

X 



322 



IXDEX. 



ii. 159: iMiayiiias. ii. 160* Tara- 
iimyiicm, ii. 165: TequeM, ii. 16^: 
MarichcH. ii. 165 : MaramylMM, li. 
165: l^uiriquireHfii. i6s : Toiiiusais 
ii. 165 : I'ulanques, li. 169 : Cu- 
maiiiiH, ii. 17a 

Iniliaii weaiM>iij« — Poiflono<l arrowa, 
i. 80 : Tu}r»s cif Hahraniiie, i. 81 : 
Flint -Imulotl weajKiUH, ii. 191 : Of 
Stone, ii. 294. 

India ruhlior of Apure, i. 77. 

Indies, Council of the, ii. 169. 

IndigenaM, i. 162. 

lndi>^>. i. 42, 50, 51, 67 : An old nianu- 
facture of, L 242; ii. 171. 

Infante, Krancirt<*o, an alcalde, ii. 
158 : IllnesHof. ii. 166. 

Infante, Juan I)(iinin<ro del Sacra- 
nientr), anecdote of, i. 34: His 
death, i. 3v 

Inlliienceof forest«. i. 159, 160; ii. 30. 

Inpi Ii«rustina. i. 293. 

ln;;a lucithi. i. 293. 

Inpi i)un^ens, i. 31. 

Iniriua, forests of, i. 80. 

Inirida river, i. 78. 

Innm^ent XII., ii. 172. 

Insects, i. 50, 53, 64 : A protec ion 
against hitcs of, i. 238: Autlior 
IHiisoned hy them. i. 262 ; ii. 6. 

Insurrection. »SVr Kt'Vulntions. 

Iiiterniarria;:es, i. 54. 

Inurricta, Don Manuel, poet, ii. 230. 

lonojjsis, ii. 204. 

IrajKi, niasMicrc in, hy Ducharnie, i. 
150. 

Ira^sari, Don Herniogenes, poet. ii. 
230. 

Irissari, Antonio doso de, ii. 2S1. 

Iron, i. 52. 

Iron ores, ii. 185. 

Iron jjyriti's, ii. 1S6. 

Irri;ratioii. artiticial, i. 69; ii. 263, 
264, 208, 269. 

Irri;j:ation, natural, i. 60, 63, 71. 

Isica altissiiua, i. 293. 

Islands of W'liczuj'la, i. i, 15. 47» 4^* 
58, 61, 62, 66. 67, 70, 78, 193, 194, 
196, 273 :ii. 59, 119, 122, 151, 253. 

Isochilus, ii. 204. 

Izquienlo, a Spanish officer, defeat 
t»f, i. 125. 

Izquierdo, Seftor Carlos All>crto, ar- 
tist, ii. 252. 



Jade, greenish, implements of, ii. 
294. 



Jaguar of Apure, i. 76, 26^. 

Jalon, republican soldier, 1. 125. 

Jasmine, L 58. 

Jatropha curcas, L 51, 153. 

Jatropha oil, L 153. 

Jefe Civil, of Tacata, L 250. 

Jet of Coro, i. 69. 

'John the Evangeliat,* ii. 19: He 

lot»e8 the NaixnatiL plants, iL 68. 
'Journal of Botany/ li. 83, 180, 19a 
Juan Dias, village of, ii. ^ 4& 
Juan Griego, port of, i. 66. 
Judas, the traitor, execution of, L 

321. 
Junta de Caminos, i. 237. 
Junta de Caricas, i. 178 ; iL 224. 
Jurado, General Santos, estate of, 

ii. 23. 
Juato, San, a bone of, i. 96. 



Kaolin, ii. 185, 187. 

Kefersteinia, ii. 204. 

King-tish, i. 285. 

Kiugsley, Rev. Charles, ii. 281. 

Kingston, Mr. W. H. G., ii. 282. 

Kite, the snoi^'}', ii. 188. 

Kuellciisteinia, ii. 204. 



La Angckstura, New Barcelona, 

j>a.ss of, i. 100. 

La horde, A<hniral, i. 71. 

La Horracha island, i. 62. 

Labourers. Set: Working- classes. 

La Cahrera, villa jre of, i. 159, itMD. 

La Calera. villa^^^e of, i. 232. 

La Casa Fuerte, i. 85-S8. 

La Ciene<:a, lake of, 1. 68. 

lia Cidnega, JSilla of Canicas, ii. 23^- 
236. 241. 

La Constitueiou Centre- Federal, i. 
142. 

La Croix, author, ii. 273, 2S2. 

lia C-uiva, tliermal spring?* of, i. 69. 

* Ladrillo regular,' meaning of ex- 
pression, i. 45. 

Lad rones, or hermit erabs, i. 2S0. 

La Knciiramada, painted rocks of, 
i. 80. 

La Kj)ideniia, sugar estate of, i. 154. 

La Ksinenvlda, islands of, ii. 253. 

Latinur, Don Juan Crisostonia, iKX't. 
11. 230. 

Lago de Asfalto, ii. 282. 

La (luayra, port of, i. 8, 9, 12, 15 : 
The author's first impression on 
seeing the town of, i. 15 : The 



INDEX. 



3-3 



landing stage of, i. i6 : The 
Aduana of, i. 17, 18 : Origin of the 
town, i. 19, 20 : Its climate, i. 20: 
The breakwater, i. 20, 21 : The 
Alameda, i. 21 : Its churches, i. 
21, 22 : Its commerce, i. 23, 36, 
39 : Export of, i. 42 : Heat of, i. 
49» 58, 174, 273, 27s, 276: Its tele- 
graph line, ii. 133 : Proposed rail- 
way from, ii. 141 : Railroad and 
new port of, ii. 143 : When founded, 
ii. 107 : Drake lands at, ii. 168 : 
English attempt to take, ii. 171 : 
Public square of, ii. 264 : The mule 
road to, ii. 264; High road of,ii.265. 

* La Guerra d Muerte,* i. 72. 

LagunaGrande (lake), L 63. 

La^nas, 1. 48, 49, 71 : Of Naiguatd, 

^ ii- 73, 75- 

Laguncularia racemosa, ii. 175. 

Lagunetas, the gorges of, iL 157. 

' La Iglesia de & Santisima Caram- 
ba,* i. 42. 

Lairen de montafla, iL 242. 

Lairenes, i. 51. 

La Hoz, Spanish officer, i. 125. 

Lake County, California, i. 181. 

Lake dwellings, ii. 151, 165. 

Lake, dry bed of, i, 28 ; ii. 39, 54. 

' Lake of Beauty,' the, i. 161. 

Lakelet, a new, iL 54, 73. 

Lamb, Mr. James, printer, ii. 172, 
274. 

La Mora, battle of, L 149. 

Lamn-wick, manufactory of, i. 117. 

I>anuer. SeAor TomaA, author, iL 282. 

Landing-stage of La Guayra, L 16. 

Landscape, a beautiful, ii. 27. 

Lands — Waste, i. 50 : How sold in 
Venezuela, L 249. 

Lands, rich, L 98, 100, 157, 163, 243, 
25s, 298, 306. 

Lands, cheap, i. 176, 177. 

Landsberge, Henrique Van, artist, 
ii. 282. 

Language, i. 3, 14, 16, 28, 29, 41, 45, 
90, 200, 287. 

' La Opinion Nacional ' newspaper, 
L 37, note: Aldama's despatch, i. 
87, III note, 168 note: An aged 
woman, i. 226, 273, 274 : Accounts 
of Mountaineering, iL 71, ^2, 75, 
89 : Accounts of Banquets, li. 124, 
146 : Cajigal's ascent of the Silla, 
iL 2^2 : Article on the Fine Arts 
Exhibition, ii. 244 : Decree consti- 
tuting Territory of Colon, iL 2^% : 
'A Fortnightly Review ' in English, 



ii. 263 : Eng. I's paper, ou Sugar- 
cane, iL 278. 
Lapa, L 65. 

La Paatora, Caracas, suburb of, ii. 239- 
La Plazoleta, New Barcelona, mine. 

ral spring of, L 96. 
La Puerta, battle of, i. 126 : Bolivar 

defeated at, i. 130. 
La Quebrada, sugar estate of, i. 154. 
* La Revista,' magazine, L 322 ; iL 

287, 289. 
Larrazdbal, Dr. Felipe, author, ii. 97, 

273, 282. 291. 
Larrazdbal, Se&or Juan,author,iL 282. 
Las Bobedas of La Guayra, L 22. 
Las Casas, Bartolom^ de, ii. 152: 

His benevolent treatment of the 

Indians, ii. 153: His opposition to 

the rule of the Welsares, ii. 154, 

282. 
Las Casas, Sefior Emilio de, iL 125. 
Las Casas, Se&or Manuel Maria de, 

ii. 277. 
I.*as Chimanas, islands of, i. 62. 
Las Lagunetas, iL 239. 
Las mari^uitas, i. 188. 
La Sola, island of, L 15, 67 ; ii. 253. 
La Soledad, Naiguatd, ii. 29, 68. 
Las Palomeras, cuartel of, i. 29a 
Las Picudas, islands of, i. 62. 
Las Pilas, Puerto-Cabello, ii. 113. 
Las Tetas, mountain of, iL 1 14. 
Las Trincheras, bridge of, i. 171. 
La Teja, country store of, L 244. 
Lathvms sativus, i. 234. 
La l^orre, Spanish General, his army 

routed, L 128 : Defeated by Piar, 

L 129, note: By Pacz also, L 130: 

Final defeat, i. 133. 
La Trinchera, Naiguatd, ii. 36, 66. 
Laurel tree, L 76. 
Laurus persea, i. 51. 
Lavadura, la, L 295. 
La Vega, coffee estate of, i. 254. 
La Vega, village of, ii. 239. 
La Vela de Coro, port of, i. 69 : New 

custom house of, iL 265. 
Law of Patronage, ii. 297. 
Laws, civil and criminal code, i. 55. 
Lazareto, of Cartkas, i. 30. 
Lazareto, of Zulio, i. 70. 
Lazaretto, of Cuman^ ii. 269. 
Lead, i. 52. 
Lead ore, argentiferous, of Cumand, 

i. 66 : Of Coro, i. 69. 
Lead ore (galenas), ii. 186. 
Leblond*s method of obtaining colour 

from onoto, L 238. 



3M 



INDEX. 



Lebronchc fi!«li, i. 52. 

LeclKMMi fruit, i. 51. 

Lech(><«o, BU^r entate of, L 23a 

LGiieMiiui, Don AIohao Antlrea de, 
the brave knij^bt, ii. 168. 

Leeward iHlands, L 10, noit, 

LejxendH. See Incidenti). 

Leito, Franciftco Rodriguez, ii. 170. 

* Len;;uaje de las FIoreH,' iL 282. 

Lent, a long one, i. 108. 

Leon, Juan Fernandez de, foumU 
the city of (vuanare, i. 75. 

I/eon, Ponce de, iL 156. 

LepantheH, ii. 204. 

Leseur, Mr. John R., i. 26: Hin 
bouHc of buHinefw, i. 26: Hi8 be- 
nignity, i. 26 : Hifl receptions, i. 
113: Anec«K>te of, i. 191: He 
ciigageH schooner for author, i. 
191 : JoiiiH the Tuy party, i. 228* 
InH{>ectH road officially, i. 2^7 : His 
name a {>as8(H>rt, i. 239 : His agent 
at Ocuinare, i. 246 : His estate of 
Maniro, i. 247 : His inter\'icw with 
tlie Jefe Civil, i. 251 : Values the 
stock in tnide of the Tacata mer- 
chiiiit, i. 2^2 : Again ioins the Tuy 
i)arty, i. 289 : I^nds Ins hacienda 
tor a luill, i. 299 : His dinner party, 
i. 315 : He joins the Kncantado 
pjirtv, ii. 90: Accompanies author 
to tiie Hun*;ui of Public Works, 
ii. 119, 135 \kote^ 147, 149: His 
literary work, ii. 282. 

L<'s«'iir, Kiunrr, \' Co., Messrs., i. 26. 

Lr-»li(». Mi'ssrs., IIoj>l)urn, i. 15, /lo^c. 

Li'^sons ill Si»anisli, i. 3, 16, 28, 42- 

45' »'5- 
Lc'vi'I, (JcMioral Andres A., author, 

ii. 251, 2S2. 

Level, (ieiieral Lino Duarte, ii. 147. 

Level, Senor Amlres E., author, ii. 
2S2. 

Leys «le Venezuela, ii. 282, 2S3. 

LilianothainiHis, ii. 243. 

Lil)aiiotliainniis neriifolius, ii. 183. 

Liherales, Aniarillos, or Vellowa, 
i. 40, 139: Tlieir ])rosi(lcntial <le- 
h'at, i. 140 : .V Federal constitu- 
tion demanded, i. 142 : They are 
lead by (fcueral Falcon, i. 143 : 
Tliev commence the * War of the 
Federation,* i. 143 : Their suc- 
cesses and defeats, i. 144 : The 
decisive victory, i. 145 : Their re- 
turn to power, i. 145 : Intenial 
dissensions, i. 146 : Falcon alnii- 
cates, i. 146: They arc again driven 



from power, L 146 : The Aznles 
oppress them, i. 147 : The house 
of their leader, Blanco, mohbed, L 
147 : They head a popular revolu- 
tion, L 148 : Its sacoesa, L 149 : 
They again become the ralereX 1 50: 
The President^ speech to them 
about the Blues, L 1 78 : Thev cele- 
brate the Feast of Bruzual, 1. 186 : 
Road-making by them, i. 250, 
232 : Their sway disputed, L 258 * 
'fhey lose two cities, L 258 : Their 

freat army takes the field, i. 259 : 
18 advance on San Fernando, L 
260: The attack on the dtv, L 260, 
261 : Its capture, i. 261 : The ene- 
my annihilated, i. 262 : Peace cele- 
brations, 311-317 : A traitor in the 
camn, ii. 05-100. 

Liberal Clubs, i. 147. 

Liber amicorum, the author's, i. 26S. 

Lihertad mountain, Orcliila, i. 28 1. 

Liberty, reli^ous, L 56, 270. 

Library, national, L 57. 

Lidueha, ^vemor, iL 169. 

Lighters, 1. 21. 

Lighthouse HiU, El Gran Roque, L 
201, 203, 207, 211. 

Lifi^hthouse — On Sombrero, L 6 : On 
El Gran R«)que, i. 202 : At Puerto- 
Cal>ello, ii. 113: On the Orinoco, 
ii. 269. 

