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THE LIBRARY

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

SCHOOL OF LAW

ILLINOIS

OF THE CHICAGO BAR
EXAMINER OF TITLES FOR COOK COUNTY

BY
CALLAGHAN & COMPANY

ft 4351 L

rn. s. s.,

its instigator anb most kinblg critic,
tfyis volume is bebicateo.

7488.14

PREFACE.

This volume is an attempt to lay before my fellow
members of the bar in Illinois and elsewhere a neces-
sarily brief discussion of the principles of registration
of title, a method of dealing with land titles, although
now somewhat novel in the United States, yet certain,
in course of time, to come into common use. It has been
many times stated that the legal profession is too slow
in the reform of our land laws in the direction of regis-
tration of titles. My own experience has been to the
contrary. What has been accomplished in Illinois, Mas-
sachusetts, Ohio and California has been done in most
part by members of our profession. To that profes-
sion may well be left the task of working out, through
new registration of title acts and amendments found
needed by actual experience, the welfare of the land
owner, and a safer, simpler, more expeditious and inex-
pensive method of dealing with land.

Upon investigation of the subject, it will be found
impossible to resist the conviction that the public good
requires compulsory registration of title. This was
the result in England, in 1897, after some thirty years
of parliamentary discussion. How this benefit can be
obtained by our own land owners is an economic prob-
lem soon to come before the bar of the United States.

Chicago, March, 1901.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

PAGE

LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS - 1

CHAPTER II.
PROCEDURE AND PRACTICE .... 4

CHAPTER III.
THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW - - - - 14

CHAPTER IV.
THE NEW AND OLD SYSTEMS COMPARED ... g9

CHAPTER V.

THE TOBRENS SYSTEM ADAPTABLE TO AMERICAN CONSTI-
TUTIONS - 77

CHAPTER VI.
SUPREME COURT OPINIONS - 84

CHAPTER VII.
REGISTRATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES AND STATES - 112

CHAPTER VIII.

CIRCULAR LETTERS REGARDING OPERATION OF TORRENS

LAW IN COOK COUNTY - - - - 125

CHAPTER IX.

REGISTRATION OF TITLE LITERATURE - - - - 129

APPENDIX ........ 135

vii

TABLE OF CASES.

PAGE
ABNDT v. GBIGGS, 134 U. S., 316, - 77, 81, 95, 104

BONNEMOBT V. GlLL, 167 MASS., 338, 340, - 103

BBOCK v. OLD COLONY R. R., 146 MASS., 194, 195, - 105

BROWN v. LEVEE COMMISSION, 50 Miss., 468, 481, - 103

COOK v. ALLEN, 2 MASS., 462, 469, 470, - 105

DASCOM v. DAVIS, 5 MET., 335, 340, - - - 105

DODGE v. COLE, 97 ILL., 388, - 88

DONAHUE v. WILL COUNTY, 100 ILL., 94, - 88

FIELD v. PEOPLE, 2 SCAM., 79, 89

FOURTEENTH WARD B. & L. ASSN. v. GLOS, DUNNE J.,

CIRCUIT COURT COOK COUNTY, - 31

GAGE v. CARAHER, 125 ILL., 447, - 30, 31, 81

GAGE v. CONSUMERS ELECTRIC LIGHT Co., 33 CHIC.

LEGAL NEWS, 154, - - 27, 31, 33, 96

HAMILTON v. BROWN, 161 U. S., 256, - 103, 104, 107

HULING v. KAW VALLEY RY. IMP. Co., 130 U. S., 559, 564, - 104
HUBTADO v. CALIFORNIA, 110 U. S., 516, 528, 531, - 103

LORING v. HILDBETH, 170 MASS., 328, - 109

MANKIN v. CHANDLEB, 2 BBOCK., 125, 127, - 103, 105, 106

MUBBAY v. HOBOKEN LAND Co., 18 How., 272, 277, - 103

MURRAY'S LESSEE v. HOBOKEN LAND AND IMP. Co., 18 How., 272, 89

NEWLAND v. MARSH, 19 ILL., 376, . 97

X TABLE OF CASES.

PAGE
PARKER v. OVERMAN, 18 How., 137, 140 ET SEQ., - - 104

PENNOYER v. NEFF, 95 U. S., 714, 727, 103

PEOPLE v. CHASE, 165 ILL., 526, - 2, 78, 84

PEOPLE v. HOFFMAN, 116 ILL., 587, - 98

PEOPLE v. SIMON, 176 ILL., 165, 2, 27, 35, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 109, 111
ROGERS v. TYLEY, 144 ILL., 652, - 27

SCOTT v. SHERMAN, 2 W. BL., 977, 979, - 106

SEAVERNS v. PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, 173 ILL., 414, - 93

SHEPHERD v. WARE, 46 MINN., 174, ... 109

SHORT v. CALDWELL, 155 MASS., 57, 59, - - 109

SMITH v. HUTCHINSON, 108 ILL., 662, - 30

STATE v. GUILBERT, 56 OHIO ST., 575, - - -78, 101, 116

THE MARY, 9 CRANCH., 126, 144, ... 103

TURNER v. NEW YORK, 168 U. S., 90, - • - 102

TYLER v. JUDGES, 175 MASS., 71, - - 78, 81, 99, 124

VANCE v. VANCE, 108 U. S., 514, - - 34

WHEELER v. JACKSON, 137 U. S., 245, 258, ... 102

LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

CHAPTER I.

LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

Illinois was the first of the United States to adopt
a land title registration act.

In 1891, the Illinois State Bar Association and the
Chicago Real Estate Board approved resolutions favor-
ing the passage of a joint resolution by the Thirty-sev-
enth General Assembly, then in session, authorizing
the appointment of a commission to consider whether
the Australian or Torrens system of registration of
titles could be adapted to the constitution and laws of
this state. Such joint resolution was adopted, and
Governor Fifer appointed thereunder as such commis-
sion James K. Edsall, ex- Attorney General, as chair-
man, and Theodore Sheldon, Willis G. Jackson, George
W. Prince and Frank H. Jones. Upon the death of Mr.
Edsall, the vacancy was filled by the appointment of
Harvey B. Hurd. The report of the commission was
made to the Governor December 10, 1892, and by him
presented to the Thirty-eighth General Assembly. Ac-
companying the report of the commission was the draft
of a bill favored by the commission, and embodying
the substantial features of the Australian and other
colonial land acts so modified, it was thought, as to
conform to the requirements of the federal and state
constitutions. The bill failed to pass at that session,
but received the approval of the next legislature, under
the title of "An Act Concerning Land Titles," approved

June 13, 1895. In accordance with the provisions of its

2 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

referendum clause the act was adopted in Cook County,
at a general election, held November 5, 1895. The law
received the practically unanimous approval of the
voters in that county, 82,507 being cast in its favor, and
only 5,308 against it. On February 10, 1896, the first
certificate of title was issued by the registrar of titles,
and a number of titles were brought under the act.
The constitutionality of the new law was tested in a
quo warranto proceeding, and by its decision in the
case of People vs. Chase,1 the Supreme Court of Illi-
nois, by a bare majority of its members, held the act
invalid, upon the ground that its provisions for initial
registration conferred judicial powers upon the regis-
trar. To a majority of the Court it seemed that by the
provisions of the law of 1895, the registrar was clothed
with power to determine the ownership of land when
application was made for initial registration thereof,
and to issue his certificate accordingly. That act did
not contemplate any judicial proceedings as a basis for
the initial registration. Largely at the instance of the
Chicago Real Estate Board, a. new act providing that
the ownership should be determined by a decree in
equity, entered in a court of competent jurisdiction,
upon which decree the registrar should issue the first
certificate of title, was adopted by the Fortieth General
Assembly, with but 4 dissenting votes. That law,
entitled "An Act Concerning Land Titles," approved
May 1, 1897, is commonly called the Torrens Law.
Upon submission to the voters of Cook County on June
5, 1897, it again received their practically unanimous
approval. The new law, and many questions involving
its constitutionality, were considered by the Supreme
Court of Illinois in People vs. Simon.2 The act was
there held valid and constitutional. The registrar's
office, in Cook County, was opened for business March

1 165 111. 526. 2 176 111. 165.

LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS. 3

1, 1899, and a large number of land titles have since
been brought under the law.

The new law is found to work easily and well. The
cost of an initial registration is f 24, to which is to be
added one-tenth of one per centum of the value of the
property, the latter being payable to the County Treas-
urer toward creating an indemnity fund to make good
any losses arising from the operation of the system. On
all subsequent dealings with a registered title, the
expense is nominal. The entire expense of a transfer
or mortgage is $3. Dealings with registered titles are
completed with rapidity. Sales are frequently com-
pleted, the purchase price paid over, and the new cer-
tificate of title issued to the buyer the same day upon
which the verbal contract is made. This rapidity of
trarfsfer obviates in most cases the need of a prelimi-
nary written contract. Mortgage transactions require
but the added time needed for the preparation of the
notes and mortgage, and a number of loans have been
completed and the money in the borrower's hands the
same day of his application to the lender. In fact, any
ordinary dealing with a registered title can be fully
completed within an hour after the parties present to
the registrar the outstanding certificate of title and
the deed, mortgage or other instrument authorizing
the transaction.

CHAPTER H.

PROCEDURE AND PRACTICE.

The recorder of deeds is made registrar of titles, and,
in addition to his duties as recorder, conducts the regis-
tration of titles, and all dealings with registered land.1
He is assisted by deputies and examiners of title, the
latter attorneys at law.2

INITIAL REGISTRATION.

It is optional with the owner to register his land. He
files in a court of competent jurisdiction3 his applica-
tion in writing for the registration of his title. This in
ordinary cases may be in the following form:

State of Illinois,
County of Cook.

To the Judges of the Circuit Court
Of Cook County,
In Chancery Sitting:

I hereby make application to have registered the title
to the land hereinafter described, and do solemnly
swear that the answers to the questions herewith, and
the statements herein contained, are true to the best
of my knowledge and belief.

1st. Name of Applicant — John Doe.

Age of Applicant — 54 years.

Residence — 10 State Avenue, Chicago, Illinois.

Married to — Mary Doe.

Residence — 10 State Avenue, Chicago, Illinois.

i Sec. 1. a sec. 15.

a Sec. 3, 5.

PROCEDURE AND PRACTICE. 5

2d. Application made by John Doe, acting as
owner.

Residence as above.

3d. Description of Real Estate is as follows: Lot
one (1), block one (1), Original Town of Chicago, in Cook
County, Illinois.

Estate or interest therein is in fee simple, and is not
subject to homestead.

4th. The land is occupied by James Smith, whose
address is No. 8 North Water Street, Chicago, Illinois.

The estate interest or claim of James Smith, occu-
pant, is tenant of applicant under lease expiring
April 30, 1901.

5th. Liens and incumbrances on the lands are one
trust deed in favor of Peter Johnson, trustee, whose
address is 2 John street, Chicago, Illinois.

Name of owner or holder thereof — William Jones.

Postomce Address — Aurora, Illinois.

Amount of Claim 110,000 with interest.

Recorded Book 6082, Page 578.

6th. Other person, firm or corporation having or
claiming any estate, interest or claim in law or equity
in possession, remainder (reversion) or expectancy in
said land are, none.

7th. Other facts connected with said land are, none.

8th. Therefore the applicant prays the Court to find
and declare the title or interest of the applicant in said
land and decree the same, and order the Registrar of
Titles to register the same, and to grant such other and
further relief as shall be according to equity.

John Doe.

Subscribed and sworn to before me by the above
named John Doe, as owner, this twentieth day of Feb-
ruary, A. D. 1901.

Richard Roe,

Notary Public.

6 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

I hereby assent to the registration of the above de-
scribed real estate as prayed for by John Doe, who is
my husband. Mary Doe.

State of Illinois,

ss
County of Cook. '

I, Kichard Roe, a Notary Public in and for said Coun-
ty in the State aforesaid:

Do hereby certify that Mary Doe, personally known
to me to be the same person whose name is subscribed
to the foregoing assent, appeared before me this day in
person and acknowledged the said assent as her free
and voluntary act for the uses and purposes there-
in set forth.

Given under my hand and seal, this 20th day of Feb-
ruary, A. D. 1901.

Richard Roe,

Notary Public.

We hereby assent to the registration of the above de-
scribed real estate as prayed for by John Doe.

James Smith,
Peter Johnson, trustee.
William Jones.

All persons interested in the land and all persons in
possession or occupancy must be made parties defend-
ant.1 Summons is issued to all defendants.2 Such as
reside or are to be found within the State will be served
by the proper sheriff. Non-residents will be served by
publication.3 Due opportunity to contest the matter
must be afforded to all interested.

The Court refers the application to an examiner of
titles who proceeds with an independent investigation
of the title.4 To him is submitted the abstracts of title
and any oral testimony tending to determine the rights

1 Sec. 11. s Sec. 21.

2 Sec. 19. 4 Sec. 18.

PROCEDURE AND PRACTICE. 7

of all parties. He approves no title unless satisfied
that all persons interested are before the Court. If in
his opinion the applicant is entitled to registration he
so reports to the Court. To the report of the examiner
any party may file objections, which are heard and
disposed of by the Court. Upon the confirmation of the
report a decree is entered confirming the applicant's
title and directing the registrar to issue to him the first
certificate of title.5 This is done by entry in a book
called the "Register of Titles."6 This book is composed
of a large number of certificates of title (one on a page)
bound together, numbered in the order of their issue
and each with ample space at its foot for the entry of
subsequent notations, affecting the title. Every certifi-
cate of title is in duplicate, signed by the registrar, and
recites the condition of the title. One of these is kept by
the registrar bound in the "Register of Titles," the
other is delivered to the owner. This completes the ini-
tial registration.

The certificate of title immediately upon its issue is
conclusive proof of ownership in all courts as against
all parties before the court in the proceeding for initial
registration,7 and all persons dealing with the land
after registration. After the expiration of two years
from the first registration, no suit attacking the title
of the registered owner can be brought.8 No exception
is made in favor of infants or persons under disability,9
but such persons are given recourse upon the indemnity
fund.10 It is thus seen that all persons are bound by
the first certificate of title, except those overlooked,
and not made parties to the suit for registration. If the
court proceeding is properly conducted, there should
be no persons not bound by the first certificate of title.

5 Sec. 25. s Sec. 27.

e Sees. 30, 35. • Sec. 26.

i Sec. 26. 10 Sec. 101.

8 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

In all dealings with the land after registration, the
bona fide purchaser or incumbrancer has a like secur-
ity to that given to the purchaser of negotiable paper.11
The title of such purchaser or incumbrancer cannot be
upset.12

TRANSFERS.

Transfers of registered land are made in the follow-
ing manner:13 The owner executes the usual deed, and
submits it, together with his certificate of title, to the
buyer. In every transaction, the owner must produce
his duplicate certificate of title. He can do absolutely
nothing without it. If lost or destroyed, upon proper
showing14 the owner receives a certified copy marked
"owner's certified copy, issued in place of duplicate
lost." This, after entry of the transaction upon the or-
iginal certificate of title, answers the same purpose as
the lost certificate. No new forms of conveyance are re-
quired.15 The buyer, after inspection of the original
certificate of title in the register, and finding thereon
no incumbrance or lien, safely pays over the purchase
money, and receives the deed and duplicate certificate
of title. He then delivers them both to the registrar,
who when satisfied as to the identity of the parties and
that the transfer should be made, notes the transfer
upon the register.16 This operates to transfer the title.
No title passes by the delivery of the deed.17 The deed
after delivery and before the registration of the trans-
fer, is a mere contract between the parties.18 Its sole
object is to authorize the registrar to register the trans-
fer. The transfer is registered, when the registrar can-
cels the old certificate of title, and issues a new one in
duplicate as before, one, called the original, being re-

11 Sec. 39. is Sec. 52.

12 Sees. 93, 94 and 95. i« Sec. 47.
is Sec. 47. 1* Sec. 49.
i* Sec. 58. is Sec. 54.

PROCEDURE AND PRACTICE. 9

tained in the register and the other called the dupli-
cate, after proper receipt therefor filed with the reg-
istrar, delivered to the buyer, now the new owner. The
deed is kept by the registrar.19

MORTGAGES.

A mortgage of registered land is effected in some-
what the same manner.20 The owner executes the mort-
gage in duplicate,21 and delivers it, with the note or
bond and his certificate of title, to the lender. The lat-
ter, after inspection of the proper folium in the regis-
ter, and finding thereon no incumbrance or lien, safely
pays over the money to the borrower, and receives the
mortgage securities with the certificate of title. The
note or bond and duplicate mortgages are presented to
the registrar, who identifies the note or bond and notes
the transaction upon the register as well as upon the
owner's certificate of title.22 The latter with the note
or bond is thereupon returned to the borrower, who
may use the same in effecting a second or third or more
mortgages. One of the duplicate mortgages is retained
by the registrar.23 The other with the date of its regis-
tration endorsed thereon by the registrar, and the note
or bond is delivered to the lender. When the mortgage
is paid, a release of the same is filed with the registrar,
who, when satisfied that the note or bond is duly paid,
thereupon notes the release upon the register book as
well as upon the duplicate certificate of title.24 The
latter is then returned to the owner, or he may sur-
render it to the registrar for cancellation, and receive
a new duplicate certificate of title containing no men-
tion of the mortgage.

i» Sec. 51. 22 Sec. 60.

20 Sec. 59. 23 Sec. 62.

21 Sec. 62. 24 Sec. 65.

10 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

TRUSTS.

Registered owners, by deed or other instrument filed
with the registrar, may create such trusts as may be
desired.25 The terms of the trust are not set forth in
the certificate of title, but after the name of the trustee
is inserted, the words "in trust," "upon condition," "or
with limitation," as the case may be, and no subsequent
transfer or dealing can be had thereafter, except upon
the order of a court of proper jurisdiction or upon the
written opinion of at least two of the examiners of title
that the proposed transfer or dealing is in accordance
with the terms of the trust, condition or limitation.26

JUDGMENT AND OTHER LIENS.

No judgment, decree,27 attachment,28 lis pendens,29
mechanic's lien, or other statutory legal or equitable
lien,30 except taxes and special assessments, for which
a sale has not been had, is a lien upon registered land,
until a certified copy of the judicial proceedings, or a
copy of the instrument upon which the lien is based, is
filed with the registrar, and a brief note thereof is en-
tered by him upon the certificate of title in the register.
This abolishes all general liens, and one dealing with
a registered title can safely ignore any lien not entered
upon the certificate of title in the register. The area of
search is enormously reduced.

ADVERSE CLAIMS.

Provision is made for all who wish to give notice of a
lien upon or claim against registered land.31 All such
notices are entered by the registrar upon the proper
certificate of title in the register book, and are thus

23 Sec. 68. 29 Sec. 84.

26 Sec. 69. so Sec. 90.

27 Sec. 85. 31 Sec. 92.

28 Sec. 86.

PROCEDURE AND PRACTICE. 11

brought directly to the attention of any one proposing
to deal with the registered land. Until such claims are
removed, as they may be by proper proceedings provid-
ed in the act, the registrar will enter them upon all
succeeding certificates of title. Notice is thus given of
mechanic's lien, foreclosure, attachment, or other suits
affecting the land, unregistered mortgages or other
legal or equitable liens, trusts of any kind, sale for
taxes and special assessments and any other nature of
claim now permitted to be asserted in any manner.

DOWER AND HOMESTEAD.

Dower is preserved in registered land, and in its first
registration, as well as in all subsequent dealings, the
right of dower in husband or wife of the registered
owner is recognized and protected. The same is true of
the statutory right of homestead.32

TRANSMISSION.

Upon the death of a registered owner, for the pur-
pose of distribution of his estate, his registered lands
are treated as personal property, and as such pass
not to the heirs or devisees, but to the executor or ad-
ministrator.33 Before transferring or otherwise dealing
with the land, the executor or administrator must file
with the registrar, as authority for such transfer or
dealing,34 a certified copy of an order of the court ad-
ministering upon the estate of the deceased owner. In
the case of ordinary distribution among devisees or
heirs, the executor or administrator, upon proper
authority from the court appointing him, will apply to
the registrar to have the land transferred to the devisee
or heir. The sale of land for the payment of debts will
be conducted as heretofore. On filing in the registrar's

32 Sec. 55. 3* Sec. 71.

ss Sec. 70.

12 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

office the deed and order of confirmation of the sale,
directing him so to do, the registrar will transfer the
land to the purchaser at such sale.85

The great advantages in this change in administer-
ing upon land of a deceased owner are manifest. All
questions concerning heirship, dower and rights of
creditors are thus conclusively settled at the time, and
do not continue, as under the old system, to remain for
years afterwards as possible defects in a title.

TAX SALES.

The holder Of a tax certificate of sale must within
three months after the date of sale file the certificate of
sale or a sworn copy thereof with the registrar for entry
upon the proper certificate of title, and during the
same period must mail to all persons noted upon the
certificate of title as interested in the land, a notice of
the registration of the tax certificate of sale. In default
of such filing and notice, the land is released from the
sale.36 Should the certificate of sale ripen into a tax
deed, the holder thereof may on presentation of the
tax deed and outstanding certificate of title, have the
land transferred to him. If he cannot present the out-
standing certificate of title he must present an order of
the court ordering the sale for the tax and this order
can be granted only after notice to all persons inter-
ested in the land.37

PROCEEDINGS IN CHANCERY.

The act provides a ready recourse to a court of equity
in all casesi of wrong, doubt or mistake, and the courts
have at all times full control over the registrar.38 But
the title of a bona fide purchaser or incumbrancer will
always be upheld.39

as Sec. 72. ss Sec. 93-6.

se Sec. 82. 39 Sec. 94.

"Sec. 83.

PROCEDURE AND PRACTICE. 13

INDEMNITY FUND.

In nearly all the countries where the Torrens system
is in use, an indemnity fund is provided to make good
any losses incurred by rightful owners in being
deprived of their land through fraud or accident. This
fund is raised by charging a small fee, usually
one-fifth of one per cent, upon the value of the land
when first registered, and each time it afterwards
passes by descent or devise. Small as such fee is, it has
invariably proved to be much larger than necessary.
Drafts upon these assurance funds have been few and
unimportant. In some of the British colonies no sucess-
ful claim whatsoever has been made upon them.

The Illinois act provides an indemnity fund by the
payment of the small charge of one-tenth of one per
cent upon the value of the land when first registered,
and a like sum upon each transfer by descent or devise.
This indemnity fund is kept and managed by the Coun-
ty Treasurer under the supervision of the County
Court.40 Ready proceedings are authorized for the
recovery of compensation for loss or damage arising
from the operation of the act.41

FEES.

Initial registration fees are as follows:

Clerk of court on filing application . . $ 5

Publication notice 2

Registrar for examination of title 15

Registrar on issue of certificate of title 2

Total $24

Sheriff's fees for service of summons, if any, are to
be added, together with the contribution to the indem-
nity fund, one-tenth of one per cent of the value of the
property, or $1 on each $1,000.

*o Sec. 101. 41 Sec. 102.

CHAPTER III.

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW.

ACT CONCEBNING LAND TITLES.

REGISTRATION OF TITLES— RECORDERS EX-OFFICIO REG-
ISTRARS.

SECTION.

1. Recorders ex-officio registrars.

2. Bond of registrars.

3. Deputies — duties of — death of registrar.

4. Not to practice as an attorney.

5. Examiners, etc., to take oath, give bond, etc.

6. Liability of registrar for acts of deputy as examiner.

BRINGING LAND UNDER ACT.

7. Bringing land under act.

8. Fee to be first registered.

9. Subject to lesser estates, etc.

10. Title derived through tax sale, etc.

11. Application to come under act — what to contain.

12. Any number of contiguous pieces may be included.

FORM OF APPLICATION FOR INITIAL REGISTRATION OF
TITLE TO LAND.

13. Form of application.

14. Application may be amended.

15. To what Court application may be made — jurisdiction and

power of Court

16. Application to be entered in "Land Registration Docket" — par-

ties defendant.

17. Application for initial registration — how docketed.

18. Application to be referred to examiner — proceedings of.

19. Summons — return and service of.

REGISTRATION OF LAND TITLE,

20. Notice to be published.

21. Clerk to send copy of publication by mail.

22. Who may oppose application — answer to be verified.

23. When default may be entered.

24. Court not to be bound by report of examiner.

25. What the Court may decree.

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 15

SECTION.

26. Upon whom decreel binding — appeal — writ of error — when

Court may review case.

27. Within what time action may be commenced.

28. Within what time any person not barred or concluded by such

order or decree may assert his claim.

REGISTERING THE TITLE.

29. Registering the title.

30. Form of certificate of title.

31. Subsequent certificates.

32. The words "Heirs and assigns."

33. Certificate — what it should contain.

34. Certificate where two or more are interested in the land.

35. "Registrar of titles" — what to contain.

36. Duplicate certificate of title — to be known as owner's duplicate.

37. Owner's receipt for the certificate of title.

38. In case of final registration the certificate of title shall relate

back, etc.

39. Such certificate to be prima facie evidence.

THE RIGHTS OF REGISTERED OWNERS.

40. The rights of registered owners.

41. Title after land registered.

42. Fraud — transfer from registered owner — effect of.

43. Specific performance — certificate of title — conclusive evidence.

44. In actions of ejectment.

45. Memorial.

46. The effect of bringing land under this act.

TRANSFER.

47. Transfer.

48. When only a part of land transferred.

49. When transfer of registered land shall be deemed to be regis-

tered.

50. Filing deeds, etc. — marked.

51. Instruments to be kept in office.

52. Forms of deeds, etc.

53. Address of owner — notice.

54. Deeds, etc., only authority of registrar to make transfer.

55. Taxes — assessments — dower — homestead.

56. Transferee married or not.

57. Registered owner — delivering up certificate — respecting parcels

of land that may be included in one certificate.

58. When duplicate certificate of title lost — evidence — certified

copy of original may be issued.

16 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

MORTGAGES, LEASES AND OTHER CHARGES.

SECTION.
69. Mortgages, leases and other charges.

60. On filing the instrument intended to create charge — proceed-

ings.

61. Trust deed to be deemed a mortgage.

62. When registered land is in duplicate, triplicate or more parts.

63. Certified copies.

64. Assignment — how effected — copy.

65. Release, discharge or surrender of a charge.

66. Charges — how enforced — pendente lite.

ATTORNEYS IN FACT.

67. Attorneys in fact.

TRUSTS, CONDITIONS AND LIMITATIONS.

68. Trusts, conditions and limitations.

69. Order of court or opinion of two examiners — when registra-

tion conclusive evidence.

TRANSMISSION.

70. Transmission.

71. Duty of personal representative of deceased owner — certificate.

72. When administrator or executor may sell.

73. Executor's or administrator's power, mortgages, leases and

other personal interests.

74. Personal interests — when land is devised to executor, to his

own use or upon trust, etc.

75. When will empowers executor to sell, convey, etc.

76. Proof of heirship — conclusive evidence.

77. Court of probate may order registered land to be sold by

executors, etc.

78. Executors or administrators may be ordered to make over

registered land before final distribution, etc.

79. Final distribution.

DEALINGS OF ASSIGNEES, RECEIVERS, MASTERS, ETC.

80. Dealings of assignees, receivers, masters, etc.

81. When memorial entered.

TAX SALES.

82. Tax sales.

83. Tax deed — effect of — when certificate to issue — notice — insane

person, etc.

LIS PENDENS— JUDGMENTS— DECREES— NOTICE.

