Landseer

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POKTHAIT OF LASTIJSEEK IIY HIMSELF
OWNKU BY TilE Kr^■^G OF ENGLAND
Landseer painted this picture in 1865, when he was sixty-three years old. It was
exhibited at the Royal Academy in that year and presented by the painter to the
Prince of Wales, now King Edward vn. Not only does it offer one of the best
examples of Landseer's work in portraiture, but it is the most characteristic existing
likeness of the artist. The two dogs looking critically over his shoulders at the draw-
ing which he is making give the picture its name — 'The Connoisseurs.' Land-
seer's appearance is described in the biographical sketch which follows.

[I'M)]

MASTERS IN ART

Jfeir 3Strb)tn Uun'tt^ttv

BORN 1802: DIED 1873
ENGLISH SCHOOL

EDWIN LANDSEER was born on March 7, 1802, at what was then
7 1 Queen Anne Street East, later known as 33 Foley Street, London.
His father, John Landseer, was an engraver of note as well as an able writer
on art, and took the keenest interest in the artistic education of his three sons,
Thomas, Charles, and Edwin, all of whom attained to more or less distinc-
tion, the first as an engraver, the two last as painters, but of whom, Edwin,
the youngest, became by far the most famous.

John Landseer believed that an ordinary education was of no advantage
to an artist, but rather a hindrance to his career, and as Edwin showed no
fondness for books, "always running away from his teachers, and always
drawing," his father encouraged his natural tastes by taking him at an early
age — as soon, indeed, as he could hold a pencil with steadiness — into the
open fields which in that day were in the near neighborhood of his home,
and there, having lifted the little fellow over the stile which formed the en-
trance to what his father in after years would point to as "Edwin's first stu-
dio," would bid him sketch the cows and sheep grazing there. Sometimes
Edwin was accompanied on such expeditions by his brothers, but as he grew
older he would often start off alone to spend hours in the fields drawing the
animals about him, more than content to stay until his father went in search
of him later in the day, when his drawings would be criticized and their faults
corrected on the spot.

Some of these youthful studies by Landseer are preserved in the South
Kensington Museum, London, and from the notes they bear, made by his
father, we see that many of them, surprisingly clever for so young a child,
were made by the artist when only five or six years old. At the age of seven
Landseer had learned to etch, and before he was twelve he had begun to
paint in oils. In 1813, when eleven years old, he won the prize of the sil-
ver palette of the Society of Arts for drawings of animals, and in the three
following years the Isis silver medal of the same society was awarded him.

Wherever animals might be seen and studied there Edwin Landseer was
to be found, sketch-book in hand. Sometimes he visited Exeter 'Change, a
[191]

24 MASTERS IN ART

building near his father's house in which a show of wild animals was held}
sometimes he found his subjects in the Tower of London, where until 1834
it was the custom to keep lions, leopards, tigers, and bears; and in both places
he made excellent studies of wild beasts to add to his earlier sketches of do-
mestic animals.

In the year 1815 Landseer received some valuable suggestions from the
painter Benjamin R. Haydon, who lent him his dissections of a lion to copy,
urged him to study anatomy, as well as the cartoons of Raphael, now in the
South Kensington Museum, and the great Parthenon sculptures, then recently
brought to England by Lord Elgin and known as the Elgin marbles; and in
short, did much to encourage the boy whose talent was so manifest. In this
same year, Landseer, then thirteen years old, made his first appearance in
public as an exhibitor at the Rojal Academy, London, In the catalogue of
the exhibition he is record^ed as "Master E. Landseer, H., 33 Foley St.,"
the letter "H" signifying an honorary exhibitor, in which capacity alone
he was accepted, as his youth precluded him from being regarded as an art-
ist in full. The subjects of the pictures exhibited — both drawings — were
'A Mule,' and 'Pointer Bitch and Puppy;' this last was especially notewor-
thy as the first work of an English artist since Hogarth's day who had por-
trayed a dog "with due regard to individuality and character."

The following year Landseer entered the schools of the Royal Academy,
where he was a diligent student and where he won all hearts by his genial
disposition, his gentle manners, and his distinct personal charm. It is related
that Henry Fuseli, then at the head of the Academy, if he failed to find Land-
seer in the room with the other students, would at once ask, "Where is my
little dog-boy.?" By the painter C. R. Leslie, Landseer is described at this
period as "a curly-headed youngster dividing his time between Polito's wild
beasts at Exeter 'Change and the Royal Academy Schools."

In the year 1818 Landseer exhibited at the Society of Painters in Oil and
Water-colors a picture entitled 'Fighting Dogs Getting Wind,' which at-
tracted general attention and called forth enthusiastic praise. It was purchased
by Sir George Beaumont, a fashionable amateur of the day whose patronage
of the youthful artist of sixteen helped to increase his popularity and estab-
lish his fame. A succession of pictures followed, appearing in exhibitions
at the Royal Academy, the British Institution, the Society of Painters in Oil
and Water-colors, and at the Society of British Artists. Each work added to
the painter's rapidly won reputation — a reputation that was by no means
confined to the world of artists and people of his own social standing, but
extended to the most fashionable circles of London society, where he was
welcomed, courted, admired, and made much of. His eminently social nature,
his wit, gaiety, and charm of manner, all combined to render him a general
favorite. His pictures met with ready sales and his course now became lit-
tle short of a triumphal progress.

In 1 824 he went with C. R. Leslie to Scotland, and there visited Sir Wal-
ter Scott at Abbotsford, where he made numerous drawings of the poet sur-
rounded by his dogs. These drawings were used later as studies for finished
[192]

LANDSEER

pictures. In company with Leslie Landseer traveled through the lake district
and the Highlands of Scotland, and was everywhere so impressed by the
scenery that he rarely failed after this to visit Scotland each year. "That
country, with its deer and its mountains," writes Mr. Cosmo Monkhouse,
"was thenceforth the land of his imagination. He began to study and paint
animals more in their relation to man. Lions, bulls, and pigs gave wav before
the red deer; and even dogs, though they retained their strong hold upon his
art, were hereafter treated rather as the companions of man than in their nat-
ural character of rat-catchers and fighters."

In 1826 Landseer, then twenty-four, was elected an Associate of the Royal
Academy at the earliest age that was in conformity with the laws of that
body. Shortly before this time he had moved from his father's house in Fo-
ley Street, and from the comfortless and inconvenient studio which he occu-
pied in Upper Conway Street, to a house in St. John's Wood, near Regent's
Park, where he was in possession of a garden, and a barn which was soon
converted into a studio. The house. No. 1 St. John's Wood Road, was added
to and improved from time to time, as the painter's needs required and his
increasing wealth allowed. Here the remainder of his life — a period of nearly
fifty years — was spent, and here the greater part of his life's work accom-
plished. Landseer never married. His sister, Mrs. Mackenzie, or an un-
married sister, Jessie, kept house for him, and his home was always a favorite
meeting-place for his large circle of friends, and the scene of many social
gatherings of noted people.

