^fc ^^
H98T4KX
A LATIN PRIMER
BY
He^Co^NUTTING, Pn.D.
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
NEW YORK : CINCINNATI : CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY
H. C. NUTTING.
ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HAI.L, LONDON.
NUTTING. LATIN PRIMER.
\V. P. I
MY LITTLE DAUGHTER
ELIZABETH
WHOSE EAGER INTEREST AND GLAD COOPERATION
HAVE BEEN THE INSPIRATION OF
THIS SMALL VOLUME
PREFACE
FROM some points of view it is a misfortune that in
American schools the study of Latin is usually undertaken
so late that every detail of the work of the first terms must
be planned with a view to reaching Caesar in a year. En-
couraging signs, however, are appearing here and there,
and in two or three states a movement is already on foot
to carry the beginning of Latin back into the upper grades
of the grammar school.
For the prosecution of this work in the grades there
seems to be an almost total lack of satisfactory manuals,
and it thus happened that some time ago, wishing to take
up the study of Latin with one of my own children, I was
led to work out for myself a plan of instruction suited to
the years of my pupil. Out of that experience the present
volume has grown.
In the formulation and development of the plan of the
book, I have aimed particularly at four things :
1 i ) To lay a broad and sure foundation of forms.
(2) To impress through constant use a limited
number of the most fundamental construc-
tions.
(3) To make thoroughly familiar, by continued
repetition, a working vocabulary of some-
thing less than four hundred words.
(4) To infuse a large degree of human interest into
the work.
In pursuance of the last mentioned of these aims, I have
admitted into the earlier Exercises several Latin words
5
6 LATIN PRIMER
selected rather for the interest they might excite than
because of frequency of use in Caesar's Commentaries or
Cicero's Orations, and, in the treatment of forms and
syntax, the order of topics has been determined very
largely with a view to the early development of interesting
dialogue and narrative. In general method, however, the
book follows thoroughly well-tried and conservative lines ;
and I hardly need add that, in making the above-named
innovations, it is far from my purpose to render the work
easy or attractive at the expense of real and substantial
attainment on the part of the pupil.
The lack of general vocabularies at the end of the
volume is by no means due to oversight ; for it is an inte-
gral part of my plan that the student should fully master
and make his own the vocabulary of each Exercise as it
comes. Indeed, the number of new words in a day's
lesson is so small and the amount of repetition so great
that general vocabularies at the end of the book would be
nothing but a hindrance to the proper use of the manual.
In place of these, therefore, I substitute simply a Latin
Word List. By means of this list, in case of dire need,
a pupil could run down the meaning of a word ; but as a
matter of practice such need will seldom be found to arise.
The habit of thorough acquisition of each day's vocabu-
lary results quickly and naturally in ability to read at sight.
To foster on the part of the pupil the development of this
very desirable power, there has been introduced into each
Exercise, beginning with Number XXXV, one of a series
of little stories told in Latin. The series is developed
strictly on the gradatim plan, each successive anecdote
being constructed so completely of familiar materials that
footnotes are nowhere necessary. Such a programme of
course subjected the writer to a very trying restraint; but
LATIN PRIMER 7
it was in this way possible to develop a body of material
which provides practically ideal conditions for the prac-
tice of sight reading.
This Primer is shortly to be followed by a First Latin
Reader, the two books together covering the field com-
monly referred to as " First Year Latin." The stories of
the Reader are drawn in large part from early American
history, a subject that lends itself very happily to the
purpose in hand ; for the tales of those stirring days of
war and adventure are replete with human interest, while
at the same time they afford the most admirable oppor-
tunity for the introduction of the vocabulary and syntax
of Latin historical narrative. The Reader continues with
somewhat greater freedom the gradatim plan begun in the
Primer, and the pupil who first went over the ground
covered by the two books was able to complete even
the simplified Caesar contained in the Reader without
knowing what it is to " prepare " an English translation ;
for from the very start translation " at sight " had estab-
lished itself as the norm in the most delightful and natural
manner possible. On account of the narrow limitations
of syntax and vocabulary, the anecdotes of the Primer are
largely fanciful ; but in the Reader it is my aim to make
the narrative historical.
In putting the material of this volume into final form,
I have been much helped by the suggestions of Dr. R.
Arrowsmith. I would also here express my thanks for
similar assistance received from Miss Margaret Webb and
Miss Clara L. Smith, both of whom have used my manu-
script as a basis for the work of the newly organized
seventh grade Latin classes in the Berkeley schools.
H. C. N.
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.
TO THE TEACHER
IN work of the grade for which this Primer is designed
much must be left to the discretion of the instructor. I
venture, however, to add a word of suggestion or advice
on several topics :
1. Oral Work. In connection with the earlier Exercises
particularly, it is eminently desirable that much time be
spent in oral work. The printed sentences of the Exer-
cises are practically forced into the form which they have
taken by the fact that, in addition to illustrating as fully
as possible the new points of the lesson of the day, they
must also include adequate review material. Supplemen-
tary work, oral or otherwise, would naturally follow freer
lines. One teacher succeeded in stirring the interest of an
immature class by putting together, almost from the very
start, short connected sentences, e.g. Agricola in area est.
Corbulam tenet. In corbula uvas et rosas Jiabet ; and my
own experience has shown that, as soon as the limitations
of vocabulary and syntax will permit, it is both profitable
and popular to construct out of familiar materials short
stories to be translated at hearing. As a help to those
who may wish to do somewhat extensive work along viva
voce lines, a short list of colloquial phrases has been added
in Appendix II. All such work, of course, must be strictly
supplementary. Nothing can with safety be substituted
for the comprehensive test of the printed sentences.
2. Pronunciation. In the belief that pronunciation is
best learned by youthful beginners directly from the
teacher, general treatment of this subject has been rele-
LATIN PRIMER 9
gated to Appendix I. Teachers will use their own discre-
tion as to the use of the material there provided.
3. Paradigms. It has seemed best to prefix to the
paradigms all of the customary headings, although it is
not expected or desired that equal attention be given
at the outset to all such introductory phrases ; for example,
of the various headings of the paradigm of Exercise II,
the phrase " Present Tense " is clearly of greatest impor-
tance for the work of that particular lesson. As different
paradigms are taken up, the teacher should emphasize the
heading or headings to which he feels that his class can
with profit give attention.
In constructing the paradigms I have purposely refrained
from attempting to define the different cases, moods, etc.,
of the words used as models. As regards the verb, it
is really impossible to frame brief and adequate definitions
for the forms as they stand in the paradigm ; and with
respect to the noun, too, the question of definition is not
without complications. For example, in this manual the
ablative is first put to actual use in connection with the
prepositions in and sub to express " place where," and it
would therefore seem wholly illogical to inform the stu-
dent in the paradigm of Exercise I that the ablative case
signifies "with," "by," etc. Personally, I find that it
works well to postpone definition until forms are put to
actual use ; but any teacher who prefers the other plan
can of course supply at once for the use of the class
those definitions which seem to him best to cover the
ground.
4. The Verb. The great wealth of Latin verb forms
makes it ultimately impossible to maintain an adequate
review through the medium of the sentences of the Exer-
cises merely. As a supplementary measure it has been
10 LATIN PRIMER
found helpful to write out the forms on small cards, one
on each card. These drawn out at random furnish an
excellent memory test, the pupil's interest being held
meanwhile by the likeness to a game.
5. Assignment of Work. The rate of progress through
the book must of course be determined by the aptitude
of the class. In many cases it will be found necessary
to spend at least two periods upon single Exercises, and
that too with frequently interspersed reviews.
In conclusion, to those who now for the first time are
about to join in the pleasant work of introducing young
beginners to the study of Latin, let me say by way of
reminder that it is very easy for an adult to underestimate
the difficulties under which a seventh or eighth grade
pupil is laboring. If such a student at the outset is a
little bewildered by his new environment and makes a
number of very crude mistakes, this fact should not be
counted either surprising or discouraging. Three things
only are necessary : Have patience ; Keep good models
before the pupil's eye and ear ; Repeat often.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Introductory Notes and Definitions . . . . . .15
EXERCISE
I. First or A-Declension 17
II. Second or E-Conjugation, Present Indicative Active.
Subject and Direct Object. Agreement of the Verb 19
III. Irregular Verb : Sum, Present Indicative ... 22
IV. Vocabulary. Reading Lesson 24
V. Vocabulary. Reading Lesson 26
VI. Second or E-Conjugation, Perfect Indicative Active . 27
VII. Vocabulary. Reading Lesson 30
VIII. Vocabulary. Reading Lesson ; . . . . 31
IX. Second or O-Declension, Masculine. Possessive Geni-
tive -32
X. Second or O-Declension, Masculine (continued). Place
into Which 34
XI. Second or O-Declension, Neuter 36
XII. Vocabulary. Reading Lesson. Place to Which . . 39
XIII. Vocative Case 41
XIV. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. Agree-
ment of Adjectives. Predicate Adjectives and
Nouns 44
XV. Second or E-Conjugation, Future Indicative Active . 46
XVI. Irregular Verb : Sum, Future Indicative ... 48
XVII. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions (con-
tinued) 50
XVIII. Second or E-Conjugation, Present Subjunctive Active.
Dative of the Indirect Object . ., 53
ii
12
LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE PAGE
XIX. Second or ErConjugation, Imperfect Subjunctive
Active. ^//-Clauses of Purpose. Sequence in
Purpose Clauses 55
XX. Personal Pronouns : Ego, Til . . . . .58
XXI. , Personal Pronouns (continued). Possessive Adjec-
tives 60
XXII. Second or E-Conjugation, Pluperfect Subjunctive
Active. C#w-Circumstantial .... 62
XXIII. Vocabulary. Reading Lesson .... 65
XXIV. Irregular Verb: Sum, Imperfect and Pluperfect Sub-
junctive ........ 66
XXV. Second or E-Conjugation, Pluperfect Indicative
Active 68
XXVI. Vocabulary. Reading Lesson .... 70
XXVII. Ablative of Means 72
XXVIII. Personal Pronoun : Is, ea, id 74
XXIX. Second or E-Conjugation, Imperfect Indicative
Active . 77
XXX. Irregular Verb : Sum, Imperfect Indicative. Domum 79
XXXI. Second or E-Conjugation, Present Infinitive Active.
Complementary Infinitive . . . . .81
XXXII. Irregular Verb : Sum, Present Subjunctive . . 83
XXXIII. Second or E-Conjugation, Future Perfect Indicative
and Perfect Subjunctive, Active ... 85
XXXIV. Synopsis of the Verb 87
XXXV. Principal Parts of the Verb. Use of -ne ... 89
XXXVI. First or A-Conjugation, Active Voice ... 92
XXXVII. Third Declension, Consonant Stems ... 94
XXXVIII. Cardinal Numerals : Duo, Tres .... 96
XXXIX. Irregular Verb : Ed. Hortatory Subjunctive . . 98
XL. Irregular Verb : Possum 101
XLI. Vocabulary. Reading Lesson . . . .103
XLII. Third Declension, I-Stems 105
XLIII. Third or E-Conjugation, Active Voice . . . 107
LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE
XLIV.
XLV.
XLVI.
XLVII.
XLVIII.
XLIX.
L.
LI.
. LII.
LIII.
LIV.
LV.
LVI.
LVII.
LVIII.
LIX.
LX.
LXI.
LXII.
LXIII.
LXIV.
LXV.
PAGE
Irregular Verb : Fero, Active Voice . . . .no
Accusative of Extent I I2
Irregular Verb : Void. Accusative of Extent (continued) 1 1 5
Irregular Verbs : Maid, Ndld. Cardinal Numerals
(continued) . . . .
Third or E-Conjugation (verbs in -id), Active Voice
Relative Pronoun. Agreement of Relative
Fourth or 1-Conjugation, Active Voice
117
119
122
124
Imperative (all conjugations), Present Active. Prohi-
bition . . . . . . . . .126
Adjectives of the Third Declension, I-Stems . .129
Fourth or U-Declension. Imperfect of Customary
Past Action 131
Perfect Tenses (all conjugations), Passive Voice . 134
Idem, ipse. Use of Neuter Pronouns . . . 137
First or A-Conjugation, Passive Voice. Ablative of
Agency 140
Quidam 144
Second or E-Conjugation, Passive Voice. Complemen-
tary Infinitive (continued) 146
Fifth or E-Declension. Cardinal Numerals (contin-
ued). Declension of Unns. Is, ea, id (as adjec-
tive) H9
Third or E-Conjugation, Passive Voice. Quis . .152
Reflexive Pronoun ; sut. Vis. Indirect Discourse . 155
Irregular Verb : Fero, Passive Voice. Use of the Rel-
ative Pronoun in place of a Demonstrative . .158
Third or E-Conjugation (verbs in -id}, Passive Voice.
Partial I -Stems 162
Irregular Verb : Fid. Perfect Passive Participle (all
conjugations). Ablative Absolute . . 164
Comparison of Adjectives. Irregular Comparison.
Declension of the Comparative . . . .169
LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE
LXVI.
Fourth or 1 -Conjugation, Passive Voice. Comparison
PAGE
of Adverbs ........
172
LXVII.
Present Participle (all conjugations). Declension of
the Present Participle
I 7 6
LXVIII.
Deus, Domus. Ordinal Numerals. A^-Clauses of
Purpose
I 79
LXIX.
Deponent Verbs
181
LXX.
Hic.Ille
183
LXXI.
Aliqul (Aligtiis), fste
186
LXXII.
The Gerundive (all conjugations). Ordinal Numerals
(continued)
188
Summary
of Forms .........
192
Word Lis
t ...........
22^
Appendix
I. The Pronunciation of Latin ....
**"***)
22 9
Appendix
II. Colloquial Phrases
232
Index
214.
INTRODUCTORY NOTES AND
DEFINITIONS
INFLECTION
LATIN nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs are in-
flected, i.e. undergo changes of form which show their
relation to other words in a sentence. The inflection of
nouns, pronouns, and adjectives is called Declension, and
the inflection of verbs is known as Conjugation.
DECLENSION
In speaking of the different forms which nouns, pro-
nouns, and adjectives may take, the terms Case, Gender,
and Number are used.
Case. The three cases of English can be seen to best
advantage in the pronoun ; for example, " he " (Nomina-
tive Case), "his" (Possessive Case), and "him" (Objective
Case). Latin has several additional cases, which corre-
spond in meaning to the English objective case with a
preposition; thus, "to a sailor," "for a sailor," "with a
sword," etc., could all be translated into Latin without the
help of prepositions.
Gender. In English we have the very simple gender
rule that the names of males are Masculine, the names of
females are Feminine, and the names of things are Neuter.
In Latin, too, these three genders are found, but the rule
is more complicated; for in Latin the names of things
may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter.
'5
16 LATIN PRIMER
Number. In the English phrases "the ship" and "the
ships" the difference between the nouns is one of number;
that is, "ship" refers to a single vessel, and "ships" to
more than one vessel. To mark this difference we use the
terms Singular Number ("ship") and Plural Number
("ships"). These terms are used in just the same way
of Latin words.
CONJUGATION
In connection with the inflection of the verb, the fol-
lowing terms are used : Mood, Number (already defined),
Person, Tense, and Voice.
Mood. The moods of a verb are its ways of expressing
action. Both English and Latin verbs have three moods ;
namely, Indicative, Subjunctive, and Imperative. A verb
in the Indicative Mood generally states that a thing is so ;
for example, "The boys are running." In the Imperative
Mood a verb commands something to be done, as " Run,
boys." The uses of the Subjunctive Mood are various.
Person. In English and Latin there are three persons.
The First Person refers to the speaker ("I," "we"), the
Second Person refers to the person spoken to ("you"),
and the Third Person refers to the person or thing spoken
of ("he," "she," "it," "they").
Tense. An English or Latin verb by its tense indicates
the time of an action; as, "I see" (Present Tense), "I
shall see" (Future Tense), etc.
Voice. In the sentence "John ran," the verb tells what
John did; but in "John was caught," the verb tells
what was done to John. To mark this difference the terms
Active Voice ("ran") and Passive Voice (" was caught")
are used of both English and Latin verbs.
EXERCISE I
THE FIRST OR A-DECLENSION l
mlnsa, table
CASE SINGULAR NUMBER PLURAL NUMBER
Nominative mensa mensae
Genitive mensae mensarum
Dative mensae mensls
Accusative mensam mensas
Ablative mensa mensls
Listen carefully while the teacher pronounces these
Latin words. Note especially that the accent nowhere
falls upon the last syllable.
Commit to memory the singular and plural of mensa,
connecting each form with the name of its case. The
meaning and uses of these cases will be taken up later.
Gender. All nouns of the First Declension are femi-
nine, excepting the few names of males.
VOCABULARY
corbula, -ae, F., basket. pila, -ae, F., ball.
naiita, -ae, M., sailor. rosa, -ae, F., rose.
REMARK i. In the above vocabulary the -ae following each
noun is the ending of the genitive singular ; and F. and M. are
abbreviations for " Feminine " and " Masculine." Each noun
should be memorized in the following way : " C6rbula, c6rbulae,
Feminine, basket."
1 For the meaning of " Declension " and other grammatical terms here used, see
Introductory Notes and Definitions, pages 15 and 16.
LATIN PRIMER 2 17
i8
LATIN PRIMER
PlLAE
Among the Greeks and Romans ball playing, except for small
children, was for the most part a means of exercise rather than a
mere game. The balls used were of various sizes, some being
as large as a football or " medicine " ball. Bats and racquets
were not then in use. The players either threw the ball or struck
it about with the hand or arm.
CORBULA
The Romans used baskets of many shapes and sizes. Some
were very stout and strong ; for example, those in which soldiers
carried away on their shoulders the earth dug out in making
fortifications. The particular kind of basket shown in the picture
was used on the farm for fruit picking and other purposes.
LATIN PRIMER ig
REMARK 2. In headings and vocabularies it is convenient to
render mensa by " table," corbula by " basket," etc. But, when
actually used in a sentence, mensa, for example, would be apt to
mean " the table," or " a table." In Latin there is nothing corre-
sponding to the English articles " a," " an," and " the."
I. Name the case and number of the following forms:
pilae, corbula, rosis, nautarum, mensas, pilam, corbula.
II. Give:
The genitive plural of rosa ; the ablative singular of pila ;
the dative plural of mensa ; the accusative singular of nauta;
the nominative plural of corbula ; the accusative plural of
rosa.
EXERCISE II
THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION *
habeo, / have
INDICATIVE MOOD ACTIVE VOICE
PRESENT TENSE
PERSON SINGULAR NUMBER PLURAL NUMBER
1st person habeo habemus
2d person habes habetis
3d person habet habent
REMARK. In English we say " / have," "you have," " he (she,
if] has," "we have," etc., depending largely on the pronouns to
show the person and number of the verb ; but in Latin a verb has
special endings which render unnecessary the use of pronouns
for this purpose. Note above how the endings of habeo change
for each person and number.
