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LATIN LESSONS
ADAPTED TO
ALLEN AND GREENOUGH'S LATIN GRAMMAR.
WITH PARALLEL REFERENCES
LATIN GHAMMARS
OF
HARKNESS, GILDERSLEEVE, AND ANDREWS AND
STODDARD ;
ALSO,
A COURSE OF ELEMENTARY LATIN READING.
'' BY
li^Ff'LEIGHTON, Ph.D. (Lips.),
AUTHOB or " OmUOAL bistort of OIOERO^S IPISTnLAK Al> PAMUJABES," *' BISTORT OP
BOMK,'^ « QUEBx LXS80N8," ITO.
BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY GINN, HEATH, & CO.
1882.
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^570. 5
Entered accoFdmg to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, t)y
R. F. LEIGHTON,
Jn the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
J. S. Gushing,
SUPBHINTENDBNT OF PRINTING,
loi Pearl St., Bosto:*.
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PEEFAOE.
a This book has been prepared to accompany Allen and
$ Greenough's Latin Grammar. In addition to exercises
S for elementary drill, going systematically over the entire
>s^ ground of the Etymology and Syntax, it aims to furnish a
r^ sufficient quantity of interesting reading matter, on sub-
I . jects suited to the capacity of the pupil, to prepare him
M to read the usual Latin authors with ease and profit;
^ while the Notes are designed to supply all necessary
information on the subjects of S3^nonymes, ancient geog-
raphy, Roman history, and antiquities. Questions for
examination and review, with vocabularies, complete the
volume.
Much care and study have been spent on the order and
arrangement of the Lessons, especially in the earlier part,
aiming mainly at these two things, — first, to introduce,
'very early in the course, a comparison of the simpler verb-
forms, which are easier than nouns, and open the way to
a much larger range of expression ; and secondly, to give
not bare words and their inflections, but sentences from
the start, both questions and answers, in natural and easy
succession. The first associations with any language,
especially when learned by the young, ought to be such
as make it as nearly as possible like a living tongue ; the
scientific stud}^ of it should follow, not go before, some
familiar elementary knowledge of what it is in actual
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VI ^ PREFACE.
speech. Teachers who use this book may find it desirr
able further, to save the learner from those mistakes
which often cling in the memory long after the correction
of them has been forgotten, by reading the lessons with
their classes in advance : the value and importance of
frequent reviews are too plain to need recommendation
here. The Lessons, including considerably more than a
hundred exercises, Latin and English, are so arranged
that each gives practice on what has gone before ; those
to be written in Latin being based on the exercises in
translation immediately preceding. Taken in course, they
will be found an ample preparation for any of the more
advanced manuals of Latin Composition.*
The Reading Lessons which follow are largely made up
from modem Latin, — a few Fables of JEsop, and extracts
from " Viri Romse," — owing to the almost absolute lack
in classic authors of matter at once simple in style and
suitable for elementary practice. These are followed by
Woodford's Epitome of the First Book of the Gallic
War, which gives the main thread of the narrative in
Caesar's own words, omitting the more difficult construc-
tions and parenthetical clauses. The Notes to this por-
tion of the book have been prepared on the theory that
it is better to give too much than too little at this stage
of the course. Hence, besides very numerous references
to the grammar, the full explanation of constructions,
and frequent exhibition of synonymes, many details have
* They have been expressly arranged as an introduction to the
brief but very complete " Latin Composition " by Professor W.
F. Allen.
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PREFACE. VU
been given of history, antiquities, etc., which will prove,
if not essential at first, yet useful in the pupil's later
studies. Some may prefer that he should get this in-
formation by his own research; but my own experience
as a teacher convinces me how little likely this is to be
done, and how little danger there is of putting these
matters within too easy reach.
Without entering into the discussion as to the best
method of pronouncing Latin, I may be permitted to urge
the great advantage and importance of knowing thor-
oughly the phonetic value of the letters of the Roman
alphabet^ and their simpler changes and combinations (as
given in the first two sections of the Grammar) , as a key
to many of the diflSculties of inflection and derivation.
This is quite aside from the question of pronunciation,
which must after all be governed by the prevailing usage.
For the convenience of those who adopt the so-called
English method, a few simple rules are given. It will
be understood, of course, that they have no claim of au-
thority or scientific value, and are a mere enumeration of
accidental errors and corruptions which the Koman tongue .
has encountered in its blending with modern speech.
The Latin-English Vocabulary has been prepared by
Prof. R. F. Pennell, and will be found, it is believed,
admirably suited to its purpose.
To the authors of the Latin Grammar, and to Professor
Allen of the University of Wisconsin, I desire to express
my obligations for the very serviceable aid which they
have afforded me in the preparation of this book.
Leipsic, Ger., April, 1876.
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CONTENTS.
PAGB
Rules op Pronunciatioit , < , , ^ ix
Definitions xii
INFLECTION OF NOUNa
First Declension , I
Subject and Predicate 2
Subject and Object , 3
Questions «^,. ...... 4
Prepositions 5
Second Declension ,.. 6
Adjectives : First and Second Declension 8
Subject and Copula 9
Indicative Mood of Sum 10
The Verb Sum 11
First Conjugation : Active Voice 12
Third Declension : Liquid Stems 14
Third Declension : Mute Stems 15
Third Declension : Vowel Stems 16
Adjectives : Third Declension 17
Comparison of Adjectives 18
Irregular Comparison 19
Adverbs and Conjunctions 20
Fourth Declension 20
Fifth Declension 22
Genitives in -lus 23
Numerals 24
PRONOUNS.
Personal Pronouns 26
Demonstrative Pronouns 27
Relative Pronouns 28
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X CONTENTS.
PRONOUNS (continued). paob
Interrogative Pronouns . . . .' 29
Indefinite Pronouns 80
Correlatives 82
Infinitives and Participles 32
Gerunds and Supines 83
Present Subjunctive 83
Imperfect Subjunctive 34
Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive 35
Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative : Passive Voice . . 35
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative : Passive
Voice 86
Imperative and Infinitive Moods and Participles : Passive Voice 88
Subjunctive Mood : Passive Voice 38
First Conjugation 39
Second Conjugation 41
Third Conjugation 42
Fourth Conjugation 44
Deponents 45
Verbs in -lo : Third Conjugation 46
Irregular Verbs 49
Irregular Verbs {continued) 60
Irregular Verbs {continued) 61
Defective and Impersonal Verbs : Periphrastic Forms ... 62
Word-Formation. — Derivation 63
SYNTAX.
Apposition 65
Agreement of Ac^ectives 66
Syntax of Relatives 66
CASES.
Genitive 67
Genitive {continued) 58
Dative 69
Dative {continued) 60
Accusative and Vocative 62
Accusative and Infinitive 63
Ablative 64
Time and Place 66
Use of Tenses 68
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CONTENTS. XI
MOODS. PAGE
Conditional Sentences 69
Comparative and Concessive Clauses 71
Temporal Clauses 72
Casual Clauses 74
Final Clauses 75
Consecutive Clauses * • 1 76
Indirect Discourse 78
The Infinitive 80
Wishes and Commands 83
Relative and Intermediate Clauses 84
Substantive Clauses 85
Question? 87
Participles 88
Gerund and Gerundive 90
Supine > . 92
The Roman Calendar 93
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES 97
FABLES 105
EXTRACTS FROM VIRI ROM^ 109
WOODFORD'S EPITOME OF CJESAR. Book 1 134
NOTES 153
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 195
EXAMINATION PAPERS 207
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 213
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 253
INDEX OF SYNONYMES 261
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HULES OF PEONUNOIATION.
I. ACCORDING TO THE "ENGLISH METHOD."
N. B. — The long or short vowel-sotind indicated in thef>e rules is wholly independent
of the quantity of the vowels by the rules of Latin Prosody.
1. In Monosyllables, the vowel has —
a. The long sound, if it ends the syllable : as, si, me, spe,
h. The short sound, if followed by a consonant : as, Hh, cum, hdc,
has ; except past, monosyllables in es, and (in plural cases) os, where it
has the long sound : as, res, hos, &.
2. An accented Penult has —
a. The long vowel-sound before a single consonant (or a mute with I
or r), or, before a vowel or diphthong: as, p&'ter, lib-er-d'lis, d^us,
sa'cra, paHris.
b. The short vowel-sound before two consonants (except a mute followed
by I or r), or x : as, reg'num, rexH.
3. An accented Antepenult has —
a, Tlie long vowel-sound before a vowel : as, Modern, hVe-mis, fW-
e-rat,
b. The short vowel-sound before a consonant : as, in'su-la, i-tin'e-ris.
Exceptions. — (a.) u before a single consonant (or a mute with I or r)
has the long sound : jU've-nis, Wri-dus, puHri-dus ; but before U, the
short sound : as in res-p\ih'li-ca.
if}.) a, e, 0, before a single consonant (or a mute with I or r) followed
by tw'o vowels, the first of which is e, i, or y, have the long sound : as
impe'ri'Um, do'ce-o, a'cri-a,
4. In all unaccented syllables the vowel-sound is —
a. Long, if followed by a single consonant (or a mute with I or r) : as,
do-lo'ris ; but final syllables ending in a consonant are short, in a vowel,
long : as, con-sut (except es, and in plur. cases os at the end of the word).
b. Short, before x, or any two consonants : as, bel-lorum, rex-is^sct-
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XIV RULES OP PRONUNCIATION.
Exception. — Final a is sounded as in the last syllable of America :
as, men'sa ; and the vowel sounds in tihi and siJbi are as in the English
lUy.
Note. — Compounds generally follow the same rules ; but if the first
part ends in a consonant, the vowel-sound is short : as, oVil^ rcd^U, ah-
e-ratf proR-ter'e'af transli-tur (except post, and final syllables in as and
OS of plural cases : as, post-quam, post'c-ri, hoslce).
6. Diphthongs follow the same rules as the vowels which repre-
sent them in English: thus —
{a.) (B and a have the sound of e : that is, long in caelum, a-rruxfuus;
short in hoesfi-tOy a-Tticen'i-tas.
(6.) In poetry ei may be regarded as a diphthong, as in dein'de, hav-
ing the sound of i in mind : eu, au, oi, have, when diphthongs, the same
jound as in feud, author , coin : as OrpheuSy Oileus, aurum ; ui is a diph-
thong, having the long sound of i in KvAjc, cu% huij u in connection
with other vowels or diphthongs sometimes has the sound of w after g
or s : as, qui, lin'gua, sua'deo, quoefro.
6. Consonants have generally the same power as in English : —
(a.) Thus, before e, i, y, and the diphthongs cb, eu, os, c has the sound
of s, and g of j ; ch has always the sound of A; as in chemist ; c, s, t
often have the sound of sh before i followed by a vowel, and before eu
when preceded by an accented syllable, and x of ksh : as, sodus, censui,
ratio, caduceus, arvxius.
Note. — It is to be understood that in these examples the rule is only
permissive, and that usage varies considerably among the best authori-
ties. In general, when the word, or the combination of letters is dis-
tinctly foreign to us, it may be better to retain the pure consonant sound :
as in men-ti-^tur, Min'dus, ca-du'ce-us, Ly'si-as, Moisi-a, oLx-i-o'Tna,
nodti-um.
It is very common, in English pronunciation, to slur or suppress the
more difficult consonant sounds, particularly in such cases as en, gn, ps,
pt, tm, or X, at the beginning of a word ; as in Cnidus, gn^tus, pseudo-,
pteris, Tmolus, xylon. But, in an accurate pronunciation of these, as
Latin or Greek words, the full consonant sound will be retained.
Finally, there can be no correct rule to authorize the slipshod and
slovenly habit of enunciation which is frequently allowed. To cultivate
a clear and vigorous utterance of unfamiliar words is one of the inci-
dental benefits of careful instruction in a foreign tongue.
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RULES OF PRONUNCIATION. XV
II. ACCORDma TO THE "ROMAN METHOD."
The following are the rules adopted in the Boston Latin School, as giren in " Old
and New," Norember, 1871.
The English equivalents for the long and short sounds of the Vowels
are here given —
i
^ as in ^:
ddbam.
a as in ah :
ndham.
e " " fated:
v^io.
e " " fane:
veni.
X " " fleet:
video.
i " *« flee:
vldi.
6 " " intonate;
: fHveo.
6 " " tone
fovi.
ii " " boot:
f^io.
u " ** moon:
fugi.
The Diphthongs ae and ai are sounded like ay, the English adverb of
affirmation ; au like ow in owl ; oi and oe nearly like oi in oil; eu like
ek'oo ; ua, when a diphthong, like wah,
Ui is sounded like the French oui or English we,
Y is sounded like the German U or French u.
Of the Consonants, —
C has always the hard sound : thus Cicero is to be pronounced Ke^Tcero.
Q (i (( (( (« ((
t/'when used as a consonant corresponds in sound to our Y : thus jam
is pronounced yam,
Qu has the sound oi K:*
Fhas a sound approximating to the English W,
T has always the simple sound : thus the second and third syllables
of justitia are sounded alike.
8 has always the pure sound, and not the 'sound of Z or 8h,
Ch has the power of K,
Th has the power of 8 (Greek), or of th in thim,,
Z is sounded nearly like S,
The other consonants are supposed to have had sounds nearly identical
with the present English sounds.
Note. — According to some of the best authorities, if the vowel of the
Penult is short, i or u coming immediately before it is to be regarded as
a semi-vowel, and pronounced like y or w, the accent going back to the
syllable before : as, mU'li^eSy m^'mt^at, ftliJblus. But in compounds,
the accent will not be thrown back of the radical syllable : thus, im-
pCUas, ah-fv!h'ai.
* Or more correctly as in English, according to Professor Lane * compare 'Axoviroyovv
(Strabo) for Aqmtanos.
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DEFINITIONS.
Articles, Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Verbs, Adverbs, Prepo-
sitions, Conjunctions, and Interjections are called Parts of Speech.
There is no Article in Latin.
A Noun is the name of any thing : as, homo, man ; navls, ship.
If a noun is the name of a person, or of a thing spoken of by its own
name, as if it were a person, it is a Proper Noun ; if not, it is a Com-
mon Noun. Thus in the sentence Roma magna est urbs, Borne is a
great city, Roma is a proper, and urbs a common noun.
An Adjective is a word used to define a quaUty : as, cartui, dear;
bonus, good.
Comparison shows the degree of the quality : as.
Positive. Comparative. Superlative.
cams, dear. carior, dearer. carissimus, dearest.
bonus, good. melior, better. optimus, best.
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun : as, he for the man.
The First Person, ego, /, nos, we, is the person speaking ; the Second
Person, tu, vos, you, is the one spoken to ; the Third Person, he, she, it,
they, is that spoken of, and has no personal pronoun in Latin, Demon-
stratives being often used instead.
A Demonstrative denotes a particular person or thing : as, hie, this,
ille, that.
A Relative refers to a person or thing before spoken of : as, qui, who,
quod, which.
The person or thing referred to is called the Antecedent : as, homo
qui venit, the man who came.
An Interrogative asks a question : as, quia adest ? who is here f ubi-
nam gentium sumus ? wJiere in the world are we ?
A Verb is a word which tells an action or condition : as, veni, 1
came; cecXdit, he fell.
Mood denotes the manner of an action : as, venit, Ae came (Indicative) ;
venisset, Jie might have come (Subjunctive).
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DEFINITIONS. XVli
Tense denotes the time of an action : as, cnrrit, lie rwnt (Present) ;
cncurrit, he ran (Past).
Of Voices, the Active speaks of a person doing the action : as, ferit,
he strikes ; the Passive, as suffering it : as, feritur, he is struck.
A Participle expresses the action, etc., of a verb in the form of
an adjective : as, feriens, striking ; ictus, struck.
An Adverb is a word which qualifies the meaning of adjectives,'
verbs, or adverbs : as, acerrime ferit, he strikes very hard.
A Preposition is a word which^ expresses the relations between
other words : as, in oppidum venit, he came to town ; pro patria
mori, to die for ones country,
A Conjunction is a word which connects other words or sen-
tences : as, procerus at validus, tall and strong.
Interjections are exclamations : as, heus ! halloo /
G-ENDER is distinction as to sex, and is Masculine of male crea-
tures: as, reac, king; Feminine of female creatures: as, regina,
queen; Neuter of things: as, solium, throne.
Things without sex are Neuter in English : as, stone^ tree. But in
Latin they are frequently masculine or feminine : as, lapis, statie (masc.);
arbor, tree (fern.). This is called Grammatical Gender.
Number signifies how manyy and is Singular when one is spoken
of: as, vir, man ; Plural when more than one : as, viri, men.
Case is the form a noun takes to show its relation to other words:
as, pueri currunt, the boys run (Nominative) ; pueri sorer, the
hoy's sister (Genitive).
This relation is generally shown in English by prepositions ; as, gesta
Romanonun, the deeds of the Eomans; invidia mihi, envy against
me.
Quantity is the time taken in pronouncing a vowel or a syllable,
in comparison with other syllables.
Thus in the word strengthen, the first syllable is long and the second
short in quantity or time, though they are both called short in quality
or sound ; in submit, the first is long and the second short, in quantity,
though the latter has the accent.
Quantity is reckoned much more important in Latin than in English,
and often shows the difference in the meaning of words. Thus levia
(long e) means smooth ; 1§ vis (short e), means li^hJt ; cecldit is he fell ;
cecidit, he cut or felled.
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XVIU DEFINITIONS.
Emphasis is stress of voice on an important word or phrase : as,
cowards run ; but brave men stand.
Accent is stress of voice on a particular syllable : as, the necessary
resirves.
A Proclitic is a v^ord vrithout accent of its own, that seems to
lean on the word after it ; an Enclitic is one that seems to lean on
the word before it.
Thus in the sentence, The boys, and girls too, are here, — ^^ is a pro-
clitic, and too an enclitic.
In Latin, the enclitics que, and, ve, or, ne, whether, and sometimes
cum, with, are written as part of the preceding word. Thus in Latin,
the sentence given above would be, pneri pueliseque adsuiit.
For Definitions in Syntax, see § 171.
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LATIN LESSONS.
Befobb beginning these Lessons, the pupil need only learn
the general signification of the cases, § 31,* and the declension of
Stella. The sections to which each lesson especially refers are
designated at the bottom*
LESSON I.
FIRST DECLENSION. § 85.»
Tocabulaiy.
fiqua,^ ae, F., water.
Stella, aCi f. , star.
Inna, ae, f., moon.
^ ripa, ae, f., river-bank.
fama, ae, f., report.
nanta, ae, m., sailor.
paella, ae, f., girl.
r5sa, ae, f., rose.
&gric61a, ae, m., farmer.
victoria, ae, f., victory.
Translate into £ng:1l8ti.
1. R8sa.^ 2. Aquae. 3. Liina. 4. Agric51arum.*
5. Puellarum. 6. Puellae agric51ariim.* 7. RipTs. 8.
R5sa puellae. 9. LQnam. 10. Agrtcolas. 11. R5sls
puellarum.
^ Learn §§ 35, 36, c and e, and § 31, a-h. * § 348, 4 and 9.
* The references are to Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar.
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2 LATIN LESSONS.
^ There is no article in Latin : the word rosa may mean a rose,
the rose J or simply rose.
* Masculine by signification. § 29; § 348, 10, and § 31, b.
Note. — The quantity of the syllables will be marked in the
vocabularies except where the rules of § 18 or those referred to at
the bottom of the page apply. The pupil should be required to
account for the quantity of those vowels to which the rules apply.
The vocabularies should be committed to memory by the pupil
before beginning to translate the exercise.
LESSON 11.
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. §§204,171-174.
Vocabulary.
reg^a, ae, f., queen.
insilla, ae, f., island.
c^sa, ae, f. , cottage.
laudo,^ praise.
porto,* carry.
done,* give.
Bcriba, ae, m., clerk.
via, ae, f., tvay, road.
serva, ae, f., female slave.
pugno,'/(//^^
tblSro,' endure.
monstro,^ point out, show.
Imo, / love, amamtls, we love.
amas, thou lovest. amatis, you love.
am&t, he loves. anjant, they love.
Translate into English.
1. Laudat,^ laudarrius. 2. Portas, portatis, portant
3. Monstramus, pugnaraus. 4. Regina^ laudSt. 5.
Scribae portant. 6. .Nautae pugnant. 7. Paellae lau-
dant. 8. Reginae donant.
* These verbs are inflected in the present tense like amo: for
the quantity of the final o, see § 348, 7.
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LESSONS II., III. 3
2 Notice that the personal pronouns /, thou, &c.', are contained
in the endings of the verb: thus, laudat is not merely praise, but
he (she or it) praises. The nominative of the personal pi-onouns is
rarely expressed in Latin. See § 206, a.
8 When the subject of the verb is expressed, the pronoun is not
needed in English: thus, agricola portat, the farmer carries, not
the farmer he carries.
Note. — The general rules of pronunciation are given on page
xiii of the Lessons; the rules of quantity, § 18. Remember that
a vowel in a syllable long by position merely, has the
short sound.
Translate into Latin.
1. He carries, we carry, they carry. 2. They fight,
he fights. 3. The sailor carries. 4. The queen praises.
5. Thou givest, you give. 6. The clerk gives. 7. The
clerks give. 8. We point out. 9. They point out.
LESSON III.
SUBJECT AND OBJECT. §§ 237 and 224.
Vocabulary.
filia, ae, daughter.
pScunia, ae, money.
terra, ae, f., land.
Incdla, ae, c, inhabitant.
do,i give.
Sro, plough.
devdro, devour.
ran a, ae, ¥.,frog.
ciconia, ae, f. , stork.
matrona, ae, f. , married woman.
silva, ae, f., wood, forest.
p^o, prepare.
s^co, cut.
v6co, call.
Translate into English.
1. Agric51a nautas vScat. 2. V5camus inc51as. 3. V5-
catfe puellam. 4. Agric51ae nautSm vacant. 5. DSmus
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4 LATIN LESSONS.
r5sas 2 puellis. 6. AgrlfcSlae sUya^sgcapt. 7. Matronae
rSsas filiabus^ dant. 8. Cic^ia ranam devKrat. 9.
AgrJcSla viam nautis* monstrat.
* Inflect these verbs like amo. * See § 348, 9 and 10.
» See § 36, e. * See § 348, 9 and ex. in is.
Translate into Eatln.
1. He calls the sailors. 2. The farmers cut the wood.
3. They call the clerks. 4. The sailor ploughs the
water. 5. The farmers plough the land. 6. The saUor
calls (his) ^ daughter. 7. The stork devours the frogs.
8. The farmer shows the way to the sailor. 9. The
queen gives money to (her) daughter.
^ Words in parentheses are not to be translated.
LESSON IV.
QUESTIONS. §210.»
Vocabulary.
UtSra, ae, f. , letter (of alphabet).
literae, (pl.)» f., letter, epistle,
delecto, delight.
narro, narrate, tell.
Galba, ae, M., Galha.
anciUa, ae, maid-servant.
poeta, ae, M.,poet.
perffiga, ae, m., deserter,
insXdiae (pl.)> f., snares,
umbra, ae, f. , shade.
non (adv.), not.
fabtUa, ae, F., stori/.
Translate into English.
1. Matronane^ puellam vScSt? V5cSt. 2. Nonne
Galba insidias pSrat? 3. Agric51a puellis viam mon-
strat. 4. Num ^ poeta reginae ^ r&am dSt ? 5. Nonne
reglnaancillas v5cat? Non v5eat. 6. Umbra silvarum^
agWLcSlas delectat.
* Learn § 210, a and c ; also § 1 9, a, h, and c; § 28, a,h,c (read the
note), § 29, c, § 30, h; with 171, a and h.
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LBSBONS IV., V. 6
« § 19, c and § 212. » § 348, 1, 2, and 8.
* § 226. • § 213.
TnmtlAte Into lAtln*
1. Does the sailor call? Yes. 2. Does the farmer
plough ? No. 3. Does the sailor call (his) daughter ?
Yes. 4. Does the deserter give a letter to the queen ?
No. 5. Does he tell the story to the poets ? 6. The
farmer shows the way to (his) daughter. 7. Does the
clerk give the queen the letter ? ^ 8. The moon delights
the farmer. 9. Does the shade of the wood delight the
poet?
*§79,c.
LESSON V.
PREPOSITIONS. § 152.»
Vocabulary.
fSra, ae, f., wild beast.
8to, stand.
n&to, swim.
ambiUo, walk.
v61o,/y.
provincia, ae, f. , province.
porta, ae, f., gate.
aquUa, ae, f. , eagle.
ora, ae, f., shore,
mSdIcina, ae, f., medicine.
copia, ae, f., abundance.
copiae (pi. ) , f. , forces.
et, conj., and.
Bed, conj., but.
Translate into EnsrlisH.
1. Fgrae in ^ silva stant. 2. Ad silvam ambulamus,
(»t stamus in umbra. 3. Nonne nautae in Squa ad oram
insulae nStant? 4. Nautae cum puellis ambulant. 5.
Flliaene ad silvam ambulant? 6. AgiTcQla viam per
silvam^ sScat. 7. Nauta in (on) insulae ora stat.
* Learn § 152, a, 6, and c.
* All the prepositions govern either the accusative or the ablative.
See§2G0.
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6 LATIN LESSONS.
' For the arrangement of the words in a Latin sentence, learn
§ 343, and § 344, a.
Note. — The preposition in, with the accusative, means into;
with the ablative, it means in; ad and per are followed by the
accusative; ad means to; per, through: cum is followed by the
ablative, and means withj in company with.
Syn. — Porta is used of a city; janua, of a house.
Translate into Latin.
1. We swim in the water. 2. The farmers stand in
the woods. 3. The eagles fly to the island. 4. Do the
sailors stand on the shore of the island ? 5. The sailor
swims in the water. 6. We walk through the woods
towards the cottage. 7. The sailors (do) not stand on
the shore. * 8. We swim to the shore of the island.
LESSON VI.
SECOND DECLENSION. § 38.»
Vocabulary.
magister, tri, m. , master, teacher,
ggner, ggnSri, m . , son-in-law.
&ger, agri,* m. , Jield.
fiber, fabri, m., smith.'
gquus, 1, M., horse.
dSmlnus, i, m., master.
pabiilum, i, n., fodder.
donum, i, 's.,gift.
hortus, i, M., garden.
regnam, i, n., kingdom.
servus, i, m., slave.
arvum, i, n., ploughed Jield .
vSnit, he (she, it) comes.
ludus, 1, M., school.
campus, i, m., Jield.
puer, 6ri, m., hoy.
amicus, i, u.,Jriend.
janua, ae, f., door.
legatus, i, M., ambassador.
vir, viri, M., man.
Translate into Eng^lish.
1. MSgister cum puSris in agro ambulat. 2. Puer in
januam vSnit. 3. Pueri (we hoys) in aqua nStanuis.
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LESSON VI. 7
4. VScamus puellas in liortum. 5. D5mtni in arvo cum
servis ambulant. 6. GSner e ^ cSsa vSnit. 7. Puer e
silva vSnit et in Squa ad insiilam nS,tat. 8. Vir cum
servo in arvum vSnit. 9. Vir ab insulae ora ambulat.
1 Learn §§ 38, 39, a and h; also § 40, a, 6, c,/; § 348, 6 and 7.
* §§ 348, 10, 349, and 350.
* The preposition ex (e before consonants) is followed by the
ablative, and means out of: a (a before consonants, ab before
vowels and consonants) means /rom, away from; it means &y, when
used with a passive verb to express the person by whom any thing
is done.
Syn. — Ager is the field in general; arvum, ih^ ploughed field ;
and campus, the enclosed field or plain.
Translate into Latin.
1. The teachers call. 2. The boys swim. 3. The
men give the money to the clerk. 4. He calls the boys
out of the garden into ^ the road. 5. Does the master
call the boys ? No. 6. The slave comes into the field
with (his) master. 7. The boy comes into the garden.
8. The girl comes out of the garden and walks towards
(ad) the field. 9. He walks in the field with (his)
son and daughter. 10. The boy walks away from the
water. 11. The sailor comes out of the water.
* Observe the distinction between the prepositions in and ex,
and ad and ab. In (with the accusative) and ex denote motion
to and from the inside of a place ; ad and ab (or a) denote motion
to and from the outside of a place. Thus, venit in Italiam, when
one coraes into Italy ; ex Italia, when one comes out of Italy ; but
ad Italiam, to Italy, when there is no notion of entering into Italy
conveyed; just so ab ItdMa^ away from Italy, when it is simply
expressed that he came away from Italy (which he had not en-
tered).
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LATIN LESSONS.
LESSON vn.
ADJECTIVES : FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION.
§ 81.»
Vocabulary.
altuSy a» um, high or deep,
latua, a, um, broad.
fliivius, i, M., river.
liber, Sra, Srum, free.
pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful,
liber, bri, m., book.
nSgo, deny.
ampins, a, am, large.
noater, tra, trum, our.
meus, a, um (voc, m., mi), my.
libSri, orum (pl.)» m., children,
sazum, i, N. , rock.
r&pXduB, a, um, sunft.
intrOi enter.
Translate into Eng^lish.
1. Nauta in alta Squa stat. 2. AgrYc51a latam viam
per silvam sScat. 3. Puer in magno fliivip stat. 4.
Liberi in piilchr9 horto stanC S. Legatus ITbenim vTrum
vScat. 6. AqiiYla trans ^ magnum fluvium v51at. 7.
Palchrae puellae cum mSgistro ambulant.
* Learn § 81, and § 82 ; § 186, and § 31.
2 The preposition trans is followed by the accusative, and means
across; inter, between, among ; and propter, on account of
Translate into Latin.
1. The man gives a beautiful gift. 2. They call the
free man. 3. The farmer walks towards ^ the dense
forest. 4. They walk into the large garden. 6. The
boy comes across the large river. 6. The eagles fly
across the large rivers. 7. The children stand in the
deep water.
' Observe that when there is motion towards a pei*son or place
(except to names of towns), a preposition with the accusative is
used: the dative is wrong.
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LESSON VIII.
LESSON VIII.
SUBJECT AND COPULA. §171 to §178.
Vocabulary.
longus, a, tun, long.
belluxn, i, n. , war.
mdleatus, a, um, troublesome.
b5nus, a, um, good.
magnus, a, um, large.
granum, i, n. , seedy kernel.
aula, ae, f., hall.
densus, a, um, thick^ close.
clarus, a, um, clear, bright.
parvus, a, um, small.
murus, i, m., vmll.
pdpiiluB, i, M., people.
Slim, / am. siimtis, toe are.
68, thou art (you are). eatits, you are.
est, he (she, it) is. sunt, they are.
Translate into English.
1. Stellae sunt clarae. 2. Puella est parva. 3. Flu-
vius est magnus. 4. Siimus (we are} nautae. 5. Puer
lion est magnus. 6. Luna et stella clarae sunt.^ 7.
Puella est nautae filia.^ 8. Est (^it is} cSsa' agrtcSlae.
9. Inc5lae insularum nautae^ sunt. 10. FiHt^ (there is)
parva insula.
* When there are two subjects, the verb is plural. See § 205.
* See § 36, e.
' Notice that the predicate aft3r the verb to be is in the same case
as the subject.
* In English, when the subject is indefinite, we use the word
there with the verb ^o be; as, insula est parva may mean: the
island is small, an island is small, (there) is a small island, (it) is a
small islaml, or the island is a small (one).
Translate Into Latin. ''
1. The way is long. 2. The moon is bright. 3.
The fields are large. 4. The inhabitants of the island
are sailors. 5. The islands are not small. 6. The son
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10 LATIN LESSONS.
of the sailor is in the garden. 7. She^ is the daughter
of the sailor. 8. The moon and stars are bright. 9.
There^ is a large island. 10. He is an inhabitant of
the island. 11. We are farmers, not sailors. 12. The
rivers are deep. 13. The childi'en are good.
1 See Lesson 11. Note 2. * See Note 4, previous page.
LESSON IX.
INDICATIVE MOOD OF Sum. §119.
Tocabulary.
oppidum, i, N., town,
praelium, i, n., battle.
16cus,i i, M., place.
Deu8,2i, M., God.
templum, i, n., temple,
hSri (adv.), yesterday.
cur (adv.), why.
moz, soon.
miser, Sra, Srum, vjretched.
Bchdla, ae, f., school.
pSriciilum, i, n., danger.
castra,^ 5rum (pi.), n., camp.
s5cer, Sri, m., father-in-laio.
ira, ae, f., anger.
laetus, a, um, glad^ joyful,
R5miilu8, i, M., Romulus.
Translate into Ensrlish.
1. Vir est laetus. 2. Sum laetus. 3. Es laetus.
4. Mox eriraus iu silva. 5. Regina erat»^ulchra.
6. Erantne puellae in,' silva? 7. In niultis praeljia fui-
nius. 8. Viri iu praelio fuerant. 9. Cur hSri in schola
non fuisti? 10. AsjricSlae silvas maenas densasque*
sScant.
1 See § 79, c,
* See page 18 of Grammar.
* Declined like ike plural of donum ; for the meaning, see § 79, c.
* Notice that et connects words which are considered inde-
pendently and of equal importance, while -que joins a word closely
to another as belonfring to it; thus, in pueri pueUaeque ludunt,
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LESSONS IX., X. 11
the hoys and girls are playing, -que connects the words under one
proposition, while in pueri student et puellae ludunt, the boys
study and the girls play, et connects two distinct propositions.
Translate into Liatln.
1. We were joyful. 2. They were joyful. 3. I was
joyful. 4. I have been in the garden. 5. I was in the
garden. 6. They will soon be in the woods. 7. They
had been in danger. 8. The man had been in danger.
9. Was the farmer's son in the large garden? 10.
The farmer sees (videt) the large and beautiful town.
LESSON X.
THE VERB Sum. §119.
Vocabulary.
absum, am absent or distant.
adsum, am present or near.
arma, orum (pl.)» n., arms.
Justus, a, um, just.
cdlumna, ae, f., column.
Romanus, a, um, Roman
prdbus, a, um, upright.
attentus, a, um, attentive.
semper (adv.), ahcays.
aedXfXcium, i, n., building.
nSgotium, i, n., business.
multus, a, um, many.
creber, hra^hruxn, frequent.
frumentum, i, n., corn.
beatus, a, um, happy.
discipiilus, i, m., pupil.
Translate into Engrlisl^.
1. N(5va aedificia grant alba. ^ 2. Agrtc51ae mox
Srunt in silva. 3. Fuimus hSri in oppido. 4. Semper
a praelio abSro. 5. Puella aegra Srat. 6. Fuistisne
hSri in oppido ? Non fuimus, sed eras erimus. 7. Ab-
fuSrttis a praelio. 8. Pr5bi este, pueri, et beati eritis.
9. Discipuli sint (sunto) attenti. 10. Estne copia ^ fru-
raenti in agris ? Non est.
* § 79, c.
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12 LATIN LESSONS.
Translate Into Liatin.
1. The town was small, but beautiful. 2. The col-
umns of the hall are white. 3. We were ^ yesterday
in the garden. 4. The pupils will be attentive. 5.
We have been on the bank of the deep river. 6. There
had been many battles near (ad) the city. 7. The
forces of the Romans were often in wars and battles.
8. Be just. 9. Be attentive, pupils.^
1 The English imperfect tense is to be translated into Latin by
the imperfect when it describes ; by the perfect , (aorist) when it
simply states a fact. See §§ 277 and 279.
* Use the vocative. See § 241.
LESSON XI.
FIRST CONJUGATION: ACTIVE VOICE, p. 76.»
Indicative and Imperative Moods.
Vocabulary.
Hdratius, i, m., Horatius.
inceptum, i, n , undertaking,
regno, rule as king.
conv6co, call together,
sScundo, prosper,
pr6v6co, appeal.
conjuro, plot, conspire,
tuuB, tua, tuum, thy.
gaudium, i, n., joy.
libSro, liberate.
dimXco, fight.
occtipo, seize, take possession of.
conclamo, cry out together.
sXmiilo, pretend.
Amulius, i, m., Amulius,
femim, i, n., iron, stoord,
suns, a, um, his, her, their (own).
^vua, i, M., grandfather.
L^tini, orum (pi.), m., Latins, aut (conj.), or
Translate into Engrlish.
1. MSgister discipulum laudabat. 2. Magistri disci -
pulos laudabant. 3. Gaudium simulavistis. 4. Ljltini
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nt. '^
LESSON XI. 13
contra p5p&lum/RQ;tianum conjurant. 5. HSratius acl
p5piilumA)ro)^fivU. ,. 6. Agrtc51ae arva sua ftrab^nt
7. ©ii nostra iiicepta sScuiiaant. 8. Romulus ftvum
suum llberavit, Amuliumque nScavit. 9. Impgrator
oppldum nSvum in insula parva occupavSrat. 10.
P3,ra bellum. 11. Narrate fabulam. 12. Laudatg
pr5bos puSros. 13. Ferro^. pro sua patria dimicant
Horatii. '"-''-^ /•■ -
^ Learn § 112, a and c; also §§ 349, 350, and 351 ; 108, a, b, c, and d.
* See § 242, and § 248.
Syn. — Provoco is to appeal to the people ; appello, to appeal
to one magistrate from the decisions of another.
Translate into Latin.
1. They praised the pupil. 2. They have praised the
pupil. 3. They will praise the pupil. 4. The man has
called his daughter. 5. Praise the pupil. 6. Praise
ye the teacher. 7. They were fighting^ with the
sword. 8. They fought with the sword. . 9. He has
fought well with the sword. 10. Horatius appealed to
the people. 11. The fields are not ^ large. 12. Call
the men from the fields. 13. They will not prosper
our undertaking.
' Notice that when with expresses the means or instrument of the
action, it must be translated by the ablative alone; when it denotes
accompaniment y the preposition cum must be used.
* When not belongs to the verb, the non in Latin must precede
the verb; as, aula non est ampla, the hall is not large.
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14 LATIN LESSONS.
LESSON xn.
THIRD DECLENSION : LIQUID STEMS. § 44.*
Vocabulary.
consul,^ tUis, M., consul.
gSnus, 6ri8, n., race, classj kind.
p&ter, tris, m.^ father,
leo, onis, m., lion.
«5ror, oris, f., sister.
hdmo, Inis, m., man , person,
Caesar, ^ris, Ccesar.
victor, oris, m., victor.
nomen, Inis, n., name.
ddlor, oris, m., pain.
litos, 6ris, n., shore.
sententia, ae, f., opinion.
frater, tris, m., brother.
eldquentia, ae, f., eloquence-
scSlus, 6ris, n., crime.
creo, choose^ make,
vSbius, a, um, various.
drator, oris, m., orator.
Translate into Englisli.
1. Consul elbquentiam oratoris^ laudat. 2.' Frater
s5rorem amat. 3. Fratres in llt5re mSris cum sQroribus
stant. 4. Romulus fratrem liberavit. 5. Ira' causa est
multorum scSlgrum. 6. B5nos hSmines la^damus. 7.
Copiae ad oppidum festinabant.*' ' ' '
^ Learn §§ 44, 48, 49, and 50 ; read § 48, a, b, c, rf, and e.
« §§ 349 and 350.
* What is the stem ?
* Festlno, hasten impatiently ^ hurry; propero, hasten with energy^
but without hurry or impatience.
Translate into Liatln.
1. The men have praised the boys. 2. The boy has
called (his) sister. 3. The father called (his) son. 4.
The friend of the orator walks in the garden. 5. The
consul praised the man. 6. The brother was standing
with his sister on the shore. 7. They have praised the
eloquence of the consul. 8. The brother walks with
his sister in the garden.
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LESSON XIII. 15
LESSON XIII.
THIRD DECLENSION: MUTE STEMS. § 44.^
urbB, urbis, f., city*
lex,2 legis, f., law,
miles, itis, m., soldier*
llipiB, idis, M.) stone,
trabs, treble, p., beam,
corpus, drls, n., body.
Justus, a, um, just.
Tocabnlary.
pons, pontis, m., bridge.
flumen, Inis, n., river.
(ops), 6pis, F., aid; (pi. wealth).
c5mes, itis, c, companion,
v^dus, a, um, strong.
hiems, Smis, f., winter,
solitudo, Inis, f., wilderness.
. Translate into Englisli.
1. Tribes sunt longae. 2. Frater fratri fert (J)ear%)
5pem.^ 3. Miles iSpide c5mitem occldit (kills). 4.
Vastae in iis (those) 15cis solitudlnes erant. 5. Romu-
lus nomen n5vae urbi dSt. 6. Lex est just^. 7. Tribes
n5vi pontis longae sunt et vSlidae.
» Learn §§ 44, 46, and 47, and Rule 26.
« § 348, 2.
' The word is not found in the nominative. See § 79, c,
Syn. — Flumen (fluo, to Jlow)^ properly the stream, is used as a
general term for river; fluvius, river ; anmis, a broad, deep river :
rivus, a brook.
Translate into Latin.
1. The laws were just. 2. The rivers are deep. 3.
The winter has been long. 4. We have been in the
city. 5. The beams of the bridge are strong. 6. The
soldiers have fought. 7. He gave a name to the city.
8. The soldiers have called the consul. 9. The beams
of the bridges are strong.
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16 LATIN LESSONS.
LESSON XIV.
THIRD DECLENSION : VOWEL STEMS. § 61.»
Vocabulary.
turris, is, f., tower.
hostis, is, c, enemy.
piscis, is, M., fish.
civis, is, c, citizen.
nubes, is, f., cloud.
canis, is, c, dog.
clsldes, is, F., slaughter.
mare, is, n., sea.
latro, hark.
niger, gra, grum, black.
vasto, lay waste.
valles, is, F., valley.
riipes, is, f., rock.
^vis, is, F., bird.
notus, a, um, known.
impSrator, oris, m., commander.
Translate into English.
1. Ctois latrat. 2. Nubes est iifora. / 3< Nonne
hostes agios vastant ? 4. Multae turres altae erant in
ripa. 5. Magna Srat hostium clades. 5. ImpSrator hos-
tium 2 oppida occupat. 7. Magister librum piiSro d^t.
* Learn §§ 51,52, 54, 1 ; 55,a-e; 56, a, 6; 57,a, 6; 65, a, 6, and c.
^ Notice thaf, in nouns of the third declension, the stem either is
the same as the nominative, as consul, consul -is ; or hecomes the
same after being modified according .to § 48, as nomen, nominis,
§ 48, 6 ; or that s is added to the stem to form the nominative, as
hostiB, host! -8, § 51 ; 44.
Syn. — Hostis is a foreign enemy in war ; Xnlmicus, a private^
personal enemy ; adversarius, any opponent.
Translate into Latin.
1. The dogs barked. 2. The dogs barked (were
barking). 3. The dogs barked (have barked). 4.
The enemy (plur.) took-possession-of ^ the town. 5.
The master gives his book to the boy. 6. Did you call
the dog ? No. 7. The slaughter of the enemy in battle
was great. 8. The sea^ is deep.
^ Took possession of is really a compound verb, and is to be ren-
dered by occupo, governing the accusative.
2 Notice that neuter vowel stems which have nominative in 8, SI,
Sr, have i, in the ablative sing. , ia, in nom. pi. , and ium in the
gen. pi.
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LESSON XV. 17
LESSON XV.
ADJECTIVES : THIRD DECLENSION. § 84.»
Translate into £ns:llsb«
1. Puer est tristis. 2. Reges sunt pStentes. 3. Con-
silium ducis audax est. 4. Mjfes forti^n^o ppgnat.
6. Naves hostium sunt cSleres ^ 6. Tempus vltae hu-
manae br6ve b9j{. 7. Miles vulnu^^ grSve tolSrat. 8.
Equites velocifes ad silvam festlnant. 9. Vita est brgvis.
10. Milites sunt audaces. ^
^ Learn §§ 84, 85 ; and the declension of the examples.
• Note. — The penult will be marked, unless the rules account for
€he quantity. § 350.
Syn. — ConBilium, advice^ counsel ; concilium, an assembly, a
meeting (of part of the people). Lex is a law passed in a comitia
(an assembly of the whole people) ; soitum, one passed in a con-
oilium.
PopoluB (originally the patricians) came to include the whole
people; plebs (pleo, to Jill), a part of the people, an inferior class
until equality was established by the Licinian Laws, B.C. 367; the
Boman people in their civil capacity were called Quintes.
Translate into I<atin.
1. The boys were sad. 2. The horse is swift. 3.
The soldiers were brave. 4. The king gives large re-
wards to the soldiers. 6. Lions are powerful animals.
6. We live outside-of the city. 7. The ships of the
enemy are in the river. €. The king comes to the city
with a large number of soldiers. 9. The ships of the
king were swift. 10. The gods are immortal. 11. We
are on-this-side-of the river. 12. We were in the power
of the king. 13. The soldiers swim across the river
and assault the town. 14. They are walking alongside
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18 LATIN LESSONS.
(praeter) a large river. 15. The farmer cuts a road
in the thick forest. 16. We swim in deep water. 17,
The sailoi-s do not stand on the shore, but swim in the
deep water from the island to the bank.
LESSON XVI.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. § S9.»
Traaslate into £iiglisli.
1. Sumus pStentes. 2. Estis p^tentiores. 3. R^es
sunt p5tentisstmi. 4. Noctes brSvissimae sunt aestate.'
5. CicSro Srat vir doctissJmus. 6. Aqua est grSvior
quam aer. 7. Roma clarissima ui*bs Srat. 8. Lux est
velocior quam s8nltus. 9. Rgmus 6rat matri^ sYmil-
limus. 10. In bello mtserrYmi sunt agrtcSlae. 11.
ItYnSra grant diflficllllma.
* Learn § 89, a and b ; § 86. * In summer. § 256.
» Rule 15, page 256.
Tranglate into Latin.
1. We are happy. 2. Not all soldiers are brave. 8,
The men were happy. 4. Air is lighter than water.^
5. The men are powerful. 6. Light is swifter than the
wind. 7. The soldiers are more powerful. 8. The
wind is swift. 9. The journey is very difficult. 10.
The swiftest animals are not always the strongest.
11. The nights are very short.^ 12. The soldiers are
veiy brave.
* Use the uominatlYe. * Use the superlative.
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LB88QN XYU. 19
LESSON XVIL
IRREGULAR COMPARISON. § »0.>
Trmntfato into Enirliilu
1. H5ratiu8^ Srat b^nus poeta, Vergtlius mSlior, H5-
merus opttmus. 2. Nthil^ est melius quam s&pientia.
3. Sol major est qaam terra. 4. Luna mtnor est quam
terra. 6. Plurlma ^t ma^t^ia finlmalia sunt in mSii.
6. Homerus est vSterrfmus* omnium Graecorum pbe-
tarum.* 7. Reges cum proplmis civttattbus pScem et
SmMtiam confirmant. 8. Tullus Hostllius proxtipo
regi ^ disslmllis f uit. 9. Caesar ex 15co supSriore v6nit.
10. OppMum est in ctt6iriore Gallia.
^ Leant §S 90, 91, with a and b. * See § 89, a.
« See § 40, 5 and c. * Rule 10.
» See § 77, 1. • To the, etc. ; Rule 15.
Translate into I«atin.
1. The moon is large. 2. The sun is larger. 3. The
earth is larger than the moon. 4. The next king was
Tullus Hostilius. 5. Caesar establishes peace with the
nearest states. 6. The worst kings are not happy. 7.
The horses are very swift. 8. The animals are very
large. 9. The cities^ are small. 10. The moon is
smalleT than the earth.
* Noims of one syllable which have the nominative in na and
IS, as well as nouns in is and es not increasing in the genitive
(§ 849), and monosyllables in two consonants, having iom in the
genitive plmn&L
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20 LATIN LESSONS.
LESSON xvni.
ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS. § »2.»
Tranalate into Englisb*
1. Hostes ItSliam.longe lateque vastaverunt. 2. Ml-
lites acriter^ pugnant. 3. Neque pSter neque fllius^
vtrum laudaut. 4. Filia gSnSri pulchre pingit (jpaint%).^
5. Mllites fortiter pugnant. 6. Miles vulnus gravcTp^-
tienter tSlSrat. 7. LlbSri grant non magni, sed bSni^
pulchrique. 8. HSmines sunt aut felices,^ aut infelices.
^ Learn § 92 and § 148, a and h; § 154, a and h; and §§ 207 and
208.
• Explain the formation of the adverb.
' Form an adverb from the adjective : also see § 848, 5, 2.
Translate into Latin.
1. The men fought bravely. 2. The soldiers fought
more bravely. 3. The soldiers endured ^ their wounds
very patiently. 4. Men are either large or small. 5.
Neither the soldier nor the commander was in the
battle. 6. Both the soldier and commander were in
the battle. 7. They have laid waste the fields far and
wide.
* Use tolero.
LESSON XIX.
FOURTH DECLENSION. § 68.'
Present Indicative of the four Conjugations.
, Translate into BngUs^
1. Laudo,2 exerceo, duco, erMio. 2. Laudas, exerceft,
dUcls, er&dis. 3. Laudat, exercSt, dUctt, eiiidtt. 4.
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LESSON XJX. 21
Dux exercttum nostrum exercSt. 6. SSpientes ^ luctum
et mb^rorem deponunt. 6. AgrtcMa taurum cornibus *
tSnet. 7. Pater dSmus aedificat. 8. Lusus'toimos
puerorum deleotat; 9. D5mlnus sub solis occasum ad
oppidum cum servis v6nit. 10. Puellae Scubus pin-
gunt.*
* Learn §§ 68, 69, 70, d, €, and /; § 115, a and 2 ; also § 122, a, &,
and c. The present tense of the different conjugations will be found
on pages 76, 80, 82, 86, respectively.
' § 351 ; also § 348, 9, ex. in us.
» § 188.
* Rule 26. ^ r / . , / ;
* acubuB pingo, embroider. - < ^
Syn. — Oppidum is a fortified toum, a fortress ; urbs, a city (with
reference to its buildings); civitas, a state, a community living
imder the same laws.
Syn. — Doceo, to teach ; edoceo, to make one learn ; perdoceo,
to teach thoroughly ; erudio (e and rudis, rough), to instruct, lit., to
bring from a rough condition; edtLco, to educate, whether in a
physical or moral sense.
Translate Into Latin,
1. We praise, we exercise, we lead, we instruct. 2.
They praise, they exercise, they lead, they instruct. 3.
You lead the army. 4. The armies are brave. 5. My
brothers are building a house. 6. The leaders of the
armies fight bravely. 7. He teaches the boy. 8. Ani-
mals have sharp senses. 9. The fields produce (gignunt)
a great abundance of fruit. 10. Men like to hear ^ the
singing of birds. 11. The walls of the house are strong.
12. There are a great number of houses in the city. 13,
The girls we embroidering. 14. The girl embroiders.
* Like to hear, Ubenter iaudiunt.
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22 LATIN LESSONS.
LESSON XX.
FIFTH DECLENSION. $ 72."
Imperfect Indicative.
Tnuislato into BnflrUtb.
1. Laudabam,^ exercebam, ducebam, §riidiebam. 2«
Laudabat, exereebat, ducebat, eriidiebat. 8. Spes vic-
toriae milttes delectabat. 4. Exercttus in magnam
planttiem vSnjeJ^at. ^5. Dux in primam Sciem^ curre-
bat. 6. IriipSrator fortis exercttum educebat et Sciem
instruebat. 7. Mllites circltpr^m&idiem pugnfibunt.
8, Spes RomS.nos des6rebat.'^'^
^ Learn §§ 72, 78, and 74, d; also § 115, h; the imperfect tense
of the conjugations; for the quantity, § 348, 5, 1, wiUi § 860, and
§ 847, a, 2.
* Give the verb-stem of each.
' In the first rank or line, i. e. the van,
Syn. — Ezercitus (exerceo, to exercise) is the drilled army ;
acies, the army drawn up in battle array; and agmen (ago, move),
the army on the line of march.
Translate into Latin.
1. They were praising. 2. They were exercising.
3. They were leading. 4. They were instructing. 6.
We were praising. 6. We were exercising. 7. We
were leading. 8. We were instructing. 9. The plain
was large. 10. Caesar was coming with a large army. .
11. The cavalry was coming into the plain. 12. Hope
delighted the army. 13. The soldiers were fighting
with great fury. 14. The boys were playing in the
broad field. 15. We see many new buildings in the
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LESSONS XX., XXI. 23
small town. 16. The boy was coming across the field
into the farmer's garden. 17. A farmer cultivates (his)
field outside the walls of the city, and carries (his)
produce (fruges) in a boat ^ across the river into the
town. 18. The farmer was leading (his) daughter
home (domum) from the city. 19. The wind was
rolling great waves to the shore. 20. There wei*e
many large ships in the harbor. 21. We swim from
the small island in the deep water to the shore.^
1 See Rule 26.
* Syn. — Ripa, a hank, as of a river ; litus, 6ii8, the shore of the
sea (the line which separates the land from the sea), the strand;
ora, the coast (of the land).
LESSON XXI.
GENITIVES IN -iui. § 83.
Future Indicative of the Four Conjugations. § 128-158.
Translate into £nsrUflb*
1. Laudabis, exercebis, duces, erfidies. 2* Laudabit,
exercebit, ducet, erudiet. 8. Mllite^ in iinum ^ 18curo /
vSnient. .4. Miles ^ex altSra parte urbis vSniet. 6.
MHites ^tngsgua exerp)ftn§ sunt forti^imi. 6. Uter
nomen nSvae urbi dSbit? 7. Spes i5ta RomanbSs de-
"s8rit. S.^^lius Slium^ aniat.*' 9. Alius ^iud dictitat.
10. Uter grat in horto? 11. Fratres Smant alter^ al- .
terum. 12. Alii puerum laudabant, Slii culpabant. ' ^
' § 847, a, 1. ' § 208, c. ' In apposition ta fratras.
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24 LATIN LESSONS.
\J ; Translate into LAtin.
1. W«Hsee many and strange animals in the sea. 2.
Romulus gave another name to the new city. 3. Some
praise Caesar, others blame him. 4. The father with
(his) daughter comes to the sea-shore. 5. To which
(of the two) does he give the praise ? 6. The boy sits
easily on (in) (his) horse. 7. The horses l6ap into the
water and swim to the bank. 8. A wolf runs out of
the forest into the field ; the boys fear the wolf, and
flee. 9. Do you see the slave with his master in the
garden ? No. 10. The farmer alone ploughs the field.
11. The brothers love each other. 12. Some insist on
(flagitant) one thing, some another. 13. Some praise
one thing, some another.
LESSON XXII.
NUMERALS. § 94.i
Translate into Sngrlisli.
1. Vir duos filios habet. 2. Qu5t horas hSbet unus
dies ? Quattuor et vTginti. 3. Qu8t dies hSbent quattuor
anni? Mille quadringentos sexaginta. 4. Qu8t horas
hS,bet unus annus ? Octo milia septingentas sexaginta.
5. In iSgione Romana Srant c5hortes dgcem, m&nYpuli
triginta, centuriae sexaginta. 6. OppMum Remorum
ab castris octo milia^ passuum abSrat. 7. Amicus mens
hSbet duos filios et duas filias. 8. Piratae viginti tS-
lenta posttilant. 9. Septem grant (there were) reges
Romani ; primus Srat Romulus, sScundus Niima Pom-
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LESSON XXII. 25
pTlius, tertius TuUus Hostilius, quartus Ancus Martius,
quintus Tarqiitnius Priscus, sextos Servius TuUius,
septtmus Tarqutnius Superbus. 10. Pater pueris binos
Itbros^dabit. 11. Qu5ta hora est ? Tertia. 12. Frater
mens Sgit (is in) annum quartum et viceslmum.
• Learn § 94 (cardinals), with a, h, c, rf, and e; also the method
of forming the ordinals, distributives, and numeral adverbs, §§ 95,
96.
• See § 94, e.
• Two books apiece.
Syn. — Litera, a letter of the alphabet; epiatola, or literae (pl.)»
a letter f an epistle ; literae also signifies letters, i. e. literature ; hu-
manitas, refinement, culture, civilization.
Translate into I^atln.
1. The boy has six books. 2. The men have ten
apples. 3. Fifty boys are in the school. 4. In the city
are ten thousand soldiers. 5. One year has three hun-
dred and sixty-five days. 6. How many days have five
years ? 7. Five years have eighteen hundred and
twenty-five days. 8. Caesar will come with ten ves-
sels. 9. The consul has sixty vessels. 10. Csesar leads
out five legions from Italy. 11. The commander was
assaulting the town with an army of ten thousand men.
12. The town is six miles distant. 13. They demand
six hundred talents. 14. The master gave the boys
three books apiece. 15. What (quota) o'clock (hour)
is it ? The fifth. 16. The boy is in his tenth year.
17. My father is in his sixty-second year.
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26 LATIN LESSOKB.
LESSON XXIII.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS. § 98.»
Translate into EnsrUsh.
1. Ego vbco. 2. Tu vScas. 3. Amicus FScat^iJ.
Nos narramus. 5. Vos sSJutatis. 6. Ego fteo/^7. Tu
rides. 8. Nos stLmus pbtentes, «6d vos estis p5tentiores.
9. Tu gs tiistis. 10. Romulus vl^ se defendit. 11.
Omnes homines se Smant. 12. In me St in te 8t in
nobis omnibus est Sntmus immortalis. 13. Fratres se
amant.^ 14. Tu laudas me, sSd ggo te culpo. 16. Pueri
in horto nobiscum* ambulabunt. 16. Ego et frater am-
bulamus.^ 17. Ego scribebam, tu 16gebas, et frater
pingebat. ^
* Learn § 98, h, c, and d; § 99, a, b, d, and c; §§ 195 and 196;
§ 194 and a; § 206, a; also § 348, 6.
•See §61.
» The brothers love each other. * See § 99, e.
* If there are two subjects connected by and, the verb is gen-
erally plural; if the subjects are of different persons, the verb takes
the first person rather than the second, the second rather than the
third. § 206, a.
Translate Into I^atln.
1. I play, thou playest, the friend^ plays. 2. We
play, you play, the friends play. 3. We were praising,
you were praising. 4. The men were praising the boys.
6. He comes in company with you. 6. He comes in
company with us. 7. I give (to) you the book. 8.
I will praise you. 9. You will praise me. 10. The
boys will love each other. 11. We all love you. 12.
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LESSONS XXTII., XXIT. 27
The boy Was walking with me in the garden yesterday.
13, My brother and I were walking in the king's gar-
den. 14. You are reading, but I am writing.
' §98, ft.
LESSON XXIJ.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. § 100.>
w / Translate into Ensrlisb.
1. hli virum laudant. 2. H8c ^bellum est saevis-
fiimum. 3. Hujiis discYpuli dilYgentiam laudo. 4.
Htc puer diltgens est, ille tneips. -^. Vastae in iis IScis
soKtudines grant. - 6. Aqua eos in sicco (Jiry land} r6-
linquijb. 7. Illi acrtter pugnant. ST^s orabat pSpfilum.
9. Ille solus me laudabat. 10. Fratres se Smabant.
11. Ipse tu me laudabas. 12. Ego ipse te laudabam.
13. Ipse mSgister me laudabit. 14. Ille puer nYmium
se Smat. i5. Laudabo illius ^ filium. -16. Est Idem,
qui 5 semper fuit. -17. ESdem dictYtat 18. Pater flli-
am suam et f iliam ejus ad se vScabat. 19. Haec sen-
tentiamYhi* placet, ilia displYcet. 20. Multi h8mYnes
de eisdem rebus eodem die ^ non eSdem sentiunt.
* Learn §§ 100, 101, 102, with a, 6, c, //, and e; also § 195.
* For his or her (not referring to the subject), ejua should be
used when not emphatic; Ulius, if the word is emphatic; istiiis, if
very emphatic or at all sarcastic.
« Qui, as. * § 227. « § 256.
Translate Into Latin.
1. I ^ give you this book, and you give me that. 2.
The boy is in that place. 3. The soldiers are in that *
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28 LATIN LESSONS.
town, and the enemy in this. 4. There was a bridge
over (in) that river. 5. He hastens across this river
into that cottage. 6. These mountains are lofty. 7.
You yourself will give me this book. 8. In the same
places (there) are many new buildings. 9. Those
mountains are lofty ; these are rugged. 10. Csesar
hastened with all his forces to the same place. 11.
The king himself leads his army. 12. On this side of
these mountains (there) are many large rivers. 13. I
myself will praise you. 14. This man praised me ; but
that (one) blamed me. 15. We say the same things.
1 Ego must be expressed, because contrast is denoted.
' lUe refers to what is remote; hio, to what is near. See § 103,
a and b.
LESSON XXV.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS. § 108.
Perfect and Pluperfect Indicative. § 128-182.
Translate into Ensrlish*
1. Laudavi, exercui, duxi, eriidlvi. 2. Laudavit,
exercuit, duxit, eriidivit. 3. Lauda(vi)sti,2 exercuisti,
duxisti, erudi(vi)sti. 4. Lauda(ve)ram, exercuSram,
duxSram, erudi(v)Sram. 5. Lauda(ve)rat, exercuSrat,
duxSrat, erudi(v)grat. Piier, qui studet, discit.^ 6.
Felix est is rex, quern oranes elves Smant. 7. Rex
Ntimitori, qui natu* major ^ Srat, regnum rSliquit. 8.
Multi homines aedYficaverunt d5mos, in qutbus non
habitaverunt.
' Learn §§ 103, 104, a and e; also § 180,/; § 116, c, and § 198.
* See§ 128, a.
^ See § 124, c, 1. « See § 253. ^ See § 91, b.
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LESSONS XXV., XXVI. 29
Translate into "Latin.
1, We have praised, we have exercised, we have led,
we have instructed. 2. They have praised, they have ex-
ercised, they have led, they have instructed. 3. They
had praised, they had exercised, they had led. 4. We
had praised, we had exercised, we had led. 5. The
boy whom you have blamed was my brother. 6. The
soldiers who have assaulted^ the town have repulsed
the enemy. 7. The deserter hastened across the moan-
tains which are in Farther Gaul, and came at evening ^
to Caesar's camp. 8. The man has built a house in
which he has not lived. 9. I have boys in my school
who have studied diligently and learned rapidly.
1 Syn. — Oppugno is to assault; obBideo, to besiege.
* At evening^ vesperi.
LESSON XXYI.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. § 104.^
Future Perfect. §128-132.
Translate into English-
1. Lauda(v6)ro, exercuero, duxSro, erfidi(v)gro.
2. Lauda(v)grit, exercuSrit, duxSrit, erudi(v)Srit. 3.
QuYs me v5cat ? 4. Quis scribit has litSras ? 5. Quid
Sgo? 6. Quod carmen 16g(s? 7. Quis ti:bi hunc lY-
brum dSdit ? 8. Cum gpistblam scripsSro, ad te vSniam.
1 Le«m § 104, with a; also § 171, with a, ft, c, and d; § 115, a, 1.
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80 LATIN LESSONS.
Transliite into Latin.
1. We shall have praised, we shall have exei'cised,
we shall have led, we shall have instructed. 2. They
shall have praised, they shall have exercised, they shall
have led, they shall have instructed. 3. Who has
called us ? 4. What have you done ? 6. Which book
have you? 6. Who has instructed you? 7. Who
gave the business to you ? Cffisar. 8. Who is the
leader of the army which the enemy have sent to Italy ?
9. Who gave you that book? 10. Who built that
house in which you are living? 11. Whose book is
this which I have found in my garden ? 12. Whose
boys are those whom you are teaching in your school ?
13. Who of you have studied diligently ? 14. Who is
walking towards the city ?
LESSON XXYII.
INDEFmiTE PRONOUNS. § 106.>
Translate into Engrlish.
1. Narravit quidam coram me istam fabfilam. 2.
Narrabit SHquis coram me illam fabulam. 3. Quamll-
bet (or quamvis) fabulam mXhi narrate. 4. Pro sua
quisque patria dlmtcat. 5. Quidam ex milttibus dS-
clmae ISgionis vSniebat. 6. FSber est suae quisque
fortunae. 7. Unusquisque nostrum^ S-nimum immor-
talem hSbet. 8. Ecquis^ in horto est? 9. Numquis
in horto est ? 10. Quisnam d5mi est ? 11. Quod
fSclnus commisit ? 12. Uterque Sliquod telum tSnuit.
* Learn § 105, with a, 6, c, d, and e ; § 202, e.
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LESSON XXVII. 31
3 Bcquis simply asks a question ; numquis asks a question, but
expects the answer no,
» § 216, with a, 1 ; also § 99, b.
Sys. — Quisque, each one ; uterque, each (of two} ; unusquis-
que, each one ; quivis and quilibet, any one you chouse , aliquis and
quispiam, some one (it matters not who) ; neut. something, adj. any ;
quidam (pi. some), a, a certain, i.e. some definite person ; quis-
quain, any, when it is denied that there are any; quia (after si, ne,
nam, ec-), any.
Note. — Observe that when the neuter is used as a noun, it
takes l^e form quid ; but when used as an adjective, quod.
Translate into l4fttin.
1. Some ^ soldiers are brave. 2. Csesar sent a certain
soldier to the town. 3. Each one will fight for his
country with the sword. 4. Some one will tell this
story. 6. Is any one at home ^ to-day ? 6. A ^ man
was walking in my garden. 7. The boys are present
whom you praised yesterday. 8. I will give the book
to any of the scholars (you wish). 9. Is not a^ man
the maker of his own fortune ?
^ Use aliquis. ^ At home, domL
^ When a means a' certain or some, it is to be translated by ali-
quis or quispiam.
Note. — ^n^ is to be translated by aliquis or quispiam when
it means some; in negative sentences or interrogative sentences
implying a negative answer, by quisquam or uUus ; and when it
means any you please, any you wish, by quilibet or quivis.
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S2 LATIN LESSONS.
LESSON XXYIII.
CORRELATIVES. § 106.»
Imperative Mood. §128-132.
Translate into EDflrUsh.
1. Lauda, exerce, scribS, 5bedi. 2. Laudate, exer-
cete, scribite, 5bedite. 3. TScete, puSri.^ 4. Disce,
puer. 5. Quales duces, tales sunt milites. 6. Qu5t
hSmines, t5t sententiae. 7. Vires exercete, pueri. 8.
Ab his rebus animum tuum av5ca. 9. Conservate
fortunas vestras.
^ Leam § 105,^; in § 106 the, corresponding demonstrative and
relative forms; also § 112, c; § 848, 5, 3.
• § 241.
Translate into liatin.
1. Praise those, exercise those, write those, obey
those. 2. Praise ye, exercise ye, write ye, obey ye.
3. Call the boy. 4. Learn, boys. 6. Exercise your
bodies, boys. 6. As (are) the masters, so are the
slaves. 7. As (is) the teacher, so are the scholars. 8.
Do not admire (ne miratua ses) all things ^ which have
the show of glory. 9. Carefully train your children ;
praise the good ; punish the bad.
^ Omnia. § 189, h.
LESSON XXIX.
INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES. §128-132.^
Translate into English.
' 1. Caesar in Gallia hiemare^ constituit. 2. Milites
orbem custo^ire debent. ^ 3. Audivistine me id dlcen-
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LESSONS XXIX., XXX., XXXI. 33
tern ? 3 4. MSgister puerum vidit in horto sSdentcJm.
6. Caesar cupientibus* signum dftt. . 6. Scipio in Afrl-
cam trajecit (^passed over)^ Carthaginem oppugna-
turus.^
' Learn § 113, a, h, c, and d; and § 122, a, h^ and e,
' § 112, d, and Rule 38 ; § 271 ; also learn §§ 289, 290 ; § 288.
* When I said that, lit. saying thaty § 186.
* To (men) desiring it.
* To attack f for the purpose of attacking.
LESSON XXX.
GERUNDS AND SUPINES. § 1U.»
Translate Into £nsrlisli»
1. Ars navlgandi^ iitllissima est. 2. Ars sSpienter
Vivendi est difficillima. 3. Hostes urbem nostram ex-
pugnare student. 4. VSnio te rSgatum. 5. Cupiditates
difinfetles sunt coercltu. 6. Virtus homines av5cat a peo
caudo. 7. In urbem migravi h^Mtatum.
1 Lc^am § 114, a and h; Rules 41 and 42, or §§ 29d, 302, 803, the
inflection under § 128 - 132.
' § 298.
LESSON XXXI.
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE. §112.*
/ . .Itenslate into Englisb.
1. Pidem servemus.2 2. In horto ambulemus. 8.
LitSras scribamus. 4. Leges observemus. 5. Sit pau-
8
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34 LATIN LESSONS.
per, sit mYser ; at est frater meus. 6. Dux impSrat ut
milites stationes suas servent.^ 7. Oro ut Dii incepta
nostra secundent.' 8. Cura, ut puCri corpus exerceas,
lijnimum exc^las, meiit^nT^ erudias.
'. /
1 Learn § 112, with h (read the note), c, and d; also, § 266, the
inflection of the tense.
* See examples . on p. 60 of the Grammar, form the tenses from
the present stem active, § 127.
, ' Translate, that the soldiers keep their stations. Notice that pri-
mary tenses are followed in the subordinate clause by primary
tenses, secondary by secondary', § 285, 286., Bead^.§ ^17 and § 331.
4. 0'- '-. / ... ■ '■■'■■■■■'■ry ' ■ -j
I
i^- (
LESSON XXXII.
IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. §128-182.
Translate into English.
1. Dux imperabat ut milites stStiones servarent. 2.
Scrlbit ut nos mSneat. 3. Scripsit ut nos m5neret. 4.
Hannibal magnum exercttum in ItSliam duxit, ut cum
Romanis pugnaret.^ 6. ImpSrator castris exercttum
eduxit ut urbem expugnaret. 6. Tantus ttmor omnem
cxercYtum occupavit, ut omnium Sntoos perturbaret?
7. Curabam, ut puSri corpus exerceres, Sntmum ex-
colSres, mentem erudires. 8. Caesar in ItSliam magnia
tttneribus contendit, ut duas Ibi ISgiones conscii-
beret.
^ Translate, to fight ; diudt is a secondary tense, and is followed
by thft imperfect subjunctive. ^ Read § 319.
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LESSONS xxxm., xxxrv. 85
LESSON xxxin.
PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. §128-132.
Translate into Ensrlisb*
1. Non duMto quin ^ Caesar hostes supSraverit. 2.
Non dtibYtabam quin^ Caesar hostes supSravisset. 3.
Nemo duWtabat quin milites fortissime pugnavissent.
4. Nemo duWtat, quin puerum semper bSne educav6rim.
6. Nemo diiMtat, quin pSter puerum semper bSne edii-
cavSrit. 6. Nemo dubltabat, quin puerum semper bSne
educavissem. 7. Nemo dabttabat, quin pftter puerum
semper bSne edficasset.^
* Translate, (but) that Ccesar has, etc. Read § 332 and g, rem.
* Translate, (but) that Caesar had, etc.
' § 128| o: form the tenses of the present stem active.
LESSON XXXIY.
PRESENT, IMPERFECT, AND FUTURE INDICATIVE :
PASSIVE VOICE. § 128.»
Translate Into Ensrlisb*
1. Laudor, exerceor, diicor, erudior. 2. Laudatur,
exercetur, ducttur, eruditur. 3. Laudabar, exercebar,
diieebar, erudiebar. 4. Laudabatur, exercebatur, du-
cebatur, erudiebatur. 5. Laudabor, exercebor, diicar,
ertldiar. 6. Laudabitur, exercebitur, ducetur, eriidi-
etur, 7. Puella ornatur. 8. MSgister disctpulum
laudat 9. Disctp&lus a mSgistro laudatur.^ 10. Re-
ges bella pSi*ant. 11. Bella a regibus pSrantur. 12.
Pueri a m^gistro dScentur. 13i EpistSla a regina
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36 LATIN LESSONS.
scribetur. 14. Castellum a Labieno muniebatur. 15.
Bellum a Caesare fiuiebatiir. 16. Vir^ fortis ab Jnl-
micis hSnoratur *
^ Leani the inflections of the tenses; also § lll>with a and 5.
» § 246.
* Syx. — Homo, Xnis, a man, a human being, includes both sexes;
vir, a man, a distinguished man, a husband.
* Form the tenses of the perfect stem active.
Translate into Idttin.
1. We are praised, we are exercised, we are led,^we
are instructed. 2. You are praised, you are exercised,
you are led, you are instructed. 8. We were praised,
we were exercised, we were led, we were instructed.
4. You were praised, you were exercised, you were led,
you were instructed. 5. We shall be praised, we shall
be exercised, we shall lead, we shall be instructed. 6.
You will be praised, you will be exercised, you will be
led, you will be instructed. 7. The boys are praised by
the teachers. 8. The boys are taught by their teachers.
9. The letters are written by the queen. 10. The war
will be finished by Caesar. 11. The boys will be pun-
ished by their teachers.
LESSON XXXY.
PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT IN-
DICATIVE : PASSIVE VOICE. § 128-182.
Translate into Kngrlislt*
1. MHites a duce laudati sunt.^ 2. Pueri in litgiurum
stMiis exercTti sunt. 3. Puella ornata est. 4. Diu^Y-
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LESSON XXXV. 37
piiliis a magistris laudatus est. 5. Disclpuli a mSgistris
docti grant. 6. Rex ornatur, rex omatus est.^ 7. PS-
ramur, p^ati sumus, pSrabamur, p^ati Sramus. 8.
Puer punitus Srat. 9. Puer a mSgistro punitus 6rat.^
10. Pueri a magistro mSntti Srant.
» § 121, a, 6, and c; §§ 127 and 186.
* Translate exercises 7 and 8, and distinguish accurately the mean-
ing of each tense : § 111, a and h; % 115, h,
* Form the tenses of the supine stem active.
Syn. — ImpSrium (impSro) , the supreme power (the full im-
perium was the imion of the military and civil authority), an
empire; regnum, the royal power , a kingdom; princXpatum, the
chief authority.
Translate into Ijatin.
1. We have been praised, we have been exercised,
we have been led, we have been instructed. 2. You
have been praised, you have been exercised, you have
been led, you have been instructed. 3. We had been
praised, we had been exercised, we had been led, we
had been instructed. 4. You had been praised, you
had been exercised, you had been led, you had been
instructed. 5. The boy is (being) called by his teacher.
6. The boy is called by his teacher. 7. The boy has
been called by his teacher. 8. The soldiers are (being)
praised by the king. 9. The soldiers are praised by the
king. 10.^ The soldiers have been praised by the king.
11. The soldiers were (being) praised by the king. 12.
The soldiers were praised by the king. 13. The boys
have been punished by their teacher. 14. The boys had
been punished by their teacher. 15. The war had been
finished by the commander.
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38 LATIN LESSONS. •
LESSON XXXVI.
IMPERATIVE AND INFINITIVE MOODS AND PARTI-
CIPLES : PASSIVE VOICE. § 128-182.
Translate into English.
1. Puer, bgne^ educare, strenue exercere, prSbe ex-
colgre, dlllgenter erudire. 2. Puer, b6ne educator,
strenue exercetor, pr5be excSlItor, dillgenter eruditor.
3. Agri vastari non debent. 4. Dicit puer se^ lauda-
tum esse. 5. BSni disctpMi stMent exereeri in litSra-
rum studiis. 6. S2,pientes ^ semper rS.tione * rSgi student.
7. Credo eum illos pueros laudaturum esse. 8. DivltiSr
cus flens a CaesSre haec ^ pStebat.
* Learn the inflection ; review § 112, c aad d ; also § 113) a, &, c,
and dj §§ 288 and 289 ; read § 269, a, b, c, d, 1, 2, and 8, and § 270-2.
« That he was praised, § 288, and § 272.
» § 188. * See Rule 26. • These things.
LESSON XXXVII.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD: PASSIVE VOICE. §128-132.
Translate into Engrlish.
1. Pater ciirat, ut 6go b^ne edficer,^ strenue exercear,
pr5be exeWar, dfllgenter erudiar. 2. MSgi&ter curat
ut nos bSne educemur.^ 8. Milites nostri pugnant ut
urbs servetur. 4. MSgister ciirat ut discltp&li diKg^iter
erudiantur. 5. MSgister ciirabat, ut disclpiilus bSne
educaretur, strenue exerceretur, pr5be excolSretur, diK-
genter eriidiretur. 6. Flebat puer, quod llbrum 5mi-
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LESSON XXXVII., XXXVIII. 39
sisset.3 7. Non est dubium, quin disclpulus* a me bgne
monitus sit.^ 8. Non est dubium, quin urbs a militibus
expugnata sit.
» That I am, etc. ; read § 317 and 331 with e. • We are.
» Had lost. See § 180, and § 821, <^ * Give the derivation.
* Give the verb-stem.
LESSON xxxvin.
FIRST CONJUGATION. §128.*
Translate into Ensrligh.
1. Ego te laudabam,2 ^^ ^le culpabas, frater jiidtcabat.
2. Ego te laudabo, tu tne culpabis, frater judlcabit. 3.
Ego ambulavi, tu vYgilasti.^ 4. Ego ambulavSram, tu
vigilavSras. 5. Ego te laudavSro, tu me culpavSris,
frater jiidJcavSrit. 6. Tu in borto arabtilabas. 7.
B5nos* semper laudabo. 8. Alii^ me laudabant, alii*
culpabant. 9. Disctpulus migistrum orat, ut^ fabu-
lam narret. 10. Discipuli m^gistrum orabant, ut fabii-
lam narraret. 11. Cum hostes agros devastavissent,
urbem ipsam oppugnaverunt. 12. Virtus homines av5-
cat a peccando. 13. Milites acil^ter pugnando urbem
libSraverunt. 14. MSgister discYp&lum laudat. 15.
Diselpulus a mj^istro® laudatur. 16. Arbores terram
ornant. 17. Terra arboribus® ornatur. 18. Ora et
labora. 19. Disctpulus laudetur.^^ 20. LibSri a pitren-
tibus Sdacantor. 21. Ego laudabar, tu culpabaris. 22.
Urbs oppugnabatur. 23. Ego laudabor, tu culpabSris.
24. Urbs oppugnabltur. 25. Urbs ab hostibus oppug-
nata est. 26. Urbs oppugnata Srat. 27. Remus a
fratre libSratus est. 28. Romulus et Rgmus in iisdem
I5cis gducati fuSrant.
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40 LATIN^ LBSSONS.
^ Learn the inflection of the verb; review the definitions under
§§ 108, 111, 116 ; read §§ 116, 117, and 126, a.
* § 127 ; also §§ 126, a, 121 ; also read § 123 ; the yerb-stem landa
= present stem ; form all the tenses of the present stem.
» § 128, a. * The good. § 188. » Some. • Others,
» To relate, etc., § 286. • § 268. » Rule 26.
'^ Let the student be praised,
Syn. — Vulnero, to wound by a cut or thrust; saucio, to wound
in any way.
Translate into liatln.
1. Thou lightest, he fights, they fight. 2. We praise,
we were praising, we will praise. 3. They command,
they were commanding, they will command. 4. They
have demanded, they had demanded, they will have
demanded. 5. They are wounded, they had been
wounded. 6. They are blamed, they were blamed,
they had been blamed. 7. The soldiers were wounded.
8. The soldiers have been wounded by the enemy. 9.
The masters praise the pupils. 10. The pupils are
praised by the masters. 11. The soldiers give the
signal. 12. The signal is given by the soldiers. 13.
Romulus liberates Remus. 14. Remus is liberated by
Romulus. 15. The brothers were educated in those
places. 16. He gives the business to his brother. 17.
Do you see the road which has b«en cut through the
forest by the enemy ? 18. The enemy has been seen.
19. Csesar hastened across the river. 20. The enemy ^
hastened into Gaul and laid waste the fields. 21. You
praise me. 22. Others praise you. 23. One says one
thing, another another. 24. He is the same to-day that
he will be to-morrow. 25. He is the same boy that runs
from the thick wood across the wide field, and swims in
the deep water to the shores of the island.
» Plural.
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LESSON XXXIX. 41
LESSON XXXIX.
SECOND CONJUGATION. § ISO.*
Translate into English.
1. Hostes ttment.2 2. MSgister puerum d8cet. 8.
Viri puerum mSnent. 4. Rex Albanorum duos filios
habuit. 6. Pater vSlet. 6. Cur tScuistis ? 7. Mentes
vestras in litgrarum studio exercuistis. 8. Haec cMtas
florugrat. 9. Hostes in urbibus manserunt. 10. Curo,
ut^ corporis vires exerceam. 11. Curabam, ut corporis
vires exercerem. 12. TS-cete, pueri. 13. Vide, ne*
contra virtutis praecepta pecces. 14. Laudare^ discl-
pulum debemus. 15. Caesar in Gallia detlnebatur.
16. Disdpuli a mSgistro d5centur.* 17. LitSrae in
civttate nostra florebunt. 18. Milites jussi sunt pug-
nare.^ 19. Regis c5mites in urbe visi Srant. 20. Pater
curat, ut Sgo exercear. 21. Pater curabat, ut Sgo ex-
ercerer. 22. Debemus laudari.^ 23. Hostes in castris
manent.
• Leam the inflection of the verb; review §§ 112, 113, and 114 ;
read§ 126,6; § 124.
• The verb-stem = present stem, tXme-o.
• To exercise, etc. * That you do not, etc.
• § 112, d,ov% 271.
• Dooeo forms its snpine without a connecting vowel.
Translate into Ijatin.
1. The masters teach the boys. 2. The masters were
teaching the boys. 3. The enemy will remain in the
city. 4. The king has two sons. 6. Caesar had five
legions. 6. They see the city which the enemy are
assaulting. 7. The enemy remained within the walls.*
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42 LATIN LESSONS.
8. Caesar admonished the tribunes. 9. Did the enemy
detain Csesar in Gaul ? 10. She mourned her brother.
11. Csesar was detained by the Gauls. 12. Six vultures
were seen by Remus. 13. The enemy have remained
in their camp. 14. Caesar has been detained in Gaul.
15. The tribunes have been admonished by Csesar. 16.
The soldiers remain around the city. 17. The enemy
remained on this side of the river. 18. Remain in the
city. 19. I see the forces of the enemy in the dense
forest.
' WaUs of a city; see synonymes.
LESSON XL.
THIRD CONJUGATION. § 131.»
Translate into Bnglish.
1. Ego lSgo,2 tu scribis, frater pingit.^ 2. Ego pinge-
bam, tu scribebas, frater Iggebat. 3. Hostes urbem
cingent. 4. Discipuli litSras scribent. 5. Caesar aciem
instruxerat. 6. lUe urbem miiris cinxit. 7. Lupa
matrem* se gessit.^ 8. Pr5cas NumYtori, qui natu major
Srat, regnum rSliquit. 9. Ciiro, ut praeceptor pueri
SnYmum exc51at. 10. Ciirabam, ut praeceptor pueri
Snimum exc51eret. 11. Disce, puer. 12. Puer, ne con-
temps(^ris (perf. subj.) praecepta mSgistrorum tuorum.
13. Educ® nos, dux, contra hostes. 14. Urbs a civibus
defendYtur. 15. Puer ab omnibus diligebatur. 16.
Urbs muro cingetUr. 17. Deinde Romulus et RSmus
urbem in iisdem 15cls, ubi expSsiti ediicatique fuSrant,
condYderunt. 18. Inde duae ISgiones, quae proxim'ae
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LESSON XL. 43
conscriptae grant, totum agmen claudebant. 19. Pueri
p6tunt,ut7 e schSla dimittantur. 20. Pueri pStebant
ut e schSla dimitterentur. 21. Scribens* et ISgeiis
multum dtdfci.
• Review § 108 to § 116 ; read § 126, c ; § 125.
• Verb-stem leg-o =« present stem.
« Form the perfect, accountiDg for the euphonic changes, § 123, c, 8.
^ In apposition with se : (u a mother,
' Form the tenses from the perfect stem.
• § 128, c. ' To bey etc. » By writing, etc.
Tranglate into lAtin.
1. We read, we write, they read, they write. 2. We
were writing the letter, we will write the letter. 3. We
have written, we had written, we shall have written.
4. We draw up the line of battle, we were drawing up
the line, we have drawn up the line, we had drawn up
the line. 5. The boy reads the book. 6. The book is
read by the boy. 7. Read the book, boys. 8. The boy
asks to be ^ dismissed from school. 9. Romulus has en-
compassed the city with a wall. 10. The consuls rule
the republic. 11. Csesar drew up his army in the city.
12. A wolf ran from the forest across the field. 13. He
enrolled the legion in Gaul. 14. The republic was ruled
by the consuls. 16. The city was founded by Romulus.
16. They were educated in these places. 17. The city
has been encompassed by a wall. 18. Two legions were
enrolled in Farther Gaul by Caesar. 19. The legions
which Caesar enrolled in Hither Gaul assaulted the city.
20. Are tJie boys playing in the field ? No ; they are
running towards (ad) the woods.
^ Use at with the present subj.
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44 LATIN LESSONS.
LESSON XLI.
FOURTH CONJUGATION, p. 86.1
Translate into English.
1. Puer dormit.^ 2. Punimus puerum. 3. Milites
castra muniunt. 4. Puer dormiebat. 5. Puniebamus
puerum. 6. Milites castra muniebant. 7. Puer dor-
miet. 8. Puniemus. 9. Milites castra muBient. 10.
Punivimus puerum. 11. Claram vocem hujug Svis non
audivisti. 12. Milites castra munivSrant. 13. RSmus
moenia transWuit. 14. Caesar bellum finiv8rat. 15.
Pueri in schSlam vSniunt ut ISgant et scribant. 16.
Pueri in sch51am ySniebant ut ^ ISgerent et scriberent.
17. Praeceptor puerorum mentes eriidito. 18. Ne piini-
vSris* pueros. 19. Pueri a mSgistro erudiuntur. 20.
Milites nostri in Sciem educuntur, et hostes castra mii-
niunt. 21. Castra a militibus muniebantur. 22. ImprSbi
a mSgistratibus piinientur. 23. Bellum a Caesare fini-
tum est.^ 24. Pater curat, ut 6go diWgenter eriidiar.
26. Pater curabat, ut Sgo diligenter ertidirer. 26. Im-
pr5bi puniantur. 27. Puer dllYgenter erudiatur. 28.
Caesar castra muniri jlibet.
" Read §126, cf/ § 122 to <f.
* Verb-stem = present stem dormi-o : notice that the verb-stem
of the first, second, and fourth conjugations end in §, 5, i, and that
of the third in a consonant or u : hence the distinction of vowel and
consonant conjugation. * To, etc.
* Perf. subj., do not^ etc. ^ Form the tenses of the supine stem.
Translate into liatin.
1. We sleep, we were sleeping, we will sleep. 2.
They punish the boy, they were punishing the boy, they
will punish the boy. 3. The soldiers are fortifying their
camp, the soldiers were fortifying their camp, the sol-
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LESSONS XLI., XLII. 45
diers will fortify their camp. 4. They have punished
the boy, they had punished the boy. 5. The boys come
to school to read and write. 6. Punish the boy. 7.
The boys are punished by the master. 8. The camp
was (being) fortified by the soldiers. 9. The camp is
(being) fortified by Caesar, the camp will be fortified by
CsBsar, the camp hag been fortified by Caesar, the camp
had been fortified by Caesar. 10. They have fortified
the city. 11. Caesar came to the city. 12. He has
come from the city. 13. Has Caesar finished the war in
Gaul ? 14. The soldiers surround the enemy. 15. All
hope deserted the Romans. 16. Caesar led his army
into their territories.^ 17. The city has been fortified by
Caesar. 18. The war was finished by Caesar. 19. The
enemy have been surrounded by the soldiers. 20. Come
with me.2 21. Caesar surrounded the city with a wall.
1 Use the plural of finis. ^ Mecmn.
LESSON XLH.
DEPONENTS. § 185.»
Translate into English.
1. Caesar suos milttes cohortatus est. 2. Omnes ad-
mirantur splendorem virtutis. 3. Milites agros pSpii-
labantur. 4. Mi fili,* vSrere pSrentes. 5. Intuemur
praeclara virtutis exempla. 6. Virtutis viam sSqutmur.
7. Amicus mSrttur. 8. Hostes urbem aggrSdiuntur.
9. Puer, ne mentitus sis. 10. Magiios hSmlnes virtute
metimur, non fortuna. 11. Praeceptor gaudebat. 12.
Gives maxime gavisi sunt. 13. RSmus Niimltoris grgges
infestare sSUtus est.
» Locrn § 185, a, 6, c, d, and § 136. * See § 40, c.
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46 LATIN LESSONS.
Translate into I^atin.
1. We admire, we fear, we approach,^ we measure*
2. You admire, you fear, you approach, you measure.
3. We admire, we were admiring, we have admired, we
had admired. 4. We rejoice, they rejoice. 6. We have
rejoiced, they have rejoiced. 6. We dare, we dared, we
have dared. 7. We trust, we trusted, we have trusted,
we will trust. 8. The garden of the king is adorned
with many pine-trees and lakes.^ 9. We like to sit*
under oak-trees and in caves. 10. Timid orators
tremble in every limb.*
* Use the proper tense of aggrSdior. " ^ gee § 70, d,
f Lit., we sit vMlingly, * Lit., in all their limbs. See Rule 26.
LESSON XLm.
VERBS IN -io: THIRD CONJUGATION. § 181.»
Translate into English.
1. Fugiunt,2 fugiebant, fugient, fiigiant. 2. JScit,^
jSciebat,jS.ciet,jSciat. 3. F5dimus, fbdiebamus, f5diamus.
4. CapYmur, cSpiebamur, cSpiemur, cSpiamur. 6. Mili-
tes arma cSpiunt. 6. Arma a militibiis cS-piuntur. 7.
Vir fossam f5dit. 8. Fossa a viro fbditur. 9. Amiilius
fratris filiam in vincula conjecit. 10. Filia ab AmSlio in
vincula conjecta Srat. 11. Prbca parvulos in Tlb€rira
abjecit. 12. Parviili a Pr5ca in Tiberim abjecti sunt.
13. Mllites ISpides ac tela conjiciebant. 14. LSpIdes ac
tela a militibus conjecta Srant.
* Learn the inflection of capio, p. 83 ; read § 126, c.
^ Verb-stem fog-i-o, present stem fugi-o; form all the tenses of
the present stem.
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LESSON XLIII. 47
' Form a compound with con, § 10, b; the j can be preserved
or it is lost, § 10, c.
Syn. — Vinculum (vincio, bind)^ any thing that binds; catena,
an iron chain ; laqueus, a halter.
Translate into I<atin.
1. We flee, we were fleeing, we will flee, we have
fled, let us flee. 2. They are taken, they were taken,
they will be taken, they have taken, let them take. 3.
They take the city. 4. The city is taken by the soldiers.
5. Romulus has killed his brother. 6. The city was
taken by the soldiers. 7. They throw their weapons
among the enemy. 8. The weapons have been thrown
among the enemy. 9. They will be received in sur-
render (in deditionem). 10. The boys were cast into
the Tiber.
ADDITIONAL EXERCISES.
Translate into L.atin.
1. We praise the good men. 2. We were praising
the good men. 3. We will praise the good men. 4.
We have praised them. 5. We had praised them. 6.
Some praise me, others blame me. 7. We have liber-
ated the soldiers by fighting. 8. We teach the boy.
9. They teach the boy. 10: We have taught him. 11.
We had taught him. 12. The boys have ten books.
13. Caesar had thirty ships', five thousand, six hundred
and forty-five soldiei-s. 14. The boy is taught by his
teacher. 15. You are praised by good men. 16. Tlie
children are playing in the garden. 17. We were writ-
ing the letter. 18. We have written the letter. 19.
The le^tters have been written by us. 20. The soldiers
fortify the city. 21. The city is fortified by the soldiers.
22. We have admired the city. 23. We have promised.
24. We admire the men because we are admired by
them. 25. Romulus kills his brother. 26. The brother
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48 LATIN LESSONS.
is killed by Romulus. 27. The teacher instructs the
boys ; the boys are instructed by the teacher. 28. The
letter is written (writing) ; ^ the letter has been written
(is written) ; the letter was written (writing) ; was
written (had been written) ; was written ; some one
was writing a letter,^ some one had written a letter,
some one wrote a letter. 29. My brother and I (I and
my brother) were walking ^ in the garden ; we saw our
teacher and spoke to him. 30. He teaches me the Latin
language : he is kind and I shall always praise him.
31. I often walk in the fields to refresh * my mind. 32.
This pupil studies well and learns rapidly; he has a
tenacious memory and a good understanding, 33. He
is often praised by his teacher for ^ his diligence. 34.
Have you been at school to-day ? No, I shall come to-
morrow. 35. The boys had been playing on the broad
plain ; their teacher called them ; they immediately ran
to ^ school. 86. It is easy '^ to write, but it is not easy to
write well. 37. The river flows through a lake ; it is a
large and beautiful lake, and is surrounded by ^ dense
woods. 38. The boy is carefully trained by his teacher.
39. My pupil wrote a letter to his friend ; but he did
not tell what ® he had written.^^ 40. We shall dwell in
the city in the summer,^^ but in the winter we shall all
depart into the country .^^
J § 111, a; § 115, 1, 2, with h and c.
* A convenient test is the substitution of the active.
* See § 205, and a. * Present subjunctive with ut.
* Propter, with ace, • Into ; use in, with ace,
' Use facile, neuter gender. See § 270.
* Use the ablative without a preposition. See Rule 26.
* Use quae. *^ Use the pluperfect subjunctive.
^1 The time when is denoted by the ablative.
" Use rus. See § 258.
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LESSON XLIV. 49
LESSON XLIY.
IRREGULAR VERBS. § 120,^ and § 288.
Translate Into English.
1. Potest, pStSrat, pStgrit. 2. Possumus, p5tSramus,
p5tSrimus. 3. Ego possum legere, tu potSs sciibere,
s5ror p5test acu^ pingere. 4. Cura, ut possTs aequo
Snimo^ vTtam relinquere. 5. Fgrimus, fgrebamus, fg-
ramiis, fSriraur, ferebamur, fSremur, fgramur. 6. Quid
fers, mi SmTce ? 8. Ferri iSborem consuetiido dScet.
9. Ferte* viro auxilium. 10. Non omnis ^ger, qui sM-
tur, fert fruges.^ 11. Faustiilus ^os in c&sam tulit.
^ Learn § 120, a and ft; § 288; § 271, and the inflection of
fero.
* For gender, of. § 69 ; for case, see Rule 26.
* aequo aziimo, with equanimity, * § 128, c; § 272.
* §46.
Syn. — Possam, / am able, because I have sufficient power;
queo, / am ahle^ because circumstances allow me to do it.
Translate into Ijatin.
1. You are able, you were able, you will be able. 2.
They are able, they were able, they will be able. 3.
Thou art able, thou wert able, thou wilt be able. 4. We
bear, we were bearing, we will bear. 5. We are borne,
we were borne, we shall be borne. 6. I am able to read,
but not to write. 7. Csesar was not able to defend the
city. 8. You will not be able to read the book easil3\
9. He has not been able to restrain his temper.
4
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50 LATIN LESSONS.
LESSON XLY.
IRREGULAR VERBS (continued). § 187.*
Translate into Sngrllsh.
1. V51iimus, v51ebamus, v5lemus, vSlimus. 2. Nolii-
mu8, nolebamus, nolemus, nolimus. 3, Malumus, ma-
lebamus, malemus, malimus. 4. Ego v61o iSgere, tu
VIS scribere, frater vult pingere. 5. Dic,^ cur me c5mY-
tari nolis. 6. Oro te, ut mecum ludere v61is. 7. S5ror
ambulare mavult. 8. DiscYpfili v51unt nuntium scire.
9. Amici dSmi^ sSdere nolunt. 10. Ainici ambulare
malunt quam dSmi sedere. 11. Noli * scribere.
* Learn § 187, § 188, J, 2, and 3, inflections of vole, nolo, and
malo.
* § 128, c. • At home, § 258, d. * § 269.
Translate into Latin.
1. You are wishing, j'^ou were wishing, you will be
wishing. 2. They •are unwilling, they were unwilling,
they will be unwilling. 3. You prefer, you preferred,
you will prefer. 4. I have wished, I had wished. 5.
We wished to know. 6. We had been unwilling. 7.
' The boys will prefer to Avalk. 8. The man wishes to
remain at home. 9. Do you wish to walk in the fields
with me ? ^ No ; I prefer to remain at home.^ 10. We
shall be able to lead the soldiers from the camp. 11.
They were unwilling to depart from the city. 12. Do
the boys wish to play on the plain ? No ; they prefer
to study. 13. Do you prefer to read or to write. I do
not know (how) to write, but I wish to learn.
^ Mecum. See § 99. e, « Use dorni
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LESSON XLVI. 51
LESSON XLYI.
IRREGULAR VERBS (continued). § 140.i
Translate into Engllgh.
1. Imus, ibamus, iblmus, Samus. 2. Ego abeo, tu ex
MnSre r6dis. 3. I, quo ^ te fata v5cant ! 4. Princeps ^
ibat H5ratius. 5. I, lictor, deliga puSrum ad palum.
6. Jussit ut abirem. 7. Fiunt, f lebant, f lent, f lamus.
8. Nemo fit casu* b5nus. 9. Amicus ftSri sftpieus
p8test. 10. Vtri cautiores f lunt. 11. Edimus ut viva-
mus; non vMmus ut Sdamus. 12. Fiat^ lux, et lux
facta est.
1 Learn § 140, 141, 142, and a. « Whither.
• An adjective used for an adverb, Jirst, or at the head.
* By chance, cf . Rule 26. * § 266.
Translate into Ijatin.
1. They go, they were going, they will go, let them
go. 2. They become, they became, they will become.
3. They are able to become friends. 4. They return,
they will return, they have returned. 5. He becomes
a friend.^ 6. He has become a friend. 7. They differ.
8. The soldiers bore aid to their commander. 9. They
will bear the wearied soldiers into the cottage. 10.
The fields bear fruit. 11. Aid is borne to the enemy.
12. The soldiers have endured ^ many hardships. 13.
'Hie hardships have been endured patiently by the sol-
diers. 14. Many brave soldiers perished in the battle.
15. The king went to the town. 16. The soldiers per-
ished by hunger. 17. A great part of the soldiers have
perished by hunger. 18. Caesar became consul. 19.
They became unfriendly. 20. The burden will become
light. 21. Endure these things, soldiers. 22. They
returned to the camp. 23. The enemy are not able to
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52 LATIN LESSONS.
cross the river. 24. He was unwilling to depart. 25.
They passed by the camp. 26. The general \^shed to
cross the river with all his forces on ^ a bridge.
* Nom, § 185. * Use perfero. ' Use ablative.
LESSON XL VII.
DEFECTIVE AND IMPERSOXAL VERBS : PERIPHRAS-
TIC FORMS. § 145.1
Translate into Unglish.
1. Militibus 2 non lYcebit ^ (e) castris exire. 2. Pla-
cuit* CaesSri, ut ad Ariovistum legatos mitteret.^ 3.
Curritur. 4. Tibi licet id fScere. 6. Hie liber tibi
ICgendus est. 6. Mihi ire licuit. 7. Amandus est
ille puer. 8. Caesar castra motiirus est. 9. ImpSrator
cum sola decima ISgione profecturus erat. 10. Pngnan-
dum est pro patria. 11. Patria Smanda est. 12. Ais-
ne ? Aio. NSgasne ? Nego. 13. Pr5bos Smamus,
imprSbos odimus.
* Learn § 143, a, h, c, and § 144 ; also § 146 : read carefqlly § 146,
aU>d; also § 129, with § 147, 5 and c ; § 270 and a.
* To the soldiers, i. e. they will not be allowed. See § 227, e.
* Give a full synopsis (in the third person singular) ; what is the
subject of licebit ?
* It pleased Ccesar, i. e. Ccesar determined. See § 227.
* To send. See § 332, a.
Syn. — Proficiscor, to set out on a journey ; iter faoere, to travel ^
either at home or abroad; peregrinarl, to travel abi-oad,
Prudentia (provideo, foresee), foresight, practical judgment,
knowledge of the law; sapientia (sapio, taste), good taste, discern-
menl, knowledge of the world: scientia (scio, knotc), knowledge, im-
plying skill in or acquaintance with a subject.
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LESSON XLVIII. 53
LESSON XLVIII.
WORD-FORMATION. — DERIVATION. § 167.»
Translate into £ns:lish.
1. Dux exercitus interfectus est.^ 2. Scriptor^ legit.
3. Orator eadem dictitat.^ 4. Milites * pSiiculum ti-
ment. 5, Quis uomeii^ n5vae urbi dSt? 6. Rex vScat.®
7. Regina^ vSnit. 8. ImpSdinaentS,® in castris sunt.
9. Catllina in senatum ^ venit. 10. Soror ipsa paliida-
mentum confecerat. 11. Comploratio ^^ sbroris ferocis
jiivSnis Snimum in tan to gaudio ^^ publico movit. 12.
Fili5la ^ viri in horto ambftlabat. 13. Hominis,Snimus
inimortalis^^ est. 14. Romulus et RSmus urbem in
iisdem 15cis condiderunt.^* 15. Reges bSnos elves ^^
hbnorant. 16. Agricola aratrum ^^ habet. 17. Amor^^
gloriae nos impulit.'^
^ The pupil should study early the rules under §§10 and 11 : learn
§§ 157, 161; read §§ 158, 159, 162, 167, 168, 170, a, 6, and c; the
remainder o£ § 162 and § 163 should be carefully read; also § 20.
Form nouns of agency from ^Uno, audio, m5neo, vinco (vie), ISgo,
venor : also a frequentative verb from scrlbo, § 167. ^
• Verb-stem scrib, scriptor.
• Form iteratives from clSmo, r5go, ISgo, scribe, and vgnio.
• § 10, 5.
• No-men (gno) ; form nouns with same suffix from fluo, luceOr
§11,6, tSgo, &go, gSro, fulgeo.
• § 158, h; cf. Sin vox.
' Form a word with the suffix inuB (ina) from gaUus, cania,
equus, divus.
• Give the derivation, § 163, c; remember that stems and roots,
not nominatives, are used to form derivatives, but consonant-stems
either lose their consonant, or take i as a connective vowel. Form
nouns with same suffix from ddceo, impSdio, moveo § 10, ef,
orno.
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54 LATIN LESSONS.
* Form nouns with same suffix &om comitil, trlbtlntui.
^ Form nouns with same suffix from scrlbo (scrib-tio, § 11,^ 1,
scrip-tio), ISgo, conUngo (root, tag), obliviscor, § 123, 2, 1,
obsldeo, ambio, Imitor, occido (§ 10, h),
^1 Form nouns with the suffix ium from 5di, incendo, aedlfloo.
*2 Form diminutives from rex (re-gis, rSg-tUus), vox, friter,
mater, navis, res, corpus, hortus, rivus, mensa, silva, c&put,
saxum, scutum, flos (§ 164, a.) nSgdtinm, 5ciUus, l&pis, liber.
^^ Form an adjective with same suffix from ^tum, rex, vita.
** Condo (dha)y place together; also oiedo, place confidence in.
^* Form adjectives in Icus from civis, bellum, olassis.
*• Form nouns like aratrum from ISro, l&vo.
^^ Form nouns with the suffix or from clSmo, c&leo, titmeo,
f&veo, fliro.
^8 Explain the formation of the compound.
A few examples are added, illustrating the manner in which
words are built up from roots ("word-building*').
Root ar, plough, verb-stem = present stem, ara, verb, ara-o,
§ 126, a, &ro, / plough; &rft-tor, § 162, a, ploughman; ftrft-trani,
§ 163, d (end), plough; &rft-tio, ploughing; ar-vus, what lias been
ploughed; Qubst aX'Vvuaa, ploughed Jield ; ax^-tiun'OfilsL, smcdl plougJied
field.
Give the meaning and form derivatives from the following : Boot
spac; verb-stem, sp^c, see § 10, 6, present stem, sp8c4-o, § 123,
h, 2; spec-to, § 167, h; spec-ta-tor; spec-ta-trix ; spec-ta-tio;
spec-ulum;^ spec-ta-bilis ; con-spic-i-o, § 10, h; aus-pic-i-o,
§11,/, 3; circum-spic-i-o ; in-spic-i-o ; adspio-i-o; pro-spic-i-o;
re-spic-i-o, § 11,/, 3, note (end) ; l«g-o; § 11,/ 1 ; dl-Ug-o, § 10, 6,
and § 11,/ 3, n.; neg-Ug-o, § 11,/ 1; intel-lXg-o, § 11,/ 3;
r&pio, rapto, rap-ax, rap-aci-tas, rap-idu-s, rap-IdX-taa, rap-tor,
rap-ina, rap-tio, rap-tu-m, rap-tu-s ; p8d-u-m, op-pld-um, ped-
Ica, pe(d)8, ped-e(t)8, ped-es-ter, com-pe(d)-8; do(da-o), d5-8;
sto (sta-o) ; st&-t-io ; filg-i-o ; tSg-o ; fulg-e-o ; ju-n-go ; Itlc-eo:
v8n-io.
^ If the word ends in o or a;, the termination is ulum» not oolum.
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LESSONS XLIX,, L. 55
LESSON XLIX.
APPOSITION. § 18a»
Translate into Bnglish.
1. PrSca, rex Albanorum, duos f ilios hSbuit. 2.
Amulius Rheam Silviam, ejus f iliam, Vestae sacerdo-
tem fecit. 3. Romulus fuit rex. 4. RSmum latrones
ad Amulium regern perduxerunt. 5. Romulus rex cre-
atus est.2 6. Romiilum regem pSpulus creavit. 7.
Consul^ veni ad te. 8. CteSro pS,ter patriae appellatus
est. 9. Pro sua quisque patria dimtcant ferro.*
» Learn §§ 183, 184 and b, and 186; also §§ 181, 182.
' Crea-o, verb-stem ; derivatives, crea-tor, crea-trix, orea-tia-
' /, the consul. Consul is in apposition with ego, implied in the
termination of veni.
^ They fight zoith the stuord, each for his country ; quisque is in
apposition with the subject of dimicant
Translate into I^atin.
1. Caesar, the consul, came to the town. 2. Cicero
was consul. 3. The boys were led to Romulus the king.
4. Caesar, (when) consul, subdued Gaul. 5. He will be
elected consul. 6. The boy was called Romulus. 7.
Caesar was the conqueror of the Gauls. 8. The com-
mander, a brave man, led the army against the enemy ;
he fought a great battle on-this-side-of the river.
LESSON L.
AGREE]MENT OF ADJECTIVES. § 186.»
Translate into Englisb.
1. Virtiis pulchra est. 2. Vastae in iTs I5cls^ solYtu-
dtnes^ grant. 3. Romulus nomen nSvae* urbi dat. 4.
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66 LATIN LESSONS.
Reges sunt p5tentes. 5. SSpientes (the wise) luctura et
moerorem deponunt. 6. Audi multa ; pauca I5qu6re.
7. Reges profecti sunt. 8. Ego primus banc orationem
legi. 9. Fratres alter ^ altSrum (one another) Smant.^
10. Summus (the top of) mons a Ttto LSbieno tSnetur.
11. Hostes commeatu^ nostros (our troops) pr5ht-
buerunt.
^ Learn §§ 186, d, 187, 188, 189, &, 190, 191, 192, and 193.
* See § 79, c. » See § 66, 6. * See § 91, c, 2.
* Derivatives from the verb-stem ?
* Composition? Explain the formation. Rule 28.
^ In apposition to fratres.
Translate into liatin.
1. Powerful kings have large fields. 2. The new city
has high walls. 3. Remus founded a city in the same
place where he had been educated. 4. We are strong,
' • but you are stronger. 5. The wise educate their chil-
^ dren. 6. They hear many things ; they speak few. 7.
They were educated in those places. 8. The journey
is short. 9. The soldiers are brave. 10. The soldiers
killed a large number of the fugitives (those fleeing).
LESSON LI.
SYNTAX OF RELATIVES. § 198.»
Translate into English.
1. Puer, qui studiosus est,^ discit. 2. O rex, qui
regnas, h5nora b5nos cives. 3. S5ror vidit super hume-
ros fratris pSliidamentum, quod ipsa confecerat. 4.
PrSca, Numitori, qui natu major Srat, regnum reliquit.^
^ Learn §§ 198, 199, 201, a and e; § 180, b and c,
•§180,c. »§11,/, 3, /*.
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LESSON LII. 57
Translate Into I«atin*
1. The soldier whom you killed was my brother. 2.
The men are absent whom you blame. 3. The boys are
here to whom we gave the books. 4. Caesar immedi-
ately hastened from the city and came to his army,
which was already in Gaul. 5. They saw the cloaks
which they had made. 6. You, O kings, who have
governed the state, have blamed good citizens.
LESSON Ln.
GENITIVE. §213.»
Translate into En^rlish.
1. Rex Albanornm duos filios hSbuit. 2. Mllitis*
est duci ^ parere. 3. Alter mllitum fugit. 4. H5ratius
aliquantum spStii aufugSrat. 5. Amor gloriae nos im-
pulit. 6. Timor hostium * crescit. 7. Id nSgotii ^ hSbeo.
8. Quid mthi consilii dStis ? 9. Vir armorum pSritissT-
mus Srat. 10. Unus (of) ^ ex his nuntios ad eum mittitJ
11. Caesar, vir summi ingSnii (or summo ingSnio),
prudentiam cum eWquentia junxit. 12. Nostrum est
pitrentes Smare. 13. Caesaris classis mille et ducen-
tarum navium (not mille et ducentis navibus) longarum
fuit. 14. Hie liber fratris mei est.
* Learn Rules 8 to 11, inclusive (page 256), and read §§ 213, 214,
215, 216 (with a, 1, 2, 8, and 4), 217, and 218; or the pupil can learn
§ 213, etc., or the Rules, as the teacher prefers.
* Translate, It is (the duty) of a soldier ^ § 214, c.
» See Rule 16.
* Translate this as subjective and as objective genitive.
* Derivation? • § 216, c.
^ Give the principal parts, and account for the euphonic changes.
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58 ^ LATIN LESSONS.
LESSON LIII.
GENITIVE (continued). § 219.*
Translate Into Enfflish.
1. Miles iSboris patiens erat. 2. Plena errorum sunt
omnia. 3. Hie pSiitus rei miUtaris erat. 4. SSror
oblita^ est fratris. 5. Frater oblitus est patriae. 6.
Remlfniscere pristiuae virtutis Helvetiorum. 7. Obli-
viscere caedis atque ineendiorum. 8. Animus mSmYnit
piaetSritorum.^ 9. Romani C. Graechum capitis dam-
naverunt. 10. Legatus gratiam Caesaris magni* existt-
mat. 11. Virtus maxtmi * aesttmatur. 12. Te fortunae
tuae poenYtet. 13. Fratris mei me mIsSret. 14. Con-
troversiarum et dissensionum obliviscimtni. 15. Magni*
reipublicae interest omnes copias convSnire. 16. lUud
mea^ magni * interest. 17. Interest urbis. 18. Interest
exercltiis. 19. Quid interest inter divTtem et paupSrem ?
Multum. 20. Vir reus est crlminis. 21. Absolvunt te
judices injuriarum. 22. Cujusnam crlminis Srat ille
reus ? 23. Aegrotus ^ mSdicinae indiget. 24. Ubi ter-
rarum ^ fuisti ?
1 Learn Rule 12 and 13; read §§ 218 (a and &), 219, 220, 221 (a
and 6), 222, a, and 223. « § 186. » The past § 189, b.
* § 215, c, * § 222, a. * § 188; derivation? » § 216, 4.
Syn. — Animus, the mind, the soul ; mens, tJiought or intellectual
faculty ; anima, the life, the vital principle.
Translate into Latin.
1. The fields of the king are beyond the river. 2. The
soldiers of the general are on-this-side-of the river. 8.
He seeks no ^ reward. 4. None of the enemy have fled.
5. Caesar had a fleet of sixty vessels. 6. The soldiers
are eager for glory. 7. Many men are desirous of con-
tention. 8. He was skilled in war. 9. They fled some
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LESSONS LIII., LIV. 59
distance from that place. 10. Who of us ^ is wise ? 11.
One of the tribunes fled. 12. Hatred towards the king
actuated the people. 13. He is desirous of pleasure.
14; It is (the duty) of a good orator to speak candidly.
15. It is (the part) of a judge to hear patiently. 16.
He remembers his plan. 17. He will forget his promise.
18. I am ashamed of my fault. 19. I am vexed and
wearied at the folly of these men. 20. I repent of my
folly. 21. I am weary of my life. 22. He needs money.
23. It concerns me. 24. It is the interest of all. 25. The
soldiers have forgotten their dissensions. 26. They con-
demned him to death. 27. They accused him of treach-
ery. 28. Caesar acquitted the soldier of the crime. 29.
He is reminded of his duty. 30. A true friend never
forgets a friend. 31. This book is my brother's. 32.
They are weary of life. 33. They have accused him of
treachery. 34. We repei\t of our folly. 35. This book
is my brother's. 36. It is (the part) of a wise man to
say little. 37. The man is (one) of great abilityv 38.
Caesar had a fleet of four hundred and sixty vessels.
' Lit. nothing of reward, * § 99,6.
LESSON LIV.
DATIVE. § 224.*
Translate into English.
1. Vir pugro llbrum dgdit. 2. Fratres opem alter altgri
fSrunt. 3. Parce mihi. 4. PrSbus invtdet nemlni.^
5. MalSdicTmus mMis.^ 6. lis instdiati sunt latrones.
7. Multi mihi sunt libri. 8. Mihi CYcSroni nomen est ;
mihi nomen CYcSro est. 9. Placuit* Caesari, ut ad eum
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60 LATIN LESSONS.
legates mittSret. 10. Milites non muliSribus,>non infan-
tibus pgpercerunt. 11. Caesar turn belliim Pt51graaeo,
Pompeii int'erfectori, intulit. 12. Finem ISbori nox
attiilit. 13. Caesar hibernis Lilbienum praeposuit. 14.
Sex nobis filii sunt. 15. Caesari erant multae legiones
et f ideles Sinici. 16. Urbs hostibus ^ erepta est.
' Learn Rules 14, 16, 17, 18, and 19 ; read §§ 224, 225, 226, 227, c,
228, 229, 230, and 281.
* NuUfts is used in the genitive and ablative instead of neminis
and nemine.
» § 188. * Subject? § 332, a. ^ § 229.
Syn. — Infans (in, not, fari, to speak), an infant; puer, a hoy,
from about seven to sixteen ; adolescens (adolesco, to groic), a
youth, from about sixteen to twenty-four; juvenis, a young man or
woman ^ from about twenty-four to forty-five.
LESSON- LV.
DATIVE (continued), § 232.>
Translate into English.
1. Laudandus est ille puer et mihi et tJbi. 2. CaesSri
omnia erant Sgenda. 3. Duae ISgiones quae proxime
conseriptae grant, praesidio impSdimentis Srant. 4.
Caesar ISgiones duas castris praesidio relinquit. 6.
Remus Srat matri similWmus.^ 6. LSgatus Squitatum
auxilio Caesari misSrat. 7. Phil5s5phia SnYmo mSdetur.
