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: ve POST-LARVAL FISHES.

BY —

LONDON :

” Ben % Co., teen: aT, Soho Square, We; :
AND AT THE

1916.
[au right teeta

‘s Sirs

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES.

BY C. TATE REGAN, M.A.

(Assistant in the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History)).

WITH FIVE TEXT-FIGURES AND TEN PLATES.

].— Antarctic and Subantarctic Fishes. PAGE
1. Notolepis and Myctophumn . : : : : ; : 125
2. A new Paraliparis . : : ; ; : ; 129
3. The Nototheniform Fishes ; : ; ; ' r 129
Il.—Fishes from the Tropical and South Temperate Zones : 134

II].—Notes and Conclusions.

1. Pelagic Larvae in Relation to the Distribution of Species 148
2. The Recapitulation Theory : : : p 149
3. Development of the Fins . ; : : : : ; 150
4. Characteristic Features of Pelagic Larvae. F : : 151
5. Systematic Importance of Larval Characters : : ; 152

I—ANTARCTIC AND SUBANTARCTIC FISHES.
1. NOTOLEPIS AND MYCTOPHUM.

THE pelagic fishes of the order Iniomi are represented by a very perfect post-larval
example of the strictly Antaretic Notolepis coats and by a series illustrating the
development of the more widely distributed Myctophum antarcticum. This ranges.
when adult, throughout the Antarctic, Subantarctic, and South Temperate Zones,
but the larval and post-larval specimens were all taken in the Subantarctic Zone, some
to the south of New Zealand, others to the west of Tierra del Fuego,

Notolepis coatsii, Dollo. (P1. I, figs. 4, 5).

A post-larval example, 70 mm. long, is very similar to one figured by Roule
(Deux. Expéd. Antarct. Francaise, Poissons, pl. IID). It was taken on Dec. 28th, 1912,
at Station 269, 68° 37'S., 166° 14’ W., surface. The adipose fin is contmuous with

VOL. I. T

126 “TERRA NOVA” EXPEDITION.

the procurrent part of the caudal, and extends forward to the dorsal. The small pelvic
fins are a little in advance of the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, and the anus is
a short distance in front of them; from the anus a membranous fringe runs backwards

to the anal fin.

Fig. 1.—Notolepis coatsii. Type, actual size.

Dr. W. 8. Bruce has very kindly lent me the type in order that the accompanying
figure might be drawn, but owing to the condition of the specimen (cf. Tr. R. Soc.
Edinburgh, XLIX, 1913, p. 233) this figure is largely a restoration. The “ Terra Nova”
example agrees with the type in the number of myotomes (82) and fin-rays (8 dorsal and

Fig. 2.—Distribution of Notolepis coatsii. All recorded captures are from the area bounded by the
extreme limit of pack-ice, ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~—. Specimens taken by the “Terra Nova,” @ ;
. . 9» oe Spy Es, *F)) ‘! py
“Pourquoi Pas?” sf ; “Scotia,” 4 ; “ Challenger,” ©.

28 anal); but in the type, which is 105 mm. long, the anus is further back, below the
anterior part of the dorsal fin, and there is a separate adipose fin. On the other hand,
in a specimen of 50 mm., the anus is further forward, only a short distance behind

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN. 1:

b
NI

the head, so that the migration of the anus backwards during the development of
this species is established.

Moreover, it is evident that Prymnothonus is not a valid genus, but merely a
larval form of Notolepis, Paralepis, ete.

The capture of this example in the Ross Sea completes the evidence that Nofolepis
coatsit 1s eircumpolar, for it had previously been taken near Peter Island, at the
South Orkneys and in the Weddell Sea, and near Wilkes Land.

Myctophum, sp.

Some specimens, very much damaged, taken on March 27th, 1912, at Station
Dac p2. lily Se 67> 25) EK, 30) metres:

The largest, 15 mm. long, is very similar to the somewhat larger example of
M. punctatum, Rafin. figured by Holt and Byrne (Fisheries Ireland Sci. Invest., 1910,
VI, pl. I, fig. 1), but differs in that the anal papilla is separated by an interspace from
the anal fin. I count 40 myotomes and 20 anal rays; the dorsal fin appears to have
been bitten off.

Myctophum antarcticum, Ginth. (Pl. I, figs. 1-3).

A number of examples of this circumpolar species, 10 to 18 mm. in length, were
taken in the Subantarctic Zone at Stations—

235) 52° 41'S., 168° 15' E., 10 metres, March 26th, 1912.
238 BP? GS, WBS Say IB. SO a March 27th, 1912.
240 HIS Bil" Shy WO Be Wy, 5p March 28th, 1912.
20a lea Seelane O Weysuttace Dees 20thel ilo:
PRD 5A° 33'S., 176° 55! W., x4 Dec. 21st, 1912.
308 55° 29'S., 78°54’ W., 4 metres, April 9th, 1913.

In adult examples, 60 to 100 mm. in length, I count 13 to 15 dorsal and 18 to
22 anal rays, and 40 to 42 myotomes. I find the same numbers in the larger
specimens (14 to 18 mm.) of the ‘Terra Nova” collection, which have the fin-rays
developed, but differ from the adult fish in the followme points :—

(1) There are no scales or photophores, except a single photophore on each side
above the base of the pelvic fin.

(2) The dorsal and anal fins are lower, the caudal fin is less emarginate, the
adipose fin is longer, and the paired fins are shorter.

(3) The fish is more elongate, and the snout is proportionately longer, the eye
smaller and the maxillary shorter, not reaching the vertical from the
posterior edge of the eye.

(4) There is a prominent anal papilla, and from it a membranous fringe runs
forward to the base of the pelvie fins.

(5) There is a small sinus, subdivided by septa, persistent above the occipital

p 2

128 «TERRA NOVA” EXPEDITION:

region of the head; this is an expansion of the anterior part of the dorsal
fin-fold.

(6) Pigment is wanting, except for a median black spot on the parietal region and
some pigmented areas on the tail. In specimens of 14 mm. (and less) there
is a dark area above and another below on the caudal peduncle ; in larger
ones the dorsal area spreads forward on each side of the adipose fin, and

the ventral one may disappear, or may he replaced by a median series of

Fic. 3.—Distribution of Myctophum antarcticum. Recorded captures of the adult are marked + ; larval
and post-larval stages taken by the Terra Nova,” JJ. The map shows the extreme limit of
pack-ice = => ~—~-—, and the mean annual surface isotherms of 6 C.———-—-— and

12° CG. -

dark spots, probably the precursors of the infracaudal plates of the adult
female.

Examples of 10 to 12 mm. are often more elongate, and have no photophores
and no pelvic fins ; the adipose fin extends forward to the dorsal; the dorsal fin is low,
and its rays are undeveloped or just evident. The maxillary reaches only to below the
anterior part or middle of the eye, which is relatively larger than in the specimens of

14 to 18 mm., whilst the snout is correspondingly shorter.

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN. 129

Myctophum antarcticum is very similar in form, proportions, position of the fins
and number of rays, number of myotomes, ete., to the northern JZ glaciale, Reinh.,
the principal differences between them residing in the number and arrangement of the
photophores. Holt (P.Z.8. 1898, pp. 552-560, pls. XLVI, XLVIT) has described young
stages of the northern species, and it is interesting to note the resemblances and
differences between these and corresponding stages of JL antarcticum. There is a
general resemblance in the development of the two species, but J/ glaciale at 8 mm.
long corresponds to M. antarcticum of 10 to 12mm. and at 11°5 mm. to IL antarcticum
of 16 to 18 mm., whilst at 14°5 mm. JL glaciale has the general characters of the adult
fish, except that the eye, although considerably larger than in smaller examples, is not
yet proportionately as large as in the adult. Post-larval examples of J/. glaciale differ
from corresponding stages of J. antarcticum in that they are not noticeably elongate
in form as compared with the adult, the abdomen is prominent, the dorsal sinus extends
from head to dorsal fin, and the latter is much higher than in M. antarcticum.

Even if post-larval J. glaciale appear less elongate than the same stages of

M. antarcticum to a great extent because the depth is increased by the large dorsal
sinus and the protuberant abdomen, yet if these features be neglected, the southern
species 1s at this early age noticeably more slender than the northern one. Jn both, the
eyes at first grow at a slower rate than the fish as a whole, as is the rule in fishes
generally, but later on grow faster than the rest of the fish, so that they are propor-
tionately much larger in the adult than in the young. Holt’s explanation—that this
is due to the fact that the adults live at greater depths than the youne—may be

oD

unreservedly accepted.

2. A NEW PARALIPARIS.

Paraliparis terrac-novae, sp. nu. (Pl. I, fig. 6).

A young fish, 35 mm. long, was taken in McMurdo Sound on Jan. 16th, 1912, at
Station 332, 77° 15'S., 166° 0' E., 0-550 metres. It is very similar in most respects to
P. antarcticus, Regan, but differs notably in the fewer fin-rays (dorsal 55; anal 43)
and in the form of the pectoral fin, which has no elongate lower rays. This is the

second Antarctic species of this genus.

3. THE NOTOTHENIIFORM FISHES.

The “ Terra Nova” collection includes young stages of Pleuragramma, Pagetopsis
and Chionodraco, from the Ross Sea and MeMurdo Sound. As I have already made a
systematic revision of the Nototheniiformes and have given a general account of their
distribution, it seemed worth while to try and complete this work by describing the

egos and young of the whole group, so far as possible, irom the material in the British

130 “TERRA NOVA” EXPEDITION.
Museum (Natural History), including some undescribed larvae from the ‘* Discovery ”
collection.
NOTOTHENIIDAE.
Notothenia (Pl. II, fig. 2).

DoD

1910, at Roy Cove, Falkland Islands, by Mr. Rupert Vallentin, evidently belong

A mass of eggs and a number of newly hatched larvae taken on Sept. 21st,

to a species of Notothenia. The eges have a diameter of about 1°5 mm., and the
capsules adhere by facets to form a loose mass, just as in our northern Coftus scorpius.
The newly hatched larvae have a length of about 6 mm., and in their general structure
are very similar to Coftus larvae, for they have a short abdomen and a long tail, the
mouth is well-developed, and the median fin extends from the head round the tail to
the yolk-sac ; the anus is placed a short distance behind the yolk-sac, instead of at its
posterior edge, as in Coffus, nor can I see an oil-globule in the yolk.