1 For the meaning of the grammatical terms here used, see Introductory Notes
and Definitions, pages 15 and 16.
20 LATIN PRIMER
With habeo as a model, give the corresponding forms of
teneo, / hold, I am holding.
VOCABULARY
herba, -ae, F., grass. et, conjunction, and.
puella, -ae, Y.,girl. in, preposition, used with
pupa, -ae, F., doll. the ablative case, in, on,
via, -ae, F., street, road. at.
est, is, there is.
REMARK. Note particularly the second meaning of est. In
Latin there is nothing corresponding to " there " in such phrases
as " there is," " there are," etc.
MODEL SENTENCES
Nauta corbulam tenet, A sailor is holding the basket.
Nautae corbulam habent, The sailors have a basket.
RULE I. With an active verb, the nominative is the
case of the doer, and the accusative is the case of the thing
directly affected by the verb action.
Thus, in the first of the model sentences above, Nauta
(nominative) is the doer, and corbulam (accusative) is the
thing directly affected by the verb action ; in other words,
Nauta is the Subject of the verb, and corbulam is its Direct
Object. .
RULE II. When the Stibject of the verb is plural (as in
the second of the model sentences), the verb likewise must
be plural.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
I. Puella pupam et rosas tenet. 2. In corbula pilas
habetis. 3. Pupae mensas habent. 4. Corbulas tenemus.
5. In mensa est pila.
LATIN PRIMER
21
VIA
The road here shown is the famous Appian Way ( Via Appia},
built more than two thousand years ago, and still lined with the
ruins of ancient monuments. It was along this road that St. Paul
journeyed to Rome.
22 LATIN PRIMER
II. Translate into Latin :
i. The sailor has a doll. 2. The girls are-holding
roses. 3. We have a doll in the basket. 4. There is
grass in the street. 5. On the table you have roses.
EXERCISE III
IRREGULAR VERB
sum, / am
PRESENT TENSE INDICATIVE MOOD
PERSON SINGULAR NUMBER PLURAL NUMBER
ist person sum stimus
2d person es estis
3d person est sunt
VOCABULARY
area, -ae, F., yard. lateo, / hide, I am Jiiding.
scalae, -arum, F., stairs. timed, I am af raid (of) J fear.
slmia, -ae, F., monkey. sub, preposition, used with
the ablative case, under.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
I. Puellae slmiam timent. 2. Pila in area sub mensa
est. 3. Nautam slmia tenet. 4. Nautae et simiae in
via sunt. 5. Pupae rosas in corbulis habent. 6. Simiae
sub mensa latent; nautam timent.
II. Translate into Latin:
I. Sailors are in the yard. 2. The girl is under the
stairs ; she is-afraid-of the sailors. 3. The monkeys have
LATIN PRIMER
PUPA
This little doll is made of
ivory, and its arms and legs
are movable. Roman girls
had also dolls made of rags,
wood, wax, or terra cotta.
Some dolls were much more
elaborate than the one in
the picture.
SIMLA.
Above is shown a strolling street
artist, with his monkey and a dog
that has been taught to climb a
ladder. Such artists traveled around
from place to place, picking up a
living in much the same manner as
the hand-organ man of to-day.
24 LATIN PRIMER
baskets. 4. You are-hiding under the table. 5. A
monkey is-holding the doll. 6. The dolls are-hiding in
the grass.
EXERCISE IV
VOCABULARY
aqua, -ae, F., water. video, / see.
baca, -ae, F., berry. libi ? adverb, where?
sella, -ae, F., chair. % pila ludamus, let's play ball.
solea, -ae, F., sandal. inquit, he (she) said, replied,
asked, etc.
NOTF. The names of persons are declined just as any other
nouns ; for example, Ifllia (whence our "Julia") follows the declen-
sion of mensa. Marcus (the nominative of a boy's name) is
declined in a way soon to be described.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Marcus et lulia slmiarn vident. 2. Corbulam
et bacas habetis. 3. In area bacas video. 4. Nauta
soleas in corbula habet.
B. i. " Ubi sunt pupae?" inquit lulia. "Pupae in
herba latent," inquit Marcus. 2. " Pila ludamus," inquit
Marcus. "Ubi est pila?" inquit lulia. "Pila sub mensa
est," inquit Marcus.
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. The monkey is-afraid-of the water. 2. The
sandals are on the chair. 3. The doll has sandals and a
chair and a table. 4. The monkeys are-holding grass.
B. i. "Where are the berries?" said Julia. "The
berries are in a basket under the stairs," replied Marcus.
LATIN PRIMER
SELLA
The chairs of the Romans for
the most part lacked both back
and arms. Seats of honor, as
in the picture above, were some-
times provided with a foot-rest.
High officials commonly occu-
pied a sort of camp-chair, the
legs of which were made of
ivory.
SOLEAE
As Italy is a warm country,
the Romans often went bare-
footed when in their own homes.
For outdoor wear they preferred
sandals of which the " upper "
consisted merely of a strap or
two. The soleae above shown
were of the kind used in the
army.
26 LATIN PRIMER
2. " Where are the sailor and the monkey hiding?"
asked Marcus. "I see the sailor in the yard," said Julia.
" The monkey is under the chair."
EXERCISE V
VOCABULARY
doceo, / teach, I am teaching, umbra, -ae, F., shade.
iaceo, I lie, I am lying. cum, preposition, used with
sedeo, I sit, I am sitting. the ablative case, (in com-
pany} with.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Puella in sella cum pupa sedet. 2. In corbulls
sunt rosae et bacae. 3. Herbam et aquam videmus.
4. Ubi sedet nauta ? Nauta sub scalis in mensa sedet.
B. " Pila ludamus cum nauta et slmia," inquit Marcus.
"Ubi sunt nauta et slmia?" inquit lulia. "In umbra
iacent," inquit Marcus; "nauta simiam docet."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. The sailor is-lying under the table; I see (his)
sandals. 2. We are-sitting in the shade with the girls.
3. The chairs are in the yard with the tables. 4. Let's
play ball in the yard ; on the street I am-afraid-of the
sailors.
B. i. "Where are you?" asked Julia. "We are in
the water," replied Marcus. 2. "Where are the girls
hiding?" said Marcus. "They are-sitting under the table
with the dolls," answered Julia.
LATIN PRIMER 27
EXERCISE VI
THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION
habeo
INDICATIVE MOOD ACTIVE VOICE
PERFECT TENSE
PERSON SINGULAR NUMBER PLURAL NUMBER
ist person habul habuimus
2d person habuisti habuistis
3d person habuit habuerunt
Inflect in the same way the perfect tense of doceo (docul),
iaceo (iacui), lateo (latui), sedeo (sedl), teneo (tenul), timeo
(timul), video (vldl); so also of sum (ful). Note that in
sedl and vldi there is no u before the final 1. Consequently
the perfect of sedeo, for example, proceeds : sedl, sedistl,
sedit, etc.
NOTE. The perfect is the past tense of the indicative mood
most used in Latin. It has two distinct meanings. For example,
vldl means either " I saw " or " I have seen " ; ful, " I was " or
" I have been " ; etc.
REMARK. Special attention must be given verbs like sedl ; for,
since the present sedeo means " I am sitting " as well as " I sit,"
it is very easy to make the mistake of translating sedl by " I was
sitting." The correct renderings of sedl are indicated above,
namely, " I sat " and " I have sat " (" I have been sitting "). Give
also the proper translations of docul, iacui, latui, and tenui. By
an apparent exception to the rule, timul may be correctly rendered
by " I was afraid (of)."
28 LATIN PRIMER
VOCABULARY
agricola, -ae, M., farmer. nunc, adverb, now.
Claudia, -ae, F., a girl's name, quid ? what ?
cymba, -ae, F., boat, skiff.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Ubi latuistis ? Ubi nunc Marcus latet? 2. Agri-
colae in cymba cum nautls fuerunt. 3. In umbra sedimus
et puellas docuimus.
B. i. " Quid in area vidisti ? " inquit Marcus. " Bacas
et rosas in area vidi," inquit Claudia. 2. " Ubi sunt
simiae ? " inquit agricola. " Sub sellis latuerunt," inquit
Marcus; " nautam timent." 3. "Quid in corbula habuit
nauta ? " inquit Claudia. " Nauta pupas in corbula ha-
buit," inquit lulia.
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. We have been sitting in the yard. 2. There were
roses and berries in the baskets. 3. What were-you-afraid-
of ? 4. I saw farmers and sailors in the boat. 5. The doll
lay under the table.
B. i. " Where ana I now?" asked Marcus. "You are
under the stairs," said Julia. "You are-sitting on a chair
and holding a doll." 2. " Where were you?" asked the
sailor. " I was in the yard with Claudia," replied Marcus.
3. " Let's play ball," said Julia. "The ball is-lying under
the chair in the grass."
LATIN PRIMER
2 9
CYMBAE
In the illustrations are shown two cymbae as represented by
ancient artists. In the first picture a passenger is stepping on
board to be ferried over a river, and in the other some soldiers
are loading casks into a boat.
30 LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE VII
VOCABULARY
concha, -ae, F., shell. cur? adverb, why?
harena, -ae, F., sand, beach. inquiunt, they said, replied,
quia, conjunction, because. asked, etc.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Quid in harena est ? 2. Nautas nunc agricolae
timent. 3. Ubi fuerunt conchae ? 4. Puella slmiam do-
cuit. 5. Cur sub mensa latuistl ?
B. i. "Cur in umbra iaces ? " inquit Marcus. " Pila
ludamus." 2. " Quid in harena viderunt puellae? " inquit
lulia. " Puellae in harena conchas viderunt," inquit Marcus.
3. "Ubi latuistis ? " inquit Claudia. "Sub mensa latui-
mus," inquiunt puellae, "quia agricolas et nautas time-
mus."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. What do the girls see in the water? 2. The
sailors have been lying in the boat, and Marcus has been
on the beach with the monkey. 3. Why do we sit in the
sand? In the yard there are shade and water. 4. What
did the sailors have in the boat ?
B. i. "Where did you see the ball?" asked Marcus.
" We saw the ball on the beach," replied the girls.
2. "Why have you been sitting in the yard?" said the
farmer. " I sat in the yard, because in the shade there are
chairs," answered Marcus. 3. " What are the dolls now
holding ? " asked Claudia. " They have berries and shells,"
said Julia.
LATIN PRIMER 31
EXERCISE VIII
VOCABULARY
cavea, -ae, F., cage. itaque, conjunction, and so.
ctinae, -arum, F., cradle. sed, conjunction, but.
Marcella, -ae, F., a girl's name, terreo, I frighten, I am fright-
ening, etc.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. In area bacas vidimus; sed nunc in harena
conchas videmus. 2. Cur nautam terruistis ? 3. Itaque in
cunis pupae iacent. 4. Quid in cymba habent agricolae ?
B. I. " Cur slmiam tenetis ?" inquit Marcus. " Slmiam
tenemus," inquiunt puellae, " quia pupas terret." 2. " Ubi
est cavea?" inquit lulia. "Cavea in harena fuit," inquit
Claudia; "sed nunc in area est." 3. " Quid videt lulia?"
inquit Marcella. " lulia nautas et agricolas videt," inquit
Marcus. " Caveam habent. Simla caveam timet."
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. What do you see in the shade? 2. But the doll
now has sandals and a cradle. 3. Where are the baskets ?
4. The monkeys are in the cage, because they frightened
the girls.
B. i. "Where have the sailors been sitting?" asked
Marcus. " They saw berries in the yard," replied the
girls, " and so they have been sitting in the grass with the
farmer." 2. "Why is the monkey hiding in the water?"
said Marcella. "The monkey was in the dolls' cradle,"
replied Marcus ; " and so he is now in the water, because
he is-afraid-of Julia."
32 LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE IX
THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION
hortus, M., garden
CASE SINGULAR PLURAL
Nominative hortus horti
Genitive horti hortOrum
Dative horto hortis
Accusative hortum hortos
Ablative horto hortis
VOCABULARY
equus, -1, M., horse. Quintus, -1, M., a boy's name.
Marcus, -I, M., a boy's name, cauda, -ae, F., tail.
RULE. TJie genitive is tJie case of tJie person or thing to
which something belongs ; for example, Marci cymba, Marcus'
boat; puellae equus, the girl's horse ; etc.
In this use the genitive corresponds to the Possessive
Case in English.
REMARK. In a Latin sentence it is not always possible instantly
to recognize a genitive, since sometimes other cases are like it in
form. Thus equi (so far as form is concerned) might be either
genitive singular or nominative plural ; and nautae might be either
genitive or dative singular or nominative plural. When such
forms are used, we have to depend on the other words of the
Latin sentence to make clear which case is meant.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Marci slmia mine in cavea est. 2. Sed in pu-
parum cunis sunt conchae et harena. 3. Cur equi in horto
iacent ? 4. Itaque equi caudam slmia tenuit.
LATIN PRIMER
33
HORTUS
Rich Romans took much pride in well-kept pleasure gardens.
In these there were level walks with fountains here and there,
flowers were carefully cultivated, and the trees and shrubs were
often cut into ornamental shapes. The picture above shown was
found painted on a wall in the ruins of Pompeii. There were, of
course, plenty of vegetable gardens also in Italy, but painters seem
to have taken little interest in them. The lower picture is from
Herculaneum.
HORTUS
LATIN PRIMER 3
34 LATIN PRIMER
B. i. "Quid videt QirintI equus?" inquit Marcus.
"Equus herbam et aquam videt, " inqwit Marcella. 2. "Cur
agricolae equos tenent ? " inquiunt puellae. " Equos te-
nent, " inquit Quintus, "quia in via nautae cum simiisfue-
runt. Equi nautarum simias timuerunt. " 3. " Ubi
sedistis?" inquit Marcus. "In puparum sellls sedimus, "
inquiunt puellae.
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. And so the doll's table and chairs were under
the stairs. 2. There is now a basket in the doll's cradle.
3. Why did they frighten the farmer's horses? 4. What
did the sailor's monkey see ? 5. The girls hid in the yard
and garden.
B. i. "Let's play ball with Marcus' monkey," said
Marcella. "Where is the ball?" "Marcus' ball was on
the doll's chair," answered Claudia; "now it is under the
table." 2. "Why did Quintus sit in the sailors' boat?"
asked Julia. "Quintus sat in the boat, because there have
been horses on the beach," said Claudia ; " but Marcus and
the girls sat in the garden in the shade."
EXERCISE X
THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION (continued)
piier, M., boy ager, Afield
CASE SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Nominative puer puerl ager agrl
Genitive puerl puerOrum agrl agrOrum
Dative puero pueris agro agrls
Accusative puerum puerOs agrum agros
Ablative puero pueris agro agris
LATIN PRIMER 35
VOCABULARY
cuciirri, 7 ran, I have run. veni, I came, I have come.
e, ex, preposition, used with in, preposition, used with
the ablative case, (out) the accusative case, into.
from, out of.
REMARK i. The verbs from which come the perfects cucurri
and veni do not belong to the second conjugation ; but the in-
flection of the perfect tense of all conjugations is identical. With
habui, therefore, as a model, inflect the perfects cucurri and veni.
REMARK 2. Both forms of the preposition e, ex have the same
meaning. The second form is to be used when the following
ablative begins with a vowel or h.
REMARK 3. Contrast the meaning of in and the ablative with
that of in and the accusative. The former indicates Place Where,
the latter Place into Which. Translate the following phrases : in
cymba, sub cymba, e cymba, in cymbam.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Ex area cucurrimus. 2. Puer in agricolae hor-
tum venit. 3. Cur cucurristi e via inaream? 4. Itaque
simia cum luliae pupa in caveam cucurrit.
B. i. " Puellae in nautarum cymbis sedent," inquit
Marcus; "cum puerls pila ludamus." "Ubi sunt pueri?"
inquit Quintus. "Pueri ex horto in aream cucurrerunt,"
inquit Marcus; "mine in umbra latent." 2. " Cur nautae
equus ex agr5 in hortum cucurrit?" inquiunt puellae.
" Simia equum terruit," inquit Marcus ; " sed nauta e cymba
venit, et equus mine in area, simia in cavea est."
II. Translate into Latin :
A, i. And so you ran from the water into the yard
and hid under the dolls' table. 2. Why did they come
36 LATIN PRIMER
from the yard into the farmer's fields ? 3. What is
Claudia's doll holding ? 4. Where is Marcus' ball ? Why
was it under the chair ?
B. i. " Where did you see the farmers' horses ? " asked
Quintus. "They were in the garden," replied the girls,
"but now they have run into the water." 2. "Why did
the girl's monkey run from the boat? " said Marcella. "It
has run from the boat," replied Marcus, "because the
farmers came and sat in the sand."
EXERCISE XI
THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION (continued)
malum, N., apple
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nominative malum mala
Genitive mall malorum
Dative malo malls
Accusative malum mala
Ablative malo malls
REMARK. The accusative of neuter words is always the same as
the nominative. Note how this fact is illustrated by the singular
and plural of malum.
Gender. The second declension is made up almost wholly of
masculine and neuter nouns. Regular masculines end in -us or
-er, and the neuters end in -um. The few feminines belonging to
this declension have the termination -us.
VOCABULARY
tabernaculum, -I, N., tent. ii, I went, I have gone.
taberna, -ae, F., store, shop. misi, I sent, I have sent.
LATIN PRIMER
37
TABERNA
Roman shops were often hardly more than booths. But many
dwelling houses were so built that the ground floor on the street
side could be let out to tradesmen. Each such store consisted
usually of a single room shut off completely from the rest of the
building, the merchant doing his business there during the day,
but having his residence elsewhere. At night the shops were
closed by putting up wooden shutters in front.
38 LATIN PRIMER
REMARK. The perfect il is a shorter form for ivi. Generally
the singular and plural of the second person are further shortened
to Isti and istis.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Itaque agricola pueros cum equls in agros
mlsit. 2. Cur in tabernam Istis? Cur in sellls sedetis?
3. Puellas ex horto in aream mlsistl. 4. Cur puer pupas
tenuit ?
B. i. "Quid in tabernaculo vidistis ?" inquit Quintus.
" Puparum cunas et simiae caveam in tabernaculo vidimus,"
inquiunt pueri. 2. " Cur pueri e cymba in hortum ierunt ? "
inquit Marcus. " Pueros in hortum mlsl," inquit nauta ;
"nunc mala in corbula habent." 3. " Ubi latuit lulia?"
inquit Marcus. " lulia in tabernaculum cucurrit," inquiunt
puellae ; " sed nunc in pupae cunls latet."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. The farmer went from the tent, and sent the boys
into the sailors' boat. 2. In the farmer's garden are
berries and roses ; on the beach there are shells. 3. And
so the farmers' horses came from the field and ran into the
garden.