8. P5pulo Romano bellum indixisti. 9. Filius patri est
sTinilis. 10. Gives n5vis imperils ^ studebant. 11. Caesar
dat nSgotiura Seiionibus reliquisque Gallis, qui finitimi
Belgis grant. 12. Movit fgroci juvSni* Sntmum com-
ploiatio s^roris in tanto gaudio piiblico. 13. Atrox id
visum est fSctnus patribus plebique. 14. Pax pStenda
est mihi. 15. Circumdat miirum urbi, or, Cireumdat
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LESSON LV. 61
urbem muro. 16. Sunt mihi multi Itbri. 17. Sanavit
filium meum,^ or, Sanavit mlhi fllium.^ 18. In omnibus
rebus te constilam. 19. In omnibus rebus consulam tibi.-^
20. Sedltio^ urbi excidio fuit. 21. Mlhi scribendum
est.® 22. Hunc llbrum mSgister mihi praemio dSdit.
^ Leatn Rules 15 and 20; read §§ 232, and a, 233, 234, a, 235, and
236. « § 89, b,
* Innovations (or changes in the state of affairs), a revolution,
* § 235, a.
* He cured my son (not caring whose son).
* He cured my son (out of kindness to me).
' For you, i. e. your interests,
* Translate, Sedition proved, etc.; give the derivation.
* Verb-stem scrib -o; derivatives, scrib -tor = Bcriptor, § 11,/, 1
form others.
Syn. — Medeor, to healy relates to the skill of the physician;
sano, to heal, relates to the efficacy of the medicine.
Translate into Latin.
1. He gave me the book. 2. He gave the book to me.
3. The soldiers spared the fugitives. 4. He left the
kingdom to Numitor. 6. I will consult my brother. 6.
He satisfies himself. 7. This pleased the people. 8. He
was present in all dangers. 9. The man fears no one.
10. He gave the business to me. 11. The Gauls desire a
revolution. 12. He placed a wall around the city. 13.
She will not marry that man. 14. You have declared
war against me. 16. The boys ought to study literature.
16. This seemed a bold deed to the people. 17. He will
consult my interests. 18. It ^ is wise to prefer virtue
to all things. 19. The soldiers will obey their com-
mander. 20. This is my 2 care. 21. They are unfriend-
ly to me. 22. Do not trust fortune. 23. The lieutenant
has sent the cavalry as an aid to Csesar. 24. His name
was Csesar. 25. These boys must be praised by us. 26.
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62 LATIN LESSONS.
They have declared war again'st Caesar. 27. The sol-
diers spare no one.^ 28. He fights for* his country.
29. His disposition was like ^ that of his friend. 30.
He sent the army as an aid to our men.^ 31. The boy-
was like his father. 32. He pretended flight, because
he was unequal to three. 33. They are nearest to the
Belgians. 34. These things must be done by me. 35.
I have«six books. 36. Caesar had many faithful friends.
37. Caesar sent the third line for a protection to the
' Use the gen. Bapientis est, etc. * Lit for a care to me.
» Nemini. * § 286, Rem.
* § 284, d, Rem. • §*188.
LESSON LVI.
ACCUSATIVE AND VOCATIVE. § 287, and § 241.>
Translate into £ng:liBh.
1. Latrones RSmum ad Amuliiim regem perduxerunt.
2. Muta istam mentem. 3. Milites sanguinem sitiebant.
4. Romani agros Remorum dep5pulati sunt, quos ^ adire
p5tSrant. 5. Tres CHriatii unum HSratium circumstg-
terunt. 6. Consul CaesSrem sententiam rSgabat. 7.
Caesar omnia consflia Aeduos celat. 8. LStini pacem
ab Romanis pStierunt. 9. Milttes ipsi transire flumen
non duMtaverunt. 10. " En haec," inquit, " mea orna-
menta." 11. Turris pSdes diicentos alta est. 12. Ro-
mulus urbem Romam v5cavit. 13. Vir ille grammXttcam
nos d5cebat. 14. GrammSticam a vtro illo dCcebar. 15.
Me mtserum ! omnes me rldent * hSmines. 16. RSmus
vallum transTluit. 17. Diligenter cura, mi Smice, vtQS-
ttidtnem tuam.
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LESSONS LVI., LVII. - Od
• Learn Rules 21 to 25; read §§23 7, and d, 238, 239 (a, 6, c, and </),
240, with a, 6, c, and d; also § 241.
• § 237, d
• Ride -o, verb-stem, rid-e-o; root derivatives, rid -tor, §!!,/,«
= ris -tor, § 1 1, & = ris -or, ria -io, ris -us.
Syn. — PSto, U) begy r5go, to asky are general terms for either a
request or demand ; postiilo, to demand as a right ; flaglto, to de-
mand with earnestness ; poaco, to ask as a rights as a ptice or salary.
Translate into Latin. ^
1. They lead Romulus to the king. 2. He shows the
way to the boy. 3. Will you give me a book ? 4. Who
gave you that book ? 5. They accused the soldier of
treason.^ 6. I will conceal my plans from you. 7. The
guide shows the way to the soldier. 8. Caesar demanded
corn of the -Sdui. 9. They ask Caesar his opinion. 10.
Caesar is asked^ his opinion. 11. Caesar concealed all his
plans from the enemy. 12. They were not able to cross
the river. 13. Remus leaped over the wall which Romu-
lus had made. 14. The soldiers have laid waste the
fields which they were able to approach. 15. The sol-
diers thirst for honors. 16. Who taught you music ?
17. Will the soldiers cross the river ? 3 18. Caesar made
himself dictator. 19. I ask thee thy opinion.
1 See § 220. * See § 239, Rem. » See § 237, d.
LESSON LVII.
ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE. § 272.
Translate into Eng:Ush.
1. RSsa floret. 2. Video rSsam florere. 3. Aqua
frlglda est. 4. Sentio aquam frigidam esse. 5. Amicus
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64 , LATIN LESSONS.
aegrotus est. 6. Audio Smicum aegrotum esse. 7. Sen-
timus c^ere ignem. 8. Rem inteiligere vldeor. 9.
Romani fortissimi fuisse dicuntur. 10. Tradunt Ro-
mam a Romulo condltam ^ esse. 11. Spero te ex Mn6re ^
mox rSditurum esse. 12. Spero patrem mox rgditurum
esse. 13. Quieto esse tibi ^ licet. 14. Te valere gaudeo.
1 Composition? ^ Form an adjective from iter, § 164, A,
3 See § 272, a.
Translate into ILatin.
1. The boy studies. 2. I see that the boy is studying.
8. The friends have returned. * 4. We hear that (our)
friends have returned. 5. The soldiers were brave. 6.
The soldiers are said to have been brave. 7. I wish
that you would return. 8. I see that the mountain is
large. 9. I think that the mind of man is immortal.
10. I think that the king's army has returned. 11. It
is related that the Romans were very brave. 12. I per-
ceive that the water is cold. 13. You cannot be quiet.
14. We cannot be quiet.
LESSON LVllL
ABLATIVE. §242.1
Translate Into EnsrUsh.
1. Vtri abstinent pugna. 2. Magno mStu me ITbSra-
bis. 3. Oculis videmus, auribus audimus. 4. Opus est
mihi duce. 6. Duces nobis (5pus sunt. 6. Vir dimTcat
ferro. 7. Nostri Squites cum funditoribus^ sSgittariis-^
que flumen^ transgressi sunt. 8. Solus p5titus est
impSrio Romiilus. 9. Vir culpa dignus est. 10. Aqua
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LESSON LVIII. 65
est grSvior aere (or quam aer). 11. Sol major est quam
terra (or terra). 12. Erat Caesar excelsa stStura, nigris
vSgetisque ^ 5culis, cSpite calvo. 13. Multitudine hos-
tium castra nostra eomplentur. 14. Murus defensoribus
nudatus est. 15. Vir ISpide interfectus est. 16. Vir a
milite interfectus est. 17. Milites ad castra Caesaris
omnibus copiis contenderunt. 18. Amulius, pulso fra-
tre,^ regnavit. 19. Caius Julius Caesar, nobilissima
gSnitus filmilia, annum Sgens sextum et dScYmum,*
patrem ainisit.
* Learn Rules 26 to 33, inclusive, and 35 ; read §§ 242, 243, with a,
ft, d, e,/, 244, with a, 245, a, c, 246, 247,a and c, 248, a, 249, 250, 251,
252, a, 253, 254, h, 255, and a.
2 Derivation?
' By what clause is pulse fratre to be rendered V § 180, c.
* When he was in his sixteenth year.
Translate into liatin.
1. The soldiers fought bravely with the sword. 2.
He will liberate you from great fear. 3. They have
need of a guide. 4. Caesar needed ten thousand ses-
terces. 5. We see with our eyes. 6. Caesar, a man of
the greatest talent, joined foresight with eloquence. 7.
Caesar was born of a very noble family. 8. He is praised
for his diligence, not for his ability. 9. The soldier was
killed by a javelin. 10. The men were killed by the
soldiers. 11. The earth is larger than the moon. 12.
The boy went to the city in company with his father.
13. Our camp is filled with soldiers. 14. The sun is
larger and brighter than the moon. 15. Caesar was a
man of great eloquence. 16. Caesar was more powerful
than all (the rest of) the citizens. 17. Caesar will use
these men as guides. 18. Caesar crossed the river with
all his cavalry. 19. The soldier values money highly.^
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66 LATIN LESSONS.
20. The king sold his country for gold. 21. The soldier
was lame in one foot. 22. The enemy, having made an
attack (lit. an attack having been made), put our sol-
diers into disorder. 23. When the sun had risen^^ the
Romans saw the enemy. 24. After he had heard these
things^ he led his army to the bank of the river. 25.
When these things were done^ Caesar ordered his soldiers
to set out.
^ Magni.
* The sentences in italics are to be translated by the ablative
absolute.
LESSON LIX. ^
TIME AND PLACE. § 256.»
Translate into £ns:lish.
1. Primo concursu incrSpuere arma. 2. InTta^ aes-
tate, Caesar eum legatum^ misit. 3. Milites s^cunda
vYgYlia, magno cum strgpttu ac ttimultu, castris egiessi
sunt. 4. Castra amplius nulia passuum octo in latTtu-
dinem patebant. 5. Ille tria passuum milia ab ipsa urbe
castra p5suit. 6. Consul in ItSliam pr5fectus est. 7.
CicSro pr5fectus est Athenas, in urbem cSlSberrlmam.
8. Consul Roma Athenas pr5fectus est. 9. Caesar
Romam pr5fectus est. 10. Caesar libSratus confestim
Miletum, quae urbs proxirae abSrat, pr5p€nivit. 11.
Vixit Romae. 12. Scipio decessit C5rintho. 13. Puer
ibat d5mum. 14. Puer redierat rus. 15. Ultima hora
venit nuntius. 16. Vir multos annos d5mi vixit. 17.
Miles humi jScebat. 18. Jiilius Caesar, quaestor fac-
tus, in Hispaniam pr5fectus est. 19. Caesar a Brun-
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LESSON LIX. 67
dfeio Dyrrachium inter oppSsitas classes gravissima hieme
milites transmisit. 20. Hanno Carthagini vixit. 21.
Alexander Bab^loni mortuus* est. 22. Atttcus, CSicg-
ronis toicus, multos annos Athebis vixit. 28. Vir
Delphis vixit.
* Learn Rules 34, 36, and 37; read §§ 256, 257, a, b, 258, a, b, c, (f,
/, and g.
^ In the beginning of summer ; see ineo.
* As ambassador,
* Form derivatives from verb-stem, mor-i-ar; the root mar ap-
pears in maro-e-o, to wither.
Syn. — Rus, the country , opposed to the town; pataia, one^s na-
tive country; regio, a large region^ including fields and cities.
Translate Into Latin.
1. The towers were two hundred feet high. 2. The
soldiers built a wall forty feet high, and six feet thick.*
3. Csesar lived fifty-eight years. 4. In the summer my
friends and I^ shall depart from Rome ; I shall go to
Miletus, they will go to Athens. 6. In the first watch
the soldiers departed from the camp with a great tumult.
6. Caesar set out for Rome. 7. Caesar set out from Rome.
8. Caesar wished to be first at Rome. 9. My friends and
1 2 will go into the country at the beginning of summer.
10. My friend lived many years at Athens. 11. Your
friend lived many years at my house. 12. Many apples
lay on the ground. 13. I had-rather^ dwell at Athens
than at Rome. 14. Many great generals were born at
Rome. 15. Some men live more* than one hundred
years* 16. The consuls set out from Rome to Athens.
17. He lived at Rome. 18. He lived at Carthage. 19.
He lived at Athens. 20. He died at Corinth. 21. The
soldiers lie on the ground in summer. 22. Csesar placed
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68 LATIN LESSONS.
his camp ten miles from the city. 23. The ambassador
set out from Carthage for Rome. 24. Caesar, (when he
was) made quaestor, hastened from Italy to Spain. 25.
He comes into Italy. 26. He returns from the country.
27. They were with me both in peace and in war. 28.
He returned from the city to the country. 29. I have
lived at Athens, at Rome, and at Carthage ; In the city
and in the country ; I have studied literature at home
and abroad, but now I shall return to my villa in Italy
(ace). 30. He lived many years in Italy.
* Latus, a, tun.
* In Latin, the pronoun of the first person is written before those
of the second or third.
8 Malim. * AmpUus. See § 247, c.
LESSON LX.
USE OF TENSES. §204.»
« Translate into ShigUsh.
1. Eamus:^ ne eamus. 2. Ferte misero auxtlium.
3. Amicus vSnit ut nos videat.^ 4. Amicus scripsit
ut nos mbneret. 6. Amicus scripsit ut nos mbneat. 6.
Vir disslmiilat * mStum atque spem vultu stmulat. 7.
Agric51a hSmines mittit ut agrum Srent. 8. Dux prae-
misit equites, qui viam explorarent. 9. AgiTcola h5mi-
nes misit ut agrum Srarent. 10. Pater crLrat, ut puer
bSne educetur. 11. P^ter ciirabat, ut puer bSne Mu-
caretur.* 12. Mea unius causa ^ vSnit. 13. Cognosco
quid facturus sis.^ 14. Cognoscebam quid faotiirus
esses.
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LESSONS LX., LXI. 69
1 Learn §§ 264, 265, 266; also §§ 276, rf, 277, a, 278, 279, 280,281,
282, 283, 284 (285), 1, 2, and 286 ; read carefully the note on pp. 194
and 195; also Rule 48; review § 112, particularly the note and the
translation of the examples.
* B-o, root i, derivatives, i-tio, i-tiis, i-ter ; give the meaning of
each. « To see us, § 817.
* Derivation ? Form derivatives from the verb-stem.
■ * For my sake alone, §245, c. Uniiis .agrees with the genitive of the
personal pronoun implied in the possessive mea.
' (^What you are going to do), will do.
Syx. — Simolo, pretend what does not exist ; dissimulo, conceal
what does exist.
Syn. — Via is the path or road on which one goes ; Iter (the
going) is the Journey in an abstract sense, or the way that leads di-
rectly to a place ; callis, a mountain path : BemXta, a foot-path or
hy-way.
Translate into Latin.
1. We wrote the letter. 2. Let us write the letter.
3. Let us not write the letter, 4. I come to see ^ you.
5. I came to see you. 6. I will send the men to plough
the field. 7. I have sent the men to plough the field.
8. He came to warn us. 9. He has come to warn us.
10. What did you say ? 11. He asked what you said.
12. He promised to send me a letter. 13. He promises
to send me a letter. 14. He has promised to send me
a letter.
1 See § 317.
LESSON LXI.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. § 804.»
Translate into EngUsh.
1. Si hSc fScit, bSne est. 2. Si h5c faciat, bSne sit.
3. Si h5c fecisset, bSne fuisset. 4. Si h5c faeeret, bSne
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70 LATIN LESSONS.
esset. 5. Si id credis, erras. 6. Si me laudabis, ego te
laudabo. 7. Si quid hSbet, dSt. 8. Si quid habeat, det.
9. Si quid hSbuisset, dSdisset. 10. Si h5c dicas, erres.
11. Si attenti fuissetis, mSgister^ non sSverus fuisset.
12. Si hoc diceres, errares. 13. Si h5c dixisses, erras-
ses. 14. Si pacem non impStrabimus, hostes pr6v5-
caMmus ad pugnam. 16. Si id credideris, eryaveris.
16. Si spMtuni^ diicit, vivit. 17. Si acrfter^ pugna-
bitis, milttes, patriam iTbSrabitis.^ 18. Si semper bSne
vixSris, ab omnibus dlligere.^ 19. Si id credebas, erra-
bas. 20. Si vis Smari, toia. 21. Si quis a dbmtno
prShenderetur,^ concursu militum eripiebatur. 22. Si
id fSciemus, peccabimus. 23. Si tibi satisfSoerem,*
mthi ipsi satisfScerem. 24. Convincam, si nggas. 25.
Milites, si jussi essent urbem obsMere,* earn obsedissent
et expugnavissent.^
1 Learn Rule 46, with §§ 304, a, J, 805, a, &, c, d, 306, 807, 808 ;
read §§ 309, a, 6, and c, 310, 311, 812, and 816.
2 Give the derivation.
' Translate, If (ever) any one was seized hy his master ^ he was
(always) rescued y etc.
* Give the composition. ^ Derivatives from the verb-stem?
Translate into Latin.
1. If he should do this, it would be well. 2. If he shall
do this, it will be well. 3. If I should have any money,
I would give it to you. 4. If I had done this, it would
have been well. 5. If one gives me money, I (always)
give it to the poor. 6. If you were studying, I should
rejoice. 7. If he says this, he is mistaken. 8. If you
were here, you would think differently. 9. The mind
grows weak, unless you exercise it. 10. If you would
read this book, I would give it to you. 11. If this were
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LESSON LXII. 71
SO, I should be glad. 12. If you (shall) remain with
me, I will give the money to you. 13. If any one at-
tempted to cross the river, the soldiers prevented them.
14. If he had spoken the truth, he would have been
praised. 15. If they should give up their vessels, the
enemy promised them peace. 16. If this had been so, I
should have been glad. 17. If Caesar (shall) assault the
town, the enemy will flee. 18. If this is so, I am glad.
LESSON LXII.
COMPARATIVE AND CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. § 313.*
Translate into Enfirligh.
1. Quamvis Tii51estus d5lor sit, malum non est. 2.
Vita brSvis est, lYcet supra mille annos exeat. 3. Ut
desint vires, tamen est laudanda vbluntas.^ 4. Multi
omnia recta negligunt, dummbdo pStentiam consequan-
tur. 6. PStres mStus cepit, vSlut si jam ad portas hostis
esset. 6. Adero, dumm5do sis d5mi. 7. AdSro Sgo,
licet absit Amiens. 8. Dumm5do tu adsis, adSro ego.
9. Omnia postp5sui, dumm5do praeceptis patris parerem.
10. Magno me mStu^ libgrabis,* dummSdo inter me atque
te miirus intei*sit. 11. Ut sementes feceris, Ita mStes.
' Learn Rule 43, and §§313 (read a, 6, c, d, e,/, and g), 814 ; read
§ 315, a.
■ Give the derivation. * Form a verb fix)m metus.
* Derivatives from the verb-stem?
Translate into I^atin.
1. Although the summer was passed,^ Caesar led his
army into Gaul. 2. Although I was present, you said
that. 3. Provided I am present, you will be present.
4. Although you should kill me, yet I should say that.
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72 LATIN LESSONS.
5. I shall be present, provided your father is at home. 6.
I was present, although you were absent. 7. We will
do this, although we know that we shall be punished.
8. Although you have laid waste our fields, yet if you
will give hostages we will make peace with you. 9.
Although the enemy fought bravely, yet they were
driven from the town. 10. Caesar promises to give
corn until they reach ^ the river. 11. On the following
day, Caesar, before the enemy could recover from their
alarm, led his army into the territories of the Suessi-
ones. 12. Fear seized the citizens, as if the enemy
were already in the city.
* Use ezacta erat ^ Use dum perveniatur.
LESSON LXIII.
TEMPORAL CLAUSES. §322.*
Translate into EngUsh.
1. Cum d5cemur, tScere debemus. 2. Tiberius Grac-
chus, cum esset tribunus plebis, a s^natu descivit.^ 3.
Dum haec geruntur, hostinm copiae convSniunt. 4. Le-
gati CicSronem, cum Romae essent, audiebant. 5. ItSque,
priusquam quidquam conaretur, Divititicum ad se v5cari
jubet. 6. Tempestas minatur antequam surgat. 7. Du-
centis annis antequam Romam cepissent, in ItSliam Galli
descenderunt. 8. Caesar dum rSliquae naves conve-
nirent, ad horam nonam exspectavit. 9. Caesar, cum
Pompeium apud Pharsalum vicisset, in Asiam trajecit.
10. Caesar ad Pompeii castra pervenit, priusquam Pom-
peius sentiret. 11. Mllites cupide exspectabant, dum
dux se e castris contra hostes educeret. 12. Rhenus
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LESSON LXIII. 73
servat violentiam cursus, donee cum OceSno misceatur.
13. Priusquam incYpias, consulto opus est. 14. Donee te
videram, valde soUMtus eram. 15. Donee te vidisset,
noiuit abire puer.^ 16.' Donee te viderat, noluit abire
puer. 17. Postquam Caesar aeiem instruxit, omnes
hostes in unum I5eum eonv5laverunt.
* Learn §§ 322, 323, 824, 825, 326, 827, and 328.
2 Translate, abandoned the party of the Senate.
* The subjunctive in this sentence implies that the boy did go
away without seeing you ; while the next sentence implies that he
did not go until he accomplished his object.
Translate into liatln.
1. When I am at Athens, I shall hear Zeno. 2. When
I was at Athens, I heard Zeno. 3. When Caesar was
sought for to be put to death,^ he eseaped from the city
by night. 4. While these things were going on at Rome,
the forees of the enemy assembled. 5. Before you begin,
there is need of deliberation.^ 6. After Caesar pereeived
that, he led his forees to the nearest hill. 7. He waited
until the rest of the ships assembled. 8. When Caesar
had conquered Pompey, he crossed into Asia. 9. Before
they heard of my approach, I entered the city. 10. These
things took place after he had entered the city. 11. I
waited until he came. 12. The forces of the enemy as-
sembled before these things took place.^ 13. These things
did not take place until he had entered the city. 14.
While the senate was preparing war against Caesar, he
made himself dictator. 15. They were present before it
was light. 16. When a certain old man * at Athens had
come into the theatre, a place was nowhere given to him
by his fellow-citizens ; but when he came to the Lacedae-
monians, who, since they were ambassadors, were seated ^
in a certain place, they all rose together.
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74 LATIN LESSONS.
* To seek for to put to death, qusBrere ad mortem.
2 § 248, e. * Use facta sunt.
* Use quidam grandis natu. ^ Use pluperfect of oozuuda
LESSON LXIV.
CAUSAL CLAUSES. § 82L»
Translate into Engrlish.
1. Laudo te, quia tu me laudas. 2. Laudabat me,
quod filium meum culparem. 3. Qu5niam jam nox est,
in vestra tecta diseedite. 4. Quae ^ cum ita siut, perge.
5. Is quamvis integer ^ esset, quia tribus impar erat,
fugam simulavit. 6. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius
posset consequi, interfecit. 7. Gaudeo, quod vSles. 8.
Pater filio irascebatur, quod non solverat {had paid)
quod poUieitus Srat. 9. Succenseo tibi, quia lucrum
Smlcitiae antep5suisti. 10. Caesar ab Aeduis friimentum
flagitabat,* quod milites magna in5pia ui-gerentur. 11.
Omnes cives gaudent, quod duces mllitum cupiditates
coercuerunt.
» Learn § 821, a, 6, and <?. * § 201, e.
^ Although he teas unhurt; form an adjective from integer, and
give the derivation.
* Give the derivation.
Translate into I^atin.
1. You have praised me because I praised you. 2.
Since it is now night, we will depart. 3. When it is
night, we will depart. 4. I will praise the boy because
he studies well. 5. Since these things are so,^ there is
need of deliberation. 6. He accuses them severely be-
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LESSONS LXIV., LXV. 75
cause he is not assisted by them. 7. I am angry with
you, that you should prefer gain to friendship. 8. I am
angry with you because you (actually) did prefer gain
to friendship. 9. They rejoiced because they were going
to assault the city. 10. The citizens rejoiced because
CsBsar restrained the soldiers.
^ Quae onm ita sint, § 201, e.
LESSON LXV.
FINAL CLAUSES. § 317.»
Translate into EnsrliBh.
1. Laudas me, ut a me invtcem lauderis. 2. Laudabat
me, ut a me invtcem laudaretur. 3. Contendit Caesar
maxtmis Mneribus in fines Nerviorum, ut consilia eorum
cognosceret. 4. Vir vSnit ut portas claudat. 5. Vir
venit ut portas clauderet. 6. Caesar mllites cShortatus
est, ut fortiter castra defenderent. 7. Caesar milites
qShortatus est, quo mortem fortius obirent. 8. Agrtc51a
homines misit qui agrum Srarent. 9. Rex impgravit
mihi ut abirem. 10. Pater jussit ut abirem. 11. Inde
decretum est a sSnatu, utvMeret consul ne quid^ detri-
menti ^ respublTca cSperet. 12. Equttatum, qui sustt-
neret hostium impgtum, misit. 13. Puer vSnit ut vtdeat.
14. Puer venit ut nos vtderet. 15. Romulus edixit ne
quis vallum transfliret.
* Learn § 817, &, and 318 ; read a, &, c, and d. * Any.
» §216, a, 8.
Syn. — lilcet and concesBum est, it is allowed, refers to what ia
allowed by human law ; fas est, it is allowed by Divine law.
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76 LATIN LESSONS.
Translate Into lAtin.
1. He came to close ^ the door. 2. He has come to
close the door. 3. He will come to close the door. 4.
He has come to see me. 5. The Helvetians determined
to depart from their own territories, in order that they
might obtain possession of all Gaul. 6. He encouraged
the soldiers in order that ^ they might meet death more
bi-avely. 7. He has encouraged the soldiers in order that
they may meet death bravely. 8. I gave you orders to
depart. 9. I have given you orders to depart. 10. He
sent legates to ask for peace. 11. We have praised you,
in order that we may be praised by j'ou in turn. 12. I
will strive to be serviceable to j^ou. 13. I have striven
to be serviceable to you. 14. He sent the cavalry to
sustain the attack of the enemy. 15. I ask you to do
this. 16. Tasked you to do this. 17. I will encourage
him to learn. 18. I have encouraged him to learn. 19.
I will strive to conquer. 20. I am going to look at the
games. 21. I went to look at the games.
1 Observe that the English infinitive expressing a purpose (when
it is equivalent to that^ in order that) is to be translated by ut with
the subjunctive, or some other of the forms on page 183.
• Quo is used in preference to ut when there is a comparative in
the clause which it introduces.
LESSON LXVI.
CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. § 319.»
Translate into Engrlish.
1. Quid obstat quominus moenia statim oppugnemus?
2. Sunt, qui censeant una animum et corpus occMere.
8. Non dubito quin venim dixeris. 4. Sapientia est
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LESSON LXVI. 77
una, quae homines beatos reddere possit. 5. Vir prbbus
dignus est, qui ab omnibus diligatur. 6. Eum deterrue-
runt, qu5minus d5mo exiret. 7. Nemo est, qui id mihi
persuadere possit. 8. Non diibito quin sapientissimus
sis. 9. Rufum Caesar idoneum judicaverat quern mit-
teret. 10. Tanta vis prbbitati est, ut earn vel in hoste
diligamus. 11. Majus gaudium ^ fuit, quam quod Huiver-
sum homines cSperent.^ 12. Nemo Srat, qui cuperet
me e civitate^ expellere.* 13. Nemo fuit omnium
militum qui vulnSraretur.
^ Learn §§ 319, a, c, d, 320, a, 6, c, d, e, and/
* Translate, than (what) men could take in all at once ; § 320 e,
* Give the derivation. * Give the verb-stem.
Translate into liatin.
1. I will hinder him from going from home. 2. I
hindered him from going home. 3. The soldiers hin-
dered me from going to the city. 4. The soldiers have
hindered me from going to the city. 6. There was no
one who did not rejoice. 6. There was no one who
wished to do this. 7. Wisdom alone can render men
happy. 8. There are some* who thought that Caesar
was in the city. 9. I did not doubt that you had
spoken the truth. 10. What prevents us from seeing
the games? 11. What prevented us from seeing the
games ? 12.. The river was so broad that he did not
cross it. 13. The fear of the soldiers was so great that
he did not lead them from the camp. 14. There is no one
of the soldiei-s who is not wounded. 15. He does not de-
serve to be heard. 16. He deserved to be heard. 17.
He is a suitable person to send.^ 18. He was a suitable
person to send. 19. There were some who departed
from the city. 20. There are some who do not fear.
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78 LATIN LESSONS.
21. There are some who wish to see the games. 22. He
gave orders to lead the soldiers out of the camp. 23.
What hinders him from leading the soldiers out of the
camp ? 24. He is not a suitable person to lead the
soldiers out of the camp. 25. There were some who
led the soldiers out of the camp. 26. The Romans
fought so bravely that they defeated the enemy. 27.
We cannot object (to it) that others should differ from
us.
^ Translate quern mittamas, or qui mittatur.
LESSON LXVII.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE. §835.*
Translate into EngrUsh.
1. Dux dicit, " Rex urbem oppugnat." 2. Dux dicit
regem urbem oppugnare. 3. Puer dicit, " Cupio dis-
cere." 4. Puer dicit se cupere discere. 5. Pax est
compQsita. 6. Nuntius allatus est pacem esse~comp5si-
tam. 7. "Omnia peri^runt," inquit Caesar; " consu-
lite, niTlites, vestrae s3,luti." 8. Caesar dixit omnia
perisse ; mllites suae s31uti consulerent. 9. Puer dixit
se, si quid haberet, dS-turum esse.^ 10. Censeo, si Mc
dicas, te errare. 11. Vir censebat, si hoc diceres, te
errare. 12. Vir censebat, si hoc diceres, te erraturum
esse. 13. Quid a,gis ? Die, quid Sgas. 14. Quis hunc
librum 16git? 15. Dixit se postulaturum fuisse quis hunc
librum ISgeret. 16. Miles dicit a se, quia tii se laudes,
te laudari. 17. Dux dixit se intelligere quid S-geret
hostis.3 18. Dux dixit se intelligere quid egisset hostis.
19. Dux dixit se intellexisse quid egisset hostis. 20.
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LESSON LXVII. 79
Puer dicebat se, si posset, venturum esse. 21. Si quid
Mbet, dat. 22. Puer dicit, si quid h&eat, se dSre.
. 23. Si quid hSbeat, det. 24. Puer dIcit, si quid hSbeat,
se daturum esse. 25. Puer dixit, si quid habuisset, se
daturum fuisse. 26. Caesar dixit se, postquam hostes
fiisi essent, castra muniturum esse. 27. Dixit * puer se
tibi quae haberet dfiturum esse.
* Learn §§ 335, 336, a, ft, 337-341, a, 6, c, d, 342.
2 Translate these first as simple conditional sentences, and ex-
plain the change of tense and mood in indirect discourse.
* Translate these first as direct questions : then explain the tense
and mood in indirect discourse.
* Form an intensive and iterative verb, and derivatives from the
verb-stem of the intensive.
Syn. — Aveo, long for ; desidero, desire what one has had, but
now feels the loss of (hence, regret) ; v61o , wish ; opto, prefer ;
cUpio, desire (general term) ; geatio, desire^ and manifest it by
gestures.
Dico, saij (transitive form of 16qui) ; 15qui, speak or talk (opposed
to t&cere, keep silent) ; fari, talk^ use articulate speech ; dicere is to
speak for the information of the hearers; aio expresses the asser-
tion of the speaker (opposed to nego) ; inquam is used to intro-
duce the very words of the speaker, and always comes after one or
more words of the quotation, § 349; c.
Translate into lAtin.
1. I am going to Rome. 2. The boy saj^'s, " I am
going to Rome." 3. The boy says that he is going to
Rome. 4. Caesar has assaulted the city. 5. The mes-
senger said, " Csesar has assaulted the city." 6. The
messenger said that Caesar had assaulted the city with
all his forces. 7. He thinks that you are mistaken if
you say this. 8. He thinks you would be mistaken if
you should say this. 9. He thinks you would have been
mistaken if you had said this. 10. He thinks you would
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80 LATIN LESSONS.
be mistaken if you had said this. 11. He says that he
sees what the enemy are doing. 12. He said that he
saw what the enemy had been doing. 13. He said that
he praised you because you had praised him. 14. The
messenger said that the forces of the enemy assembled
while these things were going on. 15. He said that he
feared you would not come. 16. Caesar said that he haJ
sent his lieutenants to do thi6. 17. The ambassador
said that he was present before it was light. 18. Caesar
said that the Helvetians had departed from their terri-
tories in order that they might obtain possession of all
Gaul. 19. He says that he has come to see you. 20.
He said that he had come to see you. 21. Caesar said
that he had sent the cavalry to sustain the attack of the
enemy. 22. Caesar said that he feared that the general
would not lead his forces out of the camp. 28. It is
related that, when Caesar had conquered Pompey, he
crossed into Asia. 24. Ariovistus said that he would
not wage ^ war upon the iEduans,^ if they paid the
tribute yearly.^ 25. The men said that they would give
what they had. 26. He said that he would give me
the book before he left the city.
* Use iUatumm esse. ' Use quotannis.
• Use the dative.
LESSON LXVIII.
THE INFINITIVE. § 270.»
Translate into £ng^lisli.
1. Putas^ me scribere. 2. Piitabo me scribere. 3.
Putas me scripsisse. 4. Putabis me scripsisse. 5. Ptito
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LESSON Lxvrii. 81
te scripturum esse. 6. Miles cum pugnaretiir, humi
jScebat. 7. MSmYni eum cum pugnaretur humi jacere.
8. Dicit me cum pugnaretur humi jS-cuisse. Q. Dicit
puer se laudatum esse (or fuisse). 10. Piitat puer se
laudatum iri. 11. Vir dicebat se si posset, venturum
esse. 12. Vir dicebat se si p5tuisset, venturum fuiss6.
13. Piitabat puer se laudatum iri (or futurum ^ esse
ut laudaretur). 14. Piitabit puer se laudatum iri (or
fore ut laudetur). 15. Putaverat puer se laudatum iri.
16. Nuntius dicit, gquites tela conicere. 17. Nuntius
dixit Squites tela conicere. 18. Nuntius dixit Squites
tela conjecisse. 19. Nuntius dicit gquites tela conjecisse.
20. CsBsar intelligit bellum p^ratum esse. . 21. Caesar
intellexit bellum pSratum esse. 22. Caesar intellexit
bellum p^ratum iri. 23. Caesar castra miiniri jussit. 24.
Caesar pontem rescindi vStuit. 25. Caesar milites castra
munire jussit. 26. Oportet nos virtuti studere, (or) vir-
tuti studeamus Sportet. 27. NScesse est sSpientem
semper beatum esse. 28. Homone p5test dubitare
quin deus universum mundum gubernet? 29. Dulce
est pro patria m5ri. 30. V5lo (cupio, studeo, possum,
debeo) discere. 31. Aliud * est dScere, Sliud discere.
32. Dux imperavit urbem diripi. 33. DScet te esse
diligentem.
1 Learn §§ 270, 271, 272, 6, 274, 275, 288, a, 6, c, d, and/, 330, 1,
2, and 3 ; also § 336, a.
* For the time denoted by the infinitive in indirect discourse,
see § 278 and h; thus: putas me scribere, you think I am writing;
putas me scripsisse, you think that I was writing, wrote , have writ-
ten, or had written ; putas me scripturum esse, you think that I will
torite : when the principal verb is in a past tense, the translation of
the infinitive is changed, though the relation of time is the same,
thus: putavisti me scribere, you thought I was writing; putavisti
me scripsisse, you thought I had written,
6
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82 LATIN LESSONS.
* Observe that the future infinitive is made up of the supine and
iri; when the verbs have no supine, fore or futurum esse ut must
be used.
* § 189, d. '
Syn. — P5testas, power ^ hioful authority^ as of a magistrate ;
p5tentia, unconstitutional power ^ predominance ; p5tentatuB, the
power of a ruler, which is acknowledged by those subject to him ;
ditio, power, jurisdiction.
Translate into liatin.
1. He says, " I am writing." 2. He says that he is
writing. 3. He says, " I have written." 4. JHe says
that he has written. 5. He says, " I wrote." 6. He
says that he has written. 7. He says, " While you were
absent I was writing." 8. He says that while you were
absent he was writing.^ 9. He says, " J will write."
10. He says that he will write. 11. He says, " I had
written." 12. He says that he had written. 13. He
said that he had written before you came from the
country. 14. He said, "I know." 15. He said that
he knew. 16. He said, " I will come." 17. He said that
he would come. 18. He says, " I will come." 19. He
says that he will come if he can. 20. You ought to have
done this. 21. I remember that you said this. 22. You ^
may go to the city if you wish. 23. It is difficult to do
this. 24. They wish to cross the river. 25. He said
that the town would be taken.^ 26. The boy wishes to
read. 27. The boy can learn. 28. He orders the soldiers
to bear forward the standards.^ 29. He orders the camp
to be fortified.^ 30. He forbids the soldiers to bear for-
ward the standards, you must be quiet. 31. It is noble
to die for ^ a friend. 32. The soldiers ought to bear for-
ward the standards. 33. I wish you would return.
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LESSONS LXVIII., LXIX. 83
34. Caesar said, " The enemy are coining : set out sol-
diers from the camp." 35. Caesar said that the enemy
are coming, and hence the soldiers should set out from
the camp,
* Use the imperfect infinitive.
2 Lit. It vi permitted to you (licet), etc. ; see Notfe Gr. p. 60.
» Render this both ways. See § 288, /
* Translate this both ways.
* Jubeo and veto always have the infinitive of verbs in the pas-
sive voice.
« Pro.
LESSON LXIX.
WISHES AND COMMANDS. § 267.*
TranBlate into English.
1. Laudemus nomen Dei. 2. Confer ^ longissimam
aetatem cum aeternttate. 3. MSli secernant se a b5nis.
4. " Nolim 3 quYdem, Gracche," inquit, " mea b5na tibi
viritim divMere llceat ; sed si fS-cies, partem pStam."
5. Utinam eas res effiicere possim.* 6. Utinam vera
invSnire possem. 7. UtYnam ne abires. 8. Utinam ne
abisses. 9. Scribite ; ne scriberis. 10. Noli sciibere ;
scripseri^. 11. Cura, ut vSnias. 12. Hostes, inquit
Caesar, adventant ; proinde, niilites, e castris exite.
13. Caesar dixit hostes adventare ; proinde milites e
castris exirent. 14. Nolim puer vSniat. 15. Ne trans-
ieris Rh5dSnum. 16. Ineamus in urbem. 17. VS-letii-
dinem tuam ciira diligenter. 18. Gives mei sint beati.
19. EquTdem Vffllem,^ ut d5mi esses.
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84 LATIN LESSONS.
• Learn §§ 265, a, 1, 2, and 3, 266, a, c, 267, a, 6, c, 268, 269, a, 6,
c?, 1, 2, and 3 ; 311, a and b,
• See § 128, c.
• / should be unwilling (in some future case) ; § 831,/, Rem.
• § 267.
• / should (now) toish (on some condition not fulfilled).
* Translate into Latin.
1. Let us go to the city. 2. Let us love our country.
3. Cross not the river. 4. Would that I could ^ accom-
plish this. 5. Do not forget your country. 6. Would
that you had been here. 7. Let all who wish to accom-
plish this follow me. 8. May you be happy. 9. No
good 2 (man) can doubt concerning the providence of
God. 10. My friends, I hope you are well.^ 11. I
hope my father is alive.* 12. I wish my father were
alive.^ 13. I wish my father had lived. 14. Let us
imitate our ancestors. 15. Would that he had led out
with him all his forces. 16. Oh that he would come !
17. Would that he had come.
^ In some future time. ^ Nemo bonus.
^ May you be safe,
* Would that my father may be alive (use vivo).
* Would that my father were alive.
LESSON LXX.
RELATIVE AND INTERMEDIATE CLAUSES. § 198.^
Translate into KngUsh.
1. Deus est, qui mundum rSgit. 2. Hostes legatos ^
miserunt, qui pacem pSterent. 3. Sunt, qui vSluptatem
contemnant. 4. Dixit puer se tibi, qnodcumque hSberet,
daturum esse. 6. Dignus est qui laudetur. 6. Nemo
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LESSONS LXX., LXXI. 85
tSm pStens est ut omnia quae vSlit effleere ^ possit. 7.
Antmal sentit quid sit quod dSceat. 8. Id quod JiSbeo
tibi dabo. 9. Id quod habebat tibi dSbat. 10. Jussit,
ut quae naves venissent Euboeam pSterent. 11. Caesar
ab Aeduis frumentum flagitabat, quod essent publTce
pollMti.3
* Learn §§ 180, c, 198, 316, 317, 819, 820, 821, b, 822, 840, 841 (o,
6, c,(f), 842. • Composition?
• The subjunctive refers to the promises as made by the Aediii.
See § 840.
Translate into Ijatin.
1. The boys who study well, learn. 2. Th& farmer .
sent men to plough the field. 3. There were some who
thought the man should be condemned to death. 4.
The boys said that they would give you whatever they
had. 5. Would not the man^ who should see these
things, be forced to confess that there are gods. 6. No
one can be king of the Persians (Persanim) who has
not first 2 learnt ^ the discipline of the Magi (Magorum).
7. Who could love him whom he fears?
^ Haec qui videat, nonne, etc. = Bi qui videat, if any one were
to see^ etc.
^ First, ante.
' Qui non percepSrit, etc. := nisi peroeperit, unless, he has
learned, etc.
LESSON LXXI.
SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. § 829.*
Translate into English.
1. Mllites pontem fScere jussi sunt.^ 2. Romulus
fortissimus fuisse dicitur (traditur, fertur). 3. Ego
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86/ LATIN LESSONS.
b5nus esse dicor. 4. Caesar milites hortatus est, ut
acriter dimid^rent. 5. Caesar jussit milites castra
munire. 6. Caesar vStuit milites pontem rescindere
7. V51o ut ex itinere mox rSdeas. 8. Virtuti studea-
mus^ oportet. 9. Pater ciirat, ut Sgo bSne edu-
cer. 10. Sapiens semper beatus sit^ ngcesse est. 11.
Romulus edixit ne quis vallum transiliret. 12. Sol
eff icit, ut omnia floreant. 13. Omnes cives mStuebant,
ne urbs ab hostibus expugnaretur. 14. Timeo, ut hos
12.bores sustineas. 15. Accidit, ut illo tempore in urbe
essem. 16. PlScuit ei ut ad Ariovistum legatos mitteret.
17. Nuijquam putavi f5re* ut siipplex ad te vSnirem.
18. VSreor ut vSnias, or vSreor ne non venias. 19.
Legem brSvem^ esse 5portet, quo fScilius ab impgritis
tSneatur.® 20. Sentimus nivem esse albam. 21. Dux
irapSravit, ut milites urbem diriperent. 22. Gaudeo,
quod vMes. 23. DSeet te diligentem esse.
^ Learn §§ 329, 330, 1 and 2, a, 1, and 2,/ 331, a, 5, c, <?, e^f, 332,
a, &, t?, ^, 333, a and 6.
2 This lesson should be read in connection with the LIV. and
LXVI.
' See § 331, /, Rem. * That it would happen.
^ A law ought to he short. * May he comprehended.
Syn. — Placet, it pleases^ i. e., it is one's will or determination;
libet, it pleases, i. e., it agrees with one's inclination.
Translate into liatin.
1. The soldier is said to be brave. 2. Caesar orders
the soldiers to fortify the camp. 3. Csesar orders the
camp to be fortified.^ 4. The leader commands the city
to be assaulted. 5. The leader commands the soldiers
to assault the city. 6. They fear that you will do this,
7. They fear that you will not do this. 8. He forbids
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LESSONS LXXI., LXXII. 87
the soldiers to assault the town. 9. The soldiers may-
depart from the camp. 10. The father takes care that
his son is well educated. 11. He forbids the town to
be assaulted. 12. It pleases Caesar to send ambassadors.
13. I wish that you would return. 14. I seem to be
joyful. 15. They seem to be joyful. 16. Thy brother
seems to be joyful.
» See Note 5, Lesson LXVIII.
LESSON LXXII.
QUESTIONS. §210.»
Translate into Englisli.
1. Fuistine hSri in schSla ? 2. Die, fuerisne hSri in
schola ? 3. Quaerit num Caesar in urbe sit. 4. Num
Jta audes dicere ? 5. Utrum unus an pliires sunt mundi ?
6. Quaeritur, utrum iinus an pliires sint mundi. 7.
Utrum Cato an Caesar tibi praestantior et clarior vir
esse videtur ? 8. Caesar jussit eos speculari num hostes
ex castris exirent'. 9. Quaeritur Dii utrum sint, necne.
10. Isne est quem quaero, annon ? 11. Num dubium
est casune an consilio factus sit mundus? 12. Cujus
hie liber est ? tuusne ? non, sed fratris. 13. Utrum
yestra an nostra culpa est ? 14. Immo in sSnatum '
vSnit.
* Learn §§ 210, a, 5, c, d, e,f, 211, a, <?, 212, 334, and a.
Syn. — Orbis terranim, rather than terra, when there is decided
reference to other lands.
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Translate into LAtin.
1. Has Csesar set out for Rome ? 2. He inquired
whether Caesar had set out for Rome. 3. Is the city
strongly fortified ? 4. He asked whether the city was
strongly foi'tified. 6. Does he deserve praise? 6. It
is doubtful whether he deserves praise or not. 7. Will
you perform these things or not ? 8. Do the soldiers
obey their commander ? 9. Do you or I deserve praise ?
10. Is he a good man ? 11. It is uncertain whether he
is a good man or not. 12. Did you inquire how great
the forces of the enemy were ? 13. Is the victory due
to the soldiers or to the commander ? 14. He inquired
whether the victory was due to the soldiers or to the
commander. 15. Is this book yours or not ? 16. He
inquired whether this book was yours or not. 17. Is
that the man they seek or not? 18. He inquired
whether that was the man they sought or not.
LESSON LXXm.
PARTICIPLES. § 255.»
Translate into Englisli.
1. Sole 8riente,2 fugiunt tgnSbrae. 2. Bellum GalK-
cum, Caesare impSratore, gestum est. 3. Puer, me
.invito,^ abiit. 4. Gives cum hostibus urbem oppugnan-
tibus acriter dimtcabant. 5. Hostes victoriam Sdepti
in castra se rSceperunt. 6. Faustulus iTbSros tulit in
c2sam, et Accae Larentiae conjugi d^dit educandos.*
7. Terra mutata non mutat mores. 8. Milites, pilis
conjectis,^ phSlangem hostium perfregerunt. 9. VSreor
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LESSON LXXIII. 89
ut certus sis eundi. 10. Caesar, urbe capta,^ discessit.
11. Exercitus rediit, belli casum de intSgro tentaturus.
12. Quis est, qui me unquam vtderit ISgentem ? 13.
Hostes amnem transgressi castra miiniverunt. 14.
Caesar ea re coramotus, in ItS-liam rediit, armis inju-
riam acceptam vindlcaturus. 15. Ex amissis civibus
dSlor fuit. 16. AgricSla hSmines misit agrum S,raturos.
17. Caesar cum sola dScima Iggione pr5fecturus est.
18. Priusquam incipias, consul to,^ et ubi consulueris,
matiire facto 6pus est. 19. Solem 5rientem^ cum maxi-
ma v51uptate spectamus.^
^ Learn §§ 25, e, 109, a, 113, 114, 255, 289j 290, 6, c, J, 291, 292,
a, &, c, df e, 293, a, 294 (a, 5, c, d), and note.
* Translate, when the sun rises, etc. § 292.
» § 255, and note.
* The participle in -dus liere denotes a purpose. See § 294, d,
^ What circumstance does this denote, — time, condition, or
cause ?
* As there is no perfect active participle, its place is supplied by
the ablative absolute, or by a clause with cum : as, urbe capta =
ctim urbem cepisset, etc.
' Lit. there is need of consulting, or freely, you need advice,
* Rising. » Derivatives ?
Translate into Ijatin.
1. When this was hnown^ Caesar departed. 2. Csesar,
when he went to G-aul^ took three legions. 3. Caesar,
after he had subdued Giaul} set out for Rome. 4. He
assists others, without robbing himself.^ 5. Under Coesar
as commander^ the soldiers fought bravely. 6. He re-
turned to Rome to contend with his enemies. 7. Many-
things go on without your perceiving it.^ 8. After he
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90 LATIN LESSONS.
had been elected consul^ he left the city. 9. After I had
spoken^ you went away. 10. Because their leader was
killed^ the soldiers fled. 11. The soldiers, by throwing
their weapons^ repulsed the line of the enemy. 12. I
come to assist you. 13. When the leader ordered^ the sol-
diers assaulted the town. 14. This happened one hun-
dred years before the founding of the city. 15. Did you
hear me when I said that? 16. I saw my friend sitting
in the garden yesterday. 17. Caesar is going to set out
from the camp with five legions. 18. Caesar lost his
father when he was^ sixteen years (old).
* Observe that the ablative absolute can be used only when the
subject of the subordinate clause is different from that of the prin-
cipal clause (except in such phrases as se invito, against his will,
used in indirect discourse, and a few others not to be imitated).
2 Lit. not robbing himself, se non spolians.
^ Lit. you not perceiving it, te non sentiente.
* Use agens, pres. part.
LESSON LXXIV.
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. § 294.»
Translate into £nglisli.
1. In ambulando mecum cogito. 2. NStandi ars uti-
lis est. 3. DSeendo discimus. 4. Ars civitatem guber-
nandi difficiUima est. 5. In iTbris tuis iSgendis lios tres
dies cum multa vSluptate exegi. 6. Cupido urbis con-
dendae ^ Romulum cepit. " 7. Ars civitatis gubernaodae '
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LESSON LXXIV. 91
est difficiilima. 8. PrSficiscendum mihi erat illo ipso
die. 9. Hostes in spem venerant pStiendorum castro-
rum.3 10. Caesar I8quendi finem fScit. 11. Asinus
idonens est SnSra portando. 12. Asinus idoneus est
bnSribas portandis. 13. Ars pueros educandi diff icilis
est. 14. CStillna bellum suscepit * reipublicae delendae
causa. 15. Agrieola homines misit ad agrum Srandum.
16. AgrieSla hSmines misit agri Srandi causa. 17.
AgricSla homines misit agrum Srandi causa. 18. Oppi-
dum magnam ad ducendum ^ bellum dSbat fScultatem.
19. Ager cSlendus est, ut frdges f erat.
* Learn §§ 109, &, 114, a, 294 (a, h, c), d, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299,
300, and 301, or Rule 41. * Or, urbem condendi.
^ AVhat would be the construction if the gerund had been used?
^ Composition?
* For protracting, etc. Form derivatives from the verb-stem.
Translate into L.atin.
1. The mind is nourisbed by learning and thinking.
2. We learn by teaching. 3. He is desirous of hearing.
4. He is desirous of hearing Plato. 5. They undertook
the war for the sake of destroying the republic. 6. He
came here for the sake of seeing his friends.^ 7. He
crossed the river by swimming. 8. Gracchus obtained
the tribuneship for the sake of avenging his brother's
death. 9. I must write a letter. 10. Virtue must be
cultivated. 11. The field must be ploughed. 12. We
must set out immediately. 13. What must we do,
friends? 14. He was desirous of possessing the camp.
15. Ambassadors came to seek peace. 16. We must
not believe all men. 17. I must write. 18. We are
desirous of seeing and hearing many things. 19. You
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92 LATIN LESSONS.
must fight for liberty. 20. We learn to write by
writing, to speak by speaking. 21. We milst leap from
the walls and fight with the enemy.
^ Express this in as many ways as possible, § 318.
LESSON LXXV.
SUPINE. §802.1
Translate into Engligli.
1. Ibat spectatum liidos. 2. Id fScile dictu est. 3.
Orator dignus est audita. 4. Oratores Romam vSniunt
pacem pStitum. 5. Legati totius fSre Galliae ad Caesa-
rem gratiilatum convenerunt. 6. Legati venerunt ihju-
rias questum. 7. Quod optimum factu videbitur, f^cies.
8. DivitiScus Romam ad sSnatum venit, auxilium postu-
latum. 9. jEdui legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rSgatum
auxilium. 10. Quod optimum est factu, fS.ciam. 11.
Excliisi eos, quos tu ad me sSliitatum miseras. 12. Fas
est dictu ; nSfas est dictu. 13. AgricSla homines misit
agrum Sratum. 14. Eamus Jovi Maximo ^ gratula-
tum.^
1 Learn §§ 109, c, 114, ft, 302, and 303, or Rule 42. * § 227, e.
* Derivatives from the verb-stem.
Translate into Ijatin.
1. They sent legates to the city to demand peace. 2.
The soldiers advanced to forage. 3. They sent to in-
quire what they should do. 4. This is difficult to be
done. 5. The men came to plough the field.^ 6. Many
things are difficult to be done. 7. They set out for the
city to see the games.^ 8. A true friend is difficult to
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LESSON LXXV., LXXVI. 93
be found. 9. The enemy came with a large army to
assault the camp. 10. It is diflBcult to read this. 11.
When the war with the Helvetii was finished, ambas-
sadors from almost the whole of Gaul ^ came to congratu-
late Caesar. 12. The farmer sent men to plough the
field.2
1
Express this in as many different ways as possible
Use the crenitive.
^ Use the genitive.
LESSON LXXVI.
THE ROMAN CALENDAR.
Translate into Englisli.
1. Caesar Idibus Martiis in senatum venit. 2. Natus
est ante diem tertium K^endas Martias (or Natus est
a. d. iii. Kal. Mart.). 3. Supplication es decretae sunt in ^
a. d. iv. et iii. et pridie Idus NSvembris.^ 4. De fratre
nuntii nobis venerunt ex a. d. iii. Nonas Januarias. 5.
Supplicatio decreta est ad pridie Nonas Maias. 6. Im-
pSravit mihi ut adessem in postridie Calendas Januarias
(or in a. d. iv. Non. Jan.). 7. Is dies erat a. d. v. Kal.
Apr. 8. Spero te apud nos Graecis KS,lendis ^ cenaturum.
9. Natus est a. d. ix. K^lendas Octobris.^ 10. Obiit Kaien-
dis Augustis. 11. Meministine me ante diem xii. KS-
lendas NSvembris^ dicere in sSnatu, f8re in armis certo
die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem vi. K^lendas N5vem-
bris, C. Manlium ? 12. Consul cSmttia in a. d. iii. Nonas
Sextilis^ edixit. 13. In ante dies viii. et vii. Kalendas
Octobris^ c5mttiis dicta dies. 14. Venire jussi sumus
ad Nonas Februarias. 15. Is dies erat pridie Idus Jan.
16. Is dies erat a. d. xi. Kal. Feb. ; a. d. iii. Idus Jan. ;
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94 LATIN LESSONS.
a. d. iii. Nonas Mart. ; piidie Idus Mart. ; a. d. xvi. Kal.
DScembris.^ 17. Spero me circa Idus Octobris^ Romae
futurum esse. 18. Dixi ego idem in senatu, caedem te
optlmatium contulisse in ante diem v. KS-lendas N5vem-
bris.2
* In ante, /or.
2 Observe that the form in is in these dates is the accusative
plural,
^ The Greek Calends, a phrase signifying never; this style of
reckoning not being used by the Greeks.
Translate into Latin.
1. He died on the fifth of January. 2. He was born
on the fifteenth of October. 3. He was born on the six-
teenth of March. 4. He came to Rome on the fifteenth
of April. 5. On the first of March he entered the senate.
6. The time of the elections is appointed for the twenty-
fifth of July. 7. We came to Rome by the tenth of
February. 8. The day was the tenth. of July. 9. A
public thanksgiving was ordered for the tenth of May.
10. Special religious services were ordered for the ninth,
teAth, and eleventh of November. 11. On the second of
May I will be at Rome. 12. On the first of July I will
be at Athens. 13. About the beginning of June,^ in the
consulship of M. Tullius Cicero and C. Antonius, he first
began to-address-himself-to 2 single (persons). 14. We
set out for Rome on the second of November, and
arrived there on the tenth ; on the twelfth we laid our
demands before the senate ; on the fifteenth we left the
city. 15. On the first, second, or third of October I
shall go to Rome.
^ About the beginning of June, circiter Kalendas Junias.
2 Use appellare (historical infinitive).
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LESSON LXXVI. 95
ADDITIONAL EXERCISES.
Translate into Ijatin.
1. The waves on the shores [of the sea] are high. 2.
Volsinii, a town of the Tuscans, was consumed ^ by light-
ning. 3. Neither you nor I have done this. 4. You and
he praise the streams of the country. 5. The man said
one thing and the boy another.^ 6. Homer is called the
T^ing of poets. 7. The Sequani shuddered at the cruelty
of Ariovistus. 8. Hear much,^ speak little. 9. After his
death the people repented of their judgment. 10. Caesar
kept demanding corn of the jEdui. 11. The elephant
is said to live two hundred years. 12. Augustus died
at Nola. 13. He wandered about the banks of the river
Po and the shores of the Adriatic Sea. 14. A good man
forgets all injuries. 15. At what price does he give
lessons ? * 16. It is not lawful for any man ^ to lead an
army against his country. 17. Having learned these
things, Csesar returns to the fleet. 18. What o'clock
is it ? 19. Is that your fault or mine ? 20. He asked
whether that was your fault or mine. 21. If they
(shall) give hostages, Csesar will make peace with
them. 22. Can anybody do this ? 23. Can somebody
do this ? 24. Plato lived eighty-one years. 25. Where-
fore it pleased him to send^ legates to Ariovistus, to
demand"^ from him that he should appoint some place
central with respect to both of them for a conference,
(saying) that he wished to treat with him concerning
the republic, and the highest interests of both. 26. On
the 10th of April we set out for the province. 27. Is
this said to have been done by night or by day ? 28.
The Germans have not entered a house for fourteen
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96 LATIN LESSONS.
years. 29. It is of great consequence ® to me ^ that I
should see you. 30. On the last day of December he
set sail,^^ and arrived at Athens on the 10th of January.
31. In the first of the spring the consul came to Ephe-
sus, and, having received the troops from ^^ Scipio, he
held ^ a speech ^^ in-presence-of ^* his soldiers (in which),
after extolling their bravery, he exhorted them to under-
take^^ a new war with^^ the Greeks, who had (as he
said) helped Antiochus with auxiliaries.
* Use concrSmatmn est * See § 222, cu
* Use aUud . . . aUud. ^^ Use solvit
' Use the plural. " Use a
* Lit. teach. >2 xjse habuit
^ Use licet nemini " Use contionem.
* See §317. • >4 Use apud.
^ See § 318, 2. >» Use ad with the ger. of aooipera
* See § 222. >« Use cum.
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MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES.
L sum AND ITS COMPOUNDS. § 120, a and h.
Learn the principal parts and meaning of absum,^ adsum, desnm,
insum, intersum, obBam,^ praesum, prosum, possum, subsum,'
supersum.
Translate into Ijatin.
1. God is present in all places. 2. They profit neither
themselves nor others. 3. They were not able to profit
me. 4. He has been absent from home six months. 5.
This cannot profit you, but injures you and your friends.
6. A leader was wanting to the army. 7. The cavalry
profited our army. 8. He was present in the battle.
9. They were abl^ to be present. 10. They governed
the city for ten years.
^ For euphonic changes, see § 11,8.
' Principal parts, obsum, obesse, offui.
* Principal parts, subsum, subesse, no perf.
n. eo AND ITS COMPOUNDS.
Learn the principal parts and meaning of abeo, adeo, ante-eo,
circumeo, coeo, ezeo, ineo, intereo, introeo, obeo, pereo,
prae-eo, praetereo, prodeo, redeo, subeo, transeo, veneo.
Translate into liatin.
1. The soldiers crossed the river. 2. He was sur-
rounded by the fleet of the enemy. 3. The merchants
came to sell their goods. 4. Hannibal returned to his
native country. 5. They went forth from their terri-
tories. * 6. They formed the plan of entering the city.
7
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98 LATIN LESSONS.
7. Caesar approachecj the city. 8. In the beginning of
spring we will return to you. 9. He died at Rome.
10. The dog barks at the passers-by .^ 11. Bring me aid
or I shall perish. 12. The soldiers attacked the enemy
while crossing the river.
* Lit. those passing by.
in. feroAND ITS COMPOUNDS.
Leam the meaning and the principal parts of affSro, refer o, ante-
ferro, aufero,* confero, differo, infero, oflfero, eflfero, toUO) de-
fer o, pr5fero, transfer o.
Translate into Latin.
1. He wages war against Rome. 2. Hannibal trans-
ferred the war into Italy. 3. We preferred peace to war.
4. Verres removed gold and silver from Sicily. 6. The
soldiers retreated and betook themselves to the moun-
tain. 6. The Romans intrusted the chief command to
Csesar. 7. Friends often differ from each other.
* b before f becomes u.
IV. CASES.
1. Thou and my friend have written the letter. 2.
Caesar, the leader of the army, has waged war in Italy
and Gaul. 3. I who am encouraging you cannot (en-
courage) myself. 4. He is ashamed of his cruelty. 5.
I am weary of life. 6. The wise man will- teach his son
justice. 7. The people made Caesar consul. 8. Every
tenth man was chosen. 9. Every sixth man was chosen.
10. All the best men (lit. each best man) were chosen.
11. They fear this enemy. 12. Hannibal crossed the
Alps with his army. 13. The river goes through the
midst of the city. 14. This, lastly (ad eztremum), I
particularly (magnopere) ask you. 15. We ought not
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MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 99
to conceal our opinions from our friends. 16. He. leads
his army over the river. 17. Caesar leads the cavalry-
over the bridge. 18. The people appoint him general.
19. O wolf, excellent guardian, as the saying is (ut
ajunt), for the sheep (^en.) 20. The Romans were
eager for glory. 21. One man {dat.^ must not fight with
(cum) two. 22. What pleases you also pleases me.
23. This thing is unlike that. 24. The life which we
enjdy is short. 25. We pity those who repent of their
faults. 26. We love those who have repented of their
faults. 27. When these things had been done^ and the
whole of Gaul had been subdued^ the nations which dwelt
beyond the Rhine sent ambassadors to (ad) Csesar. 28.
Cicero went to Athens. 29. The ambassadors came
from Certhage. 30. The men fled to Rome. 31. The
soldiers departed from Italy. 32. Setting forth (pro-
fectus) from Carthage, he made for (petere) Italy. 33.
He was a brave man at home and in war. 34. He will
return home in the evening. 35. When my son returns
frorm the country, I will send him to (ad) you. 36. We
perceive that snow is white. 37. It is said that snow is
white. 38. I believe that the souls of men are immor-
tal. 39. Who was the man ? 40. I will tell you who
the man was. 41. The wall is two hundred feet long.
42. I will send you a letter. 43. I will send a letter
to you. 44. Cicero excelled (antecedo) his contempo-
raries (aequalis) in eloquence. 45. My father has
many sons and one daughter. 46. Horses are useful for
war. 47. He wishes to be like his father. 48. Only
(tantiun) a few are desiring of praise. 49. Two hun-
dred soldiers were in the city. 50. The consul was
eager for gold. 61. The father reminded his son of his
duty.
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100 LATIN LESSONS.
V.
1. No brave man shudders at the enemy. 2. Who
was present (interesse) at your conversation ? 3.
Against the Tarentines, who were in the lowest part
of (ultimus) Italy, war was declared. 4. Plato died in
(his) eighty-second year, while writing. 5. Romulus
called the city after (ex) his name, Rome. 6. Have
you been at Athens ? 7. He asked the boy whether he
wished to return to his father. 8. Philosophy heals the
mind. 9. The soldiers lie on the ground. 10. The
soldiers fight with their companions. 11. The soldiers
fight with the sword. 12. Caesar was stripped of his
property. 13. The art of carefully educating boys is
difficult. 14. The art of governing the state is veiy
difficult. 16. The enemy fortified their camp after they
had crossed the river. 16. Wolves are like dogs. 17.
Only a few are deserving of praise. 18. Thou art free
from faults. 19. A bad man is never free from fear.
20. The deeds of the general are worthy of a triumph.
21. Relying on thee, we have undertaken this busi-
ness. 22. Cicero was very much devoted (amans) ^ to
Pompey. 23. The letter is full of good promise (spes),
24. You have freed the city from danger and the citizens
from fear. 25. As (ut) a shore without a harbor can-
not be safe for ships, so (sic) a heart (animus) without
fidelity cannot be stable for friends. 26. My older bro-.
ther is in his thirty-third year ; the younger, in his
twenty-fifth ; my oldest sister is in her eighteenth ; my
youngest, in her twelfth.
1 With gen.
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MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 101
VI. MOODS.
1. Is that your fault or ours ? 2. He asked whether
that was your fault or ours. 3. What are you doing ?
4. I know what you are doing. 5. I shall hear what
you are doing. 6. I knew what you were doing. 7. I
had leg^rned what you were doing. 8. I had learned
what you were going to do. 9. I learned what you
were doing. 10. I learned what you were going to do.
11. Let us remember. 12. My father takes care that I
am well educated, actively exercised, thoroughly accom-
plished, and carefully instructed. 13. My father took
care that I was well educated, actively exercised,
thoroughly accomplished, and carefully instructed.
14. If the boy studies diligently, he will learn rapidly.
15. If the boy had studied diligently, he would have
learned more rapidly. 16. If the boy should study
diligently, he would learn rapidly. 17. When the war
was ended,^ ambassadors fi-om all the states (gen.') came
to Caesar. 18. When the boy was taught, he was silent.
19. When the enemy had assaulted the town, all the
citizens were filled with great fear. 20. The enemy
were assaulting the town, when they saw our cavalry.
21. While I was writing, you were reading and my bro-
ther was playing. 22. While the leader was drawing
up his forces, the enemy surrounded the city. 23. When
the leader had drawn up his forces, he ordered them to
assault the city. 24. Our soldiers are led out in (in)
the line of battle, before the enemy fortify their camp.
25. I do not doubt but that the soldiers fought bravely.
26. The boy was punished, because he did not obey the
teacher. 27. The messenger said that '* The commander
was drawing the soldiers up in line of battle while the
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102 LATIN LESSONS.
enemy were fortifying their camp." 28. The messenger
said that the commander had led his soldiei*s out of the
city, before that the enemy had fortified their camp. 29.
The soldiers who were sent by Caesar fortified their
camp, and then crossed the river to attack the enemy.
30. He issued a proclamation (edico) that no one ^ of
the soldiers should fight with the enemy. 81. The sol-
diers fought so bravely that no one^ of the enemy
escaped. 32. Would not the (man) who^ sees these
things be compelled to confess that there are gods?
33. O fortunate youth, who^ hast found a Homer to be
the herald of thy prowess. 34. Caesar sent the soldiei*s
to ^ fortify the camp. 35. There were some who "^ pitied
him. 86. The joy was greater than what men could
receive (capio). 37. He was a suitable man to send.
38. He deserves to be praised. 39. He came into the
garden for the sake of taking a walk. 40. God has
made the animals for the sake of man, as for instance
(ut), the horse for riding (vehi), the ox for ploughing.
41. Man is naturally eager to learn. 42. The soldiers
were eager to fight. 43. Wrapping-paper (charta
emporetica) is worthless (inutilis) for writing. 44.
I fear he has not received the letter. 45. I fear that, if
I give this letter to him, he will open it (solvere). 46.
(It is) by obedience (obsequium) (that) you have
brought it about (efiELcere) that no one is dearer to the
king than you. 47. After the war was finished the con-
sul returned to Rome. 48. Although the ground (locus)
was unfavorable (iniquus), nevertheless Csesar deter-
mined to attack the enemy. 49. Although I have asked
you to come to me, nevertheless I know that you cannot
help me. 50. As the consul was hastening ^ to Rome,
the enemy overtook (consequi) his army. 51. The
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MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 103
soldiers crossed the river without any hesitation.® 52.
Divide your troops tvithout weakening them,^ 63. He
divided my troops without dividing his own?^ 54. The
consul cannot cross the river without dividing his armt/M
55. No army can be divided without being weakened}'^
56. We cannot let him go without giving him money. 57.
He departed without accomplishing his mission (res).
58. Can you condemn the army without also condemn-
ing the general ? 59. He received the letter ^^ and,^^
without opening (resolvere) it, laid it down. 60.
You have written (do) many letters to Rome without
writing any ^^ to me.
^ Translate this clause in two different ways, § 255, ft, note.
* Use ne quia. ' Use ut nemo.
♦ Qui videat = si quia videat.
*§320, e. •§317. » § 320, a.
^ (1) Nihil dubitantes, § 292, Rem.; (2) neque quidquam
dubitavenmt ; (3) nulla interposita dubitatione ; (4) sine ulla
dubitatione.
<" Ne debilites.
^'^ (1) Cum suas non divideret; (2) suis non divisis.
^' (1) Nisi ezercitum diviserit; (2) nisi ezercitu diviso.
" (1) Quin debiUtetur ; (2) ut non debiUtetur.
« § 255. " § 292 and Rem. « Cum nuUas.
VII. TENSES IN LETTERS.
(Extract from ,one of Cicero's Letters to Atticus.)
Nihil habebam,^ quod scriberem ; neque enim novi
quicquam audieramet ad tuas omnis rescripseram pridie ;2
sed, cum me aegritudo non solum somno privaret, verum
ne vigilare quidem sine summo dolore pateretur, tecum
ut quasi loquerer, in quo uno acquiesco, hoc nescio quid
nuUo argumento proposito scribere institui.
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104 LATIN LESSONS.
Translation : —
I have nothing to write you ; for I have no news, and
I answered all your (letters) yesterday. But since my
anxiety not only deprives me of sleep, but does not suf-
fer me even to be awake without great uneasiness,. I
have determined to write I know not what, upon no
particular subject, that I may as it were converse with
you ; in this alone I find consolation.
^ § 282 ; this change of tenses is found particularly in the be-
ginning and end of letters, especially in the phrase / have nothing to
ivrite ; but never in general statements.
* The adverbs of time remain unchanged, — or heri, yesterday y
becomes pridie; hodie, to-day, quo die; and eras, to-morrow,
postridie.
1. I have nothing to write, and yet as my servant is
going to Rome, I ^ must write you something. 2. I
write this letter immediately after ^ receiving your letter,
and will give it to the postman to-morrow. 3. I wrote
(dare), yesterday and will write again to-morrow. 4. I
desire to make out^ a longer letter, but there is noth-
ing to write about, and I cannot make fun^ by reason
of ^ (niy) anxiety.^
* § 232. a Use statim ut » Use facSr*.
* Use jdcari * prae. • cura.
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EEADHsTG LESSONS.
I. FABLES.
Note. — The figares in the following sections refer to the rules on p. 256 of the Qram-
mar.
1. The Kid and the Wolf,
Capella,'' stans^ in tecto domus,^ lupum^ vidit* prsetereun-
tem, et ludificavit. Sed lupus, " Non tu," inquit *'sed locus
tuns, me ludificat."
2. The Boy bathing,
Puer, balneum petens in fluvio, aqua psene exstinctus
est. Et videns viatorem quendam, clamavit " Subveni
mihi^"^® Sed hie exprobravit puero" temeritatem. Puel-
lulus autem dixit, "Primum subveni, deinde reprehendere*®
licet."
3. ITie Fox and the Lion,
Vulpes vidit leonem retibus^^ cap turn, et stans prope, ludi-
ficavit eum insolenter. Leo autem, ''Non tu," inquit, "me
ludificas,* sed malum quod in me incidit."
4. T/ie Ass in the Lion^s Shin,
Asinus, pellem leonis' indutus, circum currebat, cetera
animalia^ terrens. Et cum vulpem videret, eam quoque ter-
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106 LATIN LESSONS.
rere** conatus est. Sed hcec, asini vagitu'^ aiidito, "Scito,"
inquit, "me^quoque territam fiiturain fuisse nisi te vagien-
tem audissem.''*^
5. The Hound and the Lion,
Canis venaticiis^ leoiiem vidit, et insecutiis est. Cum
aiitem leo se verteret, ac rugiret, canis metuens retrorsuni
fugit. Turn vulpes, conspicata, " malum caput ! " inquit ;
"Tene^ leonera sectaril cujus* ue vocem quidem tolerare
potuisti."
6. The Wolf and the Lamb,
Lupus insecutus est agnum. At hie in templum confugit.
Lupo autem agnum invocante, et minitante pontificem eum
sacrificaturum, respond it agnus, "Mallem quidem deo sacer
esse quam a te trucidari."
7. TJieAnt.
Formica quae* nunc est, olim homo erat. Et maxime agri-
cultura}^® studens, laboribus^ suis contentus non erat; sed
semper, bonis ^^ alien is ^ invidens, fruges proximorum carpebat.
Jupiter autem, iratus ejus avaritise,^^ mutavit eum in animal
quse nunc formica^ vocatur. Sed, forma^ immutata, indolem
non mutavit; nam etiam imnc, circumiens ad acervos fni-
menti, fruges alienas colligit, sibique^^ reponit.
8. The Ant and the Dove,
Formica quaedam sitiens descendit ad fontem ; sed, flumine^
correpta, pajne est submersa. Columba autem, hoc videns,
virgulam decerpsit, et in aquam injecit; super quam* formica
ascendens, sese servavit. Turn forte auceps,'' arundinibus
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FABLES. 107
collectis, proficiscitur ad columbam capiendam.*^ Quod^ vi-
dens, formica pedem aucupis momordit. Et ille, punctu^
dolens, arundinibus abjectis, columbam liberavit.
9. TJie Cat and the Mice.
In quadam domo multi erant mures. Quo cognito, felis
intravit, et singulos^^ correptos^ comedebat. Et miires, dum
perpetuo capiuntur, in foraminibus latuerunt, nee felis eos
consequi®^ potuit. Cum igitur dolo^ opus esset, ut e latibulis
allicerentur,** de trabe suspensa, simulavit se'^ esse mortuam.
Sed quidam e muribus, videns earn, " At," inquit, " etiam si
saccus esses,*® non aggrederemur."
10. The Farmer and the Snake.
lAgricola senex, hiemis tempore, serpentem invenit gelu
rigentem, et miserescens sub veste condidit. Mox serpens, in-
calescens, et indolem suam recuperans, benefactorem momordit
interfecitque ; qui moriens dixit, " Justa patior, qui* animali^*
improbo vitam servaverim." **
11. The Widow's Hen.
Vidua qusedam gallinam habuit, quae singula ova quotidie
peperit. At rata, si plus hordei^^ gallinae^* dedisset,*' banc
bina quotidie ova parituram, ita fecit. Sed gallina, pinguis
facta, ne singula quidem postea parere valebat.
12. Stratagem of the Mice.
Bellum quondam inter feles et mures exortum est. Et
mures, semper victi, cum una convenissent, censuerunt se
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108 LATIN LESSONS.
talia pati,*^ qnod duces non haberent.*^ Duces igitur elege-
runt ; qui, quo** facilius cognosci possent,** cornua induti sunt.
Proelio*^ deinde facto, et muribus devictis, ceteri quidem facile
eflfugerunt ; duces autem, propter cornua, foramina^ intrare
uequivenmt, et ad unum capti sunt ac devorati.
13. TJie Stag and the Lion,
Cervus quondam sitiens venit ad fontem. Ubi inter biben-
dum,*^ videt imaginem suam in aqua; et miratur quidem
cornua, quippe quse longa essent** et pulchra; sed crura
magnopere contempsit, ut macilenta atque debilia. Ita dum
secum cogitat, leo subito apparet, et sectatur cervumr; hie
autem, fugiens, longe antecurrit. Et currens per campos latos,
usque servatur; cum autem in silvestrem locum intrdsset,
comibus inter virgulta hserentibus, longius currere non potuit.
Et a leone captus, moriturus dixit, " me miserum ! servatus
enim per id quod contempsi, proditus sum ab eis quibus"
maxime confidebam."
14. Union is Strength,
Agricola senex,^ cum mortem sibi^* appropinquare sentiret,
filios convocavit — qui, ut fieri solet, interdum inter se dis-
cordes erant — et fascem^ virgularum afferri jussit. . Quibus
allatis,** filios hortatur ut fascem frangerent. Quod cimi
facere non possent, distribuit singulas virgas ; iisque celeriter
fractis; docuit juvenes quam firma res esset** concordia, dis-
cordia quam imbecilla.
15. The lAorCs Share.
Societatem junxerant* leo, juvenca, capra, ovis. Prseda**
autem, quam cepcrant, in quattuor partes divisa, leo " Prima"
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TALES PROM ROMAN HISTORY. 109
inqiiit *•' mea est ; debetur enim hsec prsestantise meae. Tollam
quoque secuudam, quam meretur robur meum. Tertiam vin-
dicat mihi^* egregius labor meus. Quartam qui sibi arrogare
voluerit, is sciat** se habitunim me sibi inimicum." Quid
facerent imbelles bestiae 1 aut quae sibi leonem infestum habere
irellet 1
16. Kinff Log and King Stork.
Bana), dolentes propter turbatam civitatem, legates mise-
runt, qui a Jove regem postularent.** At ille, videns earum
simplicitatem, demisit trabem in paludem ubi habitabant.
Primo igitur ranae, sonitu territae, in ima palude sese abdide-
runt. Mox autem, cum viderent trabem iramotam innoxiam-
que, paullatim ad tantum audaciae^^ pervenere, ut insilientes
in earn ibi subsidereut. Tum, dedignantes se^^ talem habere
regem, iterum ad Jovem conven^re, orantes ut sibi^® regem
alterum daret ; primum enim inertem esse,^ atque nequam.
Sed Jupiter, iratus, immisit ciconiam, a qua^ captae sunt ao
devoratae.
II. TALES FEOM EOMAN HISTOEY.
1. Romulus and Remus,
1. Proca,^ rex^ Albanorum,® duos^ filios,*^ Numitorem et
Amulium, habuit.^ Numitori,** qui* natu^ major erat, reg-
num reliquit : sed Amulius, pulso*^ fratre, regnavit, et, ut eum
subole privaret, Rheam Silviam, ejus filiam, Vestae® sacerdo-
tem^ fecit; quae* tamen Romulum^^ et Remum uno partu^
edidit, natos deo Marte® creditos.^ Quo cognito,^ Amulius
ipsam in vincula conjecit, parvulos alveo^* impositos abjecit in
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110 LATIN LESSONS.
Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat effusus ; sed, relabente
flumine, eos aqua in sicco reliquit. Vastse turn in ii^ locis
solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama traditum est, ad vagitum
accurrit, infantes lingua Iambi t, ubera eorum ori^* admovit,
matremque^ se gessit.
2. Cum lupa ssepius ad parvulos, veluti ad catulos, rever-
teretur, Faustulus, pastor regius, rem animadvertit : eos tu-
lit in casam, et Accse^® Larentise conjugi^ dedit educandos.
Qui,* adulti inter pastores, primo ludicris certaminibus vires ^^
auxere, deinde yenando^^ saltus penigrare^ coeperunt, turn
latrones a rapina pecorum arcere. Quare iis^® insidiati sunt
latrones, a quibus Remus captus est ; Romulus autem vi se
defendit. Tunc Faustulus, necessitate compulsus, indicavit
Romulo quis esset*^ ejus avus, quae mater. Romulus statim,
armatis pastoribus, Albam^^ properavit.
3. Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxe-
nmt, eum accusantes, quasi Numitoris greges infestare®* soli-
tus esset;*^ Remus itaque a rege^ Numitori ad suppliciimi
traditus est : at Numitor, considerate adolescentis vultu,^
baud procul erat quin nepotem agnosceret.** Nam Remus
oris* lineamentis^ erat matri^^ simillimus, letasque tempori"
expositionis congruebat. Dum ea res animum Numitoris
anxium tenebat, repente Romulus supervenit, fratrem libe-
ravit, et, Amulio interfecto, avum Numitorem in regnum
restitnit.
4. Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem locis, ubi ex-
positi educatique fu erant, condiderunt :^ sed orta est inter eos
coatentio, uter nomen novse urbi daret,*^ eamque regeret :
adbibuere auspicia. Remus prior sex vultures, ^^ Romulus
postea,*^ sed duodecim, vidit. Sic Romulus, augurio victor,
Romam vocavit; et, ut earn prius legibiis quam moenibus
muniret, edixit ne quis vallum transiliret.^ Quod^^ Remus
irridens transilivit ; eum iratus Romulus interfecit, his
increpans verbis : "Sic posthac malo afficietur, quicuraque
transiliet moenia mea." Ita solos potitus est imperio*^
Romulus.
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TALES FROM ROMAN HISTORY. HI
2. Horatii and Chtriatii,
1. Erant apud Romanos trigenuDi Horatii, trigemini quoque
apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum lis agunt reges, ut pro sua quis-
que patria dimicent** ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege,^* ut
unde victoria, ibi quoque imperium esset. Itaque trigemini
arma capiunt, et in medium inter duas^ acies procedunt. Con-
sederant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur signum, infestisque
armis^ temi juvenes, magnorum exercituum® auimos gerentes,
concurrunt.
2. Ut primo concursu ^ increpuere arma, horror ingens spee-
tantes^^ perstrinxit. Consertis deinde manibus, statira duo
Romani alius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt : tres Albani
vulnerati. Ad casura Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exer-
citus Albanus. Romanos jam spes tota deserebat. Unum
Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterunt : is quamvis integer,
quia tribus^^ impar erat, fiigam simulavit, ut singulos^.per
intervalla secuturos^ separatim aggrederetur.*^ Jam aliquan-
tum^ spatii^^ ex eo loco ubi pugnatum est aufugerat, ciim
respiciens videt unum Curiatium baud procul ab se abesse.^
In eum magno impetu redit, et, dum Albanus exercitus in-
clamat Curiatiis, ut opem ferant fratri,^*jam Horatius eum
occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset conse-
qui,*® interfecit.
3. Jam singuli supererant, sed nee spe nee viribus pares.
Alterius* erat intactum ferro corpus, et geminata victoria ferox
animus. Alter fessum vulnere fessum cursu trahebat corpus.
Nee illud proelium fuit. Rom anus exsultans Albanum male
sustinentem arma^ conficit, jacentemque spoliat. Romani
ovantes ac gratulantes Horatium accipiunt, et domum*^ dedu-
cunt. Princeps ibat Horatius, trium fratrum® spolia prsD se
gerens. Cui^® obvia fuit soror, quae desponsa fuerat uni^® ex
Curiatiis, visoque super humeros fratris paludamento^ sponsi,
quod ipsa confecerat, flere^ et crines solvere coepit. Movit
feroci juveni^* animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio
publico : stricto itaque gladio^ trans'figit puellam, simul earn
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112 LATIN LESSONS.
verbis increpans : " Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad spon-
sum, oblita fratrum,^^ oblita patriae. Sic eat^ qusecumque
Eomana lugebit hostem."
4. Atrox id^ visum est facinus patribus^* plebique, quare
raptus est in jus Horatius, et apud judices condemnatus. Jam
accesserat lictor, iujiciebatque laqueum. Turn Horatius ad
populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex^ proclama-
bat filiam^ saam jure ceesam fuisse; et juvenem amplexus,
spoliaque Curiatiorum ostentans, orabat populum, ne se orbum
liberis^ faceret. Non tulit populus patris lacrimas, juvenem-
que absolvit, magis admiratione virtutis quam jure causae.
Ut tamen csedes manifesta expiaretur, pater, quibusdam sacri-
ficiis peractis,*^ transmisit per viam tigillum, et filium, capite
adoperto, velut sub jugum misit : quod* tigillum sororium
appellatum est.
III. LIFE OF POMPEY.
1. Gn. Pompeius, stirpis senatoriae, bello^ civili se^^ et
patrem consilio servavit. Pompeii pater^ suo exercitui ^^ ob
avaritiam erat invisus. Itaque facta ^ est in eum conspiratio.
Terentius quidam, Gn. Pompeii filii coutubemalis, hunc occi-
dendum susceperat, dum alii tabemaculum patris incenderent.
Quae res juveni Pompeio^* coenanti^ nuntiata est. 'Ipse, nibil'-^
periculo motus, solito*^ hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem,
qua antea, comitate*^ usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus
clam subduxit se tentorio,*^ et firmam patri^^ circumposuit
custodiam. Terentius tum destricto ense^^ ad lectum Pompeii
accessit, multisque ictibus^ stragula percussit. Orta mox
seditione,^^ Pompeius se in media conjecit agmina, milites-
que tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ac duci"
reconciliavit.
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LIFE OF POMPEY. 113
2. Pompeius eodem bello** civili, partes SuIIsb secutus, ita
egit ut ab eo^ maxime diligeretur. Auuos^ tres et viginti
natus, ut SuUse* auxilio^ veniret, patemi exercitus reliquiaa
collegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. Illius magnus apud
militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit, nuUus ei'^
labor tsedio,*^ nulla defatigatio molestiae^ erat, Cibi^^ vini-
que^^ temperans, somni parous, intpr milites corpus exercebat.
Cum alacribus saltu,^ cum velocibus cursu,^ cum validis
lucta^ certabat. Tum ad Sullam iter intendit, et in eo itinere
tres hostium exercitus aut fudit aut sibi adjunxit. Quem^
ubi Sulla ad se accedere^ audivit, egregiamque sub signis
juventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit
imperatorem ; ^ deinceps ei^^ venienti solebat assurgere de
sella et caput aperire, quern honorem nemini nisi Pompeio
tribuebat.
3. Postea Pompeius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam^ a
Carbone, Sullse inimico,^ occupatam^ reciperet.** Carbo com-
prehensus et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem^ Pompeius,
postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad suppliciiim duci®
jussit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium, Sicu-.
lae cujusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in eam civitatem
animadvertere decrevisset, quae sibi^^ adversata fuerat, excla-
mavit Sthenius, eum^* inique facturum,^ si ob culpam unius
omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio," quisnam iUe unus
essef?*^ "Ego," inquit Sthenius, "qui meos cives ad id in-
duxi." ^Tam libera voce^ delectatus Pompeius omnibus^® et
Sthenic ^^ ipsi pepercit.
4. Transgressus inde in Africam Pompeius Jubam, Numi-
disB regem,^ qui Marii partibus^^ favebat, bello persecutus est.
Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit
adolescens quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterse a
Sulla*' redditae sunt, quibus jubebatur exercitum dimittere,
et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id segre
tulit Pompeius; paruit tamen, et Romam^ reversus est. Re-
vertenti incredibilis multitudo obviam ivit. Sulla quoque
lajtus eum excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit; nihilo**
8
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114 LATIN LESSONS.
minus Pompeio^^ triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re
a proposito deterritns est Pompeius, aususque est dicere,**
pliires solem orientem adorare quam occidentem : quo dicto
innuebat Sullse® potentiam minui,®® suam vero crescere. Ea
voce^ audita, Sulla juvenis constantiam admiratus exclamavit :
" Triumphet, triumphet ! "
5. Metello^* jam seni^ et bellum in Hispania segnius gerenti
collega^ datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario
eventu dimicavit. In quodam proelio maximum subiit peri-
culum^ cum enim vir vasta corporis magnitudine^ impetum
in eum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed muf-
tis *^ in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit, et a
suis fugientibus desertus in hostium po testate erat. At prseter
spem evasit ; barbari enim equum ejus auro pbalerisque exi-
miis instructum ceperant. Dum vero prsedam inter se alter-
cantes paitiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus eflfugit. Altero
proelio** cum Metellus Pompeio^ laboranti auxilio^ venisset,
fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, hie dixisse fertur : " Nisi
ista anus supervenisset,*^ ego hunc puerum verberibus casti-
gatum Romam*® dimisissera." Metellum anum appellabat,
quia is jam senex* ad moUem et eflfeminatam vitam de-
flexerat. Tandem, Sertorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam
recepit.
6. Cum piratse maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam
Italise urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos*^ cum imperio
extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimise viri^ potentise^*
obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catu-
lus, qui cum in contione dixisset, esse*® quidem prseclarum
virum^ Gneeum Pompeium,^ sed non esse uni^* omnia tribu-
enda,*® adjecissetque : "Si quid ei accident, quem in ejus
locum substituetis r* Acclamavit universa contio : "Te ip-
sum, Quinte Catule." Tam honorifico civium testimonio
victus, Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per
omnes maris recessus navium prsesidio, brevi terrarum orbem
ilia peste^ liberavit, praedones multis locis victos fudit ; eos-
dem in deditionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a marl
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LIFE OF POMPEY. 115
collocavit. Nihil hac victoria*^ cel^rius;* nam intra.quadra-
gesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit.
7. Confecto bello piratico, Gn. Pompeius contra Mithridatem
profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Pros-
lium cum rege conserere^ cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur
pugnandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se con-
tinebat, noctu vero baud tutum^ erat congredi^ cum hoste in
locis ignotis. Quadam tamen nocte** Mithridatem Pompeius
aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Romanis^ adjumento.^
Quam cum Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longius
prqjectsB ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant ; unde
decepti regii milites in umbras, tamquam in propinquum hos-
tem, tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit.
Ad versus eum filius Phamaces rebellavit, quia occisis a patre^
fratribus®^ vitee^* suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a filio obsessus
venenum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia ad versus
venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite
Gallo volens interfectus est.
8. Pompeius deinde Tigranem, Armeniae regem,^ qui Mith-
ridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit ; quem
tamen ad genua procumbentem erexit, benignis verbis recrea-
vit, et in regnum restituit; aeque pulchrum^ esse judicans et
vincere^ reges et facere. Tandem rebus Asiae compositis, in
Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit non, ut plerique timuerant,
armatus, sed dimisso exercitu,** et tertium triumphum biduo
duxit. Insignis fuit multis novis inusitatisque ornamentis*^^
hie triumphiis : sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus
triumphis tres orbis partes'' devictae causam praebuerunt ; Pom-
peius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primum ex Africa,
iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit : felix opinione ^
hominum fiiturus, si, quem gloriae, eimdem vitae finem habu-
isset, neque adversam foi*tunam esset expertus jam senex.^
9. Inita erat inter Pompeium, Caesarem, et Crassum so-
cietas; postea vero, cum Crassus, contra Parthos profectus,
proelio fusus occisusque fuisset, orta est inter Pompeium et
Caesarem gravis dissensio, quod hie superiorem, ille vero pa-
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116 LATIN LESSONS.
rem ferre non poterat : inde bellnm civile exarsit. Caesar
cum infesto exercitu in Italiiim yenit. Pompeius, relicta urbe
ac delude Italia*^ ipsa, Thessaliani petiit, et cum eo consules
senatusque omnis ; quern insecutus Caesar apud Pharsalum
acie fudit. Victus Pompeius ad Ptolemseum Alexandrise re-
gem, cui tutor a senatu datus fuerat, profugit ; sed ille Pom-
peium^ interfici** jussit. Latus Pompeii sub oculis uxoris
mucrone coufossmn est, caput abscissum, truncus in Nilum
conjectus. Deiii caput velamine involutum ad Crosarem dela-
tum est, qui eo*^ viso lacrimas fudit, et pretiosissimis odoribus
cremandum curavit.
10. Is fiiit viri prsestantissimi post tres consulatus et toti-
dem triumphos vitse exitus. Erant in Pompeio multse ac
magnsB virtutes, ac praecipue admiranda frugalitas. Cum ei
segrotanti praecepisset medicus, ut turdum ederet, negarcnt
autem servi, eam avem usquam sestivo tempore posse reperiri,
nisi apud Lucullum, qui turdos domi saginaret ; vetuit Pom-
peius turdum inde peti, medicoque dixit : ** Ergo nisi Lucullus
perditus deliciis esset,*® non viveret Pompeius 1 " Aliam avem,
quae parabilis esset, sibi jussit apponi.
11. Viros doctos magno in honore habebat Pompeius. Ex
Syria decedens, confecto bello Mithridatico, cum Rhodum venis-
set, nobilissimum philosophum Posidonium cupiit audire ; sed
cum is diceretur tunc graviter segrotare, quod maximis poda-
gree doloribus cruciaretur, voluit saltern Pompeius eum visere.
Mos erat ut, cum consul cedes alicujus ingressurus esset, lie tor
fores virga percuteret, admonens consulem adesse; at Pom-
peius vetuit fores Posidonii percuti, honoris causa. Quem ut
vidit et salutavit, moleste se ferre dixit, quod eum non posset
audire. At ille: "Tu vero," inquit, **potes; nee committam,
ut dolor corporis efficiat, ut frustra tantus vir ad me venerit."
Itaque Cubans graviter et copiose disseruit de hoc ipso : nihil
esse bonum, nisi quod honestum esset, et nihil malum dici
posse, quod turpe non esset. Cum vero dolor interdum acri-
ter eum pungeret, ssepe dixit : " Nihil agis, dolor, quamvis
sis molestus; nunquam te esse malum confitebor."
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LIFE OF CiESAR. 117
IV. LIFE OF C^SAE.
1. C. Julius Cflesar, nobilissima genitus familia,^ annum
agens sextum et decimum, patrem amisit. Paullo^ post Cor-
neliam duxit «xorem, cujus cum pater Sullse^* esset inimicus,
voluit Sulla Csesarem compellere^ ut eam dimitteret; neque
id potuit efficere. Ob eam causam Osesar bonis ^ spoliatus,
cum etiam ad mortem qusereretur, mutata veste, noctu elapsus
est ex urbe, et, quamquam tunc quartanse morbo laborabat,
prope per siugulas noctes latebras commutare cogebatur ; et
comprehensus a Sullae liberto, vix data pecunia*^ evasit. Pos-
tremo per propinquos et affines suos veniam impetravit, diu
repugnante Sulla, qui* cum deprecantibus omatissimis viris
denegasset, atque illi pertinaciter contenderent, victus tan-
dem dixit, eum, quem salvum tantopere cuperent, aliquando
optimatium partibus,^ quas simul defendissent, exitio^ futu-
rum, multosque in eo puero inesse^ Marios.
2. Csesar, mortuo Sulla et composita seditions civili, Rho-
dum secedere*® statuit, ut per otium Apollonio, tunc claris-
simo dicendi magistro, operam daret ; sed in itinere a piratis
captus est, mansitque apud eos quadraginta dies.^ Per omne
autem illud spatium ita se gessit, ut piratis^ terrori^ pariter
ac venerationi^ esset. Interim comites servosque dimiserat
ad expediendas pecunias, quibus redimeretur. Viginti talenta
piratsB postulaverant ; ille vero quinquaginta daturum^ se
spopondit. Quibus numeratis, expositus est in litore. Csesar
/iberatus confestim Miletum,*® quse urbs proxime aberat, pro-
peravit ; ibique contracta classe, stantes adhuc in eodem loco
praedones noctu adortus, aliquot naves, mersis aliis,^ cepit,
piratasque ad deditionem redactos eo affecit supplicio, quod*
iJlis ssepe per jocum minatus erat, cum ab iis detineretur;
crucibus^^ illos suffigi jussit.
3. Caesar quaestor^ factus in Hispaniam prefect us est; cum-
que Alpes trausiret, et ad conspectum pauperis cujusdam vici
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118 LATIN LESSONS,
comites ejus per jocum inter se disputarent, an illic etiam
esset ambitioni " locus ; serio dixit Csesar, malle se ibi primum
esse quam Romac*® secundum. Ita animus dominationis^^
avidus a prima setate regnum concupiscebat, semperque in ore
habebat hos Euripidis, Grseci poetse, versus : Nam d violan-
dicm est jus, regnandi gratia violandum est ; aliis rebiis pietatem
colas.^ Cum vero Gades,*^ quod est Hispanisff oppidum, ve-
nisset, visa Alexandri® magni imagine ingemuit, et lacrimas
fudit. Causam qiuerentibus amicis : " Nonne," inquit, " ido-
nea dolendi causa est, quod nihildum memorabile gesserim,
eam setatem adeptus, qua^ Alexander jam terrarum orbem
subegerat 1 " .
4. Csesar in captanda*^ plebis gratia et ambiendis^ honori-
bus patrimonium efFudit; sere alieno oppressus ipse dicebat,
sibi^'' opus esse millies sestertium,^° ut haberet nihil. His
artibus consulatum adeptus est, collegaque ei datus Marcus
Bibulus, cui^^ Csesaris consilia baud placebant. Inito magis-
tratu*^ Caesar legem agrariam tulit, hoc est, de dividendo
egenis civibus^^ agro publico; cui legi^^ cum senatus repug-
naret, Caesar rem ad populum detulit. Bibulus collega in
forum venit, ut legi^^ ferendse*^ obsisteret ; sed tanta commota
est seditio, ut in caput consults cophinus stercore^ plenus
etFunderetur, fascesque frangerentur. Tandem Bibulus, a
satellitibus Csesaris foro^ expulsus, domi^ se continere per
reliquum anni tempus coactus est, curiaque abstinere. In-
terea unus Caesar omnia ad arbitrium in republica adminis-
travit ; unde quidam homines faceti, quae eo anno gesta sunt,
non, ut mos erat, consulibus^ Caesare et Bibulo acta esse
dicebant, sed Julio et Caesare, unum consulem nomine et
cognomine pro duobus appellantes.
5. Caesar functus consulatu^ Galliam provinciam accepit.
Gessit autem novem annis,** quibus in imperio fuit, haec fera
Galliam in provinciae Romanae formam redegit ; Germanos,
qui trans Rhenum incolunt, primus Romanorum^^ ponte fabri-
cato aggressus maximis affecit cladibus.^ Britannos antea
ignotos vicit, iisque^® pecunias et obsides imperavit; quo in
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N LIFE OP O^SAB. 119
bello raulta CsDsaris facta egregia narrantur. Incliuante in
fugam exercitu, rapuit e mauu militis fugientis scutum, et in
primam aciem volitans pugnam restituit. In alio proelio aqui-
liferum terga vertentem faucibus^ comprehendit, in contra-
riam partem retraxit, dexteramque ad hostem protendens :
" Quorsum tu," inquit, " abis ] lUic sunt, cum quibus dirai-
camus." Quo facto militibus animos addidit.^®
6. Caesar cum adhuc in Gallia detineretur, ne imperfect©
bello discederet, postulavit ut sibi liceret, quamvis absenti,
iterum consulatum petere ; ^ quod ei a senatu est negatum.
Ea re commotus in Italiam rediit, arm is injuriam acceptam
vindicaturus ; plurimisque urbibus^ occupatis Brundisium con-
tendit, quo Pompeius consulesque confugerant. Tunc summse
audacise facinus Csesar edidit : a Brundisio Dyrrachium in-
ter oppositas classes gi-avissima hieme^ transiit ; cessantibus-
que copiis, quas subsequi jusserat, cum ad eas ai^cessendas**
frustra misisset, moree^^ impatiens castris noctu egreditur,
clam solus naviculam conscendit obvoluto capite, ne agnosce-
retur. Mare, adverso vento vehementer flante, intumescebat ;
in altum tamen protinus dirigi navigium jubet; cumque
gubernator psene obrutus fluctibus^* adversse tempestati ce-
deret : " Quid times ? " ait ; " Csesarem vehis."
7. Deinde Caesar in Thessaliam profectus est, ubi Pompe-
ium Pharsalico proelio fudit, fugientem persecutus est, eumque^
in itinere cognovit occisum fuisse. Tum bellum Ptolemeeo,^*
Pompeii inteifectori,^ intulit, a quo sibi quoque insidias parari
videbat ; quo victo, Caesar in Pontum transiit, Phamacemque,
Mithridatis filium, rebellantem aggressus intra quintum ab
adventu diem, quattuor vero, quibus in conspectum venerat,
horis, uno proelio profligavit. Quam victoriae celeritatem in-
ter triumphandum notavit, inscripto inter pompae omamenta
trium verborum titulo, Vent, vidi, vid. Sua deinceps Caesa-
rem ubique comitata est fortuna. Scipionem et Jubam,
Numidiae regem, reliquias Pompeianarum partium in Africa
refoventes, devicit. Pompeii liberos in Hispania superavit
Clementer usus est victoria,^* et omnibus," qui contra se
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120 LATIN LESSONS.
arma tulerant, pepercit. Begressus in urbem, qiiinquies •
triumphavit.
8. Bellis civilibus confectis, Csesar, dictator ^ in perpetuiim
creatus, agere insolentiiis ccepit. Senatum ad se venientem
sedens excepit, et quemdara^ ut assurgeret monentem, ii^ato
vultu^ respexit. Cum Antonius, Csesaris in omnibus expe-
ditionibus comes, et tunc in consulatu coUega, ei" in sella
aurea sedenti pro rostris diadema, insigne regium, imponeret,
non visus est eo facto ofiPendi.** Quare conjuratum est in eum
a sexHginta amplius viris,^ Cassio et Bruto ducibus conspira-
tionis. Cum igitur Caesar Idibus** Martiis in senatum venis-
set, assidentem specie officii circumsteterunt, illicoque unus e
conjuratis, quasi aliquid rogaturus, propius accessit, renuen-
tique togam ab utroque humero apprehendit. Deinde cla-
mantem, " Ista quidera vis est," Cassius vulnerat paullo infra
jugulum. Csesar Cascse brachium arreptum graphio trajecit,
conatusque prosilire aliud vulnus accepit. Cum Marcum Bru-
tum, quem loco filii habebat, in se irruentem vidisset, dixit :
** Tu quoque, fili mi ! " Dein ubi animadvertit undique se
strictis pugionibus peti, toga caput obvolvit, atque ita tribus
et vigiuti plagis^ confossus est.
9. Erat Csesar excelsa statura,^ nigris vegetisque oculis,^
capite^ calvo, quam calvitii deformitatem segre ferebat, quod
ssepe obtrectantium jocis esset obnoxia. Itaque ex omnibus
honoribus sibi a senatu populoque decretis non aliud recepit
aut usurpavit libentius, quam jus laurese perpetuo gestandse.
Eum vini^ parcissimum fuisse ne inimici quidem negarunt;
unde Cato dicere solebat, unum ex omnibus Caesarem ad ever-
tendam rempublicam sobrium accessisse. Armorum® et equi-
tandi^ peritissimus erat; laboris ultra fidem patiens; in
agmine nonnunquam equo, ssepius pedibus anteibat, capite
detecto, sive sol, sive imber esset. Longissimas vias incredi-
bili celeritate confecit, ita ut perssepe nuntios de se prsevenerit,
neque eum morabantur flumina, qua vel nando^ vel innixus
inflatis utribus^^ trajiciebat. ^
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LIFE OF CATO. V/^l
V. LIFE OF CATO.
1. Marcus Cato, adhuc puer,* invictum animi robur ostendit.
Cum in dome Drusi avunculi sui educaretur, Latini de civitate
impetranda*^ Romam*® venerunt. Popedius, Latinorum prin-
ceps, qui Drusi hospes erat, Catonem puerum rogavit, ut
Latinos apud avunculum adjuvaret. Cato vultu constanti
negavit id se facturum. Iterum deinde ac ssepius interpellatus
in proposito perstitit. Tunc Popedius puerum, in excelsam
adium partem levatum, tenuit et abjecturum inde se minatus
est, nisi precibus^* obtemperaret ; neque hoc metu^ a senten-
tia eum potuit dimovere. Tunc Popedius exclamasse*® fertur :
" Gratulemur*' nobis, Latini, hunc esse tarn parvum ; si enim
senator esset, ne sperare quidem jus civitatis nobis liceret."
2. Cato, cum salutandi gratia ad Sullam a psedagogo duce-
retur, et in atrio cruenta proscriptorum capita vidisset, Sullse
crudelitatem exsecratus est ; seque^^ eodem esse animo signi-
ficavit, quo puer alius nomine Cassius, qui tunc publicam
scholam cum Fausto, Sullse filio, frequentabat. Cum enim
Faustus proscriptionem paternam in schola laudaret, diceret-
que " se, cum per SBtatem posset, eandem rem esse facturum,"
ei^® sodalis gravem colaphum impegit.
3. Insignis fuit, et ad imitandum prseponenda, Catonis erga
fratrem benevolentia. Cum enim interrogaretur, " quem om-
nium maxima diligeret,"*^ respondit, " fratrem." Iterum inter-
rogatus, "quem secundum maxime diligeret," iterum, "fra-
trem," respondit. Quserenti^® tertio idem responsum dedit,
donee ille a percunctando desisteret.** Crevit cum setate ille
Catonis in fratrem amor : ab ejus latere non discedebat ; ei in
omnibus rebus morem gerebat. Annos^ natus viginti nun-
quam sine fratre coenaverat, nunquam in forum prodierat, nun-
quam iter susceperat. Diversum tamen erat utriusque ingeni-
um : in utroque probi mores erant, sed Catonis indoles severior.
4. Cato, cum frater, qui erat tribunus militum, ad bellum
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122 LATIN LESSONS.
profectus esset, ne eum desereret, voluutaria stipendia fecit.
Accidit postea, ut Catonis frater in Asiam*' proficisci coge-
retur, €t iter faciens in morbum incideret : quod^ ubi audivit
Cato, licet tunc gravis tempestas saeviret, neque parata esset
magna navis, solvit e portu Thessalonicse exigua navicula^
cum duobus tantum amicis tribusque servis, et, psene haustus
fluctibus, tandem prajter spem incolumis evasit. At fratrem,
modo defunctum vita,*^ reperit. Tunc questibus^* et lacrimis
totum se tradidit : mortui corpus quam magnificentissimo
potuit funere extulit, et marmoreum tumulum exstrui curavit
suis impensis.^ ^ Vela deinde facturus, cum suaderent amici
ut fratris reliquias in alio navigio poneret,^^animam^ se^prius
quam illas relicturum respondit, atque ita solvit
5. Cato qusestor^ in insulam Cyprum missus est ad coUigen-
dam*^ Ptolemsei regis pecuniam, a quo populus Romanus heres^
institutus fuerat. Integerrima fide^ eam rem administravit.
Summa longe major quam quisquam sperare potuisset redacta
est. Fere septem milia talentorum^° navibus** imposuit Cato :
atque, ut naufragii pericula vitaret, singulis vasis," quibus^
inclusa erat pecunia, corticem suberis longo fimiculo^ alli-
gavit, ut, si forte mersum navigiura esset,** locum amissw
pecuniae cortex supematans indi caret. Catoni advenienti
senatus et tota ferme civitas obviam efFusa est, nee erat res
triumpho** absimilis. Actse sunt Catoni a senatu gratise,
prseturaque illi et jus spectandi*^ ludos prsetextato extra
ordinem data. Quem honorem Cato noluit accipere, iniquum
esse affirmans, "sibi decerni, quod nulli alii tribueretur."
6. Cum Csesar consul legem reipublicro^^ pemiciosam tulis-
set, Cato solus, ceteris exterritis,^ huic legi^® obstitit. Iratus
Csesar Catonem^ extrahi curia,^ et in vincula rapi, jussit :
at illp nihil de libertate linguae remisit, sed in ipsa ad car-
cerem via de lege disputabat, civesque commonebat, ut talia
molientibus adversarentiu*. Catonem^^ sequebantur moesti
patres, quorum unus, objurgatus a Csesare quod nondum misso
senatu** discederet, " Malo," inqnit, **esse cum Catone in
carcere, quam tecum in curia." Exspectabat Caesar, dum ad
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LIFE OP CICERO. 123
humiles preces Cato sese demittcret : ^ quod ubi frustra a se
sperari intellexit, pudore victus, unum e tribunis misit qui
Catonem dimitteret.^
7. Cato Pompeii partes bello civil i secutus est, eoque victo,
exercitus^® reliquias in Africam cum ingenti itinenim difficul-
tate perduxit. Cum vero ei summum a militibus deferretur
imperium, Scipioni,^* quod vir esset consularis, parere"® maluit
Scipione etiam devicto, Uticam, Africse urbem, petivit, ubi
filium hortatus est, ut clementiam Crosaris experiretur; ipse
vero coenatus deambulavit, et cubitum** iturus arctius diutius-
que in complexu filii ha^sit ; deinde, ingressus cubiculum, ferro
sibi ipse mortem conscivit. Csesar, audita Catonis morte, dixit
ilium glorise^® sua) invidisse, quod sibi^^ laudem servati Catonis
eripuisset. Catonis liberos, eisque patrimonium incolume,
«ervavit.
VI. LIFE OF CICERO.
1. Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere,^ Arpini,*^ quod
est Volscorum oppidum, natus est. Ex ejus avis unus verru-
cam in extremo naso sitam habuit, ciceris grano^* similem :
inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditum. Cum id Marco Tul-
lio a nonnullis probro^ verteretur ; " Dabo operam," inquit,
"ut istud cognomen nobilissimorum nominum splendorem
vincat." Cum eas artes disceret, quibus setas puerilis^ ad
humanitatem solet informari, ingenium ejus ita eluxit, ut eum
sequales e schola redeuntes medium, tanquam regem, circum-
stantes deducerent domum :**" immo eorum parentes, pueri
fama commoti, in ludum litterarium ventitabant, ut eum
viserent. Ea res tamen quibusdam^^ nistici et inculti ingenii®
stomachum movebat, qui ceteros pueros graviter objurgabant,
quod talem condiscipiilo suo honorem tribuerent.**
2. Tullius Cicero adolescens eloquentiam et libertatem suam
ad versus Sullanos' ostendit. Chrysogonum quendam, Sullw
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124: LATIN LESSONS.
libertum, acriter insectatus est, quod, dictatoris potentia**
fretus, in bona civiuni invadebat. Ex quo, veritus invidiam,
Cicero Athenas petivit, ubi Antiochum philosophum studiose
audivit. Inde eloquentise gratia Rhodum®^'* se contulit, ubi
Molone,^ rhetore turn disertissimo, magistro^ usus est. Qui,
cum Ciceronem dicentem audivisset, flevisse*® dicitur, quod
praevideret** per hunc Grsecos a Romania ingenii et eloquentiae
laude superatum*^ iri. Romam*® re versus, quaestor in Sicilia
fuit. Nullius vero qusestura aut gratior aut clarior fuit : cum
in magna annonse difficultate ingentem frumenti vim inde
Romam mitteret, Siculos initio offendit ; postea vero ubi
diligentiam, justitiam et comitatem ejus experti fuerunt,
majores qusestori suo honores, quam uUi unquam pra^tori,
detulerunt.
3. Cicero, consul factus, Sergii Catilina) conjurationem^sin-
gulari virtute, constantia, curaque compressit. Is nempe, in-
dignatus quod in petitione consulatus^ repulsam passus esset,
et furore amens, cum pluribus viris nobilibus Ciceronem inter-
iicere, senatum trucidare, urbem incendere, serarium diripere
constituerat. Quae tam atrox conjuratio a Cicerone detecta
est. Catilina metu consulis Roma^ ad exercitum, queni pa-
raverat, profugit ; socii ejus comprehensi in carcere necati
sunt. Senator quidam filium supplicio mortis ipse affecit.
Juvenis scilicet, iugenio, litteris et forma inter sequales con-
spicuus, pravo consilio amicitiam Catilinse secutus erat, et
in castra ejus properabat : quem pater ex medio itinere re-
tract iim^ occidit, his eum verbis increpaus : "Non ego te
Catilinse^^ adversus patriam, sed patriae ad versus Catilinam,
genui.'*
4. Non ideo Catilina ab incepto destitit, sed infestis signis
Romam petens, cum exercitu caesus est. Adeo acriter dimi-
catum est, ut nemo hostium proelio^^ superfuerit : quem quis-
que in pugnando ceperat, eum, amissa anima, tegebat locum.
Ipse Catilina longe-a suis* inter eoruni, quos occiderat, cadave-
ra cecidit, — morte pulcherrima, si pro patria sua sic occubuis-
set. Senatus populusque Romanus Ciceronem patriae patrem^
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LIFE OP CICERO. 125
appellavit : ea res tamen Ciceroni^* postea invidiam creavit,
adeo ut abeuntem magistratu^^ verba facere ad populum
vetuerit quidam tribunus plebis, quod cives, indicia causa, ^
damnavisset,** sed solitum duntaxat juramentum prsestare ei^*
permiserit. Turn Cicero magna voce: "Juro," inquit, "rem-
publicam atque urbem Romam mea® unius^ opera ^* sal vam
esse" : qua voce delectatus populus Romanus, et ipse juravit
verum esse Ciceronis juramentum.
5. Paucis post aimis^ Cicero reus factus est a Clodio,^
tribuno plebis, eadem de causa, quod nempe cives Romanov
necavisset. Tunc moestus senatus, tanquam in publico luctu,
vestem mutavit. Cicero, cum posset armis^ salutem suam
defendere, maluit urbe^ cedere, quam sua causa cocdem fieri. ^^
Proficiscentem omnes boni flentes prosecuti sunt. Dein Clo-
dius edictum proposuit, ut Marco Tullio^® igni et aqua^ inter-
diceretur, et ejus domum villasque incendit. Sed vis ilia
diuturna non fiiit ; mox enim., maximo omnium ordinum stu-
dio, Cicero in patriam revocatus est. Obviam ei redeunti ab
universis itum est. Domus ejus publica pecunia restituta est.
Postea Cicero, Pompeii partes secutus, a Caesare victore veniam
accepit. Quo interfecto, Octavium heredem Csesaris fovit
atque omavit, ut eum Antonio ^^ rempublicam vexanti^ oppo-
neret ; sed ab illo deinde desertus est et proditus.
6. Antonius, inita cum Octavio societate, Ciceronem jamdiu
sibi^^ inimicum, proscripsit. Qua re audita, Cicero trans versis
itineribus fugit in villam, qu£e a mari proximo aberat, indeque
navem conscendit, in Macedoniam transiturus. Cum vero jam
aliquoties in altum provectum venti adversi retulissent, et
ipse jactationem navis pati non posset, regressus ad villam :
"Moriar," inquit, "in patria ssepe servata." Mox adventanti-
bus percussoribus, cum servi parati essent ad dimicandum
fortiter, ipse lecticam,^ qua^® vehebatur, deponi jussit, eosque
quietos pati, quod sors iniqua cogeret. Prominentia* ex lee-
tica, et immotam cervicem prajbenti, caput prsecisum est.
Manus quoque abscissse : caput relatum est ad Antonium,
«j usque jussu inter duas manus in rostris positum. Fulvia,
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126 LATIN LESSONS.
Antonii uxor, quso se a Cicerone*' Isesam arbitrabatur, caput
manibus^ sumpsit, in genua imposuit, extractamque linguam
acu confixit.
7. Cicero dicax erat, et facetiarum^^ amans, adeo ut ab-
inimicis solitus sit appellari Scurra consularis. Cum Len-
tulum, generum suum, exiguse staturse* hominem, vidisset
longo gladio accinctum : " Quis," inquit, " generum meum ad
gladium alligavit ? '* Matrona qusedam, juniorem se quam erat
simulans, dictitabat se triginta tantum annos habere. Cui
Cicero : ** Verum est," inquit, ** nam hoc viginti annos ^ audio."
Caesar, altero consule mortuo*^ die Decembris ultima, Cani-
nium consulem hora^ septiraa in reliquam diei^° partem re-
nuntiaverM : quem cujii plerique irent salutatum*^ de more ;
"Festinemus,"*^ inquit Cicero, '^priusquam abeat magistratu."