Lénunbere has noted that in August .V. tessellata and .V. sima had the ovaries well
developed, with eggs measuring 1 mm. or less; it is quite likely therefore that the
eggs and larvae described above belong to one of these species or to another species of
the tessellata group.

A second mass, also presented by Mr. Vallentin, is very similar to the first, but has
the eggs somewhat larger (diameter 1°7 mm.); it was found under a stone at the
Falklands on May 10th, 1910.

Of the Antarctic species of Notothenia Lonnberg has noted that iV. larseni and
N. nudifrons were nearly ripe on April 19, and that in V. rossi and N. gibberifrons the
ovaries were very small in May, and in .V. coriiceps in August.

Late larval and early post-larval stages of Notothenia have not yet been found.
Two young examples of V. macrocephala, 40 mm. long, were taken by the “ Challenger ”
in the tow-net on Jan. 8th, 1874, off Kerguelen. These are very different in appearance
from the adult fish, as they are bright silvery, with the back bluish. From this
coloration and from their method of capture it may be concluded that the young of this
species swim at the surface and that its wide distribution may be connected with this.
In WV. eyaneobrancha, which is restricted to Kerguelen, young examples of 40 mm. have
the mottled coloration of the adult.

Trematomus.

In examples of 7. bernacchii and T. hansoni taken by the ‘Southern Cross”
and “ Discovery” I find that the genital glands are much larger in April than
in October, Females taken in April have well-developed ovaries with eges 1 to
15 mm. in diameter. All the specimens that were preserved of those captured in traps
during the winter are males, with testes nearly ripe ; it may be that the females cease
feeding at the approach of the breeding season. It is probable that spawning takes

place about July, and that the eggs are not much, if any, larger than in Notothenia.

oD

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN. 131

Pleuragramma antarcticum, Bouleng. (Pl. IL, figs. 3-6).
Larval and post-larval examples were taken by the “ Discovery ” at Ross Island,
at a depth of 6 to 10 fathoms.

Date of Capture. Length.
December 14th, 1902... -.. 6-7 mm.
December 25th, 1902... 2) 8=10)mm:
February 8th, 1904 ~ . O=05)mm:
February 21st, 1902 ... ... 15-19 mm.
April, 1903 Bor ... 15-25 mm.
May 23rd, 1902 ee sco saab Tannin.
August 13th, 1903 Sess ... 15-25 mm.
September 18th, 1903... .. 20-25 mm.

The “Terra Nova” also secured specimens from the Ross Sea and the coast of

Victoria Land :

Station. Date. Locality. Length.
Near 186 December 31st, 1910 Ross Sea, 190 fathoms 30-35 mm.
325 August 8th, 1911 Cape Evans, 10 metres 16-18 mm.
326 January 9th, 1912 Terra Nova Bay, 10 metres = 10 mm.
Sov January 22nd, 1912 Cape Bird, 80 metres 10 mm.
325 April 30th, 1912 Cape Evans, 10 metres 22-25 mm.

From these data it seems probable that Pleuragramma may breed in the early
Antarctic summer, that the eges may hatch out about the beginning of December, that
the newly hatched larvae may be 6 mm. long or a little less, that by the winter they may
reach a leneth of 15 to 25 mm., and when a year old may be as much as 35 mm. long.
Larval and post-larval examples have been taken not far from the coast and at depths
not exceeding 80 metres. Young fish (30 to 35 mm.) in the Ross Sea at a depth of
190 fathoms, and adults from the Ross Sea, 158 fathoms, from near the Balleny
Islands, 254 fathoms, in addition to examples found frozen on the ice barrier and
others taken from seals’ stomachs.

Larvae of 6-7 mm. are very similar to those of Notothenia from the Falklands.
Figures (Pl. Il) are given of examples 6, 11°5,13°5 and 25 mm. long. — It will be noted
that the permanent caudal rays are making their appearance in the larva of 11 mm.,
and that in the larger ones they have assumed their final position. The differentiation
of the dorsal and anal rays proceeds from behind forwards, and the full number is not
developed until a length of 30 mm. is reached. Pectoral fins are present from the first,
but the pelvics are rudimentary in fish of 25 to 35 mm. and are absent in smaller ones.
The pigmentation at the bases of the vertical fins and on the dorsal surface of the
abdominal cavity appears to be characteristic.

In these larval and post-larval Plewragramma the eye is proportionately smaller
than in the adult fish, no doubt because the latter descend to greater depths.

132 “TERRA NOVA” EXPEDITION.

Artedidraco (P\. I, fig. 1).

Examples of A. loennbergit, Roule, and A. skottsbergi, Lonnberg, taken by the
“Terra Nova” in MeMurdo Sound, at a depth of 207 fathoms, on January 23rd, 1912,
include nearly ripe females with eggs 25 to 8 mm. in diameter. Lonnberg has recorded
nearly ripe females of A. mirus, with eggs of 25 mm., from South Georgia in May.

On January 28th, 1904, the “ Discovery” obtained two larvae which I identify as
A. skottsbergii, at Hut Point, Ross Island, at a depth of 3 fathoms. These are 13 mm.
lone, and judging by the development of the vertical fins and the size of the yolk-sac
they have not been hatched very long; one of them is figured (PI. II, fig. 1). The
short tail and large yolk-sac make this larva quite unlike that of Pleuragramma in
appearance,

GYMNODRACONTIDAE.

Gymnodraco acuticeps, Bouleng. (Pl. III, fig. 4).

A post-larval fish 24 mm. long was taken by the “ Discovery” on Jan. 28th,
1904, at Ross Island, at a depth of 3 fathoms. The caudal and pectoral fins are fully
developed, the pelvics are rudimentary, and the dorsal and anal rays are all present
but do not reach the edge of the fin. A large yolk-sac is still evident. The snout is
short and blunt as compared with that of the adult fish, and the oval nostril is

relatively large; the opercular spme is not yet developed.

CHAENICHTHYIDAE,

The type of Chaenichthys rugosus, Regan, from Kerguelen, taken between October
and February, is a ripe female with eggs 3 to 4mm. in diameter. Lonnhberg has
examined a ripe female of Champsocephalus guinari, taken in May at South Georgia ;

this had eges 4 mm. in diameter.

Pagetopsis macropterus, Bouleng. (Pl. HT, figs. 1-3).

Two larvae from the “Terra Nova” collection, taken at Cape Evans, MeMurdo
Sound, may be referred to this species. The smaller, 14 mm. long, was captured on
May 13th; the larger, 15 mm. long, on June 28th, 1911, at a depth of 20 metres.
Two somewhat larger specimens, 19 and 20 mm. long, were obtained by the
“ Discovery ” at Ross Island.

The wide mouth, cleft to below or beyond the posterior edge of the eye, at once
distinguishes these larvae from those of the Nototheniidae and Bathydraconidae ;
another distinctive feature is the precocious development of the pelvic fins. The
relatively short tail, the small number of myotomes, and the black colour of the pelvie
fin membrane are characteristic of this species.

The series illustrates well the growth of the produced snout of the adult fish from

the snub-nosed form of the larva.

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN. 133

Chionodraco kathleenae, Regan (PI. IV, figs. 2, 3).

A larva of 21 mm. was taken by the “Terra Nova” off Cape Evans at a depth
of 10 metres on October 19th, 1911. This is not quite so advanced as the young
Pagetopsis of 19-20 mm. From these it is readily distinguished by the longer tail
and the more numerous myotomes (about 60), whilst the pelvic fins are scarcely
pigmented except between the spine and the first soft ray. A fish of 32 mm. from the
“ Discovery ” collection is much more advanced, but the dorsal and anal rays are still
undeveloped.

Cryodraco (PI. Vee hie: 1).

Three specimens, 16, 17 and 21 mm. in total length, from Ross Island
( Discovery ” collection) may belong to an undescribed species of this genus. The
myotomes number 55 or 56, fewer than in C. atkinsoni, in which I count 62. The
body is crossed by two dark bands, the anterior on myotomes 27 to 29, the posterior
on myotomes 40 to 42; there are indications of a third band at the base of the caudal
fin. The slender form, produced snout and elongate pelvic fins further distinguish

these fishes from larval or post-larval Pagetopsis and Chionodraco.

The data
Nototheniiformes may be summarized as follows :-—

D

viven above with regard to the breeding and development of the

Of the Bovichthyidae nothing is known, and examination of the material in the

elves no results.

Natural History Museum @

The breeding season varies considerably ; approximate dates are May and
September for species of Notothenia, July for Trematomus hansoni and T. bernaechii,
November for Pleuragramma antarcticum, January and May for species of Artedidraco,
May for Champsocephalus qunnari, etc., ete.

The eggs vary in diameter from 1 to 4 mm. when taken from ripe females
preserved in spirit ; the diameter would no doubt be greater if eggs freshly taken from
the sea were examined. The Nototheniinae seem to have the smallest eges,
Artedidraco and the Chaenichthyidae the largest. In all probability the eges are
demersal throughout the group, and in some species of Notothenia they are known to
adhere together im masses.

In some of the Nototheniinae the newly hatched larvae are about 6 mm. long,
but in Artedidraco and the Chaenichthyidae they are probably twice as long or
even more.

The newly hatched larvae have a distinct mouth, the membranous median fin
extends forward above to the head and below to the yolk-sac; the anus is situated at
or a little behind the posterior end of the yolk-sac, and at the edge of the fin-
membrane ; pectoral fins are present, but the pelvics do not appear until much later,
except in the Chaenichthyidae, During growth the caudal is formed and assumes its

VOL. I. U

134 “TERRA NOVA” EXPEDITION.

terminal position before the dorsal and anal rays develop ; of these the posterior rays
appear first, at any rate in Pleuragramma.

Of the forms identified the larvae of the Nototheniinae differ from the rest in the
small size of the yolk-sac. Of those with a large yolk-sac Artedidraco is distinguished
from Gymnodraco by the short tail, whilst the Chaenichthyidae differ from both in the
wide mouth and the early development of the pelvic fins.*

Except Pleuragramma artarcticum larval and post-larval Notothenioids have only
been taken quite near the coast. There is some evidence that the young of Notothenia

macrocephala, a widely distributed species, may be pelagic.

Il—FISHES FROM THE TROPICAL AND SOUTH
TEMPERATE ZONES.