B. i. "Where are the monkeys?" asked Julia. "The
monkeys went with the boys into the tent," replied Marcus;
"but now they are on the street." 2. "Why did you come
from the shade into the road?" said Claudia. "I came
into the road because I am afraid of the farmer's horse,"
answered Marcella. "But," said Quintus, "the farmer has
come from the store with the boys and sent the horse into
the fields."
LATIN PRIMER 39
EXERCISE XII
VOCABULARY
ludus, -I, M., school. ad, preposition, used with
liber, -bri, M., book. the accusative case, to.
magister, -trl, M., teacher. dux!, / brought, I have
subsellium, -1, N., bench. brought; I led, I have led.
turn, adverb, then. poenas dedi, / was punished^
I have been punished.
REMARK i. Contrast the meaning of in and the accusative
with that of ad and the accusative, the former indicating Place
into Which, the latter Place to Which.
REMARK 2. The phrase poenas dedi means literally " I paid
the penalty," hence ." I was punished." The perfect dedi is to
be conjugated as any other perfect, poenas remaining unchanged ;
e.g. poenas dedi, poenas dedisti, poenas dedit, etc.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Pueri et puellae ex agris in ludum ierunt.
2. Itaque nunc in subselliis sedent. 3. Magister e ta-
berna venit ; bacas et mala in corbulis habet. 4. luliae
libri in tabernaculo sunt.
B. i. "Ubi est Marcus ?" inquit Claudia. " Agricola
Marcurn in tabernam mlsit," inquit lulia. 2. *' Quid in
ludo vidisti ? " inquit Marcella. " Marcus et Qulntus sl-
miam in ludum duxerunt," inquit lulia. " Simia sub subsel-
liis latuit et magistrum terruit. Turn pueri poenas dederunt."
3. "Cur in tabernaculum cucurristis ? cur sub mensa late-
tis ? " inquit QuTntus. ''Latemus," inquiunt puellae, "quia
in area equum vidimus."
LATIN PRIMER
PUER POENAS DEBIT
In this illustration school seems to be in session in an open
colonnade, as was the custom among the Greeks. Three boys
may be seen sitting on sellae, holding spread out upon their laps
rolls of manuscript from which they are studying. Their less
fortunate companion in front is being severely whipped.
SUBSELLIUM
Any bench upon legs and without a back was called subsellium.
The particular bench shown above was found in the public baths
of Pompeii. Note the ornamental carvings upon the legs.
LATIN PRIMER 41
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Marcus' books lie on the bench. 2. And so
the teacher then brought the boys and girls from the
garden into the street. 3. You were punished at school.
4. What did you have in the basket ?
B. i. "The sailor's monkey hid in the grass and fright-
ened the teacher's horse," said the girls. " Then he was
punished." 2. " Let's play ball in the school," said
Marcus. "Where is the teacher?" asked Quintus. "The
teacher is in the yard," answered Marcus. "He led the
horse to water," said Claudia; "then he came into the
yard with (his) books, and is now lying on the bench."
EXERCISE XIII
THE VOCATIVE CASE
In addition to the five cases already treated, words of
the second declension ending in -us have also a special
vocative singular, e.g. Marce, Qulnte, etc. Everywhere
else, in all declensions, the nominative is made to do serv-
ice as a vocative.
MODEL SENTENCES
Ubi sunt libri, Marce ? Where are the books, Marcus ?
Quid habes, lulia ? What have you, Julia ?
Cur e cymba, puellae, cucurristis ? Why did you run
from the boat, girls ?
RULE. The vocative case is tised in addressing a person
by name or title.
REMARK. In an English sentence the vocative often stands
first, but in Latin it seldom has this position. In a short sentence
it is apt to stand last.
42 LATIN PRIMER
VOCABULARY
stilus, -I, M., pen. capsa, -ae, F., school bag.
tergum, -1, N., back. tabula, -ae, F., tablet.
umerus, -1, M., shoulder. vexl, I carried, I have carried.
REMARK. The verb of which vexi is the perfect is seldom
applied to men. It is commonly used of carrying by horses,
ships, etc.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Quid in capsa habes, Qumte? 2. In capsa
libros et tabulas habeo. 3. Ubi est simia, Claudia ?
4. Simia in nautae urnero sedet ; malum habet. 5. Quid
in harena vldistis, puellae ? 6. Corbulas et conchas vidi-
mus.
B. I. " Cur in aquam cucurrit equus ?" inquiunt puellae.
" In aquam equus cucurrit," inquit Marcus, " quia simia in
tergo est." 2. " Ubi fuit Quint! equus, Claudia?" inquit
Marcella. "Equus magistrum ad ludum vexit," inquit
Claudia. "Turn venit agricola, et equum in agros duxit."
3. "Cur cum tabula et stilo, Qumte, sub mensa sedisti?"
inquit Marcus. " Marcellam et Claudiam terrul," inquit
Quintus ; *' itaque poenas dedl."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. What is under the bench, Marcus ? 2. Where
are the boys, Quintus ? Let's play ball in the shade.
3. What do you see in the grass now, boys ? 4. We
brought a doll to school ; and so we have been punished.
5. Why did you run out of school, Quintus ?
B. i. "The school bag is in the tent," said Julia. "It
lies with the books in the doll's cradle." 2. " What do
.you see, Claudia?" asked Marcella. "I see the boys in
LATIN PRIMER
43
STILUS ET TABULAE
Tablets were commonly made by
putting a layer of wax upon strips
of wood. Upon such tablets school
children traced letters with a stilus,
which was a piece of metal shaped
somewhat like a pencil. The writ-
ing end of the stilus was very sharp,
while the other was often flattened
so that it could be used to erase
marks made in the wax.
The capsa was, strictly,
a box rather than a bag.
It was circular in form, and
had a cover. Rolls of
manuscript (libri} standing
on end fitted very nicely
into such a box. Some-
times a slave was sent along
to carry a boy's capsa to
school for him. The above
illustration is somewhat stiff
and formal in its style.
44
LATIN PRIMER
the fields," replied Claudia. " They have come from
school, and are now on the horse's back." 3. " I sent
Quintus to the store," said the farmer. "We saw Marcus
in the store," said the boys ; "but Quintus has gone into
the sailors' boat."
EXERCISE XIV
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
bonus, -a, -um, good
SINGULAR
Nom,
Masc.
bonus
Fern.
bona
Neut.
bonum
Masc.
boni
Gen.
boni
bonae
boni
bonorum
Dat.
bond
bonae
bono
boms
Ace.
bonum
bonam
bonum
bonos
PLURAL
Fern. Neut.
bonae bona
bonarum bonorum
boms boms
bonas bona
Abl. bono bona bono
boms
bonis
boms
REMARK. Note that the masculine of this adjective is declined
like hortus, the feminine like mensa, and the neuter like malum.
The forms should now be memorized from left to right, thus :
(Norn.) bonus, bona, bonum ; (Gen.) boni, bonae, boni, etc.
VOCABULARY
albus, -a, -um, white. magnus, -a, -um, big, large,
defessus, -a, -um, tired, weary. etc.
longus, -a, -um, long. parvus, -a, -um, small, little.
etc.
RULE. An adjective Jias tJie same gender, case, and
number as the noun to which it belongs ; e.g., puellae par-
vae, puellas bonas, etc.
REMARK. It should be remembered that a few nouns of the
first declension are masculine. With these, of course, the mascu-
line forms of the adjective must be used ; e.g., nautae magnl, nau-
tas bonos, etc.
LATIN PRIMER 45
MODEL SENTENCES
Marcus est parvus, Marcus is small.
Qulntus est agricola, Quintus is a farmer.
RULE. With forms of the verb sum, an adjective referring
to the sitbject of the verb is called a Predicate Adjective,
and a noun referring to the same thing as the subject is
called a Predicate Noun. Predicate Adjectives and Nouns
stand in the same case as the subject of the verb.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. MarcT equus albus est; caudam longam habet.
2. Cur ad tabernam ierunt agricolae defessl? 3. In agri-
colarum defessorum corbulis fuerunt mala magna et bacae
albae. 4. Quid in capsa habent puellae parvae, Claudia ?
B. i. "Cur nautae simiam magnam in caveam misistl,
lulia?" inquit Marcus. "Simla pupas parvas in aquam
vexit," inquit lulia; "turn poenas dedit." 2. " Ubi est
Claudiae capsa, Marce ? " inquit Marcella. " Capsam
Qulntus in area vldit," inquit Marcus ; " sed tabulae et sti-
lus in subsellio iacent." 3. " Ubi nunc est Claudia,
Quinte ? " inquit lulia. " Magister bonus Claudiam e ludo
in hortum duxit," inquit Quintus.
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. What is on the white monkey's shoulder, Julia?
2. Why do the girls teach the dolls ? 3. What did the
big sailor's horse carry on (his) back, Marcus ? 4. And
so we sent Quintus to school with a book and a small tablet.
B. i. "The girls have gone to school, Quintus," said
Marcus ; " let's play ball in the dolls' garden." 2. " Why
did you bring the farmer's horses from the fields into the
46 LATIN PRIMER
street, Quintus ? " asked Julia; " they are now frightening
the little boys and girls." " Quintus is a good boy," replied
Claudia. " He ran and brought the horses into the street,
because we saw big monkeys in the fields. Horses are
afraid of monkeys."
EXERCISE XV
THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION
habeo
INDICATIVE MOOD ACTIVE VOICE
FUTURE TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person habebo habebimus
2d person habebis habebitis
3d person habebit habebunt
Conjugate in the same way the future tense of doceo,
iaceo, lateo, sedeo, teneo, terreo, timeo, video.
VOCABULARY
malus, -a, -um, bad, etc. ieci, / threw, I have thrown.
filia, -ae, F., daughter. eras, adverb, to-morrow.
filius, fill, M., son, boy. nam, con j unction, for.
f regi, / broke, I have broken.
REMARK. Note the slight irregularity in the genitive singular
of filius. The other cases of this noun proceed regularly (filio,
filium, etc.), excepting the vocative singular, which also has
fill. The vocative fill commonly appears in the combination
ml fill, " my son," " my boy."
LATIN PRIMER 47
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Itaque nauta malus Marcellae capsam in aquam
iecit. 2. Quid turn in area vidistis ? Quid nunc in horto
videtis? 3. Ubi, ml fill, eras sedebis? 4. In equi tergo
sedebo. 5. Cur agricolae filil magni, Qulnte, nautam
bonum e cymba in harenam iecerunt ?
B. i. "Quid in via eras videbimus, Marce ? " inquiunt
puellae. " Equos albos et slmias parvas eras in via vide-
bitis," inquit Marcus. 2. " Claudia e tabernaculo in hor-
tum cum Quinto cucurrit," inquit lulia ; "ubi'hunc est?"
"In herba turn latuit," inquit Marcella. " Sed nunc in
puparum cianls defessa iacet ; nam Claudia parva est
puella.." 3. " Ubi est pila? " inquit Marcus. "Agricolae
fllius puer est malus," inquit Quintus ; " pilam in taber-
naculum iecit et pupam fregit. Sed turn venit agricola,
et fllius malus poenas dedit."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. The farmer's daughter sent Marcus to the store;
and so we have apples and berries. 2. Claudia and Mar-
cella are good daughters ; for they have come into the yard
with tablets and pens. 3. Why does the monkey sit on
the shoulder of the little boy, my son ? 4. Claudia has
thrown Marcus' pen into the sailor's basket.
B. i. "The teacher will have long benches in the
school," remarked Quintus. " We shall hide under the
benches and frighten the girls," said Marcus. 2. "The
sailor's bad boy broke a bench at school," said Claudia.
"To-morrow he will hide; for the teacher will then see
the bench." 3. " Why do you frighten the tired monkeys,
Quintus?" asked Marcus. "I am frightening the monkeys,"
replied Quintus, "because they broke Claudia's shells."
48 LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE XVI
IRREGULAR VERB
sum
FUTURE TENSE INDICATIVE MOOD
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person ero erimus
2d person eris eritis
3d person erit erunt
VOCABULARY
lupus, -I, M., wolf. hodie, adverb, to-day.
silva, -ae, F., forest, woods. ibi, adverb, there, in that
validus, -a, -um, strong, place.
sturdy, powerful. non, adverb, not.
occidi, / killed, I have killed.
REMARK. Distinguish carefully between the use of the word
" there " in the sentences : " There are roses in the garden," and
"We ran into the garden; there we saw a wolf." When, as in
the second sentence, "there" means "in that place/' it is to be
rendered by ibi.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Itaque eras in silva cum Quinto erimus, Marcella.
Ibi lupos magnos videbimus. 2. Turn Claudia puella
bona erit ; sed nunc in area pueros parvos terret. 3. Pila
ludamus. Simiam hodie docebimus. 4. Lupus malus e
silva venit et Marci sTmiam occldit. Sed turn lupum defes-
sum occidit agricola validus.
LATIN PRIMER 49
B. i. "Quid in ludo fregit Marcus?" inquit Claudia.
" Marcus stilum longum fregit," inquit lulia; "turn e ludo
ad cymbam cucurrit. Ibi nautae mall puerum in aquam
iecerunt." 2. "Cur es puermalus, mi fill? " inquit agricola.
" Puer malus non sum," inquit filius, " sed quia magistrum
timeo, e ludo cucurrl." 3. " Ubi eritis?" inquit Marcus.
" In tergo albi equi sedebimus," inquiunt puellae. "Pupa
in simiae umero sedebit." 4. " Cur Claudiae pupam occi-
distis, pueri?" inquit lulia. "Pupam occldimus," inquit
Marcus, " quia Claudia simiae caveam fregit."
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. In the school there will be good books and tab-
lets, but the sailor will be the teacher. 2. Why did the
farmer's horse carry the girls into the forest to-day ?
3. What shall we see in the woods, my boy? 4. There
will be a wolf there. 5. The sailor's daughter will not
teach the little boys.
B. i. " Why was Marcus punished to-day, Quintus ? "
asked Julia. " He threw the sailor's little monkey into the
store," answered Quintus, "and so he was punished. But
to-morrow he will be a good boy." 2. "What do you see
now, girls ? " said the farmer's tired daughter. "We see a
strong wolf in the field," replied Claudia. " He has run out
of the woods and killed the big horse. But he does not
see the boys; for they have hidden in the grass." 3. "To-
morrow," said Marcus, " the boys and girls will be in the
forest. There the girls will be afraid of wolves and mon-
keys ; but the boys will not be afraid."
LATIN PRIMER 4
LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE XVII
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
(continued)
miser, -era, -erum, wretched, poor
piger, -gra, -grum, lazy
SINGULAR
Fem. Neut.
pigra pigrum
pigrae pign
pigrae pigro
pigrum pigram pigrum
pigra pigro
NOTE. The plural of these adjectives is declined in the same
way as the plural of bonus. Note that the singular, too, is like
bonus, excepting that miser has the peculiarities of puer, while
piger follows ager, losing its e throughout.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Masc.
Nom.
miser
misera
miserum
piger
Gen.
miserl
miserae
miserl
pigrl
Dat.
misero
miserae
misero
pigro
Ace.
miserum
miseram
miserum
pigrui
Abl.
misero
misera
misero
pigro
porta, -ae, F., gate.
oppidum, -1, N., town.
saxum, -1, N., rock, stone.
cecidl, / fell, I have fallen.
VOCABULARY
herl, adverb, yesterday.
in, preposition, used with
the accusative case, at,
against, upon, to.
REMARK. The preposition in with the accusative normally
means " into," as already stated. But with verbs of throwing,
falling, and the like, the meanings given in this vocabulary are
sometimes called for.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Itaque agricolae bom et nautae valid! e porta
oppidl herl ierunt, et cucurrerunt in silvam. 2. Hodie
LATIN PRIMER
PORTA
From Gusman's Pompeii, by permission of Messrs. Dodd, Mead and Company.
This illustration shows one of the gates in the ruined wall of
Pompeii. Note the strength of the wall and the substantial way
in which the street is paved.
52 LATIN PRIMER
agricolarum equi miserl in aquam ceciderunt ; eras in agrls
erunt. 3. Marcus nauta erit ; sed agricola erit Qulntus.
4. Nam puerl pigri saxa in aquam iecerunt.
B. I. " Ubi est Marcus ?" inquit Marcella. "Marcus
in oppidum hodie iit," inquit Qulntus. " Via est longa, et
eras puerum defessum videbimus." 2. " In harena con-
chas albas herl vldl," inquit Claudia ; " turn cum corbulis
iimus, et boni agricolae equus conchas in aream vexit."
3. "Slmia e corbula in puparum cunas cecidit," inquit
Marcus; " cunas et pupas fregit miseras. Turn lulia
cucurrit e tafoernaculo et saxum in simiam iecit ; sed saxum
in caudam simiae cecidit, et Claudiae pupae sellam fregit."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. What is on the lazy horse's back, Quintus?
2. The gate of the town is large, but the streets are not
long. 3. The boys killed a small wolf there yesterday.
You shall see (its) tail to-morrow, Marcus. 4. And so
you will not be teacher to-day. 5. The bad boys will sit
on the long bench. 6. What did the sailor fear ?
B. i. "Where will you hide, girls?" asked Marcus.
"We shall hide under the stairs," replied the girls. "I
am tired," said Marcus ; " I shall hide with lazy Quintus
under the bench." 2. " The farmer sent (his) strong son
from the forest to the town," remarked Claudia. " But
the boy saw the sailors' big monkey in the road; and so he
ran into a garden."
LATIN PRIMER 53
EXERCISE XVIII
THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION
habeo
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD ACTIVE VOICE
PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person habeam habeamus
2d person habeas habeatis
3d person habeat habeant
RFMARK. Memorize the above forms. The next Exercise will
show one of the ways in which they are to be used.
VOCABULARY
lutum, -I, N., mud. columba, -ae, F., dove.
terra, -ae, F., ground, floor. dedl, I gave, I have given.
DATIVE CASE. MODEL SENTENCES
Turn Quintus Claudiae "Ubi est capsa?" inquit, Then
said Quintus to Claudia, " Where is the school bag ? "
lulia Marco malum dedit, Julia gave an apple to Marcus.
RULE. The dative case is used of the person to whom
something is said or given. TJius used, the dative is called
the Indirect Object of the verb.
REMARK. The dative of the Indirect Object must be carefully
distinguished from the accusative of the Direct Object. Thus, in
the second of the model sentences above, malum is the thing
directly affected by the verb action (direct object), while Marco
(indirect object) is merely the person to whom is given the
thing thus directly affected.