84. Lis pendens — notice.

85. Judgments, etc.

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 17

ATTACHMENT— EXECUTION, ETC.— LIENS.

SECTION.

86. Attachment — execution, etc. — liens.

87. When registered land sold under execution, etc. — sheriff, etc. —

to file certificate with registrar — memorial — certificate of
redemption.

88. Sale of registered land by sheriff, etc. — surrender of outstand-

ing certificate of title.

89. Liens of mechanics or others — notice, etc., to be filed in the

registrar's office.

90. When lien to effect the title of registered land.

91. Certificate of Clerk that suit, etc., has been dismissed to be

filed in registrar's office.

MEMORIAL OF ADVERSE CLAIM, ETC.

92. Memorial of adverse claim, etc.

PROCEEDINGS IN CHANCERY.

93. Proceedings in chancery.

94. Person feeling aggrieved by action of registrar may file a

bill, etc.

95. Nothing in two sections to remove bar — limitations — bona fide

purchasers.

96. Court in addition to costs may award damages, including

attorneys' fees.

INDICES.

97. Indices.

98. Individual indices — what to contain.

INDEMNITY FUND.

99. Indemnity fund.

100. How said fund should be invested and how paid out.

PROCEEDINGS TO RECOVER COMPENSATION FOR LOSS OR

DAMAGE.

101. Proceedings to recover compensation for loss or damage.

102. Action to recover for loss or damage — who to be made defend-

ants— duty of State's attorney.

103. Time of proceedings limited.

PENALTIES.

104. Penalties.

105. Whoever forges or procures to be forged, etc., the seal of the

registrar, etc.

106. Conviction not to effect the remedy.
2

18 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

FEES.
SECTION.

107. Docket Fees.

108. Registrar's fees.

109. Act — how construed.

ADOPTION BY COUNTIES.

110. Submission to vote in counties.

111. Emergency.

AN ACT concerning land titles. Approved and in force May 1, 1897.

RECORDERS EX-OFFICIO REGISTRARS.

'Recorders ex-ofScio registrars.] § 1. Be it enacted by the
Teople of the State of Illinois, represented in the General
'Assembly, Recorders and ex-officio recorders of deeds in
'the several counties in this State shall be registrars of
'titles in their respective counties. Their deputies shall be
'deputy registrars. All laws relative to recorders and their
'deputies, including their compensation, clerk hire and
'expenses, shall extend to registrars and their deputies, so
'far as the same may be applicable.'

The duties of registrar are added to those of the
recorder. The records of the recorder's office thus
become available for the use of the registrar. All the
machinery needed to transfer land by registration of
title is already to be found in the office of the recorder.

The recorder of deeds is the official maker of
abstracts of title.1

All records kept in the office of the recorder and reg-
istrar and all instruments filed for record therein are
open for public inspection and examination.2

'Bond of registrars.] §2. Every recorder and ex-officio
'recorder shall, before entering upon his duties as registrar,
'give a bond with sufficient security, to be approved by the
'Judge of the County Court, payable to the People of the
'State of Illinois, in the penal sum of $50,000 (except that in
'counties having a population of more than 100,000 inhabi-

i Kurd's Rev. St., Ch. 115, § 25. 2 Kurd's Rev. St., Ch. 115, § 21.

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 19

'tants, the penalty of the bond shall be $200|000), condi-
tioned for the faithful discharge of his duties, and to deliver
'up all papers, books, records and other property belonging
'to the county or appertaining to his office as registrar of
'titles, whole, safe and undefaced, when lawfully required
'so to do; which bond shall be filed in the office of the Sec-
'retary of State, and a copy thereof entered upon the rec-
'ords of the County Court.'

'Deputies — duties of — death of registrar.] §3. Deputies
'may perform any and all duties of the registrar in the
'name of the registrar, and the acts of such deputies shall
'be held to be the acts of the registrar, and in case of the
'death of the registrar or his removal from office, the chief
'deputy shall thereupon become the acting registrar until
'such vacancy shall be filled according to law, and he shall
'file a like bond and be vested with the same powers and
'subject to the same responsibilities and entitled to the
'same compensation as in the case of the registrar.'

'Not to practice as an attorney.] § 4. No registrar or
'deputy registrar shall practice as attorney or counselor-
'at-law, nor be in partnership while in office with any
'attorney or counselor-at-law so practicing.'

'Examiners, etc., to take oath, give bond, etc.] § 5. The
'registrar may appoint in his county two or more compe-
'tent attorneys to be examiners of titles and legal. advisers
'of the registrar. Their compensation shall be fixed in the
'same manner as that of deputy registrars.'

'Every examiner of title[s] shall, before entering upon
'the duties of his office, take and subscribe the oath pre-
'scribed by the constitution, and shall also give a bond in
'such an amount, with such security as shall be approved
'by the judge of the county court, payable in like manner
'and with like conditions as required of the registrar. A
'copy of the bond shall be entered upon the records of
'said court and the original shall be deposited with the
'registrar.'

'Liability of registrar for acts of deputy as examiner.] § 6.
'The registrar shall be liable for any neglect or omission

20 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'of the duties of his office, when occasioned by a deputy
'or examiner of titles, in the same manner as for his own
'personal neglect or omission.'

BRINGING LAND UNDER ACT.

'Bringing land under act.] § 7. The owner of any estate
'or interest in land, whether legal or equitable, may apply
'as hereinafter mentioned to have his title registered. He
'may apply in person or by an attorney in fact authorized
'so to do. A corporation may apply by its authorized
'agent, an infant by his natural or legal guardian, any
'other person under disability by his legal guardian. The
'person in whose behalf the application is made shall be
'named as applicant.'

Application may be made for the registration of any
land in the county. Any owner may register his title.
No one is required so to do.

The application may not be made upon the implied
authority of an attorney or solicitor. By § 46 the
land becomes subject to the terms of the act, and
application in person or by express authority in writing
becomes necessary.

'Fee to be first registered.] § 8. No mortgage, lien, charge
'or lesser estate than a fee simple shall be registered unless
'the fee simple to the same land is first registered.'

The initial registration must include the fee and all
lesser estates. The land cannot be in part under this
law and in part under the old system. This is due to the
essentially different rules which govern dealings under
the two systems. The Torrens law does not in any way
affect land continuing under the old system.

'Subject to lesser estates etc.] § 9. It shall not be an
'objection to bringing land under this act, that the estate
'or interest of the applicant is subject to any outstanding
'lesser estate, mortgage, lien or charge, but every such
'lesser estate, mortgage, lien or charge shall be noted upon

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 21

'the certificate of title and the duplicate thereof, and the
'title or interest certified shall be subject only to such
'estates, mortgages, liens and charges as are so noted,
'except as herein provided.'

All adverse claims must be adjusted before or during
the proceeding for initial registration. Only such lesser
estates, mortgages liens or charges as are valid, or
admitted by the owner of the fee, will be noted upon the
certificate of title. Holders of adverse claims must of
course be made parties, as the applicant seeks their
extinguishment by decree. Holders of admitted lesser
estates, such as mortgagees or judgment creditors must
also be made parties. Their interests will be noted upon
the certificate of title and thereafter will be enforced,
released or otherwise dealt with in accordance with the
terms of the act.

'Title derived through tax sale, etc.] § 10. No title derived
'through sale for any tax or assessment shall be entitled
•to be first registered, unless it shall be made to appear
'that the applicant or those through whom he claims title
'have been in the actual and undisputed possession of the
'land under such title at least ten years, and shall have
'paid all taxes and assessments legally levied thereon for
'seven successive years of that time.'

Applicants for registration under this section are
required to make parties defendant the holder of the
patent title and all claiming under him. No tax title
can thus be registered until adjudicated superior to the
patent title.

'Application to come under act — what to contain.] § 11.
'The application shall be in writing, signed and sworn to
'by the applicant or the person acting in his behalf. It
'shall set forth substantially:

'a. The name and place of residence of the applicant,
'and if the application is by one acting in behalf of

22 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'another, the name and place of residence and capacity of
'the person so acting.

'b. Whether the applicant (except in the case of a
'corporation) is married or not, and, if married, the name
'and residence of the husband or wife.

'c. The description of the land.

'd. The applicant's estate or interest in the same, and
'whether the same is subject to an estate of homestead.

'e. Whether the land is occupied or unoccupied, and, if
'occupied by any other person than the applicant, the name
'and postoffice address of each occupant, and what estate
'or interest he has or claims in the land.

'f. Whether the land is subject to any lien or incum-
'brance, and, if any, give the nature and amount of the
'same, and, if recorded, the book and page of record; also
'give the name and postoffice address of each holder
'thereof.

'g. Whether any other person has any estate or claims
'any interest in the land, in law or equity, in possession,
'remainder, reversion or expectancy, and if any, set forth
'the name and postoffice address of every such person and
'the nature of his estate or claim.

'h. In case it is desired to settle or establish boundary
'lines the names and postoffice addresses of all the owners
'of the adjoining lands that may be affected thereby, so far
'as he is able, upon diligent inquiry, to ascertain the same.

'i. If the applicant is a male, that he is of the full age
'of twenty-one years; if a female, that she is of the full
'age of eighteen years. If the application is on behalf of
'a minor, the age of such minor shall be stated. If the
'application is by a husband or wife, the other shall by
'indorsement thereon acknowledged as in the case of deeds
'or by a separate instrument acknowledged in the same
'way signify his or her assent to the registration as prayed.

'j. When the place of residence of any person whose
'residence is required to be given is unknown, it may be
'so stated if the applicant will also state that upon diligent
'inquiry he has been unable to ascertain the same. All
'persons named in the application shall be considered as

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 23

'defendants thereto, and all other persons shall be included
'and considered as defendants by the term "all whom it
'may concern." '

Application blanks are always found at the regis-
trar's office.

Care should be taken that the application comply
with the form provided by the act, since it may be
amended only under oath. See § 14.

In clause e., tenants will be named as such.

In clause f., where there are ^mortgages or trust
deeds, the name and postoifice address of each mort-
gagee or trustee will be given, as well as that of the
holder of the note secured thereby.

The expense of service of summons upon defendants
not opposing the registration, such as tenants, mort-
gagees, trustees and holders of notes secured by mort-
gage or trust deed, may be avoided by the assent in
writing of such persons endorsed upon the application.
The form of such assent may be as follows:

"I hereby assent to the registration of the "within

"described real estate as prayed for by

applicant" (naming him or her).

No acknowledgment is needed.

It is usual, where no contest is anticipated, to lodge
the application with the registrar, who will see that it
is filed in the proper court.

'Any number of contiguous pieces may be included.] § 12.
'Any number of contiguous pieces of land in the same
'county, and owned by the same person, and in the same
'right, or any number of pieces of property in the same
'county having the same chain of title and belonging to
'the same person may be included in one application.'

Initial registration fees are fixed in § 108. One title
only with its necessary investigation is contemplated in
each application. The title may embrace any number

24 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

of pieces of land if contiguous; 450 lots in the same sub-
division but embraced in one title have been registered
in one application. When the application includes
titles derived from more than one source, a further fee
for each additional source is to be paid. § 108.

'Form of application.] § 13. The form of the application
'may be, with appropriate changes, as follows:

FORM OF APPLICATION FOR INITIAL REGISTRATION OF
TITLE TO LAND.

To the Judge of the Court of County, Illinois, in chan-
cery sitting:

State of Illinois, \
County of . . . / Sl

I hereby make application to have registered the title to the land
hereinafter described, and do solemnly swear that the answers to
the questions herewith, and the statements herein contained, are
true to the best of my knowledge and belief.

(1st.) Name of applicant Age years. Residence

(No. street or township). Married to (Name hus-

band or wife). Residence (No. street or township).

(2d.) Application made by acting as . . . (Owner,

agent or attorney) Residence (No. street or town-
ship)

(3d.) Description of real estate is as follows:

estate or interest therein is and subject to homestead.

(4th.) The land is occupied by (Names of occupants)

whose address is (No. street or township) and address

The estate, interest or claim of occupant is

(5th.) Liens and incumbrances on the land Name of

holder or owner thereof Postoffice address Amount

of claim | Recorded, Book Page

(6th.) Other person.., firm or corporation having or claiming
any estate, interest or claim in law or equity, in possession, remain-
der, reversion or expectancy in said land are Address

Character of estate, interest or claim is

(7th.) Other facts connected with said land are

(8th.) Therefore the applicant prays the Court to find and
declare the title or interest of the applicant in said land and decree
the same, and order the registrar of titles to register the same, and
to graoit such other and further relief as shall be according to
equity.

(Applicant's signature)

By (Agent, Att'y, Adm'r, or Guard

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 25

Subscribed and sworn to before me by the above named

as (Owner, Att'y, or Agent.) this day of , A. D. 18. .

I hereby assent to the registration of the above described real

estate as prayed for by who is my (Husband or wife.)

(Husband or wife's signature)

State of Illinois, 1 _
County of.... / ss'

I, a in and for said County in the State aforesaid,

Do Hereby Certify that personally known to me to be the

same person whose name is subscribed to the foregoing assent,
appeared before me this day in person and acknowledged the said

assent as free and voluntary act for the uses and purposes therein

set forth.

Given under my hand and seal, this day of A. D. 18..

'Application may be amended.] § 14. The application
'may be amended only by supplemental statement in
'writing, signed and sworn to as in the case of the original.'

'To what court application may be made — jurisdiction and
'power of court.] § 15. The application for registration
'may be made to any Court having chancery jurisdiction
'in the County where the land is situated, and such Court
'shall have power to inquire into the condition of the title
'and to any interest in the land, and any lien or incum-
'brance thereon, and to make all such orders, judgments
'and decrees as may be necessary to determine, establish
'and declare the title or interest, legal or equitable, as
'against all persons, known or unknown, and all liens and
'incumbrances existing thereon, whether by law, contract,
'judgment, mortgage, trust deed or otherwise, and to
'declare the order and preference as between the same, and
'to remove clouds from the title, and for that purpose the
'said Court shall be always open, and such orders, judg-
'ments and decrees may be made and entered as well in
'vacation as in term time.'

As to the jurisdiction and power of the court, see
also § 25.

'Application to be entered in "land registration docket"—
'parties defendant.] § 16. Upon the filing of the applica-

26 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'tion in the office of the Clerk of the Court, the Clerk shall
'docket the same in a book to be kept for that purpose,
'which shall be known as the "Land Registration Docket."
'The application may be entitled in all entries and proceed-
ings as follows: "In the matter of the application of (name
'of applicant) to register the title to (here insert short
'description of the land)," and if any person is named as
'being in possession of the premises or having any lien or
'incumbrance upon, or as having or claiming any interest
'in the land, such person shall be named as defendant.
'All other persons shall be made and deemed to be defend-
'ants by the name or designation of "all whom it may
'concern." '

'Application for initial registration — how docketed.] § 17.
'All applications for initial registration of title shall be
'docketed in such book and numbered consecutively,
'beginning with number one. All orders, judgments and
'degrees of the Court in the case shall be minuted in such
'docket under the number so given it with proper refer-
'ences to the book and page where the order or decree is
'recorded.'

'Application to be referred to examiner — proceedings of.]
'§ 18. Immediately upon the filing of the application, an
'order may be entered referring the same to one of the
'examiners of titles appointed by the registrar, who shall
'proceed to examine into the title and into the truth of the
'matter set forth in the application and particularly
'whether the land is occupied, the nature of the occupa-
'tion, if occupied; and by what right, and make report in
'writing to the Court, the substance of the proof and his
'conclusions therefrom. He shall have power to admin-
'ister oaths, and examine witnesses and may at any time
'apply to the Court for directions in any matter concerning
'his investigation. He shall not be required to report the
'evidence submitted to him except upon the request of
'some party to the proceedings or by the direction of the
'Court. No report shall be made upon such application
'until after the expiration of the time specified in the notice

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 27

'hereinafter provided for the appearance of the defendants,
'and in case of such appearance, until opportunity is given
'to such defendant to contest the rights of the applicant
'in such manner as may be allowed by the Court.'

This is a proceeding in chancery.1 Objections or
exceptions not taken and filed with the examiner will
not be heard by the court.2 In this respect the report of
the examiner is like that of a master in chancery. It
would seem that the general rules governing a hearing
before a master in chancery, apply, except as modified
by this section, to an examiner of titles.

An order of reference may be entered immediately
upon the filing of the application and the examiner may
thereupon proceed with his investigation of the title;
but before he can report, persons appearing to defend
are given ample opportunity to introduce their proofs.

The examiner will consider the abstract of title sub-
mitted by the applicant, and its continuation made by
the recorder. He will also take such oral testimony as
may be needed to determine the rights of all persons
in possession. Testimony will frequently be required to
be taken of such matters affecting the title as do not
appear of record, such as proof of heirship and other
matters in pais.

There is required an abstract of title from the gov-
ernment to any date after the fire of October 9, 1871.
All the county records from the latter date are in the
custody of the recorder. The abstract submitted is
continued by the recorder to the date of the filing of the
application. The cost of this continuation is included
in the registration fees fixed in § 108.

Recorded ante fire abstracts are receivable, and the

1 Rogers v. Tyley, 144 111. 652; People v. Simon, 176 111. 165; Gage
v. Consumers' Electric Light Co. (Ill Sup. Ct), 33 Legal News, 154.

2 Gage v. Consumers' Electric Light Co. (Supra).

28 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

books of the recorder wherein they are copied will be
used.

In cases where the owner is without an ante fire
abstract, one borrowed from an adjoining owner will
frequently answer.

It is desired that the abstract of title furnished by
the owner remain with the registrar, although this is
not compulsory. Such abstracts are always subject to
the owner's order, and open to any inspection at any
time.

It will be noted that one of the chief duties of the
examiner is to see that all persons having possible
claim to the land are before the court. He investigates
each title independently of the proofs offered by the
parties, and acts for the protection of all who may sub-
sequently deal with the certificate of title. Each certifi-
cate of title rests accordingly upon a thorough and
independent investigation, by the examiner of titles
and the examining department of the registrar, of all
matters affecting the title, whether of record or in pais,
and the decree of the court in pursuance of the exam-
iner's report.

Should a title be found unfit for registration and the
applicant so desires, no finding or report is made and
the application is dismissed without prejudice.

'Summons — return and service of.] § 19. The clerk shall
'also immediately on the filing of such petition issue sum-
'mons against all persons mentioned in the petition as
'defendants. The summons shall state the date of the
'filing of the application, and shall be made returnable at
'such time as shall be directed by endorsement thereon,
'not less than ten days after the filing of such petition. The
'summons may be served as in other cases in chancery.'

It is usual to make the summons returnable in
twelve days after the da*te of its issue. The act in this

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 29

respect differs from the chancery and common law pro-
cedure, where a summons is required to be made
returnable not earlier than the first day of the next
term of court. The fixed terms of court have no appli-
cation to this act. Compare in this connection § 15.

'Notice to be published.] §20. The clerk shall also
'immediately upon the filing of such application cause
'notice of the filing thereof to be published once in each
'week for four consecutive weeks in some newspaper pub-
'lished in the county, or if there is no newspaper published
'in the county then in a newspaper published in one of the
'counties nearest thereto. The notice may be substantially
'as follows:

REGISTRATION OF LAND TITLE.

In the matter of the application of to register the title

to (here insert description of land as in the application, and in case
any person is named as defendant, the name of such persons defend-
ant). To all whom it may concern:

Take Notice, That on the day of A. D , an

application was filed by said in the Court of

County, for initial registration of the title to the land above

described. Now, unless you appear on or before the day of

, A. D (the time shall not be less than thirty days after

the filing of such application) and show cause why such application
shall not be granted, the same will be taken as confessed, and a
decree will be entered according to the prayer of the application, and
you will be forever barred from disputing the same.

In uncontested cases the publication of the notice is
usually attended to by the registrar.

The expense of publication in Cook County is $2
irrespective of the length of the notice.

'Clerk to send copy of publication by mail.] §21. The
'clerk shall also within ten days after the first publication,
'send a copy thereof by mail addressed to such defendants
'whose places of residence are stated in the application and
'whose appearance is not entered and who are not served
'with process. The certificate of the clerk that he has sent
'such notice in pursuance of this section shall be evidence

30 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'thereof. Other or further notice of such application may
'be given in such manner and to such persons as may be
'directed by the court or any judge thereof/

The usual affidavit of non-residence required by the
chancery practice where non-resident defendants are to
be notified, is not required or needed, since the applica-
tion must set forth the facts as to the residence of the
defendants.

'Who may oppose application — answer to be verified.] § 22.
'Any person interested, whether named as defendant or
'not, may upon entering his appearance and answering the
'application within the time allowed by this act, or such
'further time as shall be allowed by the court, oppose any
'such application or file a cross application in like form,
'as in case of an original application, to have the title
'registered in his behalf. In either case he shall state par-
'ticularly what his interest is and full answer make to each
'and every of the material allegations of the application,
'admitting, avoiding or traversing the same or showing
'some cause in law why the same need not be so admitted,
'avoided or traversed. Such answer shall be verified by
'the affidavit of himself or his agent having knowledge of
'the facts. The answer shall have no other or greater
'weight as evidence than the application.'

Under the standing rules of the circuit and superior
courts of Cook County, a defendant in a chancery case,
on entering his appearance, is entitled to twenty days
within which to plead answer or demur. The rule
would seem to extend to registration cases, although
the question has not yet been passed upon.

All persons having adverse claims are to be named in
the application. They thereby become parties defend-
ant.1 Under the Torrens act, as under the Burnt Rec-
ord act,2 it is sufficient to name such persons, and the

1 §§ 11, 13.

2 Smith v. Hutchinson, 108 111. 662; Gage v. Caraher, 125 111. 447.

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 31

irregularity OT invalidity of the adverse claim need not
be alleged in the application. The above section
requires the defendant to state particularly what his
interest is, and to verify his answer. Upon each party
rests the burden of proof to maintain his own title.

So in cases where the land is subject to tax deed, or
other cloud, the applicant names the holder as a defend-
ant. It then devolves upon the latter to allege in
his answer particularly what his interest is, as well as
to also make answer to the allegations of the petition,
and to support the allegations of the answer by requi-
site proof. This throws upon the holder of the tax
deed the burden of proof as to its validity.1

This section authorizes no demurrer, plea or plead-
ing other than an answer, and if a demurrer or plea be
filed, it will be stricken from the files upon motion.2

Applicants seeking the removal of tax titles as
clouds, can be granted relief only upon equitable terms,
which, in general, require that before the issue of the
certificate of title, the applicant shall pay to the holder
of the tax title, or into court for his use, a sum equal to
the amount for which the tax sale was made, and all
subsequent taxes, assessments and costs paid by such
holder, together with legal interest thereon.3 Where
the tax title accrued against a former owner, and the
applicant has paid taxes and had possession for seven
consecutive years, reimbursement to the holder of the
tax title is not required.4

'When default may be entered.] § 23. If any person
'shall fail to appear within the time required of him by

1 So held by Clifford, Gibbons, Tuthill and Dunne, J. J.

2 14th Ward Building & Loan Ass'n v. Glos, Circuit Court of Cook
County. Dunne, J., in Land Registration No. 278.

s Gage v. Caraher, 125 111. 447.

< Gage v. Consumers' Eectric Light Co. (111. Sup. Ct.), 33 Legal
News, 154.

32 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'summons duly served upon him or within the time required
'by any notice given in pursuance of this act, Or appearing
'shall fail to answer the application as herein provided, his
'default may be entered and the application taken as con-
'fessed, and upon report of examiner showing that the
'facts stated in the application are true and the applicant
Ms the owner of the land or interested therein, as set forth
'in the application, the court may grant an order or decree,
'in accordance with the prayer of the application.'

Interlocutory orders of default may be entered, but,
in general, all defendants not appearing are defaulted
by the terms of the final decree.

'Court not to be bound by report of examiner.] § 24. The
'court shall in no case be bound by the report of an
'examiner of title, but may require other or further proof.'

The spirit of the act contemplates the concurrence
of registrar, examiner and the court before issue of a
certificate of title. The court of course is the final arbi-
ter, the registrar and examiner being at all times under
its direction and control.

'What the court may decree.] §25. The court may, in
'any proceeding under this act, find and decree in whom
'the title to or any interest in the land is vested, whether
'in the applicant or in any other person, and remove clouds
'upon the title, and also whether the same is subject to any
'lien or incumbrance, estate, trust or interest, and declare
'the same, and may order the registrar of titles to register
'such title or interest, and in case the same is subject to
'any lien, incumbrance, estate, trust or interest, give direc-
'tions as to the manner and order in which the same shall
'appear upon the certificate of title to be issued by the
'registrar, and generally may make any and all such orders
'and decrees as shall be according to equity in the premises
'and as shall be in conformity to the principles of this act.'

This section in connection with § 15 confers upon the
court full power to adjudicate all unsettled questions

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 33

affecting the title at the time of initial registration.
The registration proceeding is made one for purifica-
tion. Among the defects most frequently found are tax
certificates^ tax deeds, mortgages paid or outlawed
and unreleased of record, forfeited or abandoned con-
tracts of sale, errors in names of parties to convey-
ances, erroneous descriptions, irregularities in attesta-
tion of conveyances and adverse claims of title without
substantial merit.

It will be seen that the act provides much the best
and speediest method for final settlement of clouded or
disputed titles. The summons is returnable in not less
than ten days, § 19. The examiner may proceed with
his investigation immediately upon the filing of the
application, § 18. The court is always open, and orders
and decrees in these cases may be entered in vaca-
tion as in term time, § 15. Final decrees are entered on
motion to confirm the report of the examiner.1 The cir-
cuit court of Cook County has held uniformly and in
accordance with the spirit of the act, that registration
cases, both contesed and uncontested, should be
promptly disposed of without the delay usually attend-
ant upon chancery cases standing upon a calendar for
final hearing or contested motions.2

'Upon whom decree binding — appeal — writ of error — when
'court may review case.] § 26. The order or decree so made
'and entered shall, except as herein otherwise provided,
'be forever binding and conclusive upon all persons,
'whether mentioned by name in the petition or included in
' "All whom it may concern." It shall not be an exception
'to such conclusiveness that the person is an infant, lunatic
'or is under any disability, but such person may have
'recourse upon the indemnity fund hereinafter provided

1 Gage v. Consumers' Electric Light Co., Supreme Court of Illinois,
33 Legal News, 154.

2 Clifford, Gibbons, Dunne, Neeley and Tuthill, J.J.

34 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'for, for any loss he may suffer by reason of being so con-
'cluded. An appeal may be allowed to the Supreme Court
'if prayed at the time of entering the order or decree and
'upon like terms as in other cases in chancery. A writ of
'error may be sued out of the Supreme Court within two
'years after the entry of the order or" decree, and not
'afterwards. Any person having an interest in or lien
'upon the land who has not been actually served with proc-
'ess or notified of the filing of such application or the
'pendency thereof, may, at any time within two years after
'the entry of such order or decree, and not afterwards,
'appear and file his sworn answer to such application in
'like manner as is hereinbefore prescribed for making
'answer: Provided, The affidavit shall also state that such
'person had no notice, information or belief of the filing
'of such application or the pendency of the proceeding
'until within three months of the time of the filing of such
'answer. Upon the filing of such answer, and not less than
'ten days' notice being given to the applicant, the court
'shall proceed to review the case, and if the court is satis-
'fied that the order or decree ought to be opened, an order
'shall be entered to that effect and the court may proceed
'to review the proceeding and make such order in the case
'as shall be according to equity in the premises. An appeal
'may be allowed or writ of error sued out, in such case,
'within a like time and in like manner as in the case of an
'original order or decree under this act, and not otherwise.'