"There were few studios more charming to visit than Landseer's," writes
a correspondent of Mrs. Ritchie's (then Miss Thackeray). " Besides the genial
artist and his beautiful pictures, the habitues of his 'workshop,' as he called it,
belonged to the elite of London society, especially the men of wit and distin-
guished talent — none more often there than Count D'Orsay with his good-
humored face, his ready wit, and delicate flattery. 'Landseer,' he would call
out at his entrance, 'keep the dogs off me' — referring to the pictures — 'I
want to come in and some of them will bite me; that fellow in the corner is
growling furiously!' Then there was A4ulready, still looking upon Landseer
as the young student, and fearing that all this incense would spoil him for
future work; and Fonblanque, who maintained from first to last that Land-
seer was on the top rung of the ladder, and when at the exhibition of some
of the artist's later works he heard it said, 'They are not equal to his former
ones,' exclaimed, 'It is hard upon Landseer to flog him with his own laurels."'

In 1831 Landseer was elected to the full membership of the Royal Acad-
emy. His pictures had now become well-known works, the popularity of
which was vastly increased by the engravings made from them by his brother
Thomas and many other engravers of more or less note. Landseer was a
child in business matters, and his affairs were managed first by his father and
later by his friend Mr. Jacob Bell, who secured for him the engraving rights
of his works. These formed the chief source of the artist's income, and con-
tributed far more than did the moderate sums that he obtained for his paint-
ings towards the large fortune that he amassed.
[193]

26 MASTERS IN ART

It was Landseer's custom to place a clean canvas, or panel, upon his easel
and leave it there untouched for several days, or until he had completely
thought out the subject that he was to paint. This done, he would take up
his palette and brushes and set to work, and in an astonishingly short space
of time the picture would be finished. There are countless stories told of his
rapidity in working — of how he completed a large picture of 'A Sleeping
Bloodhound' in three days; finished another of 'Rabbits' in three-quarters
of an hour; painted a portrait of Lord Ashburton in a single s'tting; and for
his friend Mr. Wells, completed a picture of a spaniel and a wounded rab-
bit— both animals the size of life — in two hours and a half, and one of a
fallow-deer for the same friend, who used to relate that one Sunday morn-
ing as he was about to go to church the panel for this picture was placed on
the easel of the painter, who was his guest at the time, and that when he re-
turned from morning service the picture was finished.

Landseer's technical powers were no less amazing. "Under his hand,"
writes Mr. Redgrave, "a single drag of the brush gave a more effectual ren-
dering of the coat of an animal than could be achieved by a painstaking imi-
tation of each single hair." As an instance of his dexterity a story is told
that upon the occasion of a large party assembled one evening at the house
of a gentleman in London, the conversation having turned upon the subject
of feats of skill with the hand, one of the ladies present remarked that it
would be impossible for any one, however skilful, to draw two things at once.
"Oh, I can do that," said Landseer quietly; "give me two pencils and I will
show you." The pencils were brought, and Landseer, taking one in each
hand, drew simultaneously and unhesitatingly the profile of a stag's antlered
head with one hand, and with the other the perfect outline of the head of a
horse. Both drawings were strong and vigorous; that drawn with the left
hand in no way inferior to its companion sketch.

In person Landseer was somewhat below middle height. His face was
broad and his forehead well formed." His complexion was fresh, his eyes fine,
and his hair, light brown in youth and white in later life, was curly. Perhaps
on the whole his face was not marked by force of character, but for all that
his appearance was thoroughly manly and his expression frank and open.
It has been said that he was wholly without envy or jealousy of others, and
that his estimation of his own powers was absurdly low. "If people only
knew as much about painting as I do," he said on one occasion, "they would
never buy my pictures." His keen insight into the characters of animals,
especially of dogs, was well known, and with the infallible instinct of those
creatures they invariably recognized in Landseer a friend and master. His
power over them and his marvelous way of winning their affection was unfail-
ing. After the loss of a favorite terrier, Brutus — a loss from which he never
entirely recovered — he did not confine his affections to any one dog, but was
usually to be seen surrounded by half a dozen, who accompanied him in his
walks and were his constant companions at home.

After 1839 Landseer painted several portraits of the English nobility,
sometimes introducing likenesses of his sitters into his large figure groups,
[194]

LANDSEER 27

sometimes, and especially was this the case with children, giving accessories to
his portraits that converted them into subject pictures to which such titles as
'Little Red Ridinghood,' 'The Naughty Child,' 'Beauty's Bath,' etc., were
appended. None of these pictures, however, equaled the painter's portrayals
of animal life, nor did they add materially to his reputation. From the be-
ginning to the end of his career his forte lay distinctly in his interpretation
of the natures of dumb beasts, notably the dog.

Landseer was a brilliant conversationalist, full of humor and anecdote.
His manner of telling a story was graphic, and marked with a certain dra-
matic power. An enthusiastic sportsman, he was nevertheless somewhat of
a trial to the Scotch "gillies," or attendants, who accompanied him upon
his shooting expeditions during his yearly visits to the Highlands of Scotland,
for it sometimes happened that just as a magnificent shot came in the way
Landseer would thrust his gun into their hands with a hurried, "Here, take
this," and quickly pulling his sketch-book and pencil from his pocket would
proceed to make a study of the deer with never a thought of taking its
life.

In 1840 Landseer's health broke down from overwork, and from the de-
mands of a social life that held only too great a fascination for him and pro-
duced a somewhat detrimental effect upon his character. In short, the def-
erence shown him, and the flattery, amounting to adulation, accorded him by
his fashionable friends, spoiled him to a certain extent; he became affected in
his manner, and his old friends deplored the partial eclipse of the finer and
more genuine qualities in the man they loved. In company with one of these
old friends, Mr. Jacob Bell, Landseer now made a tour through Belgium and
Switzerland, returning home by way of Paris. This trip, during which he
did nothing in the way of his work, proved the refreshment that his over-
taxed nerves needed, and he went back to London benefited by the rest.

From the time of her accession to the throne of England in 1837 Queen
Victoria was one of Landseer's most enthusiastic admirers and one of his
chief patrons. Her regard and friendship for the painter were shared by the
prince consort, and many were the visits that Landseer paid the royal pair
at Balmoral Castle in Scotland and at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight,
where he was kept busily employed in painting pictures of the pet animals
belonging to the queen and to Prince Albert, portraits of old and faithful
servants, and even portraits of the queen herself and of her consort, which
were followed by those of the young princes and princesses from their earli-
est childhood. We hear, too, of pictures painted by their favorite artist for
the royal couple to be given as birthday presents to each other, such com-
missions being always executed in secrecy. On one occasion, for instance,
when Landseer was engaged in painting, at the request of the queen, a
picture of Prince Albert's favorite greyhound, Eos, in which the prince's
hat and gloves were to be used as accessories, a messenger arrived in hot
haste at the artist's studio with an order from the queen to send back those
articles immediately, as the prince had asked for them and on no account must
he suspect what was on foot.