Lightning, in Los Koques, i. 212. 

Lignum vit«?, i. 51. 

Lillo, Don Kusebio, i>oct, ii. 230. 

Lima, city of, i. 323. 

Lime. Sec Phosphate. 

Limestone, ii. 75. 

Limestone, white, i. 232. 

Lime trees, i. 153, 306. 

Limites, territorial, i. 41, 47, 77 ; ii. 
274, 277, 282. 

Liparis, ii. 205. 

Liquor question — As it atfects the 
Indian races of South America, i. 
92, III: As it affects colouiaition, 
i. 176 : Sale of intoxicants forbid, 
i. 187, 19S, 252 : Vino bianco, i. 
262, 287 ; ii. 2, 7, 57. 

Lishoiv, Conseilhero (M. M. ), ii. i: 
His ascent of the Silla, ii. 68 : His 
l>ook of travels in South America, 
ii. 283. 

LisIkxi, Seftor Henrique, i 41 : Joins 
the party, i. 228 : He gets too much 
l>eef, i. 242 : He nicks coflce, i. 
247 : He samples tne wine, i. 252 : 
His mortilication, i. 253, 309: His 



INDEX, 



325 



ascent of the Silla, iL 13: Joins 
the Naiguatd party, ii. 18 : His ab- 
stemiousness, ii. 40 : His derelic- 
tion of duty, ii. 43 : His powers of 
endurance, ii. 67, 68, 69, 71, 73 : 
Accompanies author to Puerto- 
Cabello, ii. 106, 147, 180, 251. 

Literary Academy, ii. 172. 

Literati of Cardcas, picnic of the, 

.i. 317. 
Lithopiia muscoides, ii. 175. 

' Little Britain.' See Barbadoes. 

'Little Venice,' ancient name of 

Venezuela, ii. 151, 165. 

Liverpool packet to Venezuela, i. 8, 

Lizards, i. 10, note: A new one, i. 
208. 

Llamoso, the murderer, ii. 162. 

Llanero cavalry, i. 127-132. 

Llanero military tactics, i. 130. 

* Llanero of Guarico,' the, i. 262. 

Llancros of Apure, i. 76, 77. 

Llaneros of Guarico, L 60. 

Llanos, i. 50, 52, 57 : Of Apure, i. 
75 : Life in the Llanos, i. 77 : 
Llanos of Barcelona, i. 98 : A 
cheap estate in the Llanos, i. 245 ; 
Their first discover}', ii. i?8 : Fiery 
vapour of the, ii. 165 : Llanos of 
Guarico, 166 : Llanos of Calabozo, 
238 : Road to the Llanos, ii. 266. 

LlanuraM, i- 50. 

Loan. See Debt. 

Lobo, Don Rodrigo Nuftez, governor, 
ii. 167. 

Lochmias sororia (new bird), i. 266 ; 
ii. 177. 

Lockhartia, 11. 205. 

Longevitv, extraordinary, i. 226. 

Lopez, Alanuel Antonio, author, ii. 

273. 
Losada, Don Diego de, i. 19, 29, 268 : 

His great victory over the Indians, 
ii. 157 : He rescues Maldonado, ii. 
157 : He founds Cardcas, ii. 157 : 
Guacaipuro, the Indian chief, de- 
feated Dy him, ii, 158, 

Los Adjuntos, i. 151. 

Los Borrachitos, islands of, i. 62. 

Los Cardqueftos, i. 38. 

Los Chaguaramos, house of, ii. 125. 

Los Colegiales, house of, ii. 233. 

IjOi» Dos Caminos, ii. 2, 18, 69, 90, 

233- 
Los Frayles, islands of, i. 15, 67 ; ii. 

253. 
Los Guayos, pueblo of, i. 163. 



Los Henuauos, islands of, i. 67 ; ii. 

253- 
' Los Hijos de Dios,' cemetery of, i. 

22J. 

Los M ariches. See Mariches. 

Los * Mesedores ' of Catucbe, i. 318. 

Los Monjes, islands of, ii 254. 

Los Padres Santos, i. 102. 

Los Roques, islands of, i. 191 : Their 
^reat number, L 196: Fishermen of, 
1. 198 : The Great Shoal of, L 199 : 
Boyd's wreck register of, L 203-205: 
Phosphate outcrops in, i. 207: Com- 
mercial value of tne ffroup, L 211 : 
A storm amongst tne islands, i. 
212 : Mode of catching turtles, i. 
214 : £1 Gran Roque as seen from 
the Nai^atd, ii. 59 : Flora of the 
islands, li. 175, 254. 

Los Tegues, village of, i. 59 : Indian 
burvin|^-grounds in, i. 152. 

Los Testi|^08, islands of, i. 15, 67. 

Lottery (rif a), ii. 142, 143. 

Louis XVI., ii. 172. 

Lovera, Seiior Carlos, estate of, i. 
233 : His hospitality, i. 233 : His 
carriage, i. 237, 257, 263, 290. 

Lowell, Sir. James Kusscli, anecdote 
of, i. 22, note. 

Lower Marare, coffee estate of, i. 
247, 298, 299. 

Lozano, Abigail, author, ii. 283. 

Lozano, Don A., poet, ii. 226, 230. 

Luca, Don Esteban, poet, ii. 230. 

Lycaste, ii. 205. 

Lycopodium complanatum, ii. 181, 
191. 

Lj'copodium clavatum, ii. 181, 191. 

Lycopodium taxifolium, ii. 181. 

Lynch law instituted, i. 147 : How 
it works in Calif oniia, i. 184. 

Lyre-tail bird, ii. 188. 



Macanao Mountain, i. 66. 
Macarisao, Vucltade, i. 233. 
Machado Brothers, cotton factor}' of. 

i. 117. 
Machado, General, i. 260. 
Machado, Seftor Juan Bautista, 

estates of, i. 308. 
Machete, or long-bladed knife, i. 97, 

229. 
Mackerel, Spanish, i 285. 
Macromitrium longifolium, ii. 180. 
Macrostylis, ii. 20J. 
Macuare, lake of. 1. 63. 
Macuto, road to, ii. 266. 



.V6 



INDEX. 



Mmluriaga, Jim^ CurteD, author, ii. 

283. 
Matliedo, Don M. M., poet, iL 23a 
Matlrid, i. 24, 323. 
Madrid, Duu J(m^ Fernandez, jioet, 

ii. 230. 
Madriz, F. O., author, ii. 283. 
Mu4lriz, Sefior Carlos, eatate of, i. 

230. 
Mai^rifios y Cervantes, Don Alej- 
andro, ])oet, ii. 230. 
Ma;(dalena river, New Granada, i. 125. 
Ma^'jxots, plague of, i. n, 
Ma<,nietite8, ii. 186. 
M.i^uay plant, i. 51: Utilization of, 

i. 175. 
Maho^j^anv tree, i. 51, 293. 
Mails i^€€ Postal service. 
Muipiires, ra^>ids of, L 79. 
Maiquctia, viNaj^e of, i. 42 ; ii. 241 : 

Alameda of, iL 263 : Koad to, ii. 

266. 
Maitin, Jo8<S A., poet, ii. 283. 
Maize, i. 51, 67, 75, 153, 155, 238. 
Maize, mode of cultivation of, i. 97. 
Malachite, ii. 186. 
Maldoiiado, Juan, ii. 155, 157. 
Malpi<^liia, ii. 241. 
Marniteros fusiles, ii, 278. 
Maiiio lake, i. 63. 
Maiiaifire livor, i. 60. 
M.iiirln'.ster ' Kvoiiiiijj: News,' wreck 

of the steamer 'Cuban,' i. 15, 

^I.lIK•lle^ster Cie<»l<)''ical Societv, ii. 

204. 
* Manchester Guardian,* the, ii. 

188. 295. 
Manchester Literary and Philoso- 
phical Society, ii. 185. 188, 289, 295. 
Manchester Seientilic Stuilouts' As- 

soeiation. ii. 289, 295. 
Man^He hark, i. 273. 
Mangle hark, siiipment.'^ of, i. 273. 
Mangle bianco, i. 51 ; ii. 175. 
Mangle Colorado, ii. 175. 
Mangle prieto, ii. 176. 
Mangle, scrubby red, i. 201. 
Mango fruit, i. "51, 113, 173. 
Mangrove trees, i. 201. 
Manuare hat, i. 240. 
Manufacturing establishmenta — 

(^ara<*as, i. 30 : Of shell flowers, i. 

69: Chemicals, i. 112, note: Calico 

an<l lamp- wick, i. 117. 
Manzanares river, bridge over the, 

ii. 268. 
Manzano, General, L 261. 



Mapanare serpent, i. 53, 

Maps, i. 211 ; ii. loi, 144, 145, 2S4. 

Mapue^ plant, L 51. 

Mapunto cattle station, i. 249. 

Maracapana, district of, iL 1 53, 1 58. 

Muracay, town of, i. 158, 16a 

Maracaybo and Cojoro Railway and 
Harbour project, iL 136. 

Maracaybo city, heat of, L 49 : Size 
and importance of, i. 71: its slap- 
ping, ill 14: Proposed railwayfruni, 
iL 135 : Government Palace in, iL 
284. 

Maracaybo, coast of , ii. 151. 

Maracaybo, gulf of, i. 47, 70. 

Maracaybo Indians, it 165. 

Maracaybo, lake of. i. 47, 48, 70: Its 
extent, L 70: Great kieautv of, L 
70, 72 : Difficult acce.s8 to, iL 135 : 
When first discovered, ii. 151, 165. 

Maraguaca mountain, i. 48, 78. 

Marahon d Aniazonas, ii. 284. 

Marare (Upper and Lower), Lcseur^s 
estate of, L 247: Its productive- 
ness, i. 298 : Native bail given in 
the liacienda of, i. 299. 

Marble, i. 52 : Green and red, ii. 
187. 

Marcano, Seiior Vicente, i. 274, 276, 
281 ; ii. 125 note, 284, 291. 

Mar de leva, i. 21. 

Marea, or 8ea-sicknes.s. i. 277. 

Margarita, island of. Sec Nueva 
E Sparta. 

Mariches, coffee district of, i. 59, 22S, 
309 : Koad to it, ii. 265. 

Mariches In<liaiis, ii. 165. 

Marine territory, jiupuiation of. i. 
53, iwtc. 

Mariilo. (ycneral, birthplace of, i. 
67 : His enmity to Boiivar, i. 135. 

Mariposa bejuca. i. 263. 

Mariposiv, or butterlly orchid, ii. 211. 

Marijiosas, i. 53. 

Market Halls, i. 21, 164. » 

Markham, Mr. C. K., author, ii. 289. 

Marl, argillaceous, i. 65. 

Marmol, Don Jos6, poet, ii. 230. 

Marqucz, Francisco, death of, ii. 

157. 
Martel, Seftor Manuel, his attention 

to foreigners, i. 269 ; ii. 147 : His 

matrimonial grievance, ii. 284. 
Marriages, civil, introduction of, i. 

31, note; ii. 296. 
Marriage customs, Indian, i. 81, 94. 
Marriages, i. 31. 
Marshes, i. 67, 71, no. 



INDEX. 



327 



Martin, Don Jos6 Antonio, poet, ii. 

230. 
Martiu*6 Act, i. 192. 
Martin, M., paper on the cultiva- 
tion of the girasole, i. 11 1, note. 
Martinez, General J. M. Ortega, i. 

150, 151, 163. 
Martinez, Se&or Celestino, artist, ii. 

246. 
Martinez, Sefior Gerdnimo, artist, 

ii. 246, 251. 
Martinez, Se&or Pio (Judge), L 276, 

277. 285. 
Martinique, island of, i. 11. 
Masdevallia, ii. 2oq. 
Masonic Temple, the, ii. 267, 296. 
Masparro river, i. 74. 
MoHsacre in La Casa Fuerte, i. 87, 88 : 

Irapa, i. 150 : Quito, ii. 173, 174. 
Matanioras, Sefior Juan Manuel, 

house of, ii. 233, 234, 238, 241. 
Matapalo tree, i. $1. 
Matienzo, Don Pedro Ortiz, ii. 159. 
Maturin, city of, i. 66, 126: Roads to, 

ii. 266, 269. 
Maturin, State of, i. 66. 
Mauc<5, Dr. Jos^ Manuel, artist, ii. 

246, 251. 
Mavaca river, i. 78. 
Maxillaria, ii. 206. 
Maximilian tragedy, the, i. 25. 
Maya, valley of, ii. 154, 156. 
Mazanini river, i. 78. 
Medialdea, Sefior (vahriel, i. 246: 

His political misfortunes, i. 292. 
Medicinal plants, i. 51; ii. 286. 
Medicinal waters, of Nueva Barce- 
lona, i. 63, 96: Of Los Roi^ues, 202. 
Meiia, General Francisco, 11 247. 
Melastoninacea trinerve, ii. 242. 
Melocactus communis, ii. 176. 
*Memorfa8 de la Sociedad Econd- 

mica de Amigos del Pais,' ii. 88, 
232, 284. 
Mdndez, Sefior Luis Lopez, ii. 173. 
Mdndez, Sefior Gregono F., ii. 284, 

287. 
Mcndoza, Sefior Juan Josd, artist, ii. 

246. 
Mercantile establishments, i. 26, 30, 

89. 
Mercedes, Nuestra Seftora de las, 

church of, i. 3a 
Mercury, i. 52. 

Morida, city of, i. 73, 125: Found- 
in*; of the city, ii. 155: Roads from, 

ii. 266. 
Merida, bibhopric of, i. 73. 



Merida, sierras of, i. 49, jo, 72, 73, 
74; ii. 155 : Orchids of, ii. 193-202. 

Merida, State of, i. 72. 

Mesa, Ambrosio, guide, ii. 19, 73. 

Mesa de Guanipe, i. 62. 

Mesa de Urica, i. 62. 

Meseron y Aranda, Sefior Ildefonso, 
i. 316 ; ii. 125 note, 244, 24^, 252. 

Meseta, or little table-land, ii. 28. 

Mestizo, i. 54. 

Meta river, i. 50, 78 ; ii. 159, 283, 284. 

Meteor, a luminous, i. 71. 

Meteorological observations, L 217; 
ii. 232-241, 291. 

Mew, a species of, i. 208. 

Mexican axes, ii. 294. 

Mexico, Republic of, i. 24; ii. 171, 
184. 

Mica schist, ii. 75. 

Michelena y R<5jas, Sefior T., author, 
ii. 284. 