Larval and post-larval fishes were taken, by means of plankton nets and the
young fish trawl, at or near the surface in the following areas :—
(1) North of New Zealand and round the Three Kings Islands. Stations 85-142.
July to September, 1911.
(2) Melbourne Harbour. Station 161. October, 1910.
(3) Temperate South Atlantic, about 200 miles from the coast of Uruguay.
Station 311. April, 1913.
) Off Rio de Janeiro. Stations 39-40, April, 1913.
(5) Western Tropical Atlantic, south of the Equator. Stations 43-57.
May, 1913.
(6) Atlantic, south of the Canaries. Stations 16-17. June, 1910.
(7) Atlantic, south of the Azores and west of the Canaries. Stations 68-69.
May, L913.

The nature of the collections made in these areas is shown by the following

summary ——

New ZeanaAnp ANd Turee Kinas Isnanps.

Sardina neopilchardus Limnichthys fasciatus
Prymnothonus, sp. Cubiceps caeruleus
Myctophum coccot Centrolophus maoricus
Diaphus, sp. Thyrsites atun
Lampanyctus macropterus Lepidopus caudatus
L. longipinnis, sp. n. Tripterygium varium
Anguilla australis Monacanthus scaber
Scombresox forsteri Diodon, sp.

Scorpis violaceus Haplophryne mollis

* Onos, Brosmius, Molva, etc., resemble the Chaenichthyidae in the early development of the pelvic
fins, in this respect differing from Gadus (cf. Ehrenbaum, Nordisches Plankton, Eier und Larven von
Fischen, 1905-1909).

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN. ite

Mrteourne Harsour.

Odax balteatus Platycephalus, sp.
Pentaroge marmorata

TremMPERATE SoutH ATLANTIC.

Stylophthalmus paradoaus M. laternatum
Cyclothone microdon Ceratias, sp.
Myctophum benoiti

10 DE JANEIRO.

Sardinella pseudohispanica Ancylopsetta quadrocellata
Cyclothone microdon Ancylopsetta, sp.
Glyphidodon, sp. Symphurus plagqusia

Gobiosoma molestum

Tropica Sourm ATLANTIC.

Stylophthalmus macrenteron, sp. 0. L. acuticeps, sp. n.
Cyclothone microdon L. hexastiqgma, sp. n.
Vineiquerria lucetia Hemirhamphus unifasciatus
Synodus synodus Cryptotomus ustus
Prymnothonus, spp. Scorpaena, sp.
Lampanyctus maderensis Bothus ocellatus

Leptocephalus muraenae unicoloris

ATLANTIC, S. OF THE CANARIES.
Lampadena chavesi
ATLANTIC, S. OF THE AZORES.

Vinciquerria lucetia Scombresox saurus
Paralepis speciosus

The majority of these were captured well out at sea, and are young stages of
oceanic fishes, or oceanic larvae (Leptocephalus, Bothus ocellatus) of coast fishes.
Exceptions to this are the larvae and young fishes taken in Melbourne Harbour and
others captured a few miles off Rio de Janeiro (Sardinella, Glyphidodon, Gobiosoma,
Ancylopsetta, Symphurus) ; also some of the New Zealand species were taken near the
coast and may never be oceanic.

Of some importance in its bearings on the geographical distribution of coast-fishes
is the capture of young Lemirhamphus unifasciatus and Cryptotomus ustus, Brazilian
species, far out in the Atlantic.

Of greater interest is the case of Limnichthys fasciatus, known previously as a
little fish of the rock-pools of New South Wales and Lord Howe Island ; now its range
is extended to New Zealand, and its occurrence in localities so wide apart is explained
by the capture of the young fish at or near the surface between the Three Kings Islands
and New Zealand.

~

136 «TERRA NOVA” EXPEDITION.

ISOSPONDYLI.
CLUPEIDAE.

Sardine lla pseudohispanica, Poey. (El: We fic. Ny

Typical Clupeoid larvae, 7 to 8 mm. long, with the anus far back, anal fin
undeveloped, dorsal fin posterior, and caudal rayed and terminal. There are stellate
chromatophores on the head, below the heart, and above and below the gut; they are
most distinct on the dorsal border of the hinder two-thirds of the gut. Vertebrae 46.

The number of vertebrae and the resemblance to the larval Pilchard (Sardina
pilchardus) lead me to identify these larvae as Sardinella pseudohispanica, which is the
Western Atlantic representative of the Mediterranean Allache (Sardinella aurita, Cuy.
and Val.); the genera Sardina and Sardinella ave very closely related.

Stations 39, 40. Six miles off the mouth of Rio de Janeiro Harbour. 2 metres.
April 27th, 1913.

Sardina neopilchardus, Steind. (Pl. V, figs. 3, 4).

Three larval and post-larval fishes may be referred to this species. I count
16 dorsal and 16 anal rays and 52 or 53 myotomes. The smallest example, 12 mm.
long, is more advanced than the 11°5 mm. larva of Sardina pilchardus figured hy
Cunningham, as the caudal fin is fully formed and terminal im position, and the anal

rays are appearing. The largest, 18 mm. long, appears to differ from Cunningham's

24mm. S. pilchardus chiefly m details of pigmentation, but after examination of

Pilchard larvae from Plymouth, kindly lent by Dr. E. J. Allen, Tam doubtful whether
there are any constant differences between the larvae of the Kuropean species and its
representative in the seas of Australia and New Zealand.

Station 135. Spirits Bay, near North Cape, New Zealand. 3 metres. Sept. Ist, 1911.

STOMIATIDAE.

Stylophthalmus macrenteron, sp. n. (Pl. V, fig. 1).

)

A post-larval fish, 33 mm. long, shows several resemblances to Stylophthalmus
paradoavus, Brauer, and may therefore be described as a Stylophthalinus, although it is
unlikely that it is congeneric with any of the species associated under that name. In
all probability it belongs to the family Stomiatidae ; the only other family that seems
possible is the Alepocephalidae. If this be a Stomiatid it may represent a young stage
of Lustomias obscurus, Vaillant, described from a single specimen taken near the
Azores.

Form elongate; head one-fifth of the length of the fish. Snout produced and
depressed ; lower jaw prominent ; maxillary toothed, not nearly reaching eye; inter-

orbital region broad and flat. Myotomes about 70. Dorsal 22, placed posteriorly.

Anal 40, extending forward in advance of dorsal. Protruding terminal portion of

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN. 137

intestine very long and supported behind by a cartilaginous rod. A series of seven
dark spots along the back.
Tropical Atlantic. Station 49. 18° 51'S., 33° 40’ W. Surface. May 6th, 1913.

Stylophthalmus paradoaus, Brauer.
A larva, 6 mm. long, of the type figured on pl. V, fig. 5, of the Valdivia report.
South Atlantic. Station 311. 35°29'S., 50° 26’ W. 2 metres. April 22nd, 1913.

GONOSTOMATIDAR,

Cyclothone microdon, Giinth. (Pl. V, fig. 5).

Several examples 6 to 8 mm. long have the fins fully developed, but the head is
intermediate between that of the Gonostomatid larva figured by Holt and Byrne
(Fisheries Ireland Sci. Invest. 1912, I, pl. II, fig. 5), and that of the adult fish, the
maxillary not extending back beyond the eye. I count 12 dorsal and 16 anal rays
and 30 myotomes.

Tropical Atlantic. Station 39. 6 miles off mouth of Rio de Janeiro Harbour.
2 metres. April 27th, 1913.

South Atlantic. Station 311. 35° 29'8., 50° 26’ W. 2 metres. April 22nd, 1913.

Vineiguerria lucetia, Garm. (PI. V, figs. 6, 7).

Seven examples, 8 to 10 mm. in total length, differ from the adult fish in that
they are more slender and the photophores are not developed; also the mouth is
smaller. A specimen of 15 mm. has the lower series of photophores developed, but
the upper series is incomplete. All are from the Atlantic, taken at the surface.

Station 45. 21°S., 37°50’ W. May 4th, 1913. Station 50. 18°S., 31° 45’ W.
May 7th, 1913. Station 68. 27° 22’ N., 33° 40’ W. May 28th, 1913.

INIOMI.
SYNODONTIDAE.

Synodus synodus, Linn. (Pl. VU, fig. 4).

A larva of 14 mm. differs from those described by Max Weber (Siboga Fishes,
p. 82, fig. 28) in having 13 patches of dark pigment on each side of the gut instead of
11. Probably this is a specific difference distinguishing the Atlantic S. synodus from
the Indo-Pacific S. varius. I count 60 myotomes and 9 anal rays.

Station 46. 20° 30’ S., 36°50’ W. Surface. May 4th, 1913.

SUDIDAE.
Prymnothonus, Richards.
The only larvae known to belong to this family are of the type described as

Prymnothonus ” (Giinther, “ Challenger” Pelagic Fishes, p. 39, pl. V, 1889). These are

138 “TERRA NOVA” EXPEDITION.

larvae of Paralepis and related genera with produced snout. It has been shown above
(p. 126) for the Antarctic Noftolepis coatsi/ that there is an extended backward migration
of the anus during the transition from the Prymnothonus stage to the adult fish.

A larva of 12 mm. has the snout moderately produced. There are 80 myotomes
and about 20 anal rays. The anus corresponds to the twenty-eighth myotome and the
origin of the anal fin to the fifty-fourth (Pl. VII, fig. 1).

Tropical Atlantic. Station 50. 18°8., 31° 45’ W. Surface. May 7th, 1913.

A second larva of 16 mm. has the snout more produced than the preceding.
There are 116 vertebrae (52 + 64) and 30 or more anal rays (Pl. VII, fig. 2).

Tropical Atlantic. Station 47. 20° 30’ S., 36° 30’ W. Surface. May 4th,
1913.

In the number of anal rays these examples agree well enough with known species
of Paralepis, and in the number of myotomes the first agrees with the Mediterranean
species that I have examined. Possibly P. borealis, a species that I have not seen,
may have the larger number of myotomes found in the second specimen.

A third * Prymnothonus” is probably generically distinct from these ; 1t is a post-
larval fish, 22 mm. long, evidently related to Paralepis, which it resembles in the
structure of the head, but it has only 60 myotomes and 11 anal rays. The adipose
fin is above the posterior end of the anal. Dorsal and pelvic fins are undeveloped
GEV EE fies):

Station 85. 24 miles W.N.W. from Cape Maria van Diemen, New Zealand.
2 metres. July 24th, 1911.

Paralepis speciosus, Bellotti.
Omosudis elongatus, Brauer, Valdivia Tiefsee Fische, p. 140, fig. 68 (1906).

This species is represented in the British Museum collection by two examples of

65 and 75 mm. from Messina. Bellotti’s specimens were 75 and 90 mm., Brauer’s from
8 to 30 mm., the larger full grown. There is therefore reason to suppose that this
is a small species, and that it assumes the adult form at an early age.