[195]

28 ^ MASTERS IN ART

Once the young queen herself rode on horseback unannounced to the door
of the artist's studio in St. John's Wood Road, and waited while in obedi-
ence to her summons he hurriedly changed his coat, and mounted a groom's
horse to accompany her on her ride in order that he might make a study for
an equestrian portrait of her Majesty.

In addition to his unofficial position as court painter Landseer gave les-
sons to the queen and to Prince Albert in the art of etching, in which both
proved apt pupils. There was little or no formality in his intercourse with
the royal couple, with whom, indeed, he was on terms of such intimate
friendship that when visiting them in Scotland or on the Isle of Wight he
would spend hours in hunting or in playing billiards with Prince Albert, or
would take long walks with the queen, and help her in her sketching with
his criticisms.

After the death of the prince consort this personal intercourse with the
queen ceased, and Landseer, whose sensitive nature was given to fancying
slights where none were intended, was deeply hurt, and never understood
that even if invitations to the royal palaces had ceased, the queen's regard
for him might still remain unchanged, as was proved to be the case when in
1850 she conferred upon him the honor of knighthood.

During the next ten years Sir Edwin Landseer, as he was now known,
produced many of his finest works. In 1855 his picture 'The Sanctuary'
won for him the great gold medal of the Universal Exposition held in Paris
in that year. Four years later he was commissioned by Lord Derby, on be-
half of the English nation, to model four lions for the base of the monument
erected in Trafalgar Square, London, in commemoration of the victory won
off Cape Trafalgar by Lord Nelson. This work occupied much of Land-
seer's time during the next eight years. On January 31, 1867, the colossal
lions cast in bronze were unveiled in their places.

In 1865 the presidency of the Royal Academy, made vacant by the death
of Sir Charles Eastlake, was offered to Landseer by the unanimous vote of
his fellow members. This honor, however, was declined by the painter, who
felt that his health was not equal to the responsibilities which such a position
entailed. Landseer's health had, indeed, shown signs of seriously breaking
down. Extreme nervous excitability manifested itself in various ways, and
attacks of mental distress undermined his constitution. His eyesight, too,
began to fail ; he became conscious of technical errors in his work which critics
readily attributed to weakening powers. This was especially painful to a
man whose delight it had formerly been, as a sympathetic critic has said, "to
put a magnifying-glass into the hand of an artist friend and bid him examine
the painting of the eye of a bird. He had the same desire for minute finish
at the last as in his youthful days, and it was one of his sorest trials that he
had to paint in glasses just when the rage for Preraphaelite finish was rising."
A morbid sensitiveness, to which he had long been a prey, caused Landseer to
suffer unduly from censure and from imagined slights from his friends. It
has been said that if he had been willing at this time to forego the pleasures
of society and lead a quieter life all might have gone well, but he was unable
[196]

LANDSEER 29

to resist the gaiety and excitement that he had grown to depend upon. At-
tacks of depression, amounting at times to mental anguish, became more fre-
quent, and these, combined with increasing physical feebleness and pain, sad-
dened his last years. There were, it is true, bright moments when his powers
reasserted themselves. Among his last works, 'The Swannery Invaded by
Eagles,' exhibited in 1869, and 'The Sick Monkey' in the following year,
give ample evidence that his hand had not forever lost its cunning.

It was hoped that the more bracing air of Scotland or the north of Eng-
land might benefit the painter's health; but such did not prove to be the
case, and finally, after repeated visits to the north, he returned to London, and
to his house in St. John's Wood Road, never to leave home again. During
the last months of his life he would sometimes walk around the paths of his
garden leaning on his sister's arm, but most of his time was passed in his
studio, where he painted almost to the last and where it was his wish that
he might die. *

On October 1, 1873, the end came. On the eleventh of that month Sir
Edwin Landseer was buried with full honors in St. Paul's Cathedral, Lon-
don, where his grave has since been marked by a sculptured slab above it
bearing a medallion portrait of the painter, beneath which is modeled in high
relief a copy of his most pathetic and one of his greatest works, 'The Old
Shepherd's Chief Mourner.'

%\)t art of ilanliseer

RICHARD MUTHER 'THE HISTORY OF MODERN PAINTING'

IANDSEER was the spoiled child of fortune. In high favor at court, hon-
^ ored by the fashionable world, and tenderly treated by criticism, he went
on his way triumphant. The region over which he held sway was narrow,
but he stood out in it as in life, powerful and commanding. . . .

One reason of his artistic success is perhaps due to that in him which was
inartistic — to his effort to make animals more beautiful than they really are,
and to make them the medium for expressing human sentiment. It is this
that distinguishes landseer to his disadvantage from really great animal-
painters like Potter, Snyders, Troyon, and Rosa Bonheur. He paints the
human temperament beneath the animal mask. His stags have expressive
countenances, and his dogs appear to be gifted with reason and even speech.
His disposition to bring animals on the stage, as if they were the actors of
tragic, melodramatic, or farcical scenes, made him a peculiar favorite with the
great mass of people. Nor were his picture-stories merely easy to read and
understand, for the characteristic titles he invented for them excited curiosity
as much as the most carefully selected name of a novel. But this search after
points and sentimental anecdotes only came into prominence in his last period,
when his technique had degenerated and he gave way to a shiny polish and
[197]

30' MASTERSINART

a forced elegance. In his middle period Landseer painted masterpieces which
set him by the side of the best animal-painters of all times and nations.
These pictures, in their animation and simple naturalness, are indeed precious
examples of the fresh and delicate observation peculiar to him at that time.
They are painted with all the love and joy of a child of nature, and that
accounts for their strength, their convincing power, and their vivid force. It
is as if he had become possessed of a magic cap, with which he could draw
close to animals without being observed, and surprise their nature and their
inmost life. . . .

Horses, which Leonardo da Vinci, Rubens, Velasquez, Wouverman, and
the earlier English artists delighted to render, Landseer painted but seldom,
and when he painted them it was with a less penetrating comprehension.
Lions, which had been represented in savage passion or in quiet dignity by
artists from Rubens to Decamps, were for him also a subject of long and
exhaustive studies, which had their result in the four colossal lions round
the base of Nelson's monument in Trafalgar Square, London. Stags and roes
were really first introduced in^^o painting by Landseer. His principal field
of study for these animals was the Highlands of Scotland, where he painted
them fighting on the mountain slope, swimming the lake, or as they stand
ojazing in their quiet beauty. But of all animals dogs were Landseer's peculiar
specialty. He may be said to have discovered the dog. That of Snyders was a
treacherous, snarling cur; that of Bewick a robber and a thief. Landseer has
made him the companion of man, an adjunct of human society, the generous
friend and true comrade who is the last mourner at the shepherd's grave.
Landseer first studied his noble countenance and his thoughtful eyes, and in
so doing opened a new province to art.