It is within the legislative competency of the state
to make or not to make exceptions in favor of infants or
other persons under disability.1

It is to be noted, in this connection, that losses sus-
tained by infants, or other persons under disability,
are made payable from the indemnity fund2 and that
the period for proceedings against that fund is extend-
ed in favor of all persons under disability until two
years after the disability is removed.3

1 Vance v. Vance, 108 U. S. 514. * § 103.

2 § 101.

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 35

'Within what time action may be commenced.] §27. No
'person shall commence any action at law or in equity for
'the recovery of lands or assert any. interest or right in or
'lien or demand upon the same, or make entry thereon
'adversely to the title or interest as found, ordered or
'decreed by the court, unless within two years after the
'entry of the order or decree. This section shall be con-
'strued as giving such right of action to such persons only
'as shall not, because of some irregularity, insufficiency,
'or for some other cause, be bound and concluded by such
'order or decree.'

'Within what time any person not barred or concluded by
'such order or decree may assert his claim.] §28. Any
'person having any interest, right, title, lien or demand,
'whether vested, contingent or inchoate, in, to or upon
'registered land, which existed at the time the land is first
'registered, and upon or for which no cause of action shall
'have accrued at the date of the registration of the land,
'and who has not become barred or concluded by such
'order or decree, may, prior to the expiration of said twa
'years after such registration, file in the registrar's office
'a notice, under oath, setting forth his interest, right, title,
'lien or demand, and how and under whom derived, and the
'character and nature thereof, and if such counter-claim
•is so filed an action may be brought to assert or recover
'or enforce the same at any time within one year after the
'right of action shall have accrued thereon, and not after-
'wards. It shall be the duty of a life tenant or trustee to
'file such counter-claim on behalf of any remainderman or
'reversioner, whether the remainder or reversion be at the
'time vested or contingent, and of a guardian to file such
'counter-claim on behalf of his ward.'

This and the preceding section, in connection with
§§ 26 and 40, limit the time for actions to upset the first
certificate of title. They constitute a valid statute of
limitations.1

i People v. Simon, 176 111. 165.

36 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

These sections can have no unfavorable effect upon
the negotiability of a registered title during its first
two years. All persons named as defendants and
served with process are bound by the decree from its
entry. This and the preceding section apply only to
persons not so bound. The probability of the existence
of such persons is readily determined by examination
of the proceeding for initial registration. If that pro-
ceeding has been properly conducted, all necessary par-
ties will be before the court, and there will be no per-
sons not bound by the first certificate of title.

REGISTERING THE TITLE.

'Registering the title.] §29. Upon the filing of a cer-
tificate signed by the clerk giving the effect of the order
'or decree of the court or a copy of such order or decree
'in the registrar's office, the registrar shall proceed to
'register the title or interest pursuant to the terms of the
'order or decree, in the manner following:

•

'Form of certificate of title.] § 30. He shall make out
'a certificate of title which may, subject to such change
'as the case may require, be substantially as follows:

FIRST CERTIFICATE OF TITLE PURSUANT TO ORDER OF
COURT OF COUNTY.

State of Illinois, 1

County. /

of (residence, and if a minor give his age; if

under other disability, state the nature of the disability), married
to (name of husband or wife, or if not married, say not married),
is the owner of an estate in fee simple (or as the case may be) in the
following land (here describe the premises) subject to the estates,
easements, incumbrances and charges hereunder noted. (In case
of trust, condition or limitation, say "in trust" or "upon condition"
or "with limitation" as the case may be.)

Witness my hand and official seal this (date).

[SEAL.] Registrar.

'Subsequent certificates.] § 31. All subsequent certifi-
'cates may be in like form, except that in place of the
'words "First certificate," etc., shall be the words "Transfer

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 37

'from No " (the number of the next previous cer-
tificate), also the words "First registered " (date of

first registration).'

The chain of a registered title thus follows from one
certificate of title to another, each showing the nota-
tions regarding the former and succeeding owner. An
abstract of title to registered land, if one be needed,
may be made with the utmost accuracy and ease.

'The words "heirs and assigns."] § 32. The words "heirs
'and assigns" shall not in any case be necessary to create
'a fee simple estate of inheritance.'

'Certificate — what it should contain.] § 33. Every certifi-
'cate shall bear date of the day and year of its issue, and
'be under the hand and official seal of the registrar, and
'be numbered in the order of its issue. It shall state
'whether the owner (except in the case of a corporation)
'is married or not married, and if married, the name of
'the husband or wife. If the owner is a minor it shall state
'his age, if under any other disability, the nature of the
'disability. The registrar shall note at the end of the
'certificate, in such manner as to show and preserve their
'priorities, the particulars of all estates, mortgages, incum-
'brances and charges to which the owner's title is subject.'

'Certificate where two or more are interested in the land.]
'§ 34. In all cases where two or more persons are entitled
'as tenants in common to an estate in registered land, such
'persons may receive one certificate for the entirety, or each
'may receive a separate certificate for his undivided share.'

' "Register of titles" — what to contain.] § 35. The regis-
'trar shall keep a book, to be known as the "Register of
'Titles," wherein he shall enter all first and subsequent
' "original" certificates of title by binding or recording
'them therein, in the order of their numbers, with appro-
'priate blanks for the entry of memorials and notations
'allowed by this act. Each certificate, with such blanks,
'shall constitute a separate folium of such book. All
'memorials and notations that may be entered upon the

38 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'register under the terms of this act shall be entered upon
'the folium constituted by the last certificate of title of the
'land to which they relate. Whenever the term certificate
'of title is used in this act, it shall be deemed as including
'all memorials and notations thereunder noted.'

The "register of titles" is like a ledger, where every-
thing that can affect the title to a given piece of prop-
erty is posted, up to date, at one page.

'Duplicate certificate of title — to be known as owner's dupli-
'cate.J § 36. The registrar shall, at the same time that he
'makes out his original certificate of title, make out an
'exact duplicate thereof, with the memorials and notations
'thereunder noted, which shall be delivered to the owner
'and shall be known as the owner's duplicate.'

Owner's duplicate certificates of title are engraved
and engrossed upon heavy parchment paper, and bear
upon their reverse a plat showing the size and location
of the land if a lot in a subdivision. The latter is found
a convenience.

'Owner's receipt for certificate of title.] § 37. For the
'purpose of preserving evidence of the handwriting of the
'owner in his office, it shall be the duty of the registrar to
'take from the owner, in every case where it is practicable
'so to do, his receipt for the certificate of title, or whatever
'paper shall be issued to him, signed by the owner in person.
'When such receipt is signed in the registrar's office it may
'be witnessed by the registrar or some deputy. If signed
'elsewhere it may be acknowledged before any officer
'authorized to take acknowledgment of deeds. When so
'signed and witnessed or acknowledged, such receipt
'shall be prima facie evidence of the genuineness of such
'signature.'

This requirement is to aid the registrar in complying
with § 47.

'In case of final registration the certificate of title shall

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 39

'relate back, etc.] § 38. In every case of final [initial]
'registration the certificate of title shall relate back to and
'take effect as of the date of the order or decree directing
'the registration, and all dealings with the land, and all
'statutory or other liens upon the same subsequent to the
'filing of the application shall be subject to such order or
'decree of the court.'

The filing of the application in a court of record is
made lis pendens of the proceedings, and an interest
subsequently acquired in the land is made subject to
the decree.

Where no appeal is prayed from the decree, the first
certificate of title is usually issued the day of its entry.

'Such certificate to be prima facie evidence.] § 39. Such
'certificate, with the memorials and notations thereunder
'noted, and any copy thereof duly certified under the hand
'and seal of the registrar, and the owner's duplicate certifi-
'cate shall until the expiration of the time herein limited
'to bring some action or to contest the title of the regis-
tered owner, be in all courts and places prima facie
'evidence that the provisions of the law have been complied
'with, and that such certificate of title has been issued in
'compliance with a valid order or decree, and that the title
'to the land is as therein stated, and after the expiration
'of such time limited shall be conclusive evidence of the
'same facts.'

'The rights of registered owners.] § 40. The registered
'owner of any estate or interest in land brought under this
'act, shall, except in cases of fraud to which he is a party,
'or of the person through whom he claims without valuable
'consideration paid in good faith, hold the same subject
'only to such estates, mortgages, liens, charges and inter-
'ests as may be noted in the last certificate of title in the
'registrar's office and free from all others except:

'1. Any subsisting lease or agreement for a lease for a
'period not exceeding five years, where there is actual

40 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'occupation of the land under the lease. The term lease
'shall include a verbal letting.

'2. All public highways embraced in the description of
'the lands included in the certificate shall be deemed to be
'excluded from the certificate.

'3. Any subsisting right of way or other easement,
'however created, upon, over or in respect of the land.

'4. Any tax or special assessment for which a sale of
'the land has not been had at the date of the certificate
'of title.

'5. Such right of appeal, writ of error, right to appear
'and contest the application, and of such action or to make
'counterclaim as is allowed by this act.'

The effect of this section is to give to the bona fide
purchaser or incumbrancer a like security to that given
to the purchaser of negotiable paper. The title of such
purchaser or incumbrancer cannot be upset. This is a
dominant feature of the system.

For the method by and extent to which the certifi-
cate of title may be affected by subsequent judicial
proceedings see § 93, 94 and 95.

'Possession after land registered.] § 41. After land has
'been registered no title thereto adverse or in derogation
'to the title of the registered owner shall be acquired by
'any length of possession.'

After registration all rights whatsoever appear only
upon the certificate of title and mere possession
becomes no notice thereof. Registered owners are thus
guaranteed against encroachment or risk of loss by-
adverse possession. No squatter's possession can ever
ripen into title.

'Fraud — transfer from registered owner — effect of.] § 42.
'Except in case of fraud, and except as herein otherwise
'provided, no person taking a transfer of registered land,
'or any estate or interest therein, or of any charge upon
'the same, from the registered owner shall be held to

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 41

'inquire into the circumstances under which, or the con-
'sideration for which such owner or any previous registered
'owner was registered, or be affected with notice, actual
'or constructive, of any unregistered trust, lien, claim,
'demand or interest; and the knowledge that any unregis-
tered trust, lien, claim, demand or interest is in existence
'shall not of itself be imputed as fraud.'

This again affirms the dominant principle of the sys-
tem by which absolute immunity is given the bona fide
purchaser or incumbrancer for valuable consideration
paid in good faith. See § 40.

The Australian authorities upon what constitutes
such fraud as to invalidate the certificate, will be found
gathered in the Torrens Australian Digest (1899) page
102.

'Specific performance — certificate of title — conclusive evi-
'dence.] § 43. In any suit for specific performance brought
'by a registered owner of any land under the provisions
'of this act, against a person who may have contracted to
'purchase such land, not having notice of any fraud or
'other circumstances which, according to the provisions of
'this act, would affect the right of the vendor, the certifi-
'cate of title of such registered owner shall be held in every
'court to be conclusive evidence that such registered owner
'has a good and valid title to the land, and for the estate
'or interest therein mentioned or described.'

'In cases of ejectment.] § 44. In any action or proceed-
'ing brought for ejectment, partition or possession of land,
'the certificate of title of a registered owner shall, except
'as to any person not bound by the order or decree of the
'court, or by some limitation herein or in some other statute
'contained, be held to be conclusive evidence that such
'registered owner has a good and valid title to the land,
'and for the estate or interest therein mentioned or
'described, subject only to such estates, mortgages, liens,
'charges and interests as may be noted thereunder, and
'unless it shall otherwise appear by such notations that

42 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'such registered owner is entitled to the possession of said
'land.'

'Memorial.] § 45. Whenever a memorial or notation
'has been entered as permitted by this act, the registrar
'shall carry the same forward upon all certificates of title
'until the same is canceled in some manner authorized by
'this act.'

'The effect of bringing land under this act.] § 46. The
'bringing of land under this act shall imply an agreement
'which shall run with the land that the same shall be
'subject to the terms of the act and all amendments and
'alterations thereof. And all dealings with land or any
'estate or interest therein, after the same has been brought
'under this act, and all liens, incumbrances and charges upon
'the same subsequent to the first registration thereof, shall
'be deemed to be subject to the terms of this act.'

This section is declaratory, as probably the same
effect would attach to the bringing of land under the
act, were it omitted.

TRANSFER.

'Transfer.] § 47. A registered owner of land desiring to
'transfer his whole estate or interest therein, or some dis-
'tinct part or parcel thereof, or some undivided interest
'therein, or to grant out of his estate an estate for life or
'for a term of not less than ten years, may execute to the
'intended transferee a deed or instrument of conveyance
'in any form authorized by law for that purpose. And
'upon filing such deed or other instrument in the registrar's
'office and surrendering to the registrar the duplicate certifi-
'cate of title, and upon its being made to appear to the
'registrar that the transferee has the title or interest pro-
'posed to be transferred and is entitled to make the con-
'veyance and that the transferee has the right to have such
'estate or interest transferred to him, he shall make out
'and register as hereinbefore provided a new certificate
'and also an owner's duplicate certifying the title to the
'estate or interest in the land desired to be conveyed to be

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 43

'in the transferee, and shall note upon the original and
'duplicate certificate the date of the transfer, the name of
'the transferee and the volume and folium in which the new
'certificate is registered, and shall stamp across the origi-
'nal and surrendered duplicate certificate the word "can-
'celed."'

The registrar, in conducting a transfer, examines
fully into every matter connected therewith. He satis-
fies himself as to the identity of the parties by much
the same rules observed by a bank in dealing with
strangers. The increased inconvenience is slight and
every known method of checks and verification should
be used to prevent improper transfers. Forgery thus
becomes almost impossible. Nothing can be done with-
out the surrender of the outstanding duplicate certifi-
cate of title. At every transfer every question of form
and substance that can possibly affect the title
intended to be transferred is then and there settled
once for all. Upon this rests the efficiency of the
system.

'When only a part of land transferred.] § 48. When only
'a part of the land described in a certificate is transferred,
'or some estate or interest in the land is to remain in the
'transfer [er], a new certificate shall be issued to him for
'the part, estate or interest remaining in him.'

'When transfer of registered land shall be deemed to be
'registered.] § 49. Every transfer of registered land shall
'be deemed to be registered under this act, when the new
'certificate to the transferee shall have been entered, as in
'the case of first registration; and all other dealings shall
'be considered as registered when the memorial or notation
'shall have been entered in the register upon the folium
'constituted by the existing certificate of title of the land.
'But, for the protection of the transferee or person claiming
'through any transfer or dealing, the registration shall
'relate back to the time of filing in the registrar's office the

44 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'deed, instrument or notice, pursuant to which the trans-
'fer memorial or notation is made.'

'Filing deeds, etc. — marked.] § 50. The registrar shall
'mark as filed every deed, mortgage, lease and other instru-
'ment which may be filed in his office in the order of its
'receipt, and shall note thereon at the date of filing the
'minute, hour, day and year it is received. When the date
'of filing any instrument is required to be entered upon the
'register it shall be the same as that endorsed upon such
'instrument.'

'Instruments to be kept in office.] § 51. All instruments,
'notices and papers required or permitted by this act to be
'filed in the office of the registrar shall be retained and
'kept in such office. They shall be numbered consecutively
'and a list of the same kept in a book for that purpose,
'describing the same as "warranty deeds," "quit-claim
'deed," "mortgage," etc.'

'Forms of deeds, etc.] § 52. Like forms of deeds, mort-
'gages, leases or other instruments as are now or may here-
'after be sufficient in law for the purpose intended, may be
'used in dealing with registered land and any estate or
'interest therein.'

'Address of owners — notice.] § 53. On all instruments
'presented to the registrar for registration shall be
'endorsed the name and address of the person so presenting
'the same, and all notices by the registrar or other person
'relating to the land therein described may be served on
'such person at such address. The address may be changed
'from time to time by such person filing with the registrar
'a written notice of such change.'

'Deeds, etc., only authority to registrar to make transfer.]
'§ 54. A deed, mortgage, lease or other instrument pur-
'porting to convey, transfer, mortgage, lease, charge or
'otherwise deal with registered land, or any estate or inter-
'est therein, or charge upon the same, other than a will or
'lease not exceeding five years where the land is in actual
'possession of the lessee or his assigns, shall take effect
'only by way of contract between the parties thereto, and

THE ILLINOIS TORRBNS LAW. 45

'as authority to the registrar to register the transfer, mort-
'gage, lease, charge or other dealing upon compliance with
'the terms of this act. On the completion of such registra-
tion, the land, estate, interest or charge shall become
'transferred, mortgaged, leased, charged or dealt with
'according to the purport and terms of the deed, mortgage,
'lease or other instrument.'

This is to be construed in connection with § 49. Deeds
and mortgages of registered land, although delivered,
merely operate as powers of attorney or authority to
the registrar to effect the proposed dealing. Title
passes, not upon their delivery, but when the act of
the registrar prescribed in § 49 is completed.

'Taxes — assessments — dower — homestead.] § 55. No trans-
'fer of title to the land, or any estate or interest thereon, or
'mortgage, shall be registered until it shall be made to
'appear to the registrar that the land has not been sold for
'any tax or assessment upon which a deed has been given,
'and the title is outstanding or upon which a deed may
'thereafter be given, and that the dower, right of dower
'and estate of homestead, if any, have been released or
'extinguished, or that the transfer or mortgage is intended
'to be subject thereto, in which case it shall be so stated in
'the certificate of title.'

'Transferee married or not.] § 56. Every certificate of
'title to land shall state whether the transferee (except
'when the latter is a corporation) is married or not married,
'and if married the name of the husband or wife. The trans-
'feree shall furnish the registrar the necessary information
'before he shall be entitled to have the land transferred to
'him on the register.'

'Registered owner — delivering up certificate — respecting
'parcels of land that may be included in one certificate.] § 57.
'Upon the application of any registered owner of land held
'under separate certificates of title, or under one certificate,
'and delivering up of such certificate or certificates of title,
'the registrar may issue to such owner a single certificate

46 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'of title for the whole of such land, or several certificates,
'each containing a portion of such land in accordance with
'such application, and as far as the same may be done con-
'sistently with any regulations at the time being in force,
'respecting the parcels of land that may be included in one
'certificate of title, and upon issuing any such certificate of
'title, said registrar shall endorse on the last previous cer-
'tificate of title of such land so delivered up a memorial
'setting forth the occasion of such cancellation, and refer-
'ring to the volume and folium of the new certificate or
'certificates of title so issued.'

'When duplicate certificate of title lost — evidence — certified
'copy of original may be used.] § 58. In the event of a dupli-
cate certificate of title being lost, mislaid or destroyed, the
owner, together with other persons, if any, having knowl-
'edge of the circumstances, may make affidavit before the
'registrar, or before any officer authorized to administer
'oaths, stating the facts of the case, the names and descrip-
tions of the registered owners, and the particulars of all
'mortgages, encumbrances or other matters affecting such
'land and the title thereto to the best of applicant's knowl-
'edge and belief, and the registrar, if satisfied as to the
'truth of such affidavit, and the bona fides of the transac-
'tion, shall issue to the owner a certified copy of the original
'certificate with the memorials and notations appearing
'upon the register, and shall note upon the register the fact,
'cause and date of such issue, and shall also mark upon
'such certified copy: "Owner's certified copy, issued in place
'of lost, (mislaid or destroyed, as the case may be), certifi-
'cate," and such certified copy shall stand in the place of
'and have like effect as the missing duplicate certificate.'

The practice outlined can result in no loss or serious
inconvenience, since one proposing to deal with the
holder of the lost or mislaid duplicate certificate will
make comparison of the same with the original certifi-
cate of title in the "Register of Titles" before comple-
tion of his dealing, when and where the cancellation
of the first duplicate will be found noted.

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 47

MORTGAGES, LEASES AND OTHER CHARGES.

'Mortgages, leases and other charges.] § 59. Every mort-
'gage, lease for a term not exceeding ten years, contract to
'sell, and other instrument intended to create a lien, incum-
'brance or charge upon registered land or any interest
'therein shall be deemed to be a charge thereon, and may
'be registered as hereinafter provided.'

The ordinary forms of trust deeds or mortgages, are
used, no new recitals or alterations being necessary.

'On filing the instrument intended to create charge — pro-
'ceedings.J § 60. On the filing of the instrument intended
'to create the charge in the registrar's office, and the pro-
'duction of the duplicate certificate of title, and it appear-
'ing to the registrar that the person intending to create the
'charge has the title and right to create such charge, and
'that the person in whose favor the same is sought to be
'created is entitled by the terms of this act to have the same
'registered, he shall enter upon the proper folium of the
'register, and also upon the owner's certificate, a memorial
'of the purport thereof, and the date of filing the instrument
'with a reference thereto by its file number, which memo-
'rial shall be signed by the registrar. The registrar shall
'also note upon the instrument on file the volume and fol-
'ium of the register where the memorial is entered.'

The registrar will also identify, by marking the same
with a stamp prepared for the purpose, all notes
secured by the mortgage or trust deed. See § 65 and
note thereto.

'Trust deed to be deemed a mortgage.] § 61. A trust deed
'in the nature of a mortgage shall be deemed to be a mort-
'gage and be subject to the same rules as a mortgage.'

'When mortgage, etc., is in duplicate, triplicate or more
'parts.] § 62. When any mortgage, lease, or other instru-
'ment creating or dealing with a charge upon registered
'land or any estate or interest therein is in duplicate, trip-

48 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'licate or more parts, only one of the parts need be filed and
'kept in the registrar's office, but the registrar shall note
'upon the register whether the same is in duplicate, tripli-
'cate, or as the case may be, and shall also mark upon the
'others "mortgagee's duplicate," "lessor's duplicate," "les-
'see's duplicate," or as the case may be, and note upon the
'same the date of filing and the volume and folium of the
'register where the memorial is entered, and deliver them
'to the parties entitled thereto'

The better practice is to have the mortgage or trust
deed executed in duplicate, thereby saving the expense
of the certified copy described in § 63.

'Certified copies.] § 63. When an instrument is not exe-
'cuted in a sufficient number of parts for the convenience of
'the parties, the registrar may make and deliver to each of
'the parties entitled thereto certified copies of the instru-
'ment filed in his office with the endorsements thereon,
'marking the same "mortgagee's certified copy," "lessor's
'certified copy," or as the case may be, and shall note upon
'the register the fact of issuing such copies. Such certified
'copies shall have the same force and effect, and be treated
'as duplicates.'

'Assignment — how effected — copy.] § 64. The holder of
'any charge upon registered land desiring to transfer the
'same or any part thereof, may execute an assignment of
'the whole or any part thereof, and upon such assignment
'being filed in the office of the registrar, and the production
'of the duplicate or certified copy of the instrument creating
'the charge held by the assignor, the registrar shall enter
'in the register opposite the charge a memorial of such
'transfer, with a reference to the assignment by its file
'number; he shall also note upon the instrument on file in
'his office intended to be transferred and upon the duplicate
'or certified copy thereof produced, the volume and folium
'where the memorial is entered, with the date of the entry.
'The transferee shall be entitled to have a certified copy of
'the instrument of transfer, with the endorsement thereon,

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 49

'and in case of the transfer of the entire charge, the dupli-
'cate or certified copy of the instrument creating the
'charge.'

'Release, discharge or surrender of a charge.] § 65. A
'release, discharge or surrender of a charge or any part
'thereof, or of any part of the land charged, may be effected
'in the same way as above provided in the case of a trans-
'fer. In case only a part of the charge or of the land is
'intended to be released, discharged or surrendered, the
'entry shall be made accordingly, but when the whole is
'released, discharged or surrendered at the same or several
'times, the registrar shall stamp across the instrument on
'file, and the memorial thereof, and the duplicate or cer-
'tified copy produced, the word "canceled."'

Great care is used by the registrar to avoid improper
satisfaction of mortgage liens. He requires presenta-
tion of the cancelled notes and a properly executed and
delivered release deed. In all cases where possible,
direct communication will be first had with the mort-
gagee or trustee, and the registrar will be satisfied that
the mortgage indebtedness is in fact fully paid before
noting its discharge upon the proper certificate of title.

'Charges — how enforced — pendente lite.] § 66. All
'charges upon registered land or any estate or interest in
the same and any rights thereunder may be enforced as
'now allowed by law, and all laws with reference to the
'foreclosure and release or satisfaction of mortgage shall
'apply to mortgages upon registered lands, or any estate or
'interest therein except as herein otherwise provided, and
'except that until notice of the pendency of any suit to
'enforce or foreclose such charge is filed in the registrar's
'office, and a memorial thereof entered on the register, the
'pendency of such suit shall not be notice to the registrar
'or any person dealing with the land or any charge thereon.'

ATTORNEYS IN FACT.

'Attorneys in fact.] § 67. Before any person can convey,

50 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'charge or otherwise deal with any registered land or any
'estate or interest therein, as attorney in fact for another,
'the deed or instrument empowering him so to act, shall be
'filed with the registrar, and a memorial thereof entered
'upon nte register in like manner as in the case of a charge.
'If the attorney shall so desire, the registrar shall deliver
'to him a certified copy of the power of attorney, with the
'endorsements thereon. Revocation of a power may be reg-
'istered in like manner.'

TRUSTS, CONDITIONS AND LIMITATIONS.

'Trusts, conditions and limitations.] § 68. Whenever a
'deed or other instrument is filed in the registrar's office for
'the purpose of effecting a transfer of or charge upon regis-
'tered lands, or any estate or interest in the same, and it
'shall appear that the transfer or charge is to be upon any
'trust', condition or limitation expressed in such deed or
'instrument, the registrar shall, unless such deed or instru-
'ment expressly directs to the contrary, note in the certifi-
'cate, and the duplicate thereof, or memorial, the words
' "in trust," or "upon condition," or "with limitations," as
'the case may be, and no transfer of or charge upon, or deal-
'ing with the land, estate or interest shall thereafter be
'registered, unless pursuant to the order of some court, or
'upon the written opinion of two examiners that such trans-
*fer, charge or dealing is in accordance with the true in-
'tent and meaning of the trust, condition or limitation.'

The terms and conditions of the trust thus remain
operative without being set forth at length in the cer-
tificate of title.

Under this method the most complicated trust or set-
tlement is dealt with no less safety and certainty than
under our present system.

The senior solicitor to the registrar of South Aus-
tralia in his report to the House of Commons,1 in this
connection has said:

"As to trusts: It appears to me that the question is,

i Registration of Title (British Colonies), Blue Book, 10 May, 1881.

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 51

Do we by virtue of the machinery of the Real Property
Act place cestui qui trusts of lands in a worse position
than they are usually placed in under the ordinary sys-
tem? In my opinion, cestui qui trusts of land uqder the
South Australian Real Property Act are, if anything,
in a better position * * * No litigation has
occurred on the subject of trusts, nor has any complaint
of hardship or difficulty been made to this office."1

Similar reports are returned from all the other col-
onies using registration of title.

The English and German acts have resulted in the
same safety and certainty in dealing with trusts and
settlements.2

'Order of court or opinion of two examiners — when regis-
tration conclusive evidence.] § 69. Upon the filing with the
'registrar of an order of court or opinion of two examiners,
'as provided in the last section, and in the latter event upon
'the registrar also being satisfied that the proposed trans-
fer, charge or other dealing is in accordance with the true
'intent and meaning of the trust, condition or limitation,
'he shall proceed to register the same, and such registra-
tion shall be conclusive evidence in favor of the person
'taking such transfer, charge or other right, and those
'claiming under him, in good faith and for a valuable con-
'sideration, that such transfer, charge or other dealing is in
'accordance with the true intent and meaning of the trust,
'condition or limitation.'