A larva of 8 mm. that I refer, with some doubt, to this species has the fin-rays
not yet developed, but the form of the head is already as in the adult fish. The
patches of pigment on each side of the gut number only five, instead of eight, but this
may be a larval character.

Station 69. 29° 10’ N., 33° 36’ W. Surface. May 29th, 1913.

This species was described from the Mediterranean (Bellotti, Atti. Soc. Ital. XX,
1877, fase. 1, p. 2, fig.), and has been recorded by Brauer from the Gulf of Guinea
and the Indian Ocean.

MycrorHIDAr.

Larval and post-larval stages of Myctophum and related genera were taken to the
north of New Zealand and in the Atlantic. The species of this group are so numerous

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN. 139

and have such a wide range that the definite assignment of larvae to their species is
very difficult. This difficulty is increased by the fact that the head, owing to the
relatively smaller size of the eye and mouth and the greater leneth of the snout, has a
physiognomy quite unlike that of the adult fish. However, by counting the myotomes
and fin-rays and taking into consideration the position of the fins, the size of the
mouth, ete., it is possible to make determinations which may, in some cases, approximate
to the truth.

The general character of the development has already been described in dealing
with Myctophum antarcticum.

Myctophum benoiti, Cocco (Pl. VI, figs. 1, 2).

Several examples, from 4 to 7 mm. in total length, may belong to this species.
They have much in common with the larvae described and figured by Holt and Byrne
(Fisheries Ireland Sci. Invest. 1910, VI, p. 29, pl. I, fig. 8), from the Irish Atlantic
slope under the name ‘‘ Scopelid larva, R 2,” but seem to be specifically distinct. They
are distinguished by their rather deep form, conical snout, strong teeth, and by
the distribution of the stellate pigment spots ; four large ones are present on each side,
respectively at the origin of the dorsal and anal fins, below the adipose fin and above
the end of the anal fin; usually there is a fifth on the side between the two last-named.
There is also a spot on the back behind the head and a mid-ventral series of small spots
from the end of the lower jaw to the origin of the anal fin. I count 12 or 13 dorsal
and 17 or 18 anal rays and 37 myotomes.

South Atlantic. Station 311. 35° 29'8., 50° 26’ W. 2 metres. April 22nd, 1913.

Myctophum laternatum, Garm. (Pl. VI, fig. 7).

A specimen 8 mm. long is probably of this species. It is moderately elongate ; the
snout is short and the mouth is small, the maxillary extending to below the middle of
the eye. The anal fin has 14 rays and commences below the posterior part of the
dorsal, which has 11. The myotomes number 35.

South Atlantic. Station 311. 35° 29'S., 50° 26’ W. 2 metres. April 22nd, 1913.

Myctophum coccoi, Cocco.

An example 20 mm. long has the characters of the adult fish, except that the eye
is relatively smaller, its diameter being less than the length of the snout.

Station 86. Off Three Kings Islands. 3 metres. July 25th, 1911.

Diaphus sp. (Pl. VI, figs. 3, 4).

Form rather deep; snout obtuse and mouth oblique. Length 4 to 5 mm. Dorsal
and anal fins each with about 14 rays; about 35 myotomes. The distribution of the
pigment is shown in the figures.

Station 135. Spirits Bay, near North Cape, New Zealand. 3 metres. September
Ist, 19L#.

140 “TERRA NOVA” EXPEDITION.

Lampadena chavesi, Collett (Pl. VI, fig. 8).

Four specimens, 10 to 12 mm. long, may belong to this species. I count 12-13
dorsal, 13-14 anal, and 15 pectoral rays and 38 myotomes. The fins are placed as in
the adult fish. The maxillary extends to below the middle of the eye. On each side
there is a photophore in front of the eye, another at the base of the pectoral fin, and a
third above the base of the pelvic fin. Two examples have 2 mid-dorsal stellate
blackish spots behind the adipose fin and a mid-ventral series of 3 or 4 linear spots
behind the anal fin.

Station 17. South of the Canaries. 26° 17’ N., 20° 54’ W. 10 metres. June 30th,
LO LO.

Lampanyctus maderensis, Lowe (Pl. VI, fig. 6).

An example of 9 mm. shows the supraorbital ridge ending in an antrorse spine ;
the cleft of the mouth extends to below the posterior edge of the eye. The myotomes
number 36 and the fins are as in the adult fishes figured by Goode and Bean, and
Brauer. There is a bar of pigment at the base of the caudal fin. In specimens of
5 mm. the spine is not developed, the mouth is smaller, and the adipose fin is longer.

Station 50. Tropical Atlantic. 18°8., 31° 45'N. Surface. May 7th, 1913.

Lampanyctus macropterus, Brauer (Pl. VI, fig. 5).

A specimen of 10 mm. may belong to this species; it is very similar to the
example of LZ. crocodilus of the same size figured by Holt and Byrne (Fisheries Ireland
Sci. Invest., 1910, VI, pl. I, fig. 3). There are 12 dorsal and 20 anal rays and 40
myotomes. There is a black spot at the base of the caudal fin, another above the anal
papilla, and some smaller ones on the lower part of the head.

Station 135. Spirits Bay, near North Cape, New Zealand. 3 metres. September
Ist, 1911.

Lampanyetus longipinnis, sp. n. (Pl. VI, fig. 9).

Dorsal 22. Anal 25. Myotomes 38. Evidently related to L. procerus, Brauer,
differing in the more numerous dorsal and anal rays.

A young fish of 15 mm.

Station 113 (N.E. of Three Kings Islands). 33° 12’! 8., 171° 05’ E. 3 metres.
August 9th, 1911.

APODES.

Following the plan adopted by workers on this group, I use the name Leptocephalus
as a generic term for larval Eels, and give new specific names to those that cannot be
identified.

Leptocephalus acuticeps, sp. n. (Pl. VII, fig. 5).

Very similar to L. orycephalus, Pappenh. (Deutsche Siidpolar Exped. XV, Zool. VII,

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN. 141

p- 190, pl. IX, figs. 3, 5), from the Indian Ocean, but with fewer myotomes, 207
(174 + 33) instead of 220-230 (180-190 + 40). Form elongate ; head small: snout
rather produced and acute. Teeth in 1 + 6 pairs in the upper jaw and 1 + 5 in the
lower. Gut with a swelling (liver) at about the thirtieth myomere. <A series of dots
along the axis and along the dorsal border of the gut ; a group of similar dots at the
end of the tail. Dorsal and anal fins rayless ; a caudal fin.

Total leneth 47 mm.

Tropical Atlantic. Station 45. 21°S., 37°50’ W. Surface. May 4th, 1913.

ANGUILLIDAE.

Anguilla australis, Richards.

An elver of 50 mm.
Station 129. Off Three Kings Islands. Surface. August 26th, 1911.

MURAENTDAE.

Leptocephalus imuraenae unicoloris (Pl. VIL, fig. 7).

A specimen of 60 mm. has the general characters of L. curyurus and L. similis of
Lea (Michael Sars Exped. III, 1, No. 7), and of the larva of Muraena helena (Schmidt,
Medd. Komm. Havunders. Fiskeri, IV, 2, 1913, p. 5, pl. I, fig. 3). The myotomes
number 138 (64 + 74 ), and as this is nearly the number of vertebrae (136) counted in
Muraena unicolor, De la Roche, this Leptocephalid may be referred to that species,
which is represented in the British Museum collection by specimens from Algiers,
Madeira, the Azores and St. Helena, but does not as yet appear to have been recorded
from Brazil.

The snout is blunt and the lower edge of the mandible is somewhat convex ; there
are 7 or 8 teeth on each side in both jaws. The vertical fins are rayed and the caudal
is much reduced. The pigment is in the form of small dots; some on the anterior
dorsal fold and one at the base of each dorsal and anal ray; a line of dots alone
the dorsal surface of the gut, and anteriorly some below it.

Tropical Atlantic. Station 46. 20° 30'8., 36° 30’ W. Surface. May 4th, 1913.

OPHICHTHYIDAE.

Leptocephalus hevxastigma, sp. n. (PI. VIL, fig. 6).

Myotomes 164 (72 + 92). Head small; snout acute and produced. Upper jaw
with 10 pairs of teeth, the three following the anterior pair strong and spaced, the
rest closer together and decreasing. Lower jaw with 9 pairs of teeth, the anterior pair
followed on each side by 5 strong and spaced teeth and 3 small posterior teeth.
Dorsal rays commence in advance of anus, anal rays a little behind it. Gut with 6

VOL. I. xX

142 “TERRA NOVA” EXPEDITION.

ast 3 small; these correspond respectively
Total length 60 mm.

May 7th, 1913.

pigmented swellings, the third largest, the |
to myotomes 15, 22-23, 29-30, 47, 57 and 67-68.

Tropical Atlantic. Station 50. 18°8., 31°45’ W. Surface.
The resemblances to the Ophichthys larvae described and figured by Schmidt
(Medd. Komm. Havunders, Fiskeri, IV, 2, 1913) make it probable that this is a

member of the family Ophichthyidae.

SYNENTOGNATHI.
SCOMBRESOCIDAE.

Seombresox saurus, Walb.

Post-larval fishes, 10 and 18 mm. in total length, are strongly pigmented. The
snout is short and the lower jaw is prominent, but not produced. The fins are fully
developed ; the smaller specimen has the fold im front of the anal fin still persistent.
Station 69. South of the Azores. 29° 10’ N., 33° 36’ W. Surface. May 29th, 1913.

Scombresox Sorstert, Cuv. and Val.
Post-larval examples of this species are similar to those of its Atlantic

re] resentative.

Station 89. Surface. July 25th, 1911.

Off Three Kings Islands.
HeMIRHAMPHIDAE.

HTemirhamphus unifasciatus, Ranzani.

14-15. Myotomes about 50. Lower jaw not produced,

Dorsal 13-14. Anal

Total length 10 mm.
Station 53. Tropical Atlantic. 5°8., 27°15 W. 2 metres. May 12th, 1913.

PERCOMORPHLI.
SCORPIDIDAE.
St ‘OV PAS violaceus, Haast.

A youne fish of 38 mm.

Off Three Kings Islands. Surface. August 26th, 1911.

Station 129.

POMACENTRIDAR.

Glyphidodon, sp. (Pl. VIL, fig. 5).