McDOUGALL SCOTT 'SIR E D WIN L A N D SE E R '

LANDSEER'S work divides itself into two classes: the painting of animals
J as animals, and the painting of animals as creatures possessed of all or
some of the human attributes. In the latter style only does the artist lay
claim to any distinct originality or to the founding of a school. But here he .
can make good his claim. Forjudging by those painters of animals who were
his predecessors or contemporaries, none had ever attacked their subject from
Landseer's standpoint; none had treated them so obviously as intellectually
sentient human beings, only removed from man by their lack of the medium
of human speech. It is at the point where he departs from the accepted can-
ons of animal-painting that adverse criticisms of him arise, for no critic has
ever suggested a word against his purely technical treatment of animals.
Studying his method, as typified in what have been called his "anecdotal"
pictures, in the spirit in which they were painted, we can, however, con-
struct an apology for much that would otherwise be unconvincing and false.
Landseer had a very real message to give to the world, a message of kind-
liness and compassion, of sympathy and trust; and he felt best able to give
this message through the medium of his dumb friends, where other men had
chosen religious subjects or broad poetic schemes. To the dog in particular
[198]

LANDSEER ^31)

he went for help in his tasic, as being the first friend of man; the dog he in-
vests with the greatest meed of human intelligence, and for this very reason
many of his dog pictures are narrower in their conception, more constrained
in their execution, and less convincing as poetic compositions than his greater
stag or lion studies. With the dog he often strained the rational limits set
about him, merging the semi-tragic into the ridiculous. Landseer was, how-
ever, a poet at soul; his poetry is often hidden under a mass of artifice, his
philosophy tainted with a strain of the absurd, yet we may not deny a deep
meaning to the spirit of his work. . . .

It is, however, necessary to recognize the fact that the attribution of
human instincts to animals did most sadly destroy the finer and innermost
qualities of much of Landseer's work. Undoubtedly, as has been said, the
artist viewed his effort as a means to an end, as a means whereby he could
give his message more vividly to the world; but nevertheless even this view
does not materially raise the art-level of some of his "anecdotal" pictures.
We cannot get away from the fact that had he escaped from the parodying
of humanity in the brute species a greater number of his pictures would have
attained the perfection of the highest standard in his branch of art. His stag
pictures must, for instance, always be admirable, for in them he discovered and
interpreted the essence of splendid animal majesty; the noble creatures are
imbued with something very far above mere humanity, they are the king-like
children of nature. We would here place such pictures as 'The Old Shep-
herd's Chief Mourner' and 'Suspense' outside the ordinary class of the "anec-
dotal" works. The humanizing effort is perhaps in them, but the word seems
hardly to embrace the real underlying idea. Let us turn instead to that larger
class of works of which 'The Cat's-paw,' 'The Larder Invaded,' 'A Jack in
Office,' 'The Traveled Monkey,' and 'Alexander and Diogenes' are typical
examples, to see where his idea went essentially wrong. In each and all of
the pictures cited, the petty introduction of human instincts has marred and
disturbed the broad ideas of free nature.

That Landseer, with his acute knowledge of the animal world, should ever
have attempted to mix up such antithetically opposed qualities as the artificial
emotions of humanity and the primitive instincts of the brute world must
always seem a curious error of judgment. In defence, however, of the false
sentiment that marks some of his work, we would point out the fact that he
lived at a most unfortunate time. The early and mid-Victorian epoch was
impregnated with a false and mawkish sentimentality. Art in England and
on the Continent was at a low ebb, and it is scarcely strange that the spirit
of the day should have crept into painting as it did into literature. It was not
so much that Landseer could not rise to heights of true and poetic pathos,
for some of his pictures definitely prove that he could, as that he took his
color from his surroundings, and acceded to the demands of his time. . . .

Up to the year 1824 Landseer's pictures lack breadth of conception and

ease of execution, but in that year, after his first visit to Scotland, a marked

change became apparent in his style. We note an increased power, a truer

idea of the harmonious relationship of subject with subject, broader tones,

[199]

32 ' MASTERS IN ART

and, if possible, a deeper insight into animal nature. As to the rapidity of
his work, so far from detracting from its excellence, his pictures seem often
to gain in strength and purpose through the quickened deftness of his touch.
Perhaps he threw more concentration into them, or perhaps his love for for-
eign details had to be curbed when he was working against time; at any rate
with increased rapidity came a greater unity of idea and harmony of execu-
tion. ...

Landseer was a master of draftsmanship. He has been called an excellent
designer of animals, a statement which in its terseness is a little unjust, with the
inference contained in it that he was so much and no more. He was a great deal
more, but perhaps his power as a draftsman is one of the most salient points
about his work. It would be difficult among his more mature works to find an
instance of really false animal drawing, though sometimes his treatment of the
dog is not convincing by reasonof a constraint of facial expression. For this his
humanizing method is to be blamed, rather than the technical treatment of the
drawing. The beauty of truth has in these cases given place to a far-fetched ex-
pression of idea. This occasional false rendering of expressions does not, how-
ever, alter the fact that as a draftsman of animals, working on a thorough
knowledge of his subject, Landseer stands without a rival. This is the more
vividly apparent when he is dealing with the more noble members of the
animal kingdom; true artist that he was, he never tried to infuse into the
stag or the lion that rather strained personality of his domestic animals.

With the human figure Landseer was not at his best; the subject had no
real attractions for him, and in it he never attained any high standard. As
often as not the drawing is false, the anatomy incorrect, the attitudes full of
uneasy constraint. The same may be said of his portraits, for though in his
own day he had a distinct vogue as a portrait-painter, he does not stand high
to-day in the public esteem. With the exception of the posthumous portrait
of Sir Walter Scott, and the one of himself in *The Connoisseurs,' his efforts
in this line were wooden and weak.

Landseer's pictures do not possess any rich glow of color, which, as a rule,
seems to emanate from the surface rather than from the depths of the canvas.
In many cases his subjects demanded a subdued treatment of soft grays and
browns, with no vivid contrasts. His manner of painting the coats of his ani-
mals is wonderful; there is a velvety texture about them which is quite real-
istic, and one can almost feel the thickness and soft resistance of the hair. . . .

In composition Landseer was successful only so long as he kept his pic-
tures simple. When he was called on to introduce crowds, more especially
crowds of men and women, into his canvas, he failed to gain anything but
a series of disjointed groups. In this respect he did not improve as time went
on. He was too fond, moreover, of crowding his canvases with irritating
adjuncts and details. It is in composition in "breadth" and "height" that
he most obviously fails, for his "depth" is good; the groupings recede well
into their respective planes. Perhaps his distance and middle distance are too
intricately detailed and brought too much forward, but his real faults lie more
in the grouping of each respective plane. . . .
[200]

LANDSEER 33

Landseer could be deeply imaginative, but, to use an expression taken from
logic, his paintings are types of "intension'* rather than "extension." That
is, he painted the attributes of his animal with relation to the animal itself,
and not the relations of his animal to the world of his picture. With a few
exceptions, he painted the animal for its own merits and not as a factitive
part of a whole composition.