TRANSMISSION.

'Transmission.] § 70. Lands and any estate or interest
'therein registered pursuant to this act, shall, upon the
'death of the owner, go to the personal representatives of
'the deceased in like manner as personal estate, whether
'the owner dies testate or intestate, and shall be subject to
'the same rules of administration, as if the same were per-

1 Registration of Title (British Colonies), Blue Book, 10 May,
1881.

2 Registration in Middlesex; C. F. Brickdale, Lond., 1892; Prus-
sian Legislation on Registration of Title; Dr. Fischer, Berlin, 1892.

52 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'sonalty, except as otherwise provided in this act, and
'except that the rule of division shall be the same as in the
'descent of real property, or as shall be provided by will.'

Among the serious defects in the former system is
that there are so many facts affecting titles that never
appear of record. Among these are the facts attending
the transmission of land by descent The fact of death
of the owner, who are the next of kin, whether there
is a widow or surviving husband, etc., are all facts
which the law makes no provision for getting upon the
record so far as real property is concerned, and which
have to be looked up again and again as often as the
property is dealt with. The act furnishes a complete
remedy for this defect. Kegistered land, instead of
descending directly to the next of kin, goes to the
executor or administrator substantially the same as
personalty. Proof of heirship is made before the pro-
bate court, and that court finds the respective shares of
the heirs and orders the executor or administrator to
make conveyance to them accordingly. This order
being filed with the registrar, and the certificate of title
of the decedent being delivered up, the transfers are
made and the several heirs receive certificates of title
to their respective shares. All questions concerning
heirship, dower, homestead, rights of creditors, etc., are
thus conclusively settled at the time and do not con-
tinue for years afterwards as possible defects of title to
be looked up again and again at every transfer.

'Duty of personal representative of deceased owner — certifi-
'cate.j § 71. Before the personal representative of a
'deceased owner of registered land or any estate, or inter-
'est therein, shall deal with the same, he shall file in the
'registrar's office a certified copy of his letters of adminis-
'tration, or if there is a will, a certified copy of the same and
'of the letters testamentary, or of administration, with the
'will annexed, as the case may be, and shall produce the

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 53

'duplicate certificate of title, and thereupon the registrar
'shall enter upon the register and the duplicate certificate,
'a, memorial thereof with a reference to the letters or will
'and letters by their file number, and the date of filing the
'same.'

'When administrator or executor may sell.] § 72. Except
'in the case of a will devising the lands to an executor to
'his own use or upon some trust or giving to the executor
'power to sell, no sale or transfer of registered land shall
'be made by the executor or by an administrator in the
'course of administration for the payment of debts or other-
'wise, except in pursuance of an order of a competent court
'obtained as provided by law.'

'Executor's or administrator's power, mortgages, leases and
other personal interests.] § 73. But, a memorial of the will
'and letters testamentary or of letters of administration
'being first entered upon the register as herein provided,
'the executor or administrator may deal with mortgages,
'leases and other personal interests in or upon registered
'land as if he were the registered owner thereof.'

'Personal interests — when land is devised to executor to his
'own use or upon trust, etc.] § 74. Where it appears by the
'will, a certified copy of which with the letters testament-
'ary is filed as provided in this act, that registered land is
'devised to the executor to his own use, or upon some trust,
'the executor may have the land transferred to himself
'upon the register in like manner and subject to like terms
'and conditions and with like rights as in the case of a
'transfer pursuant to deed filed in the registrar's office.'

'When will empowers executor to sell, convey, etc.] § 75
'When the will of a deceased owner of registered land, or
'any estate or interest therein, empowers the executor to
'sell, convey, incumber, charge or otherwise deal with the
'land it shall not be necessary for such executor to be
'registered as the owner, but a certified copy of the will and
'letters testamentary being filed as provided in this act,
'such executor may sell, convey, incumber, charge or other-
'wise deal with the land pursuant to the power in like man-

54 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'ner as if he were the registered owner, subject to the like
'conditions as to the trust, limitations and conditions
'expressed in the will, as in the case of trusts, limitations
'and conditions expressed in a deed.'

'Proof of heirship — conclusive evidence.] § 76. Before
'making distribution of undevised registered land the exec-
'utor or administrator shall file in the registrar's office a
'certified copy of the proof of heirship made in the probate
'or county court, as the case may be, which shall be conclu-
'sive evidence in favor of all persons thereafter dealing
'with the land that the persons therein named as the only
'heirs at law of the deceased owner as [are] such heirs.'

'Court of probate may order registered land to be sold by
'executor.] § 77. The court of probate may, for the pur-
'pose of distribution of the estate, order registered land, or
'any estate or interest therein, to be sold by the executor
'or administrator, and upon the filing of a certified copy of
'the order of sale and order of confirmation of the sale, and
'the deeds in pursuance of the same, in the registrar's office,
'a transfer of the land, estate or interest to the purchaser
'may be made upon the register, as, in the case of other
'sales, by deed.'

'Executors or administrators may be ordered to make over
'registered land before final distribution, etc.] § 78. When-
'ever, after the expiration of the time fixed for the adjust-
'ment of claims against the estate of the deceased, and after
'proof of heirship, it shall be made to appear to the court
'of probate that the estate will justify it, the court may
'direct the executor or administrator to make over and
'transfer to the devisees or heirs, or some of them, in antici-
'pation of the final distribution, a portion or the whole of
'the registered lands to which they might be entitled on
'final distribution. And upon the filing of a certified copy
'of such order in the registrar's office, the executor or
'administrator may cause such transfer to be made upon
'the register in like manner as in case of a sale. The land
'so transferred shall be held free from all liens or claims
'against the estate. In the proceedings to procure such

THE ILLINOIS TORRBNS LAW. 55

'direction such notice shall be given as the court of probate
'may direct'

'Final distribution.] § 79. For the purpose of final dis-
tribution the court of probate may determine the right of
'all persons in registered lands, or any estate or interest
'therein of the deceased, declare and enforce the rights of
'devisees, heirs, persons entitled to dower and homestead,
'and others, assign dower and homestead, and make parti-
'tion and distribution according to the rights of the parties.
'The court may give direction to the executor or adminis-
'trator as to the transfer of registered lands, and any estate
'or interest therein to the devisees or heirs, and may direct
'the transfer to be. to several devisees or heirs, or tenants
'in common, or otherwise, as shall appear to the court to
'be most convenient, consistently with the rights of the
'parties, or as the parties interested may agree.'
DEALINGS OF ASSIGNEES, RECEIVERS, MASTERS, ETC.

'Dealings of assignees, receivers, masters, etc.] § 80. Before
'an assignee for the benefit of creditors, receiver, master in
'chancery, special commissioner, or other person appointed
'by court shall deal with or transfer registered land or any
'estate or interest therein, he shall file in the registrar's
'office a certified copy of an order of the court showing that
'such assignee, receiver, master in chancery, special com-
'missioner, or other person, is authorized to deal with or
'transfer such land, estate or interest, and if it is in the
'power of such person he shall present to the registrar the
'duplicate certificate of title; and thereupon the registrar
'shall enter upon the register, and the duplicate certificate,
'if presented, a memorial thereof, with a reference to such
'order by its file number. In the case of a deed of the land to
'the assignee or receiver, the same shall be filed in the
'registrar's office as in other cases.'

'When memorial entered.] § 81. Such memorial having
'been entered, the assignee, receiver, master in chancery,
'special commissioner, or other person, may, subject to the
'direction of the court, deal with or transfer such land as
'if he were the registered owner.'

56 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

TAX SALES.

'Tax sales.] § 82. The holder of any certificate of sale
'of registered land or any estate, or interest therein for
'any tax, assessment or imposition shall, within three
'months after the date of sale, present the same or a sworn
'copy thereof to the registrar, who shall thereupon enter
'on the register of the land a memorial thereof, stating the
'day of sale and the date of presentation, and shall also
'note upon the certificate of sale the date of presentation
'and the book and page of the register, where the memorial
'is entered. The holder of such certificate shall also within
'the same time mail to each of the persons who appear by
'the register to have any interest in the land a notice of
'the registration of such certificate. Unless such certificate
'is presented and registered, and notice given as herein
'provided within the time above mentioned, the land shall
'be forever released from the effect of such sale, and no
'deed shall be issued in pursuance of such certificate. When:
'it shall appear by the affidavit of the holder of the eertifi-
'cate filed with the registrar that the place of residence of
'any person interested in the land can not upon diligent
'inquiry be ascertained, the requirement of this section as
'to mailing notice shall not apply to such person.'

'Tax deed — effect of — when certificate to issue — notice —
'insane person, etc.] § 83. A tax deed of registered land,
'or an estate or interest therein issued in pursuance of any
'sale for tax or assessment made after the taking effect of
'this act, shall have only the effect of an agreement for the
'transfer of the title upon the register, and may be filed
'in the registrar's office, and a transfer effected as in case
'of other deeds of conveyance.

'But no certificate of title shall be issued thereon, except
'upon the surrender and cancellation of the outstanding
'certificate of title, or upon the order of court as provided
'in section 88 of this act, and no such order shall be granted
'except upon petition to the court ordering the sale for the
'tax or assessment. No such order shall be granted except
'after personal service of notice upon all persons in posses-

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 57

'sion of the premises, and notice either by personal services
for by publication, as provided in proceedings in chancery,
'to all persons appearing upon the register to have any
'interest in the premises. And in case any minor heir, idiot,
'or insane person is interested in the premises, no such
'order shall be granted until the expiration of the time to
'redeem the premises allowed by law to such minor heir,
'idiot or insane person shall have expired.'

LIS PENDENS— JUDGMENTS— DECREES— NOTICE.

'lis pendens — notice.] § 84. No suit, bill or proceeding
'at law or in equity for any purpose whatever affecting
'registered land or any estate or interest therein, or any
'charge upon the same, shall be deemed to be lis pendens
'or notice to any person dealing with the same, until a
'certificate of the pendency of such suit, bill or proceeding,
'under the hand and official seal of the clerk of the court
'in which it is pending, shall be filed with the registrar
'and a memorial thereof entered by him upon the register
'of the last certificate of the title to be affected. This
'section shall not apply to attachment proceedings when
'the officer making the levy shall file his certificate of levy
'as herein provided.'

JUDGMENTS, ETC.

'Judgments, etc.] § 85. No judgment or decree or order
'of any court shall be a lien upon or affect registered land
'or any estate or interest therein, until a certificate, under
'the hand and official seal of the clerk of the court in which
'the same is of record, stating the date and purport of the
'judgment, decree or order, or a certified copy of such judg-
'ment, decree or order, is filed in the office of the registrar
'and a memorial of the same is entered upon the register
'of the last certificate of the title to be affected.'

The general Hen of judgments, in so far as they affect
registered land, is abolished, and until noted upon the
proper certificate of title they are not liens.

By this section is also avoided the confusion and
annoyance arising from identity or similarity of name

58 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

of the judgment debtor and the land owner. The
requirement that his judgment be noted upon the
proper certificate of title is laid upon the judgment
creditor. Should he cause his judgment to be noted
upon the wrong certificate of title, the holder of the
latter is given ample and expeditious remedy by § 93.

ATTACHMENT, EXECUTION, ETC.— LIENS.

'Attachment, execution, etc. — liens.] § 86. Whenever
'registered land is levied upon by virtue of any writ of
'attachment, execution or other process, it shall be the duty
'of the officer making such levy to file with the registrar
'a certificate of the fact of such levy, a memorial of which
'shall be entered upon the register, and no lien shall arise
'by reason of such levy until the filing of such certificate
'and the entry in the register of such memorial, any notice
'thereof, actual or constructive, to the contrary notwith-
standing.'

'When registered land sold under execution, etc. — sheriff,
'etc. — to file certificate with registrar — memorial — certificate
'of redemption.] § 87. When any registered land is sold
'by virtue of any execution, judgment or decree, it shall be
'the duty of the sheriff, master in chancery, or other officer
'making such sale, instead of filing a duplicate of his
'certificate of such sale to be recorded in the recorder's
'office, to file the same with the registrar, and upon its being
'so filed the registrar shall enter a memorial thereof upon
'a register in the same manner as he is required to enter
'other memorials. Certificates of redemption shall be filed
'and noted upon the register in like manner.'

'Sale of registered land by sheriff, etc. — surrender of out-
'standing certificate of title.] § 88. In case of sale of regis-
'tered land by a sheriff, master in chancery, receiver,
'special commissioner or other officer OP person pursuant
'to a judgment, decree or order of court, no transfer of the
'title shall be made by the registrar, except upon the sur-
'render and cancellation of the outstanding certificate of
'title, or upon an order of the court filed with the registrar

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 59

'directing such, transfer, and in case of the transfer of the
'fee, directing the cancellation of the outstanding certifi-
'cate, and granting to the transferee a writ of assistance
'to put him in possession of the premises.'

'Liens of mechanics or others — notice, etc., to be filed in the
'registrar's office.] § 89. In all cases where, by any law in
'relation to the liens of mechanics or others, any claim or
'notice is authorized to be filed in any court or office, the
'same, when it relates to registered land or any interest
'therein, may be filed in the registrar's office, and being so
'filed, a memorial thereof shall be entered by the registrar,
'as in the case of other charges, and proceedings to enforce
'the lien may be had, as provided in this act, creating the
'same. Until it is so filed and registered, no such lien shall
'be deemed to have been created.'

'When lien to affect the title of registered land.] § 90. No
'statutory or other lien shall be deemed to affect the title
'to registered land until after a memorial thereof is entered
'upon the register, as herein provided.'

This extends to all liens the requirement of notation
upon the proper certificate of title before validity as
a lien upon registered land. The area of search, for alt
liens is thus reduced to a single page in the "Register
of Titles."

'Certificate of clerk that suit, etc., has been dismissed to be
'filed in the registrar's office.] §91. The certificate of the
'clerk of the court in which any suit, bill or proceeding
'shall have been pending, or any judgment or decree is of
'record, that such suit, bill or proceeding has been dis-
'missed or otherwise disposed of, or the judgment, decree
'or order has been satisfied, released, reversed or overruled,
'or of any sheriff or other officer that the levy of an execu-
'tion, attachment or other process certified by him, has been
'released, discharged or otherwise disposed of, being filed in
'the registrar's office and noted upon the register, shall be
'sufficient to authorize the registrar to cancel or otherwise

60 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'treat the memorial of such suit, bill, proceeding, judgment,
'decree or levy, according to the purport of such certificate.

MEMORIAL OF ADVERSE CLAIM, ETC.

'Memorial of adverse claim, etc.] § 92. Any person
'making any claim to or asserting any lien upon registered
'land not existing at the initial registry of the same and
'not shown upon the register, or adverse to the title of the
'registered owner, and no other provision herein made for
'asserting the same in the registrar's office, may make affi-
'davit thereof setting forth his interest, right, title, lien or
'demand, and how and under whom derived and the char-
'acter and nature thereof. The affidavit shall state his
'place of residence and also his place of business, if he has
'one, and designate a place at which all notices relating
'thereto may be served. Upon the filing of such affidavit in
'the office of the registrar, the latter shall enter a memorial
'thereof, as in the case of a charge.'

PROCEEDINGS IN CHANCERY.

'Proceedings in chancery.] § 93. Whenever any person
'interested in registered land or any estate or interest there-
'in or charge upon the same, shall be entitled to have any
'certificate of title, memorial or other entry upon the regis-
'ter canceled, removed or modified, and the registrar or per-
'son whose duty it shall be to cancel, remove or modify the
'same or do any act towards the same, shall, upon request,
'fail or refuse so to do, or is absent from the county, or can
'not be found, or for any reason such request can not be
'made upon him, a court of chancery may, upon petition by
'the person interested, make such orders as may be accord-
'ing to equity in the premises, and upon a certified copy of
'such order being filed in the registrar's office, the registrar
'shall make such cancellation, memorial or modification as
'shall be decreed in such order.'

'Persons feeling aggrieved by action of registrar may file a
'bill, etc.] § 94. Any person feeling himself aggrieved by
'the action of the registrar or by his refusal to act in any
'matter pertaining to the first registration of land or any

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 61

'estate or interest therein, after the first registration or any
'transfer of or charge upon the same, the filing, or neglect
'or refusal to file any instrument, or to enter or cancel any
'memorial or notation, or to do any other thing required of
'him by this act, may file his bill or petition in equity in any
'court of competent jurisdiction, making the registrar and
'other persons whose interest may be affected, parties
'defendant, and the court may proceed therein as in other
'cases in equity and make such order or decree as shall be
'according to equity in the premises and purport of this act.'
'Nothing in two sections to remove bar — limitations — bona
'fide purchasers.] § 95. Nothing contained in either of the
'two preceding sections shall be so construed as to remove
'the bar of any order or decree, or extend the time of limita-
'tion hereinbefore provided, nor to affect the right of any
'bona fide purchaser or incumbrancer without notice filed
'with the registrar and noted as in the case of other memor-
ials.'

No limit of time is prescribed within which the
appeal to the court, authorized in §§ 93 and 94, may be
made, except as against a bona fide purchaser or
incumbrancer. The title of such purchaser or incum-
brancer cannot be upset.

'Court in addition to costs may award damages, including
'attorney's fees.] § 96. The court may, in any case contem-
'plated in sections 93 and 94, in addition to the costs, award
'such damages, including reasonable attorney's fees, as it
'shall deem just in the premises.'

INDICES.

'Indices.] § 97. The registrar shall keep tract indices,
'in which shall be entered the lands registered in the numer-
'ical order of the townships, ranges, sections, and in cases
'of subdivisions, the blocks and lots therein, and the name
'of the owners with a reference to the volume and folium
'of the register in which the lands are registered.'

'Individual indices — what to contain.] § 98. He shall also

62 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'keep alphabetical indices, in which shall be entered in
'alphabetical order the names of all registered owners and
'all other persons interested in or holding charges upon
'registered land, with a reference to the volume and folium
'of the register in which the land is registered.'
INDEMNITY FUND.

'Indemnity fund.] § 99. Upon the first bringing of land
'under the operation of this act consequent upon the appli-
'cation of the owner, as hereinbefore provided, and upon
'the issuance of a certificate of title pursuant to section
'eighty-three (83) and also upon the entry of a new certifi-
'cate showing some one either by devise or by descent as
'registered owner, there shall be paid to the registrar one-
'tenth of one per cent of the value of such land. Such value
'shall be ascertained by the registrar.'

'How said fund should be invested and how paid out.] § 100.
'All sums of money received as aforesaid shall be paid by
'the registrar to the county treasurer of the county in which
'the land is situated, for the purpose of an indemnity fund
'under the terms of this act. It shall be the duty of the
'treasurer to invest all of said funds, principal and income,
'in his hands from time to time if not immediately required
'for payments of indemnities, in the manner herein pro-
'vided, and report annually to the County Court the condi-
'tion and income thereof. All investments of the fund or
'any part thereof shall be made with the approval of said
'court by order entered of record. The said fund shall be
'invested only in the bonds or securities of the United
'States, or of this State, or counties, or other municipalities
'of this State.'

PROCEEDINGS TO RECOVER COMPENSATION FOR LOSS OR

DAMAGE.

'Proceedings to recover compensation for loss or damage.]
'§ 101. Any person sustaining loss or damage through any
'omission, mistake or misfeasance of the registrar, or of any
'examiner of titles, or of any deputy or clerk of the regis-
'trar in the performance of their respective duties under the
'provisions of this act, and any personally wrongfully

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 63

'deprived of any land or any interest therein, through the
'bringing of the same under the provisions of this act, or
'by the registration of any other person as owner of such
'land, or by any mistake, omission or misdescription in any
'certificate, or in any entry or memorandum in the register
'book, or by any cancellation, and who by the provisions of
'this act is barred or in any way precluded from bringing
'an action for the recovery of such land or interest therein,
'or claim upon the same, may bring an action at law against
'the treasurer of the county in which said land is situated
'for the recovery of damages to be paid out of the indemnity
'fund.'

'Action to recover for loss or damage — who to be made
'defendants — duty of state's attorney.] § 102. If such action
'before recovery for loss or damage arising only through any
'omission, mistake or misfeasance of the registrar, or of
'any examiner of titles, or any deputy or clerk of the regis-
'trar in the performance of their respective duties under
'the provisions of this act, then the county treasurer shall
'be the sole defendant to such action. But if such action be
'brought for loss or damage arising only through the fraud
'or wrongful act of some person or persons other than the
'registrar, his examiners of titles, deputies and clerks, or
'arising jointly through the fraud or wrongful act of such
'person or persons and the omission, mistake or misfeas-
'ance of the registrar, his examiners of titles, deputies or
'clerks, then such action shall be brought against both the
'county treasurer and such person or persons aforesaid. In
'all such actions where there are defendants other than the
'county treasurer and damages shall have been recovered,
'no final judgment shall be entered against the county treas-
'urer until execution against the other defendants shall be
'returned unsatisfied in whole or in part, and the officer
'returning the execution shall certify that the amount still
'due upon the execution can not be collected except by appli-
'cation to the indemnity fund. Thereupon, the court, being
'satisfied as to the truth of such return, may upon proper
'showing, order the amount of the execution and costs, or
'so much thereof as remains unpaid, to be paid by the

64 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'county treasurer out of the indemnity fund. It shall be
'the duty of the State's Attorney or the county attorney, if
'there be one of the county, to appear and defend all such
'suits.'

TIME OF PROCEEDING LIMITED.

'Time of proceeding limited.] § 103. No action or pro-
'ceeding for compensation for or by reason of any depriva-
'tions, loss or damage occasioned or sustained as provided
'in this act, shall be made, brought or taken, except within
'the' period of ten years from the time when the right to
'bring or take such action or proceeding first accrued.
'Except that if at the time when such right of action first
'accrues, the person entitled to bring such action or take
'such proceeding is within the age of twenty-one years, or
'if a female, of the age of eighteen years, or insane, impris-
'oned or absent from the United States in the service of the
'United States or of this State, such person or anyone claim-
'ing from, by or under him or her, may bring the action or
'take the proceeding at any time within two years after
'such disability is removed, notwithstanding the time
'before limited in that behalf has expired.'

PENALTIES.

'Penalties.] § 104. Whoever fraudulently procures, or
'assists in fraudulently procuring, or is a privy to the fraud-
'ulent procurement of any certificate of title or instrument,
'or of any entry in the register or other book kept in the
'registrar's office, or of any erasure or alteration in any
'entry in any said book, or in any instrument authorized by
'this act, or knowingly defrauds or is privy to defrauding
'any person by means of a false or fraudulent instrument,
'certificate, statement or affidavit, affecting registered land,
'shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and fined not exceeding
'five thousand dollars, and imprisoned not exceeding five
'years, or either or both, in the discretion of the court.'

'Whoever forges or procures to be forged, etc., the seal of
'the registrar, etc.] § 105. (1.) Whoever forges, or procures
'to be forged, or assists in forging the seal of the registrar,
'or the name, signature, or handwriting of any officer of the

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 65

'registry office, in case where such officer is expressly or
'impliedly authorized to affix his signature; or

'(2.) Fraudulently stamps, or procures to be stamped
'or assists in stamping any document with any forged seal
'of said registrar; or

'(3.) Forges, or procures to be forged, or assists in forg-
'ing the name, signature, or handwriting of any person
'whomsoever to any instrument which is expressly or impli-
'edly authorized to be signed by such person; or

'(4.) Uses any document upon which any impression, or
'part of the impression, of any seal of said registrar has
'been forged, knowing the same to have been forged, or any
'document the signature to which has been forged, knowing
'the same to have been forged, or swears falsely concern-
'ing any matter or proceeding made or done in pursuance
'of this act, shall be imprisoned in the penitentiary not
'exceeding ten years, or fined not exceeding one thousand
'dollars, or both fined and imprisoned, in the discretion
'of the court.'

'Conviction not to affect the remedy.] § 106. No proceeding
'or conviction for any act hereby [declared] to be a misde-
'meanor or a felony shall affect any remedy which any per-
'son aggrieved or injured by such act may be entitled to at
'law or in equity against the person who has committed
'such act or against his estate.'

DOCKET FEES.

'Docket fees.] § 107., On the filing of any petition the
'petitioner shall pay to the clerk of the court the sum of
'$5.00, which shall be in full of all clerk's fees and charges
'in such proceeding on behalf of the applicant. Any defend-
'ant on entering his appearance shall pay to the clerk the
'sum of |5.00, which shall be in full of all clerk's fees on
'behalf of such defendant. When any number of defend-
'ants shall enter their appearance at the same time, or
'before default, but one fee shall be charged.'
REGISTRAR'S FEES.

'Registrar's fees.] § 108. The fees to be paid to the regis-
'trar shall be as follows:

66 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'At or before the time of referring the application for
'initial registration, the applicant shall advance and pay
'to the registrar the sum of $15, which shall be in full of all
'services of the registrar and examiners up to the granting
'of the certificate of title. In proper cases the court may
'direct the payment of such further fees by the applicant
'or any defendant as it may determine. When the applica-
'tion includes titles derived from more than one source, an
'additional sum of $5 for each source shall be advanced.
'For granting certificate of title upon each appli-
cation and registering the same $2 00

'For registering each transfer, including the filing
of all instruments connected therewith, and the
issue and registration of the new certificate of

title 3 00

'When the land transferred is held upon any trust

condition or limitation, an additional fee of 5 00

'For entry of each memorial on the register, includ-
ing the filing of all instruments and papers con-
nected therewith and endorsements upon dupli-
cate certificates 3 00

'For filing copy of will with letters testamentary,
or filing copy of letter of administration and

entering memorial thereof 5.00

'For the cancellation of each memorial or charge. . 1.00
'For each certificate showing condition of the reg-
ister 100

'For any certified copy of register or any instrument
'of writing on file in his office, the same fees now allowed
'by law to recorders of deeds for like services.'

The expense of bringing land under the system may
therefore be stated as follows:

Clerk of court on filing application. .$ 5

Publication notice 2

Registrar for examination of title 15

Registrar on issue of certificate of title 2

Total . |24

THE ILLINOIS TORRENS LAW. 67

If there be defendants upon whom summons is to be
served there is to be added a sheriff's fee of $1 for each
person so served. As stated elsewhere (p. 23) this
expense is avoided where the defendants consent to
the registration.

Should oral testimony be taken, the ordinary sten-
ographer's fees for attendance and transcript are also
to be added.

Each applicant for first registration, in addition,
contributes to the indemnity fund one-tenth of one per
cent of the value of the property, or f 1 on each $1000.
(§ 99). This fee is payable only upon first registration
and when the property passes by descent or devise. No
fee of this nature is due upon any other transfer or
dealing with the registered title.

'Act — how construed.] § 109. This act shall be construed
'liberally so far as may be necessary for the purpose of
'effecting its general intent.'

The spirit of this brief but important section is being,
without exception, well observed by the courts of rec-
ord in Cook County.

SUBMISSION BY COUNTIES.

'Submission to vote by counties.] § 110. The provisions of
'this act shall not apply to land in any county until this act
'shall have been adopted by a vote of the people of the
'county at an election to be held on the Tuesday next after
'the first Monday in November or the first Tuesday in April
'or any election for the election of Judges of the year in
'which the question is submitted.