Anal 11, 10-11. Vertebrae 26 (11 + 15). The specimen

Dorsal xtr—xitt, 10-11.
measures 5 mm. in total length.
Station 39. Six miles off the mouth of Rio de Janeiro Harbour. 2 metres.

April 27th, 1913

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN. 145

SCARIDAE.

Cryptotomus ustus, Cuv. and Val. (Pl. VIII, fig. 6).

Dorsal rx, 10. Anal 12. Vertebrae 25 (9-10 + 15-16). These little fishes,
9mm. in total length, evidently belong to the family Searidae or to the sub-family
Julidinae ; the structure of the vertebral column and of the vertical fins leaves no
doubt as to this. The number of fin-rays is somewhat less than in the Julidinae,
except Doratonotus megalepis, which differs from them in its strone dorsal and anal
spines, long praemaxillary pedicels, ete. After comparison with numerous species of
Scaridae [I am of opinion that these young fishes belone to Cryptotomus ustis, or to
some species nearly related to it.

Station 49. Tropical Atlantic. 18° 51'8., 33° 40’ W. Surface. May 6th, 1913.

ODACIDAE.

Odax balteatus, Cuv. and Val. (Pl. VIII, fig. 4).

In identifying a post-larval fish of 6 mm. with this species I rely on the number
of vertebrae, 36 (19 + 17) and of anal and caudal rays; the anterior dorsal rays are
undeveloped, and the pelvic fins have not yet appeared.

Station 161. Melbourne Harbour. 12 metres. October, 1910.

LIMNICHTHYIDAE.
Limnichthys fasciatus, Waite.

Several young fishes, 16 to 20 mm. lone; some of the larger ones show the
characteristic markings of the adult fish.

Fic. 4.—Limnichthys fasciatus (x 6).

This species was originally described from adult specimens in full roe, 45 min.
long. These were found in rock-pools at Lord Howe Island (Waite, Rec. Austral.
Mus. V, 1904, p. 178, pl. XXIII, fig. 4), and afterwards similar examples were taken
from pools near Sydney (Waite, t.c. p. 243). As Lord Howe Island is 600 miles from
the coast of New South Wales, one might have inferred that the species was oceanic at
some period of its life. This is proved, and its known range extended by its capture at
or near the surface to the north of New Zealand, off the Three Kings Islands, and also
midway between these two localities.

Station 120. 34° 26’S., 172° 14’ E. Surface. Aug. 18th, 1911.

3 130. Off Three Kings Islands. Surface. Aug. 27th, 1911.
133. Spirits Bay, nr. North Cape, N.Z. 20 metres. Aug. 30th, 1911.

33855. 3 metres. Sept. Ist, 1911.

xX »

144 “TERRA NOVA” EXPEDITION.

STROMATEIDAE.

Cubiceps cacruleus, Regan.

A young fish 20 mm. long.

Station 125. Between North Cape and Doubtless Bay, New Zealand. Surface.
August 23rd, 1911.

Centrolophus maoricus, Ogilby (Pl. X, fig. 7).

A young fish 19 mm. long has the body deeper and the cross-bars stronger than
the larger examples already described (** Terra Nova” Fishes, p. 19).

Station 142. 34° 45’8., 170° 45’ EK. 2 metres. September 8th, 1911.

Lord Hourek:®

Fic, 5.—Distribution of Linnichthys fasciatus.
, Littoral, from rock-pools; +, planktonic.

GEMPYLIDAE.

Thyrsites atun, Euphras. (Pl. VIII, figs. 1-3).

Specimens 5 to 10 mm. long are very similar to those of 7. prometheus described
and figured by Giinther (“ Challenger” Pelagic Fishes, p. 7, pl. I, figs. C, D). There
are about 35 vertebrae and 18 to 20 dorsal spines.

Station 133. Spirits Bay, near North Cape, New Zealand. 20 metres. Auous
30th, 1911.

‘TRICHIURIDAE.

Lepidopus caudatus, Kuphras. (Pl. VIL, fig. 7).

A specimen of 11 mm. is distinguished from the preceding by the more elongate

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN. 145

form and the numerous vertebrae (about 100). The pelvic fins are represented by a
pair of serrated spines.
Station 135. Spirits Bay, near North Cape, New Zealand. 3 metres. September
Ist, 1911.
GOBILDAE.
Gobiosoma molestum, Girard.
A post-larval fish of 5 mm. has the form of the adult. The number of fin-rays
dorsal vir, 13; anal 11—point to this species.
Station 39. Six miles off the mouth of Rio de Janeiro Harbour. 2 metres.
April 27th, 1913.
CLINIDAE.
Tripterygium varium, Forst. (Pl. IX, figs. 1, 2).
Numerous larval and post-larval examples, 6 to 14 mm. in total length. One of
6 mm. is figured (PI. TX, fig. 1); only the caudal fin has traces of the permanent rays.
At 9 or 10 mm. the caudal is fully formed and terminal and the anal and third dorsal
have their full complement of rays, but there is no trace of the first and second dorsals
nor of the pelvics in these, nor in the larger examples of 13 or 14 mm. (PI. IX, fig. 2).
The absence of these fins made it difficult to determine these fishes, but after preparing
the skeleton of one of the larger specimens [ was led to place them in the Clinidae, the
form of the skull and the arrangement of the elements at the base of the pectoral fin
being especially characteristic. The number of vertebrae, about 45, and of fin-rays,
12-13 dorsal, 25-27 anal, 14 principal caudal and not less than 14 or 15 pectoral, lead
to the determination of the species as Tripterygium varium,
Spirits Bay, near North Cape, New Zealand.
Station 133. 20 metres. August 30th, 1911.
135. 3 metres. September Ist, 1911.
136. Surface, September 2nd, 1911.

SCLEROPAREL.
SCORPAENIDAE.

Scorpacna, sp. (Pl. X, fig. 6).

Fin-rays.— Dorsal x1, 1 9; Anal m1 5; Pectoral 18. Vertebrae 24 (10 + 14).

The specimen is 10 mm. long; the head is armed with serrated spines, two prae-
orbital, four praeopercular, one at the angle longest; the interorbital ridges are
continued back to a pair of strong occipital spines ; the infraorbital ridges are serrated.
The lower part of the pectoral fin is pigmented.

Station 53. Tropical Atlantic. 5°8., 27° 15' W. Surface. May 12th, 1913.

Pentaroge marmorata, Cuy. and Val. (PL X, fig. 5).

Larvae 6 to 7 mm, long may be referred to this species, with which they agree in

146 “TERRA NOVA” EXPEDITION.

the number of vertebrae (28), pectoral (10) and caudal (14) rays. At this stage the
pectoral rays are simple and elongate, the pelvic fins are rudimentary, and the dorsal
and anal are rayless. The head is armed with paired occipital, otic and supraorbital
spines ; the praeoperculum has two strong spines alternating with two smaller ones.
Station 161. Melbourne Harbour. 12 metres. Young fish trawl. October, 1910.

PLATYCEPHALIDAE.

Platycephalus sp. (Pl. X, tig. 4).

Numerous specimens, 5 to 7 mm. long, evidently pertain to this genus. I count
27 vertebrae and 18 pectoral rays. In all the dorsal and anal are rayless ; in the
larger ones the end of the notochord is upturned and the hypurals and caudal rays are
evident ; at 7 mm. rudimentary pelvic fins are present. The snout is depressed and
rounded and the mouth is wide. There is a double spine on each side of the occiput,
and there are two strong praeopercular spines and a smaller one below.

Station 161. Melbourne Harbour. 12 metres. Young fish trawl. October, 1910.

HETEROSOMATA.
BorHtpak.

Paralichthinae.

Ancylopsetta quadrocellata, Gall (Pl. IX, fig. 3).

A specimen of 5 mm. has the general characters of the post-larval fish described
and figured by Kyle as Aneylopsetta sp. (Danish Oceanographical Exped. Flat-fishes,
p. 143.) The head is similarly armed, the anterior dorsal rays are produced, ete.
Notable differences from Kyle’s specimen are that the body is deeper and the fin-rays
are fewer. I count 73 dorsal rays, the anterior 13 somewhat spaced and at least the
first 8 of these produced; the anal rays number 60, and the vertebrae 534 or 35
(9-10 + 25).

A second example of less than 3 mm. shows the characteristic pigmentation and
the prominent abdomen, but the fins are rayless and the end of the notochord is not
turned upwards.

Station 39. Six miles off the mouth of Rio de Janeiro Harbour. 2 metres.
April 27th, 1913.

Aneylopsetta sp. (Pl. IX, fig. 4).

Two larvae, each 4 mm. long, may be provisionally referred to this genus. They
agree with the preceding in the armature of the head and the number of vertebrae, but
are not so deep, and lack the spots on the body. The fins are membranous except an
anterior dorsal of 7 prolonged rays.

Station 39. Six miles off the mouth of Rio de Janeiro Harbour. 2 metres.
April 27th, 1913.

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN. 147

Bothinae ( Platophrinae).

Bothus ocellatus, Agass.

A specimen of 26 mm. is still externally symmetrical and is extremely similar to
the example of B. podas figured by Kyle (t.c. p. 98, fig. 16). I count 86 dorsal and
59 anal rays and 38 (10 + 28) vertebrae.

Station 53. Tropical Atlantic. 5°8., 27° 15’ W. 2 metres. May 12th, 1913.

CYNOGLOSSIDAE.

Symphurus plagusia, Bl. Schn. (Pl. LX, figs. 5, 6).

Dorsal 90-95 ; Anal 70-75 ; Caudal 10; Vertebrae 49 (9 + 40).

Two examples of 6 to 7 mm. are rather similar to S. /actea of this size described
and figured by Kyle (t.c. p. 132, pl. rv, figs. 41-42), but the abdominal appendix is
lacking, and the distribution of the pigment is somewhat different. A specimen of
11 mm. has already metamorphosed, showing that the change takes place at a smaller
size than in the European species.

Stations 39, 40. Six miles off the mouth of Rio de Janeiro Harbour. 2 metres.
April 27th, 1913.

PLECTOGNATHI.
BaALIsTIDAE.

Monacanthus scaber, Forst. (Pl. X, fig. 3).

A post-larval specimen 5 mm. long. The head is large; the external bones are
spinate. The posterior dorsal and anal rays are not fully formed, but the total number
exceeds 30. The considerable length of the tail posterior to the permanent caudal fin
is worth notice.

Station 133. Spirits Bay, near North Cape, New Zealand. 20 metres. August
0th, 1901.