Let us, however, admire Landseer's style in its own light — in the light of
the genius which could discover and interpret the instincts, feelings, and sen-
tient nature of the animals, portraying this inner nature with a truthful mas-
tery of his art, and a thorough knowledge of form and substance.

JOHN C. VAN DYKE <OLD ENGLISH MASTERS'

THE most precocious and perhaps the most popular of all English paint-
ers was Sir Edwin Landseer. He was acclaimed a genius before he had
reached man's estate, and during the seventy years of his life he painted pic-
tures that were circulated through engravings in all the countries of Chris-
tendom. ...

It is not often that an artist attains such wide-spread popularity, and usually
there are reasons for it other than artistic. It was so in Landseer's case. He
forced the note of animal life (especially the dog) by humanizing it, giving
it emotions and sentiments pertinent to humanity, making it tell a sentimen-
tal or a funny story. And he forced the note of art by a "smart" painting of
surfaces and textures which disguised a want of depth and covered up a lack
of substance. Not that Landseer was always superficial, but that his pop-
ularity was gained by his least meritorious performance. It is an old story
in art. Correggio is still popularly known as the painter of that sugary lit-
tle 'Reading Magdalene' at Dresden — a picture that he never saw; and
Millet, who had a command of line worthy of Michelangelo, lives in the pop-
ular mind as the painter of the 'Angelus,' an exaggerated story in paint done
in the artist's poorest manner. . . .

After Landseer's trip to Scotland his subject changed somewhat, he be-
came fond of deer, mountains, and Scotch heather, paying less attention to
lions and tigers, but always clinging to the dog. He now began painting the
dog in connection with his master; and after he had been made a Royal Acad-
emician, in 1 83 1, he began to burlesque his subject in such popular successes
as 'Low Life — High Life,' 'A Jack in Office,' and 'Laying Down the Law'
— all of them pictures of dogs, posed in imitation of humanity. . . .

At his best Landseer was a good draftsman and a very facile handler of
the brush. All told, his career was remarkably successful, but there is a sharp
line of demarcation to be drawn between his popular success and his artistic
success. The latter was not slight. He had the artistic sense, but in the roar
of applause that went up over the caricatured dog it was lost to sight and for-
gotten save by his fellow-craftsmen.

[201]

34 MASTERS IN ART

COSMO MONKHOUSE 'DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY'

AS an artist Landseer was thoroughly original, striking out a new path for
iJL himself by treating pictorially the analogy between the character of ani-
mals and men. His principal forerunner in this was Hogarth, who occasion-
ally introduced animals in his pictures from the same motive. But Landseer
was more playful in his humor, more kind in his satire, trying only to show
what was human in the brute; whereas Hogarth only displayed what was
brutal in the man. But Landseer was a poet as well as a humorist, and could
strike chords of human feeling almost as truly and strongly as if his subjects
had been men instead of dogs and deer.

His compositions are nearly always marked by a great feeling for elegance
of line, but in his later works his color, despite his skill in imitation, was apt
to be cold and crude. As a draftsman he was exceedingly elegant and facile,
and his dexterity and swiftness of execution with the brush were remarkable,
especially in rendering the skins and furs of animals; a few touches or twirls,
especially in his later work, sufficed to produce effects which seem due to the
most intricate manipulation.

ANONYMOUS <LONDON QUARTERLY REVIEW 1874

THE line that divides Landseer's art from that of other animal-painters
also separates his own pictures into two distinct classes. On one side
of that line are his portraits of individual beasts, compositions in which one
or more of them are appropriately set, sometimes telling the story of their
juxtaposition, sometimes merely setting forth a claim to existence as repre-
sentations of things in themselves beautifully or gracefully arranged, or as
pieces of fine workmanship. On the other side of the line are the pictures
into which the artist has thrown a peculiar and subtle charm, educing from
his materials not a direct moral lesson as Hogarth would have done, but a
power of awakening thought and feeling in others — pictures now idyllic with
all the simple happiness in mere living of the brute inhabitants of the field;
now epic with their strifes and struggles; now dramatic with the play of their
strange minds, so mysteriously like and unlike our own; now lyric with their
joys and griefs — pictures, in short, which, as Ruskin has said, are poems. It
is in these works in which the poetry of animal life is strikingly embodied that
Landseer's originality is shown.

The older masters seldom introduced animals as a principal element in their
pictures. When Veronese, Velasquez, or Van Dyck gives* us a dog or a
horse it is rather as an adjunct in a sumptuous scene, or as a characteristic
possession of the person whose portrait he is executing, than as a thing par-
ticularly interesting in itself. Rubens, it is true, gives a more prominent place
to beasts, and, attracted apparently by the savage energy of the subject, revels
in an occasional lion hunt. Snyders, his friend and pupil, dwells habitually
on the sterner aspects of the chase. The later cattle painters — Cuyp, who
steeped his meadow scenes in golden sunlight, and the sturdier Paul Potter —
are animal-painters entirely after the modern kind. We can trace their echoes
[202]

LANDSEER 35

in contemporary art, but even in them there is no sign of controlling feel-
ing or sentiment. Perhaps of all the ancients Diirer studied the subject in a
spirit most akin to that of Landseer. His dogs and pigs and horses have
an individual life, a distinct character of their own. One feels that to him
one beast was not as another beast — a patch of necessary color, a superior
kind of stage property — but a creature into whose mind it was worth while,
if possible, to enter.

Among modern animal-painters, too, Landseer holds a distinct place. The
agricultural scenes of Troyon and Rosa Bonheur possess extraordinary vigor,
and their cattle, horses, and sheep are certainly executed with more rough
power and less civilized refinement than Landseer was in the habit of show-
ing; but in none of the modern animal-painters is there Landseer's vein of
poetry; not one has seen so far into the brute nature, and passed by so en-
tire a transmigration into the beast's soul, into its limited blind feeling and
its groping rudimentary reasonings. . . .

Nearly allied to this power of rendering what may be called the psychology
of beasthood was Landseer's singular skill in the drawing of animal forms.
He caught the most fleeting and most characteristic attitudes of his models
with a kind of instinct. Doubtless this power had been greatly increased by
years of toil, but though he strengthened the gift that was in him by assiduous
study, yet the gift itself was something peculiarly his own — and what a won-
derful gift it was! How admirably his brush seems to give life to these count-
less creatures — how various they are, and each how full of character! . . .

Landseer's shortcomings are not far to seek. His color, except when work-
ing at his best, is poor, his composition not excellent; but his humor and
pathos are admirable, his technical painting of certain substances not less so,
and in power of drawing and painting animal life, of expressing insight into
animal character and sympathy with animal feeling and in the divine faculty
of casting a halo of poetry over his subject — in these he has never been sur-
passed.