De eodem Caninio scripsit Cicero : " Fuit mirifica vigilantia^
Caninius, qui toto suo consulatu'^ somnum non viderit."**
VII. LIFE OF BEUTUS.
1. Marcus Brutus, ex ilia gente quse Roma** Tarquinios
ejecerat oriundus, Athenis^ philosophiam, Rhodi eloquentiam,
didicit. Sua eum virtus valde commendavit : ejus pater, qui
Sullee partibus" adversabatur, jussu Pompeii interfectus erat ;
unde Brutus cum eo graves gesserat simultates : bello tamen
civil i Pompeii causara, quod justior videretur, secutus est, et
dolorem suum reipublicae utilitati^® posthabuit. Victo Pom-
peio, Brutus a Csesare servatus est, et prsetor etiam factus.
Postea cum Csesar, superbia^ elatus, senatum contemnere, et
regnum aiFectare coepisset, populus, jam prsesenti statu *° baud
Isetus, vindicem libertatis requirebat. Subscripsere quidam
primi Bruti statute," Utinam viveres I Item ipsius Csesaris
statuse : " Brutus, quia reges ejecit, primus consul factus est ;
hie, quia consules ejecit, postremo rex factus est." * Inscrip-
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LIPB OF AUGUSTUS. 127
turn quoque est Marci Bruti prsstoris tribunali*®: Dormis^
Brute !
2. Marcus Brutus, cognita popiili Roman! voluntate, ad-
versus Csesarem conspiravit. Pridie quam Ccesar est occisus,
Porcia, Bruti uxor, consilii^^ conscia, cultellum tonsorium,
quasi unguium rcsecandorum ** causa, poposcit, eoque, velut
foi-te e manibus elapso, se ipsa vulneravit. Clamore ancil-
larura vocatus in cubiculum uxoris, Brutus objurgare earn
coepit, quod tonsoris officium prceripere voluisset • at Porcia ei
secreto dixit : " Non casu, sed de industria, mi Brute, hoc
mihi'* vulnus feci : experiri enim volui, satisne mihi animi
esset*^ ad mortem oppetendam, si tibi^* propositum ex sen-
tentia pai-um cessisset." Quibus verbis auditis, Brutus ad
caelum manus^^ et oculos sustulisse dicitur, et exclamavisse :
" Utinam dignus tali conjuge*^ maritus videri possim ! "
3. Interfecto Csesare, Antonius vestem ejus sanguinolentam
ostentans, populum veluti furore quodam adversus conjuratos
inflammavit. Bmtus itaque in Macedoniam concessit, ibique
apud urbem Phiiippos^ adversus Antonium et Octavium dimi-
cavit. Victus acie, cum in tumulum se nocte^ recepisset, ue
in hostium man us veniret, uni^® comitum'® latus transfodien-
dum prsebuit. Antonius, viso Bruti cadavere, ei suum injecit
purpureum paludamentum, ut in eo sepeliretur. Quod cum
postea surreptum audivisset, requiri furem et ad supplici\im
duci jussit. Cremati. corporis reliquias ad Serviliam, Bruti
matrem, deportandas curavit. Non eadem fuit Octavii erga
Brutum moderatio : is enim avulsum Bruti caput Romam fcrri
jussit, ut Caii Csesaiis statuse^® subjiceretur.
VIII. LIFE OF AUGUSTUS.
1. Octavius Julia), Caii Caisaris sororis, nepos, patrera quad-
rimus amisit. A majore avunculo adoptatus, eum in Hispa-
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128 LATIN LESSONS.
niam profectum secutus est. Deinde ab eo ApoUoniam**
missus est, ut liberalibus studiis^^ vacaret. Audita avunculi
morte, Romam red i it, nomen Csesaris sumpsit, collectoque
veterdnorum exercitu, opem Decimo Bruto^® tulit, qui ab An-
tonio Mutinse** obsidebatur. Cum autem urbis aditu^ prohi-
beretur, ut Brutum de omnibus rebus certiorem faceret, prime
litteras laminis" plumbeis inscriptas misit, quae per urina-
torem sub aqua* fluminis deferebantur. Ad id postea colum-
bis** usus est : iig'® enim diu inclusis et fame aifectis litteras
ad collum alligabat, easque a proximo moenibus^^ loco emitte-
bat. Columbee lucis^^ cibique avidse, summa sedificia petentes,
a Bruto excipiebantur, niaxime cum ille, deposito quibusdam
in locis cibo, columbas illuc devolare instituisset.
2. Octavius bellum Mutinense duobus proeliis confecit, in
quorum altero non ducis modo, sed militis etiam functus est
munere :^ nam aquilifero graviter Vulneratp, aquilam humeria
subiit, et in castra reportavit. Postea recoiiciliata cum An-
tonio gratia, junctisque cum ipso copiis, ut Caii Csesaris necem
ulcisceretur, ad urbem hostiliter accessit, inde quadringentos
milites ad senatum misit, qui sibi consulatum, nomine exer-
citus, doposcerent.** Cunctante senatu, centurio legationis
princeps, rejecto sagulo, ostendens gladii capulum, non dubi-
tavit in curia dicere : " Hie faciet, si vos non feceritis." Cui
respoudisse^ Ciceronem fenmt : " Si hoc modo petieritis
. Cacsari consulatum, auferetis." Quod dictum ei deinde ex-
itio^fuit: invisus enim esse ccepit Csesari, quod libertatis^^
esset amantior.
3. Octavius Csesar, nondum viginti annos natus, consulatum
invasit, novamque proscriptionis tabulam proposuit : qure
proscriptio Sullana^^ longe crudelior fuit : ne tenerse quidem
setati" pepercit. Puenmi quendam, nomine Atilium, Octavius
coegit togam virilem sumore, ut tanquam vir proscriberetur.
Atilius, protinus ut e Capitolio descendit, deducentibus ex
more araicis, in tabulam relatus est. Desertum deinde a
comitibus ne mater quidem prse metu recepit. Puer itaque
fugit, et in silvis aliquamdiu delituit. Cum vero inopiam
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LIFE OF AUGUSTUS. 129
ferre non posset, e latebris' exiit, seque prsetereuntibus^ indi-
cavit, a quibus interfectus est. Alius puer etiam impubes,
cum in ludum litterarium iret, cum psedagogo, qui pro eo
corpus objecerat, necatus est.
4. Octavius, inita cum Antonio societate, Marcura Brutum
Csesaris interfectorem bello persecutus est. Quod bellum,
quanquam seger atque invalid us, duplici proelio transegit, quo-
rum ^° priore, castris^ exutus, vix fuga^ evasit; altero victor
se gessit acerbius. In nobilissimum quemque captivum saeviit,
adjecta^ etiam supplicio" verborum contumelia.*^ Uni suppli-
citer precanti sepulturam respondit, "jam illam in volucrum
atque ferarum potestate futuram." Ambo erant captivi pater
et filius ; cum autem Octavius noUet, nisi uni, vitam con-
cedere, eos sortiri jussit, utri" parceretur. Pater, qui se pro
filio ad mortem subeundam obtulerat, occisus est; nee servatus
filius, qui prae dolore voluritaria occubuit nece : neque ab hoc
tristi spectaculo bculos avertit Octavius, sed utrumque speo-
tavit morientem.
5. Octavius ab Antonio iterum abalienatus est, quod is,
repudiata Octavia sorore, Cleopatram ^gypti reginam duxis-
set uxorem : quae mulier cum Antonio luxu et deliciis certa-
bat. Gloriata est aliquando se centies sestertium ^^ una coena
absumpturam. Antonio,*^ id fieri posse neganti, magnificam
apposuit coenam, sed non tanti sumptus® quanti promiserat.
Irrisa igitur ab Antonio, jussit sibi afferri vas aceto^ plenum :
exspectabat Antonius quidnam esset^ actura. Ilia gemmas
pretiosissimas auribus^^ appensas habebat ; protinus unam
detraxit, et aceto dilutam absorbuit. Alteram quoque simiii
modo^ parabat absumere, nisi prohibita fuisset.
6. Octavius cum Antonio apud Actium, qui locus in Epiro
est, navali proelio dimicavit. Victum et fugientem Antonium
persecutus, ^gyptum petiit; obsessaque Alexandria,*^ quo
Antonius cum Cleopatra confugerat, brevi potitus est. An-
tonius, desperatis rebus, cum in solio regali sedisset regio dia-
demate cinctus, necem sibi conscivit. Cleopatra vero, quam^
Octavius magnoperc cupiebat vivam comprehendi, triumpho-
W
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ISO LATIN LESSONS.
que^ servari, aspidem sibi in cophino inter ficus afFerendam
curavit, eamque ipsa brachio^® applicuit : quod ubi cognovit
Octavius, medicos vulneri remedi^ adhibere jussit. Admovit
etiam Psyllos, qui venenum exsugerent,** sed frustra. Cleopa-
trse^* mortu8B communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit.
7. Tandem Octavius, hostibus victis, solusque imperio^^
potitus, clementem se exhibuit. Omnia deinceps in eo plena
mansuetudinis^ et humanitatis. Multis^^ ignovit, a quibus
Bsepe graviter Isesus fuerat, quo in numero fuit Metellus, unus
ex Antonii prsefectis. Cmn is inter captivos senex squalidus
Bordidatusque processisset, agnovit eimi filius ejus, qui Octavii
partes secutus erat, statimque exsiliens, patrem complexus,
sic Octavium allocutus est : " Pater meus hostis tibi fuit, ego
mil^s: non magis ille poenam, quam ego prsemium, meriti
Bumus. Aut igitur me propter ilium occidi jube, aut ilium
propter me vivere. Delibera, quseso, utrum sit*^ moribus^^
tuis convenientius." Octavius postquam paulum addubitavis-
set, misericordia motus, hominem sibi infensissimum propter
filii merita servavit.
8. Octavius in Italiam rediit, Romamque triumphans In-
gressus est. Tum bellis toto orbe compositis, Jani gemini
portas sua manu clausit, quae tantummodo bis antea clausa)
fiierant, primo sub Numa rege, iterum post primum Punicum
bellum. Tunc omnes^ prseteritorum malorum oblivio cepit,
populusque Bomanus prsesentis otii Isetitia*^ perfruitus est.
Octavio^ maximi honores a senatu delati sunt. Ipse Augus-
tus cognominatus est, et in ejus honorem mensis Sextilis
eodem nomine est appellatus, quod illo mense** bellis^* civili-
bus finis esset impositus. Equites Romani natalem ejus biduo
semper celebrarunt"; senatus populusque Romanus uni versus
cognomen Patris Patriae maximo consensu ei tribuerunt. Au-
gustus, prae gaudio lacrimans, respondit his verbis : " Compos
factns. sum votorum^^ meorum ; neque aliud mihi optandum
est, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad ultimum vita) finem
videre possim."
9. Dictaturam, quam populus magna vi ofFerebat, Angus-
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LIPB OP AUGUSTUS. 131
tus, genu nixus, dejectaque ab humeris toga, deprecatus est.
Domini appellationem semper exhorruit, eamque sibi tribui
edicto vetuit, immo de restituenda*^ republica non semel cogi-
tavit; sed reputans et se privatum non sine periciilo fore,**
et rempublicam plurinm arbitrio conimissiim iri, summam
retinuit potestatem, id vero studuit, neqiiem novi status^*
poeniteret. Bene de iis etiam quos adversarios expertus erat
et sentiebat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando unum e
nepotibus invenit; cumque puer territus volumen Ciceronis,
quod manu tenebat, veste tegeret, Augustus librum cepit,
eoque statim reddito : " Hie vir," inquit, " fili mi, doctus fuit
et patriae araans."
10. Pedibus ssepe per urbem incedebat, summaque comitate
adeuntes^ excipiebat : unde cum quidam, libellum supplicem
porrigens, prse metu et reverentia nunc manum proferret,
nunc retraheret ; " Putasne," inquit jocans Augustus, " assem
te elephanto dare " 1 Eum aliquando convenit veteran ns miles,
qui vocatus in jus periclitabatur, rogavitque ut sibi adesset.
Statim Augustus unum e comitatu siio elegit advocatum, qui
litigatorem commendaret. Tum veteranus exclamavit : " At
non ego, te** periclitante bello Actiaco,* vicarium quaesivi, sed
ipse pro te pugnavi"; simulque detexit cicatrices. Erubuit
Augustus, atque ipse venit in advocationem.
11. Cum post Actiacam victoriam Augustus Romam ingre-
deretur, occurrit ei inter gratulantes opifex quidam corvum
tenens, quem instituerat hsec dicere : Ave, Ccesar victor^ im-
perator. Augustus, avem officiosam miratus, eam viginti
milibus nummorum^® emit. Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex
ilia liberalitate pervenerat, affirmavit Augusto ilium habere et
alium corvum, quem afFerri postulavit. Allatus corvus verba,
qu8B didicerat, expressit : Ave^ Antoni victor, imperator. Nihil
aa re exasperatus, Augustus jussit tantummodo corvorum
doctorem dividere acceptam mercedem cum contubemali.
Salutatus similiter a psittaco, emi eum jussit.
12. Exemplo incitatus, sutor quidam corvum instituit ad
parem salutationem ; sed, cum parum proficeret, saepe ad
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132 LATIN LESSONS.
avem non respondentem dicebat : Ojiera et impensa periit.
Tandem corvus coepit proferre dictatam salutationem : qua
audita dum transiret, Augustus respondit : " Satis domi ta-
lium salutatorum^^ habeo." Turn corvus ilia etiam verba
abjecit, quibus dominum querentem audire solebat : Opera et
impensa pei^iit : ad quod Augustus risit, atque avem emi jussitj
quant i" nullam adhuc emerat.
13. Solebat quidam Grseculus descendenti e palatio Augusto
honorificum aliquod epigramma porrigere. Id cum fnistra
ssepe fecisset, et tamen rursum eundem facturum Augustus
videret, sua manu in charta breve exaravit Grsecum epi-
gramma, et Graeculo venienti ad se obviam misit. Ille legendo
laudare coepit, mirarique tarn voce quam vultu gestuque.
Dein cum accessit ad sellam, qua^ Augustus vehebatur, de-
missa in pauperem crumenam manu, paucos denarios protulit,
quos principi daret ; dixitque " se plus daturum fuisse, si plus
habuisset." Secuto omnium risu, Grseculum Augustus vocavit,
eique satis grandem pecuniae summam numerari jussit.
14. Augustus fere nulli se invitanti negabat. Exceptus
igitur a quodam coena satis parca et paene quotidiana, hoc
tantum insusurravit : " Non putabam me tibi^^ esse tarn famil-
iarem." Cum aliquando apud Pollionem quendam coenaret,
fregit unus ex servis vas crystallinum : rapi ilium protinus
Pollio jussit, et, ne vulgari morte periret, abjici mursenis,^*
quas ingens piscina continebat. Evasit e manibus puer, et ad
pedes Csesaris confugit, non recusans mori, sed rogans ne
piscium esca fieret. Motus novitate crudelitatis, Augustus
servi infelicis patrocinium suscepit : cum autem veniam a viro
crudeli non impetraret, crystallina vasa ad se afFerri jussit ;
omnia manu sua fregit ; servum manumisit, piscinamque com-
pleri prsecepit.
15. Augustus in quadam villa segrotans noctes inquietas
agebat, rumpente somnum ejus crebro noctuse cantii; qua
molestia cum liberari se vehementer cupere significasset, miles
quidam, aucupii" peritus, noctuam prehendendam curavit,
vivaraque Augusto attulit, spe ingentis preemii ; cui Augustus
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LIFE OF AUGUSTUS. '1S3
mille nummos dari jussit : at ille, minus dignum prsemium
existimans, dicere ausus est : " Malo ut vivat," et avem di-
misit. Imperatori nee ad irascendum causa deerat, nee ad
ulciscendum potestas. Hanc tamen injuriam sequo animo
tulit Augustus, hominemque impunitum abire passus est.
16. Augustus amicitias non facile admisit, et admissas con-
stanter retinuit : imprimis familiarem habuit Msecenatem,
equitem Roman um, qui ea,^ qua apud principem valebat gratia
ita semper usus est, ut prodesset omnibus" quibus posset,
noceret nemini. Mira erat ejus ars et libertas in flectendo*^
Augusti animo, cum eum ira incitatum videret. Jus ali-
quando dicebat Augustus, et multos morte damnaturus vide-
batur. Aderat tunc Maecenas, qui circumstantium turbam
perrumpere, et ad tribunal propius accedere, conatus est :
cum id frustra tentasset, in tabella scripsit ha)c verba. Surge
tandem, caniifex : eamque tabellam ad Augustum projecit ;
qua lecta, Augustus statim surrexit, et nemo est morte
multatus.
17. Habitavit Augustus in sedibus modicis, neque laxitate
neque cultu conspicuis, ac per annos amplius quadraginta in
eodem cubiculo hieme et sestate mansit. Supellex quoque
ejus vix privatse elegantise® erat. Idem tamen Romam, quam
pro raajestate imperii non satis ornatam invenerat, adeo ex-
coluit, ut jure sit gloriatus, " marraoream se relinquere, quam
lateritiam accepisset." Raro veste alia usus est, quam con-
fecta ab uxore,^ sorore, filia, neptibusque. Altiuscula erant
ejus calceamenta, ut procerior quam erat videret ur. Cibi*
minimi erat atque vulgaris. Secundarium panem et pisciculos
miuutos et ficus virides maxime appetebat.
18. Augustus non amplius quam septem horas^ dormiebat,
ac ne eas quidem continuas, sed ita ut in illo temporis spatio
ter aut quater expergisceretur. Si interruptum somnum re-
cuperare non posset, lectores arcessebat, donee yesumeret.
Cum audisset senatorem quondam, licet sere alieno oppressum,
arete et graviter dormire solitum, culcitam ejus magno pretio^^
emit: mirantibus dixit: "Habenda est ad somnum culcita, in
qua homo qui tantum debebat dormire potnit."
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134 LATIN LESSONS.
19. Exercitationes campestres equorum et armorum statim
post bella civilia omisit, et ad pilam primo folliculumque
transiit; mox, animi laxandi causa, modo piscabatur hamo,
modo talis nucibusque ludebat cum puerculis, quos facie et
gamilitate amabiles undique conquirebat. Alea multum de-
lectabatur ; idque ei vitio^ datum est. Tandem, afflicta vale-
tudine, in Campaniam concessit, ubi remisso ad otium animo,
nullo hilaritatis genere^ abstinuit. Supremo vitse die, petito
speculo, capillum sibi comi jussit, et amicos circumstantes
percontatus est, num vitse mimum satis commode egisset;**
adjecit et solitara clausulam : " Edite strepitum, vosque omnes
cum gaudio applaudite." Obiit Nolce^ sextum et septuagesi-
mum annum agens.
IX. THE HELVETIAN WAR.
FKQM CiESAR'S GALLIC WAR. Book L
1. Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. Unam incolunt
BelgfiB, aliam Aquitani, tertiam Celtse, qui* lingua^ nostra
Galli appellant ur. Hi omnes lingua,^ institutis, legibus, inter
se dififerunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen dividit, a
Belgis Matrona et Sequana. Fortissimi" sunt Belgae, prop-
terea quod proximi sunt Germanis,^^ qui trans Rhenum inco-
lunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Helvetii quoque
reliquos Gallos virtute^ prsecedunt, quod fere quotidianis
proeliis cum Germanis contendunt. Una pars initium capit a
flumine Rhodano ; continetur Garumna flumine, oceano, fini-
bus Belgarum. Attingit etiam flumen^ Rhenum. Vergit ad
septemtriones. Belgse ab extremis Gallise finibus oriuntur;
pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni; spectant in
septemtriones et orientem solem. Aquitania a Garumna flu-
mine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem oceani, quae est
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THE HELVETIAN WAR. 135
ad Hispaniam, pertinet; spectat inter occasum soils et sep-
temtriones.
2. Apud Helvetjos nobilissimus* et ditissimus fuit Orge-
torix. Is conjurationem nobilitatis fecit, et civitati'* per-
suasit, lit de fiuibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent. Facilius
eis persuasit, quod undique, loci natura,^ Helvetii continentur;
una ex parte, flumine Rheno, latissimo atque altissimo, qui
agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit ; altera ex parte, monte
Jura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios ; tertia>
lacu Lemanuo, et flumine Rhodano, qui Provinciam nostram
ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus adducti, constituerunt ea
quae* ad proficiscehdum pertinerent comparare;** jumento-
rum et carrorum quam maximum numerum co^mere ; semen-
tes quam maximas facere ; cum proximis civitatibus amioitiam
confirmare. In tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant.
Ad eas res conficiendas*^ Orgetorix deligitur. Is legationem ad
civitates suscepit. In eo itinere persuadet Castico, Sequano,
ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod* pater ante habu-
erat. Itemque Dumnorigi iEduo, qui maxime plebi acceptus
erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet. Inter se jusjurandum
dant, et totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant. Ea res est
Helvetiis^* enuntiata : Orgetorigem ex vinculis causam dicere
coegerunt. Damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni^ cre-
maretur. Die constituta" Orgetorix ad judicium omnem suam
familiam, et omnes clientes obseratosque conduxit. Per eos se
eripuit.
3. Cum civitas, ob eam rem incitata, arrais jus suum ex-
sequi conaretur, Orgetorix mortuus est. Post ejus mortem
nihilominus Helvetii id quod constituerant facere*® couantur.
Ubi se paratos esse*® arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, vicos,
privata sedificia incendunt. Trium mensium molita cibaria
quemque domo efFerre jubent. Erant omnino itinera duo,
quibus* itineribus domo exire possent ; unum per Sequanos,
angustum et difficile, inter montem Juram et flumen Rhoda-
num ; alterum per provinciam nostram multo facilius atque
^xpeditius, propterea quod Rhodanus nonnuHis locis vado^
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136 LATIN LESSONS.
transitur. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est Geneva. Ex
eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Omnibus rebus** ad
profectionem comparatis, diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rho-
dani omnes conveniant. Csesari cum id nuntiatum esset,
maturat ab urbe proficisci, et in Galliam ulteriorem contendit-
Pontem jubet rescindi.^
4. Ubi de ejus adventu Helvetii certiores' facti sunt, lega-
tes ad eum mittunt, qui** dicerent sibi^'^ esse in animo sine
ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere. Csesar a lacu Le-
manno ad moutem Juram murum fossamque perducit. Negat
se posse® iter ulii per provinciam dare.^ Eelinquebatur una
per Sequanos via, qua, Sequanis invitis, p'ropter angustias ire
non poteraut. His^° cum persuadere non possent, legatos ad
Dumnorigem mittunt, ut, eo deprecatore,** impetrarent. Dum-
norix apud Sequanos plurimum poterat, et Helvetiis^* erat
amicus, quod Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat. Ita-
que rem suscipit, et a Sequanis impetrat, ut per fines suos
Helvetios ire.patiantur.
5. Csesar in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit, duasque
ibi legiones conscribit, et tres ex hibemis educit, ^t in ulteri-
orem Galliam, per Alpes, ire contendit. In fines Vooontiorum
die septimo pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fines, ab Allobro-
gibus in Segusianos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra provin-
ciam trans Rhodanum primi. Helvetii jam per angustias et
fines Sequanorum suas copias transduxerant, et iEduorum agros
populabantur. ^Edui, cum se^' defendere non possent, legatos
ad Csesarem mittunt, rogatum*^ auxilium. Eodem tempore
Ambarri, consanguinei ^ ^Eduorum, Csesarem certiorem faciunt,
sese, depopulatis agris, non facile ab oppidis vim hostium pro-
hibere. Item AUobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos posses-
sionesque habebant, fuga^ se ad Csesarem recipiunt. Caesar
non exspectandum sibi statuit, dum in Santonos Helvetii pet-
venirent.
6. Flumen est Arar, quod per fines iEduorum et Sequano-
rum in Rhodanum influit, incredibili lenitate,^ ita ut oculis
in utram partem fluat judicari non possit. Id Helvetii, rati-
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THE HELVETIAN WAR. 137
bus et lintribus jimctis, transibant. Ubi CjBSar certior factus
est tres copiarum partes Helvetios^ transduxisse, quartam
vero partem citra flumen esse, de tertia vigilia e castris pro-
fectus ad earn partem pervenit, quso nondum transierat. Eos
irapeditos aggressus, magnam eoriim partem concidit. Reliqui
sese in proximas silvas abdidenmt. Is pagus appellabatur
Tigurinus:* nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pages
divisa est. Hie pagus Luciura Cassium consulem interfece-
rat, et ejus exercitum sub jugum miserat. Ita, qu8B pars
calamitatem populo^® Romano intulerat, ea princeps poenas
persolvit.
7. Hoc proelio facto, reliquas copias Helvetiorum ut conse-
qui posset, pontem in Arare faciendum curat, atque ita exer-
citum transducit. Helvetii, repentino ejus adventu commoti,
legatos ad eimi mittunt, cujus legationis Divico princeps fuit,
qui bello** Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. Is ita cum
Csesare agit : Si pacem populus Romanus cum Helvetiis face-
ret, in eam partem ituros, ubi Caesar eos** esse voluisset ; sin
bello persequi perseveraret, reminisceretur et veteris incom-
modi^populi Romani, et pristinse virtutis Helvetiorum ; se ita
a patribus majoribusque suis didicisse, ut magis virtute quam
dolo contenderent. Quare, ne committeret, ut is locus, ubi
constitissent, ex calamitate populi Romani nomen caperet.
8. His Caesar ita respondit : Sibi" minus dubitationis dari,
quod eas res, quas commemorassent, memoria** teneret Si
veteris contumelise*^ oblivisci vellet, num recentium injuri-
arum memoriam deponere posse 1 Tamen, si obsides ab iis
sibi dentur, uti ea quae poUiceantur facturos intelligat, et si
^Eduis de injuriis quas ipsis sociisque eorum intulerint, item
si Allobrogibus satisfaciant, sese cum iis pacem facturum.
Divico respondit : Ita Helvetios a majoribus suis institutes
esse, uti obsides accipere, non dare consueverint ; ejus rei
populum Romanum esse testem. Hoc response dato, discessit.
Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Csesar.
Equitatum omnem prsemittit, qui** videant, quas in partes
hostes iter faciant. Qui alieno loco cum equitatu Helvetiorum
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138 LATIN LESSONS.
proelium committunt, et pauci*de nostris cadunt. Helvetii
audacius snbsistere, nonminquam nostros lacessere coeperunt.
CfiBsar suos a proolio continebat ; ac satis habebat in prsesentia
hostem rapinis^ prohibere. Itadies^ circiter qiiindecim iter
fecerunt, uti, inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum
primum, non amplius quinis aut senis milibus^ passuum
interesset.
9. Interim quotidie Ccesar iEduos^ frumentum, quod* essent
publice polliciti, flagitare. Nam, propter frigora, non modo
frumenta in agris matura non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem
satis magna copia suppetebat. Eo autem frumento,'^ quod
flumine Arare navibus subvexerat, minus uti*® poterat, quod
iter ab Arare Helvetii averterant, a quibms discedere nolebat.
Diem ex die ducere^ ^Edui; conferri, comportari, adesse dicere.
Ubi se diutius duci intellexit, et diem instare, quo die frum^-
tum^militibus metiri oporteret, convocatis eorum principibus,
quorum magnam copiam in castris habebat, in his Divitiaco
et Lisco, qui summo magistratui^® prseerat, graviter eos ao
cusat, quod ab iis non sublevetur; prsesertim cum, magna
ex parte eorum precibus adductus, belhim susceperit. Turn
demum Liscus proponit : esse nonnullos, quorum auctoritas
apud plebem plurimum valeat ; hos'^ seditiosa atque improba
oratione multitudinem deterrere,*® ne frumentum conferant.
Ab iisdem nostra consiHa hostibus enuntiari ; hos a se coerceri
non posse. Quin etiam, quod rem Csesari enuntiarit, intel-
legere sese quanto id cum periculo fecerit ; et, ob eam causam,
quamdiu potuerit, tacuisse.
10. Caesar hac oratione Dumnorigem,^ Divitiaci fratrem,
designari*^ sentiebat ; sed quod, pluribus prsesentibus, eas
res jactari nolebat, celeriter concilium dimittit; Liscum re-
nnet ; dicit liberius atque audacius. Eadem secreto ab aliis
queerit ; reperit esse vera : ipsum esse Dumnorigem summa
audacia,^ magna apud plebem propter liberal itatem gratia, cu-
pidum novarum rerum"; complures annos^ omnia iEduorum
vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere ; propterea quod, illo
licente, contra liceri audeat nemo. His rebus suam rem fami-
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THE HELVETIAN WAR. 139
liarem aiixisse, magnum mimerum equitatus semper circum se
habere. Favere Helvetiis^^ propter affinitatem; odisse Csesa-
rem et Romanes, quod eorum adventu potentia ejus deminuta,
et Divitiacus frater in antiquum locum gratiae atque honoris
sit restitutus. Si quid accidat Komanis, summam in spem
regni per Helvetios obtinendi venire ; imperio populi Romani,
non modo de regno, sed etiam de ea^ quam habeat gratia,
desperare.
11. Cum ad has suspiciones certissimae res accederent, satis
esse causae arbitrabatur, quare in'eum aut ipse animadver-
teret, aut civitatem animadvertere juberet. His omnibus
unum repugnabat, quod Divitiaci fratris summum in populum
Romanum studium, summam in se voluntatem, egregiam
fidem, justitiam, temperantiam cognoverat : nam ne ejus
Bupplicio Divitiaci animum ofifenderet verebatur. Itaque,
priusquam quidquam conaretur,^ Divitiacum^^ ad se vocari
jubet ; simul commonefacit quae, ipso*^ praesente, in concilio
GaUorum sint dicta; et ostendit quae separatim quisque de
eo apud se dixerit. Divitiacus multis cum lacrimis obsecrare
coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret : scire ^ se,^ ilia
esse vera ; sese tamen et amore fratemo et existimatione vulgi
commoveri. Quod si quid ei" a Caesare gravius accidisset, cum
ipse eum locum amicitiae apud eum teneret, neminem existi-
maturum non sua voluntate factum ; qua ex re futurum, uti
totius Gallice* animi a se averterentur. Caesar ejus dextram
prendit ; Dumnorigem ad se vocat ; fratrem adhibet ; quae in
eo reprehendat ostendit ; monet ut in reliquum tempus omnes
suspiciones vitet.
12. Eodem die, ab exploratoribjis certior^ factus hostes sub
monte consedisse millia^ passuum al^ ipsius castris octo, qualis
esset^ natura montis, et qualis in circuitu adscensus, qui cog-
noscerent^ misit. Remintiatum est facilem esse. De tertia
vigilia Titum Labienum, legatum, cum duobus legionibus
summum jugum montis adscendere jubet. Ipse de quarta
vigilia eodem itinere, quo hostes ierant, ad eos contendit,;
equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. Prima luce, cum sum-
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HO LATIN LESSONS.
inus mens a Tito Labieno teneretur, ipse ab hostium castris
non longius miiie et quingentis passibus abesset, neque aut
ipaius adveiitus, aut Labieni, cognitus esset, Considius, equo
admisso, ad eum accurrit; dicit montem, quern a Labieno
occupari voluerit, ab hostibus^ teneri ; id se ex Gallicis armis
atque insignibus cognovisse. Cse'sar suas copias in proximnm
coUem subducit, aciem instruit. Labienus, iit erat ei prae-
ceptum (ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus fieret),
monte occupato, nostros exspectabat, proelioque abstinebat.
Multo denique die, per exploratores Crosar cognovit montem
a suis teneri, et Considiiim, perterritum, quod* non vidisset
pro viso renuntiasse. Eo die, quo consuerat intervallo, hos-
tes sequitur ; et millia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra
ponit.
13. Postridie ejus diei, quod omnino biduum supererat
cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret, et quod a Bi-
bracte, oppido iEduorum longe maximo et copiosissimo, non
amplius millibus passuum duodeviginti aberat, rei frumen-
tarise^® prospiciendum existimavit, ac Bibracte*^ ire contendit.
Helvetii, sen quod perterritos Romanes discedere existimarerit,
sive quod re frumentaria^ intercludi posse confiderent, itinere
converse, nostros a novissimo agmine insequi ac lacessere
coeperunt. Postquam id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar
in proximum collem subducit; equitatumque, qui sustineret
hostium impetum, misit. Ipse interim in colle medio tri-
plicem aciem instnixit. Sarcinas in unum locum conferri, et
eum ab iis, qui in superiore acie constiterant, muniri jussit.
Helvetii, cum omnibus suis carris secuti, impedimenta in
unum locum contulerunt. Ipsi confertissima acie,^ rejecto
nostro equitatu, phalange facta, sub primam nostram aciem
successerunt. Caesar, primum suo^ deinde omnium remotis**
equis, ut spem fugae toUeret, cohortatus sues, proelium com-
misit. Milites, e loco superiore pilis missis, facile hostium
phalangem perfregerunt. Ea disjecta, gladiis destrictis in eos
impetum fecerunt.
14. Gallis^ magno erat impedimento,^ quod, pluribus eo-
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THE HELVETIAN WAR. 141
rum scutis'* uno ictu^ pilorum transfixis et ooUigatis, cum
ferrum se iuflexisset, neque evellere, neque, sinistra impedita,
satis commode pugnare poterant. Tandem vulneribus defessi,
et pedem referre, et, quod mons,suberat circiter mille pas-
suum, eo se recipere coeperunt. Capto monte, et succedenti-
bus nostris, Boii et Tulingi, qui agmeu hostium claudebant,
ex itinere nostros aggressi, circumvenere ; et id conspicati
Helvetii, qui in montem se receperant, nirsus instare et proD-
lium redintegrare coeperunt. Romani conversa signa bipartite
intulerimt; prima et secunda acies, ut victis^® ac submotis re-
sisteret; tertia, ut venientes exciperet. Ita ancipiti proelio
diu atque acriter pugnatum est. Diutius cum nostrorum
impetus sustinere non possent, alteri se, ut coeperant, in mon-
tem receperunt ; alteri ad impedimenta et carros sues se con-
tulenint. Nam hoc toto proBlio, cum ab hora septima ad
vesperum pugnatum sit, avei-sum hostem videre nemo potuit.
Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedimenta pugnatum est ;
propterea quod pro vallo carros objecerant. Impedimentis
castrisque nostri potiti sunt. Ibi Orgetorigis filia atque unus
e filiis captRS est. Ex eo proelio circiter millia hominum cen-
tum et triginta superfuerunt, eaque tota nocte ierunt ; in fines
Lingonum die^ quarto pervenerunt ; cum,'et propter vulnera
militum et sepulturam occisorum, nostri eos sequi non potuis-
sent. Caesar ad Lingones literas nuntiosque misit, ne eos
frumento neve alia re juvarent. Ipse, triduo intermisso, cum
omnibus copiis eos sequi coopit.
15. Helvetii, omnium renim inopia adducti, legates de dedi-
tione ad eum miserunt. Qui cum se ad pedes projecissent,
suppliciterque locuti pacem petissent, atque eos in eo loco, quo
tum essent, adventum suum exspectare jussisset, paruermit.
Eo postquam pervenit, obsides, anna, servos, qui ad eos per-
fiigissent, poposcit. Helvetios in fines suos reverti jussit ; et
quod, omnibus frugibus amissis, domi** nihil erat, AUobrogi-
bus imperavit, ut iis frumenti copiam facerent ; ipsos oppida
vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere jussit, quod noluit eum
locum ^ vacare,*^ ne, propter bonitatem agrorum Germani in
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142 LATIN LESSON&
Helvetiorum fines transirent. In castris Helvetiorum tabiilso
repertsB sunt, literis Grsecis confectae, quibns in tabulis nomi-
natim ratio coufecta erat, qui numerus domo^ exisset*^ eorum,
qui arma ferre possent ; et item separatim pueri, senes, mulie-
resque. Summa omnium ftierat ad millia trecenta sexaginta
et octo. Eorum, qui domum redierunt, repertus est numerus
millium centum et decern.
X. THE WAE WITH AEIOVISTUS.
1. Bello Helvetiorum confecto, totius fere Gallise legati,
principes civitatum, ad Csesarem gratulatum convenerunt :
intelligere sese, tametsi, pro veteribus Helvetiorum injuriis
populi Romani, ab iis poenas repetisset, tamen eam rem non
minus ex usu terrse Gallise quam populi Romani accidisse ;
propterea quod, florentissimis rebus, domos suas Helvetii reli-
quissent, ut toti Gallise^® bellum inferrpnt, imperioque potiren-
tur; locumque domicilio deligerent, quern opportunissimum
ac fructuosissimum judicassent ; reliquasque civitates stipen-
diarias haberent. Petierunt, uti sibi concilium totius Gallise
in diem certam indicere liceret; sese habere quasdam res,
quas ex communi consensu ab eo petere vellent Ea re per-
missa, jurejurando ne quis enuntiaret inter se sanxerunt. Eo
concilio dimisso, iidem principes, qui ante fuerant ad Csesarem,
reverterunt petieruntque uti sibi" secreto de omnium salute
cum eo agere liceret. Ea re impetrata, sese omnes flentes
Csesari ad pedes projecerunt : Non minus se contendere, ne
ea, quae dixissent, enuntiarentur, quam uti ea quae vellent
impetrarent; propterea quod, si enuntiatum esset, summum
in cruciatum se venturos viderent.
2. Locutus est pro his Divitiacus : Galliee totius factiones
esse duas ; harum alterius principatum tenere iEduos, alterius
Arvemos. Hi cum de potentatu inter se multos annoa con-
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THE WAR WITH ARI0VISTU8. 143
tenderent, factum esse, uti ab Arsremis^ Sequanisque Ger-
mani mercede^ arcesserentur. Horum primo circiter millia
quindecim Ehenum transisse; posteaquam agros, cultum, et
copias Gallorum homines barbari adamassent, transductos esse
plures. Nmic esse in Gallia ad centum et Viginti millium
numerum; cum his iEduos eorumque clientes semel atque
iterum contendisse ; pulsos, omnem nobilitatem,^ omnem se-
natum, omnem equitatum amisisse. Quibus calami tatibus,
qui plurimum ante in Gallia potuissent, coactos esse Sequanis
obsides dare, nobilissimos civitatis, et jurejurando civitatem
obstringere, sese^ neque obsides repetituros, neque auxilium
a populo Romano imploraturos, neque recusatm-os quominus
perpetuo sub illorum imperio essent. Unum se esse ex omni
civitate iEduorura, qui adduci non potuerit, ut juraret, aut
liberos suos obsides daret. Ob eam rem se^ ex civitate pro-
fugisse, et Romam^ venisse, auxilium postulatum.** Sed
pejus victoribus Sequanis, quam iEduis victis accidisse; prop-
terea quod Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, in eorum finibus
consedisset, tertiamque partem agri Sequani occupavisset.
Futurum esse paucis annis, uti omnes ex Gallise finibus pel-
l^rentur, atque omnes Germani Rhenum transirent. Ariovis-
tum autem, ut semel Gallorum copias proelio vicerit, superbe
et erudeliter imperare, obsides nobilissimi cuj usque liberos
poscere, et in eos omnia exempla cruciatusque edere. Homi-
nem esse barbarum, iracundum, temerarium; non posse ejus
imperial diutius sustineri. Nisi si quid in populo Romano
sit auxilii,^® omnibus Gallis idem^ esse faciendum,^ quod*
Helvetii fecerint, ut alias sedes, remotas a Germanis, petant ;
fortunamque, queecunque accidat, experiantur. Ca3sarem
deterrere*® posse,*® ne major multitudo Germanorum Rhenum
transducatur.
3. Hac oratione habita, omnes, qui* aderant, magno fletu
auxilium a Caesare petere coeperunt. Animadvertit Caesar,
unos Sequanos^ nihil earum rerum^^ facere,*® quas^ ceteri
facerent ; sed tristes terram intueri. Ejus rei causa quso
esset,** cum ab iis scepius qusereret, neque uUam omnino
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144 LATIN LESSONS.
vocem exprimere posset, idem Divitiacus respondit : Hoc esse
graviorem fortunam Seqiianorum quod soli ne in occulto qui-
dem queri,*® ueque auxilium implorare,*® auderent, absentis-
que Ariovisti crudelitatem, velut si adesset, horrerent. His
rebus cognitis,' Csesar Gallorum animos confirmavit : mag-
nam se^ habere *• spem,^^ beneficio suo adductum, Ariovistum
finem injuriis facturum. MultsB res eura hortabantur, quare
earn rem^ cogitandara et suscipiendam putaret; imprimis,
quod iEduos, fratres ssepenumero a senatu appellatos, in ser-
vitute videbat Germanorum teneri; quod, in tanto imperio
populi Romani, turpissimum sibi et reipublicse esse arbitra-
batur. Germanos'^ Rhenum transire* periculosum videbat;
neque sibi temperatures existimabat, quin, ut ante Cimbri
Teuton ique fecissent, in provinciam, atque inde in Italiam,
conteQderent ; quibus rebus ^® quam maturrime occurrendum
putabat.
4. Quamobrem placuit ei,^* ut ad Ariovistum legates mitte-
ret, qui ab eo postularent,** uti aliquem locum medium collo-
qiyo diceret : Velle* sese^ de republioa et summis utriusque
rebus cum eo agere.*® Ei legationi Ariovistus respondit : Si
quid ipsi^"^ a Csesare opus esset, sese ad eum venturum fuisse ;
si quid ille se velit, ilium ad se venire oporte're ; sibi autem
mirum videri, quid in sua Gallia, quam bello vicisset, aut
Csesari^^ aut omnino populo*"^ Romano negotii^® esset. His
responsis ad Csesarem relatis, itenim legates cum his mandatis
mittit : Quoniam, beneficio affectus, banc sibi populoque Ro-
mano gratiam referret, hsec esse, quae ab eo postularet; pri-
mum, ne quam hominum multitudinem amplius trans Rheuum
in Galliam transduceret ; deinde obsides, qnos haberet ab
^duis, redderet; neve his" sociisve" eorum bellum infer-
ret. Si id non impetraret, sese," quoniam senatus censu-
isset, uti, quicunque Galliam provinciam obtineret, amicos
populi Romani defenderet, iEduorum injurias non neglec-
turum.*®
5. Ad hfloc Ariovistus respondit : Jus esse belli, ut, qui
vicissent, quemadmodum vellent, imperarent; populum Ro-
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THE WAR WITH ARIOVISTUS. 145
manum victis,^* non ad alterius priEscriptum, sed ad suum ar-
bitrium, imperare consuesse. iEduos^ sibi, quoniam belli
fortunam tentasseut, ac snperati essent, stipendiarios^ esse
fectos.** Se^ obsides redditurum non esse; neque bellum^
illaturum, si stipendium quotannis penderent. Caesar, cum
vellet, oongrederetur ; intellect unim, quid invicti Gerraani,
qui inter annos quatuordecim tectum non subissent, virtute
possent. Eodem tempore legati ab iEduis et Treviris venie-
bant ; iEdui questum,^ quod Harudes, qui nuper in Galliam
transportati essent, fines eorum popularentur ; Treviri, pagos
centum Suevorum ad ripas Rheni consedisse, qui transire co-
narentur. Quibus rebus Csesar vehementer commotus matu-
randum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova manus cum veteribus
copiis Ariovisti sese^ conjunxisset, minus facile resisti posset.
Itaque, re frumentaria comparata, magnis itineribus^ad Ario-
vistum cont^ndit.
6. Cum tridui viam^ processisset, nuntiatum est ei Ario-
vistum^ cum omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem,
quod* est oppidum maximum Sequanorum, contendere,* tri-
duique viam a suis finibus processisse.* Id ne accideret,
prsecavendum Csesar existimabat. Namque omnium rerum,'
quae ad bellum usui erant, summa erat in eo facultas ; idque
natura*^ loci sic mmiiebatur, ut magnam ad ducendum*^ bel-
lum daret facultatem ; propterea quod flumen Dubis psene
totum oppidum cingit ; reliquum spatium mons continet, ita
ut radices ex utraque parte ripae fluminis contingant. Hunc
murus arcem eflficit, et cum oppido conjungit. Caesar, occu-
pato oppido, ibi praesidium collocat. Dum paucos dies rei
frumentariae causa ^ moratur, ex percunctatione^ nostrorum
Tocibusque^ Gallorum ac mercatorum, qui ingenti magnitu-
dine^ corporum Germanos,^ incredibili virtute^ atque exer-
citatione in armis, esse praedicabant ; saepenumero sese, cum
iis congresses, ne vultura quidem atque aciem oculorum ferre
potuisse ; tantus subito tinior exercitum occupavit, ut omnium
mentes animosque pertiu-baret. Hie ortus est a tribunis
militum reliquisque, qui, amicitiae causa Caesarem secuti, non
10
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146 LATIN LESSONS.
magnum in re militari usum habebant. Alius alia causa*
illata petebant, ut discedere liceret; nonnuUi, ut timoris suspi-
cionem vitarent, remanebaut. Hi, abditi in tabernaculis, aut
Buum fatum querebantur, aut cum familiaribus suis commune
periculum miserabantur. Totis castris testamenta obsigna-
bantur. Horum vocibus^ etiam ii, qui* magnum in castris
usum habebant, perturbabantur. Qui se^ minus timidos
existimari volebant, non se hostem vereri, sed angustias itine-
ris, et magnitudinem silvarum, quae intercederent inter ipsos
atque Ariovistum, dicebant. Nonnulli etiam Csesari renunti-
abant, cum castra^ moveri ac signa ferri jussisset, non fore
dicto audientes milites.
7. Hsec^ cum animadvertisset, convocatb consilio omnium-
que ordinum adhibitis centuriofiibus, vehementer eos incu-
savit ; quod, aut quam in partem, aut quo consilio ducerentur,
3ibi quajrendum aut cogitandum putarent : Ariovistum cu-
pidissime populi Romani amicitiam appetisse : cur hunc
temere quisquam ab officio discessurum judicaret 1 Sibi ^*
quidem persuaderi, cognitis postulatis, eum^ neque suam
neque populi Romani gratiam repudiaturum. Quod si, fu-
rore impulsus, bellum intulisset, cur de sua virtute aut de
ipsius diligentia desperarent 1 Factum ejus hostis periculum,
cum, Cimbris et Teutonis a Caio Mario pulsis, non minorem
laudem exercitus, quam imperator, meritus^ videbatur. Fac-
tum etiam nuper in Italia servili tumultu.** Ex quo judicari^
posset, quantum haberet in se boni^° constantia; propterea
quod, quos aliquamdiu inermes timuissent, hos annates supe-
rassent. Denique hos esse eosdem, quibuscum ssepenumero
Helvetii congressi, non solum in suis sed etiam in illorum
finibus, plerumque superarint, qui tamen pares esse nostro
exercitu non potuerint. Si quos adversum proelium Gallorum
moveret, hos reperire posse, Ariovistum,^ cum multos menses
castris se tenuisset, desperantes^ de pugna et disperses subito
adortum** niagis consilio qnam virtute vicisse. Qui suum
timorem in angustias confeiTent, facere arroganter, cum aut
de officio imperatoris desperare, aut ei prsescribere^ viderentur.
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THE WAR WITH ARIOVISTUS. 147
Quod non fore dicto audientes milites dicantur, nihil** se^ ea
re commoveri, et proxima nocte de quarta vigilia castra mo-
turum, ut quam primum intelligere posset, utrum apud eos
officium an timor valeret. Si preeterea nemo sequatur, tamen
se cum sola decima legione iturum, de qua non dubitaret,
sibique" earn praetoriam cohortem futuram.
8. Hac oratione habita, minim in modum conversse sunt
omnium mentes, summaque cupiditas belli gerendi innata est;
princepsque decima legio per tribunos ei gratias egit, quod de
se optimum judicium fecisset. Deinde reliqueB legiones ege-
runt, uti Csesari satisfacerent ; et, itinere exquisite per Divi-
tiacum, quod ei maximam fidem habebat, de quarta vigilia, ut
dixerat, profectus est. Septimo die ab exploratoribus*' certior
factus est, Ariovisti copias a nostris millibus passuum quattuor
et viginti abesse. Cognito Csesaris adventu, Ariovistus legates
ad eum mittit : Quod antea de colloquio postulasset, id^ fieri
licere,* quoniam propius accessisset. Non respuit conditio-
nem Csesar; magnamque in spem veniebat, pro suis populi-
que Romani in eum beneficiis, fore uti pertinacia^ desisteret.
Dies colloquio dictus est, ex eo die quintus. Interim Ariovis-
tus postulavit, ne quem peditem Ceesar adduceret ; uterque
cum equitatu veniret ; alia ratione se non esse venturum.
Csesar, quod neque colloquium^ tolli volebat, neque salutem
suam Gallonim equitatui committere audebat, commodissi-
mum esse statuit, omnibus equis Gallis equitibus detractis, eo
milites legionis decimse imponere, ut prsesidium quam amicis-
simum haberet. Planities erat magna, et in ea tumulus ter-
renus. Hie locus sequo fere spatio ab castris utrisque aberat.
Eo ad colloquium venerunt. Legionem Caesar passibus ducen-
tis ab eo tumulo constituit ; equites Ariovisti pari intervallo
constiterunt.
9. Ariovistus, ex equis ut coUoquerentur, et praeter se denos
ut ad colloquium adducerent, postulavit. Caesar initio ora-
tiouis beneficia commemoravit ; quod rex appellatus esset a
senatu ; quod munera amplissima missa ; quam rem et paucis
contigisse et pro magnis officiis docebat. Docebat etiara, quam
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148 LATIN LESSONS.
veteres quamque justse causae necessitudinis ipsis cum iEduis
intercederent ; quae senatus consul ta, quamque honorifica, in
eos facta essent ; ut omni tempore totius Gallise principatum
tenuissent. Postulavit deinde eadem, quae* legatis in mandatis
dederat. Ariovistus ad postulata Csesaris respondit : Trans-
isse Rhenum sese^ non sua sponte, sed arcessitum^ a Gallis;^
sedes habere ab ipsis concessas; obsides ipsorum voluntate
datos; stipendium^^ capere jure belli ; non se Gallis^^ bellum
intulisse ; omnes Gallise civitates ad se oppugnandum*^ ve-
nisse ; et uno proelio superatas esse. Si iterum experiri velint,
iterum paratum sese decertare ; si pace uti velint, iniquum
esse de stipendio recusare, quod sua voluntatiB ad id tempus
pependerint. Amicitiam populi Romani sibi^ prsesidio^ non
detrimento esse oportere. Quod multitudinem Germanorum
in Galliam transducat, id^^ se^ sui muniendi non Gallise im-
pugnandse causa facere. Se prius in Galliam venisse quam
populum Romanum. Nunquam ante hoc tempus exercitum
populi Romani provincise fines egressura. Quid sibi velletl
Cur in suas possessiones veniret 1 Provinciam suam hanc
esse sicut illam nostram. Ut ipsi concedi non oporteret, si in
nostros fines impetum facere t, sic item nos esse iniquos, qui in
suo jure se interpellaremus.
10. Multa ab Csesare^ dicta sunt, quare negotio^ desistere
non posset : Neque suam neque populi Romani consuetudinem
pati, uti optime meritos socios desereret ; neque se judicare,
Galliam potius esse Ariovisti quam populi Romani. Si judi-
cium senatus® observari oporteret, liberam debere esse Gal-
liam, quam bello victam suis legibus*^ uti^ voluisset. Dum
haec in coUoquio geruntur, Ceesari nuntiatum est equites Ario-
visti propius tumulum accedere, et lapides^^ telaque in nostros
conjicere. Gsesar loquendi finem fecit; se ad suos recipit;
imperavit ne quod omnino telum in hostes rejicerent. Nam,
etsi sine ullo periculo legionis delectee proelium fore videbat,
tamen committendum non putabat, ut, pulsis hostibus, dici
posset, ab se in coUoquio circumventos. Posteaquam in vul-
gus militum elatum est, qua arrogantia Ariovistus usus Gallia
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THE WAR WITH ARI0V1STU8. 149
Romania^ interdixisset, impetumque in nostros ejus equite«
fecissent, miilto major alacritas studiumque pugnandi exer-
citui" injectum est.
11. Biduo post Ariovistus ad Csesarem legates mittit, velle""
se'^ agere*® cum eo; uti aut iterum colloquio diem consti-
tiieret, aut ex legatis aliquem ad se mitteret. CoUoquendi
Csesari causa visa non est. Legatum ex suis sese magno cum
periculo ad eum missurum, et hominibus^^ feris objecturum,
existimabat. Commodissimum visum est, Gaium Valerium
Procillum propter fidem et propter linguae Gallicae scientiam,
qua*^ multa jam Ariovistus utebatur, ad eum mittere, et Mar-
cum Mettium, qui hospitio Ariovisti usus erat. Quos cum in
castris conspexisset, conclamavit : Quid ad se venirent 1 an
speculandi causal et in catenas conjecit. Eodem die castra
promo vit, et milibus passuum sex a Csesaris castris sub monte
consedit. Postridie prseter castra Csesaris suas copias trans-
duxit, et milibus passuum duobus'^ ultra eum castra fecit; eo
consilio,^ uti commeatu,^^ qui ex Sequanis et iEduis supporta-
retur, Csesarem intercluderet. Dies continuos quinque Caesar
pro castris suas copias produxit, ut, si vellet Ariovistus proelio
contendere, ei potestas non deesset. Ariovistus exercitum
castris continuit; equestri proelio quotidie contendit.
12. Ubi eum^^ castris se^ tenere*® Csesar intellexit, ne
diutius commeatu^ prohiberetur, ultra eum locum circiter
passus sexcentos castris idoneum locum delegit ; acieque tri-
piici iustructa, primam et secundam in armis esse, tertiam
castra munire jussit. Eo circiter hominum numero sexdecim
milia expedita Ariovistus misit ; quae copise nostros muni-
tione prohiberent. Ceesar, ut ante constituerat, duas aciea
hostem propulsare, tertiam opus perficere jussit. Munitis cas-
tris, duas ibi legiones reliquit, quattuor reliqnas in castra ma-
jora reduxit. Proximo die Caesar e castris utrisque copias
suas eduxit ; paulumque a majoribus progressus, aciem in-
struxit, hostibusque pugnandi potestatem fecit. Ubi ne turn
quidem eos prodire intellexit, circiter meridiem exercitum in
castra reduxit. Tum demum Ariovistus partem suarum copi-
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150 LATIN LESSONS.
arum, quse castra minora oppugnaret,** misit. Acriter utrin-
que pugnatum est. Solis occasu " copias Ariovistus, multis et
illatis et acceptis vulneribus, in castra reduxit.
13. Cum ex captivis qusereret Csesar, quam ob rem Ario-
vistus proelio^ non decertaret, hanc reperiebat causam ; quod
apud Germanos consuetude esset, ut matres familiae sortibus
et vaticinationibus declararent, utrum proelium eommitti ex
usu esset, necne; eas dicere: Non esse fas Germanos superare,
si ante novam lunam proelio contendissent. Postridie Caesar
omnes alarios in conspectu hostium pro castris minoribus con-
stituit, quod minus multitudine militum leg'onariorum pro
hostium numero valebat. Ipse, triplici instructa acie, usque
ad castra hostium accessit. Turn demum necessario German i
suas copias eduxerunt ; omnemque aciem rhedis et carris cir-
cumdederunt, ne qua spes in fuga relinqueretur. Eo mulieres
imposuerunt, quae in proelium proficiscentes milites, passis ma-
nibus, flentes implorabant, ne se Romanis traderent.
14. Csesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos et qusestorem
prsefecit, uti testes^ quisque virtutis haberet. Ipse a dextro
comu, quod eam partem^ minime firmam hostium esse ani-
mum adverterat, problium commisit. Ita nostri acriter in hos-
tes, signo dato, impetum fecerunt ; itaque hostes celeriter pro-
currerunt, ut spatium pila in hostes conjiciendi non daretur.
Rejectis pilis, gladiis pugnatum est. At Germani, celeriter
phalange facta, impetus^ gladiorum exceperunt. Reperti
sunt complures nostri milites, qui in phalangas insilirentj^t
scuta manibus revellerent, et desuper vulnerarent. Cum hos-
tium acies a sinistro comu pulsa atque in fugam conversa
esset, a dextro comu vehementer multitudine suorum nostram
aciem premebant. Id ^^ cum animadvertisset Publiigg Crassus
adolescens, qui equitatui^^ prseerat, tertiam aciem subsidio^
misit. Ita proelium restitutum est, atque omnes hostes terga
verterunt, neque prius fugere^^ destiterunt, quam ad flumen
Rhenum, milia passuum ex eo loco circiter quinquaginta,
pervenerint. Ibi perpauci, aut viribus confisi transnatare
contenderunt, aut lintribus inventis sibi salutem repererunt.
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THE WAR WITH ARIOVISTUS. 161
In bis fuit Ariovistus, qui, naviculam deligatam ad ripam
nactus, ea profugit; reliquos omDes consecuti equites nostri
interfecerunt.
15. Duse Ariovisti uxores in ea fuga perierunt; duse filia)
harum, altera occisa, altera capta est. Cains Valerius Procillus,
cum a custodibus in fuga, trims catenis^ vinctus, traberetur,
in ipsum Csesarem bostes persequentem incidit. Quae quidem
res Caesar i non minorem quam ipsa victoria voluptatem at-
tulit. Is, se prsesente, de se ter sortibus consultum dicebat,
utrnm igni statim necaretur, an in aliud tempus reservaretur ;
sortium beneficio se esse incolumem. Item Marcus Mettius ad
eum reductus est. Hoc proelio trans Rbenum nuntiato, Suevi,
qui ad ripas Rbeni venerant, domum reverti coeperunt. Ubii
magnum ex bis numerum occiderunt. Caesar, una aestate
duobus maximis bellis confectis, maturius paulo quam tempus
anni postulabat, in biberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit ;
bibemis Labienum praeposuit ; ipse in citeriorem Gralliam ad
conventus agendos profectus ©at.
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NOTES.
I. FABLES.
1. domns: genitive, 4th declension, § 70, /; how does it differ in
meaning from domi?— prseterenntem agrees with lupoin, object of
vidit.
2. BiibvSni (imperative), help. — pnero, etc., reproached to the hoy his
rashness; we should say, reproached him for his rashness.
3. malnm (nominative), understand me ladificat.
4. pellem indatns, having put on the skin, § 240, c, note. — aadissem
for andivissem, § 128, a.
5. tene .... sectari, you hunt a lion? see § 274. — ne ....
qnidem, v^t even : whese voice even you cotUd not endure.
6. pontificem sacrificataram sc. esse, that the priest would, etc. : see
§ 336. — mallem, ux)uld rather, § 267, c.
7. quae: for the gender, see § 199.
8. aacapis : for the form, see § 45, a.
9. singolos correptos comedebat, caught and ate them, one by one :
see § 292. — dum capiuntur, see § 276, e : we should use a past tense in
English. — simalavit se esse mortoam, pretended to he dead, § 330, d.
10. yoi&ist., justly ; lit. ^i^^ things: see § 148, e, f; § 189, h.
11. rata hanc paritoram [esse], supposing that she toould lay, § 336 ;
§ 290, h.
12. quo : generally used instead of ut with comparatives, § 317, h,
13. 'QA(\jOi%f for a while,
14. nt fieri solet, as often happens. — frangerent : for the tense, see
§ 287, e. — qnani firma res esset, how strong a thing is, etc : see
. § 287, d.
15. in palude, see § 260, a.
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1&4 LATIN LESSONS.
II. TALES FROM ROMAN HISTORY.
These extracts have been taken from Viri RomaSj a compilation
made in the last century from Livy, Valerius Maximus, and other
historical writers. The earlier tales, though very famous, are en-
titled to Httle credit as history, but contain such traditions as were
current at the time of the empire.
1. rex Albanomm. The Albans were citizens of Alba Longa (the
long white city), the chief city of Latium. It was situated on the Alban
Lake about twenty miles southeast from Rome. It was at the head of
the league of the thirty Latin cities, until supplanted by Rome. — natu
major, lit. greater by Urth, i. e. older ; for the ablative of natu see
Rule 26 ; how is major compared? what kind of a clause is qui natu
major erat? — regnum (same root with rego, to rule) is the royal
power. — pulse fratre, lit. his brother having been expelled, or, when he
had expelled his brother ; for the case of fratre, see Rule 35. Notice
that the noun in the ablative absolute denotes a different person or thing
from the subject of the sentence. — ut eum sabole privaret, this is a
final clause depending on fecit, and denotes the purpose of the action.
Why is privaret in the imperfect tense ? — ejus refers to Numitor; if
Amulius had been referred to, saam would have been used. — Vestse.
The priestesses of Vesta, called the Vestal Virgins, kept alive the sacred
fire of Vesta, the divinity of the Hearth. They were six in number,
and were never to be married so long as they remained in this service. —
quae, i. e. Rhea Silvia: translate, but she: see §201, e. — quo cognito,
lit. this being known; this ablative absolute denotes time : render, when
this was known. — Tiberim. The Tiber rises in the Apennines, and after
a course of about two hundred and fifty miles, empties into the Tuscan
Sea by two mouths near the town of Ostia, which derives its name from
being near the mouth (ostium) of the Tiber. Rome was situated about
eighteen miles from the mouth of the Tiber. For the termination of the
accusative in -im, see § 56, a, 1. — impositos, etc. : render, placed the lit-
tle ones in a sTdff (and) threw them into the Tiber. — relabente flumine,
when the river fell again, — in sicco, on dry land. — What is the plural
of locus ? — soUtudines (from solus, atom) : for the gender, see § 65, b,
ubera eorum ori admovit, suckled them. — matremque se gessit, acted
as their mother.
2. saepius, quite often. — pastor regius, the king's shepherd, § 214, a.
— reverteretur : for the mood, see § 325. The clause introduces a reason
for Faustulus noticing the fact. — (eos) conjugi dedit educandos, gave
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NOTES. 155
them to his wife to he brmcght up (to bring up). The gerundive agi-ees
with eos, and expresses a purpose passively : see § 294, d. — vires, see
§61. — yeiLAndOf i7i hunting : see § 301. — primo .... deinde
.... torn, mark a threefold division of a subject. — coeperunt, see
§ 143, a. — Why is a expressed before qnibus ? — What kind of a pronoun
is quia? — The clause quis esset ejus avus, who was his grandfather,
contains an indirect question. Rule 45 ; the direct question would be,
quis est ejus avus, who is his grandfather ? Is this clause subject or
object ? — armatis pastoribas, having armed the shepherds. — Albam,
see Rule 36. — Is properavit in the historical perfect (aorist) or the per-
fect definite ?
3. accusantes, accusing him as if he was accustomed to molest, etc.,
L e. of being in the habit of molesting, etc. — a rege, i. e. by Amulius,
who was now king. — haud .... agnosceret, wa^s not far from recog-
nizing, etc. : see § 319, d. — lineamentis, § 253. — simillimus, very
like : see § 89, b. — animum Numitoris, etc. , kept the mind of Numi-
tor anxious ; anxium agrees with animum. — eondiderunt, why plu-
ral ? see § 206. — contentio, what gender ? — nter, which of the two ;
this is an indirect question depending on the verb implied in conten-
tio. — adhibuere auspicia : anspicia (avis and specie) means divina-
tion by means of birds ; anguriam (avis, and an old verb gurio from
which comes our word garrulous) had nearly the same meaning. —
prior, § 91, an adjective agreeing with Remus, where we should use
an adverb ; in place of the ordinal adverbs, prius, primo, posterius,
the corresponding adjectives are often used, § 191. — Romam, etc.,
he called (the city) Roms. — nt . . . . muniret, tliat he might fortify it
by laws sooner than by walls; antequam and priusquam are often sep-
arated. Why is muniret in the imperfect subjunctive ? what is the ob-
ject of edixit ? — ne quis, that no owe ; when a purpose is expressed,
ne quis is used instead of nt nemo, that no one ; ne ullus for ut nul-
lus, that none ; ne unquam for ut nanquam, th/it never ; ne usquam
for nt nusquam, that nowhere. — vallum, earthen rampart. — quod,
this ; it relates to the clause edixit, etc. — sic ... . mea, whoever sliall
leap over my walls shall be thus affected with evil ; the subject of afficie-
tur is understood, the antecedent of quicumque ; afficietur, transiliet,
§ 304, a, N. — solus : for the inflection, see § 83.
On the death of Romulus, Numa Pompilius was elected king. He is
said to have been the author of the religious institutions of Rome ; he
instituted the pontiflFs who had the general superintendence of religion,
and the augurs who consulted the will of the gods. Numa was suc-
ceeded ^y Tullus Hostilius during whose reign a war broke out between
Borne and Alba Longa.
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156 LATIN LESSONS.
Iv erant, there were; trigemini is the subject. — cum iis agunl
reges, Vie kings treat with these. — ut .... feno, that they should Jig! A
with the sword each for his own country; quisque is in apposition with
fratres ; sometimes the verb agrees with quisque instead of the proper
subject- word ; why subjunctive ? why present tense ? — ea lege, on these
terms. — ut unde .... lit. that whence victory (should be), there it also
should empire be; unde is a relative adverb, and has ibi for its antecedent, i
— Why is esset subjunctive ? — itaque, there/ore ; ita-que, and so. —
infestis armis, with presented arms. — terni : this distributive numeral
implies, three on each side. — animos, the courage.
2. ut, when. — concursu. — consertis manibus, toith their hands
woven together^ i. e. in hand-to-hand conflict. — alius super alium,
one upon the other. — ad casum, at the disaster. — gaudio, why abla-
tive ? — exercitus (exerceo, to exercise) is the drilled army ; agmen {to
lead), an army on the line of march ; acies, an army drawn up in line
of battle. — deserebat, was on the point of deserting. — iota : for inflec-
tion, see § 83: give the English derivative. — Horatium : for vocative
of names in ius, see § 40, c. — circumsteterunt, see § 237, d. — integer
(in not, tango, to touch), wnhurt. — tribus, why dative ? — secuturos,
when they should follow : see § 293, a. — aggrederetur, why imperfect
subjunctive ? — aliquantum spatii, so7)ie (of) distance. Rule 10. — pug-
natum est, they fougM (lit. it was fought, or, the fighting took place,
— non, not, is the usual negative ; ne is used in wishes, prohibitions,
and purposes ; haud is used with adjectives and adverbs, and in the
phrase haud nescio an. — loco has in the plural loci and local see
§ 79, c. — ut, what kind of a conjunction ? why is it followed by the
present subjunctive ? — opem, the nom. of this woi*d is not used. — pos-
set, see § 327.
3. singuli, one on each side. — supererant, see supersum. — alterius
limits corpus and animus. — fessum agrees with corpus. — bellum (from
duellum, duo), war; proelium, an engagement, action; pugna (root pug,
whence pugno), any kind of a contest or battle ; acies, a pitched bat-
tle. — sustinentem, a participle agreeing with eum understood : trans-
late, kills him while he can scarcely hold up his arms. — jacentem,
as he lies prostrate. — domum, Rule 36. — princeps : in the place of the
ordinal adverbs, prius, primum, posterius,'the corresponding adjectives
are often used when they belong to a noun in the sentence. — cui, dative
after obvia, see § 228, b, his sister mM him. — quae, see § 199. — uni,
why dative? — ex Curiatiis for Curiatiorum, see § 216, c. — viso,
what does this participle denote ? — paludamento, why ablative ? This
was the military cloak worn by officers ; the sagum was worn by the com-
mon goldiers. — juveni, see § 235, a. — comploratio, rule for the gender ?
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NOTES. 157
— abi, from abeo. — oblita agrees with tu, the subject of abi. — eat,
let her perish. — hostis, a foreign eTiemy m war ; inimicus, a private
' personal enemy ; adversarius, any opponent.
4. atrox agi-ees with facinus. — in j us, for trial. — lictor. The liotors
were the attendants who walked before the king (afterwards the higher
magistrates). Their duties were to tirrest the guilty, and punish them
by beheading or scourging ; they carried the fasces, — axes bound in a
bundle of rods ; the axes, as symbols of beheading and scourging. —
provocavit : provoco was to appeal to the people for life ; appello, to
appeal to a magistrate. — interea and interim both mean m t?ie in^an
time ; interea refers to an event continuing during the whole of the
time, interim to one occurring at some time in the interval. — jure,
rightfully. — Distinguish between the meaning of ne, non, haud. — To
whom does se refer ? — peractis, see perago ; when certain saxyrijices had
been performed ; transmisit per viam, placed over the road.
III. LIFE OF POMPEY.
1. suo exercitui, to his army. — belle civili, i. e. the war between
Marius and Sulla, B. C. 83 - 82. — distinguish between itaque and ita-
que see § 19, c. — facta est : fio, in the sense of to he made is used
as the passive of facie. — conspiratio : for the gender, see § 65, b. —
qnidam, see Lesson XXVII. — contubernalis, a tent-mate. It was the
custom for young men of rank, who wished to learn the art of war, to
accompany a general on his campaign ; these were called contubemales.
— hunc occidendnm, to kill him ; the participle in -dus may be trans-
lated in three ways : (1), like the present infinitive active or passive, see
§ 294, d ; (2), see § 294, a ; (3), see § 294, b. — incenderent, see § 327.
— quae, see § 201, e. — coenanti, (while) stepping. — nihil, in tio respect,
§ 240, a. — solito hilarius, with rewre than his icsual hilarity. — eadem
.... usus est, he used the sam£ a f ability as before; qui after idem
is translated as. — districto ense, tvUh drawn sword. — stragula, the
covering of his bed. — duci, to their leader : give the synonymes of diix :
give the rule for the cases.
2. partes, the party. — secutus, see sequor. — ita egit, so acted : see
ago. — diligeretur, see § 319. — annos .... nsLivLS^ ivhen he was twenty-
three years old. — statimque .... exstitit, and immediately became
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1&8 LATIN LESSONS.
a skilful leader. — nuUus .... tsedio, no labor was irksome to him. —
saltu, in leaping. — aut .... adjanxit, he either routed or joinM the^n
to himself : see fundo. — quern .... audivit, when Sulla heard tliat
he was approaching him. — egregiamque .... aspexit, and saw his dis-
tinguished yoiUh (i. e. Pompey) under his standard. — imperatorem, as
imperator. — ei venienti, when lie hpproached (him). — quern, this.-^
tribuebati he loas accicstomed to bestow,
3. profectus est, see proftciscor. — ut . . . . reciperet, tJiat he mi^hi
retake it (as it) had been taken possession of etc. — quern .... jussit,
Pompey commanded that he should he led to punishment, after that lie fiad
sivarply rebuked him : for the construction after jubeo, see § 271, 6, end ;
§ 330, 2. —- SiculsB .... principem, the chief of a certain Sicilian city,
— in, against. — animadvertere, to take measures. — si ... . plecteret,
if he punished all on account of the fault of one ; in direct discourse, Tu
inique fctcies, si ob culpam unius omnes plectes, see § 307. — interro-
ganti Pompeio, when Pompey asked. — ego .... qui, U was I . . , .
who. — libera voce, with his bold speech. — pepercit, see parco, see
§ 124, c,
4. qui .... favebat, who favored the party of 3farius. — adoles-
cens, (though being) a youth. — a Sulla, by Sulla. — quibus, by which
— dimittere, to disband. — cum .... legione, with only one legion. —
id ... . Pompeius, Pompey was displeased at this. — revertenti, when
lie returned. — obviam ivit, came out to meet him. — Isetus, with joy,
lit. joyful: see § 191. — nihilominus .... restitit, nevertheless he
opposed Pompey seeking a triumph : see Hand-book under the word tri-
umph. — cognomine, see § 80, a. — a proposito, from his purpose. —
ausus est, see § 136. — quo .... minui, by this saying he insinuated
thai the power of Sulla was decreasing ; for the infinitive see § 288. —
triumphet, let him triumph : see § 266.
5. Metello .... Pompeius, Pompey was appointed as a colleague
to Metellus, etc. — subiit, he incurred. — vasta .... magnitudine, of
great size of body. — fecisset, see § 325. — multis .... concurren-
tibus, when many rushed upon him. — fugientibus, v^hofled. — praeter
spem, contrary to his expectation. — barbari . . caperant, they captured,
etc. — illorum .... effugit, escaped from their hands. — laboranti,
hard pressed. — fertur, (Sei-torius) is said. — fiisus est, see fiindo. —
supervehisset, had come up .- see § 308. — puerum, i. e. Pompey ; he was
only thirty years old when he was sent into Spain to conduct the war
against Sertorius.
6. infestairent, see § 325. — ad eos opprimendos, see § 318, (4).
Pompey was appointed to this command in the year B. C. 67. In con-
seQuenee of the Social and Civil Wars, and the absence of a fleet in
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NOTES. 169
the Mediterranean Sea, the number of pirafes had so increased that they
often plundered the cities on the coast, and cut off all communication
between Rome and the provinces. — nimise viri potentise, the loo (freat
power of the man. — imprimis, especially. — qui cam, when he. — esse
.... tribaenda, that Cnceus Fompey is indeed, etc. — si quid, if any-
thing. — ecquem, whmn. Is this the diiect or indirect discours*? ?
brevi, in a short time. — prsedones .... fudit, lie conquered and routed
the pirates in many places. — acceptos, wfte7L he had received. — fudit,
see fundo.
7. Give the sjmonymes of proficiscor. — Pompey was appointed in B.
C. 66 to the command of the war against Mithridates in place of LucuUus.
— opportuna, suitable, — castris, in his camp: see § 258, /. — noctu
.... ignotis, but by night it vtas not safe, etc. — luna .... adjumento,
the moon was a great assistance, etc. — nam .... pertinebant, for since
the Romans had this behind them, the shadows of their bodies being cast
forward quite a distance, extended even to the front ranks of the enemy. —
regii milites, the soldiers of the king. — Pontus, for the boundaries : see
Hand-book. — why is a expressed before patre ? — timebat, etc., Ite
feared for his own life : see § 227, c — quod .... subiret, and when
it (the poison) operated too slowly.
8. partes, tlie party : what does this relative clause denote ? see
p. 227. — quem .... erexit, yet he raised him up kneeling before him.
Give the synonymes of regnum. — seque pulchrum judicans, judging it
to be equally noble. — rebus Asise compositis, when tlie affairs of Asia
had been settled: see componc — ut, am?. — tertium .... duxit, lie cele-
brated a third triumph icithin two days, i. e. three triumphs in the space
of two days. — hie triumphus, this trium2)h, i. e. this series of tnumj)lis
considered as a whole. — quam quod, tha,n because. — tribus triumphis,
for three triumphs. — ires .... devietae, three parts of the world being
conquered. — quod : what is the antecedent of quod ? what is contingo
compounded of? Syn. Accidit is used of any unexpected event ; con-
tingit, of what occurs by the gift of fortune, generally something favor-
able ; evenit, it turns out, is used of what is either lucky or unlucky. —
ex, on account of. -^ felix opinion e, in tlie estimation. — si ... . habu-
isset, if he had had the same end of life as of glory.
9. ortaest, see orior. — hie, the latter; ille, the former. — exarsit,
see § 167, a. — quem .... fudit, Ccesar followed and routed him and
his army at Pharsalia : the battle of Pharsalia was fought in B. C. 48. —
victus .... profugit, after Fompey had been conquered he fled ....
to whom he had been appointed tutor by the senate. — sub oculis, befoi-e
the eyes. — delatum est, see defero. — qui .... fudit, who wJien
he saw this, shed tears. — curavit, he took care to have it
burned, etc.
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160 LATIN LESSONS.
10. is ... . exituB, such Idas the end of the life of a moat renovmcd
inan, etc. — cum .... medicus, whe7i his physician ordered him whffii
^ck. — negarent .... reperiri, hut his servants said that that bird could
not he found anywhere in the summer time. — nisi apud LacuUum, un-
less at the house of Lucullus. — aliam .... apponi, he commanded that
another bird ivhich was easy to he jjrocured should be set before him.
11. Posidonimn. Posidouiiis was a Stoic philosopher. Why is au-
dire in the infinitive ? — voluit .... visere, Pompey wished at least to
call upon him ; what kind of a verb is vise ? (See Gr. foot of p. 114.) —
qnem .... salutavit, wJien he saio and saluted him. — moleste se ferra,
ihM he grieved. — nee .... efficiat, neither toill I allow thai the pain of
my body shall cause that, etc. — cum pungeret, bid when sometimes
the pain afflicted him severely. — nihil agis, lit. you accomplish nothing,
i. t. it is of no use. — quamvis, aUJwugh,
IV. LIFE OF C^SAR.
1. annum .... decimum, beijig in his sixteenth year. — paulo post
duzit uxorem, a little while after he Diarried Cornelia ; ducere uxo-
rem, to inarry, is .said of the husband only. — cujus . . . . inimicus,
since her fiUher was \infiieiully to Sulla : how does inimicus differ from
hostis ? — ut cam dimitteret, to divorce her, lit. that he should divorce
her. — hom&t property : see § 189, b. — cum .... qusereretur, when he
was even sought for in order to he put to death : what kind of a clause
is this ? why imperfect subj. ? on what verb does it depend ? — mutata
veste : what does this participle denote ? how is the ablative absolute
rendered ? — quartanse, supply febris, lit. sick laith Oie disease of quar-
tan ague ; laborabat. — per propinquos, &c. , by means of his rela-
tions : for the use of per, see § 246, b. — qui .... denegasset, when
he would have refused it to the distinguished men who begged for it:
denegasset, see § 325. — aliquando .... futurum, m?27Z r?nn (lit. be for
a ruin) the party of the aristocracy, etc. : give the synonymes of cupio ; of
puer.
2. Sulla died B. C. 78. — mortuo, see § 135, a. — secedere. to rc'
tire. — per otium, at (his) leisure. — dicendi, of oratory. — operam
daret, might give (his) attention. — Syn. maneo, remain whether for a
long or short time ; commoror, remain for some time in a place, so-
journ ; habito, dwell permanently. — se gessit, lie conducted himself —
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NOTES. 161
Ot . . . . esset I does this clause denote purpose or result ? — why is esset
in the impf. subj. ? — Give the syn. of interim. — ad ... . peconias, to
get money : for the gerundive denoting purpose, see § 318, (4). — servus,
loancipium, famulus, all mean a slave ; servus, as one politically inferior ;
mancipium, a salable commodity ; famulus, a family possession. — Syn.
comes (con, eo), companion^ a fellow-traveller ; socius, a companion,
member of the same society ; sodalis, a cmnpanion in amusement or jileas-
ure. — quibus redimeretur : does this relative clause denote ]iurpose or
result ? — Miletus, a flourishing city of Ionia. — prozime aberat, xoaa
at the nearest distance off. — Syn. poena, general word for punishment ;
supplicium (supplico, kneel), a severe picnishment (the criminal kneel-
ing for the blow) ; cruciatus (crux, cross), torture, as of one .on the
cross ; tormentum (torqueo), a racking torture, to extort confession.
.3. Qusestor .... factus : fio, in the sense of, to he made, appointed, is
used as the passive of fiacio. — inter se, together. — concupiscebat, de-
sired earnestly, coveted; see § 167, a. —in ore habebat, lit. had in his
mouth, i.e. kept repeating. — colas, see § 267. —quod, see § 199.—
memorabile : a partitive genitive could not be used after nihil, only
neuter adjectives of the second declension are so used : see § 216, a. Rem.
-^ orbis terrarum must be used in preference to terra, when there is a
decided reference to other lands.
4. in ... . honoribus in soliciting tJie favor of the- plebeians, and in
canvassing for tJie magistracies (honors). — dicebat .... sestertium,
lit. he iised to say that there was need to himself of 1,000 times 100,000
sestertii, — 100,000,000 sesterces, or nearly $4,000,000; sestertium,
gen. plur. used for sestertiorum : see § 379. — ut haberet nihil : after
he had freed himself from debt, there would be nothing left of his own.
— consulatum ; every Roman citizen who aspired to the consulship
had to pass through a regular gradation of public offices,, and the age in
which he was eligible to each was fixed by the Lex Annalis, B. C. 179,
as follows : for the Quaestorship, which was the first of the magistmcies,
one must be twenty-seven years of age ; for the iEdileship, thirty-seven ;
for the Praetorship, forty ; and for the Consulship, forty-three. See
Hand-book, p. 84-87. — inito .... tulit (see ineo), wlien he had en-
tered upon the office Cmsar proposed, etc. — egenis civibus, among needy
citizens. — ut . . . . obsisteret, that he migJU oppose the lav/s being en-
a^cted. — foro, from the forum. The Forum was situated between the
Capitoline and Palatine hills ; it was the chief place of public business.
There were other fora, but this was distinguished as Forum Romanum,
or as Forum, being the most impoi-tant. — domi se continere, to re-
main at home. — curia, from the senate-house : senatus, the senate, either
the senatoi's or the place where they met ; curia, the building where the
senators assembled. — quidam, some. — non ut mos erat, not as was the
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162 LATIN LESSONS.
custom ; mos, an established custom, especially of a nation ; consuetudo,
TuibU, which results in a settled usage (mos) ; cserimonia, a religious
cereirumy. — consnlibus CcBsare et Bibulo. In the consulship of Co&sar
and Bibulus. The year was generally designated at Rome in this way ;
the name of the consuls for the year being put in the ablative absolute
with consulibus. This was the year B. C. 59. In this case the two
names (nomen, i. e. Julius ; cognomen, Caesar) of Csesar are used : see
§ 80, a.
5. A Consul after his term of office expired was often sent as pro-
consul to govern a province ; by Sulla's laws a consul must remain in
Italy during his term of office, and then might be sent to govern a pro-
vince. Caesar departed to his province in B. C. 58. — gessit .... fere,
during the nine years in which he was in power he accomplished in sub-
stance the following. — primus Romanorum, first of tJie Romans. —
ponte fabricate, by constructing a bridge. — maximis .... cladibus,
he made a greai slaughter. — iis, from them. — quo in belle, in this war.
— inclinante in fugam, giifing way. — Syn. Scutum, any shield; cli-
peus, a round shield ; parma, similar to clipeus, but smaller, a buckler;
ancile, an oval shield. — in primam aciem, to the front. — terga ver-
tentem, turning his back (to the enemy), fleeing. — illic sunt, there are
those. — animes, courage.
6. adhuc, still. — ut . . . . absenti, that it should be permitted to him
although absent; what is the subject of liceret? It was a law that
every candidate for the consulship should appear before the magistrate,
and have his name entered on the official list of candidates before elec-
tion. — vindicaturus, to avenge ; see § 293, b, — Brundisium, a town in
Calabria, was the port from which those going from Rome to Greece or
the East embarked ; Dyrrachium, a city on the coast of Illyricum. —
cessantibus cep^is, his forces delaying ; what does this- participle de-
note ? — flante, bloioing. — in altum, out into the deep sea. — dirigi, to
be steered. — cederet, would yield. ' Caesar had sailed from Brundisium
with only 20,000 men. Owing to the vigilance of the enemy the rest of
Caesar's army was unable to follow him. His position was thus critical ;
cut off from the rest of his army, and threatened by a force three times
superior to his own. In his impatience he attempted to sail in a fisher-
man's boat across the Adriatic to Brundisium, for his reinforcements,
but the storm compelled him to turn back. In a short time the re-
mainder of the army succeeded in crossing ; at the battle of Pharsalia (in
Thessaly), Pompey's army was totally defeated. (B. C. 48.)
7. fiigientem, (him) fleeing. — eumque .... fuisse, and on the way
he learned that he had been killed. — Syn. Cegnesco, learn (something
beforehand); agnosce, recognize (something before known. — Ptelemseo,
against Ptolemy. The war against Ptolemy is called the Alexandrine
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NOTES. 163
war. — qnattuor .... profligavit, hut he conquered him in one battle
within four hours after he had come ; the relative quibos is in the abla-
tive agreeing with its antecedent horis. — inter triumphandum, during
his 'triumph. After a successful campaign, the victorious general was
awarded,- by a decree of the senate, the honor of a triumph. He entered
the city in a chariot drawn by four horses, preceded by the captives and
spoils of war, and followed by his soldiers. After passing along the Via
Sacra, he ascended to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus to offer sacri-
fice. Pompeianarum partium, of the Pompeian party. The battle was
fought at Thapsus, in Afiica, in B. C. 46. — in Hispania : the two sons
of Pompey, CnJBUS and Sextus, had collected a large army in Spain.
After a hard-fought battle Ccesar completely defeated them at Munda,
(B. C. 45).
8. coepit has passive peif. and infinitives, §§ 143, a, 279, d. —
quisndam, for quemdam. — assurgeret, why imperfect subj. ? — ei
.... sedenti, on him sitting in the golden ch-air. — regium, royal. —
a sexaginta .... viris, by more than sixty meyi ; amplius, see § 247, c.
— conjuratum est, a conspiracy loas formed : 146, (c). — Idibus
Martiis, on the Ides of March, i. e. the 15th. — assidentem cir-
comsteteront, they stood around him sitting^ under pretence of paying
honor. — quasi .... rogaturus, as if to ask something. — clamantem,
sc. eum, i. e. Csesarem. — arreptum, which he had seized. — quern ....
habebst, whom he had regarded as his son.
9. erat .... statura, Ccesarwas of etc., see § 251, a. — segre fere-
bat, grieved (on account) ; quod .... obnoxia, it was often the subject
for the jokes of his slanderers. — sibi, to him. — lanrese gestandse,
of wearing a crown of laurel. — eum .... fuisse, that he was. — ini-
mici : give the synonymes. — ne and quidem enclose the emphatic word
as in the text ; see § 345, b. — ad ... . rempublicam, to overturn the
republic — ajkieihsbi, see anteeo. — detectum, uncovered : see detego. —
sive .... esset, whether it wa^ sunshine or rain. Syn. Pluvia, rain
(general word) ; imber, rain (heavy, pouring shower) ; nimbus, rain
(from dark clouds). — longissimas vias. Caesar was noted for the
rapidity of his movements ; he is said to have travelled at the rate of one
hundred Roman miles per day, equal to about ninety-two English miles.
— innixos .... utribus, resting upon inflated bags.
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164 LATIN LESSONS.
V. LIFE OF CATO.
1. domo, what kind of a noun is domos ? what is the meaning of
the genitives domus and domi ? — de civitate, i. e. to obtain the right
of citizenship : full citizenship consisted of private and public rights : see
Hand-book under Civitas. In how many ways can a purpose be ex-
pressed in Latin ? Give the synonymes of impetro. — id se ^ctaraniy
that he would do that, — in excelsam .... levatom, after he had taken
him to a high part of the hoicse, — obtemperaret, sho%dd comply with. —
hoc meto, hy this fear ^ i. e. through fear of this, — exclamasse, for ex-
clamavisse, see § 128, a, — gratulemur, let us congratulate. Syn. Gra-
tulor, congratulate, wish one joy ; congratulor is used in the same sense
as gratulor, but generally of many persons. — hone esse, that he is. —
si ... . esset, for if he were a sen,ator, — ne . . . . quidem, not even to
hope ; see § 308.
2. in atrio : in the atrium the Roman received his friends ; here were
the images of his household gods, and of his ancestors. About the
atrium were the various rooms of the house. — seque .... Cassius, and
he showed that he was of the same opinion with another hoy, (lit. of which
another hoy was) Cassius hy name. — se . . . . facturom, that he . , , ,
would do the same thing. — impegit, see impinge. Give the synonymes
of sodalis.
3. insignis .... benevolentia, the affection of Cato tjcywards his brother
was rem^arkable, and should be held up for imitation. — quserenti tertio,
to one asking him the third tim>e. ille .... amor, th>at remarkable affec-
tion of Cato towards his brother ; see § 102, 6. — ei . . . . gerebat, he
gratified him in all things. — indoles, the natural disposition.
4. voluntaria .... fecit, served voluntarily as a soldier ; on what
does the clause ne eum desereret depend ? what is the subject of acci-
dit ? — quod, this. — licet, although. — Thessalonicse. A city of Mace-
donia. — cum .... servis, unth only two friends and three servants. —
prseter .... evasit, contrary to his expectation he escaped unharmed.
— defunctum vita, dead ; see § 249. — totum se tradidit, Tie gave
himself wholly up. — mortui .... extulit, h£ interred the body of the
deceased with as magnificent funeral rites as possible. — vela factums,
being about to sail : lit. to inake sail. — animam .... respondit, he re-
plied that he would, etc. — solvit, loosed (sc. navem) the ship from her
moorings.
6. qusestor, as questor: the questors had charge of the finances of
the state, i. e. to receive the revenues, and make the payments for the
military and civil services. At first there were only two, but with the
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NOTES. 165
conquests of the republic, the number was increased to forty. — Cyprum :
give the situation of Cyprus. — heres, as an Jieir. — summa .... redacta
est, the ainouiU brought Inick wa>s far greater than any one could Jvave
hoped : redacta, see redigo. — singulis vasis, to each vessel ; vas in the
plural is of the second declension ; vasa, orum. — si ... . esset, if by
chaTice the ship were sunk. — Catoni .... effusa est, the senate ....
poured out to meet Cato on his return. — actse sunt, were given. — prse-
tura .... data, th£ proitorship was given to him^ and contrary to custom
the right of beholding the games, although clothed in the praUexta. —
quein, this. — iniquum esse afirmans, affirming that it was unjust :
with what does iniquum agree ?
6. extrahl coria^ to he dragged forth from the senate-house. — at ... .
remisit, bui he abated nothing from Hie boldness of his language. — sed
.... via, but even mi the way to prison. — ut . . . . adversarentur, that
they should oppose those doing such things. — quod .... discederet, be-
cause he departed from the senate, althoicgh it was not yet dismissed. —
sese demitteret, condescended. — quod .... intellexit, when he saw
that this was hoped for by himself in vain. — qui .... demitteret ;
what does this relative clause denote ?
7. eoque victo, aiid when he was conquered. — exercitus reliquias,
the rem/nants of his anny. — cum .... imperium, biU when the diief
jpower was conferred upon him by the soldiers. — vir consularis. One
who had been a consul was called consularis. — Scipione .... devicto,
even when Sdpio was conquered. — et . . . . iturus, and being about to go
to bed. — dixit ilium, h^ said tliat. — quod .... eripuisset, because he
Jiad taken from him, etc. : for the subjunctive see § 321, a.
VI. LIFE OF CICERO.
1. eqnestri genere, of equestrian family. — Arpini, at Arpinum. —
ex ... . onus, one of his ancestors; see 8 216, c. — sitam, placed, see
sino. — inditum, bestowed upon. — cum .... verteretur, when this was
cast as a reproach by some to Cicero ; see 233. — dabo operam, / will
strive. — vincat, shall surpass. — quibus .... informari, by which his
boyhood was accustomed to be trained to learning. — ut . . . . domum,
that his equals returning from school standing around him in the midst,
etc. pueri fama, by the reputation of the hoy. — in ... . ventitabant,
kc}it going into the school for literature ; see § 167, 6. — stomachum
movebat, stirred tJu anger of — tribuerent, why subjunctive ? Give the
English derivatives.
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166 LATIN LESSONS.
2. libertum, a freedman : libertinus is the general word for freed-
man, but when used with the name of his former master the form is
libertus ; the attack was in his speech for Roscius Amerinus, delivered
in B. C. 80. — ex ... . invidiam, fearing the ill-will of him. — ubi ....
usus est, where he employed Molo , . , , as teacher. — nuUius .... quses-
tara, biU the questorshi-p of no one : see § 83. — ingentem .... vim, a
large amount of com, — majores .... detulenmt, tJiey conferred greater
honor Sf etc.
3. Catilinse : the conspiracy of Catiline was crushed in the year B.
C. 63. — in petitione consalatus, in his canvass for the consulship. —
cum .... constituerat, with many nohle men he determined to kill
Cicero, etc. — Roma, from Jlom£. — quem, him. — ex medio itinere,
from the midst of his journey. — non .... genui, I did not beget thee for
Catiline against thy country, etc. : for genui, see gigno.
4. adeo .... dimicatum, so fiercely did they fight, lit. it was fotight,
— quem .... locum, the place which each one Jield while fighting, this,
his life being lost, he covered with his body. — inter .... cadavera,
among the bodies of those whom he had killed. — cecidit, fell ; see cade.
— adeo .... plebis, so thai a certain one of the tributies of the plebeians
forbade him when going out of ojfice to speak to the people. — indicia
causa, their cause not having been pleaded. — sed .... permiserit, bui
it was only permitted to him to give the accusUrmed oath. — mea unius
opera, by the aid of me alone ; § 184, d\ 197, e.\
5. reus factus est, was prosecuted. — vestem mutavit. The senate
wore mourning attire, such as a person about to be tried for a .criminal
offence. — cum, altlxGugh — urbe, from tlie city. — sua causa, on his
account. — proficiscentem, him departing. — ut . . . . interdiceretur,
that Marcus Tullius should be forbidden the use of fire and water, i. e.
forbidden to obtain the bare necessities of life, and therefore obliged to
go into exile ; see § 230. — obviam .... itum est, all went out to ineet
him when returning : ei, see § 228, b. — partes, the party. — veniam,
pardon. — quo interfecto, when he was killed. — ut . . . . opponeret,
in order that he might place him against Antony [who was] disturbing the
republic.
6. transversis itineribus, by cross-roads. — quae .... aberat, which
was very near the sea. — transiturus, for the purpose of crossing ; see
§ 293, b. — in altum provectum, having put out to sea. — retulis-
sent, see referro. — in patria ssepe servata, in the country (which I
have) of ten preserved. — mox .... percussoribus, ^Tresm^Z^/ ^^ ^^^^^^^*
coming nearer. — qua, in which. — eosque .... quod, that tJiey quietly
should endure what. — prominenti .... pracisum, then leaning out of
the litter, and offering his neck unmoved, his head wa^ cut off. — positum,
was placed. — se , . . . IcBsam, that she had been injured by Cicero : see
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NOTES. 167
Isedo. — in genua, upon her knees. — extractam .... conflxit, pierced
the tongtie torn out, with a needle.
7. scorra consnlaris, the jesting consular. — accinctom, equipped. —
juniorem .... erat, that she wa^ younger than she was. — : dictitabat
.... habere, kejyt saying that she was only thirty years old : what kind
of a verb is dictitabat ? — how formed ? — cui, to her. — audio, see
§ 276, d. — altero .... ultima, the other cotisuI having died on the last of
December. — Caninium .... renuntiaverat, declared Caninius consul
at the seventh Iwurfor the remaining part of the day ; this was about one
o'clock in the afternoon. As the new consuls entered upon office on the
first of January, Caninius was consul for only a part of one day. —
salutatum, to salute him. — festinemus, let us hasten, — mirifica vigi-
lantia, of remarkable vigilance ; see § 251.
VII. LIFE OF BRUTUS.
1. ex ... . oriundus, descended from that family which had expelled
the Tarquinsfrom Rome, — SuUse partibus, the party of Sulla, — cum
.... simultates, had borne a severe grudge against him. — dolorem
.... posthabuit, he regarded his ouni resentmeTit less than the advantage
of the republic. — regnum affectare, to aim ai the royal power. — prae-
senti statu, at the present state of affairs. — subscripsere, wrote under ;
perfect, third person plural. — primi Bruti, i. e. Lucius Junius Brutus
who had expelled the Tanjuins from Rome. — hie, i. e. Caesar. — tribu-
nali, on the judgment-seat ; notice that neuter nouns in e, aJ, and ar
have i in the ablative.
2. pridie quam, the day before. — cultellum tonsorium, a razor ;
what kind of a noun is cultellum? see § 164, «. — eoque .... vul-
neravit, this as if by chance slipping from her hands, she wounded h^r-
self — tonsoris .... praripere, to take away the duty of a barber.
The Roman l)arbers not only shaved and cut the hair, but also pared the
nails, etc. — de industria, des^ignedly. — satisne . . oppetendam, whetJicr
there was enough courage in me to seek death ; esset, why subjunctive ? —
si ... . cessisset, if your design should not turn oiU according to your
desire. — possim, why subj. ?
3. Philippos : Philippi took its name from its founder, Philip, the
father of Alexander the Great. — uni prsebuit, he offered his side to
he pierced by one of his companions. — ei, upon it. — ut, etc., that he
might he buried in it. — quod .... audivisset, whe^i he heard that this
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168 LATIN LESSONS.
was afterwards stolen. — cremati corporis, of the body (after it was)
burned. — non .... moderatio, the vwderation of Octaviiis toivards Bru-
tus was not the same. — is ... . jussit, for he commanded that the head
Iff Brutus^ being torn off^ shovZd be borne to Borne ; see § 271, b.
VIII. LIFE OF AUGUSTUS.
1. a nu^ore avunculo. Julius Caesar, the brother of Julia, the
grandmother of Octavianus. — vacaret, h& might have leisure (to attend).
— Apollonia was a city of lUyria. It was celebrated as a seat of learning,
and thither the nobility of Kome repaired to study the literature and
philosophy of Greece. — Mutinse, at Mutina (Modena), a city of Cisal-
pine Gaul. — cum .... prohiberetur, bvi when he was prevcTited from
entering the city. — ut . . . . faceret, in order that he might inform ; cer-
tiorem, see Rule 2. — quae .... deferebantur, which was borne under
the water of the river by a diver ; see § 246, b. — ad id, for that purpose.
— summa, see § 193. — maxime .... instituisset, especially when he
had trained the doves to fly thither, etc.
2. in ... . xnunere, in one of which he performed the duty not ofdy of
a leader f but also of a soldier. — reconciliata .... gratia^ a reconcilia-
tion being effected with Antony. — Syn. Ulciscor, revenge from a feeling
of anger ; vindico, avenge as an act of justice. — qui .... deposcerent,
to demand the consulship for himself in the name of the army. — hie ....
feceritis, he will act, if you shall not act, see § 307, e. — si ... . aufere-
tis, if in this manner you shall seek the consulship for Caesar , you will
obtain it ; see § 307, c. — quod .... fuit, afterwards this speech was his
ruin; see Rule 20. — invisus .... amantior, /or he began to.be hateful
to Cmsar, because he was too fond of liberty.
3. invasit, seized upon. — novamque .... tabulam, a new proscrip-
tion list. — Sullana, th^an the Sullan (proscription). — pepercit, see
parco, § 124, c. — nomine, see § 253. — ut .... proscriberetur,
in order that as a man he might be proscribed. — protinus .... de-
acendit, immediately after he descended from the capitol (built upon the
Capitoline hill). — qui .... objecerat, who had exposed his body in front
of him.
4. Societate : this was the seco3id triumvirate, an alliance formed
between Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus, B. C. 43. — quod, this. —
quanquam, although, Syn. — -^ger, disordered ; either mentally or
physically ; a^rotua, a, um, illy unwell ; morbidus, diseased ; the last
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NOTES. 169
two are used of bodily sickness. — castris exutus, heithg stripped of his
camp ; Rule 28. — altero .... acerbius, in the other, as a victor he con-
ducted himself criLelly, — sseviit, he vented his rage. — adjecta ....
contumeliay abusive language being added even to punishment . — uni
.... respondit, to one suppliantly beseeching burial he replied. — illam,
i. e. sepulturam. — Syn. Volucer (properly an adjective), any winged
creature, including insects ; avis and ales, a winged creature ; avis is a
general word for bird ; allies, are large birds, and in the language of the
augurs, a bird whose flight was to be interpreted, as distinguished from
ocines, birds whose cry furnished the omen. — cum .... parceretur, but
wlien Octavitis was willing to grant life to one only, he commanded them
to determine by lot which of tJic two he should spare. — pro filio, in the
place of his son. — se . . . . obtalerat, offered himself — prse dolore,
on accou/iit of his grief. — voluntaria .... nece, by a voluntary death. —
morientem, (while) dying.
5. repudiata, being divorced. — duxisset uxorem, married. — cen-
ties sestertium, 100 times 100,000 sesterces, about 400,000 dollai-s, see
§ 379. — Antonio .... coenam, she served a inagnificent dinner to An-
tony denying thai this was able to be dcme. — tanti, of so much. — quanti,
as. — irrisa .... Antonio, tlverefore she being laughed at by Antony. —
esset actnra : for sequence of tenses, see § 286. — auribus, from auris.
— simili ; notice that the ablative retains i, and the gen. plur. iom,
in all neuters ending in e, al, and ar.
6. Actium : Actium is really in Acamania, at the entrance of the Sinus
Ambracius. This decisive battle was fought September 2, B. C. 31.
It completely crushed the republicans, and formed the commencement
of the empire. Alexandria : this city was founded by Alexander the
Great in B. C. 332. — necem sibi conscivit, lit. (procured death for
himself), committed suicide. — vivam, alive. — aspidem .... curavit,
took care that an asp should be brought to her in a twig basket among
some figs. — quod : what is the antecedent ?— medicos .... jussit, he
commanded the physicians to apply remedies to the wound. — Psyllos, the
Psylli, a people of Libya, celebrated for their skill in curing the bite of
the most venomous serpents by sucking out the poison without injury
to themselves. — Syn. Communico and participo, give a share of;
impertio and tribuo mean give or impart, without implying that any
part is retained by the donor. — frustra, in vain ; said of one who has
gained nothing by his toil ; nequidquam, in vain; of one who has not
accomplished his purpose.
7. clementem se exhibuit, proved himself merciful. — cum ....
processisset, tvJien he an old man, filthy and clad in ragged garments,
proceeded among the captives. — non .... meriti samus, he does not
merit punishment more thnn I do reward ; see § 205, a. — me . . . .
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170 LATIN LESSONS.
occidi, that I should be killed. — utrum, which of the two. — moribos:
observe the difference in meaning between the singular mos, custoirif and
the plural mores, cJuiracter, from which our word lYwral is derived.
8. Jani gemini, of the two-faced Janus : Janua is represented as an
ancient king of Italy. He is said to have sheltered Saturn, when pur-
sued by Jupiter, and to have received from him the power of knowing
both the past and future. Hence he is represented with two faces, one
looking backward, and the other forward. — tantammodo, only. — post
.... bellum : the first Punic war began in B. C. 264, and terminated in
B. C. 241, — delati sunt, were conferred. — ipse .... cognominatus, lie
was sumamed Augustus. — Sextilis : this month was called Seastilis,
because the Roman year originally began with March. The year was
made to begin with January in B. C. 153. — eodem nomine, i. e. Augus-
tus. — biduo, for the space of two days. — celebramnt, see § 128, a. —
maximo consensu, unth the greatest unanimity. — compos .... meo-
rum, I have obtained my wishes.
9. dictaturam .... deprecatus, he begged to be free from the dictator-
ship. — genun'ixns, kneeling. — non semel, m^ore than once, lit. twt once
only. — sed .... poeniteret, but thinking that both as a private citizen he
should not be without peril .... thM no one should repeivt of the new state
of affairs. — tegeret, was trying to hide. — Syn. Doctus, learned, ac-
complished ; peritus, experie7icedj skilful; emditus, educated.
10. summaque .... excipiebat, he received tlwse approaching him
with the greatest courtesy. — libellum .... pomgens, offering a peti-
tion. — putasne .... dare, do yoio suppose thai you arc giving. — eum
.... miles, at one time a veteran soldier met him. — ut sibi adesset,
that he would aid him. — sed .... pugnavi, but I myself etc. — eru-
buit : see § 167, a. — ipse .... advocationem, cotne himself as an advo-
cate for him.
11. quem, which. — socius ! give the sjrnonymes and English deriva-
tives. — ad ... . pervenerat, to whom nothing from, etc. — Antoni,
see § 40, c. — nihil, lit. in no respect, see Rule 24. — tantummodo,
Tnerely.
12. pamm proficeret (sc. corvus), made but little progress. — opera
.... periit, my labor and expense have gone for nothing. — satis ....
habeo, I have enough of such saluters at home; see § 216, 4. — turn
.... adjecit, then the crow added even those words. — quanti (sc' tanti),
for so mu/ih . ... as.
13. Graeculus, insignificant or paltry Greek: the Greeks, though
better educated, were despised by the Romans as a servile and cowardly
race. — honorificum .... porrigere, to offer a short poem as a murk of
honor. — exaravit, h£ wrote. — et misit, and sent it to the Greek
coming to m^et him. — ille gestuque, he, on readiiig it, began to
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NOTES. 171
praise Uy and to manifest his admiration hy his voice as well as by his
countenance and gesture. — qua, in which. — demissa .... manu, 'putting
his hand inXo his lean purse. — quos .... daret, to give to the prince. —
se plus daturum, etc. : in direct discourse, plus darem, si plus habe-
rem. — sumniam, amount (of money).
14. fere nulli, to hardly anybody. — exceptus .... insusurravit,
therefore having been entertained by a certain one ai a very frugal and
ordinary dinner , he only whispered this. — me .... familiarem, that I
was so intitnate with you. — patrocinium suscepit, undertook the protec-
tion, — servus : what are the synonymes ?
15. rumpente .... cantu, the frequent screeching of an owl inter-
rupting his sleep. — liber^ri .... cupere, that earnestly desired to be
free from, — prehendendam ; in what three ways may the participle in
dus be translated ?
16. Augustus .... admisit, Augustus did not easily form friend-
ships, — imprimis .... Msecenatem, above all he was intimate imth
Moacenas. — qua .... valebat, which he exercised with the prince. — jus
.... Augustus, sometintes when Augustus was administering justice. —
multos .... damnaturus, about to condemn many to death. — qua
lecta, this being read. Syn. — tento, try by feeling^ carefully to test ;
experior, try by experiment ; periclitor, try, facing the danger arising
from the experiment.
17. supellex .... erat, his household furniture also was scarcely of
the elegance of that of privatt persmis. — cibi .... vulgaris, his food was
common^ and very little in amount ; see 214, c.
18. dormiebat, ^ised to sleep. — audisset, for audivisset. — licet,
although.
19. exercitationes campestres, exercises in th£ Camjius Martius. —
transiit, he resorUd. — modo .... modo, at ooie time . ... at aTwther,
— alea, in gaming. — id ... . datum est, this was iminited as a fault to
him ; what is the antecedent of id ? — remisso .... animo, his mind
being giving up to leisure. — vitse .... egisset, whether he had acted
pretty well the comedy of life. — edite .... applaudite ; words of this
kind were usually added at the end of the plays in the theatre ; this
Augustus applies to his departure from the stage of life. Augustus died
in A. D. 14. Nola is in Campania, nearly east from Naples.
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172 LATIN LESSONS.
IX. THE HELVETIAN WAR.
C. Julius C^sar was born in the year B. C. 102 (usual date B. C.
100), and was assassinated in the year B. C. 44, at the age of fifty-
seven years and eight months. This date of his birth is consistent
with the fact that he was -^dile in B. C. 65, Praetor in 62, and
Consul in 59 ; since these offices could not be held by the Lex
Annalis until one had entered upon the age of thirty -seven, forty,
and forty-three respectively.
The Romans had already extended their power over the G-reek
states of the East, and had virtually subjugated all the peoples that
skirted the Mediterranean sea, except the Celtic tribes of the West.
Their conquest the Roman people intrusted to Caesar. His relation-
ship with Marius and Cinna, his refusal to divorce his wife Cornelia,
his wanderings during the proscription of Sulla, his bravery at Mity-
lene and in Cilicia, his defence of the Latin colonies, his briUiant
successes in Spain, his liberality and magnanimity, and even his vices
endeared him to the people, and all eyes were turned towards him
as the leader of the popular party. For a long time the Rpmans
had felt the importance of possessing Gaul, but as yet had made no
systematic effort to extend their dominion in that quarter farther
than occupying the seaboard between the Alps and Pyrenees
(B. C. 118). The cUmate of Gaul was healthy, the soil rich and
fertile, and the intercourse easy by land and sea with Rome. For
a long time Roman merchants and farmers had emigrated in great
numbers to Gaul, and so disseminated Roman culture and civiliza-
tion, that many of the tribes could transact business in the Latin
language. The centre of this civilization and refinement was the
old Greek city Massilia ; also the resort of those who had been
banished from the capital. The merchants stationed here carried
on an extensive trade with the interior of Gaul, and even with
Britain. They transported their produce up the Rhone and Saone,
and thence by land to the Seine and Loire, or across to the Garonne,
and so to the Atlantic. This intercourse produced a close connec-
tion between the tribes from the Rhone and Garonne to the Rhine
and Thames. Caesar saw how essential the possession of tfiis coun-
try was to the Roman state, and that to its conqueror it offered the
prospect of surpassing the fame of Camillus and Marius.
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NOTES. 173
Caesar's effort to gain control of the government by means of
Catiline's conspiracy, while Pompey was in the East engaged in
the war against Mithridates, was unsuccessful. But Pompey's vari-
ance with the senate on his return from the East gave Caesar an
opportunity of forming an alliance with him. Caesar promised him
the support of the democratic party to carry his measures in spite
of the senate. He also succeeded in effecting a reconciliation be-
tween Pompey and Crassus. This was called the first triumvirate
(B. C. 60). In return for these favors Caesar was to be consul the
next year (B. C. 59), and in accordance with the SuUan laws, to
govern as pro-consul a province the following year. He was in-
trusted with the command of Cisalpine Gaul, Illyricum, and the
province Narbo, or simply Provincia, with three legions, for the
term of five years. Caesar had now attained his object. As pro-
consul of Cisalpine Gaul, he could watch the progress of affairs in
the capital, while the threatening movements of the tribes in Gaul
opened to him the prospect of subjugating the country and training
an army for the civil war impending, which he saw was inevitablo
between himself and Pompey.
Of the population of Gaul, the -^dui had entered into an alliance
tvith Rome, while the Belgae in the north and the Sequani in the
Bouth sought an alliance with the Germans. The -^dui, relying on the
assistance of Rome, imposed heavy tolls on the navigation of the Sa-
one. The Sequani complained bitterly of this, and thinking that the
Roman government was too much occupied with its own contentions
at home to furnish its clients assistance, determined to rid themselves
of the influence of Rome, and punish the ^dui. Fpr this purpose
they invited the German prince, Ariovistus, with about 15,000 men,
to their assistance. The JEdui were defeated, and forced to pay
tribute to the Sequani, to give hostages, and to swear never to
wage war for their recovery, or to solicit the aid of Rome. Divi-
tiacus, the chief magistrate of his clan, alone refused to sign the
treaty, and fled to Rome to ask assistance. Ariovistus now invited
other tribes across the Rhine, and demanded land to settle them on ;
the whole frontier of Gaul from the sources of the Rhine to the
ocean was threatened by the invasion of the German tribes. These
tribes so pressed upon the Helvetians, who were hemmed in on the
south and west by the Alps, Lake Geneva, and the Jura mountains,
that they determined to abandon their country to the Germans, and
seek larger and more fertile fields in the West. Caesar, on the ex-
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174 LATIN LESSONS.
piration of his consulship, had remained in the vicinity of the capital
until he accompHahed his pohtical sciiemes. But when the news
reached him that the Helvetii had abandoned their homes, and
were advancing upon Geneva with the purpose of crossing the
Rhone and forcing their way through the Province, he hastily
made his preparations, and reached the Rhone in eight days.
The foUowmg is a brief outline of Caesar's campaigns in Gaul
(see Latin Reader) : —
I. Caesar checks the attempt of the Helvetians to colonize in
Western Gaul, and forces them, after a bloody defeat, to return to
their own territory. He then engages with a powerful tribe of
Germans, who had made a military settlement in Eastern Gaul, and
drives them, with their chief, Ariovistus, beyond the Rhine.
II. A formidable conspiracy of the northern populations of Gaul
is suppressed, with the almost complete extermination of the brav-
est Belgian tribe, the Nervii, in a battle which seems to have been
the most desperate of all Caesar ever fought. In this campaign the
coast towns of the west and northwest (Brittany) are reduced to
submission.
III. After a brief conflict with the mountaineers of the Alps,
who attacked the Roman armies on their march, the chief opera-
tions are the conquest of the coast tribes of Brittany (Yeneti, etc.),
in a warfare of curious naval engineering in the shallow tide-water
inlets and among the rocky shores. During the season, the tribes
of the southwest (Aquitani), a mining population, allied to the
Iberians or Basques, are reduced by one of Caesar's officers.
IV. An attack from the Germans on northern Gaul is repulsed ;
and Caesar follows them, by a bridge of timber hastily built across
the Rhine. Returning, he crosses to Britain in the early autumn,
for a visit of exploration.
V. The partial conquest of Britain (second invasion) is followed
by various movements in northern Gaul, in which the desperate
condition of the Roman garrisons is relieved by the prudent and
brave conduct of Labienus and Quintus Cicero.
VI. Caesar makes a brief expedition across the Rhine against the
Germans. Some general disturbances are quelled, and northern
Gaul is reduced to peace.
VII. Vercingetorix, a brave and high-spirited chief of southern
Gaul, effects a conspiracy of the whole countr}^, which is at length
subdued. Vercingetorix, in brilliant equipment, surrenders himself
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NOTES. 175
to secure the quiet of the country, and is taken in chains to Rome,
where he is afterwards put to death in Csesar's triumph.
VIII. Slight insurrections, breaking out here and there, are easily
subdued, and the subjugation of Gaul is made complete.
During the winter of the following year (B. C. 50) Cagsar em-
ployed himself in settling the conditon of the country, and concih-
ating the favor of the people. The territory was united with the
province of Narbo until B. C. 44, when two new governorships,
Gaul proper and Belgica, were formed out of it. Caesar imposed
light taxes, and left the levying of them to each community. Al-
though he showed every consideration to the nation, and spared
their national, political, and religious institutions, so far as was con-
sistent with their subjection to Rome, yet he did not renounce the
fundamental idea of his conquest, the Romanizing of Gaul. He
bestowed the franchise upon a number of noble Celts, admitted
several to the senate, introduced the Roman monetary system, and
made the Latin the language used in official intercourse. By his
wise and judicious measures the laws and institutions of Rome
were thoroughly accepted by the people, and became the basis of
their social and political life.
" But the fact that this great people was ruined by the Transalpine
wars of Caesar was not the most important result of that grand
enterprise ; far more momentous than the negative were the posi-.
tive results. It hardly admits of a doubt that, if the rule of the
senate had prolonged its semblance of life for some generations
longer, the migration of peoples, as it is called, would have occurred
four hundred years sooner than it did, and would have occurred at
a time when Italian civilization had not become naturalized either
in Gaul, or on the Danube, or in Africa and Spain. Inasmuch as
the great general and statesman of Rome, with sure glance, per-
ceived in the German tribes the rival antagonists of the Romano-
Greek world ; inasmuch as with a firm hand he established the
new system of aggressive defence down even to its details, and
taught men to protect the frontiers of the empire by rivers or arti-
ficial ramparts, to colonize the nearest barbarian tribes along the
frontier with the view of warding off the more remote, and to re-
cruit the Roman army by enlistment from the enemy's country;
he gamed for Hellenico-Italian culture the interval necessary to
civiliEC the West just as it had already civilized the East. Ordinary
men see the fruits of their actions; the seeds sown by men of
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176 LATIN LESSONS.
genius germinate slowly. Centuries elapsed before men understood
that Alexander had not merely erected an ephemeral kingdom in the
East, but had carried Hellenism to Asia ; centuries again elapsed
before men understood that Cpesar had not merely conquered a new-
province for the Romans, but had laid the foundation for the Ro-
manizing of the regions of the West. It was only a late posterity
that perceived the meaning of these expeditions to England and
Germany, so inconsiderable in a military point of view, and so
barren of immediate results. An immense circle of peoples, whose
existence and condition hitherto were known barely through the re-
ports — mingling some truth with much fiction — of the mariner and
the trader, was disclosed by this means to the' Greek and Roman
world. This enlargement of the historical horizon by the expedi-
tion of Caesar beyond the Alps was as much an event in the world's
history as the exploring of America by European bands. To the
narrow circle of the Mediterranean states were added the peoples of
Central and Northern Europe, the dwellers on the Baltic and North
Seas; to the old world was added a new one, which thenceforth
was influenced by the old and influenced it in turn. What the
Gothic Theodoric afterwards succeeded in came very near being
already carried out by Ariovistus. Had it happened, our civilization
would have hardly stood in any more intimate relation to the Ro-
mano-Greek than to the Indian and Assyrian culture. That there
is a bridge connecting the past glory of Hellas and Rome with the
prouder fabric of modern history; that Western Europe is Romanic,
and Germanic Europe classic ; that the names of Themistocles and
Scipio have to us a very dififerent sound from those of Asoka and
Salmanassar ; that Homer and Sophocles are not merely, like the
Vedas and Kalidasa, attractive to the literary botanist, but bloom
for us in our gardens, — all this is the work of Caesar; and while the
creation of his great predecessor in the East has been almost wholly
reduced to ruin by the tempests of the Middle Ages, the structure
of Cajsar has outlasted those thousands of years which have changed
religion and polity for the human race, and even shifted the centre
of civilization itself; and it stands erect for what we may term
perpetuity." — Mommsen.