DIODONTIDAR.
Diodon sp.

A young fish, 5 mm. lone.
Station 92. 24 milesS. by W. from Three Kings Islands. Surface. July 27th, 1911.

PEDICULATI.
CERATIEDAE.

Ceratias sp. (Pl. X, fig. 1).

Two-examples, 6 mm. in length, are in many respects similar to the adult fish.
There are 4 dorsal, 4 anal, and 9 caudal rays; an interorbital papilla represents the
illicium. The mouth is nearly vertical and there are pointed teeth in the jaws.

Station 311. South Atlantic. 35° 29'S., 50°26’ W. 2 metres. April 22nd, 1913.

148 “TERRA NOVA” EXPEDITION.

ACERATIIDAE.

Haplophryne mollis, Brauer (Pl. X, fig. 2).

A specimen of 10 mm. is very similar in outline to the one figured by Brauer
(Valdivia Tiefsee Fische, pl. XVI, fig. 10); but this outline is that of the loose skin in
which the fish is enclosed, and that of the body of the fish is quite different. The dorsal
and anal rays are long, but only their tips project, and a rudiment of the illicium
is present, but is hidden under the skin.

Station 127. Off Three Kings Islands. Surface. August 25th, 1911.

III.—-NOTES AND CONCLUSIONS.
1. PELAGIC LARVAE IN RELATION TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES.

The larval, post-larval, and young fishes of the * Terra Nova” collection were all
taken at or near the surface. The majority of those captured far from land, whether
in the Antaretic (Notolepis coatsi’), Subantarctic (Myctophwn antarcticum), South
Temperate or Tropical Zones (cf. p. 134) belong to oceanic species, either pelagic or
hathypelagic. On the other hand, most of those taken near the coast are young
stages of coast fishes which, when adult, may either swim near the surface (e.¢.,
Clupeidae) or live at the bottom (e.g., Heterosomata). This is in agreement with the
fact that the same species of coast fishes rarely inhabits areas separated by a wide
expanse of sea; for example, the majority of the Brazilan species are not found on
the West African coast. It may be inferred that the distribution of a benthie species
along a coast may be helped by a pelagic larval phase, but that unless this be
prolonged it will not serve to establish the species in places separated from its
original habitat by a wide sea.

Bothus ocellatus (p. 147), one of the Flat-fishes, is a good example of a benthic
fish with a prolonged pelagic larval phase. The ‘Terra Nova” example, more than
an inch long, is still transparent and symmetrical; it was taken in the Atlantic
in 5° 8., 27° 15’ W., quite 300 miles from the American coast. Jordan and Evermann
give the habitat of this species as from ‘Long Island to Rio Janeiro, on sandy
shores” ; but a specimen in the British Museum collection proves that it also occurs
at Ascension, about 1,000 miles from Brazil. There can be little doubt that it has
reached this island owing to the long duration of its life as a pelagic larva.

The Eels, Apodes (p. 140, Pl. VII, figs. 5-7) are benthic fishes with pelagic larvae
that attain a considerable size and age and may migrate for long distances ; but the
majority of the Atlantic species of this group are not common to the eastern and
western coasts.

There is considerable evidence that some coast fishes with a wide geographical

Oo
So

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN. 149

range do not have a particularly long larval life, but that the young fishes may be
oceanic,

Of the species dealt with in this report three may be selected to illustrate this.

(1) Notothenia macrocephala (p. 130), a species of the shallow water benthos ;
this is known from the Magellan and New Zealand districts and from Kerguelen ;

off the last-named the ‘‘ Challenger” obtained young fishes, 40 mm. long

>?

swimmine
at or near the surface.

(2) Hemirhamphus unifasciatus (p. 142) ranges from Florida to Rio de Janeiro,
and belongs to a genus of herbivorous fishes that swim at the surface near the coast.
The capture of a young fish, 10 mm. long, far out in the Atlantic, is of interest,
as //. piearti, Cuy. and Val., from Algeria is believed to be the same species.

(3) Limnichthys fasciatus (p. 1438). Previously recorded from rock-pools near
Sydney and at Lord Howe Island; the pelagic young of this little fish were taken
by the “Terra Nova” to the north of New Zealand, near the Three Kings Islands,
and midway between these localities.

Further examples are Scorpacna (p. 145) and Cryptotomus ustius (p. 143).

It may be regarded as nearly certain that when a species of coast fishes occurs
in areas separated from each other by wide expanses of the ocean, it has a pelagic
phase in its life history of sufficient duration to enable it to travel or to be carried from
one such area to another. In some fishes (Dothus, Apodes) this pelagic stage ends
when the larva acquires the structure and habits of the adult fish, but in other cases
it seems that the young fishes, essentially similar to the adults in structure, may
differ from them in habits and swim across the ocean.

2. THE RECAPITULATION THEORY.

It is well known that the truth of the theory that ontogeny repeats phylogeny
is shown by almost every Teleostean fish in the development of its caudal fin, which
is at first ventral and then becomes terminal.

Two rather puzzling developmental features, the migration forwards of the
dorsal fin in the Clupeidae and the migration backwards of the anus in Notolepis,
Paralepis, ete., may possibly be explained by the same theory.

In the Clupeidae, and the closely-related Elopidae and Albulidae, which are the
most generalised living Teleosts, the dorsal fin is completely formed on the posterior
part of the back and then travels forward to its permanent position. The earliest fishes
that can be regarded as ancestral to the Clupeoids are the palaeozoic Palaeoniscidae :
in this family the dorsal fin was placed posteriorly, usually above the anal. Next
come the Semionotidae, which are a big step nearer the Teleosteans, and then the
Pholidophoridae, which may be regarded as the immediate ancestors of the Clupeoids ;
in both these mesozoic families, and especially in the Semionotidae, the dorsal fin is
placed well backward and in a number of the genera is at least partly opposed to the

ro)

VOL. I. ave

150 “TERRA NOVA” EXPEDITION.

anal. It seems possible, therefore, that the backward position of the dorsal fin of
larval Clupeoids may be an ancestral feature.

In Notolepis (p. 125, Pl. I, figs. 4, 5), Paralepis (ef. Prymnothonus, p. 137, Pl. VIL,
fios. 1-3), ete., the larva has a short gut with the anus not far behind the head ; as
the fish erows the gut becomes relatively longer, and the anus travels backward until
it reaches its final position a short distance in front of the anal fin. In a paper on
the classification of the Iniomi (Amn. Mag. N. H. (8) VII. 1911, pp. 120-133) I have
pointed out that the long-bodied and long-snouted Paralepis is closely related to,
but more specialized than, Chlorophthalmus, «a short-snouted fish of normal piscine
form, but with the anus nearer to the head than to the anal fin. It is not impossible
that the anterior position of the anus in the larval Paralepis may be due to the
evolution of this genus from a Chlorophthalmus.

3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE FINS.

The pectoral fins, which are principally concerned with balancing, are usually
present in the youngest larvae, and the permanent fin-rays appear at a very early
stage. As a rule the caudal, used for propulsion, is the next fin to develop. The
hypurals and fin-rays make their appearance below the notochord, and then by flexion
of the latter are brought into a terminal position. Afterwards the dorsal and anal
rays develop in the embryonic fin-fold and the pelvic fins grow out. There are many
deviations from and exceptions to the general course of development of the fins
outlined above.

The dorsal and anal fins usually originate in thew final position, but in the
Clupeidae, and the related Albulidae and Elopidae, they develop more posteriorly and
the dorsal especially migrates forwards for a considerable distance after it has been
formed (cf. Pl. V, figs. 2-4). In these families the dorsal fin develops earlier than the
anal, but in the Iniomi the reverse is the case (e.g., Synodus synodus, p. 137, Pl. VU,
fig. 4; Prymnothonus, p. 137, Pl. VII, figs. 1-3). Sometimes the formation of the
dorsal fin, or the anterior part of it, 1s so delayed that the embryonic fin-fold disappears
first; this may often happen with the spinous dorsal fin of acanthopterous fishes (e.¢.,
Odax balteatus, p. 143, Pl. VIII, fig. 4; Tripterygium varium, p. 145, Pl. IX, fies, 152):

Notable exceptions to the general rule that the anterior or spinous portion of the
dorsal fin develops later than the posterior or soft-rayed portion are the Trichiuroids
and some Paralichthinae. In the former (e.¢., Thyrsites atun, p. 144, Pl. VIL, figs. 1-3)
the early formation of the spinous dorsal may be for purposes of defence, and one may
well believe that it would be effective in warding off the attacks of the predaceous
young of such fishes as Pomatomus saltator (cf. Agassiz and Whitman, Mem. Mus.
Comp. Zool. XIV, No. 1, 1885, p. 16).

In some Flat-fishes of the sub-family Paralichthinae (e.¢., clnacylopsetta, p. 146,
Pl. IX, figs. 3, 4) the anterior dorsal rays are formed at a very early stage and grow

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN. 15]

out into filaments which may be used as feelers, perhaps to find food at night.
When the pelvic fins develop precociously they also may take the form of spines
(e.g., Thyrsites) or of long filaments (e.g., Trachypterus) ; but in other cases they grow
out into large fms with the rays fully connected by membrane (e.g., Pagetopsis
macropterus, p. 132, Pl. IIT, figs. 1-3); presumably such fins would be used to help the
pectorals in balancing and to prevent the fish from sinking.

It seems that im most fishes the fins develop in the same order and that the
development of one or more fins out of their turn, precociously, may be for purposes
either of flotation, balance, defence, or perhaps nocturnal feeding.

4. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF PELAGIC LARVAE.

Absence of accessory organs of respiration and of adhesive organs.—Larval
structures that occur in more than one group of fresh-water fishes are external gills
and adhesive organs; the latter enable them to remain in the place selected by the
parents until the yolk is absorbed, and external gills are advantageous when the water
is hmited in quantity or deficient in oxygen; that these structures are not found in
pelagic marine larvae is not surprising.

Invisibility.—All pelagic larvae are transparent, and in some groups the larval
stage is prolonged until a considerable size is reached; these large larvae remain
transparent owing to the strong compression of their bodies and the looseness of their
tissues, and the change into the less compressed and more compact young fish is
accompanied by a shrmkage. This type of development is characteristic of the Apodes
(p. 140, PI. VII, figs. 5-7), but it oceurs also in the Elopidae and Albulidae.