Cf)e Woxk^ of Hantiseer

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PLATES
<THE OLD SHEPHERD'S CHIEF MOURNER' PLATE I

THIS picture, one of the most celebrated of Landseer's works, and by
many considered his masterpiece, was painted in 1837, when the artist
was thirty-five years old, and exhibited that same year at the Royal Academy.
It is now in the South Kensington Museum, London. It represents the inte-
rior of a Highland cottage of which the only living inmate is the faithful dog
watching beside the coffin in which his master lies. The shepherd's plaid
partly covers the coffin's lid, upon which some hand has placed a sprig of rose-
mary in accordance with an old custom still held sacred in the lonely hill-
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36 MASTERS IN ART

country of Scotland. The Bible and spectacles of the dead shepherd lie on
a stool near by; his stick and hat are on the floor; and beside the window,
which lets in a flood of light, stands the worn armchair where he used to sit.

Ruskin called this painting "one of the most perfect poems or pictures
which modern times have seen," and in his poetic but not very accurate de-
scription of the work says, "The exquisite execution of the glossy and crisp
hair of the dog, the bright sharp touching of the green bough beside it, the
clear painting of the wood of the cofiin and the folds of the blanket, are lan-
guage— language clear and expressive in the highest degree. But the close
pressure of the dog's breast against the wood, the convulsive clinging of the
paws, which has dragged the blanket off the trestle, the total powerlessness
of the head laid, close and motionless, upon its folds, the fixed and tearful
fall of the eye in its utter hopelessness, the rigidity of repose which marks
that there has been no motion nor change in the trance of agony since the
last blow was struck on the cofiin-lid, the quietness and gloom of the cham-
ber, the spectacles marking the place where the Bible was last closed, indi-
cating how lonely has been the life, how unwatched the departure of him who
is now laid solitary in his sleep — these are all thoughts — thoughts by which
the picture is separated at once from hundreds of equal merit, as far as mere
painting goes, by which it ranks as a work of high art, and stamps its author,
not as the neat imitator of the texture of a skin or the fold of a drapery, but
as a man of mind."

The picture is on panel and measures one foot six inches high by two feet
wide.

•SPANIELS OF KING CHARLES' BREED' PLATE II

THIS picture, sometimes called 'The Cavalier's Pets,' was first exhibited
at the British Institution in 1845. It is a remarkable example of Land-
seer's rapidity of workmanship, having been painted in two days — a fact that
is the more to be wondered at when it is observed how exquisitely the ostrich
feather in the cavalier's gray felt hat lying on the table is rendered, and with
what a delicate touch the silky coats of the spaniels — the King Charles,
black and tan with spots of white, and the Blenheim, white with reddish brown
ears — are portrayed. Mr. Cosmo Monkhouse, indeed, considers that as a
piece of painting Landseer never excelled this work.

The picture is on canvas and measures about two feet high by three feet
wide. It hangs in the National Gallery, London.

T

OGS' PLATE III

HE Twa Dogs,' painted in 1822, when Landseer was twenty years
old, illustrates Robert Burns' poem of that name which relates how

"Upon a bonnie day in June,
When wearing thro' the afternoon,
Twa dogs, that were na thrang at hame,
Forgathered ance upon a time."
[204]

LANDSEER 37

One of these dogs, Caesar by name, the well-cared-for favorite of a wealthy
and high-born master, was a Newfoundland, whose

. . . *< locked, letter' d, braw brass collar
Show'd him the gentleman and scholar."

The other, Luath, was a ploughman's collie, whose

. . . "honest, sonsie, baws'nt face
Aye gat him friends in ilka place."

In spite of the difference in their social positions and worldly circumstances,
the two were fast friends, and on the occasion in question, having sought a
secluded spot, they seated themselves upon a knoll,

**An' there began a lang digression
About the lords o' the creation."

Their conversation, in which they compared their lots and discussed the
hardships of poverty versus the emptiness and folly of a fashionable life, lasted
until the sun had set and night was upon them,

"When up they gat, and shook their lugs,
Rejoic'd they were na men, but dogs;
An' each took afF his several way,
Resolv'd to meet some ither day."

Landseer has caught the spirit of the poem, and while admirably interpre-
ting the character of the two dogs, has by no means divested them of their
canine natures.

The picture is on canvas and measures about one foot four inches high
by nearly two feet wide. It is in the South Kensington Museum, London.

<THE SICK MONKEY" PLATE IV

AMONG Landseer's last works 'The Sick Monkey,' or, as it was origin-
L ally called, ' Doctor's Visit to Poor Relations at the Zoological Gar-
dens,' occupies a prominent place, and offers an admirable example of the
kind of subject of which Landseer was the originator and in the portrayal of
which he was preeminent.

In a cage at the London Zoological Gardens a young monkey, sick and
suffering, is tenderly cared for by its mother, to whom it clings with all the
dependence of an ailing child. On a rail behind sits the "doctor," quietly
devouring an orange, while he holds another in his hind paws. The soft gray
fur of the mother and child and the coat of the doctor, its black offset by the
two bright spots of color supplied by the oranges, are excellently painted,
as are also the forms and attitudes of the animals, and their almost human
expressions indicative of suffering in the baby-monkey's face, anxious solici-
tude in the mother's, and calm indifference on the part of the "doctor."

The picture is on canvas and measures three feet high by two feet three
inches wide. It was painted in 187 0 and was exhibited in that year at the
[205]

38 MASTERS IN ART

Royal Academy, London. In 1876 it was sent to the United States, where
it was seen at the Centennial Exhibition held in Philadelphia. It is now the
property of Lord Northbrook.

«THE MONARCH OF THE GLEN* PLATE V

THIS picture, exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1851, was painted in
accordance with an order received by Landseer from the Commission-
ers on the Fine Arts to paint three subjects connected with the chase, for the
peers' refreshment room in the English Houses of Parliament. The matter,
however, came to nothing, for the House of Commons took offense at not
having been consulted in the transaction, and the appropriation bill failed to
carry. 'The Monarch of the Glen,' one of Landseer's finest and most pop-
ular works, then passed into private possession. Since that time it has more
than once changed owners, and is now the property of T. J. Barratt, Esq.,
London.

"The picture," writes Mr. McDougall Scott, "is eminently simple and
majestic in its composition. A noble animal is represented before the merest
suggestion of mountain scenery, which, despite its small relation to the pro-
portion of the stag, is full of space and distance. The set of the head and
neck of the 'Monarch' as he stands in tense expectancy is the essence of
proud power and freedom."

The name by which the picture is known was not conferred upon it by
Landseer, who gave it no title beyond what might be deduced from the fol-
lowing lines from the 'Legends of Glenorchay' which he appended to the
painting:

"When first the day star's clear, cool light,

Chasing night' s shadows gray,
With silver touch' d each rocky height

That girdled wild Glen-Strae,
Uprose the Monarch of the Glen,

Majestic from his lair;
Survey' d the scene with piercing ken,

And snufF'd the fragrant air."