Micrastur zonothorax, i. 265 ; ii. 178. 

Microstylis, ii. 208. 

Middle Hill, £1 Gran Roque, i. 201. 

Middleton, Mr. R. T. C., British 
Minister, i. 24 : His diplomatic 
experiences, i. 24 : His residence, 
i. 25, 26 : Presents author to Min- 
ister of Foreign Affairs, i. 40 : He 
reports an earthquake, i. 188 : He 
entertains the officers of H.M.S. 
' Racoon,* i. 220 ; ii. 83, 84, 105 : 
His letter to author on the ascent 
of the Naiguata. ii. 221. 

Milagro, estate of, jo6. 

Miliary academy, 1. 57. 

Military convoy, a, i. 223, 224. 

Military exigencies, i. 239. 

Militar)*^ guard of honour, a, i. 302, 

305- 
Military hospital, i. 3a 

Military Service, compulsory, i. 134. 

Military sports, i. 305. 

Military system, i. 56. 

Milk. <See Queso. 

Milk of the cow tree, ii. 189. 

Millan, Bonifacio Coronado, ii. 284. 

Miller, R.N., Captain D., ii. 104 : 

His dinner party, ii. 105: He offers 

author a cruise, ii. 106 : Visits 

Goering, ii. 115. 
Millet, i. 51. 
Mimosa, i. 156. 
Minerals and ores from Venezuela, 

description of, ii. 185. 
Minister of Finance, ii. 115. 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, i. 40; 

145. 146, 147. 



328 



INDEX. 



Miiiiitter of the Interior auil Jimtice, 
i. 119; ii. 147. 

Minifttcr of l^iblic Work*, L 106, 
274 : Ofticial letters to author on 
the ascent of the Naiguatil, iL 74, 
79. i03. 119^126, 147. 

M in inter of War and Marine, L 37 ; 
ii. 98, 147. 

Miracles, i 33, 34f 3?. 36» 37- 

Mirador de Solano, 11. 1 14. 

Miranda, General, joins patriots, L 
123: Takes Valencia, L 124: De- 
feat of, i. 124 : ii. 173. 

Miravel. Set Merida. 

MiHce^nation, i. 54. 

Misencordia, Catta de, i. 3a 

Miiwionary efforts, i. 270; iL 170, 
296. 

MiHsion villaj:^n}, Indian, i. 54, jr9. 

MiHsions of the Orinoco. Indian, 1. 79, 

Moir, Captain of the ** Seine,** ss., i. 2. 

MuIaMses, i. 13. 



Molhisca, i. 53, 104, 285. 
[, R.N., 
107. 



Molvneux, 



Lieutenant W., iL 



Mom hoi, lake of, L 72. 

MomYtoi, river of, L 72. 

Monii<ras, General Domingo. L 85. 

Moniijjruft, General Jo8<S Grejnmo 
(PrcHident), i. 55: His birth|)laoo, 
i. 67 : BecomcB Prc8i<lcnt, i. 142 : 
Kmancipntes the slaves, L 142 : 
HIm death, i. 142. 

Monsij^is, (JtMieral JoscS G., hospi- 
tality <>f, i. 85 : His fishing eata))- 
Hshinent, i. 104. 

Monaj^is, (toneral Josd Tatleo, l>e- 
coincs chief inaixistrate, i. 140: 
Fornirt a lilwnil miiiistr>', L 141 : 
His aiNlioation, i. 142 : ftis arrest, 
i. 143 : Again President, i. 146 ; ii. 
272, 2S5. 

Muna^ras, Scfiora Clara Marrcrode, i. 
99, uhie. : ii. 121, 256. 

MoiuijraH, Seftor ('ruz, i. 85. 

MiMia;:;i'i, the family of, i. 85 ; ii. 28a 

Mona.st cries, Kup])re88ion of, ii. 296. 

Mrmastorios, Colonel L. M., \. 186. 

Mouiiia ))hytoIaccJY^foIia, iL 242. 

Monkeys, i. J2, 270. 

Monkey's tail tree, ii. 293. 

Monos, island of, iL 254. 

Monte Verde coffee estate, i. 235. 

M«>nteverde, Si»anish Geueral, L 124 : 
Persecutes the patriots, 125. 

Montilla, Seilor Mariano, ii. 285. 

Montserrat, Sofior Manuel, joins 
Silla party, ii. 2. 



Monument to Bolivar, L 33. 

Monxon, Dr. Kmmon, hiudeiida of, 
iL 2^3. 

Moonlight effects, L 278, 303 ; ii. 42. 

Moonlight, explorations mr, L ajrS. 

MoriUee, Spanish officer, iMratalitiea 
of, i. 126. 

Morillo, the Spanish Generalp his dia> 
aster at Mari^arita, L 67 : Bolivar's 
treaty with, 1. 72 : The patriots gmin 
advantage over him, i. 127: De- 
feated at Calabozo, i. 129 : His vic- 
tory over Bolivar, i. 130 : Marches 
against Paez, L 130: His signal 
defeat, i. 131 : He proposes an 
armistice, L 131. 

Momiodcs, ii. 208. 

Morro de Barcelona, L 103. 

Mortality in Caricas, L 31, 32. 

Mosquito Cayo, Los Roques, i. 19S. 

Mosquitos, \. 53. 

Motatan river, L 72. 

Mountaineering, residence in tropics 
unfavourahle to, ii. 5. 

Mountaineers, advice to, ii. 39, 45. 

Mountains, heights of principal — 
Cerro Azul, L ^9 : PlatiHa. 1. 59 : 
Cabimhii, i. 68 : Caldera, i. 72 : 
Picacho de la Sierra Nevada, L 73 : 
NaiguatA, ii. 58 : Silla, ii. 241. 

Mountain simra, a deceptive one, ii. 
36, 51 : Mountain patn, a danger- 
ous one, i. 221, 254. 

Mucuchies, highest toAvn in Vene- 
zuchi, i. 73 

Mucuna jiruriens, ii. 190. 

Mucuritas, battle of, L 12S. 

Mulatto, i. 54. 

Mulberry tree, i. 76. 

Mules, 1. 52: Sagacity of, 1. 2^1 : 
Large numbers of, in LIaiu>.s, i. 245 : 
Their cautiousness, ii. 24. 

Musiiceas, a >vo(hI of, ii 237. 

Museum. Sec Natural History col- 
lection. 

Music, i. loi, 104, 186, 220, 224, 25', 
299,302,320; ii. 10,105,115,124,172. 

Musical improvisations, i. 302. 

* Muy flojo, meaning of expression, 
i. 191. 

*Muy jpiapo,' meaning of expres- 
sion, L 45, note. 



Naouaxagua, village of, L 171. 
NaiguatA expedition, the, ii. 14-S9. 
Naiguatii, mountain of the, i. 36, 47, 
58,257 : Viewed from the Tuy valley, 



INDEX. 



329 



i. 299: From above Petare, i. 309 : 
From Los Dos Caminos, ii. 2 : 
From top of Silla, ii. 9 : Author 
resolves upon its ascent, ii. 9 : 
Inaccessibility of, ii. 15, 16 : Foot- 
hills of, ii. 23-25 : Cold on, ii. 44 : 
The ridge of, ii. 46-48 : Its peaks, 
ii. 48, 49 : Peat deposits on, li. 54 : 
Blutis of, ii. 54 : Caves of, ii. 56. 

Naiguatd, needle of the — Its isolation 
increases with time, ii* 51 : View 
from it, ii. 59 : Its form, li 59 : Its 
surroundings, ii 60 : Extreme heat 
on, ii. 60, 61. 

Naiguatd, peak of the : Defeated at 
tempts to ascend, ii. 15 note^ 22 
73» 79 '" ^^^'^ author's last look at 
li. 149 : Humboldt's silence respect 
iug the Peak, ii. 239 : Works relat 
ing to, ii. 285. 

Naiguatd, uncle, the Indian, ii. 155. 

Naiguatd, vegetation of the, iL 30, 31, 

32, 33» 35» 37. 38. 41,48, 49, 52, 56, 
57, 60, 69, 73, 76, 82 : Ernst's list 
of, ii. 180. 

Name plant, i. 51, 234. 

Napoleon, the cook of the * Venus,* 

Naricual, coal mines of, i. 97; ii. 256. 

Naricual, valley of, L 98. 

Naricual river, i. 98, 100. 

National ingratitude, i. 135, 269. 

Native courtesy, i. 16, 17 note, 19,240. 

Natives, curiosity of the, i. 193; ii. 31. 

Natural History collection, i. 116, 
175. 263-269; ii. 188, 294, 295. 

Natural History of Venezuela, i. 
46-82. 

Nauta, country of, ii. 284. 

Nautical school, ii. 1 1 3. 

Nautical science (modem), exacti- 
tude of, i. 6, note. 

Naval exploit, scene of a dashing, ii. 
107. 

Naval tactics, modem, ii. 106. 

Navarrette, Don Francisco Manuel 
Martinez de, poet, ii. 229. 

Navarro y Ca&izdres, Sefior Miguel, 
artist, ii. 246, 247, 251. 

Negroes, how treated in Redonda, 
i. II, iwie; Excess of, in Barbadoes, 
i. 13: A talkative one, i. 102, 103: 
Negro emancipation, i. 133, 142 : 
A dry negro, 1. 198 : A cargo of 
negroes, i. 278 : A humorous one, 
i. 301. 

Neolithic stone implements, ii. 294. 

Neottia vaginata, ii. 235, 242. 



Neptuno Hotel, La Guayra, i. 18, 26. 
Nervous system, effects of chronic 

revolution on the, i. 244, note. 
Neveri river, L 97, 98, 100 ; ii. 167, 

254- 
Nevett, Mr. Thomas, ii. 117. 

Nevis, island of, i. 9. 

New Granada (Colombia), Republic 

of, i. 47, 48 : Trade of Venezuela 

with, i. 74, 75, 77, 82, 128, 131, 

139, 144; ii. 276. 
New Quebrada Company, agent of 

the, L 174 : Its copper mines, ii. 

136. 
Nieua insect, i. 53. 

* Nile,* ss., i. 6. 

Ni&o, Pedro Alonzo, ii 151. 
Nirgua, valley of, ii. 154. 
Nispero fruit, i. 51. 

* Noche de San Bemardino,' i. 258 ; 

ii. 96. 

Noctumal despair, i. 3-6. 

Notylia, ii. 209. 

' Nuestro amigo,' image of, i. loi. 

Nueva Andalusia, i. 63, 66 ; ii. 159. 

Nueva Barcelona, city of, i. 85 : 
Commerce of, i. 89 : Church of, i. 
9^ : Coast of, i. 124 : Origin of the 
city, ii. 169. 

Nueva Barcelona, port of,ii. 84, 103. 

Nueva Barcelona, State of, i. 62, 66, 
77: Cotton district of, i. 89: Llanos 
of, i. 08 : Coal beds of, i. 99 : 
Trial of the coal of, i. loi : Author 
discovers new harbour in,L 103, 189: 
Proposed new telegraph line for, 
ii. 132: Fisheries of, iL 143: Islands 
of the State of, ii. 253 : Coal mines 
of, ii. 268. 

Nueva Esparta (Margarita), State of, 
i. 47, 66, 125 : Discover}' of, ii. 151: 
155, 156 : Aguirre's outrages in, li. 
161, 162, 169: Its adjoining islands, 
ii. 253. 

Nueva Granada. See New Granada. 

Nueva Seeovia, ii. 154. 

Nueva Viuencia. <SV€ Valencia. 

Nueva Zamora, city of, ii. 165. 

Nuevo Napoles, el bahia de, i. 278. 

Nufiez, General, i. 145. 

Ntitrias, city of, i. 148. 



Oasis, an, i. 290. 

Oberto, Spanish officer, defeat of, L 

125. 
Obituary notices, strange form of, i. 

226. 



330 



INDEX, 



Obrero. See Working clasaes. 

Ocanio river, i. 78. 

Ocuinare del Tuy, Cordillera of, ii. 

238. 

Ocuinare del Tuy, sabana dc, IL 166. 

Ociiiimre del Tuy, town of, L 126 : 
Favourable position of, i. 237 : 
Plaza of, i. 246: The old church 
of, i. 246 : Shop of the principal 
merchant of, L 292 : Road to, iL 
265. 

Ocamare, islet of, ii. 254. 

Ocumare, Jos^ Carmen del, negro 
humorist, i. 301. 

Odontoglossum, ii. 209. 

Official courtesy, L 17 iiofe, 174, 240, 
263. 

Oil, crab, ii. 189. 

Oil from ^rasole, i. iii. 

Oil, jatro])ha, i. 153. 

Oil'priKlucing plants, i. 51. 

Oil, tecua, ii. 189. 

Ojeda, Alonso de, cxjiedition of, ii. 

I5i» '52- 
Olavarria, General, i. 245. 

Dligan^uia. See Conservative party. 

Olivemte, ii. 186. 

Olivo, General, i. 259 : His sobri- 
Quet, i. 259, note: His defence of 
San FeYnaUilo del Apure, i. 260, 
261 : Defeat aii<l deatli of, i. 262 : 
His liouse at San Fernando sold 
for a ti;:er'»skin, i. 265, 274. 

OUeiKiortr.s * Spanish nietho<l,' i. 3. 

Olinedo, Don Jos<$ Joaquin de, i>oet, 
ii. 227, 230. 

C)niaj^ua, Indian country of, ii. 159. 

Oncidiinn, ii. 209-212, 242. 

On('i«liuni bauorii. i. 263. 

Onoto, i. 2 V4 : Cultivation of the 
plant, i. 238 : Uses of fruit of, i. 239. 

Ophrvs, ii. 212. 

(>|»tical illusion, an. ii. 38. 

Optuntia fipino>is.sinia, ii. 176. 

Dran^e groves, i. 40. 

Orange trees, i. 11, 236. 

Urchi<lenp Fendleriana* Vcnczuelana', 
i. 193 220. 

Orchidea^ Veneznelanjp, ii. 192-220. 

Orchids, Venezuelan, i. 25 : Growing 
on the hig tree of Aragua, i. 156 : 
Of the coast range, i. 222 : KxjM>rt 
of, i. 263 : Kriington house collec- 
tion of, ii. 182 : Dr. Ernst's list of, 
ii. 192. 