Buoyancy and balance-—It has been suggested that the dorsal sinus of the
Myctophidae (pp. 127, 138, Pl. VI) may serve as a float, and it seems likely that the
large pelvic fins of the larval Chaenichthyidae, especially Pagetopsis (p. 152, Pl. IL,
figs. 1-3), may be spread to prevent the fish sinking,

Generally the vertical fin acts as a keel, and balance is maintained by movements
of the pectorals; possibly the protrusion of the terminal part of the gut in many
larvae may be connected with balance; in those described as Stylophthalmus the
protruded portion may be quite long, but it is difficult to understand why this feature
should be so exaggerated as it is in Stylophthalmus macrenteron (p. 136, Pl. V, fig. 1).
The terminal part of the gut, with its basal support, forms a lone appendage ; this
would, presumably, keep the fish steady, and make it difficult for it to turn over on its
back, but would retard its progress if it attempted to swim; in fact, one may suppose
that the chief effect of flexions of the tail would be to rotate the fish, the anal
appendage serving as a fulcrum.

Sense organs.—Certain fin-rays may be formed precociously and grow out into
long filaments; these may be used as feelers, perhaps to find food at night. In all
larvae the auditory, optic and olfactory organs appear to be well developed, but it is

ee

152 “TERRA NOVA” EXPEDITION.

difficult to assign any reason for the stalked eyes of some early larvae (Stomiatidae,
especially Styluphthalmus), unless it be conceded that they may enable the larva to
see in all directions and help it to maintain a balance, and, as it is so small and not yet
an active swimmer, are not likely to be injured or to impede its progress.

Defence.—Many pelagic larvae have the bones of the head, and especially the
praeoperculum, armed with strong spines, no doubt defensive. This is well exemplified
by Thyrsites (p. 144, Pl. VIII, figs. 1-3), Platycephalus (p. 146, Pl. X, fig. 4) and
Ancylopsetta (p. 146, Pl. IX, figs. 3,4). The precocious development, probably for
defensive purposes, of the spinous dorsal and pelvic fins in Thyrsites has already been
referred to.

5. SYSTEMATIC IMPORTANCE OF LARVAL CHARACTERS.

Except in a few groups, of which the Apodes are the most notable example, there
are no features that characterize pelagic larval fishes as belonging to one order or
another, and it is not easy to determine their systematic position unless they are
sufficiently advanced towards the structure of the adult fish. In all cases the number
of myotomes and of fin-rays, if these he developed, are of the greatest help: with these
as a onide one may, by a patient process of trials and eliminations, determine
specifically some most puzzling examples, as, for instance, the post-larval Oda
balteatus, described and figured above (p. 143, Pl. VIII, fig. 4). Although it does not
appear that the diagnostic characters of the different orders are likely to he strongly
reinforced by larval features, yet the study of a series of larval and young fishes, such
as those collected by the “Terra Nova,” confirms and in no degree modifies ideas as to
the relationship of the Teleostean orders and families derived from the study of the
morphology of the adult fish.

The pigmented patches on the gut of the Sudidae and Synodontidae (Pl. VII,
figs. 1, 2, 4), the armature of the head in the Platycephalidae (PI. X, fig. 4) and
Triglidae, are examples of similar larval characters in related families. The
development of the anal fin before the dorsal in the Iniomi, the migration of the dorsal
in the Clupeidae, Albulidae, ete., may be cited as examples of developmental features
common to a series of related families.

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN. Ld:

Aceratiidae, 148.
acuticeps, Gymnodraco, lo2e

- Leptocephalus, 155, 140.
Albulidae, 149, 150, 152.
Ancylopsetta, 155, 146, 150, 152.

‘5 quadrocellata, 135, 146.

Anguilla australis, 134, 141.
Anguillidae, 141.

antarcticum, Myctophum, 125, 127, 159, 148.

Pleuragramma, 151, 153, 154.

antarcticus, Paraliparis, 129.
Apodes, 140, 148, 149, 151.
Artedidraco, 132, 153, 154.

A loennbergii, 152.

oS skottsbergii, 152.
atkinsoni, Cryodraco, 133.
atun, Thyrsites, 134, 144, 150, 151.
australis, Anguilla, 134, 141.
Balistidae, 147.
balteatus, Odax, 155, 145, 150, 152.
benoiti, Myctophum, 135, 139.
bernacchii, Trematomus, 130, 155.
Bothidae, 146.
Bothinae, 147.
Bothus, 149.
ocellatus, 135, 147, 148.

», podas, 147.

Bovichthyidae, 133.
caeruleus, Cubiceps, 134, 144.
caudatus, Lepidopus, 154, 144.
Centrolophus maoricus, 134, 144.
Ceratias, 135, 147.
Ceratiidae, 147.
Chaenichthyidae, 132, 135, 154.
Chaenichthys rugosus, 132.
Champsocephalus gunnari, 132, 135.
chavesi, Lampadena, 135, 159.
Chionodraco kathleenae, 133.
Chlorophthalmus, 150.
Clinidae, 145.
Clupeidae, 136, 148, 149, 150, 152.
coatsii, Notolepis, 125, 138, 148.
coccoi, Myctophum, 134, 139.
coriiceps, Notothenia, 130.
Cottus scorpius, 150.

»”

INDEX.

crocodilus, Lampanyctus, 140.
Cryodraco, 133.

oF atkinsoni, 133.
Cryptotomus ustus, 135, 143, 149.
Cubiceps caeruleus, 134, 144.
cyaneobrancha, Notothenia, 130.
Cyclothone microdon, 135, 137.
Cynoglossidae, 147.
Diaphus, 154, 139.
Diodon, 134, 147.
Diodontidae, 147.
Doratonotus megalepis, 143.
elongatus, Omosudis, 138.
Elopidae, 149, 150.
euryurus, Leptocephalus, 141.
Eustomias obscurus, 136.
fasciatus, Limnichthys, 134, 143, 149.
forsteri, Scombresox, 134, 142.
Gempylidae, 144.
gibberifrons, Notothenia, 130.
glaciale, Myctophum, 129.
Glyphidodon, 135, 142.
Gobiidae, 145.
Gonostomatidae, 137.
gunnari, Champsocephalus, 152, 135.
Gymnodraco, 134,

5 acuticeps, 152.
Gymnodraconidae, 132.
hansoni, T'rematomus, 130, 135.
Haplophryne mollis, 134, 148.
helena, Muraena, 141.
Hemirhamphidae, 142.
Hemiramphus unifasciatus, 155, 142, 149.
Heterosomata, 146, 148.
hexastigma, Leptocephalus, 135, 141.
Iniomi, 125, 137, 150, 152.
Isospondyli, 136.
kathleenae, Chionodraco, 155.
Lampadena chavesi, 135, 139.
Lampanyctus crocodilus, 140.

longipinnis, 134, 140.

a macropterus, 134, 140.

45 maderensis, 135, 140.
procerus, 140.
larseni, Notothenia, 130.

154 “TERRA NOVA”

laternatum, Myctophum, 135, 139.
Lepidopus caudatus, 134, 144.
Leptocephalus acuticeps, 135, 140.

euryurus, 141.
; hexastigma, 135, 141.
’ Db ’ ,

muraenae unicoloris, 135, 141.
re oxycephalus, 140.
P similis, 141.
Limnichthyidae, 143.
Limnichthys fasciatus, 134, 143, 149.
loennbergii, Artedidraco, 132.
longipinnis, Lampanyctus, 154, 140.
lucetia, Vinciguerria, 135, 137.

macrenteron, Stylophthalmus, 135, 136, 137, 151.

macrocephala, Notothenia, 130, 134, 149.

macropterus, Lampanyctus, 134, 140.
Pagetopsis, 132, 151.

maderensis, Lampanyctus, 135, 140.

maoricus, Centrolophus, 134, 144.

marmorata, Pentaroge, 135, 145.

megalepis, Doratonotus, 143.

microdon, Cyclothone, 135, 137.

mollis, Haplophryne, 134, 148.

Monacanthus seaber, 134, 147.

Muraena helena, 141.

‘ unicolor, 141.

muraenae unicoloris, Leptocephalus, 135, 141.

Muraenidae, 141.

Myctophidae, 158.

Myctophum, 127.

antarcticum, 125, 127, 139, 148.
33 benoiti, 155, 139.

s coccoi, 134, 139.

if glaciale, 129.

3 laternatum, 135, 139.

“ punctatum, 127.
Notolepis, 125, 150.

~ coatsii, 125, 138, 148.
Nototheniidae, 130.
Notothenia, 130, 133.

3 coriiceps, 130.

+ cyaneobrancha, 130.

+ gibberifrons, 130.

larseni, 130.

= macrocephala, 130, 134, 149.
sh nudifrons, 130.

% rossi, 130.

5 sima, 130.

Ay tessellata, 130.
nudifrons, Notothenia, 130.
obscurus, Eustomias, 136.
ocellatus, Bothus, 135, 147, 148.
Odacidae, 143.

Odax balteatus, 135, 143, 150, 152.

EXPEDITION.

Omosudis elongatus, 158.

Ophichthyidae, 141.

Ophichthys, 142.

oxycephalus, Leptocephalus, 140,
Pagetopsis macropterus, 132, 151.
Palaeoniscidae, 149.

paradoxus, Stylophthalmus, 155, 136, 137.
Paralepis, 127, 138, 150.

os speciosus, 135, 138.
Paralichthinae, 146.

Paraliparis antareticus, 129.

+ terrae-novae, 129.
Pediculati, 147.

Pentaroge marmorata, 135, 145.
Percomorphi, 142.
Pholidophoridae, 149.
Platophrinae, 147.
Platycephalidae, 146, 152.
Platycephalus, 135, 146, 152.
Plectognathi, 147.
Pleuragramma antareticum, 131, 133, 154.
podas, Bothus, 155, 147.
Pomacentridae, 142.
Pomatomus saltator, 150.
procerus, Lampanyctus, 140.
Prymnothonus, 127, 134, 135, 137, 158, 150.
punctatum, Myetophum, 127.
quadrocellata, Ancylopsetta, 135, 146.
rossi, Notothenia, 130.
rugosus, Chaenichthys, 152.
saltator, Pomatomus, 150.
Sardina neopilchardus, 134, 136.

» pilchardus, 136.
Sardinella aurita, 136.

s pseudohispanica, 135, 156.
saurus, Scombresox, 135, 142.
scaber, Monacanthus, 134, 147.
Scaridae, 143.

Scleroparei, 145.
Scombresocidae, 142.
Scombresox forsteri, 134, 142.

os saurus, 135, 142.
Scorpaena, 135, 145.
Scorpaenidae, 145.