HIGHLAND BREAKFA

A LTHOUGH Landseer was never so successful in compositions into
X\. which many figures were introduced as he was in his portrayals of single
animals, the 'Highland Breakfast' is a fine and characteristic example of his
story-telling pictures which met with popular favor and added greatly to his
reputation.

The scene of this painting is a Highland shepherd's hut, where a number

of dogs — staghound, collie, and terriers — are gathered around a tub of hot

milk assigned them for their morning meal. Some of them hang back, for

the breakfast is yet too hot; others, unable to restrain their impatience, eagerly

[206]

LANDSEER 39

dip their noses into the tempting milk. Seated near by is the shepherd's wife,
heedful only of the baby in her arms. A cradle, a chair, and some cooking
utensils lying about complete this picture of lowly life.

The painting is on wood and measures one foot eight inches high by two
feet two inches wide. It was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1834,
and is now in the South Kensington Museum, London.

«LOW LIFE HIGH LIFE' PLATE VII

THESE companion pictures, now in the National Gallery of British Art
(Tate Gallery), London, were painted in 1829 and exhibited two years
later at the British Institution. One of them represents a butcher's bulldog,
"big of jowl and broad of paw," lazily blinking in the warm sunshine, as
he sits beside his master's block, guarding the hat, boots, and cans that have
been left in his care. " Was ever anything more real — was ever anything more
expressive?" asks a writer in the 'Morning Chronicle.* "This dog is the
very essence of greasy vulgarity and yet he is a dog, every inch and every
hair of him. His eyes, half shut and winking, are 'low' — his tongue, lazily
curling out of his greasy chops, is 'low' — his clumsy knotted legs are 'low'
— his ungainly inturned toes are 'low,' and beside him stands a pair of boots,
stubborn, squat, coarse boots, irredeemably and hopelessly 'low.' The whole
picture, in fact, dog and accessories, presents the most perfect idea of low
comfort and ungainly free-and-easyism that ever was put on canvas."

The other picture, 'High Life,' offers a striking contrast in the condition
of the dog which gives the title to the scene. Gentle and "gentlemanly" is
the staghound seated before the fire in the comfortable study of the master
whose books, gloves, and other belongings bespeak his rank in life. It has
been said that this dog was Sir Walter Scott's famous "Maida," but there is
insufficient ground for this belief.

Both 'Low Life' and 'High Life' are fine examples of Landseer's art.
They are painted on wood, and each one measures only eighteen inches high
by about thirteen inches wide.

'SUSPENSE' PLATE VIII

THE year 1834 was productive of several of Landseer's masterpieces, of
which his biographer, Mr. F. G. Stephens, considers 'Suspense' "by far
the best picture, the aptest illustration of his genius, the one on which his
honor should rest."

The picture is an example of that class of Landseer's works in which "the
invention of the artist is exerted rather to exercise and call forth the imag-
ination of the spectator than to display his own." It represents a huge blood-
hound intently watching at a closed door, shut out, we are led to suppose,
from his master, who has been borne wounded into the room beyond. In the
original painting drops of blood may be seen upon the floor, telling the story
[207]

40 MASTERS IN ART

of desperate strife, to which the blood-stained eagle plume also bears witness.
The steel gauntlets on the table, reflecting the light in their polished sur-
faces, add an effective touch to the picture.

'Suspense' is now in the South Kensington Museum, London. It is painted
on wood and measures about two feet three inches high by three feet wide.

«A JACK IN OFFICE' PLATE IX

A JACK in Office' is one of Landseer's best known works, and the first of
those "canine burlesques of human life" that won for him an almost
unparalleled popularity. This picture gives evidence of both the humor and
the pathos of the painter. An itinerant dealer in dog's meat — a familiar fig-
ure in London fifty years ago — has left his wheelbarrow in a side street un-
der the guardianship of a fat mongrel cur, who, mounted on the top of his
charge, does not deign in all the arrogance of his position of authority to so
much as glance at the poor miserable dogs who, attracted by the smell of the
food, have ventured to approach. A lean and hungry hound gazes longingly
on the savory contents of the butcher's basket placed near the barrel; a puppy
in front, having devoured some scraps of meat that were cast aside, still gnaws
the skewer and makes bold to ask for more ; in the background other wretched
creatures timidly draw near, none daring, however, to touch the meat that
"Jack" so superciliously guards.

The picture was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1833. It is on wood
and measures about one foot and a half high by a trifle over two feet wide. It
is now in the South Kensington Museum, London.

•THE HUNTED STAG' PLATE X

AFTER Landseer's visit to Scotland in 1824 the deer became almost as
^ frequent a subject for his brush as the dog. "The deer," writes Mr.
Cosmo Monkhouse, "was the only animal of which he may be said to have
made a special study in its wild state, and whose natural life he watched
with never wearying care and pleasure. The beauty of its form, the nobil-
ity and grace of its bearing, the cleverness of its instincts, and its courage
in extremity, together with the sublimity of its home, gave it a fascination
from which Landseer never escaped. ... He may be said to have mastered
other animals, but the deer mastered him."

Moreover, the wild scenery of the Scottish Highlands made a strong ap-
peal to Landseer's imagination, and many were the studies that he made of
mountain, lake, and rushing torrent, and the ever changing effects of cloud
and mist. Scenery such as this he painted as fit settings for his numerous
pictures of the stag and deer, many of them tragic in their portrayals of the
death of these creatures, and none more touching and at the same time more
stirring than the one reproduced in plate x, in which a hunted stag, hotly
pursued by the hounds, has plunged into a mountain stream to escape its
bloodthirsty foes, and is borne down the rocky torrent, even there closely
followed by its tormentors.

[208]

L A N D S E E R '■,'/',;..;:' ' , •' ^ \4 J, J

The picture, which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1833, is now
in the National Gallery of British Art (Tate Gallery), London. It is on wood
and measures about two feet three inches high by three feet wide.