54 LATIN PRIMER
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Cur equi validl, Quinte, saxa in oppidum hodie
vexerunt ? 2. Qulntus et Marcus puerl bom sunt ; nam e
porta oppidi venerunt, et mala et bacas agricolae misero
dederunt. 3. Ubi eras erunt fllil nautarum pigrorum ?
Her! sederunt in cymba, et Quintl equum album terrue-
runt. 4. Quid agricolae f Ilia nautae mall filio dedit ?
B. i. " Quid in silva videbitis ? " pueris inquit Marcella.
" Lupos parvos videbimus," inquit Marcus ; " nam agri-
colae herl ierunt in silvam, et magnos lupos occlderunt."
2. Turn lulia Marco, " Cur capsam," inquit, " Quinto non
dedistl?" "Capsam non dedi," inquit Marcus, "quia
Qulntus herl fregit Claudiae tabulas, et stilum in lutum
iecit." 3. "Quid in ludo hodie vidisti?" luliae defessae
inquit Marcella. " Simia in ludum venit," inquit lulia,
" et in Claudiae umero sedit. Turn ad puellam magister
cucurrit. Simia misera timuit et in terram cecidit ; nunc
in cavea iacet."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Why did the boys break the poor dolls' table,
Marcus ? 2. What did you give to the lazy sailor, my boy ?
3. Why did the tired teacher send Marcus from school
to-day ? 4. And so the bad boys brought the little wolf
into the tent ; there they sat on the doll's chairs and broke
the cradle.
B. i. "The dove will sit on the monkey's back, Clau-
dia," said Julia. 2. " Yesterday Quintus threw apples at
the dove," remarked Claudia; "then he was punished."
3. " Why did you not go to school to-day ? " said Marcella
to Quintus. "I fell into the mud," replied Quintus; "but
LATIN PRIMER 55
strong horses carried Marcus to school. He is now sitting
there with the boys on the long benches." 4. "Are you
going to be lazy to-morrow ? " said Julia to Claudia. " I
will be a good girl to-morrow," replied Claudia ; " where
are the books, Julia ? "
EXERCISE XIX
THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION
habeo
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD ACTIVE VOICE
IMPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person haberem haberemus
2d person haberes haberetis
3d person haberet haberent
VOCABULARY
ancilla, -ae, F., maidservant, compleo, I fill, I am filling
maid. perfect tense, complevl.
spelunca, -ae, F., cave, den. olim, adverb, once (upon a
ursa, -ae, F., bear. time}.
ut, conjunction, (so as) to,
(so) that.
MODEL SENTENCES
lulia latet, ut Marcum terreat, Julia is hiding to frighten
Marcus.
lulia latuit, ut Marcum terreret, Julia hid to frighten
Marcus.
RULE. TJie purpose for which a thing is done may be
expressed by ut and tJie subjunctive.
56 LATIN PRIMER
NOTE. In this construction the tense of the subjunctive is de-
termined by the tense of the main verb of the sentence. If the
main verb is a present or future, the present subjunctive is used in
the purpose clause ; if the main verb is a past, the imperfect sub-
junctive is used. These points are illustrated in the model sen-
tences above.
REMARK i. In writing Latin purpose clauses, careful attention
must be given to the person and number of the verb. In English
we may say " I came to see," " you came to see," "he came to see"
" they came to see" etc., making no change whatever in the form
of the purpose clause ; but if these four sentences should be trans-
lated into Latin, each purpose clause of course would be different,
namely, veni ut viderem, venisti ut videres, venit ut videret, vene-
runt ut viderent. In case of doubt, the proper Latin form can
always be found by expanding the English purpose clause : for
example, " I came to see" = " I came that / might see " ; " you
came to see " = " you came that jy^z/ might see " ; etc.
REMARK 2. The subject of the main verb of the sentence and
the subject of the verb of the purpose clause of course need not be
identical ; e.g. Agricola ex agro venit, ut Claudia equum videret,
the farmer came from the field, so that Claudia might see the horse.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. I. Puerl bacas magnas vident. Itaque in herba
iacent, ut corbulas compleant. 2. In silvam hodie iimus,
ut ursarum albarum speluncam videremus. 3. Cur in
agros, puer piger, cum miser! agricolae filiis defessls non
venisti ? 4. Sub mensa sedebo, ut simiam doceam.
5. Marcus ad oppidum cucurrit, ut lulia capsam haberet;
Quinto stilum dedit.
B. i. " Cur ursas miseras, agricolae mall, occldistis ? '/
inquit lulia. Turn agricolae luliae " Ursas occldimus,"
LATIN PRIMER 57
inquiunt, "quia puerl et puellae speluncam timent; nam
olim ursae ibi puerum parvum occlderunt." 2. "Cras,"
inquit Marcus, "sub scalls latebimus, ut puellas terreamus."
"Ibi her! latui," inquit Qulntus, " ut Claudiam et luliam
terrerem. Sed cum puellls fuit ancilla ; itaque hodie
poenas dedl." 3. " Columbam albam Marcellae dedisti,
Marce," inquit lulia; "cur non slmiam Claudiae dedit
Qulntus ? " " Nauta malus hen venit in hortum," inquit
Marcus, " et slmiam miseram occldit."
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i . The good sailor to-day came from the town to teach
the boys and girls. 2. Why did you throw the books
of the farmer's daughters into the bears' cage, Quintus?
3. Why did they not fill the large baskets and give the
berries to the poor girls ? 4. Where will you hide to-
morrow to see the bears?
B. i. "Once upon a time," said Marcus, "I gave
Quintus a dove and a cage. He killed the dove, and the
maid threw the cage into the water." 2. " We ran from
the yard to see the strong sailors," said Julia. " Yester-
day they brought bears and wolves from the woods
into the town." 3. " The girls have come to sit on the
stairs, Quintus," said Marcus. " Let's play ball in the
fields with the boys." 4. " Where are Quintus and
Claudia, Marcus ? " asked Julia. " They have gone into
the field to hide in the grass," answered Marcus.
58 LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE XX
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
FIRST PERSON
SECOND PERSON
ego,
I
tu,
you
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nominative
ego
nos
tu
vos
Genitive
mel
nostrum
tul
vestrum
nostrl
vestrl
Dative
mihi
nobis
tibi
vobis
Accusative
me
nos
te-
vos
Ablative
me
nobis
le
vobis
REMARK. When used with the ablative forms of these pro-
nouns, the preposition cum follows, and is written as a part of the
word ; i.e., mecum, tecum, nobiscum, vobiscum. Note how the
addition of -cum affects the accent of nobis and vobis.
VOCABULARY
gremium, -I, N., bosom, lap. multi, -ae, a, many.
lectus, -I, M., bed, coucJi. moneo, / warn, I advise ;
pecunia, -ae, F., money. perfect tense, monul.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Quid hodie tibi dedit agricola, Qumte ? Quid
vobis dedit nauta, puellae ? 2. Agricolae mihi pecuniam
dedenmt, ut filios docerem. 3. Ancilla ursas magnas
in agro vidit ; itaque in aream cucurrit, ut in tabernaculo
lateret. 4. Puella in lecto sedet, ut slmiam defessam in
gremio teneat.
B. i. "Pecuniam tibi dedi, Qulnte," inquit Marcus,
" ut slmiam doceres. Cur in ludum slmiam tecum non
duxistl ? " 2. Turn agricolis bonis lulia " Heri," inquit,
LATIN PRIMER
59
LECTUS
The illustration shows the bronze frame of a bed found at
Pompeii. Often a lectus was provided with a footboard and
back, and thus looked very much like an old-fashioned sofa with
a pillow at one end.
60 LATIN PRIMER
" bacas multas nobis dedistis ; corbulas complevimus. Cras
mala habebitis ? " 3. " Cur in ursae speluncam cucur-
ristl, Marce ? " inquit nauta. " In speluncam cucurri,"
inquit Marcus, " ut Claudiam monerem." 4. " Olim e
saxls magnls in lutum cecidit lupus," inquit lulia. " Turn
e spelunca venit ursa valida, et lupum miserum occldit."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Then we gave the farmer's daughter sandals and
a doll, Julia. What did the farmer give you ? 2. Claudia
has come with me to warn the sailors. 3. Why did they
not give you a strong boat, boys ? 4. The doll is sitting
on the bench, so that the monkey may lie on the bed.
For Mareella is holding the white dove in (her) lap.
B. i. "Why did the teacher give me the apples,
Claudia ? " asked Quintus. " He gave you the apples,"
replied Claudia, " so that we should sit with you in the
shade ; for he has sent Julia and Marcus into the fields.
Where are the apples?" 2. "What did you give the
farmer's lazy son yesterday ? " said Claudia to Quintus.
" We gave the boy money," replied Quintus. " And so
he went with us into the yard to fill the baskets; for there
are many berries in the shade." 3. "I will sit with you,
girls," said Marcus ; " but I do not see the books and
tablets."
EXERCISE XXI
MODEL SENTENCE
Marcus in hortum lit, ego in tabernaculum cucurri,
Marcus went into the garden, / ran into the tent.
RULE. As subject of a verb, tJie personal pronouns ego
(nos) and tu (vos) are in general written only for emphasis
or to mark a contrast.
LATIN PRIMER 6l
VOCABULARY
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
meus, -a, -um, my, mine. noster, -tra, -trum, our, ours.
tuus, -a, -um, your, yours (in vester, -tra, -trum, your,
speaking to one person). yours (in speaking to more
than one person).
REMARK. The vocative of the masculine singular of meus is
mi, a form already familiar in the phrase mi fill.
NOTE. The genitive of the personal pronouns ego and tu is not
used to tell to whom something belongs, such use of the genitive
being rendered unnecessary by the above Possessive Adjectives ;
e.g., liber meus, stilus tuus, etc. (To use the genitive of ego and
tu in such phrases would be as bad as to say in English "the
book of me " instead of " my book," etc.)
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English:
A. i. Ubi sunt, puellae, columbae vestrae ? 2. Ego
tibi librum dedi ; tu stilum meum in lutum iecistl. 3. Tu
equos et slmias timuisti ; nos multas ursas validas et lupos
magnos vidimus. 4. Itaque pupa tua in gremio simiae
nostrae iacet
B. i. "Ancilla defessa noblscum in agros iit," inquiunt
puellae. " Ibi equo tuo, Quinte, mala dedimus." 2. Turn
Marco "Ubi est," inquit nauta, "pecunia nostra?"
" Pecunia in spelunca her! fuit," inquit Marcus, "nunc sub
lecto meo iacet ; nam capsam complevi." 3. " Cur non
cucurristl, Quinte," inquit Claudia, " ut agricolas miseros
moneres?" "Non cucurri," inquit Qumtus, "quia agri-
colae pign sunt." 4. " Cur, mi fill, pueros non mlsistl,"
inquit agricola, " ut cymbam meam viderent?" " MisI
pueros," inquit fllius; " sed nautae mall Marcum in aquam
iecerunt, et Qumtus in tabernaculo nostro latuit."
62 LATIN PRIMER
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. You will sit on the beach to-morrow, girls ; /shall
lie in the shade. 2. I gave my tablet and your pen to
Marcus' teacher. 3. And so the tired sailors ran to the
white boat ; we went to school. 4. Why did the farmer
go with you into the big store, boys ?
B. i. "What did you see in the towns?" said Marcus to
Quintus. " I saw strong gates and long streets/' replied
Quintus. 2. "Claudia is hiding in your tent, Quintus,"
said Julia; "we will sit in the yard to warn the boys."
3. " You ran into our tent to-day and threw big stones upon
the dolls' bed," said Marcella to Marcus and Quintus.
" Yesterday you gave me the dolls, and now you have
broken the bed." 4. " We saw the teacher to-day," said
Quintus to the girls. " / ran to hide in the grass ; Marcus
fell into the water."
EXERCISE XXII
THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION
habeo
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD ACTIVE VOICE
PLUPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person habuissem habuissemus
2d person habuisses habuissetis
3d person habuisset habuissent
REMARK. The pluperfect subjunctive active of verbs or all con-
jugations is inflected in the same way as habuissem. To find the
first person singular of the pluperfect subjunctive active of any
verb, simply change the -I of the perfect indicative to -issem ;
e.g., cucurri, cucurrissem ; ii, (iissem) issem ; veni, venissem : etc.
LATIN PRIMER 63
VOCABULARY
avia, -ae, F., grandmother. cum, conjunction, when,
avus, -1, M., grandfather. while, as, since, etc.
llberl, -orum, M., children. mox, adverb, soon.
MODEL SENTENCES
Cum Marcus lupum terreret, puellae in cymbam cucur-
rerunt, While Marcus frightened the wolf, the girls ran
into the boat.
Agricolae, cum in silvam venissent, ursam occiderunt,
When the farmers had come into the woods, they killed
a bear.
RULE. The circumstances under which a thing took
place may be described by the use of the imperfect or plu-
perfect subjunctive, introduced by the conjunction cum.
NOTE. The imperfect subjunctive in this construction describes
action going on at the same time as the action of the main verb
of the sentence, whereas the pluperfect refers to an antecedent
action. See the model sentences above.
REMARK. In the second of the models, note that Agricolae, the
logical subject of both clauses, is given first position in the sen-
tence. This is the normal Latin arrangement, but it should not be
copied in the English translation.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Cum puerl e ludo venissent, Claudia ex area
cucurrit, ut mecum sub scalls lateret. 2. Marcl avia
pecuniam mini et Quinto dedit ; itaque puerl bonl erimus.
3. Llberl, cum in oppidum Issent, Claudiae avum et aviam
in via vlderunt. 4. Marcella in aviae gremio est, Quinte.
Cur non in cums iacet puella ?
64 LATIN PRIMER
B. i. "Cum in Iud5 sederem," inquit lulia, "librl e
capsa mea in terram ceciderunt." " Poenas turn dedisti? "
inquit Claudia. 2. " Ubi est nauta malus ? " inquit Quin-
tus. " Nauta herl agricolam miserum occidit," inquit Mar-
cus. "Turn in silvam cucurrit, et nunc in spelunca latet."
3. "Cur flliae agricolarum Marcum defessum in silvam
miserunt? " inquit lulia. " Marcum miserunt," inquit Quln-
tus, " ut nautam moneret ; nam ursae multae in speluncis
sunt." 4. Quintus, cum in hortum ex agris venisset,
Marco " Ubi sunt corbulae nostrae ? " inquit. " Meas
corbulas agricolis boms dedi," inquit Marcus; " sed tuae
in area sunt."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. When Marcus came from the store, he went into
the fields. Soon he will be upon the back of your strong
horse, Quintus. 2. / threw a stone ; but you broke the
bench. 3. While Julia was teaching the girls, the boys
went to see the horses. 4. I will frighten the monkfey,
so that the boys may fill the cage ; for there are many
stones in the sand.
B. i. "Why did the maid come with you from the
boat, Claudia?" asked Julia. "My grandmother sent the
maicf with us," replied Claudia, "because there are many
wolves in the woods. While we were sitting there in the
shade, I saw a white bear." 2. "What did you see in
the forest to-day, my daughter? " said the farmer. "When
we came out of the town," replied the girl, "we saw a little
wolf. Marcus threw a stone at the wolf, Quintus ran into
a cave, and I hid in the grass." 3 "Where are your
school bags, girls ? " asked Marcella. " Our school bags
are (out) in the field," answered the tired girls; "but we
have your books."
LATIN PRIMER 65
EXERCISE XXIII
VOCABULARY
uva, -ae, F., grape. vulpecula, -ae, F., little
per, preposition, used with the fox.
accusative case, through, inveni, I found, I have found ;
by way of, etc. / discovered, I have dis-
covered.
\
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. In area vestra vulpeculas multas her! invenimus.
2. Marcus vulpeculam defessam in caveam duxit ; nos in
agrum cucurrimus. 3. Llberl, cum per silvam venissent,
in oppidum nobiscum ierunt, ut ludum nostrum viderent.
4. In via sedeo, ut agricolas moneam ; nam lupus validus
in horto latet. 5. Avus et avia mea cum ancillls ex op-
pido hen venerunt. Mox in horto erunt, ut bacas et uvas
et mala magna videant.
B. i. "Cur per silvam Tsti, filia mea?'" inquit agricola.
" Per silvam ii," inquit filia, " quia puella magna sum ; vul-
peculas non timeo." 2. " Quid in capsa tua invenit Mar-
cus ? " inquit lOlia. " Libros et stilum invenit," inquit
Claudia ; " nam tabulae meae in tabernacul5 sunt."
3. " Lectus puerl pigri sub scalis est," inquit Marcus.
" Magister me misit, ut lectum viderem." 4. "Cur tibi,
Marce, pecuniam dederunt agricolae ? " inquit Quintus'.
" Pecuniam mihi dederunt," inquit Marcus, " quia piger
non sum. Heri te in agros mlserunt, sed tu equos ad
aquam non duxlsti."
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. Once a little fox came into our garden to see the
grapes. 2. As Marcus was lying in the grass, he threw
LATIN PRIMER 5
66 LATIN PRIMER
a stone at a little girl. 3. The stones fell upon my
grandfather's basket, and broke the white doves' cage.
4. When you had come into the woods, what did you
find, my son ? 5. I saw a powerful wolf, and Quintus
found a tired sailor in the shade.
B. i. "The teacher has sent us from school," said
Claudia to Marcella. " The boys will soon be in the
fields," replied Marcella ; " then we will sit in the boat
and see the shells in the water." 2. " The little fox was
afraid of the wolf," said Julia. " But the bear frightened
the wolf ; and so the little fox has now gone into the cave
to lie in the shade." 3. " I warned you to-day, boys,"
said the teacher, " but you have not given me the apples
and berries." "We threw the berries into the mud,"
replied Marcus, " and the apples are in the water."
4. "Where are the doves?" asked Marcel]^. "My dove
is on the shoulder of the farmer's daughter," replied Julia;
" the sailor's bad son has killed yours."
EXERCISE XXIV
IRREGULAR VERB
sum
IMPERFECT TENSE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person essem essemus
2d person esses essetis
3d person esset essent
NOTE. The pluperfect subjunctive of this verb is fuissem. See
the Remark on habuissem in Exercise XXII.
LATIN PRIMER 67
VOCABULARY
luna, -ae, F., moon. caelum, -i, N., sky.
Stella, -ae, F., star. -que, conjunction, and.
REMARK. The conjunction -que follows the word to which it
belongs, and is written as part of that same word ; e.g., puer puel-
laque, " the boy and girl." Note how the addition of -que influ-
ences the accent of the word to which it is joined, and compare
the effect of -cum in the combinations nobiscum and voblscum
(Exercise XX).