'The question may be submitted in the following man-
'ner: In any county of the first or second class, as the same
'are classified in the act concerning "fees and salaries," on
'the petition of not less than one-half of the legal voters, to
'be ascertained by the vote cast at the last preceding elec-
'tion for county officers, or in any county of the third class

68 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

'upon petition of not less than twenty-five hundred (2,500)
'legal voters praying the submission of the question of the
'adoption of this act, the clerk shall give notice that such
'question will be submitted at such election and shall cause
'to be printed at the top of the ballots to be used for said
'election:

For the Torrens Land Title System

Against the Torrens Land Title System

'The votes cast upon that question shall be counted, can-
'vassed and returned as in the case of the election of county
'officers. If the majority of the votes cast on that subject
'shall be for the Torrens land title system, this act shall
'thereafter be in force and apply to lands in that county.'

'Emergency.] § 111. Whereas an emergency exists,
'therefore this Act shall take effect and be in force from
'and after its passage.'

The act, in so far as it has come before them in the
numerous registration cases already instituted, has
been construed liberally by the judges of the circuit
and superior courts of Cook County. As proper cases
shall arise, no doubt, many of its provisions will receive
from our Supreme Court more examination in detail
than was involved in People v. Simon. Its general
features are free from constitutional objection, and
additional decisions of construction and practice will
doubtless strengthen its efficacy and enlarge its use.

CHAPTEK IV.

THE OLD AND NEW SYSTEMS COMPARED.

In Illinois, as in the other states, land titles have
been dealt with under the system known as registra-
tion of deeds. Titles pass and liens are created by the
execution and delivery of sufficient instruments in writ-
ing, and notice of these to subsequent purchasers is
effected by the record of such instrument in the office
of the recorder of deeds. Purchasers are also to search
not only for recorded instruments, but for judgments
and all other proceedings in any of the courts of rec-
ord which may affect the title. On a transfer, a seller
has to show that the deed to him is the last link in an
unbroken chain of properly drawn, executed and rec-
orded conveyances, reaching back to the patent from
the government, a period of usually more than forty
years. This search, reduced to writing and known as
an abstract of title, can be made only by those skilled
in the business. It contains a synopsis of every con-
veyance or judicial proceeding affecting the land and
constitutes a complete history of the title. On each
fresh dealing with the land, this abstract of title is con-
tinued or brought down to date. When completed the
question whether the title so set forth is merchantable
is determinable only by another set of experts, attor-
neys skilled in examining titles. To each sale and mort-
gage is shackled the delay and expense caused by the
preparation of the abstract and its examination by
counsel. Our usual abstract of title, with its perpetual
continuations, is, as has been well said, but another edi-
tion of The House that Jack Built.

This system is found unsatisfactory in the following
particulars :

70 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

1. The expense. The cost of the abstract, either in
whole, or its continuation, is necessary in each trans-
fer of title. To this must be added the cost of its
examination by the attorney for the buyer. In Cook
County the average outlay for these two items will be
probably not less than $25. It is estimated that in Illi-
nois, the annual cost of abstracts of title and their
examination by counsel, is, upwards of $10,000,000, a
sum exceeding every 20 years the entire losses by the
great Chicago fire. The land owners of the United
States pay annually for abstracts and examining law-
yers' fees a sum greater than the yearly interest upon
the national debt; 90 per cent of such expense would be
saved were our titles under the Torrens system.

2. The delay. Too long a time intervenes between
the making of the contract of sale and the delivery of
the deed. Delays consequent upon procuring abstracts,
their examination and hunting up matters that do not
appear of record, frequently run into many months.

3. The insecurity. The purchaser buys at his peril.
Errors may intervene not only in the making of the
abstract, but in the opinion of the buyer's attorney. As
against all such errors the buyer assumes the risk. If
the defects be sufficiently serious, he may lose the land,
and then may recover damages from his grantor under
covenants of warranty. Forged deeds are as easily
recorded as genuine ones. The forged instrument is
taken away after being recorded, and from the abstract
the forgery cannot be detected.

4. The always increasing record of instruments and
matters connected with the title, the accumulation of
books and indexes in the recorder's office, and the
lengthening of the abstracts of title, steadily increase
the costs of transfers and the risk of errors. Since Oc-
tober, 1871, there have accumulated in the recorder's
office in Cook County more than 7,300 large books of

THE OLD AND NEW SYSTEMS COMPARED. 71

records of deeds and mortgages each with about 600
pages. At the present rate of annual increase, within
fifty years these books will be so numerous as to
require a large building for their keeping; and the time
and expense necessary for their examination will very
seriously interfere with transfers.

5. These defects in the present system operate as a
perpetual tax upon the holders of real estate, directly
reduce its ease of convertibility into money, and thus
lower its market value. This burden is always increas-
ing.

No way is perceived by which the present system can
be retained, and these defects removed.

Compared with our present system, the new method
of transfer by registration of title shows the following
advantages:

1. Expense. The cost of an initial registration
under the new law is about $25, less than the usual cost
of a single transfer under the present system. The cost
of all subsequent transfers is greatly reduced. The
entire cost of an ordinary transfer of a piece of regis-
tered land upon a sale or mortgage is $3. These charges,
being fixed, are ascertainable in advance, so both seller
and buyer know beforehand the expense of carrying
out any sale or transfer. An ordinary transfer or mort-
gage of registered land is a transaction so simple in its
nature that the real estate broker, or even the parties
themselves, if of ordinary business intelligence, may
easily carry it into effect and without the aid of a law-
yer or an abstract of title. Certificates, of title thus
become available for short time loans, 30 or 60 days.

2. Time. Kegistered land may be sold or mort-
gaged and the money safely paid over within an hour
or two after the making of the verbal contract. The
ownership of the property, and whether incumbered or
not, is shown by the register book at a glance. The cer-

72 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

tiflcate held by the owner shows the title at its date,
and inspection of the original certificate of title or in
lieu thereof, a certificate of search obtainable from the
registrar, will show all subsequent liens. If none
appears, the money is paid over, the certificate of title
accompanied by the deed or mortgage is delivered to
the registrar, the proper entry made upon the register,
and the transfer is complete.

3. Security. The insecurity of the present system,
is largely due to the fact that since upon each transfer
the title must be searched back to the government,
there can be no rest in such searches, and error in their
making is possible. By the Torrens system the title is
rested or quieted by law at each transfer, hence upon a
proposed transfer no search back of the preceding
transfer is necessary. Everything necessary to know
must and will appear upon the original certificate of
title. This curtailing of the search greatly reduces risk
of error. All rights of the buyer to recover damages
from the seller for any imperfection in the title, if war-
ranted, are fully preserved. If any purchaser, through
caution, desires to satisfy himself as to the correctness
of any first registration, he will examine, or have his
counsel examine, the abstracts and all other evidences
of title upon which the first registration was effected.
All subsequent transfers or dealings with the regis-
tered title are matters of public record, and are also
open to examination of the purchaser if he so desire.
While such examinations may perhaps be made with
more or less frequency during the first two years after
registration,1 yet, as the act of the registrar is final,
they will be more and more infrequent until they cease
altogether. Under the present system, security is
dependent upon the examination made by the owner.

1 Only three have been made since the system has been in use in
Cook County.

THE OLD AND NEW SYSTEMS COMPARED. 73

Under the new system all such security is retained; and,
in addition, the buyer has the benefit of (1) the official
examination, made by the registrar before the title is
registered, and the decree entered thereon ordering
registration, which can be attacked only within the
limitation period; (2) the collusiveness given by law
to the act of the registrar in registering all subsequent
transfers or dealings, and (3) the indemnity fund cre-
ated especially to make good such losses.

4. Shortening of the records. Under the present
system, all deeds and mortgages are copied at length
in the books of the recorder and the originals returned
to the owners. There is no copying of any deed or mort-
gage of a registered title, as the original instruments
are retained by the registrar. The area of search is
reduced to a single page.

5. A safe method of much more quickly transferring
titles at a smaller cost increases the salable value of
the property.

The new law is drawn upon the theory that the regis-
ter book, composed as it is of the certificates of title
issued by the registrar, shall be an authoritative list of
the persons entitled to sell, mortgage or deal as owners
with the registered land situated within the county. It
is a public record started by a judicial decree and kept
by an official under bond and other safeguards ample
to ensure its accuracy; and if its authoritativeness be
sanctioned by law, no reason is perceived why all can-
not safely rely upon such accuracy. It has been most
amply demonstrated in other countries that such a list
can be both authoritative and accurate.

The defects in our present system of transferring
land, have brought into existence in Illinois title guar-
anty or title insurance companies. Each of these is the
owner of a set of abstract books. Their methods pro-
vide for an examination of the title sought to be guar-

74 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

anteed or insured, and upon those selected by the
company as free from risk or doubt, policies of guaranty
or insurance, are issued on payment of a premium or
rate fixed by the company. This premium or rate in
ordinary cases, when there are no defects in the title, is
one per cent of the value of the land, which may be
insured to its full value or less. The policy is a contract
on the part of the company to defend all suits attack-
ing the title brought against the insured, his heirs and
devisees, to the extent of the sum insured. These pol-
icies do not protect a subsequent purchaser or mort-
gagee without being transferred by the issue of a new
policy upon the surrender of the old one and payment
of additional charges and costs fixed by the company.
They do not cover any risk by reason of liens, convey-
ances or other instruments of writing, not of record at
the date of the policy, nor by the rights of persons in
possession not shown of record. The policies are
secured by the capital of the company.

The method in use by these guaranty companies
gives, no doubt, additional security to the title shown
of record, but their policies contain many conditions
and stipulations greatly limiting the value of the guar-
anty. These are necessary, as these companies, in effect-
ing such guarantees, have not the aid of the statutes of
limitations and rules of property contained in a regis-
tration of title act, which are so essential to the pro-
tection of the title.

These guaranty of title companies do not overcome
to any great degree, any of the defects or disadvant-
ages hereinbefore shown to exist in the present system.
They do not materially reduce the expense of transfer-
ring or dealing with the title, nor the necessary time
involved therein. While they give the owner a guar-
antee which he lacked before, yet it is only against mat-
ters of record, and is limited to the face of the policy.

THE OLD AND NEW SYSTEMS COMPARED. 75

They do nothing toward lessening the length or volume
of public records, and guaranteed titles must be still
dealt with through the medium of abstracts prepared
from these constantly increasing volumes in the
recorder's office. The guarantee of a private corpora-
tion cannot make a title conclusive or indefeasible. The
issuance of such a policy can affect no adverse rights
whatsoever. Neither does such a guaranty in any way
rest or quiet a title. In short, the guaranty of title sys-
tem, as used by these companies, although in one way
giving an additional security of title, nevertheless in all
other respects is little or no improvement upon the old
system. Such companies seem better suited for large
cities and are not likely to soon be able to aid the land-
owner in smaller towns or country districts. These and
similar objections to guaranty of title companies have
been found to exist in other places where such compa-
nies have been longer in existence. The very existence
of those companies is a strong illustration of the
necessity for a radical change in our method of dealing
with titles to land.

The following summary of benefits of the system of
registration of titles, made by Sir Robert Torrens, has
been fully justified in its use:

"1st. It has substituted security for insecurity."

"2d. It has reduced the cost of conveyances from
pounds to shillings, and the time occupied from months
to days."

"3d. It has exchanged brevity and clearness for
obscurity and verbiage."

"4th. It has so simplified ordinary dealings that he
who has mastered the 'three Rs' can transact his own
conveyancing."

"5th. It affords protection against fraud."

"6th. It has restored to their just value many
estates, held under good holding titles, but depreciated

76 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

in consequence of some blur or technical defect, and
has barred the reoccurence of any similar faults."

"7th. It has largely diminished the number of chan-
cery suits, by removing those conditions that afford
ground for them."

We may add an

"8th. As to registered lands, it saves the rights of
infants and others under disability, as no one can deal
with the land except through the registrar's office,
where all rights clearly appear and must be respected."

CHAPTER V.

THE TORRENS SYSTEM ADAPTABLE TO AMERICAN
CONSTITUTIONS.

The Torrens method, simply stated, provides that,
after careful examination of the title, once for all, in
any of the different manners selected to regulate the
initial registration, all rights entitled to be noticed
by those dealing with the land, will appear of record
upon one page of the register. Any claim, however
valid, not so appearing may be safely disregarded.
The certificate of title is made conclusive evidence in
all courts. The registered title is thus made manifest,
certain and conclusive. Legislation, with such object
in view, is entirely within the prerogative and duty
of the State. As held in Arndt v. Griggs1, the power
of the State to regulate tenure of land within its limits
and the mode of its acquisition and transfer cannot be
questioned.

Two questions, of vital import, confront the framers
of an American Torrens act: First, How to secure a
valid initial registration ; and, second, To what extent
may conclusiveness be given to the act of the registrar
in his subsequent dealings with the registered title.

Considering these in their order, it is to be noted
that in Great Britain and her colonies, as well as in
the continental countries, now using the Torrens sys-
tem2 there exists no written constitutional provision
interfering with giving conclusive effect as against the
world to the first certificate of title issued after due
examination by an official styled a registrar who is
not clothed with judicial powers. All certificates of
title, including the first, are therefore made conclu-

1 134 U. S. 316. 2 see chapter VII.

78 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

sive, and one injured by the initial registration is law-
fully relegated to an indemnity fund. It is obvious
that, under the provisions of the federal and state con-
stitutions forbidding deprivation of property without
due process of law, one so injured is entitled to his
day in court, and without such due process of law or
day in court his right in the land cannot be cut off
by any certificate of title being made conclusive. Two
methods have been adopted in order to avoid such
difficulty. One provides that the first certificate of
title issued by the registrar not himself a judicial
officer, should be conclusive only after the expiration
of some statute of limitation. Of such a character was
the first act adopted in Illinois in 1895, with its limita-
tion period of five years. As elsewhere stated this
act failed to meet the approval of the supreme court
of Illinois in People v. Chase,3 where its provisions
were found in effect to confer judicial power upon the
registrar. To the other class belong the present
Illinois law and the somewhat similar acts of Massa-
chusetts, Ohio and California. In each of these, the
initial registration is made the subject of a judicial
inquiry at the application of the owner in a court of
record of competent jurisdiction. The Massachusetts
act was held valid and constitutional by the supreme
court of that state in Tyler v. Judges, etc.4 The
case was subsequently taken by writ of error to the
supreme court of the United States, where the writ
was dismissed for want of jurisdiction, it not appear-
ing that a federal question was involved.5 The Ohio
act, in the case of State v. Guilbert,6 was held invalid
upon the ground that its proceedings for initial regis-
tration failed to provide for service of process upon
adverse claimants, residing within the jurisdiction of

a 165 111. 526. B 179 U. S. 405.

4 175 Mass. 71. 6 56 Ohio St. 575.

TORRENS SYSTEM AND AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONS. 79

the court entertaining the proceeding. The California
law has not yet been construed by the Supreme Court
of that State. The present Illinois law was sustained
by the Supreme Court of Illinois in the case of People
v. Simon.7 These decisions establish the necessity
in any American registration of title act of a judicial
proceeding upon which to base the first certificate of
title. After the entry of the decree in such proceeding
adverse claimants not parties thereto become bound
by some stated statute of limitations. This in Illinois
is two years, and no extension is granted minors or
persons under any disability.8

We now consider the second question, as to the con-
clusivenes-s, given to the act of the registrar in his
subsequent dealings with the registered title.

The Illinois, as well as the other American acts,
contains the following provision :9

"The bringing of land under this act shall imply an
agreement which shall run with the land, that the
same shall be subject to the terms of the act and all
amendments and alterations thereof, and all dealings
with land or any estate of interest therein, after the
same has been brought under this act, and all liens,
encumbrances and charges upon the same subsequent
to the first registration thereof, shall be deemed to
be subject to the terms of this act."

This provision, while probably superfluous as not
increasing the legal effect of the initial registration,
prevents the acquisition of any subsequent interest in
registered lands, except upon the terms and conditions
of the act, among which is the conclusive effect attend-
ant upon the act of the registrar in his subsequent
dealings with the registered title.

T 176 111. 165. • Sec. 46.

s Sec. 26.

80 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

The supreme court of Illinois, in discussing this
question say:10

"It is further insisted, that by proceedings subse-
"quent to the initial registration an owner may be
"deprived of his property without due process of law.
"In the consideration of this point, it must be remem-
"bered that the right to alienate or inherit property
"is always dependent upon the law. So long as vested
"rights are not disturbed the law may at any time
"change the tenure upon which land is held, and may
"alter the conditions under which it may be alienated
"and modify the rules of evidence by which the title
"is to be determined. The true theory of this act, as
"we understand it, that all holders of vested rights
"shall be subjected to an adjudication in a court of
"competent jurisdiction, upon due notice, in order
"that the true state of the title may be ascertained,
"and that thereafter the tenure of the owner, the right
"of transfer and incumbrance and all rights subse-
"quently accruing, shall be determined in accordance
"with the rules now prescribed. 'A State may, by
" 'statute, prescribe the remedies to be pursued in her
" 'courts, and may regulate the disposition of the
" 'property of her citizens by descent, devise or alien-
" 'ation.11 The right of ownership which an indi-
" 'vidual may acquire must therefore, in theory, at
" 'least, be held to be derived from the State, and the
" 'State has the right and power to stipulate the con-
" 'ditions and terms upon which the land may be held
" 'by individuals.' 12 The power of the State to regu-
late the terms of real property within her limits,
"and the modes of its acquisition and transfer, and the
"rules of its descent and the extent to which a testa-

10 People v. Simon, 176 111. 165, 176.

11 3 Washburn on Real Property, 4th ed., p. 187.

12 Tiedeman on Real Property, 2d ed., sec. 19.

TORRENS SYSTEM AND AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONS. 81

"mentary disposition may be made of it by its owners,
"is undoubted.13 The power of the legislature in
"this respect (as to changing the rules of evidence as
"to the burden of proof) whether affecting proof of
"existing rights or as applicable to rights subsequently
"acquired or to future litigation, so long as the rules
"of evidence sought to be established are impartial
"and uniform in their application, is practically unre-
"stricted."14

"It being true that the law may prescribe rules of
"property and rules of evidence by which the title is
"to be shown, we see no reason why the transfer of
"real estate may not be made in the way contemplated,
"and why it may not be made compulsory to make it
"in that way, if the legislature so determines."

This reasoning met the approval of the Supreme
Court of Massachusetts in the following language:15

"The only rights are registered rights, and when
"land is brought into the registry system, there seems
"to be nothing to hinder the legislature from fixing
"the conditions upon which it shall be held under that
"system."16

COMPULSORY REGISTRATION OP TITLE.

With the advantages of registration conceded, it
must be admitted that compulsory registration of land
titles is the better course. In England and in the
German empire, the compulsory use of the system has
been adopted. The English Colonial acts, like those
of Illinois and Massachusetts, permit but do not
require an owner to register his title. Of such char-
acter was the English act of 1875. Under such
optional acts, the want of familiarity with the advan-

is Arndt v. Griggs, 134 U. S. 316, on p. 321.
i* Gage v. Caraher, 125 111. 447, on p. 455.
is Tyler v. Judges, etc., 175 Mass. 71.
is People v. Simon, 176 111. 176.

82 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

tages of registration, together with the usual active
opposition of those "whose work and living are fur-
nished by conveyancing" 17 operate to discourage the
bringing of land under the act, whereby a needlessly
long period intervenes before the benefits of the system
are generally felt.

Public discussion in England, more or less active for
thirty years, resulted, in 1897, in compulsory registra-
tion.18 By the act of that year, it is provided that, by
order in council, it may be declared that as to any
county, or part of a county, registration of title to
land is to be compulsory on sale, and in that case the
title shall not pass until the buyer is registered as the
proprietor of the land.19

Another method proposed is to require the executor
or administrator of a deceased owner to apply for
registration, and thus prevent devise or descent until
after registration of the title.

In so populous a county as Cook, where sales are
so numerous, it seems probable that the latter method
will be found preferable. The prevention of all sales
of land in Chicago until registration be first had, might
crowd the registrar's office with too many applications.
A smaller number of titles pass each year through the
Probate Court, and during the period required for such
transmission, registration might be effected without
inconvenience. In this way the entire land in the
county would come under the act, as rapidly, perhaps,
as desirable. The expense of initial registration being
upon devisees and heirs would be found least onerous.

There seems to be no constitutional difficulty in the
way of compelling registration, before permitting a
sale, or transmission by devise or descent. As pointed

IT Dumas on Registering Title to Land, 61.
is 60 and 61, Viet. c. 65.
10 Sec. 20.

TORRBNS SYSTEM AND AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONS. 83

out in the opinion of the Supreme Court of Illinois
above quoted,20 the power of the State to regulate the
disposition of land within her confines, by descent,
devise or alienation, is. undoubted.

20 People v. Simon, 176 111. 176.

CHAPTER VI.

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS.

Supreme Court of Illinois, People v. Simon.*

Mr. Justice Wilkin delivered the opinion of the
court:

This action originated in the court below upon an
information in the nature of a quo warranto against
appellee, requiring him to show by what authority of
law he was exercising the powers and duties of the
office of registrar of titles in and for the county of
Cook. In answer to the information the defendant
set up the act of the legislature entitled "An act
concerning land titles," approved and in force May 1,
1897, commonly known as the "Torrens Law."2 The
relator filed a general demurrer to this answer, which
was overruled and the information dismissed. The
ground of the demurrer was, that the act under which
the respondent sought to justify is unconstitutional
and void, and that is the question now presented for
our decision.

The act is very voluminous and some of its provisions
are not skillfully drafted. Its validity is attacked on
numerous grounds, and the briefs and arguments on
either side are very extended. We will endeavor to
consider the objections raised to the law in the order
in which they are discussed by counsel.

It is first insisted that the act confers judicial powers
upon the registrar of titles, or upon him and the exam-
iners of title, in violation of the constitution of this
State. A somewhat similar act passed in 1895 was
held invalid on that ground in People v. Chase.3 By

1 176 111. 165. s 165 111. 527.

2 Laws of 1897, p. 141.

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS. 85

the provisions of the law of 1895 the registrar was
clothed with power to determine the ownership of land
when application was made for the initial registration
thereof, and to issue his certificate accordingly. Tfre
present act provides that the ownership shall be deter-
mined by a decree in equity entered in a court of
competent jurisdiction, upon which decree the regis-
trar shall issue the first certificate of registration. In
this regard his duties under the present law are clearly
ministerial only, and the fatal objection to the former
act is therefore removed.

But it is insisted that the law is still vulnerable, in
that it vests judicial power in the registrar in the
performance of his duties as to subsequent registra-
tions. Waiving the question whether this would, if
true, necessarily vitiate the whole act, is the position
tenable? Like a mere recorder, the registrar is required
to file all deeds, mortgages, leases and other instru-
ments affecting the title to land, and make proper
notations upon the instruments and upon the record.
He is to keep a record to be known as the "Register
of Titles," in which must be entered the original and
all subsequent certificates of title, and such notations
as to liens, incumbrances and the like as are requisite
to show the true condition of the title. When any
instrument is filed with him which is intended to create
a charge, lien or incumbrance upon land, it is made
his duty, by section 60, to enter a memorial upon the
register and also upon the original certificate. Thus
far his duties are clearly and simply ministerial. But
it is contended this section 60 authorizes him to deter-
mine the validity of liens, incumbrances or charges,
and the argument is, that this is an exercise of judicial
power, which, under our constitution, can be conferred
upon no officer or tribunal save those which belong to
the judicial department. The language of the section

86 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

applicable to this question is as follows: "It appearing
to the registrar that the person intending to create the
charge has the title and right to create such charge,
and that the person in whose favor the same is sought
to be created is entitled by the terms of this act to
have the same registered, he shall enter upon the
proper folium of the register, and also upon the
owner's certificate, a memorial of the purport thereof,"
etc. It will be noticed that the provisions in case of
a transfer of the property are substantially the same.
Section 47 says: "Upon its being made to appear to
the registrar that the transferee (evidently intending
transferrer) has the title or estate proposed to be
transferred and is entitled to make the conveyance,
and that the transferee has the right to have such
estate or interest transferred to him, he shall make
out and register as hereinbefore provided, a new cer-
tificate," etc. Article 3 of the constitution of 1870
reads as follows: "The powers of the government of
this State are divided into three distinct departments,
— the legislative, executive and judicial; and no per-
son or collection of persons, being one of those depart-
ments, shall exercise any power properly belonging to
either of the others, except as hereinafter expressly
directed or permitted."4 The question therefore is, can
the legislature devolve the duties named upon an
officer not a member of the judicial department?

That the duties mentioned are judicial in their
nature may be admitted, but it does not necessarily
follow that their exercise is prohibited by the consti-
tutional provision to all but officers belonging to the
judicial department. Numerous instances may be cited,
as is done in Owners of Lands v. People5 (referred to
in People v. Chase, supra), where executive and legis-
lative officers are authorized to exercise powers which

•* Rev. Stat. p. 60. 6 H3 m. 296.

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS. 87

in a sense are judicial, and the laws imposing such
duties held not to be in violation of the constitutional
provision quoted. These duties or powers are generally
and properly termed "quasi judicial," to distinguish
them from those which are judicial in the sense of
belonging to the judicial department exclusively. In
theory all governmental power is divided into the
three named divisions, and upon a casual consideration
the division would seem to present no difficulty, but in
the practical application of the principles involved
courts have been compelled to observe that the line
of demarkation between the exclusive powers of the
three departments is far from clear.6 Judge Cooley,
in his work on Constitutional Limitations on the Legis-
lative Branch of the Government, has given a definition
of "judicial power." It is this: "The power which
adjudicates upon and protects the rights and interests
of individual citizens, and to that end construes and
applies the laws." As a general definition of the
functions of the judicial department it is sufficiently
accurate, and we adopted it in the case of People v.
Chase, supra. We then thought, and are of the opinion
still, that it was applicable to that case, the functions
of the registrar, under the act of 1895, being not quasi
judicial, merely, but strictly so, and such as are usually
exercised by the courts alone, constituting the exercise
of judicial power within the constitutional prohibition.
Under the present act his duties more nearly resemble
those frequently exercised by members of the executive
department.

The definition given by Judge Cooley does not
attempt to mark the line between those quasi judicial
functions which may be vested elsewhere, and those
strictly judicial, which can be reposed nowhere save
in the courts, and for that reason it cannot be properly

« 6 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 2d ed., p. 1007.