A LIST OF SOME OF THE MORE NOTABLE PAINTINGS BY LANDSEER
WITH THEIR PRESENT LOCATIONS

PUBLIC COLLECTIONS

ENGLAND. Egham, Holloway College: Man Proposes, God Disposes — Lon-
don, Burlington House, Diploma Gallery: The Faithful Hound — London,
National Gallery: Sleeping Bloodhound; Spaniels of King Charles' Breed (Plate ii);
Dignity and Impudence; Shoeing; Two Studies of a Lion; Defeat of Comus (loaned) —
London, National Gallery of British Art: Low Life — High Life (Plate vii);
Highland Music; The Hunted Stag (Plate x) ; Peace; War; Highland Dogs; Alexander
and Diogenes; The Maid and the Magpie; A Distinguished Member of the Humane So-
ciety; Scene at Abbotsford; Uncle Tom and his Wife for Sale; Donkey and Foal; Por-
trait of John Landseer; Equestrian Portrait (finished by Millais) — London, National
Portrait Gallery: Portrait of Sir Walter Scott; Portrait of Dr. John Allen — London,
South Kensington Museum: Highland Breakfast (Plate vi); Drover's Departure; Dog
and Shadow; The Twa Dogs (Plate in); Fireside Party; The Old Shepherd's Chief
Mourner (Plate i); A Jack in Office (Plate ix); Tethered Rams; Sancho Panza and
Dapple; The Angler's Guard; A Naughty Child; Suspense (Plate viii); Comical Dogs;
Young Roebuck and Rough Hounds; Eagle's Nest; There's no Place Like Home; Lion;
The Stonebreaker and his Daughter; Lady Blessington's Dog; Sketch in the Highlands —
London, Wallace Collection: Highland Scene; Arab Tent; Looking for Crumbs that
Fall from the Rich Man's Table — IRELAND. Dublin, National Gallery of Ire-
land: Dialogue at Waterloo; Portrait Group (unfinished) — SCOTLAND. Edinburgh,
National Gallery of Scotland: Rent Day in the Wilderness.

PRIVATE collections

ENGLAND. Owned by the King of England: The Connoisseurs (Page 190); The
Sanctuary; Van Amburgh and his Animals; Marmosets; Portrait of Queen Victoria;
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert; Queen Victoria in Fancy Dress; Queen Victoria in the
Highlands; Queen Victoria Sketching; Queen Victoria at Osborne House; Windsor Castle;
The Princess Royal; Princess Victoria of Saxe Coburg; Princess Alice when a Baby;
Princess Alice with Eos; Dash; Pen, Brush, and Chisel; Dash, Hector, Nero, and Lorie;
Islay, Macaw, and Love-birds; Lorie; Lion-dog from Malta; Islay Begging; Cairnach;
Eos; A Drive of Deer; The Free Kirk; Dackel; Hunter and Bloodhound; Highland Las-
sie Crossing the Stream; The Mountain Top; Dandie Dinmont and the Hedgehog; Dear
Old Boz; Indian Tent, Mare, and Foal; Defeat of Comus (fresco); The Font — Owned by
Lord Ashburton: Portrait of Lord Ashburton — Owned by T. J. Barratt, Esq: The
Monarch of the Glen (Plate v) — Owned by the Duke of Bedford: Chevy Chase —
Owned by Earl Brownlow: Midsummer Night's Dream — Owned by Lord Cheyles-
more: The Auld Wife; Flood in the Highlands; Equestrian Portrait of Queen Victoria —
Owned by the Duke of Devonshire: Bolton Abbey in the Olden Time; Laying Down
the Law; The Chieftain's Friends — Owned by the Earl of Essex: The Cat's-paw —
Owned by Lord Hardinge: Night; Morning; Deer at Bay — Owned by John Naylor,
Esg: There's Life in the Old Dog Yet; Harvest in the Highlands; Dead Game — Owned
by the Marquis of Northampton: Swannery Invaded by Eagles — Owned by Lord
NoRTHBROOK: The Sick Monkey (Plate iv); The Traveled Monkey — Owned by the
Duke of Northumberland: Deerstalker's Return — Owned by the Duke of Suth-
erland: The Sutherland Children — Owned by the Duke of Wellington: Highland
Whiskey Still; Van Amburgh and his Animals.

[209]

4^ : MASTERSINART

Hantisett Bftliosraqptj?

A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL BOOKS AND MAGAZINE ARTICLES
DEALING WITH LANDSEER

THE most important biography of Landseer yet published is F. G. Stephens' ' Memoirs
of Sir Edwin Landseer' (London, 1874, and reissued in 1880 in a revised and more
compact form in the 'Illustrated Biographies of the Great Artists' series). James A.
Manson's * Sir Edwin Landseer' (London, 1902) is anecdotal rather than critical. Cosmo
Monkhouse's article on Landseer in the 'Dictionary of National Biography' is interesting,
and Algernon Graves' 'Catalogue of the Works of Sir Edwin Landseer' (London, 1875),
although now somewhat out of date, contains valuable information.

DAFFORNE, J. Pictures by Sir E. Landseer. London [1874] — Frith, W. P.
My Autobiography and Reminiscences. London, 1887 — Gilbey, Sir W. Animal
Painters of England. London, 1900 — Graves, A. Catalogue of the Works of Landseer.
London [1875] — Hurll, E. M. Landseer. Boston, 1901 — Leslie, C. R. Autobio-
graphical Recollections. Edited by Tom Taylor. London, i860 — Manson, J. A. Sir
Edwin Landseer, R, A. London, 1902 — Monkhouse, W. C. Pictures by Sir Edwin
Landseer. London [1877] — Monkhouse, W. C. The Studies of Sir Edwin Landseer.
London [18 — ] — Monkhouse, W. C. Landseer (In Dictionary of National Biography).
London, 1892 — Muther, R. History of Modern Painting. London, 1896 — Muther,
R. Geschichte der englischen Malerei. Berlin, 1903 — Redgrave, R. and S. A Cen-
tury of Painters of the English School. London, 1890 — Ruskin, J. Modern Painters.
London, 1846-60 — Scott, McD. Sir Edwin Landseer. London, 1903 — Stephens,
F. G. Memoirs of Sir Edwin Landseer. London, 1874 — Stephens, F. G. Sir Edwin
Landseer. London,i88o — Sweetser, M. F. Landseer. Boston, 1879 — Tirebuck,W.
Great Minds in Art. London, 1888 — Van Dyke, J. C. Old English Masters. New
York, 1902.

magazine articles

ART JOURNAL, 1875-77: J. D.; Studies and Sketches by Landseer. 1879: W. C.
xjL Monkhouse; Hogarth and Landseer)— Athen^um, 1873: Sir Edwin Landseer —
British Quarterly Review, 1874: Edwin Landseer — Cornhill Magazine, 1874:
A. I. Thackeray; Sir Edwin ian^eer — Daily News (London), Oct. 3, 1873: Sir
Edwin Landseer. Oct. 1 1, 1873: Obituary — Every Saturday, 1873: Sir Edwin Land-
seer— Gentleman's Magazine, 1874: J. Callingham; Sir Edwin Landseer — Leisure
Hour, 1874: Landseer's Spot of Red — Littell's Living Age, 1852: Sir Edwin Land-
seer's Dogs — London Quarterly Review, 1874: Landseer — Munsey's Magazine,
1894: J. G. Waring; Landseer and his Animals — Portfolio, 1871: F. G. Stephens;
English Artists of the Present Day. 1885: F. G. Stephens; Landseer the Dog-painter
— The Times (London), Oct. 2, 1873: Obituary. Oct. 13, 1873: The Funeral of Sir
Edwin Landseer.

[210]

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