1. Gallia : Oaul extended from the Pyrenees and the Gulf of Lyons
on the south to the British Channel and German Ocean on the north.
It was bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the east by
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NOTES. 177
the Rhine and Italy. It was called Transalpina (i. e. beyond the Alps),
to distinguish it from Cisalpina (i. e. on this side of the Alps), in north-
era Italy. It included France, Belgium, part of Switzerland and Hol-
land, and the part of Germany west of the Rhine. In the division which
Caesar here makes he does not include the southeast part, called Qallia
Narbonensis, or commonly Provincia, whence the modern name Pro-
vence. The Roman dominion in the Provincia was secured by the
establishment of Narbo Marcius, a Roman colony on the Atax, in
B. C. 118.
The most remote Roman towns towards the west and north were Lug-
dunum, Convenai-um, Tolosa, Vienna, and Geneva. The country was
well provided with roads and bridges. The commerce on the Rhone,
Garonne, Loire, and Seine was considerable and lucrative, and extended
even into Britain. The people were tall, of fair complexion, and san-
guine temijerament ; fond of fighting, and easily discouraged. They
were skilled in working copper and gold. Copper implements of excel-
lent workmanship, and even now malleable, have been found in the tombs
of Gaul. The Romans are said to have learned the art of tinning and
silvering from them. They had attained so much skill in mining, that
the miners, especially in the iron-mines on the Loire, acted an important
part in sieges. There was no political union among the different clans,
no leading canton for all Gaul, no tie, however loose, uniting the whole
nation under one leadership. Sometimes one canton would extend its
power over a weaker one, as the Suessiones in the north, the maritime
cantons in the west, the two leagues in the south, one headed by the
Mdni, the other by the Sequani ; but the Celts as a nation lacked
political unity, and the cantons, for the most part, existed independently
side by side. In matters of religion they had long been centralized. The
association of Dniids embraced the British islands, all Gaul, and perhajw
other Celtic communities. The Druids had a special head elected by the
priests themselves, special privileges, as exemption from taxation and
military service, and an annual council.
The Province in Caesar's time extended from the Pyrenees to the Alps
on the coast, and was bounded on the east by the Alps, on the west by
the Mons Cevenna (Cevennes), southward from the latitude of Lugdu ■
num (Lyons), and on the north (where it narrowed off") by the Rhone
from the western extremity of Lake Geneva, to the junction of the
Rhone and Saone. — omnia : Caesar means all of Gaul, except that part
which had been subdued by the Romans, in opposition to Gallia in the
limited sense of one of the three divisions (see Hand-book). — tres is
placed at the end of the sentence as being the significant word, indicat-
ing the number of divisions. — unam : supply partem. — aliam, another
(part) : if Cassar had been enumerating them in order, he would have
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178 LATIN . LESSONS.
used alteram or secundam. — tertiam .... appellantor, the tJiird,
those who are called in our lauguaye Gauls. — institutis, in custx/nis ;
when three or more nouns stand together, the conjunctions may be
omitted altogether, or used between the first and second, and second
ai^ third, etc. — inter se, among themselveSy or from 07ie another. — di-
vidunt is to be supplied after Matrona et Sequana. — propterea quod,
because. — Germanis, to the Germans. — incolunt, dwell. Give the syn-
onymes of bellum. — quoque, also ; the ablative of quisque is quoqae.
— virtute, in valor : virtus, from vir, means manJwod. — una pars, one
part J of the main divisions of Gaul, i. e. Gallia Oeltica. — flumine, etc. :
notice that the connectives are omitted. — finibus: finis, limit; plur.,
fines, limits^ often applied to what is included in those limits, territories.
— ad, towards. — Belgse; hence the moilem Belgium. — inferiorem par-
tem, towards the mouth of (he river. — ad, near to. — spectat inter
occasum solis, it looks between the setting of the sun^ i. e. U looks north-
west.
2. apud, among ; apud with the name of a person means at the house
of; with the name of an author, in tJie toritings of. — nobilissimus, see
§ 89. — ditissimus from dis. — Note the position of the word Orge-
torix at the end of the sentence, to give prominence to the name. Syn.
nobilis, clarus, illustris, denote distinction ; clarus is one celebrated
for his deeds ; illustris, for his rank or character ; nobilis, for hit noble
birth; celeber and inclitus, denote celebrity y are generally used of things,
not of persons. — civitati, the state^ i. e. the people^ all the inhabitants
of a state under one goverament ; it is here the indirect object of per-
suasit, while the clause introduced by ut is the direct object. — exirent
is plural on account of the plural implied in civitas. — continentur, are
hemmed in. — una ex parte, on one side. — altera^ see n. p. 46. —
altissimo ; altus, high, when reckoned from below ; deepy when from
above downward. — Helvetium, see Helvetius. — lacu Lemanno : now
LaJce Geneva. — altissimo, very high. The pupil should be required to
describe the rivers and give the situation of the places mentioned in the
text : see Hand-book. — tertia, sc. ex parte. — adducti, induced. —
pertinerent is in the subjunctive, because it is implied that these things
belonged to their departure in the opinion of the Helvetians ; which (as
the Helvetians thought) pertained to their departure. — jumentorum
(from jugo, to yoke) is both pack and draught animals. — sementes ....
&cere, to make as large sowings as possible; for the force of quam
with the verb possum in connection with the superlative, see § 93, b. —
proximus has no positive, its place is supplied by propinquus. — in
.... confirmant, they fix upon their departure for the third year by law.
— conficiendas, to accomplish. In how many ways may a purpose be ex-
pressed in Latin (§ 318) ? what would be the construction if the gerund
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NOTES. 179
were used? — deligitur: deligo, to choose (not to be undecided in one's
choice) ; eligo, choose^ in the sense of selecting. — Sequano, the Scqua-
nian. — ut regnum .... occuparet : this clause is the direct object of
persuadet ; persuadet is in the historical present, and therefore fol-
lowed by the imperfect subjunctive. Give the synonymes of regnum.
— plebi, to the plebeians ; see Hand-book. — ut idem conaretur, that
he should strive for the savu thing. — totius, all. — Synonymes. om-
nia, all (without exception), in opposition to nemo ; universi, all col-
lectively, in opposition to singuli ; cuncti, all united together in oppo-
sition to dispersi ; totus, the whole as made up of parts, which may be
broken up ; whereas omnia applies to each individual. — ea res, this
design, lit. this thing. — ut, when. — ex ... . dicere, to plead his cause
in ch>ains ;' lit. out of chains, i. e. (being) in chains. — damnatnm, sc.
enm, translate, it was necessary that the punishment should follow him
condemned, namely, that he should he burned ; the clause ut igni crema-
retur explains poenam ; for this use of the subjunctive see § 332. Syn.
— ignis, fire ; flamma, /a?n€ ; incendium, a conflagration ; ignis is the
cause, flfl.mma, the effect. — familiam, household. — clientes, for the
relations between client and patron at Rome, see Hand-book : here the
word is applied to the retainers of the Helvetian chief. — obaeratos,
debtors. — per eos se eripuit, by their means he rescued himself; for
the force of per, see § 246, b.
3. incitata, incensed. — jus suum exsequi, to inforce (lit. follow out)
their authority. — nihilominus, lit. the less by nothing, nevertheless. Syn.
— Conor, try, atternpt; molior (moles), undertake a difficult work; nitor,
(lit. Iea7i upon) ; strive. Syn. — sedificium is a general word for buildings
of all kind ; domus, t?ie luruse as the residence and home of the family ;
sedes also means a dwelling-Jumse, composed of several apartments. —
incendo, accendo, inflammo, all mean to set 07i fire ; incendo, from
within ; accendo, from a single point, as to light a lamp ; inflammo, to
put into a blaze, either from within or without ; succendo, set on fire
from beneath ; cremo, destroy by burning. — trium mensium (genitive),
for three months. — quemque, each one ; domo, from home ; jubent,
for the construction after jubeo see § 271, 6; § 330, 2. — quibus iti-
neribus : the noun to which the relative refers is sometimes repeated as
in this case ; this repetition of the antecedent is necessary when there
are two nouns preceding, and it might be difficult to determine to which
the relative referred ; the relative clause denotes a consequence and takes
the subjunctive, see § 320. — The pupil should be required to trace this
route on the map. — alterum, the other (of the two). — nonnullis, see
§ 150, a. — locis, for the omission of the preposition see § 2.')8, / —
vado transitor, is crossed by a ford. — Allobrogum. The AUobroges
dwelt on the south side of Lake Geneva next to the Helvetii, where the
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180 LATIN LESSONS.
Rhone flowed from the lake. — ad Helvetios pertinet, extends (across)
to Ike Helvctii. The Helvetii occupied a greater part of what is now
Switzerland. — diem dicunt, iliey apimnt a day ; for the repetition of
the antecedent, see note above. — conveniant, are to assemble : the in-
dicative means that they are assembling; what does this relative clause
denote, purpose or result ? Describe the Rhone. — maturat, kastemd,
the historical present ; what is the object of maturat ? — ab urbe,/ro?/i
the cityy i. e. Rome. Cifisar had obtained previously to the expiration of
his consulship (B. C. 59), the provinces Cisalpine Gaul, and lUyricum
vfiiYi three legions for five yeai-s ; afterwards Transalpine Gaul was added
with another legion. He set out from the city as pro-consul in the spring
of B. C. 58. — Galliam ulteriorem, Farther Gaul, i. e. Gaul beyond
the Alps, or Transidpine Gaul.
4. certiores facti sunt, were informed. — Syn. Legatus, an amhas"
saclory a lieiUenant ; orator, one wlw 2>leads a catisc, an envoy, an ora-
tor ; rhetor, or^ie wlw gives lessons in rhetoric, a rJietorician, — qui dice-
rent, to say, lit. who sJwuld say, a relative clause denoting purpose. —
sibi esse in animo, that it was tlicir inteiUion, lit. that it was to tJiem in
mind : what is the subject of the verb esse ? — sine uUo maleficio, witiwut
(doing) any harm.. The Helvetii had two ways by which they could go from
home, one through the narrow pass between Mount Jura and the banks
of the Rhone ; the other by the fords of the Rhone, which led directly
into the province. In order to prevent the Helvetii from taking this
route, he drew a line of fortifications on the southern side of the river,
from Lake Geneva to the Jura mountains, a distance of about eighteen
miles. — negat se posse, he says he cannot ; nego is generally used in
preference to dice non. — una is emphatic, one only. — ut . . . . impe-
trarent, that he being the intercessor, t/tey might obtain (their request). —
plurimum poterat, was able to accomplish a great deal, so. facere, or
more freely, Imd great injiucnce. — ajniGUs, friendly. — in matrimonium
duxerat, had married, when speaking of a man taking a wife ducere
(uxorem) was used, i. e. he leads her to his house ; of a woman taking a
husband, nubere was used, lit. nubere se viro, to veil herself for a hus-
band, — an allusion to the veil worn during the marriage ceremony. —
itaque, tlierefore. — What is the object of impetrat ? v
6. in Italiam, into Italy, i. e. into Cisalpine Gaul. — duas legiones
conscribit : in addition to the four he already hail The Allobroges and
Vocontii were both in the province. — jam, by this time, i. e. while Caesar
was absent collecting troops. — Syk. Populor, to ravage (by pillage and
fire) ; vasto, to lay waste ; depopulor, utterly to ravage. — rogatum, to
ask, see § 302. — depopulatis, for the use of the participle of the de-
ponent verb in a passive sense see § 135, a and b. — sese .... non
£a.Dil3 .... proliib3re, that they could not easily ward off, etc. — se ....
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NOTES. 181
recipiunt, betook thcinsclics. —■ non exspectandum (esse) sibi statuit,
h-e thought he ought not to wait : sibi, see § 232.
6. flumen est Arar, there is a river (called) Arar ; now the Scume.
It unites with the Rhone at the city of Lugdununi {Lyons), about seventy
iniles from Lake Geneva. — quod agrees with dumen, see § 199. —
incredibili .... possit, with incredible smoothness of current^ so that it
cannot be determined hj the eyes in v^hat direction it flows; lenitate,
smoothness, contrasted not only with the Khone, but with the rapidity of
the rivei-s in Italy. — possit, see § 319. -r-ratibus et lintribus jnnc-
tis, the ablative absolute to supply the place of the perfect active parti-
ciple ; lintribus, sniall boats; these w^ere boats made of logs hollowed out,
— transibant, were now crossing. — Helvetios trausduxisse, that the
Helvetians had, etc. In Naj)oleon's Caesar, this place of crossing the Saone
is said to have been at Chalons sur Saone. — de tertia vig^lia, just at the
beginning of the third watch. The Romans divided the night into four
watches (the first beginning at sunset), each of three houi*s ; the third
watch began at midnight. — aggressus has the sense of a jierfect active
I)articiple, see § 113, c. n. How does concidit differ from concidit ? —
is pagus, this canton. — appellabatur, from appello, name, also to
speak to; voce, call, summon; nomino, iiame, in the sense of appointing
or electing ; cito, qv^te. — L. Cassium, this defeat was in B. C. 107. —
consulem, see Hand-book. — sub jugum. It was considered the lowest
degree of military disgrace for the Roman soldiei-s to be obliged to pass
under the yoke. The yoke was formed by placing two spears ui)right in
the gi'ound, and fastening a third across the top of the other two ; under
this the conquered anny must pass in token of subjugation. — ea . . . .
persolvit, was the first to suffer punishment; princeps is equivalent to
prima.
7. ut, m order tJutt. — consequi, to overtake. — in Ar^e, over and
upon, i. e. a floating bridge. — faciendum, see § 294, d. — why is ejus
used, not suo? — cujus .... fait,t7ie chief of which embassy was Divko.
— bello Cassiano, in the war with Cassitcs, i. e. in B. C. 107, when the
consul Cassius was the commander. — agit, argues, discourses. — Syn.
Dux, a leader, a general; ductor, a guide ; imperator, a comma7ider or
emperor. — pacem and bello are placed prominently to mark them as
significant words. This section is in indirect discouree, depending on
dicens {saying) implied in agit. In direct discourse it would read : si
pacem populus Eomanus cum Helvetiis faciet (or faciat) in eam
partem ibunt ubi Caesar eos esse voluerit. For the use of the
future indicative or present subjunctive, see § 307, a and b. voluerit,
if th« future is used in the protasis, would be in the future perfect
indicative, otherwise in the perfect subjunctive. The tenses are sec-
ondary, after the historical present agit. — perseveraret has C«esar
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182 LATIN LESSONS.
for its subject. In direct discourse, sin bello perseverabit, reminiscere
et veteris incommodi, etc. — reminisceretur . . . '. incommodi, he
should remember both the old overthrow. — ne committeret, he should
not bring it to pass ; ne commiseris in direct discoui-se. — Syn. cala-
mitas (lit. a stonn that broke down the stalks [calamos] of the corn-
fields), calamity ; infortuninm, misfortune, as loss of property; miseria,
miserify affliction ; infelicitas, ill-luck.
8. his, sc. legatis. — sibi .... dari, that the less doubt was given to
him. — tenet memoria, held in memory ; remembered. — veteris con-
\,ynxi.^\sf^, former hisult. — dentor is in the present subjunctive, although
respondity the leading verb, is an historical present, see § 287, e. —
factnros, sc. Helvetios. — .^kluis is governed by satisfaciant. — ip-
sis: the dative follows the compound in intulerint; § 228. — satis-
faciant, pay damages. The direct discourse would be : mihi minns
dubitationis datur, quod eas res, quas commemoravistis, memoria
teneo. Si veteris contumelise oblivisci velim, num possim recen-
tium injuriarum memoriam deponere ? Tamen si obsides a vobis
mihi dabuntur (dentur), uti ea, quae pollicemini, vos esse facturos
intelligam, et si ^duis de injuriis quas ipsis sociisque eorom intu-
listis, item si Allobrogibus satisfacietis, cum vobis pacem faciam. —
hoc response date = cum hoc responsum dedisset. — Idem neut. ; the
masculine is idem. — qui videant : what does this relative clause denote,
cause, purpose, etc. ? — videant is plur., because equitatum implies
equites as the subject. — qui, these. — alieno loco, in an unfavorable
place, lit. a place better for the other party ; for the omission of the prep-
osition, § 258, /. — audacius, still more boldly. — ac . . . . praesentia,
and deemed it sufficient for the present. — ita, in such a way. — novissi-
mum agmen, the part of the army nearest to those pursuing, i. e. the rear.
— nostrum primum, oit,r front. — non .... interesset, not mx>rt than
•five or six miles {each day) intervened ; milibos, see § 94, e ; the distribu-
tives quinis and senis imply that this was the constant difference between
the armies.
9. interim, give the syn. — quotidie, every day, is used of things
that are daily repeated ; in singulos dies, daily, of those things which
from day to day are making advance. — ^duos and frumentum, see
§ 239, c. — quod .... flagitare, kept demanding .... which they
had promised in the name of the state ; flagitare, the historical infini-
tive, see § 275, equivalent Xo flagitabat; polliciti essent refers to
the promise as made by the Mdui, see § 340. — frigora, the cold cli-
mate, the plural is emphatic ; the plural of words relating to the weather
was often used as, soles, s^mbenms ; nives, falls of suow. — non mode
followed by sed (otiam), not only .... but also, ])la«.^es the emi»hasis on
the last ; when both sentences are negative, "non modo, [non] .... sad
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NOTES. 183
ne quidem (= sed etiam non), the second non iu the first clause is
omitted il' both sentences have the same verb, and the verb is in the
second clause ; if both clauses have their own verb, as in the text, both
negatives are used ; ne . . . . quidem, see § 345, b. — paboli, green
fodder. — suppetebat, toas cU hand. — autem, besides, see § 346, b, —
quod .... subvexerat, which he had brought up the river Arar in ves-
sels. — diem .... .^klui, the jEdui kept ptUting him (Cflesar) off from
flay to day. — ducere, historical infinitive. — confeni .... dicere, iJiey
kept saying that it was collecting, bringing together, was close by ; the sub-
ject of conferri, comportari, and addesse is frumentum ; they all
depend on dicere. — se diutius duci, that he was ptU off too long. —
frumentum. The Eoman soldier received no meal or bread as his
monthly allowance, but merely the gi-ain which he had to pound and
make bread for himself. — qui .... praeerat, w?u) was invested with the
chief magistracy ; qui refers to Liscus. — Why is ab expressed before
iis ? why is sublevetur in the subjunctive ? does it refer the charge to
Cflesar as the general or as the historian ? why present subjunctive ? — Syn.
Demum, al lewgth, (not till now) ; denique, finaZly (in short) ; tan-
dem, at last (after many efforts) ; postremo, lastly (last in order). —
proponit, set forth, introduces the indirect discourse which follows. —
plurimum valeat, is very powerful ; valeat, what would this be in the
direct discourse ? — seditiosa .... oratione, by seditiaus and vncked
speeches. — ne frumentum conferant, from co'jitributing the corn ; con-
ferant is plural on account of the collective noun multitude preceding.
— nostra in the direct discourse would be changed to vestra. — a se,
by himself ; a mo in the direct discourse. — quin etiam .... enun-
ciaverit, moreover as to his having disclosed the affair to Ccesar. — intel-
legere .... fecerit, he was well aware with how great peril he did thai : —
Syn. Intellego, understand by means of reflection ; sentio, perceive by
the senses or by the mind. — quamdiu potueriti as long as he had been
able. — Syn. Taceo, utter tw word, be silent, pass over in silence ; sileo,
lyuike no noise, be still.
10. Dumnorigem .... designari, that Dumnorix was meant. Dum-
norix led the national party among his people, as opjiosed to Rome, while
his brother Divitiacus favored an alliance with the Romans. — pluribus
prsesentibus, lit. more being present, or in the presence of so many. —
eas res jactari, that these 7iiatters should be considered ; jactari, a fre-
quentative from jacio. — Give the syns. of concilium. — reperit esse
vera, he finds (that these statements) things are true. — ipsum ....
audacia, that it uxis Dumnoris himself, a man of the greatest audacity. —
cupidum novarum rerum, desirous of a revolution, — complures ....
habere, that lie has farmed /u?* mMny years all the revenues of the /Edui
at a low price. — Syn. Voctigal, ti flies (decuma), 07i agricuHan i
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184 LATIN LESSONS.
irroduce ; tributum, an exiraordvnary property tax, levied in the tribes,
and paid back when the exigency was passed ; scriptura, rent of the pas-
ture lands; portorium, Jiarbor duties originally, afterwards applied to
tolls paid on transit of merchandise. The revenues among the Romans
were not collected directly, bul were farmed out (or leased) by the cen-
sors to contractors called publicani, who paid a fixed sum into the
treasury, and collected the taxes for their own use ; they so abused their
privileges, that the name publican became to be a term of reproach. —
illo licente, he bidding. — audeat, see § 336. — rem familiarem, pri-
vate property. Donmorix is the subject of favere and odisse. — Syn.
Potentia, power as an attribute of a person : potestas, poujer as of a
magistrate, power to do anything ; ditio (dicio), power, jurisdiction. — -
siquid .... Romanis, if anything then should happen to the Romans. —
si quid, see § 105, d — obtinendi, see § 298. — imperio, under the gov-
emrneiit, ablative absolute. — de regno, of royal power.
11. certissimse res, the most undoubted facts. — animadverteret,
should punish him. — unum repugnabat, one consideration opposed. —
summum .... studium, the great attachment towards the Roman people.
— vo\xaiiB.i&m,. affection. — ejus refers to Dumnorix. — verebatur, give
the synonymes. — itaque .... conajreinr, therefore before h£ attempted
anything : for the subjunctive see § 327. — commonefacit, remind^ lit.
ioums. — ipso prsesente, when he himself was present, i. e. Diviaticus.
— de eo, concci^iing him, i. e. Dumnorix. — apud se, before himself, i. e.
Caesar. — ne quid .... statueret, that he should not determine anything
too severe against his brother. — scire .... vera (saying), that Jw knew
those things loere true. — Syn. Populus, ih^ people, originally only the
patricians, came to include the plebeians ; plebs, common people, opposed
to the patricians ; vulgas, the ignorant multitude. — quod .... acci-
disset, because if anything too severe should be done to him by Caesar. —
eum locum, that j)lace = so high a place. — apud eum, i. e. Caesar. —
futurum, it would happen, see § 288, /. — animi, the affections. — fra-
trem adhibet, he has his brother present.
12. exploratoribus : Syn. Explorator, a scout ; speculator, a spy ;
emissarius, a secret agent. — miliapassuum = 4,854 ft., a little less than
an English mile. — qualis .... adscensus, wh^tt its ascent by a circuitous
route. — qui cognoscerent, misit, h^ sent (persons) to ascertain ; qui
cognoscerent denotes the purpose (see § 320) ; the antecedent of qui is
the object of misit : what is the object of cognoscerent ? — facilem, sc.
ascensum. — eodem itinere, alon^ tlie same route. — quo, by which. —
prima luce, ai daybreak. — summus mons, the summit of the inountain,
see § 193. — ipse, and when he hinvself sc. cum. — passibus, see §
257, b. — neque .... Labieni, and (when) neither his oum approach nw
that qf Lahienus. — equo admisso, urUh his horse at full speed. — volu-
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NOTES.
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erit in indirect discourse. — se is the subject of cognovisse. — ex ... .
insignibus, by the Gallic arms and oi-navienis ; insignibus, lit. marks
of distinctimi. This i-efers probably to the style of armor. — subducit,
draws off. — ut ei prseceptum, as Iw had been instructed. — exspectabat,
continued to look out : imperfect, see § 277. — multo denique die, at last
when much of the day had passed. — pro vise, as seen ; lit. for seen. —
what is the object of rentintiasse ? — quo consuerat intervallo, with
the usual distance ; intervallo is the antecedent of quo.
13. diei, see § 214, g^. — metiri, to measure out, — rei . . . . ex-
istimavit, he thought he must look oiU for supplies, sc. sibi esse. — seu
.... existimarent, because they believed that the Romans, being terrified,
were depoHing ; the subjunctives existimarent and confiderent repre-
sent the idea as existing in the minds of the Helve tii. Caesar's army was
composed of four veteran legions, and two legions newly levied ; the
Helvetians had about 70,000, with about 20,000 auxiliaries, in all nearly
90,000. For the time denoted by the infinitive see § 288 ; discedere,
here is the imperfect of the infinitive. — a novissimo agmine, &n the
rear. — postquam id animum advertit, after thai Ccesar perceives this ;
id is governed by ad in composition, see § 227, d. — in coUe medio,
wi the middle of the hill. — sarcinas, each soldier's baggage; in this sense
only used in the plural: each soldier carried besides his ])ersoual baggage
and trenching tools (sarcinee), arms, saw, basket, provisions for a number
of days, five stakes for fortifying the camp, — in all about sixty pounds ;
the impedimenta were the heavy baggage, tents, engines of war, etc.,
which were earned in wagons or on horses. — eum, .sc. locum. — in su-
periore acie, in tlie upper liiie, i e. those on the top of the hill, the two
legions of newly levied soldiera. — confertissima acie, in very close
array. — phalange facta : the phalanx consisted of a large body of men
in solid mass, with their shields raised above their head, locked and over-
lapped so as to form a close fence. — sub .... successerunt, tJiey ad-
vanced close up to our front line. — primum .... eqnis, first' his omi
hoi^se. — pilis : the piliun was a shaft of wood, a little more than six feet
iong, with a sharp iron head projecting about nine inches. — perfrege-
runt, broke through, see perfringo. — ea disjecta, wlien this (phalanx)
was broken apart.
14. Gallis .... impedimento, it was a great hindrance to the Gauls.
pluribus eorum scutis, several of tJicir shields, see synonymes of scutuuL
— cum .... inflexisset, v)hcn the iron (head) became bent. Their
shields were locked over their heads, and overtopped one another ; a
JHvelin would pierce through more than one, and bind them together.
Movements of their left hands, in which the shield was held, were thus
impeded. — pedem referre, to retreat. — eo, thither. — capto monte,
tlui mountain being ractcJicU. — succedentibus nostris, our men coming
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186 LATIN LESSONS.
close up below. — agmen .... claudebant, dosed the eimmfs line of
Ttiarch, — ex itinere, on the inarcA.— circumvenere, perfect tense, third
jtei-son, plural. — Roman! .... intulerunt, tJie Ronians turned^ and ad-
vanced in two divisi&tis : the Rpmaus indicated the movements of their
annies by terms derivtHl from the signnin, th4i standard : thus signa con-
vertere, to turn ; signa conferre, to engage ; signa inferre, to advance ;
it was the third line that wheeled about and advanced, while the first
and second opposed the Helvetians who had been driven back. — ut
.... resisteret, thai U might resist those (who had been) conquered and
driven back : for the subjunctive see § 317. — ancipiti proelio, in a double
conflict. — alteri .... alteri, the one party . ... the other party, i-efer-
ring to the Helvetians, and to the Boii and Tulingi respectively. — ab
hora septima, from one o'clock in the afternoon ; the day began at sun-
lise, and ended at sunset ; the end of the sixth hour was noon. — pug-
natum sit, the battle raged, see § 326. — aversum hostem; an enemy
turned about. — nemo, from ne and homo. — ad multam noctem,
till late ai night. — pro vallo, for a rampart; the vallam was com-
posed of the dirt heaped up (agger) from the ditch (fossa) against the
stakes (valli). — captns est, see § 187. — eaque tota nocte, during
that whole night, see § 256, b. — nostri, sc. milites. — potoissent, see
§ 325. — literas, a Utter. — ne .... rejuvarent, (ordering) thai they^
etc.
15. qui cum, when they. — •nppliciter locnti, spedhmg supplianily.
^- quo turn essent, wliere they then were ; the subjunctive is used to in-
dicate that Caesar did not know where they were, see § 340. — pame-
runt, they obeyed. — qui .... perfhgissent, which had fled to these, i. e.
whaiever, etc., see § 316. — poposcit, see § 124, c; § 132, 6. — ut . . . .
facerent, lit. thai they should supply them with com, i. e. to supply,
etc. — tabulse, lists. — Uteris Grsecis confectse, mxide out in Greek let-
ters. — ratio confecta erat, an account had been kept. — qui numerus
.... eotum, whai nurrtber of them. — possent, see § 340. — summa^
the sum.
X. THE WAR WITH ARIOVISTUS.
1. totius fere, from nearly, etc. — gratulatum, to congratulate. —
intellegere se, (saying) that they kneto. — pro .... populi Romani,
for the injuries of the (done by) Helvetians to the Roman people ; Helveti-
orum is subjective, and popnli Romani obj(»rtivp, genitive ; both depend
oninjuriis. — exusu .... a^SidiBse, th/it this hatl hap})ened no less to the
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NOTES. 187
advantage of the land of Gaul. — judicassent, should Judge, see § 336 ;
for the form, see § 128, a. — stipendiorias, (as) tributaries. — in diem
certam, for a certam day. — indicere, to appoint. — sese .... vellent,
iliat they Jmd certain things which they unslied to ask from him in accord-
ance with the general consent. — jurejurando .... sanxerunt, tJiey hound
themselves by an oaih that no one should disclose (their deliberations) :
Syx. Jusjurandum and juramentum denote a civil oath by which
one ]n-omises something ; sacramentom, a military oath, by which a
soldier pi-omises not to forsake his standard. — uti .... liceret, that it
should be jtcrmitted to tliem to discuss with him without toUnesses concern-
ing the safety of all. — Csesari, of (Jajsar, see § 235, a. — non . . . .
impetrarent, (saying) that they strove no less thai those things should not
be divulged which they might say, than to obtain what they unshed. —
se ventures, that they would come.
2. £skctione8 esse duas, there are two (political) parties. — principa-
turn tenere, stood at the head. — factum esse, it came to pass. — why
is ab expressed ? — Bhenum, see § 237, d. Describe the Rhine. —
horum, of the latter. — ad numerum, to the number. — semel atque
iterum, again and again. — clientes, i. e. the states dependent on the
iEdiii. — pulses, sc. -^Idues, the subject of amisisse. — neque ....
cssent, neither should timy refuse to be pcrjyetiudly under their power ;
essent, why subjunctive ? unum se esse, that lie was the only one. —
postulatum, to ask. — pejus .... accidisse, a worse thing luid happened;
pejus is the subject of accidisse. — futurum esse, it would come to pass.
— omnes, sc. Galli. — ut semel, when once, i. e. ow soon as. — nebilis-
simi cujusque, of each distinguished man, see § 93, c. — in eos ....
edere, he gave forth upon them all (kinds of) examples and tortures. —
hominem, etc., that he was a, etc. — nisi, unless there should be some
help. — idem esse, etc., the same thing loould be done, etc. — ut, (namely)
that, etc., what kind of a clause is this ? — fortunam, etc., and try what-
ever fortune might befall them. — Gsesarem, etc., Ccesar could prevent a
greater number of Germans being led' across the Rhine. — Rhenum, why
accusative ? Compare major.
3. ones .... fercere, the Sequani alone did, etc. Syn. — Reliqui, the
others of whom som£ have been named before ; ceteri, th£ rest (of the same
class) ; alii, others, different persons. — ejus rei, of this conduct. — em-
nine, etc., to extort any reply at all. — Is the i long or short in idem?
— hec, on this account. — ne . . . . quidem, see § 345, b. — auderent,
see § 136. — absentis, even when absent. — cenfirmavit, cheered up,
etc. (saving). — beneficio sue, by his (former) kindness, i. e. Csesaris^ —
multse res, many rnnsnlrrrfimis'. -- quod .... teneri, hrca.Hsr. he saio
Hint the ^'Edttl, oflc.i culled brUluri: and kinsmen, etc. — in tante im-
perio, eoTmdering the great jnywer. — German os .... videbat, he saio
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188 LATIN LS880NS.
thai it teas periloiis (to the interests of the Roman people) for the Ger-
mans to cross the Rhine. — sibi temperaturos, that they would restrain
themselves: give tho meaning of tempero with the dative, with the
accusative. — ut, as. — Citnbri : the war against the Cimbri and Teu-
tones was ended by Marias and Crassus, at the battle of Aquie Sextiaj
(B. C. 102), and near Vercellre (B. C. 101). —Why is fecissent in the
subjunctive ? Does it refer to Caesar's own past conviction or to othei-s ?
— quibus .... putabat, he thoiufht lie ought tx) vieei tJiese things as
quickly as possibk ; rebus is governed by occorendum. — quam, see
§ 93, b.
4. placuit ei, it pleased him, i. e. he resolved. — qui .... postu-
larent, to ask from him; in how many ways may a puri)Ose be expressed
in Latin ? — uti .... diceret, that he sJwuld appoint som^ place midway
between both for a co^ifercnce. — summis utriusque rebus, the highest
interest of both, — si ... . esset, if he himself had need of anything from
Ccesar ; opus stands in the predicate ; it is used either impersonally with
the ablative, or personally with the thing needed in the nominative.
§ 243, e.' — si . . . . velit, if he wanted anything of him ; with se supply
facere, that lie should do anything ; notice that esset is in the imperfect
subjunctive, denying the want of anything from Caesar in past time ;
velit in the present subjunctive, implying that Caesar does now want
something from him. — quid .... negotii esset, what bimness there was,
etc. — his responsis, this reply. — for iterum in enumeration of par-
ticulars, see note on § 1. — beneficio affectus, having been treated icith
Hndness. — banc .... referret, lie now made such a tcturn, etc, ;
hanc = talem. — baec esse, quae, thai these are the things which ; thia
clause depends on mittit. — Syn. Gratiam habere, to feel thankful :
gratias agere, to return thanks in words ; gratias referre, to show one's
self thankful by acts. — ne quam, any. — si id non impetraret, if hb
(Caesar) should not obtain that. — Syn. Obtineo, hold, occupy ; impetro,
obtain by entreaty ; adipiscor, get, or obtain. — sese .... neglecturum,
that he should not neglect, etc. — quicunque .... obtineret ; the gov-
ernment of the Roman provinces was assigned by the senate to ths
consuls by lot. — Syn. Tueor, defend or protect against danger, in
opposition to negligo ; defendo, defend^ from an actual attack, in
opposition to desero.
5. jus esse belli, it was the law of war. — populum . . . consuesse,
that the Roman people was accustomed to command the conquered not ac-
cording to the dictates of another, etc. — sibi, by himself — stipendia-
ries esse factos, had become tributaries. — congrederetur, might meet
him (in battle) ; the subjunctive instead of the accusative with the in-
finitive. — quid .... possent, what the invincible .... were able (to do)
by llunr valor. — eodem tempore. — Sy.n. Tempus, tiine (in generftl)>
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NOTES. 189
an e2)0ch, an opportunity ; 8BVum, a long space of time, an age ; tem-
pestas, an entire space of time, a period, a season. — ^dui questum,
the ^clui (came) to comj)lain, se. veniebant. — Treviri, sc. veniebant
questum. — si .... conjunxisset, 2/ (this) nev) body slwiild join, etc. —
ne . . . . minus .... posset, that Jw wo^dd be less easily resisted.
6. tridui viam, a march of three days, see § 238. — "What is the sub-
ject of nuntiatnm est ? — occupandum : is this the gerund or gerun-
dive ? — quod, see § 199. — contendere, was hastening. — processisse,
had accomjdished. — prsecavendum .... existimabat, Ccesar thought that
great precaution sliould be taken by him, sc. sibi esse. — fisicultas, abun-
dance. — ad .... he\lam,for p7'otracting the war. — facultatem, meaTi^.
— reliquum .... continet, a mountain occupies the remaining space. —
ita .... contingant, so thai the banks of the river touch the foot of the
mountain on each side (of the mountain). — hunc .... officii, a wall
makes this (mountain) a citadel. — dum, see § 328. — ex percunc-
tatione, etc., from the inquiries of our (men) and the remarks of the
Gauls and merchants, who said thai the Germans were, etc.; vocibua,
see § 242, n. — prsedicabant, see § 277. — s«penumero .... potu-
isse, (saying) tliat tJiey had contended with tliem very often, and were not
able to endtire even (the expression of) their countenance and the look of
their eyes. — Syn. Facies and oculi, the face, tJie eyes in ^ physical
point of view ; vultus, the countenance, iJie looks. By the face, which is
unchangeable, one man is distinguished from another ; by the counte-
nance, which is changeabh', the motives of the mind are indicated. — tri-
bunis : there were six tribunes in eiich legion, and each commanded the
legion in turn for two months. — non magnum .... habebant, had no
great experience in military affairs. — alius .... petebant, one having
assigned one cau^e, anotlicr anotlur, requested. — totis castris, through'
ovi the whole camp. — qui, etc., those wJio wished to be co^isidered, etc. —
non .... dicebant, said that they did not, etc. — intercederent, see
§ 840. — castra moveri, that the camp should be moved: for the description
of the camp see Hand-book. — non .... milites, that the soldiers loould
not be obedient to the order ; milites is the subject of fore ; dicto is in
the dative after audientes.
7. omniumque .... centurionibus, the centurions of all ranks being
admitted ; there were sixty centuiions in each legion, and each centurion
commanded a centuiy. In this case all the (Centurions in the army were
summoned to the council of war ; ordinarily a council of war was com-
l"K)sed of the commander-in-chief, tlie lieutenants, the tribunes, and the
chief centurion of each legion. — quserendum .... putarent, they
thought that they should inquire into, or deliberate ; see § 232. — Ario-
vistum, (saying) that Ariovistus. — ab officio, from his d^ty, to the
"ioman people in return for what they had done for him. — sibi ....
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190 LATIN LESSONS.
persnaderi, that lie %oas indeed persuaded^ lit. that U was indeed per*
sitaded to him ; what is the subject of p«nnuuleari ? — cognitis poeiUf-
latis, when his demands^ etc. — quod si, hU if. — soa^ their oivn ;
ipsioB, his (Caesar's). — Syx. Amens, xoithoiU reascni ; demens, inad^
infatxuited; insanus, not in one's senses ; excors, weak-viinded ; amentia
like amens, simply withoiU reason ; dementia^ like demons ; furor,
irritatimu — factum, etc., that a trial of this enemy had been made, — Syn.
Periculum, lit. a trial ; hence risk^ danger ; discrimen, a distinction,
difference, a turning-point. — servili tumultu, at the time of the servile
insurrection ; the war with the gladiators in B. 0. 73 - 71. — Svx.
Tumultus, strojiger than bellum, used by the Romans to denote a war
m Itabjy or against the Gauls ; turba, conftmon. — constantia, a reso-
lute spirit. — Syn. Supero, lit. rise above , hence to conquer (an adver-
saiy) ; vinco, conquer (opposition). — demum, at lengthy not till now ;
denique, finally , in short ; tandem, al last, after many efforts ; pos-
tremo, lastly, in order of time. — si quos, if any one. — castris, in his
camp, see § 258, /. — consilio, by stratagem. — qui, etc., tlwse who
attributed their fear to live narroum,tss of the roads acted arrogantly, since
they appeared either to despair of the commanders doing his duty, or to
dictaie to him. — quod .... dicantur, as to their saying that, etc. —
nihil, etc., he was moved not at all by this circuinsta7ice. — moturum
(esse), that he should move. — quam primum, as soon as possible. — ■
sibique .... futuram, lit. that it should be a proetorian colwrt to him'
self: the praetorian cohort was the general's body-guard ; it had more
pay and privileges than the other soldiers.
8. belli gerendi, what would be the construction i£ the gerund
were used ? — innata est, see innascor : what is the force of in, in com-
position with verbs? with adjectives? see § 170, a. — princeps = pri-
ma. — quod .... fecisset, because Jie had formed, etc. : the subjunc-
tive is used to express the opinion of the tribunes ; see § 321, a. — ege-
rant, acted in the same manner. — itinere exquisito, the route havimj
ken sought oiU, — Ariovisti .... abesse, that the forces of Ariovistus
were distant, etc. — Syn. Abesse, to be absent, denotes absence as a local
relation, to be aioay from a place ; deesse, to be wanting, denotes absen(!e
by which a thing is rendered incomplete. — quod, (saying) what. — id
fieri licere, tlmt could be accomplished ; licere depends on mittit. — pro
.... beneficiis, in consideration of his oion benefits and those of the
Roman people towards him (Ariovistus). — fore, see § 288, /. — ne quis
is used in negative clauses instead of ut nemo. — alia ratione, on
any other term. — equitatui ' the cavalry in Ctesar's army consisted
wholly of Gauls ; he was therefore afraid to trust entirely to them.
— audebat, see § 136. — commodissimum esse statuit, he deemed it
most expedient ; what is the subject of esse? — omnibus. . . . imponere.
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NOTES. 191
all the horses having been taken from the Gallic horseTnen^ to place on them
(eo), etc.
9. ex equis, on horseback. — denos, te7i apiece. — commemoravit,
recounled. — quod, how that. — qoam .... docebat, he informed him that
this thing had both happened to few ^ and iu. consideration of important ser-
vices, — qoam, etc., how old, and how just causes of relationship, etc. — in
eos, for them. — postulavit .... dederat, jtheii lie demanded the same
things which he had given to the ambassaihrs as his demands. — liabere,
that he had. — obsides, thai the hostages. — capere, that he had exacted, —
Syn. Experior, try, learn by exjxiriment ; tento, try by feeling, test ;
periclitor, make trial of, facing the danger arising from the experiment.
— pace uti, to enjoy peace. — quod .... pependerint, which they had
paid, etc., see § 132, b. — amicitiam .... oportere, that the friendship
of the Roman people ougM to be a protection, not an injm-y. — quod, as to.
— id ... . fsLcere,that he did this to fortify himself, etc., see § 318 (6).
prius .... quam, before, separated by tmesis. — fines egressum, passed
beyond the territories. — quid sibi vellet ? what did he wish for himself?
sibi refers to Csesar. — provinciam, etc., that this was his province just
as, etc. — qui ... interpellaremus, since we interrupted him in his
right, see § 320, e.
10. neque .... desereret, neither his own nor the custom of the Roman
people wo\dd permit that, etc. — potius esse Ariovisti, belonged to Ario-
vistus. — senatus, of the seriate. — quam .... voluisset, since, though
conquered, (the senate) had willed that it (quam) should enjoy its ovm
laws. — propius, § 234, e. — imperavit .... rejicerent, he commanded
that they should not throw back a single weapon upon the enemy. — ne quod,
from ne quis. — legionis delectsB, to his chosen legion. — tamen ....
circumventos, yet he did not think that the opportunity should be given,
that the enemy having been routed, it might be said (by them) that they had
be&n surrounded by him (Caesar) at the con/ereTice. — posteaquam, etc.,
aft^ that it was spread abroad ammig the common soldiers, see § 39, 6.
— qua .... interdixisseti unth what arrogance (lit. UMtig what arro-
gance) Ariovistus had forbidden the Rom^Lns (the use) of Gaul. — inter-
dico is here followed by the dative and ablative, see § 225, d. — multo
major, greater by much. — injectum, was infused.
11. post, an adverb. — velle .... cum eo, (saying) that Tu wisTud
to treat with him. — uti aut, or (requesting) that : notice the twofold
construction after mittit legates; in the first case it implies saying,
and is followed by the accusative with the infinitive ; in the latter the
verb requesting is implied, and therefore the subjunctive is required.
— ex legatis aliquem, see § 216, c. — visa non est, did not appear
(sufficient). — legatum ex suis, a commissioner from his own men. —
qua .... utebatur, which Ariovistus, from long habit, u^sed with great
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192 LATIN LESSONS.
easfi ; qna refers to lingua^ and mnlta agrrees with qua ; notice tlie force
of the imperfect. — qui .... usus erat, who was accustomed to enjoy
the hospitality of Ariovistus. — an .... causa, was it not to spt/ out ; tlie
complete sentence would be utrum aJiud peterent, an speculandi
causa venirent, see § 211, and d: also see § 318, 5. — prseter, past. —
eo consilio, with this design. — uti, (namely) that, see § 831, d. — ex
.... ^duis, from the (couutry of), etc. — pro castris, before the camp. —
si vellet, if he wnsAec?, see § 307, /. — ei .... deesset, that the opportunity
might not be wanting to him.
12. ubi . . . . tenere, when .... that he held himself in his camp,
8ee§ 258,/. — acieque .... instructa, a triple line of battle being formed.
— tertiam castra munire, the third to fortify the camp. — eo . . . . ex-
peditai. thither light-armed troops, ahout six thousaTid in number. —
qu» copise, that these forces. — prohiberent, see § 317. — a majoribus,
sc. castris. — potestas, an opportunity. — ubi .... intellexit, when he
perceived that not ei^n then they would come forth (to fight), see § 345,
b. — turn demunii then at last; give the synonymes. — oppugnaret,
see § 317. — multis .... vulneribus, m^ny wounds being given and
received : illatis, see infero. — Syn. Accipio, take anything that is
offered ; recipio, take anything under one's protection ; excipio, txike what
is escaping, intercept ; suscipio, undertake a task ; sumere, take up any-
thing (to use it) ; capere, take anything (to possess it).
13. quam ob rem, on account of wlmt thing, i. e. for what reason. —
sortibus et vaticinationibus, from lots and auguries. — utrum ....
necne, wJiether a battle could be fought advantageously, or not. — esset,
see § 211, Rem. — eas .... superare, they (women) said that it was not
the will of heaven for the Germans to conquer. — alarios, aitxiliaries,
gen«i-ally stationed on the wings (alas) of the army. — quod .... valebat^
because he was less strong in the number of legionary soldiers in proportion
to the number of the enemy. — eo, lit. thither, i. e. on tlusse (chariots and
wagons). — passis manibus, unth outstretched hand (passis from pando) :
flentes agrees with quae, subject of implorabant.
14. Ceesar .... praefecit, Ccesar appointed over each legion a lieu-
tenant, and qtuestm' : for the duties of the qutestor see Hand-book.
— a dextro comu, on the right loing (of the Romans). — minime fir-
mam, least strong. — itaque, and so. — spatium, space (of time). — re-
jectis pilis, the javelins being throimi aside ; for the manner in which
the Roman army was armed, see Hand-book. — Syn. Gladius, sword
(a general word) ; ensis, sword (poetical) ; pugio, a dagger or short sword
(often worn by magistrates) ; sica, dagger, (the secret weapon of the
assassin). — complures nostri milites, many of our soldiers, see §
216, e, — miles from mil (mille) and eo, in allusion to the army
as armnged by Sei-vius Tullius. — qui .... insilirent, who leaped, see
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NOTES. 193
§ 320. — scuta, etc., tore off-with their hands the shields (of the enemy).
— ^a sinistro coma, wi the left vnng (of the Germans). — a dextro
coma, on the riyht wing (of the German army). — perpauci, a very few.
— confisi, relying on tlieir strength : see confido.
15. cam .... traheretar, as he was being dragged almig. — trinis
catenis, urith three chains. — in ... . incidit, fell in with Coisar himself.
— de . . . . dicebat, he said that it had been thrice consulted by lots about
him. — cceperont, began, see § 143, a. — daobus bellis, i. e. the
Helvetian and German wars. — matarius paalo, a little earlier. — ad
conventas agendos, to 1u)ld the courts, 1. e. to attend to lawsuits, and
all matters peitaining to llie civil administration of the country. £ach
province was di^^ded into districts, in which the pro-consul held a couii;,
to which any one might apply for redress of grievances. The pro-consul
himself presided at the trials, and pronounced the decision according to
the views of the judges, who were genei-aUy selected from among the
Roman citizens, who resided in the province. Csesar also had another
object for passing the winter in Italy, in order to watch the movements
of political parties at the capital, and especially of Pompey, who now,
according to the arrangement made by the triumvii's, held the chief
power there.
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QUESTIOI^S FOE EEYIEW.
1. How do nouns of the first declension end? Decline sfetta. What
words of this declension are masculine ? What words have abus in the
dative and ablative plural ? For what purpose? What are the termina-
tions of Greek nouns ? Decline cometes. Decline together steUa lucida.
What cases are alike in the first declension ? What declensions Have no
neuter nouns ?
2. How do nouns of the second declension end 1 Which terminations
are neuter ? Which masculine ? Decline pM€r, donum, domlmts. Why
is the accent in domXnus on the antepenult ? What nouns in er retain e
in the oblique cases 1 How do puer and liber differ in declension ? What
class of nouns in us are feminine ? What is said of vir f What nouns in
us are neuter 1 What is the gender of vulgus ? DecMne Jilius and deus.
3. How are nouns of the third declension classified ? Decline mare
and turris. What is the regular ending of the accusative and ablative in
this class of noun^ ? Which retain the regular form 1 What is the gen-
itive plural of canis f Of turris f Decline vis, Tiberis.
4. Decline honor, nomen, and consul. What is the stem of honor f Ex-
plain the formation of the nominative singular. Decline opus. Explain
the formation of the nominative singular.
5. Decline urbs and ars. Explain the formation of the nominative
singular of comes ; accent comites. In what does the ablative of nouns
of this class end ? Decline apex, explaining the formation of the nomi-
native singular; also rex, pajc, and. arx. Decline caro, vas, bos, nix, and os.
6. What terminations of the third declension are masculine? What
neuter? What nouns in or are feminine? What neuter? What is the
gender of juventus, pes, plebs, caro, ces, jus, rus, and arbor? What termi-
nations of the third declension are feminine ? Write the declension of
miles, onus, ordo, and corpus, explaining the formation of the nominative.
Decline together puer bonus and wx scBva.
7. Give the accusative singular of mare, turris. Give the ablative sin-
gular and genitive plural of sermo, homo, equus, cor, gens, pax, and arx.
[Observe that neuter nouns in e, al, and ar retain i in the ablative and ium
in the genitive plural ; nouns in ns an4 rs of only one syllable, as well
as nouns in is and es, not increasing in the genitive (see § 78, 3 a), and
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196 LATIN LESSONS.
monosyllables ending in two consonants, retain turn in the genitive plural.]
How do nouns in as form their genitive ? Nouns in a ? Nouns in o ?
Nouns in do and go f Give the genitive of iter ; of Jupiter ; of cor ; of
litus. How do nouns in es form their genitive ? in i» ? in os ? in t« ? In
what does the ablative singular, the nominative, and genitive plural of
vowel s ems generally end ? In what liquid stems ? In what mute- stems ?
Mention exceptions.
8. How do nouns of the fourth declension end ? Decline curruSf Jruc-
tu8, and genu. What nouns of this declension are feminine? What
nouns of the fourth declension retain u in the dative and ablative plural ?
Decline domus. What difference of meaning have doinHs and domif
What nouns have the forms of the second and fourth declension-? De-
cline together cdtus lacuSf tristis casus.
9. How do nouns of the fifth declension end ? What is their gender?
Decline res, dies, spes. What exceptions in gender ? How many nouns
belong to this declension ? How many are complete ? Mention those that
have only the nominative vocative and accusative plural. Decline together
longa acies.
10. Into how many classes are irregular nouns divided ? Define each.
Define heterogeneous ; heteroclite. Give examples illustrating each. De-
cline together Marcus Tul/ius Cicero. Which is the personal name?
Which the name of the Gens f What was the agnomen f Illustrate by
example.
11. What is an Adjective ? Into what classes are they divided ? How
are adjectives in o stems declined ? Decline serous, ater, tener. Decline
in the singular solus. What other words are declined like it ? Decline
alter in the singular. Decline alius in the singular and utergue in the plu-
ral. Decline acer. How many adjectives like it ? Decline felix, iens,
vetus,
12. Decline carior. Decline dis. Decline together Stella dara, insula
longa, vir bonus, hortus parvus, campus longus, periculum magnum, acer,
auriga. When is the vocative different from the nominative ? In what
does the genitive plural of adjectives of the third declension generally
end ? In what the ablative of comparatives and participles in ns f How
do adjectives of one termination form their ablative ?
13. Give the genitive and ablative singular and plural of JUia, vas,
passer, opus, alius, mitis, mart, juvenis, dies, acus, specus, nubes, difficultas.
14. Give the rule for forming the comparative and superlative of ad-
jectives. Compare yc/Zx, audax, durus, and tnitis.
15. How are adjectives in er compared ? What adjectives in us have a
similar superlative ? Compare acer, piger, miser, pulcher.
16. Compare facilis. What other adjectives are compared like this?
Compare dodus, gracilis, altus, potens.
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QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 197
17. What irregularity have fire adjectives in Jicus f Compare maledicus
and benevolus. Mention five adjectives whose comparatives are regular,
but whose superlatives are irregular. Compare them. Compare idoneus.
Give the rule for it.
18. Compare bontis, magnusy mains, mirificus, dives, Jrugi, and dexter.
Compare seven adjectives which want the positive.
19. Compare ytt?;en/« and senex. What adjectives want the comparative ?
Mention three that want the superlative.
20. Decline minor, animus ferox, and vulnus grave, together. Compare
citerior. What other adjectives are formed like this ?
21. Compare the adverbs formed from bonus, mains, altns, gravis. Com-
pare dia, scepe, satis, mnltnm, cegre^
22. How may the force of the comparative and superlative be increased ?
What is the force of quam before the superlative ? What is the force of
guisqne with the superlative 1 Of per f Of snl) in composition ?
23. Name the principal classes of numeral adjectives. What are the
cardinals'? Which are not declined? Decline dno. What is irregular
in the declension of unus ?
24. Give the cardinals from 1 to 20.
25. Give the Latin for 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19. Explain the last two.
26. Give the Latin for 11, 21, 28, 49, 60, 75, 94, 100.
27. How is mille used ?
28. What are Ordinals? Give the Latin ordinals from Ist to 10th.
What are Distributives ? Give them up to the 10th.
29. What are Numeral Adverbs ? Give the first ten numeral adverbs.
30. Give the Roman numerals for 20, 45, 52, 67, 78, 98, 200, 500, 1,000,
5,000, 10,000, and explain the Roman method of notation.
31. What is a Pronoun? Decline ego, tn, sni. Give the possessive
pronouns formed from these. How are they declined ? Decline meuspner,
nostra damns.
32. Which are the demonstrative pronouns? Decline ille pner, hie
vir, hoc prcelium, hcec sententia.
33. Decline ipse, ille in the singular, and is and idem throughout ; ac-
cent the last.
34. Decline unus locus, tota acie^. .
35. Define relative pronoun. Decline qui and quis. Write the nomi-
native plural of quis, aliqnis, and siquis. What is the difference between
the forms in quid and quod? Decline quivis.
36. Decline together in the singular quHibet miles, aliqua salus, qui-
^am homo.
37. Decline together idem metus, hcec res, illud pericnlum, utrrque miles,
38. What is a Verb? (See Lessons for definitions.) Wha^ is the Sub-
ject of a verb? What is meant by the Active Voice? By the Passive
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198 LATIN LESSONS.
Voice? What is a transitive verb? Intransitive? What are Moods?
How many ? Define each. What is a Participle ? What form has the
participle? In what does it resemble the verb? In what an adjective?
How many participles ? What is the Gerundive ?
39. What are Gerunds ? What are Supines ? How do they end ? In
what sense are they used ? What are Tenses ? What is the first division
of time ? Name the tenses, and define each. Name those which repre-
sent the action as not completed ; those which represent it as completed.
Upon what stems are the tenses formed ?
40. What are the principal parts of a verb ? What tenses are formed
from each ? Write the present indicative of esse. Write the imperfect
subjunctive ; the present imperative ; the infinitives. For what areforem,
forentf Si,ndfore used ? What tense of esse has two forms ?
41 . Explain the compound of esse and pro. Write the present and
perfect indicative.
42. Explain the composition of poHs and sum. Write the present and
imperfect indicative ; the present and imperfect subjunctive.
43. What is the conjugation of a verb ? How many conjugations ?
How are they distinguished ? Illustrate the formation of the tenses of
vocOt deleo, duco, and audio. How were verbs classified into four conjuga-
tions (see Note, p. 61) ?
44. Give a synopsis of tenses of the Present Stem in the active of amo ;
of the perfect stem of moneo ; of the supine stem of rego. Inflect the
present imperative, active and passive, of amo and doceo.
45. Give the synopsis in the active voice of rego. Give all the infini-
tives of audio. Give the present imperative, active and passive, of rego
and audio. Give a synopsis of the active and passive of audio.
46. Give the participles, gerund, and supine of amo. Give a synopsis
of the tenses from the supine stems of amo. Give the principal parts of
amo, moneo, rego, and audio in both voices.
47. How are Deponent verbs conjugated ? What is said of their parti-
ciples ? Conjugate miror. What is said of neuter deponents ? What
active forms have they ? Give all the infinitives and participles of sequor,
vereor, potior, criminor,
48. What are Semi-deponents' Name them. Give a synopsis of
audeo and fido. What are neutral passives ' Enumerate them.
49. Give the future indicative and present subjunctive of capio. Give
the present indicative passive of capio. Inflect the imperative active and
passive of capio.
50. Parse the follo^ving, and inflect the tenses to which they belong:
Amaverunt, monehuntur, monifus ero ; monete, monere, amabit ; monuerity amet,
ametur, mxmeat, mone, monere. Explain how vocatum iri is formed. Is the
termination turn variable ?
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QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 199
51. Regcdy regtmt, reget^ regar^ auditor , capiunty regitor, rege, regere,
capite, audias, audieSy audire, audiret, rexero, monearU, monebiSf rectus est,
mirer, vereary mirator.
52. Explain the forms amassey audieraniy nosse, diCy feryfaximy vocarier,
53. Explaia the formatioii of the present and perfect stem of amo (see
§ 30, 1 ) ; of moneo ; of rego ; of audio : the supine stem of nomino / of
terreo; of duco; of deUo ; of Jingo.
54. What are derivative verbs ? -Define each class. Explain how they
are formed, and of what conjugation.
55. Give the principal parts offateor, bibOy cemOy arcesso, vinco, vincio,
eadoy caxio, cedoy discOy plectOy Jingo, cfo, petOy pelh, lavo.
56. What verbs are called Irregular ? Give the present indicative and
present subjunctive of Jero. Give the imperatives, active and passive. Give
the present and imperfect passive.
57. Give the present indicative and present subjunctive of wfo, noloy
malo. Give the imperative of nolo. Give the imperfect of voloy nolo, malo.
Give the infinitives.
58. Inflect the present indicative of eo ; of Jio; the present subjunctive ;
the imperfect indicative and subjunctive. Give the imperative of each.
59. Parse the following, and inflect the tenses to which they belong :
Jeratyjeretyjeraryjero; viSy volet y voluit; nonvuUis, notes, noli; mavis, maUe,
mavultis ; if, earn ; Jiuniy Jies, Jieremy Jixii, Ji.
60. What are Defective verbs ? Conjugate cospi, odi. Give the parts
in use of aio, inquam. In what sense are odi and memini used ? What
name do they have ? What is said of the compounds of Jio f
61. What are Impersonal verbs ? What nominative usually precedes
them in English ? How are they classified ? Conjugate Ucet.
62. How are the Periphrastic Conjugations formed? How the first
periphrastic conjugation ? How the second ?
63. In what ways may verbs be compounded (see § 30, 6 cf ) ? How
are the compounds of capio and teneo formed? Of cogo and degof Of
Jacw with a preposition (see § 44, 3 c) ?
64. Define Particles. How are Adverbs formed ? Explain the forma-
tion of carey dearly ; JortiteVy bravely ; mtdtumy much ; Jalso, falsely ; quo,
whither ; ibiy there ; statim, immediately. How are adverbs classified ?
Explain the distinction between certo and certe ; primum and primo.
65. How are adverbs compared ? Illustrate by examples.
66. What is a Preposition? How many take the accusative? How
many the ablative "* How many have either the accusative or the ablative ?
What is the distinction in the use of a, aby and ahs? Of e and ex f What
is said of the meaning of prepositions in composition (see § 44, 3 ^f) ?
67. What is a Conjunction ? Into how many classes are conjunctions
divided ' What does the first class include ? What the second ? What
conjunctions arc Enclitics ? How are ac and atqne distinguished ?
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200 LATIN LESSONS.
68. Distinguish between a Root and Stem. Explain the meaning of
such derivatives as ductor, victrix, viator, mites (from mil, a thousand, and
eo, go), gaudium, flumen, puellula. How are Patronymics formed 1 What
is the tennination of masculine patronymics 1 Of feminine ? Of what
declension are patronymics ? How are gentile nouns formed ? Explain
the meaning in the terminations to the following words : pugnax, ovile,
alumnus, difficuUas, lapidosus, Cannensis.
69. Define a Sentence. How many kinds ? Define each. Define Sub-
ject, Predicate, Copula, Substantive Verb, a Phrase, a Clause. How are
clauses classified? What is meant by Agreement and Government in
Grammar ? Illustrate.
70. Define Apposition. Give the rule for the agreement of an adjec-
tive with a noun ; when the nouns are of different gender ; when they de-
note things without life.
71. Give the rule for the agreement of a relative pronoun with its ante-
cedent. How is its case determined ? How its gender ? Illustrate.
72. What is the rule for the agreement of a verb 1 Of what number
is the verb when belonging to two or more nominatives singular 1 W hen
a nominative singular is joined to an ablative with cum f What is said of
Collective nouns 1 Of uterque f quisque f
73. What is the rule for the Genitive after nouns ? Explain the differ-
ence between the subjective and objective genitive. What is the rule for
the genitive after partitives ? What is the rule for the genitive after verbs ?
Of verbs of remembering ? Verbs of accusing ? Verbs of pity ? Of
miseret, etc. ? Of refert, etc. ? Of egeo, etc. 1
74. WTiat other construction is used after refert and interest? What
is said of the nominatives of these verbs ? What is said of potior f When
do verbs of remembering take the accusative ? How is the punishment
expressed? WTiat is said of ttinti, qttanti, etct Oi pridie and postridie f
What is said of the construction after omnes f
75. Give the general rule for the Dative. For the dative with verbs.
Mention the verbs that take the dative generally without the sign to or
for. Give the rule for verbs compounded with ad, ante, etc What is the
rule for esse, and the dative ? How may esse in such cases be translated **
What is said of the agent after passive verbs ' Of the agent with ger-
unds, etc. ? Give the rule for the dative of Service, Nearness, Advantage,
and Ethical dative.
76. What is the rule for the dative after adjectives ? What is said of
dicto audiens f Mention adjectives that are followed by either the geni-
tive or dative ? What is said of propior and proximus f Of obinus f Of
idem f Of nomen est f Explain the following : Est mihi cultellus; cultellus
est meus ; habeo cultellum ; est mihi nomen Alexandra.
77. What is the rule for the Direct Object of a verb ? For the Cog-
nate Accusative? For verbs of motion compounded with circum and
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QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 201
trans ? • For ddectatj etc. ? For verbs of asking, etc. 1 What prepositions
take the accusative 1
78. When the active voice takes two accusatives, which is retained after
the passive voice 1 What is said of peto f Of id temporis f What is the
Synecdochical accusative ? Is this an illustration of it : inutile ferrum
cingitur f In what ways may the accusative after many neuter verbs be
explained 1 What interjections are followed by the accusative 1
79. What is the rule for the Vocative ?
80. Give the general rule for the Ablative ; for the ablative of separa-
tion ; for opus and usus ; ablative of source ; of cause ; ablative after dig'
nus, etc. ; ablative of agent ; of comparison ; of means ; of the ablative
after utor, etc. ; of quality ; of price ; of specification ; for the locative
ablative ; for the ablative absolute.
81. What is said of compounds of a, a6, etc.? What is said of egeo
and indigeof When, after verbs denoting origin, is the preposition ex-
pressed ? How is the agent sometimes expressed 1 What is said of plus,
minus, etc. ?
82. What is the rule for the time when and how long f For space ? For
place ? What is said of domiy etc. ? What is said of the use of preposi-
tions before names of towns ? Before names of other places ?
83. Mention the prepositions that govern the accusative ; those that
govern the ablative. What is said of in, sub, super, subter f Of preposi-
tions used in dates ? Of the adverbs pridie, etc. ? What prepositions
often follow their nouns ?
84. Name the Moods, and define each. How is the hortatory subjunc-
tive used ? The optative subjunctive 1 The concessive subjunctive ?
Define the Infinitive mood ; as a subject ; the complementary infinitive ;
with subject accusative ; the historical infinitive.
8.5. Into what two classes are Tenses divided ? Mention those of the
first class ; of the second class. Define the tenses of the indicative. How
many tensc& has the subjunctive? Give the primary tenses; the sec-
ondary. In compound sentences by what tense is the primary tense
followed ? Illustrate by examples. When is the perfect definite followed
by a secondary tense ? When is the present ?
86. What time is denoted by the Infinitive'' How is the infinitive
translated in indirect discourse ' Illustrate.
87. What is a Conditional Sentence ? How are conditional sentences
classified ? Give the different forms of particular suppositions, and one
example of each. When is the indicative used in both clauses ? When
the future indicative ? Define general suppositions. Give examples.
88. What is an implied condition ? Define and illustrate a disguised
condition ; condition omitted ; potential subjunctive.
89. What are Temporal clauses ? Mention the temporal adverbs. Give
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202 LATIN LESSONS.
the rule for the mood of temporal clauses ; for cum temporal ; for ante-
quam, etc. ; for dunij etc. ; for cum causal.
90. What are Causal clauses 1 Give the causal particles and the rules
for the mood following them.
91. What is a Final clause ? Give the rule for sequence of tenses. In
how many ways may a purpose be expressed in Latin ? Illustrate.
92. What are Consecutive clauses ? Give the rule for consecutive
clauses after ut ; after quin ; for relative clauses ; clause after unus^ etc. ;
after quam ; after dignus.
93. What is the rule for the mood in Intermediate clauses ? Give ex-
amples in which the subjunctive and indicative are used.
94. What is meant by Direct Discourse ? 'By Indirect ? Write these
•entences in Latin and give the rule : / am writing; he says I am wrtUng ;
if you should say that, you would he mistaken ; he thinks that you would be
mistaken if you should say that.
95. What is an Indirect Question ? What mood does the imperative
take in indirect discourse *?
96. Give the rule for Wishes and Commands.
97. When do Relative clauses take the indicative ? When do they take
the subjunctive ? Classify them, and give one example of each.
98. What is a Substantive clause ? How are they classified 1 Mention
four kinds, and give examples of each.
99. How are Questions introduced ? Mention the. interrogative parti-
cles. Give illustrations of their use. How is ,a double question ex-
pressed ■? How is the Answer expressed in Latin ?
100. What is a Participle ? What is said of the time of the participle ?
How are the present and perfect participles used ? What is said of the
future participle"?
101. What is a Gerund? Followed by what cases? Instead of
the gerund of a transitive verb, what construction may be used ? What
is said of the participles of trfor, etc. ? When the participle intdus is used
for a gerund, what is it called ? What is the rule for the genitive of ger-
unds and gerundives ? For the dative ? For the accusative 1 For the
ablative ?
102. What is a Supine ? By what cases are gerunds followed ? What
do they follow ? What is the rule for the supine in um? In uf
103. What is the order of words in a Latin sentence? Where do nu-
merals generally stand ? Where demonstrative pronouns ? Relative pro-
nouns ? What connectives occupy the second or third place ? Where is
a modifier of a noun and adjective placed ? What is the posiiion of ne
and quidem ? Of inqitam f How can the subject and predicate be made
emphatic ?
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QUESTIONS FOR GENERAL REVIEW. * 203
QUESTIONS FOR GENERAL REVIEW.
104. Decline mea jUiOf meus Jilius, bona dea, Mark the quantity of
the penultimate and final syllables.
105. What are Epicenes? What is meant by the Copula? Decline
AnchiseSj yf-Jneas.
106. Give the principal parts of sto, duco, vincOy morior, oporta, jacio,
jaceo.
107. Decline bonus vir, Orpheus, alta turns, Ttberis, Achilles, canis, JU'
venis. Give the gender of each with the rule, and mark all the long
vowels.
108. How are adjectives compared ? Compare hebes, humilis, inops, dex-
ter, juvenis; mark the quantity of all the penults.
109. Form adverbs from the following, and compare them : levis, lotus,
audax, bonus, miser, facilis, grains.
110. By what case or cases Arepeto, qwero, do, circumdo, postulo, keto,
uior, consulo, facto, /aveo,jubeo, nubo, followed?
111. Give the participles of conor, sequor, ccedo,/ateor, loquor,fido, domo,
veto, sto, plica,
112. Write the compounds formed from con and ago, con and lego, in
and ludo. How is texi formed from tego ? nupsi from nubo f pa^sus from
potior f moximus from mognus f
113. Decline and mark the quantity of the penultimate and final sylla-
bles of coro, bos, nix, os, vis, Dido, Jupiter, iter, poerna, fructus.
114. Give the meaning of the following words in the singular and plu-
ral : copio, sal, locus, impedimentum, littera, forum, finis, plaga, opera.
115. Decline together TvUia minor; Publius Cornelius Scipio Africonus;
aker iUe puer.
116. Write in Latin, tec are reading ; I and you are reading ; you and
that boy are readying ; he and that boy are reading. What is the quantity of
monosyllables ?
117. What are Patronymics? Form masculine and feminine patro-
nymics from Tantalus, ^neas, Priamus. Mark the quantity of the penulti-
mate syllable.
118. Enumerate the chief uses of the Genitive? What is the distinc-
tion between the use of nostrum and nostri ? vestrum and rjestri f
119. Explain the meaning of the terminations of the following words :
lumen (from luc-men), audacia, lacesso, cantillo, esurio, viator, collegium. Mark
the quantity of the final vowels.
120. What is an Intensive verb? Form one from each of the following
words : dico, jacio, clamo, habeo, and lego.
121. Give all the infinitives and imperatives of the following ; capio,
tollo, qucero, nosco, posco, pango, labor, juvo, veto, gero.
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204 LATIN LESSONS.
122. Explain and illustrate the partitive genitive with nnmerals; with
neuter adjectives. Would nihil memoriubilis be correct ?
123. Give the principal parts, and explain how the perfect is formed, of
the following verbs : dico, colo, gigno, augeOffinio.
124. Form nouns to express the male agent from amo, audio, vinco ; the
female agent from vinco, venor, lego.
125. Distinguish in meaning between the following with the dative and
with the accusative : consido, metuo, caveo, tempero, moderor.
126. How may a sentence in the active voice be converted into the pas-
sive ? Apply the rule to the following : Romulus urbem muris cinxit ; Re-
mus fratrem liberavit.
127. What are Interjections ? Mention the principal ones, with the
cases that follow them. What is the quantity of final as,es,os?
128. Parse the following: imitatuSf vixisset, attulisset, edisceret, uteretur,
scriptam esse, jussi, ausi simus, mansi.
129. What are the derivations of Romanus, aratio, orator, and the mean-
ing of the derivative terminations in each .1 What suffixes must be at-
tached to a noun to express the office of a person ? A collection of trees 1
130. Enumerate the chief uses of the Dative case. What is the pri-
mary meaning of the dative 1
131 . Give the gender of the following words, with the rules under which
they come, or to which they are exceptions : magister, arbor, Jinis, deus,
oraiio, caput, dies, manus, amnis, lepus, mus, teUus, laus, palus, genu, coUis,
ensis, lex.
132. Enumerate the chief uses of the accusative case. What is the
rule for the accusative of time and space 1 In what other case are nouns
denoting time and space often put ? To denote a place by its distance
from another, which case is used 1 Is a preposition ever expressed with
this accusative ? Explain the accusative in the following : /erire fcedus, to
strike a treaty. What impersonal verbs are followed by the accusative ?
133. Decline veter, judicum, ordo, Paris, vimen, lapis, Lysias, Tholes.
134. Give the principal parts of the following : rapio, facto, curro, tegot
texo, tero, queror.
13.5. Give the principal parts offero when compounded with ab, ad, con,
dis, ex, in, ob, sub, and explain the euphonic changes. Mark the quantity
of each vowel.
136. Enumerate the chief uses of the Ablative. What is the rule for
the voluntary agent after a passive verb 1 Of the voluntary agent after
neuter verbs ? What is said of the involuntary agent? What construc-
tion arises from the want of a present participle of esse f
137. How is the perfect stem of the third conjugation formed 1 When
reduplicated, what vowel may the prefix take? What verbs retain
their reduplication in their compounds ? Illustrate with the following :
cado, do, moideo, iutido, spondio, sto ; in and cado; in and mardeo ; re- and
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QUESTIONS FOR GENERAL REVIEW. 205
spondeo ; circvm and do ; can and sto; con and disco ; ex and posco / -con
and curro ; ob and ciedo.
138. Compare the following: adolescenSy novus, egenuSy dives, dUigens,
leuiteTy diu. What is the quantity of final is, us, ys f
139. Decline respub/ica, ambo, ces, mcmia, os, lacus, deus.
140. Classify the tenses, and illustrate the rule for sequence of tenses
by examples.
141. How is the place to which, at which, fiom which, expressed in Latin 1
142. What is meant by the Locative case (or form) ? With wh^t case
is it usually identical in form ? Write the locative of Karthago, Atheua,
Roma. Explain the following : AlboB constituerunt in urbe munita (see
§ 46, 2 6).
143. Give examples of Inceptive and Diminutive verbs, and the rule
for their formation.
144- How is the time Junv long, the time when, the time within which, an
event occurs, expressed ?
145. Explain the mode of reckoning time used by the Romans. Ex-
press in Latin, May 2, 7, 16; January 4, 9, 25. Give a rule for convert-
ing English dates into Latin and Latin into English.
146. What cases following peto, in, sub, pomitet, utor, indigeo, do, post,
similis, proximus, propior f
147. Classify Conditional sentences. Write the different forms in Latin,
using the following sentence : if he does this, it is well .Write each form
Df particular suppositions after the word dixit, making the necessary
changes to convert it into the indirect discourse.
148. Give a synopsis of the present stem in both voices of capio,fero,
audio, veho.
149. Decline together atda ampla, ipse tu, gravis idem senex. When is
is final long ?
150. In a negative final or consecutive clause would you use ne quis or
non ullus ?
151. Explain the use of cum temporal and cum causal.
152. In final clauses, how is the tense of the subjunctive determined ?
153. How is the want of a perfect active participle supplied in
Latin?
154. Illustrate the use of the infinitive in indirect discourse by using
the following sentences : he says thai he is writing ; he soj^s that he was
writing ; he says that he has wintten ; he says that he unll write ; he said that
he was ujriting, etc
155. Write two intermediate clauses, in one of which the subjunctive is
used, and one the indicative.
156. In how many ways may a purpose be expressed in Latin ? Illus-
trate by examples.
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206 LATIN LESSONS.
157. Mention the different kinds of Substantive Clauses. Explain the
following : post ejus mortem nihilo minus Hdvetii id, quod amstituerant, fa-
cere, conantur, ut ejinibus suis exeant,
1,58. Distinguish between the use of ille, iste, and hie. When is final a
long ?
159. Mention some deponent verbs whose perfect participle is used in a
passive sense.
160. Decline (marking the quantity of the penultimate and final sylla-
bles) littera, dunum, nostra domus, genus, litus, scelus.
161. How is a Wish conceived as possible expressed ? How a hopeless
wish ? Illustrate by examples.
162. What perfect participles are used in the sense of a present ? How
is the place of the present passive participle supplied ?
163. What is the distinction in the use of the interrogatives quis, qui;
quid, quod ?
164. What is the potential subjunctive? The optative subjunctive ?
165. When do Causal sentences take the subjunctive? What are in-
definite relatives ? What mood do they generally take ?
166. What verbs govern two accusatives ?
167. Explain the use of the gerund and gerundive ; examples. What
is the use of the gerundive in connection with euro, loco, trado ?
168. Give the principal parts of venio, cwro, disco, vinco, vincio, rapio.
, 169. How is a Question asked in Latin ? Give examples, using differ-
ent interrogative particles. How is the answer expressed ?
170. Give examples of the use of ut and ne after verbs of fearing.
171. Distinguish between non nemo and nemo mm; translate nemonon
audiet.
172. Decline and give the gender of insula, hortus, sanguis, frons, vulgus,
sal, lapis, templum, animal, gens, Jinis, nox, fides, arcus.
173. What is meant by elision, ellipsis, arsis, hiatus, stanza, foot,
metre ?
174. Explain the following : ccesural pause, catalectic, synapheia.
175. Mark the quantity of the vowels in the following words, to which
the rules apply (give the rules) : amare, regitur, auditur, monetur, datum,
juvi, tuli, didici, occido, nego, nequam.
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PAPEES.
The following haye been used, in past years, in examinations for admission to Harrard
College.
I.
1. Give the gender of each of the following nouns, and the rule for it :
paXj pactiOf manuSf salus, ager, pes.
2. Decline the following nouns, marking the quantity of the penulti-
mate and final syllables in each form : ^/eus, iter, domus, dies.
3. Decline solus, fortisy idem, guidam. Compare ingens, similis, sacer.
Give the meaning of the following endings of nouns and adjectives:
-tda (comicula)f -ium {ministerium), -etum (saxetum), -icius {patricivs).
4. Give the principal parts of the verbs /undo, veto, verto, voveo, sancio,
ccedo. Give the third person singular of the present subjunctive active
and of the future indicative passive of veto, verto, and sancio. Inflect the
imperfect subjunctive passive of facio, and the future indicative active of
transeo.
5. By what cases respectively are these words followed ; occurro, con-
demno, sub,Jruor, doceo, noceo f
n.
1. Write down the following words and mark the quantity of the pe-
nult, giving the rules of prosody : tempora, responderunt, dederint, discedo,
iniquus, oceanus, remanet, egi, impedit, manus, brevis, cervices, protulit, nolite,
vectigal.
2. Meaning of termination : -etum in rosetum f Of -olus in flidus f Of
-ax in loquax ? Of -mentum in tegumentum f
3. Write the perfects and supines of diligo, reperio, maneo, per/undo, in-
dulgeOf cedo, ccedo, cado, moveo, cognosco.
4. Compare acer, bene, magnus, similis, gravis.
5. Give the present subjunctive and future indicative, third person sin-
gular, of sum, cemo, eo, malo, caveo, venio.
6. Decline aliquis, alter, ipse.
7. What is the Latin for^ve? for Jijlh ? for Jive times f ior fifty f fifti'
^^ ^ fifty times f Write in Latin, one man in every ten.
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208 LATIN LESSONS.
1. Decline soror^ vtr, vis, vtdnus, animal. Give the gender of each of
these nouns, with the rule. Mark the quantity of all the penultimate and
final syllables you write in this section. Give the genitive plural of gens
and hostis, with rules,
2. Decline saceVf acer, alius. Compare similis, superus, parvus, juvenis.
Form and comi)are adverbs from acer, alius. Decline idem, tu, aliquis.
Give the Latin numerals for sixty, seventy, eighty, six hundred, seven hun-^
dred, eight hundred.
3. Give the principal parts of vinco, vincio, spondeo, domo, lacesso, caedo,
audeo. All the participles and infinitives of adipiscor and fero. The sec-
ond persoa singular of the future indicative and of the imperfect subjunc-
tive of audeo, audio, fugio, eo, possum, volo. Mark all the penultimate and
final syllables you write in this section.
4. How is the price or value expressed in Latin ? time in which ? place
where ? What case or cases follow the verbs miseret, obliviscor, ignosco,
fimgor, rogo, respectively ?
5. What is a spondee ? An iambus 1 What is an heroic hexameter 1
IV.
1. Decline dens, alius, tu, si quis, and audax, marking the quantity of
penultimate and final syllables. Compare audax, muUus, and nequam.
Compare adverbs formed Irom audax, bonus, miser, and honorificus. Give
the rule for the gender of formido, caput, pax, fas, and Tiberis.
2. Inflect the future indicative and present subjunctive of teneo, gero, sto,
and fio, marking the quantity of all the syllables. Give the infinitives of
toUo and scribo. Give all the participles of haurio and orior. Give the
principal parts of uro, vendo, paro, pario, pareo, memini, and nanciscor.
3. What case or cases follow Jido, jubeo, memini, existimo, poenttet, con-
tra, clam, and the interjection ? By what two cases may price or value
be expressed, and when is one used, and when the other ? What case fol-
lows the comparative when qiuim is omitted ? When is it necessary that
quam be expressed 1 Give five important rules for the ablative without
a preposition after verbs.
4. When is ut omitted before the subjunctive ? Give the rules for the
subjunctive in relative clauses. Translate into Latin the plan of setting the
city on fire, using first the gerund and then the gerundive. (Plan, concil-
ium, to set on fire, inflammare,)
1. Decline mare, pignus, cor^fiructus. Give the gender of these nouns,
with tlwi rules. Mark the quantity of any increments that occur in their
declension.
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EXAMINATION PAPERS. 209
2. Compare hvaniliSy niger, mains. Give the synopsis of moriar and gaur
deo. Give the second person of the future indicative, and of the present
imperfect and perfect subjunctive of <pero, feroy volo, in the active voice.
The same of facto and audio in the passive. Give the principal parts of
fateor, Umo, peto, vincio, colo, tango.
3. Compare diu. Form and compare an adverb from breuis. What are
the meanings of the terminations of copiosus, civilis, audacia, mdrixf
What cases follow infero, poenitet, parco, careo, fruor, tenax,/retu8, in, ante,
iuperf
4. How is the place to which, the price, the agent of a passive verb, ex-
pressed in Latin ?
5. How is a condition contrary to the fact expressed in Latin ? State
one case in which a relative clause requires the subjunctive. One case
where the subjunctive is used in principal clauses. What is a gerundive 1
Give an example.
VL
1. BecUne Penelope, mons, cuhile, and give the gender, with the rule.
Mark the quantity of peniilts and final syllables of the above words.
Decline tUerqtte, Decline acer, and compare it. Form an adverb from it,
and compare it.
2. Compare senex and munijicus. Give the derivation of Jilioltis, docu-
mentum, quercetum, audax, capesso, and the meaning of the terminations.
Give all the participles and infinitives of vereor and caedo, and mark the
quantity of the penults. Inflect the imperatives of fero, ordior, nolo, fateor.
Give the present and imperfect subjunctive, first person singular, of ad-
juvo, eo, soleo. And figio, marking the quantity of the penults. Give the
principal parts of pario, pareo, paro, reddo, redeo, surgo, and the compounds
of ab and fero.
3. What case or cases follow refert, irascor, circumdo f How do the
constructions of names of towns differ from those of other words 1 How
is the degree of difference expressed in Latin 1 How the agent of the par-
ticiple in -dus f What constiFucdon is used after verbs of saying ? verbs
of fearing ? How may a purpose be expressed ? How does a gerund re-
semble a noun ? How does it resemble a verb 1 How does the gerundive
differ from it 1
vn.
1. Decline the following words, and give their genders respectively •
onus, coUis, solus, gradus. Decline felix, quidam, senex. Compare parvus,
benejicus. Form and compare an adverb from acer.
2. Give the synopsis of mordeo, scio, in the active voice, and of hortor,
orior, polliceor, nolo. Give the principal parts of paro, pario, pareo, uldscor,
pango,tollo.
14
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210 LATIN LESSONS.
3. What are the meanings of the derivatiye terminations in aeritudo,
damitOf mnculum, parmdtts f
4. What case or cases follow moneo, prosumy rogo, in, pratUr f What is
the force of num. in a question ? Of -nef Explain the mood and tense
of mansisset in mansissetque tUinam fortuna. Explain the mood of essety and
the case of Jronde, in nos ddubra misert, qtdhua ultimus esset ille dies, velamus
Jronde. Explain the mood of poUiceantur in ad eum legati veniunt, qui polU'
ceantur obsides dare.
5. What is the use of the supine in -um f In -« f Explain construc-
tion of USUI and fore in magno nbi usui fore arbitrabatur. Describe the feet
of two sjlfables. Mark the quantity of the penults and last syllables in
the above extracts.
vm.
1. Decline ^ttis, pectus, manus, animal. Give the genders, and mark the
quantity of all the penultimate and final syllables. Give the gender and
the ablative singular and the genitive plural of imago, mons, vis, turris.
sedile. Decline capax, aeger, and the comparative of miser. Compare
facilis, acer, and an adverb formed from piger. Decline uterque.
2. Give the first person of the future indicative, and all tenses of the
subjunctive of possum, pario, sono, vereor, eo, soleo, Mark quantities of
penults. Give the infinitives and participles, active and passive, of spon-
deo, morior, paro, quaero, queror, adipiscor. _ .
3. Explain the force of the derivative terminations in longitudo, tenax,
vehiculum, Priamides, clamito, vindentu8,JUiolus.
4. What is the construction in Latin of the place in which (including
names of towns) ? the price or value? the degree or measure of difference
between objects compared ? the agent of the passive voice ?
5. What case or cases follow cvedo, pudet, fungor, refert, aptus, avidus,
dignus, in, pro, propter, doceo, condemno, drcumdo f
6. How is a future condition with its conclusion expressed ? How a
condition contrary to fact 1 How an object clause after a verb of fearing ?
of commanding ? of saying *
7. Translate cave eas, and explain the peculiarity. When can you use
the gerundive for the gerund ? Give an example of each. Give an ex-
ample of the use of the supine.
IX.
1. Decline together in the singular Marcus Ttdlius Cicero senex. In the
same way decline (both in the singular and plural), with the adjective an-
nexed in the proper gender, dies {fastus), flumen (aureus) ; in the plural,
arma (victiix), dea {immortalis). Mark the quantity of all the vowels in
the above nouns and adjectives.
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EXAMINATION PAPERS. 211
S. State the signification of the tenninations -men (in Jlumen), -eus (in
aweu8)t -trtx (in vicirix). What classes of words of the third declension
form dieir ablative in i only ?
3. Give the principal parts of adjuvo, nofo, venioy paciscor, spemo, /oveo,
mordeo, sdndo^ marking the quantity of the penultimate vowel.
4. Give synopsis of mordeo and paciscor ; give all the infinitives and
participles, and inflect the imperatives.
5. Give all the rules you remember for verbs that govern the dative.
State the case or cases by which the price, the source, time when, and
place where (including names of towns), are expressed, and give the
rules.
6. Give the rule for the subjunctive in the following sentences :
Quid enim, CatUina, est quod te jam in hoc urbe delectare possit f
Nunc ego mea video quid intersit.
SuppUcatio decreta est his verbis quod urhem incendiis liberassem.
C, Sulpicium mist qui ex aedibus Cethegiy si quid telorum esset, efferreU
OJartmaU adoleacens qui Homerum proeconem inveneris.
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VOCABULARY.
I. LATIN AND ENGLISH.
ABBREVIATIONS.
a active.
abl ablative.
aec accusative.
ac^ adjective.
adv adverb.
cor^. ........ conjunction.
comp comparative.
dat, . . • • • ... dative.
def. ........ defective.
d^ deponent.
dim diminutive.
/. feminine.
gen genitive.
imperat imperative.
impers . impersonal.
indect indeclinable.
inch inchoative.
intety interjection.
m masculine.
n neuter.
num numeral.
part participle.
per/. perfect.
pi plural.
prep preposition.
pron pronoun.
The quantity of vowels that are long or short by position^ of diphthongs, and
final syllables, is not given.
a, Sb, prep, with abl. (a only before
consonants ; ^b before vowels
and consonants), Jrom, by , ab
aliquo stare, to stand on the
side of any one.
&b-&liSno, &re, SLvi, &tum, a. (ab ;
^iSnus), to estrange, alienate.
ab-do, dSre, didi, ditum, a., to
put away, hide, conceal.
ab-eo, Iri, ivi, or ii, Itum, n.
(§ 141), to go aioay, depart.
abjicio, jioSre, jSci; jectum, a.
(ab ; j&oio), to throto away, give
up, abandon.
ab-scindo, scindSre, scidi, scis-
suin, a., to tear away, deprive,
separate.
aba-ens, entds, part, (ab-sum),
absent.
ab-slmllis, e, adj., unlike, dis-
similar.
ab-solvo, solvere, solvi, s51il-
tum, a., to unbind, acquit, dis-
charge.
ab-sorbeo, sorbSre, sorbul, sorp-
tum, a., to suck in, swallow up,
devour.
abs-que, prep, with abl., without,
but f 07', except.
abs-tlneo, tln&-e, tinui, tentum,
a. and n. (tgneo), to hold or keep
away from, abstain, refrain.
ab-sum, esse, fui, n. irr., to be
absent, to be ivanting.
ab-sumo, sumSre, sumpsi, sump-
turn, a., to take away, waste,
destroy.
ftc, see at-que.
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2
LATIN LESSONS.
Acoa Lfirentia, as, /, the wife of
the shepherd Fausttilns, who
reared Romulus and Kiemus.
ac-cSdo, cSdSre, cessi, cessum,
n. (ad; c§do), to go towarda,
approach, he added.
acceptua, a, um, part (ac-cipio),
agreeable, acceptable.
ac-cido, cIdSre, cidi, no sup., n.
(ad; c&do), to fall upon, befall,
happen.
ac-cfdo, cIdSre, cIdi, cluum, a.
(ad; caedo), to cut, consume,
weaken.
ac-cingo, cingSre, cinzi, cinc-
tum, a. (ad ; cingo), to gird on,
arm, equip.
ao-clpio, cIpSre, c§pi, ceptum, a.
(ad ; c&pio), to take, receive, get,
undertake.
ac-cltmo, &re, &vi, &tum, n. and
a., to erg out, applaud, proclaim.
ac-curro, currSre, ctlcurri and
curri, cursum, n., to run to,
hasten to.
ac-cuso, Sre, SLvi, SLtum, a. (ad ;
causa), to accuse, blame, inform
^ against.
AcarnSnia, ae, /., a province of
central Greece (now Carnia).
a.cer, oris, ere, adj. (icuo), sharp,
keen, eager, active.
9.cerbe, adv., sharply, bitterly,
harshly.
^cerbuB. a, um, adj., sharp, bitter,
harsh.
ILcervua, i, m., a heap, pile.
&c§tuin, i, n., vinegar.
Scldus, a, um, adj., sour, unpleas-
ant.
9.cies, 6i, f, an edge; a line of
battle.
SLcriter, adv, (acer), sharply, keen-
ly, fiercely.
Acti&cus, a, um, adj. (Actium),
relating to Actium, of Actium,
Actium, ii, n., a promontory of
Acarnania on the Ambracian
Gulf.
&CUO, Sre, ui, titum, a., to make
sharp, rouse up, excite.
Sens, fls,/. (Scuo, § 70, ef), (a thing
sharpened), a needle, pin.
&cfltua, a, um, part. (&cuo), sharp-
ened, sharp, pointed.
Sd, prep, with ace, to, towards,
near to, at, besides.
&d-&md, &re, ftvi, atum, a., to
begin to love.
ad-do, addSre, addidi, additum,
a., to add, join, annex to.
ad-diibito, &re, ftvi, fttum, n. and
a., to be in doubt, to be doubtful
of
ad-dHco, Sre, zi, ctum, a., to lead
along, bring to.
&d-eo, Ire, Ivi or ii, itum, n. and a.,
to go to, approach ; undergo, sub-
mit to.
&d-ed, adv. (ad ; is), so far, so
long, so, truly, moreover.
adf, see ait.
&d-hIbeo, ere, ui, Itum, a (ad;
hSbeo), to hold or apply to; to
send for, summon, have near.
ad-huc, adv. (ad; bic), to this
place, thus far, besides, as yet.
&d-Ipiscor, Ipisci, eptus sum,
dep. (ad; ftpiscor, § 135, 7i), to
win, get, obtain.
adi-tus, Us, m. (Sdeo, § 163, b), a
going to, approach.
ad-jicio, ^re, Sci, ectum, a. (ad;
jftcio), to cast, throio, add, put
on.
adju-mentum, i, n. (adjtivo, § 163^
c), help, assistance.
ad-jungo, Sre, zi, ctum, a., to join
or fasten to, annex, pvU upon.
ad-jtivo, jttvftre, jtlvi, jdtam, a.
and n. (§ 130), to help, assist.
ad-mlnistro, ftre, ftvi, fttum, a.
and n., to manage, perform, at-
tend, wait.
admlrft-tio, dnis, / (admlror, §
163 />), an admiring, admiration,
wonder, surprise.
ad-mlror, ftri, fttus sum, dep., to
admire, wonder at.
ad-mitto, mittSre, misi, missum,
a., to allow, admit, commit , ad-
misso equo, atfuU gallop.
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VOCABXTLART.
8
ad-mSdmn, adv.y very, exceedingly,
quite.
ad-m5neo, Sre, ui, Itum, a., to
put in mind of, admonish, warn.
ad-m5veo, m5v6re, mdvi, m5-
tum, a., to lead or move towards,
bring near, apply.
&d51esceiiB, entiB, part. (&d51eB-
co), growing up, young. As
Noun, common gender, a young
man, a young woman (from 15
to 30, and .sometimes to 40 and
later).
&d51e-8CO, 51e8cSre, 51Svi, ul-
turn, n. inch. (&d51eo, § 167, a),
to grow up, grow, increase.
&d-dpSrio, ixe, ui, turn, a. (§ 133,
to cover.
&d-opto, &re, ftvi, fttuxn, a., to
choose, adopt.
&d-5rior, 5rlri, ortus sum, dep.
(§ 135, K), to rise up against; to
attack, assault, begin.
&d-5ro, are, avi, atum, a., to wor-
ship, respect, entreat, beg.
ads, see ass.
ad-sum, ILdesse, affui, n., to be
near, be present, assist.
adultus, a, um, part. (ad51esoo),
grown up.
ad-vSnio, venire, vSnl, ven-
tum, n., to come to, arrive, ap-
proach.
adven-to, are, avi, atum, n., in-
tens. (advgnio, § 167, b), to
come to, advance.
adven-tus, Us, m. (advSnio, § 163,
b), a coming to, drawing near,
arrival.
adversarius, a, um, adj. (adver-
• sus), turned towards, fronting.
As Noun, in., an opponent,
enemy.
adverser, ari, atus sum, dep.
(adversus), to stand opposite to,
resist, oppose, thwart.
adversus, prep, with ace, opposite
to, against, towards.
adversus, a, van., part, (adverto),
turned towards, opposite, con-
trary.
ad-verto, Sre, ti, sum, a., to turn
to or towards, to direct; ani-
mum advertere, to observe,
attend to; animum advertere
in aliquem, to punish one.
adv5ca-tio, 6nis, / (adv6co,
§ 163, b), legal assistance, advo-
cacy.
adv5oatus, i, m. (one who is
called), a legal assistant, coun-
sellor, attorney, advocate.
ad-v5co, are, avi, atum, a., to
call to, summon.
asdes, is, /, a temple ; pL, a house
(§ 79, c).
asdiHc-ium, ii, n. (aediHco, § 163,
/), a building.
aed-I-fico, are, avi, atum, a.
(aedes; facio), to make a build-
ing, to build.
iEdui, drum, m., a tribe in Gaul
between the Liger (modem
Ijoire), and the Arar (Saone).
aeger, gra, grum, adj., sick, weary,
sad.
aegrS, adv. (aeger), with difficulty,
scarcely.
aegr5to, are, avi, atum, n. (aegr5-
tus), to be sick. \tll.
aegr5tus, a, um, adj. (aeger), sick^
mgyTptMB,i,f, Egypt.
aequa-lis, e, adj. (aequo), equal in
age, like, resembling.
aequ5, adv. (aequus), equally. Just
so.
aequor, 6ris, n. (aequo), a level
surface, the sea.
aequus, a, um, adj., plain, smooth,
level, equal, Just right.
aequo, are, avi, atum, a. (to make
aequus), to make even, to equal-
ize.
air, Sris, m. {ace. aira and aSrem),
the»air, cloud, mist.
aer-arium, ii, n. (aes), (the place
where money is kept) treasury,
aes, aeris, n., copper, money, wages;
aes alienum, debt.
aes-tas, atis, /., summer.
aes-tlmo, are, avi, atum, a (aes),
to estimate, valiie.
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LATIN LESSONS.
sest-ivus, a, um, adj. (aestas), of
summer y summer-like. As Noun,
eestiva, 5rum, n., summer-quar-
ters.
setas, atis, /. (aBvum), age {time
of life).
aetern-Itas, atis, /. (aeturnus,
§ 163, e), eternity.
eet-ernuB, a, um, adj. (aetaw), eter-
nal, everlasting, enduring.
aevuin, i, n., an age {period).
affecto, are, avi, atum, a. (affec-
tus), to have a passion for any
thing, to strive after, reach.
affectus, fis, m. (afficio), love,
fondness, passion.
af-fgro, ferre, attiili, aliatum, a.
(ad; f6ro), to bring, announce,
procure, betake, allege.
af-ficio, Sre, fSci, fectum (ad;
facio), a., to treat, affect, dis-
turb, visit (with punishment, &c.).
af-figo, Sre, ixi, ixum, a. (ad;
figo), to fasten, join, attach.
af -finis, e, adj. (ad; Hnis), bor-
dering upon, adjacent to, kindred.
affin-itas, atis, /. (affinis, § 163,
e), relationship by marriage, rela-
tionship, alliance, nearness.
af-firmo, are, avi, atum, a. (ad ;
fLrmo), to make strong, confirm,
maintain.
af-fligo, Sre, izi, ictum, a. (ad;
fligo), to strike, distress^ cast
down.
a-f 6re, fut. inf. of absum, to be
_ aivay, absent.
Africa, SB, /, Africa, especially
the country near Cai-thage.
ager, gri, m., afield, territory.
agger, €ris, m., a heap, mound,
embankment.
ag-grgdior, grSdi, gressus sum,
dep. (ad; grXdior), to go to,
approach, attack.
ag-men, inis, n. (ago, § 163, c), a
flock, troop, crowd, army (on the
march).
a-gnosco, noscSre, n5vi, nitum,
a. (ad ; gnosco = nosco), to
recognize, own, acknowledge.
agnus, i, m., a lamb,
ago, Sre, Sgi, actum, a., to act, do,
lead, drive ; to deal, treaty strive,
endeavor.
agr-arius, a, um, adj, (ager), of
felds or public lands.
agr-i-c61a, ae, m. (ager; c51o), a
cultivator of the land, a farmer.
agricul-tfira, ae, /. (ager; c51o,
§ 163, b), agriculture, husbandry.
aio, def. (§ 144, a), to speak, say.
aia, SB, /., a wing, the toing of an
army.
aiacer, oris, ere, (idj., lively, brisky
quick, eager, active.
aiacr-itas, atis,/ (Siacer, § 163,
e), liveliness, eagerness, alac-
rity.
ai-arius, a, um, adj. (aia), of the
wing (of an army).
Alba, aB, /. Alba (Lonpa), an
ancient town of Latium, 20
miles S. E. of Rome, built by
AscSnins, son of -3Eneas.
Alb-anus, a, um, adj. (Alba,
§ 164, c), of or belonging to
Alba; Alban.
albus, a, um, adj., white, fair.
aiea, ae,/., a die or dice for play-
ing at games of chance ; hazard,
venture, risk.
ales, aiitis, adj. (aia, and i, root
of eo, wing-going), with wings,
winged. As Noun, com. gen.,
^ a bird.
Alexander, dri, m. (Defender of
men), son of Philip and Olym-
pia, surnamed "the Great,"
the founder of the Macedonian
^ Empire (B.C. 356-323).
Alexandria, ae,/., the city built
by Alexander the Great (b.c.
332), upon the north coast of
Egypt, noted for its luxury.
aii-Snus, a, um, adj. (alius), be-
longing to another person or
thing ; another* s, foreign, hostile;
aes alienum, debt.
aiiquamdiu, adv. (aiiquis ; diu),
awhile, for a while^ for some
time.
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VOCABULARY. — 1.
SUqu-ando, adv. (Sllquia) (of time
past, future, or present), for-
merli/j hereafter, now, some timcy
at length,
Sll-quantua, a, um, adj. (Slius;
quantus), somey considerable.
Sll-quanto, ado. (^iquantus),
considerablj/y not a little.
Sli-quis (^iqui), qua, quid, or
quod (alius ; quia), pron. in-
def. (§ 105, d), some one, some,
any; aliquid, something, some-
what.
Sli-quot, indejinite numeral adj.,
indecl. QSMus ; quot), some, sev-
eral, a few.
Sliqudt-ies, adv. (^Iquot), sev-
eral times.
Slius, a, um, adj., another, other
(§ 83); aUus . . . aUus, one . . .
another.
al-Ucio, UcSre, lezi, lectum, a.
(ad ; l&cio), to allure, entice.
al-ligo, &re, &vi, fttum, a. (ad ;
llgo), to bind to, fasten, hinder,
detain.
A115br6ges, um, ?w., a Gallic peo-
ple, bounded on the north and
west by the RhddSUius (Rhone),
south by the Is^a (here),
and extending eastward to the
Alps.
al-15quor, qui, ciltus sum, dep.
(ad ; 15quor), to speak, address.
almus, a, um, adj. (Slo), nourish-
ing, nutritious, benign, propi-
tious.
Slo, Sre, vd, alltum, and altum,
a., to nourish, support, feed, sus-
tain.
Alpes, ium,/, the Alps ; the high
mountain range between Italia,
Gallia, and Helvetia.
alts, adv. (altus), on high, highly,
deeply.
alter, fera, tSrum, adj. (§ 83),
one of two, other, second ; alter
. . . alter, one . . . the other.
alter-oor, ftri, fttus sum, dep.
(alter), to dispute, contend,
wrangle.
altius-ctUus, a, um, adj. dim.
(§ 164, a), (altus), rather high.
altus, a, um, part. (&lo), high,
deep.
alveus, i, 7n. (alvus), a channel,
trough, skiff.
alvus, i, /., the belly, stomach.
Ambarri, 5rum, in. pi., a people
of Gaul,
amb-io. Ire, Ivi, or ii, Itum, n.
and a. (eo), to go about, solicit,
canvass.
ambi-tio, 5ms,/. (ambio; § 163,
b), a canvassing, desire for honor,
ambition.
ambo, ae, o, ntmi. adj., both.
ambtUo, Sre, SLvi, SLtum, n., to
walk.
ft-mens, entis, adj., mad, insane,
distracted.
&mic-Itia, ae, /. (Sbnlcus ; § 163,
e), friendship.
&m-Icus, a, um, adj. (&mo), lov-
ing, friendly, kind.
Amicus, i, m., a friend.
§-mitto, mittSre, mXsi, mis-
sum, a., to let go, dismiss,
lose.
amnis, is, m., a river (large deep
stream).
amo, are, ftvi, fttum, a., to love.
&mor, oris, m. (Ibno ; § 163, a),
love, desire, longing.
am-plector, plecti, plexus sum,
dep., to wind around, embrace.
amplius, comp. adv. (ampl6),
more, longer, further.
amplus, a, um, adj., great, ample,
spacious, grand, large.
am-ptlto, 5re, Svi, fttum, a., to cut
^ around, lop off, prune.
Amulius, ii, m., a king of Alba,
brother of Nmnitor, and great-
uncle of Romulus.
Sn, disjunctive interrogative particle
(§ 211), whether, or.
^as, SLtis, com. gen., a duck.
an-ceps,cipltis, a^i/'.(an; c&put),
two-headed, doubtful, uncertain,
critical.
ancil-la, ae, /., a maid-servant.
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LATIN LESSONS.
ango, gSre, zi, ctnm or xum, a.,
to press tighfy choke, strangle.
anguiS) is, m, and /., a serpent,
snake.
angiiat-i88, ftrum, /. (angustus,
§ 163, e), narrowness, a narrow
pass, defile.
angus-tus, a., uxa, adj. (ango),
narrow, scanty.
&n-ima, se, f., air, breath, life.
&nim-adverto, tSre, ti, sum, a.
(&nimua; adverto), to attend
to, consider, observe; animad-
vertere in aliquem, to jmnish
one.
&nim-al, ftlis, n. (&nlma), an ani-
mal, living creature.
&n-Imus, i, m., the soul, mind, dis-
position, temper, thought.
an-non, conj., or not.
ann-5na, ae,/. (annus), the yearly
produce, harvest, corn ; the price
of corn, provision.
annus, i, m., a year.
ante, prep, with ace, before, in
front of As Adverb, before,
previously, antea, adv. (ante;
is), before, previously.
ante-curro gre, no perf, no sup.,
n., to run before.
ante-eo, ire, ivi or ii, no sup,, n.,
to go before, precede, excel.
ante . . . quam, conj., before that.
Antidchus, i, m., a Syrian king.
ant-iquus, a, um, adj. (ante),
former, ancient, old.
Antonius, Xi, m., Marcus Antonius,
the distinguished triumvir, con-
quered by Octavianus, at Ac-
tium, B.C. 31. Igrotto.
antrum, i, n., a cave, cavern,
&nus, lis, /., an old woman.
anzius, a, um, adj. (ango), tor-
mented, anxious, troubled, un-
quiet.
fSLper, pri, m., a wild boar.
&pSrio, Ire, ui, tum, a., to open,
unclose, shoiv, reveal.
ftper-tus, a, um, part. (SpSrio),
open, clear, free.
ftpjs, is,/., a bee.
Apollo, Inis, m., Apollo, sou
of Jupiter and Latona, twin
brother of Diana ; god of light,
poetry, music, archery, also of
^ the healing art.
Apollonia, ae,/., a town of Mace-
donia.
ap-p&reo, Sre, ui, itum, n. (ad;
p&reo), to appear, be visible,
manifest.
appell&-tio, dnis, /. (appello, §
163, b), an addressing, address,
appeal.
ap-peUo, &re, ftvi, &tum, a. (ad ;
pello), to address, speak to, call,
name.
ap-pendo, Sre, di, sum, a. (ad;
pendo), to weigh.
appSt-ens, entis, part. (appSto),
striving after, eager for.
ap-plaudo, Sre, si, sum, a. and
n., to applaud : to clap the hands.
ap-pUco, &re, &vi or ui, SLtum or
itum, a. and n. (ad ; plioo), to
Join, fix, fasten, apply; to ap-
proach, draw near.
ap-p5no, ponSre, p5sui, pdsi-
tum, a. (ad; pdno), to put,
place near, appoint, assign.
ap-prShendo, Sre, di, sum, a.
(ad ; prShendo), to seize, take
hold of
ap-prdpinquo, Sre, SLvi, Stum, n.
(ad ; propinquo), to approach,
^ draw nigh.
Aprilis, is, m. (SpSrio), April:
the month in which the earth
OPENS itself to fertility. As
Adj., of April.
aptus, a, um, adj., Joined, fastened,
suited, fit, appropriate.
Spud, prep, with ace, with, near
to, in the presence of; apud me,
at my house.
Squa, ae,/., water.
Squila, se,/. the eagle; the stand-
ard of the Roman legion.
Squil-i-fer, Sri, 7n. (Squila; fSro),
^ a?j eagle-hearer, standard-bearer,
AquItSnia, ee, /., a province in
Southern Gaul.
Digitized
by Google
VOCABULARY. — I.
Aqultftn-us, a, am, adj\y Aqui-
^ tanian.
Arar, Sria, m., a tributary of the
Rhodanus Gaul (now the S^ne).
&ra-tnim, i, n., a plough.
arbiter, tri, m,, a spectator^ hearer^
umpire f judge,
arbltrium, ii, n. (arbiter), a deci-
sion^ judgment ; power, will,
arbitror, tri, fttua sum, dep, (ar-
biter), to hear, observe, judge,
think, mj^pose,
arbor, firis,/., a tree,
arc-a, ae,/. (arceo) (the enclosing
thing), a chest, box,
arc-eo, 6re, ui, no sup,, a., to
inclose, shut up, keep off, hinder,
prevent,
ar-cesso, Sre, sivi, sltum, a. (ad ;
cSdo) (to cause to come), to
summon, call, invite,
arct-S, adv, (arctus), closely,
tightly,
arc-tu8, a, um, adj., narrow, close,
strait, confined,
arcuB, fis, m,, a boio, rainbow,
curve, arch,
ard-eo, Sre, arsi, arsum, n., to
hum, blaze,
ard-or, 6ris, m, (ardeo, § 163, a),
a burning ; a Jlam£, fire.
^§-na, ae,/. (Sreo) {the dry thing),
sand,
ar-eo, Sre, ui, no sup., n., to be dry,
argentum, i, n., silver, money,
SLr-idus, a, um, adj. (areo), dry,
parched.
SriSs, iStis, m,, a ram; an engine
for battering down walls ; a bat-
tering-ram.
arma, 5rum, n., arms, defensive
weapons.
ArioviatUB, i, m., a king of the
Grermans.
Armenia, ee,/., a country of Asia.
ArmSnius, a, um, adj., Armenian.
armo, &re, Slvi, ttum, a. (arma),
to furnish with weapons, to arm,
equip, fit out,
arc, are, avi, atimi, a,, to plough,
tUl.
Arplnum, i, n., a town in Latium,
S. W. of Rome, the bii-thplace
of Cicero and Marius.
ar-ripio, fire, ripui, reptum, a,
(ad; rapio), to snatch, catch,
seize, engage in eagerly,
arrdga-ns, ntis, part, (arrfigo),
assuming, presumptuous, haughty,
proud.
arr5gan-ter, adv. (arrSgans), a*-
sumingly, haughtily, proudly.
ar-r6go, are, avi, atum, a. (ad;
r5go), to appropriate to one's
self, to claim, assume.
ars, artis, f, skill, ability, clever-
ness, invention.
ar-undo, inis,/. (ad ; unda) (that
which grows near water), the
reed, cane, arrow.
Arverni, 5rum, m., a people of
Gaul, in the present Auvergne.
ar-vum, i, n. (arc), cultivated land,
afield.
arx, arcis, /. (for arc-s from arc-
eo), a castlcy citadel, tower.
aa, slbbIb, m., a unit; an as; a
small coin used as the unit of
weight, money, and measure
among the Romans (§ 377).
a-scendo, scendfire, scendi,
scensum, n. and a. (ad ; scan-
do), to ascend, mount up, climb.
ascen-sus, tis, 772. (ascendo, § 163,
b), an ascending, ascent.
Aacanius, ii, m., a son of ^neas.
Asia, ae, /., Asia, generally Asia
Minor.
asinua, i, m., an ass.
aaper, fira, firum, adj., rough,
harsh, violent, sharp.
a-apicio, fire, eaci, ectum, a. (ad ;
apficio), to look at, to behold, see.
aapia, idia, / (§ 63, b), a viper,
adder; a shield.
£ui-aideo, fire, §di, eaaum, n. and
a. (ad; afideo), to sit near,
attend, watch; to invest, be-
siege.
aa-aurgo, gfire, read, rectum, n.
(ad ; aurgo), to rise up, stand up*
at, conj., hut, yet.
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
8
LATIN LESSONS.
AthSnae, ftrtim, /., Athens, the
^ chief city of Attica.
AtniuB, ii, m., a Roman name.
at-que or ac, conj. [in the best
writers ac is used only before
a word beginning with a con-
sonant], and also, and besides,
and ; simul atque, as soon as ;
minus ac, less than,
atrium, ii, n. (the principal apart-
ment of a Roman house,
next to the entrance), a hall,
court,
fttroz, 5ci8, adj., savage, fierce,
wild, stern, cruel,
at-tendo, 6re, di, tum, a, (ad;
tendo), to attend to, consider,
atten-tus, a, um, ;>ar^ (attendo),
attentive, assiduous,
Attica, 8B, /., Attica, the most
famous country of ancient
Greece.
AtticuB, a, um, adj., of Attica,
at-tingo, 6re, tigi, tactum, a. and
n. (ad ; tango), to touch, border
upon, lie near, reach,
au-ceps, auctlpis, m. (ftvis; c&-
pio), a bird-catcher, fowler,
auc-tor, 6ris, m. (augeo, § 162, a),
a founder, maker, author,
auct6r-itas, ati8,/(auctor, § 163,
e), authority, power, dignity, in-
fluence.
auc-tuB, a, um, part, (augeo),
enlarged, great, ample, rich,
aucup-ium, ii, n. (auctipor, § 163,
/), bird-catching, fowling,
aucHp-or, &ri. Situs, sum, dep,
(auceps), to go a bird-catching,
or fowling,
audSc-ia, ae,/. (audax, § 163, e),
courage, boldness, daring, inso-
lence,
audtc-iter, and audac-ter, adv.
(audaz), boldly, courageously,
daringly,
aud-az, ftcis, adj. (audeo, § 164,
/), daring, bold, courageous, rash,
violent.
aud-eo, Sre, ausus, sum, semi-dep,
(§ 136), to dare, venture.
audi-ens, entis, part, (audio),
obedient to. As Noun, m, or f,f
a hearer.
aud-io. Ire, Ivi, or Ii, Itum, a,, to
hear, listen.
au-fSro, f erre, absttUi, a|>lfttuin,
a. irregular (ab ; fSro), to carry
away, remove.
au-fiigio, fire, fdgi, ftLgitum, n.
and a. (ab ; ftigio); to flee away;
to flee from.
augeo, Sre, auzi, auctum, a., to
increase, enlarge,
augur, ttris, com. gen,, a diviner,
soothsayer,
aug(&r-ium, ii, n. (augi&ror, § 163,
/), divination, prophecy, sooth-
saying.
augttr-or, flri, fttus sum, dep.
(augur), to predict, foretell.
aug-ustus, a, um, adj, (augeo),
majestic, noble, venerable,
Augustus, i, m. (augustus), Oc-
tavius Ccesar, first Emperor of
Rome, B.C. 31 to a.d. 14.
aula, 8B,/., a hall, court, palace.
aura, ae,/., the air.
aur-eus, a, um, adj, (aumm, §
164, g), golden.
aur-is, is,/, (audio) Qhe hearing
thing), the ear,
aurum, i, n., gold.
au-spex, ids, com. gen. (Svis;
spScio), a diviner, soothsayer,
auspic-ium, ii, n. (auspex, § 163,
/), an omen (taken from the
watching of birds), an auspice ;
auspicia habere, to hold or take
the auspices.
auster, toi, m,, the south wind; the
south.
aut, conj, (§ 156, c), or; aut . . .
aut, either . . , or,
autem, conj, (§ 156, k), but, how-
ever, besides,
auzilium, ii, n. (augeo), help, aid,
assistance ; auzilia, drum, aux-
iliary troops.
avar-itia, 8b,/ (Svams, § 163, e),
an eager desire, greediness, ava-
rice.
Digitized by LjOOQ iC
VOCABULARY.