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Quid in caelo, Marce, tu vides ? Ego lunam
stellasque video. 2. Qulntus, cum in cymba mea esset,
saxa in aquam iecit. 3. Agricolae vobls, puerl, pecuniam
dederunt, ut equos in via teneretis. 4. Vulpecula tua,
lulia, herl in area uvas multas invenit. Hodie bacas habe-
bit ; nam corbulam complevl.
B. i. Turn Marco " Nauta validus," inquit Qulntus,
" me in cymbam mlsit simiamque meam in harena terruit."
2. " Claudia, cum ex horto mecum venisset," inquit lulia,
" bacas malaque Marci simiae dedit." 3. " Ubi est pupa-
rum lectus, puellae ? " inquit Marcella. " Lectus in taber-
naculo est," inquiunt puellae ; " itaque ibi cum pupls sede-
bimus." 4. " Olim," inquit nauta piger, " cum luna in
caelo esset, ursa e spelunca venit et vulpeculam miseram
occldit."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. When your grandfather, boys, had given us books
and school bags, he sent us to school. 2. The gate of
the town is small, Quintus. 3. What did the powerful
horses carry through the fields into the town? 4. My
68 LATIN PRIMER
grandmother and the maid will sit with you, Julia. / shall
be in the boat ; for I am tired.
B. i. " When Julia was holding the dove in (her) lap,"
said Claudia, " a big wolf came into the yard." 2. Then
said the farmer's daughter to Marcella, " Why did Marcus
break my chair and bench ? " " He broke the bench," re-
plied Marcella, " because you killed our dove yesterday.
But he is not a bad boy ; he did not break your chair."
3. " Why are you sitting in the yard, Marcus ? " said Quin-
tus ; "to see little foxes? The little foxes are now in the
woods ; but soon many will be in the fields."
'EXERCISE xxv
THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION
habeo
INDICATIVE MOOD ACTIVE VOICE
PLUPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person habueram habueramus
2d person habueras habueratis
3d person habuerat habuerant
REMARK. The pluperfect indicative active of verbs of all con-
jugations is inflected in the same way as habueram. To find the
first person singular of the pluperfect indicative active of any
verb, simply change the -I of the perfect indicative to -eram; e.g.,
cucurri, cucurreram ; ii, ieram ; veni, veneram ; etc.
NOTE. The pluperfect tense is used in referring to a past event
which preceded another past event ; e.g., Marcus mox in hortum
venit ; sed Quintus in agros ierat, Marcus soon came into the
garden; but Quintus had gone into the fields.
LATIN PRIMER 69
VOCABULARY
latebrae, -arum, F., hiding celeriter, adverb, s^v^ftly,
place. quickly.
erupl, / rushed (out), I burst diu, adverb, for a long time,
forth, etc. long, etc.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Cum puellae defessae diu in tabernaculo fuissent,
Marcus in aream venit pupasque in aquam iecit. 2. Agri-
cola in oppidum mecum ierat; itaque Quintus n5s in agris
non invenit. 3. In ludd poenas dedl, quia magistri stilum
fregeram. 4. Turn e latebrls erupit Quintus ; sed ego diu
in herba latul.
B. i. " Diu ursas non invenimus," inquit agricola.
"Turn multae eruperunt e spelunca magna, nautasque
validos terruerunt ; et equus meus, cum ursas vidisset, e
silva cucurrit meque per agros celeriter vexit." 2. "Quid
Marco dedisti, ml fill?" inquit nauta piger. "Marco vul-
peculam malatn dedl," inquit fllius ; " sed mihi Marcus
pecuniam dederat." 3. " Luna est stella magna," inquit
Claudia. " In caelo luna est," inquit Quintus ; " sed non
est stella." 4. " Marcus, cum per aream in hortum cucur-
risset," inquit Marcella, " nos in cymbam cum Claudia
mlsit, quia in agro lupum magnum viderat."
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. Your grandmother gave grapes to the children,
Quintus. Why did she not give me berries ? The farmer
had filled the baskets. 2. The tired monkey is hiding in
the dolls' bed; he is afraid of the wolf and bear. 3. Then
the maid brought us into the fields. There the bears had
killed your little fox, boys ; for we found the tail. 4. You
70 LATIN PRIMER
have frightened the teacher, Marcus ; and so I will teach
the children to-day.
B. i. " My apples fell out of the basket into the mud,"
said Julia. "Then, when the bad boys had come from
school, they threw the apples at our poor doves." 2. "To-
day, when I was sitting in the woods," said Quintus
to Julia, " I saw a bear. And so I ran quickly to warn
Marcus; but he had rushed out of the cave and gone into
the sailors' boat." 3. Then said Claudia, "When the sail-
ors had sat for a long time in the sand, they came into the
field and sent us into the yard." 4. "When the monkey
fell to the ground," said Quintus, " he ran quickly into the
cage, and sat there a long time. Now he is afraid of your
little foxes, boys."
EXERCISE XXVI
VOCABULARY
sagitta, -ae, F., arrow. interim, adverb, meanwhile,
in tJie meantime.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. In mensa sedebit Quintus, ut in subsellio lulia
sedeat. 2. Marcus, cum in silva esset, lunam stellasque
multas in caelo vidit. 3. Mox lupl e speluncis eruperunt ;
sed interim agricolae valid! in silvam cum sagittls ierant.
4. Nauta cum puellis fllium ad ludum miserat, ut films
puer bonus esset.
B. i. Turn Marco " Tibi tabulam meam dedi," in-
quit Claudia; "cur tu Marcellae capsam non dedisti?"
2. " Pueri mall saxa hen in caveam iecerunt," inquit
Claudia ; " sed simia nostra in tabernaculum cucurrerat
LATIN PRIMER j\
Ibi diu sub lecto latuit." 3. " Hodie agricolae, cum in
silvam celeriter venissent," inquit Marcus, " ursam albam
lupumque magnum occlderunt." 4. " Quid in silva vidi-
stis, Marce?" inquiunt puellae. "Cum ex agris in silvam
venissemus," inquit Marcus, " Qulntus ursas timuit, sed
ego ad speluncam ii. Ibi simiae vestrae caudam vidi,
puellae." 5. " Cum Qulntus corbulam agricolae dedisset,"
inquit lulia, "celeriter in hortum cucurrimus."
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. I shall sit in the shade with you, my boy. 2. They
have sent you, Quintus, to hold my monkey in your lap.
3. When the farmers were in the fields, a bad wolf went
into the garden ; but he did not find the little fox. 4. The
wolf killed a monkey, but the little fox had hidden in the
grass. 5. And so the farmer's sons threw the apples into
the large baskets.
B. i. " You will soon see the girls, Claudia," said Quin-
tus ; " in the meantime they will be in the boat with me."
2. " When the boys had thrown stones for a long time
into the garden," said Julia, "they ran swiftly into the
woods to hide in the cave." 3. "Once," said Marcus,
" Julia had brought your little fox to school, Quintus. But
the sailor's lazy son threw books and tablets at the girl
and little fox." 4. "Meanwhile the bears had killed a
farmer's horse," remarked the girl. "I saw the poor
horse," said the sturdy sailor. " To-day I shall sit in the
woods to frighten the bears ; for I have arrows." 5. "Where
were you, boys ? " asked Marcella. " Had you gone to the
cage to see the white doves ? "
72 LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE XXVII
MODEL SENTENCE
Marcus sagitta columbam occidit, Marcus killed the dove
with an arrow.
RULE. The ablative without a preposition is tised to tell
the means by which anything is done. This use is known
as the Ablative of Means.
REMARK. Quite frequently, as in the above example, the Abla-
tive of Means is conveniently rendered by " with." This " with "
must not be confused with the " with " meaning " in company with,"
which, as previously shown, is represented in Latin by cum (and
the ablative case). This latter construction is called the Ablative
of Accompaniment.
VOCABULARY
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beau- emi, / bought, I have bought,
tif itl> pretty, etc.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Itaque tuarum puparum cunas harena puerl parvl
compleverunt, lulia. 2. Agricola, cum in oppidum cum
filia pulchra venisset, ibi bacas malaque multa emit.
3. Nam agricolae defessl interim in silvam mecum ierant,
ut in umbra iacerent. 4. .Cur, Quinte, slmiam meam
saxo occidistl ?
B. i. "Cur in tabernam iit Quintus, Claudia?" inquit
lulia. " Quintus herl capsam pulchram in taberna vidit,"
inquit Claudia ; " hodie pecuniam habet." 2. "Corbulas
LATIN PRIMER 73
malls complevimus," inquiunt puellae, "quia agricolarum
flliae nobis bacas dederant." 3. "Cur sub scalls latet
Marcus piger?" inquit Marcella. " Quia puer est malus,"
inquit, Claudia ; " nam cum equos in agros duxisset, cele-
riter in hortum cucurrit, ut uvas videret, ibique columbarum
caveam luto complevit." 4. " Avus meus," inquit lulia,
" cum in silvam venisset, luporum speluncam invenit,
lupumque validum sagittls occidit."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Meanwhile we had gone into the fields with the
farmers to frighten the horses with stones. 2. And so,
when the pretty maid had sat for a long time in the shade
with the sturdy sailor, she ran through the yard to fill the
children's school bags with tablets and books. 3. For
your grandmother has sent the farmer's big daughter, so
that you would be good boys.
B. i. " Soon many boys came with stones," said Julia,
"and broke the dolls' pretty table." "Why did you not
send me into the yard to frighten the bad children ? " asked
Quintus. 2. " Where did you find your sandals, girls ? "
said Claudia. "When we came into the yard and were
sitting in the tent," replied Julia, " we saw Marcella's san-
dals in the grass; Marcus had thrown mine into the
water." 3. "Quintus will hold the dove," said Marcus;
" meanwhile we will warn the farmer, and scare the little
foxes." 4. "The monkey's hiding place is under the
stairs," said Marcus. " Yesterday he lay there a long time.
But to-morrow the bad boys will be at school, and the
monkey will then sit in the cage."
74 LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE XXVIII
PERSONAL PRONOUN
THIRD PERSON
is, ea, id ; he, she, it
SINGULAR PLURAL
Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut.
Norn, is ea id el, ii, 1 eae ea
Gen. eius eius eius eorum earum eorum
Dat. el el el els, iis, is els, iis, is els, iis, is
Ace. eum earn id eos eas ea
Abl. eo ea eo els, iis, is els, iis, is els, iis, is
REMARK. It must be remembered that the names of things
in Latin may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter. Hence
English " it " is variously represented in Latin. For example, in
referring to a book (liber), "it" must be rendered by is ; but
in speaking of a table (mensa), ea should be used ; and id would
be the proper form when speaking of an apple (malum).
NOTE. Like the other personal pronouns (ego and tu), the
pronoun of the third_ person is in general written as subject of a
verb only for clearness or emphasis, or to mark a contrast ; e.g.,
Ego et Marcus pigri sumus ; ego in tabernaculo iaceo, is in herba
sedet, Marcus and I are lazy ; I am lying in the tent, he is sitting
in the grass.
VOCABULARY
cena, -ae, F., dinner. coquus, -1, M., cook.
culina, -ae, F., kitcJicn. obesus, -a, -um, stout, fat.
patera, -ae, F., dish, plate. edi, / ate, I have eaten.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Ubi est coquus? Cur el pateras non dedistis ?
2. Cum in cymba cum puellls essemus, lupum validum
LATIN PRIMER
75
AN OUTDOOR DINING ROOM
This corner of the courtyard of a house in Pompeii is restored
in the illustration to something like its appearance before the
eruption of Vesuvius in 79 B.C. In the center is a round stone
table (mensa), on three sides of which are sloping couches of
masonry. On occasion these couches were covered with cushions,
and here guests would recline to partake of a feast (cena), each
man helping himself to the good things which the slaves placed
on the table in the center. The pillars supporting the roof of
the arbor were built of brick.
76 LATIN PRIMER
in harena vidimus. Itaque eum sagitta nauta occldit.
3. Ego et Marcus in silvam veneramus ; turn, cum diu in
umbra sedissemus, ego in hortum il, is ad tabernam.
4. Coquus obesus per cullnam cucurrit, pateramque
magnam in simiatn malam iecit, quia ea liberorum cenam
ederat.
B. i. Turn Quintd " Ubi est patera mea?" inquit
Marcus. " Earn sub mensa video," inquit Quintus.
2. "Cur sub puparum lectd latet vulpecula, QuTnte?"
inquit Claudia. " Vulpecula, cum in aream venisset,"
inquit Quintus, "luliae columbas pulchras vidit, casque
terruit; itaque mine luliam timet." 3. " Avi equis defes-
sis, cum ex agrls her! issent," inquit Marcus, " mala multa
dedi ; eras herba corbulam meam complebo." 4. u Coquus
bacas uvasque emerat," inquit Marcella; "sed, cum is
in culina sederet, puerl mall bacas uvasque iecerunt in
aquam, corbulasque luto compleverunt."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. The farmers' dinner is on the horse's back;
their plates are in the basket. 2. While the tired cook
was lying on the sailor's bed, a little white fox came into
his kitchen and ate the grapes. 3. Marcus went into
the yard to see the beautiful moon and stars in the sky.
He did not see them, for he fell into the mud. 4. Why
did your grandmother and the stout maid go to town,
Julia? 5. Why did the sailor come quickly from the
gate of the town ?
B. i. "A poor boy came from the woods yesterday,"
said Julia, " to fill (his) baskets with berries. We gave him
apples and grapes." 2. "What did the sailor give you,
Marcus?" asked Julia. "When the wolves rushed forth
from (their) hiding place," said Marcus, "the sailor gave
LATIN PRIMER 77
me arrows, and with them I killed a bear and a wolf."
3. " While I was hiding in the shade to frighten a little
fox," said Claudia, "my school bag fell to the ground.
Now I do not see it." 4. " The teacher sent the lazy
cook to the store," said Marcella ; "and while he was
sitting there on a bench, Marcus ran into the kitchen with
Quintus. There the bad boys ate the teacher's dinner
and broke his plates."
EXERCISE XXIX
THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION
habeo
INDICATIVE MOOD ACTIVE VOICE
IMPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
i st person habebam habebamua
2d person habebas habebatis
3d person habebat habebant
Conjugate in the same way the imperfect indicative
active of compleo, doceo, iaceo, lateo, moneo, etc.
NOTE. The imperfect tense is used to describe something as
going on at a definite point or period in past time ; e.g., Marcus in
aream venit ; ego turn in tabernaculo sedebam, Marcus came into
the yard ; I then WAS SITTING in the tent.
REMARK. In the above example, note carefully how the use of
venit differs from that of sedebam. Thus the perfect venit simply
states that something happened, whereas the imperfect sedebam
tells what was happening at that very same time (compare the use
of the imperfect subjunctive in clauses introduced by cum, Exer-
cise XXII). This peculiar force of the imperfect tense cannot be
too firmly fixed in the mind.
78 LATIN PRIMER
Compare the meanings of the following tenses :
Present sedeo / sit, I am sitting.
Imperfect sedebam / was sitting.
Perfect sedl / sat, (/ have sat) I have been sitting.
In the same way, give the meaning of each of these
tenses of compleo, doceo, iaceo, lateo, moneo, teneo, terreo,
timed, video.
REMARK. For the imperfect of habeo, the exact translation "I
was having" is often hardly good English. But though we are
generally thus forced to render habebam by " I had," we may still
feel the difference of meaning between it and the perfect habui.
VOCABULARY
poculum, -1, N., cup. ebrius, -a, -um, intoxicateU,
vlnum, -1, N., wine. drunken.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. I. Itaque her! nauta in culma cum agricola defesso
sedebat. 2. Coquus, cum in cullnam venisset poculaque
magistri aqua complevisset, nautae obeso et agricolae
pigro vlnum dedit. Hodie in via ebril iacebunt nauta et
agricola. Ibi eos pueri puellaeque videbunt.
B. i. Turn Claudiae "Cur simia tua in caveam cucur-
rit ? " inquit lulia. "Nauta ebrius per aream iit," inquit
Claudia, " eamque terruit ; nam in taberna vlnum emerat."
2. "Cum in cullna essemus," inquit coquus, " vulpeculam
pulchram in area vidimus." "Cur earn non occldistis ? "
inquit nauta. " Cucurrimus in aream," inquit coquus ;
" sed interim ex agris agricola cum validis flliis venerat.
Is sagitta vulpeculam occldit." 3. " In herba coqui pa-
LATIN PRIMER 79
teras multas invenimus," inquit Marcus ; " slmia eas saxo
fregerat."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. I was hiding under the table. There my grand-
mother found me; for she had filled my school bag with
many grapes. 2. And so, when the intoxicated farmer
came out of the store, he ran swiftly into the fields.
3. Meanwhile the sailor's strong monkey had broken
the farmer's cups and thrown his wine into the water.
4. What did the girls see in the street, my son ?
B. i. " When Marcus and I came to the gate," said
Julia, " we sent Quintus into the town to warn the good
farmer ; for a wolf had come from the woods and was
frightening the horses." 2. "Quintus and Claudia were
teaching the monkeys," said Marcus ; " she was sitting on
the doll's table, he was lying in the grass." 3. " The
boys have filled the cups with water," said the fat cook to
the girls ; " soon the dinner will be on the table."
EXERCISE XXX
IRREGULAR VERB
sum
IMPERFECT TENSE INDICATIVE MOOD
SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person eram eramus
2d person eras eratis
3d person erat erant
REMARK. English quite lacks a special and exact rendering
for the imperfect of this verb, both fui and eram being translated
bv " I was."
80 LATIN PRIMER
VOCABULARY
corvus, -1, M., raven. rlpa, -ae, F., bank (of a
domum cucurri, / ran home, stream).
I have run home. rivus, -1, M., stream.
REMARK. The form domum may thus be used with any verb
of going or sending : e.g., domum venit, he came home ; domum
Quintum misi, / sent Quintus home ; etc.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. I. Cum ad rivum venissemus, llberl saxa multa in
aquam iecerunt; sed mox in herba cum ancilla sedebant.
2. E ludo domum celeriter cucurrimus ; nam Marcus et
Quintus turn in cymba erant. 3. lulia columbas in gre-
mio dm tenuit ; corvus interim in umero nautae valid! se-
debat. 4. Pueri puellaeque per oppidi portam cucurre-
rant, ut agricolarum obesorum pocula vino complerent.
B. I. "Interim ego et Claudia," inquit lulia, " coqui
soleas inveneramus in cullna eique dederamus." " Ubi
est eius pecunia ? " inquit Marcella. 2. " Lupus," inquit
agricola, u cum e spelunca erupisset, ad rlpam celeriter
cucurrit. Ibi latebat ursa magna. Ea, cum lupum vldis-
set, e latebrls erupit, eumque occidit." 3. " EquI nostrl
Hberos ex oppido in silvam vexerant," inquit Claudia.