Orchila, island of, i. 58 : El Bahia de 
Nuevo Napoles. i. 278 : Federation 
Hill, i. 278: Moonlight examina- 



tion of, i. 278 : Guano depoaita of, L 
279: Formation of, L 2S0: Com- 
mercial value of, i. 281 : Cabo 
Blanco, i. 282 : Bav of Santa Inea, 
i. 282 : Cayo El borado, L 28^ : 
The American Company's estab- 
lishment on, L 283 : How the ^ano 
is collected, L 283 : Fauna, 1. 284, 
285 ; ii. 59, 123 : Minerals of, iL 
187 : Adjoining islands, ii. 2^ 

Orchila, Grovemment Commission to 
the island of, i. 274: The author 
receives an invitation to accom- 
pany it, L 275: Departure from 
Carticas, i. 275 : On board the 'Port- 
eba,' L 277 : Arrival at the island, 
L 278 : The commission in session, 
i. 285 : The author's appointment, 
i. 287 : Linguistic dimculties, i. 
287 : Barrett^s examination, i. 288: 
The return, i. 288. 

Orchila weed, i. 58, 273, 281; ii. 
176. 

Ordaz, Diego de, first explorer of the 
Orinoco, ii. 158: His death by 
poison, ii. 159. 

Oraaz, Don Alvario de, ii. 159. 

Order of the ' Busto del Lil>ertador,' 
i. 144. 

Or^gano, i. 234. 

OreTlana (Amazon) river, ii. 160. 

Ortile, Mariquita, her remedy for 
yellow-fever, i. 1 10, note. 

Origanum niajoranoides, i. 254. 

Orinoco, Delta of the, i. 50, 64, 78. 

Orinoco Indians, i. 92. 

Orinoco river, i. 41, 48, 50, 60, 64, 73, 
79, 80, 90, 161, 245; ii. 133. 158, 
159. 239, 269 : Works relating to 
the, 285. 

Orinoco river (Lower), rise and fall 
of the, i. 78, 79 : Difticult naviga- 
tion oif, i. 90: Symbolical designs 
on granite rocks of Lower Orinoco, 
ii. 152 : Lighthouse on, ii. 269. 

Orinoco river (Upper), i. 41, 79 : 
Region of the Great Rapids, i. 78 : 
Black w*aters of the Upi)er Ori- 
noco, i. 80 : Orchids of, ii. 192. 

Orituco river, i. 60. 

Orituco, town of, ii. 166. 

Oniaments, Indian, i. 81. 

Ornithidiuni, ii. 212. 

Oniithocephalua, ii. 212. 

Ororc tree, i. 293. 

Orsua, expedition of. ii. 160, 285. 

Ortal, Gerdninio, continues the con- 
quest of Nueva Andalusia, ii. 159. 



INDEX, 



ZZ^ 



Oruba, island of, gold quartz of, ii. 

185, 
Osono, Don Diego, governor, wise 

rule of, ii. 168 : Hi» promotion, ii. 

169. 
Otero, Sefior Manuel, artist, ii 246, 

Ourari, or wourali, liquid arrow 
I>oison, i. 80. 

Oviedo y Bahos, Se&or Jos^ de, his- 
torian, i. 30; ii. 285. 

Owl of Apure, L 76. 

Owl. See Gukcharo. 

Oysters, L 53, 104. 

Oyster tree, i. 104. 



Pacaraima, mountains of, i. 79. 

Pacheco, Antonio, ii. 19. 

Pucheco, Don Aionso, founds Nueva 

Zamora, ii. 165. 
Pacheco, Grcneral Rafael, i. 308. 
Pacheco y Obes, Don Melchior, poet, 

ii. 230. 
Pachvphyllum, iL 212. 
Pacinco, San, a bone of, L 96. 
Pacimoni river, i. 78. 
Padamo river, i. 78. 
'Padres de familias,' or parents, 

i. 113- 

• Padres Santos,' los, i. 102. 

Padrinos, or god-fathers, i. 188. 

Paez, Don Ramon, author, i. 76, no^e.* 
His remarks on U. S.'s diplomats to 
South America, L 218 : His work, 
' Life in the Llanos,' ii. 285. 

Paez, General Jos^ Antonio, L 76, 
77 : His followers in War of Inde- 
pendence, i. 127 : His llanero ca- 
valry, i. 128 : He takes Barinas, L 
128: His victory at Mucuritas, i. 
128 : Bolivar joins him, i. 129 : He 
captures gun-boats with cavalry, L 
129 : His llanero tactics, i. 130 : 
His share of the battle of Cara- 
bobo, i. 132 : Becomes military 
chief of Venezuela, i. 134 : His dis- 
loyalty to Bolivar, i. 134 : His in- 
ordinate ambition, i. 135, 139 : is 
elected first constitutional Presi- 
dent of Venezuela, L 139 : He sub- 
i'ugates the ' Reformistas,* i. 140 : 
le causes a civil war, i. 141 : Is 
defeated by the Liberals, i. 145 : 
He abdicates, i. 145 : Works re- 
lating to him, ii. 285. 

Paguridae, i. 280. 



Painted rocks of La Encaramada, 

i. 80 : Of Caicara, i. 80. 
Pajonales, i. 60. 

'Palabra Ingles,' meaning of ex- 
pression, i. 42. 
Palanque Indians, ii. 169. 
Palms, imperial, L 306. 
Pampatar, port of, i. 66. 
Panama hats, material ^m which 

they are made, ii. 19a 
Panthers, i. 52. 
Pao river, L 161. 
Papelon (crude sugar), i. 228. 
Paphinia, ii. 212. 
Paracoto, coffee district of, L 257. 
Paracoto, village of, i. 257 : Road to, 

ii. 265. 
Parades, Diego Garcia de, ii. i^j : 

He pursues Aguirre, i 163 : He 

captures the tyrant, i. 164. 
Paradise, an earthly, i 30, 294. 
Paraguand peninsula, i. 69, 70. 
Para^ua river, i. 78. 
Paraiso, £1, i. 114, 263. 
Paralysis, L 80. 
Piramos, i. 50. 
Parapara, town of, ii. 264. 
Pardsitas, queer forms of, L 263. 
Parcha fruit, i< Ji* 
Pardo, Seuor Francisco de Paulo, 

author, ii. 285. 
Pardo, Sehor I. J., ii. 2^6. 
Pardo, Spanish Brigadier officer, i. 

127. 
Pardo y Aliaga, Don Felipe, poet, ii. 

230. 
Par^o fish, i. J2, 285. 
Pana, coast of, discovery of, ii. 151. 
Paria, gulf of, i. 47, 49, 63. 
Paria, mountains of, i. 63. 
Paria, peninsula of, i. 47. 
Parima, mountain range of, i. 48, ^8. 
Paris, epicures of, the coffee they like 

best, 1. II, 12. 
Paris Exhibition, i. 81, note, 
* Paris of the Antilles,' the, L 11. 
Parker, Sir Hyde, ii. 108. 
Paroquets, plumage of, i. 81 : Their 

great number in Marare, L 298. 
Paso Real, country house of, i. 1 73. 
Paso Real, of the Apure, i. 260, 261. 
Passports, i. 174, 192, 227, 229, 263, 

275- 
Pasturage, rich, i. 50, 243. 

Pasture farms, i. 50. 

Patacon (Brazilian coin), i. 216. 

Patanemo mountain, ii. 114. 

Patio, or inner court-yard, i. 25. 



33» 



INDEX. 



% • 



Patronaf^. Set Law. 

IVitron Saiut of the chapter of Cari- 

can, i. 33. 
Fatrullti, SeAor Carloe^ civil engineer, 

Paul, Dr. Joflus Maria, ii. 251. 

Pauxi galea t a, iL 189. 

Peace cclebratiuim in CarAcaa, i. 271, 
311 : The city decorated, i. 312 ; 
The Triumphal Arch, i. 312: 
Grand illuniinationii, L 314: The 
merchants* banquet to the victors, 
i. 315 : Te Dcum in the cathedral, 
i. 316. 

PearT-fijtherv of Mai^rita, L 66 ; ii. 
151. 

Peat depoAitis Nai^iatd, ii. 54, 75. 

Pedniza, village uf, i. 128. 

Peel Park MuHcuni, Salford, ii. 289. 

Pelexio, ii. 213. 

Pelezo, J., i. 276. 

PcH(.*aiiU8 fuiicuH, or nicatras, i. 20S. 

* Pen<lejo/ meaning of word, i. 45, 
note. 

Peninsular, i. 47, 49, 69. 

Penisioncrs, government, i. 269. 

Peones. See Working clawiea. 

Pepcromia galioidcH, 11. 182. 

Pcraza, (tcncral Nicanor Bolet, Pre* 
J[are^ i. 65, note: He joins the party, 
i. 83: He enk»rtaiii8 the peasantry, 
1. 104 : Anecdote of him, i. 268: 
A<^iin joiiKH the party, i. 317 : An 
account of his career, ii. 77-79, 12J5: 
Promotes Fine Arts Kxhibition, 11. 
127-129. 147 : Accompanies author 
to Latiunym, ii. 149 : His paint- 
inp4 at exhihition, ii. 246 : His 
Bl^eeoh at artists' banquet, ii. 249, 
251 : His comedy, ii. 273 : His 
translation of aiithrtr's pamphlet 
on the iusccnt <»f the NaiguatA, ii. 
289. 

Perez, (Jencnil Juan Francisco, ii. 
147, 251. 

T'erez, Jesus M. J. J. D. P., i. 102, 

Perez, Martin, murder of, ii. 162. 

Perez. Seftor Francisco de Sdles, 
author, ii. 285. 

Perioiiicals, Venezuelan, list of, i. 
322. 

Peristeria, ii. 213. 

Pertijralete. Islets of bay of, ii. 254. 

Peru, islands of, i. 279. 

Peru, Kepul)lic of, Bolivar assumes 
the Dictatorship of, i. 133 : His 
popularity there, i. 13^ ; ii. 242, 286. 

Peruvian bark, i. 51 ; ii. 189. 



Pemvian burial places, L 45 ; iL 191. 

Peruvian guano, L 279, 281. 

Peseta Colnmnaria (Spanish coin), i 
216. 

Peseta Sevillana, L 216. 

Pesgna oloroaa, iL 241. 

Pes^rua macho, iL 241. 

Ptesjua plant, iL 235. 

Petare village, L 59, 309 ; iL 6, 20^ 
22. 91-9.^ *39, 265. 

Peters, Dr., of Berlin, natiiralist» L 
208. 

Petrifactions, L 65. 

Petroleum, L 52 : Of Tacbira, L 74. 

Pez-sierra, i. 53. 

Philadelphia Guano Company, its 
lease of Venezuelan islaDos, L 
274 : Works on Orchila of, i. 283 : 
Quality of the material collected 
bv it, 1. 283 : How utilized, L 2S4. 

Philadelphia, U.S., iL 24a 

Phosphate of alumina, on Iledonda, 
L 10, note : On £1 Gran Itoque, i. 
207, 211, note. 

Phosphate of iron, on Redonda, L 10, 
note: On £1 GranRoque, L 207, 211. 

Phosphate of lime, i. 6, 207, 281, 288. 

Phosphates, mineral, L 52, 58: Im- 
mense outcrops of, on £1 Gran 
Koquc, L 202, 207, 211, 274, 278, 
279. 281, 283, 284, 2S8. 

Phosphoric acid, L 207, 211 note^ 279, 
283. 

Phthisis, L 32. 

Phvsical liistorv of Venezuela, i. 46- 
82. 

Physurus, iL 213. 

Phytolacca rivinoides, iL 183. 

Piar, the patriot oilicer, i. 125 : His 
execution, i. 129, note ; ii. 2S9. 

Piaje, or toll-bar, i. 275, 290. 

Picacho de la Sierra Nevada, L 73. 

Picnic to Catuche, i. 317. 

Pico de loro, or * parrot's hill* 
orchid, ii. 193. 

Pico, mountain and island of, i. 3. 

Picudiis, islands of, L 62, ; ii. 253. 

* IMedra de los Solteros/ i. 81. 

Piers, i. 21, 284. 

Pi^xot, Captain Hugh, a naval mon- 
ster, iL 107. 

Pi;»s, transport of, i. 229. 

Pile, Mr. W. A. (United States Mi- 
nister), gives evidence of K<^pub- 
lican simplicity, L 217, 270, 272. 

Pinientel y Roth, Dr. Francisco, 
* Cabinet Minister,* ii. 286. 

Pine apples, i. 51, 64. 



INDEX. 



333 



Pifion shrub, i. $1, 153. 

rinzon, Francisco Yanes y, discovers 
Brazi], ii. 152. 

Piraguas, or canoes, i. 60. 

Pirates. Set Buccaneers. 

Piritu, island of, i. 62 ; ii. 2^4. 

Piritu, town of, its church, li. 267. 

Pita, Don Eduardo Sanchez, author, 
ii. 286. 

Pithecolobium unguis, ii. 175. 

Pizarro, Francisco, ii. 286. 

* Pizarro,* ss., Spanish man-of-war, 
ii. III. 

Plains. Set Llanos. 

Plant (new), ii. 60, 82. 

Plant, Mr. John, description of mi- 
nerals and ores from Venezuela, ii. 
185. 286: Paper on Neolithic stone 
implements, ii. 294, 295. 

Plantain tree, fruit of, i. 88. 

Plants, farinaceous, i. 51 ; ii. 278. 

Plants — List of Los Roques', ii. 175 ; 
Collected on Naicuatd, iL 180: 
Venezuelan orchios, ii. 192 : Col- 
lected by Cajigal on Silla, ii. 241. 

Platilla mountain, i. 59. 

Plaza de Bolivar, Cardcas, i. 26 : 
Executions on, i. 86, 126 : Gather- 
ings on, i. 221, 113, 314 ; ii. 10, 267. 

Plaza de San Paolo, Caracas, i. 312. 

Plaza de Ocuniare, i. 246. 

Plaza General Kainon de la, i. 317 ; 
ii. 125 note^ 129, 246: His speech 
at artists' banquet, ii. 248, 2U. 

Plaza, or public square, of La 
Guayra, i. 21. 

Pleurothallis, ii. 213. 

PlimsoH, Mr., i. 1$. 

Pobladors, Los, ii. 165, 166. 

Podossemum alpestre, ii. 235, 241. 

Poetry of Soutn America, Spanish, 
ii. 223. 

Pogonia, ii. 215. 

Poisoned arrows, i. 80 ; ii. 191. 

Poito river, i. 161. 

Political complications, i. 134, 135, 
138-150: A reason su^ested ac- 
counting for same, 1. 177; iL 
172-174. 