9
Sv-aruB, a, tun, adj, (&veo), eager^
greedy^ covetous,
a-vello, Sre, veil! or vulsi, vtil-
Bum, a., to tear away, pluck off,
pull apart.
&veo, fire, no perf,, no sup., a., to
long for, crave.
&veo, Sre, no per/., no sup., n., to
be safe, happy, well; &vS (tm-
perative of &veo), hail, farewell.
ft-verto, dre, ti, Btiin, a., turn away
from, avert, withdraw.
^v-iduB, a, um, adj. (aveo), eager,
greedy, covetous.
AviB,i»/f, a bird.
ft-vdco, ftre, &vi, fttum, a., to call
away from, call off, withdraw.
&v-tinciilii8, i, m. (&viib), a ma-
ternal uncle.
&V11B, i, m., a grandfather.
Bibj^lon, 6xdB, f. (§ 63, c), the
ancient capital of the Babylo
Assyrian Empire, in Mesopota-
mia, on the River Euphrates.
B&le^eB, ium, /., the Balearic
isles, in the Mediterranean, east
of Spain.
balneum, i, n. (j>l. balneae, ftrum,
/.), a bath.
barba, ed,f,the beard.
barbSruB, a, tun, adj., foreign,
strange, barbarian ; barbari,
drtun, m., foreigners, barbari-
ans; a name applied by the
Greeks and Romans to people
of other nations.
be4LttiB, a, tun, adj. (beo), happy,
prosperous, fortunate,
BelgaB, ftrtun, m., the Belgians, a
warlike people dwelling in the
north of Gaul.
b-ellum, i, n. {old form du-elltun)
(duo) (a contest between two
parties), war.
bSne, adv. (§ 92), well, finely, pros-
perously ; bdne pugnare, to fight
successfully.
bSnfi-factor, 5riB, m. (bSne ; fS-
cio), a benefactor,
bSnS-ficitun, ii, n. (bdne; fScio,
§ 163, /), kindness, favor, bene-
fit, service.
bfind-vdlens, entiB, adj., wishing
well, kind, obliging.
bdndvdlent-ia, 8e,/(bfinSv51enB,
§ 163, e), kindness, good-will,
friendship.
ben-ignuB, a, um, adj. (bdnus),
good, kind, friendly.
beo, are, avi, atum, a., to make
happy, bless, gladden.
beatia, », /., a beast, creature,
animal.
bibo, bIbSre, bibi, no sup., a., to
drink.
Bibracte, ia, n., Bibracte, the chief
town of the JEdui.
Bibraz, actiB, n., Bibrax, a town
of Gaul, in the territory of the
Remi.
BlbiUuB, i, m., Marcus Calpurnius,
consul B.c.59,colleague of Caesar.
bl-duum, tii, n. (bia; diea), a
space of two days.
bl-ni, ae, a, numeral distributive adj.
(bia), two each, two by two.
bi-partlto, adv, (bia ; para), in two
parts, two divisions.
bia, numeral adv., twice,
blanduB, a, um, adj., flattering,
friendly, gentle, kind,
Boii, arum, m,, the Boii, a people
of Gaul.
bdn-Itaa, atia,/ (bdnua, § 163, e),
goodness, virtue, worth,
bdnuB, a, um, adj., good, kind, fit,
prosperous, virtuous ; n, pi., as
J^OUN, bdna, ortun, goods, prop-
erty, riches,
boa, bdvia, com. gen, (§ 61), an ox,
a cow.
brachium, ii, n., an arm.
brdvi, adv., shortly, in a short time,
briefly.
brSvis, e, adj., short, small, brief.
Britannia, ae,/, Britain.
Britanni, orum, m., the inhabitants
of Britain, Britons.
Digitized
by Google
10
LATIN LESSONS.
Brundlsium, ii, n., Brundisium;
an ancient town of Calabria, in
S. E. Italy, nearest seaport to
Greece.
BrutuB, i, m., Lucius Junius, a
founder of the Koman Kepublic,
B.C. 500.
Brutus, Marcus, a friend of Cice-
ro, a conspirator against Caesar ;
DecXmus, a fellow-conspirator
with the preceding.
C.
C, an abbreviation denoting Galus
(Caius) ; as a numeral, c = cen-
tum.
c&d-&ver, Sris, n. (c&do), a dead
body, corpse, carcass.
c&do, c&dlre. c^cidl, cSLsum, n.,
to fall, happen, perish,
caecus, a, um, adj., blind, dark,
hidden,
csed-es, is,/, (caedo), slaughter,
bloodshed, havoc.
caedo, Sre, cScIdi, caesum, a.
(cSdo), (to cause to fall), to cut
down, kill, strike.
caelum, i, n., see ccelum.
Caesar, Sris, m., C. Julius, mur-
dered by Brutus and Cassius,
B.C. 44.
c^SUn-itas, Stis, /., loss, misfor-
tune, calamity.
c^SUnus, i, m., a reed, cane, stalk.
calce&-mentum, i, n.(calceo, to
shoe, § 163, c), a shoe.
c^endae (kal), ftrum, /., the first
day of the month,
c^eo, Sre, ui, no sup., n,, to be
warm, hot,
c^-idus, a, um, adj, (cSleo),
warm, hot,
call-idus, a, um, adj. (calleo," to
be versed in), shrewd, cunning,
crafty, skilful,
c^-cr, oris, m, (c&leo, § 163, a),
warmth, heat,
calv-Itium, ii, n. (calvns), bald-
calvus, a, um, adj., bald,
cSUnfilus, i, m., a camel,
Campftnia, ae, /, Campania, a
very fruitful province in middle
Italy, of which the chief city
was Capua.
camp-ester, estris, estre, adj,
(campus), of the plain, level, flat,
campus, i, m., a plain, field, level
surface; Campus Martius, a
grassy plain, in Rome, along
the Tiber, dedicated to Mars,
where elections were held, ex-
ercise and recreation taken.
C^UiInius, ii, m., a Roman name.
c&nis, is, com. gen., a dog (§ 59).
c&no, c&nSre, cScini, no sup., a
and n., to sing, foretell, predict ;
tubicen cecinit, the trumpeter
gave the signal.
can-tus, us, m. (cSno, § 163, b),
singing, playing, song, prophecy,
c&pel-la, ae, /., dim. (§ 164, a),
(cSper), a she-goat,
c^per, pxi, m., a he-goat, a goat,
cSp-illus, i, m. (c&put), the hair,
c&pio, c&pSre, c6pi, captum, a.,
to take, lay hold of, seize; re-
ceive, contain,
CSpitdlium, ii, n. (c&put), the
capital; the citadel of Rome
and the temple of Jupiter, built
upon the Capitoline hill.
c&pra, ae, /., a she-goat.
cap-tlvus, a, um, adj, (c&pio),
taken prisoner, captive. As Noun,
cSptivus, i, m., a prisoner.
cap-to, are, ftvi, &tum, a., intens,
(cSpio, § 131, and 167, b, and
note), to strive after, catch at,
c&piUus, i, m. (c&pio), handle, hilt.
c&put, itis, n., the head,
Carbo, dnis, m., a Roman name.
career, Sris, m., a dungeon, prison,
carmen, inis, n., a poem, song;
an oracle.
carnlfex, ficis, m. (caro ; f ftcio),
an executioner, hangman,
c^o, caxxds, f, flesh,
C£ui>o, Sre, si, turn, a., to picky
pluck, eat, gather.
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VOCABULART. — I.
11
camxB, i, m., a two-wheeled cart;
cartf wagon,
Carth&go (Kar),lnls,/., Car/Aa^e,
a celebrated city of N. Africa.
cSrus, a, um, adj\f dear, precious,
cSsa, edtf.y a hut, cottage, cabin,
Casca, ee, m,, one of the conspira-
tors against Caesar.
casseB, ium, n. pL, a hunting net,
snare, trap,
CasBi-SLnuB, a, tim,a(//., ofCassius,
casBis, IdiB,/., a helmet (pi metal).
CasBiuB, ii, m,, the chiei conspira-
tor against Caesar.
caBtel-lam, i, n. dim, (caBtmm,
§ 164, a), a castle, fort,
CaBtlcuB, Casticus, a Sequanian,
caBUgo, are, ftvi, Stum, a, (caa-
tus), (to make pure), to chastise,
reprove, censure,
caBtra, drum, n. pL, a camp,
caBtmm, i, n., a castle, fortress,
cft-BUB, flB, m, (c&do, § 163, b), a
falling dovm; fall, chance, ca-
lamity,
c&tfina, eB,f,, a chain, a fetter,
C&tnina, 89, m., Lucius Sergius
Catilina; a Roman who at-
tempted an insurrection against
his country.
C&to, dnis, m., Marcus Porcius
Cato (B.C. 93-45), the younger,
who committed suicide after the
battle of Pharsalial
c&tttluB, i, m,, dim,, a young dog ;
tohelp, puppy,
C&tttluB, i, m,, Quintus Catulus, a
Roman statesman.
Cauda, ce,/, the tail (of animals).
cauBa (cauBsa), ee, /., a cause,
reason ; cauBft, for the sake of,
for the purpose of (§ 245, c),
c^veo, 6re, cftvi, cautum, n. and
a,, to beware, take heed, guard
against, avoid,
c&vuB, a, um, adj,, hollow.
cSdo, cfidSre, ceaBi, ceaaum, n.
and a,, to go, depart, yield, give
up, give way, retreat,
cSlSber, bria, bre, adj., frequented,
celebrated, glorious.
c«lSbr4taB, fttia, / (c»6ber, §
163, e), a multitude; fame, re-
nown,
c61Sbro, ftre, ftvi, &tum, a, (cS16-
\>Bx),to frequent; celebrate,prais€,
cSler, SriB, Sre, adj„ swijfl, fleet,
quick, speedy,
c«6r-itaB, atiB, / (cSler, § 163,
e), swiftness, quickness, speed,
cSlSr-iter, adv. (c61er), siciflly,
quickly, speedily,
c61o, are, avi, atum, a, (§ 239, d)y
to hide, conceal,
Celtse, arum, m., the Celts; the
inhabitants of S. Gaul.
c6na (ccena), se,/. (the principal
meal of the Romans), supper,
dinner,
c6no (coBUO), are, abi, atum, n.
and a, (cSna, § 166, a), to dine,
sup, take a meal,
censeo, 6re, ui, um, a,, to estimate,
value, think, believe, vote,
centum, adj., indecl,, a hundred,
centiiria, as,/, (centum), a divi-
sion of one hundred; a century,
company.
centtirio, 5niB, m. (centum), the
commander of a century ; a cen-
turion.
cerno, cernSre, crSvi, crStum, a,,
to separate, discern, perceive.
certa-men, inia, n, (certo, § 163,
c), a contest, battle,
certidrem fScSre, to inform,
certo, adv, (certua), certainly.
certo, are, avi, atum, 1 v, n., to
fight, contend, strive, vie with,
certuB, a, um, adj, (cerno), de-
termined, fixed, sure, certain;
trusty; resolved,
cervix, Icia,/., the neck,
cervus, i, m,, a stag, a deer,
cesBO, are, avi, atum, n, intens,
(c6do, § 167, b, and note), to
delay, loiter, cease, linger,
(cStSrua), a, um, adj, (nomina-
tive singular masc. not fovmd),
the other, the rest.
ceu, conj, (§ 155), as, as if, as it
were^ like as if
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
12
LATIN LESSONS.
charta, sb,/,, paper, writing, letter,
Chrysdgdnus, i, m,, a freedinan
of SuUa.
clbSLria, drum, n. (clbus), food,
provisions, fodder,
clbuB, i, m.,food.
cic&triz, Icis,/., a scar.
cicer, Sris, n. (used only in the
sing.), the chick-pea, vetch.
CicSro, 5nis, m., Marcus Tvllius
Cicero, the greatest of Roman
orators and writers (b.c. 106-
43).
clcdnia, ae,/., a stork.
Cimbri, 5rum, m., a people of
Northern Germany.
cingo, cingSre, cinzi, cinctum,
a., to gird, surround, enclose;
besiege, invest,
clnis, Iris, m. and/., a^hes.
circ§^ adv. and prep, with the ace,
around, about.
circiter, adv. and prep, with the
ace, round about, near.
circul-tus, us, m. (circumeo,
§ 163, &), a going around in a
circle; a circuit, compass.
circivin, adv., and prep, with ace,
around, about, near.
circum-do, d^e, dSdi, dStum, a.
(§ 225, d), to put around, to sur-
round toith, encompass : circum-
d^e murum urbi or urbem
muro, to put a wait round the
city, or to surround the city with
a wall.
circum-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, Itum, n.
and a., to go round, surround,
circum-p5no, pdnSre, pdsui,
pdsitum, a., to place around.
circum-sto, stbe, stSti, no sup.,
n. and a., to stand around; to
surround, beset, besiege.
circum-venio, Ire, vSni, ventum,
to come around, encompass, in-
vest.
cis, prep, with ace, on this side.
pitSrior, us, adj. (§ 91), on this
side, hither; Gsdlia citerior,
hither Gaul, i.e., this side of the
Alps,
cito, adv., quickly, speedily, soon.,
(comp. citius, sup. citissimfi).
citra, prep, and adv., on this side ;
before, within.
civicus, a, jiim, adj. (civis), be-
longing to citizens, civic.
clv-His, e, adj. (cIvis, § 164, m),
belonging to citizens, civil, cour-
teous.
cIvis, is, com. gen., a citizen-.
civ-itas, atis,/. (cIvis, § 163, e),
citizenship ; a city, state ; freedom
of the city.
clSdes, is,/., disaster, slaughter.
clam, adv. and prep. (§ 261, c),
secretly; loithout the knowledge of,
cl§Uno, be, &vi, Stum, n. and a.,
to cry out, call, proclaim.
cl§Un-or, oris, m. (clamo, § 163, a),
a shout, applause, clamor.
clftrus, a, um, adj., clear, bright;
plain ; famous, illustrious.
classis, is,/, a fleet.
claudo, Sre, si, sum, a., to skuty
close, surround, finish.
claudus, a, um, adj., lame.
claus-iila, ae,/ (claudo), a con-
clusion, end, clause.
clSvis, is,/, a key.
clSmens, entis, adj., merciful^
mild, gentle.
clSmen-tuT, adv. (clSmens), mild"
ly, gently, calmly.
clSment-ia, se,/, clSmens, § 163,
e), mercy, mildness, kindness.
ClSopatra, ae,/, Queen of Egypt,
conquered at Actium by Au-
gustus.
cliens, entis, com. gen. (clueo), a
client, follower, retainer (one
attached to a patron, and pro-
tected by him.
cHpeum, i, n., a shield (of circular
form, made of metal).
Clodius, ii, m., the enemy of
Cicero, killed by Milo.
ccelum (caelum), i, n., pi. coeli,
orum, m. (§ 79, b), the sky.
cd-Smo, SmSre, Smi, emptum,
a. (con; Smo), to purchase
together, to buy up.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
18
cosna, see o6na.
C0Bii-&tii8, a, um, adj, (ccona,
§ 164, c), (provided with sup-
per), having dined,
coen-Ito, are, no per/.^ no sup., n,
frequentative (coeno, § 167, &,
and note), to dine often or inuch,
to dine.
coBnb, see cSna.
coopi, ccepisse, a. and n., def.
(§ 143, a), to begin, undertake.
co-erceo, Sre, ui, itum, a. (con ;
arceo), to enclose wholly, sur-
round, encompass; restrain, con-
fine, repress.
c5-gIto, fire, ftvi, &tiim, a. (con;
Sgito), to think, reflect upon,
coftsider, meditate ; to devise, in-
tend, design.
cogn&t-io, dnis, / (cogn&tns, §
163, h), blood-relationship, kin-
dred; connection, resemblance.
oo-gn&tns, a, um, adj. (con;
gnascor = naacor), connected
by birth.
co-gndmen, Xnis, n. (§ 80, a, con ;
gn5men = n5men), a surname.
cogndmino, be, no perf,, &tum,
a. (cogn5men), to surname.
co-gnosco, gnoscSre, gndvi, gnl-
tum, a. (con; gnosco = nos-
co), to examine, find out, know.
c5-go, cdgSre, coGgi, coactnm,
a. (con ; &go), to drive together,
collect, force, compel.
cdhors, ortis,/, a cohort (a com-
pany of 600 soldiers).
cd-hortor, ftri, fttiis sum, dep.
(con; hortor), to exhort, enr
courage, animate, admonish.
coiens, enntis, />ar/. (coeo), meet-
ing, assembling.
cdl&phuB, i, 7n., a cuff, blow.
col-16ga, ae, 7n. (con; ISgo), as-
sociate, colleague, companion.
coMIgo, llgSre, IGgi, lectum, a.
(con; ISgo), to collect together,
assemble, gather,
col-ligo, fire, &vi, &tum, a. (con ;
IXgo), to bind together, fasten,
combine ; to restrain, stop.
collis, is, m., high ground, a hill.
col-ldco, fire, &vi, &tum, a. (con ;
Idco), to place together ; to settle
in a place ; to give a woman in
marriage.
colldqu-ium, ii, n. (colldquor,
(§ 163,/) (a talking together),
a conference, discourse,
coUum, i, n., the neck.
cdlo, cdlSre, cdlui, cultum, a.
ai\d n., to till, cultivate, cherish,
honor, worship ; to dwell,
cdl5n-ia, ae, /. (coldnus, § 163,
e), a colony a settlement.
c51-5nus, i, m. (c61o), a husband-
man, farmer.
cdlumba, ae,/, a dove, pigeon.
cdm-Sdo, SdSre or esse, Sdi,
Ssum or estum, a. (con ; Sdo),
to eat up, consume, devour.
cdmes, itis, com. gen. (con ; eo),
a companion, associate.
cdm-itas, &tis, /. (comis, kind,
§ 163, e), courteousness, affability,
gentleness, mildness.
cdmit&-tus, Us, m. (cdmitor, §
163, b), a retinue, escort, com-
pany, troop, crowd.
cdmitia, orum, n. pi. (con; eo),
the Comitia; assemoly of the
Romans for electing magis-
trates.
cdmitor, SLri, &tus sum, dep.
(cdmes), to accompany, follow,
attend.
commeS.-tus, Us, m. (commeo,
§ 163, h), provisions, supplies.
com-mgmdro, Ire, avi, &tum,
a. (con; mSmdro), to call to
mind, recount, relate, mention.
com-mendo, are, Svi, 5tum, a.
(con; mando),^o intrust, recom-
mend, commit.
com-meo, are, avi, atum, n.
(con ; meo), to go to and fro,
visit often, resort.
com-milito, onis, m. (con;
miles), a fellow-soldier.
com-mitto, mittSre, misi, mis-
sum, a. (con; mitto), to con-
nectj Join, set together, commit,
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LATIN LESSONS.
perpetrate f intrust; pugnam or
prcelimn committere, to join
battle ; committere ut, to bring
it about, cause that,
commddfi, adv. (commddus),
duly, properly, fitly, well.
oom-mddu8, a, um, adj. (con;
rnddiis), fit, advantageous, ser-
viceable.
commdnS-f&cio, f&cSre, f6ci, fac-
tum, a. (§ 142, b), to put in mind,
inform, remind.
com-m5ueo, mdnSre, mdniii,
mdnitum, a. (cdh; mdneo),
to remind, warn.
com-mdveo, mdvSre, m5vi, m5-
tum, a. (con ; mftveo), to move
violently, shale, stir, disturb,
agitate, excite ; bellum commo-
vere. to stir up war.
cem-mtlnis, e, adj. (con; mA-
nus), common, general.
com-miito, fire, &vi, fttum, a.
(con ; muto), to exchange, alter.
co-mo, cdmSre, compsi, comp-
tum, a. (con; Smo), to comb,
range, braid, dress,
com-p^o, fire, &vi, &tum, a.
(con; p&ro), to put together,
unite; pi^epare, collect, com-
pare,
ccm-pello, pellSre, ptili, pul-
8um, a., to drive together, to
assemble, gather, constrain, force,
impel.
com-plector, cti, xus, sum, dep.
(con; plecto), to encompass,
surround, embrace, clasp; com-
prehend.
com-pleo, plSre, plSvi, plStum,
a. (con ; pleo), to fill full, fill
up, satisfy, complete, finish,
compl5r&-tio, 5nis, /. (com-
pl5ro, § 163, 6), a loud weeping,
lamentation.
com-pl5ro, fire, &vi, Stum, a,
■ (con ; pl5ro), to lament loudly,
com-plfLres, a or ia, adj., several
together, very many.
com-p5no, pdnSre, pdsui, p5si-
tum, a, (con; p5no), to put
together or in order; to settle;
componere bellum, to finish a
war by treaty,
com-porto, be, &vi, &tum, a.
(con ; porto), to bring together,
collect,
com-pos, dtis, adj. (con ; pdtis),
partaking of, possessing; com-
pos animi, of sane mind.
com-prShendo, Sre, di, sum, a.
(con ; prehendo), to catch hold
of, seize, arrest : to perceive, ob-
serve ; to contain.
com-prlmo, primSre, pressi,
pressum, a. (con; prSmo), to
press together, compress, restrain,
hinder.
con-c6do, cSdSre, cessi, cessum,
n. and a., to depart, retire, with-
draw : allow, grant ; submit,
con-cido, cidSre, cidi, cisum, a.
(con ; caedo), to cut to pieces,
destroy, kill.
concllio, fire, Svi, fttum, a, (con-
cilium), to call together, unite ;
gain over, make friendly, procure
the favor of win, gain, procure,
reconcile,
con-cilium, ii, n, (con ; c&lo, to
call, § 163,/), a meeting, assem-
bly, council.
concio (contio), dnis,/., a meet-
ing ; a speech ; a place for speak-
ing,
con-cl§Uno, fire, ftvi, SLtum, a.
and n., to shout, exclaim, cry
out.
concord-ia, ae,/. (concors, § 163,
e), harmony, unanimity.
con-ctipi-sco, ctipiscSre, ctiplvi
or ctipii, ctipltum, a, inch,
(con ; ctiplo, § 167, a, and note) ,
to be very desirous of, strive after,
long for.
con-curro, currSre, curri or
cticurri, cursum, n,, to run
together, assemble, dash together,
fight.
concur-sus, fls, m. (concurro, §
163, b), a concourse, assembly^
attack, charge, onset.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
15
con-demno. fire, ftvi, &tain, a.
con ; damno), to sentence, con-
demn, blame, disapprove.
con-discipiilus, i, m., a school-
felloto.
cond-Itio, 5iiis,/. (condo, § 163,
b), a state, condition, situation,
rank, agreement, compact; pro-
posal, terms,
con-do, dSre, didi, ditnm, a.,
to bring together ; to found, es-
tablish, store up, hide, bury,
con-dAco, ducSre, duzi, duc-
tum, a, and n,, to lead together,
hire, collect ; to profit,
confero, conferre, conti&li, col-
l&tum, a,, to bring together,
collect, compare, contribute; se
conferre, to go ; collatiB viri-
buB, with united forces,
confertns, a, um, part, (confer-
cio, to cram together), close,
crowded, crammed,
confestdm, adv, (confSro), im-
mediately, speedily,
con-ficio, ficSre, fSci, fectum, a,
(con; fScio), to prepare; com-
plete, finish, accomplish, make
out, produce,
con-fido, fIdSre, ffsus sum, n.
and a, (§ 136), to trust confi-
dently, confide; to believe cer-
tainly,
con-figo, figSre, fizi, fizum, a.,
to join ; to pierce through.
con-firmo, ftre, &vi, &tum, a., to
make firm, establish, strengthen,
con-fiteor, fitSri, fessus sum,
dep, (con; fSteor), to confess,
own, concede, allow,
con-fiigo. flIgSre, filzi, fiictum,
a, and n,, to strike ; to contend,
struggle, fight.
con-f 5dio, fddSre, f5di, fossum,
a,, to dig; to pierce through,
stab:
con-ftigio, ftigSre, fUgi, no sup,,
n., to flee for r<fuge.
con-grSdior, grSdi, gressus sum,
dep. (con, gr&dior), to meet,
encounter, contend, fight.
oon-gruo, gmSre, grui, no sup,,
n., to agree withy fit, coincide,
come together, meet,
con-jicio, jicSre, jSci, jectum,
a. (con; j&cio), to throw to-
gether, throtc, hurl; in fugam
conjicere, to put to flight.
con-jungo, gSre, ad, ctum, a., to
join together, connect, unite.
conjfLr&-tio, dnis, /. (a swearing
together), conspiracy.
conjur&-tus, i, m. (conjflro), a
conspirator.
con-jdro, &re, &vi, &tum, a., to
swear together, conspire ; in ali-
quem conjurare, to conspire
against one.
conjujc (coujunz), tigis, com.
gen. (conjungo), a wife, hus-
band, a betrothed.
c5nor, &ri, &tus sum, dep., to
undertake, attempt, endeavor, try-
con-quiro, quirSre, quisivi, qut
situm, a. (con; quaere), to
search out carefully, inquire, seek.
con-sangin-eus, a, um, adj.
(con ; sanguis. § 164, g), related
by blood, related, kindred.
con-scendo, dSre, di, sum, a.
and n. (con ; scando), to mount,
ascend, climb, embark.
con-sciso, sciscSre, scivi, scl-
tum, a., to approve, assert, ac-
cept; mortem sibi conscis-
cere, to commit suicide.
con-scius, a, um, adj. (con;
scio), knowing or conscious of,
privy to, aioare of.
conscius, ii, m., an accomplice.
con-scribo, bSre, psi, ptum, to
enlist, register, enroll, inscribe,
compose, write.
consen-sio, onis, /. (consen-tio,
§ 163, h), an agreement; a com-
bination, plot.
consen-sus, fls, m. (consentio,
§ 163, b), an agreement, unanim-
ity, concord.
con-sentio, tire, si, sum.^w. and
a., to agree, accord, harmonize,
determine in common ; to vole.
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16
LATIN LESSONS.
con-sSquor, qui, cfltiis sum,
dep., to follow after, attend, ac-
company ; to reach, overtake ; to
attain,
con-sSro, sSrSre, sSrui, sertum,
a., to join, unite, bring together,
pugnam or prcelium conse-
rere, to Join battle; manum
conserere, to engage in a hand-
to-hand conflict.
con-servo, are, Svi, fttnin, a., to
maintain, keep, preserve.
consIdSro, fire, ftvi, fttiun, a., to
exdJnine, contemplate, consider,
ponder, obserue carefully,
Consldius, ii, m,, one of Caesar's
officers.
con-sldo, sIdSre, sSdi, sessum,
n., to sit down together, encamp,
settle.
consilium, ii, n., deliberation, ad-
vice, counsel, Resign, wisdom,
talent; consilio, on purpose,
intentionally.
con-sisto, sistSre, stiti, stitum,
n., to stand still, halt, make a
stand, stand fast, continue.
con-sdbrinus, i, m. (s6ror), a
cousin, relation.
conspec-tus, us, m. (conspicio,
§ 163, b), a sight, view, glance,
survey.
con-splcio, splcgre, spezi, spec-
turn, a. (con ; spScio), to look
at, behold, spy out, observe, view.
consplcor, ftri, &tus, dep. a., to see.
consplcuus, a, um, adj. (conspi-
cio), easy to see, visible, striking,
distinguished, remarkable.
conspIrSl-tio, onis, /. (conspiro,
§ 163, b), an agreement, con-
spiracy.
con-sp&o, are, ftvi, atum, n., to
agree together, plot together, con-
spire.
constans, antis, part, (consto).
Jinn, constant, steadfast, consis-
tent,
oonstan-tia, ae, /. (constans,
§ 163, b)f firmness, constancy,
perseverance, harmony.
constan-ter, adv, (constans),
fimdy, steadily, constantly,
con-stktuo, uSre, ui, titum, a.
(con ; ift&tuo), to place, erect,
make, build; determine, resolve,
consue-sco, escSre, 6vi, Stum,
n. inch, (consueo, § 167, a,
and note), to be accustomed, be
tcont.
consue-tfido, Xnis, / (consufi-
tus, § 163, e), custom, habit,
usage, intercourse,
consul, tUis, m., a consul; one
of the two chief magistrates of
Rome, chosen yearly.
consiU-aris, e, adj, (consul), of
the consul,
consiU-aris, is, m, (consul), one
who has been consul, ex-con-
sul, consular,
consiil-atus, fls, m, (consul), the
office of consul, consulship,
constilo, Sre, ui, tum, n. and a.,
to deliberate, consider, reflect^
advise, consult for ; alicui con-
sulere, to consult for one's in-
terest ; aliquem CQnsulere, to
consult, take advice of one,
consul-tum, i, n. (constUo), a
decree, decision, resolve.
con-temno, nSre, psi, ptum, a.,
to despise, scorn, disdain.
con-tendo, dSre, di, tum, a, and
n,, to strain, strive, strive for,
contend, fght, attempt, hasten.
conten-tio, dnis, /. (contendo,
§ 163, b), a straining, exertion,
effort ; dispute, strife, fght,
conten-tus, a, um, part, (con-
tineo), contented, satisfed,
con-testor, ari, atu» sum, dep.,
to call to witness, invoke,
continens, entis, part, (contl-
neo), moderate, temperate,
contlnen-ter, adv, (continens),
moderately, continuously, with-
out interruption,
con-tineo, tinSre, tinid, tentuxn,
a. (con ; tSneo), to hold in, hold,
contain, comprise, keep back, re-
strain ; confine, bound.
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VOCABULARY. — 1.
17
oon-tingo, tingSre, ti[gi, tactmn,
a. and n. (con ; tango), to touch,
take hold of, reach, Itorder upon ;
impers., contingit mihi, it is my
lot.
contin-uns, a, tun, adj. (conti-
neo), unbroken, constant, con-
tinuous.
contio, see concio.
contrft, adv., SLudprep. with ace,
over against, opposite to, on the
other Tiand,
con-trSho, hSre, xi, ctnm, a., to
draw together, assemble, shorten,
contract.
contrft-rius, a, um, adj. (oontra)^
opposite,contrary, opposed, hostile.
contrdvers-ia, ae,/. (controver-
sns, § 163, e), controversy, dis-
pute, quarrel, debate.
contr5-ver8U8, a, nm, adj. (con-
tra ; versus), quarrelsome ; ques-
tionable.
contftbem-ftlis, is, com. gen.
(con; t&berna), a tent-com-
panion, comrade, companion.
contiim6-lia, se, /. (contttmeo),
abuse, insult, reproach, affront,
taunt, disgrace ; in pL, abusive
epithets, insulting language.
con-vSnio, vSnXre, vSni, ven-
turn, n. and a., to come together,
assemble, agree, meet, visit, con-
venire aliqnem, to accost one ,
convdnit, impers., it is agreed
upon.
conven-tus, fLs, m. (convSnio,
§ 163, b), a coming together ; an
assembly, meeting, company ; com-
pact, agreement.
con-verto, tSre, ti, som, a., to
turn round, change, overturn ;
translate, turn; convertere in
fugam, to put to flight.
con-vinco, vinoSre, vici, victum,
a., to convict; convince, demon-
strate.
con-vdco, ftre« ftvi, fttum, a., to
call together^ assemble, summon.
con-v51o, ftre, ftvi, fttum, n., to
run together.
cdphlnus, i, m., a basket.
cdpia, ae, /. (cons ; ops), abun-
dance ; pi., supplies, troops,
tcealth.
c5pi5s-e, adv. (copidsus), abun-
dantly^ plentifully.
cdpi-5sus, a, um, adj. (cdpia, §
164, k), well supplied, abounding,
plentiful, copious,
c6r, cordis, n., the heart, soul, feel-
ing, mind.
cdram, adv., and prep, with abl.,
openly; in the presence of before.
Cdrinthus, i,/, Corinth, a city of
Greece.
CornSlia, ae, /., the first wife of
Caesar.
cornu, u (ils), n., a horn ; the
wing of an army.
corpus, dris, n., a body, corpse.
cor-ripio, rip^re, ripui, reptum,
a. (con; r&pio), to seize, catch
up, carry off, abridge, reprove.
cortex, Icis, m. and/., bark (pi a
tree).
corvus, i, m., a raven.
crfts, adv., to-morrow.
Crassus, m., LlcXnius Crassus,
the triumvir, who perished in
the Parthian war, B.C. 53.
crSber, bra, brum, adj., thick,
close, frequent.
crSdo, dSre, didi, ditum, n. and
a., to trust, believe, think; en-
trust, confide.
crSmo, ftre, ftvi, fttum, a., to bum,
consume.
creo, ftre, ftvi, fttum. a., to bring
forth, beget, create, elect.
Ores, 6tis, ?n., adj., a Cretan.
Cressa, ae, /!, a Cretan woman.
ore-SCO, crescSre, crSvi, crStum,
n. inch, (creo, § 167, a, and
note), to grow, grow up, increase.
crimen, inis, n., a charge, accu-
sation, reproach.
crinis, is, m., the hair.
crticift-mentum, i, n. (crilcio, §
163, c), torture, torment, pain.
crticift-tus, tis, m. (crflcio, § 163,
b), torture, torment, anguish.
Digitized by LjOOQ iC
18
LATIN LESSONS.
oriic-io, ftre, ftvi, ftttim, a. (crux),
to torture, tonnent,
orildelis, e, a///., hard-hearted,
cruel, severe, fierce,
ortLdei-Itas, &tis, /. (crfLdSlis. §
163, e), harshnesn, aecerity, cru-
elty, fierceness,
cru-entu8, a, um, adj, (cruor),
bloody, blood-thirsty, cruel.
crtlmSna, ae, /., a small money
bay, purse.
orfls, tlris, n., the leg (below the
knee), shank.
crux, i^cis, /., « cross; torture,
'misery^ trouble.
crystailiuus, a, um, adj., made
of crystfd, crystalline.
crystallum, U n., a crystal.
crystallus, i, m., a crystal.
ciib-iciilum, i, n. (cttbo, § 163, d),
a bed-chamber,
ctibo, &re, uiitum, n., to lie do ten,
recline.
culcita, SB, f, (calco), a bed,
cushion, mattress,
culpa, ae, /., crime, fault, failure,
defect, mischief.
culpo, fire, &vi, fttum, a. (cul-
pa), to censure, reprove, con-
demn, find fault with, blame.
cultel-lus, i, m. dim. (culter, §
104, a), a small knife.
culter, tri, m., a knife,
cul-tus, as, m. (c61o, § 163, b),
a cultivation, culture; dress,
elegance, ornament,
cum, prep, with abl,, with, to-
gether with, among,
cum (quum), conj., when, since,
although, though ; cum . . . tum,
both . . . and.
cunctor, firi, fitus sum, dep., to
linger, loiter, hesitate, delay,
doubt,
ctipl-dS, adv. (ctipldus), eagerly,
zealously y ardently,
ciXpXd-itas, atia/. (cttpldus, § 163,
e), a longing, desire, passion, ap-
petite, greediness, lust, avarice,
ciip-fdo, inis, /. (ciipio), desire,
wish, longing, love, lust, passion.
ctip-Idus, a, um, adj. (ciipio),
eager, desirous, covetous, fond.
ctipio, €re, ivi or ii, Itum, a. and
n., to long for a thing, desire, wish,
covet ; to favor (with dative).,
cur, adv., why f for what reason ?
cflria, ae, /., a curia, one of the
thirty parts into which Romu-
lus divided the Roman people ;
the senate-house,
cflra, ae,/. (quaero), trouble, solic-
itude, care, attention, pains.
Ctires, ium, m. and/., the ancient
chief town of the Sabines.
cflri-Sltim, adv. (curia^, by curiae.
Ctlri&tius, ii, m,, an Alban family
name.
ctiro, are, &vi, fttum, a, (cOra), to
carejor; manage, govern ; cure.
curro, currgre, cticurri, cursum,
n., to run, hasten,
cur-8U8, Cls, m, (curro, § 163, 6),
a running, race, course, march,
passage. Journey, voyage.
cust5dio. Ire, Ivi (ii), Itum, a., to
watch over', protect, defend.
Cyprus, i, m., an island of the
Mediten*anean.
damno, ftre, ftvi, fttimi, a. (dam-
num = damage), to condemn,
pass sentence on ; damnare
capitis, to condemn to death.
d6, prep, with abl., of, from, dur-
ing, at, concerning, about, down
from, according to.
dea, ae, /. {dat. and abl. pL,
deabus, § 36, e), a goddess.
de-ambiilo, ftre, ftvi, fttum, n.,
to walk much, promenade, stroll.
dS-beo, b6re, bui, bitum, a. (de ;
hftbeo), to owe, be bound, be un-
der obligation, be due ; with an
infinitive after it, translate it
by ought, must, §*c. ; impers.,
debet, it behooves, ought.
dS-blUs, e, adJ, (de; hftbllis),
weak, disabled, frail, crippled.
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
VOCABCLARV. 1.
19
dS-c8do, c6d8re, cessi, cessum,
n., to depart, retire, cease, die,
yield, give way.
dSoem, num. adj. indech, ten,
DScem-ber, bris, m. (dScem),
the tenth month of the Roman
year, reckoned from March;
' December.
december, bris, adj., of Decem-
ber.
dS-cerno, cernSre, crSvi, crS-
turn, a. and n., to decide, judge,
determine, decree; to Jight, con-
tend.
dS-cerpo, p8re, psi, ptum, a.
(de ; carpo = to pluck), to pluck
away, pull off, gather, take away,
destroy.
dS-certo, fire, SLvi, &tum, n. and
a., to Jight earnestly, strive, vie ;
to contend for.
dScet, dScSre, dScuit, no sup., n.
impers., it is seemly, becoming.
Jilting, suitable, proper.
d6-cido, cldSre, cidi, no sup., n.
(de ; c&do), to fall down, sink,
die.
dSc-ieB, num. ad. (dScem), ten
times: repeatedly.
dSc-iens, see decies.
dSc-Imns, a, um, num. adj., the
tenth.
Declmns Brutus, see Brutus.
d6-cXpio, clp^re, cGpi, ceptum,
a. (de; c&pio), to catch, en-
snare, deceive, cheat.
de-cUbro, fire, ftvi, Stum, a., to
make manifest, to declare, an-
nounce, proclaim, show, explain.
dSc-or, 5ris, m. (dScet, § 163, a),
that which is seemly; propri-
ety, comeliness, elegance, charms,
beauty.
dScrS-tum, i, n. (dScerno), a
decree, decision, ordinance,
dSc-us. 6ri8, ?i. (dgcet, § 163, a),
that which is becoming, ornament,
splendor, dignity, honor, virtue.
dS-dignor, Sxi, Situs sum, dep.,
to reject as unworthy; to disdain,
scorn, refuse.
dSd-Itio, 5nis,/. (dSdo, § 163, J), ^,
a giving one's self up ; a surren- .
der. ' ^
d6-do, dSre, didi, ditum, a,, to
give one's self up; to surrender,
yield, devote, dedicate,
dS-dQco, dtlcSre, duzi,^uctum,
a,, to lead away, withdraw, lead
forth, conduct, lead ; mislead, se-
duce ; spin out, elaborate,
dCfatlgff-tio, 5nis, /. (d5fi«go,
§ 163, b), a wearying; weariness,
fatigue, exhaustion. •
dS-f^tlgo, fire, &vi, fttum, a., to
weary, fatigue.
dS-fendo, dSre, di, sum, a,, to
ward off, avert ; to defend, guard,
support,
dSfen-sor, 5ris, m, (d§fendo,
§ 162, a), one who wards off; a
protector, guanl, defender.
dS-fSro, ferre, ttili; iktum, a. irr.,
to bear or bring away, carry, ^
convey, deliver: report^ announce;
impeach, accuse.
dS-fStiscor, fStisci, fessus sum,
dep, n., to become tired out ; wea-
ried ; to grow faint.
dS-ficio, fkcSre, fSci, fectum, a.
and n, (de ; f&cio), to forsake,
abandon, desert, revolt, fail, cease.
d6-fiecto, ctSre, zi, zum, a,, to
turn away, divert, bend.
dS-formis, e, adj, (de; forma),
without form or beauty.
dCform-itas, fttis, /. (dfiformis,
§ 163, c), lack of beauty, ugli-
ness, hideousness.
d6-fungor, fungi, functus, sum,
dep., to discharge, perform, ful-
fil, finish : to depart, die.
dein, see delude,
dein-ceps, m/tr. (dein; c&pio),
one ajter the other, successively ;
in turn, thereafter, next.
deinde, adv., then, afterward, see-
on f II y.
de-jicio, jlcSre, j6ci, jectum, a.
(de ; jficio), to throw down ;
cast down, drive out, dislodge,
deprive.
Digitized
by Google
to
LATIK LESSONS.
dSlec-to, fire, Svi, Stum, a., in-
tens. (dSlicio, § 167, h, and note),
to delight^ please, amuse.
delectus, a, um, part, (dSlXgo),
chosen, select,
d61ec-tus, {Is, m. (dSligo, § 163,
b), a choosing, selection ; levy.
dSleo, ISre, ISvi, IStum, a., to
abolish, destroy, blot out, extin-
guish.
dS-lIbSro, a^e, Svi, fttum, a. (de ;
libra, pair of scales), to weigh
well in one's mind, deliberate,
consult, consider.
dfilicise, ftrum, /. (dSlIcio, to
allure), delight, pleasure, luxury ;
allurements, charms.
dS-ligo, ligSre, 16gi, lectum, a.
(de ; ISgo), to choose out, select.
d6-ligo, are, avi/ atum, a., to bind
together, bind up, bind fast.
d^-litesco, litescSre, litui, no
sup., n. inch, (de ; lateo, § 167,
a), to hide or conceal one's self,
lie hid, lurk.
Delphi, drum, m., a town in
Phocis, at the foot of Mount
Parnassus, noted for the Oracle
of Apollo.
dfiltl-brum, i, n. (dSluo, to
cleanse), a temple, shrine.
d6-minuo, miuugre, mXnui, ml-
nutum, a., to lessen, diminish.
d6-mitto, mittSre, misi, mis-
sum, a., to let or bring down,
send down, lower, dismiss.
dSmo, mSre, mpsi, mptum, a.
(de ; Smo), to take away.
d6-monstro, are, avi, atum, a.,
to point out, represent, describe,
mention, designate.
d^mum, adv., at length, at last,
only; tum demum, then at
length.
dto-arius, a, um, adj. (d§ni),
consisting of, or containing ten.
d€n-arius, ii, m., a Roman silver
coin, equal to about sixteen
cents.
d6-nSgo, are, avi, atum, a., to
deny, reject^ refuse.
dSni, ae, a, num. distributive adj.
(dScem), ten each, ten at a time,
by tens, ten.
dSnique, adv., at last, finally.
deus, dentis, m., a tooth.
densus, a, um, adj., thick, dense,
close, frequent, numerous.
d6-p5no, pdnSre, pdsui, pdsl-
tum, a., to lay aside, put down,
place, set, deposit; to intrust to,
to resign, give up.
dS-pdpttlo, are, avi, atum, a.,
to lay waste, plunder, ravage.
dS-pdpiUor. ari, atus sum, dep.,
to lay waste, plunder, ravage.
d6-porto, are, avi, atum, a., to
carry off; to bring home ; to ac-
quire ; to banish.
dSposco, poscSre, pdposci, no
sup., a., to demand, request, re-
quire, claim.
dSprSca-tor, dris, m. (d^prScor,
§ 162, a), an interceder, inter-
cessor, mediator.
d6-prScor, ari, atus sum, dep., to
beseech, pray against, deprecate,
beg, pray for.
dS-prghendo, dSre, di, sum, a., to
seize upon, catch, discover, find.
dS-primo, prImSre, pressi, pres-
sum, a. (de ; prSmo), to press
down, depress, sink.
d6-ripio, rIpSre, ripui, reptum,
a. (de; rapio), to snatch away,
tear off.
dS-scendo, dSre, di, sum, n. (de;
scemdo), to come down, descend,
dismount, march down; descen-
dere in certamen or aciem, to
engage in battle.
de-scisco, sciscSre, sclvi, or scii,
scitum, n., to withdraw, revolt
from, desert.
de-scribo, scrTbSre, scripsi,
scriptum, «., to point out, repre-
sent, describe, allot.
de-sSro, 6re, ui, turn, a,, (o d#Mr<,
forsake, abandon.
desIdSr-ium, ii, n. (dSsIdSro, §
163,/), a longing desire (for any
thing not possessed); grief, regret.
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
VOCABULARt. — 1.
21
dS-sIdSro, ftre, ftvi, &tum, a,, to
long for (something not pos-
sessed).
dS-signo, are, ftvi, fttum, a., to
mark out, signify, appoint, assign,
choose.
d5-8ilio, siUre, silai, Bultum, n.
(de ; sWo), to leap down.
dS-sIno, sinere, sivi or sii, situm,
a. and n., to leave off, desist, stop.
dfi-sisto, sistSre, stitd, stitum, n.,
to leave off, give over, desist.
dSspSrSl-tio, dnis, /. (despSro, §
163, b), hopelessness, despair.
d6-sp6ro, are, avi, atum, n. and
a., to be hopeless ; despair of.
d6-spicio, spicSre, spezi, spec-
turn, n. and a. (de; sp^cio),
to look down upon, despise, dis-
dain.
dfi-spondeo, dSre, di, Bum, a.,
to promise, to betroth.
dS-stringo, stringSre, strlnxl,
strictum, a., to unsheath, draw
(the sword).
dS-8um, esse, f oi, n,, to be away ;
to fail, be wanting,
d6-tdgo, tSgSre, texi, tectum, a.,
to uncover, expose ; discover, dis-
close, reveal.
dS-terreo, terr^re, terrui, terrl-
tum, a., to frighten off, deter,
hinder; avert.
dS-tineo, tin^re, tinui, tentum,
a. (de ; tSneo), to hold off, keep
back, detain, hinder.
dS-tr&ho, tr&hSre, trazi, trac-
tum, a., to draw off, draio away,
pull doicn, take from, disparage.
detri-mentum, i, n. (dStSro, §
163, c), loss, damage ; defeat,
deus, i, m. (§ 40, /), a god, divin-
ity, deity.
dS-vasto, are, no perf, atum, a.,
to lay waste, devastate.
dS-vinco, vincSre, vici, victum,
a,, to conquer, vanquish.
dS-v51o, are, avi, no sup., n., to
fly down, hapten down,
dS-vdro, are, avi, atum, a., to gulp
down, devour, swallow, consume.
dexter, tra, trum, and tSra, \M-
rum, adj., to the right, on the
right side, right.
de^Sra, ae,/, the right hand.
di&d6ma, atis, n., a royal head-
dress, diadem.
die, imperat. o/dico (§ 128, c), say,
dic-az, acis, adj. (dico, § 164, 0,
sarcastic, witty, keen,
dIco, are, avi, atum, a., to dedi-
cate, consecrate.
dIco, dicSre, dizi, dictum, a.,
to speak, say, call, name, ap-
point, order, mean ; dicitur, it is
said.
dicta-tor, 5ris, m. (dicto, § 162,
a), dictator; a supreme magis-
trate, elected by the Romans
only in seasons of emergency,
when his power was absolute,
and lasted for six months.
dicta-tOra, ae,/ (dicto, § 163, i),
the office of dictator, dictator-
ship.
dict-lto, are, avi, atum, a. intens,
(dicto, § 167, b), to say or plead
often, declare, maintain.
die-to, are, avi, atum, a. intens.
(dIco. § 167, b, and note), to
say often, dictate, prescribe.
dic-tum, i, n. (dico), a saying, a
word, maxim. Jest, command.
dies, 5i, m. (§ 73), a day of 24
hours ; day-light ; in dies, daily,
with an idea of constant in-
crease ; ad diem, at the appoint-
ed time.
dif-fSro, differre, a. and n., to
delay ; put off; meaning to differ,
no pf nor sup, : inter se dif-
ferre, to differ from each other.
difficil-e, adv,, with difficulty,
dif-ficllis, e, adj. (dis; f^cHis),
hard, difficult, troublesome, obsti-
nate.
difflcul-tas, atis, / (difncUis,
§ 163, e), difficulty, trouble, dis-
tres,% poverty,
dif-ffdo, fldire, fisus sum, n.
semi-dep. (dis; fldo, § 136), to
mistrust; despair.
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
22
LATIN LESSONS.
digitus, t m., a finger y toe.
diguus, a, um, adj., tcorthy o/,
deserving, becoming, proper.
dnigens, entis, part, (diligo),
careful, attentive, diligent.
diligen-ter, adv. (dlligens), care-
fully, with care.
dnigen-tia, ae,/. (dlligens, § 163,
e), diligence, carefulness; econo-
luf/, thrift.
di-ligo, ligSre, lezi, lectum, a.
(di; ISgo), to value highly, es-
teem, love.
dl-luo, luSre, lui, Ifltum, a., to
dissolve, dilute, weaken, do away
with.
dl-mico, Ire, Slvi or ui, fttum, n.,
to fight, contend.
dl-niitto, mittSre, mfsi, missum,
a., to send forth, send away, dis-
miss, put away, divorce.
dl-mdyeo, mdvSre, m5vi, m5-
tum, a., to put asunder, separate^
divide, dismiss, remove.
dl-rigo, riggre, rezi, rectum, a,
(dis; rSgo), to direct, arrange,
guide.
di-ripio, ripSre, ripui, reptum,
a. (dis ; r&pio), to tear in pieces,
ravage, plunder, destroy.
dl-ruo, ru6re, rui, rfltum, a., to
demolish, overthrow,
dlrus, a, um, adj., ominous, por-
tentous, dreadful.
dis, ditis, adj., see dives.
dis-cSdo, cSd^re, cessi, cessum,
n.. to go away, depart, turn aside,
decamp.
dis-cerpo, pSre, psi, ptum, a.
(dis ; carpo), to tear in pieces,
disperse.
disc-iptilus, i, m. (disco), a
learner, scholar, pupil.
disco, discSre, didici, no sup., a.,
to learn.
discord-ia, as, / (disoors, § 163,
e), disunion, variance, discord,
strife.
dis-cors, cordis, adj. (dis ; cor),
disaqreeing, at variance, discord-
ant, harsh, unlike.
dis-crlmen, Inis, n. (discemo, to
separate), a distinction, differ-
ence ; risk, danger.
dis-ertus, a, um, adj. (dis ; ars),
well-spoken, fluent, eloquent, ac-
complished, elegant,
dis-jicio, jicSre, j6ci, jectum, a,
(dis; j&cio), to tear asunder,
scatter, disperse: shatter, break
down.
di-spergo, spergSre, spersi, sper-
sum, a. (di ; spargo), to scatter
about, disperse.
dis-pliceo, plicSre, plicui, plici-
tum, n. (dis; pl&ceo), to dis-
please.
dis-p5no, pdnSre, pdsui, p5si-
tum, a., to set in order, arrange,
dispose, distribute, station.
dis-pti^o, ftre, &vi, &tum, a. and
n., to examine, investigate; dis-
cuss; argue, dispute.
dissen-sio, dnis, /. (dissentio, §
163, b), difference of opinion,
disagreement, variance, strife,
quarrel.
dis-sentio, sentire, sensi, sen-
sum, n., to differ, disagree; to
be unlike.
dis-sSro, sSrSre, sSrui, sertum,
a. and n., to set asunder; to
argue about, discuss : to argue.
dis-similis, e, adj., unlike, dissim-
ilar.
dissimil-itado, inis,/. (dissiml-
lis, § 163, e), unlikeness.
dis-simtilo, Ire, &vi, fttum, a.
(dissimilis), (to pretend that a
thing is not what it is), to dis-
semble, disguise, hide, conceal.
dis-suadeo, d^re, si, sum, a.,
to advise against, dissuade, op-
pose.
di-sto, stSre, no perf., no sup., n.,
to stand apart : to be separate ; to
differ.
dis-trlUio, tr&hfoe, traal, trac-
turn, a., to pull or tear asunder,
divide, separate.
dis-tribuo, tribuSre, tribui, tri-
biLtum, a., to divide, distribute.
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
VOCABtJLARt. — 1.
23
di-8tringo, ngSre, nzi, ctmn, a.,
to draw asunder; to detain, hin-
der ; to occupy, engage,
dis-turbo, fire, fivi, fttum, a,, to
drive asunder, demolish, destroy,
thwart, ruin,
ditio, 6niB, /,, dominion, authority,
rrde, sway, power,
ditior, dltissimiiB, comp, and su-
perlative of dives.
diu, adv. (dies), hy day, a long
time, long ago; comp., diutius;
superlative, diutissime.
difi-turnus, a, um, adj. (diu), of
long duration, lasting, long.
diuturn-Itas, fitis,/. (diiituriius,
§ 163, e), length of time, long du- ,
ration,
diver-sus, a, um, part, (diverto),
different, unlike, contrary; in
diversa, in different directions,
asunder.
div-es, Itis, adj., rich (the nom,
and ace, of the neut. pi, do not
occur ; comp,, dlvitior or ditior ;
superlative, divitissimus or di-
tissimus.
di-vldo, vIdSre, vfsi, visum, to
separate, divide, distribute, ap-
portion, distinguish,
Divico, 6ms, m., a Helvetian
leader.
div-lnus, a, um, adj, (divus), of
or belonging to a deity, divine,
god-like.
Divitificus, i, m., an iEduan chief.
divit-iae, ftrum, / (dives, § 163,
e), riches, wealth.
do. dfire, d6di, dStum, a, (§ 126,
a, note, and § 351, ex.), to give,
grant, allow, permit, bestow, pre-
sent; finem dare, to put an end
to, pcsnas dare, to inflict pun-
ishment; aliquem in fugam
dare, to put one to flight; in
fugam se dare, to take to
flight.
ddceo, Sre, ui, tum, a., to teach,
instruct, inform, show, tell.
doc-tor, dris, m. (ddceo, § 162,
a), a teacher, instructor.
doc-trXna, ae, /. (doctor), teach-
ing, instruction; knowledge, learn-
ing,
doc-tus, a, um, part, (ddceo),
learned, skilled, versed, experi-
enced,
ddleo, Sre, ui, itum, n. and a., to
feel pain, grieve, lament, be sorry ;
to grieve over, deplore, be sorry
for. .
d61-or, 6ris, m. (ddleo, § 163, a),
pain, distress, sorrow, anguish,
trouble, vexation, anger.
ddlus, i, m., guile, fraud, deceit,
deception.
d6m-i-cil-ium, ii, n. (ddmus), a
habitation, dwelling, abode,
ddmlnS-tio, 6nis,/. (dominor, §
163, b), rule, dominion, lordship,
tyranny, despotism,
ddminor, SLri, fitus sum, dep,
(ddminus), to be lord and mas-
ter, have dominion, bear rule,
ddminus, i, m. (ddmo), a master,
lord, ruler, commander, chief;
owner.
ddmo, &re, ui, Itum, a,, to subdue,
vanquish, overcome, conquer.
ddmus, i, or us, /. (§ 70, /), a
house, divelling, abode, home,
household, family, race; domi,
at home,
ddnec, conj., as long as, while;
until.
ddno, fire, fivi, fitum, a. (ddnum),
to give, present, bestow (with ace.
of thing and dat. of person, or
ace. of person and abl. of thing,
§ 225, d),
d5-num, i, n. (do), a gift, present.
dormio, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, n., to
sleep, rest, be at ease, be inactii^e,
be careless.
Dr^sus, i, m., a Roman statesman.
Dubis, is, m., a river of Gaul.
dtlblta-tio, 6nis, /. (diiblto, §
163, b), a doubting; an uncer-
tainty, doubt, hesilaiion,
diiblto, fire, fivi, fitum, a. and n,
intens. (duo, through old form,
dubo), to doubt, hesitate.
Digitized by LjOOQ iC
24
LATIN LESSONS.
dtibiud, a, um, adj. (duo), doubt-
ful, irresolute. As Noun, n.,
doubt; procul dubio, without
doubt.
dti-centd, se, ^ num. adj. (duo ;
centum), two hundred.
dflco, duc^re, dtizi, ductum, a.,
to lead, conduct, draw, prolong,
put off, consider, think ; murum
ducere, to build a wall; theorem
in matrimonium ducere, to
marry (a woman).
dulcis, e, adj., sweet, agreeable,
delightful, pleasant, charming.
dum, conj., tvhile, until, so long as,
provided that.
dum-mddo, conj., provided that, if
onhj.
Dumndriz, Igis, m., an ^duan
chief.
dum-tazat, adv. (dum; tazo, to
estimate), only, simply, merely,
at least, so far.
duo, ae, o, num. adj., two.
du5-d6cim, num. adj., indecl.,
twelve.
dud-dS-vIginti, num. adj., indecl.,
two from ttventy, eighteen.
dii-plez, Icis, adj. (duo; plico,
to fold), twofold, double ; false,
deceitful, crafty.
ddruB, a, um, adj., hard, harsh,
rough, rude, stern, indifferent,
severe, painful.
dux, diicis, com. gen. (ddco), a
leader, commander, general-iti-
chief: guide.
Dyrr^chium, ii, n., a sea-coast
town of Illyria, fonnerly called
Epidam iius (now . Durazzo) .
e, ex, prep, with abl., out of, from.
of; ex itinere, on the march;
ex equo, on horseback.
Sbur, 6ris, n., ivory.
Sbur-neua, a, um, adj., (ebur, §
164, g), of ivory, ivory.
ec-ce, interj., to ! behold !
eo-qui, quae or qua, quod, pro-
nominal interrogative adj., wheth-
er any f if any f
ec-quis, quid, pronominal inter-
rogative substantive, whether any ?
any one, any body, any thing ? ec-
quid, as adverbial ace, why ?
Sd-ax, acis, adj. (edo, § 164, /),
voracious, gluttonous; devouring,
destroying.
8-dIco, dlcSre, dixi, dictum, a.,
to declare, publish, ordain, make
known; order, appoint, establish.
Sdic-tum, i, n. (6dIco), a procla-
mation, ordinance, edict.
^do, SdSre or esse, 8di, Ssum or
' essum, a. (§ 140), to eat, squan-
der, dissipate, devour, destroy.
6-do, dSre, didi, ditum, a., to give
forth, publish, declare, exhibit,
cause.
6-duco, dtlcdre, duxi, ductum,
a., to lead or draw out, lead forth,
march out troops.
Sdiipo, are, avi, atum, a., to bring
up, rear, educate.
effSmina-tus, a, um, parf. (eff Sm- •
Ino), womanish, effeminate.
ef-fSmino, are, avi, atum, a. (ex;
fSmina), to make womanish; to
effeminate, enervate.
ef-f^ro, eff erre, extflli, Siatum, a.
irreg. (ex; fgro), to bring forth,
carry forth, to bear out, produce,
publish, announce, exalt, elevate ;
efferi, to be haughty, proud.
ef-ficio, ficSre, fSci, fectum, a.
(ex ; f acio), to bring to pass, to
effect, execute, complete, mdke, to
produce, bear, yield.
ef-ftigio, fi&gSre, fugi, no sup., n.
and a. (ex ; ftigio), to flee out,
get aivay ; to Escape, avoid, shun.
ef-fundo, fundSre, fddi, fusum,
a. (ex; fundo), to pour out or
forth ; to drive out, cast out, emp-
ty, squander; effundere se, to
spread out.
SgS-nus, a, um, adj. (6geo), in
want of, in need of, destitute,
needy.
Digitized
by Google
VOCABULARY. ■
25
Sgeo, 6re, ui, no sup., n., to he needy,
suffer want; to lack, want, need,
6go, joron., /.
e-grSdior, grSdi, gresdus sum,
dep, (ex; gr&dior), to go out,
go forth; leave.
S-grSg-ius, a, um, adj. (e ; grex),
excellent, eminent^ surpassing, ex-
iraordinarg, remarkable.
8-jicio, jicSre, jSci, jectum, a.
(e; j&cio), to cast, thrust, or
drive out, expel, reject, banish;
ejicere se, to burst forth, rush
out.
gjuB-mddi, of that kind (is ; m6-
dus).
S-l&bor, l&bi, lapsus sum, dep. n.
and a., to slip aioay, escape, dis-
appear; to escape from.
S-l&tus, a, um, part. (effSro), ex-
alted, lofty, high.
61ec-tio, 6nis,/. (gligo, § 163, b),
a choice, selection.
SlSgan-ter, adv. (Slogans), with
correct choice, tastefully, neatly,
fitly.
SlSgant-ia, ae, /. (61€gahs, from
Sligo, § 163, e), taste, propriety,
refinement, grace, elegance.
SlSphantus, i, m., an elephant.
Sligo, ligSre, 16gi, lectum, a. (ex ;
ISgo), to choose or pick out, select.
fildquens, entis, part. (616quor),
eloquent.
Sldquent-ia, se, /. (Cldquens, §
163, e), a being eloquent, elo-
quence.
6-ldquor, qui, ciitus sum, dep.,
to .^peak out, utter, declare, speak
well or eloquently.
6-iaceo, IficSre, luxi, no sup., n.,
to shine out, shotc itself, be appar-
ent, manifest.
6-mitto, mittSre, misi, missum,
a., to send out or forth, publish ;
emittere vocem, to utter; emit-
tere animus, to give up the ghost,
die.
Smo, Sm6re, 6mi, emptum, a.,
to buy, purchase, gain, acquire,
obtain.
6-mollio, Ire, ii, Itum, a., to
soften; to make gentle, mild; to
enervate.
em-ptor, Sris, m. (Smo, § 162, a),
a buyer.
8n, interj., lo ! behold ! see ! see there !
S-narro, Are, Avi, &tum, a., to ex-
plain in detail.
S-nervo, Are, ftvi, Atum, a. (e;
nervus), to enervate, weaken,
render effeminate.
Snim, conj., for, indeed, truly, cer-
tainly.
ensis, is, m., a sword.
S-nuntio (cio), Are, &vi, &tum, a.,
to divulge, disclose ; to report, tell.
eo. Ire, Ivi or ii, itum, n. irreg., to
go (§ 141).
e6, adv. (is), thither; to that place,
so far; therefore. With Com-
paratives, by so much, so much,
the ; quo . . . eo, the . . . the.
e5dem, adv. (Idem), to the same
place, the same tcay.
Spigramma, &tis, n., an inscrip-
_ tion, epigram.
Epirus, i, /., a province in the
north of Greece.
Spistdla, ae, /, a letter, epistle.
Spiilae, arum,/., a feast, banquet.
Sptil-or, ari, atus, dep. (gpttlae),
to give an entertainment, fea^t, eat.
Sques, equltus, m. (Squus), a
horseman, rider; eqtdtes, caval-
ry: also the knights, the equites,
as an order in the state.
gque-ster, tris, tre, adj. (gques),
belonging to horsemen, equestrian.
S-quldem, adv., verily, truly, in-
deed, at all events, certainly, by
all means, of course, undoubtedly.
gquita-tus, Os, m. (Squito, § 163,
b), a riding; cavalry.
6quit-o, are, avi, atum, n.
(gques), to be a horseman, to
ride.
Squus, i, m., a horse, steed.
erga, prej). with ace, over against,
opposite to ; towards, against.
erg6, adv. (§ 156, e), therefore, ac-
cordingly.
Digitized
by Google
26
LATIN LESSONS.
6-rlgo, rlgSre, rezi, rectum, a.
(e; r6go), to raise or set up,
erect, construct; to encourage,
rouse, stimulate, cheer up.
6-ripio. ripfire, riput reptum, a.
(e ; r&pio), to snatch away, res-
cue ; eripere se, to snatch one^s
selfaioaif, to flee.
erro, 5re, kvi, &tum, n., to wander,
go astray, roam, rove.
err-or, 6ris, m. (erro, § 163, a), a
wandering away; an error, mis-
take, deception, delusion, false
notion.
S-rtibesco, rtibescSre, rtlbtii, no
sup., n. and a., to grow red ; to
blush ; to feel ashamed ; to feel
ashamed about.
S-riid-io, Ire, ivi or ii, Itum, a. (e ;
rtidis), to free from rudeness,
cultivate, educate, instruct, train,
polish.
6rtidl-tus, a, um, part. (Srtldio),
learned, accomplished, experi-
enced, skilled.
S-rumpo, rumpSre, rfipi, mp-.
turn, a and n., to burst forth,
sally forth.
5-ruo, rufire, mi, riitum, a., to cast
forth, tear out ; elicit, extract. .
6nip-tio, 6nis,/ (grumpo, § 163,
b), a bursting forth : a sally.
es-ca, ee,/. (^do), food, bait.
et, conj., and, also, even, too, as;
et . . . et, both . . . and, not
only . . . but also.
Stiam, conj., and, also, besides;
likeiqise, even, certainly, yes.
AVith Comparatives, still;
magis etiaxn, still more.
et-si, conj., though, although, even
if: yet, but.
Eubcea, ae, /, an island in the
iEgean sea, separated from
Boeotia by the Euripus.
Euripides, is, m., a celebrated
Athenian tragic poet.
Eur5pa, ee, /., the continent of
Europe.
S-vAdo, dSre, si, sum, n. and a.,
to go forth, depart, escape ; turn
out, end; to escape from, climb,
ascend.
6-vello, vellSre, velli or vulsi,
vulaum, a., to tear out, pluck
out, eradicate, erase, remove.
S-v6nio, vSnIre, vSni, ventum,
n., to come out, come forth ; to
come to pass, happen ; to result,
turn out.
Sven-tum, i, n. (fivSnio), an oc-
currence, event; issue, conse-
quence, result.
Sven-tus, us, m. (6vSnio, § 163,
b), an occwTence or event, for-
tune, fate, lot: the issue, residt.
S-verto, tSre, ti, sum, a., to turn,
drive or thrust out ; to overthrow,
ruin, destroy.
6-vIto, are, Svi, Stum, a., to shun,
avoid.
6-v5co, are, avi, atum, a., to call
out, summon.
5-v61o, are, avi, atum, n., to fly
forth, fly up, spring out.
8-v5mo, 8re, ui, Itum, a., to vomit
forth, cast out, give up.
fix or S (e only before consonants),
prep, with abl.,jout offrom^ of.
ex-anlmis, e, adj. (ez; Snima),
lifeless, dead.
ez-anlmo, are, avi, atum. a. (ez ;
anima), to deprive of life, kill.
ez-ardesco, ardescSre, arsi, ar-
sum), n. inch, (ardeo, § 167, a,
and note), to blaze up ; to be in-
flamed : to burn ; to rage.
ez-aro, are, avi, atum, a., to plough
up; to cultivate; to write, note, set
down (something on tablets).
ez-aspSro, are, avi, atum, a.
(asper), to make rough, fierce or
savage, to exasperate.
ez-cSdo, cSdSre, cessi, cessum,
n. and a., to go out, depart, with-
draw ; to die ; to exceed.
ezcell-^ns, entis,/7ar^(ez-cello),
high, lofty, distinguished.
ez-cello, ISre, lui, sum, n., to sur-
pass, excel.
ezcel-sus, a, um, part, (ezcello),
elevated, lofty, high.
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VOCABULAKY. — I.
27
ezcld-io, 5nis, //(ezacindo, §
163, h), a destroying, destruction.
ezcid-ium, ii, n. (ezscindo, §
163, /), overthrow, demolition,
ez-cido, cldgre, cldi, no sup., n,
(ex ; c&do), to fall doion, escape,
pass awayt perish. '
ez-cido, cidSre, cldi, cisum, a.
(ex ; caedo), to cut off, demolish,
destroy, lay waste, banish.
ez-cio, ire, ivi or ii, Itum or
Itum, a., to rouse, excite, stir up,
call forth, send for.
ez-clpio, clpSre, c6pi, ceptum,
a. (ex; c&pio), to take out; to
receive, take ; to catch, overtake ,
to succeed.
ez-clto, are, Svi, fttum, a. intens.
(excio, § 167, h), to rouse up,
stimulate, stir up, excite, instigate.
ex-clSUno, &re, &vi, Slttim, n. and
a., to call or cry out, shout aloud^
exclaim.
ex-clfido, clUdSre, clflsi, cliisuin,
a. (ex; claudo), to shut out, ex-
clude ; to cut off, remove, separate ,
to hinder, prevent : to drive out.
ex-c51o, c51Sre, c51ui, cultum,
a., to cultivate, till, tcork xoith
great care; to improve, polish,
adorn, refine, perfect ; to honor.
exctib-iae, Snim, / (exctibo), a
lying out on icatch: a watching,
keeping watch ; a watch, guard.
ex-c&tio, ciitgre, cassi, cussum,
a. (ex; qu&tio), to shake off,
throw away; to search, examine ,
to throw off, reject, discard.
exemplnm, i, n. (eximo), a sam-
ple, pattern, copy, warning ; case ,
precedent.
ex-eo, irS, Ivi or ii, Itiun, n., irreg.,
to go out or forth; withdraw, pass,
ascend.
ex-erceo, 6re, iii, itum, a. (ex;
arceo), to exercise, train; prac-
tise, use; odium exercerS, to
feel hatred; negotiam exer-
cere, to follow a business.
6xercitSl-tio, 5nis, /. (exercito,
§ 163, b), exercise, practice.
exerc-Ito, Sre, Avi, atum, a., in-
tens. (exerceo, .§ 167, b, and
note), to exercise diligently or
frequently.
exerc-ituB, lis, m. (exerceo), a
TRAINED body of men ; an army ,•
a multitude, host.
ex-haurio, rXre, si, Bttun, a., to
draw out, exhaust.
ex-hlbeo, Sre, ui, itum, a. (ex;
h£l3^o), to hold forth, shoiv, ex-
hibit, display; to maintain, sup-
port, sustain.
ex-horreo, horrSre, no perf, no
sup., n., to shudder at, be terri-
Jied at.
ex-horresco, horrescSre, hornii,
no sup., inch. (§ 167, a., and
note), n. and a., to tremble or
shudder exceedingly; to be terri-
fied ; to dread.
ex-igo, IgSre, Sgi, actum, a. (ex ;
ago), to drive forth, expel, en-
force, exact, demand ; finish,
complete: lead; pass: aUquid
ab aliquo exigSre, to demand
any thing from any one , ultio-
nem exigere, to take revenge.
exig-uuB, a, um, adj. (exigo),
scanty, small, little, petty, mean.
e^-lis, e, adj. (exigo), small, thin,
slender, meagre,
exlm-ius, a, um, adj. (eximo), se-
lect, distinguished, extraordinary,
uncommon, excellent.
ex-imo, imSre, 8mi, emptum, a.
(ex ; Smo), to take aioay : free,
release, deliver; remove, banish.
6xi8tim&-tio, duis,/. (existimo,
§ 163, b), a judging, judgment,
opinion, reputation, good name,
character.
ex-istimo, Are, &vi, &tum, a. (ex ;
aestimo), to judge, consider, sup-
pose, think, esteem.
ex-istiimo, see existimo.
exi-tium, ii, n. (exeo, § 163,/),
destruction, ruin, hurt, mischief
exi-tus, us, m. (exeo, § 163, b), a
going forth: departure, end, death,
outlet, passage, issue, result.
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
28
LATIN LESSONS.
ez-5rior, 5rlri, ortus sum, dep.,
to rise up, arise, proceed, begin,
appear, beconte.
ez-oro, are, ftvi, &tam, a., to per-
suade by entreaty ; to gain by en-
treaty.
ez-p§dio, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, a.
(ex; pes) (to free the feet from),
to extricate, disengage : let loose,
set free, release : bring out ; ob-
tain, prepare, arrange.
ezpSdit, impers., it is profitable,
useful.
ezpSdi-tio, 5nis, /. (ezpSdio, §
163, b), an expedition, excursion,
ezp6di-tu8, a, um, part, (ezpS-
dio), unimpeded, free, easy;
light-armed, tcithout baggage,
ez-pello, pellfire, ptili, pulsum,
a., to drive out, eject, expel.
ezpej-giscor, pergisci, perrec-
tus sum, d^p. (ezpergo), to be
awakened ; to awake.
ezpSrI-mentum, i, n. (ezpSrior,
§ 163, c), a proof, trial, experi-
ment.
ez-pSrior, pSrXri, pertus sum,
dep. (ez; pSrior, obsolete}-, to try,
prove, put to the test: attempt;
experience.
ez-pers, ertis, adj. (ez; pars),
having no part in, destitute of,
devoid of.
ez-pSto, €re, Ivi or ii, itum, a., to
long for, desire, seek earnestly.
ez-pio, Are, Slvi, 3.tum, a., to atone
for, expiate.
ezpl5rSl-tor, Sris, m. (ezpl5ro, §
162, a), a searcher out, scout, spy.
ez-pldro, are, Svi, atum, a., to
search out, examine, explore, dis-
cover, spy out, reconnoitre.
ez-p5no, p5nSre, p5sui, pdsl-
tum, a., to lay or put out, set
forth, expose; exhibit; explain;
to set on shore, disembark, land.
ez-posco, poscSre, pdposci, no
sup., a., to ask earnestly, request,
entreat, implore,
ezp5s-ltio, 5nis, /. (ezpSno, §
163, b), a setting forth^ exposi-
tion; an exhibiting, showing; a
narration,
ez-prlmo, prlmSre, press!, pres-
sum, a, (ez; prSmo), to press
out, force out; imitate, copy,' de-
scribe, express, utter.
ez-prdbro, are, avi, atimi, a. (ez ;
probrum), to reproach, upbraid,
charge,
ez-pr5mo, prdmSre, prompsi,
promptum, a., to show forth,
discover, exhibit, display.
ez-pugno, are, avi, atum, a., to
take by assault: to storm, cap-
ture, reduce; conquer, subdue.
ezpul-sus, a, um, part, of expeUo.
ez-quuro, rSre, sivi, situm, a. (ez;
quasro), to search diligently ; to
investigate ; to inquire, to ask,
ez-scindo, scindSre, scidi, scis-
sum, a,, to cut off; to tear out,
destroy.
ez-secror, ari, atus sum, dep.
(ez ; sicro), to curse, to take a
solemn oath.
ezsgqu-iee, arum,/.(ez; sSquor),
a funeral procession; funeral
rites, obsequies.
ez-sSquor, sSqui, sScfltus sum,
dep., to follow out, accomplish,
execute: enforce,
ez-sSro, §re, ui, tum, a., to thrust
out, reveal, show,
ez-slLio, slllre, sUui, sultum, n.,
(ez; saiio), to spring forth, leap
up, start up,
ezsil-ium, ii, n, (ezsul), banish-
ment, exile,
ez-sisto, sistSre, stlti, stltum, n.,
to step forth, come forth, emerge,
appear; to proceed, arise, be-
come ; to exist, be,
ez-specto, are, avi, atum, a., to
await, expect; to look, hope, or
lotig for ; to desire ; to antici-
pate, apprehend, fear.
ez-spiro, are, avi, atum, a. and n.,
to breathe out, exhale ; to breiithe
one's last, expire,
ez-stinguo, stinguSre, stinzi,
stinptum, a., to put out, quench^
Digitized
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VOCABULARY. 1.
29
extingtUsh; to killy destroy;
aqua eztinctus, dromied.
ex-8to, are, no perf.j no sup*,, n.,
to stand forth ; to he visible ; ap-
pear, exist.
ez-Btruo, 6re, zi, ctom, a., to
heap up ; to huild up, raise,
erect, construct.
ex-silgo, BiigSre, stud, suotum,
a., to suck out,
ez-Bul, iUis, com. gen. (ex;
851um) (one who quits, or is
banished from his native soil),
an exile.
ezsiilo, Are, ftvi, fttnm, n. (ez-
sul), to he an exile, to live in
exile.
ezsol-to, Are, ftvi, fttum, n., in-
tens. (ezsIUo, § 167, b), to
spring, leap, or jump up : to ex-
ult, rejoice exceedingly.
eztemplo, adv., immediately,
straightway.
ez-ter (tSrus), Sra, Snim, adj.,
(ez), foreign, strange; comp.,
eztSrior, outward, outer, exte-
rior ; superlative, eztrSmus or
eztimiu, outermost, last, ex-
treme.
ez-terreo, terrfire, temii, terri-
turn, a., to alarm, teirify.
ez-tollo, toUSre, no perf, no sup.,
to lift up, raise up, exalt.
eztrft, adv. and prep, with ace.
(ezter), on the outside, without,
excejH; outside of, beyond, ex-
cept.
ez-trSho, trShSre, trazt tractnm,
a., to draw forth ; to withdraw,
release, extract, protract, pro-
long, jyut off:
eztra-ordin-SLrius, a, um, adj.
(eztra ; ordo), out of the com-
mon order, extraordinary.
ezuo, uSre, td, Htum, a. (§ 225,
d), to draw off; pull off, cast off,
lay aside; to strip, despoil, de-
prive.
ez-Hro, UrSre, ussi, ustum, a., to
hum up, consume, destroy, rav-
age, waste.
f&ba, se, /., a bean.
f&-ber, bri, vi. (f&clo), a carpen- .^-(.^
ter, smith, artisan, workman, "-'
maker.
f&-ber, bra, brum, adj. (facie),
jkilful, ingenious, workmanlike.
F&brlcius, U, m., a.Konian name.
f &brico, are, Slvi, atum, a. (f aber),
^ to frame, make, construct, build.
f&bricor, Sri, &tuB sum, dep., to
frame, construct, build ; prepare,
form, fashion.
f&-btila, 8B, /. (for), a story, tale,
play, fable.
f&cet-iae, arum,/. (fac6tus, § 163,
e), wit, witty sayings, drollery,
humor.
facStUB, a, um, adj., courteous,
jwlite ; elegant, fine; merry,
witty. Jocose, humorous.
faci-es, 51,/. (f^cio), form, figure,
face, countenance, appearance,
aspect.
facil-e, adv. (facllis), easily ; cer-
tainly ; readily.
fac-Ilis, e, adj. (facio), easy, cour-
teous, affable.
fac-inus, dris, n. (facio), a deed,
act, action, crime, misdeed, bad
deed.
facio, facSre, fSci, factum; pas-
sive, fio, fiSri, f actus sum, a., to
make, do, form, produce ; castra
f acere, to pitch camp : fit, it hap-
pens, is usual ; fiat, so be it.
fac-tio, 5nis, /. (facio, § 163, e),
a making : a party : faction.
fac-tum, i, n. (facio), a deed, act,
exploit.
fac-tus, a, um, part, (facio), done,
accomplished.
facul-tas, atis, /. (facilis, § 163,
e), capability, power, opportunity;
abundance, plenty, supply.
fa-cundus, a, um, adj. (for), Jlu-
ent, eloquent.
fallo, failure, fSfelli, falsum, a.,
to deceive, cheat, escape the nO'
tice of.
Digitized
by Google
Sb
LATIN LESSONS.
fal-BUB, a, um, part (fallo), decep-
tive, feigned^ spurious, false.
fftma, 8B,/., the common talk, report,
tradition ; character, reputation.
f&meB, is, /., hunger, famine, poo-
erty.
f&mil-ia, ae, /. (famtilus, a ser-
vant), family-servants, domestics,
family^ household.
f&nili-kris, e, adj. (famUia), of or
belonging to a house; domestic,
private, intimate!
f&nlli-aris, is, m. (f&nilia), a fa-
miliar friend.
f&miUar-itas, &ti8 (f^miliaris. §
163, e), intimacy^ familiar inter-
course, friendship.
famlUar-Iter, adv. (fammaris),
on friendly term^, intimately.
far, farris, n. (a species of grain),
spelt, meal.
fas, indecL, n. (for) (that which is
right in the sight of heaven),
divine law; right, justice, equity.
fascia, is, m., a bundle, parcel;
fasces, pi., a bundle of rods and
an axe carried by the lictors
before a chief magistrate, with
which criminals were scourged
and beheaded ; the fasces.
fft-tum, i, n. (for), destiny, fate,
calamity:
fauces, ium, /. (found in the sing,
only in the all. ; fauce), the
throat, gullet; a defile, pass.
Fausti&lus, i, m., the shepherd
who brought up Romulus and
Remus.
Paustus, i., m., son of Sulla.
f^veo, f&v6re, fSvi, fautum, n.,
to favor, promote, befriend, pro-
tect.
fSv-or, 5ri8, m. (fSveo, § 163, a),
favor, good will, inclination^ par-
tiality.
fax, facis, yi, a torch, firebrand.
f Sbris, is, /, a fever.
Fibru&rius, ii, m., February.
fSles or f61is, is,/., a cat.
fClIc-I^as, atis,/. (fglix, § 163, e),
happiness, felicity.
fSlIc-lter, adv. (ffiliz), auspicious-
ly, favorably.
f6-liz, Icis, adj. (fee, to produce),
fruitful : auspicious, happy, for-
tunate, lucky.
f6-mlna, ae, f. (fee, to produce),
a female, woman.
femur, dris or inis, n., the thigh.
fSra, 89, /. (fSrus), a wild animal,
ivild beast.
fSr8, adv., nearly, almost, about,
quite, scarcely, generally, usually.
fermS, adv., nearly, abnost.
fgro, ferre, ttlli, l&tum, a., irreg.
(§ 139), to bear, bring, endure;
bring forth ; tell, relate : liaise,
exalt : ferunt, they say : fertur,
it is said ; auzilium ferre, to
bring aid : injurias ferre, to in-
flict injuries; ferre legem, to
propose a law.
fSr-oz, 6cia,adJ. (f^^r 6), impetuous,
courageous, bold ; ferce, savage,
insolent.
ferrum, i, n., iron ; sword, arms.
fSrus, a, um, adj., wild, unculti-
vated, rude, savage, cruel.
fessus, a, um, adj., wearied, tired,
fatigued, weak, feeble.
festino, are, avi, atum, n. and a.,
to hasten, hurry, accelerate.
ficus, i, and fls, /. and m., a fig-
tree; a fig.
fid-Slis, e, adj. (fides), trusty,
faithful, sincere.
fides, ei,/. (fido), trust, faith, con-
fidence, belief, credit; promise,
engagement, word.
fido, fidSre, fisus sum, n., semi-
dep. (§ 136), to trust, confide, put
confidence in.
fidiie-ia, ae,/. (fidus), confidence,
assurance, boldness. .
fId-us, a, um, adj. (fido), faithful,
trusty, safe.
figo, gSre, xi, xum, a., to fix, fas-
ten, settle, pierce.
fllia, ae, /. {dat. and abl. plur.,
sometimes filiabus ; § 36, e), a
daughter.
fil451a, ae, /, little daughter.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
SI
fnias, ii, m. (vocat. sing., fill ; § 40,
c), a son.
fingo, fingSre, fiiud, fictum, a.,
to form, shape, make ; contrive,
devise, invent, feign.
fm-io, ire, ivi or 11, Itum, a.
(finis), to limit, hound, finish.
finiB, is, m. and /., a boundary,
limit, end; fines, pi., the borders
(of a territory), territory.
fCn-Itimas, a, um, adj. (finis),
bordering upon, adjacent to,
neighboring.
fin-itimi, 5rum. m. (finis), neigh-
bors.
iio, see f&cio.
firm-itas, &tis, /. (firmus, § 163,
c), firmness, solidity, durability,
strength.
firm-lter, adv. (firmus), firmly,
strongly.
firm-itfido, Inis,/. (firmus, § 163,
^), firmness, solidity, durability,
strength.
firmo, Are, ftvl, Stum, a. (firmus),
to make firm : to strengthen, sup-
port : to fortify; to encourage.
fir-mus, a, um, adj. (fftro), firm,
strong, durable, steadfast.
fisus, a, um, part, (fido), having
trusted.
fizus, a, um, part, (figo), fixed
fast, immovable.
fl&glt-lum, 11, n. (flftgito), a shame-
ful or disgraceful act; shame,
disgrace; rascal, scoundrel.
fl&glto, &re, Avi, &tum, a., to de-
mand fiercely ; to entreat, impor-
June.
fligrb, are, Svi, fttum, n., to fame,
blaze, burn ; to be infi.amed, ex-
cited.
flymen, inis, m., a priest (devoted
to the service of some particular
deity).
flamma, ae, /, a flame.
fla-tus, us, m. (flo, § 163, b), a
blowing, blast, breeze.
flecto, flectSre, flezl, flezum, a.
and n., to bend, turn, direct, per-
suade, avoid.
fleo, Sre, Svl, Stum, n. and a., to
weep, icail, lament, cry.
flS-tus, us, m. (fleo, § 163, h), a
weeping,
fligo, Sre, no perf, no sup., a., to
strike, strike down.
flo, are, avl, atum, n. and a., to
blow : to blow at, blow out, blow
away.
fldre-ns, ntis, part. (fl5reo),
flourishing, blooming, prosper^
ous, fine, excellent.
fl5r-eo, 6re, ui, no sup., n. (flos),
to bloom, blossom, flower ; to be
prosperous, to be in good repute ;
potentia florere, to he powerful :
oplbus florere, to be rich ; bel-
lica laude florere, to enjoy mil-
itary renown.
flos, floris, m., a blossom, flower.
fluotu-dsus, a, um, adj. (fluctus,
§ 164, I), full of waves, billowy.
fluctus, (is, 9/2. (fluo), a billow,
surge, tcave.
flfi-men, Inis, n. (fluo ; that which
flows along), a river, stream.
fluo, Sre, xl, xum, n., to flow, over-
flow, stream, pour ; to pass away,
disappear.
fliiv-ius, 11, m. (fluo), a river, run-
ning water, stream.
f5cus, 1, m., a fire-place, hearth.
f5dio, ifddere, fodi, fossum, a.
and n., to dig, dig up ; to be em-
ployed in digging.
fcedus, a, um, adj., foul, filthy,
ugly, horrible, abominable, de-
testable.
foed-us, Srls, n. (fidus), a league,
treaty., compact, agreement.
foll-ic'tllus, 1, m. dim. (foUls, § 164,
a), a ball (filled with air).
fons, fontis, m. (fundo), a spring,
fountain ; source, origin, cause.
for. fari, fatus sum, dep. (§ 144,
c), to speak, say.
f5ramen, inis, n., an opening,
aperture, hole.
fore, fut. inf. of sum.
f 5ris, is, /., a door, gate (gen. pi.,
f5rum).
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LATIN LESSONS.
fdris, adv,, out of doorSf abroad,
without.
for-ma, se, /. (f^roy shape, form,
heanlij.
formica, ae,/., an ant, pismire.
formido, lmB,f.,fear, terror, dread.
formfd51-5Bus, a, um, adj. (for-
mido, § 164, L), dreadful, terri-
ble, terrific ; timid, fearful.
fors, fortis,/ (fSro), chance, hap,
hazard, fortune.
fors, adc, perchance, perhaps.
forte, adc. (fors), by chance, per-
haps.
for-sit-an, adc, perhaps (fors ; sit ;
an).
fort-as-se, adv. (forte; an; sit),
perhaps, by chance.
for-tis, e, adj. (fSro), strong, pofo-
erful, courageous, brave.
fort-iter, adv. (fortis), strongly,
potcerfully, boldly, valiantly,
manfully.
fort-una, ae,/. (fors), chance, luck,
fortune; good luck, prosperity;
fate, lot.
fdrum, i, n., a market place, pub-
lic square, forum ; a long, open
space in Rome between the
Capitoline and Palatine hills,
surrounded by porticos and the
shops of bankers.
fos-sa, ee,/. (f 6dio), a ditch, trench.
fSveo, f6vSre, f6vi, fdtum, a., to
warm, keep warm; cherish, ca-
ress, love, assist.
fr&g-llis, e, adj. (frango), easily
broken, brittle, iceak, frail.
frango, frangSre, frSgi, fractum,
a., to break, crush, subdue, peak-
en, wear out.
frtter, fr&tris, m., a brother.
fr&ter-nus, a, um, adj. (friter),
brotherly, fraternal, of a brother.
fraudo, &re, Avi, Stum, a. (fraus),
to cheat, beguile, defraud.
fraus, fraudis,/., deceit, deception,
guile, crime.
frendo, frendfire, no perf, frSsum
or fressum, n. and a., to gnash
(with the teeth), to crush.
frSnum, i, n. (pi. sometimes frSnl,
5rum), a bit, curb, restraint.
fr^uens, entis, adj., often, fre-
quent, common, usual; full,
crowded, numerous.
frSquen-ter, adv. (fr^quens), of-
ten, jrequently.
fr6quent-ia, se, /. (frSquens, §
163, e), an assemblage, multitude,
crowd, throng.
frSquento, &re, &vi, &tum, a.
(frSquens), to vint, frequent,
resort: to crowd,
frStus, a, um, adj., relying or de-
pending upon, trusting to.
frig-ldus, a, um, adj. (frigus),
cold, cool.
frigus, dris, n., cold, coldness.
frons, frondis, /., a leaf; leaves,
foliage.
frons, frontis, /., the forehead,
brow, front.
fructu-5sus, a, um, adj. (fructus,
§ 164, ^:), fruitful; productive,
advantageous, profitable.
fruc-tuB, us, m., fruit, profit, ad-
vantaqe, income.
friigai.itas, &tis, /. (frOg&lis, §
163, e), economy, temperance,
thrift iness, frugality.
friiges, um, /. pi. (frux), fruits of
the earth, crops.
fniment-ftrius, a, um, adj. (fru-
mentum), of corn; res fru-
mentaria, corn,' provisions.
fru>mentum, i, n. (fruor), corn,
grain.
fruor, frui, fructus and fruitus
sum, dep. a., to enjoy, delight in.
frustra, adv., without effect, in
vain; without cause.
ftig-a, se,/. (ftlgio), a flight, exile,
banishment.
ftigio, fi&gSre, ffigi, ftigitum, n.
and a., to flee or fly; to run
away; to pass away, disappear,
perish : to avoid, shun, escape.
fulg-or, oris, m. (fulgeo, § 163, a),
flash, glitter, gleam, brightness.
fulgeo, fugfire, fulsi, no sup., n.,
to flash, lighten.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
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fulg-ur, tlriB, n. (fulgeo), lighu
nine/ ; brightness, splendor.
Fulvia, ae, /., wife of Clodius and
of Antony.
fund-ltor, 5riB, m. (funda, a
sling), one who slings, a stinger.
fundo, fundSre, fiidt fusum, a.,
to pour, shed out; to bring forth,
scatter, rout: lacrimas fiindere,
to shed tears ; hostes fundere,
to rout the enemy; fundi, to be
poured out, to Jlow.
fungor, fungi, functus sum, dep.,
to perform, execute, administer,
discharge, observe, do, fulfil.
fun-ictilus, i, m. dim. (funis, §
164, a), a slender rope, a cord.
funis, is, m., a rope, line ; cable.
fiinus, gris, n., funeral rites, burial.
fur, ftlris, com. gen., a thief rascal.
ftir-or, 5ris, ?«. (furo, § 163, a),
rage, madness, fury.
G^des, ium,^., a colony in south-
em Hispania (Cadiz).
Oaius (Caius), ii, m., a Roman
name.
Oalba, ae, m., a Roman emperor ;
a chief of the Suessiones.
Qalli, 5rum, m., the people of Gaul.
g&lea, ae,/., a helmet.
Gallia, ae, /., Gaul.
Oallic-&nus, a, um, adj. (Qalll-
cus), Gallic.
Qall-lcus, a, um, adj. (Qallia),
Gallic.
gall-Ina, ae, /. (gallus, a cock), a
hen.
Gallus, i, m., a Gaul.
Gallus, i, m., a Roman name.
garrtil-Itas, atis, /. (garrtilus, §
163, e), a chattering, prating,
talkaticeness, garrulity.
garr-tUus, a, um, adj. (garrio, to
chatter), chattering, prating, bab-
bling, talkative.
Garumna, 8B, 7/1., a river of Graul
(now Garonne).
gaudeo, gaudSre, gAvHsus sum,
n. semi-dep. (§ 136), to rejoice,
be glad.
gaud-ium, ii, n. (gaudio, § 163,/),
joy. gladness, delight.
g61-idus, a, um, adj. (g61o, to
freeze), icy cold, very cold.
gglu! (is, n., cold, frost, chill.
g6mina-tus, a, um, part. (g6ml-
no), doubled, double.
gSmino, &re, &vi, Sltum, a. and n.
(gSmlnus), to double, to join; to
be double.
gS-mlnus. a, um, adj. (gSno, to
bring forth), twin, double: ge-
mini fratres, twins.
gemma, ae, f, precious stone, gem,
jewel.
g^mo, gre, ui, itum, n. and a., to
sigh, groan, moan, lament.
gSner, 6ri, m., a son-in-law.
GSn6va, ae, /., a city of the Allo-
broges.
ggn-itus, a, um, part, (gigno), be-
gotten, born.
gens, gentis, /., a clan, tribe, race.
gSnu, us, n., the hiee.
gSnus, gris, n., birth, descent, ori-
gin, race, posterity.
Germ&nus, a, um, adj., German.
Germftni, drum, m. pi., the Ger-
mans.
gSro, gSrSre, gessi, gestum, a.,
to wear, bear, carry, do, transact,
carry on ; se gerere, to conduct,
one's self; bellum gerrere, to
carry on War ; res gestae, deeds,
exploits ; morem gerere, to
humor.
gesta, orum, n. pi. (g6ro), deeds,
exploits.
gest-ito, are, Svi, atum, a. intens.
(gesto, § 167, b, and note), to
* carry often, carry, bear.
ges-to, are, avi, atum, a. intens.
(gero, § 167, b, and note), to
bear, carry, have.
ges-tus, a, um, jmrt. of gSro.
gigno, gignSre, gSnui, ggnltum,
a., to beget, bear, bring forth
produce.
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I.ATIK LSSSCmS.
gl&cieB, 6i, /., ice.
gl&di-ator, *5ri8, m. (gl&dhiB), a
sworihman^ gladiator,
gl^dius, ii, m., a stconl.
glans, glandis, /., an acorn, nut :
an acorn-shaped ball of lead or
clay.
gl5ria, ee, /., glory, fame, renown;
ambition, pride, boasting, brag-
ging.
glori-or, ftri, &tii8 sum, dep.
(gloria), to glory, boast, vaunt,
pride one*s self on any thing.
gl5ri-osu8, a, um, adj. (gl5ria, §
164, k),full of glory, glorious, fa-
mous, renowned : vainglorious,
boasting^ bragging, conceited.
On. (Cn.), Gnseus, a Roman name.
Qracchus, i, m., Tiberius Grac-
chus, tribune, B.C. 133 ; and his
brother, Caius Gracchus, trib-
une, B.C. 123; both authors of
popular laws, and slain by the
nobility.
gr&dior, gr&di, gressus sum,
dep., to step, walk, go.
gr&d-us, us, m. (grSdior), a step,
pace ; station, position : step or
round of a ladder ; degree.
Qreec-iilus, i, m. dim. (Graecus,
§ 164, a), a Greekling, a poor
Greek.
Graecus, a, um, adj., Greek.
Graecus, 1, m., a Greek.
grSUnen, inis, n., grass, a plant,
herb.
grSlmin-eus, a, um, adj. (gr&nen,
§ 164, g), gras.y/.
gramm&tica, ae, /., grammar, phi-
lology, criticism.
grandis, e, adj., big, large, great,
full, abundant ; grown up, tall :
aged, old ; strong, powerful.
gr&num, 1, n., a grain, seed, ker-
nel.
gr&phium, 1, n., a writing-style.
gr Sites, pi. (usually only in the
nom. and ace), f, thanks ;
grates agere, to give thanks.
grat-ia, ae,/. (gratus, § 163, e), fa-
vor, esteem, regard, liking, love.
friendship ; charm, beauty, grace ;
kindness, courtesy^ service, obli-
gation: gratiae, pi., thanks;
agere gratias, to give thanks ;
facere gratiam, to grant pardon,
forgive; gratia, with the gen.
(§ 245, c),for the sake of, on ac-
count of, in reference to, for the
purpose of; ea. grsitia, for this or
that reason, on this or that ac-
count i gratisun debere, to owe
thankft, be under obligations to;
gratiam reddere, to requite, rec-
ompense ; in gratiam reducere,
to reconcile.
gratttia-tio, 6nis, /. (grattUor, §
163, b), a congratulation, a rejoic-
ing, Joy : a religious festival of
Joy and thanksgiving.
grat-tilor, ari, atus sum, dep.
(gratus), to wish Joy, congratu-
late , to give thanks ; to thank.
gratus, a, um, adj., beloved, dear,
pleasing, • agreeable j thankful,
grateful.
grkvat-e, adv. (gr^vatus), with
difficulty, unwillingly.
grava-tim, adv. (grkvo), tcith dif-
ficulty, unwillingly.
gravis, e, adj., heavy, weighty, bur-
densome, important, grave, se-
vere, violent.
grav-iter, adv. (gravis), heavily,
severely, tveightily ; elaborately,
painfully, harshly, seriously.
gravo, are, avi, atum, a. (gravis),
to load, burden, weigh down, op-
press.
gravor, are, atis, sum, dep. (gra-
vis), to take amiss, bear with re-
luctance.
grgmium, ii n., the lap, bosom.
gres-sus, us, 772.(gradior, § 163, b),
a stepping, going, step, course,
way.
grex, grggis, 7n., a flock, herd,
drove, troop, band, crowd, com-
pany.
gtiberna-tor, 5ris, m. (giiberno,
§ 162, a), a steersman^ pilot;
ruler, governor.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
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giibemo, fire, ftvi, atum, a., to
steer or pilot a ship; to direct,
manage^ (jovern,
gusto, &re, &vi, &tum, a., /o taste,
partake of,
gymn^ium, ii, n., a public school
for gymnastic exercises.
h&beo, h&b6re, h&bui, h&bitum,
a., to have, hold, keep, possess ; to
think, consider, regard, esteem;
bene se habere, to be well : sic
habere, to be even so; haberi
pro, to be regarded as.
h&b-iiis, e, adj, (h&beo), suitable,
ft, proper ; light, nimble, swif.
h&b-lto, Are, &vi, &tum, a. and n.
intens, (h&beo, § 167, b, and
note), to hare possession of, to
inhabit; to dwell, reside.
hib-itus, fls, m. (hSbeo, § 163,
b), condition, plight, habit, state ;
dress, attire ; nature, character.
Jiac-tSntis, adv., thus far, up to this
time, hitherto,
Hadrift, se, m., the Adriatic sea.
haedus, i, m., a young goat, a kid.
hsereo, hsejfiie, hsesi, haesam, n.,
to hold fast, hang, stick, adhere,
be fixed, sit firm.
hSmtis, i, m., a hook.
Hannibal, Slis, m., the son of
Hamilcar, leader of the Car-
thaginians in the second Punic
War.
Hanno, 5nis, m., a Carthaginian
leader.
Harudes, um, m, pi., a Grerman
tribe in Gaul.
h&ruspez, icis, m., an inspector
of entrails, interpreter of sacri-
fices, a soothsayer, diviner (who
foretold future events from the
inspection of victims).
Hasdriibal, &lis, m., a Cartha-
ginian leader.
hasta, 8B, /., a spear, lance, spike,
javelin.
hand, adv., not at all, by no means,
not.
haud-qu&quam, adv., not at all,
by no means.
haurio, haurXre, hausi, haustum,
a., to drain, empty, drink up :
devour, destroy, consume, drink
in, exhaust.
hfibes, €tis, adj., blunt, dull, stupid,
obtuse.
hfibSto, Are, Avi, &tum, a. (hSbes),
to make blunt; to dull, impair,
dim: to weaken.
Helvetia, ee, f, modem Switzer-
land.
HelvStii, 5rum, m. pi., a people
of Gallia.
HelvStius, a, um, adj., Helvetian,
of the He I vet ii : ager Helvetius,
the territory of the Helvetii.
herba, ae, /., grass, green blades,
herbage.
h§r§d-itas, &tds, /. (hSres, § 163,
e), heirship, an inheritance.
hSres, Sdis, 771. and sometimes
f, an heir, heiress , owner, pos-
sessor.
h€ri or hSre, adv., yesterday ; lately,
heu, inierj. (an exclamation of
pain or grief), oh! ah! alas!
hiberna, orum, n. pi., winter-quar-
ters.
hib-ernus, a, um, adj. (hiems), of
or belonging to winter , wintry,
hie, hasc, hoc, pron. demonstr. (§
101), this, this of mine . he, she, it ;
the latter opposed to ille; hoc,
on this account, in this way,
hie, adv., here, hereupon,
hiSmo, are, Avi, &tum, n. and a.
(hiems), to pass the winter, win-
ter : to be ivintry, frozen, cold.
hiems (mps), Sxnis,/.,M6 winter,
a storm, tempest.
hiiar-e, adv. (hilSris), cheerfully,
gayly; Jotjfully, merrily,
hii&iis, e ; -us, a, um, adj., cheer-
ful, lively^ qay^ merry.
hil^-itas, atis,/. (hil&ris, § 163,
€), cheerfulness, gayety, good-
humor, mirth.
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LATIN LESSONS.
hinc, adii. (hic), from this place,
from here: from this time, here-
after ; affo, since : hence ; hinc
. . . hinc, on the one hand . . .
on the other.
hirundo, inis, /., a swallow.
HispSnia, ae, /., Spain.
hd-di6, adv. (hoc; die), to-day,
now.
H5mSruB, i, m., Homer; the great
epic poet of Greece.
hdmo, inis, com. gen., a human
being : a man or woman, a
mortal.
hdnes-tas, &tis, /. (honestus, §
163, e), honor, reputation, charac-
ter, respectability, credit; honesty,
probity, integrity.
hdnes-tuB, a, um, adj. (hdnor),
honored, distinguished, respect-
able, noble, virtuous.
h5nor (os), oris, m., honor, repute,
respect, esteem, dignity, integrity;
honores, pi., offices of honor,
public offices.
h5n5rSl-tus, a,um,;)ar/.(h5ndro),
honored, respected, respectable,
distinguished.
hdnoriflc-e, adv. (hdn5rificus),
comp. h5n5rincentiuB, sup,
hdnorificentissimS, toith honor
or I'espect : in an honorable man-
ner, honorably.
hdnor-i-ficuB, a, um, adj. (hdnor;
ikcio), bringing honor, honor-
able; comp. h5n5rlflcentior,
sup. hdnoriflcentisslmus.
hdnoro, 6re, §lvi, Sltum, o.(h5nor)»
to honor, respect, adorn.
h5ra, ae,/!, an hour; time, season.
HSratius, ii, m. («), the name of
the three brothers, in the time
of Tulhis Hostilius, who fought
aeainst the Alban Curatii; (h)
Horatiiis Codes, who, in the
war with Porsenna, defended a
bridge single-handed.
hordeum, i, n., barley.
horre-ndus, a, Mm, part, (horreo),
dreadful, terrible,fearful, terrific,
horrible.
horreo, horrSre, no perf, no sup.,
n. and a., to bristle ; to tremble,
shudder; to shudder or he fright-
ened at, to dread ; to look rough,
dreadful, horrid.
horreum, i, n., a store-house, bam,
granary.
horr-Idus, a, um, adj. (horreo),
rough, shaggy, bristly; savage,
wild; unpolished, uncouth.
horr-or, 5riB, m. (horreo. § 163,
a),' a bristling; a shaking; dread,
terror, horror; veneration, relig-
ious awe.
horta-tio, -6ni8,/. (hortor, § 163,
h\ an encouragement, exhorta-
tion.
horta-tUB, flB, 7n.(hortor, § 163, 6),
an encouragement, exhortation.
hortor, ftri, iltiB sum, dep.^ to in-
cite, instigate, encourage^ cheer^
exhort, urge.
hortUB, i, m., a garden.
hospeB, itiB, m., a sojourner,
visitor, guest, friend ; a stranger,
foreigner.
hoBpit-ium, ii, n. (hospes), hos-
pitality : a place of hospitality,
lodging, inn.
hoBt-flis, e, adj. (hoBtiB, § 164,
wi), of or belonging to an enemy,
hostile.
hoBl31-iter, adv. (hoBlSiB), like
an enemy, hostilely.
hoBtiB, iB, com. gen., a stranger, an
enemy.
hue, adv. (hie), to this place, hither :
hitherto, thus far; hue illue, and
hue et illue, hither and thither.
hHjuB-mddi, of this kind.
hflman-ItaB, fttiB,/. (hfUnanus, §
163, e), human nature, humanity,
philanthropy, gentleness, kind-
ness : liberal culture, refinement.
hiim-&nuB, a, um, adj. (homo),
pertaining to man, human, gentle,
kind, courteous, civilized.
htimSruB, i, m., the shoulder.
hiim-iduB, a, um, adj. (hdmea
to be moist), moist, humid, damp,
wet.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
87
hfim-His, e, adj, (htimus), Ioxl\
lowly, smally slight ; humble,
poor, insignificant ; low, mean ;
huxnili loco natum esse, to be
of lowly birth,
hiimor, 6ris, m., a liquid, Jluid,
moisture,
hXanvLB, i, /. (§ 258, d), the earth,
ground, soil, land, country.
ibi, adv., in that place, there ; then,
thereupon.
Ibidem, adc, in the same place,,
just there, there too.
Iccius, RemuB, i, m., a chief of the
Rami.
Ico, Ic6re, Ici, ictum, a., to strike,
hit, smite, stab : fcedus icere, to
make or conclude a treaty.
ic-tUB, fis, m. (Ico, § 163, 6), a blow,
stroke, hit, stab, thrust.
Idem, e&dem. Idem, pron., the
same, very: idem qui, the same as.
Ideo, adv., for that reason, on that
account, therefore.
Id5neus, a, um, adj., meet, proper,
suitable, apt, able, capable, con-
venient, sufficient.
Idus, i&um, /. pL, the Ides : the
fifteenth day of the months
March, May, July, and Octo-
ber, the thirteentn day of the
remaining months.
Ig;Itar, conj. (§ 156, e), then, there-
upon : therefore, consequently.
ignis, is, m.,/?*^.
i-gnosco, gnoscSre, gn5vi, gn5-
tum, a. (in ; gnosco = nosco,
with dat.), to pardon, forgive,
excuse, overlook.
i-gndtuB, a, um, adj. (in; gno-
tus = n5tus), unknown.
Ule, a, ud, pron. demonstr. (§ 102,
b), that, that yonder : hie . . .
iUe, this . . . that, the one . . .
the other.
illic, adv. (Ule ; ce), in that place,
there.
il-lico, adv. (in ; loco), on the spot,
instantly, there.
illuc, adv. (ille), to that place,
thither.
il-ludo, l^dSre, lusi, lusum, n.
(in; Itldo), to play with, jest,
mock, ridicule.
il-lustris, is, adj. (in; lustre, to
purify), clear, bright, light, lus^
trous ; famous, honorable, illus-
trious.
imSgo, Inis, f, an image or like-
ness, statue, picture.
imbScillus, a, um, adj., weak,
feeble.
im-bellis, e, err//'. (in; belluln), un-
tvarlike, peaceful, fond of peace.
imber, bris, m., a shower, rain^
storm, storm.
imbuo, buSre, bui, butum, «., to
wet, moisten, soak, steep, saturate ;
taint, infect.
imita-tio, onis,/ (imitor, § 163,
h), the act of imitating, imitation.
Imitor, §ri, Situs sum, dep., to
imitate, copy, represent.
immftnis, e, adj., monstrous, enor-
mous, huge ; jierce, savage, wild.
im-m&turus, a, um, adj. (in ; mS-
tflrus), unripe, immature: un^
seasonable, untimely, premature.
im-mSmor, m5ris, adj. (in; mS-
mor), unmindful, forgetful.
im-mensus, a, um, adj. (in;
mensus, measured), immeasur
able, boundless, immense.
immlnens, ents, part, (imml
neo, imminent.
im-mlneo, 6re, no perf, no sup,^
n. (in; mineo, to project), to,
hang down over, overhang : to be
near to, to touch on, border upon ;
to threaten; to be intent upon,
strive for.
im-mlnuo, mInuSre. minui, ml-
nutum, a. (in ; minuo), to lessen,
diminish : weaken, impair.
im-mitto, mittSre, misi, missum,
a. (in; mitto), to send into, to
hurl against, discharge at; se
immittere, to rush in.
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38
LATIN LESSONS.
imin5 (im6), affv.j on the con-
trary; no indeed; hy no means;
yes indeed^ certainly^ by all
7nean.%
im-mdbilis, e, adj. (in ; mobilia),
immovable, unmoved .
im-m51o, tre, Slvi, SLtum, a. (in;
m61a), to sacrifice.
Im-mort&lis, e, adj. (in;, mor-
tSUis), undyinQy immortal, im-
perishable, eternal, endless.
Im-motus, a, am, adj. (in; m5-
tus), unmoved, immovcdde, mo-
tionless, unshaken, undisturbed.
Imo, see immo.
im-muto, &re, £vi, ttum, a. (in;
muto), to change, alter.
im-par, iris, adj. (in; par), un-
even, unequal, not a match for.
im-p^tiens, entis, adj. (in; p&-
tiens), not able to bear, not en-
durituf, impatient.
impSdi-mentum, i, n. (impSdio,
§ 163, c), a hindrance, impedi-
ment; impedimenta, drum, n.
pi., baggage.
im-p§dio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, a.
(in; pes), to entangle, ensnare,
shackle, hinder, embarrass, im-
pede.
impSdl-tus, a, um, part. (imp§-
dio), hindered, obstructed, im-
peded, encumbered.
im-pello, pellgre, ptili, pulsum,
a. (in; pello), to push against;
to drive forward, urge on, impel,
incite, persuade.
im-pendeo, pendSre, no perf, no
sup., n. (in; pendeo), to hang
over, overhang. Impend.
im-pendo, pendSre, pendi, pen-
sum, a. (in; pendo), to weigh
out, lay out, expend ; devote, em-
ploy.
impen-sa, ae, /. (impendo), oxU-
lay, cost, charge, expense.
impgr^-tor, oris, 7/2. (impSro, §
162, a), general, commander,
leader, chief, ruler, master.
impgrSl-tum, i, n. (impSro), a
command, order.
im-perf actus, a, um, adj. (inj
perfectusf), unfinished, incom-
plete, imperfect.
im-pSrf tus, a, um, adj. (in ; pSrl-
tus), inexperienced, unskilled,
ignorant.
impSr-ium, ii, n. (impSro, § 163,
/), a command, order; authority,
control; dominion, empire, gov-
ernment.
im-pSro, Are, 5vi, Atum, a. (in;
p^o), to command, order, en-
Join; govern, rule over; impe-
rare obsides alicui, to demand
hostages from any one.
im-pSteo, &re, Slvi, Atum, a. (in;
p&tro), to accomplish, obtain,
procure; to make a request and
have it granted.
im-pdtus, us, nu, an attack, assault,
onset; violent impulse, impetu-
osity, violence, fury, force, eager-
ness, excitement.
impi-6, «^/<'.(impius), irreligiously,
loickedly.
im-piger, gra, grum, adj. (in ;
piger), diligent, active, quick,
energetic.
im-pingo, pinggre, p6gi, pactum,
a. (in ; pango), to drive against,
strike, thrust, or d(U(h against.
im-pius, a, um, adj. (in; pins),
irreverend, ungodly, undutiful,
unpatriotic, abandoned, wicked.
im-pleo, plSre, plSvi, plStum, a.
(in ; pleo), to fill up ; fill full .
satisfy.
im-plico, Sire, Slvi or ui, Sltum or
itum, a. (in ; plico), to infold, in-
volve, envelope, entwine, entangle.
im-pldro, &re, tvi, &tum, a. (in ;
ploro), to invoke with tears, call
to one\s assistance, call upon for
aid ; to invoke, beseech, oUreat,
implore.
im-pono, pon^re, pdsui, p68i-
tum, a. (in ; pono), to put upon,
lay on, impose upon : finem im-
ponere, to make an end.
im-p5tens, entis, adj. (in; p5-
tens), powerless, weak, feeble.
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
VOCABULARY. — I.
39
im-prlmiB, adv, (in; pr&niB), in
the first place, chiefly, especially,
im-primo primSre, pressi, pres-
sum, a. (in; prSmo), to press
upon, impress, imprint, mark.
im-prdbo, ftre, ftvi, fttum, a. (in ;
prdbo), to disapprove, blame,
condemn, reject.
im-prdbu8, a, um, adj. (in ; prd-
bus), icicked, had.
im-prdvl8UB, a, nnip adj. (in ; prd-
visus), not foreseen, unexpected,
ez improviso, unexpectedly.
im-prudens, entis, adj. (in ; pril-
dena), not foreseeing, imprudent,
inconsiderate.
impriident-ia, ae, /. (imprfLdens,
§ 163, e), want of foresight, im-
prudence, indiscretion.
im-pflbes, Sris and is, adj. (in;
ptlbea), under the age of puber-
ty, youthful, beardless.
im-ptidens, pi&dentis, adj. (in;
pi&dens), without shame, shame-
less, impudent.
im-pugno, &re, ftvi, fttum, a. (in ;
pugno), to fight against, attack,
assail, oppose.
impfln-e, adv. (impiinis), without
punishment, safely.
im-piLnltus, a, um, adj. (in ; piinl-
tus), unpunished, safe, secure.
ImuB, a, um, adj. {superlative of
inffirtui), inmost, deepest, lowest,
bottom of.
in, prep, with ace. and abl. (§ 152,
c), I. with ace, in, into, against,
afer, for ; in dies, from day to
day; 2. with abl., in, among,
upon, before, in the presence of
infinis, e, adj., empty, void, vain.
in-oSlesoo. c&leso^re, o&lui, no
sup., n. inch, (in; c&leo, § 167,
a, and note), to grow warm or hot,
to gloic ; to become heated.
in-oantus, a, um, adj., incautious,
heedless, inconsiderate.
in-o6do, oSdSre, cessi, cessum,
n. and a., to go, proceed, ad-
vance, march ; to come to, befall,
attack.
incend-inm, ii, n. (inoendo, §
163, /), a conflagration, fire,
burning: ruin, destruction.
in-cendo, dSre, di, sum, a., to set
on fire, kindle, burn; inflame, ex-
cite, provoke, rouse, irritate.
incep-tum, i, n. (incipio), a be-
ginning, attempt, undertaking.
in-oertuB, a, um, adj., uncertain,
unsettled, unreliable, douhtftd^
hesitating.
in-oesBo, cessSre, cesslvi, or
cessi, no sup., a. intens. (in;
oedo, § 167, c), to fall upon,
assault, assail, attack; upbraid,
reproach.
inces-sus, us, m. (incSdo, § 163,
b), a going, walking, pace, gait;
entrance, approach : invasion.
in-cido, cIdSre, cidi, c^um, n.
(in ; cSdo). to fall in with, fall
upon, attack, assail; to happen,
occur; in mentionem inci-
dere, to mention accidentally ;
impers., incidit, it happens with
dat.
in-cipio, cipSre, cSpi, ceptum, a.
and n. (in; cftpio), to begin,
commence, set about, undertake.
in-cito, &re, ftvi, &tum, a., to set
in rapid motion : to incite, en-
courage, stimulate, rouse, excite,
spur on ; stir up, increase.
in-citus, a, um, adj., rapid, swift,
in-clSmo, &re, &vi, &tum, a. and
n., to call upon for assistance : to
invoke ; to cry out against, abuse,
rebuke, revile, chide : to call out
aloud.
in-clino, &re, &vi, &tum, a. and n.,
to bend down, incline, sink, yield,
give way; in fugam inclinare,
to be on. the point (f fleeing ; in-
clinari, to be on-the jwint of fall-
ing.
in-cifldo, dSre, si sum, a. (in;
olaudo), to shut up, confine, in-
clude, inclose.
in-cly tus (clltus), a, um, adj. (in ;
olueo), celebrated, renowned,
famous, illustrious, glorious.