" Turn per agros venit Quintus. Mox ancilla eum Mar-
cumque ad rivum mlsit, quia pocula habebant. Nos inte-
rim in herba iacebamus."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. And so we had gone into the garden and
were filling your baskets, Claudia, with beautiful flowers.
2. When the tired farmer had sent (his) sons into the
LATIN PRIMER 8 1
town, he sat long on the bank of a small stream. There
he saw a raven and killed it with a stone. 3. We are
hiding with a fat boy to frighten the teacher. Why is
Marcus hiding with you/girls ?
B. i. "Once we found a little fox on the bank of the
stream and threw it into the water," said the sailors to
Marcus. " Why did you not give it to me ? " asked Quin-
tus. 2. " We saw a drunken sailor in the shade," said
Julia ; " I ran home, but the boys brought little wolves
from the woods so as to frighten him." 3. " When the
cook had gone to the stream," said Quintus, " I came into
the kitchen. A raven was hiding there under the table,
and I threw a plate at him." 4. " Marcella was a good
girl to-day," said Claudia ; " for she gave the little boys
pens because they had found her school bag."
EXERCISE XXXI
THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION
habeo
PRESENT INFINITIVE ACTIVE VOICE
habere, to have
NOTE. All verbs of the second conjugation form the present
infinitive active in this same way.
VOCABULARY
coepi, I began, I have begun, potui, / could ; I was able,
malui, / preferred, I have I have been able.
preferred. volul, / wanted, I have
nolul, / refused ; I did not wanted ; I was willing,
want ; I was unwilling, I have been willing.
I have been unwilling.
LATIN PRIMER 6
82 LATIN PRIMER
NOTE. Each of the above verbs may govern the present infini-
tive ; e.g., timere coepi, / began to be afraid ; maluisti sedere, you
preferred to sit; Marcus voluit equos videre, Marcus wanted to see
the horses.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. In silva lupus validus nos terruit; itaque ego
domum cucurrl, sed Marcus defessus in agris latere ma-
luit. 2. Claudia corvum miserum in gremid tenere nolue-
rat, et cum pupis in umbra iacebat. 3. In agro erat rivus
pulcher ; nam in ripa erant bacae et rosae multae. 4. Ubi
fuit hen poculum nostrum, Qumte ? Nam puellae, cum in
aream venissent, id voluerunt aqua complere, sed non inve-
nerunt.
B. i. "Ubi est Qumtus, puellae?" inquit Marcella ;
" nam nautae pigri equus albus in hort5 nostro est. Ego
eum terrere non potui." 2. " Coquus ebrius, cum in
oppido vinum emisset," inquit Marcus, "nautae defessi
poculum complere noluit. Itaque is poculum iecit in corbu-
lam coqui miseri, eiusque pateras fregit." 3. Turn Quinto
"Cum in cullna essemus," inquit puer parvus, "vulpecula
ex agris in aream venit, et luliae columbas terrere coepit.
Nos e cullna erupimus ; sed vulpecula celeriter in hortum
cucurrit, ut in herba lateret. Interim avus meus cum sagit-
tis in hortum venerat ; itaque ibi vulpecula mala poenas
dedit."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Julia's grandmother sent Marcus to see the
teacher's boat. We preferred to fill our baskets with
apples in the garden. 2. You refused to sit with me
on the bench. 3. When your monkeys had thrown many
grapes and berries into the water, boys, they ran home and
LATIN PRIMER 83
hid in the tent. 4. Then the farmer began to warn the
sailor's pretty daughter ; for she had refused to teach the
poor children.
B. i. "What did you want to see in the woods yester-
day ? " said Julia to Marcella. " I wanted to see a bear,"
replied Marcella. " And so the boys hid in a cave ; but
they could not frighten me." 2. " Where were the cups
and plates?" asked the girls. "The cups were on the
bank of the stream," replied Quintus, " and the plates
were in the grass with your baskets." 3. " When we had
come home through the fields," said Marcus, "Quintus be-
gan to fill the girls' school bags with water, and I threw
mud into the dolls' cradle. Then my grandfather sent the
stout maid to warn us ; and so we ran quickly into the
woods."
EXERCISE XXXII
IRREGULAR VERB
sum
PRESENT TENSE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person sim simus
2d person sis sitis
3d person sit sint
VOCABULARY
laetus, -a, -um, pleased, happy, rapui, / seized, I have seized;
tutus, -a, -um, safe. I stole, I have stolen, etc.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English:
A. i. Magister capsas malls magnis complet, ut puellae
bonae laetae sint 2. Agricolae fllii valid! ad ludum cum
84 LATIN PRIMER
Qumto venerant ; sed eos docere magister noluit. 3. Mar-
cus, cum nautae obes! cymbam pulchram vidisset, celeriter
domum cucurrit ; ego in harena sedere malui, ut corbulam
meam conchis complerem. 4. lulia slmiam tenet, ut
columba tuta sit. Ea nunc in Claudiae gremio latet
B. i. "Coquus, cum in rlpa corvum parvum invenisset,"
inquit Claudia, " per agros domum iit, corvumque mihi
dedit." 2. "Her! cum puerls per silvam ad rlvum il,"
inquit Marcus. "Ibi cum in aqua essemus, vulpecula mala
e spelunca venit cenamque edit nostram." 3. " Ubi sunt
pocula?" coquo inquit agricola. "Nautae simia hodie po-
cula multa et vmum rapuit," inquit coquus ; "itaque nautam
ebrium mox videbimus."
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. The horses ran through the garden, and are now
in the yard. 2. The girls are sitting with us in the tent,
so that the dolls may be safe. 3. Your grandmother,
Julia, sent the fat boy to the store; meanwhile I began to
fill his school bag with sand. 4. And so when we had
killed the wolf, we went into the cave. There we found a
bear, but could not frighten her with our arrows.
B. i. "Yesterday, boys, while your tired grandfather
was lying in the garden in the shade," said Julia, " he saw
a wolf and wanted to kill it, because his horses were not
safe. But the wolf ran quickly through the fields, and
to-day is hiding in the woods." 2. " I am sitting in the
yard, my son," said the sailor, "so that you will be a good
boy. Yesterday you were lazy ; you did not lead the
horse to the stream." 3. " The grapes fell from the
poor boys' baskets into the water," said Marcella, "and
now they are afraid of the farmer. We will fill their bas-
kets with many apples and berries." 4. "The sailor's
LATIN PRIMER 85
son was happy to-day," said Quintus ; "for Marcus had
given him an arrow. But to-morrow I shall hide in the
woods and frighten him."
EXERCISE XXXIII
THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION
habeo
ACTIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE PERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person habuero habuerimus habuerim habuerimus
2d person habueris habueritis habueris habuerltis
3d person habuerit habuerint habuerit habuerint
REMARK i. As an aid to the memory, note that the last sylla-
bles of the future perfect indicative forms spell out the future of
the verb sum, excepting in the third person plural ; and that the
perfect subjunctive is the same as the future perfect indicative,
with the exception of the first person singular and the fact that
the i is long in three forms.
REMARK 2. The future perfect indicative and the perfect sub-
junctive of verbs of all conjugations are inflected in the same way
as habuero and habuerim. To find the first person singular for
any verb, change the -I of the perfect indicative to -ero and
-erim; e.g., cucurri, cucurrero, cucurrerim; ii, iero, ierim; veni,
venero, venerim; ful, fuero, fuerim; etc.
REMARK 3. The future perfect tense refers to a future event
completed before another future event; e.g., Marcus mox incymba
erit; ego interim ex agris venero, Marcus will soon be in the
boat ; meanwhile I shall have come from the fields. The perfect
subjunctive is used mostly in dependent clauses, in ways to be
explained elsewhere.
86 LATIN PRIMER
VOCABULARY
galllna, -ae, F., hen, chicken. ovum, -1, N., egg.
nidus, -1, M., nest. furtim, adverb, stealthily.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Marci simia hodie columbarum nldum invenit,
ovaque multa fregit. 2. Vulpecula, cum furtim in aream
Tsset, Quintl gallinas rapuit ; interim Marci gallma alba in
cavea tuta erat. 3. Lunam stellasque videre volul, sed
Marcus mecum in horto sedere noluit. 4. Ex agrls
venl, ut coquum ebrium viderem. Eum non vidi, sed in
area agricolae filios obesos inveni ; coqui pateras e culina
rapuerant.
B. i. "Ursam video," inquit Quintus. " Ubi latebis,
Claudia, ut tuta sis ? " u Hen in tabernaculo latui," inquit
Claudia. " Ibi lupus me videre non potuit." 2. " Cras
laeta ero," inquit Marcella; "in silva turn sedebimus, et in
corbulls erit cena pulchra." 3. " In silvam ad rivum
iimus," inquit Marcus ; " cumque ibi in rlpa sederemus,
nautae valid! celeriter venerunt ex oppido cymbamque
nostram rapuerunt. Quintus domum celeriter cucurrit,
ut avum nostrum moneret; ego interim in herba latui."
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. We have come to see the doves' eggs, Quintus.
Where is the nest ? 2. Why did you bring your little fox
into the yard, boys? My pretty hens are afraid of it.
3. We began to be afraid of the drunken sailor; but Mar-
cus gave him money and sent him home. 4. Meanwhile
the bear had gone stealthily from the cave ; and so the
tired boys did not discover its hiding place.
LATIN PRIMER 87
B. I. " The farmer came to-day," said Julia, "to fill the
stream with stones. Quintus was happy ; for he had long
wanted to see the farmer's white horses." 2. " When the
boys were hiding in the grass to frighten the girls," said
Claudia, " the sailor's lazy son came into the tent and stole
your raven's cage, Julia." 3. " Once upon a time," said
Quintus, " a little fox came through the forest to see the
farmer's chickens. But the farmer's sons were sitting in
the garden ; and so they killed the poor little fox."
EXERCISE XXXIV
SYNOPSIS OF THE VERB
In summarizing the forms of a verb it is necessary to
recognize a standard order of tenses. Thus, the synopsis
of habeo and sum would be arranged as follows :
ACTIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Pres. Tense habeo sum habeam sim
Imperf. Tense habebam eram haberem essem
Put. Tense habebo ero
Perf. Tense habul ful habuerim fuerim
Pluperf. Tense habueram fueram habuissem fuissem
Put. Perf. Tense habuero fuero
It is of the greatest importance that this order of tenses
be firmly fixed in the mind, (i) because forms are most
readily recalled when they are arranged in a definite order,
and (2) because, in taking up a new conjugation, the fixed
place for each tense helps to bring out clearly the points
of similarity and difference between the new forms and
those of the same tenses of conjugations already learned.
88 LATIN PRIMER
The above synopsis gives the first person singular of
each tense. Following the same order of tenses, give a
synopsis of habeo and sum in the second person singular,
the third person singular, the first person plural, etc. This
exercise should be repeated until a synopsis in any person
and number can be given without hesitation or mistake.
VOCABULARY
folium, -1, N., leaf. iratus, -a, -um, angry, en-
ramus, -1, M., branch. raged, etc.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Itaque puellae bonae columbarum nidos foliis
compleverunt. 2. Hen, cum galllnae in ramo sederent,
pueri mall iecerunt saxa, easque terruerunt 3. Cras in
rivo cymbam pulchram habebo, vosque mecum in ea sede-
bitis. 4. E corbula coqui, cum is vulpeculam terreret, ova
in saxa ceciderunt.
B. i. " Hodie nautae f Ilium domum mlsl," inquit Marcus.
" Turn nauta iratus, cum in hortum nostrum venisset, ramos
fregit galllnasque tuas, lulia, occidit." 2. '' Cur in foliis
defessi iacetis, pueri?" inquit agricola. "Avia vestra in
tabernaculo est; coquum ebrium timet." 3. "Puer piger
ex horto furtim in agros ierat," inquit Claudia. "Ibi bacas
magnas invenit; sed mox ursae multae venerunt e silva,
puerumque miserum rapuerunt." 4. " Per vias longas
equi agricolam ad oppidum vexerunt," inquit Mar eel la ; " in-
terim eius filii pigri nautarum cymbam aqua complebant."
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. The enraged cook threw eggs at the fat sailor.
2. / am safe ; but Quintus has gone into the woods to fill
LATIN PRIMER 89
the baskets with leaves, and there are bears in the caves.
3. When the boys saw the nest of the doves they broke
the branch and stole the eggs. 4. Why did you begin to
frighten my monkey, Marcus?
B. i. "Then your grandmother's strong maid came
quickly through the gate of the town, boys," said Julia,
"and found the chickens on the bank of a stream."
2. " Marcus went stealthily into the kitchen," said Quintus,
"and took a cup. And so we filled it with sand and gave
it to the sailor's monkey. The monkey broke the cup, and
now the cook is angry." 3. " What did you find under the
cook's table, Quintus ?" asked Julia. " I did not find my
ball," replied Quintus; "but I saw there your school bag
and Claudia's pen."
EXERCISE XXXV
THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE VERB
To conjugate a regular verb, it is necessary to know, in
addition to the first person singular of the present indica-
tive, the three following forms: (i)the present infinitive
active, (2) the first person singular of the perfect indicative
active, and (3) the perfect passive participle; e.g., video,
videre, vldi, vlsus. These four forms are known as the
Principal Parts of the verb.
REMARK i. When once the principal parts are known, all the
other forms of a regular verb can easily be found. For example,
the present infinitive videre shows that video is of the second con-
jugation (hence videbam, videbo; videam, viderem), and from the
perfect indicative vidi we find videram, videro ; viderim, vidissem.
The perfect passive participle gives the key to certain passive
forms, as will be shown later.
90 LATIN PRIMER
REMARK 2. Many verbs, otherwise regular, lack certain forms
and, therefore, show less than four principal parts. So, for ex-
ample, verbs which because of their meaning are not used in the
passive.
Learn the principal parts of the following verbs of the
second conjugation :
habeo, habere, habui, habitus. compleo, complete, corn-
So moneo and terreo. plevl, completus.
iaceo, iacere, iacul. doceo, docere, docul, doctus.
So lateo, teneo, and timeo. sedeo, sedere, sedl, sessum.
video, videre, vldl, visus.
VOCABULARY
locus, -I, M. (plural, loca, idoneus, -a, -um, suitable.
-orum, N.), place, spot. iam, adverb, now.
REMARK. The use of iam ("now") is not altogether the same
as that of nunc. The latter word refers to the present of the
speaker, e.g., Marcus nunc in cymba est, Marcus is now in the
boat; but iam can equally well be used in speaking of an event
that is past, as, In silvam iam veneramus, We had now come into
the forest.
RULE. To mark a question, -ne may be cAded to the first
word of a sentence; e.g., Librumne vldisti ? Did yon see
the book? Estisne in horto, puellae? Are yon in the
garden, girls ?
REMARK i. Note how the addition of -ne causes the accent of
the word to which it is joined to shift to the last syllable. Com-
pare the influence of -cum and -que upon the accent of the words
to which they are joined.
REMARK 2. In sentences introduced by cur, quid, ubi, or any
other interrogative word, -ne must not be used.
LATIN PRIMER 91
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Meamne capsam vidistis, pueri ? Herl in taber-
naculum earn ieci. 2. Puerine in silvam ierunt, Qumte ?
Locumne idoneum invenerunt? 3. Agricolae bonl equus
liberos in loca tuta vexit. Interim nautae filius in oppidum
ierat, ut corbulam sagittis compleret. 4. Voluistine, ml
fill, eo lumbar um ova nidumque videre ?
B. A Marauder Punished
Turn pueris " Olim," inquit lulia, " lupus malus, cum e
spelunca furtim venisset, per silvam iit in agros agricola-
rum miserorum, eorumque equos occidit. Itaque agricolae
irati ursam albam e cavea duxerunt in agros, et cum ea in
herba latuerunt. Sed lupus iam domum cucurrerat, et in
spelunca tutus iacebat. Itaque agricolae, cum diu in herba
latuissent, cum ursa celeriter ierunt in silvam, ibique lupi
latebras invenerunt. Turn laeti ursam mlserunt in spelun-
cam, lupusque malus poenas dedit."
II. Translate into Latin:
A. I. Did my little fox frighten your chickens, Mar-
cus ? 2. Why did the angry sailor fill our tent with
stones ? 3. Are you in the yard, Quintus ? We are in
the kitchen. 4. What did your grandfather's cook buy
in the town, girls ? We wanted to see his basket, but he
was unwilling.
B. i. "On the bank of a small stream we found an
arrow and a basket," said Marcus. "Quintus broke the
arrow with a stone, and I threw the basket into the water.
Meanwhile the farmer was filling (his) cup with wine; and
so he did not see us." 2. " When I went into the garden
yesterday," said Claudia, " I found a suitable place, and
LATIN PRIMER
sat for a long time in the shade. Then the boys came
home from school, and began to frighten your raven, Julia.
And so I ran into the yard to warn your grandfather."
EXERCISE XXXVI
THE FIRST OR A-CONJUGATION
voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus, call, summon
ACTIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL*
ist person voco vocamus vocem vocemus
2d person vocas vocatis voces vocetis
3d person vocat vocant vocet vocent
IMPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
ist person
vocabam
vocabamus
vocarem
vocaremus
2d person
vocabas
vocabatis
vocares
vocaretis
3d person
vocabat
vocabant
vocaret
vocarent
FUTURE TENSE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
ist person
vocabo
vocabimus
2d person
vocabis
vocabitis
3d person
vocabit
vocabunt
REMARK. The above forms can easily be memorized by com-
paring them with the corresponding forms of habeo. Thus, in the
imperfect indicative and subjunctive, and in the future indicative,
the formation of the two conjugations is very similar, the only
difference being that habeo has e and voco has a in the second
syllable of each form. . For purposes of comparison, it may be
LATIN PRIMER 93
found convenient here and elsewhere to consult the Summary of
Forms, page 204 ff.
NOTE. The perfect indicative vocavi is given above among the
principal parts of the verb. With this as a base, give a synopsis
of voco in the first person singular of the perfect, pluperfect, and
future perfect tenses.
VOCABULARY
do, dare, dedl, datus, give (see propero, properare, properavl,
Summary of Forms, p. 2 1 8). properatum, hurry, hasten.
REMARK. Wherever the principal parts of a verb are given in
full, it is customary (as in this Exercise) to state the meaning of
the verb in the most general terms, without attempting to trans-
late exactly any one of the principal parts. From the general
definition the meaning of any particular form can easily be derived.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Pueros- vocabimus, lit corvum meimi videant.