88 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

adopted in this case. As we said in another case: "It
may in many cases be a matter of difficulty to deter-
mine the precise line which divides the executive and
judicial functions. It has been said that where the
functionary hears, considers and determines, then he
performs judicial acts. This definition is not strictly
accurate. * * * It embraces cases that are not
judicial, and hence is too comprehensive."7 And
appreciating the difficulty of defining the limits of the
several departments of government we also said in an
earlier case: "Nevertheless, when we come to apply
them to actual controversies growing out of the varied
relations which the citizens sustain to the State and to
one another, we encounter doubts and difficulties of
the gravest character. Just where the dividing line
is to be drawn between judicial and legislative power,
with respect to certain subjects, often presents ques-
tions about which enlightened courts and eminent
jurists widely differ. So while the powers of courts
seem so very simple and clearly defined, yet in the
application of them to actual cases their proper limits
are often difficult to determine."8 Also: "The first and
second sections of the first article of the constitution
(of 1818) divide the powers of government into three
departments, — the legislative, executive and judicial,
— and declare that neither of these departments shall
exercise any of the powers properly belonging to
either of the others, except as expressly permitted.
This is a declaration of a fundamental principle, and,
although one of vital importance, it is to be understood
in a limited and qualified sense. It does not mean that
the legislative, executive and judicial power should be
kept so entirely distinct and separate as to have no
connection or dependence, the one upon the other; but

7 Donahue v. Will County, 100 111. 94, on p. 108.
s Dodge v. Cole, 97 111. 338, on p. 357.

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS. 89

its true meaning, both in theory and practice, is, that
the whole power of two or more of these departments
shall not be lodged in the same hands, whether of one
or many."9

Judge Story, in his work on the Constitution, says:
"But when we speak of a separation of the three great
departments of government, and maintain that their
separation is indispensable to public liberty, we are
to understand this maxim in a limited sense. It is not
meant to affirm that they must be kept wholly separate
and distinct and have no common link of connection
or dependence, one upon the other, in the slightest de-
gree. The true meaning is, that the whole power of one
of these departments should not be exercised by the
same hands which possess the whole power of either
of the other departments, and that such exercise of the
whole would subvert the principles of a free constitu-
tion.10" "Notwithstanding the memorable terms in
which this maxim of a division of powers is incorpor-
ated into the bills of rights of many of our State con-
stitutions, the same mixture will be found provided
for, and, indeed, required, in the same solemn instru-
ments of government. * * * Indeed, there is not
a single constitution of any State in the Union which
does not practically embrace some acknowledgment
of the maxim and at the same time some admixture
of powers constituting an exception to it."11

In the case of Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land and
Improvement Co.,12 in discussing whether the issuing
of a distress warrant by the solicitor of the treasury
was the exercise of executive or of judicial power, the
Supreme Court of the United States (p. 280) say: "It

» Field v. People, 2 Scam. 79, on p. 83.

10 1 Story on the Const., 5th ed., sec. 525.

11 Ibid. sec. 527, p. 395.
"18 How. 272.

90 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

is not sufficient to bring such matters under the
judicial power that they involve the exercise of judg-
ment upon law and fact. * * * That the auditing
of the accounts of a receiver of public moneys may be,
in an enlarged sense, a judicial act, must be admitted.
So are all those administrative duties the performance
of which involves an inquiry into the existence of facts
and the application to them of rules of law. * * *
We do not doubt the power of Congress to provide by
law that such a question shall form the subject matter
of a suit in which the judicial power can be exerted.
The act of 1820 makes such a provision for reviewing
the accounting officers of the treasury, but until it is.
reviewed it is final and binding; and the question is,
whether its subject matter is necessarily, and without
regard to the consent of Congress, a judicial contro-
versy, and we are of opinion it is not."

From these authorities it is apparent that the mere
fact that the registrar is required by this act to inquire
into the existence of certain facts and to apply the law
thereto in order to determine what his official conduct
shall be, and that his action may affect private rights,
does not constitute the exercise of judicial power,
strictly speaking. It is not the intention of these two
sections (60 and 47) to provide a tribunal for the
adjudication of disputes concerning land titles. The
primary purpose is the issuing of the certificate,
and the exercise of the judgment of the registrar is
incidental. The prohibition in question "has never
been held to apply to those cases where judgment is
exercised as incident to the execution of a ministerial
power."13 The powers exercised by the registrar under
this law are analogous to those exercised by the com-
missioner of patents. A power of decision is given to
that officer in many matters, not only between the

is Owners of Lands v. People, supra.

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS. 91

government and the patentee, but also between differ-
ent claimants, as to priority, patentability and like
matters, and in the performance of these duties it has
never been considered that he was encroaching upon
the judicial domain. They are also, in a measure, like
the duties performed by officers of the land office.
Duties of a similar nature, involving judgment or
discretion and the application of the law to the facts,
are devolved both under the State and Federal laws
upon many other executive officers, legally. In some
instances it is even held that in the exercise of such
judgment the officer is free from judicial interference.
But in the case of the registrar this act provides that
any person feeling himself aggrieved by the act or
neglect of this officer, in any matter pertaining to the
duties required of him, may file a petition in equity in
the proper court, making the registrar and other per-
sons interested parties defendant, and that the court
may proceed therein as in other cases in equity, and
may make such order or decree as shall be according
to equity in the premises and the purport of the act.
This, with the well known jurisdiction of the courts in
mandamus, injunction, rescission, cancellation, bills of
relief, and the like, will effectually protect the citizen
against any arbitrary conduct on the part of the
officer.

Recurring to the duties of the registrar, we find that
in case of a tax sale or judgment, or levy under an
attachment or execution, or in case of a mechanic's
lien, the registrar, upon the filing of the proper certifi-
cate, enters a memorial thereof upon his record, and
in case the lien ripens into a title the former certificate
of title is canceled and a new one issued to the proper
party. These duties do not differ in character from
those already mentioned, and what has been said is
equally applicable thereto also. Particular stress,

92 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

however, is laid by counsel for appellant upon the con-
tention that the duties of the registrar as to the subse-
quent registration of land held in trust upon conditions
or limitations, are the exercise of judicial power, in
violation of the terms of the constitution. The act
requires, where the land is subject to a trust, condition
or limitation, that the original certificate issued shall
contain the words "in trust," "upon conditions" or
"with limitations," as the case may be. When such
land is to be transferred, it is provided that the regis-
trar shall not issue a new certificate, nor shall any
transfer of or charge upon or dealing with the land
be made, unless pursuant to the order of some court,
or upon the written opinion of the two examiners that
such transfer, charge or dealing is in accordance with
the true intent and meaning of the trust, condition or
limitation, whereupon he shall proceed to register the
title, and such registration is to be conclusive in favor
of the grantee, and those claiming under him in good
faith and for a valuable consideration, that such trans-
fer, charge or other dealing is in accordance with the
true intent and meaning of the trust, condition or limi-
tation.14 If the registration be made pursuant to the
order or finding of a court of competent jurisdiction
the acts of the registrar are purely ministerial, but if
made upon the opinion of the two examiners he is
required to exercise a judgment of his own. These
duties do not differ materially from those already
examined, except that here the decision is made con-
clusive in favor of the person taking the transfer in
good faith and for a valuable consideration, that the
transfer or charge is in accordance with the true intent
and meaning of the trust, condition or limitation. This
does no more than abrogate the rule in equity which
requires the purchaser of trust property to see to the
14 Sees. 68, 69.

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS. 93

application of the purchase money, and the inclination
of courts now is to withdraw from that rule. We
recently said, quoting from Judge Story: "These are
some of the most important and nice distinctions which
have been adopted by courts of equity upon this
intricate topic, and they lead strongly to the conclu-
sion, to which not only eminent jurists but also eminent
judges have arrived, that it would have been far better
to have held in all cases that the party having the right
to sell had also the right to receive the purchase money,
without any further responsibility on the part of the
purchaser as to its application."15 This statute also
changes the rule of law as to notice. We know of no
reason why the legislature might not change either or
both of these rules without violating the constitution.
Certainly, as to the future all trusts could be entirely
abolished by the legislature, as was done in cases of
uses by the Statute of Uses. As the law now stands,
cases frequently arise in .which bona fide purchasers
take property free from existing trusts, and are not
held bound to see to the application of the consider-
ation.

The second point insisted upon in the argument is,
that the provisions of the act permit the taking of
private property without "due process of law." In the
initial registration the provisions are for an application
to a court of chancery, and that the fee must be first
registered. To this application the following persons
are to be made defendants: The occupant, if the land
is occupied by any other person than the applicant;
the holder of any lien or incumbrance; other persons
having any estate or claiming any interest in the land
in law or in equity, in possession, remainder, reversion
or expectancy.16 All other persons are to be made

is Seaverns v. Presbyterian Hospital, 173 111. 414, on p. 424.
is Sec. 11.

94 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

parties defendant by the name and designation of "all
whom it may concern."17 Summons is to issue against
all persons mentioned as defendants, and is to be
served as in other cases in chancery. Notice is also to
be published and mailed to such defendants substan-
tially as in other chancery cases, and the court may
direct further notice to be given.18 Upon a failure to
answer default may be entered, and upon the hearing
decree entered finding in whom the title is vested, and
declaring the same subject to such liens, incumbrances,
trusts or interests, if any, as are shown to exist, and
directing the registration to be made.19 The exception
taken to these provisions is, that they authorize, judg-
ment to be taken against a resident of the State upon
mere constructive service. It is certainly fundamental
that no man shall be condemned unheard or without
notice. While a substituted service is permitted in
some instances, particularly in case of non-residents,
this is because of the necessities of the case. The act
does contemplate, in some contingencies at least,
actual personal service, and the general law provides
for publication as to unknown owners and persons in
interest, and non-residents. An applicant may proceed
in this way, and in strict accordance with the act
obtain a decree or finding as to his title which will be
binding beyond all question, so that even if the proper
construction of the provision were that it attempted
to authorize judgment against a resident notified only
by publication, yet the law can be given practical
effect, in which event only the particular provision
would fail, and not the whole law.

It is further insisted, that by proceedings subsequent
to the initial registration an owner may be deprived
of his property without due process of law. In the

i? Sec. 16. i» Sees. 23, 25.

is Sees. 19, 20, 21.

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS. 95

consideration of this point it must be remembered that
the right to alienate or inherit property is always
dependent upon the law. So long as vested rights
are not disturbed the law may at any time change the
tenure upon which land is held, and may alter the
conditions under which it may be alienated and modify
the rules of evidence by which the title is to be deter-
mined. The true theory of this act, as we understand
it, is, that all holders of vested rights shall be subjected
to an adjudication in a court of competent jurisdiction,
upon due notice, in order that the true state of the
title may be ascertained and declared, and that there-
after the tenure of the owner, the right of transfer and
incumbrance, and all rights subsequently accruing,
shall be determined in accordance with the rules now
prescribed. "A State may, by statute, prescribe the
remedies to be pursued in her courts, and may regulate
the disposition of the property of her citizens by
descent, devise or alienation."20 "The right of owner-
ship which an individual may acquire must therefore,
in theory, at least, be held to be derived from the State,
and the State has the right and power to stipulate the
conditions and terms upon which the land may be held
by individuals."21 "The power of the State to regulate
the tenure of real property within her limits, and the
modes of its acquisition and transfer, and the rules of
its descent, and the extent to which a testamentary
disposition of it may be exercised by its owners, is
undoubted."22 "The power of the legislature in this
respect (as to changing the rules of evidence as to the
burden of proof), whether affecting proof of existing
rights or as applicable to rights subsequently acquired
or to future litigation, so long as the rules of evidence

20 3 Washburn on Real Prop., 4th ed., p. 187.

21 Tiedeman on Real Prop., 2d ed., sec. 19.

22 Arndt v. Griggs, 134 U. S. 316, on p. 321.

96 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

sought to be established are impartial and uniform in
their application, is practically unrestricted."23

It being true that the law may prescribe rules of
property and rules of evidence by which the title is to
be shown, we see no reason why the transfer of real
estate may not be made in the way contemplated, and
why it may not be made compulsory to make it in that
way, if the legislature so determines.

In our view of the case the indemnity fund feature
of the law need not be considered. The law can, as
we think, stand and accomplish its purpose without it.

Objection is also made that by section 26 any person
who has any interest in the land, whether personally
served, notified by publication or not served at all,
must, within two years after the entry of the decree,
appear and file an answer, and that after the expiration
of that term of two years the decree shall (with certain
exceptions) be "forever binding and conclusive upon
all persons." This provision seems to attempt to make
a decree binding upon persons not parties to the suit,
and if given effect literally, would deprive persons of
vested rights without due process of law. A limitation
may be placed upon the time within which a person
who has a mere right of action shall bring it, but
"limitation laws cannot compel a resort to legal pro-
ceedings by one who is already in the complete enjoy-
ment of all he claims."24 To the extent that the act
attempts to transfer property without due process of
law it cannot be upheld. On all parties to the suit
properly before the court the decree may, after the
lapse of two years, become conclusive and forever bind-
ing, and as to all who have merely a right of action
the expiration of two years may complete the bar.
Even though the language of this section may be broad

23 Gage v. Caraher, 125 111. 447, on p. 455.
2*Cooley's Const. Lim. p. 366.

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS. 97

enough to amount to an attempt to transfer an estate
by the law or by decree, yet it is possible to carry out
the purposes of the act without violating the consti-
tution in the respect complained of. Such objectionable
features, or those calling for construction, must be left
to future legislation, or determination by the courts in
cases where the conflict is apparent and the question
directly involved.

We are also of the opinion that sections 26 and 40
can be sustained by construing them as a limitation
law. "Whenever an act of the legislature can be so
construed and applied as to avoid conflict with the
constitution, and give to it the force of law, such con-
struction will be adopted by the courts. Therefore,
acts of the legislature in terms retrospective, and
which, literally interpreted, would invalidate and
destroy vested rights, are upheld by giving them pros-
pective operation only, for, applied to and operating
upon future acts and transactions only, they are rules
of property, under and subject to which the citizen
acquires property rights, and are obnoxious to no con-
stitutional limitation, but as retroactive laws they
reach to and destroy existing rights, through force of
the legislative will, without a hearing or judgment of
law. So will acts of the legislature having elements
of limitation, and capable of being so applied and
administered, although the words are broad enough to,
and do, literally read, strike at the right itself, be
construed to limit and control the remedy, for as such
they are valid, but as weapons destructive of vested
rights they are void, and such force only will be given
the acts as the legislature could impart to them."25

The recent case of State of Ohio v. Guilbert26 is
relied upon by counsel for appellant in support of the

25 Newland v. Marsh, 19 111. 376.
20 47 N. E. Rep. 551.
7

98 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

position taken by them on both of the above points.
We have given that case careful consideration. With
its conclusion, viz., that the Ohio statute was uncon-
stitutional, we agree, but what is said in argument
cannot be adopted as applicable to this case. The
main ground upon which that decision rests is, that
the statute, in providing for the initial registration,
attempts to give jurisdiction to the court without
service of summons, and this, it is held, falls short of
that due process of law guaranteed by the constitution.
The only notice which that act required was to be given
by the applicant himself, and in the application it was
unnecessary to name any person claiming an adverse
interest, as party defendant. On the other feature of
the case, viz., as to what constitutes the exercise of
judicial power, the opinion is not clear. In the reason-
ing on that point Judge Cooley's definition of judicial
power is adopted, which we have seen does not serve
to distinguish between such quasi judicial powers as
may be properly exercised by executive or ministerial
officers and those powers which belong solely to the
judicial department.

The third point made against the law is, that the
provision which says that the law shall take effect only
after a favorable vote by counties, is an attempt to
delegate legislative power; and the fourth is, that the
law is not a general but special law. It is unnecessary
to discuss these points. It is sufficient to say that
both have been decided adversely to the contention
of appellant in the case of People v. Hoffman.27 That
decision has become the rule of law in this State, and
we see no sufficient reason for overruling it.

We are not impressed with the soundness of the ob-
jections to those sections of the statute which relate to
the descent of lands on the death of a registered owner,

27 116 111. 587.

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS. 99

and to the sale and mortgage of real estate belonging
to minors or others under disability. They are, how-
ever, objections which do not go to the validity of the
entire law. They involve a construction of those sec-
tions, and can only be satisfactorily determined if cases
shall arise involving their validity. It would be alike
impracticable and unprofitable to attempt now to give
a construction to every provision of this law. The
question here is, does the act violate the constitution
so far as to render it void, and therefore furnish no
justification for the exercise of the acts of the respond-
ent challenged? In the determination of that question
every reasonable doubt must be resolved in favor of
the validity of the law.

We have endeavored to give the case that delib-
erate consideration its importance demands, and have
reached the conclusion that the judgment of the
Criminal Court should be affirmed.

Judgment affirmed.

SUPREME COURT OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Tyler v. Judges of the Court of Registration.^

Holmes, C. J. This is a petition for a writ of prohi-
bition against the judges of the court of registration
established by St. 1898, c. 562, and is brought to prevent
their proceeding upon an application concerning land
in which the petitioner claims an interest. The ground
of the petition is that the act establishing the court is
unconstitutional. Two reasons are urged against the
act, both of which are thought to go to the root of the
statute and to make action under it impossible. The
first and most important is that the original registra-
tion deprives all persons except the registered owner
of any interest in the land without due process of law.

1 175 Mass. 171.

100 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

Tliere is no dispute that the object of the system,
expressed in section 38, is that the decree of registra-
tion "shall bind the land and quiet the title thereto,"
and "shall be conclusive upon and against all per-
sons" whether named in the proceedings or not, subject
to few and immaterial exceptions. And this being
admitted, it is objected that there is no sufficient proc-
ess against, or notice to, persons having adverse
claims in a proceeding intended to bar their possible
rights.

The application for registration is to be in writing
and signed and sworn to. It is to contain an accurate
description of the land, to set forth clearly other out-
standing estates or interest known to the petitioner,
to identify the deed by which he obtained the title, to
state the name and address of the occupant, if there is
one, and also to give the names and addresses, so far
as known, of the occupants of all lands adjoining
(section 21). As soon as it is filed, a memorandum
containing a copy of the description of the land con-
cerned is to be filed in the registry of deeds (section
20). The case is immediately referred to an examiner
(appointed by the judge, section 12), who makes as full
an investigation as he can, and reports to the court
(section 29). If in the opinion of the examiner the
applicant has a good title as alleged, or if the applicant
after an adverse opinion elects to proceed further, the
recorder is to publish a notice by order of the court in
some newspaper published in the district where any
portion of the land lies. This notice is to be addressed
by name to all persons known to have an adverse inter-
est, and to the adjoining owners and occupants so far
as known, and to all whom it may concern. It is to
contain a description of the land, the name of the appli-
cant and the time and the place of the hearing (section
31). A copy is to be mailed to every person named in

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS. 101

the notice whose address is known, and a duly attested
copy is to be posted in a conspicuous place on each
parcel of land included in the application, by a sheriff
or deputy sheriff, fourteen days at least before the
return day. Further notice may be ordered by the court
(section 32).

It will be seen that the notice is required to name
all persons known to have an adverse interest, and this
of course includes any adverse claim, whether admitted
or denied, that may have been discovered by the exam-
iner, or in any way found to exist. Taking this into
account we should construe the requirement in section
21, concerning the application, as calling upon the
applicant to mention not merely outstanding interests
which he admits, but equally all claims of interest set
up although denied by him. We mention this here to
dispose of an objection of detail urged by the peti-
tioner, and we pass to the general objection that, how-
ever construed, the mode of notice does not satisfy the
constitution, either as to persons residing within the
State upon whom it is not served or as to persons
residing out of the State and not named.

If it does not satisfy the constitution, a judicial
proceeding to clear titles against all the world hardly
is possible, for the very meaning of such a proceeding
is to get rid of unknown as well as known claims, —
indeed, certainly against the unknown may be said to
be its chief end; and unknown claims cannot be dealt
with by personal service upon the claimant. It seems
to have been the impression of the Supreme Court of
Ohio, in the case most relied upon by the petitioner,
that such a judicial proceeding is impossible in this
country.2 But we cannot bring ourselves to doubt that
the constitution of the United States and of Massa-
chusetts, at least, permit it as fully as did the common

2 State v. Guilbert, 56 Ohio St. 575, 629.

102 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

law. Prescription or a statute of limitations may give
a title good against the world, and destroy all manner
of outstanding claims without any notice or judicial
proceedings at all. Time and the chance which it gives
the owner to find out that he is in danger of losing
rights are due process of law in that case.3 The same
result used to follow upon proceedings which, looked
at apart from history, may be regarded as standing
half-way between statutes of limitations and true judg-
ments in rem, and which took much less trouble about
giving notice than the statute before us. We refer to
the effect of a judgment on a writ of right after the
mise joined and the lapse of a year and a day.4 It
would have astonished John Adams to be told that the
framers of our constitution had put an end to the
possibility of these ancient institutions. A somewhat
similar statutory contrivance of modern days has been
held good.5 Finally, as was pointed out by the counsel
for the petitioner, a proceeding in rem in the proper
sense of the word might give a clear title without other
notice than a seizure of the res, and an exhibition of
the warrant to those in charge.6 The general require-
ment of advertisement in admiralty cases is said to be
due to rules of court7

The prohibition in the fourteenth amendment of the
United States against a State depriving any person of
his property without due process of law, and that in
the twelfth article of the Massachusetts bill of rights

s Wheeler v. Jackson, 137 U. S. 245, 258.

* Booth, Real Actions, 101, in margin; Fitz. Abr. Continual Claim,
pi. 7, Faux Recovere, pi. 1; Y. B., 5 ed., 111. 51, pi. 60; and of a fine
with proclamations after the same time or by a later statute after
five years. 2 Bl. Comm. 354. 2 Inst. 510, 518. St. 18 Ed. I. modus
levandi fines. 34 Ed. III. c. 16. 4 and 5 Hen. VII. c. 24. 32 Hen.
VIII. c. 36. *

B Turner v. New York, 168 U. S. 90.

« 2 Browne, Civ. & Adm. Law, 398.

?U. S. Adm. rule 9; Betts, Adm. Practice (1838), 33, 34, App. 14.

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS. 103

refer to somewhat vaguely determined criteria of justi-
fication, which may be found in ancient practice,8 or
which may be found in convenience and substantial
justice, although the form is new.9 The prohibitions
must be taken largely with regard to substance rather
than to form, or they are likely to do more harm than
good. It is not enough to show a procedure to be
unconstitutional to say that we never have heard of
it before.10

Looked at either from the point of view of history or
of the necessary requirements of justice, a proceeding
in rem dealing with a tangible res may be instituted
and carried to judgment without personal service upon
claimants within the State or notice by name to those
outside of it, and not encounter any provision of either
constitution. Jurisdiction is secured by the power of
the court over the res. As we have said, such a pro-
ceeding would be impossible were this not so, for it
hardly would do to make a distinction between the
constitutional rights of claimants who were known
and those who were not known to the plaintiff, when
the proceeding is to bar all.11 In Hamilton v. Brown,
161 IT. S. 256, a judgment of escheat was held conclusive
upon persons notified only by advertisement to all
persons interested. It is true that the statute under
consideration required the petition to name all known
claimants and personal service to be made on those so
named. But that did the plaintiffs no good, as they
were not named. So a decree allowing or disallow-

s Murray v. Hoboken Land Co., 18 How. 272, 277.

»Hurtado v. California, 110 U. S. 516, 528, 531; Holden v. Hardy,
169 U. S. 366, 388, 389.

10 Hurtado v. California, 110 U. S. 516, 537.

yiiPennoyer v. Neff, 95 U. S. 714, 727; The Mary, 9 Cranch, 126,
W4; Mankin v. Chandler, 2 Brock. 125, 127; Brown v. Levee Com-
mission, 50 Miss. 468, 481; 2 Freeman, Judgments, 4th ed., sections
606, 611.

104 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

ing a will binds everybody, although the only
notice of the proceedings given by a general notice
to all persons interested. And in this case, as in that
of escheat just cited, the conclusive effect of the decree
is not to put upon the ground that the State has an
absolute power to determine the persons to whom a
man's property shall go at his death, but upon the
characteristics of a proceeding in rem.12 Admiralty
proceedings need only to be mentioned in this connec-
tion, and further citation of cases seems unnecessary.
Speaking for myself, I see no reason why what we
have said as to proceedings in rem in general should
not apply to such proceedings concerning land. In
Arndt v. Griggs,13 it is said to be established that "a
State has power by statute to provide for the adjudi-
cation of titles to real estate within its limits as against
non-residents who are brought into court only by
publication." In Hamilton v. Brown,14 it was declared
to be within the power of a State "to provide for deter-
mining and quieting the title to real estate within the
limits of the State and within the jurisdiction of the
court after actual notice to all known claimants, and
notice by publication to all other persons." I doubt
whether the court will not take the further step, when
necessary, and declare the power of the States to do
the same thing after notice by publication alone.15 But
in the present case provision is made for notice to all
known claimants by the recorder, who is to mail a copy
of the published notice to every person named therein
whose address is known (section 32). We shall state in

12 Bonnemort v. Gill, 167 Mass. 338, 340. See 161 U. S. 263, 274.
is 134 U. S. 316, 327.
1*161 U. S. 256, 274.

is See Ruling v. Kaw Valley Railway Improvement Co., 130 U. S.
559, 564; Parker v. Overman, 18 How. 137, 140, 141 et seq.

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS. 105

a moment our reasons for thinking this form of notice
constitutional.16

But it is said that this is not a proceeding in rem.
It is certain that no phrase has been more misused. In
the past it has had little more significance than that
the right alleged to have been violated was a right in
rem. Austin thinks it necessary to quote Liebnitz, for
the sufficiently obvious remark that every right to
restitution is a right in personam. So as to actions.
If the technical object of the suit is to establish a claim
against some particular person, with a judgment which
generally, in theory at least, binds his body, or to bar
some individual claim or objection, so that only certain
persons are entitled to be heard in defence, the action
is in personam, although it may concern the right to
or possession of a tangible thing.17 If, on the other
hand, the object is to bar indifferently all who might
be minded to make an objection of any sort against the
rights sought to be established, and if any one in the
world has a right to be heard on the strength of alleg-
ing facts which, if true, show an inconsistent interest,
the proceeding is in rem.18 All proceedings, like all
rights, are really against persons. Whether they are
proceedings or rights in rem depends on the number
of persons affected. Hence the res need be personified
and made a party defendant, as happens with the ship
in the admiralty, it need not even be a tangible thing
at all, as sufficiently appears by the case of the probate
wills. Personification and naming the res as defendant
are merely symbols, not the essential matter. They are
fictions, conveniently expressing the nature of the proc-
ess and the result, — nothing more.

is See, further, Cook v. Allen, 2 Mass. 462, 469, 470; Dascom v.
Davis, 5 Met. 335, 340; Brock v. Old Colony R. R., 146 Mass. 194, 195.
IT Mankin v. Chandler, 2 Brock. 125, 127.
is 2 Freeman, Judgments, 4th ed., 606, ad fin.

106 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

It is true as an historical fact that these symbols are
used in admiralty proceedings, and also, again merely
as an historical fact, that proceedings in rem have
been confined to cases where certain classes of claims,
although of very divers sorts, for indemnification for
injury, for wages, for salvage, etc., are to be ascer-
tained. But a ship is not a person. It cannot do a
wrong or make a contract. To say that a ship has
committed a tort is merely a shorthand way of saying
that you have decided to deal with it as if it had com-
mitted one, because some man has committed one in
fact. There is no in priori reason why any other claim
should not be enforced in the same way. If a claim
for a wrong committed by a master may be enforced
against all interests in the vessel, there i» no juridical
objection to a claim of title being enforced in the same
way. The fact that it is not so enforced under existing
practice affords no test of the powers of the legis-
lature. The contrary view would indicate that you
really believed the fiction that a vessel had an inde-
pendent personality as a fact behind the law. Further-
more, naming the res as defendant, although a con-
venient way of indicating that the proceeding is
against property alone, — that is to say, that it is not
to establish an infinite personal liability, — is not of the
essence. If, in fact, the proceeding is of that sort, and
is to bar all the world, it is a proceeding in rem.