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
40
LATIN LESSCmS.
iiic51a, ac/ rom. gen, (incSlo), or
inhnhilant^ resident.
in-cdlo. cdl6re, cdlni, no ^up., a,
ami •«., to (Itcell or ab'ult in a
place, to inhabit.
in-cdlAmis, e, adj.^ unimpaired,
uninjured, safe^- sound.
in-cominddiiiii, i, f)., trouble, loss,
misjhrfune^ defeat.
m-commddns. a, iun« adj., incon-
renienf. unsuitable, unjit, troubie-
some, disof/rteable.
in-credlbilis, e, adj. (in ; crSdo).
incredible, extraordinary, unpar-
alhled.
incredlbil-iter, adv. (incrSdibi-
lis), incrediblf/; wonderful It/, ex-
traordinarilf/.
in-crSpo, §re, §vi or ni. SLtoin or
itmn, tu and a., to nmlre a noise,
rus/ie, rattle; to chide, rebuke,
reprore; to clash.
in-cresco, crescfire, crSvi, no
sup., n., to f/rotc in ; to grow, in-
crease, be augniented.
in-caltus, a, um, adj. (c61o), un-
cull i rated, unfilled; unpolished,
neglected, rude.
in-ciimbo, cumbSre, cttbni
ciibitain« «., to lean upon, re-
cline; to apply or derate one's
self to, pay attention to.
in-coria, ae, f. (in ; euro), want of
care, negligence, neglect.
incur-sio, onis. /. (incorro, § 163,
b), an onset, assault, attack, incur-
sion.
in-cuso, are, §vi, §tiun, a. (in,
causa), to accuse, blame, com-
plain of, find fault with.
in-ciitdo, ciitSre, cmuii, cussum,
a. (in ; qu&tio), td strike or dash
against : to inspire with, inflict,
excite, pi'oduce ; to throw, cast,
hurl.
inde, adi\, from that place, from
there, thence; thereafter, there-
upon, then.
in-d6cdruB, a, um, adj., unbecom-
ing, unseemly, indecorous, dis-
qraceful, shameful.
index, Icis, com. gen. (indlco).
ail informer, betrayer, spy: sign,
mark, index.
in-dico, are, Svi, Stum, a., to
make known, point out, declare,
disclose, rereal, indicate . accuse,
in-dico, dlc&re, dixi, dictum, a.,
to proclaim, publish, announce,
appoint: order, enjoin.
in-dictus, a, um, cuij., not said,
unsaid, unsung.
ind-igeo, igSre, igui, no sup.,
(ggeo), to need, want, stand in
need or want of: to long for, de-
sire.
indignft-tio, onis, f. (indignor, §
163, b), displeasure, indignation.
indign-e, adr. (indignus), un-
tcorthily, shamefully, disgrace-
fully, dishonorably.
indign-itas, &tis, /. (indignus, §
163, e), unworthiness, vileness,
enormity, meanness, indignity.
in-dignor, Sri, §tus sum, dep., to
deem unworthy, to be disjyleased,
be indignant.
in-dignus, a, um, adj., unworthy,
undeserring, utisuitable, unbe-
coming, intolerable.
in-do, d^e, didi, ditum, a., to
put into, impart, inspire, infuse:
set over, introduce; assign, give
to.
in-d6cllis, e, adj., difficult to be
taught, unteachable, not docile ;
unlearned, ignorant, rude.
ind-dles, is, /. (dlesco, to grow),
inlH)rn or native quality, nature ;
natural abilitie.'i, talents, genius }
disposition, character.
in-dflco, ducSre, duzi, ductum,
a., to lead into, conduct, bri7%g
in or upon, introditce, represent,
exhibit, induce: inducere ani-^
mum or in animum. to detet^
mine.
in-dulgeo, dulgSre, dulsi, dul-
tum, n. and a. (in ; dulois), to
be courteous, kind; to indulge,
humor, give way to; concede,
allow, grant,
Digitized
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VOCABULARY. 1.
41
. in-dno, duSre* dni, diLtum, a., to
put OTif dress m, assumCy clothe j
ill pass,, indui vestem, to put
on a garment (§ 225, d).
industria, bq^ f-, diligence, activitg,
industry; de industrial, pur-
posely, on purpose.
in-eo, Ire, ivi or ii, itum, a. and
fi., irreg.y to go into, enter; to
enter upon, begin, undertake,
take part in; inire consilium,
to form a plan; inire fcedus, to
make a treaty; inire gratiam,
to get into the good graces of.
in-ermis, e, adj. (in ; arma), un-
armed, without weapons, defence-
less.
In-ermus, a,um, adj., see inermis.
in-ers, ertis, adj. (in; ars), un-
skilled; inactive, idle, indolent,
sluggish.
inf &c6t-e, adi\ (inf Scetus), coarse-
ly, rudely, unwittily, stupidly.
in-fSLcStus, a, um, adj., coarse,
blunt, rude, unmannerly, not
witty, stupid,
in-ftmis, e, adj. (in; f§ma), of
ill report, disreputable, notorious,
infamous.
in-fandus, a, um, adj. (not to be
spoken of), unspeakable^ unut-
terable, unheard of, unnatural,
shocking, abominable.
in-fans, antis, adj. (in; for),
speechless, mute, dumb, very
young, little. As Noun, com.
gen., an infant, babe.
in-fectus, a, um, adj. (in ; f&cio),
not done, undone, unperformed,
unfnished ; impossible, imprac-
ticable.
in-f§liz, icis, adj., unfortunate,
• unhappy, m'lserable,
in-fensus, a, um, adj, (in; fendo,
obsolete), hostile, inimical, en-
raged.
inferior, ius, adj. (comp. of infS-
rus), lower, later, inferior.
in-fgro, inferre, inttUi, ill&tum,
a., irreg., to carry in or into : to
bring, put, or thi'ow into or to ; to
bring forward, introduce; pro-
duce, make, cause : allege : con-
clude,, injer: inferre signa, to
advance the standards, attack;
inferre pedem or gradum, to
advance, attack: se inferre, to
betake one*s self, repair, go ; in-
ferre vulnera, to inflict wounds
upon; vim inferre, to offer vio-
lence to, lay violent hands on.
in-firus, a, um, adj. {comp. infS-
rior, sup. infimus or unus),
low, nether. As Noun, inf^ri,
drum, m. pi. (the inhabitants
of the lower regions), the
dead.
infesto, Ire, avi, Stum, a. (in-
festus), to attack, troMe, molest,
disturb, infest, injure, impair.
in-festus, a, um, adj. (old jiart.
oiiDf^TO)t uuf/uiet, unsafe; hos-
tile, inimical, troublesome, dan-
gerous.
in-ficio, ficSre, fSci, fectum, a.
(in; fScio), to dip into, stain,
dye, color, tinge; to infect, cor-
rupt, poison, spoil.
infimus, a, um, adj. (superlative
of inf€rus), the lowest, last, loiv-
est part of
in-finitus, a, um, adj., boundless,
tinlimited, infnite, endless.
in-firmus, a, um, adj., weak, in-
firm, feeble, fckle.
in-flammo, &re, &vi, atum, a., to
set on fire, kindle, inflame, arouse,
excite.
infi&-tus, a, um, part, (inflo),
swollen, inflated, haughty, proud.
in-flecto, flectSre, flexi, flezum,
a., to bend, bow : to change, al-
ter . warp, prevent ; move, touch,
affect.
in-fi^go, fligSre, flizi, flictum,
a., to strike against, hurl at,
inflict.
in-flo, flare, flavi, flatum, a., to
blow into; inflate, puff up, cause
to swell.
in-fluo, fluSre, fluzi, fluzum, a.,
to flow into, flow upon, flow.
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
42
LATIN LESSONS.
in-formo, ftre, ftvi, Stum, a., to
give form to , to shape, mould,
fashion ; conceive, imagine ; de-
scribe, represent.
infrSl, adv. and prep, with ace, be-
low, beneath, under, underneath.
in-fringo, fringgre, frSgi, frac-
tum, a. (in ; frango), to break,
check, weaken, lessen, diminish,
mitigate, assuage.
inftila, ae, /, a band, bandage ; a
filet (used by priests).
ia-fundo, fundSre, ffldi, fusum,
a., to pour into, discharge; to
spread upon or over.
in-gSmisco, gSmiscSre, no perf,
no sup., a. and n., to groan over,
to bemoan , to groan.
in-g§mo, ggmSre, ggmui, no sup.,
a. and n., to groan or sigh over;
to mourn over, lament; to mourn,
lament, groan.
in-ggnium, ii, n. (in; gSno =
gigno, that which is inborn),
character, disposition, temper ,
genius, abilities, talents.
in-gens, entds, adj. (in; gens),
vast, huge, prodigious: great,
mighty, strong, remarkable, dis-
tinguished.
in-g^ro, gSrSre, gessi, gestum, a.,
to carry or bring into; to hurl,
cast, throw; injiict upon, utter
against.
in-gratus, a, um, adj., unpleasant,
disagreeable; ungrateful, thank-
less.
in-gr&vesco, 6re, no perf, no
sup., n.,to grow heavy ; increase,
become powerful, become troub-
led, wearied.
in-grSdior, grSdi, gressus sum,
dep. (in; grSdior), to go into,
enter; engage in, apply one's
self to; begin, commence; walk,
advance.
In-hlbeo, hIbSre, Mbui,hn>Itum.
a. (in ; h&beo), to keep back, re-
strain, curb, check.
inli5nest-e, adv. (inhdnestus),
'dishonorably.
in-hdnestus, a, um, adj., dishon- .
orable, disgraceful, .shameful.
inimlo-itia, se, /. (inimlcus, §
163, e), enmity, hostility.
in-imlcus, a, um. adj. (in; Ami-
cus), unfriendly, hostile. As
Noun, ?«., a private enemy or
foe.
inlqu-e, adv. (inlquus), unequally,
dissimilarly; unfitly, unsuitably,
unfairly, unjustly.
in-IquuB, a, um. adj. (in ; sequHs),
unequal, unfair, unjust, disad-
vantageous; unkind, unfriendly,
initio, ftre, ftvi, Stum, a. (ini-
tiimi), to make a beginning ; to
initiate, consecrate.
ini-tium, ii, n. (ineo, § 163,/), a
beginning, commencement ; origin.
in-jicio, jicSre, jSoi, jectum, a
(in ; j&cio), to throw or cast into,
cast upon or against ; infuse into,
inspire ; injioere metum alicui,
to inspire one with fear.
injuri-a, ae, / (injtirius), injury,
wrong, violence; damage, insult;
injustice.
in-jiir-ius, a, um, adj. (in; jus),
injurious, unjust.
in-jus-su, 7n. (used only in the
abl.), (in ; ji&beo), without com-
mand.
in-jus-tus, a, um, adj., unjust;
harsh, severe; unlawful, wrong.
in-nascor, nasci, n&tus sum,
dep., to be born in: spring up,
arise, have its origin in.
in-nltor, niti, nisus or nizus sum,
dep., to lean or rest upon, support
one's self by ; to crush, to lean.
in-ndcens, entis, adj., harmless,
inoffensive ; blameless, guiltless,
innocent; disinterested, upright,
inndcent-ia, se, /. (inndcens, §
163, e), harmlessness, blameless-
ness, innocence; uprightness, in-
tegrity.
in-nozius, a, um, adj., harmless ;
guiltless, blameless.
in-ntim§r&bilis, e, adj., countless,
innumerable.
Digitized
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VOCABCLAKY.
48
in-nno, nuSre, nui, ntltum, n., to
nod to, give a sign or intimation^
hint,
In6p-ia, », /. (Inops, § 163, c),
poverty^ need, indigence ; want,
scarcity, destitution.
in-5pin&tus, a, van, adj., unex-
pected : off one*s guard.
iu-5pInuB, a, um, adj. (in; 5pl>
nor), unexpected.
in-ops, 5pis, adj., without power,
weak^ needy, indigent ; devoid of
(with </en.).
inquam, def. (§ 144, h), I say.
in-quietus, a, um, adj., not quiet,
unquiet, restless.
ins&n-ia, ae,/. (ins^us, § 163, e),
madness, frenzy, folly.
in-B&nuB, a, um, adj., mad, insane ;
raging, raving, frantic, foolish,
silly.
in-Bcendo, soendSre, scendi,
Bcensum, a. (in; Boando), to
mount up into, to mount; to em-
bark ; get upon.
in-sciens, entia, adj., without
knowledge, unaware ; ignorant,
stupid, silly.
in-scius, a, um, adj., not knowing,
ignorant.
in-scrlbo, scrlbSre, scripsi,
scriptum, a., to write upon, in-
scribe ; exhibit, show; assign,
ascribe ; indicate.
insec-tor, ftri, atus sum, dep. fre-
quentative (insSquor, § 167, b,
and note), to pursue ; censure,
blame, rail at, speak ill of.
in-sSquor, sSqui, sScutus sum,
dep., to follow after, pursue, press
upon, harass; reproach, reprove,
censure.
in-sSro, sSrSre, sSrui, sertum,
a., to introduce into, to insert.
in-B^ro, sSrSre, sSvi, situm, a.,
to sow or plant in ; implant, en-
in-aideo, sidSre, s6di, sessum,
n. and a. (in ; sSdeo), to sit in ;
sit upon, settle upon ; to get pos-
session of, occupy.
insid-iae, ftrum, /. pi. (insldeo),
an ambush, ambuscade ; artifice,
craft, device, plot, snare ; per
insidias, by stratagem, craftily.
insldi-or, ftri, Situs simi, dep.
(insldiee), to lie in wait for,
watch for, expect.
in-sldo, sld^re, sSdi, sessum, n.,
to settle on ; sink or pierce into ;
sit down upon.
insign-e. is, n. (insignia), a dis-
tinctive mark ; a mark, token, sign,
proof, badge (of office), a signal ;
ensign, standard, fag: in pi.,
insignia, ium, badges of honor,
decorations, ornaments.
in-signis, e, adj. (in; signum), re-
markable, eminent, distinguished,
prominent, extraordinary.
in-silio, sllire, silui, no sup., n.
(in; sSlio), to leap or spring
into: to leap or spring upon.
in-sinuo, &re, &vi, &tum, a. and
n. (in; sinus), to penetrate or
enter anywhere by winding or
bending; to make one's way into;
to recommend one's self to; to
reach, arrive at; steal into, in-
sinuate.
in-sisto, sistSre, stiti, no sup., n.,
to stand, tread, step upon, press
on, pursue, j^ersevere , halt, stop,
stand.
in-s51ens, entis, adj. (in ; sdleo).
unusual; haughty, proud, arro-
gant, insole fit.
insdlen-ter, adv. (insdlens), un-
usually ; haughtily, proudly, ar-
rogantly, insolently.
insdlent-ia, se, /. (insdlens, §
163, e), unusualness, novelty;
pride, arrogance, insolence.
in-sdlitus, a, um, adj., unaccus-
tomed ; unusual, uncommon.
in-spSrans, ntis, adj., not hoping,
not expecting.
in-splcio, spIcSre, spezi, spec-
tnm, a. (in; spScio), to look
into, examine, search ; consider,
contemplate, observe ; weigh, pon-
der.
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44
JLATIN LESSONS.
Instar, n. indecL, used adverbially
with gen,y like, equal to, about,
worth,
In-stituo, stituSre, stitui, BtitH-
turn, a. (in; stiituo), to put, set,
place: arranfje, draw up: ap-
point, establish, undertake, train
up, educate.
inBtitu-tum, i, n. (instituo),
custom, habit: arrangement, plan,
regulation, purpose, intention, de-
sign : in pL, institutions, customs,
usages.
in-sto, st&re, stitd, st&tum, n.,
to stana upon ; assault : pursue,
press upon, harass: urge, re-
quest, solicit earnest h/, importune,
entreat; to persevere; devote one^s
self to.
in>struo, BtruSre, struzi, struc-
tum, a., to erect, construct, build ;
train, teach, instruct; set in or-
der, arrange ; eqtiip, provide ,
clothe, dress, arrag, ornament.
in-BU§-fac-tus, a, urn, adj. (in;
sueo; facio), accustomed, hab-
ituated.
in-suesco, BuescSre, suSvi, suS-
tum, n. and a., to become accus-
tomed ; to accustom or habituate
one to a thing.
in-suetus, a, um, adj., unaccus-
tomed, unused to, inexperienced
in, unacquainted with.
in-stila, ae, /. (in ; salum, the sea),
an island.
in-sum, esse, fui, irreg., to be. in or
tipon, to belong to.
in-stiper. adv., above, overhead y
moreover, besides.
in-stisurro, are, §vi, &tuni, n. and
a., to ivhisper, suggest to one, re-
mind one.
in-tactus, a, um, adj. (in; tan-
go), untouched, wiharmed, unin-
jured, safe : pure, chaste,
in-tSger, gra, grum, adj. (in;
tango), untouched, unchanged,
sound, whole, unhurt, safe . new,
fresh (of troops); blameless, pure,
virtuous ; ex integro, afresh.
inteUSgo (llgo), l^gSre, lead.
lectum, a. (inter; 16go), to
perceive, discern , understand^
comprehend, observe , to have an
accurate knowledge of or skill in
a thing.
intempestiv-e, adv. (intempes-
tivus), out of season, unseason-
ably.
in-tempestlvuB, a, um, adj., un-
timely, unseasonable, inoppor-
tune, inconvenient.
in-tempes-tuB, a, um, adj. (in;
tempus), unseasonable : nox
intempesta, the dead of night.
in-tendo, tendSre, tendi, ten-
turn, and tensum, a., to stretch
out, extend, turn toward, aim
at : exert, purpose : intendere
animum, to direct the thoughts ,
intendere iter, or cursum, to
direct, turn one's course, inarch.
inten-tus, a, um, part, (intendo),
bent, stretched ; attentive to, in-
. tent upon, vigilant, careful.
inter, prep, with ace, between,
among, during, in the midst of,
in the course of, inter Be dtf-
f erre, to differ from each other ,
dare inter se, to interchange.
inter-cSdo, cSdSre, cesBi, ces-
Bum, n., to go between, to be,
stand, or lie between, intervene,
hinder, obstruct, oppose, protest
(as tribune).
inter-cipio, cipSre, cSpi, ceptum,
a. (inter; c&pio), to intercept,
catch, take from, steal, carry
off-
inter-cludo, cludSre, clusi, clfi-
sum, a. (inter ; claudo), to
shut off, cut off, prevent, hinder ,
surround.
inter-dico, dicSre, dixi, dictum,
a. and n., to forbid, interdict y
prohibit ; interfere ; aliquid in-
terdioere alicui, or aliquem
aliqu§ re, to exclude one from,
to forbid one the use of any-
thing . interdicere alicui aquft
et igni, to forbid one the use of
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VOCABULARY. 1.
45
firt and watery i.e., to deprive one
of civil rights, to banish,
inter-diu, ado,, during the day, by
day,
inter-dum, adv., sometimes, occa-
sionally, now and then,
inter-eft, ado,, meanwhile : not-
withstanding, however.
inter-eo, Ire, Ivi or U, Ituxa, n.
irreg., to perish, die.
inter-est, impers, (§ 222, a), it con-
cerns, is of interest, is important,
interest meft, it is my concern ,
interest omnium, it is the in-
terest of all,
interfec-tor, 6ris, m. (interflcio,
§ 162, a), a slayer, murderer,
inter-flcio, floSre, fSci, fectmn,
a, (inter ; fftcio), to destroy,
consume , kill, slay, murder,
intdr-im, adv, (inter ; im = eum),
in the mean time, meanwhile .
sometimes : however,
inter-lmo, ImSre, Smi, emptum,
a, (inter ; gmo), to destroy, kill,
slay, put to death,
interior, ius, adj, comp. (§ 91),
inner, interior, more hidden, more
intimate,
int^rl-tus, fto, m, (intSreo, § 163,
b), destruction, ruin,
inter-jicio (jftcio), jlcSre, j6ci,
jectum, a, (inter ; jftcio), to
place between, insert, introduce,
intermix; anno interjecto, at
the expiration of a year.
inter-mitto, mittfire, misi, mis-
sum, a,, to discontinue, break
off, intermit, interpose,
intemic-io, 6nis, /. (intemSco,
to kill; § 163, h), a massacre,
carnage, utter destruction, exter-
mination,
inter-nuntius (nuncius), ii, m,
a messenger,
inter-pello, ftre, ftvi, fttum, a,, to
hinder, obstruct, interrupt, disturb;
entrecU, urge, importune, solicit.
inter-p5no, p6nire, pdsui, pdsl-
tum, a,, to put or place between,
interpose, interfere.
interpres, StiLs, com. gen., an agent,
broker; explainer, translator, in-
terpreter.
interprStor, ftri, fttus sum, dep.
(interpres), to explain, inter-
pret.
inter-regnum, i, n., an interreign,
interregnum (the time that a
throne is vacant between the
death of one king and the elec-
tion of another).
in-territus, a, um, adj., fearless,
undismayed.
inter-rdgo, ftre, ftvi, fttum, a., to
question, interrogate, ask.
inter-nimpo, rumpdre, rflpi, rup-
tum, a., to break asunder, break
doicn, interrupt.
inter-sSro, sSrSre, sSrui, sertum,
a., to intermingle, commits gle : in-
terpose, insert, assign.
inter-sum, esse, fui, n. irreg., to
be between, intervene, be present
at, take part in ; interest, im-
pers,, see interest.
inter-vallum, i, n., space between,
interval, distance.
inter-vSnio, venire, vSni, ven-
timi, n., to come between, inter-
vene, occur, happen; to come in
the midst of, arrive.
intes-tinus, a, um, adj. (intus^,
intestine, civil, domestic.
intimus, a, um, adj., superlative
(§ 91), innermost, inmost.
intrft, adv. and prep, with ace.
within, inside, below, under (witl
numerals).
in-trgp!dus, a, um, adj., undaunt-
ed, bold, fearless.
intro, adv., to the inside, within.
intro, ftre, ftvi, fttum, a., to walk
into, enter, penetrate.
intr5-duco, ducSre, duzi, duc-
tum, a., to lead or brine
into, introduce; exhibit, repr-
sent.
intro-eo. Ire, Ivi or ii, itum, n,
irreg., to go in, enter.
introi-tus, ias, m. (introeo, § 163,
b), an entering, entrance.
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LATIN LESSONS.
in-tueor, tnCri, tuitus sum, dep.,
to look at, behold, see, consider,
contemplate,
in-ti&mesoo, ttlmescSre, ttlmiii,
no sup., n., to begin to swell, to
swell or rise up, increase; to be
elated, puffed up ; be angry, swell
with rage,
intus, ado., toithin, inside, to the
inside,
In-ultus, a, um, adj., unavenged,
unpunished ; unhurt,
in-undo, are, Svi. Sltum, a., to over-
flow, flood, deluge, overspread,
cover.
In-usitSltus, a, nin, adj., unusual,
uncommon, extraordinary.
Xn-fltllis, e, «///., useless, of no
use, unprofltable ; powerless,
weal'.
in-vado, vftdSre, vftsi, vSsum, n.
and a., to come upon., to make an
attack upon, assail, invade, seize,
usurp.
in-v^tdus, a, um, adj., not strong,
weak, feeble, impotent; sickly,
sick.
in-vSho, vgh€re, vezi, vKCtum,
a,, to carry into, bring into, carry ;
in pass., invehi (equo, curra),
to ride, drive; to attack; assail
with words.
in-v§nio, vSnire, vSni, ventum,
a.,, to come upon, find ; invent,
devise, discover: meet with.
inven-tor, oris, m, (invCnio, §
162, a), a deviser, inventor, dis-
coverer.
inven-triz, Icis, /. (invSnio, §
162, a)t an invent ress.
In-vicem, adv. (in; vicis), by
turns, alternately, one another,
in-victus, a, um, adj., unconquered,
unsultdued ; invincible, not to be
overcome,
in- video, vIdSre, vidi, visum, a.,
to look spitefully at, regard with
evil eye : envy, grudge,
invid-ia, ae,/. (invidiis, § 163, e),
envy, jealousy, malice, grudge;
odium, haired.
invidi-5suB, a, um, adj, (invldia,
§ 164, k), full of envy; detesta-
ble, hateful.
invidus, a, um, adj, (invldeo),
envious.
invidus. i, m. (invldeo), an envier,
one who envies,
invl-sus, a, um, part, (invldeo),
hated, hateful, detestable,
in-vito, are, ftvi, atum, a., to in-
vite, entertain, summon, allure,
in- Vitus, a, um, adj, (in; v61o),
unwilling, reluctant,
in-vius, a, um, adj. (in ; via),
without a road, pathless, track*
less, impassable,
in-v6co, are, 5vi, atum, a., to call
on or upon ; invoke ; implore, en-
treat.
in-volvo, volvfire, volvi, v61il-
tum, a., to surround, enwrap,
envelope, enclose ; overwhelm, en-
ipse, a, um, pron, (§ 102, e), self,
very ; himself, herself, itself,
Tra, ae,/., anger, wrath, rage, ire.
Iracund-ia, se, /. (iraoundus, §
163, e), anger, wrath, rage^
fury,
ira-cundus, a, um, adj. (ira, § 164,
p), prone to anger, irritable, hasty,
passionate.
ir-ascor, Irasci, Iratus sum, dep,
(ira), to be angry, be in a rage,
ira-tus, a um, part, (irascor),
angry, enraged, angered,
ir-r6parabllis, e, adj, (in; rSpS-
rabllis), irreparable, irrecovera-
ble, irretrievable,
ir-rSvdcabilis, e, adj. (in ; r8v5-
cabilis), irrevocable, unalterable,
ir-rldeo, ridSre, risi, risum, n.
and a, (in; rideo). to laugh in
ridicule , to joke, deride ; mock,
jeer, jest, laugh to scorn, ridi-
cule.
irris-io, 6nis,/. (irrldeo, § 163, b),
a deriding, mocking^ mockery,
irrito, are, avi, atum, a,, to pro*
voke, exasperate, enrage, irritate,
incite.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
47
ir-iitOB, a, um, adj, (in; r&tuB),
undetermined ; invalid, void,
null; hannless ; useless; imin,
ir-rumpOi rumpSre, rupi, rup-
tum, n. and a. (in ; rumpo), to
break in, burst in, invade, make an
incursion into; interrupt; destroy.
ir-ruo, ruSre, rui, no sup,, n. and
a. (in ; ruo), to rush in or into ;
attack furiously, assail, assault,
is, ea, id, pron, (§ 102, d), this,
that ; he, she, it ; is qui, the man
who, such a one that ; in eo esse,
to be on the point of.
iste, ta, tud, pron, (§ 102, c), this
of yours, that near you; this, that;
that fellow (in contempt).
Its, adv,, thus, so; to such an ex-
tent ; ita . . . ut (with subj,), in
^ such a manner , , , that,
lUUia, 8B,/., Italy,
It&l-lcuB, a, um, adj, (ItSlia), of
^ or belonging to Italy ; Italian.
ItSl-UB, a, um, adj. (ItSlia), of or
J, belonging to Italy ; Italian,
It&li, oruin, m., Italians,
lt&-que, conj, (§ 19, c, and 156, e),
and thus, and so; therefore, ac-
cordingly.
Item, adv., so, even so, just so;
also ; likewise,
iter, ItlnSris, n, (eo), journey,
march, ivay, course, route ; Sx
itinere, on the march ; magnis
itineribus, by forced marches, .
ItSro, &re, §vi, ktum, a. (It6rum),
to do or go over again, repeat,
relate, tell.
ItSrum, adv,, again, a second time ;
next, aferwards.
it-I-dem,ar/i'. (It5), in like manner,
also, moreover,
Iturus, a, um, part, from eo.
j&ceo, 6re, ui, Itum, to lie, lie
down, lie dead,
j&cio, jScSre, jSci, jactum, a., to
throw, cast, hurl; lay, place, erect.
jacta-tio, 6ni8, /. (jXcio, § 163,
h), a throwing, hurling ; tossing ;
boasting, ostentation,
jact-Ito, are, no perf, no sup., a,
frequentative (jacto, § 167, b,
and note), to pour forth frequent-,
ly; to make a great display,
jac-to, are, avi, atum, a. frequen-
tative (jacio, § 167, b, and note),
to throw, fling, toss, cast, hurl ;
boast, consider, talk about.
jactil-or, ari, atus sum, dep. (jic-
iUum), to hurl a javelin ; cast,
• throiv, hurl.
jac-iilum, i, n, (jacio, § 163,- d), a
missile, dart, javelin,
jam, adv., now, already, presently,
at length; with a negative, as
jam non, no longer.
jam-diu, adfv., long ago, already,
for a long time,
jamdudum, adv., long ago, this
long time; at once, forthwith, di-
rectly,
jam-jam, adv., at this very moment,
already.
jam-pridem, adv., a long time
since, long since.
janua, ae, f. (janus), a door, gate,
janii-arius, a, um, adj. (janus),
o/'or belonging to January. As
Noun, m., January.
janus, i, 711., an ancient Latin divi-
nity, represented with two faces,
one in front, the other behind.
jSjunus, a, um, adj., hungry,
thirsty, dry; barren, sterile;
mean, low, trifling,
jdc-or, ari, atus sum, dep, (jd-
cus), to jest, joke,
jdcus, i, m. (in pi., also j6ca,
orum), a jest, joke.
Jdvis, gen. of Jupiter.
Jtiba, ae, m., a king of Numidia.
jiibeo, jtibSre, jussi, jussum, a.,
to order, command, bid ; exhort.
jil-cundus, a, um, adj. (jtivo, §
164, p), pleasant, agreeable, de-
lightful, pleasing.
judex, icis, com. gen. (judico). a
judge, umpire.
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48
LATIN LESSONS.
jfidlc-iom, ii, n. (jftdico, § 163,
/), ajiulgment, opinion, decisioiiy
trial, court,
jfl-dico, ftre, §vi, ^tum, a. (jus;
dico), to judge, decide, deter-
mine.
itLg-tUam, i, n., -us, i, m, (jungo),
the throat.
ji&g-um, i, n. (jungo), a yoke;
pair, team; a height, or summit
(of a moimtain).
JAlia, ae, /., sister of Caesar.
JiUius, ii, m., the name of a Ro-
man gens ; especially Caius Ju-
■ litis Ccesar, and his adopted son,
Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus
Augustus.
JIUius, ii, m., the month of July:
so called after Julius Cjesar.
Julius, a, uxn, adj., of July.
jumentum, i, n. (jungo, § 163, c),
a beast of burden, a draught-ani-
mal.
jungo, jungSre, junzi, junctum,
a., to join, unite, yoke, harness;
societatem jungere, to form a
partnership.
jtlnior, us, adj., comparative (jtt-
vSnis, § 91, />), younger.
Ju-piter (Jupp), J5viB, m. (§
60, b), son of Saturn, brother
and husband of Juno, king of
gods.
Jura, ae, m., a chain of mountains
extending from the Rhine to
the Rhone.
jura.-mentuni, i, n. (jtlro, § 163,
c), an oath.
jure, abl. of jus, used adverbially,
by right, justly.
juro, are, 5vi, Stum, n. and a., to
swear, take an oath, swear by,
stoear to.
jtlror, Sri, atus sum, dep., to swear,
take an oath.
jus, juris, n., late, right, justice,
authority, control.
jusjfirandum, jurisjurandi, n. (§
70, d), an oath.
jus-sum, i, n. (jtibeo), an order,
^omTuand,
jus-sus, CIS, m. (jttbeo), an order,
command.
jus-sus, a, um, part, (jttbeo), com-
manded, ordered.
just-S, adc. (Justus), rightly, just-
ly, properly, correctly.
just-ltia, ae, /. (Justus, § 163, <?),
justice, uprightness,
jus-tus, a, um, adj. (jus), just, up-
right ; equitable ; fair, proper,
right.
jttven-ca, ae,/. (jttvgnis), a young
cow, heifer.
jttven-cus, i, m. (jttvSnis), a young
bullock, steer.
jttvSnis, is, adj., com. gen, (§ 91,
b), young, youthful.
jttvenis, is, com. gen. {gen. pi., jtt-
vSnum), a young man or woman
(between 17 and 45 or 46).
jttven-tus, utis,/. (jttvgnis, § 163,
b), youth : the season of youth.
jttvo, jttvftre, juvi, jtttnm, a. and
n., to help, aid, assist, support.
juzta, prep, with ace, near to,
near: as adv., near by, in like
manner, alike.
K.
KSlendae (CaL), 5rum,/., the firsts
day of the month..
Karthigo (Car.), Inis, /., Car-
thage ; a celebrated city of
Africa.
L, an abbreviation of the prseno-
men Lucius.
lab-es, is, /. (labor), fall, doion-
fall, ruin, stain, blemish.
LabiSnus, i, m., an officer of Csesar
in Gaul, who afterwards went
over to Pompey.
labor, labi, lapsus sum, dep., to
glide along, slip, fall down, slip
away, escape.
labor, 6ris, m., labor, toil, exertion;
hardship, distress.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
49
I&bdr-I6su8, a, tun, adj, (l&bor, §
164, k), laborious, toilsome, tcea-
risome, difficult, industrious.
l&b6ro, Sre, &vi, fttum, n. (l&bor),
to toll, labor, struggle, suffer, be
hard pressed; be anxious.
lac, laotia, n., milk.
L&cSdaemon, Snis, /., Sparta;
the capital of i^acouia.
l&cer, €ra, Srum, adj., torn, man-
gled, maimed,
l&c6ro, &re, &vl, fttum, a. (l&oer),
to tear, mangle ; waste, consume ;
destroy; torture, vex, pain.
l&cesBO, essSre, esslvi or essii or
esBi, esBitum, a., to provoke, ex-
cite, challenge, harass, assail, at-
tack.
l&cio, fire, no perf., no sup., a., to
^ entice, allure.
l&crXma (cry), ae, /., a tear; la-
^ crimas dare, to weep.
Iftcrimo (cry), &re, SLvi, §tum. n.
and a. (lacrima), to shed tears,
^ weep, erg : weep or cry for.
l§crXmor (cry), Sri, §tus sum,
dep. (lacrima), tceep, bewail, la-
ment.
l&cus, as, m. (§ 70, d), a lake.
laedo, laedfire, laesi, laesum, a., to
strike, hurt, injure, damage ; an-
noy, vex; violate.
laet-itia, 8b, /. (laetus, § 163, e),
jog, gladness.
laetor, ftri, fttus sum, dep. (Isetus),
to feel Jog, rejoice, be glad ; re-
joice at.
IsetUB, a, um, adj., Joyful, rejoicing.
Joyous, glad; happy: pleasant,
agreeable ; fortunate, lucky : rich,
fertile ; pabula laeta, rich fodder.
Iseva, 8B,/. (laevus), the left hand.
Laevlnus, i, 7/2., a Roman name.
laevuB, a, um, adj., left, on the left
hand.
lambo, fire, i, itum, a., to lick, lap.
l&mentor, &ri, Situs sum, dep.
(llmentimi), to lament, weep
over, bewail.
ISmentum, i, n., a betcailing, la-
mentation.
lamina, ae, /., a plate (of metal,
wood, &c.), leaf, layer, blade.
l&nsi, ae, f, wool, down , soft hair.
lancea, se,f, a light spear ; a lance.
lan-i-ficium, ii, n. (lana; f&cio),
wool-sp in n ing, wool-wearing.
l&nista, ae, m., a trainer of gladia-
tors: an instructor in evil; a
sword-master.
l&nius, ii, m. (l&nio, to tear), a
butcher.
l&pid-eus, a, um, adJ, (l&pis, §
164, //), consisting of stones,
stony; murus lapideus, a stone
wall.
l&pia, idis, 772., a stone ; a stone
(placed at the end of every
1000 paces), a mUe-stone.
lap-Bus, us, m. (labor, § 163, b),
a gliding : slip, fall.
l&queus, ei, m., a noose, halter,
snare.
Larentia (Acca), ae, /., the wife
of Faustuhis, foster-mother of
Romulus and Remus.
Lares, um and ium, in. pi., the
Lares ; household gods, whose
images weje placed in a little
shrine by the hearth, or in a
small chapel in the interior of
the hoiLse.
larg-ior, iri, Itus sum, dep. (lar-
gus), to give bountifully, bestow,
distribute ; bribe.
largitio, onis, /. (largior, § 163,
b), a giving freely; liberality;
bribery, corruption.
largus, a, um, adj., large, long,
great; abundant, plentiful.
lass-itudo, inis,/ (lassus, § 163,
e), faintne.'is, weariness.
lassus, a, um, adj., faint, langidd,
weary, tired.
iat-6, adv. (latus), widely; far
and tcide, broadly; late patere,
toJ)e of wide extent.
lat-ebra, ae, /. (lateo), a hiding>
place, lurking-place.
lateo, 6re, ui, no sup., n. (§ 239,
d), to be or lie hid; to be con-^
cealed, keep concealed.
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50
LATIN LESSONS.
l&ter, 6ris, »w., a hrick or (lie.
IStdr-itiuB (-101118), a, uin, adj.
(ISlter, § 164, //), made or con-
sistinf/ of bricks, hrick,
l&t-ibtLlum, i, ii. (liteo), a hiding-
place, CO cert, den,
L&t-Xnus, i, m, (L&tinin), Lafinus .
a king of the Laureiitiaiis, who
entertained ^Eneas and gave
him his daughter Lavinia in
marriage.
L&t-Xnus, a, um, adj. (L&tium),
of or belonging to Lalium : Latin.
L&t-Ini, drum, m. pi. (L&tiuin),
the inhabitants ofLatium : Latins.
lat-itudo, inis,/. (latus, § 163, e),
breadth, width ; extent ; fulness,
richness.
L&tium, ii, «., a country of Italy
in which Rome was situated
(now Campagua di Roma).
latro, are, avi, atum, n. and a., to
bark, bawl, yelp; bark at; de-
mand.
latro, dnia, m., a robber, highway-
^ man.
iatr5cin-iam, ii, n. (latrScinor),
^ robbery : artifice, roguery.
latro-cinor, ari, atusi dep. (latro),
to practise highway robbery ; to
commit piracy.
latuB, a, um, adj., broad, wide.
latus, iris, n., the side, flank,
body, lungs ; lateris or laterum
dolor, pain in the side, pleurisy.
la-tus, a, um, part. (f6ro), borne,
carried.
lauda-bilis, e, adj. (laudo),/)rais€-
worthy, laudable.
laudo, are, avi, atum, a. (laua),
to praise, extol, commend, eulogize.
laurea, ae,/., a laurel-tree; laurel-
crown.
Laurentia, see Larentia.
laurus, i, or tls, /., a laurel-tree;
a laurel (wreaths of which were
worn by victorious generals),
triumph, victory, success.
laus, laudis,/., ;)ra/,9e, commenda-
tion ; glory ; laudes, fame, re-
laut-e, adv. (lautus), elegantly^
magnificently, splendidly, sump-
tuously.
lau-tus, a, um, part, (lavo), ele-
gant, splendid, sumptuous, no-
ble, magnificent; distinguished,
grand.
Lavinia, ee, f., daughter of Lati-
nus and wife of ^ncas.
Lavin-ium, ii, n. (Lavinia), a city
of Latium, founded by Jj^neas
in honor of his wife Lavinia.
lavo, lavare and iav6re, lavavi
and lavi, lavatum, lautum, and
Id turn, a. and n., to wash, bathe;
wet, moisten; wash away, atone
for, expiate.
laz-e, adi\ (lazua), loosely, freely,
widely, openly.
laz-itas, atis,/. (lazuB, § 163, e),
width, roominess, spaciousness,
laxity, looseness, slackness.
lazo, are, avi, atum, a. (lazus),
to unloose, loosen, relax, lighteuy
set free, relieve, open, slacken.
lect-ica, ae, /. (lectus), a littery
sedan; bier.
leot-lto, are, avi, atum, a., fre-
quentative (from 16go, through
the obsolete verb lecto), (§ 167,
b, and note), to read often , read
with eagerness , to read.
lec-tor, 6ria, m. (ISgo, § 162, a),
one tcho reads ; a reader.
lec-tus, a, um, part. (I^qo), picked
out, choice, excellent.
lec-tus, i, m. (ISgo), a couch,
bed.
ISga-tio, 6ni8, /. (16go. § 163, b),
an embassy, legation.
ISga-tus, i, m. (iSgo), an ambassa-
dor, lieutenant, messenger.
ISg-io, 6nis, /. (16gio), a legion ;
consisting of between 4200 and
6000 men.
16gi5n-arius, a, um, adj. (ISgio),
of or belonging to a legion ; le-
gionary.
ISgo, are, avi, atum, a., to send,
appointy to bequeath as a leg'
acy.
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VOCABULARY. 1.
51
ISgo, ISgSre, ISgi, leotum, a.^ lo
(/either, collect, choose, .select; read,
recite.
Umauntis, i, m., Lake Geneva.
ISn-io, ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, a.
(ISnis), to soJ}en, aaauage, render
gentle, soothe, appease, pacify.
ISnis, e, adj., sojl, smooth ; mode-
rate, gentle, easy : mild, calm.
ISn-itas, atis, j: (ISnis, § 163,
c), sojiness, gentleness, mildness,
smoothness.
ISn-iter, adv. (16nis), gently, soft-
ly, quietly.
Lent&luB, i, m. a surname of a
distinguished Roman family.
lentus, a, um, adj., tough, slow,
inactive, tedious ; lasting.
leo, onis, m., a lion.
ISpuB, 6ri8, nt. (epicene, § 30, b),
a hare.
lSt-:&liB, e, adj. (16tum), deadly,
fatal, mortal.
IStum, U n., death, ruin, destruc-
tion.
ISvis/ e, adj., light, swift, quick,
easy, slight, unimportant.
ISvis, e, adj., smooth, jmlished,
bright, shining ; fair, beauti-
ful.
Igv-itas, atis, /. (Igvis, § 163, c),
lightness, fickleness, levity.
ISv-iter, adv. (ISvis), lightly; a
little, not much, somewhat; mild-
ly, gently, patiently.
ISvo, are, avi, atum, a. (IS vis),
to make light, Mghten : ease, re-
lieve , lessen, diminish, abate;
alleviate, console, comfort.
lex, 16gis, /. (15go), a law, precept,
requlation, condition.
libei-lus, i, m. dim. (liber, § 164, a),
a little book, pamphlet, journal,
diary : handbill.
libens,entis, j^ar/. Qiheo), willing,
ready, glad.
libent-er, adv. (libens), willingly,
cheerfully, gladly.
libeo, Sre, ui, itum, n., to please ;
libet, impers.y it pleases, it is
agreeable.
liber, Sra, Srum, adj., free, un-
restricted ; in pL, libSri, 5rum,
m., children.
liber, bri. m., the inner bark of a
tree ; a book (since the bark of
a tree was used as material for
writing upon).
Iib6r-aiis, e, adj. (liber), befitting
a free man, decorous, gentle-
manly^ noble, generous.
'* lib6rai-itis. atis, / (libSraUs,
§ 163, e), generosity, liberality.
libSrai-iter, «<//.-. (libSraiis), nobly,
generously, courteously, bounti-
fully, liberally.
libSr-S, adv. {liber),freely, frankly.
libSri, 5rum, ?n. pi., see liber.
libSro, are, avi, atum, a. (liber),
to free, liberate, release, acquit,
discharqe, extricate.
liber-tasi atis,/. (liber, § 163, e),
freedom, liberty . frankness, can^
dor.
liber-tus, i, m. (libSro), a f reed-
man.
libet, libere, libuit or libitum
est, n. impers., it pleases.
lib-ido, inis, /. (libeo), desire,
eagerness, longing: passion, ca-
price, wilfulness.
libra, ae, /., a pair of scales,
balance , a pound.
libro, are, avi, atum, a. (libra),
to poise, balance ; brandish; hurl,
dash : speed, hasten ; weigh, pon-
der, consider.
licent-ia, ae, /. (licens, § 163, c),
freedom, liberty ; boldness, pre-
sumption; lawlessness, licentious-
ness.
liceor, Sri, itus sum, dep., to bid
(at an auction).
licet, licuit or licitum est, n. im-
pers., it is allowable, allowed,
permitted ; one may, can; licet
venias, you may come.
licet, conj. (§ 313, b), although,
though, even if.
Ucinius, ii, m., a Roman name.
lie-tor, oris, m.. (ligo, § 162, a),
a lictor ; an attendant granted to
Digitized by LjOOQIC
52
LATIN L£SSOyS*
a ma^strate, as a sign of otii-
cial dignity.
lign-eus, a, um, adj, (lignum, §
164, y)y of wood J tcooden,
lignum, i, n., tcood : pL, f re-wood,
llgo, §re, §vi, &tum, a., to bind,
fasten, tie.
inium, ii, n., a lily.
line^-mentum, i, n.(llnea, a line),
a line: pi., drawings, designs;
features, lineaments.
Lingdnes, um, m. (ace. pi., Lin-
gdn&B), a people in Celtic Gaul.
lingua, ae, f, the tongue ; language.
linter, tris, /., a boat, skiff,
wherry.
liquS-f&cio, f&o6re, f6ci, factum,
a. ; and pass., liqu6-fIo, fifiri
factus sum (llqueo; f&oio),
to make liquid; to melt, dissolve:
weaken.
ilqu-idus, a, um, adj. (liqueo),
flowing, fluid, liquid.
lis, litiB, /, a strife, dispute, quar-
rel ; law-suit.
Iiiscus, i, m., an ^duan chief.
litiga-tor, 6ris, m. (ITtlgo, § 162,
a), a party to a law-suit, a liti-
gant, disputant.
HttSra (litSra), ae, /. a letter (of
the alphabet) ; litterae, pL, an
epistle, literature.
litter-^rius (lit), a, um, adj.
(littfira), of or belonging to
Uarning, letters ; litterarius In-
dus, an elementary school.
litUB (littus), 6ris, n., the sea-
shore, shore, const, beach.
IdcQ-ples, Stis, a^//.(15cus ; pleo),
rich, wealthy, opulent.
IdouplSto, &re, « §vi, SLtum, a.
(IScuples), to enrich, make rich;
adorn, beautify, decorate.
15cus, i, m. pL, Idci or Idea, 772.
and n. (§ 79, c), a place, spot,
region.
Idc-iitus, a, um, part. (16quor).
long-e, adr. (longus), Jar off:
widely, greatly, much, by far
(comp., longius ; superlative,
longissime).
long-inq-uua, a, um, ad[/.(longua ;
hinc), far off, distant, remote ;
long; e or ez longinquo, yro;72
a distance, from afar.
long-itfido, inis,/. (longus, § 163,
e), length.
longus, a, um, adJ,, long ; tall ;
remote, distant, tedious.
Idqu-az, ftcis, adj. (Idquor, § 164,
/), prone to talk, talkative, loqua-
cious, wordy.
Idquor, Idqui, Idcfltus sum, dep.,
to speak, talk, say, tell, utter,
mention ; speak of.
15r-Ica, 88, /. (Idrtun), a cuirass
or corselet (made of leathern
thongs), coat-of-mail.
15rum, i, n., a thong, bridle.
Ittb, sec lib.
Iflceo. iflcSre, luzi, no sup., n.,
to shine, be brilliant, be conspicu-
ous, evident.
Iflc-idus, ft, um, adj. (liloeo),
shining, bright, clear.
Lflcius, Ii, 7n.) a Roman name,
lu-crum, i, n. (luo), gain, profit,
advantage : avarice ; wealth,
riches.
lucta, ae, /. (luctor), a wrestling,
wrestling-match .
lucta-tio, onis,/. (luctor, § 163,
b), a wrestling; struggle, contest,
fight.
luctor, ftri, fttus sum, dep., to
seize, grasp ; strive, contend,
struggle; wi^estle.
luc-tus, ds, m. (lilgeo, § 163, b),
sorrow, mourning, lamentation,
grief.
L^culluB, i, m. Lucius Licinius
Lucullus, a wealthy Roman
noble, commander against Mi-
thridates.
IfLcus, i, m., grove, sacred grove;
wood.
lud-ibrium, ii, n. (Itldo), a mock-
ing, mockery, derision ; Jest,
scoff, sport.
Ifld-icer (crus), (wowi. sing. masc.
not used), era, orum, cu//.
(Itidus), sportive.
Digitized
by Google
VOCABULARY. — I.
53
IQd-icmm, i, n., sporty jest ; show,
public games,
liid-i-fioo, are, Svi, Stum, a. and
n. (lildua ; f&cio), to make sport
of, make a fool of; delude, de-
ceive ; mock.
Ifld-i-floor, ftri, Stus siun, dep,
(Itldas; fScio), to make sport
of; to mock, delude, deride.
ludo, d6re, si, siun, n. and a. (Id-
dua), to sport, play, delude, mock,
deceive.
Itldua, i, m., a play, game, pastime ,
school: in pl.,puldic games, shows.
li&geo, iflgSre, liud, luotum, n.
and a., to lament, sorrow, bewail ;
mourn for.
Id-men, Inis, n. (liLoeo), lights
daylight, day ; the eye.
Ifl-na, 8B, / (Itlceo), (the shining
one), the moon.
luo, lu6re, lui, luitum or lutum,
a., to wa^h : wash out, atone for,
expiate.
luo, luSre, lui, luitum or Idtum,
a., to pay.
li&pa, se, /., a she-wolf.
li&puB, i, m., a wolf
luatro, are, ftvi, fttum, a. (lus-
trum), to purify, illumine, make
clear; review; traverse.
lu-strum, i, n. (luo), an expiatory
offering.
Itl-sus, ds, m. (Itldo, § 163, b), a
playing ; sport, amusement, game.
lux, ItLcis, /. (laoeo), light, splen-
dor, brightness ; the light of day,
daylight; prima lux, day-break.
luxiiria, se, /., luxury, excess, ex-
travagance,
luxuB, lis, m,, luxury, excess, ex-
travagance.
M.
M, as an abbreviation, denotes
Marcus.
M', as an abbreviation, denotes
Mariv^.
M&ciddnia, ae, /., a country be-
tween Thessaly and Thrace.
mio-er, era, crum, adj. (m&ceo,
to be lean)i lean, meagre, poor,
thin.
mftchina, ae, /., a military engine ;
trick, artijice.
mftc-ies. Si, /. (maceo), leanness,
thinness, poverty.
macl-lentus, a, um, adj. (mk-
cies), lean, thin.
MsecSnas, atis, m., the friend of
Augustus and patron of Horace
and Virgil.
maereo (mcsr), Sre, no perf, no
sup., n. and a., to grieve, mourn,
lament ; bemoan, mourn over.
maer-or (mcBr) oris, m. (masreo,
§ 163, a), a mourning, sadness,
grief, lamentcUion.
maes-tus (moBs), a, um, adj.
(masreo), sad, sorrowful, af-
flicted, dejected.
magis, comp. adv., more, rather.
mag-ister, tri, m., a master, chief,
head, director, leader.
magistr-atus, us, m. (magister),
a magistracy, ojjice, magistrate.
magniilc-e, adv. (magnificus),
nobly, magnificently, splendidly,
richly (comp., magnificentius ;
superlative, magnificentissime).
magn-i-ficus, a, um, adj. (comp.,
magnificentior ; superlat., mag-
nificentissimus), (§ 89, c),
(magnus; facio), noble, distin-
guished, eminent, grand.
magn-itudo, Inis, /. (magnus, §
163, e), greatness, size, bulk. .
magn-dpgre (magno opere), adv
(magnus; 5pus), very muc\
greatly, exceedingly.
magnus, a, um, adj. (comp., ma.
jor ; superlative, maximus),
great, large: abundant, nume
rous : powerful, loud: natu
mafor, greater in birth, older.
Mains, it m., the month of May.
maj-estas, atis, /. (magnus),
honor, dignity, excellence, splen-
dor, majesty.
majores, rum, m. pi. (major),
ancestors.
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54
LATIN LESSONS.
mSl-e, adr. (comp.y pSjns ; superla-
(ire, pessime), (m&lus), hadlijj
incorrectly^ tcickedly, hurtfuUy,
unfortunately.
m^$-dIco, dIcSre, dixi, dictum,
»j., to apeak ill of, revile, nlaniler,
m&lS-dictum, i, n., a reeding,
slander, curse.
male-fic-ium. ii, n.. erildeed, crime.
mSl-lo, medle, m&lui, no sup., a.,
irrcf/. (§138, 3), (m&gis; v61o),
to choose rather, prefer.
m&lum, i, n. (m^us), evil, misfor-
tune, calamity, damaye.
m&lus, a, um, adj. (comp., pSjor ;
superlative, pessimus), evil, bad,
wicked, low, injurious.
mandSl-tum, i, n. (mando), a
charye, order, commission.
man-do, &re, Slvi, Sltum, a. (m&-
nus; do), to commit into one*s
hands, to enjoin, order, command.
mSne, n. indecL, the morning. As
Adv., in the morning, early iti
the morning.
m^eo, m&nSre, mansi, mansnm,
n. and a., to stay, remain, stop,
last, endure; tvait for, await.
m^ifesto, &re, Slvi, Sltum, a.
(m&nlfestus), to make public,
discover, show, manifest.
m&nlfestus, a, um, adj., clear,
plain, evident, manifest.
m&n-i-ptilus, i, m. (m^nus ; pleo),
a handful; a company, maniple:
troop.
Manlius, ii, m., a Roman name.
mansuS-tudo, Inis, /. (mansuS-
tus, mild), (§ 163, e), mildness,
ge n tie n ess, cle mency.
mRnu-mitto, mittSre, misi, mis-
sum, a. (m^nus; mitto), to
release from one's power : set at
liberty: enfranchise, emancipate.
m&nus, us, /., a hand ; band (of
troops), /orc<?.
Marcus, i, 7/^., see Brutus.
mSre, is, n., the sea : insure inter-
num, the Mediterranean.
margo, inis, m. and /., an edge,
brink', border, margin.
m&r-Inu8, a, um, adj. (mSre), of
or belonging to the .sea ; marine.
m&r-itimus, a, um, adj., of or he-
longing to the sea : maritime ;
bordering on the sea ; copise
maritimae, naval forces. As
Noun, maritima. drum, n. pL,
places on the sea-coast.
m^-ita, ae, /. (mas), a married
woman.
m^it-us, i, m. (mSrita), a mar-
ried man, husband.
M^ius, ii, m., Caius Marius
(157-86 B.C.) ; the conqueror of
Jngurtha, and chief of the pop-
ular party at Rome. He was
consul seven times.
mar-mor. 6ris, n. (mSre), the sea ;
marble (from its white glisten-
ing appearance)*
marmdr-eus, a, um, adj. (mar-
mor, § 164, g), made of marble,
consisting of marble.
Mars, tis, ???., the fabled father of
Romulus ; the god of war, of hus-
bandry, of shepherds and seers.
Martins, a, um, adj. (Mao's), of
Mars ; of or belonging to March.
Martins, ii, m., the month of
March.
m&s, m&ris, m., a male. As Adj.,
male, manly.
massa, ae,/., a lump, mass,
mglter, tris,/., a mother.
mUtSr-ia, ae, /. (mSter), matter,
material : tindjer.
mSlt6r-ies, iSi, /. (mSter), matter,
material ; timber.
mStr-i-cida, ae, com. gen. (mater ;
caedo). a mother'' s murderer, a
matricide.
mSltricid-ium, ii, n. (mSltrlcida),
the murdering of one^s mother;
matricide.
mSltr-Imonium, ii, n. (mSlter),
wedlock', marriage; in matri-
mohium ducere, to marr^
(used only of a man marrying
a woman).
mSltr-ona, ae, /. (mSter), a mar-
ried woman, wife, matron.
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
VOCABULARY.
55
Matr5na, ae, wi., a river in Gaul
(now the Marne).
mSltar-S, adv, (mSLt^ms), early,
speedily, (juickly {conip., matu-
rius ; superlatire, maturrime
aud maturissime).
mSltur-ltas, SLtis, /. (mSltums,
§ 163, e), perfection^ ripeness,
maturity ; promptness, speedi-
ness.
mSlttir-o, &re, &vi, Sltum, a. and
«. (mSti&rus), to make ripe,
ripen; make haste, hasten; to
hecome ripe, ripen,
mSltarus, a, um, adj., ripe, mature;
excellent; early; timely, season-
able,
maxim-e (maziUn-), adi\ (maz-
Imiis), in the highest degree,
very, especially, exceedingly ,
mostly, chiefly.
mazlmus, a, um, adj., superlative
of magnus, greatest.
Maximus, i, 7}^, a Roman name.
mS-cum, with me (§ 99, e).
mSdeor, 6ri, no perf., dep., to heal,
cure : remedy^ relieve, correct.
mSdicfi-men, inis, n. (mSdico),
a drug, remedy, medicine.
mSdIcSl-mentam, i, n. (mSdico),
a drug, remedy, medicine.
mSdic-ina, se,f. (mSdlcus), med-
tcine, remedy.
mSdico, tre, fivi, SLtum, a. (mSd-
Icus), to heal, cure.
mSdicor, Sri, iltus sum, dep.
(mSdicus), to heal, cure.
mfid-lcus, a, um, adj. (mSdeor),
healing, curat ice. As Noux,
mSdlcus, i, m., a physician, sur-
geon.
mSdItor, &:i, fitus sum, dep., to
think, or reflect upon ; to muse
over, consider; study; design,
purpose.
medium, ii, n., the middle y midst .
the presence or sight : e medio
toUere, to put out of the way.
mSdius, a, um, adj., middle, mid ;
hoJfway; intervening, interme-
diate.
mel, mellis, n., honey; sweetness,
pleasantness.
membrum, i, n., a limb; part,
portion, division.
mSmini, isse, n. def (§ 143, c),
to remember, recollect.
mSmor, 6ris, adj., mindful, re-
membering : unforgetting, vindic-
tive, unsleeping, wafchfid.
mSmdrSl-bilis, e, adj. (m6m6ro),
memorable, remarkable ; tvorthy
of mention.
mSmdr-ia, 8B, /. (mSmor), mem-
ory, recollection, remembrance :
memoiiae, tradere oT^prodere,
to hand down to posterity.
mSmdro, Sre, Svi, Sltum, a. (mS-
mor), to remind of; call to mind;
mention, relate, tell, narrate,
mens, mentis,/., the mind, under-
standing, intellect, reason.
mensa, se,/., a table : (that which
is put on table), food.
mensis, is, m., a month.
mentio, 5nis, /., a mentioning,
calling to mind, mention.
mentior, Iri, Itus sum, dep., to
lie, cheat, deceive: pretend, imi-
tate, counterfeit.
meo, are, 5vi, §tum, n., to go, to
pass . to be on the march.
mercSl-tor, oris, m. (mercor, §
162, a), a trader, merchant.
merca-tura, ae,/. (mercor, § 163,
b), trade^ traffic, commerce.
mer-ces, Sdis, /. (merx; c§do),
hire, pay, wages, salary, fee, re-
icard : bribe: price; punishment;
cost, injury.
mercor, §ri, atus sum, dep*
(merx), to trade, traffic; buy,
purchase.
mSreo, Sre, ui, itum, a. and n.,
to get, gain, acquire : to deserve,
merit.
mgreor, Sri, itus sum, dep., to
get, gain, acquire, obtain; de-
serve, merit.
mergo, mergSre, mersi, mersum,
a., to dijt, plunge, immerse ; sink^
overwhelm ; destroy.
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LATIN LESSONS.
mgrl-dies, 6i, m. (mSdius ; dies),
(§ 73), mi/l(iaf/t noon : the south.
mSrit-o, adv. (mSrltus), deserved-
mSr-ltum, i, n. (mSreo), a service,
I'intlness, benefit; merit, reward.
mSr-itus, a, um, part. (mSreor),
deserving.
mer-suB, a, um, part, (mergo),
pfunr/ed.
mSrus, a, um, adj., pure, unmixed,
unadulterated.
mer-x, mercis, /. (mSreo), goods,
ivares, cttmnioditiea.
mes-sis, is./. (mSto), a harvest.
mStallum, i, n., a mine ; a metal.
MStellus, i, m., a Koiiiaii general.
mStior, mStiri, mensus sum,
dep., to measure, mete, distribute
bi/ measure.
mSto, mStSre, messui, messum,
a., to moiv, reap ; gather.
m§tor, liri, Stus sum, dep., to
measure, mark off.
Mettius, ii, ???., a Komaii name.
mStuo, mStuSre, mStui, mStu-
tum, a. and n. (mStus), to fear,
dread, be afraid of, be afraid.
m^tus, us, m., fear, dread, appre-
hension, anxiety.
me-us, a, um, pron. possessive
(me), (vocative sing, masc, mi,
rarelg meus), my, mine, belong-
ing to me.
migro, are, 5vi, atum, n., to de-
part, migrate, go aivay.
miles, itis, com. gen., a soldier, a
foot-soldier.
Mngsius. a, um, adj., of or belong-
ing to the city of Miletus ; Mile-
sian.
Mnstus, i, m., a city of Caria in
Asia Minor.
milia, ium, n. pi., see mille.
milies, see millies.
milit-§ris, e, adj. (miles), of or
belonging to a soldier or the
soldiers; military; res militaris,
military science.
millt-ia, 8B, /. (mllUo), military
service; warfare. •
mHito, are, ftvi, atnm, n. (miles),
to be a soldier ; loage ivar.
mille (mile), numeral adj. indecL,
a thousand. As Noux, used
only in the nam. and ace. .^ing.
(mille), and in pi. n., millia,
ium, a thousand; followed by
the partitive gen., as millia pas-
suum, a thousand paces, one
mUe.
mill-ies (iens), adv. (mille), a
thousand times.
mimus, i, m., a mimic actor, mime ;
a farce, play.
minimus, a, um, adj. superlative
(parvus), least.
minister, tri, m., an attendant,
waiter, servant; helper, supporter,
abettor.
ministSr-ium, ii, n. (minister),
attendance, waiting, service.
min-itor, ari, atus sum, dep. fre-
quentative (minor, § 167, b, and
Note), to threaten, menace.
minor, ari, atus sum, dep., to jut
forth, project : threaten, menace.
minor, us, adj. comparative (par-
vus), less. As Noux, mindres,
um, com. gen. pi., descendants.
minuo, u6re, ui, Htum, a. and n.,
to lessen, diminish, lower, reduce :
to grow less.
minus, adv., less; si minus, if not
(parum, minus, minime).
minu-tus, a, um, part, (minuo),
little, small, minute.
mira-bilis, e, adj. (mXror), won-
derfid, marvellous, extraordi-
nary.
mirabil-iter, adv. (mXrabilis),
wonderfidly, astonishingly.
mir-i-ficus, a, um, adj. (mims;
facio), causing wonder, wonder-
ful, extraordinary, strange (mi-
rificus, mirificentior, mlrifi-
centissimus), (§ 80, c).
miror, rari, ratus sum, dep., to
admire: to tvonder at.
mir-us, a, um, adj. (miror), won-
derful, marvellous, strange, extra-
ordinary.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
57
misceo, miscSre, miBCui^miBtum
or miztum, rt., to mix, mingle,
interminffle, hi end,
miser, Sra, Srum, atlj,, wretched,
un/orfunate, pitiable ; sivk% ill.
mlsSrS-bilia, e, adj., (miser),
worthy of pity, pitiable, lament-
able.
mis6r-eor, Sri, Itns sum, dep.
(miser). (§ 221, a), to pity, feel
pity for, commiserate.
misdre-sco, scSre, no per/., no
sup.^ n. inch. (misSreo, § 167,
a, and Note), (§ 221, a), to feel
pity, have compassion for.
mis^ret, misSrSre, mis^ruit, n.
impers. (§ 221, b), it distresses,
stirs pity : miseret me, / pity,
mis$ricord-ia, ae,/ (misSricors,
§ 163, €),pity, compassion, mercy.
misSr-i-cors, cordis, adj. (mis-
Sreo; cor), having a pitying
heart ; tender-hearted, compas-
sionate, mercijul.
mis8r-or, &ri, Situs sum, dep.
(miser), (§ 221, a), to lament,
deplore, bewail; pity, compas-
sionate.
mis-sus, a, um, part, (mitto), sent.
mit-esco, escSre, no perf, no sup,,
n, inch, (mitis), to become mild,
gentle.
MithridHtes, is, m,, Mithridates
the Great, king of Pontus, who
waged war with the Romans,
and, being at last conquered by
Poinpeius, stabl>ed himself.
Bfithrid&t-icus, a, um, adj. (Mi-
thrid&tes), of or belonging to
Mithridates ; Mithridatic.
mitis, e, adj., mild, gentle; ripe,
mellow.
mitto, mittSre, misi, missum, a.,
to send, despatch : throw, dis-
charge: dismiss, release ; vocem
mittere, to speak.
mddgrft-tio, onis, /. (mddSror, §
163, b), a restricting: modera-
tion ; regularity : control.
m5dSra-tus, a, um, part. (m6-
ddro), limited, moderate.
m5d-Sror, Sri, Stus sum, dep,
(mddus), to put a limit to, set
bounds; restrict; regulate, ride,
govern,
mdd-estus, a, um, ad J, (m5dus),
modest, sober, discreet,
mdd-icus, a. um, adj. (mddus),
of a moderate size, moderate;
modest; temperate: small.
mddd, adv., only, merely: at all;
Just now; modo . . . modo,
now . . . now, at one moment
. . , at another: non modo
. . . sed etiam, not only . . . but
also; modo, with the subjunc-
tive mood, if only, prodded that.
mddus, i, m., a measure or stajul-
ard ; bounds, limits, end: way,
manner, method, mode : ad mo-
dum, in modum, with the gen.^
after the manner of: like ; modo
fluminis, like a river : hunc in
modum, o/}er this fashion;
nuUo modo, by no means,
mcenia, ium, n. pi., defensive walls,
ramparts, bulwarks, city walls;
fortifications, dcjences.
mcereo (maereo), 6re, no perf,
no sup., n. and a., to be sad ; to
mourn, grieve, lament; mourn
over, bemoan, lament.
mceror (maeror), oris, m. (mce-
reo, § 163, a), a nfourning, sad-
ness, grief, lamentation,
mces-tus (maes), a, um, adj.
(mcereo), sad, sorrowful.
moles, is, /., a mass, heap ; mole,
dam, pier; difficulty, labor,
trouble,
mdlest-S, adv. (mdlestus), with
trouble: moleste ferre, to be
annoyed at.
m51est-ia, a&,/. (mdlestus, § 163
c), trouble, annoyance, vexation,
disgust, dislike.
mdlesto, are, §vi, Sltum, a. (md-
lestus), to trouble, annoy, molest.
mdlestus, a, um, adj., troublesome,
irksome, grievous, annoying.
mdl-ior, iri, itus .sum, dep. (mo-
les), to endeavor, tod, struggle;
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LATIN LESSONS.
to undertake f attempt: to throw,
hurl : force open , to buUdy erect ,
to fort if If.
moli-io, ire, Ivi or ii, Itnm, «.
(mollifl), to no/ten, mitigate;
render ea»y, gentle.
mol-lis, e, adj. (mdveo), aoj),
tender, wild, agreeable, easy,
weak, feeble : effeminate, timid.
M51o. 6ni8, m., a teacher of rhet-
oric.
mdlo, Sre, ui, itum, a., to grind,
crushj bruise.
mdneo, Sre, ui, itum, a., to remind,
admonish, advise, want: punish;
teach, tell, inform.
m5n-itio, dnis, /! (mdneo. § 163,
b), an admonishing, admonition,
ad rice, teaming.
m5n-itus, Qs, m. (mdneo, § 163,
b), ad rice, warning.
m5n-8, montis, m. (mineo, to
project), a mountain.
monstro, Sire, Slvi, fttum, a. (mon-
strum), to show, point out.
mon-strum, i, n. (mdneo), a
divine omen, an omen; a mon-
ster : a terrible wonder.
m5n-timentum, i, n. (m5neo),
(a thing serving to remind), a
memorial, mon ument.
mdra, ae,/, a delay: obstacle.
morbus, i, m., a sickness, disease,
disorder, illness : sorrow, grief,
qffliciion.
mordeo, mordSre, m5mordi
(mSmordi), morsum, a., to
bile, eat, devour; injure, hurt.
mdrior, mdri (mdriri), mortuus
sum, dep. (fui. part., mdrittl-
rus), to die, decay.
m5ror, Slri, Stus sum, dep. (mdra),
to tarry, stay, delay, linger, loi-
ter, wait : hinder.
mor-s, mortis, /! (m5rior), dea'th.
mor-tuus, a, um, part, (mdrior),
dead.
mos, mdris, m., usage, custom,
practice: in pi., character, con-
duct; ex more, according to
custom; morem gerere alicui,
to carry out one*$ will; to obey
one.
m6-tu8, fls, m. (mdveo, § 163, 6),
a moving; movement; emotion,
passion ; commotion,tumult, revolt.
mdveo, mdvSre, mdvi, mdtum,
a., to move, set in motion ; stir
up; cause; take away, remove;
influence: arma movere, to
take arms ; bellum movere, to
undertake war . risum movere,
to excite laughter.
mox, adv., presently, soon, directly;
afterwards, then.
mtlcro, dnis, m., a sharp edge ; a
sword; edge, point, extremity,
sharpness.
mule to, see multo.
mtilier, idris,/., a woman, female.
mult-itado, inis, /. (multus, §
163, e), a great number, multi-
tude : a crowd.
multo (mulcto), Sire, SLvi, fttum,
a. (multa, a fine), to fine; to
punish.
mult-o, adv. (multus), much, far,
g ready : by far, by much , long ;
multo post, or ante, long after
or before.
mult-um, adv. (multus), much,
greatly, very much.
multus, a, um, adj. (comp., plUs;
superlative, plfjxlmus), much,
many.
mundiis, i, in., the universe; the
world, the earth.
mOnia, drum, n. pi., duties, func-
tions (of office).
mflniflcent-ia, ae,/. (mOnincus),
bo unti fulness, munificence, bene-
ficence.
mflni-mentum, 1, n. (mCLnio),
fortification, defence, covering.
mfln-io. Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, a.
. (moenia), to fortify, build, defend.
mUnl-tio, dnis,/.'(mfLnio, § 163,
b), a fortification, rampart.
mOnus, 6ris, n., an office; gift,
reward, present ; employment,
service ; munera, public shows,
entertainments.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
59
mtirsena, sb, /*.) the murena (a fish
of which the ancients were very
fond).
m^ms, i, m., a tcalL
^ m^, mflris, conu (fen,, a mouse,
miisca, ae,/, ajly,
muta-tio, onis./. (mtlto, § 163,
J), a chanf/inff : change; inter-
change, exchange.
MQtlna, ae, /., a city of Cisalpine
Gaul (now Modena).
MQtln-ensis, e, adj. (MQtiiia),
of or belonging to Mutina.
mfl-to, &re, kvi, &tum, a. intens.
(mdveo), to change, alter; ex-
change.
mutus, a, um, adj., speechless,
dumb, mute, silent.
mtlt-uus, a, um, adj. (muto),
Mutual, reciprocal,
myrtus, i and As, /. and m., a
myrtle-tree, a myrtle.
N.
Nac-tus, a, uin, part, (nanciscor),
having obtained.
nam^ conj. (§ 156, d),for.
nam-que, conJ. (§ 156, d), for,
for indeed, for truly.
nanc-iscor, nancisci, nactus or
nanctua sum, dep., to get, oh'
tain, receive ; take advantage of;
find.
nans, anti8,79ar/. of no.
narro, Sre, fivi, Htum,. a., to tell,
relate, narrate, recounl.
nascor, nasci, nSltus sum, dep.,
to be horn ; to be descended from ;
be produced; to arise, grow,
spring forth.
Naslcsi, ae, m. (n&sus, a nose),
(one having a large nose), a
cognomen in the Scipio family ;
Puhlius Scipio Nasica, slayer of
Gracchus,
n&sus, i, m., or nSsum, i, n., a nose.
nilt4Llis, e, adj., (nStus), of or
belonging to one's birth, natal;
natalis dies, birth-day.
n5-tio, 6nis,/. (nascor, § 163, h),
a being born; a race, nation,
people.
n^-to, &re, &vi, &tum, n. and a.
(no), to swim, float; swim in,
float upon.
nSL-tH, m. def (used only in abl,
sing.), (nascor), by birth, in
age , mazimus natu, eldest ;
minimus natu, youngest.
nS-tdra, ae, /. (nascor), natur .^ ,^
creation; constitution, disposii ^%
character ; naturS, naturally. . ^
nSLtdr-^lis, e, adj. (nSttira), nat-
ural.
nSl-tus, a, um, part, (nascor),
having been born, born, made;
designed, formed, intended,
nS-tus, i, 7n. (nascor), a son.
nau-fr&g-ium, ii, n. (navis ; fran-
go), a ship7{n'€ck.
nauta (nSvita), ae, 771., a sailor,
seaman.
nSv-aiis, e, adj. (nftvis), naval;
pertaining to ships,
nSiv-Sle, isi n. (nSvis), a dockyard,
dock: haven, harbor,
nSv-IcQla, ae, /. dim. (n^vis, §
164, a), a small vessel; boat, skiff,
n^vlgS-tio, 6nis. /. (nfivigo,' §
163, b), a sailing, navigation.
n^vig-ium, ii, n. (nSvigo, § 163,
f)y a sailing.; vessel, ship, boat.
niv-igo, are, Svi, atum, n. and
a. (nSvis), to sail; swim; sail
over, navigate.
navis, is, /. (ace, navem or na-
vim ; abl., nave or navi), a
ship ; navis longa, a ship of war,
navita, see nauta.
n6, adv. and conj., 1. adv., not, no,-
ne . . . jquidem, not even (the
word or phrase emphasized al-
ways between the ne and qui-
dem) ; 2. conJ., that not, lest.
nS, interrog. and enclitic particle
(§ 210, a), whether (in direct
questions ne is not to be trans-
lated, except by laying empha-
sis upon the word" to which it
is joined).
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LATIN LESSONS.
nSbiUa, 8B, /., muttf vapor ; a cloud.
nee, see nSque.
nScess&ri-o, adv. (nScessarius),
necessarily y unavoidably.
nScesB-&riu8, a, um, adj. (nS-
cesse), unavoidable, necessary.
As Noun, tw., a relative, rela-
tion, kinsman.
nS-ces-se, neut. adj. (found only
in nom. and ace. sing.), (ne;
cSdo), unavoidable, inevitable,
necessary.
nScess-ltas, SLtis, /. (nScesse, §
163, e), necessity; constraint,
compulsion, force ; need.
ngcess-ltudo, inis, /. (nScesae,
§ 163, e), necessity; connection,
relationship : intimacy, friendship.
nec-nS, conj., or not.
nSco, &re, ^vi, Stum, a., to kill,
slay, put to death.
necto, nectSre, nezui and nezi,
nexum, a., to bind, fetter: im-
prison.
nS-dum, conj., by no means, much
less ; not to say, much more.
nS-fas, n. indecl., that which is
unlawful, execrable, abominable;
wrong, crime ; a monster, wretch.
nSg-ligo, ligSre, lezi, lectum, a.
(nee; ISgo), to neglect, disre-
gard, despise, disdain.
nSgo, are, Svi, Stum, n. and a., to
say no ; deny, refuse.
nSg-otium, ii, n. (nee ; dtinm), a
business, occupation, employment;
difficulty, trouble; tnatter, thing :
nullo negotio, without trouble ;
negotium daure alicui, to give
the management of an affair to
any one.
n§-mo, inis, m. and/, (ne; h5mo),
no one, nobody ; nemo non,
evej-y body, all: non nemo,
some.
nempe, conj., for indeed, certainly,
truly, surely, why !
nSmus, 6ris, n., a woodland (with
meadows in it), a grove.
neo, n§re, n§vi, nStum, a., to
spin, loeave.
nSpos, 6ti8, m. and/., a grandson^
a grand-daughter, a nephew.
neptis, is,/., a grand-daughter.
nSquam, adj. indecl., worthless,
good for nothing, wretched, vile,
bad.
nS-que or .nee, conj., and not;
neqne (nee) . . . neque (neo),
neither . . . nor.
nS-queo, quire, quivi and quii,
quitum, n. (§ 144, g), to be
unable ; nequeo, / cannot.
ne-quis, qua, quod or qvdd,pron.,
lest any, that no one.
Nervii, drum, m., a people of
Belgic Gaul.
nervus, i, m., a sinew: string;
nerve, courage.
ne-scio, scire, scivi or soli, sd-
tum, a., not to know, to be igno-
rant of.
nescius, a, um, adj. (nescio),
unknowing, ignorant, unaware.
n6-ve, (neu), and not, nor ; neve
. . . neve, neither . . . nor.
nex, n^is, /. (nCco), death, mur-
der, slaughter.
nl, conj., if not, unless.
nidus, i, m., a nest.
niger. gra, grum, adj., black, dark,
dusky.
nihil (nil), n. indecl., nothing, not at
all; nihil habeo quod, / have
no reason that; non nihil, some-
thing : nihilominus, nevertheless.
nihil-dum, cuiv., nothing as yet.
nihilo, adv. (with comparatives),
by nothing, no; nihilo major,
no greater.
nihildminus, adv., £€e nihil.
nil, see nihil.
Nilus, i, m., the Nile ; a river in
Egypt, celebrated for its annual
overflow.
nimbus, i, m., a rain-storm, rainr
cloud, thunder-cloud, storm, tem-
pest.
nimis, adv., loo much, over much,
excessively.
nimium, adv., too much, too; very
much, greatly.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
61
nlrnins, a, tun, adj,, beyond meas-
ure, excessive, too much.
nl-si, conj., ifnot,unless; except,only.
niteo, 6re, ui, no sup,, n., to shine,
glitter, glisten,
nitor, niti, nlaus or nizua sum,
dep., to rest upon, rei^ upon ; to
strive, endeavor.
nix, nivis, /., snow.
niz-u8, a, tun, part, (nitor).
no, n&re, n&vi, no sup., n., to swim,
float.
n6-bili8, e, adj. (nosco), that can
he known; famous, celebrated;
high bom.
ndbU-ltas, fttis, /. (n6bUis, §
163, e), celebrity, fame, renown ;
the nobility, nobles.
n5cens, entis, part. (n5ceo),
hurtful, injurious ; guilty.
n5ceo, 6re, ui, itum, n. (with
dat.), to harm, hurt, injure.
noctu, abl. (used adverbially), by
night.
noct-ua, se, /. (nox). a night-owl,
an owl.
noct-umus, a, um, adj. (noz),
nightly, nocturnal.
n5c-uus, a, um, adj. (nOoeo),
hurtful, injurious.
n5dus, i, m., a knot.
Ndla, ae,/., a city of Campania.
ndlo, nolle, ndlui, irreg. (non;
v61o), (§ 138), to not wish, be
unwilling.
n6-men, inia, n. (nosco), (§ 80),
a name; renown; nomen ha-
bere, to be famous.
nomlnSl-tim, adv. (n5mino), by
name, expressly.
ndmlno, §re, &vi, fttum, a. (no-
men), to name, call by name;
nominate.
ndn, adv., not, no.
N6n8e, ftrum, /. (n6nus), the
Nones; the fifth day in every
month of the year, except
March, May, Julv, and October,
in which it W2is the seventh. So
called because it was the nirdh
day before the Ides.
non-dum, adi\, not yet.
non-nS, interrog. particle (§ 210, c),
notf
non-nullus, a. um, adj.j some,
several. As Noun, nonnulli,
6rum, m. pL, pennons, several.
non-nunquam (numquam), adv.,
sometimes, occasionally.
n5-nus, a, um, adj. (ndvem), the
ninth. As Noun, n6na, ae, /.,
the ninth hour of the day, i.e.,<
the third hour before sunset, at
which hour business was ended
at Rome.
n5s, nostrum or nostri, pi. of
ego, we.
nosco (gnosco), noscSre, n6vi,
ndtum, a., to become acquainted
toith; learn; n5vi, perf. with
pres. meaning, / know: nove-
ram, / knew.
nos-ter, txa, trum, possess, pron.
(nos), our, our own. ours . in pi.,
nostri, drum, m., our men, our
troops.
ndta, ae, /., a mark, note, sigti.
ndto, &re, ilvi, iltum, a. (ndta), to
mark, indicate, denote ; designate.
nd-tus, a, um, part, (nosco),
known.
ndvem, num. indecl. adj., nine.
N5vem-ber, bris, m. (n6vem),
November ; the' ninth month of
the old Roman year (which
began in March).
Novembris, e, adj., of November.
ndvi, see nosco.
n6v-itas,atis,/. (ndvus, § 163, e),
newness, novelty.
n5vus, a, um, adj., neic : recent,
fresh, young, novel, strange :
novae res, revolution ; the com-
parative of this adj. is wanting,
superlative novissimus, latest,
last; novissimum agmen, the
rear.
nox, noctis,/., night; darkness.
nubes, is, /., a cloud.
nubo, nQbSre, nupsi, nuptum,
n. (nubes), to veil one's self,
marry (used only of a woman
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LATIN LESSONS.
marrying a man, and governs
the dative), see matrimonium.
ntldo, ftre, ftvi, fttam, a. (ntldua),
to make bare^ stripy uncover,
nUduB, a, um, a<//., naked, bare,
unclothed,
nullua, a, um, adj, (ne; ullua),
(§ S3), not any, none, no.
num, interrog, particle (§ 210, c),
^chether,
Niima, se, m., Niima Pompilius;
second king of Rome.
ntl-men, Inis, n, (nuo, to nod),
a nod ; will, mif/ht; deity, dioin-
ily^ tjod,
niimSro. ftre, ftvi, fttmn, a. (nti-
mSrtui), to count, reckon, num-
ber; esteem, consider,
nttmSruB, i, m., a number; a mid-
titude,
Niimida, 8B, m., a Numidia7i,
Ntimldia, as. ^., a country of
northern Africa ^now Algeria).
Ntimltor, 5ris, m., a king of Alba,
brother of Aniulius and grand-
father of Romulus and Remus.
nnmmiis (ntlmus), i, m. (gen, pL,
ntlmmum), coin, money: as a
Roman silver coin, a sesterce;
in /)/., money, ready money,
nnmquam (nunqnam), aJr. (ne*,
umquam), at no time, never;
non nuuquam, sometimes,
num-quid, interrog, adi\, whether
(any),
nunc, adc, now, at present, at this
time,
nunquam, see numquam.
nuntio (nuncio), ^e, Svi, Stum,
ri. (nuntius),/o announce, declare,
nuntius (cius), ii, tn., a messen-
ger; news, tidin(fs,
nCi-per, adc, (nSvus), recently,
not long ago, lately ; Just now.
nupt-ise, &rum,/. (nupta, a mar-
ried woman), wiarr/a^e, wedding,
nuptials,
niirus. fts,/, a daughter-in-law^ a
young woman,
nusquam, adc, (ne; usquam),
nowhere, in no jdace.
ntltrlo, Ite, Ivi and 11, Itum, a., to
suckle, nourish, feed, foster, bring
up,
ntltrix, lois,/. (ntltrio, § 162, a),
o nurse,
nux, nticis,/, a nut,
nympha, 89,/., nymph, spouse.
O, interj., * oh !
ob, prep, with ace, on account of.
for: quam ob rem, wherefore,
accordingly.
5b-8Br-&tu8, a, um, adj. (ob ; ass).
invoiced in debt. As Noun,
6ba9r&tus, i, j/i., a debtor.
ob-dtlco, dUci^re, duzi, ductum,
a., to spread over, cover, surround.
5b6diens, entis, part, (5b3dio),
obedient, compliant,
5b6dien-ter, adv. (5b§diens),
obediently, willingly, readily.
5b-3dio, ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, n,
(ob; audio), (with dat.), to
give ear to ; obey, be subject to,
5b-eo, Ire, Ivi or ii, itum, n. and
«., to go towards, meet, oppose;
perish, die.
ob-jlcio, jlcSre, jSci, jectum, a.
(ob ; j&cio), to cast in the way,
oppose, expose, give over to;
taunt, reproach.
ob-jurgo, are, ivi, atum, a., to
chide, scold, blame, rebuke, re-
prove,
ob-lecto. 5re, ivi, fttum, a. (ob;
lacto, to entice), to delight,
please, divert, entertain, amuse.
ob-ligo, are, avi, atum, a., to
bind, tie; put under obligation,
oblige,
obllquus, a, um, adj., sidelong,
slanting, oblique; indirect ; en^
vious.
obll-tus, a, VLm,parf. (obllviscor).
having for gotten ; forgplful.
obllv-io, onis, /. (obUviscor, §
163, b), a forgetting ; for get ful-
ness; oblivion.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
68
obllviscor, obllvisci, oblltas
sum, (Up, (§ 219), lofortjet,
ob-nojdtis, a, um,ar//. (ob; noza),
f rally weak; liable, subject to;
subinissivej obedient.
ob-ruo, mSre, rui, rtltum, a., to
overwhelm, 'Strike down; cocer;
bury, conceal; oppress; ovei^
power.
obscHro. ftre, ftvi, fttum, a. (ob-
sc^ns), to cocer ; render dark,
obscure.
obscQrus, a, um, adj., dark, shady,
obscure; unseen; if/noble, low,
mean ; secret^ reserved.
ob-sScrOi Sre, &vi, fttum, a. (ob;
sacra), to beseech, entreat, im-
plore, conjure, supplicate.
ob-sSquor, sSqui, sSctltus sum,
dep., to gratij)j, humor: submit,
yield, comply with ; indulge one's
selj* in.
ob-servo, Sre, Svi, fttum, a., to
notice^ observe, mark, watch, note;
regard, respect, attend to.
obses, Idis, m. and J\ (obaideo),
a hostage : security.
ob-sideo, sIdSre, sSdi, seasum,
a. (ob; sSdeo), to besiege, in-
vest, blockade.
obsid-io, onis, / (obsldeo, §
103, b), a siege, blockade.
ob-signo, Sre* Svi, &tum, a., to
seal, seal up ; attest.
ob-sisto, aiatSre, stlti, atltum,
w., to oppose, hinder, obstruct.
ob8tiii§-tu8, a, um, part, (ob-
atino, to be resolved upon),
firmly resolved, resolute, deter-
mined.
ob-sto, stire, atXti, atitnm, n., to
stand against, oppose, hinder, ob-
struct, delay.
ob-strSpo, Sre, ui, Itum, n., to
make a noise against; to drown
with noise; to oppose with great
clamor.
ob-stringo, atringSre, atrinzi,
strictiun, a., to bind, tie, fasten;
pledge, oblige, put under obliga-
tion.
ob-tempSro, ftre, ftvi, Stum, n.,
to comply with, attend to, conform
to, obey.
ob-tineo, tinfire, tinui, tentum,
fl. and n. (ob ; tSueo), to hold,
possess, occupy, , maintain, get ;
last, continue.
ob-tingo, tingSre, tigl, no sup., a.
and n. (ob; tango), to touch,
strike; to fall to one, happen,
occur.
ob-trecto, Sre, ftvi, fttom, n. and
a. (ob; tracto), to disparage,
underrate, decry ; injure, thwart,
ob-truuco, ^e, fivi, fttum, a., to
cut off; killy slay.
ob-tnndo, tundSre, ttldi, tflsum
and tunsum, a., to strike against,
beat, blunt.
obttl-aua, a, wai,part. (obtundo),
blunt, dull ; weak, powerless.
ob-v8nio, vSnlre, v6ui, venttun,
w., to meet ; to Jail to one's lot ;
befall, happen, occur.
obviam, adv. (obvius), (with
dat.), in the way, against; ob-
viam ire alicui, to go to meet
any one.
ob-vius, a, um, adj. (ob; via),
meeting, in the way, so as to meet,
obvium ire aliciii, to meet one,
ob-volvo, volvSre, volvi, v61tl-
tum, a., to wrap around, muffle
tip ; cover, disguise.
occft-aio, 6iii8,/. (occldo, § 163,
b), an occasion, opportunity, fa*
vorable moment.
OCC&-8US, ils, m. (occldo, § 163,
b), a fall, downfall; perishing,
end, death ; overthrow, ruin,
oc-cldo, cIdSre, cidi, clsum, a,
(ob ; csedo), to strike down, cut
down, kill, slay,
oc-cldo, cIdSre, cIdi, cftaum, n.
(ob ; c&do), to fall down ; to
fatly perish, die; to go down, set,
oc-cillo, ciUSre, ctilui, cultum,
a. (ob; ciilo), to cover, hide,
conceal.
occul-tua, a, um, part, (occfilo),
hidden^ concealed^ secret.
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LATIN LESSONS.
oc-cmnbo, combSre, cQbui, ctt-
bitum, w. (ob ; cumbo), to fall
or sink into or tlown ; to perish.,
die; to submif, i/ieM, siiccnmh to.
oc-ciipo, 2b:e, &vi, iltuni, a. (ob,
c&pio), to takc^ seizes lay hold
off occupy^ enter.
oc-curro, currSre; curri (rarely
cflcurri), cursum, n., to i^n
towards, run to meet; attack,
oppose; happen.
Oce^us, i, m.j the ocean.
5c-ior, ius, comp. adj. (superlative,
ocissimus), quicker, sooner,
earlier.
Oct&via, ae,/., sister of Augustus.
Octtvitnus, i, m., a cogiK>meu
of the Emperor Augustus.
OcUlvius,ii,m., uameof Augustus.
oct-tvus, a, mn, adj. (octo), the
eighlh.
octiii-genti, ae, a, num. adj. (oc-
to ; centum), eight hundred.
octo, num. adj. indecl., eight.
Octo-ber, bris, m. (octo), Octo-
ber (originally the eighth month
of the Konian year, reckoning
from Alarch). As Adj., Octo-
bris, e, of October.
octd-d^cim, num. adj. indecl.
(octo ; dScem), eighteen.
octo-ginta, num. adj. indecl.,
eighty.
6ctilus, i, VI., an eye.
6di, odisse, a. defect^ (§ 143, b),
to hate, dislike.
6d-ium, ii, n. (6di, § 163, /),
hatred^ grudge, ill-will.
5dor, oris, m., a smell, scent, odor ;
fragrance.
of-fendo, f endgre, f endi, f ensum,
a. and n. (ob; fendo, obsolete),
to strike, hit; hurt, injure; of-
fend, displease, vex; blunder,
make a mistake.
offen-sa, ae, /. (offendo), an of-
fence, affront, wrong; displeasure,
flisfaror.
of-fSio, offerre, obttili. obl^tum,
a. (ob; ffiro), to present, pro-
duce, exhibit, show, offer, bestow.
<rf-flcio, flcSre, fSci, fecttutt, a.
ancTn. (ob; f&cio), to impede^
hinder, obstruct; injure, hurt^
opfHfse.
offici-dsus, a, mn, adj. (offlciam,
§ 164, k), full of complaisance^
dliliging ; dutiful. -
of-fic-ium, ii, n. (ops; f&cio), a
kindness, favor, service; duty;
employment, business.
dlea, ed,f, an olive; olive-tree,
51etiin, U n., oil, olive-oil.
dlim, adv., fwmerly, once : here-
after ; long ago ; some day, ever ;
si olim, if ever.
dllva, 8B,yi, an olive ; dive-tree.
omen, inis, n., a sign, token, omen,
portent.
5-mitto, mittgre, misi, missum,
a. (ob; mitto), to let go, let
loose; neglect, disregard; pass
over, omit ; leave off, cease.
omn-ino, adv. (omuis), altogether^
wholly, entirely, utterly; at all;
generally.
omnis, e, adj., every, all. As
Noun, omnes, ium, com. gen.y
all persons ; omnes ad unum,
all to a man.
^dnSro, Sre, iivi, iltum, a. (6nus),
to load, overkKid.
5nus, Sris, n., a load, burden^
weight.
5pSra, ae,/. (6p€ror), patw/?, exer-
tion, icork, labor ; operft, by all
means ; operam dare alicui, to
attend to, listen to, obey one;
operae pretium est, it is worth
while; me& operft, by my aid,
through my agency.
dpSrio, Ire, ui, ertum, a., to cover ;
hide, conceal.
5per-tus, a, tun, paji. (6pSrio),
hidden, concealed, secret.
opes, see ops.
5pl-fex, icis, cofn. gen. (6paB;
f^cio), a worker, framer, maker*
icorkman, artisan, mechanic.
5p-imus, a, um, adj. (opes), rich^
abundant, copious, noble, splen-
did ; sp61ia dpima, spoils of
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VOCABULARY. — I.
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honor, i.e., the arms taken on
the field of battle by a victo-
rious general from the general
whom he had conquered.
6pm-io, onis,/. (dplnor, § 163, 6),
opinion^ conjecture, supposition,
dplnor, ftri, &tus sum, dep., to
think, suppose.
5portet, 6re, uit, n. impers,, it is
necessary, needful, proper; I
(thou, she, &c.) must or ought^
op-p6to, pStSre, pStlvi and pStii,
pStitum, a., to go to meet, en-
counter ; mortem oppetere* to
face death, die.
oppid-Slnus, a, um, adj. (oppX-
dum), of or belonging to a town.
As Noun, oppld&ni, drum, m.
pi., the inhabitants of a town,
townsmen, townsfolk.
oppidum, i, n., a town (other than
Rome, which was called Urbs).
op-p5no, pdnSre, p5sui, pdsi-
tum, a. (ob; pdno), to place
against, set opposite, oppose,
allege.
opportun-Itas, &tis,/. (opportu-
nus, § 163, e), fitness; a favor-
able time, opportunity, advantage.
op-portunxis, a, um, adj. (ob;
portus), fit, meet, convenient,
suitable, seasonable.
op-prlmo, primSre, pressi, pres-
aum, a. (ob ; prgmo), to crush,
overwhelm, subdue, overcome.
oppugnS-tio, onis, /. (oppugno,
§ 163, b), an attack, assault, siege.
op-pugno, are, Svi, Sltum, a.
(ob ; pugno), to attack, assault,
fight against, besiege, invest.
ops, 5pis, /. (nominative and dat.
sing, wanting), power, might,
strength ; in pi., opes, um,
wealth, resources, power.
optim^tes, um or ium, m. pi., the
principal men; the aristocracy,
the nobility.
optXm-e, adv. (superl. of bSnS),
excellently.
optimus, a, um, adj, (superl. of
bdnus), best.
opto, are, Svi, atum, a., to choose ;
wish for, desire.
5pus, Sris, n., work, labor, task.
6pus, n. indecl. (§ 243, e), that
which is necessary, need. Ad
Adj., needfid, necessary.
ora, SB, /., a border, coast, shore,
region, district.
6r5-tio, onis, / (6ro, § 163, b),
a speaking, speech ; oration,
harangue; eloquence.
6ra-tor, 6ris, m. (6ro, § 162, a),
a speaker, orator, ambassador.
orbis, is, m., a circle, ring, orbit ;
orbis terrarum, the whole world,
the globe.
orbo, are, avi, atum, a. (orbus),
to deprive, bereave.
orbus, a, um, adj., deprived, bereft,
destitute.
ordior, ordiri, orsus sum,
dep., to begin, commence, un-
dertake.
ordo, Inis, m. (ordior), an arrang-
ing, row, rank, order, line; or-
dine, ez ordine, in ordinem,
in order, in turn; extra ordi-
nem, out of order, irregularly;
ordo equester, the equestrian
order, the knights.
OrgStdriz, Igis, m., a Helvetian
noble.
5ri-ens, entis, part. (6rior), ris-
ing. As Noun, m., the east; the
rising sun.
5r-igo, Xnis, /. (6rior), birth, ori-
gin, lineage, source.
drior, 6ri (6riri), ortus sum, dep.
(§ 135, h), to arise, originate
from, spring, descend from ; to
begin, commence.
5ri-undus, a, um, adj. (Srior),
descended, sprung from.
oma-mentum, i, n. (orno, § 163,
c), an ornament, decoration,
equipment ; in pL, jewels.
orna-tus, a, um, part, (orno),
adorned, ornamented.
orno, are. avi, atum, a., to adorn,
ornament, embellish ; praise, com-
mend : honor; fit out, furnish.
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LATIN LESSONS.
oro, &re, &vi, SLtum, a. (5s), to
pray, heg, beseech,
or-suB, a, um, part, (ordior), hav-
ing begun.
or-tiis, us, m. (6rior), a rising,
beginning, origin, birth,
6s, oris, n., the mouth, the face,
countenance ; speech,
6s, ossis, n,, a bone,
os-ctUum, i, n. dim. (6s, § 164, a),
a little mouth : a kiss.
os-tendo, tendSre, tendi, ten-
sum or tentum, a, (ob; ten-
do), to show, exhibit, display;
declare, say, make known ; prae-
mia, ostendere, to offer rewards,
osten-to, ^e, Slvi, &tum, a. intens.
(ostendo, § 167, b, and Note),
to display, boast of, show off;
reveal, point out.
08ten-tus, Us, 772. (ostendo, § 163,
b), a showing, display.
6sus, a, um, part. (6di), hating,
hatred.
6tio8-e, adv. (otiosus), at ease,
calmly, quietly; gently, gradu-
ally ; fearlessly.
6ti-5sus, a, um, adj. (6tium, §
164, A*), at leisure, unoccupied;
(juiet: indolent.
6tium, ii, «., leisure, freedom from
business; ease, inactivity, idle
life; rest, repose, quiet.
6vis, is,/., a sheep.
6vo, §re, Svi, &tum, n., to exult,
rejoice, triumph in an ovation,
6vum, i, n., an egg.
P., an abbreviation of Publius,
pSlbiilor, &ri, SltuQ sum, dep. (pSlbQ-
lum),/o seek for food; to forage.
p&-btUum, i, n. (pasco), food,
nourishment ; fodder.
p§c§-tus, a, um, part, (pftco),
pacified, calm, quiet, tranquil.
p^ciscor, p&cisci, pactus sum,
dep., to make a bargain, agree,
stipulate.
pftco, Sre, SLvi, fttum, a. (pax), to
make peaceful ; to quiet, still.
pac-tio, 6nis,/. (p&ciscor, § 163,
b), an agreement, covenant^ con-
tract, bargain.
pac-tum, i, n. (p&ciscor), an
agreement, covenant, contract ;
manner, way; quo pacto, in
what manner ?
P&dus, i, m., the Po.
P9ed&g6gus. i, m,, boy's attendant
(a slave who took children to
* and from school and had charge
of them at home), a preceptor,
tutor.
pasne, adv., nearly, almost.
p&g-&nus, a, um, adj. (p&gua),
rustic. As Noun, pSlgSnus, 1,
m., a countryman, peasant.
piLgus, i, m., a canton, village:
country-district.
pSlam, adv., openly, publicly ; as
prep, with abl., before, in the
presence of.
P^&tium, ii, fi., one of the seven
hills of Rome. The emperor
Augustus had his residence on
the Palatium ; hence it came to
mean a royal abode, palace.
palleo, 6re, ui, no sup., n., to he
pale ; be sick for a thing ; eagerly
desire.
pall-or, 6ris, m. (palleo, § 168,
a), paleness, pallor; alarm, ter-
ror.
palma, as, /., the palm, hand.
p&lQdSUnentum, i, n., a military
cloak, soldier's cloak, generates
cloak.
pSl-luSr i, m., a stake, prop, pale. .
pSlus, Qdis, /., a swamp, marsh,
bog.
pando, pandSre, pandi, pansum
and passum, a., to spread out,
extend, throw open; passis cri-
nibus, with dishevelled hair,
pango, pangSre, panzi (p6gi,
pSplgi), panctum (pactum),
a., to fasten, fix ; determine^ set-
tle ; stipulate, contract.
p&nis, is, m., bread, loaf.
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pftr, pibis, adj, {gen, pL, p&rium),
equaly equal to, a match for;
suitable, Jit,
par, p^ris, n,, a pair.
p&ra-bllia, e, adj. (p5ro), pro-
curable, easy to get.
pSra-tus, a, um, part, (p^ro),
prepared, ready, equipped, fur-
nished.
parco, parcSre, pSperci, or parsi,
parcltum, or pau-sum, n, with
dat. (parens), to spare, refrain
from, forbear, leave off, cease.
parous, a, um, adj., sparing, fru-
gal, thrifty.
p^r-ena, entis, m. and/ {gen. pL,
parentum, and pau'entium),
(p^rio), aparent ; father, mother.
pSLreo, 6re, ui, itum, n., to appear,
obey, comply ivith.
p&rio, p^rSre, pSpSri, .pSrltum
« and partum, a., to bring forth,
bear, lay, produce, beget, accom-
plish.
p^r-iter, adv. (pSr), equally, in
like manner, as icell.
p^ro, are, avi, atum, a., to get
Keady, prepare, furnish, provide,
\ get, obtain.
para, partis, /., a part, piece, por-
tion, share; party, quarter; ex
omni parte, in all respects;
nulla ex parte, in no respect;
a partibus alicujus stau-e, to
stand on one^s st^e, belong to
one's party.
Parthi, 5rum, m.pl., the Parthians ;
a Scythian people, famed in
ancient times as roving war-
riors and skilful archers.
. part-im, ado. (partior), partly, in
part.
part-ior, Iri, Itus sUm, dep.
(pars), to part, share, divide,
distribute.
partus, lis, m. (pario, § 163, 6), a
bearing, bringing forth, birth;
offspring.
par-um, adv. (akin to parvus),
too little, not enough (parum,
mXnua, minlme).
parvil-lus, a, um, adj. dim. (par-
vus, § 164, a), very small, petty,
slight; young. As Noun, par-
viUus, i, m., a little boy ; parvil-
la, se,f., a little girl.
parvus, a, um, adj. {comp. minor,
superl. minimus), small, little.
pasoo, pascSre, pavi, pastum,
a. and n., to nourish, maintain,
feed ; pasture, graze.
pasoor, pasoi, pastus sum, dep.,
to feed or browse upon.
passer, Sris, m., a sparrow.
pas-sim, adv. (pando), here and
there, hither and thither, in aV ^
directions ; promiscuously.
pas-sus, a, um, part, (patior),
having suffered, endured.
pas-sus. Us, m. (pando), a step,
pace ; foot-step, track ; pace (as
measure of length, consisting
oifve Roman feet) ; mille pas-
suum, one mile.
pas-tor, 5ris, m. (pasco, § 162,
a), a feeder, keeper, herdsman,
shepherd.
pateo, Sre, ui, 710 sup., to be open ;
to stretch out, extend; be tnani"
fest, be free.
pater, tris, m., a father.
pater-familias, patris-familias,
m., a father of a family, master
of a household.
pater-nus, a, um, adj. (pater),
of or belonging to a father, pater-
nal, fatherly, hereditary.
pati-ens, entis, part, (patior),
suffering, allowing, bearing, pa-
tient ; firm, unyielding ; patiens
oneris, able to bear a burden.
patien-ter, adv. (patiens), j;a-
tiently.
patient-ia, ae, /. (patiens, § 163,
e), patience, forbearance, indul-
gence, lenity.
patior, pati, passus sum, dep., to
lmar,support, e?idure, suffer, allow.
patr-ia, ae, /. (pater), fatherland,
native country, native place.
patr-icius, a, um, adj., (pater),
patrician, noble.
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LATIN LESSONS.
patr-Im5nium, ii, n. (p&ter), an
estate inherited from a father;
patrimony^ inheritance; fortune,
property.
patr-ius, a, um, adj, (pSter), of
or belonging to one*s father, pa-
ternal.
patr5cln-ium, ii, n. (patr5ciuor,
§ 168, b), protection, defence^
patronage.
patrd-clnor, ari, atus sum, dep.
(patronus), to protect, defend,
support, patronize.
patr-6nus, i, m. (pXter), a pro-
tector, patron; defender, advo-
cate; pleader.
patr-uus, i, m. (pSter), a father^
brother, an uncle on the father's
side.
pauca, drum, n. pi., a few words.
pauci, ae, a, adj. pL, few, little.
paulo, adv. (paulus), by a little, a
little, somewhat.
paulus (pauUus), a, um, adj.,
little, small.
pauliatim (pauiatim), adv. (pau-
lus), by degrees, gradually.
pauper, 6ris, adj., poor, needy,
scanty, slender (comp. paupe-
rior, superl. pauperrimus).
pauper-tas, Stis, / (pauper, §
1G3, e), poverty, need, want.
p&veo, pSvSre, pSlvi, no sup., n.
and a., to tremble with fear; be
terrified; to fear, dread.
p&v-idus, a, um, adj. (piveo),
trembling, quaking, fearful, timr
id , anxious, disturbed.
p^vo, ouis, (pftviw, i), m., a pea-
cock.
pSv-or, oris, m. (pSveo, § 163, a),
a trembling; anxiety, fear, dread.
pax, pficis, /., peace; grace, fa-
vor; pace tua, with your per-
mission.
peccSl-tum, i, n. (pecco), a fault,
error, sin. •
pecco, ftre, Svi, Stum, n., to trans-
gress, sin, offend.
pecto, pectSre, pexi, pezum and
pectitum, a., to comb, card.
pectus, 6ris, n., the breast ; heart,
feelings; courage.
p^ti-nia, as, /. (p^us, tidis),
property, riches, wealth.
pScus, dris, n., a herd, flock; cattle.
pScus, Qdis, f., a beast, a sheep ;
an animal; in pi., cattle.
pSd-es, Itis, m. (pes; eo), (one
that goes on loot), a foot-sol-
dier ; infantry.
p8d-ester, tris, tre, adj. (pes),
on foot, pedestrian ; by land, land,
pSjor, us, adj. {comp. of mSlos),
worse.
pellis, is, /., a skin, hide ; a gar-
ment (made of skin).
pello, pellSre, pSptUi, pulsum,
a., to drive or thrust out; expel,
set aside; rout, put to flight;
hurl, impel; move, affect.
pendeo, pendSre, pSpendi, no
sup., n., to hang, be suspended;
overhang ; float, rest upon.
pendo, peudSre, pSpendi, pen-
sum, a., to weigh, weigh out;
pay, pay out ; consider, estimate ;
value, esteem.
pSnes, prep, with ace, with, in the
power of.
pSnitus, adv., deeply, inwardly;
thoroughly, utterly, wholly.
penna, ae, /., a feather, wing; an
arrow.
pSntiria, 20, f., want, need.
per, prep, with ace, through, dur-
ing, by, by means of, on account
of, over, across.
pSr-&go, agSre, Sgi, actum, a., to
finish, accomplish, carry through,
complete,
p6r-agro, Sire, ftvi, fttum (per;
&ger), to wander about; trav-
erse ; travel through.
per-cello, cellSre, cttli, culsum,
a., to strike, beat down, over-
throw ; discourage ; ruin, destroy.
per-clpio, cIpSre, c5pi, ceptum,
a. (per; c&pio), to seize, oc-
cupy; obtain, receive; perceive,
observe, learn.
percuncta-tio (contfttio), 5ni8,
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VOCABtn.ARt. — 1.
69
/. (percunctor, § 163, 6), an
inquiring of; an inquiry.
per-cunctor, (contor), ftri, atus
sum, dep,, to ask particularly
of; to inquire, ask, interrogate;
investigate.
per-cnrro, curr^re, ottcurri or
curri, oursum, a., to run
through ; pass through, traverse ;
scan briefly.
percus-sio, dnis, /. (perctttio, §
163, 6), a heating, striking.
percus-sor, 5ri8, m. (perctttio, §
162, a), a striker; murderer,
slayer.
per-ctttio, ctttSre, cussi, cuBsum,
a. (per; qu&tio), to strike,
pierce through ; slay, kill; heat;
fcBduB percutere, to conclude
a treaty.
perd-itus, a, urn, part, (perdo),
destroyed, ruined, desperate, cor-
rupt, abandoned.
perdo, perdlfre, perdidi, perdi-
tum, a., to destroy, lose, ruin;
squander, waste.
per-dfico, dQcSre, diud, ductum,
a., to lead through, bring, con-
duct; prolong, lengthen out, in-
duce ; draw out, extend.
per-eOi Ire, ii (Ivi), itum, n. irr.,
to perish, be ruined, lost, die ; be
wasted, spent.
per-fSro, ferre, ttOi, Ifttum, a. irr.,
to carry through, convey ; accom-
plvth; suffer, endure.
per-ficio, ficSre, f6ci, fectum,
a. (per; fftcio), to make, make
up, form; finish, complete; ac-
complish, carry out ; effect, cause.
perfld-ia, 8b,/. (perfldus, § 163, e),
faithlessness, dishonesty, treach-
^T'yj falsehood.
per-fidus, a, urn, ae//.(per; fides),
faithless, false, dishonest, treach-
erous.
per-f5dio, f5dSre, f5di, fossum,
-a., to dig through; pierce, stab,
transfix,
per-f5ro, ftre, ftvi, fttum, a., to
bore through, pierce, perforate.
per-fringo, fringSre, frSgi, frao-
tum, a., (per ; frango), to break
or dash in pieces; to shatter;
violate, infringe.
per-frnor, fnii, fmctus sum, dep.,
to enjoy fully ; fulfil, perform.
per-fttgio, fttgSre, ffigi, fttgltum,
n., to flee; desert; fly (for ref-
uge).
per-go, pergSre, perrezi, perrec-
turn, a. and n. (per ; rSgo), to
commence, undertake; go on,
proceed.
pSr-hibeo, hibSre, hXbui, hlbi-
tum, a. (per; h&beo), to hold
out, present, afford; ascribe, at-
tribute; consider, regard.
pSrIol-ltor, ftri, fttus sum, dep.
(pSriclum), to try, prove, test;
risk, venture ; to be in danger.
pSrIottl*5sus, a, um, adj. (pgrlctt-
lum, § 164, k), full of danger;
dangerous, hazardous, perilous.
pSrI-ctilnm (clum), i, n. (pSrior,
obsolete), a trial, attempt; risk,
hazard, danger.
pSr-lmo, imSre, Smi, emptum, a.
(per ; 6mo), to take away ; an-
nihilate, destroy ; kill, slay.
pSr-inde, adv., quite, as ; just as ;
in like manner, equally.
pSrI-tns, a, um, adj. (pgrior, ob-
solete), experienced, practised,
skilful, expert.
per-magnus, a, um, adj., very
great, very large.
per-mitto, n^ttSre, misi, mis-
sum, a., to let through; let go;
let loose ; permit ; cast, hurl ; in-
trust.
per-m5veo, m5v6re, m5vi, m5-
tum, a., to move deeply, stir
greatly; rouse up, excite; per-
suade.
per-multus, a, um, adj., very
much, very many.
pernlc-ies, i6i, /. (pernSco), de-
struction, ruin, overthrow.
pernici-5suB, a, um, adj. (per-
nicies, § 164, k), very destruc-
tive, ruinous, pernicious.
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70
LATIN LESSONS.
per^aucuB, a, um, adj., very lit-
tle^ very few.
perpStu-o, adv. (perpetuus), con-
stantly, perpetually.
perpStu-nm, adv. (perpStuus),
forever, perpetually.
perpetuus, a, um, adj., continur
ing, continuous, unbroken; con-
stant, lasting.
per-mmpo, nimpSre, rdpi, rup-
tum, a., to break through, force
one^s way through; overcome;
break up.
per-saepe, adv., very often, very
frequently.
per-sSquor, sSqui, sScfitus sum,
dep., to follow after, chase, pur-
sue ; proceed against, attack:
hunt after, obtain.
persSv6ro, &re, SM, Stum, n. and
a. (pers6v6rus^, to persist, per-
severe (in any tning).
persSv6ru8, sl, lun, adj., very
strict.
Persia, ae,/., Persia.
Persia, Idis,/., Persia.
per-sisto, sistSre, stiti, stitum,
n., to continue steadfastly; to
persist.
per-solvo, solvSre, solvi, sdlil-
tum, a., to pay, give, render;
solve, explain.
per-spicio, spicSre, spezi, spec-
turn, (a. per; spScio), to see
through; view, examine, inspect,
per-sto, stSre, stiti, statum, n.,
• to standfAnly, hold out, persevere,
persist.
per-stringo, stringSre, strinzi,
Btrictnm, a., to bind, tie, fasten ;
seize; wound slightly; censure,
reprove.
per-Buadeo, suadCre, suasi, sua-
sum, a., to convince, persuade,
induce, prevail upon.
per-terreo, terrSre, terrui, terri-
tum, a., to frighten or terrify
thoroughly.
pertin&c-ia, 89, /. (pertinaz, §
163, e), perseverance, constancy,
obstinacy.
pertinftc-iter, adv, (pertlnaz),
firmly, stubbornly.
per-tinaz, ^ci% adj. (per; tSnaz),
firm, constant, steadfast, persever-
ing ; stubborn, obstinate.
per-tXneo, tinSre, tinui, tentom,
n. (per ; tSneo), to stretch, recu;h,
extend; belong to, relate, have
reference to.
per-tr^o, tr&hSre, trazi, tr^c-
tiun, a., to drag, entice, allure.
per-turbo, fire, ftvi, fttum, a., to
confuse utterly; to disturb, dis-
compose, embarrass, confound.
per-Qtllis, e, adj., very useful.
per-vSnio, vSnIre, vSni, ventum,
n., to arrive at, reach, attain to.
per-vdlo, fire, ftvi, fttum, n., to fly
through,
pSs, pSdis, m., afoot; pedibus,
on foot.
pesslmuB, a, um, adj. (super!, of
mlUuB), tcorst.
pestis, is, /., a plague, pest, pes-
tilence : destruction, ruin.
p«t-itio, 6ni8,/. (p«to, § 163, ft),
a request, petition, candidate-
ship.
pSto, pStSre, pStlvi and pStii,
pStltum, a., to attack, assail;
seek; beg, ask, entreat (§ 239,
c, remark).
phlUanz, angis, /., a band of sol-
diers, phalanx.
phSl^ree, ftrum, /. pi., trappings
for horses, military ornaments,
. decorations.
Pharn&ces, is, m., king of Pon-
tus.
Pharsftl-icus, a, um, adj. (Phar-
sftlus), of Pharsalus, Pharsa-
lian.
Pharsftlus, i,/., a city of Thessaly,
where Caesar defeated Pompey,
B.C. 48.
Philippi, orum, m. pi., a city of
Macedonia, on the borders of
Thrace, celebrated for the bat-
tle in which Octavianus and
Antony defeated Brutus and
Cassius, B.C. 42.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
71
pM1686phia, ae,/, philosophy,
phI15s5phor, Sri, Stua sum, dep,
(philSsdphus), to philosophize,
PhilSadphua, i, m., a philosopher,
pi-gtas, atis, /. (plus, § 163, e),
piety ; duty, affection, love, grati-
tude,
piger, gra, gnim, adj,, slow, lazy,
dull, sluggish, indolent,
piget, pig6re, piguit, and plgi-
tum est, impers. (§ 221, b), it
vexes, annoys, troubles; piget
me alicujus rei, / dislike,
loathe a thing,
pignuB, 5riB and Sris, n., a pledge,
security,^ token, proof.
pila, aB,/., a hall, playing hall,
pHum, i, n., a javelin (a, heavy
javelin of the Roman infantry,
which they hurled at the enemy
at the beginning of an action,
and then used their swords).
pingo, pingSre, piiud, pictum,
a., to paint, embroider; stain;
adorn, decorate,
pinguis, e, adj,, fat, rich, fertile ;
dull, stupid.
pInuB, fis and i, /., a pine, pine-
tree; a fir, fir-tree.
plrftta, 8B, m,, a sea-robber, pirate,
plr&ticus, a, um, adj., of pirates,
piratical,
pisc-Ina, ae, /. (piscis), a fish-
pond ; a pond.
piscis, is, m., a fish.
piscor, firi, ^tus sum, dep. n.