Political economy, introduction of 
the study of, into Venezuela, ii. 1 72. 

Political history of Venezuela, i. 
122-150. 

Politics, a taste for, dancerous to a 
merchant iii the Republic, i. 292. 

Polystachia, ii. 216. 

Polytrichum aristiflorum, ii. 180. 

Pompa, GeriSnimo, author, ii. 286. 



Ponce, Dr. F., Mayor of Caracas, i. 

26 J. 
Ponds, artificial, i. 40. 
Ponera, ii. 216. 
Ponte, Dr. J. A., ii. 286. 
Ponthieva, ii. 216. 
Pope, the, ii. 296-299. 
Population, returns of, i. 30, 53 note^ 

59-61, 63, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 77, 

89, 246 ; ii. 112, 266. 
'Portefta,' schooner, passenger list 

of, i. 276 : Her voyage to Orchila, 

i. 276-288. 
Porto Rico, cost of producing raw 

sugar in, i. 168. 
Port Royal, Martinique, i. 11. 
Portugueza river, i. 161, 260. 
Portuffueza, State of, i. 75. 
Portulaca pilosa, ii. 175. 
Porzana erythrops, ii. 178. 
Porzana levraudi, i. 265 ; ii. 178. 
' Posada de los Embajadores,' i. 25. 
Posadas. See Hotels. 
Postal service, the, i. 179 : Anecdote 

of, i. 179. 
Posuelos, villa^ of, i. 103 : Enter- 
tainment at, 1. 104 : Church of, iL 

267. 
Potash, L III. 
Potatoes, i. 50 : Common, L 51 : Sweet, 

L 51. 
Potentilla Ehrenbergiana, ii. 82, 

184. 
Potentini, Sefior Tomas discovers a 

spring of medicinal waters, i. 96. 
Powder magazine, L 22 : Explosion 

of one, L IJ5. 
* Pozo de los raiaros,' i. 231, 232. 
Praag, General Leon van, inter- 
preter, i. 276 : He shares the bed 

of superintendent, i. 285 : At fault 

as interpreter, i. 287. 
Prairie grass, firing of, i. 128. 
Precipices, ii. 207, 209 ; i. 53, 60, 62, 

237, 238. 
Prcscottia, ii. 216. 
President of the Republic, the, 

powers of. i. 27, 55, q6. 
I'resident of the Republic, author's 

interview with, i. 106, 117, 164, 188, 

189, 218, 314 ; iL 100, 103, 118, 126, 

President's residence, the, i. 17, 188. 
President, receptions of the, L 178, 

188-189. 
Press, the, i. 321 ; iL 172. 
Printing press, introduction of the, 

into Venezuela, ii. 1 72. 



334 



JXDEX, 



PriflonerH, political, relemtie of, L 275 ; 

ii. 99. 
Pnvatecns conimiasioiiB iwued to, L 

124. 

Procesttions, public, L 10 1, 112, 154, 
186, 225, 312, 314, 316; iL 98. 

Promenade of La ituayra, L 16. 

Provisioms a scanty supply of, ii. 
10, II. 

Protestantism at a discount, L 270- 
271. 

Pliendorhachicallis caracasana. iL 184. 

PterichiR, ii. 216. 

Pteroptochus bird, iL 18S. 

PuMic works of improvement, i. 109: 
Official list of, ii. 263. 

Puenta Brava, lighthouse of, ii. 113. 

Puente do Falcon, i. 231. 

Puente del Salto, Nai<:uat4 ii- 50. 

Puerto-Caljollo— Heat of, L 49, 61 : 
Taken by the Blues, i. 146 : Civil 
war in, L 149 : Health of, iL 112 : 
Origin of, ii. 11^: Harbour and 
port of, ii. 113: Public works of, 
li. 113 : lt8 fortiticationA, iL 114: 
Telegraph line of, iL 133, 171, 264, 
265. 

Puerto Espaha, Trinidad, ii. 132. 

Pulga injH»ct, i. 5^. 

Pulgar, General A enancio, he takes 
the Castillo del Lil>erta(ior, i. 149 : 
He restores Tnijillo to Liberal 
piirty, i. 259 ; ii. 07. 

Pulido, (ieneral Joso L, i. 14S, 261 ; 
iL 147. 

Pal|»erias, or lowest class of public 
houses, i. 1S7. 

Pumas, i. 52 : Of Apure, i. 76 : Of 
Altagracia. i. 255 

Pumas, skins of, i. 270. 

Puru, the Imlian goil, i. 93. 

Puruni river, i. 78. 

Piitueual, lake of, i. 63. 

Pvrar''vrile, ii. 186. 



I 



QrAKANTiNE in St. Tliomas, results 

of. i. 78. 
Quartz, ii. 47. 1S5, 1S7. 
Quartz jewellery, i. 81. 
Quebrada de Cachimbo, ii. 6, 26, 

38. 

Quebrada de Humucaros, L 68. 

Quebrada de Ti{^>e, i. 23. 

Quebrada Mining Company. See 

New Quebrada. 
Quebrada-seca, battle of, i. 144. 
Qiiesada, General Manuel, ii. 246. 



Qnesara-H del Medio, battle of, i. 131; 
iL 225. 

Queso de manos, L 228 : How to 
make it, L 245. 

Quevedo, Genend, L 178. 

Quintero, Dr. Domingo, the high- 
priest. L 220 ; iL 284, 286. 

Quiriquire Indians, ii. 165, 166. 

Quito, massacre in, iL 173, 174. 



'Racoon,* H.M.S., L 22a 

Railway project, Caracas to Cdtia, 

iL 118, 143. 
Railway project, Coal mines to Nueva 

Barcelona, i. 100. 
Railway project. La Guayra and 

Caracas, iL 1 18, 267. 
Railway project, Nueva Barcelona 

to Soledad, opposite Ciudad- Boli- 
var, L 90; iL 133. 
Railway project, Maracaybo to Co- 

joro, iL 131-136. 
Railway, Puerto- Cabello and San 

Felipe, ruins of, i. 172 : An abun- 

doneil station on the line, ii. 113. 
Railway, Tucacas and Aroa, ii. 137. 
Rains, heavy, L 170,187,211,212, 217-. 

11.63. 
Rain water, how collected in the 

West Indies. L 202, 283. 
Rainy districts, L 78, 79. 
liainy season, i. 20, 49, 1 87, 284; ii. 4 r . 
Kaleiijh, Sir Walter, his expeditiiiu 

to Guayana, ii. 170. 
Kamallo. Don Mariano, poet, ii. 230. 
Ramirez. General Diego Hugo, L 

317 ; ii. 125, i/o/<r. 
Rancherias, ii. 31. 
Kapids, or raudales, of the Orinoco, 

i. 78, 79. 
Kat-huut on El Gran Roquc, i. 205, 

206. 
Rats i. 206, 285. 
Rattlesnakes, i. 223, 304. 
Kav tish, i. 53. 

Kei»alledo, Francisco, alcalde, ii. 16S. 
Receptions of the leading citizens of 

the capitiA, i. 113. 
Red mangle, i. 201. 
Redonda, worthless mineral dc]>osits 

on the island of, i. 10, 11, note. 
Reformistas. Set Paez. 
Regales, Ciabriel, cooper, anecdote 

of, i. 198. 
Reichenbach, Professor, Botanic Gar- 
dens, Hamburg, ii. 193. 
Reina, Don Jo.s^ Maria, poet, ii. 227. 



INDEX, 



335 



Keis (Brazilian coin), i. 216. 
Rejoicing, public, L 1 11, 112, 186, 

220, 271, 274, 311-316; ii. 98-100. 
Kelbunium, ii. 82, 183. 
Republican simplicity, i. 217. 
Restrepia, ii. 216. 
Revenga, Se&or Lino J., author, ii. 

287. 
Revenue officers, L 16. 
Revenues, national, on imports and 

exports, i. 56. 
Reverend, Dr. A. P., i. 274, 287. 
Revctt, Captain, * Nile,* ss., i. 6. 
Review, a fortnightly (in English), 

ii. 263-270. 

* Revolucion Azul,' i. 186. 

* Revolucion de las reformas,* i. 139. 
Revolutions, i 57, 58, 69, nott: In 

Barcelona, i. 89 : Author's servant 
killed in one, i. 105 : Demoralizing 
effects of, i. 108 : Anniversary 
of one, L 1 1 1 : How they atfect 
the society of the aipital, i. IM : 
Congress congratulated on the 
scarcity of, i. 119: Injurious effects 
of, in Aragua, i. 158: In Tuy, i. 
244, note: In llanos, i. 24^, 248, 
305: In Puerto- Cabello, li. 112: 
vVnere they originate, ii. 117: A 
means of preventing them, ii. 133 : 
European immigration retarded 
by, ii. 139. 

Rey, Sefior PrcSspero, artist, il 247, 
2^1. 

Rhizophora mangle, i. 201 ; ii. 175. 

Rhopala ferruginea, ii. 182. 

Riciiurte, Antonio, the patriot, death 
of, i. 155. 

Rice, i. 51. 

Ridley, Mr. Heniy, engineer, iL 134. 

Rifa, or lottery, ii. 142. 

Rigail, Se&or Luis, iL 251. 

Ri&on fruit, i 38. 

Rio Caribe, port of, i. 63. 

Rio-Ncgro, 1. 48, 78, 79 : Caverns of 
the, L 80 : Indians of the, i. 81 ; ii. 
283,284, 

Rivas, General, i. 125 : His victory 
at Charallave, i. 126 : Execution 
of, i. 126. 

Rivas, of Barcelona, his execution, 
i. 86. 

Rivero, General M. D., i. 306 : His 
hospitality', i. 308. 

Rivero, Julian, guide, ii. 19, 73. 

Rivero, Miguel, gui<le, ii. 19, 73. 

Rivero, Se&or Luis, his estate of 
Altagracia, i. 255. 



Roads— La Guay ra to Caracas, i. 23 : 
Cardcas to Puerto- Cabello, L 151- 
173 : Dos Aguados, i. 221, 222 : 
Caracas to Ocumare, i. 228, 230, 
232, 236, 237, 243 : Ocumare to 
Caracas via Santa Lucia, i. 30J- 
309 : Camino Real del Oriente, li. 
2 : Construction of new roads, ii. 
263 -270. 

Roccabocctria, Monsignore, iL 297. 

Roccella tinctoria, ii. 176. 

Rocks, amphibolite, i. 207. 

Rocks, chaos of, ii. 48. 

Rocks, disintegration of, L 207. 

Rocks, isolated, fantastic forms of, ii. 

47. 4«, 49. 54, 55- 
Rocks, gneiss, iL 48, 75, 187. ^ 

Rocks, metamorphic, L 280 ; ii. 75. 

Rocks, painted (natural), of the 

Upper Orinoco, i. 80. 
Rocks, rugged, ii. 49, 54. 
Rodriguez Brothers, estate of, L 39. 
Rodriguez, Dr. T., i. 37, nott, 
Rodriguez, General Victor, i. 19, 150. 
Rodriguezia, iL 217. 
Roe, Rev. J., his letter on the Church 
of Rome in Venezuela, iL 296-299. 
Rohl, Mr. John (Brazilian Consul), 

his receptions, i. 113, 114: His 

country iiouse, iL 90, 147. 
R6jas, lion Luis de, the tyrant, i. 

19, 20: iL 167. 
Rdjas, Dr. Aristidcs, author, L 32 

nott^ 62 note^ 268 : Works of, ii. 288. 
R<5jas, Dr. Jos^ M., author, ii. 116, 

288. 
R<Sja8, General, he initiates a revolu- 
tion, L 146. 
R<5jas, Hcrmanos, publishers, ii. 271, 

287. 
Rdjas, Se&or Carlos E., iL 177 note^ 

291. 
R<3jas, Seftor Pedro Jos<5, arranges 

tlie Peace of Coche, i. 145. 
Roman Catholic Church in Vene- 

zut^la, i. 30, 56 ; ii. 296. 
Roots, farinaceous, L 51. 
Rosa de monta&a, ii. 11^. 
Rosa, Se&or R., civil engineer, ii. 288. 
Rose, i. 38. 

Rose of the Avila, ii. 235. 
Rothe, Mr. A., publisher, IL 288. 
Royal Geograpiiical Society, L 81, 

note. 
Royal Humane Society, L 204. 
Roval Mail Company, captains of 

t)ie, i. 2 : Passengers deceived by 

the Comjmny, i. 9. 



336 



INDEX, 



RuioB— In Amj^a, i. 155, 162: A 
imilroad in niina^ i. 172: Aliil 
workrt in niius, i. 242: Ruined 
plantations, i. 254 : The Hum- 
Doldt ruirns iL 19 : Ruined for- 
trvHHOH, ii. 114. 

Ruix, Francisco, cxpeilition of , iL 155. 

Rum, i. 13, 92, 19& 

RuMkin, Mr Julin : On day -break on 
an iiiulated mountain, ii. 11, wdt' 
His letter on BoLet*8 drawinga, iL 
8a 



Sabadella »ecd^ ii. 1S9. 

Sabana do la Cmi, battle of, i. 143. 

Sabana de lu« PegoneH, battle of, 
i. 125. 

Habana (irande, village of, i. 309 ; 
ii. 18, 6y, 233. 

Kabbath, u true, i. 196. 

Baillard, M., French Consul, iL 18. 

Saint Amand Hotel, description of, 
i. 25-26 : The author's sala, L 190 : 
Flood in, i. 217 : iShippini; orchids 
from the hotel, i<_263, 316 : Fare- 
well banquet at, iL 146. 

Saint Amand, Miss Henrietta, i. 25, 
26, note. 

Saint Amand, Mrs., 25, 26 notr^ 316. 

Saint, 11 iN>pu]ar, i. 233, 234, 31H. 

Saint ChriHto])lier (St. Kittn) island, 
suit ]x>ii(lrt of, i. 9, 10, }intc. 

Saint (Joorjxc and tlio nia<:;;ut8, L 33. 

Saint Janicti', Court of, ])oLicy of the, 
L 12;. 

Saint riorrc, Martinique, i>ort of, 
i. II. 

Saint Tlioiiias, Imy of, L 6, 9. 

Saint Thomas, i.sland of, intense 
heat of, i. 6, 7 : Mirtcrablu jmpula- 
tiou (»f i.8 uutr^ 41, 42, 108 notc^ 
143: PropostMl telejjTiiph to, ii. 132 : 
Author .H;iil>i for the island, iL 
149. 

Saintly ])atroiia;;c of a euartel, i. 229. 