2. Mlsistisne Marcum defessum, cum e ludo venisset, ut
agricolam vocaret? 3. Cur ad cymbam Istl? ut nautae
obeso librum dares ? 4. Estne Marcus in agrls ? Qumtus
in area est ; nam nautae f Ilio gallmam dat.
B. The Fox and the Chickens
"Heri," inquit Marcus, "avus meus cum agricolis validis
in silvam lit, ut speluncas latebrasque ursarum videret.
Ibi cum sederet in folhs, vulpecula furtim e silva in agros
venit, et celeriter'cucurrit in hortum nostrum galllnasque
multas rapuit. Interim agricolae ursarum speluncas in-
venerant ; itaque avum meum vocabant. Sed iam in sil-
vam venerat Qumtus, ut avum agricolasque vocaret, quia
vulpecula gallmas rapuerat. Itaque avus iratus domum
properavit ; sed nautae filius iam vulpeculam occiderat."
94 LATIN PRIMER
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. Did the boys hurry to a suitable place? Did they
eat berries in the woods? 2. What are you giving to the
raven, Quintus? /gave him an apple to-day. 3. Are
the girls calling me to see the doll's chair ? I saw it yester-
day. 4. Is Marcus glad because the farmer's lazy son
did not break the doves' eggs ?
B. i. " To-morrow," said Julia, "we will hurry from
school and fill our baskets with berries." 2. "Why are
you in the yard, girls?" asked Claudia. "We are calling
the boys," replied the girls. "But they are in the fields;
and so they do not see us." 3. "The farmer gave me a
basket," said Marcus, "and went with me to the boat. The
sailor's sons could not give us his beautiful shells, but I
found many in the sand."
EXERCISE XXXVII
THE THIRD DECLENSION
CONSONANT STEMS
flos, M., flower arbor, p., tree litus, N., sliore
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. flos flores arbor arbores litus litora
Gen. floris floruit! arboris arborum litoris litorum.
Dat. flon flonbus arborl arboribus litorl lltoribus
Ace. florem flores arborem arbores litus litora
Abl. flore floribus arbore arboribus lltore lltoribus
REMARK i. Nouns of this declension vary widely in the form
of the nominative singular, but the genitive always ends in -is, as
in the above examples.
LATIN PRIMER 95
REMARK 2. Note that here (as in all other declensions) the
accusative case of a neuter noun is the same as the nominative,
both in the singular and in the plural.
Gender. There is no simple rule for the gender of nouns
of the third declension, and it is therefore necessary to
learn the gender of each word as it is taken up.
When the above forms have been memorized, test your
recollection of them by declining together flos pulcher,
arbor magna, lltus tutum, etc.
VOCABULARY
habito, habitare, habitavl, perterritus, -a, -um, much
habitatum, live, dwell. frightened, thoroughly
escendi, / climbed (tip), I alarmed, etc.
have climbed (?//). subito, adverb, suddenly,
without warning, etc.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. litne Qulntus in agros ut puellas vocaret, ut
flores pulchros viderent? 2. Nauta ebrius, cum e taberna
venisset, poctila paterasque fregit. 3. Agricolae multl in
agris habitant, multl in litore. 4. Equos iam videramus,
et ego ad tabernam properabam.
B. The Picnic
"Ad locum idoneum cum venissemus," inquit lulia,
" puellae defessae in herba sederunt, sed Marcus et
Qulntus ad rivum parvum properaverunt. Nam in rlpa erat
arbor magna, et nidus in ramo. Marcus celeriter in arborem
escendit, ut ova videret; sed cum in ramo laetus sederet,
subito e spelunca erupit simia obesa et ad arborem cucur-
rit. Itaque Qulntus perterritus e rlpa cecidit in aquam :
96 LATIN PRIMER
et Marcus, cum slmia in arborem escendisset, in folils
latere coepit; sed puer miser mox ramum fregit, et ad
terram in saxa cecidit."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Are there apples on the tree? Do you see
berries in the garden ? 2. Why were the sailors living
with you, boys ? 3. When the farmer had come to the
shore to call the sailors, he saw a wolf in the boat.
4. Suddenly the little fox ran from the tent into the
garden ; there Marcus' doves, much alarmed, began to
hide in the branches of the trees.
B. i. "We did not want to give money to many
children," said Julia; "I preferred to fill their baskets
with apples and grapes." 2. "And so," said Marcus,
" we had now frightened the bear. But soon many wolves
came from the forest ; and so we hurried home to call the
farmer's strong sons. Then, when the farmer had come
with arrows, we killed the wolves and bear." 3. " Quintus
will live in the town," said Claudia ; " we shall live in the
fields."
EXERCISE XXXVIII
CARDINAL NUMERALS
duo, duae, duo, two tres, tres, tria, three
Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nom. duo duae duo tres tres tria
Gen. duorum duarum duorum trium trium trium
Dat. duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus tribus
Ace. duo duas duo tres tres tria
duos tris tris
Abl. duobus duabus duobus tribus tribus tribus
LATIN PRIMER 97
VOCABULARY
adiuvo, adiuvare, adiuvl, ceterl, -ae, -a, the other.
adiutus, help. i ugi, / ran away, I have rtm
colloco, collocare, collocavi, away; I fled, I have fled.
collocatus, place, put.
REMARK. The verb colloco is used with in and the ablative case.
This fact must be kept carefully in mind, because the not uncom-
mon translation " put (into)" suggests a different construction.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Cum agricolarum equ! valid! corbulas ad Htus
vexissent, nautae duas in cymba collocaverunt. 2. Quin-
tus me adiuvit ; nam pueri ceterl iam in silvam f ugerant.
3. Vobiscum ad Htus properabo, ut nautas defessos
adiuvemus. 4. In arboribus erant corvl multl; itaque
puellas ceteras vocavimus, ut nidos viderent
B. Playing on the Shore
" Itaque," inquit Marcus, " ex agris veneramus, et iam
sedebamus in harena. Turn subito cymbam parvam in
lltore vidimus. In ea puellas tres collocavi, sed ceterl
llberi cucurrerunt ad oppidum, ut nautam vocarent. In-
terim ego cum puellfs in cymba sedi; cumque diu conchas
in aquam iecissemus, cymbam Into complevi. Sed iam ex
oppido nauta iratus properabat. Ego eum non timebam,
sed puellae perterritae erant. Itaque celeriter mecum
fugerunt in hortum, ibique sub arboribus parvis latuimus."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. I am "putting flowers in suitable places. Soon I
shall call the girls to help me. 2. We lived in the town
LATIN PRIMER 7
9 8
LATIN PRIMER
for a long time ; but my grandfather preferred to live in
the fields. Do you see the beautiful trees in our garden ?
3. Three boys came to school to-day. To-morrow the
others will be punished ; for the teacher was angry because
they had run away to the shore.
B. i. "The raven was now much frightened," said
Julia; "and so Quintus climbed up into the tree to help
him. But in the meantime Marcus threw two stones at
the bad monkey and killed it." 2. "Are you hurrying
to school, girls ? " asked Claudia. " I will give you beauti-
ful flowers to put in your school bags." 3. " Two little
foxes came stealthily from the cave," said Marcus, "be-
cause they had seen chickens in our garden. But I had
put the chickens in a safe place ; and so the little foxes
could not frighten them."
EXERCISE XXXIX
IRREGULAR VERB
eo, ire, il, itum, go
INDICATIVE MOOD
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
SINGULAR
ist person eo
2d person Is
3d person it
ist person
2d person
3d person
SINGULAR
Ibam
Ibas
Ibat
PRESENT TENSE
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Imus
earn
eamus
itis
eas
eatis
eunt
eat
eant
IMPERFECT TENSE
PLURAL
Ibamus
Ibatis
Ibant
SINGULAR
Irem
Ires
Iret
PLURAL
Iremus
iretis
irent
LATIN PRIMER 99
FUTURE TENSE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
ist person Ibo
Ibimus
2d person Ibis
ibitis
3d person Ibit
ibunt
REMARK i. As an aid to the memory, note that the endings
of the imperfect and future indicative of this verb are identical
with those of the corresponding tenses of voco and habeo ; and
compare the present subjunctive of eo with that of habeo.
REMARK 2. The imperfect subjunctive of any verb, regular
or irregular, can be found by adding m to the present infinitive
active ; note above ire and Irem.
Using as a basis the perfect indicative ii, give a synopsis
of eo in the second person singular of the perfect, pluper-
fect, and future perfect tenses.
VOCABULARY
autem, conjunction, however, altus, -a, -um, tall, high,
but, moreover.
NOTE. The conjunction autem is a postpositive word ; i.e., it
does not stand first in its sentence. Usually it is found in second
place ; e.g., Marcus autem ad litus ierat, Marcus, however, had
gone to the shore.
MODEL SENTENCE
Ad litus eamus, Let's go to the shore.
RULE. TJie first person plural of tJie present subjunctive
is used in urging or inviting the hearer to join tJie speaker
in doing something. This use is known as the Hortatory
Subjunctive.
100 LATIN PRIMER
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Properemus in agros, agricolasque miseros adiu-
vemus. 2. Hodie, cum ad ludum Iremus, puella pulchra
nobls uvas multas dedit 3. Her! cum pueris tribus
Marcus in agros iit, ut nidos columbarum miserarum in
ramls arborum altarum collocaret. 4. Ancilla nostra,
cum lupos duos in silva vldisset, domum perterrita fugit.
B. The Wolf and the Raven
Multae arbores altae in silva nostra sunt, floresque multi
et pulchri. Olim in silvam puella parva venerat, corbu-
lamque floribus laeta complebat. Subito autem e spelunca
erupit lupus malus ; turn puella perterrita per silvam cucur-
rit. Sed in arbore alta habitabat corvus. Is, cum lupum
puellamque vldisset, subito " Ubi sunt sagittae meae?"
inquit. Itaque lupus malus ad latebras perterritus fugit ;
puella autem multls cum floribus pulchrls domum propera-
vit, eosque liberls ceterls dedit.
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. Let's give arrows to the boys, and dolls to the
girls. 2. Two boys were lying on the bank ; we called
them, however, to go with us to the shore. 3. We shall
go to the woods to-day to put the little foxes in the
cave. 4. When Marcus had found a suitable spot, he
climbed into a tree to call the other children.
B. i. " Let's put two dolls in the cradle," said Marcella
to Claudia. 2. "Why did you want to put the dolls in
the cradle?" asked Marcus. "Let's frighten the monkey
with them." 3. " I saw three little foxes in the field to-
day," said Quintus, " and I have brought two home. Let's
put them in the raven's cage." 4. " Let's fill the girls'
LATIN PRIMER
101
baskets with flowers," said Julia. " They have gone to
the stream with the boys, and soon they will go home."
EXERCISE XL
IRREGULAR VERB
possum, posse, potui, be able, can, etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
INDICATIVE MOOD
PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person possum possumus
2d person potes potestis
3d person potest possunt
IMPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person poteram poteramus
2d person poteras poteratis
3d person poterat poterant
SINGULAR
possim
possis
possit
SINGULAR
possem
posses
posset
PLURAL
posslmus
possitis
possint
PLURAL
possemus
possetis
possent
SINGULAR
ist person potero
2d person poteris
3d person poterit
FUTURE TENSE
PLURAL
poterimus
poteritis
poterunt
REMARK. This verb is a compound of pote and sum. In the
composition, pote is often somewhat disguised, but the forms of
sum suffer little change ; (for the full principal parts of sum, see the
following Vocabulary).
With the perfect indicative potui as a basis, give a
synopsis of possum in the third person singular of the
perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses.
102 LATIN PRIMER
VOCABULARY
sum, esse, ful, be. enim, conj unction, for.
NOTE. The conjunction enim (unlike nam) is a postpositive
word ; e.g., Lupus enim in speluncam fugerat, For the wolf had
fled into the cave. Compare the note on autem in the preceding
Exercise.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. In umbra sedeamus. 2. Potesne liberos ceteros
videre ? Euntne ad rlvum ? 3. In agros Imus, ut agri-
colas bonos adiuvemus. 4. Mox Qulntum vldl ; eius enim
avus turn ibi habitabat. 5. Properaveram in hortum, ut
puellas vocarem, ut els bacas darem. Sed eae iam ex
horto in silvam ierant ; itaque puer obesus bacas edit.
B. A Disturbed School Session
Marcus, cum e ludo domum venisset, Quints " Hodie,"
inquit, " in ludum lupum parvum et slmiam duximus. Ego
locum idoneum sub subselliTs inveni, ibique lupum collo-
cavi ; simiam autem pueri ceterl in magistrl sella colloca-
verunt. Magister, cum simiam vidisset, tabulam in earn
iecit. Turn subit5 lupus e latebrls erupit, magisterque per-
territus fugit in aream et in arborem altam celeriter escen-
dit. Interim pueri multi furtim e ludo per agros in silvam
cucurrerunt. Sed eras poenas dabunt ; magister enim
Iratus est."
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. I did not want to be a farmer;' and so my grand-
father sent me to school. 2. Can they help you ? /
could not help the other girls. 3. Let's call the strong
farmer, Marcus. 4. I went with two boys to put the
LATIN PRIMER 103
bear in (its) cage. 5. There are three large stones in the
road. Are you able to put them on the horse's back,
boys ?
B. i. "The drunken sailor's son and daughter cannot
go to school," said Julia. " However, they have two books,
and we shall help them." 2. "A little fox stole my
three chickens to-day," said Claudia ; " for the farmer had
gone to town. But when his sons came home, they hur-
ried to the forest, and killed the little fox in (its) hiding
place." 3. " I shall go to the shore to-day," said Marcus.
" Quintus, however, preferred to call the other boys and
go with them into the fields."
EXERCISE XLI
VOCABULARY
f rater, -tris, M., brother. soror, -oris, F., sister.
mater, -tris, F., mother. villa, -ae, F., farmhouse.
pater, -tris, M.., father.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Voluistme magister esse? liberos docere potes ?
2. Frater defessus mecum ad litus ire noluit ; pater autem
in agros me duxit, ut flores viderem. 3. Matrem meam
et sororem puerl mall sagittis her! terruerunt 4. Marcus
pueris pecuniam dabit. Nos autem uvas et bacas multas
puellis dedimus.
B. A Tricky Wolf
" In silva," inquit Claudia, " habitabat puella parva.
Olim mater earn cum corbula ad aviae vlllam per silvam
mlsit. Interim lupus e latebris venerat puellamque vldit ;
104 LATIN PRIMER
itaque celeriter cucurrit ad villam, cumque aviam miseram
edisset, in lecto latuit. Puella iam laeta floribus corbulam
complebat. Sed cum venisset in villam lupumque vidisset
in lecto, turn perterrita agricolas validos vocavit ; multos
enim in silva vlderat. Itaque el cucurrerunt ad villam
lupumque malum occiderunt."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Your father, Quintus, is giving two eggs to my
sister ; I, however, shall not be able to give you a nest.
2. Their brother will go with you ; for there are wolves in
the woods. 3. My mother and grandmother were going
quickly through the fields to call the girls. 4. You will
be able to help us, boys ; for my brothers are filling the
stream with stones to-day. 5. I had come to the shore,
and was sitting on the rocks ; for Quintus had refused to
go with us to the woods.
B. i. "I found a little dove in the road yesterday,"
said Marcella. " Let's put it on a branch of the tree
with the other doves." 2. " I wanted to be able to help
the boys, and go with them into the sailor's boat," said
Julia; "but my sister sent me to the farmhouse to sit with
(my) grandmother." 3. " We put the cups on the table,"
said Quintus, " and the cook filled them with wine. But
the monkey suddenly rushed out from the cage and threw
the cups to the ground, and broke three. Are the plates
safe, Marcus ? " 4. " My father cannot see the boat on
the shore," said Claudia. " Let's call the sailors to help
him."
LATIN PRIMER
105
EXERCISE XLII
THE THIRD DECLENSION
ignis, u.,
I- STEMS
valles, F., valley
mare, N., sea
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom.
ignis
ignes
valles
valles
mare
maria
Gen.
ignis
ignium
vallis
vallium
maris
Dat.
ignl
ignibus
valli
vallibus
marl
Ace.
ignem
ignis
vallem
vallis
mare
maria
ignes
valles
Abl.
ignl,
ignibus
valle
vallibus
marl
igne
NOTE. The following classes of third declension nouns belong
to the I-stems :
(1) Masculines and feminines in -is.
(2) Feminines in -es which have the same number of sylla-
bles in the nominative and genitive singular (as valles, vallis) .
(3) Neuters in -e.
REMARK i. The most important difference between conso-
nant and I-stems is that the latter have -ium (instead of -um) in
the genitive plural, and that neuter I-stems have -ia (instead of
-a) in the nominative and accusative plural. Note also that -is is
the preferred ending for the accusative plural of masculines and
feminines ; and that there is considerable variation in the ending
of the ablative singular. The forms of this latter case are best
learned by becoming personally acquainted with each noun.
REMARK 2. The blanks in the plural of mare mean simply
that certain cases of this noun are not in common use. The word
is here chosen as a model because it is the most completely
inflected neuter I-stem employed in this book. (In the genitive,
dative, and ablative plural, fully inflected neuter I-stems show the
same endings as masculines and feminines.)
106 LATIN PRIMER
VOCABULARY
collis, -is (abl. -e), M., hill. vehementer, adverb, very,
piscis, -is (abl. -e), M.,fis/i. muck, exceedingly.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Meusne pater librum tuum in ignem iecit ?
2. In man piscis magnos videre possum. Potesne tu
eos videre ? 3. In collibus sunt villae multae. 4. Per
vallem ad rlvum eamus. 5. Ptier piger, cum pater eum
in agros mlsisset, ad litus cum fratribus iit, ut sororis meae
cymbam videret.
B. A Thief Routed
lulia, cum in umbra sederet, ceteris puellls " Heri,"
inquit, " Marcus cum pueris multis per colles in vallem
iit ; nam in valle rivus pulcher est. Cum autem ibi iace-
rent in rlpa, ut piscis viderent, lupus magnus e spelunca
venit, eorumque cenam furtim rapuit. Sed Marcus id
viderat, et iam Iratus pueros ceteros ad lupl speluncam
vocavit ; cumque in earn ramos et folia iecissent lupum-
que ignl terrerent, is subito erupit e latebris, et in silvam
celeriter fugit. Lupl enim ignis vehementer timent."
II. Translate into Latin: v
A. i. My mother is afraid of the sea. My brother
and sisters, however, are in the boat. 2. And so they
will go quickly through the valley ; for there are many
bears in the woods. 3. Was the farmer able to help the
poor sailor? I called my father to help him. But my
brothers were then putting a bear into the cage ; and so
(my) father could not go into the fields,
LATIN PRIMER
107
B. i. "The sailors now threw the fish into the sea,"
said Marcus ; " for the farmers had refused to fill their
baskets with apples." 2. " I began to be much afraid,"
said Claudia to the boys. " For there was an intoxicated
sailor in the yard, and my father had gone into the hills
to give money to the farmers." 3. " Let's hurry into
the kitchen, Marcus," said Quintus. "Two little foxes
have come into the garden, and we will frighten them
with fire."