(piscis), to fish,
pius, ^ um, adj, (comp, magis
pius, superl, piisimus), pious,
devout; tender, kind ; patriotic,
pix, picis,/, pitch.
plftct-bllis, e, adj, (plSco), easily
pacified ; mild, gentle,
plliceo, Sre, ui, itimi,n., to please,
satisfy ; placet, impers,, it seems
good, it is thought best, resolved on.
pl^c-idus, a, um, adj. (pl&ceo),
gentle, quiet, calm, mild, peaceful.
plkco, Sre, ftvi, fttiun, a,, to quiet
soothe, calm, appease; reconciled
pacify.
plSga, ae,/, a blow, stroke; thrust,
wound; injury,
plSga, ae, /., a hunting net, snare ;
trap.
pl^-e, adv. (pl^us), simj)ly,
clearly, distinctly ; wholly, entire-
ly, completely, quite.
pl^-lties, iSi, /. (planus), level
ground, plain.
pl^us, a, um, adj., even, level,
flat, plain.
Plato, onis, m., Plato, a celebrated
Greek philosopher.
plSbs, pl§bis,/, the common people,
plecto, plectSre, plezi and
plezui, plezum, a., to plait,
braid, interweave; twist.
plecto. plectSre, no perf, no sup.,
a., to strike, punish (with blows).
pl6-nus, a, um, adj, (pleo, to fill),
full, filled ; complete,
plSrus-que, plSr&que, plSrum-
que, adj.^ the larger or greater
part of; generally found in pL,
very many, the most; plerum-
que, as Adv., for the most part,
very often, frequently.
pllco, are, avi (ui), atum and
itum, a., to fold, fold up ; to coil.
plumb-eus, a, um, adj. (plum-
bum, § 164, g), of lead, made of
lead, leaden.
plumbum, i, n., lead.
pluo, pluSre, plui or pluvi, no
sup., n., to rain; pluit, it rains
(§146, a).
plu-rlmus, a, um, adj. (superl. of
multus), very much; most; as
Adv., plurimum, mostly, chiefly,
exceedingly, very much.
pliis, pluris, adj. (comp. of mul-
tus), (§ 86), more. As Noun
in pL, pltires, ium, m,, several,
plus, adv., more ; too much.
plii-via, se,f. (pluo), rain.
pdc^um, i, n., a cup, gohlet, bowl.
pddagra, ae, /., the gout (in the
feet).
poSma, atis, n. (dat. and abl. pi.,
poSmatlbus or poematis), a
poem.
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72
LATIN LESSONS.
poena, ee, /., punishment, penalty ;
poenaB dare, to pay the penalty,
he punished ; pcenas sumere,
to inflict punishment,
pcen-Xtet, poenitSre, pcenituit,
no sup., impers., (§ 221, b), it
repents ; with ace. of person and
gen. of the thing, or infinitive
m place of the thing ; poenitet
me factd, I repent of the action ;
poenitet me fecisse, / repent
having done it.
poSta, ae, m., a poet.
pollens, entis, part, (polleo),
strong, mighty,' able, powerful.
pol-leo, §re, ui, no sup., n. (p5ti8 ;
vSleo), to be strong; to be able ;
to prevail.
poll-ex, icis, m. (polleo), the
thumb ; the great toe.
pol-lXoeor, licSri, IXcXtus sum,
dep. (p5tis ; llceor), to promise,
Pollio, onis, m., a Roman name.
pol-liio, uSre, ui, fitum, a. (p5ti8 ;
luo), to soil, defile, pollute ; dis-
honor, violate,
pompa, SB, /., a procession ; suite,
retinue ; display, parade, pomp,
PompSi-anuB, a, um, adj. (Pom-
pSius), of Pompey, Pompeian,
PompSiuB, ii, m., Cneius Pompeius
Magnus ; a Roman general and
rival of Caesar; defeated at
Pharsalus, B.C. 48.
pdmum, i, n., fruit,
pond-US, Sris, n, (pendo), a
weight, mass, load, burden; in-
fluence, authority,
pone, adv. and prep, with ace,
after, behind, back.
pono, ponSre, pSsui, p5situm,
a., to put, place, set, lay; oastra
ponere, to pitch camp.
pons, pontis, m., a bridge,
^ontlfez, ficis, m., a high-priest,
pontiff,
PontUB, i, m., the Black sea (Pon-
tus Eu^nus), also a region
about the Black Sea.
PopediuB, ii, m., a Latin chief.
p5ptil-&riB, e, adj. (pdptUus), of
or belonging to the people ; pop
ular; native,
p5ptilor, ftri, fttus sum, dep.
(p5ptiluB), to lay waste, railage,
devastate, plunder, pillage,
pdptilus, i, m., a people ; a multi-
tude, host, crowd.
Porcia, ee,/., wife of Brutus.
por-rXgo, rigSre, rexi, rectum,
a. (por = pro; r6go), to put
forth, reach out, extend; offer,
present.
porro, adv., ontoard, henceforth,
again, moreover.
porta, ae, /., a gate, door.
por-tendo, dSre, di^ tum, a,
(por = pro ; tendo), to foretell,
predict, portend,
porten-tum, i, n. (portendo), a
sigh, token, omen, portent; mon-
ster,
port-icus, flB,/. (porta), a piazza,
colonnade, portico,
porto, 5re, Svi, Stum, a., to carry,
convey, bring.
portuB, fis, m., a harbor, haven,
port,
poBCO, poBcSre, p6posci, no sup,,
a., to beg, demand, request, desire,
ask, require.
P5Bld5nius, ii, m., a celebrated
philosopher of Rhodes.
p5B-itus, a, um, part, (p6no),
situated, placed, lying, standing,
posses-Bio, dnis, / (possideo, §
163, b), a possessing, possession ;
property.
pos-sXdeo, sidSre, sSdi, sessum,
a. (p5tiB; sSdeo), to possess,
have, hold,
poB-sido, sldSre, sSdi, sessum,
(pdtis; sido), to take posses-
sion of, occupy.
pos-sum, posse, p5tui, n. irr,
(p5tis ; sum), to have the power,
can, be able ; plurimum posse,
to have very great influence.
post, adv. and prep, with ace, be-
hind, back, after, beneath,
post-efi, adv,, afterwards, here^
after.
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VOCABtJLAltt. — I.
73
poBteft-qnam, conj,, after that,
when,
posterior, ius, adj, (camp, of pos-
tSrus), a/ler, later; inferior;
latter,
post-^ruB, a, tun, adj, (post),
coming after, following, next,
ensuing, future. As Noun, pos-
tfirl, 5rtim, 7n, pi,, descendants,
posterity,
post-h&beo, hlibSre,h&biii,h&bi-
tum, a., to place after; esteem
less, postpone, neglect.
post-hac, adv,, after thut, hereafter,
henceforth.
po8t-p5na, p5nSre, pSsui, pSsi-
tum, a., to put after, postpone,
to esteem less ; neglect.
post-quam, conj., after that, after,
as soon as, when.
po8trSm-o, adv. (postrSmuB),
at last, lastly, finally,
po8tr-i-die, adv. (postSrus, dies),
on the day after, on the next day.
po8ttU&-tum, i, n. (postfilo), a
demand, request,
posttUo, are, ftvi, fttum, a. (§ 239,
c, remark), to ask, demand, re-
quire, request, desire,
p5tenB, entis, part, (possum),
able, mighty, powerful, strong.
p5tent-&tus, lis, m. (pdtens),
rule, dominion, command,
p5ten-ter/a(/z;. (p6tens), strongly,
mightily, powerfully, effectually.
p5tent-ia, 89, / (pdtens, § 163,
e), might, force, power ; efficacy ;
authority.
p5te8-ta8, &ti8,/. (p5tens, § 163,
e), ability, power; dominion,
rule, empire; opportunity; po-
testatem, facere, pugnandi, to
give (one) the opportunity of
fighting.
pdt-io, 6nis,/. (pSto, § 163, b), a
drinking ; a drink, draught.
pdt-ior,iri,Itus BVLm.,dep. (pdtiB),
1o take possession of get, obtain ;
he master of hold, possess.
p5tis, e, adj., powerful; able;
2>os8ible^
p5ti-UB, adv. (pStis), rather, pref-
erably, more.
p5to, p5tare, p5tavi, p5t2ltum,
or p5tum, a. and n., to drink,
tipple.
praB, adv. and prep, with abl,
before; in comparison with; be-
cause of; in front of; in com-
position, very, very much, too
much,
praB-beo, bSre, bui, bitum, a,
(contracted from praehibeo ;
prae; h&beo), io reach out,
proffer; give, furnish, afford;
exhibit,
praB-c&veo, c&vSre, cftvi, cau-
tum, a. and n., to guard against
beforehand, to seek to prevent;
to take care beforehand; be on
one*s guard, beware.
prse-cSdo, c6dSre, ces8i,ce88um,
a. and n., to go before, precede ;
surpass, outstrip, outdo, excel.
prse-ceps, cipitis, adj. (pree ; ca-
put), headforemost, headlong.
prsecep-tum, i, n, (prsecipio), a
maxim, rule, precept; order,
command.
prse-cido, cidSre, cidi, cisum, a,
(prse; caodo), to cut off, take
away ; break off; refuse, deny,
pras-cipio, cipSre, cSpi, ceptum,
a. (prae ; c&pio), to take in ad-
vance, anticipate; direct, order,
enjoin.
prascipito. are, ftvi. Stum, a. and
n. (praeceps), to throw head-
long : precipitate ; to rush down,
fall to ruin.
prasclpu-e, adv. (praecipuus)
especially, chiefly; particularly^
principally,
praBcip-uuB, a, um, adJ, (praeci-
pio), particular, peculiar, espe-
cial : principal, chief, foremost ;
distinguished,
pr8Bclar-e, adv. (praBclftrus), very
clearly, excellently, admirably,
very well.
prae-ciarus, a, um, adj., vn-tf
clear; glorious, excellent, noble,
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
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LATIN L£SSOKS.
renowned, distinguished, famous,
celebrated,
pr89CO, Snis, m,, a crier, herald,
prseda, ae,/, booty, spoil, plunder ;
prey^ game,
pr89-dico, ftre, ftvi, ftttim, a,, to
publish, proclaim, state, declare;
praise, commend, laud,
prae-dico, dIcSre, dud, dictum,
a,, to foretell, predict ; admonish,
icarn, command,
prae-dituB, 5, um, adj. (prae; do),
gified, endowed, provided with,
possessed of,
praedo, Snis, m, (praedor), one
that plunders, a plunderer, rob-
ber,
praedor, Iri, §ta8 sum, dep.
(praeda), to plunder, rob, pil-
lage, despoil,
prae-eo, ire, ivi and ii, itum, n.,
to go before, j)recede.
praefec-tuB, i, m, (prasficio), a
c/oi'ernor, chief, commander, pre-
fect:
prae-fSro, ferre, ttili, Ifitum, a,
irr., to carry before ; to prefer,
choose rather; display, exhibit,
pras-flcio, flcSre, fSci, fectum,
a. (prae; f&cio), to place over,
set over; put in command of;
appoint,
prae-mitto, mittSre, misi, miB-
Bum, a,, to send before, despatch
in advance,
prae-mium, ii, n. (prae; Smo),
profit, advantage; reward, rec-
ompense,
praep^S-tio, 5nis, /. (praep&ro,
163, b), a preparing, preparation,
prae-p^o, §re, §vi, &tum, a., to
get ready beforehand ; prepare,
prae-p5no, ponSre, pdsui, p5si-
tum, a., to set over, place in
charge of, to appoint,
prae-ripio, rlpgre, rlpui, reptum,
a. (praB ; r&pio), to snatch atcay,
forestall, anticipate,
prae-scribo, soribSre, scripsi,
scriptum, a,, to appoint, direct,
command, prescribe.
prasscrip-tdo, onis, /. (praescrl-
bo, ' § 163, b), an inscription,
title; precept, rule, law,
prasscrip-tum, i, n. (praBscribo),
a precept, order, rule.
pras-Bens, entia, adj, (prae ; sum),
present,
prasseut-ia, as, /. (prassens, § 163,
e), presence; readiness; in
prassentift, at present, now,
pras-sertim, adv. (pras; sSro),
especially.
pras-Bldeo, sidSre, sSdi, sessum,
n, and a. (prae; sgdeo), to sit
before; guard, protect; direct,
command.
praesXd-ium, ii, n. (prassldeo, §
163, /), defence, aid, protection,
help ; a garrison, guard.
praestans, antis, part, (prassto),
pre-eminent, excellent, distin-
guished, extraordinary,
prasstant-ia, aa, /. (praestans, §
163, e), pre-eminence, superiority,
excellence.
praasto, adv., at hand, ready, pres-
ent, here.
prae-sto, stSre, stlti, stltum, n.
and a., to be superior; surpass,
exceed; show, exhibit, manifest;
fulfil, pay; praestat, it is better,
prae-sum, esse, f ui, n. irr.^ to he
over, be in command of, have
charge of, govern, superintend;
summae rerum praeesse, to
have the supreme command.
prae-sUmo, sUmSre, snmpsi and
sumsi, sumptnm and sum-
turn, a., to take before, take in
advance ; conceive beforehand^
suppose, presume.
praeter, adv. and prep, with ace,
except, over, beyond, past, against,
besides.
praetSr-eS, adv., besides, moreover,
beyond ; henceforth, hereafter.
praet§r-eo, Ire, ivi and ii, itum,
n. and a., to go past; pass by,
pass over, neglect, forget.
praetgri-tus, a, lun, part, (prae-
I tSreo), past, gone by, departed.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
75
As Noun, praetSrlta, omm, n.
pL, the past,
pr89-tezo, texSre, tezui, teztum,
a., to weave before; to fringe;
to furnish, provide ; conceal, dis-
guise,
prsetez-ta, ae, /. (praetexo), the
" toga praetexta," a mantle (with
purple border, worn by magis-
trates and children).
prsetezt-atus, a, um, adj. (prae-
tezta), icearing the mantle',
(hence), as Noun, m., a hoy.
prse-tor, dris, m., (prse; eo),
prcBtor (officer of justice), chief,
commander.
prset5r-ium, ii, n. (praetor), a
general* s tent.
prsetSr-iuB, a, um, adj. (praetor),
of the proitor.
prae-ttlra, ae, /., the office of a
prat or, the prcetorship.
pras-vlUIdiis, a, um, adj., very
strong.
prae-v8nio, vSnire, v6ni, ventum,
n. and a., to go before, precede ;
anticipate, prevent; surpass, excel.
prae-video, vld6re, vidi, visum,
a., to see beforehand, foresee.
prandeo, prandSre, prandi, pran-
8um, n. and a., to breakfast ; to
take as breakfast.
prand-itim, ii, n. (prandeo, § 163,
/), breakfast.
pr&tum, i, 72., a meadow.
pr&vus, a, um, adj., crooked ; per-
verse, wrong, vicious, bad.
prSci, prScem, prSce, in pi.,
preces, um,/., prayer, entreaty,
request.
prSoor, &ri, fttus sum, dep., to
pray, beg, entreat.
prShendo, dSre, di, sum, a,, to
seize, catch, grasp, snatch,
prSmo, prSmSre, pressi, pres-
sum, a., to press, press hard on,
oppress; pursue, annoff,
preudo, see prehendo.
prdti-5suB, a, um, adj. (prStiiun,
§ 164, k), valuable, ])recious;
costly, expensive.
prStium, ii, n., money, toealth;
worth, value, price.
prez, see prSci.
pridem, adv., a long time ago, long
since, formerly.
pri-die, adv. (prae; dies), on the
day before (§ 214, ^r; § 261, a).
prim-o, adv. (primus), at first, in
the beginning, first, firstly,
prim-um, adv., first, in the frs'
place, for the first time ; qyxaxu
primum, a^ soon as possible.
pri-mus, a, um, adj., superlative
(prae, prior, primus, § \)l). first,
foremost.
prin-ceps, cipis, adj. (primus;
c&pio), first. As Noun, com.
gen., chief ruler, emperor ; prin-
cipes, m. pL, chiefs, princes.
princlp-fttus, us, m. (princeps),
the chief place, supremacy, do-
minion; principatum tenere,
to be at the head of.
prior, prius, adj. comp. (pras,
piiOT,piimvLB), former,p7''evious,
prior, first (of two).
pristXnus, a, um, adj., former,
early, primitive, pristine.
prius . . . quam, conj., before that,
before, sooner ; priusquam non,
not until.
prius, comp. adv., before, sooner.
priv-fitim, adv. (privus), in pri-
vate, privately ; apart, separately.
privS-tus, a, um, part, (privo),
private.
privo, are, Svi, Sltum, a. (privus),
to deprive of, bereave.
privus, a, um, adj., single; each,
every.
pro, p-e/). with abl., before, in front
of, instead of, for, in considej'a-
tion of, for the good of, in behalf
of) according to, as.
pr5b-e, adv. (prSbus), rightly,
well, properly, fitly.
prdb-itas, fttis,/ (prdbus, § 163,
c), goodness, tcorth, uprightness,
honesty, probity.
probrum, i, n., dut grace, shame,
reproach ; a shameful act.
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LATIN LESSONS.
pr5-bii8, a, um, adj. (pr6), good,
excellent, superior, upright.
Prdoa or Procas, 8B, a king of
Alba.
pr5o-az, ftcis, adj. (pr5co, to
demand), hold, shameless, for-
ward, pert.
pr5-c6do, c6d6re, oessi, oessum,
n., to go forward, advance, pro-
ceed, turn out, succeed.
prdcella, ae, /., a hurricane, tem-
pest, storm.
pr5c6rus, a, um, adj., high, tall.
ProcilluB, i, m., a Roman name.
procinctus, sl, tun, part. (pr6-
cingo), prepared for battle, ready
for action, infighting order.
pr5-cingo, cingSre, no perf., no
sup., a., to gird up, prepare, equip.
pr5-cl&mo, &re, avi, &tum, n. and
a., to call or cry out.
pro-consul, tilus, m., a pro-consul,
one who at the close of his con-
sulship in Rome was governor
of a province, or military com-
mander mider a governor.
pr5oul, adv., after, remote, at a
distance, from afar; far, distant,
remote.
pro-cumbo, cumbSre, ctibui, cti-
bitum, n., to lean or bend for-
wards; fall forward; sink; fall
down.
pro-curro, ourrSre, ctlcurri and
curri, oursum, n., to run forth,
rush forward ; go on, advance.
pr6-d*eo, Ire, ii, Xtum, n. irr.
(pro; eo), to go forth; advance,
proceed ; appear ; project.
pr5dXga8, a, um, adj. (prddigo, to
waste), wasteful, lavish, prodigaL
pro-do, d6re, didi, dXtum, a., to
put forth, make known, disclose,
announce; give over, betray,
abandon; memori& proditur,
it is handed down by memory.
prd-di&oo, dficSre, duxi, ductum,
n., to lead forth; bring forth,
produce; prolong, protract,
prcelium, ii, n^ a haULei combat^
strife, contest*
pr6feo-tio, finis, /. (prSnolflcor,
§ 163, 6), a going atcay, setting
out, departure,
pr5-fect-o, adv. (pro ; factum),
actually, indeed, really, truly,
certainly.
prdfec-tus, a, um, part. (pr6fl-
ciscor), having set out, gone.
pr5-f§ro, f erre, ttUi, latum, a. irr.,i
to carry or bring forward ; to thrust
out; bring forth ; bring to light, dis-
cover; reveal ; pronounce, utter.
prd-flcio, ficSre, fSci, fectum, n.,
and a., to advance; be useful,
help; effect, accomplish.
pr6-flc-iscor,ficisci,fectus sum,
dep. inch, (pro; f&cio, § 167, a), to
set out, go, march, travel, depart.
pr5-fiteor, fltSri, fessus sum,
dep. (pro; f&teor), to declare
publicly, confess, acknowledge,
profess, promise.
pro-fllgo, are, avi, atum, a., to
strike to the ground; cast down,
overcome, conquer.
pr5-fiigio, fiigSre, fugi, fiigitum,
a. and n., to flee, fly from ; run
atvay, escape; flee for succor.
prdftigus, i, m. (prdfiigio), a fugi-
tive, exile.
pr5-fundo, f undSre, ffldi, fiisum,
a., to pour forth, shed; lavish,
squander, dissipate; profundere
se, to rush forth.
pr5-grSdior, grgdi, gressus sum,
dep. (pro; gridior), to go forth;
go forward, go on, advance, pro-
ceed.
pr6-hibeo, Sre, ui, Itum, a. (pro ,-
habeo), to hold back, restrain^
hinder, check, prevent, avert; for
bid, prohibit ; preserve, defend.
pr5-inde, adv., hence, therefore^
just so.
pr5-jXoio. jXcSre, jSci, jectum, a.
(pro; jacio), to throw forwards ;
throw down, fling away, renounce,
reject.
prd-iabor, labi, lapsus sum, dep,,
to slip forward, faU down; siiik^
decline.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
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pr51e8, is,/, offspring, posterity,
pr5minens, entis, part, (prSml-
neo), projecting, overhanging,
pr5-mlneo, mXn6re, minui, no
sup,, n., to project^ overhang,
reach out, extend,
pr5-mitto, mittSre, mlsi,mis8ain,
a., to send forth ; promise, assure.
prd-m5veo, m5vSre, m5vi, m5-
tum, a., to move forwardy push
on, advance, promote,
pr5nus, a, um, adj,, turned, bent,
inclined; leaning forward, stoop-
ing; favorable to, easy,
pr5pe, adv, and prep, with ace,
(pr5pius, prozime), near, nigh;
near by ; nearly ; about,
pr5pSro, Sre, ftvi, Stum, a, and
n, (prSpSms), to hapten, quicken ;
prepare, make with haste; to make
haste, be quick.
pr5pSnis, a, um, adj., quick,
speedy, hastening.
pr5pinquo, §re, ftvi, fttiun, a, and
n. (prdpinquus), to hasten, ac-
celerate ; come nigh, approach,
prdp-inquus, a, nm, adj, (pr5pe ;
hinc), near, neighboring ; akin;
similar, like. As Noun, m,, a
relative, kinsman.
pr5-p5no, p5nSre, p^sui, pSsI-
tiiiu, a,, to place or lay before ;
make public, display, propose, dis-
pose, set forth; design, determine;
mihi propositum est, / have
determined,
pr5p5s-itam, i, n, (pr5p5no), a
statement ; purpose, resolution,
plan, design,
proprius, a, um, adj., one's own,
special, peculiar,
prop-ter, prep, with ace, (prdpe),
near, close to; on account of,
because,
proptSr-eft, adv,, therefore, for that
reason, on that account; prop-
terea quod, because that
pr5piil-8o, Sre, ftvi, fttum, a,,
intern (pr5pello, § 167, b, and
Note), to drive back, keep or ward
off, repel, repulse ; avert.
pr5-rXpio, ripSre, ripui, reptum,
a. (pro; r&pio), to drag forth,
hurry away; proripere se, to
leave hastily,
prd-mmpo, rumpSre, rtipi, rup-
turn, a., to burst or break forth,
pr5-8cindo, scindSre, scXdi, scis-
8iim, a., to tear up, rend, cleave;
assail; to revile, defame,
pr5-8crIbo, scrlbSre, scrips!,
scriptum, a., to publish, outlaw,
proscribe.
pr5scrip-tio, finis,/, (prfiscribo,
§ 163, b), outlawry, proscription,
confiscation.
pr5-s§quor, sgqui, sScutus sum,
dep., to accompany, attend upon,
follow; pursue; attack, assail.
pro-silio, sillre. sXlui, silivi or
silii, 720 sup., n. (pro ; smio), to
leap forth ; spring up, spring forth,
prospec-tus, Us, m. (prospXcio),
a look-out, prospect ; sight, vision,
prosp§r-e, adv. (prospSrus), fa-
vorably, fortunately, luckily.
prospSr-itas, Stis,/. (prospgrus,
§ 163, e), good fortune, success,
prosperity.
prospSro, &re, &vi, §tum, a. and
n. (prosper us), to make fortur
nate or happy, prosper; to give
prosperity (with dat.).
pro-spSrus, a, um, adj. (pro ; spes),
favorable, fortunate, prosperous.
pr5-spicio, spIcSre, spezi, spec-
tum, n. and a. (pro; spScio),
to look out, look forth, foresee,
espy, watch ; to provide for any-
thing (with ace).
pr5-8terno, sternSre, strfivi,
stratum, a., to throw down, over-
throw, prostrate.
pr5-sum, prodesse, pr5fui, n. irr,
(§ 120, b), to be useful ; to do
good ; to benefits profit.
pr5-tendo, tendSre, tendi, ten-
sum and tentum, a., to stretch
forth or out, extend.
pr5-t§ro, tSrSre, trivi, tritum, a.,
to crush ; overthrow, beat; destroy /
abuse*
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78
LATIN LESSONS.
pr5-1intui (tfinuB), adv. (pro;
tSnus), straightforward, forth-
with, immediately,
pr5-vSho, v6h6re» vezi, vectum,
a., to bear forward, conduct, con-
vey; in pass., provShi, to push
forward, advance.
pr5-vIdeo, vid6re, vidl, vlsumi
n. and a., to foresee, provide for,
take care ; provide,
prdvld-us, a, tun, adj. (pr5vl-
deo), cautious, prudent.
pr5vincia, se, /., a province; a
territory out of Italy, acquired
by the Romans, and brought
under Roman government.
pr5-vdco, ftre, ftvi, fttum, a. and
n., to call forth, call out, challenge,
summon; exasperate, rouse ; pro-
vocare ad populum, to appeal
to the people.
prozim-e, adv. (prozimus), near-
est, very near, next (pr6pe, pr6-
pius, prozime).
prozim-o, adv, (prozimus), quite
recently, very lately.
prozlmus, a, urn, adj., the nearest,
next; in prozimo, close by, near
at hand,
prQdens, entis (contracted from
prdvldens), foreseeing; know-
ing, skilled, versed; wise, dis-
creet; prudent; sensible.
prfldent-ia, ae,/. (prfLdens, § 163,
e), foresight, sagacity, good sense,
prudence, judgment.
psitt&cus, i, m., a parrot,
Psylli, orum, m. pi., a people of
Africa.
Pt51SmaBU8, 1, m., Ptolemy; king
of Egypt.
pfLbes, 6ri8, adj., adult, grown up,
of ripe age. As Noun, piibfires,
um, m. pi., adults, men.
pfLbes, is, /., youth, young persons,
publXc-e, adv, (publicus), on ac-
count of the state, at public cost ;
in the name of the state, publicly,
publicus, a, um, adj. (p5ptilu8),
belonging to the people or state,
publiCf common.
FubliuB CrassuB, i, iti., a Roman
name.
piid-or, 6ris, m. (pttdeo, to be
ashamed, § 163, a), shame, sense
of honor, modesty, decency, pro-
priety.
puel-la, SB, f dim. (puer, § 164, a),
a girl, maiden,
puell-iUus, i, m. dim, (puelliis,
§ 164, a), a little boy,
puel-lus, i, m. dm. (puer, § 164,
a), a little boy,
puer, 8rl, m., a boy, child, lad
(until 17).
puSr-ilis, e, adj, (puer), boyish,
childish, youthful,
pi&gio, 5niB, /., a dagger, dirk,
poniard,
pugna, w, f, a battle, contest, dis-
pute,
pugn-az, ftcis, adj, (pugno, § 164,
/), fond of fighting, warlike, comr
bative ; quarrelsome,
pugno, &re, ftvi, Stum, n. (pugna),
to fight, give battle, engage, con-
tend.
pulcher, chra, ohrum, adj,, beau-
tiful, fair, handsome,
pulchr-e, adv. (pulcher), beauti-
fully, finely, nobly.
pul-suB, a, um, part, (pello),
having been driven, routed,
pulvis, Sris, m., dust,
pimc-tus, us, m, (pungo), a prick,
sting,
pungo, pungSre, pttptigi, punc-
tum, a,, to prick, sting ; trouble, "
disturb, annoy,
Pi&n-icus (PoenlcuB), a, um, adj,
(Poeni, the Carthaginians),
Punic, Carthaginian,
pi&nio, Ire, Ivi and ii, itum, a,
(poena), to punish ; avenge, re-
venge,
pur-go, Sre, ftvi, fttum, a, (pfUrus),
to make pure, clean, cleanse;
clear, excuse, exculpate,
purptbra, ae, /., purple, a purple
garment.
purptbr-eus, a, um, adj. (purptbra,
§ 164, g), purple-colored, purple*
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pftnis, a, um, (m//., clear, pure,
clean.
pttter (putris^, tris, tre, adj.,
rotten, decaying,
piito, Sre, ftvi, Stum, a., to think,
consider, reckon, believe.
PyrSnasi, drum, m. pL, the Pyre-
nees.
Q. or Qu., an abbreviation for
Quintus.
qaadrftg-Ssimns, a, um, adj.
(quadr&ginta), fortieth.
qu'adr-ft-ginta, num. adj. indecl.
(qufttuor), forty.
quadr-ImuB, a, um, adj. (quft-
tuor), of four years, four years
old.
quadr-in-genti, se, a, num. adj.
(qufttuor ; centum), four hun-
dred.
quaaro, quaerSre, quseslvi or
qu898ii, qu8B8itum, a., to seek,
ask; search, examine, inquire
about, demand; look into; aim
at, strive for; quseritur. the
question is.
quaeso, Sre, ivi or ii, no sup., a.,
to seek, beg, pray.
quaes-tio, dnis, /. (quaoro, § 163,
b), a seeking, an inquiry, question.
quaes-tor, 5ri8, m. (quaero, § 162,
a), a qucBstor (treasm*er or quar-
termaster).
quaBS-tdra, ae,/. (quaero, § 163, b),
the office of qucestor, the qucestor-
ship.
quaUs, e, pronominal adj., of what
sort, what like ; of such a kind,
such as ; tSUis . . . quSlis, such
. . . as.
quam, adv. (§ 93, b), how, how
much, as, than.
quam-diu, as long as.
quam-ob-rem, adv., for what rea-
son, wherefore, why.
quam-quam, conj., though, al-
though ; however, yet.
quam-vis, conj., however, although.
quantus, a, um, adj., how great ;
as great, as, such ; m abl., quan-
to (as Adv.), by how much, by as
much as; quanto magis, how
much more.
quft-propter, adv., for what, why,
wherefore.
quft-re, adv. (quis; res), from
what cause, on what account,
wherefore, why.
quart-^a, as, /. (quartus), the
quartan ague (recurring every
fourth day).
quar-tU8, a, um, nwn. adj. (qu&-
tuor), the fourth.
qu^i, adv., as if, just as, as it were.
qu&ter, num. adv., four times.
quattuor, see qu§ltuor.
qu&tuor, num. adj. indecl., four.
quattuor-dScim (qu&tuor), num.
adj. (qufttuor; dScem), four-
teen.
-que, enclitic conj., and, also.
qu8m-ad-m5dum, adv., after what
manner; how; as, just as.
quercus, fis,/., an oak, oak-tree.
quSr-61a, ae, /. (quSror), a com-
plaining, a complaint.
quSror, quSri, questus sum, dep.,
to complain of, lament, bewail,
ques-tus, fis, m. (quSror, § 163, b),
a complaint.
qui, quae, quod, relative pron.,
who, which, what ; idem qui, the
same as.
quia, conj., because.
qui - cumque, quae - cumque,
quod-cumque, indef. relative
pron. (§ 105, a), whoever, what-
ever, whosoever, whatsoever.
quid, see quis.
qui-dam, quae-dam, quod-dam,
indefinite pron., a certain one,
somebody, something ; quidam
homines, some persons.
quldem, adv., indeed, at least ; ne
. . . quidem, not even (the word
or phrase that ne . . . quidem
modifies always oomes between
ne and quidem).
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LATIN LESSONS.
qtiies, Stis, /., rest, repose, quiet,
peace.
quie-Bco, quiescSre, qai6vi,
quietum, n, inch, (quies, § 167,
a), to rest, repose, keep quiet,
lie still.
qui6t-u8, a, um, part, (qtiiesco),
quiety calm, tranquil, still.
qui-libet, qa894ibet, quod-libet,
indefinite pron., any one you
please, any one.
quln, conj. (qui ; ne), that not, hut
that ; xohy not ; from (after verbs
of hindering) ; quin etiam,
moreover, nay even.
quin-dScim, num. adj. indecl.
(quinque ; dScem), fifteen.
quiu-genti, ae, a, num. adj. (quin-
que; centum), five hundred.
quin-ginti, see quin-genti.
qui-ni, ae, a, num. distributive adj.
(quinque), five each, by fives.
quinqu-&-ginta, num. adj. indecl.
(quinque), >y?//.
quinque, num. adj. indecl., five.
quinqu-ies, ado. (quinque), five
times.
quinqu-iens, see quinqu-ies.
quin-tUB, a, um, num. adj. (quin-
que), the fifth.
Quintus, i, 7/2., see C^tdlna.
quippe, adv. and conj., surely,
certainly, indeed; for indeed,
inasmuch as, since.
quis, quse, quid, interrogative
pron., who 7 what ? which ? si quis,
if any one : ne quis, lest any one,
that no one : quid (iised adverbi-
ally), howf tchy? wherefore.
quis-nam, quae-nam, qiiid-nam,
interrogative pron., who, prayf
ichich, pray? what, pray?
quis-quam, quae-quam, quic-
quam (quid-quam), indefinite
pron., any. As Noun, any one.
quis-que, quae-que, quod-que
(quic-que, quid-que), indefinite
pron., each, every; each person,
every one ; whoever.
quis-quis, quod-quod or quic-
quid or quidquid, indef. pron.,
whatever, whatsoever. As Noun,
whoever, whosoever; every one,
each one.
qui-vis, quae vis, quodvis (quid-
vis), indefinite pron., who or what
you please, any, whatever.
qu5, adv. and conj. whither, to what
place; wherefore, why; in order
that (§ 317, h).
quo-ad, adv., how long ; as long as,
until.
quod, con/., that ; because ; quod
si, hut if
qu5-minus, conj. (§ 319, c), that
, not, from.
qu5-mdd5, adv., in what manner^
how.
quondam, adv., formerly, once;
sometimes, some day, ever.
qu5n-iam, adv. (quum; jam),
since noto, since, seeing that, be-
cause, whereas.
qudque, conj., also, too (placed
after the word to be empha-
sized).
quorsum, adv., whither; to lohat
purpose ; to what end ; for tohat.
qudt, indecl. num. adj. pi., how
many ; as many ; quot . . . tot,
as many . . . so many ; quotan-
nis, every year, yearly.
qudtid-i§nus, a, um, adj. (qu6-
tidie), every day, daily.
qudt-i-die (c6t), adv. (qu6t;
dies), daily, every day.
qudtus, a, um, adj., one of how
many, what in number ; qudta
hora, what o\clock.
quum (cum), conj., when, lohile,
since, although, as ; quum prl-
mum, as soon as ; quum . . . tum,
both . . . and.
r&b-idus, a, um, adj. (rILbo, to
rave), raving, furious, savage,
fierce, mad.
rSldix, icis, /., a root; foot (of a
hill).
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VOCABULARY. — I.
81
rUdo, r&dSre, rftsi, rasum, a., to
scrap&, shave.
rSmus, i, m., a branch, bow, iwi(^.
rftnai ae,/., a frog,
r&p-az, Scis. a<//*. (rSplo, § 164, /),
(/rasping, greedt/, rapacious,
r&p-Idus, a, lun, adj. (r&pio),
swift, quick, rapiit : violent, hasty.
r&p-In£U 89, /. (r&pio), robbery;
plunder, booty.
r&pio, Sre, ui, turn, a., to snatch
away, seize ; carry off, hurry off.
rap-tor, Sris, in. (r&pio, § 162, a),
a robber, plunderer.
rSr-o, adv. (rfinis), seldom, rarely.
r&nis, a, um, adj., seldom, rare,
scarce, sparse ; in pi., fete.
r&-tio, onis, /. (reor, § 163, 6), a
reckoning, reason, cause, account :
manner, plan; estimate; ground,
consideration.
r&tis, is, f., a float, raft, vessel
(made of logs fastened together).
r&-tus, a, um, part, (reor), having
supposed, reckoned, calculated;
established, settled, valid.
rS-bello, Sre, ftvi, &tum, 77., to
wage war again; revolt, rebel;
renew hostilities.
rScens, entis, adj., fresh, young,
new, recent.
rSoes-sus, lis, m. (rScSdo, § 163,
b), a going back, receding, retreat;
nook, recess, corner, bay.
rS-cido, cidSre, cldi, cSsum, n.,
to fall back, spring back ; recoil ;
sink down.
rS-cIpio, clpSre, Qfipi, ceptum,
a. (re ; c&pio), to receive back ;
take back; receive, undertake:
recover; recipere se domum,
to return home.
rg-oonclUo, are, avi, §tum, a.,
to reunite, reconcile.
rS-cordor. &ri, Stus sum, dep. (§
219), (re; cor), to call to mind,
remeniber, recollect.
rS-oreo, are, ftvi, fttum, a., to make
anew; to remake, reproduce, re-
store, renew; revive, refresh, re-
crwL
rec-tor, Sris, m. (rSgo, § 162, a),
a guider, leader, director, ruler,
master.
xeC'tUB,SL,um,part.(T^SO),straight,
upright, correct; just, virtuous.
rS-ciip-6ro, ftre, ftvi, fttum, a.
(re ; cftpio), to regain, recover.
rS-cilso, ftre, ftvi, fttum, a. (re;
causa), to decline, reject, refuse.
red-do, dSre, didi, dXtum, a., to
give back, return, restore, render;
with two aces., to make, cause
to be.
rSd-eo, ure, ii, Itum, n., to go back,
return.
rSd-Igo, IgSre, Sgi, actum, a.
(red; ftgo), to drive back, restore,
bring back; convert; reduce, com-
pel : redigere in potestatem,
to reduce to subjection.
rSd-Xmo. ImSre, Smi, emptum,
a. (red ; §mo), to buy back, re-
deem, ransom ; buy up ; contract
for, farm*
r6d-intSgro, ftre, ftvi, fttum, a., to
restore, renew.
r6dit-io, onis,/. (rSdeo, § 163, b),
a returning, return.
rSdi-tus, as, m. (rSdeo, § 163, b),
a returning, return.
rS-duco, ddcSre, duxi, ductum,
a., to lead back, bring back;
reducere in gratiam, to restore
to favor.
rfi-fSro, f erre, ttili, Ifttum, a. in\,
to carry back, bring back; re-
store ; raise ; transfer, reproduce ;
regard; gratiam referre, to shoio
gratitude, repay a favor ; referre
pedem, to retreat; re-ferre se,
to return.
rfi-fert, ferre, ttOit, n. impers. (§
222, a), (res; f^ro), it concerns ,
is if importance.
rS-flcio, fXcSre, fSci, fectum, a
(re; fftcio), to make again, re-
make, restore, renew, rebuild)
refresh.
r6-figo, figure, fizi, fizum, a., to
mifx, unfasten, unloose : annul,
abolish ; take away, remove.
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LATIN LKSSONS.
ri-flecto, flectSre, flezi, flezum,
a. and n., to bend hack^ turn hack,
avert ; give atcay, yield.
r^-formido, &re, no perf,, Stum,
a., to fear greatly , dread, stand in
aice of, shun, avoid.
r8-f6veo, fdvSre, fSvi, fStum, a.,
to icainn again, cherish again;
jrefresh, restore, revive.
re-fringo, fringSre, frSgi, frac-
tum, a. (re; frango), to break
doicn, break open, tear in pieces.
rS-ftigio, ftiggre, fugi, ftigitum,
n. and a., to flee back, escape,
avoid, shun.
rSg-Slis, e, adj. (rex), kingly,
royal, regal.
rSg-ina, ae,/. (rggo), a queen.
r«g-io, onis, /. (rggo, § 163, b),
a territory, district, region.
rSg-iuB, a, tun, adj. (rex), kingly,
royal, regal.
regno, tre, Svi, Stum, n. and a.,
(regnum), to rule, govern, reign.
reg-num, i, n. (r6go), dominion,
sovereignty, rule, authority, king-
dom, royalty.
rggo, rggSre, rexi, rectum, a., to
rule, govern, sway, control; guide,
lead, direct, conduct.
rS-grSdior, grSdi, gressus sum,
dep. (re; gr&dior), to go back,
return, retire, retreat.
r5-jicio, jicfire, j6ci, jectum, a.
(re ; j&cio), to throw back; force
back, repel ; remove, reject ; dis-
dain, despise : defer, postpone.
rS-l&bor, ISbi, lapsus sum, dep.,
to sink back: fall back; glide
back, slip back.
rSlXgio, 6nis,/., reverence (for the
gods), piety, religion.
rg-ligo, §re, &vi, fitum, a., to bind
up, fasten up ; bind fast ; bind,
fasten.
rS-linquo, linquSre, liqui, lictum,
a., to leave behind; abandon;
leave, bequeath; ajypoint, nomi-
nate.
rSUqu-iae, 5rum,/. pi. (rglinquo),
the remains, relics. .
rSllqu-uB, a, mn, adj. (rSlinquo),
remaining. As Noun, rgli-
quum, i, n,, the rest, remainder ;
reliquum est, it remains, fol-
lows.
rS-m^eo, m^6re, mansi, no
sup., n., to stay behind, remain
behind ; continue, abide, endure,
stay, remain.
rS-mSd-ium, ii, n. (re ; mddeor),
a cure, remedy, medicine.
RSmi, 5rum, m. pi., a people of
Gaul.
rS-min-iscor, isci, no perf, dep.
(re ; root, men, § 219), to recall
to mind, recollect, remember.
rSmitto, mittSre, misi, missum,
a., to send hack, remit, relate;
dismiss, resign : give hack, devote.
re-m6veo, mSvSre, m5vi, m6-
tum, move back, remove.
rSmus, i, m., an oar.
RSmus, i, m., the twin brother of
Romulus.
rS-nuntio, 5re, avi, Stum, a., to
report, give notice, declare, an-
nounce, bring back word.
rS-nuo, nuere, nui, no. sup., n.
and a., to deny, oppose, disap-
prove, reject, decline, refuse.
reor, no inf., r&tus sum, dep., to
believe, think, imagine, judge^
suppose, deem.
rS-pello, rSpellSre, rSptUi, rSpul-
sum, a., to drive back, push back,
reject, repel, repulse.
rS-pendo, pendSre, pendi, pen-
sum, a., to weigh hack again:
pay hack, repay, requite, recom-
pense, return, reward; redeem,
ransom.
rSpens, entis, adj., sudden, hasty,
unexpected, recent.
repent-e, adv. (rSpens), suddenly,
unexpectedly.
rSpent-Inus, a, tmi, adj. (rSpens),
sudden, hasty, unlooked-for, un-
expected.
rS-pSrio, rSpSrIre, T^pSri, r^per-
turn, a. (re; pSrio), to find, find
out, discover, learn, ascertain.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
83
rS-pSto, pStSre, pStlvi or pStii,
pSHtam, a., to recommence, re-
sume, renew, repeat, demand, ex-
act.
re-pleo, plSre, plSvi, plStum, a.,
to Jill again, refill ; fill up, re-
plenish, fill full,
rSpo, Sre, si, turn, n,, to creep,
crawl.
rS-p6no, ponSre, p6sui, pdsi-
tum, a., to put back, place back,
replace, restore; repay, requite,
lay up, preserve.
rS-porto, ftre, SLvi, fttnm, a., to
carry back, bring back; carry
off, gain ; report.
rS-poBco, poecSre, no per/., no
sup., a., to demand back, ask for
again; ask for, demand, claim.
re-prShendo, prSheudSre, prS-
hendi, prShensum, a., to hold,
J>ack; seize ; blame, censure.
re-primo, primSre, pressi, pres-
8um» a. (re ; prSmo), to press
back, keep back; check, curb,
restrain.
rSptidio, ftre, ftvi, fitum, a. (rS-
piidium, a separation), to cast
off, put away, divorce ; reject, re-
fuse; scorn.
rS-pugno, Sre, ftvi, Stum, n. and
a., to fight against, oppose, resist*
rSpul-sai ae, /. (rSpello), a refu-
sal, denial, repulse.
. rS-piito, Sxe, tvi, &tum, a., to
count over, reckon, calculate,
compute ; ponder, think over, re-
flect upon.
rS-quiro, quirSre, quislvi or qui-
sii, quisltum, a. (rS; quaero),
to seek again, look after; de-
mand, require ; need, want.
r6s, rei, /., a thing^ object, matter,
event, circumstance, occurrence,
condition, business ; r5, in reality,
in fact ; res f &inXli&ri8, private
property; res mllltfiris, milita-
ry business, science of war; res
gestae, deeds, exploits ; res hd-
mftnae, human affairs.
r6-Bcindo, scindSre, soldi, scis-
sum, a., to cut off, cut loose;
break down; cut away; abolish,
repeal, rescind.
rS-sSco, sSc^e, sScui, sectum,
a., to cut loose, cut off; curtail;
check, stop, restrain.
rS-sSro, Sre, &vi, Stum, a., to un-
lock, open, disclose, reveal.
rS-servo, are, ftvi, Stum, a., to
keep back, save up ; save, pre-
serve.
rS-sideo, sidSre, sSdi, no sup.,
n. (re ; sSdeo), to sit back ; re-
main, rest, abide, reside.
rS-sIdo, sIdSre, sSdi, no sup., n.,
to sit down ; abate, grow calm.
rS-sisto, sistSre, stXti, no sup., n.,
to stay behind; withstand, op-
pose (with dat.).
rS-solvo, solvere, solvi, s51fL-
tuiu, a., to untie, release, pay.
r6-8pIcio, spXcSre, spezi, spec-
turn, n. and a. (re ; spScio), to
look back; to look back upon;
regard, consider.
rS-spondeo, spond6re, spondi,
sponsum, a. and n., to answer,
reply, respond.
rSsp5n-s\im, i, n. (rSspondeo),
an answer, reply, response.
res-publXca, ref-publXcae, /. (§
79, d), the sta^e, commomwealth,
republic.
r6-spuo, spuSre, spui, no sup., a.,
to spit back, spit out ; reject, re-
fuse, disapprove, not accept,
rS-stinguo, stinguSre, stinzi,
stinctum, a., to put out, quench,
extinguish ; annihilate, destroy.
r6-stltuo, ugre, ui, {itum, a. (re ;
st&tuo), to give up, deliver up,
restore, replace, reneio, give back.
rS-sto, stftre, stXti, no sup., n., to
stand back, withstand ; remain,
r6-siimo, si&mSre, sumpsi, sump-
tum, a., to take up again, take
back, resume.
rCte, is, n., a net, snare.
rS-tiineo, tinSre, tXnui, teutum,
a. (re ; tdueo), to keep back ;
detain, retain, restrain; preserve.
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LATIN LESSONS.
rS-tr^Ot tr^Sre* trazi, trao-
tum, a., to draw hack, withdraw,
withhold, check; keep or drag
J)ack.
retro, a/lv, (r8), backwards, hack;
before, formerly.
retro-rsum, adv, (retro; ver-
sum), hack, backwards, *
re-US, i, m., rea, ae, /. (res), a
party to an action; one who is
accused or arraigned ; a defend-
ant, prisoner, criminal.
rS-vSho, vShSre, vezi, vectum,
a., to carry back; rSvShi, to go
back.
r8v6rent-ia,^ae, / (rSvSrens, re-
spectful; § 163, e), respect, rev-
erence, regard, fear, awe.
rg-vertor, verti, versus sum,
dep., to turn hack, come hack,
return.
rg-v6co, are, ftvi, fttum, a., to
call back, recall, revoke, recover.
rex, rSgis, m. (rggo), a ruler, king.
RhSa Sylvia, ae, /, daughter of
Nuinitor and mother of Romu-
lus and Remus.
rhSda, ae, /, a four-wheeled car-
riage ; a carriage, chariot.
Rhenus, i, m., the Rhine.
rhetor, 6ris, m., a teacher of rheto-
ric ; a rhetorician.
RhSd^nus, i, m., the Rhone.
Rhddus (os), i, /., Rhodos; an
island near the coast of Asia
Minor.
rideo, ridSre, risi, risum, n. and
a., to laugh; smile; laugh at,
ridicule.
rigeo, rXggre, rigui, no sup., n., to
be stiff OT numb, to stiffen.
rXg-idus, a, um, adj. (rigeo), stiff,
hard, injiexible, rigid.
rima, ae, /, a cleft, crack, chink,
ff^sure, crevice,
ripa, ae,/., the bank (of a stream).
ri-sus, U3, m. (rideo, § 163, b), a
laughing, laughter, laugh.
rivus, i, m., a brook, stream.
rizei, ae, /., a quarrel, dispute, con-
test, strife.
r5bur, 6ris, n., hard oak; hard-
ness ; strength, force, vigor.
r5do, r5dSre, r5si, r58um, a., to
gnaw; eat away; waste away;
corrode, consume,
rdgo, ftre, ftvi, fttum, a., to ask,
question, interrogate ; propose (a
law).
R5ma, ae, /., Rome.
R5m-SLnus, a, um, adj. (R5ma),
Roman ; of Rome, As Noun,
m., a Roman.
R5m-iilus, i, 7m. (R5ma), the
founder and first king of Rome
(B.C. 753-717).
ros, r5ris, m., dew, moisture,
rdsa, ae,/, a rose,
ros-trum, 1, n, (r5do), a hill, heak,
snout; the curved end of a ship's
prow, ship's heak,
rtlber, bra, brum, adj,, red,
ruddy.
rtlb-or, 5ris, m. (rtlbeo, to be red ;
§ 163, a), redness; blvish; hash-
fulness, modesty.
rfidis, e, adj., raw, rude, rough,
wild.
rtigio. Ire, Ivi or ii, itum, n., to
roar (as a lion).
ru-Iua, se,f. (tvlo), downfall, ruin,^
accident ; ruinae, pi., the ruins,
rflmor, oris, m., common talk,
hearsay, rumor.
rumpo, rumpSre, rflpi, ruptum,
a., to break, hurst, tear, rend,
rupture; force open; interrupt,
destroy.
ruo, ru^re, rui, riltum (ruitum),
n, and a., to fall doion, rush
down ; hasten, hurry; cast down,
dash, hurl.
rupes, is,/, (rumpo), a cliff, steep
rock,
rursus (sum), adv, (contracted
from revorsus), turned hack;
hack, backwards; on the con-
trary, on the other hand, in turn,
again,
rus, rfiris, n. (in pi. found only
in nom. and ace), the country ;
lands; fields ; farm, estate; niri.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
85
in the country ; rure, from the
country (§ 258, a, h, and d),
rus-tlcus, a, tun, adj, (rus), rural^
rustic. As Noun, rusticuB, i,
m., a countryman, rustic, peasant.
S.
saccus, i, m,, a sack, bag,
s&cer, sacra, sacrum, adj,, holy,
sacred, consecrated, venerable ;
accursed. As Noun, sacra,
drum, n. pi., sacred rites, sacri-
fice.
s&cer-dos, 5tis, com. gen. (s&cer ;
do), a priest, priestess.^
sacrific-ium, ii, n. (sacrinco ;
§ 163,/), a sacrifice.
sacr-i-fico, &re, ftvi, Stum, n. and
a. (sScer; f&cio), to sacrifice;
offer in sacrifice.
saepe, adv., often, frequently.
saepS-ntLmSro, adv., oftentimes,
over and over again.
saev-io, Ire, ii, Itum, n. (saevus),
to be fierce, rage, rave, be mad,
violent.
saevus, a, um, adj., raging, furious,
mad, savage ; fierce, cruel, severe,
harsh.
s&g-a2, Scis, adj. (sftgio, to per-
ceive quickly), of quick percep-
tion ; shrewd, keen, sagacious.
sSgino, are, tvi, &tum, a., to fat-
ten; cram, stuff; pamper; nour-
ish, feed, enrich.
s&gitta, ae,/., an arrow.
s&gitt-&rius, a, um, adj. (s&gitta),
of or belonging to an arrow. As
Noun, Sagittarius, ii, m., an
archer, borvman.
s&gii-lum, i, n. dim. (sSgum, § 164,
a), a small military cloak, mantle,
cloak.
8&gum, i, n., a military cloak;
mantle, cloak.
sftl, salis, 771. (rarely n.), salt; in
pl.^ wit.
S&l&mis, is {ace. SSlSbuIna). /.,
an island near Attica.
sSlio, Ire, ui, turn, n., to leap,
spring, bound, jump.
saltem, adv., at least, anyhow:
sal-tus, ils, m. (s&lio, § 163, b),
a leaping, leap, spring, bound.
saltus, lis, m., a forest-pasture,
woodland, pasture.
s^us, tltis, /. (salveo, to be
well), health ; welfare, property,
safety.
sSluta-tio, 5nis,/ (sSiato, § 163,
b), a greeting, salutation.
sSluto, are, ftvi, atum, a. (sSlus),
to greet, pay one*s respects to,
salute.
salve, see salveo.
salv-eo, Sre, no perf, no sup., n.
(salvus), to be tvell, be in good
health ; salve (imperat.), heaven
keep you, how are youf I hope
you are well ; farewell, good-by,
adieu.
salvus, a, um, adj., sailed, pre-
served, sound, well, unhurt.
sancio, sancire, sanzi, sanctum,
a., to render sacred ; to confirm,
ratify, sanction.
sanc-tus, a, um, part, (sancio),
sacred, inviolable ; august, pious,
just, innocent.
sSii-e, adv. (sinus), truly, to be
sure, forsooth, certainly, however.
sanguin-61entus, a, um, adj. (san-
guis, § 164, k), full of blood,
bloody; sanguinary.
sanguis, inis, m., blood.
sftno, are, avi, atum, a. (sanus),
to make sound, heal, cure, restore
to health.
sanus, a, um, adj., sound in body,
whole, healthy, well; sound in
mind, sane, rational, sober.
sapiens, entis, part, (sapio), rcise,
knowing, discreet, judicious.
sSpien-ter, adv. (sapiens), wisely,
discreetly.
sapient-ia, ae, /. (sapiens, § 163,
e), wisdom, prudence.
sarcina, ae,/., a package, bundle :
ill pL, hhfigage.
sateUes, itis, com. gen., an attend-
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LATIN LBSSONS.
ant; accomplice, tool; in j>/., life-
guards, an escort,
sfttios, adj. (indecL) and adv.
{comp. of sfttis), better, prefer-
able, rather,
sfttis, adj, (indecl,^ and adv,,
enough, sufficient, tn abundance ;
satis habere, to deem it suffi-
cient,
s&tis-f&oio, f &cSre, f §oi, factum ;
in pa^s,, s&tis-flo, fiSri, faotus
sum, n,, to satisfy, give satisfac-
tion; apologize, ask pardon.
s&tur, iira, tirum, adj., scUed, full;
deep, strong.
s&tus, a, um, part. (s8ro), having
been sown, planted.
saucius, a, um, adj., wounded,
hurt, injured; offended; sick, ill.
sazum, i, n., a rock, stone.
soando, soandSre, soandi, soan-
sum, a, and n,, to climb, mount,
get up ; ascend, arise,
scliles-tus, a, um, adj, (soSlus),
wicked, villanous, infamous, ac-
cursed,
scSlus, 8ris, n., a crime, sin, enor-
mity.
schdla, ae, /, a school; disserta-
tion.
scXent-ia, ae,/. (sciens, § 163, e),
a hi owing ; knowledge, science,
skill, expertness,
scl-licet, adv, (soio; licet), evi-
dently, plainly, certainly, un-
doubtedly,
scindo, scindSre, scidi, scissum,
a., to cut, tear, rend, split, cleave.
scio, scire, scivi or scii, scitum,
a., to know, understand, perceive.
scipio, 5nis, m., a staff.
Sclpio, onis, m. (scipio), the
name of a celebrated family in
Kome, the most famous of which
were the two conquerors of the
Carthaginians, Publius Corne-
• lius Scipio Africanus Major,
and Publius Cornelius Scipio
jErnilianus Africanus Minor.
Bcriba, ae, m. (scribe), a clerk,
secretary, scribe.
scrlbo, scrXbSre, scrips!, sorip-
tum, a,, to write, compose; scri-
bere leges, to draw up laws,
scrip-tor, 6ris, m., writer.
scurra, ae, m,, a jester, buffoon.
scfltum, i, n., a shield; defence,
protection,
se, see suL
s6-c§do, c6dSre, cessi, cessum,
n., to go apart, go away, sepa-
rate, withdraw; secede; retire,
s^cerno, cernSre, crSvi, crStum,
a,, to put apart; to sunder, sever,
separate; distinguish, discern.
s§-clfldo, cludSre, cl^i, clusum,
a., to shut off, shut up, seclude;
separate; exclude,
sSco, ftre, ui, tum, a,, to cut, cut
off, cut up ; wound, hurt; torment,
s§cr6t-o, a.dv, (s6cr6tus), apart,
separately ; in secret,
s§cr6-tus, a, um, part. (sScerno),
separate, apart ; secret, private,
sec-tor, &ri, fttus, dep. intens.
(s^cpiOY), to follow eagerly, hunt,
chase, pursue.
sScund-SLrius, a, um, adj. (sS-
cundus), second-rate, middling,
inferior, stale.
sScund-o, adv. (sScundus), sec-
ondly, for the second time,
sSc-undus, a, um, adj. (ftSquor),
the second ; favorable, fair, pro-
pitious, fortunate ; secundo flu-
mine, down stream.
sScundo, &re, no perf, no sup., a.
(sScundus), to adapt, accommo-
date ; favor, second.
sSd, conj., but, yet.
sSdeo, sSdSre, sfidi, sessum, n.,
to sit, sit down, sit still; be en-
camped, settle.
s§d-es, is, /. (sSdeo), a seat,
chair; abode, residence; settle-
ment ; foundation.
sSd-i-tio, onis, /., dissension, civil
discord, insurrection, sedition,
discord.
sSditi-5sus, a, um, adj. (s6ditio,
§ 163, k), full of civil discord,
mutinous, seditious*
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85«diioo, dAcSre, dtud, ductum,
a., to lead CLside, lead away, carry
off; remove^ separate,
segnis, e, adj., slow, tardy, slack,
slothful, lazy, sluggish,
segn-iter, adv, (segnis), slowly,
slothfully, lazily,
SSgusiftnii, 5nun, m,, the Segu-
siani,
sel-la, 8B,/. (sSdeo), a seat, chair,
stool.
sSmel, num, adv., once, a single
time, once for all ; non semel,
not once alone, several times;
semel atque itemm, once and
again, repeatedly.
sSmeiit inis, n. (sdro), seed.
s&nentiB, is,/, (sfimino, to sow),
a sowing.
semper, adv., ever, always, at all
times, for ever,
sSn-ator, 5ris, m, (sdnez), a sen-
ator,
s8n&t5r-iu8, a, um, adj, (sSn&tor),
of a senator, of the senate, sena-
torial.
s$n-fttus, i^B, m, (sSnez), the sen-
ate {gen. sing, sometimes s8-
nati),
sSnez, sSnis, adj. (nom. and ace.
of the neuter pi. in the positive,
and of the neuter sing, in the
comparative, are wanting), old,
aged. As Noun, sSnez, is,
com. gen., an aged person, an
old man, an old woman (from
40 and upwards), (sdnez, se-
nior, mazimus nfttu).
sSnior, ius, adj. (comparative of
sfinex), older, elder,
sSni, se, a, num. distributive adj.
(sex), six each, six.
S6n5nes (sSnd^, nm, m. pi., a
people of Galha.
sentent-ia, ae, /. (sentiens), a
thinking, an opinion, sentiment;
ex sententia, satisfactorily.
sentio, ^e, si, sum, a., to discern,
perceive, feel, think, observe, know.
sep&rfttim, adv. (s6p&ro), asun-
der, apart, separately.
86-p&ro, &re, &vi, atom, a., to dis-
join, sever, part, separate.
sSpSlio, pSUre, pSHvi or pSlii,
pultum, a., to bury, inter.
sSpes, is,/., a hedge, fence.
s6-p5no, p5nSre, p68ui, pdsitum,
a., to put by, separate ; banish.
septem, num. adj. indecl., seven.
Septem-trio, 5nis, m., the Great
Bear ; the North.
Septem-tridnes, um, m. pi. (sep-
tem ; trio), (the seven stars near
the North Pole), the North.
sept-imus, a, um, num. ordinal
adj. (septem), the seventh,
septin-genti, ae, a, num. adj. (sep-
tem ; centum), seven hundred.
septuftg-Ssimus, a, um, adj., num.
ordinal adj. (septu&ginta), the
seventieth.
septuft-ginta, num. adj, indecl,
(septem), seventy.
sSpui-onmi (ohrum), i, n. (sSpS-
lio), a grave, tomb, sepulchre.
sSpul-t&ra, ae, / (sSpSlio, § 163,
b), a burying, burial, interment,
funeral obsequies, sepulture.
S6qu&na, ae, /, the Sequdna
(Seifie).
S6qu&ni, 5rum, m. pL, a people
of Gallia.
sSquor, sSqui, sScQtus sum, dep.,
to follow, go after, attend, ac-
company, pursue.
sSrSnus, a, um, adj., clear, fair,
bright, serene,
Sergius, ii, m., a Roman name.
s§ri-o, adv. (sfirius, earnest), i/r
earnest, seriously.
sermo, 5iiis, m., talk, conversa-
tion, discourse, speech.
sSro, sSrSre, sSvi, s&tum, a., to
sow, plant.
sSro, sSrSre (sSrui), sertum, a.,
to bind, plait, interweave, en-
twine ; join, connect.
s6r-o, adv. (sSrus), late, too late.
serp-ens, entis, m. (serpo), a
snake, serpent,
sdrpo, pSre, psi, ptum, n., to
creep, crawl; spread abroad.
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LATIN LESSONS.
Sert5rius, ii wi., a general of
Marius.
ser-tum, i, n. (sSro, to entwine),
a wreath, garland,
8§rus, a, um, adj,, late, too late,
serva, se,/., a female slave, maid-
servant,
ServHia, ae,/., mother of Brutus.
serv-Ilis, e, adj. (servus, § 164,
m), slavish, servile.
serv-io, ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, n.
(servus), to be a slave; to serve:
be devoted to ; comply with, grat-
ify-
serv-itium, ii, n. (servus), slav-
, ery, servitude.
serv-itudo, inis, /. (servus, §
163, e), slavery, servitude.
serv-itus, utis,/ (servus, § 163,
e), slavery, servitude.
Servius, ii, m,, Servius.
servo, are, Svi, &tum, a,, to save,
deliver, preserve, protect; keep,
observe.
servus, i, m., a slave, servant.
sese, reduplicated fonn of se, ace.
o/sui.
sestertium, ii, n. (§ 379), one
thousand sesterces (about ^40) ;
decies sestertium, 1,000,000
sesterces ($40,000).
sestertius, ii, m. (§ 378), a ses-
terce, four cents.
seu, see sive.
sSv§r-itas, atis, /. (sSvSrus, §
163, e), sternness, strictness, se-
verity, seriousness.
sSvSrus, a, um, adj., serious, grave,
strict, austm'e.
sex, 7ium. adj. indecL, six.
sez-§-ginta, num. adj. indecl.
(sex), sixty,
sex-6enti, ae, a, num, adj, (sex;
centum), six hundred,
sex-dScim (sSdScim), num. adj,
indecl., sixteen,
Sext-ilis, is, m. (sextus), (the
sixth month, March counted as
the first), August.
Sext-nis, e, adj, (sextus, § 164,
e), of August,
sex-tuB, a, nm, num. ordinal adj.
(sex), the sixth.
si, conj., if whether ; quod si, hut
if; si quis, if any one ; si quid,
if any thing ; si minus, if not ;
si quando, if ever.
sic, adv., in this manner, so, thus,
sica, SB,/., a dagger, poniard.
siccus, a, um, adj., dry, thirsty;
in sicco, on dry land.
SXciUa, 8B,/., Sicily.
Sictili, 5rum, ?n. pL, the Sicilians,
SiciUus, a, um, adj., Sicilian.
sic-ut, adv., so as, just as, as ; as
if, as it were,
sic-titi, adv., see sIc-ut.
sidus, 6ris, n., a constellation, a
star.
sign-i-flco, are, Svi, fttum, a,
(signum; fScio), to show by
signs, point out, make knoicn ;
betoken, mean, import, signify,
signo, ftre, ftvi, Stum, a. (signum),
to mark, mark out; point out,
signify, indicate; observe, dis-
cover, find out.
signum, i, n., a mark, token, sign ;
standard ; statue, signal.
silent-ium, ii, n. (sUens, § 163,/),
silence.
silens, entis, part, (sileo, to be
silent), still, calm, quiet, silent.
silva, ae,/., a wood, forest.
silv-estris, e, adj. (silva), of the
forest; wooded, woody; wild;
sylvan, rustic.
Silvia, ae, /., daughter of Numi-
tor.
Silvius, ii, m.., an Alban king,
simia, ae,/., an ape, monkey.
similis, e, adj., like, resembling,
similar.
simll-iter, adv. (slmllis), in like
manner, similarly.
simil-itudo, inis, /. (similis,
§ 163, c), likeness, resemblance,
similitude.
simplex, icis, adj. (sSmel ; plico),
simple, plain ; open, frank, hon-
est, sincere.
simplic-itas, Skis, /. (simplex,
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VOCABULARY.
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§ 163, c), simpleness, simplicity;
plainness, frankness,
simplic-iter, adv. (simplex), sim-
ply, plainly, directly,
simul, adv., together, at once, at the
same time ; simul atque or ac,
as soon as.
Blmlil&-crum, i, n. (simiilo), an
image, likeness.
simiilo, &re, Svi, ttum, a. (simi-
lis), to pretend (a thing is what
it is not; see dissimillo), to
feign, counterfeit, simulate.
simul-tas, atis,/ (gen.pl., simul-
t3.tium), (simul), dissension,
enmity, rivalry, jealousy, grudge,
hatred, animosity.
sin, conj. (si ; ne), hut if, if on the
contrary.
sine, prep, with ahl., without.
8ingiU-&ris, e, adj. (singiili), alone,
single ; singular, unique, extraor-
dinary, remarkable.
singiili, se, a, num. distributive adj.,
one to each, separate, single ; in-
dividual.
sinister, tra, trum, adj., left, on.
the left hand or side; atcktoard,
perverse ; unlucky, adverse ; sub
sinistra, on the left.
sinistra, aB, / (sinister), the left
hand.
sino, sinSre, sivi, situm, a., to
let, suffer, allow, permit.
sinus, us, m., the fold (of a gar-
•ment), bosom; sinus maris, a
bay.
si-quis or si-qui, siqua, slquid or
siquod, indef. pron., if any, if
any one ; if any thing,
sisto, sistSre, stiti, st&tum, a.
and n., to set, place, stand, ap-
pear, endure.
sit-io, ire, ivi or ii, no sup., n. and
a. (sitis), to thirst, be thirsty;
thirst for, long for, covet,
sitis, is, /. (ace. sing., sitim ; abl.,
siti), thirst; drijness.
si-tus, a, um, paj-t. (alno), placed,
«€<, lying, situated.
aS ve (seu), con;*., or if whether, or.
sSbrins, a, nm, adj., not drunk,
sober; sensible, prudent, temper-
ate, moderate.
sdoer, 8ri, m., afather-in4aio.
sdoi-Stas, atis, /. (sdcius, § 163,
e), fellowship, society, partner-
ship, alliance.
sdcius, ii, m., companion, comrade,
partner, ally.
sdcius, a, um, adj. (sdcius), allied.
sddaiis, is, com. gen., comrade,
crony, boon-companion.
s51, s51is, m., the sun.
sdleo, s61Sre, s61itus sum, 5^7721-
dep. (§ 163, e), to be tcont, be
accustomed.
sdlidus, a, um, adj., whole, com-
plete ; firm, solid,
sol-itudo, inis, /. (solus, § 163,
e), loneliness, solitude ; a desert,
861ium, ii, n., a seat, throne.
sollert-ia, se, /. (sollers, clever ;
§ 163, e), skill, shrewdness, dex-
terity, expertness.
sollicitus, a, um, adj., uneasy,
anxious; ivakeful, toatchful.
s51um, i, n., the bottom, founda-
tion; soil.
solum, adv. (solus), only, merely;
non solum, not only.
solus, a,, um, adj. (§ 83), alone,
only, single, lonely.
solvo, solvere, solvi, s51iitum,
a., to loose, loosen, untie, unbind;
cast off (from shore) ; pay, re-
lease ; dissolve, break up.
somn-ium, ii, n. (somnus), a
dream.
somnus, i, m., sleep.
sdn-itus, us, m. (sSno), a noise,
sound, din.
s5no, are, ui, itum, n. and a., to
make a noise, sound, resound; to
utter; cry out.
sons, sontis, adj., hurtful ; guilty,
sdnus, i, 772., a noise, sound,
sdp-or, oris, m. (s5pio, to sleep ;
§ 168, a), sleep.
sordid-atus, a, um, adj. (sordi-
dus), in dirty clothes, meanly or
shabbily dressed.
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LATIN LESSONS.
sord-IduB, a, um, adj. (sordeo, to
be dirty), dirty^ unclean^ fouly
Jilthy, sordid,
sdror, 5ri8, /., a sister,
8dr5r-iuB, a, um. adj. (sdror), of
or belonging to a sister.
sors, sortis,/., a lot, luck, fortune,
fate, destiny, chance.
sort-ior, Iri, itus BMXOfdep. (sors),
to cast or draw lots ; allot, assign,
distribute; share, divide; obtain
by lot, obtain.
spargo, spargSre, sparsi, spar-
sum, a., to scatter, sprinkle, be-
sprinkle ; disperse ; spread out.
sp&tium, ii, n., room, space ; inter-
val; period.
spSci-es, Si, /. (gen. and dat. pi.
not found), (spScio), a show,
appearance, shape, form; view.
spectS-ciUum, i, n. (specto), a
shoio, sight, spectacle, jyublic
shoio.
specto, &re, ftvi, fttum, a. and n.
intens. (spScio, to see), to look
at, observe, behold, consider, re-
gard ; aim at.
spSciUS-tor, 5ris, m. (spSciUor),
an explorer, spy, scout.
spSoillor, ftri, &tus sum, dep., to
spy out, watch, observe, examine,
explore.
spgc-illum, i, n. (spScio, to see),
a looking-glass, mirror.
spScus, fis (i), m., f, and n. (§ 70,
d), a cave, cavern, grot, den.
sperno, spernSre, sprSvi, sprS-
tum, a., ^0 despise, contemn, re-
ject, scorn, spurn.
spSro, ftre, Svi, &tum, a., to hope,
expect, trust.
spes, spSi,/ (spSro), hope.
spina, SB, /, a thorn, prickle ;, in
pL, difficulties.
spir-itus, tls, m. (spiro), a breath,
breeze; the breath of life, life;
spirit, courage; pride.
BpIro,'&re, Svi, atum, n. and a.,
to breathe, blow ; live, breathe
forth.
splend-idus, a, um, adj. (splen-
deo, to shine), bright, shining-,
splendid, magnificent; brilliant,
illustrious.
splend-or^ 5ris, m. (splendeo, to
shine, § 163, a), brightness, splen-
dor ; magnificence; honor, dig-
nity.
sp61io, &re, ftvi, §tum, a. (spS-
lium), to strip; rob, plunder,
pillage, spoil.
spdlium, ii, n., booty, prey, spoil.
spondeo, spondSre, spdpondi,
sponsum, a., to promise solemn-
ly , bind, engage or pledge one's
self; vow, betroth.
spon-sus, i, m. (spondeo), a be-
trothed, bridegroom.
sponte, abl. (gen., spontis, the
only cases found), (spondeo),
of free will, of one's own accord.
sprS-tus, a, um, part, (sperno),
despised.
squftl-idus, a, um, adj. (squSUeo,
to be filthy), filthy, dirty, foul,
neglected, squalid.
sta-bUis, e, adj. (sto, § 164, m),
that stands fast, firm, steadfast,
steady, stable.
stabil-Xtas, atis, /. (stabilis).
firmness, durability, stability.
st&-tim, adv. (sto), forthwith, im-
mediately, at once.
sta-tio, 6nis. /. (sto, § 163, 6), a
station, place, position ; standing
place, post.
st&tua, ae, / (stStuo), an image;
statue.
st&-tuo, st&tuSre, st&tui, st&tu-
tum, a., to put, place, set, sta-
tion ; establish ; believe, consider,
suppose; determine.
sta-tura, eerf (sto, § 163, b), a
standing upright ; height, size,
statue.
sta-tus, fm, m. (sto, § 163, b), a
standing ; a position, posture ;
condition, prosperity ; state.
stel-la, se,f. (sterno), (the strewer
of light), a star.
stercus, 6ris, n., dung, excrements}
filth.
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BtSrllis, e, adj., unfruitful, barren,
sterile m
stSrU-itas, fttda,/. (stSriUs, § 163,
e), unfruitfulness, barrenness,
sterility.
Bterno, stemSre, strftvi, stratum,
a., to spread out ; strew, scatter,
spread; arrange, prepare ; cover;
prostrate.
SthSrius, ii, m., a chief of Sicily.
stlpendi-&riu8, a, um, adj. (sH-
. pendium), tributary, liable to
contribution.
stZpendium, ii, n., a tax, contribu-
tion ; pay ; military service.
Btirps, stirpis, /. (rarely m.), a
stock, stem; race, family.
sto, stftre, BtSti, st&tuxn, n., to
stand, stand still; persist; abide,
remain, endure; to cost (with abl.
oi price) ; Btat, it is a fixed pur-
pose.
BtdliduB, a, um, adj., dull, stupid,
obtuse.
stdm&ohus, i, m., the stomach;
taste ; distaste ; displeasure ; cha-
grin.
8tr&-geB, iB,/. (Bterno), a defeat,
slaughter, massacre, butchery, car-
nage.
BtrS-giilum, i, n. (Bterno), a bed-
covering, coverlet; carpet, rug,
mattress.
BtrSL-tuB, a, um, part. (Bterno),
strown.
8tr6na-e, adv. (BtrSnuuB), brisk-
ly, promptly, quickly, actively,
vigorously.
BtrSnunB, a, urn, adj., brisk,
prompt, nimble, active, vigorous,
strenuous.
strSp-itUB, ilB, m. (BtrSpo,to make
a noise ; § 163, b), a noise, din,
uproar.
Btrideo, BtridSre, Btrldi, no sup.,
n., to creak, hiss, whizz, buzz.
strid-or, 5riB, m. (Btrideo, § 163,
a), a creaking, hissing, whizzing,
buzzing noise.
Btlingo, BtringSre, Btrinzi, Btrio-
tum, a., to bind tight; draw
together; bind, grasp; gladium
Btringere, to draw the sword.
Btruo, BtruSre, Btruxi, structum,
a., to pile up; build, construct;
arrange ; contrive ; inBidieUi
Btruere, to lay snares.
Btiideo, Sre, ui, no sup., n. and a.,
to be eager about, strive after, be
zealous for, pursue ; study.
BtiididB-e,ac^2;.(BtfidiosuB), eager-
ly, carefully, earnestly.
Btfidi-5sus, a, um, adj. (Btfidium,
§ 164, k), full of zeal; eager,
zealous, fond of.
Btttd-ium, ii, n. (Bttldeo, § 163,/),
zeal, eagerness, fondness, desire,
devotion, application to.
Btultus, a, um, adj., foolish, sim-
ple, silly.
sttipeo, Sre, ui, no sup., n. and a.,
to be astonished, amazed; won-
der at.
Bttip-iduB, a, um, adj. (Bttlpeo),
amazed, senseless, dull, stupid.
Bu&deo, suadSre, su^Bi, Bu^Bum,
n. and a., to advise, exhort, urge;
recommend, advocate.
Bu&-Bor, oriB, m. (Bu&deo, § 162,
a), an adviser, counsellor, per-
suader.
BuftviB, e, adj., sweet, pleasant,
agreeable.
Buav-itaB, atiB,/ (BuaviB, § 163,
e), sweetness, pleasantness, agree-
ableness.
Btib, prep, with ace. and abl. (§§
153, and 152, c), under, below,
beneath, close up to, during ; just
after; Bub monte, at the foot of
the mountain.
Bub-duco, ducSre, duad, ductum,
a., to draw up (especially on
shore), lift up, draw off, with-
draw, remove, take away secretly.
Btib-eo, Ire, ii, itum, n. and a. irr.,
to go under, to go up ; enter ;
advance, proceed ; approach ; un-
dergo; sustain; attack, succeed ;
occur; humeriB Bubire aliquid,
to take up something on one's
shoulders*
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LATIN LESSONS.
sttber, 8ria, n., a corh4ree,
stib-lgo, igdre, 6gi, actum, a.
(stib; ftgo), to bring under ^ get
under; subdue; impel, urge on;
force, constrain,
8iibit-o, adi\ (stibitus), suddenly,
unexpectedly.
stibi-tus, a, um, part, (atibeo),
sudden, unexpected.
Bub-jicio, jicSre, jSci, jeotum, a,,
(stib; j&cio), to bring under,
subdue, subject.
8ubl§-tu8, a, um, part, (toUo),
elated, proud, haughty,
sub-ldvo, ftre, &vi, Stum, a,, to
raise up, hold up, support, sus-
tain, assist, encourage, relieve,
sublXmis, e, adj,, on high ; lofty,
sub-mergo, merggre,mersi, mer-
sum, a., to dip or plunge under;
to sink, overwhelm, submerge.
sub-mitto, mittSre, misi, mis-
sum, a., to send forth ; send to
one's aid; dispatch; submittere
se, to submit.
Bub-mdveo, mdvSre, movi, m5-
tum, move from beneath, remove.
stib-dles, is,/, (stib; dlesco), a
sprout, shoot; posterity, offspring,
race.
sub-sSquor, sSqui, sScutus sum,
dep., to follow close after ; follow,
succeed, ensue,
Bub-sid-ium, ii, n. (stib ; sSdeo),
a body of reserves, auxiliary
forces; assistance, aid, support;
subsidio mittere, to send as
support.
sub-sido, sidSre, sSdi, sessum,
n., to sit down, settle, subside.
sub-sisto, sistSre, stiti, sti[tum,
n., to stand still, stop,
sub-stituo, stitugre, stitui, sti-
tUtum, n. (stib ; st&tuo), to set
or place under ; substitute.
sub-sum, esse, no perf, n., to be
under; to be present.
sub-ter, prep, with ace. and abl.
(stib, § 152, c), below, beneath,
underneath, under; close by.
sub-vSlio, vShgre, vexi, veotumi
a., to carry up, convey, bring (up
stream).
sub-vSnio, vSnIre, v§iii, ventum,
n., to come to one's assistance;
aid, relieve, succor,
Buc-oSdo, cSdSre, cessi, cessum,
n. and a, (stib ; cSdo), to go up,
mount, ascend; march on, ad-
vance ; succeed to, follow ; prosper.
suo-oenseo, censSre, censui,
censum, n. and a., to be angry,
enraged; be angry at.
succes-sor, 5ris, m. (succSdo,
§ 162, a), a follower, successor.
suc-cldo, cldSre, cidi, cisum, a.
(stib; caedo), to cut down, fell.
suc-ciugo, cingdre, c^izi, cinc-
tum, a. (stib; oingo), to gird
up, ' tuck up ; surround, equip,
furnish,
suc-olftmo, ftre, ftvi, fitum, a.
(stib ; olftmo), to call out, shout
in reply,
suc-cumbo, cumbSre, ctibui,
ctibitum, n. (stib ; cumbo), to
yield, submit, sun-ender,
suc-curro, currSre, curri, cur-
sum, n. (stib; curro), to run
under; help, assist, aid, succor,
stldor, 6ris, m,, sweat, perspira-
tion; toil,
SuSvi, drum, m, pi., a powerful
Germanic people in northern
Germany.
suf-ficio, ficSre, fSci, factum, a.
and n. (stib; fftcio), to put
under; put in the place of, sub-
stitute ; be sufficient, suffice.
suf-figo, figure, fizi, fizum, a.
(stib ; figo), to fasten upon, affix,
suf-fddio, fdd^re, f5di, fossum,
a. (stib; fddio), to dig under-
neath, undermine, pierce through.
sui, sibi, se or sese, reflexive per-
sonal pron. (for all genders and
numbers), of himself, herself, it-
self, themselves.
sulcus, i, m., a furrow,
Sulla, ee, m., Lucius Cornelius
Sulla Felix, the celebrated Ro-
man Dictator, b.c. 138-78,
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VOCABULARY. — I.
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Sull-ani, drum, ni, pL (Sulla),
the folloicers of Sulla,
6ull-2Uius, a, um, adj, (Sulla),
of Sulla.
sum, esse, fui, ftit&rus, n. irr.
(§ 119), to be; milu est, &c.,
/ have, &c.
summa, ae,/. (suminus), the main
thing; the amount, sum, total,
tahole.
sum-mergo, see sub-mergo.
sum-mitto, see sub-mitto.
Bummus, a, uxn, adj, (superlative
of stipSrus), chief top of
stUno, stUnSre, suxnpsi, sump-
tum, a. (sttb; Smo), to take,
assume, gather; enjoy; spend;
bellum sumere, to begin war;
pcenam sumere, to inflict pun-
ishment,
sum-ptus, us, m, (stlmo), expense,
cost, charge,
siipellez, lee tills, /, furniture,
household utensils,
si&per, adv, and prep, with ace,
and abl, (§ 152, c), above; more-
over, besides; upon, concerning;
in addition to,
siiperb-ia, ae,/. (stiperbus, § 163,
e)t haughtiness, pride,
siiper-bus, a, um, adj, (sttper),
haughty, proud, arrogant, inso-
lent.
silper-fundo, fundSre, fiidi, fu-
sum, a., to pour on; overflow,
rush upon ; extend,
siipgr-ior, ius, adj, (comparative
of stipgrus), higher, former,
past; older, superior, greater,
siiper-n&to, &re, &vi, fttum, n,, to
sioim above, float on the top, swim
over,
siipSro, &re, &vi, &tum, a, (stiper),
to overcome, subdue, conquer.
stiper-sSdeo, sSdSre, sSdi, ses-
sum, n. and a,, to sit upon ; be
superior to, surpass ; forbear,
omit,
sttper-sum, esse, fui, n,, to be left,
remain, exist still; survive; be in
aibundance.
stipSr-us, a, um, adj. (sftper, §
91, a), upper, on high.
stiper-vSnio, vSnIre, v§ni, ven-
tum, a. and n., to come upon,
press upon, attack; come up,
arrive; follow.
stip-Iuus, a, um, adj. (sttb), bent
backwards, lying on the back,
supine ; manus supini, with the
open palms turned upwards (a
gesture of one praying).
sup-pSto, p^tSre, pStlvi or pStii,
pStitum, n. (stib; pSto), to be
at hand, be in store, be sufficient.
sup-pleo, plSre, pl6vi, plStum, a.
(sttb ; pleo), to flll up, supply,
complete.
sup-plez, Icis, adj. (sttb ; pUco),
entreating, beseeching, suppliant.
As Noun, com. gen., a suppliant.
suppllcS-tio, 5nis, / (supplico,
§ 163, />), a public prayer or
supplication; a day set apart for
prayer.
supplic-lter, adv. (supplex), hum-
bly, submissively, suppliantly.
supplic-ium, ii, n. (supplico, §
163, /), a supplication ; punish-
ment: supplicium de aliquo
sumere or aliquem supplicio
afficere, to inflict punishment on
any one.
sup-plico, &re, Svi, Stum, n.
(sttb; plico), to kneel down;
beseech, supplicate : pray.
sup-porto, &re, &vi, &tum, a.
(sttb ; porto), to bring up, carry,
convey.
supra, adv. and prep, with ace,
on the top, above ; before, former-
Jy; beyond, besides; over, above.
saprSmus, a, um, adj. (superlative
of sttpfirus), the highest, great-
est, last.
surdus, a, um, adj., deaf; dull,
indistinct ; stupid.
sur-go, surgSre, surrezi, surrec-
tum, n. (sttb ; r8go), to rise.
sur-ripio, ripSre, ripui, reptum,
a. (sttb ; ripio), to snatch, steal
away, pilfer, purloin.
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LATIN LESSONS.
sfLs, BuiB, com. gen. (dat, pL, sui-
bus and stibiis), a hog, pig^
hoar, sotc.
sus-cipio, cipdre, cSpi, ceptum,
a. (sttb ; c&pio), to take up,
undertake ; acknowledge ; iiii-
micitias suscipere, to incur
enmities.
Buspec-tus, a, um, part. (suBpi-
cio), mistrusted, suspected; sus-
picious.
BUB-pendo, pendSre, pendi, pen-
sum, a. (stib; pendo), to hang
up, suspend; keep in suspense;
check, interrupt,
su-Bpicio, spicSre, spezi, spec-
tum, a. (sttb; spScio), to mis-
trust, suspect, distrust.
suspic-io, 5nis, /. (susplcor, §
163, h), mistrust, distrust, sus-
picion.
suspicor, &ri, Stus sum, dep.
(susplcio),. /o mistrust, suspect.
sus-tlneo, tinSre, tinui, tentum,
a. (sttb ; tSneo), to hold up, sup-
port, sustain, endure ; withstand;
restrain ; delay, put off.
sustttli, perf. ind. of toUo.
stt-tor, oris, m. (suo, to sew; §
162, a), a shoemaker, cobbler.
suus, a, um, poss. pron. (sui), his,
her, their own, oxen,
Syria, ae, /., a country in Asia,
east of the M(
I Mediterranean.
T.
T. an abbreviation for Titus.
tabel-la, ae, /. dim. (tibttla, §
16i, a), a. small hoard, tablet; a
voting tablet, ballot; a writing
tablet.
tSberna, ae, /., a hut, shed, stall,
shop.
t^bern-Scttlum, i, n. (tliberna), a
tent.
tSib-es, is, /. (tabeo, to waste
away), a wasting away ; con-
sumption, plague, pestilence.
t&bttla, SB, f., a board, plank ; list
(of proscribed pei-sons) ; a will',
writing tablet.
t&ceo, 6r6, ui, itum» n. and a., to
be silent, to say nothing, hold
one* s peace ; be still, quiet; pass
over in silence.
t&c-itus, a, um, part, (t&ceo),
silent, secret.
tac-tuB, a, um, part, (tango),
touched.
taedet, taedSre, teeduit or taesum
est, a. impers. (§ 221, b), it dis-
gusts, offends, wearies (one) ; /
(thou, he, &c.) am disgusted.
taed-ium, ii, n. (taedet, § 163,/),
weariness, loathing, disgust, te-
diousness.
taeter, see tSter.
t&lentum, i, n., a talent; a Greet
weight, equal to about one-half
a hundred weight ; a sum of
money, equal to about $1000.
t&lis, e, adj., such, of such a kind,
of such a nature, quality, or soi't
(the relative adj. coiTesponding
to t£dis is quails).
tSUus, i, m., the ankle bone, ankle ;
a die.
tam, adv., so, so very; tam . . .
quam, as . . , as.
t&men, conj. (§ 156, k), neverthe-
less, yet, still.
tSbn-etsi, conJ. (tSbnen ; etsi),
although, though.
tam-quam, ado. (of comparison),
as much as, so as, like as. Just
as ; as if, Just as though.
tan-dem, adv. (tam), at length, at
last, fnally; in interrogative
clauses, pray, pray now, now,
then.
tango, tangSre, tStigi, tactum,
a., to touch, affect.
tanti-dem, see tantus-dem.
tanto, see tantus.
tantdpSre, see tantus.
tant-um, adv. (tantus), so ^much,
so greatly, to such a degree :
only, alone, merely; tantum
non, almost, all but, tantum
quod, only. Just then, but Just.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
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tantum-mddo, adi\, only, merely,
nothing hut.
tan-tus, a, nm, adj. (tarn), so
great; tantSpdre (tanto dp^re),
as Adv., so much, so greatly;
tanto (abl. of degree oi differ-
ence, § 250, remarks), by so
much, so much the.
tantus-dem, tant&dem, tantum-
dem, adj., as large, as great;
tantZdem (gen. of price, §§215,
c, and 252, a), at Just so much.
tard-e, adv. (tardus), slowly, tar-
dily.
tardo, ftre, Svi, Stum, a. and n.
(tardus), to make sloiv ; hinder,
delay, retard; to tarry, loiter,
linger, delay.
tardus, a, um, adj., slow, sluggish,
tardy, late ; dull, heavy, stupid.
Tarquinius, ii, m., Tarquinius
Superhus, last king of Rome.
taurus, i, m., a hull, bullock, ox,
steer.
teo-tum, i, n. (tggo), (a thing
that covers), a roof; a house,
dwelling, abode, shelter, quarters.
tS-cum, see tu.
tSgo, t^gSre, tead, tectum, a., to
cover, hide, conceal; defend, pro-
tect, guard.
tellfis, uris, /., the earth', land,
ground.
tSlum, i, n., a dart, spear, javelin
(offensive weapon).
tSmSr-SLrius,a, um, adj. (tSmSre),
rash, heedless, thoughtless, im-
prudent, indiscreet.
tSmSre, adv., rashly, hastily,
thoughtlessly, indiscreetly.
tSmgr-itas, ttis, /. (tSmSre, §
163, e), rashness, thoughtlessness,
indiscretion, temerity.
tempSrans, antis, part. (tempS-
ro), sober, moderate, temperate.
tempSrant-ia, se, /. (tempSrans,
§ 163, e), moderation, sobriety,
discreetness, temperance.
tempSro, ^e, &vi, Situm, a. and n.,
to rule, regulate, govern, manage ;
to forbear, restrain, be temperate.
tempes-tas, atis, / (tempus for
temportas, § 163, e), a time,
season, period ; storm, tempest.
templum, i, n., a sanctuary, tem-
ple, shrine.
tempus, dris, n., time ; ad tempus,
at a fitting time ; ex tempore,
off-hand, extempore; id tempo-
ris, at that time (§ 216, 3) ; in
pi., tempora, the times, circum-
stances.
tSn-az, acis, adj. (tgneo, § 164,
/), holding fast, tenacious.
tendo, tendSre, tStendi, tentum
and tensum, a. and n., to
stretch, distend, extend, spread
out ; aim, tend ; go, march ; insi-
dias tendere, to lay snares.
tSnebrse, Srum, /. jt>/., darkness.
tSneo, Sre, ui, turn, a., to hold,
keep, have, possess; restrain, de-
tain.
tSner, 6ra, Srum, adj., soft, deli-
cate, tender.
ten-to, &re, §vi, ttum, a. intens.
(tendo, § 167, b), to handle,
touch; attack, assail) attempt,
try ; excite, disturb.
tent5r4um, ii, n. (tendo), a tent.
tSnuis, e, adj., thin, slim, slender;
little, poor, mean.
tSnu-Xtas, atis, / (tSnuis, § 163,
e), thinness, slenderness, small-
ness; poverty, indigence.
tSnus, prep, with abl., as far as,
up to, down to, unto, to.
tSpeo, 6re, no perf, no sup., n., to
be warm.
tSp-ldus, a, um, adj. (tSpeo),
lukewarm, tepid; faint, languid.
tSr, adv. num. (tres), three times,
thrice.
TSrentius, ii, m., a Roman name.
tergum, i, n., the back; terga dare,
to flee.
terminus, i, m., a boundary, bound,
limit.
ter-ni, ae, a, num. distributive adj.,
three, each by threes.
tSro, tfirgre, trivi, tritum, a., to rub,
grind, rub atvay, wear, wear away.
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LATIN LESSONS.
terra, ae, yi, the earthy land,
terr-Snus, a, um, adj, (terra), of
earth, earthen,
terreo, 6re, ui, itnm, a., to frighten,
alann, terrify,
terr-or, oris, ;«. (terreo, § 163, a),
dread, alarm, tej-ror.
teiti'O.adv. (tertiu8),/(ir the third
time; thirdly.
ter-tius, a, tun, adj, (t6r), the
third.
tesUL-mentnm, i, n. (tester, § 163,
c), a will, testament,
teBt-im5nium, ii, n. (testor, §
163, c), witness, evidence, attesta-
tion, testimony ; proof.
testis, is, com. gen., a witness; eye-
witness.
testor, &ri, &tus sum (testis), to
be a witness, to bear witness, tes-
tify, attest ; prove ; call to ivifness.
test-Ado, inis, / (testa, a shell),
a tortoise (in military language,
boards or shields locked to-
gether to protect a party when
storming any fortified place).
tSter, tra, truxn, adj., offensive,
noisome, foul, hideous, loathsome.
Teutdnes, um, m. pi., a people of
Germany.
Teutdni, drum, m. pi., see Teu-
tdnes.
Thess&lia, ae, /, Thessaly,
Thessaldnloa, ae, /., a city of
Macedonia.
TibSris, is, m. (ace. Tiberim, abl.
Tiberi), the Tiber,
TibSriuB, ii, m., Tiberius Claudius
Nero, emperor of Rome, a.d.
14-37.
tlgil-lum, i, n. dim. (tignum, §
164, a), a little beam.
tignum^ i, n., a log, beam,
TigrSines, is, m., king of Armenia,
son-in-law of Mithridates.
tigris, is or Idis, com. gen., a tiger,
tigress.
Tigurinus (pagus), a district in
Helvetia.
timeo, Sre, ui, no sup., a. and n,, to
fear, dread; be afraid, anxious.
timid-e, adv. (MmlduB), fearfully,
timidly,
tXmid-Itas, atis, /. (timldus, §
163, e), fearfulness, cowardice,
timidity,
tim-idus, a, um, adj. (timeo),
fearful, afraid, faint-hearted,
cowardly, timid.
tim-or, 5ris, m. (timeo, § 163, a),
fear, dread, alann, anxiety.
titiilus, i, m., an inscription, title,
motto, epitaph.
Titus L&biSnus, i, m., legate of
Cajsar.
tdga, ae, /. (tSgo), a toga (the
outer garment of a Roman citi-
zen in time of peace), mantle.
tdlSro, ftre, ftvi, atum, a., to bear,
support, endure, sustain; main-
tain, nourish.
tollo, toUSre, susttUi, subl&tum,
a,, to lift up, elevate; carry, bear;
take away, remove ; do away unth ;
kill,
toudeo, tondSre, tdtondi, ton-
sum, a., to shear, clip; cut,
prune, trim; gather; crop, graze
upon, feed upon.
t5no, ftre, ui, itum, n. and a., to
thunder; tonat, impers., it thun-
ders.
ton-sor, oris, m. (tondeo, § 162,
a), a shearer, clipper, shaver;
barber.
tonsor-ius, a, um, adj. (tonsor),
of or belonging to shearing or
shaving; culter tonsorius, a
razor.
torpeo, 6re, ui, no sup., n., to be
stiff, numb, dull, listless.
torp-or, oris, m. (torpeo, § 163, a),
numbness, torpor, inactivity,
torqueo, torquSre, torsi, tortum,
a., to turn, twist, bend; whirl
around ; fling, hurl ; wrench,
rack, torture.
torreo, torrfire, torrui, tostum,
a., to burn; parch, roast, bake,
torr-idus, a, um, adj. (torreo),
dry, parched.
t6t, num. adj. indecl., so many.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
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tdt-Idem, num. adj. indecl. (t6t),
j'list so many, just as many.
tdtiea, num. adv. (t6t), so often, so
many times; as often, as many
times.
totUB, a, um, adj. (gen. sing., to-
tius), the ichole, entire, total; all,
all the.
trabs, tr&bis, /, a beam ; a timber,
trac-tns, a, um, part. (trSho),
drawn.
trft-do, dSre, didi, ditum, a.
(trans ; do), to give up, deliver,
surrender ; commit, intrust, hand
doxcn; teach, tell; traditur, it
is said; traditum est, the tra-
dition is.
trSi-diico, dUcSre, duzi, ductum,
a. (trans ; duco), to lead across,
transport over, transfer ; bring to
, an end ; spend.
trSg-tila, ae, / (trSho), a Javelin
(of large size).
tr^o, tr^Sre, trazi, tractum,
a., to draio, drag, drag along;
collect; allure; protract; detain;
bellum trahere, to prolong the
war.
trt-jicio, jicgre, j6ci, jectum, a.
and n. (trans ; j5cio), to throw
across, cast over; transport;
pierce, stab ; to pass over.
tranqaillus, a, um, adj., quiet,
calm, still, tranquil.
trans, prep, with ace, across, over,
beyond, on the other side of.
tran-scrlbo, scribSre, scrips!,
scriptum, a. (trans; scribo),
to copy, transcribe; transfer, re-
move.
trans-duco, see tr&diico.
trans-eo. Ire, ivi or ii, itum, n.
and a. irr., to cross over, pass
over ; pass by, go through ; cross.
trans-fgro, ferre, tiili, l&tum, a.
irr., to bring over, transfer, convey.
trans-figo, HgSre, fizi, fizum, a.,
to thrust or pierce through; to
transfix.
trans-f ddio, f ddSre, f odi, f ossum,
a., to stab through ; stab, pierce.
trans-grSdior, grSdi, gressus
sum, dep. (trans; gr&dior), to
cross ; to step over, go beyond,
exceed.
trans-Igo, igSre, Sgi, actum, a.
(trans; Sgo), to carry through,
finish, complete, accomplish ; set-
tle, transact.
tran-silio or trans-silio, siUre,
silivi, silii or silui, sultum, ti.
and a. (trans ; sSlio), to leap or
Jump across; leap or spring over-,
go rapidly, hasten.
trans-mitto, mittSre, misi, mis-
sum, a., to send over, throw
across, send across, dispatch ;
traverse, cross over.
trans-porto, &re, &vi, &tum, a.,
to carry or convey across.
transver-sus, a, um, part, (trans-
verto), lying across, crosswise,
transverse, cross.
trScent-Ssimus, a, um, adj. (trS-
centi), three-hundredth.
trS-centi, ae, a, num. adj. (tres;
centum), three hundred.
trS-dScim, num. adj. indecl. (tres;
dScem), thirteen.
trSmo, trgmgre, trSmui, no sup.,
n. and a., to shake, tremble; trem-
ble at.
trSpidus, a, um, adj., restless, con-
fused, alarmed.
tr6s, tria, num. adj., three.
TrSviri, drum, m. pi., a people of
Gaul.
trlbun-al, 51is, n. (tribiinus), a
platform (on which the seats of
magistrates were placed), Judg-
ment-seat, tribunal.
triblin-atus, fis, m. (tribunus),
the ofp.ce of a tribune, tribune-
ship.
trXb-tinus, i, m. (trlbus, a tribe),
a tribune.
trlbuo, uSre, ui, fitum, a., to as-
sign, allot, bestow, give, impart,
confer; impute.
tri-duum, ui, n. (tres ; dies), the
space of three days, three days.
tri-ggmini, orum, m. pi. (tres;
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LATIN LESSONS.
gSno), three bom at a birthy
three brothers.
trl-ni, ae, a, num, distributive adj,
(tres), three each, three,
tri-plez,plici8,a£(/. (tres; pllco),
threefold, triple,
tiistis, e, adj.y sad, sorrowful,
mournful.
trl-tus, a, um, part, (tfiro), rubbed,
worn; common, familiar, trite.
triumpho, &re, ftvi, Stum, n. and
a. (triumphus), to triumph, ex-
ult ; rejoice at.
triumphus, i, m., a triumph (sol-
emn procession of victoiy).
trtl-cido, ^e, Svi, fttum, a. (triuc,
savage ; csedo), to slaughter,
butcher, massacre.
trudo, trudSre, trusi, trusum, a.,
to thrust, push, shove; crowd;
press on, drive, impel.
truncus, i, m., the trunk, body;
stem, stock.
truncus, . a, um, adj. (trtmco, to
mutilate), maimed, mutilated,
mangled, disfigured.
tti, personal pron., thou,
ttiba, ae, /., a trumpet.
tueor, tu§ri, tuitus or t^tus sum,
dep., to look at, gaze at, behold ;
guard, preserve, defend.
tilli, see fSro.
Tulingi, drum, m. pi., a people of
Gallia.
TuUus Hostnius, i, m., third king
of Rome, b.c. 672-640.
tum, adv., then, at that time; cum
(quum) . . . tum, both . . . and;
not only . . . but also.
ttimeo, §re, rd, no sup., n., to
swell; be swollen; be inflated;
be puffed up.
ttim-idus, a, um, adj. (ttimeo),
swollen, tumid ; elated, puffed up,
tiimultuor, &ri, Stus sum, dep,
(tttmultus), to be in an uproar,
raise a tumult,
tiimultus, us, m., disturbance,
agitation ; tumult, insurrection,
sedition.
tiim-iUus, i, m. (ttimeo), a mound.
hillock, hill, a sepulchral mound,
tomb.
tunc, adv., then, at that time; im-
mediately.
tundo, tundSre, ttlttldi, tunsum
or tfisum, a., to beat, strike;
pound, bruise.
ttinica, SB, /., a tunic (an under-
garment of the Romans, worn
by both sexes).
turba, se,f, a crowd, throng ; a tur-
moil, hubbub, uproar, tumult, com-
motion, disturbance.
turb-idus, a, um, adj. (turbo).
confused, disordered ; troubled,
disturbed, perplexed.
turbo, &:e, Svi, Stum, a. (turba),
to disturb, trouble ; confuse, con-
found.
turbo, Inis, m., a whirlwind, tor-
nado, hurricane.
turda, ae,/., a thrush.
turdus, i, m., a thrush.
turgeo, turggre, tursi, no sup., n.,
to swell out, be swollen.
turma, ae,/., a troop, squadron,
turpis, e, adj., ugly, foul, filthy.
turris, is,/, a totoer; castle.
Tuscus, a, um, adj., Tuscan, Etrus-
can. As Noun, Tusci, orum,
m. pi., the Tuscans.
ta-tor, 5ris, m. (tueor, § 162, a),
a ivatcher, protector, defender ;
guardian, tutor.
tfl-tus, a, um, part, (tueor), safe,
secure.
tu-us, a, um, poss. pron. (tu), thy,
thine, your, yours.
tyrranus, i, m., a monarch, ruler ;
despot, tyrant.
tlber, 6ris, n., a teat, udder, breast,
tlber, 6ris, adj., rich, fruitful, fer-
tile.
tlbi, adv., where, when; ubi pri-
mum, as soon as,
ttbi-cumque (-cunque), culv,,
wherever ; everywhere.
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VOCABUT.ARY. 1.
99
iSLhi-qne,a(lv,f wherever; anytvTiere,
everywhere,
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultua sum, dep,,
to revenge, take vengeance on,
punish,
ullus, a, um, adj. (gen, sin^ ulllus,
dat, uUi), any, any one,
ulmus, i,/., an elm, elm-tree,
ultSr-ior, iuB, adj, (comparative
of ultra, § 91), further or the
further side, ulterior,
ultimus, a, um, adj, {superl. of
ultra, § 91), the furthest, most
distant, most remote ; last,
ul-tio, onis,/. (ulciscor, § 163, b),
a revenge,
ul-tor, 6ri8, m, (ulciscor, § 162,
a), a revenger,
ultr^ adv, and prep,, with ace,
beyond, further ; on the other side
of, beyond, past; ultra fidem,
beyond belief,
ultro, adv., beyond ; besides, more-
over : of one's own accord, volun-
tarily,
ul-tus, a, um, part, (ulciscor),
having avenged, punished,
umbra, se,/., a shade, shadow ; an
image,
tun-quam (un-), adv, (ilnum;
quam), at any time, ever,
iina, adv, (iinus), together, at the
same time,
unda, 8B,/., a wave, billow,
unde, adv,, from which place,
whence ; from whom, from which,
from what,
un-dScim, nu7n. adj, indecl. (finus ;
decern), eleven,
undScim-us, a, um, num, adj,
(undScim), the eleventh,
un-dS-viginti, num. adj. indecl,
(unus ; de ; viginti), one from
twenty ; nineteen,
und-i-que, adv, indef (unde;
que), on all sides, on every part,
everywhere,
ungo (unguo), ungSre, unzi,
unctum, a., to anoint, smear,
besmear,
unguis, is, m., a nail ; talon, claw,
hoof.
un-i-versus, a, um, adj, (fLnus;
versus), all together, whole, en-
tire, geneird, universal,
un-quam, see um-quam.
iinus, a, um, num. adj, (gen. sing.,
unfus; dat., uni), one, alone,
sole, single.
ilnus-quisque, un&quaeque. On-
umquodque, adj. pron., each,
every,
urb-&nus, a, um, a<Ij, (urbs),
belonging to the city, in the city ;
polite, courteous, refined, icell-
bred,
urbs, urbis, /., a city ; the city
(Rome).
urgeo, urgSre, ursi, no sup,, a,, to
press, push, force, drive, urge,
urlnSL-tor, oris, 772. (urinor, to
dive ; § 162, a), a diver,
uro, urSre, ussi, ustum, a,, to
burn ; fret, chafe, vex, annoy,
ursa, ae, /, a she-bear,
ursus, i, m,, a bear,
usquam, adv,, anywhere,
usque, adv., all the way, all the
while, until; usque &b, all the
way from ; usque ad, even to,
up to,
{Laura, 8b, /. (utor), use, enjoyment ;
interest,
usu-rpo, are, §vi, atum, a, (usus ;
r&pio), to use, employ,
usus, us, m, (utor), use, custom,
advantage, benefit, utility; ex-
perience,
fi-sus, a, um, part, (Cltor), having
used,
tit or tlti, adv, and conj,, how, as,
so, when, since; that, so that, in
order that, that not (with words
of fearing).
ut-cumque (-cunque), adv,, in
tchat tvay soever, howsoever, how-
ever, whenever,
ater, utris, m., a bag ; skin,
titer, Stra, utrum, adj, pron,
(gen, sing., utrlus; dat. Utri),
ivhich of two, which,
tlter-que, utrSqu«, utrumque,
adj. pron., each (of two), both ;
ex utrtque parte, on either sid'
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LATIN LESSONS.
iiti, see tit.
Utica, 8B,/., a town of Africa,
ut-ilis, e, afJj. (tltor), useful, ser-
viceable ; projitable, advanta-
qeom ; suitable.
Qt'il-itas, atis,/ (utilis, § 163, e),
use, usefulness^ utility, benefit,
profit.
'tltX-nam, adv., oh that ! I wish that,
would that!
a^DT, ^ti, ^aua sum,, dep., to me,
make use of, employ, enjoy.
ut-p6t-e, adv. (tit; pdtis), as,
namely, inasmuch as, since.
tttrixn-que (utrinque), adv. (titer ;
que), on both sides, from both
sides.
utr5que, adv. (titerque), to both
^ places, in both directions.
utrum, adv. (titer), whether (§
211).
uva, ae,/., a cluster of (jrapes,
uxor, 6ris, /., a icife; ducere
uzorem, to marry.
v&co, are, avi, atum, n., to he
empty, void, or vacant ; be at lei-
sure ; be free, be free from.
vac-uus, a, um, adj. (vaco),
empty, void, free, clear.
vad-um, i, n. (vado, to go), a
shoal, ford (that through which
one can go).
vajio, ire, ivi or ii, Xtuxn, n., to
cry, squall ; bray.-
vagi-tus, lis, m. (vagio, § 163, b),
(I crying : braying.
vi^or, airi, atus sum, dep. (va-
gus), to wander about, ramble,
range, rove.
vagus, a, um, adj., strolling about,
roaming, tvandering, roving ; un-
settled, vagrant.
vald-e, adv. (validus), strongly,
vehemently ; very, very much, ex-
ceedingly.
vaiens, entis, part, (vaieo),
strong, stout, vigorous.
vaieo, 6re, ui, itum, n., to he
strong, stout, vigorous ; to be well,
healthy; to' have the power, be
able; Male, farewell, adieu.
Valerius, ii, m., a Roman name.
vaiS-ttido. inin,f. (vaieo), habit,
state, condition ; health ; sicktiess.
vai-idus, a, um, adj. (vaieo),
strong, mighty, healthy, powerful.
valles (is), is,/, a valley, vale.
vallum, i, n., rampart (earthen
wall set with palisades), wall,
fortification.
vanus, a, um, adj., empty, vacant ;
idle, vain, fruitless, worthless;
unreasonable.
vapor, 6ris, m., steam, vapor.
varius, a, um, adj., diverse, chang-
ing, varying, various.
vas, vaais, pi., vasa, drum, n., a
I'e^^sel, dish, tool; in pi., bag-
gage.
vasto, are, avi, atum, a. (vastus),
to lay waste, desolate, ravage;
ruin, destroy.
vastus, a, ttm, adj., empty, waste :
huge, east.
vates, is, com. gen. {gen. pi., va-
tum), a soothsayer, prophet, pro-
phetess , poet, poetess.
vat-icina-tio, 6nis,/. (vaticinor,
§ 163, l)),a foretelling, prophecy,
prediction.
vat-icinor, ari, atus sum, dep.
(vates), to foretell, predict, pro-
phesy.
vectigal, aiis, n., a toll, tax; re-
venue, income.
vgg-6tus, a, um, adj. (vfigeo, to
arouse), vigorous, active, brisk,
sprightly.
vShSmens, entis, adj., eager, vio-
lent, impetuous, ardent, vehement;
forcible.
vShSmen-ter, adv. (vShSmena),
eagerly, ardently ; vigorously,
forcibly, very, very much.
v^ho, vfihSre, vexi, vectum, a.,
to bear, carry, convey ; in pass.,
yehi, to be carried, go, ride,
sail.
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▼61, conj,, or; vel . . . vel, either
, , . or; even, indeed, surely ; the
very (with superlatives),
v51§-inen, inia, n. (v61o), a cover-
ing, cover; clothing, garment,
velle, inf. of v61o, to wish.
vello, vellSre, vulsi, vulsiun, a.,
to pluck, pull, pull out, tear out.
vel-ox, ocis, adj. (v61o, to fly),
sivift, fleet, rapid.
vSlum, i, «., a sail ; covering ; veil,
vgl-ut (vSl-ttti), adv., just as,
like as ; as it were : just as if, as
if, just as though.
v5na, se.f, a blood-vessel, vein,
vSn-filis, e, adj. (vSnus, a sale),
for sale, to he sold, venal.
vin&t-icus, a, lun, adj. (vSn&tus,
hunting), for hunting.
ven-do, dSre, didi, ditum, a,
(v5num, a sale ; do), to sell.
vSnSnum, i, n., a poison, drug.
v6n-eo, Ire, Ivi or ii, itum, .n.
(v5num, a sale ; eo), to he sold.
vSnSrSUtio, Snis, /. (vSn6ror, to
reverence ; § 163, b), reverence,
veneration,
vSnia, ae, /., favor, indulgence,
kindness ,- pardon, forgiveness.
vSnio, venire, vSni, ventum, n.,
to come, approach, draw near.
vSnor, &ri, &tus sum, dep., to
hunt, chase, pursue.
venter, tris, m., the belly.
vent-ito, are, no perf, no sup., n.
intens, (vento, § 167, b, and
Note), to come often, be wont to
come, keep coming,
ventus, i, m., the wind.
verber, Sris, n. (nom., dat., and
ace. sing., not found), a lash,
whip, scourge.
verbfiro, Sre, Svi, fttum, a. (ver-
ber), to lash, whip, scourge, flog,
beat.
verbum, i, n., a word : verba
f acere, to speak, discourse ; ver-
bi causa, Jor example.
vSrScund-ia, ae, /. (vSrScundus,
§ 163, €), respect, veneration,
reverence ; bashfulness, modesty.
vSrS-oundus, a, um, adj. (v6-
reor, § 164, p), bashful, modest,
shy.
vfireor, 6ri, Itus sum, dep., to feel
awe for, reverence, respect, re-
vere ; fear, be afraid of, dread,
Vergilius, ii, m., Publius Virgil-
ius Maw, the celebrated Ro-
man poet.
vergo, vergSre (versi), no sup.,
a. and n., to bend, turn, lie to-
wards, be situated,
v6r-o, adv. (vSrus), in truth, in
fact, certainly, to be sure, surely ;
truly, yes ; hut, however,
.verrQca, ae,/., a wart.
ver-sor, Sri, Stus sum, dep. intens,
(verto, § 167, b), to dwell, re-
main, be engaged in.
ver-sus, iis, m. (verto, § 163, b),
a verse ; line.
vert-ez, icis, m. (verto), a whirl,
eddy ; the top, summit, peak.
verto, vertSre, verti, versum, a»
and n., to turn, change, revolve,
vSru, us, n. (§ 69), a spit ; dart.
v6r-um, adv. (vSrus), truly, just
so, even so, yes ; but, yet,
vSrus, a, um, adj., true, real, ac-
tual. As Noun, verum, i, n.,
the truth, reality.
vescor, vesci, no perf, dep., to
feed, eat ; live on.
Vgsontio, onis, m., a city of
Gallia, the chief town oi the
Sequaui (modern Besangon).
vesper, 6ris and 6ri, m., the even-
ing,
Vesta, ae,/., daughter of Saturn,
goddess of flocks and herds, and
of the household in generaL *
ves-ter, tra, trum, jwssessive proji*
(vos), your.
vestig-ium, ii, n. (vestigo, to
track; § 163, /), a footstep,
track, trace, step.
vestio, ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, a. (ves-
tis), to dress, clothe, cover;
adorn.
vestis, is,/., a garment, robe, vest-
ment; clothing, attire.
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LATIN LESSONS.
vStSr-&nus, a, um, adj. (vStus),
veteran, old,
v6to, are, ui, itum, a., to forbid^
prohibit,
vStus, 6ris, adj., old, aged. As
KouN, vStSres, um, m. pL, the
ancients; ancestors.
vezUlum, i, n., a standard, banner,
flag.
vejco, are, avi, atum, a. intens.
(veho, § 167, b, and Note), to
annoy, harass, trouble, distress,
vex, abuse.
via, 8B, /., a wag, road, street;
journey.
via-tor, 6ri8, in. (vio, to go; §.
162, a), a wayfarer, traveller.
vibro, are, avi, atum, a. and n.,
to brandish, shake; quiver, vi-
brate.
vic^arius, a, um, adj. (vicis),
substituted. As Noun, m., a
substitute, deputy, proxy.
vlc-§simu8, a, um, num. adj.