Then as to seizure of the res. It is convenient in the
case of a vessel, in order to secure its being on hand to
abide judgment, although, in the case of a suit against
a man, jurisdiction is regarded as established by ser-
vice, without the need of keeping him in prison to await
judgment. It is enough that the personal service
shows that he could have been seized and imprisoned.
Seizure, to be sure, is said to be notice to the owner.19

i» Scott v. Sherman, 2 W. Bl. 977, 979; Mankin v. Chandler, 2
Brock. 125, 127.

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS. 107

But fastening the process or a copy to the mast would
seem not necessarily to depend for its effect upon the
continued custody of the vessel by the marshal. How-
ever this may be, when we come to deal with immov-
ables, there would be no sense whatever in declaring
seizure to be a constitutional condition of the power
of the legislature to make a proceeding against land
a proceeding in rem.20 The land cannot escape from
the jurisdiction, and, except as security against escape,
seizure is a mere form, of no especial sanctity and of
much possible inconvenience.

I do not wish to ignore the fact that seizure, when
it means real dispossession, is another security for
actual notice. But when it is considered how purely
formal such an act may be, and that even adverse
possession is possible without ever coming to the
knowledge of a reasonably alert owner, I cannot think
that the presence or absence of the form makes a con-
stitutional difference, or rather, to express my view
still more cautiously, I cannot but think that the
immediate recording of the claim is entitled to equal
effect from a constitutional point of view. I am free
to confess, however, that, with the rest of my brethren,
I think that the act ought to be amended in the direc-
tion of still further precautions to secure actual notice
before a decree is entered, and that, if it is not
amended, the judges of the court ought to do all that
is in their power to satisfy themselves that there has
been no failure in this regard before they admit a
title to registration.

The quotations which we have made show the intent
of the statute to bind the land, and to make the pro-
ceedings adverse to all the world, even if it were not
stated in section 35, or if the amendment of 1899 did
not expressly provide that they should be proceedings

20 Hamilton v. Brown, 161 U. S. 256, 274. •

108 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

in rem.21 Notice is to be posted on the land, just as
admiralty process is fixed to the mast. Any person
claiming an interest may appear and be heard
(section 34).

But perhaps the classification of the proceeding is
not so important as the course of the discussion thus
far might seem to imply. I have pursued that course
as one which is satisfactory to my own mind ; but, for
the purpose of decision, a majority of the court prefer
to assume that, in case in which under the consti-
tutional requirements of due process of law it hereto-
fore has been necessary to give to parties interested
actual notice of the pending proceeding, by personal
service or its equivalent, in order to render a valid
judgment against them, it is not in the power of the
legislature, by changing the form of the proceedings
from an action in personam to a suit in rem, to avoid
the necessity of giving such a notice, and to assume
that, under this statute, personal rights in property
are so involved, and may be so affected, that effectual
notice and an opportunity to be heard should be given
to all claimants who are known, or who, by reasonable
effort, can be ascertained.

It hardly would be denied that the statute takes
great precautions to discover outstanding claims, as
we already have shown in detail, or that notice by
publication is sufficient with regard to claimants out-
side the State. With regard to claimants living within
the State and remaining undiscovered, notice by publi-
cation must suffice, of necessity. As to claimants living
within the State and known, the question seems to
come down to whether we can say that there is a con-
stitutional difference between sending notice of a suit
by a messenger and sending it by the postoffice, beside
publishing in a newspaper, recording in the registry

21 St. 1899, c. 131, 51.

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS. 109

and posting on the land. It must be remembered that
there is no constitutional requirement that the sum-
mons, even in a personal action, shall be served by an
officer, or that the copy served shall be officially
attested. Apart from local practice, it may be served
by an indifferent person. It may be served on residents
by leaving a copy at the last and usual place of abode.
When we are considering a proceeding of this kind, it
seems to us within the power of the legislature to say
that the mail as it is managed in Massachusetts is a
sufficient messenger to convey the notice, when other
means of notifying the party, like publishing and post-
ing, also are required. We agree that such an act as
this is not to be upheld without anxiety. But the dif-
ference in degree between the case at bar and one in
which the constitutionality of the act would be unques-
tionable seems to us too small to warrant a distinction.
If the statute is within the power of the legislature, it
is not for us to criticise the wisdom or expediency of
what the legislature has done.

We do not think it necessary to refer to the elaborate
collection of statutes presented by the Attorney-Gen-
eral for purpose of showing that the principle of the
present act is old. Although no question is made on
that point, we may mention that an appeal is given to
the Superior Court, with the right to claim a jury. In
our opinion, the main objection to the act fails.22

The other objection to the constitutionality of the
statute is with regard to the powers and duties of the
recorder and assistant recorder. It is said that they
are given judicial powers after the original registra-
tion, although not judicial officers under the constitu-
tion. The act of registration is the operative act to

22 See Shepherd v. Ware, 46 Minn. 174; People v. Simon, 176 111.
165; Short v. Caldwell, 155 Mass. 57, 59; Loring v. Hildreth, 170
Mass. 328.

110 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

convey title (section 50), and by the act of 1898 the
assistant recorder does it, unless in doubt (sections 53,
55, 57, 58, 61, 62, 63). It is said that, as his decision
affects title, it must be judicial. But here again it is
necessary to use a certain largeness in interpreting
broad constitutional provisions. The ordinary business
of registration is very nearly ministerial. There is no
question to be raised, or which can be raised. If there
is a question, either raised by any party in interest or
occurring to the assistant recorder, it is to be referred
to the judge for decision (section 53). But, whatever
may be thought of the original act, by amendment even
the ordinary business is to be done only "in accordance
with the rules and instructions of the court."23 Under
this amendment registration is the act of the court.
The fact that it may be done by the assistant recorder
under general orders when there is no question is not
different from the power of the clerk to enter judgment
in cases ripe for judgment under a general order or rule
of the Superior Court. It should be observed that by
section 55 the production of the owner's duplicate cer-
tificate, whenever any voluntary instrument is pre-
sented for registration, is conclusive authority from the
registered owner for the entry of a new certificate or
the making of a memorandum of registration, and that
a registration procured by presenting a forged certifi-
cate, etc., is void.

Finally, it is said that there is no provision for notice
before registration of transfers or dealings subsequent
to the original registration. It must be remembered
that at all later stages no one can have a claim which
does not appear on the face of the registry. The only
rights are registered rights, and when land is brought
into the registry system there seems to be nothing to
hinder the legislature from fixing the conditions upon

as St. 1899, c. 131, § 8.

SUPREME COURT OPINIONS. Ill

which, it shall be held under that system.24 By section
45 the obtaining of a decree of registration, which is a
voluntary act, is an agreement running with the land
that the land shall be and remain registered land and
subject to the provisions of the act. Furthermore, in
deciding whether substantial justice is done, it is to be
borne in mind that ordinary cases will present no ques-
tion at all. It is contemplated, as we have said, that,
if there is a question to be discerned, it shall be referred
to the court, and, of course, that the court will order
notice to any party interested. The act shows through-
out the intent that no one shall be concluded without
having a chance to be heard; and although some of its
methods are new to this Commonwealth, we cannot say
that the precautions as to notice are insufficient in
substance or form.
Petition denied.

2* People v. Simon, 176 111. 165, 176.

CHAPTER VII.

REGISTRATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES AND STATES.

The general principle of registration of title, whereby
a title, examined once for all, is thereafter evidenced
only by the certificate of title, which is conclusive and
shows at all times all claims, adverse and otherwise,
which need be noticed by one proposing to deal with
the land, has been in continuous successful operation
in some parts of Europe for several hundred years. The
differences in different localities are only in details of
mechanism. In Austria-Hungary registration dates
from the twelfth century. In Baden the system dates
from 1809; in Saxony, from 1843; and from successive
dates, as adopted from time to time, it has come into
use in all or nearly all of the German states, the latest,
Alsace-Lorraine, beginning its use in 1891. Registra-
tion of title was made universal in Austria in 1811, in
Hungary in 1849, and in Prussia in 1872.

The variety of conditions under which the system is
administered in continental Europe is well stated in
the following:1

"The particular examples collected in the detailed
report (accompanying the main report) include, for
instance, such great estates as the ancestral domains
of the Bohemian nobility (among whom are to be found
some of the largest land owners of Europe), subject to
the strictest entails, carrying political privileges of the
highest importance, and especially registered in
immense separate volumes in the provincial capital;

* Report of C. Fortescue Brickdale, Esq., registrar of the land
registry (England), made to the British government on the system
of registration of titles now in operation in Germany and Austria-
Hungary, 31 American Law Review, 827.

112

REGISTRATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES, ETC. 113

they also include (by way of contrast) the tiny subdi-
visions of the peasant proprietors of the Rhine prov-
inces, where the principles and practices of the Code
Napoleon are still deeply rooted in the customs and
feelings of the people. They include, on the one hand,
specimens taken from the rapidly developing building
properties in the suburbs of Berlin, with their villa
residences and restrictive covenants, and, on the other,
remote Silesian manors, with their tenant farmers,
antique rights of common and commuted rents, and
services dating from feudal times. They show the
system as applied to vast, featureless plains, like the
corn-growing regions of Hungary, to the busy mining
and industrial districts of Saxony and the Black Coun-
try of Germany close to the Russian frontier, as well
as to the picturesque Alpine hamlets and pastures,
with their innumerable independent right of way,
water and other complicated easements, to be found in
Syria and the Saltzkammergut; they pass from the
intricacies of cellars and flats, courts and passages, of
the Jews' quarter of the City of Prague, to the simple
conditions of a quiet agricultural district in Branden-
burg; from mortgages on first-class properties involv-
ing hundreds of thousands of pounds, and subject to
the most complicated subsequent dealings by way of
transfer, alteration, subdivision and collateral security,
down to rows of petty charges on diminutive shares in
an inconsiderable estate from great cities, where values
are measured almost by the square inch, to trackless
wastes and bare mountains of scarcely any value at
all. Over the wThole of this vast and diversified tract,
embracing an area more than seven times the size of
England and Wales, systems of registration of title
differing in no essential particular from the systems
established under the Torrens Acts in Australia, and
partially established under the Land Registry Acts in

114 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

England and Ireland, having been in almost universal
operation for a considerable period, amounting in the
principal Austrian provinces to upwards of eighty
years, and in certain places dating from a much more
remote period."

The success of the system in Australia is most nota-
ble. The first act, passed in 1858 in South Australia,
was drafted by Sir Robert Richard Torrens. All other
acts in English-speaking countries follow that act in
general outlines, and the method is commonly known
as the Torrens system. In 1861 it was adopted in
Queensland, Tasmania and Victoria, and in 1862 in
New South Wales. New Zealand followed in 1870, and
Western Australia in 1874, since which date it has
come into general use throughout all of the British
Australian colonies. Its unquestioned success in the
Australian colonies has led to its use in the greater
part of Canada and the other British possessions in
North America, British Columbia having adopted it in
1870, and Manitoba and Ontario in 1885. The system
is in use also in a part of Switzerland and in Tunis.

The history of the system in England is instructive.
Three different laws have sought to give to English
land owners the benefits of registration of title: The
Westbury Act in 1862, the Cairns Act in 1875, and the
present Land Transfer Act of 1897. The first two
furnished but partial relief, registration being optional
and opposition constant from the legal profession. The
act of 1897 establishes compulsory registration of title.
It is not by its terms operative at once upon all land,
but the law is made operative upon all land in such
county or part of a county named from time to time by
order in council, and, after such order, no owner is per-
mitted to sell his land without previous registration of
title. A large part of the land in London is now under
the act, and by May 1, 1901, no title in the city or

REGISTRATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES, ETC. 115

county of London can be transferred unless registered.
A similar policy is likely to be soon pursued by the
council with reference to lands in the other counties.
Compulsory registration is thus proceeding as rapidly
as the necessary examination of titles can be made by
the registrar and his officials. A large number of
properties have already been placed upon the register
without any yet reported loss to adverse claimants,
and the certificates of title meet with general satisfac-
tion.

The order now in force as to lands in the County of
London is as follows:

ORDER IN COUNCIL.

At the court at Windsor, the 28th day of November,
1899. Present the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, in
Council.

Whereas, it is expedient as regards certain portions
of the County of London that the operation of the order
in council, dated the eighteenth of July, one thou-
sand eight hundred and ninety-eight, and made pur-
suant to the Land Transfer Act, 1897, should be post-
poned;

Now, therefore, Her Majesty is pleased, by and with
the advice of her Privy Council, to order and declare
that as regards the hereunder mentioned portions of
the said county the said order is to be read and to take
effect as if the schedule therein had been expressed as
follows :

Days on and after which.

PORTIONS OF THE COUNTY. registration of title to

land Is to be compul-
sory on sale.

The parishes of Christ Church
(Southwark),

St. George the Martyr, Camber-
well Horselydown.

Lambeth, Bermondsey, Newing-
ton, Rotherhithe.

116 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

Saint Olave and Saint Thomas,
Saint Saviour and the detached part
of the Parish of Streatham, situate
between the parishes of Lambeth
and Camberwell. 1 January, 1900.

The parishes of Battersea, Clap-
ham, Putney, Tooting Graveney,
Wandsworth and the remainder
of the Parish of Streatham. 1 May, 1900.

The remainder of the county,
except the City of London. 1 November, 1900.

The City of London. 1 May, 1901.

The present buildings in London occupied as the
offices of the registrar, having become inadequate to
the wants of the land registration department, by the
terms of a recent act of parliament,2 the sum of f 1,325,-
000 has been appropriated for the acquisition of a large
tract of land in Lincoln's-inn-fields and the erection of a
new building suitable for the enlarged needs of the de-
partment. The new quarters are in course of progress,
and when completed will provide sufficient office space
for the registration of all land titles in England.

Four of the States in the United States have adopted
a Torrens law, each with registration optional to the
owner. These are, in order of time, Illinois, in 1895
and 1897, Ohio in 1896, California in 1897 and Massa-
chusetts in 1898.

What has been done in Illinois is stated in a pre-
ceding chapter. The Ohio act was held invalid by the
Supreme Court of that State in the case of State v.
Guilbert.3 The California law has not yet received
judicial construction.

Agitation upon the subject of land transfer in Massa-
chusetts was formally begun in 1891, by a discussion

2 Land Registry (New Buildings) Act, 1900.
s 56 Ohio St. 575.

REGISTRATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES, ETC. 117

of the Torrens system in the inaugural address of the
late Governor Russell, and his message to the legisla-
ture, dated February 17, 1891, in which he strongly
recommended the adoption of registration of titles a»
follows:

"In my inaugural address I referred to the fact that
the subject of a thorough reform in our system of land
registration and transfer would be brought before
you, and commended the matter to your serious con-
sideration. Since that time public-spirited citizens of
various business organizations have been manifesting
an interest in this question, and through the press and
otherwise it is coming prominently before the people
for discussion. In view of the great benefits which I
believe can be realized by the adoption of the new
methods, I deem it proper to bring the matter specially
and prominently to your attention.

"I believe that the Australian system of land regis-
tration and transfer, more commonly referred to, from
the name of its originator, as the Torrens system, is the
longest step that has yet been taken anywhere towards
that freedom, security and cheapness of land transfer
which is conceded to be so desirable in the interest of
the people. Our citizens demand the enactment of the
best legislation that can be devised, whether originated
here, or elsewhere, and, while another country, whose
conditions are similar to our own, has gained the credit
of first adopting the admirable and simple plan of land
transfer which I now call to your attention, we can
yet be the first among the States of the Union to place
this legislation upon our statute book and to lead the
way in its adoption by the American people, as we have
already done in the case of the Australian ballot. The
universal favor with which this latter system has been
received by our people should at least remove any

118 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

prejudice against following the legislation of the same
country in another respect.

"The need of some new system of land transfer is
shown by the growing public dissatisfaction caused by
the delays and the expense attending our present sys-
tem of registration of deeds. That system has existed
in this Commonwealth for a little more than two
hundred and forty years. In former days, when our
population was smaller, it apparently satisfied the
popular demand; but, with increase of population, it
has become less serviceable. Our people are now
largely concentrated in cities and populous towns. The
last national census shows that forty-seven cities and
towns, having each more than eight thousand inhabi-
tants, contain seventy per cent, of our whole popula-
tion. The density of the population, with the greater
subdivision of land and increase of real estate transac-
tions which it involves, is reflected in the mass of the
records in our registries of deeds. The four containing
the largest number of volumes are those of the Middle-
sex south District, of Suffolk county, of the Worcester
district and of the Essex south district. These contain
respectively at the present time 2,022, 1,979, 1,355 and
1,300 volumes. The increase in the number of volumes
in three of these registries during the period of thirty
years, from the end of the year 1860 to the end of the
year 1890, was as follows: In the Suffolk registry,
from 790 to 1,974 volumes, an increase of 150 per cent. ;
in the Middlesex south district registry, from 872 to
2,014 volumes, an increase of 131 per cent., and in the
Essex south district registry, from 617 to 1,297 vol-
umes, an increase of 110 per cent. Middlesex south
registry now contains 2,810 volumes; Suffolk, 2,677;
Worcester district, 1,653, and Essex south district,
1,606.

"In the historical pamphlet written by John T. Has-

REGISTRATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES, ETC. 119

sam, A. M., on the registers of deeds for the County of
Suffolk, being a part of the proceedings of the Massa-
chusetts Historical Society for March, 1900, the author
says: 'The great increase in the bulk of the records in
the Suffolk registry of deeds can be best comprehended
by bearing in mind that nineteen books contained all
the deeds and other instruments left for record from
the first settlement of the country down to the year
1700. On January 1, 1800, the number had risen to
193; on January 1, 1850, there were 606 books on the
shelves, and on January 1, 1875, 1,250 of them; on
January 1, 1900, they had increased to 2,656 in number.
So that there have been added in the last twenty-five
years more books than had been filled during the entire
period that had preceded it. These are huge folio
manuscript volumes, containing, most of them, 640
pages each. When the present register entered upon
the duties of his office there were 1,029 volumes in the
registry, so that he has attested as many volumes of
the records as all his predecessors put together and
half as many more besides.'

"These figures indicate such a rapid growth in the
mass of the records that at no distant day even the
question of providing room for the records will be a
matter of serious concern. But we are already met by
the more serious difficulty that the present mass of
records is so great that much time and labor must be
spent in searches in order to ascertain the transactions
which affect the title to any piece of land. This causes
delay and expense in completing transfers, even if the
most complete methods of indexing should be
employed, so as to reduce to a minimum the time
required in searching the records — and our present
methods are by no means perfect. The delay and
expense attending the present system form a serious
tax upon purchasers and mortgagors of land, which

120 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

bears with special weight upon owners of small estates.
"The first point which should be noted in connection
with the Torrens system is that its use is optional and
not compulsory; existing methods of transfer can be
continued precisely as at present. It remains entirely
within the option of every land owner whether he will
avail himself of the privileges offered by the new sys-
tem or not, and, therefore, no one loses any right which
he now possesses. The new method must secure sup-
port from the public not through compulsory legisla-
tion, but through the greater advantages which it
offers.

"The contrasts between our present system of regis-
tration of deeds and the Torrens system of registration
of titles are very marked. Under our system title to
land depends not only upon instruments recorded in
the registry of deeds, but also upon facts and proceed-
ings which lie outside of those records. There is a
constant increase in the mass of records of deeds and
of proceedings affecting titles to land, which makes
the work of examination a constantly growing burden.
If any man's title to a piece of land is questioned or
attacked by any particular person the Commonwealth
has provided courts with appropriate jurisdiction in
which the owner can have his rights ascertained and
established as against that person. But it has failed to
provide any method by which one can have his title
ascertained and established as against all the world.
Under our practice a new examination of the title is
usually made upon each sale or mortgage of a piece of
land, in spite of the fact that sufficient examinations
may have been made in former transactions. These
repeated re-examinations, generally needless, not only
cause useless expense, but delays which often involve
a serious loss.

REGISTRATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES, ETC. 121

"Under the Torrens system an official examination of
title is substituted for an unofficial one, and the result
when once sufficiently ascertained is given conclusive
effect in favor of the owner, and his title is made per-
fect against all the world. In effect, under the Torrens
system, the State provides a proper court in which any
one can have his rights in relation to a piece of land
declared and established, not only as against particular
persons who may have an adverse interest upon special
notice to them, but also as against everybody. The
principle of basing decrees upon general notice to all
persons interested already prevails in our probate law.
Laws providing for the removal of clouds upon title to
land, after general notice to all unknown defendants,
exist in many States of the Union, and the validity of
decrees made under such laws has been established by
decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States.

"The contrasts in practical effect between the two
systems are, therefore, very great. Under the system
of registration of deeds, we have needless expense from
repeated re-examinations, loss from delays, and possi-
ble insecurity arising from the fact that title depends
not only upon the records, but also upon facts outside
of the records and not disclosed by them. Under the
Torrens system, the title is examined once for all, and
there is no needless re-examination; as all subsequent
acts and proceedings must be brought one by one to
the registrar to be noted, the state of the title can be
ascertained at any time by simple inspection of the
certificate on record. Therefore, with the added
advantage of great simplification of the forms of legal
instruments, transfers can be made quickly, easily and
at small expense; and, further, there is absolute
security in the possession of the premises bought,
resulting from the indefeasibility given to the certifi-
cate of title issued by the State. The result is that

122 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

under the Torrens system real estate can be transferred
or pledged for loans with almost as much ease as stock
in corporations.

"A further feature of the system is worthy of notice.
When land is first registered and a certificate of title is
issued, or when it passes by will or descent on the death
of an owner, the applicant, devisee or heir is required to
pay a small percentage of the value of the land, gen-
erally about one-fifth of one per cent., into the public
treasury. The sums so paid form an 'assurance fund'
which is held for the payment of indemnity to any per-
son who may have had some claim upon, or interest in,
land admitted to registration, and who failed to receive
notice of the application, or for other sufficient cause
did not assert his claim. Under our system, on the
other hand, a purchaser may have paid full value for
his land, yet if any outstanding claim or interest is
overlooked, he is obliged to make further payment and
may be remitted for his remedy to a suit upon cove-
nants which have no practical value.

"Again, technical claims are sometimes passed over
by one attorney as of no consequence, but by subse-
quent requirement of some other attorney, who thinks
them of importance, the owner may be subjected to
delay and expense in obtaining a release.

"Such being, in brief, the features of the Torrens sys-
tem as contrasted with that which we now employ,
argument seems almost superfluous in support of the
advisability of adopting it. While a system which
gives absolute security of title and makes transfers
easy, quick and inexpensive, tends to make all land
more valuable, its benefits will be especially felt by two
great classes of our people, — the small land owners
and the borrowers upon mortgage. Widely distributed
proprietorship of land and the ownership by the people,
to the greatest possible extent, of the homes in which

REGISTRATION IN OTHER COUNTRIES, ETC. 123

they live, are so obviously desirable that I need not
dwell upon them. It is evident that the masses of the
people are more injuriously affected by the insecurity
and expense connected with our present system than
the rich; the smaller the piece of real estate, the greater
is the proportionate expense of transferring it. Under
the Torrens system, the expenses of transfer are based
upon a fixed percentage of the value of the estate, so
that a small estate is not subjected to a greater propor-
tionate charge than a large one. Then, too, ease and
cheapness of transfer are of more consequence to a man
whose whole property is invested in a small piece of
real estate than to the large land owner, as it is more
important to the former to be able easily to dispose of
his property to meet any sudden exigency.

"The convenience and relief afforded by this new
system to all who borrow upon mortgage will be very
great. The facility of raising money easily and cheaply
upon landed security is of great consequence to the
prosperity and development of a community. By
abolishing the tax formerly imposed upon mort-
gages, our State has already relieved borrowers
of one unjust and oppressive burden, to the great
advantage of the public, and the additional step now
proposed will confer further benefit in the same direc-
tion. The power of readily pledging real estate will
also prove of great importance to the business com-
munity. At present the delays involved in an examina-
tion of title often prevent a business man from obtain-
ing a needed advance to meet a sudden stringency in
the money market. At times when loans are con-
tracted and credit is shaken it would be of great benefit
to business if all the real estate of the community, pos-
sessing, as it does, greater stability of value than any-
thing else, could be as immediately available as a

124 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

means of raising money as stocks of goods or other
personal property."

After the consideration of several bills relating to
the subject, in 1898 the present law was enacted.5 This
act went into effect October 1, 1898, and the court of
land registration, which exercises supervision over the
recorder (or registrar) and his assistants, who are the
recorders of deeds in the several counties of the State,
was opened for business on October 14, 1898. The
validity of the act was before the Supreme Court of
Massachusetts in Tyler v. Judges of the Court of Regis-
tration,6 and there held valid and constitutional. Upon
an attempted review of the case in the Supreme Court
of the United States7 it was found that no federal ques-
tion was involved, and the writ of error was, therefore,
dismissed for want of jurisdiction.

B Mass. Acts of 1898, ch. 562.

«175 Mass. 71.

i Tyler v. Judges of Court of Registration, 179 U. S. 405.

CHAPTER VIII.

CIRCULAR LETTERS REGARDING OPERATION OF
TORRENS LAW IN COOK COUNTY.

April 15, 1900.
Dear Sir: —

At the regular meeting of the Chicago Real Estate
Board, February 7, 1900, the following resolution was
passed :

"Resolved, That we approve of the Torrens Law as
now in operation in this County, and direct the Tor-
rens Committee to take, from time to time, without
expense to this Board, all steps necessary to conserve
the interests and secure the public use of that law;
and be it further

"Resolved, That Francis B. Peabody and John S.
Miller be added to- the Committee."

The Torrens land title law has been in operation in
Cook County, 111., since February, 1899. During this
period property valued at over $1,100,000.00 has been
registered, on which are mortgage liens amounting to
upwards of $180,000.00.

A title registered under the Torrens system can be
dealt with more safely, quickly and inexpensively than
under the old system. The expense of the first regis-
tration, in most cases about $24.00, is not equal to the
cost of an abstract since the Chicago fire, if there have
been many transfers; and the cost of each subsequent
transfer under the Torrens system, $3.00, is much less
than the expense of a continuance of abstract and
examination of title.

When the title is once registered, a sale or mortgage
loan can generally be closed within a few hours.

125

126 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

If desired, surety bonds upon registered titles under
the Torrens Law, can be obtained at a reasonable cost,
at any time after the issuance of the certificate, from
the American Surety Company, a corporation with
assets of over five million dollars,

Sales and mortgages, thus quickly closed, secure
owners from the danger of unnecessary delay in wait-
ing for an abstract, or its examination, or complica-
tions arising from illness, death or absence of any
party interested.

Owners of registered titles are enabled to sell or
mortgage their property without annoying delays or
difficulties. It is apparent that they appreciate the
benefits of this law.

In promoting this reform, the Chicago Real Estate
Board has spent many thousands of dollars, and
devoted its unremitting efforts for over NINE YEARS.

The Torrens system, was first introduced to the
Illinois Legislature in 1891. Through the influence of
the Board, in 1897, the present law was passed. This
law has since been declared CONSTITUTIONAL and
VALID by the SUPREME COURT of ILLINOIS.

We respectfully call the attention of all property
owners to this law and its advantages, and urge the
registration of titles, believing that the saving of time
and of money, together with the security afforded by
registered title, will be a boon to all property owners.

The facility of transfer and safeguards obtained
through this law will add to the value of the land.

The law is of special value to smaller property hold-
ers, to whom the present system is a source of never-
ending and heavy expense.