Salamanca, Don Juan de, ii. 165. 

SilaH, tluan de, army of, ii. 156. 

Sdlas, Sefior <)oh($ Antonio, artist, ii. 

247» 251. 
Salazar, (ieneml Matins, L 113: De- 
feated <at luittlc of \a\ Mora, L 
149 : DiHiitrection of, i. 258 ; J^io- 
graphv of, ii. 95 : His treachery to 
the.\ellow party, ii. 96,97: His 
armv routed at the battle of Tina- 
quillo, ii. 98: His escape and cap- 
ture, ii. 98 : He is tried by Court 



Martial, iL 98 : His condemnation, 
iL 98 : His execution, iL 98 : Worka 
relating to, ii. 288l 

Salazar, Josd Maria, author, iL 288. 

* Saloocher,* meaning of the wonl, 
i. 233, noU, 

Saldnendo, Captain, murder of, ii. 
161. 

Salioomia ambigua, iL 175. 

Salinas. Set Salt works. 

Salinas Indians, i. 93. 

Salt marshes, L 89, 201, 211. 

Salt Pond estate (St Kitts), i. 9, 
nofe. 

Salt ponds of St Christopher, i. 9, 10. 

Saltworks of Tortnga Island, i. 58 : 
Of Los Koqucs, L 197 ; ii. 1 19. 

Salvin, Mr. Osliert, his paper on 
Venezuelan birds, L 266, note ; iL 
177, 288. 

Saman-acacia, L 156, 293. 

Saman-acacia de Ciiiere, the fauious 
big tree of Aragua, i. 156. 

Saman tree, i. 156, 293. 

Sanavria, Dr. ^lartin Jos^, Minister 
of Public Works, L 106 : Speaks 
at opening of new school, L 220 : 
He commands government expc<li- 
tion to Orchila, i. 274-288: His offi- 
cial letters to uutlutr on the nftcent 
of Naigimtii, ii. 74, 79: Author's 
negotiations with him for lease of 
islands, iL 1 19-126, 129, 147: Hi.-* 
sjwech at artists* lianquet, 1. 250, 
251, 255, 257, 262. 

San lienianiino, town of, its church, 
ii. 267. 

San Carlos, battle of, i. 144. 

San Carlos, castle of, L 70. 

San ('arlos, cuartel of, L 148. 

San (Carlos, island of, i. 70. 

San Carlos, town of, i. 61, note: WoivX 
to, i. 132 ; ii. 264. 

San Cocho de (iallina, analy.si.s of, i. 
234, 290. 318. 

San Crist6bal, church of (liarcelonn), 
i. 95. 

San ('ristobal, Taehera, importance 
of the town of, i. 74 : Its tlestruc- 
tioii by an earthquake, i. 74, note ; 
Irrigation works of, ii. 269. 

San Cristi'ival de los Cumanagotos, 
city of, ii. 167, 169. 

Sanctum sanctorum, golden key of 

the, L 321. 
Sander\', Captain (J. S., i. 15. note. 
San Diego, town of, church of. ii. 
267. 



INDEX. 



337 



San Esteban river, ii. 115. 
San Felipe, town of, i. 68 ; ii. 265. 
San Fdlix, battle of, i. 129, ^lott. 
San Fernando del Apure, battle of, 

i. 259-262, 265, 274. 
San Fernando del Apure, town of, i. 

San Francisco, California, i. 180. 
San Francisco, Cardcas, church of, 

i. 3J, 140. 
San 1* rancisco de Yare, village of, i. 

305. 
San Francisco, valley of, ii. 156, 157. 

San Joaquin, pueblo of, i. 162. 

San Juan Bautista del portillo de 

Carora, city of, ii. 165. 
San Juan de Dios, church of, i. 21, 22. 
San Juan de la Paz, city of, ii. 166. 
San Juan de Payara, town of, i. 13a 
San Juan river, waterworks on, ii. 

264. 
San Juan, rocks of, ii. 254. 
San Mateo, battle of, i. 126, 155. 
San Mateo, pueblo of, i. 156. 
Sanoja, Josd Jesus, iL 19. 
Sanojo, Se&or Luis, author, ii. 288. 
San Pablo, Cardcas, church of, i. 321. 
San Pedro, valley of, ii. 157. 
San Sebastion de los Reyes, city of, 

ii. 166. 
Santa Ana de Coro, city of, ii. 153. 
Santa Cruz, Dr. Francisco de, gover- 
nor, ii. 284. 
Santa Cruz, plantation of, i. 308. 
Santa Fd, gulf of, i. 47, 63. 
Santa Ines, battle of, i. 144 ; ii. 279. 
Santa Ines, bay of, Orchila, i. 282. 
Santa Lucia, district of, i. 307. 
Santa Lucia, town of, i. 306 : Indus- 
trious population of, i. 307 : New 

road to, 11. 26;. 
Santa Lucia, valley of, i. 306. 
Santa Marta, i. 8, 136, 140, 269. 
Santa Teresa, district of, produce of, 

i. 306. 
Santa Teresa, village of, i. 306. 
Santana, Sc&or Casiano, ii. 246. 
Santander, Seiior Francisco de Paula, 

ii. 288. 
Santiago de Leon de Cardcas, city of, 

ii. 157, 276. 
Santiago de los Caballeros, city of, 

ii. i&. 
Santo Domingo, Audiencia de, ii. 

153, 167. 
Santo Domingo, island of, ii. 152, 

169, 297. 
Santo Domingo, lake of, i. 73. 

VOL. IL 



Santo Domingo, mountain of, i. 74. 
Santo Domingo, river of, ii. 269. 
Santo Tomas de Guayana, i. 81. 
Santuario, kej of the, i. 321. 
Sanz, Se&or, li. 172. 
SarsapariUa, i. 51 ; ii. 190. 
Sassafras, i. ji. 
Sauerkraut, 1. 241. 
Savannas, i. 50, 64, 71, 74, 75, 79. 
Scavenger of Cardcas, the, i. 187. 
Scelochilus, iL 217. 
Schceffer, U., autnor, ii. 288. 
Scholastic training, inferiority of the 

colonial system of, iL 224. 
School of sculpture, ii. 268. 
School of mathematics, ii. 173, 234, 

241. 
Schools, i. 32, J7 : Opening of a 

national one, 1. 219; IL iii, 112, 

note, 
Sclater, Dr. P. L., his paper on 

author's collection of binis, L 266 ; 

iL 177, 288. 

* Scoui^ge of the Antilles,' the, i. 39. 
Sea-batliing, L 42. 

Sea-birds of Los Roqnes islands, 1. 
208. 

Sea-currents, i. 47, 285 ; iL 176. 

Sea-serpent, i. 214. 

Sea-wall of £1 Gran Roque, L 209. 

' Secada,' la, meaning of the word, 
L 295. 

Secretary of State, i. 27. 

Sedefio, Don Antonio, iL 159 : Fruit- 
less expedition of, ii. 1C9. 

Scijas, Lioenciado Rafael, his trans- 
lations, ii. 2^8, 2^8. 

* Seine,' Royal Mail steamer, i. 2-9. 
Semana Santa, feast of, in Barcelona, 

i. loi : In Cardcas, i. 320. 

Seminario Tridentino, i. 32. 

Sepulture in Venezuela, chief me- 
thod of, i. 225. 

Serpentine, ii, 187 : Implements of, 
ii. 294. 

Serpents. See Snakes. 

Sertulum Naiguatense, ii. 83, 180- 
184, 278. 

Sesasum orientale, L 51. 

Sesuvium portulacustrum, ii. 175. 

Severiano, San, bone of, L 96. 

Shad, L 52. 

Shade trees, for coffee plantations, i. 
236, 293, 298. 

Sharks, i, 53 : A young one, i. 196 : 
Sail(n-s* aversion to, i. 196. 

* Shawmut,' American man-of-war, 

iL III, 112. 

Y 



338 



INDEX. 



Sheep, i. 52. 

Shell-tiower making in Venezuela, i. 

69. 
Shells, i. 69, 214, 280, 281. 
Shoal, The Great, Los Roqiies, i. 199, 

205, 214. 
Siapa river, i. 78. 
Sienite, implements of, i. 294. 
Sierra de Federacion, Orchila, i. 278, 

Sierra Nevada, i. 47, 73. 

Sierra Nevadas, North America, i 
208, note. 

Sierra Parima, i. 48, 78. 

Siesta^ i. 304 ; ii. 8. 

Silla de Caracas, it«r orchids, ii. 197, 
199, 203, 204, 206, 212. 

Silhi of Canlca-s mountain, i. 299, 
309 : Most noted ascents of the, ii. 
I : The author forms a party to 
ascend it, ii. 2 : The start, ii. 2 : 
A night in Cachimho, ii. 5 : A 
cold morninj,', ii. 5 : Difficulties of 
the ascent, ii. 6: The first rise from 
Cachimbo, ii. 6 : Water found, ii. 
7 : The summit, ii. 8 : Its height, 
ii. 8 : View from it, ii. 9 : Fire- 
works, ii. 10 : A night on the top, 
ii. 10 : Sunrise, ii. 11: The descent, 
ii. 12 : Excitement in the State of 
Bolivar, caused bv the fireworks 
on tlie summit, ii. 13, 14, 15, 22, 
26, 38, 42, 59, 60, 74, 75, 76, 82, 
88, 89, 115, 180: Cajigal's ascent 
of the Silla of Canlcas, ii. 233-41: 
Plants collected by him, ii. 241, 
242 : Ernst's description of them, 
ii. 242, 243. 

Silva, Don (iarcia Gonzales de, ii. 

165 : PriidLMice of, ii. 165 : His de- 
feat by the Ciimanagotos, ii. 166 : 
His vietory over the Carilxis, ii. 

166 : He advances to meet Drake, 
ii. 168. 

Silva, Don Pedro Malaver de, re- 
ceives power to conquer El Dorado, 
ii. 159. 

Silver, i. 52, 66. 

Silver ore, red, ii. 186. 

Simon, Francisco Pedro, author, ii. 
289. 

Sini}>s()n, Mr. R. J., ii. 296. 

Sipapo river, i. 78. 

Siphocampliylus microstoma, ii. 82, 

183. 
* Sinus,' H. M.S., author'.s cruise to 

Puerto-Cabello in, ii. 106 in. 

Skeletons, Indian, i. So. 



Skins, colouring matter for, i. 239. 

Skull of Indian, i. 80. 

Sky-rockets, i. 274; iL 10, 13. 

Slate, amphibolite, i. 207. 

Slaughter-house, Canlcas, ii. 267. 

Slavery, law respecting abolition of, 
ii. 282. 

Slaves — Large import of, into Vene- 
zuela, i. 54 : Emancipation of, i. 
55 : Bolivar purchases the liberty 
of 1000, i. 133, 142 : Trade in In- 
dian, ii. 152: Introduction of, free 
of import duty, ii. 168 : Their 
importation forbid, ii. 173. 

Sloth, i. 52. 

Smali-pox, i. 7 : Introduced into 
Venezuela, ii. 166. 

Smith, Mr. R. Persall, missionary 
merchant, i. 270. 

Smithsonian Institution, iL 294. 

Smoking, women, i. 302. 

Smugglers. See Contraband. 

Snakes, i. 53 : Poisonous fan^ of, 
i. 80 : A legendary serpent, 1. 93 : 
Gocring's anecdote of one, i. 290 : 
Death of one, i. 303 : Bites of, i. 
304: A dog's knowledge of, i. 304. 

Snipe, i. 285 ; ii. 189. 

Snow region, eternal, i. 49, 72, 73. 

Snow peaks, i. 3, 73. 

Soap manufactory, i. 112, note. 

Sobralia, ii. 217. 

Sobrina, or niece, i. 42. 

Socarris, Se&or Andres, artist, ii. 
252. 

Sociedad de Bcneficencia, ii. 142. 

Sociedad do Cieucias Fisicas y Na- 
turales de Cardcas, i. i66;*ii. 81 
rxotCy 289. 

Societ^ de Therapeutique, i. iii, 
note. 

Socoraymo, the Indian hero, ii. 165. 

SocoiTa, Nuestra Seiiora del, la pa- 
trona, i. 229. 

Socorro, La Prodigiosa Imftgen del, 

-, i- 95- 

Sojo, Don Pedro, professor of music, 

li. 172. 

Solanum licopcrsicnm, i. 234. 

Solar, Doha Mercedes Martin de, 
noetess, ii. 230. 

S«>ldiers, Venezuelan, i. 28: Massacre 
of, in La Casa Fuerte, i. b8: One 
pays tribute to Engliylimen, i. 119: 
Fidelity of, i. 120: Anecdote of, 
i. 149, note: Troops on the march, 
i. 156, 17S, 229, 259, 305: Prt'bi- 
dent's body-guard, ii. 118. 



INDEX, 



339 



Soledad, image of Nuestra Setkora de, 

i- 35- 
Soledad, Se&ora, miserable hovel of, 

ii. 29. 
Solcdad, Niieva Barcelona, village 

of, i. ^ : New road to, ii. 266. 
Solenidium, ii. 217. 
Sombrero island, phosphate deposits 

on, i. 6. 
* Sopladura,' la, meaning of the 

word, i. 295. 
Sotillo, General, his defeat, i. 144. 
Soto, Dr. F., i. 226. 
Soublette, General (President), i. 140. 
South America, author's first sight 

of continent of, i. 15. 
South American £ugiish, i. 45. 
South American Independence, i. 40 : 

The last survivor of tliose who 

bcffan the movement of, i. 319. 
South American Missionary Society, 

ii. 296. 
Southey, Mr. Robert, author, ii. 158, 

note^ 289. 
Sovereign, change for a, i, 216. 
Spanish Americans, as contrasted 

with the Yankee, i. 194. 
Spanish artillery, i. 132. 
Spanish Cabinet, grants of the, i. 19. 
Spanish cavalry, defeat of, i. 128, 

130. 131- 
Spanisli colonies, 'present state of,' 

ii. 292. 
Spanish conquests, iL 151-174. 
Spanish cruelties, i. 87, 88, 124, 125, 

126; ii. 153, 154, 166. 
Spanish idioms, i. 44, 240. 
Spanish language, how its purity is 

preserved, i. 322. 
Spanish, lessons in, i. 3, 16, 28, 44, 

45» 84, 115, 151. 165, 221. 
Spanisli nuickerel, i. 285. 
Spanish mainland, i. 8, 15, 26. 
Spanish misgovern ment, results of, 

i. 139. 
Spanish phrases, i. 42-45. 
Spanish jxietry o£ South America, 

ii. 223-231. 
Spanish prisoners, how treated by 

patriots, i. 126. 
Spanish rule, the, ii. 151-173. 
Spanish settlers, ii. 1J4. 
Spence, Mr. Peter, his i>oem on the 

death of Bolivar, i 130 : His Vene- 
zuelan orchids, ii. 182. 
Spira, Jorge, governor, disastrous 

expedition of, ii. 153, 154. 
Spiranthes, ii. 217. 