(viginti), the twentieth.
vlc-ies, num. adv. (viginti), twenty
times.
vic-inus, a, um, adj. (vTcus),
near, neighboring.
vicis, vicem, vice, in pL, nom.
and ace. vices, dat. and abl.
vicibus, /., change,' turn; vi-
cem (followed by gen. or pos-
sessive pron.), in the place of,
instead of, on account of, for;
in vicem, by turns.
vic-tor, oris, m. (vinco, § 162, a),
conqueror, victor.
victor-ia, ae,/ (victor), victory.
vicus, i, m., a street : village.
vidS-licet. adv., it is manifest, of
course, forsooth.
video, vidfire, vidi, visum, a., to
see, perceive, observe; look at,
consider; understand; in pa^s.,
appear, seem.
vidua, ae,/., a widow.
vigeo, Sre, no perf, no sup., n., to
thrive, flourish, bloom.
vig-il, ilis, adj. (vigeo), awake,
on the watch, watchful, alert.
vigilant-ia, ae,/ (vigilans, watch-
ful ; § 163, e), watchfulness, vigil-
ance, careful attention.
vigil-ia, ae, / (vigilo), a watch,
night-guard.
vigUo, are, avi, atum, n. and a.,
to watch, be watchful ; guard.
viginti, num. adj. indecl., twenty.
vig-or, oris, m. (vigeo, § 163, a),
liveliness, activity, force, vigor,
energy.
vHis, e, adj., cheap, worthless :
mean, base, vile.
villa, ae, /., a country-seat, farm,
villa.
vincio, vinoire, vinzi, vinctum,
a., to bind, fetter.
vinoo, vincSre, vici, victum, a.,
to conquer, overcome, defeat, sub-
due, vanquish.
vino-ilium, i, n. (vincio, § 163,
d), a bond, chain, fetter, prison.
vindez, vindiois, com. gen. (vin-
dioo), a defender, protector, de-
liverer.
vindico, are, avi, atum, a., to de-
mand, claim, assume; avenge,
punish, revenge.
v&ium, i, n., wine.
vi-dlens, entis, adj. (vis), impetu-
ous, vehement, furious, violent.
vi51en-ter, adv. (vidlens), im-
petuously, vehemently, violently.
vi61ent-ia, ae,/ (vidlens, § 163, e),
violence, vehemence, impetuosity,
ferocity.
vi-61o, are, avi, atum, a. (vis),
to injure, dishonor, profane, vio-
late.
vir, viri, m., a man, husband.
virga, ae, /., a twig, sprout ; rod,
switch.
Virgilius, ii, m., see Vergilius.
vir-go, ginis,/. (vireo, to bloom),
a maid, virgin.
virg-tila, ae./. dim. (virga, §164,
a), a little twig, small rod.
virgul-tum, i, n. (virgtUa), a bush,
thicket.
vir-idis, e, adj. (vireo), green,
verdant ; fresh, blooming, youthful.
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103
vir-Ilis, e, adj. (vir), manly ; Jirm,
vigorous^ hold, spirited,
vlr-Itim, adv. (vir), man by man,
singly.
vlr-tus, atis, /. (vir), manliness,
virtue, valor; goodness, worth.
vis, vis,/. (§ 61), strength, force,
power, energy, violence; vi et
armis, by ai^med force ; vim fa-
cere, to do violence, offer vio-
lence; in pi., vires, inm, forces,
troops.
vl-so, vIsSre, visi, visum, a. in-
tens, (video, § 167, b, and Note),
to look at attentively, view, sur-
vey ; to go to see, visit.
vl-sus, a, um, part, of video.
vl-ta, ae,/. (vivo), life.
vltiiim, ii, n., a fault; crime,
offence, vice.
vf-to, fire, ftvi, SLtnm, a., to shun,
avoid.
vivo, vlv8re, viad, victum, n., to
live, be alive, have life^
viv-us, a, um, adj. (vivo), alive,
living.
vix, adv., with difficulty, hardly,
scarcely.
vdco, Sre, SLvi, §tum, a., to call,
summon, call upon, invoice, name.
V6contii, drum, m., the Vocontii
(a people of Gaul.)
vdl-Ito, fire, &vi, &tum, n. intern.
(v61o, to fly; § 167, b, and
Rem.), to fly to and fro, flit, fly,
hover.
v61o, velle, v61ui, no sup., a. irr.
(§ 138), to will, wish, desire.
v51o, are, ftvi, fttum, n., to fly,
hasten.
Volsoi, drum, m. pL, a people of
J^atium.
v61-tlcer, oris, ere, adj. (vdlo, to
^y), flying, toinged. As Noun,
/., a bird.
vdldmen, Inis, n. (volvo), a roll,
volume.
vdlunt-Srius, a, um, adj. (vdlun-
tas), voluntary, willing.
v51un-tas, atis, /. (vSlens), will,
wish, desire, choice; good feel-
ing, inclination ; voluntate sua,
' of one's own accord.
vdluptas, &tis,/., pleasure, delight,
enjoyment, gratification; in pL,
sports, pleasures.
volvo, volvSre, volvi, v61fitum,
a., to roll, turn, roll along; pon-
der.
vos, pi. of tu.
v6veo, v6v6re, vovi, v5tum, a.,
to vow, dedicate, promise, wish.
vox, vdcis, / (vdco), a voice,
sound, cry, speech, tcord.
vulg-ftris, e, ar//.(vulgus), general,
common, ordinary, vulgar.
vulg-o, adv. (vulgus), commonly,
openly, publicly.
vulgus, i, n. (rarely wi.), the gi^eat
mass ; the public, people, common
people, populace, mob.
vulnSro, are, avi, atum, a. (vul-
nus), to wound, hurt.
vulnus, Sris, n., a wound, hurt.
vulpes, is,/., a fox.
vultur, iiris, m., a vulture.
vul-tus, lis, m. (vdlo), the ex-
pression (of countenance), coun-
tenance, face.
z5na, se,/., a belt, girdle, zone.
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II. ENGLISH AND LATIN.
[For Numerals, see Grammar, § 94 ; for Pronouns, § 88.]
a, generally untranslated ; a cer-
tain, quidamy quaedam, quoddam.
ability, ingenium^ i, N.
able, be, possum, posse, potuL
about, circXter (prep.), in point of
time, circXter (adv. and prep.).
abroad, ^ris (adv.), after verbs
of motion, foras (adv.).
absent, be, absum, esse,jfuL
abundance, copia, ae, f.
accomplish, confXcio, fXcere, feci,
feclum; perfXcio, fXcere, feci,
fectum.
accuse, accuso, are, dvi, atum.
acquit, ahsolvo, solvere, solvi, soln-
turn,
actively, strenue (adv.).
actuate, permoceo, mocere, movi,
motum.
admire, admlror, dri, dtus sum
(dep.).
admonish, admoneo, ere, ui, Xtum.
adorn, orno, are, dvi, dtum.
advance, progredior, gredi, gres-
sus sum.
Aedui, Aedui, drum, m.
advantage, be, intersum, esse, fui
(cf.§222,a).-
after, post, postea (prep, and adv. ;
or see § 255).
against, in (prep.).
aid, auxXlium, i, N. (ops), opts, f.
(verb), adjuvo, juvdre, juvi,
jutum,
air, aer, eris, M. (ace. aira & air em).
alarm, pdvor, oris, m.
all (every), omnis, e; (whole),
totus, a, um; (all things), omnia
(neut. pi.).
sdmost, prope, fere (adv.).
alone, solus, a, um ; gen. sollus.
alongside, praeter (prep.),
Alps, Alpes; turn, F.
already, Jam (adv.).
also, etiam (adv.), quoque (adv.).
although, quamquam, ut, licet
(§ 313).
al'ways, semper (adv.).
ambassador, legdtus, i, m.
among, in.
ancestors, mdjores, um, m. (pi.),
and, et, atque, -que (§ 156, a),
angry, be, irascor, irasci, xrdtus
sum; (noun), Ira, ae, f. (adj.),
Irdtus, a, um.
emimal, animal, dlis, N. (§ 51, c,
and § 52).
another, alius, a, ud : gen. lus ;
(other of two), alter, tera, terum
(§ 83).
AntiochuB, Antiochus, i, M.
Antonius, Antonius, i, m.
any, ullus, a, um (§ 83) ; (anybody
you wish), qulvis, quillhei ; (in-
terrog.), numquis.
apiece, distributive numeral.
appeal, provoco, dre, dvi, dtum.
apple, pomum, i, N.
appoint, dico, dicere, dixi, dictum :
appoint the time of the elec-
tions, comXtiis dies dlco, dicere,
dixi, dictum.
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VOCABULARY. — II.
105
approach, appropinquo, dre, mi,
dtum; adeo, ire, ii, Itum; (noun),
adventus, us, M.
Ariovistus, Ariovistus, i, M.
army, exercitus, us, M. ; acies, ei,
F. ; agmen, Inis, N.
around, circa (prep.).
arrive, advenio, venire, veni, ven-
tum,
art, ars, artis, f.
as, ut; as ... as, tarn . . . quam ;
such ... as, talis . . . qudlis (§ 106).
ashamed, be, pudet, ere, uit, or
Xtum (§ 221, b),
Asia, Asia, ae, f.
ask, rogo, are, dvi, dtum (§ 239, c) ;
peto, petere, pellvi, or petii, petl-
iiim ; interrogo, dre, dvi, dtum.
assault, oppugno, dre, dvi, dtum.
assemble, convenio, venire, veni,
ventum.
assist, suhlevo, dre, dvi, dtum;
adjiivo, dre, Juvi, jutum.
at, ad (prep.) ; or locative (§ 258,
c and d) ; in.
Athens, Athenae, drum, F. (pi.).
attack, impetus, us, M. ; ddorior,
ofiri, ortus sum (dep. § 135, h).
attempt, tento, dre, dvi, dtum;
coiwr, dri, dtus.
attentive, attentus, a, um.
Augustus, Augustus, i, M.
auxiliaries, auxilia, drum, N. (pi.).
avenge, vindico, dre, dvi, dtum;
ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum.
avray from, ab.
bad, mdhis, a, um; (naughty),
improbus, a, um.
baggage, impedimenta, drum, N.
(pi-) ,
bank (of a river), rtpa, ae, f.
bark (verb), latro; (at), allatro,
dre, dvi, dtum ; (of a tree), cor-
tex, ic'is (outer), m. ; (inner),
liber, bri, m.
battle, pugna, ae, f.; (engage-
ment), joroe/mm, i, N.
be, sum, esse, fui.
beam, trabs, is, f.
he2cr,fero,ferre, tuli, Idtum (§ 139);
forward, infero, inferre, intuli,
illdtum.
beautiful, pulcher, chra, chrum.
because, quod, quia (conj.).
become (be made), Jio, Jieri, /ac-
tus sum (§ 142) ; (be becoming),
decet, decere, decuit; (be ap-
pointed), creor, dri, dtus sum.
before (prep.), ante; (conj.), ante-
quam, priusquam.
begin, ineo, ire, ii, Xtum (§ 141),
inc^pio, cXpere, cepi, ceptum.
Belgian, Belga, ae, m.
believe, credo, dere, dtdi, dXtum.
belong, pertXneo, tinere, tXnui, ten-
turn.
betake (one's self), se confer o,
conferre, contiiH, colldtum.
beyond, trans , ultra (prep.).
bird, avis, is, c.
black, nXger, gra, grum.
blame, culpo, dre, dvi, dtum.
boat, linter, t7ns, f.
bond, vinculum, i, n.
book, Itber, bri, m.
born, be, nascor, nasci, ndtus sum ;
gigno, gignere, genui, genltum.
both, uterque, utrdque, ixtrumque ;
both . . . and, et.. .et {^ 155, a) ;
ambo (§ 94, b).
boundaries, /me5, ium, M. (pL).
boy, jmer, eri, M.
hrsLve, fortis, e.
bravely, /or/I/er (adv.).
bridge, pons, tis, m.
bright, cldrus, a, um.
broad, Idtus, a, um.
brother, /ra/er, tris, m.
build, aedifXco, dre, dvi, dtum.
building, aedlfXcium, i, n.
burden, onus, eris, n.
business, negotium, i, N.
but, sed, autem (§ 345, b) ; (only),
tantum, modo.
by (a person after a passive
verb), a or ab; by day, inter-
diu (adv.); by night, noctu
(adv.).
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106
LATIN LESSONS.
Caesar, Caesar, dris, m.
call, vdco, are, dci, dtutn: out,
evoco, are, avi, atum; together,
concoco, are, avi, atum.
camp, castra, drum, n. (pi.)*
can, possum, posse, polui, cf. also
§ 268 (§ 120, 6).
candidly,. (¥/>er/e (adv.).
care, cura, ae, F.
careifnlly, dUlgenter (adv.).
carry, porto, are, avi, alum.
Carthage, Carthago, Xnis, v.
cast aw^ay, ahjXcio, jlcere, jeci,
jectum. *
cavalry, equXtes, um, m. (pi.).
cave, antrum, t, N. ; specus, us, F.
(§70,rf).
central, medius, a, um ; central
place (with respect to both of
them), locus medius.
century, centuria, ae, f.
certain, quldam, quaedam, quod-
dam ; (fixed), certus, a, um.
chief, princeps, cXpis, M. ; summus,
a, um.
children, liheri, orum, m. (in rela-
tion to parents) ; (of age), infans,
antis, c.
choose (for a purpose), dettgo,
llgere,' lexi, ledum; (out of a
number), elXgo, Itgere, legi, lee-
turn.
citizen, clvis, is, c.
city, urbs, is, F.
clerk, scnba, ae, m.
cloak, pdluddmentum, i, N.
close, claudo, ere, si, sum.
cloud, nubes, is, f.
cohort, editors, tis, f.
cold, frigid us, a, um.
column, cdlumna, ae, f.
come, venio, ire, veni, ventum.
command, imperium, i, N. ; (verb),
impero, are, avi, atum.
commander, dux, dOcis, c.
common, communis, e,
company, in, cum.
compel, cOgo, cogere, coegi, coac-
turn.
conceal, celo, are, avi, atum (§
239, d).
concerning, de.
concerns, it, interest, esse, full
(§ 222).
condemn, damno, are, avi, atum.
conference, colloquium, i, n.
confess, fateor, fdteri, fassus.
congratulate, grdtOlor, ari, attis
(dep.). . _ .
conquer, rmco, vincere, vict, victum.
conqueror, victor. Oris, m.
consequence, it is of, magni
interest.
consul, consul, ulis, m.
consulship, consOlatiis, us, m. (§
255).
consult, consulo, ere, ui, turn (§
227, c).
contend, contendo, dere, di, tum.
contention, contentio, Onis.
conversation, sermp, Onis, M.
Corinth, Corinthus,' i, f.
com, frumentum, i, N.
cottage, cdsa, ae, f.
could, past tenses of possum or
subj.
country, terra, ae, ¥.; (native
country), patria, ae, f. ; (op-
posed to town), rus, ruris, n.
(§258,^).
crime, scelus, eris, N. ; crimen, tnis, n.
cross, transeo, ire, ii, itum; trans-
mitto, mitt ere, misi, missum.
cruel, crudelis, e.
cruelty, crudetUas, atis, F.
cultivate, colo, colere, colui, ctd-
tum.
onLtaie, cultus, il% m,
cut; seco, are, ui, turn.
danger, perictUum, i, x.
dare, audeo, ere, ausus sum (§ 136).
dark (of color), ntger, gra, grum.
daughter, /i//a, ae, f.
day (opposed to night), dies, et,
M. ; (opposed to darkness), lux,
lucis, F.
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VOCABULARY. — II.
107
dear, cants, a, tim.
death, morSy niortis, F. ; (to sen-
tence to death), capitis (§ 220).
debt, aes (ilienum.
declare (war), indwo, dicere, dixi,
dictum; renuntio, are, avi, dttim,
deed, factum, i, n. ; (in a bad
sense), Jactnus, oris, N.
deeds, res gestae, rerum gestarum,
F. (pi.).
deep, altus, a, uin.
defeat, supero, are, avi, atum.
defend, defendo, dere, di, sum.
deliberate, detibero, are, avi, atum,
deliberation, often perf. part.
neut. of comulo.
delight, delecto, are, avi, dtum
(trans.) ; , gaudeo, ere, gdvlsus
sum (in trans.).
deliver, trddo, dere, dtdi, ditum;
(what is due), reddo, dere, dXdi,
ditum; (free), llbero, are, avi,
dtum.
demand, postulo, are, avi, dtum
(§ 239, c. Rem.) ; fldgXto, dre, avi,
dtum ; (noun), postuldtum, i, N.
dense, densus, a, um.
depaitfdecedo, cedere,cessi, cessum;
(set out), prdftcisco7', ficisci,
fectussum; disced o, cedere, cessi,
cessum.
deserve, mereor, eri, Xtns sum;
dignu.<ssum (§320,/),
deserving, dignus, a, um (§ 320,/).
desert, desero, ere, ui, turn,
deserter, perfuga, ae, M.
desire, ciipio, ere, wi (or it), itum.
desirous, appetens, ntis (§218, b).
destroy, perdo, dere, dldi, 'dXtum ;
dtleo, lere, levi, letum.
detain, detXneo, tinere, ttnui, tentum;
relXneo, tXnere^ ttnui, tentum.
determine, constXtu^, uere, ui, utum.
devour, devoro, dre, dvi, dtum.
dictator, dictdtor, vins, M.
die, morior, mori, mortuus, 3 ; obeo,
\re, a, Xtum.
differ, differo, diffen-e (no perf.
nor sup.) ; from each other,
inter se differo.
differently, dlXter (adv.).
difficult, diffXcXlis, e (§ 89, b).
diligence, dilXgentia, ae, f.
diligently, dllXgenter (adv.).
discipline, discipllna, ae, f.
disorder, confusio, onis, f.
displease, displXceo, plXcere, plXcui,
plXcXtum.
disposition, ingenium, i, N.
dissension, dissentio, onis, v.
distance, spatium, i, n.
distant, longinquus, a, um ; am
distant, disto, stare (no perf.,
no sup.).
divide, divXdo, vXdere, insi, visum.
do (auxiliary in questions or com-
m^ids, not translated), fdcio,
fdcere, fSci, factum.
dog, cdnis, is, M. (§ 59).
door, jdnua, ae, f.
doubt^ dubXto, dre, dvi, dtum ;
(noiui), dubium, i, n.
doubtful, dubius, a, um.
draTV up, instruo, struere, struxi,
structum.
drive, pello, pell ere, pepuli, pulsum.
dvLe,debeo, bere, bui, bXtum; debltus,
a, um.
duty, off^cium, i, n. ; or gen.
dTvell, hdbXto, dre, dvi, dtum.
E.
each, quisque (§ 93, c, and § 205,
c, R.) ; unusquisque ; uterque,
utraque, utrumque.
each other, alius . . . alius, alter
. . . alter (§ 203).
eager, avXdus, a, um.
eagle, dquXla, ae, f.
earth, terra, ae, f. ; (world), orbis
terrdrum.
essay, facile (adv.).
eaay,fdcXlis, e (§ 89, b).
educate, educo, dre, dvi, dtum.
elect, facia, fdcere, feci, factum ;
creo, dre, dvi, dtum.
elephant, elephantus, i, m.
eloquence, eloquentia, ae, F.
embroider, dcu (Rule 26), pingo,
pingere, pinxi, pictum.
Digitized by
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108
LATIN LESSONS.
enoompasB, cingo, cinyere, cinxi,
cinctum.
encourage, hortor, ari, iittts sum.
end, con/lciOf ficere^ f^ci, fectum ;
(noun),/mi5, is, m.
endure, perfero, ferre, tuli, latum
(§ 139) ; tolero, are, dviy dtum,
enemy, hostis, i% c. ; the enemy
(collectively), hastes, ium.
enjoy, fruor, frui, fructus and
fruXtus.
enroll, conscrlbo, hh'e^ psi, ptum,
enter, intro, are, dvi, atum; siibeo,
ire, a, Xtum.
entrust, committo, mittere, mm,
missum,
Ephesus, Ephesus, i, F.
escape, effugio, fugere, /ugi (no
sup.).
establish, confirmo, are, avi^atum;
stdtuo, stdtuere, sfdtui, stdtutum.
evening, vesper, eri, m.
every, quisque, omni% e; every
tenth (man), dectmus quisque.
excellent, excelleiis, lis.
exercise, exerceo, ere, ui, itum7
exhort, hortor, dri, dtus sum (dep.) .
extreme, extremus, a, um.
eye, oculus, i, m.
F.
faithful, fidelis, e.
iaxnilj, fdmtlia, ae, F.
far, longe (adv.).
far and vride, late (adv.).
farmer, agrXcola, ae, m.
farther, (adj.), ulterior, us.
fa.tb.er, pater, tris, m.
fault, culpa, ae, f.
fear, timeo, ere, ui (no sup.) ; me-
tuo, metuere, mitui, metutum ;
vereor, eri, ttus sum (dep.) ;
(noun), timor, oris, m.
fello'w-citizen, cwis, is, m.
few, pauci, ae, a (pi.).
fidelity, ftdes, ei, f.
field, dger, dgri, m.
fierce, atrox, atrocis.
fiercely, acrifer (adv.).
fifth, quintus, a, um.
fight, dlmXco, are, dvi, dtum ; pug-
no, dre, dvi, dtum.
fill, compleo, plere, pltvi, pletum;
r^leo, plere, plevi, pletum.
find, reperio, reperlre, reperi, re-
pertum ; invenio, venire, i^eni,
ventum.
finish, flnio, ire, wi or il, itum ;
conficio, ftcere, feci, fectum.
first, primus, a, um; (adv.), 7>rt-
mum and prima.
fish, piscis, is, M.
flee, fugio, fugere, fugiy fagitum.
fleet, classis, wf, F.
flight, fiiga, ae, F.
flovr,fiuo, ere, ti, xum.
fly, vdlo, dre, dvi, dtum.
following (day), posterus, a,
um.
folly, stultttia, ae, f.
foot, pes, pedis, M.
foot-soldier, pedes, itis, m.
for, nam, enim, etehim (§ 345, h) ;
prep., expressed by dative ; conj.
forage, pdbulor, dri, dtus sum
- (dep.).
forbid, veto, are, ui, Xtwn.
force, cogo, ere, egi, actum.
forces, copiae, drum, f. (pi.).
foresight, prudentia, ae, F.
forest, silva, ae, F.
forget, obliviscor, ohllvisci, ohlltus
sum (dep."), (§ 219).
form a plan, consilium ineo. Ire,
a, ttum.
fortify, munio, tre,. ivi or ii, itum.
fortunate, fortundtus.
found, condo, dere, didi, dXtum.
free, liber, era, erum (§ 243, d) ;
be free from, lydco, dre, dvi, dtum
(§ 243) ; set free, libera, dre, dvi,
dtum ; of a slave, munumitto, mit-
tere, misi, missiim.
friend, drmcus, i, m.
friendship, dmlcXtia, ae, F.
frog, rdna, ae, F.
from (away from), a, ab; (out
of), e, ex; (denoting cause),
abl. (see § 239, d).
fruit (of trees), fructus, us, m. ;
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
VOCABULARY. — II.
109
(of fields), fruges, um, f. (pi.),
(§ 77, 5).
fugitive, fugienSf part, of jugto^
full, plenii.% a, urn,
further, adj., ulterior^ us,
fury, furor, Oris, m.
gain, lucrum, i, n.
games, liUH, Omim, m. (pi.)-
garden, hortus, i, m.
gate, janua, ae, f. ; porta, ae, r.
Gaul (the country), Gallia, ae, f.
Qaul (an inhabitant), Gallus, i, m.
general, dux, ducis, m. ; imperator,
oris, M.
German, Gemianus, a, urn.
get, acqulro, ere, sivi, slittm ; asse-
quor, sequi, sequtitus or. cut us
sum (dep.). •
girl, puella, ae, F.
give, do^ dare, dedi, datum ; give
up, trado, dere, didi, ditum;
what is due, trihuo, .uere, ui,
utum, a, um.
glad, laeius.
glory, gldria, ae, F.
go, eo. Ire, ioi or ii, Xtum (§ 141) ;
go on, pass, of g^ro, gerere, gessl,
gestum ; forth, exeo, ire, tri or ii,
hum; through (permeate), 7?6r-
meo, are,^ avi, atum^
god, deus, i, m. (§ 40,/).
going to (fut. act. part.).
gold, aurum, i, n.
good, bonus, a, um,
goods, merx, mercis, F.»
govern, rSgo, regSre, rexi, rectum ;
gubemo, are, avi, atum , praesum,
esse, fui.
grandfather, aims, i, M.
great, magnus, a, um, .
Ghreek, Graecus, a, um; (noun),
Graecus, i, M.
ground, humus, i, F.
groTV Tveak, languesco, langues-
cere, langui (no sup.).
guardian, custos, odis, m.
guide, dux, dUcis, M.
hall, aula, ae, f.
Hannibal, Hannibal, dlis, m.
happens, it, accXdit, cXdere, cXdif.
happy, felix, icis : beatus, a, um.
harbor, portus, us, m.
hard, durus, a, um ; to do, d^ffXcX-
lis, e,
hardship, durum, i, n. (§ 189, b).
hasten, festmo, are, avi, atum :
prdpero, are, avi, atum,
hatred, ddium, i, n.
have, hdbeo, habere, hahui, hdbt-
tum,
he, is, ille (§ 101) ; implied in the
third person of the verb.
heal, medeor, eri (no perf.).
hear, audio, ivi or ii, itum,
help, jiivo, are,juvi,jutum; (noun),
auxllium, i, n.
Helvetians, Helvetii, Drum, m.
hence, proinde,
her, ejus ; her own (refl.), suus, a,
um; (emph.), ipsius,
herald, praeco, Onis, m.
here, be, adsum, esse, fui.
high, altus, a, um.
highest interests, summae res.
highly, magni (§ 215, c).
himself, ipse (reflex, se).
hinder, impedio, ire, ivi or ii, Itum ;
obsto, stare, stlti, stdtum.
his, ejus (gen. reflex.); his own,
suus, a, um ; (emph.), ipsius
(gen.) ; omitted when implied
from the context,
hither, (adj.), cUerior, us.
home (to), domum (§ 258) ; (at),
ddmi (§ 258, d).
Homer, Homerus, i, m.
honor, hdnor. Oris, M.
hope, spes, ei, f. ; (for), spero, are,
avi, atum.
horse, equus, i, m.
horseman, eques, ttis, m.
hostage, obses, Idis, c.
house, domus, us, f. (§ 70, /).
hundred (one), centum,
hunger, fames, is, f.
Digitized
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no
LATIN LESSONS.
I, ego (§ 98).
imitate, Imitor, dri, dius sum
(dep.).
immediately, stdiim, confestim.
immortal, immortdlLs, e,
in, in; in company with, cum; in
the power of, penes (prep.) ; in
turn, invicem (adv. or abl. alone),
inform, certum [certiorem'] fiLcio,
fdcere, feci, factum.
inhabitant, incdla, ae, M.
injure, noceo^ ere, ui, ttum ; ohsum,
esse, fuL
injury, injuria, ae, f.
inquire, quaero, quaerere, quae-
slvi or quaesii, quaesltum.
insist on, flagito, are, dvi, dtum.
instruct, erudio, ire, ivi or ii, itum,
interests, it, interest, esse.
into, in (prep, with ace),
island, insula, ae, f.
it, see he.
it is, est.
Italy, Italia, ae, f.
javelin, telum, i, n.
join, jungo, jungere, junxi, junc-
tum.
journey, iter, XtXnMs, N.
joy, gaudium, i, n.
jojrful, laetus, a, urn.
judge, judex, Xcis, m.
judgment, /Mf/lciMWi, i, n.
just, Justus, a, um.
ivLstice, ju^tttia, ae, f.
keep off, prohXheo, ere, ui, itum.
kill, interfXcio, fXcere, feci, fectum ;
occido, cldere, cidi, cisum.
kind, henlgnus, a, um; (noun),
genus, eris, N.
king, rex, r^gis, M.
kingdom, re^num, i, n.
kno'w (of things), scio, scire, scivi
or scii, scltum; nosco, noscere,
noin,ndtum; (become acquainted
with), cognosce, gnoscere, gnovi,
gnXtum; (not to know), nescio,
scire, sclvi or scii, scitum ; ignoro,
fire, dvi, dtum; (understand),
intelligo, iXgere, lexi, ledum,
knowledge, scientia, ae, f.
Lacedaemonian, LacMaemonius,
a, um.
lake, Idcus, Us, m. (§ 70, d).
lame, claudus, a, um.
land, terra, ae, f. ; (native land),
patria, ae, f.; (a country),
terra, ae, F.
language, lingua, ae, F.
large, magnus, a, um; amplus, a,
um.
last, ultXmus, a, um; (at last),
demum (adv.) ; (furthest), ex-
tremus, a, um.
Latin, Ldtinus, a, um.
law,, lex, legis, f.
lawful, yits/Ms, a, um; (it is law-
ful), IXcet.
lay before, propono, ponere, posui,
posXtum.
lay down, pono, ponere, posui,
posXtum.
lay waste, vasto, are, dvi, dtum.
lead, duco, dUcere, duxi, ductum :
(over), transduco, ducere, duxi,
ductum; (out),' edUco, ducSre,
duxi, ductum.
leader, dux, ducis, c.
leap, sdlio, ire, ui, turn; (over),
transXlio, sXlire, sXllvi, sXlii or
sllui, sultum.
learn, disco, discSre, dtdXci (no
sup.) ; cognosco, gnoscere^ gnovi,
gnXtum.
learned, doctus, a, um.
leave, relinquo, linqu^re, liqui,
lictum.
legate, legdtus, i, M.
Digitized
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VOCABULARY. -
-II.
Ill
legion, legioy dnis, f.
less (adj.), minor ^ us.
let, permitto, mittere, mlsi, missum ;
sino, sinh^ey slvi, situm,
letter (of alphabet), litera, ae,
F. ; (an epistle), liter ae, drw?if
F. pi., or epistola, ae, v,
liberate, llbero, are, avi, atum.
liberty, llbertas, dfia, v.
lie, jdceo, ere, mi, itum; (speak
falsely), mentio?', v-i, itits sum
(dep.).
lieatenant, legatus, t, m.
life, vita, ae, v.
light, lux, lucis, F.; (be light),
luceo, lucere, luxi (no sup.).
light, levis, e.
lightning (flash oi),fulgur, ttris:
(stroke oi),fulmen, Xnis, N.
like, simXlis, e, (§ 218, d).
limb, artus, us, m.
line (of battle), acies, ei, f.
lion, leo, onis, M.
literature, literae, arum, f. (pi.).
live, vXvo, vivere, vixi, victum;
(dwell), hahXto, are, avi, atum,
lofty, excessus, a, um.
long, longus, a, um.
look at, specto, are, avi, atum.
lose, amitto, mittere, misi, missum.
love, dmo, are, avi, atum; (like),
diliyo, IXgere, lexi, ledum.
M.
make, facia, fdcere, feci, factum ;
(a magistrate), creo, are, avi,
atum; (war upon), infero, in-
ferre, intuli, illdtum; (cloak),
conflcio, fXcere, feci, fectum;
(attack), aggredior, gredi, gres-
sus sum.
rnstkLei, fdber, bri, m.
man, vir, vXri, m. ; (person), homo,
Xnis, M., often expressed by
masculine adj. (§ 188).
maniple, mdnXpulum, i, N.
many, multi, ae, a.
march, Iter, XtXneris, n.
marry (of the uiau), uxorem duco,
ducere, duxi, ductum ; (of the
woman), ini'o, nubo, nub^re, nupsi,
nuptum.
master (of boys), mdgister, tri ;
(of slaves), domXnus, i, m.
may, iXcet, IXcere, iXcuit or IXcXtum
est (impers., § 146, d) ; possum,
posse, potui (§ 120, b) ; in final
clauses, ut (§ 317) ; of wish
(§ 267).
measure, metior, metiri, mensus
sum (dep.). .
meet (death), obeo, ire, \vi or ii,
Xtum.
memory, memoria, ae, F.
merchant, mercdtor, oris, m.
messenger, nuntiu^, i, k.
midday, merulies, ei, m.
midnight, media nox.
midst of, in, medius, a, um,
might, see may.
migrate, migro, dre, avi, dtum.
mile, mille passuum (§ 94, e).
Miletus, MUetus, i, F.
mind, dnXmus, i, m.
mine, mens, a, um,
mistaken, be, erro, dre, dvi, dtum ;
fallor, falli, falsum (pass, of
fallo).
money, pecunia, ae, F.
month, mensis, is, M.
moon, luna, ae, f.
more (sign of comp. degree),
mdgis, plus, amplius.
morrow (on the), poster o die.
most (sign of superl. degree),
maxXme.
mountain, mons, lis, M.
mourn, lugeo, lugere, luxi, luctum.
move, moveo, movere, mOvi, mOtum.
music, musXca, ae, £ji
must, oportet, or gerundive.
my, meus, a, tun.
myself, egomet ; ipse, a, um;
agTeeing with ego, expressed or
understood.
N.
name, ndmen Xnis, n.
narrow, angustus, a, um.
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112
LAWN LESSONS.
nature, natura^ ae^ F.
naturally, naturd,
near, prope, ad.
nearest, proxXmus.
need, dpus (§ 24^^, c); egeo (in-
dlgeo), ere, ui, no sup. (§ 223,
§ 243,/).
neither (of two), neuter, tra, trum;
neither . . . nor, neque , , , nS-
que (§ 156, a).
never, nunquam (adv.).
nevertheless, nXhllOmXnus (adv.) ;
idmen (conj.).
neTV (opp. to antlquus), novu.% a,
urn ; fresh (opp. to vetus), recens,
ends; news, nuntius, i, M., or
(iltquid riovu
night, nox, noctis, r. ; by night,
noctu,
no, adj., nulluSy a, um (§ 83) ; no
one, neino, inis (for gen., nulllus
is used).
noble, decoi'us, a, um.
none, nullus, a, um (§ 83).
nor, neque,^ nee (conj., § 156) ;
neither . . . nor, nee ... nee
(neque).
not, non (adv.).
nothing, nihily N. (indecl.).
nourish, niUrio, ire, ivi, itum;
dlo, ere, ui, dlXtum and altum,
noTV, nune (adv.).
noTvhere, nusqucun (adv.).
number, nvmerus, i.
Numitor, Numltor, oris, M.
oak-tiee, quer'cus, us, f.
obey, p&reo, ere, ui, Itum (§ 227) ;
obedlo, ire, Ivi or ii, itum.
object, obsto, stare, stXti, stdtum.
obtain, adiplscor, ipisci, eptus sum
(dep.) ; (possession), potior, iri,
. ttus sum (dep., § 249).
of, genitive case, de (prep, or abl.,
§§ 243 and 251, a).
often, saepe.
old man, senex, senis, M.; grandis
natu; (adj.), vetus, eris.
older, major ndtu.
on, in ; on this side, citra.
once (for all), semel ; on a time,
olim; (of time), abl.
one, unu^, a, um ; gen. lus ; one
. . . another, alius ... alius
(§ 203), i; one . . . the other,
alter . . . alter ; none, nemo, inis :
any one, qulvis (§ 105, c) ; ona
of two, alter, era, erum.
only (adv.), tantum.
opinion, sententia, ae, f.
oppress, opprimo, pi-^mere, pressi,
pressum.
or, aut, vel (§ 156, c).
orator, orator, oi-is, m.
order, or give orders, jiiheo, jU-
bere, jussi, jussum (§ 331, a) ;
order special religious services,
supplXeationes decerno, cernere,
crei'i, creium.
other, alius, a, ud ; gen., lus (§ 83) ;
of two, alter, tera, terum.
ought, debeo, bere, bui, bXtum.
our, noftfer, tra, trum.
ourselves, ipsi, with 1st person
pi. of the verb ; reflex., nos,
out of, ex (prep.).
outside of, extra (prep.).
over, super {prep.).
OTvn, gen. of ipse; or proprius, a,
um.
03C, bos, bo vis, c. (§ 61).
P.
part, pars, tis, f.; or gen. (§ 214,
d, Rem.).
pass over, transeo, tre,.ivi or //,
Xtum; exXgo, Xgere, egi, actum.
pass by, praetereo, ire, ivi and ii,
Xtum.
patiently, pdtXenter (adv.).
pay, solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum,
peace, pax, paeis, v.
people, populus, i, m. .
perform, fCicio, fdcere, feci, fac-
tum ; confieio, ficere, feci, fee-
turn : fumgor, fungi, functus sum
(dep. § 249).
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VOCABULARY. — II.
113
perish, pereo^ Ire, ii and lot, itum
(§ 141)-
pine-tree, pinusj us or i, v.
pity, inhere f, mXsSrere, mh^ruity
(§ 221, b).
place, Idcusy i, m. (§ 79, c); (verb),
pOnOy pdnere, pdsuij posttum;
place around, circumdoy dare,
dedi, datum (§ 225, c); take place,
pass, of fferOf yerere, gesei^ gestum.
plain, planlties, ei, F.
plan, consilium, i, n.
Plato, Plat Of Onis, m.
play, liido, d^re, si, sum,
please, pldceo, ere, ui, Xtum.
pleasing, acceptus, a, urn.
pleasure, voluptas, atis, f.
plough, dro, are, dvi, dtum ; (noun),
drdtrum, i, N.
Po, Pddus, /, M.
poet, potta, ae, m.
point out, monstro, are, avl, dtum.
Pompey, Pompeius, i, m.
poor, pauper, eris.
possession, obtain, potior, \ri,
Uus sum (§ 249).
postman, tdbelldrius, t, m.
po"wer (in ... of), p^nes (prep.).
powerful, potens, tis,
praise, laus, laud is, f. ; (act of
praising), lauddtio, onis, F.
praise, lawlo, are, dvi, dtum,
prefer, mdlo, malle, mdlui, no sup.
(§ 138, 3); antepOno, pdnere,
posui, positum ; praefero, ferre,
txdi, Idtum,
prepare, pdro, dre, dvi, dtum.
present, be, adsum, esse,fui; at
or in, intersum, esse, fui.
preserve, conservo, dre, dvi, dtum.
pretend, slmUlo, dre, dvi, dtum;
dissXmulo, dre, dvi, dtum.
prevent, prdhXheo, ere, ui, ttum.
price, pretium, i, n.
prisoner of "war, captivus, i, m.
produce, fruges, urn, v. (pi., §
77, 5).
profit, prosum, prddesse, prdfui.
promise, prdmissum, i, n. ; (verb),
prOmitto, mittere, misi, tnissum ;
pollXceoVy IXceriy IXcXtus sum.
property, bona, orum, N. (pi.).
prosper, secundo, dre (no perf.,
no sup.),
protection, praesXdium, i, n.
provided, dum, dummodo (§ 328).
providence, provXdentia, ae, v.
province, provincia, ae, f.
prowess, virtus, utis, f.
public thanksgiving, supplicdtio,
ijnis, F.
punish, punio, ire, Ivi and ii, itum.
punishment, poena, ae, f.
pupil, discXpHlus, i, M.
put, pono, pdnere, pdsui, posXtum ;
(to flight), in fugam conXcio,
ic^re, jeci, jectum.
quaestor, quaestor, Oris, M.
queen, regina, «<?, F.
quiet, quittus, a, um.
rapacious, rdpax, dcis.
rapidly, celerXter (adv.).
rather (had), mdlo, malle, mdlui,
no sup. (§ 138, 3) ; pdtius (adv.).
reach, venio, venire, veni, ventum .-
pervenio, venire, veni, ventum,
read, lego, legere, legi, lectum.
receive, accXpio, cXpere, cepi, cejy-
tum.
recognize, agnosco, noscere, novi,
nXtum.
recover, recXpio, cXpSre, cepi, cep-
tum ; recupero, dre, dvi, dtum :
from disease, convalesco, escere,
ui (no sup.).
refresh, refXcio, fXcere, feci, fee-
tum,
reign, regno, dre, dvi, dtum,
rejoice, gaudeo, gaudere, gdvXsus
.mm (semi-dep., § 136).
relate, narro, dre, dvi, dtum,
relying, y}-e/w.<f, a, um.
remain, mdneo, mdnere, mansi,
mansum.
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
114
LATIN LESSONS.
remember, remXniscor, isci, no
perf . (dep., § 219) ; memlniy isse
(§ 143, c).
remind, admdneo, ere, uiy Xtum.
remove, aufero, feiTe, ahstuli,
ablatum.
reiider, reddo, ere, tdi, Xtum,
renew, redintegro, are, avi, alum,
repent, poenitet, poenXtere, poenX-
tuit, no sup. (iinpers., § 221, h).
report, fama, ae, f.; (verb), re-
fero, ferre, iuli, latum,
republic, res publica, ae, f. (§ 79,
repulse, repello, repellere, repiili,
repulsum.
restrain, tempero, are, avi, dtum:
coerceo, ere, ui, Xlum,
retreat, recipio, cXpere, ctpi, cep-
tum; se refero,ferre, tuli, latum.
return, reverter, verti, versus sum
(dep.) ; redeo, ire, ii, Xtum,
revolution, novae, res, f. (pi.).
reward, praemlum, i, n.
Rhine, Rheniis, i, m.
rise, orior, orlri or ori, ortus sum
(dep., § 135, h)] surgo, surgere,
sun-exi, surrectum.
river, /?Mi;iw.«f, /, m. ; Jliimen, Xnis, N.
river-bank, ripa, ae, f.
road, via, ae, v. ; iter, XtXneris, N.
rock, saxum, i, n.
roll, volvo, volvere, volvi, volulum,
Roman, Romdnus, a, um,
Rome, Roma, ae, f.
rugged, asper, era, erum.
rule (the republic), gero, gerere,
gessi, gestum; impero, are, avi,
dtum.
run, curro, currere, cucurri, cur-
sum ; Jugio, fugere, fugi, fugX-
turn.
S.
sad, tristis, e,
safe, tutus, a, um ; salvus, a, um,
safety soilus, utis, F.
s£dlor, nauta, ae, m.
sake, for the, causa or gratia
(§214,i/).
same, idem (§ 101).
satisfy, sdtisfiicio,fdcere, feci, fac-
tum,
say, dico, dlcere, dixi, dictum:
(report), fero, ferre, tvli, latum
(§ 139).
school, lUdus, i, M.
scholar, discXpHlus, i, m.
Scipio, Scipio, Onis, M.
sea, mdi^, is, N.
sea-shore, ora mdrXtXma,
seated, be, consldeo, dere, sedi,
sessum,
see, vXdeo, vXdere, vldi, visum,
Bee)£, peto, petere, petlvi and pttii,
petttum; quaere, quaerere, quae-
s'wi or quaesii, quaesUum,
seem, vXdeor, vXderi, visits sum
(past of video),
seize, occupo, are, avi, dtum.
self, i2)se, a, um (§ 102, e ; reflex.
se).
sell, vendo, dere, dXdi, dXtum : be
sold, veneo, ire, ivi or ii. Hum
(§ 136, h),
senate, senatus, us, M.
send, milto, mitt ere, misi, missum,
sense, sensus, us, tn,
servant, servus, i, M.; man ser-
vant, famUlus, i, M. ; maid ser-
vant, ancilla, ae, f,
serviceable, uiXlis, e,
sesterce, sestertius, i, m.; one
thousand, sestertium, i, x.
(§379).
set out, profXciscor, fXcisci, feci us
sum (dep.).
severely, grcwXter,
shade, umbra, ae, F.
shall, sign of fut. tense or subj.
sharp, deer, cris, ere,
sheep, 0^25, is, f.
ship, ndvis, is, F.
shore, ora, ae, f. ; Vitus, oms, N.
short, brevis, e, parvus, a, um:
(scanty), exiguus, a, um,
should (implying duty), oportet,
ere, uit (impers.) ; otherwise by
subj. (§§ 267, 268).
shoulder, h toner us, i, m.
shew, monstro, are, dvi, dtum.
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VOCABULARY. — I.
115
show, sp^ciesy ei, f.
shudder, horreo, horrere (no perf .,
no sup.).
Sicily, Sicilia, ae, f.
side, latus, eris, N. ; (on this),
cXfra (prep.).
signal, signtim, i, N.
silver, argentum, i, n.
since, quoniam, cum (conj.).
singing, cantus, us, M.
sit, sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum.
six, sex; (six hundred), sexcenti,
ae, a.
skilled, perltusj a, U7n (§ 218, a).
sky, caelum, i, n.
slaughter, clades, is, f.
slave (male), servus, i, M. ; (fe-
male), serva, ae, F.
sleep, dormio, ire, tvi or ii. Hum.
small, panms, a, um.
snow, nix, nXvis, f.
so, ita, sic (adv.) ; (so great), tan-
tus, a, um ; (so many), tot, tarn.
soldier, miles, Itis, c.
some, quidam, dliquis, dliquantum
(§ !?16, 4), nonnulli; (some-
body), quispiam; (something),
dUquid.
some . . . other, alius . . . alius,
(§ 203).
son, ftliiis, i, M. (§ 40, b).
soon, mox (adv.) ; ctto (adv.).
soul, animus, i, M.
Spain, Hispdnia, ae, F.
spare, parco, parcere, peperci or
parsi, parcitum or par sum
(§ 227).
speak, Idquor, loqui, Idcutus sum
(dep.); (of an orator), dico,
dlcere, dixi, dictum.
spring, ver, veris, N.
• otable, stdbll'is, e,
stand, sto, stare, steti, stdtum.
standard, signum, i, n.
star, Stella, ae, f.
state, cwXtas, dtis, f.
stork, cXconia, ae, f.
story , fabaia, ae, f.
strange, novus, a, um
stream, rltms, i, m.
strip, spolio, are, dvi, dtum.
strive, nitor, nlti, nlsus or nixus
(dep.).
Strong, vdlXdus, a, um; Jirmus, a, um.
strongly, vdlXde; fiimiter ; JfortX-
ter (adv.).
study, stUdeo, ere, ui (no sup.).
subdue, subXgo, XgSre, egi, actum.
Suessiones, Suessiones, um, m.
(pi.).
suitable, aptus, a, um; Xdoneus,
a, um.
summer, aestas, dtis, f.
sun, sol, solis, M.
sure, certus, a, um.
surrender, dedXtio, onis, f. ; (verb),
dedo, dere, dXdi, dXtum.
surround, cingo, cingere, cinxi,
cinctum; circumsto, stare, steti
(no sup.) ; circumeo, ire, ivi or
ii, Xtum.
sustain, susttneo, tXnere, tXnui, ten-
tum.
swift (rivers), rdpXdus, a, um;
(persons, &c.), velox, ocis*.
swiftness, celerXtas, dtis, f.
swim, ndto, are, dvi, dtum.
sword, /errw7«, t,N. ; glddius, i,M.
take, cdpio, cdpere, cepi, captum :
(possession of), occupo, are, din,
dtum; (place), passive of gero,
gerere, gessi, gestum ; (care),
euro, dre, dvi, dtum.
talent, tdlentum, i, n. ; (ability).
ingenium, i, N.
teach, ddceo, ere, ui, tum.
teacher, doctor, oris, m. ; mdgister,
tri, M.
tell, narro, dre, dvi, dtum; dico,
dlcere, dixi, dictum.
temper, animus, i, m.
tenacious, tenax, dcis.
tenth, decimus, a, um.
Tarentine, Tarenttnus, a, um.
territories, /in e5, ium, m. (pi.)-
than, quam, or abl. case (§ 247).
that, ille, ilia, illud ; is, ea, id;
iste, ista, istud; conj. ut.
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
116
LATIN LESSONS.
theatre, theatrum, i, n.
themselves, ijysi, ae, a; (reflex.
se).
then, turriy tunc (adv.).
there, 16/, illic (adv.); (thither^,
eo (adv.) ; (there is), est ; (is
there), estne; (there are some),
therefore, Xtdque, Xgitur.
these, see this (these things),
haec,
they, see he.
thick, densuSf a, urn; (wall), Idtus,
a, um.
thing, res, rei, F.,neut. adj. (§ 189,
a and 6).
think, »u/o, are, ari, atum; (form
an idea), cogXio, are, avi, atum ;
Qudge), J wilco, are, avi, atum;
(as a view), sentio, tire, si, sum ;
(estimate), censeo, ere, ui, um;
(an individual opinion), dplnor,
firi, atus sum (dep.).
third, tertius, a, um,
thirst (noun), sitis, is, f. ; (verb),
sttio, ire, ivi or ii, no sup., (§
237, b).
thirteen, tredecim.
this, hie, haec, hoc (§ 100).
this side of, cttra,
thoroughly, probe (adv.).
those, illi, ae, a (§ 102, b, c, and d).
thousand, mille (§ 94, e),
three, tres, tria.
through, per (prep.).
throw, jdcio, jdcere, jeci, jactum.
Tiber, Tiberis, is, m.; (ace. im).
time, tempus, oris, N. ; (times).
timid, ihnXdus, a, um.
to (of motion), ad, (prep.); (of re-
lation), dat, or by the infin.
before a verb; denoting pur-
pose (see § 318 and a),
to-day, hddie (adv.).
together, una (adv.) ; sXmul (adv.).
to-morroWf ci'ds (adv.).
towards, ad; (of time), sub.
tower, turris, f.
town, oppldum, i, N.
train, exerceo, ^re, ui, Xtum.
transfer, transfiro,ferre, tulij latum.
tiesLOhexy, jfrOdltio, Onis, v.
treason, prodltio, onis, F.
treat, ago, dgSre, egi, actum.
tremble, contremisco, iscere, uL
tribune, tribunus, i, m.
tribuneship, trlbundtus. Us, M.
tribute. trXhutum, i, n.
triumph, triumpho, are, avi, alum ;
(noun), triumpkus, t, m.
troops, copiae, drum, M. (pi.).
troublesome, molestus, a, um.
trust, credo, d^re, didi, dltum
(§ 227)', fldo,fidere,flsu8 sum
(semi-dep., § 136).
truth (true things), vera (n. pL,
§ 189, 6).
tumult, tumultus, us, m.
turn (verb), verto, vertere, verti,
versum; (adv., by turn), in-
vXcem.
Tuscans, Tu^ci, drum, m. (pi.).
two, duo (§ 94, b).
uncertain, incertus, a, um.
under, sub (also § 255).
understanding, intellectus, us, m.
undertake, suscXpio, cXpSre, cepi,
ceptum.
undertaking, inceptum, i, N.
unequal, impar, dris.
unfriendly, XnXmicus, a, um.
unless, nXsi (conj.).
unlike, dissXmXlis, e (§ 89, b).
until, dum, donee (conj.).
unwilling, be, nolo, nolle, nOlui
(§ 138, 3).
unwillingly, m 171/1X5, a, wjn (§ 191).
unworthy, indignus, a, um.
upon, in, super (§ 152, c).
use (verb), ulor, uti, usus sum
(dep.) ; (nomi), usus, Us, m.
V.
value, aestXmo, are, avi, dtum;
(noun), pretium, i, N.
very (superlative degree), (§ 93,
b); valde (adv.); magnopere
(adv.).
Digitized by LjOOQ IC
VOCABULARY. — II.
117
Verres, Venues, is, m.
vessel, navis, is, f. ; vas, vasts, n.
vexed at, be, piget, pigHre, piguit
a,nd2)tgttwn est (iinpers., § 221, ^).
victory, victoria, ae, F.
villa, villa, ae, f.
Volsinii, VolsXjiii, Oi-um.
vulture, vuliur, uris, m.
wage, gero, gerere, gessi, gestum;
(against), in/ero, inferre, intuli,
illdlum.
wait, exspecto, are, avi, attim;
mdneo, mdnere, niansi, ynansum.
walk, or take a walk, ambulo, are,
avi, dtiim,
wall, murus, i, M. ; (of a city),
moenia, ium, N. (pi.) ; (of a
house), paries, etis, m.
wander, erro, are, avi, cttum ;
(about), vdgor, dri, dtus sum
(dep.).
want, cdreo, ere, ui, Xtum ; (to be
wanting), desum, esse,fui,
war, helium., i, n. ; (wage war),
infero, inferre, iniuli, illdtum;
(in war), belli (§ 258, d),
warn, mdneo, ere, ui, Xtum.
waste, lay, vasto, are, dvi, dtum ;
pdpiilor, dri, dtus sum (dep.).
watch, vXgXlia, ae, f. ; (men),
vXgXUae, drum, m.
water, dqua, ae, f.
"^Rve, Jluctus, us, M.
way. via, ae, f.
we, nos (§ 98).
weak, grow, languesco, uescere,
ui (no sup.).
weapon, telum, i, n.
wearied, fessus, a, um; (be
weary), (verb), taedet, taedere,
taeduit or iaesum est (impers.,
§ 221, b).
well, bene (adv.) ; (adj.), sdnus,
a, um.
what? quid?
whatever, quicquid (§ 105, b) ;
quicumque (§ 105, a).
what o'clock, quota hora.
when, cujn, ubi; (or an aposi-
tive); (when?) quandof (adv.).
where, i^i.
wherefore, quamobrem, qudre
unde (§ 155, c).
whether, nu7n^ ne.
which (of two), ater (§ 83, a),
while, dum (§ 155, g).
white, albus, a, um.
whoever, quicumque (§ 105, a).
who (which), relative, qui, quae,
quod.
who (what), interrog., quis (qui),
quae, quod (quid), (§ 103).
wide, Idtus, a, um.
will, vdlo (§ 138) ; (subj. or sign
of future tense) ; (noun), volun-
tas, dtis, F. ; testdmentum, i, N.
willing, llbens, entis, part. ; vdlens,
entis.
willingly, /f&en^cr (adv.) ; an adj.
agreeing with the subject of the
verb, see p. 46, n. 3.
wind, ventus, i, m.
winter, hiems, is, f. ; (winter
quarters), hiberna, drum, n. (pi.).
wise, sapiens, ntis.
wish, vdlo, velle, vdlui (no sup.,
§ 138) ; cupio, ere, Ivi or ii,
Itum.
with, abr. case; (in company
with), cum (prep., § 99, e).
within, intra (prep.).
without, sine (prep.).
wolf, lupus, i, M.
wood, silva, ae, v. ; (fuel), lig-
num, i, N. ; (building w^ood),
mdteria, ae, v.
worthy, dignus, a, um.
would (subj., or § 267 and c).
wound, vulnero, dre, dvi, dtum;
(noun), vulnus, ei'is, N.
write, scribo, scrlbere, scrijysi,
scriptum.
year, annus, i, M. ; (be in the
year), annum dgo, dgere, egi,
actum. '
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118
LATIN LESSONS.
yes, repeat the verb,
yesterday, kerl,
yet, tdmen ; (not yet), nondum.
you, sing., tu : pi., vos (§ 98).
your, sing., tuus, a, urn; (oi more
than one), vester, tray trum.
youth, adolescens, entis^ c. ; juve-
nisj is, c. ; (younger), minor
ndtiU
2.
Zeno, Zeno, Onisy M.
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INDEX OF SYNONYMES.
A.
abessc, 190.
accendo, 179.
accidit, 159.
accipio, 192.
acies, 22, 156.
adipiscor, 188.
adolescens, 60.
adversarius, 16.
aedes, 179.
aedificinin, 179.
aeger, 169.
aegrotns, 169.
aevum, 189.
agmen, 22.
agnomen, Gr. p. 36, b.
agnosco, 162.
aio. 79.
alii, 187.
aliqois, 31.
alites, 169.
amens, 190.
amentia, 190
amnis, 15.
ancile, 162.
anima, 58.
appello, 13.
arvnm, 7.
atque, 10.
aveo, 79.
avis, 169.
B.
bellum, 156.
calamitas, 182.
callis, 69.
campus, 7.
capio, 192.
catena, 47.
celeher, 178.
ceteri, 187,
cito, 181.
ci vitas, 21.
clarus, 178.
clipeus, 162.
cognomen, Gr. p. 32.
cognosco, 162.
comes, 161.
comitia, 17.
commoror, 160.
commanico, 169.
concessum est, 75.
concilinra, 17.
Conor, 179.
consilium, 17.
constantia, 190.
contigit, 159.
crnciatus, 161.
cunctus, 179.
cupio, 79.
curia, 161.
deesse, 190.
demens, 190.
dementia, 190.
demum, 190
denique, 190.
depopulor, 180.
desidero, 79.
dico, 79.
discrimen, 190.
dissimulo, 69.
ditio, 82.
doceo, 21
doctus, 170.
domus, 179.
ductor, 181.
dux, 181.
E.
edoceo, 21,
educo, 21.
emissaritis, 184.
ensis, 192.
epistola, 25.
erudio, 39.
eruditus, 170.
et, 10.
evenit, 159.
excors, 190.
excipio, 192.
exercitus, 22.
experior, 191.
explorator, 184.
F.
facies, 189.
famulus, 161.
fari, 79.
fas est, 75.
festino, 14.
flagito, 63.
flamma, 179,
flumen, 15.
fluvius, 15.
frustra, 169.
furor. 190.
G.
gestio, 79.
gladius, 192.
gratiam habere, 188.
gratias agere, 188.
" referre, 188.
H.
habito, 160.
baud, 156.
homo, 36.
hostis, 16.
humanitas, 25.
I.
ignis. 179.
illustris, 178.
imber, 163.
imperator, 181.
imperium, 37.
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122
INDEX OF SYNONYMES.
impertio, 169.
impetro, 188.
in singulos dies, 182.
incendium, 179.
incendo, 179.
inclitus, 178.
infans, 60.
infelicitas, 182.
inflammo, 179.
infortunium, 182.
iniinicas, 16.
inquam, 79.
intelligo, 183.
interea, 157.
interim, 167.
iter, 69.
iter facere, 62.
^anna, 6.
juramentum, 187.
jusjurandnm, 187.
juvenis, 60.
laqaens, 47.
legatus, 180.
lex, 17.
libel, 86.
licet, 75.
litera, 25,
litus, 23.
M.
manclpinm, 161.
maneo, 160.
medeor, 61.
mens, 58.
miseria, 182.
morbidus, 169.
N.
ne, 156.
nemo, 179.
nequidquani, 169.
nimbus, 163.
nltor, 179.
nobilis, 178.
nomino, 181.
non, 156.
O.
obsideo, 29.
obtineo, 188.
oculi, 189.
omnis, 179.
oppidum, 21.
oppugno, 29.
opto, 79.
ora, 23.
orator, 180.
oscines, 169.
P.
parma, 162.
participo, 169.
patria, 67.
perduco, 21.
periculum, 190.
peregrinari, 52.
peritus, 170.
peto, 63.
placet, 86.
plebs, 17.
pluvia, 163.
poena, 161.
populor, 180.
populus, 17.
porta, 6.
portorium, 184.
posco, 63.
possum, 49.
postremo, 190.
postulo, 63.
potentatus, 82.
potentia, 82.
potestas, 82.
principatum, 37.
proelium, 156.
proficiscor, 62.
propero, 14.
provoco, 13.
prudentia, 52.
pugio, 192.
pugna, 156.
Q.
que, 10.
queo, 49.
quidam, 31.
quilibet, 31.
vuis, 31.
quispiam, 31.
quisquam, 31.
quisque, 31.
quivis, 31.
quotidie, 182.
B.
recipio, 192.
regio, 67.
regnum, 37.
reliqui, 187.
rlietor, 180.
ripa, 23.
rivus, 15.
rogo, 63.
rus, 67.
S.
sacramentam, 187.
sano, 61.
sapientia, 52.
saucio, 40.
scientia, 52.
scitum, 17-
scriptura, 184.
scutum, 162.
semita, 69.
senatus, 161.
sentio, 183.
servus, 161.
sica, 192.
sileo, 183.
simulo, 69.
sin^uli, 179.
socms, 161.
sodalis, 161.
speculator, 184.
succendo, 179.
sumo, 192.
supero, 190.
supplicium, 161.
suscipio, 192.
T.
taceo, 183.
tandem, 190.
tempestas, 188.
tempus, 188.
tento, 191.
tormentum, 161. -
totus, 179.
tribuo, 169.
tributum, 184.
turba, 190.
tumultus, 190.
U.
ulciscor, 168.
uni versus, 179.
unusquisque, 31.
urbs. 21.
uterque, 31.
V.
vasto, 180.
vectigal, 183.
via, 69.
vinco, 190.
vinculum, 47.
vindico, 168.
vir, 36.
voco, 181.
volo, 79.
volucer, 169.
vulnero, 40.
vultus, 189.
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PARALLEL REFEREITOES/
H. = Harkncss's LaCin Grammar. G. = Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar.
A. & S. = Andrews and Stoddard's Latin Grammar. Before beginning the Les-
sons, leam H., 45 ; G., 21 ; A. & S., 37, and declension of musa or atella. When
two notes with the same numl>er occur, as in Lesson XVII., the first refers to
the translation into English, the second to the translation into Latin.
LESSON I.
H. — Learn 48, 4a, 4. Notes, *615, 1, 3, G22. H2, L, 1, 2, IL;
1, 2, 621. Note = 21, 1, 2, 22, 23.
G. — Learn 23, 27, and Rem. 1, 3. Notes, *704, 1, Exes. 1-4, 706.
* 19, L, II., 705 and 2. Note = 10, 11, 12, 13, Rem. 1.
A. & S. — Learn 41, 43, 2, 221. Notes, ''294, 1, Exc., 2, 300, 301.
*299, 2, 4, 28, 1, 2, 29, 1, 2. Note = 13.
LESSON II.
H — 460, 344, 347, 1, 2, 346, I.-IV. Notes, '620, Exc. 1, (1),
(2), 2. «367, 2, 1), 2), 3). Note = 21, 1, 2, 22, 23.
G.--202, 192. Notes, » 704, 5, Exes. 1, 2. '^ 198. Note = 10, 11,
12, 13, Rem. 1.
A. & S.— 209, b, 202, 2, 201, 1, 2, 3. Notes, ^ 397, Exc. 1, Rem. 1,
Exc. 4. -^ 209, Rem. 1, a. Note = 13.
LESSON III.
H. — 371, 1, 1), 2), 383, 384. Notes, ^022, 621. ^9, 4. '•6i'2,
626, Exes. 1-5.
G.— 327, 343. Notes, *706, and 4, Exes. 1-6, 705, and Exc. 2.
^27, 3. '•706, and 4, Exes. 1-6.
A. & S — 229, 222, 1, 223. Notes, ^300, 301, 299, Exes. 2, 4.
343, 2. "300, 301, Exc. 1, (a), (b), (c), (d).
* Prepared by Albert Stetson, A. B., of the franklin Falls High School, N. H.
123
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124 LATIN LESSONS.
LESSON lY.
H Learn 346, II., 1, 1), 2), 3), 24, 25, and 3, 1), 41, foct-notc,
42, IIL, 1, 2, 43, 3, 344, 346, L, II. Notes, ^25, 3, 1), 346, II., 3.
3 613, Exes. 1, 2, 3. '•384, IL ^393, 395.
G.— Learn 455, 456, 457, 458, 14, 1, 2, Rem. 1, 18, 19, and III.,
20, 2, 3. Notes, "14, Rem. 1, 473, 1, 2, 3, and 1, 2. ''707, 700.
710. '•344. *357.
A. & S. — Learn 198, 11, Rems. (a), (c), 14, 4, 5, 15, 2, 27, l-G,
34, 1-4, 33, 200, 1, 2. Notes, « 15, 2, 198, 11, read Rems. (a), (c).
3 294, 299. ••422, 2, (b). ^211, Rem. 1.
' LESSON Y.
H.— Learn 432, 433, 434, 435. Notes, *432. »593, 594, I.-III.
G.— Learn 417, 418, 419. Notes, *413. ^676, L, 1, 2, 3, 675, 1.
A. &S Learn 235, and 2, 241. Notes, *195, 4, 6. «279, (b),
with 16, and note 3.
LESSON YI.
H. — Learn 51, and 5, 6, 52, 1, 2, 53, 1, 2, 185, 1, 618, Exes. 1, 2.
Notes, *621, 629, 630, 632.
G. — Learn 29, Rems. 1, 2, 4, 5, 30, Exes. 31, 704, 4, Exes. 2, 3, 4.
704, 5, Exes. 1, 2, 3. Notes, " 705, 1, 2, 3, 4, 711, Rems. 1, 2.
A. & S. — Learn 46, 49, 60, 61, 52, 53, declension of deus, 296, and
Exc. 1, (a), (b), (c), Exc. 3, 297, and Exc. 1, Rem. 1, Exes. 3, 4.
Notes, ''299, 2, Exes., and 4, 286, 1, 287, 3, 289, 1.
LESSON YII.
H.— Learn 148, 1, 149, 150, and 1, 2, 1), 438.
G. — Learn 32, 33, 34, 285.
A. & S. — Learn 105, 2, and Rem. 1, 105, 3, 106, 205.
LESSON YIII,
H.— 344, 346, L-IV., 347, 1, 2, 351, 367, 375, 193, IL, 353, 1, 362,
1, 2, 193, 1, 371, 3, and 6, 1), 2), 704, L Notes, U63, IL «49, 4.
G.— 192, 193, and Rem., 194, and Rem. 1, 195, 196, 197, 204, 207,
327, 329, Rem. 1, 324. Notes, * 281, and Rem. 2. ''27, Rem. 2.
A. & S 200, 1, 2, 3, and (1), (2), (3), (4), 201, 1, 2, 3, 202, 2,
IIL, Rem. 4, 209, Rem. 1, 141, I., II., Rem. 1, 153, 140, 4, 210,
Rem. 3, (1), (2), 229, 323, 1, (a). Notes, »209, Rem. 12. *43, 2.
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PARALLEL REFERENCES. 125
LESSON IX.
H.— 204. Notes, » 132. «51, 6. ' 132.
G. — 112. Notes, ' 75, C. * 29, Rem. 5. ^ 75, c.
A. & S 153. Notes, » 97. « 53. '97.
LESSON X.
H. — 204. Notes, U32. » 468, 471, I., II. '369.
G.— 112. Notes, >76, C. '222, 228, 1, 2, 231. *194, Rem. 3,
324, Rem. 1.
A. & S — 153. Notes, '97. » 145, II. , IV. , Rem. » 240.
LESSON XI.
H.--205. LearD 196, I., 1, 3, 629, 630, 632, 200, 194, 195, I., II.,
196, I., 1, 2, 3, II., 1, 197, I., IV., 199. Note, «412.
G. — 119. Learn 246, 259, 711, Rems. 1, 2, 116, 117, 109, 1, 2, 3,
4. Note, *383.
A. & S.— 155. Learn 143, 1, 3, 286, 1, 287, 3, 289, 1, 149, 2, 141,
II., ad finem, (a), (b), 143, 1-4, 146, 147. Note, «37, 6.
LESSON XII.
H. — Learn 56, I., 57, 1, 2), 58, and 1, 3, 69, and 1, 3), 60, 1, 3,
61, 1, 1), 65, and 3, 2) ; read 60, 1, 2), 3), 84, L, IL, 61, 1, 3), 75, 1,
77, L, (3), IL, 1. Note, «629, 630.
G. — Learn 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 49, 51, 59, Rem. 2; read
43, Rems. 1, 3, 45, Rem. 46, 48. Note, *711, Rems. 1, 2.
A. & S. — Learn 56, I., Rems. 1, 2, II., and Rem., III. ; read 56,
II. . Rems. 1, 2, 3, 6, 75, 76, 1. Note, ''286, 289.
LESSON XIII.
H — Learn 56, L, 57, 1, 2), 58, and 1, 3), 59, 1, 3). Notes, «613.
'132.
G. — Learn 37, 38, 39, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55. Notes, ''707, 708, 709.
»75, C.
A. & S. — Learn 56, L, Rems. 1, 2. Notes, «299. '97.
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126 LATIN LESSONS.
LESSON XIY.
H. — Learn 62, and I., 62, 1, 1), 3, II., III., IV., 63, 64, and 1, 65,
and 1, 2, 99, 105, IIL Note, «60, and 1, 3), 4), 56, L, 57, 1, 2, 58,
and 1, 3), 62, and I., 1.
G.— Learn 58, 59, 2, 3, 54, and 1, Rem. 60, 1, 2, a, b, c, 40, rule
for gender, 44, 47, 50, 57, 61, 1, 2. Note, =^37, 38, 30, 40, 41, 42, 43,
Rems. 1, 3, 37, 38, 39, 51, 62, 53, 54, 58, 59, 2.
A. & S. — Learn 57, 58, 62, GGy 79, b, 1, 2, 3, 82, Exc. 1, (a), 2, 4,
(b), 5, 83, L, II., 1, 2, 3, 85, Exc. 1.
LESSON XV,
H.— Learn 153, 154, and 3, 155, 156, and 1, 157, 158. Note, *632.
G. — Learn 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 1-4. Note, « 711, Rems. 1, 2.
A. & S. — Learn 108, 1, 109, 111, 113, 1, 114. Note, ^287. 3.
LESSON XVI.
H — Learn 162, 163, 1, 2, 154, 4. Notes, «426, 378. ='391, 1.
G.— Learn 86, 87, 88, 1, 2. Notes, ^392, 335. ^ 356.
A. & S. — Learn 124, 2, 3, 125, 1, 2, 110, (a). Notes, «253, 236.
^222, 3, Rem. 1.
LESSON XVII.
H. — Learn 165, and 2, 163, 3, 166, 168, 4. Notes, ^52, 1, 2, 185,
I. M28, 1. M63, L '^396, in. «391, L > 629, 630.
G.— Learn 89, and Rems. 1, 2, 3. Notes, *29, Rems. 1, 2. '76,
A. *88, 1. *366. «356. ^711, Rems. 1, 2.
A. & S. — Learn 125, 4, 6, 126, 1, 4, Rem. 1. Notes, «52. ^94, 1.
* 125, L *212. *222, 3, Rem. 1. » 286, 289.
LESSON XVIII.
H Learn 305, and 2,.4, 335, and 1, 2, 309, I., IL, 310, 1-5, 311,
1-^, 303. Note, 3 616, Exc. 4.
G Learn 90, 1, 2, 91, 474, 1, 2, 3, 4, 440, 1, 2. Note, ^704, 2,
Exc. 3.
A. &S. — Learn 194, 1-5, 192, IL, 1, 2, 198, I., IL, 277, 27&
Note. 3 295, Exc. 4.
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PARALLEL REFERENCES. 127
LESSON XIX.
H Learn 116, 117, 1, 118, 1, 119, 1, 2, 467, 2, 1), 200, 201, 213,
215; pages 72, 76, 80, 84. Notes, *639, 643, Exes. 1, 2,622,627,
Exes. 1, 2. M41, and 1. UU.
G. — Learn 67, Rems. 1, 2, 68, Exc., 221, 225, 116, 117, 118; pages
64, 58, 64, 68. Notes, «117, 706, 6, Exes. 1, 2. »195, Rems, 1, 2.
M03.
A. & S. — Learn 87, 88, 1, 2, 89, and (b), 5, 145, I., 2, XL, 2, 149,
1, 2, 151, 4; pages 103, 108, 111, 116. Notes, *290, and (c), 3, 300,
301. and Exc. 2. ^205, Rem. 7, (1), (2). *247.
LESSON XX.
H Learn 120, and 4, 121, 469, I., II., 471, L, XL, 616, Exc. 1,
629, 630, 632, 612, Exc. 2, (1). Note, Ul4.
G. — Learn 69, and Rems. 1, 2, 70, 704, 2, Exc. 1, 711, Rems.
1, 2. Note, > 403.
A. & S.— Learn 90, 1, and Rem. 1, 145, II., IV., 295, Exc. 1, 286,
1. 287, 3, 289, 1, 283, L, Exc. 2, (a). Note, » 247.
LESSON XXI.
H. — 151, 205-212, 222. Notes, ' 612, Exc. 3, (2). « 459, 1.
G. — 35, 119-140. Notes, » 703, Exc. 4. « 306, Examples.
A. & S. — 107, 155-160. Notes, » 283, I., Exc. 4, (a), (b). «207,
Rem.
LESSON XXII.
H — Learn 171, 172, 1, 2, 3, 175, and 1, 176-179, 181. Note, « 178.
G. — Learn 35, 93, 92, 95, Rems. 1, 2, 96. Note, *308.
A. &S. — Learn 117, I., 118, 1, 2, and Rem. 2, 118, 6, (a), (b),
119, H., in. Note, * 118, 6, (a), (b).
LESSON XXIII.
H Learn 184, 5, 446, 2, 448, 1, 449, 1, and 1), 184, 3, 9, 185, 1,
438, 1, 445, 1, 449, and 1, 446, 367, 2, 3, 618, and Exes. 1, 2. Notes,
a 66." * 184, 9. * 463, II., 1. » 184, foot-note.
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128 LATIN LESSONS.
G Learn 98-100, 195, Rem. 7, 99, Rem. 1, 212, 414. Rem. 1, 285,
289, I., 293, Rem. 2, 294, 198, 200, 704, 4, Exes. 2, 3, 4. Notes, *— .
*414, Rem. 1. »283. » 100.
A. & S. — Learn 132, 4, 6, 7, 209, Rem. 7, (b), 133, 3, 4, 105, Rem.
3, 207, Rem. 32, (ad flnem), 207, Rem. 20, 208, Rem. 37, (a), (5), (6),
209, Rems. 1, (a), 2, 4, 296, Exc. 1, (a), (c), Exc. 3. Notes, «85.
* 133, Rem. 4. »209, Rem. 12, (7).
LESSON XXIY.
H. — Learn 186, 438, 1, 450, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 451, and 4, 452, and
1, 2, 445, 1. Notes, * 385. * 426, 378. H50, and 1, 2, 3, 4.
G. — Learn 101, 102, L-III., 290, and 1, 291, and Rem., 292, and
2, 3, Rem. 1, 293, and Rem. 297, 298, 285, 289, 1, 2. Notes, *346.
»392, 335. «290, and 1, 292, 2, 3.
A. & S. — Learn 134, and Rem. 6, 135, 132, 6, 207, Rem. 23, (a),
(b), Rems. 24, 25, 26, 28, (a), (b), 205, 207, Rem. (20). Notes,
*223, Rem. 2. *253, 236. «207, Rem. 23, (a).
LESSON XXV.
H.— 205-212. Learn 187, and 3, 190, 188, and 1, 453, 471, I.,
IL, 445. Notes, *234. '255, L, 1. n68, 4.
G.— 119-138. Learn 103, and Rem., 104, 105, 612, and Rem. 1,
613, 227, 231, 616. Notes, '151, 1. ^53, 5. '•89, Rem. 3.
A. & S.— 155-160. Learn 136, and Rem. 1, 137, 1, and Rem. (3),
280, III., 1, 145, IV., Rem., 206, Rem. 19. Notes, * 162, 7, (a). ' 103,
Rem. * 126, 4, Rem. 1.
LESSON XXYI.
H 205-212. Learn 187, 188, and 1, 190, 454, 1, 344, 346, L-IV.,
470, and 2, 473, 2.
G.— 119-138. Learn 103, 104, 105, 192, 234, 236, and 2.
A. &S.— 155-160. Learn 136, 1,137, 1, and note, 138, and 2, (b),
5, 200, 1, 2, 3, and (1), (2), (3), (4), 145, XXL, VL, 259, Rem. 2.
LESSON XXVII.
H. — Learn 187, 4, 1S8, 4, 191, and 1, L, 2, 4C1, 3. Note, '396,
XXL, 3), 396, XXL, I.
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PARALLEL REFERENCES. 129
G.— Leam 103, (ad finem), 108, 2, 129, 202, and Rem. 1, I., II.
Note, 3 369, 99, Rem. 1.
A. & S — Learn 136, 1, 3, 4, 138, 1-6, 139, 5, note 1, 209, Rem. 11,
(4). Note, 3 212, Rems. 1, 3, and 2, note 2.
LESSON XXVIII.
H 205-212. Learn 188, 5, 186, 5, 187, 6, 196, L, 3, 535, 3, 1),
616, Exc. 3. Notes, «369. ' 441, 1, 2.
G.— 119-138. Learn 106, 107, 259, 260, 704, 2, Exc. 2. Notes,
« 194, Rem. 3. * 195, Rem. 2.
A. &S. — 155-160. Learn 139, 6, (3), 143, 3, 267, Rem. 2, 295,
Exc. 3. Notes, * 37, 5. » 205, Rem. 7, (2).
LESSON XXIX.
H. — Learn 672, 673, 574, 232, 200, 201, 213, 215, L, IL, IIL
Notes, *548, 1.-IIL, 551, 1.-III., 552, 553, 540, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575.
3 438,1.
G. — Learn 278, 279, and Rem., 242, 150, 116, 117, 118. Notes,
' 422, 423, 424, 425, 438, 439, 529, 278, 279. ^ 285.
A. & S. — Learn 274, 2, and Rem. 6, (a), 164, 12, (2), 13, 14, 16,
149, 1, 2, 151, 4. Notes, « 269, and (b), 270, 271, 148, 274, 2, 268, 2.
3 205.
LESSON XXX.
H. — Learn 196, II., 2, 3, 559, 569, 570, and 1, see 205-212. Note,
«663.
G Learn 426, 427, 435, 436, 437, see 119-138. Note, « 429.
A. & S. — Learn 148*, 2, 3, and Rem., 275, 276, IL, III., and Rem.
2, see 165-160. Note, ''276, IIL, Rem. 1,
LESSON XXXI.
H. — Learn 196, 2, and fine print, 483, 1-8, 486, 2, 487, 488, I.,
II. Notes, « 215, L, 1-6. ^ 430, 481, L, II.
G. — Learn 247, and Rem., 249, 253, 254, 255, 256, 1, 2, 257,
258. Notes, « 119, 123, 131, 135. » 510.
A. & S. — Learn 260, and note, I., IL, Rems. 3, 4, 5, 6, and (c).
Notes, « 151. 3 268, A. B., L, 1, 2.
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130 LATIN LESSONS.
LESSON XXXII.
H. — 206-212. G. — 119-138. A. & S. — 155-160.
LESSON XXXIII.
Same as Lesson XXXTT. H.— Note, » 234. G — Note, » 151, 1.
A. & S. — Note, « 162, 7, (a).
LESSON XXXIY.
H Learn 46*, 465. Note, * 414, 6.
G Learn 203, 204, 206. Note, « 206.
A. & 8. — Learn 141, (a), (b), 1, 2; read Rem. Note, « 248, L
LESSON XXXV.
H. — 205-212. 215, L, 1-6, XL, 1-3, III., 1, 2, 217, 1-4, XL, 1-5,
438, 1. Note, «464, 466, 469, L, XL, 471, L, XL
G. — 119-138. 285. Note, * 203, 204, 205, 222.
A. & S.— 151, 1, 2, 3, (a), (b). Formation of tenses, p. 108, 206.
Notes. « 141, (a), (b), 1, 2, read Rem., 145, XX., XV.
LESSON XXXVI.
H. — 205-212. Review 196, L, 3, 548, X.-XXL, 572, 573, 574, 540,
Ii71; read 535, 1, 1), 2), 3), 2, 3, 1), 2), 536, 537,- L, XL, 638, 1, 2.
Notes, « 540. « 441, and 1, 2. -• 414.
G.— 119-138. Review 259, 422, 278, 279, and Rem., 242, 276, 277,
439 ; read 259-269. Notes, « 276, 277. ' 195, Rems., 1, 2. * 387.
A. & S.— 155-160. Review 143, 3, 269, (b), 274, and 2, read note,
162, 12, (2), 14, 15. 268, 2; read 267 (entire). Notes, «268, 2. ^205,
Rem. 7, (1), (2). *247.
LESSON XXXVII.
H. — 205-212. Note, ' 345, I.-III. , 620, I. , XL
G 119-138. Note, ^ 192, 474, 1, 2, 3, 4, 640, 541.
A. & S — 166-160. Note, '»201, 10, 11, 12, 13, 273, 6, 266, 8.
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PARALLEL REFERENCES. 131
LESSON XXXVIII,
H. — 205. Review 194, 195, I., XL, 197,-1., XL, 199; read 247,
241, 1, 2,3, 259, 205, foot-note. Notes, « 215, X., 1-6, also 200,
259, page 72, foot-note, 215, I., XL, III.; read 250, 251, 1-7. ^234.
*441, 1, 2. »414, 5. '414.
G.— 119. Review 109, 1-4, 111. Notes, « 119, 123, 125, 131, 135,
118; read 152, X.-IX. ^51, 1. n95, Rems. 1, 2. '510. «205.
9 387.
A. &S. — 155. Review 141, (ad flnem), 1, 2, 144, 2, 145, VI.,
note 3; read 147, 3, 149, 2, 150, 164. Notes, *page 108, formation
of tenses; also 164, 150, 1, 2. '*205, Rem. 7, (1), (2). '258, A., B.,
I., 1,2. «248, X. »247.
LESSON XXXIX,
H. — 207. Review 196 entire; 264, 265, 252-256. Note, » 551,
I.-IIX.
G.— 123. Review 246, 247, 259, 438, 426, 427, 435; read 127,
153. Note, * 422.
A. & S.— 155. Review 143 entire, 148 entire; read 167, 150, 3,
4. Note, * 269, (b).
LESSON XL,
H. — 209. Review 192-200; read 273-279 (coarse print); 256,
257. Notes, ^ 251, 1, 255, I., 1. « 237.
G.— 131. Review 109-111; read 154. Notes, M53, 5, 152, III.
« 151, 4.
A. &S.— 158. Review 140-149; read 150, 3, 4, (last piirt of
each). Notes, ^ 163, Rem., 171, Exc. 1, (b). « 162, 4.
LESSON XLI,
H. — 211. Read 284; 200, 201, 213, 215.
G.— 135. Read 116, 117, 118, 156.
A. & S. — 160. Read 175, 149, 1, 2, 151, 4.
LESSON XLII.
H. — Learn 225, 1, 2, 3, 4, and to 231, 271, 3, 283, (fido). Notes,
»52, 2, 185, 1. «117, 1. HU
G. — Learn 141-148, 175,182, Rems. 1, 2. Notes, « 29, 2. «67,
Rem. 1. ^387.
A. & S. — Learn 161, 142, 2, 4. Notes, * 52. « 89, 5. -• 247.
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182 LATIN LESSONS.
LESSON XLIII.
H. — Learn 222, 223; read 273-279 (coarse print). Additional
Ex. Notes, U64, 466, 467, 1, 468, 469, L, IL, 471, I., IL ^463,
andl. '648. »414. "422, 1, 2, 423, L, IL, 424, 1, 2, 3.
G. — Learn 139, 140. Additional Ex. Notes, »203, 218, Rem. 1,
214, 1, 3, 222, 226. ^281, 283. M22. «387. »HlO, and Rem. 1,
411, 412.
A. & S. — Learn 159; read 171. Additional Ex. Notes, U41, 1,
2, 145, VL, Note 3, 145, I., IL, IV. 3209, Rem. 12, and (7). '269,
(b). 8 247. '«254, and Rems. 1, 3, 255, Rems. 1, 3, 237, Rems. 4, 6,
and (b), 221, Rems. 1-4.
LESSON XLIV,
H. — Learn 290, I., IL, 1, IIL, 292, 640, 562. Notes, * 116, 118,
1, 414. f237, 651, I.-III. ^59.
G. — Learn 113, 114, 115, 186, 424, 629. Notes, * 68, and Exc,
403. M61, 4, 632, 633, 534. ^53.
A. &S. — Learn 154, Rems. 5, 6, 7, and (b), 179, 268, 2, 271.
Notes, 2 87, 88, 247. n62, 4, 272. *67.
LESSON XLV,
'H — Learn 289, 293. Notes, « 237. ^ 424, 1, 2. '•635. » 184, 9.
G Learn 189. Notes, 216I, 4. 3412, and Rem. 1. '*259. » 414,
Rem. 1.
A. & S. — Learn 178, and 1, 2, 3. Notes, * 162, 4. ^221, Rem. 3,
and (4) ^267. U33, Rem. 4.
LESSON XLVI.
H. — Learn 291, 237, and 2, 294, 295, and 2, 3. Notes, Ul4.
»488. »362.
G. — Learn 187, 185, 188, and Rem. 1, 191, 5. Notes, *401, Rem.
''253, 255, 266, 1, 2, 3, 257. ' 324.
A. & S.— Learn 162, 4, and 9, (ad flnem), 180, and Note, 181, 182,
and Rem. 3. Notes, *247. *260, Rem. 6. »210.
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PARALLEL REFERENCES. 133
LESSON XLYII,
H — Learn 297, 1., 1, 2, and II., III., 298; read careftiUy 299,
800, 301; also, 231, 232, 233, 644, 548, I.-III., 649, 1. Notes, «385,
and 2. 4335. H95, 2.
G. — Learn 190, 1-5, 199; read carefdlly 199, and Rems. ; also
149, 150, 239, 240, and 2, 242, 531, (periphrastic future), 423. Notes,
«345, Rem. 2, 635, Rem. 2. * 345. »558.
A. &S.— Learn 183, (1), (2), and 1-15; 184, (a); read careftiUy
184, entire, 161, 3, (b), 268, Rem. 4, (a), (b), 276, XL, Rem. 3.
Notes, *225. '•223, Rem. 2. *262, Rem. 3.
LESSON XLYIII,
H. — 27-36. Learn 313, 314; read 321, and Rems., 332, entire,
338-342, 330. Notes, ^320, 3. ^0251, 4. »2 327. »«<2>321, 2, <^320,
4, W251, 3, <^)332.
G. — 780-784, and Rems.; read 785, 15, f., 787, and 788, 789, and
ff., 794, XL, a), b), 796, a. Notes, «784, XL »°152, V. ^*785, 7,
(d). -^s a) 152, w 785, 15, f., ^») 785, 6, w 152, VXXL, (5)787, 1.
A.& S.— 102, 6, (a), 187, XL, 103, 188, 130, V., 188, 5, 196, (b),
131, 9, 197, 10, 13, 15, (a), (b), 20, 187, XL, 1. Notes, «102, 4. »100,
3. 18(2) 102, 6, (3) 102, 5, («) 187, XL, 1.
LESSON XLIX.
H. — Learn 363, and 1, 362, and 1, 704, XXL, 3.
G. — Learn 318, 319, 324, 201, 202, Rem. 1.
A. & S. — Learn 204, and Rem. 1, (a), and (b), Rem. 2, 203, XXX,,
6, 210, 323, 3, (4).
LESSON L.
H. — Learn 438, 1, 439, and 1, 441, and 1, 2, 5, 6, 443, 444. Notes,
«132. 3 100,1,105,115,2. n67, 1, 2. « 425, 2, 2).
G. — Learn 195, Rems. 1, 2, 281, and Rem. 2, 285, 286,287, Rem.,
315, 324, Rem. 6. Notes, *75, C. » 44, 1, 57, 67. *89, 3. «388.
A. & S. — Learn 122, 5, 205, Rem. 2, and Exc, Rem. 7, and (2),
Rems. 13, 15, 17. Notes, *97. ^59, 1, 2, 62, 67, 2. "126, 2. «251.
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134 LATIN LESSONS.
LESSON LI.
H. — - Learn 349, 445, and 4, 453.
G. — Learn 474, 1, 2. 3, 4, 612, Rem. 1, 616, and 3, XL Note,* 613.
A. &S.— Learn 201, 4, 5, 6, 9, 206, 10, 17, (19), (b). Note,
«201, 9.
LESSON LII.
H. — Learn 395, 396, I., II., IV., 402, IIL, 2, 2) ; read 393, 396,
IIL, IV., 2, 1), 2), 3), 4), 399. Notes, « 401, L ''385. « 398. 4, 2).
G. — Learn 357, 360, 361, 1, 2, 364, 378, 379; read 367, 368, 369,
370,371,373. Notes, « 365. ^345. «371, and5.
A. & S. — Learn 211, and Rems. 2, 6, 212, 214 ; read 212, Rems.
1. 2, 3. 4, 213. Notes, « 212, Rem. 8, and (3). » 223, Rem. 2. • 212,
Rem. 2, note 4.
LESSON LIII.
H. — Learn 899, and 2, 1), 2), 406, I.-III. ; read 408, 1, 2), 409, 1.
Notes, «438, 1. '441, and 1. 4 402, IIL *408, 1, 2). «441, 1.
7 396, IV., 4). *184. 3.
G. — Learn 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 381, 389, Rem. 2. Notes, « 285.
» 195, Rems. 1,2. ^ 373, 380. '^381. « 195, Rems. 1, 2. ' 371, Rem.
4. «99, Rem. 1.
A. & S. — Learn 213, and Rem. 1, (1), (2), 215, 216, 217, 218, 219,
and Rem. 1, 220, 3. Notes, «205. ' 205, Rem. 7, (2). * 214, Rem. 1,
(a). * 219, Rem. 1. « 205, Rem. 7, (2). ' 212, Rem. 4. * 138, Rem. 3.
LESSON LIV.
H. — Learn 382, 384, I., II., and 1, 385, 386, 387, 388; read 301, 1,
888,386,2. Notes, H41, 1. ^495^ 2. *386, 2.
G. — Learn 343, 345, 346, 348, 349, 353 ; read 344, Rem. 2, 345,
Rem. 2. Notes, 3195, Rems. 1, 2. -• 568. *344, Rem. 2.
A. & S. — Learn 223, and Rem. 2, 224, 225, IIL, IV., Rem. 4, 226 ;
i-ead 222, 223, Rem. 2, (c), 224, Rem. 2, 225, Rem. 1, 229, Rem. 1.
Notes, 3 205, Rem. 7, and 2. '*262, Rem. 3. *224, Rem. 2.
LESSON LY,
H. — Learn 890, I., II., 891, 1; read 385, 388, and 1, 1), 389.
Notes, *163, 2. 4398^5. 4 384,2,2). * 399, 3, 2). «441, 1.
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PARALLEL REFERENCES. 135
G. — Leaxn 360, 356; read 362, 363, 354. Notes, * 88, 2. *— .
*344, Rem. *356, Rem. 1. n95, Rems. 1, 2.
A. & S. — Learn 222, 3, Rem. 1, 227, and Rem. 2; read 225, II.,
III., 228, Note, (a). Notes, M25, 2. 4235, Rem. 2, (b). *— .
*222, Rem. 2, (a). «207, Rem. 7, (2).
LESSON LYI,
H. — Learn 371, 374, and 1, 375, 378, 380; read 369, 371, 1, 3),
373, and 1, 374, and 6, 380, 2, 381. Notes, -'374, 6. » 410, II. «374,
1. •'^374, 6.
G. — Learn 327, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 341; read 327, 330,
331, Rems. 1, 3, 340, 194, Rem. 3. Notes, ^330. ^ 377. «333, Rems.
1,3. ^330.
A. & S. —Learn 229, 231, 232, (3), 237, 239 { read 230, 231, 232,
233, and (3), 234, II., Rem. 2, 240. Notes, •-«233, (3). ' 217. *234,
L =»233, (3).
LESSON LVII.
H. — Learn 551, I.-III. ^ Form an adjective from iter. ^ 325.
G. — Learn 530. * Form an adjective from iter. ^ 535, Rem. 2.
A. & S. — Learn 272. ' Form an adjective from iter. ^ 269, Rem. 5.
LESSON LYIII,
H. — Learn 414, and 5, 416, 417, 418, 419, I.-V., 425, and 1, 2,
428, 429, 430, 431 ; read 402, III., and 2, 409, 1, 412, 414, 2, 2), and
7, 417, and 1, 2, 3, 419, 3, and 1), 425, 2, 1, 2), and 3, 1).
G. — Learn 373, Rems. 1, 3,"'387, 388, 389, 390, 395, 398, 399, 400,
402, 403, 404, 405, 408 ; read 372, 378, 383, 384, 389, Rems. 2, 3, 391,
Rem. 1, 392, 401, 409, 412.
A. & S. — Learn 211, Rem. 6, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, I., 250,
and 2, (1), (2), 251, 252, 256, 2, Rem. 16, 257 ; read 37, 6, 214, Rem.
1, (a), 220, 3, 242, 243, Rem. 1, 246, 247, 1, (1), and (2), 247, and 2,
254, 256, Rems. 1, 5, and (b), 6, (a), 257, and Rem. 7.
LESSON LIX,
H. — Learn 379, 421, L, II., 424, 1, 2, 426 ; read 378, and 1, 2,
414, 4, 422, 1, 2. and 1), 2), 423, I., II., and 2. Note, *417, 3.
G. — Learn 342, 384, 388, 392, 410, 411, 412, and Rem. 1; read
335, Rems. 1, 2, 337, 364, Rem. 385, and Rem., 386, 387. Note, *311,
Rem. 4.
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136 . LATIN LESSONS.
A. & 8.— Learn 237, and Rems. 4, 6, (a), 253, 254, Rems. 1,2,
(a), and (b), 3, 255, and Rems. 1, 3 ; read 236, and Rems. 1, 4, 255, 2.
Note, * 256, Rem. 6.
LESSON LX,
H. — Learn 474, 483, 488, I., IL, 467, III., 460, L, 470, 471, L, IL,
472,and 1, 473, 476, 477, 478, 198, 2, 1), 2), 480, 481, I., 1, 2, IL, 1, 2,
III.; review 196, I., 1, 2, 3, IL, 1. Notes, ^489, L, IL *— . ' 489,
I.,
G. — Learn 246, 247, and Rem., 256, 1, 2, 3, 248, 257, 220, 222, 234,
227, 228, 1, 2, 231, 233, 236, 244, 270, 271, 1-4, 510; review 259, 273,
1, 2. Notes, ^ 543, 1, 2, 3, 545. *372, 407. ' 543, 1, 2, 3, 545.
A. & S. — Learn 259, 260, note, and L, IL, 145, VI., note 4. 260,
Rem. 6, 145, L, 3, IL, 1-4, III.-VI., 259, Rem. 1, (2), (c), 260, Rem.
1, (1), (2), (3), (4), 258, A., B., L, 1, 2; review 145. Notes, ^262,
264, 1, (a). »279, Rem. ^262, 264, 1, (a).
LESSON LXI,
H. — Learn 504, 508, 1, 508, 509, 510 ; read 511, 512, 1, 2, 1), 2),
613, 503.
G. — Learn 590, 598, 599, 591, p. 294, foot-note, 596, I., IL, III.,
697, 599 ; read 600, 601, 602, 603, 604.
A. & S. — Learn 561, 198, 5, 261, 1, 2, 260, IL, (2), Rem. 7, (1) ;
read 261 entire, 263, 2, (1), 264, 2.
LESSON liXII,
H. — Learn 488, L, IL, 486, IL, 505, 515, I., IL, III. ; read 516,
I.-IIL, and fine print, 508, 3.
G. — Learn 253, 255, 256, 257, 258, 605, 575; read 606-611, 591-
593.
A. & S. — Learn 260, Rems. 2, 3, 5, 6, 263, 2, (1) ; read 263, 2,
(2), (3), (4).
LESSON LXIII,
H. — Learn 521, IL, 2, 518, IL, 1, 3, 517, L, 515, IL, 522, L, IL,
623, L, IL, 521, I., 605. Note, «419, V., and 3, 1). ^
G. — Learn 561, I.-IV., 562, 1, 2, 563, 582, 686, 587, 688, 673, 574,
576,679,575. Note, « 390. ,
A. &S. — Learn 263, 6, Rems. 1, 2, 263, 2, Note, 3, 4. Note,
^243, and Rem. 1.
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PARALLEL REFERENCES. 137
LESSOir LXIV,
H. — Learn 517, I., II., and 3, 520, I., II. Notes, « 453. » 453.
G. — Learn 538, 1-4, 539, 540, 541, 587, 626, 634. Notes, ^ 612.
»612.
A. &S. — Learn 198, 7, 263, 5, Rem. 1, 264. Notes, '^280, IIL,
(1). ^280, m., (1).
LESSON LXY,
H. — Learn 489, L, IL, 497, Note, ^396, III., 2, 3).
G. — Learn 545, 1, 2, 3. 544, Rem., 2, 1), 2), 3), 4). Note, '369.
A. & S. — Learn 262, and Rem. 9, 264. Note, ^212, Rem. 3.
LESSON LXYI.
H. — Learn 489, I., II., 490, 499, 498, 1, 2, 3, 500, 501, I., and 3,
IL, IIL, IV. Note,* 501, IV.
G. — Learn 554, 549, 550, 551, 633, 634, 556, Rems. 2, 3, 636, 629,
Rem. Note, '556, Rem. 3, 313.
A. & S. — Learn 262, and Rems. 5, (fine print), 9, 10, and Notes
6, 7, 11, 264, and 1, (a), 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, (1), (2), 9, 10. Note, «264, 4.
LESSON LXVII.
H. — Learn 628, and 1, 530, I., IL, 531, and 4, 531, 1-4, 532, 1-4,
530, II. , and 1, 2, 627, and 3, 620, IL Syn. 602, V.
G. — Learn 651, 652, 653, and Rem., 654, 655, 658, Rem. 2, 659,
660, 661, 662, 469, 665, 666, 541. Syn. 651, Rem. 2.
A. & S.— Learn 266, and note, 266, 2, and Rem. 1, (b), 3, and
Rem., 265. Syn. 279, 6.
LESSON LXVIII.
H.— Learn 648, 549, 552, 551, I.-IIL, 381, 545, 1, 540, 541, 3,
542, 1, 2, 3, 544, 1, 549, 1, 551, I.-IIL, also IL, 1. Notes, «470, 2.
*441. 3544, 1^
G. — Learn 422, 423, 424, 527, and Rem. 3, 534, 650, 529, 276, 277,
275, 1, 2, 277, Rem., 240, 1, 2, 535, 424, 532, and Rems. 1, 2. Notes,
2 234, and Rem. 1. '•195, Rem. 2: ^^U, fine print.
A. & S.— Learn 269, 271, 272, 270, Rem. 2, (a), 209, Rem. 5, 268,
2, and Rems. 1, (a), (b), 2, 4, (a), (b), 269, Rem. 2, 273, 2, and (d),
4. Notes, « 145, IIL ^205, Rem. 8. ^268, Rem. 4, (b).
Digitized
by Google
138 LATIN LESSONS.
LESSOR LXIX.
H. — Learn 483, 486, II., III., 2, 488, 1., II., 515, 488, 1, 2, 535, and
1, 1), 2), 3), 537, I., II., 485, 48G, I., 7. Notes, «237,and 2. ^93, 2.
*488, I., 2.
G. — Learn 247, Rem., 253, 255, 25G, 1, 2, 3, 257, 605,254, and
Rem. 2, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, I., II., 266, 267, 250, 252, Rem. 1.
Notes, « 151, 4. ^ 546, Rem. 3. * 253.
A. & S.— Learn 260, note, Rems. 2, 3, 5, 6, and (a), (c), 263, 1,
and Rem., 267, (3), and Rems. 1, 2, 3, 260, IL, (1), (3), Rems. 4, 6,
(a). Notes, '' 162, 4. ^ 262, Rem. 4. * 260, Rem. 6.
LESSON LXX,
H. — Learn 357, IL, 3), 445, 1, 513, 489, L, IL, 490, 500, 519, 627,
528, 531, 520, II. Note, » 529, 527, 600, 2.
G.— Learn 613, 616, 626, 629, 545, 1, 2, 3, 554, 634, 627, Rem., 562,
653, 665, 666, and Rem. 1, 541. Note, ^653, 665, 666, 675, 1.
A. & S. — Learn 206, Rem. 19, (a), 262, 264, and 1, (a), 6, 264, 8,
(1), 266, and 2, 3, 266, 2, (c), 273, 5, Rem. Note, ^266, and 3.
LESSON LXXI.
H. — Learn 554, 549, 1, 551, L, IL, III., also IL, 1, 549, 4, and
1), 492, 1-4, and 1), 495, 2, and 1), 496, 2, 3, 498, 554, IV. Note^
3493, 2.
G. — Learn, 507, 423, 527, 532, Rems. 1, 2, 528, 424, Rem. 3, 546,
and Rems. 1, 2, 559, Rem., 547, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 557, 558, 313,
556, Rem. 1, 525, 542, and Rem. Note, ^546, Rem. 1.
A. & S. — Learn 201, 7, 8, 269, Rem. 2, 272, Note 4, and Rem. 6,
273, 1, (a), 2, and (d), 4. (a), 262, Rems. 3, Note 1, 7, 10, and 11.
Note, 3 262, Rem. 4.
LESSON LXXII.
H.— Learn 346, IL, 1 and 2), 3), 5) 346, IL, 2, 1). 2), 3), 4), 3,
525.
G Learn 455, 456, 457, 458, 460, 461, 462, 4, 464, 465, 469, 500,
Rems. 1, 2.
A. & S. — Learn 198, 11, Rem. (a), (b), (c), C«^1), (e), Note 1 265,
and Rem. 2.
Digitized
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PARALLEL REFERENCES. 139
LESSON LXXIII.
H Learn 196, II., 2, 3. 4, 571-581, 430, 431, 388, 1, 2), 562, 3, 4,
232,233,563,5. Notes, » 578, I. -V. 3 431,1,2. '•563,5.
G. — Learn 110, 278, 279, 438, Rems. 1, 2, 439, 426, 428, and Rems.
1, 2, 3, 408, 409, and Rems. 1, 2, 667-673, 390, 230, 279, 243. Notes,
*667. •''408,409. M31.
A. & S. — Learn 25, 148, (2), 274, 2, and note, Rems. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 274, 3, and note 2, 275, Rems. 1, 3, II., and Rem. 1, 276, and
IL, III., 257, and note 1. 243, Rem. 1, 162, 14, 15. Notes, « 274, 3,
and note 2. ^257, and note 1. * 274, Rem. 7.
LESSON LXXIV.
H. — Learn 196, II., 2, 232, 560, 562, and 4, 665, 3, 563, 564, 566,
1, 666, L, II., and 1. Note, ' 489, 1., II., 565, 3, 563, 5, 569, 578,V.
G. — Learn 110, 426, 427, and Rem. 1, 243, and Rem. 1, 428, and
Rem. 3, Exc, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434. Note, » 544, Rem. 2.
A. & S. — Learn 148, 2, (a), (b), 275, Rem. 3, 162, 15, 275, and II.,
Rem. 1, 275, III., Rems. 1, 2, 3, 4, and note 1. Note, » 262, 264, 1.
(a), 276, III., Rem. 2, (3), 275, Rem. 1, 274, Rem. 6, 276, IL, Rem. 4.
LESSON LXXY.
H. — Learn 196, IL, 3, 567, 569, 570, and 1, 2. Note, '385, 2.
G. — Learn 435, 436, 437, and Rem. 1. Note, '^ 345, Rem. 2.
A. & S. — Learn 25, 148, 3, and Rem., 276, I., IL, III., and Rem.
2. Note, '^ 223, Reni. 2, {h).
ADDITIONAL EXERCISES.
H. — Notes, «489, I., II. '500. »406, III., 408, 2. »408, 1, 2).
G.— Notes, «545. '632. ^381, 382, 1, 2. »381.
A. & S. — Notes, «262, 264. '264. ^219^ and Rem. 4. »219,
Rem. 1.
Digitized
by Google
140 LATIN LESSONS.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES.
I.
H. — 290, I., II., 1, III. G.— 113, 114, 115. A. & S.— 154,
Hems. 5, 6, 7, (a) and (b).
VI.
H. — Notes, '431, 1, 2, 4. *519, 3, 1). «489, I., II. ^501, I.
"430,431. "578, I.-V.,581.
G. — Notes, U08, Rem., 409, and lfem.'2. ^627, Rem. «545.
' 634, 635. " 408, 409. •* 409, Rem. 2, 667.
A. &S. — Notes, '257, and note 1. ^264, 8, (2). «264, 5, 262.
•264, 6, 7. "257. "274, 3, (a), and Rem. 6, (C).
yn.
H. — Notes, » 472, 1. '388, and 1).
G. — Notes, '244. '353.
A. & S Notes, ' 259, Rem. 1, (2), (c). ' 225, IIL
Digitized
by Google
PARALLEL RUL£S.
141
PARALLEL RULES
FOR USE IN THE READING LESSONS.
A. &G.
Harkness.
GILDERSLEEYE.
Andrews and
Stoddard.
1.
363.
319.
204.
2.
438.
285.
205.
3.
(404, 1.)
363, (366, Rem. 1.)
211, Rem. 4.
4.
445, 1.
616.
206, Rem. 19.
5.
460.
202.
209, (b).
6.
463, II.
281.
209, Rem. 12.
7.
367.
194.
209.
8.
395.
357.
211.
9.
396, I.
361, I.
211, Rem. 2.
10.
396, III.
366.
212.
11.
402, 2, 2).
378, 379, 380.
214, Rem. 1, and
Rem. 3.
12.
399, 2, 1), 2), 406,
410.
373, 374, 375, 376.
213, and Rem. 1,
215, 216.
13.
410.
377,
217.
14.
382.
343.
223.
15.
391, 1.
356.
222, Rem. 1.
16.
385.
345.
223, Rem. 2.
17.
387, 388.
349, 353.
226, 225, III.
18.
386.
346.
224.
19.
384, II.
344.
229, Rem. 1.
20.
390.
360.
227.
21.
371.
327.
229.
22.
545.
421.
239.
23.
378.
335.
237.
24.
380.
331.
232, (3).
25.
374, 1.
333.
231.
26.
414, 416, 428, 429.
387, 398, 401, 403,
404, 406.
247, 250, 262, 211,
Rem. 6.
27.
414, 5.
403.
248, I.
28.
422, 2,419, III.,V.
388, 389, 390.
243,249,250,2,251.
29.
422, 1, 3, 1).
395.
246.
30.
419, III., IV.
373, Rems. 1, 3.
244.
31.
419, I.
406.
245.
32.
417.
399.
256, 2.
33.
418.
400.
256, Rem. 16.
34.
426.
J92.
253.
Digitized
by Google
142
LATIN LESSONS.
PARALLEL RULES — concluded.
A. AG.
HARKKE8S.
GILDERSLEEVE.
Andrews and
Stoddard.
35.
430, 431.
408, 409.
257.
254, and (b), 255,
36.
421, L, 11., 379.
410, 411, 412, 413.
and Rem. 1, 237,
and Rem. 4.
237, Rem. 6, (a).
37.
379, 4, 421, I.
342, 384, 388.
254, Rem. 3, 265,
Rem. 3.
38.
548.
422, 423, 424.
269, 270, 271.
39.
551.
527.
272.
40.
545.
650.
209, Rem. 6.
41.
559, 562.
426, 427, Rem. 1,
428.
275, and 11.
42.
569, 570.
436, 437, 544, Rem.
2 3").
253! 255, 256, 257,
258.
276, II., III.
43.
488, 486, L, IL,
515.
260, Rems. 5, 6.
44.
489, 500, 501, I.,
545, 554,562, 2,1),
262, 264, and 1, (a).
518, IL
2), 633, 634.
263, 5, Rems. 1,2.
45.
525.
469.
265.
46.
509, 510.
598, 599.
261, 1, 2.
41.
527, 629.
G53, 6QG.
266, 1, 2.
48.
480.
510.
258, 1., 1, 2.
PARALLEL NOTES
TO READING EXERCISES.
A. AG.
Harkness.
Gildersleeve.
Andrews and
Stoddard.
•19, c.
25, 3, 1).
14, Rem. 1.
15,2.
39, b.
53, 2.
30, Exc. (ad
finem).
51, (ad flnem).
40, a.
51, 6.
29, Rem. 4.
221.
40, c.
52, 2, 185, 1.
29, Rem. 2.
52, (vocative).
45, a.
88, 1.
80, (auceps).
77, 2, (1), Rem.
56„a, 1.
62, IL, 2, (2).
60, 2, a.
79, 1.
61.
66.
85.
65, b. '
100, 1, 105.
44, 1, 57, 61.
59, 1, 2, 62.
70, f.
119, 1.
67,2.
89, and (a).
79, c.
141.
78.
92,2.
80, a.
83.
15*1.
35.
107 '.
Digitized
by Google
PARALLEL NOTES.
PARALLEL NOTES — continued.
143
A.&G.
Harkness.
GiLDERSLEBVE.
Andrews and
Stoddard.
89.
162.
86.
124. 2, 3.
89, b.
163, 2.
88,2.
125, 2.
9L
166.
89, Rem. 2.
126.
93, b.
170, 2.
317.
127, 4.
93, c.
458, 1.
305.
207, Rem. 35, (b).
94, e.
178.
92.
118, 6, (a), (b).
102, b.
450, and 2, 4.
292, 1, 2, 3, 4,
Rems. 1, 2.
207, Rems. 20-24.
105, d.
191, 1, 2.
105.
138, 1,2.
113, c, Note.
225, and 2.
182, 2.
162, 17, (a).
124, c.
255, L, 1.
153, 5.
163, Rem.
128, a.
234.
151, 1.
162, 7.
132, b.
255, I., 1.
153, 5.
163, Rem.
135, a.
225, 1.
161.
135, b.
225, 2.
162, 17,' (a).
136.
271, 3.
182.
142, 2.
143, a.
297, L
190, 5.
183, 2.
146, c.
465, 2.
199, Rem. 1.
184, 2, (a).
148, e, %.
335, 4, 1), 2).
90, 3, 4.
192, 4, (a), (b).
150, a.
585, and 1.
448, and Rem. 4.
277, Rems, 3, 4,
5, and (c).
100, 3.
1^4, a.
315,
786, 9, (b).
167, a.
332, II.
181, 1.
187, II., 2.
167, b.
332.
794,IL,(a)/(b),
796, 1, a), 4.
187,IL,l,(a),(b).
170, a.
340, 341.
131, 12, 188, 6.
184, d.
397, 3.
319, Rem. 2.
211, Rem. 4, (b).
187.
439, 1.
202, Rem. 1, II.
205, Exc. to
Rem. 2.
189, b.
441, 1, 2.
195, 2.
205, Rem. 7, (2).
191.
443.
324, Rem. 6.
205, Rem. 15, (a).
193.
441, 6.
89, Rem. 1.
205, Rem. 17.
197, e.
397, 3.
319, Rem. 2.
199.
445,4.
616, R. 3, II.
206, (10)*.
201, e.
453.
612, and Rem. 1.
280, IIL, (1).
205.
463, II.
281.
209, Rem. 12.
205, a.
463, I.
283.
209, Rem. 12, (7>
211.
346, IL, 2, 1),3).
460.
198, 11, and Rems.
211, d.
do.
do.
do.
211, Rem.
346, 2, 3).
46L
198, 11, Rem. (d).
214, a.
398, 3.
363.
211, Rem. 4, (b).
214, c.
401.
365.
211, Rem. 6, (7).
212, Rem. 4, Note
214, g.
411, 2,
372.
6, 247, Rem. 2,
(a),221,in.
Digitized
by Google
144
LATIN LESSONS.
PARALLEL HfOT'ES — continued.
A. AG.
Harkness.
GiLUERSLEEVB.
Andrews and
Stoddard.
216, a, Rem.
371, Rem. 2.
371, 5.
212, Rem. 3, Note
216, c.
398, 4, 2).
3.
212, Rem. 2, Note
4.
216, e.
396,in.,2,2),(l).
368, Rem. 2.
212, Rem. 2, (5).
216, 4.
396, III., 2, 4).
371.
212, and Rem. 4.
225, d.
384, IL, 1.
348.
249, Rem. 3.
227, c.
385, 3.
347.
223, Rem. 2, (1),
(a).
224.
228.
386.
346.
228, b.
391, 392.
356, and Rem. 7.
222, 3, 228, 1.
230.
301, 1.
208.
223, Rem. 2, (c).
232.
388, 1, 1).
353.
225, III.
233.
390.
350.
227.
234, e.
433, and 1.
356, Rem. 4.
222, Rem. 5.
235, a.
398, 5.
343.
211, Rem. 5, (1).
237.
371.
327.
229.
237, d.
371, 4, 1), 386, 3.
330.
233, (1).
238.
371, 1, 3).
331.
232.
239, c.
374, 1.
333.
231.
240, a.
380.
331, and 3.
232, (3).
240, c. Note.
374, 7.
332, and Rem. 2.
234, Rem. L
242, Note.
412.
383.
37,6.
243, e.
419, v., and 3,1).
390.
243, and Rem. 1,
(a).
247, 3, Rem. 4.
246, b.
414, 5, 1).
403.
247, c.
417,3.
311, Rem. 4.
256, Rem. 6.
249.
419, L
405.
245, I.
251.
428, and 2.
402.
211, Rem. 6, (1).
251, a.
428, 4.
402, Rem. 1.
211, Rem. 6, (3).
253.
429.
398.
250.
256, b.
378, 1.
400, and Rem. 3.
236.
257, b.
378, and 2.
335, 400.
236.
258, f.
422, 1, 1), 2).
384, Rem. 2, 385,
Rem., 386, 387.
254, Rem. 2, (b),
Rem. 3.
260.
'432.
417, 418, 419.
195, 3.
266.
488.
253.
260. Rem. 6.
267.
488, L, 2.
253.
260, IL, (1), (2),
(3),(4),Rem.G.
267, c.
551, n., 2, 2).
546, Rem. 3.
260, Rem. 4.
271, b.
551, IL, 1.
532, Rem. 1.
273, 2, (d).
274.
381.
340.
238, 2.
275.
545, 1.
650.
209, Rem. 5.
276, d.
467, III.
220.
259, Rem. 1, (1),
(a).
259, (1), (c).
276, e.
467, 4.
220, Rem.
Digitized
by Google
PARALLEL NOTES.
PARALLEL NOTES — continued.
145
A. AG.
Harkness.
1
GILDERSLEEVE.
Andrews and
Stoddard.
277.
469, II.
222.
145, IL, 1.
279, d.
286.
480.
510.
258, i.,' 1* 2. '
287, d.
287, e.
48i,IV.' '
511, Rem. i.
258, Rem. 1.
288.
640. • X
529.
268, 2.
288, f.
644.
240, 2.
268, Rem. 4, (b).
290, b.
574, 1.
278, Rem.
162, 18.
292.
576, 577, 578, 579.
667-673.
274, 3, (a), Note
2, (a), (b).
162, 14.
293, a.
231.
279.
293, b.
575, 1, 573.
279.
162, 14.
294, a.
431.
294, b.
232.
243.
162, 15.
294, d.
565, 3.
431.
275, IIL,Rem. 2,
(3).
275, IIL, Rem. 1.
298.
563.
429.
30L
566, IL, 3, 414.
432.
275, IIL, Rem. 4.
302.
569.
436.
276, IL
304, a.
508, 1.
591.
198, 5.
307.
307, a.
508.
597.
261, Rem. L '
307, b.
509.
598.
261, 2, Rem. 1.
307, c.
307, e.
308.
610.
599.
261, 1.
316.
513.
594, 1.
317.
489.
545.
262.
\
318.
489, 500, 562, 563,
6, 565, 3, 669,
578, V.
544, Rem. 2.
262, 264, 274,
Rems. 2, 6, 7,
275, IIL, Rem.
2, 276, II.
318, (4).
565, 3.
544, Rem. 2, 2).
275, IIL, Rem. 2,
(3).
318, (5).
563, 5.
429, Rem. 2.
275, IIL, Rem. 1,
318, (6).
. .*. • .*. . .
429, Rem. 2.
275, Rem. 1, (1).
319.
489, L, IL
554.
262.
262, Rem. 10,
319, d.
498, and 3.
651, 1, 2.
Notes 6,7,8,B,
Rem. 11.
320.
601, L
633, 634.
264, 6.
320, e.
619, 3, 1)
636.
264, 8, (2).
321, a.
520, IL
541.
266, 3.
326.
518, IL
586.
263, 5, Rem. 2.
326.
618, I.
587, 588.
263, 5, Rem. 1.
Digitized
by Google
146
LATIN LESSONS.
PARALLEL IS OT'ES — concluded.
A. AG.
Harkness.
GiLDERSLEEVE.
Andrews and
Stoddard.
327.
523, L, II.
579.
263, 3.
328.
605, 520, L, II.
573, 574, 575.
263, 2, 4.
330, d.
55L
627.
270.
330, 2.
551, IL, 1.
532, Rem. 1.
273, 2, d.
331, d.
492.
546, Rem. 1.
262, Rem. 4.
332.
492, 1.
557.
262, Rem. 4.
336.
530, I., II.
663.
266, 2.
340.
529.
653.
266, 2.
345, b.
602,in.,and2,3.
681.
279, 3, (b), (c),
(d).
327, Rem. 5.
379.
713, IV., 1.
Digitized
by Google
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