Registration blanks and general information regard-
ing the Torrens Law can be obtained at the office of the
Registrar of Titles of Cook County, Room 320, County

CIRCULAR LETTERS REGARDING TORRENS LAW. 127

Building. Inquiries by mail will receive prompt reply.
Respectfully yours,

Louis A. Seeberger,
William A. Bond,
Dunlap Smith,
Willis G. Jackson,
Francis B. Peabody,
John S. Miller,
Eugene H. Fishburn,
Josiah L. Lombard,
Joseph Donnersberger,
Henry S. Dietrich,
C. L. Hammond,

The

Torrens

Committee
of the
Chicago
Real

Estate
Board.

PEABODY, HOUGHTELING & CO.,

164 DEARBORN STEEET.

CABLE ADDRESS,
"HOTJGHT, CHICAGO."

Chicago, December 28, 1899.
Louis A. Seeberger, Esq.,

Chairman Torrens Committee,

Chicago Eeal Estate Board, City.
Dear Sir:

Mr. Sheldon, Official Examiner of Titles under the
Torrens Law, has asked me to say something to you in
regard to my experience under the law and my opinion
of its practical working, which I am glad to do.

Fortunately, the Supreme Court, after hearing argu-
ments of very able counsel upon all the material fea-
tures of the law, sustained its constitutionality, so that
the public mind is now at rest as to validity of the law.

The practical working of the law has proven so sim-
ple, expeditious and inexpensive that it is growing in
popular favor, and when the public shall have become
quite familiar with the system I believe it will come
into very extensive use.

128 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

My firm accepts the Registrar's certificates of title
without further guaranty, whenever offered in our
mortgage loans, and are glad to get them.
Yours truly,

(Signed) FRANCIS B. PEABODY.

CHAPTER IX.

REGISTRATION OF TITLE LITERATURE.
Periodical Articles, Addresses, etc.

Registration of Title.

Land Reforms. Duke of Argyle. Contemporary
Review. April, '85.

Question of Land. G. S. Lefevre. Nineteenth Cen-
tury. October, '85.

Transfer of Land. H. W. Elphinstone. Law Quar-
terly Review. January, '86.

An American View of the English Land Problem.
J. Swann. National Review. January, '86.

The Laws Relating to Land. J. F. Stephen. National
Review. February, '86.

Free Land. Lord Hobhouse. Contemporary Review.
February-March, '86.

Registration of Title to Land. Westminster Review.
July, '86.

Registration or Simplification of Title. H. Green-
wood, 6 Law Quart. Rev., 144.

Compulsory Registration of Titles. H. W. Challis, 6
Law Quart. Rev., 157.

Forged Certificates of Title. 11 Canadian Law Times,
127.

Forged Transfers. J. R. Adams, 8 Law Quart. Rev.,
151.

Registration of Title in Ireland. 93 Law Times, 51.

Registration of Title in Ireland. 92 Law Times, 106.

Record of Title to Land. H. W. Chaplin, 6 Harv. L.
Rev., 302.

Registration of Title in Ireland. C. F. Brickdale, 7
Law Quart. Rev., 184.

9 129

130 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

The supposed collusiveness of a land transfer cer-
tificate under the Torrens system. 27 Am. L. Rev., 89.

Reply to Criticisms of the Torrens System. 7 Har.
L. Rev., 24.

Registration of Guaranteed Title. 31 Solicitors'
Journal and Rep., 104.

Dealing With Registered Land. 35 Solicitors' Jour-
nal and Rep., 291.

Thoughts on Registration of Title. 28 Solicitors'
Journal and Rep., 627.

Registration of Title to Land. Jos. H. Beale, 6 Harv.
L. Rev., 369.

Registration Bill. 55 Just, of Peace, 83.

Registration of Title. 37 Solicitors' Journal and
Rep., 795, 797, 801, 802.

Land Transfer. Australian System. B. G. Schley,
32 Cent. L. J., 160.

Land Transfer Bill of 1888. 85 Law Times, 32.

Land Transfer Bill of 1889. H. M. Humphrey, 5 Law
Quart. Rev., 275.

Same. 86 Law Times, 423, 430, 445, 480.

Same. 24 Law Journal, 178.

Land Transfer Bill. 32 Sol. J. & Rep., 3, 285, 301,
318, 365, 444; 33 id., 411, 435.

The Proposed Land Transfer. A. Rumsey, 12 Law.
Mag. & Rev. (4th S.), 361.

Land Transfer Bill, 1887. A. Robertson, 13 Law
Mag. & Rev. (4th S.), 85, 155.

Land Transfer Bill, Exit of. 33 Sol. J. & Rep., 585.

Solicitors and Land Transfer. 34 Sol. J. & Rep., 91.

Australian Land Transfer. H. Chaplin, J. Hassam,
4 Harv. L. B., 271, 280.

Same. J. Lowman, 25 W. L. Bui., 209.

Land Transfer. H. B. Hurd, 25 Am. L. Rev., 367.

Land Transfer Reform. 28 Can. Law Journal, 35.

REGISTRATION OF TITLE LITERATURE. 131

Third Reading of Land Transfer Bill. 33 Sol. J. &
Rep., 555; 24 Law Jour., 389.

Land Transfer Reform. J. W. Jenks, 2 Annals Am.
Acad., 48.

Land Transfer and Registration. W. D. Turner, 25
Am. Law Rev., 755, 806.

Land Transfer. F. V. Balch, 6 Harv. L. R., 410.

Land Transfer Bill. Action of the Profession. 33
Sol. J. & Rep., 279; 37 id., 773.

Land Transfer Bill. 33 Sol. J. & Rep., 264; 34 id.,
311.

Land Transfer Bill. Sir Henry James, on 33 Sol. J.
& Rep., 538.

Land Transfer Bill. 82 Law Times, 409, 428, 439;
83 id., 3, 102, 133, 265, 305, 329, 359, 355, 408, 446, 467;
37 id., 351, 368, 384, 754; 38 id., 35, 550, 585; 40 id.,
124, 560; 44 id., 251, 289, 308, 380, 344, 324, 168, 466,
691.

Same. 31 Sol. Journal & Rep., 359, 374, 381, 390,
407, 424, 425, 439, 476, 490, 505, 521, 541, 545, 563, 572,
589, 622, 673, 715, 743, 761, 771; 42 id., 42, 61, 179, 210;
43 id., 750, 759, 815; 44 id., 81, 87.

Same. F. H. Colt, 23 Law Journal, 141.

Same. 3 Law Quart. Rev., 263.

Same. 22 Law Journal, 201, 210, 225, 251, 266, 299.

Registration of Land Titles in Prussia. 31 Sol. Jour-
nal & Rep., 606.

Transfer of Land Titles. (Symposium.) A. Oren-
dorff, H. Bigelow, E. Callahan, H. B. Hurd. Proceed-
ings Illinois State Bar Association for 1892, page 170,
et seq.

Registration of Title in Prussia. C. F. Brickdale.
34 Law Quart. Rev., 63.

Land Titles in Australia, Edward Atkinson. Vol.
21, Century, 586.

132 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

Registration of Title. Theodore Sheldon, Chicago,
1883.

The Torrens System. F. T. Terry, in Report of Sec-
ond Congress, National Real Estate Association, 1892.
Page 157.

Titles and Transfers. J. C. Simpson, in Report of
Second Congress, National Real Estate Association,
1892. Page 163.

Transfer of Land in Australia. G. H. Wallace, U. S.
Consular Reports, Vol. 42, p. 327.

Land Transfer Reform. Charles F. Libby, 28 Am.
L. Rev., 96.

Registration of Title in Germany and Austria-Hun-
gary. C. F. Brickdale, 31 Am. L. Rev., 827.

Land Registration, 32 Am. L. Rev., 760, 930.

Land Title Registration. W. D. Turner, 33 Am. L.
Rev., 42, 136.

Land Transfer. R. R. Torrens, 53 Spectator, 1024.

Reform of Land Laws. 29 Nation, 270.

Consular Report of G. W. Griffin. State Depart-
ment, Washington, D. C.

Registration of Title. H. B. Hurd, before Illinois
State Bar Association, Jan. 29, 1892.

Torrens System. A. M. Pence, Chicago Legal News,
13 Jan., 1894.

Torrens System. M. M. Yeakle, Chicago, 1895.

Land Law Reform. G. A. Morgan, Fortnightly Rev.,
Dec., 1879.

Registration of Title. Proceedings of World's Real
Estate Congress, Chicago, Oct., 1893.

PARLIAMENTARY AND LEGISLATIVE REPORTS.

Report of the Real Property Commissioners, '32.
Report of the Registration and Conveyancing Com-
missioners, '50.

REGISTRATION OF TITLE LITERATURE. 133

Report of the Commissioners on Sale and Transfer
of Land, '57.

Report of Special Committee on Sand, Tile and
Transfers, '78-79.

Supplementary Returns to the House of Commons,
upon the System of Conveyancing by Registration of
Title, in Operation in South Australia, Queensland,
New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Western Aus-
tralia, New Zealand, British Columbia and Fiji, '79.

Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the
Working of the Real Property Acts, '61-77. Queens-
land, '79.

Same, '83.

Handy Book of the Land Transfer Acts, Containing
Copies of Acts Issued from the Office of the Registrar-
General of Land. Wellington, New Zealand, '78.

Registration of Titles in the British Colonies. House
of Commons Returns by Colonial Authorities, '81.

The Torrens System of Conveyancing, Report to the
Legislature of the Straits Settlement. W. E. Maxwell,
Singapore, '83.

Report of Joint Special Committee, Massachusetts,
1892.

Report of Land Transfer Commission, Illinois, 1893.

Report of Australian Governors, House of Commons
Blue Book, 1872.

Report of Real Property Commission, Adelaide, 1861.

TREATISES.

Registration of Title to Land. Brickdale, Lond., '86.

Registration of Title and Transfer of Land. P. H.
Colt, London, '73-85.

Registration of Title. H. B. Leech, Lond., '91.

Registration of Titles to Real Estate. L. W. Coutlee,
Toronto, '90.

134 LAND REGISTRATION IN ILLINOIS.

The Reform in the English Land System. Land
Transfer Reform. J. H. Mason, Toronto, '83.

Torrens System of Land Transfer in Ontario and
Manitoba. H. C. Jones, Toronto, '86.

An Essay on the Transfer of Land by Registration.
R, Torrens, Lond., '91.

Practice of the Office of Titles of Victoria. Sedge-
field, Melbourne, '89.

Statement on the Land Laws by the Council of the
Incorporated Law Society, 1893.

Land Transfer; Report of Bar Committee. Lond., '86.

Manitoba and Northwest Territories. L. W. Coutlee,
Toronto, '90.

New Zealand Land Transfer Act, 1885, with amend-
ments. Wellington, N. Z., '85-89.

La Propriete Consolidee. E. Worms, Paris, '88.

Official Draft of the Law Relating to Registration of
Titles for the German Empire. (Nebst Motiven.) Offi-
cial edition. (Ger.) Berlin, '89.

Prussian Legislation concerning Registration of
Title. 2nd official edition. (Ger.) Dr. Fischer. Ber-
lin, '92.

System of Land Tenure in Various Countries. Lon-
don, '92.

Registration of Title. W. B. Dill. London, 1893.

Land and Mortgage Registration. H. Morris. Lon-
don, 1895.

Land Registry. C. F. Brickdale. Lond., 1892.

Registration in Middlesex. C. F. Brickdale. Lond.,
1892.

Notes on Land Transfer. C. F. Brickdale. Lond.,
1894.

Land Transfer and Registration of Title in Ireland.
Madden. London, 1892.

Les Livres Fonciers. Emmanuel Besson. Paris,
1892.

REGISTRATION OF TITLE LITERATURE. 135

Registering Title to Land. Jacques Dumas. Cal-
laghan & Co., Chicago, 1900.

Land Registration Act of Mass. C. C. Smith. Bos-
ton, 1900.

APPENDIX.

AMERICAN SURETY COMPANY OF NEW YORK.

Capital 12,500,000.00

Assets 15,283,636.00

Principal Offices, 100 Broadway, New York.
Chicago Office, 704-711 Marquette Building. Tele-
phone, Central 395.

CHICAGO LOCAL BOARD.

JESSE SPALDING, Resident Vice-President.
JOHN J. MITCHELL, E. S. LACEY,

ROBERT T. LINCOLN, T. S. KIRKWOOD,

JAMES H. ECKELS, J. V. CLARKE.

DANIEL T. HUNT, Manager.

FREDERIC F. NORCROSS, Attorney and Resident
Assistant Secretary.

The American Surety Company will promptly exe-
cute bonds guaranteeing the performance of warranties
of title contained in instruments of conveyance of land
upon which the Registrar's certificate of title has issued
under the Torrens Law at any time after the issuance
thereof. Such bonds run for the minimum period of
five years, which is sufficiently long to cover the term
during which the certificate of title is not conclusive
evidence of title. Applications for such bonds may be
made at the Chicago office of said Company. The rates
are as per the following schedule:

136

APPENDIX .

137

Each addi-

5 years

€

tional

or less

yrs.

year

$ 1

$2,000

$10.00

$12.00

$14.00

$16.00

$18.00

$20.00

$2.00

2,001

2,500

12.50

15.00

17.50

20.00

22.50

25.00

2.50

2,501

3,000

15.00

18.00

21.00

24.00

27.00

30.00

3.00

3,001

3,500

17.50

21.00

24.50

28.00

31.50

35.00

3.50

3,501

4,000

20.00

24.00

28.00

32.00

36.00

40.00

4.00

4,001

4,500

22.50

27.00

31.50

36.00

40.50

44.50

4.50

4,501

5,000

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

50.00

5.00

5,001

5,500

26.50

31.50

36.75

42.00

46.25

52.50

5.25

5,501

6,000

27.50

33.00

38.50

44.00

49.50

55.00

5.50

6,001

6,500

28.75

34.50

40.25

46.00

51.75

57.50

5.75

6,501

7,000

30.00

36.00

42.00

48.00

54.00

60.00

6.00

7,001

7,500

31.25

37.50

43.75

50.00

56.25

62.50

6.25

7,501

8,000

32.50

39.00

45.50

52.00

58.50

65.00

6.50

8,001

8,500

33.75

40.50

47.25

54.00

60.75

67.50

6.75

8,501

9,000

35.00

42.00

49.00

56.00

63.00

70.00

7.00

9,001

9,500

36.25

43.50

50.75

58.00

65.25

72.50

7.25

9,501

10,000

37.50

45.00

52.50

60.00

67.50

75.00

7.50

For each addi-

tional 500

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

2.25

2.50

.25

INDEX.

[The page number is given.]

ACT, when took effect, 18.

ACTION, real, judgment on, how registered, 57.

against assurance fund, 62.

who shall be parties to such suit, 63.

must be begun within ten years, 64.

ACTION AT LAW, not to affect registered land unless memoran-
dum is registered, 57.
ADDRESS, of owners, how and where entered, 44.

change of, to be endorsed, 44.
ADMINISTRATION, copy of decree granting letters of, to be filed,

when, 52.

ADMINISTRATOR, notice to, before issue of certificates to heirs or
devisees, 52.

jurisdiction of probate court to license sale or mortgage of regis-
tered land, 54.
ADVERSE CLAIMS, how registered, 10, 60.

fee for registering, 66.

ADVERSE POSSESSION, not to run against registered land, 40.
AFFIDAVIT, of adverse claim, 60.
AGENT, required for foreign owner, 20.

AGREEMENT, registration is, running with registered land, 42.
AMENDMENTS, what and how allowed, 25.

terms of allowance, 25.

ANSWER, when filed, by whom, and what shall contain, 30.
APPEAL, from court of registration to Supreme court, 34.
APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION, by whom made, 20.

by corporations, how made, 20.

by married woman, how made, 20.

where filed, 25.

what it shall contain, 21.

form of, 24.

by non-resident, 20.

amendments to, 25.

how much land included, 23.

if subject to a mortgage, 20.

139

140 INDEX.

APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION— Concluded.
reference of, to examiner, 26.
report on, by examiner, 26.
answer to, by objectors, 27.
order of court, dismissing, 28.
may be withdrawn, 28.

ASSIGNEE IN INSOLVENCY, entitled to certificate of debtor's
land, 55.

certificate issued to, surrendered when, 55.

order for conveyance by, to be registered, 55.
ASSIGNMENT, of mortgage, how registered, 48.

entered on mortgagee's certificate, 48.
ASSURANCE FUND, how accumulated, 62.

action against, 62.

parties to action, 63.

payments, how made from, 63.

income, how used, 62.

damages, recoverable, 63.

actions against, to begin within ten years, 64.
ATTACHMENT, filed is notice to all persons, 58.

to be noted on entry book, 58.

how made and registered, 58.

to be noted on duplicate certificate, 58.

how reduced, discharged, etc., 59.

certificates of the action or proceeding of court to be regis-
tered, 59.

ATTORNEY, powers of to be acknowledged and registered, 49.
BOND, of registrar, 18.

of examiner, 19.
CANCELLATION, of interests less than estates in fee simple, 49.

of certificates on making new, 45.
CERTIFICATES OF TITLE, registrar may issue, 36.

subject to what encumbrances, 20.

original and subsequent, what are, 36.

to two or more, as tenants in common, 37.

of distinct parcels surrendered for one or all, 45.

of subdivisions of registered land, how obtained, 45.

conclusive evidence of all matters stated, 41.

shall contain what, 37.

new encumbrances, how noted, 59.

new, not entered unless duplicate is presented, 47.

new, how made, 47,

when grantor sells part of his registered land, 43.

how show a trust, 50.

new, to assignee in insolvency, 80.

INDEX. 141

CERTIFICATES OF TITLE— Concluded.

new, after insolvency closed, 80.

new, by descent or devise, 51.

new, by license of probate court, 53.

See "Duplicate Certificate."
CERTIFIED COPY, of mortgage, when registered, 48.

of certificate, conclusive evidence, 39.
COMPULSORY REGISTRATION, 81.
CONDITION, equitable, how registered, 50.
CONVEYANCE, in fee, how made, 42.

of portion of registered land, 43.

in mortgage, how made, 47.

in trust, how made, 50.

by descent and devise, 51.

by license of probate courts, 53.

COPIES, of instruments filed duly certified may be obtained,. 66.
CORPORATIONS, how apply for registration, 20.
COURT OF EQUITY, decrees, how registered, 57.
COURT OF LAND REGISTRATION, jurisdiction of, 25, 32.

always open, 25.

not bound by report of examiner, 32.

may order registered owner to produce his certificate, 60.

may order surrender or cancellation of certificate, 60.
DAMAGE, action in contract for, 62.

when action for, lies against treasurer of county, 63.
DECISIONS, of court, how appealed from, 34.
DECREE, affecting registered land to be registered, 57.

court of equity may require registered owner to execute

deeds, 60.
DECREE OF REGISTRATION, appeals from, 34.

when entered, 32.

dismiss, may be without prejudice, 28.

for registration after hearing, 32.

binds the land and quiets title, 32.

conclusive against all persons, 39.

not to be opened by reason of the disability of any person, 33.

not opened after transfer for value, 40, 61.

subject to encumbrances named, 32.

is an agreement that land shall forever remain registered, 42.
DEED, of registered land, form and effect of, 44.

registration the operative act, 44.

filed, is notice to all persons, 43.

what should contain, 44.

how registered, 44.

142 INDEX.

DEFAULT, when entered and when concluded, 31.
DESCENT AND DEVISE, on transfer by, new certificate to issue, 52.
DESCRIPTION OF LAND, in application for registration, 22.
DISABILITY, persons under, how make application, 20.

decree not opened by reason of, 33.

Of owner to be stated in decree of registration, 37.
DISCHARGE, of mortgage, how effected, 49.

of liens and attachments, how effected, 59.
DOCUMENTS, registrar has custody, and where kept, 44.

open to public inspection, 18.
DOCKET, of court, by whom kept, 25.
DOWER, a legal incident of registered lands, 45.
DUPLICATE CERTIFICATE, issued to owner, 38.

one to each if several owners, 37.

must be presented with all instruments for registration, 42.

surrendered and cancelled on entry of new certificate, 42.

lost, how replaced, 46.

surrender, how enforced, 60.

DUPLICATE, of instruments may be registered with originals, 47.
EASEMENTS, appurtenant to registered land, 40.
ENCUMBRANCES, every certificate subject to what, 39.

how entered on certificate, 47.

how carried to new certificate, 47.

how discharged, 49.

memorandum to be entered on certificate, 47.

enforcement of, 49.

ENTRY BOOK to be kept, and contents, 44.
EQUITY, bill in, how to affect registered land, 57.

decree, how to affect registered land, 57.

less than fee simple, registered by memorandum, 37.
EVIDENCE, conclusive, as to all matters stated in certificate, 41.
EXAMINERS OF TITLE, how appointed and removed, 19.

reference of application to immediately, 26.

court not bound by report of, 32.

may act as master, 27.
EXECUTION, to be filed and registered, 58.

lien-holder obtaining, may petition court for new certificate, 58.

against co-defendants only with treasurer of county, 63.
EXECUTOR, notice to, before issuing new certificate to devisee, 53.

may have license to sell or mortgage registered land, 53.
FEES, of registrar, payable to whom, 66.

for assurance fund, 62.

under act, general provisions, 66.

INDEX. 143

FEE SIMPLE, owners of estates in, may apply for registration, 20.
FORECLOSURE OF MORTGAGE, same methods of as of unregis-
tered land, 49.

FORGERY, penalties for, 64.
FORMS, of application, 4.

certificate of title, 36.
FRAUD, effect of upon decree, 39.

certificate obtained by, 39.

remedies against parties to, 60.

remedies after original registration, 60.

registration omcials and others, 60.
GUARDIAN, application by, 20.
HEIR, may have new certificate of registered land, 55.

decree subject to, if certificate does not determine boundary

of, 40.

INDEX, tract and alphabetical to be kept, 61.
INFANTS, application for registration by, 20.
INFANCY, decree not opened by reason of, 33.

INNOCENT PURCHASER, no right of review against, 40, 41, 61.
his certificate subject only to encumbrances written thereon, 40.
vendor's fraud not to affect, 40.

INSOLVENCY, assignee in, may recover registered land, 55.
of owner of registered land, 55.
after discharge, new certificate, 55.

INSTRUMENT, voluntary, how take effect, 44.

time of reception to be noted, 44.

registration is from time noted, 44.

to be numbered, indexed and endorsed, 44.

voluntary, how registered, 44.

INTERESTS IN REGISTERED LAND, less than fee, how regis-
tered, 39.

JUDGMENT, notice of, to affect registered land, 57.

nal, notice to be registered, 57.
In real action to be registered, 57.
against treasurer of county alone, when, 63.

JURISDICTION, of court of registration, 25, 32.

of probate courts not impaired, 54, 55.
LAND, when becomes registered land, 39.
LEASE, certificates subject to, for less than five years, 39.

for more than five years to be registered, 39.
LIEN, filed is notice to all persons, 59.

how filed and to contain what, 59.

144 INDEX.

LIEN — Concluded.

how noted on owner's duplicate certificate, 59.
how discharged, 59.

LIMITATION OF ACTION, for filing writ of error, 34.

for compensation under act, 64.
LOSS OF DUPLICATE CERTIFICATE, notice to be given, 46.

procedure to obtain new, 46.

MARRIED WOMAN, application for registration must have consent

of husband, 22.

MASTER, examiner may act as, with same authority, 27.
MECHANIC'S LIEN. See "Lien."

MEMORANDUM, of instrument creating interest less than a fee
simple, 39.

authority for making, 60.

of issue of mortgagee's duplicate certificate, 48.
MINOR, application by, how made, 20.
MORTGAGE, to which application or decree is subject, 20.

to be presented for registration, 47.

registration the operative act, 47, 43.

filed is notice to all persons, 47.

should contain what, 47.

may be registered in duplicate and one taken away, 47.

how dealt with, 48.

takes effect from time of registration, 47, 43.

how registered, 47.

mortgagee's duplicate certificate, 48.

how assigned and discharged, 48.

how foreclosed, 49.
MUNIMENTS OF TITLE, to accompany application, 27.

when may be withdrawn, 28.

NEGLIGENCE, of registration officials, remedy for, 62.
NOTICE, of court, returnable as court may direct, 28.

of application, to whom addressed, 29.

of application, how and when published, 29.

form of, 29.

of application, on whom and when served, 28.

of application, court may order additional, 30.

to all persons, every filed instrument to be, 43.

of pending suit, etc., 57.
OATH, examiner may administer, 26.

by applicants for registration, 21.

to amendments of application, 25.
OCCUPANTS, of land, to be named in application, 22.

of adjoining land, to be named when boundary in dispute, 22.

INDEX. 145

OPERATIVE ACT, what is, to convey registered land, 43.
OWNERS, of adjoining land to be named in citation, if boundary
in dispute, 22.

of registered land may convey, mortgage, lease, etc., 42, 47.
OWNER'S DUPLICATE CERTIFICATE, what is and who entitled
to, 38.

to have memorandum of what, 38.

noted with all interests less than fee, 38.

to be presented, when, 42, 47.

to be produced by order of court, 60.

if lost, remedy, 46.

surrender of, how enforced, 60.
PARTITION, final judgment, how registered, 57.
PENALTY, for taking certificate wrongfully, 64.

for false oath, 64.

for mutilating records, 64.

for forgery, 65.

PETITION. See "Application."
POST-OFFICE ADDRESS, of grantee to be endorsed on deed, 44.

any change of, to be endorsed, 44.
POSSESSION, ADVERSE, no title by, acquired in registered

land, 40.

PRESCRIPTION, no rights by, as against registered land, 40.
PROCESSES OF COURT, where returnable, 28.
REGISTRAR, who, and duties, 18.

may employ deputies, 18.

pays over assurance fund to state treasurer, 62.

when liable personally, 19.
RECORDS, open to public inspection, 18.
REGISTRATION, who may apply for, 20.

decree for, when entered, 32.

decree for, conclusive against all persons, 41.

every decree subject to what, 39.

the operative act to convey the land, 43.

dates from date of reception of instrument, 43.

of voluntary instruments, how made, 42, 47.

of involuntary encumbrances, how made, 57, 58, 59, 60.
REGISTER OF TITLES BOOK, what it is, and how kept, 37.
RETURN DAY OF SUMMONS, not less than ten days from issue, 28.
SALARIES, of officials, how fixed and paid, 18.
SALE, of land, after decree of registration, 42.

of registered land by license of probate court, 55.
SEAL, to be on certificates, 37.

146 INDEX.

SUBSEQUENT CERTIFICATES, form of, 36.

SUITS, pending, notice of, to be filed and registered, 57.

SURRENDER, of owner's duplicate, when conveyance in fee, 42.

of mortgagee's duplicate, when mortgage is discharged, 49.

of duplicate certificates, how enforced by court, 60.
SURVIVAL, of action against assurance fund, 64.
SUPREME COURT DECISIONS—

Illinois, 84.

Massachusetts, 99.
TAXES, certificate of title subject to what, 40.

memorandum of sale for, to be registered, 56.

deed for, how registered, 56.
TENANTS, of undivided shares, not to apply separately, 20.

in common, each may have certificate, 37.
TIME, of reception of instruments to be noted, 44.
TRUST, how registered, 50.

transfers under, 50.

implied or constructive, how noted, 50.
WAYS, certificate subject to what, 40.
WILL, memorandum as to probate of, 52.

certified copy to be filed, when, 52.
WRIT, of error, when allowed, 34.

of execution, sale under, how registered, 58.

memorandum of, to be registered, 58.

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