Sporobolus virginicus, i. 201 ; ii. 1 76. 
Sports, rural, i. 39, 305 ; ii. 93. 
Springs, hot- water. See Thermal. 
Springs, mineral, 63, 96. 
Spurge, i. 51. 
Stag, i. 52. 

Stage-coach, i. 23, 151, 192 ; ii. 104. 
Stalactites, in caves of the Gudcha- 

ros, i. 64. 
Stalagmites, in caves of the Gudcha- 

ros, i. 65. 
Stanhopea, ii. 217. 
Statistical department of GJovem- 

ment, ii. 74, 79. 
Statistics — of Martinique, i. 12, nott : 
Caracas, i. 30-32 : Exports of La 
Guayra, i. 42 : Population, Vene- 
zuela, i. 53 : National revenue, i. 
56 : National commerce, i. 57, 58 : 
Aragua valley, i. 154, 165, 166: 
Population of central states, i. 
174 : Kain-fall in Caracas, i. 217: 
Cotfee trees of Macarisao, i. 234 : 
Produce of Charallave district, i. 
236 : Production of Indigo, L 242: 
Produce of Cua district, i. 243 : 
Ocumare district, i. 248 : Tacata 
district, 2^6: 'Guano' shipments 
from Orchila, i. 284 : Prmiuce of, 
San Francisco de Yare district, i. 
305 : Santa Teresa district, i. 306 : 
Santa Lucia district, i. 307 : Coffee 
produce of the entire Tuy valley, 
1. 309: Education, ii. 102: Popula- 
tion of Puerto-Cabello, ii. 112: 
Shipping, Puerto-Cabello, ii. 114. 
Statues, i. 33, 35, 95, 31^ ; ii. 268. 
Steam -crane suggested for La 

Guayra, i. 21. 
Steamers, screw t». paddle, i. 2, 8: 

French mail, i. 11, 15, 83. 
Steam-power w^orks in Aragua, i. 

165 : in Tuy, i. 236. 
Stelis, ii. 218. 
Stenia, ii. 218. 
Stenorrhynchus, ii. 218. 
Sticta laciniata, ii. 180. 
Stock-farming. Sec Cattle-breeding. 
Stock-raising. See Cattle-brceiling. 
Store, a country, i. 244, 252, 257. 
Store-houses, i. 26, 30, 89 ; ii. 113. 
Strandloper binl, i. 208. 
Strange, Lieut. -Colonel, on the Aroa 

copper mines, ii. i J7. 
StrawiKjrries, wild, ii. 31. 
Strontian, culics of, ii. 186. 
Strychnos toxifera, arrow poison 
from, i. 8a 



340 



INDEX. 



Stiirup, Mr. Guillermo, his enter- 
tainments, i. 113, 272. 

Stiirup, Mr. T., joins the party, ii. 90. 

Suapure river, 1. 78. 

Suarez, Seiior BAmon, garden of, 
i. 149, note. 

Sftbera, village of, i. 230. 

Submarine phosphate deposits, i. 6. 

Subracane, use made ot it by the 
Indians, i. 81. 

Sucre, General A. J., i. 67. 

Siidorifero, i. 42. 

Suffa cj^lindrica, ii. 190. 

Sugar," i. 12-14, 5' '• Average cost of 
production, i. 168. 

Sugar-cane, i. 11, 13, jo, 68, 73: How 
treated in Venezuela, i, 166 : Loss 
of saccharine, i. 167 : An iinproved 
method suggested, i. 167 : Food 0/ 
the Indians, i. 297. 

Sugar cultivation, i. 99, noLe^ 165 : 
EngePs paper on, ii. 278. 

Sugar districts — Martinique, i. 11 : 
Barbadues, 13, 14: Barcelona, i. 
99: Aragua, i. 153-168 : Cua, i. 243: 
Ocumare, i. 249: Tacata, i. 256 : 
Yafc, i. 305 : Santa Teresa, i. 306 : 
Santa Lucia, i. 307. 

Sugar estates — La Quebrada, i. 154: 
La Epideniia, i. 1 54 : Barbula, i. 
170 : Espino, i. 229 : Coche, i, 230: 
Lcchoso, i. 230: Giieregiiere, ii. 20. 

Sugar, export of, i. 42. 

Suirar lauds, i. 14, 61, 68,99, f^otey 153, 

157- 
Sugar-mill, hand-power, i. 99. 

Sugar-planters, i. 14. 

Su<;ar, works for refining, i. 164. 

Sullivan, Mr. Edward, on Venezuela 

and the Venezuelans, i. 107, iiote : 

His work of travel in America, ii. 

289. 
Sulphur, i. 52, 66 ; ii. 186. 
Sulii idant, i. 51. 

Sun-flower. Sec Helianthus annnns. 
Sunset, a tropical, i. 70, 192, 210, 29S, 

309 : A typical one, ii. 2, 42, 105. 

* Sunset on the way to Cacliimbo,' 

ii. 4. 

Sun's rays, deceptive cfToct produced 
by, ii. 38. 

Sunstroke, on El Gran Koque, lia- 
bility to, i. 209, 211, 215. 

Superstition, native, i. 93, 95, 96, 296. 

Surf boats, i. 16, 85, 276. 

Suriana maritinia, ii. 175. 

* Surpri.se,' frigate, ii. 1 08-1 1 1. 
Swamps, i. 64, 68, 70. 



Swamps and marshes, i. 67, 68, 71, 

jr8, no: How to improve them, 

I. no, III. 
Swietenia mahogoni, i 293. 
Syers, Mr. Robert P., author, i. 16, 

17; IL 134, 251: On the death of 

Piar, ii. 289. 
Sysirinchium iridifolium, ii 241. 

TABERN.£ MONTANA UMBROSA, ii. 
242. 

Table-lands, elevated, i 50, 60 : Of 
Guanipa, i. 62: Of Urica, i. 62, 63, 
64. 

Tacamahca, ii. 290. 

Tacarigua, lake of. Set Valencia. 

Tacasuruma, the estate of, L 176: 
Gold mines of, ii. 185. 

Tacata river, i. 249 : Branch streams 
of, i. 254: Falls on, i. 254. 

Tacata, town of, i. 250 : Poverty- 
stricken appearance of, i. 250 : 
House of the Padre of, i. 250: The 
chief merchant of, L 152: Meeting 
of the capitalists of, i. 254. 

Tacata, valley of, ii. 166. 

Tachira, port of, i. 73. 

Taclura, State of, i. 49, 73 ; iL 76. 

Talc schists, ii. 185. 

Tales. See Incidents. 

Talpinaria, ii. 219. 

Tanianak language, i. 29. 

Tamarind trees, i. 156. 

Tannic acid, i. 201. 

Taparito fruit, ii. 189. 

Tapatuj)a brook, i. 159. 

Tapir, or Danta, ii. 237. 

Taramaynos Indians, ii. 165. 

Tarnia, village of, ii. 239. 

Tate, Mr. lialph, author, ii. 290. 

Tavera, Neven, Barcelona, i. 100. 

Taylor, Captain John, i. 194 : His 
lan^ua<j;e, i. 194 : In his role of 
critic, 1. 200: His vocabulary, i. 
200 : His vessel caught in a storm, 
i. 212 : Terror of, i. 213. 

Tebar, Sehor Jesus Mu&oz, ii. 290. 

Tccua oil, ii. 189. 

*Te Deum' in the Cathedral of Ca- 
nlcas, i. 178, 316 ; ii. 98. 

Telegraph lines, ii. 1 31-133. 

Telipogon, ii. 219. 

Tello, Scfior J. U., official courtesy 
of, i. 17, note. 

Teques Indians, ii. 165. 

Terecai, i. 53. 

Terra Eirma and Peru, Prince of, ii. 
I Co. 



INDEX. 



341 



Terra incognita, a, ii. 32. 

Terrcro, General Leopoldo, joins the 
party, i. 83 : His nouso used for 
a grand ball, i. 115, 276 : He is ap- 
pointed judge, i. 28^, 317 : Joins 
the Naiguati party, li. 14, 17, 41 : 
He discovers a cave, ii. 56,71, 7^, 
125 : Promotes Fine Arts Exhibi- 
tion, ii. 127, 147, 180, 2^1. 

Terrero, Selior R<Sinulo, ii. 147. 

Teteo, port of, i. 73. 

Tetragamcstus, ii. 219. 

Thalassia testudinum, ii. 176. 

Theatres, i. 22, 30 ; ii. 94. 

Theatrical performance to aid church 
building fund, i. 22. 

Thermal springs, i. 52, 63 : Sub- 
marine, i. 66, 69, 74, 161, 171. 

Thirion, M. Eugene, author, i. 80; ii. 
290. 

Thirst, intense, ii. 62-67. 

Thorns, crops of. i. 69. 

Thunder in Los Hoques, i. 212. 

'Tierras, frias, templadas y calidas,' 
i. 49. 

Tigers, i. 223, 255 : Skins of, 1. 265, 
270: Evidences of tigers on Nai- 
guatlL, ii. 37 : Lair of, ii. 38 : Pre- 
cautions against meeting them, 

11. 38. 

Tigre serpent, i. 53. 

TiUandsia paniculata, ii 241. 

Tinaquillo, battle of, ii. 98. 

Tipe, mountains of, ii. 239. 

Tipe, Quebrada de, i. 23. 

Tique, heights of, i. 256. 

Toas, island of, i. 70. 

Tobacco, i. 12, no^c, 25, 51. 

Tobacco, Gudcharo, i. 65. 

Tobacco, cultivation of, in Apure, i. 

75 : In Aragua, L 159 : In Charal- 

lave, i. 236. 
Tobacco, former exports of, ii. 171. 
Tobacco lands, i. 157. 
* Tobacode Pescadores,' ii. 176. 
Tdcome, estate, ii. 23. 
Tocome, river, ii. 24, 26. 
Tocuyo, city of, i. 68 ; ii. 155, 156, 

163. 
Tocuyo, mountains of, i. 68. 
Tocuyo river, i. 68. 
Todd, Captain Henry, kindness of, 

i. no. 
Todd, Captain Robert, i. 20, note, 
Tolosa, Licenciado Juan Perez de, 

death of, ii. 154. 
Tollbar, or piage, i. 275, 290. 
Tomates, i. 234. 



Tomuza Indians, ii. 165. 

Tonka beans, ii. 189. 

'Tornado,' seizure of the ship, ii. 

106. 
Toro, Marques de, ruined mansion 

of, i. 163. 
Tortuga, island of, L 58. 
Tory. Set Conservative. 
Totuma, carved, i. 268. 
Totumo, Cortado de, i. 234, 257. 
Toumefortia gnaphalodes, iL 176. 
Tovar colony. &ee Colonia. 
Tovar Galindo, Seftor, his garden and 

chemical works, i. 112. 
Tovar y Tovar, Se&or Martin, artist 

in oils, ii. 246, 2U. 
Towns and cities, founding of, ii. 154, 

155. i57» 160, 165, 166, 167, 169. 
Traction engines, li. 131. 
Trails, i. 221,, 243, 254; iL 2, 23, 

Tramway, 1. 17. 

Tmusnortation, difficulties of, ii. 131. 

Travellers, foreign, duty of, i. 179, 

221, 240, 266. 
Treachery, i. 258 ; ii. 96. 
Trees, leguminous, i. 156. 
Trees, valuable timber, i. 67, 71, 89 ; 

ii. 1^8, note. 
Trench, Naiguatd, The, ii. 36. 
Trichopilia, 11. 219. 
'Trillada,' la, meaning of the word*, 

i. 295. 
Trinidad, Iglesia de la Santisima, i. 

?3:34. 
Tnnidad, island of, i. 259; ii. 117, r5i, 

282, 297. 
Tristeza, or ennui, i. 13. 
Trixis of Swartz, ii. 235, 243. 
Trizeuxis, ii. 219. 
Trollope, Mr. Anthony, on Barbadoes 

and the Barbadians, i. 12. 
Tropical coldness, ii. 5, 11, 44. 
Tropics, residence in, unfavourable to 

mountaineering, i. c. 
Trujillo, city of, sacKed by Gram- 

mont, i. 72 : Bolivar's treaty with 

Morillo concluded in, i. 72: Non 

madic character of, ii. 155: Its past 

greatness, i. 156. 
Trujillo, mountains of, i. 72, 74, 75 ; 

ii. 76. 
Trujillo, State of, superior wheat of, 

i. 72: Insurrection in, L 258: Relics 

from, ii. 191. 
Tuapocano Indians, i. 65. 
Tucacas, port and railway of, ii. 137. 
Tucusiapon, river and village of, i. 232. 



342 



INDEX, 



Tufa, calcareous, i. 279 ; iL 187. 
TunluH olivatcr (rare bird), iL 177. 
Tnrianio, pi»int of, ii. 254. 
Turiniii|uire, moantain of, i 63. 
Turmento, valley of, i. 2^ 
Turriapa, follower of A^pumj. mozdcr 

of, IL 162. 

Turtles, i. 53 : How caught in Loa 
Ko«jueM, L 214. 

Tuy river, i. 59, 235, 246, 249: Its 
winiliii>rs i. 249, 250 ; ii. 166. 

Tuv, margins of, i. 242, 249, 250 ; ii. 
166. 

Tuy, valley of, i. 59, 177 : How it 
liMikeii from tlie heightR, i. 2^: Ex* 
tent, i. 237 : Toimgraphy, 1. 237 : 
VeiTCtatiun, L 238: A Tuy military 
chief, i. 240: A resident* English- 
man, i. 246: IndncementH to settle 
in, i. 240: IndiauH, i. 296, 297: 
(Srand fianorania, i. 298 : A Tuy 
liall, i. 299: San Fronciitco dc Yare, 
i. 304: Militar}' HiH>rtM, i. 305: Santa 
Teresa, i. 305: Santa Lucia, i. 306, 
307 : Annual coffee pro4luce of 
the Tuy vnllcy, i. 309: I^n»iKMied 
telegraph, ii. 133, 239: Uoads, iL 
265. 