Scorpididae, 142.

Scorpis violaceus, 134, 142.
scorpius, Cottus, 130.
Semionotidae, 149.

sima, Notothenia, 130.

similis, Leptocephalus, 141.
skottsbergii, Artedidraco, 132.
speciosus, Paralepis, 135, 138.
Stomiatidae, 156.
Stromateidae, 144.

LARVAL AND POST-LARVAL FISHES—REGAN, [5!

Stylophthalmus macrenteron, 135, 136, 151.
= paradoxus, 135, 136, 137.
Sudidae, 137, 152.
Synentognathi, 142.
Synodontidae, 137, 152.
Synodus synodus, 135, 157, 150
5 varius, 137.
synodus, Synodus, 135, 157, 150.
terrae-novae, Paraliparis, 129.
tessellata, Notothenia, 130.
Thyrsites atun, 134, 144, 150, 151, 152.
Trachypterus, 151,

Ort

Trematomus bernacchii, 130, 133.

a hansoni, 130, 133.
Trichiuridae, 144.
Triglidae, 152.
Tripterygium varium, 134, 145, 150.
unicolor, Muraena, 141.
unifasciatus, Hemirhamphus, 135, 142, 149.
ustus, Cryptotomus, 135, 142, 149.
varius, Synodus, 137.
variuin, Tripterygium, 134, 145, 150.
Vinciguerria lucetia, 135, 137.
violaceus, Scorpis, 134, 142.

LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W,

Larval Fishes, Plate I.

PLATE I.

Length of Specimen. Locality.
Fic. 1.— Myetophum antarcticum, Giinth. (p. 127). , 11 mm. 8. of New Zealand, Station 252.
EG. 2. 15 mm.
Fie. 3. a er, F : : 18 mm. _ >
Fic. 4.—Notolepis coatsii, Dollo (p. 125). ; : 50 mm. Weddell Sea.
Fic. 5. s 3 - : : 70 mm. Antarctic, Station 269.
Fic. 6.—Paraliparis terrac-novae, sp. n. (p. 129). ; 35 mm. McMurdo Sound, Station 332.

Brit.Antarctic (Terra Nova) Exped.1910.

fus.(Nat.Hist,) Zoology, Vol.1. Larval Fishes,P11I.

QS, —

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PLATE II.

Fic. 1.—Artedidraco skottsbergii, Loennb. (p. 132)
Fic. 2.-—Notothenia, sp. (p. 150) :
Fig. 3.—Pleuragramma antarcticum, Bouleng. (p. 131)
Fic. 4.

BiG? ):
Fie. 6.

Length of Specimen.
13 mm.
6 mm.
6 mm.
11-5 mm.
13°5 mm.
25 mm.

Locality.
Ross Tsland.
Falklands.

toss Island.

‘SBPlIUsY IO 10M

dat yany “yat, 38 [ep pawmpooay pee

Larval Fishes, PLII.

assay suuxeiiilieti seeeWE:

ss oa wt

,
‘OI6I pedxy (PAON Vudey) ofyouRIUYy WU

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Larval Fishes, Plate III.
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7 ad

Fig. 1.
Bia. 2.
Fic. 3. a
Fic. 4.—Gymnodraco acut

PLATE III.

-Paqetopsis macropterus, Bouleng. (p. 132
geto} ' §

iceps, Bouleng. (p. 152)

Length of Specimen.
14 mm.
15 mm.
19 mm.
24 mm.

Locality.
MeMurdo Sound.

ory

Ross Island.

5)

Brit.Antarctic (Terra Nova) Exped.1910.
rit.Mus.(Nat.Hist) Zoology, VoL. Larval Fishes,P1.III.

G.M Woodward de] et lith

Larval Fishes, Plate IV.

PLATE IV.

Length of Specimen. Locality.
Fie. 1.—Cryodraco sp. (p. 133) 2 : : ; ; : 21 mm. Ross Island.
Fic. 2.—Chionodraco kathleenae, Regan (p. 133) 5 : : : 21 mm. >

Mhvel BE A ee 7 ; : ‘ 32 mm.

Larval Fishes, Pl.IV.

Al Id 'Seusty [eArey]

T To, ‘AZoloo Z~

odx7 (CAON TOILE UILy

dar q3ny "UI, 99 12P prenpoomM WD

(STH'VEN) ‘sn Tag

Larval Fishes, Plate V.

PLATE V.

Length of Specimen. Locality.
Pic. 1.—Stylophthalmus macrenteron, sp. n. (p. 156) : 5 33 mm. Atlantic, Station 49.
Bic. 2.—Sardinella pseudohispanica, Poey (p. 136) : ; 7 mm. Rio de Janeiro, Station 3%.
Fic. 3.—Sardina neopilchardus, Steind. (p. 136) — . e 12 mm. New Zealand, Station 135.
Fic. 4. % 7 : ; ; 18 mm. ef ss
Fig, 5.—Cyclothone microdon, Giinth. (p. 137) ; 5 : 8 mm. Atlantic, Station 39.
Bia. 6.—Vinciquerria lucetia, Garm. (p. 137) ; : : 9 mm. Atlantic, Station 45.
High i: af a3 : : ; 15 mm.

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= _—_——. on _ t — % a ea |

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Brit.Antarctic (Terra Nova) Exped.1910.

ry

(NatHist) - Zoology, Vol.1. Larval Fishes,P1.V.

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Larval Fishes, Plate VI.

PLATE

. L.—Myetophum benoiti, Cocco (p. 139)
2

” ”

. 3.— Diaphus sp. (p. 139)
. 4.
Os
. 6.-
. 7.—Myctophum laternatum, Garm. (p. 139)
. 8.—Lampadena chavesi, Collett (p. 140)

5

: : :
Lampanyctus macropterus, Brauer (p. 140)
Lampanyctus maderensis, Lowe. (p. 140) .

Lampanyctus longipinnis, sp. a. (p. 140).

WAR

Length of Specimen. Locality.

+ mm.
7 mm.

4 mm.

5 mm.

10 mm.

9 mm.
8 mm.

11 mm.
15 mm.

Atlantic, Station 311.

2 ”

New Zealand, Station 135.

Atlantic, Station 50.

Station 311.

+ Station 17.
New Zealand, Station 113.

Brit.Antarctic (Terra Nova) Exped.1910.
Zoology, Vol.I. Larval Fishes,P1.VI.

Huth imp.

Myctophidae.

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PLATE VII.

—Prymnothonus sp. (p. 138)
> sp. (p. 138)
3 sp. (p. 138)

—Leptocephalus acuticeps, sp. n. (p. 140)
+ heaxastiqma, sp. a. (p. 141)

1.
2.
o:
. 4.—Synodus synodus, Linn. (p. 137)
6.
th

” muracnae unicoloris (p. 141)

Length of Specimen. Locality.
12 mn. Atlantic, Station 50.
16 mm. Station 47.
22 mm. New Zealand, Station 85.
14 mm. Atlantic, Station 46.
47 mm. Station 45.

60 mim.
60 mm.

Station 50.
Station 46.

A

Brit. Antarctic (Terra Nova) Exped.1910.

Zoology, Vo1.I. Larval Fishes,P1 VII.

PE Mi Ye

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ANDTANS AGAAYATRA NYSE A SARS Ml iad

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Larval Fishes, Plate VIII.

PLATE VIII.

Fic. 1.—Thyrsites atun, Euphras. (p. 144)

Fig. 2. 3 v3

Fig. 3. Hc os :

Fic. 4.—Odax balteatus, Cuy. and Val. (p. 143)
Fic. 5.—Glyphidedon, sp. (p. 142) 5 ; 3
Fic. 6.—Cryptotomus ustus, Cuy. and Val. (p. 143)
Fic. 7.—Lepidopus caudatus, Euphras. (p. 144)

Length of Specimen. Locality.
5 mm. New Zealand, Station 133.
6 mm.
10 mm. $3 x
6 mm. Melbourne, Station 161.

5 mm.
9 mm.
11 mm.

Rio de Janeiro, Station 39.

Atlantic, Station 49.

New Zealand, Station 135.

Brit.Antarctic (Terra Nova) Exped.1910.

Brit.Mus.(Nat.Hist,) Zoology,Vol.L. Larval Fishes,P1 VII,

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G.MWoodwerd del, et lith. : Huth imp.

Trichiuroidea and Percoidea.

Larval Fishes, Plate IX.

PLATE

Fie. 1.—Tripterygium varium, Forst. (p. 145)
Fie. 2. a5 + .
Fie. 3.—Ancylopsetta quadrocellata, Gill. (p. 146) .
Fig. 4. -; sp. (p. 146) ‘

Fic. 5.—Symphurus plagusia, Bl. Schn. (p. 147)
Fie. 6. *

»

TX.

Length of Specimen. Locality.

6 mm.
13 mm.
5) mm.
4 mm.
=

7 mim.
11 mm.

New Zealand, Station 135.

39 ”
Rio de Janeiro, Station 39.

b) ”
9 ”
39 »”

Brit.Antarctic (Terra Nova) Exped.1910.
Brit.Mus.(Nat.Hist.) Z oology,Vol.l. Larval Fishes,P1.1X,

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G.M.Woodward del, et. lith. Huth imp
Tripterysium and Heterosomata,

Larval Fishes, Plate X.

Fia.
Fia.
BIG: «
Fie. 4
Fic.
Fig.
Fig.

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2.-
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oo.
5.—Pentaroge marmorata, Cuy. and Val. (p- 145) ;

6.
the

—Ceratias sp. (p- 147) A .
Haplophryne mollis, Brauer (p. 148)
-Monacanthus scaber, Forst. (p. 147)
.—Platycephalus sp. (p. 146)

Scorpaena sp. (p. 145) .
Centrolophus maoricus, Ogilb. (p. 1 i! 4)

PLATE

xe

Length of Specimen.

6 mm.
10 mi.
5) mim.
7 mm.
7 mm.
10 mm.

19 mm.

Locality.
Atlantic, Station 311.
New Zealand, Station 12
A Station 13:
Melbourne, Station 161.

he
2
>,

s or

Atlantic, Station 53.

New Zealand, Station 142.

Brit.Antarctic (Terra Nova) Exped.1910.

Brit.Mus. (Nat.Hist,) Z oology,VoLI. Larval Fishes,P1.X,

Noida eee

G.M.Woodward del.et lith,

Huth imp

Pediculati, Scleroparei, Monacanthus and Centrolophus.

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