Tyrolcse minstrel, L 275, 277. 

UCAYAU river, iL 284. 

Uchire, town <»f, ii. i6»). 

Upirte, Scfiorita l^olures, sculptor, 

ii. 247. 
ll^'arto, Sefior Simnn, coffee estate 

of, i. 21)2 : ^'ofFeii cloanin^; on, i. 

296: His Indian workman, i. 296: 

His pajKT on the caves of Pebon, 

ii. 290. 291. 
Vnare, forests of, ii. 169. 
Union Club. Sc*' Thih. 
rnitiil States, thi\ L 23; War in, 

i. 217 : The diplomats 8i*nt to 

Soutli Anu-rica by, i. 218: Claims 

n^iin.st the Venezuelan (it>veni- 

niont. ii. 292. 
I'niversities, ii. 224. 
University of C'arjlcas, rents of, i. 32, 

57; ii. 171, 26S, 201. 




I 



ITrao, lake of, i. 73. 
Vrao ore, L 73; ii. 1S7. 



Urfaaneja, Dr. Dieco Bantiata (Cabi- 
net Niniater): He keep* order in 
Cartous L 1 19 ; ii. 147. 

Urbaneja, Dr. Modesto, ii. 14^. 

Urbaneja, Seftor Diego Baatiata, ii. 
29a 

Urbaneja, Selkor Manuel M., ii. 290. 

Urbaneja, Sebora Mai^rita, L 114. 

Urbaneja, Seftora Santos, i. 1 14. 

Urdaneta, Genend, aasasBiuatiun of, 
L 144. 

Urdaneta, General Luciano, the water- 
works he designed, i. 69 : He joins 
the Silla party, iL 2, 151, 291. 

Urdaneta, Sehor Amenadoro, ii. 29a 

Uriaparo^ district of, ii. 1 5S. 

Uribante river, i. 74. 

Urica. Set Mesa dc Urica. 

Urns, ancient, L 8a 

Uro|)edium, ii. 219. 

Ur^im, Don Juuii de, Indian expedi- 
tion of, ii. 169. 

Urre, expedition of, ii. 154. 

Urrutia, Dr., i. 146 : Death of, i. 14S. 

Ursua, Pe^lro de, ex]ieditiou of, ii. 
160: Murder of, ii. x6o, 290. 

Usnea ccratina, ii. i8a 

Uztariz, the brothers, iL 172. 

Vaamoxde, Dr. Simon, he joins 
Silla pjirty, ii. 2 : His pretty 
|>atient, ii* 5 : His philauthro))v, 
li. 5 : He joins Nai>;uatd party, ii. 
17, 20, 22, 32 : Hosh4iot4 an uVma- 
dillo, ii. 52, 71, 73, 180. 

Vaamonde, Lii Sf£iora, kindness of, 
ii. 20. 

Vacciniuni cnmcasannm, ii. 1S3. 

Vaeciniuni (»ttonis, ii. 183. 

VaKie.s, Don Jos6 Manuel, i>oet, ii. 
230. 

Valencia, city of, L 19: Campaign of, 
L 149, 150, 150: Its incre.'isin^ dis- 
tance to I^kc of Valencia, i. 160 : 
History of, i. 103: Its dcstrnetion 
by earthqnake.s, L i('»4: View from 
the old churoli of, i. 169 : Cheap 
fare in, i. 170 : Its tele«;raph line, 
ii. 133 : Foundation of the city, ii. 
154 ; Streets of, ii. 264 : Aqueduct 
of, ii. 2t)S. 

Valencia, or Tacari^ia, lake of, i. 
48, 61 : Altitude of, L 159; Ex- 
tent of, i. 159: Nilonioter, natnml 
in, L 159: Its islands, i. 159 : 
Gradual diminution of waters of, 
i. 160 : («eneral accepted theorj- 



INDEX, 



343 



accounting for same, i. i6o : Hum- 
boldt's theory, i. i6o : Sefior Alamo 
discovers an outlet to waters of, i. 
i6i : Beauty of the lake and its 
surroundings, i. i6i. 

Valeriana caracaHana, ii. 242. 

Valez, patriot officer, i. 86. 

Valley of Fear, ii. 157. 

' Vamos d tomar las once,' meaning 
of expression, i. 45. 

Vanilla, i. 38 ; ii. 219. 

Varela, Don Florencio, poet, ii. 230. 

Varela, Don Juan Cruz, poet, ii. 230. 

Varela, Seiior Hector F., poet, ii. 270. 

Vargas, Dr. Jos^ Maria, author, his 
ups and downs, i. 139: He becomes 
president, i. 139 : He resigns the 
presidency, i. 140 : His pupil 
Blanco, i. 143; ii. 233, note: His 
classification of Silla plants, ii. 
241 : His medical work, li. 290. 

Vargjis, Lieut. -General, of the Ursua 
expedition, murder of, ii. 160. 

*Vargasia,* scientific magazine, i. 
66, 243, note; ii. 243, 291. 

V^atican, appointments in Vene- 
zuela, i. 56, note : Trouble with, ii. 
296-299. 

Vd^as, Se&or Pedro Herrera, artist, 
ii. 246. 

Vegetation, rich tropical, i. 1 1, 70, 78, 
79, 100, 159-161, 222 ; ii. 115, 234. 

Vegetation on Naiguattf, caprices of, 
"• 32, 33» 35» 37 '- Faint traces of» 
ii. 47: Stunted specimens of, ii. 48, 
49 ; Exotic Alpine growth of, ii. 52, 

56, 57. 

Vojuga, or natural rope, i. 222. 

VenadoH, islands of, ii. 253. 

Venezolanos, <5 fuertes, i. 216. 

Venezuela, ancient or colonial his- 
tory of, i. 19, 30; ii. 151-174. 

Venezuela, conquest of, li. 169. 

Venezuela discredited abroad^ i. i : 
Why it is, i. 177, 223, 267, note. 

Venezuela, geography of, i. 46-82. 

Venezuela, ^ulf of. See Maracaybo. 

Venezuela, ignorance respecting, i. i, 

177. 
\ enezuela, modem history of, i. 122- 

'37. 
\ enezuela, republic of, i. 46 : Extent 

of, i. 47 : Coast line of, i. 47 : 
Mountains of, i. 47, 48 : Lakes of, 
i. 48 : Kivers of, i. 48 : Zones of, 
i' 49» 50: Vegetation of, i. 51: 
Minerals of, i. 51, 52 : Fauna of, 
i. 52, 53 : Population of, i. 53, 54 : 



Anthropology of, i. 54, 55 : Gov- 
ernment of, 1. ^5 : Rulers of, L 55, 
56 : Laws of, 1. 56 : Kevenues of, 
1. 56 : Religion of, i. 56 : Army of, 
i- 561 57 : Education of, i. 57 ; 
Commerce of, i. 58 : Debt of, i. 58: 
States of, i. 58-82. 

Venezuela, isolation of, i 177. 

Venezuela, travellers in, who have 
brought ridicule on the country, i. 
267, note. 

Venezuela, works relating to, 271- 

293. 
Venezuelan civil wars, i. 138-150 : 

Works on Revolutions, ii. 287. 

Venezuelan Commission of London 
Exhibition, i. 318. 

Venezuelan curiosities, exhibition of, 
ii. 188, 295. 

Venezuelan Fine Arts Exhibition, 
the first, i. 127 : Its success, ii. 128: 
Description of some of the Draw- 
ings, ii. 129 : The visitors to, IL 
244 : The picture gallery of, ii. 245- 
247. 

Venezuelan mail schooner, i. 9, 41, 
108, note; ii. 149. 

Venezuelan society, author's intro- 
duction to, i. 19 : Its culture, i. 
266, note, 

Ventuari river, i. 78. 

* Venus ' schooner, author engages it 
for expedition to Los Ro(^ues» i. 
194 : Caught in a storm» 1. 212 : 
In danger, i. 213. 

Verbena officinalis, i. no, note. 

Vervain, plant» i. no, note, 

Vichada river, i. 78. 

Victoria, city of, i. 59, 153, 154 : Its 
telej^raph line, ii. 133, 265. 

Victoria, Santa^ a bone of, 1. 96. 

Vilar, Don Enrique, his anagram on 
the name of Bolivar, i. 122. 

Villacinda, death of, ii. 155. 

Villa de Cura» i. 259. 

Villafafie, Selior J. G., author, ii. 
292. 

Vilfalonga, Don Jorge de, ii. 292. 

Villalpando, the traitor, ii. 168. 

Vill^^is, Dr. Guillermo Tell, ii. 292. 

Vill^gas, Juan, governor's delegate, 
ii. 154. 

Vinita de Iguana, ii. 175. 

Virgin islands, i. 6. 

Virpn (The), prominence of, in reli- 
gion of South America, ii. 227. 

' Virginius,* Cuban rebel steamer, ii. 
III. 



344 



INDEX, 



ViUJ statiHtics of Caracas, i. ^i. 
' Vivo,* meaning of the word, L 45, 

note, 
* Volcano of the Avila,' the, ii. 13. 
Volcanic eruptions, conformation of 

established theory as to, ii. 5 j. 
Voniito negro, or black vomit, l 42 ; 

ii. 112. 
Vuelta de Macarisao, i. 23^. 
Vulture, the great harpy, ii. 188. 



Wall. Set Precipices. 

Wall, Mr. P., geologist, ii. 292. 

Wallis, Mr. F. J., i. 193 ; ii. 147. 

Walton, Mr. William, author, L 
292. 

WapiMius, Dr. J. E., author, iL 292, 

War. See Revolution. 

War of Independence, i. 57, 71, 77 : 
Episode in the, i. 84-89 : History 
of, i. 122-157 : Incident of, i. 155 : 
Results of in Aragua, i. 160-163 : 
In Carabobo also, i. 164; ii. 224, 
225. 

War of the Federation, i. 53, 143- 

i45» 151- 
Warcziewiczella, ii. 219. 

Warehouses. See Storehouses. 

Warm springs. See Thermal. 

Watchword. See Challenge. 

Water carriers, i. 97. 

Water-mill. Sec Water-wheel. 

Water, scarcity of, i. 202 : Want of 

oil Naii^uatii, ii. 39, 40, 45, 61-67. 
Water-falls and aiscades, i. 68, 79, 

231, 254, 29S ; ij. 115. 
Watering-places, i. 20, 42. 
Waters, Black, of the Orinoco, i. So. 
Waters, medicinal, i. 96, 202. 
Waters, thermal. See Thermal. 
Water-wheel, i. 117. 
Water-works, i. 69 ; ii. 263, 264, 267, 

26S, 269. 
Weapons. See Indian. 
Wedding. Se^ Marriages. 
Weinmannia hirta, ii. 184. 
» Well of Life,' the, ii. 32,67. 
* Well of the Birds,' ii. 231. 
Welsares of Au^burg, Venezuela 

granted to the, li. 153 : Disastrous 

rule of, i. 153, 154 : Their grant 

annulled, i. 154. 
Western Islands. Sec Azores. 
West Indian and Pacific Mail Com- 

j)any, i. 14, 15. 
West Indian Islands, i. 6, 9, 15, 26; 

ii. 290. 



West Indies (English), cost of pro- 
ducing raw sui^ in, i. 168 : 
(French), cost of producing raw 
sugar in, i. 16S. 

Wharves, i. 21 : How constructed in 
Orchila, i. 284. 

Wheat, L 50, 51 : Of Trujillo, L 72 : 
Of TacMra, i. 73 : Of Mcrida, i. 

73. 
Whey. See Qucso. 

Whist, i. 113: Leseur and Yanes' 
translation of work on, ii. 282. 

Wild cats, i. q2. 

Williamson, Professor W. C, ii. 295. 

Windmill, i. 197. 

Winds, prevailing, i. 20, 284. 

Windward Islands, i. 1 1 . 

Wire ropes, i. 10, note, 

Wittstem, SefSora Anita J. de, i. 225. 

Woodlands, rich. See Forests. 

Woodmen. See Charcoal-burners. 

Wood, silicified, ii. 185. 

Woods, valuable. See Trees. 

Working classes, Venezuelan, i. 84 : 
Entertainment to, i. 104: Adrunkcn 
specimen of, i. 187 : Honesty of the 
masses, i. 223-225, 239, 248, 269, 
294- W2 ; ii. 29, 9^, 244. 

Wourali (liquid) poison, i. 80. 

Wrecks — Of the *CulKin,' i. 15, note: 
Of a cotton-laden ship, i. 203: Of a 
bullion-laden vessel, 1. 204 : Of the 
steamer * Estrella,' i. 204 : Of an 
entire fleet, i. 205 : On the coast 
of the gulf of MaracAylH), ii. 135. 

WuUschlaegelia, ii. 220. 



* Ya-acabo,' meaning of the erv, i. 
76. 

Yanacona Indians, ii. 155. 

Yanes, Sefior Emilio, i. 22S : In- 
ducements he otters to immigrants 
to settle on his estates, i. 30S; ii. 
292. 

Yanez, Dr., author, ii. 292. 

Yangues, Francisco Manuel de, 
author, ii. 292. 

Yankee captain, strange career of a, 
i. 180. 

Yankee. See Spanish-Americmi. 

Yaracuy river, i. 67. 

Yaracuy, State of, i. 67 : Roads of, 
ii. 265. 

Yellow-fever, i. 39, 42 : Author at- 
tacked by, i. 109: Specific for, i. 
no, note: Mild character of Veiie 
zuelan type of, i. no; ii. 112. 



INDEX, 



345 



YellowH. Sec LiberalcH. 

Yuca plant, i. 51, 67, 152, 234, 238. 

Yuruari river, l 78. 



Zamang tree, i. 156. 
Zaiubo, i. 54. 

Zamora, General, death of, i. 144. 
Zamora, plains of (Car^lcas), L 271. 
Zamora, State of, i. 74, 75: Public 
works of, ii. 269. 



Zapara, inland of, its fortress, L 70. 

Zones, i. 49, 50. 

Zoological Society, transactions of 
the, i. 266, note; ii. 177. 

Zoolojry. See Fauna. 

Zuazola, the wretch, i. 125: His exe- 
cution, i. 126. 

Zulia river, i. 73. 

Zulia, State of, i. 70, 71. 

Zumhador, mountain of, i. 73. 

Zygopetalum, ii. 220. 



THE END. 



rRlNTBO BY BALLANTYNB, HANSON AND CO. 
BDINBURGH AND LONDON 



VOL. II. 



y 



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