EXERCISE XLIII
THE THIRD OR E-CONJUGATION
mitto, mittere, misi, missus, send
ACTIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
PRESENT TENSE
PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
mittimus mittam mittamus
mittitis mittas mittatis
mittunt mittat mittant
SINGULAR
1st person mitto
2d person mittis
3d person mittit
IMPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person mittebam mittebamus mitterem mitteremus
2d person mittebas mittebatis mitteres mitteretis
3d person mittebat mittebant mitteret mitterent
SINGULAR
ist person mittam
2d person mittes
3d person mittet
FUTURE TENSE
PLURAL
mittemus
mittetis
mittent
108 LATIN PRIMER
REMARK. Observe that, except in the imperfect indicative, the
above forms of the third conjugation are more or less unlike the
corresponding forms of the first and second conjugations. Note
particularly that in the imperfect subjunctive the first e of the end-
ing is short, and contrast the corresponding e of the imperfect sub-
junctive of the second conjugation (as seen in haberem, etc.).
The perfect tenses of the following verbs are already
familiar. Learn now the principal parts :
cado, cadere, cecidl, casum, fall.
curro, currere, cucurri, cur sum, run.
duco, ducere, duxl, ductus, lead, bring.
edo, esse (edere), edl, esus, eat ; see Summary of Forms,
page 219.
emo, emere, emi, emptus, buy.
erumpo, erumpere, erupl, eruptum, rush (out), burst forth.
escendo, escendere, escendi, escensum, climb (?//).
frango, frangere, fregl, fractus, break..
occido, occldere, occidi, occisus, kill.
veho, vehere, vexl, vectus, carry.
REMARK. Note that the present infinitive of the third conjuga-
tion ends in -Sre, an ending which must be distinguished carefully
from the corresponding -ere of the second conjugation.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. I. Marci f rater columbarum ova saxls frangere
voluit ; sed pater eum in agros misit, ut equos defessos
ad aquam duceret. 2. In tabernam turn Ibamus, ut bacas
uvasque emeremus. 3. Ad villam cum sor5ribus cur-
ramus. Ubi puerl latuerunt ? 4. Potueruntne puerl piscls
emere ? Nos in hortum currere maluimus ; ibi enim mala
ex arboribus in terrain cadebant.
LATIN PRIMER 109
B. The Generous Bear
Olim Marcus et Qumtus e villa venerunt ad lltus, et in
harena multos pisces magnos invenerunt. Eos puerl in
corbulas iecerunt duas, domumque properare coeperunt.
Cum autem per silvam magnam Trent, ursa alba pisces
vldit, lupoque " Pisces video," inquit ; " pueros terreamus."
Itaque lupus subito ex arborum umbra erupit. Turn cor-
bulae cum piscibus pulchrls ceciderunt in terram, puerique
per vallem perterriti cucurrerunt. Interim ursa piscis
rapuit, cumque eos edisset, corbulas lupo dedit. Is autem
Tratus in speluncam cucurrit, ibique parvas ursas tres
occldit.
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. The fire was now falling into the leaves ; and
so the sailor ran through the valley to warn the farmers.
2. When the boys were bringing the little wolf from the
hills to the boat, the other wolves rushed out of (their)
hiding places and fled through the forest ; for they were
exceedingly afraid of the arrows of the farmers. 3. The
cook was buying plates at the store ; for the monkey had
broken many.
B. i. "Let's bring the horses to the shore," said Mar-
cus, " and send them into the sea." , 2. "I have brought
a strong horse to carry my stout sister to town," said
Quintus ; " but I cannot put her upon him." 3. " Let's
eat (our) berries in the shade," said Julia. "The boys
wanted to come with me to the farmhouse, but I refused.
And so they ran into the woods and began to climb
up into a tall tree to kill a raven. Soon they will be
punished."
110
LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE XLIV
IRREGULAR VERB
fero, ferre, tull, latus, carry, bear
ACTIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR
ist person fero
2d person fers
3d person fert
PLURAL
ferimus
fertis
ferunt
IMPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
feram feramus
feras feratis
ferat ferant
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
ist person
ferebam
ferebamus
ferrem
ferremus
2d person
ferebas
ferebatis
ferres
f erretis
3d person
ferebat
ferebant
ferret
ferrent
SINGULAR
ist person feram
2d person feres
3d person feret
FUTURE TENSE
PLURAL
feremus
feretis
ferent
REMARK. Aside from the principal parts, fero is not specially
irregular. In general its inflection follows that of mitto ; but note
the peculiarity of the imperfect subjunctive ferrem (compare ferre),
and observe that in the present indicative several forms have suf-
fered the loss of a short vowel.
VOCABULARY
transeo, transire, transil, saepe, adverb, often.
transitus, cross (over), go
over.
LATIN PRIMER III
REMARK. Note that transe5 is a compound of the irregular
verb eo, whose conjugation it follows.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Marcus ex agris venerat, ut mensam ad rlpam
ferret; ibi enim puellae cenam in corbulis habebant.
2. Puellae malae corvl caveam in aquam iecerunt ; saxis
earn frangamus. 3. Ego turn e latebrls erumpere rivum-
que translre volul ; f rater autem n5luit, quia nautas ebrios
in spelunca viderat 4. Ursasne occldere potestis, puerl ?
Ubi sunt sagittae vestrae ?
B. The Playful Monkey
" In area hodie sedeamus," Marco olini inquit lulia.
Marcus autem in hortum Ire maluit, ut agricolae filium
vocaret, cumque eo in silvam properavit. Itaque mox ibi
sub arboribus in umbra puerl iacebant. In silva habitabat
simia alba. Ea, cum pueros vldisset, furtim in arborem
altam escendit, ramosque parvos in eos iecit. El autem
irati saxa magna iecerunt in arborem, slmiamque occiderunt
miseram. Turn perterriti f ugerunt ; slmias enim ceteras
vehementer timebant. Marcus ad lltus properavit ; agri-
colae autem fllius domum cucurrit, et sub lecto latuit.
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Why do the farmers often carry branches from
the woods to the shore ? 2. Yesterday a little fox stealthily
crossed the stream and came into the yard to eat the fish
tails ; for the cook had thrown them into a basket. 3. We
are climbing into the tree to kill the raven. 4. Were you
then going to the store to buy eggs and grapes ?
112 LATIN PRIMER
B. i. " Quintus is carrying the school bags," said
Claudia. " Are you carrying the tablets, Marcus ? "
2. " We will carry the other chairs, girls," said Marcus.
" I wanted to carry three, but my brothers have come from
the boat to help me." 3. " You often carry the raven to
school, boys," said Marcella. " Do the children give it
grapes and berries ? " 4. " The big baskets are in the
kitchen, Quintus," said Julia. " Have you come to carry
them ? "
EXERCISE XLV
VOCABULARY
insula, -ae, F., island. consume, consumere, con-
hora, -ae, F., Jiour. sumpsl, consumptus, use
navis, -is (abl. -1 and -e), F., up, destroy,
ship.
MODEL SENTENCE
Agricolae in umbra horas duas sederunt, The farmers sat
in the shade two hours.
RULE. The accusative case is used to express Extent of Time
or Space.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. I. Naves mare ad Insulam transierunt ; ibi autem
agricolae eas igni consumpserunt. 2. Cum per collis
horas tris fugissemus, in vallem venimus, et in villa latui-
mus. 3. Nam pater saepe nos vocat, ut saxa ex agris
feramus. 4. Turn nautae, vehementer IratI quia slmia e
navi in mare ceciderat, pueros vocaverunt, ut slmiam cymba
adiuvarent.
LATIN PRIMER
113
NAVIS
Roman ships of war carried sails, but relied more upon their
oars. The larger vessels often had three or four sets of oars, each
set placed a little higher than the last, and all worked together.
Such a ship could carry several hundreds of people. The ancient
artist who designed the figure of a war vessel shown above made
no attempt to preserve a proper proportion between the size of the
ship and the size of the men upon it.
LATIN PRIMER 8
114 LATIN PRIMER
B. An Adventure in the Woods
" Olim," inquit avus noster, " Marcus cum puerls duobus
in silvam lit, ut corvos sagittls occideret. Cum autem ibi
rivum parvum laeti transirent, subito ex arbore alta ova
multa in eos ceciderunt ; simiae enim viderant pueros,
ovaque e corvorum nldls rapuerant. Itaque pueri irati
sagittas in arborem mittere coeperunt. Sed interim e navl
in silvam venerant nautae ebrii. Eos cum vidissent, puerl
iecerunt sagittas in aquam, celeriterque ad litus fugerunt.
Ibi invenerunt nautarum cymbam, et in Insulam parvam
transierunt. Itaque nautae, cum e silva venissent, pueros
occldere voluerunt; sed el iam in Insula tuti sedebant."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. I. We shall send the farmer to bring the horses
from the valley. 2. Did the strong boys carry the boat
from the sea into the field ? 3. Why are you lying many
hours in the tent ? 4. We had now used up our wine.
For the stout sailors had come from the ship, and had sat
long in the farmhouse.
B. i. " We ran to the shore to cross over to the island,"
said Marcus; "but the sailors had stolen our boat. You
can see their ship on the sea now." 2. " My father was
exceedingly angry," said Quintus ; "for my brothers had
carried the fish from the boat and thrown them into the
bears' cage." 3. " You will go to town to-morrow, Quin-
tus," said the girls. " In the meantime we shall carry the
grapes to the farmhouse and put the baskets in the tent."
4. " I saw large fires in the woods to-day," said the farmer.
" Soon there will be many bears and wolves in the fields ;
for they will be afraid of the fire."
LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE XLVI
IRREGULAR VERB
volo, velle, volul, wish, be willing, etc.
SINGULAR
ist person volo
2d person vis
3d person
vult
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
PRESENT TENSE
PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
volumus velim vellmus
vultis veils velltis
volunt velit velint
IMPERFECT TENSE
PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
volebamus vellem vellemus
volebatis velles velletis
volebant vellet vellent
FUTURE TENSE
PLURAL
volemus
voletis
volent
Note that the imperfect and future indicative of this
verb conform to the third conjugation ; also that the endings of
the present subjunctive are like those of sim, sis, sit, etc.
VOCABULARY
canis, -is, M. and F., dog. quoque, postpositive adverb
milia (-ium, N.) passuum, and conjunction, also, too.
miles. venator, -oris, M., hunter.
paucl, -ae, -a, few, a few.
REMARK i. Contrary to the rule, canis is not an I-stem.
REMARK 2. The words milia passuum mean literally "thou-
sands of paces." In this phrase, passuum of course remains every-
where unchanged; but milia is declined in the way above indicated.
ist person
2d person
3d person
ist person
2d person
3d person
REMARK.
SINGULAR
volebam
volebas
volebat
SINGULAR
volam
voles
volet
Note that
Il6 LATIN PRIMER
NOTE. The rule for the expression of Extent of Time and
Space was stated in the last Exercise. An example was there
given of Extent of Time ; the following sentence illustrates Extent
of Space : Duo milia passuum pueri venerant, The boys had come
two miles.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Visne cum venatore per silvam ire, Quinte ?
2. Agricolae ad insulam properare volent ; cur eos non
mones ? 3. Venator multa milia passuum properaverat,
ut agricolas defessos adiuvaret. 4. Vos navem ignl con-
sumere vultis. Quid nautae volunt ?
B. The Hunters Hunted
" Heri," inquit agricola, "venatSres, cum ex oppido tria
milia passuum Issent per silvam, iamque ad speluncam
venissent, ursas igni terrere non potuerunt ; itaque canes
in speluncam miserunt. Turn ursae vehementer Iratae
subito eruperunt e latebris, venatoresque in arbores celeri-
ter escenderunt. Cum autem ursae quoque escendere
vellent, turn venatores ad ramos parvos perterritl propera-
verunt. Sed ursae, cum in arbores escendissent, fregerunt
ramos, cumque venatoribus miserls in terram ceciderunt.
Ibi cum ursae canes occiderent, venatores per silvam celeri-
ter domum fugerunt."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. What are you carrying, Quintus ? 2. I, too,
want to go to the farmhouse. 3. However, we often
crossed the stream to sit for a few hours in the forest.
4. What will you give, farmers, to be able to frighten the
bears and wolves ? 5. (Our) father wants to buy fields
and live in the valley ; but we want to live on the island.
6. Are you willing to sit with us ?
LATIN PRIMER 1 1/
B. I. " Let's bring the bear into the yard and frighten
the children," said Marcus. " The farmer has gone to
town to buy baskets ; and so we can now bring her from
the cage." 2. " A few sailors had come from the ship
and were placing baskets on the shore," said Julia.
" Meanwhile the boys were carrying branches and leaves
from the woods ; for (their) mother had sent them to help
the sailors." 3. " The hunter, too, now came with (his)
dogs," said Quintus ; " for the farmer had not been able
to kill the bear."
EXERCISE XLVII
IRREGULAR VERBS
malo, malle, malui, prefer
nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling, not wish, refuse
These verbs are compounds of volo, and in the main
agree with it in conjugation, as the following synopsis will
show:
malo malim nolo nolim
malebam mallem nolebam nollem
[malam] [nolam]
malul maluerim nolui noluerim
malueram maluissem nolueram noluissem
maluero noluero
In the present indicative, however, both malo and nolo
are quite irregular, the inflection being as follows :
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
malo malumus nolo nolumus
mavis mavultis non vis non vultis
mavult malunt non vult nolunt
Il8 LATIN PRIMER
REMARK. In the synopsis above, the forms malam and nolam
are put in square brackets because they are not in common use.
Except for the first person singular, however, the future tense of
both verbs is normal.
VOCABULARY
CARDINAL NUMERALS
quattuor, four. septem, seven. novem, nine.
quinque, five. octo, eight. decem, ten.
sex, six.
NOTE. The cardinal numerals above given are indeclinable ; i.e.,
they are used without change of form, no matter what the case of
the noun they modify.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. I. Venatores in agros Ire malunt, ut lupos occldant.
2. Canes iam septem milia passuum per vallem venerant.
Ursae enim e collibus in vallem fugerant. 3. Nos quoque
nolumus ex Insula fugere; nautae autem volunt. 4. Cum
agricolae villam ignl consumere nollent, cur tu ignem e
cullna tulistl ?
B. A Timely Rescue
" Olim," inquit puer obesus, " magister cum librls milia
passuum pauca in silvam properavit ; cumque ad locum
idoneum venisset ibique in foliis horas duas sedisset, subito
timere coepit, quia in arborum umbra lupos magnos videbat ;
nam lup! agricolas ibi saepe occlderant. Itaque magister
perterritus domum properare volebat; cum autem per
silvam furtim ire coepisset, lupT quoque e latebrls venerunt.
Magister iam currebat ; cumque rivum translret, in aquam
cecidit. Turn autem subito venator cum canibus ad ripam
venit, lupique in speluncas fugerunt.'*
LATIN PRIMER 119
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Do you want to see the boat, boys ? The sailors
are carrying it into the sea. 2. The farmers have come
ten miles through the fields to the shore. Will the sailors
give them fish ? 3. Do you prefer to buy a doll, Claudia ?
4. Marcus does not want to go to the store with you.
5. The little foxes had come stealthily from the woods to
eat your sister's four chickens, Quintus.
B. i. "On the ship," said the boy, "are six sailors and
eight farmers. The sailors want to send the farmers into
the small boat ; but they (the farmers) do not wish to cross
over to the island." 2. " I want to frighten my mother,"
said Quintus. " Let's fall into the water." 3. " We, too,
have a few fish," said Julia; "for the sailors came to the
farmhouse yesterday. They gave us fish ; we gave them
grapes and berries." 4. " Let's put five baskets in the
tent, and the others in the kitchen," said Marcus.
EXERCISE XLVIII
THE THIRD OR E-CONJUGATION (continued)
Certain verbs of which the first person singular of the
present indicative ends in -io belong to this conjugation.
These verbs are in the main regular ; but in some forms
the i disappears before a following vowel.
rapio, rapere, rapui, raptus, seize, steal
ACTIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person rapio rapimus rapiam rapiamus
2d person rapis rapitis rapias rapiatis
3d person rapit rapiunt rapiat rapiant
I2O
LATIN PRIMER
IMPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR
ist person rapiebam rapiebamus raperem
2d person rapiebas rapiebatis raperes
3d person rapiebat rapiebant raperet
PLURAL
raperemus
raperetis
raperent
SINGULAR
ist person rapiam
2d person rapies
3d person rapiet
FUTURE TENSE
PLURAL
rapiemus
rapietis
rapient
The perfect tenses of the following verbs are already
familiar. Learn now the principal parts :
fugio, fugere, fugl, run away, flee.
iacio, iacere, iecl, iactus, throw.
VOCABULARY
annus, -1, M., year. ita, adverb, thus, so, in this
avis, -is (abl. -e and -1), F., way.
bird. humi, on the ground.
neque (or nee), and . . . not.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Avus noster et avia mult5s ann5s in valle habita-
verimt. Saepe ad vlllam Imus, ut cum els sub arboribus
sedeamus. 2. Simiam in mare iaciamus ; avia enim in
vlllam iam iit, neque nos videre potest. 3. Nautae miser!
annos duos in litore nostro habitaverant ; itaque iam mare
cum ceterls nautis transire volebant. 4. Nam lupl per
agros furtim Ibant, ut agricolarum equos raperent.
LATIN PRIMER 121
B. A Case of Poetic Justice
"Olim," inquit lulia, "in arboribus nostris aves habita-
bant multae, nldosque ibi habebant. Her! autem sex pueri
mall in arbores escenderunt ; cumque nidos fregissent, ova
parvasque avis iecerunt in terram. Turn Marcus et eius
pater, cum venissent in hortum, et ova avesque huml invenis-
sent, vehementer Irati agricolam vocaverunt. Pueri autem
interim ad latebras f ugerant ; Marcl enim patrem time-
bant. Itaque is agricolam ad eorum patres misit; cumque
pueri perterriti iam domum e latebrls venissent, avium ova
in mensa invenerunt. Ea nolebant edere, sed patres time-
bant. Ita poenas dederunt."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. When the boys were throwing the dog into the
water, they did not see the teacher on the shore. 2. For
many years the hunters have thus helped us ; for wolves
and bears often come stealthily from the woods and seize
our horses. 3. I wanted to rush out from the cave.
Quintus, however, had seen beautiful birds there, and was
not willing to go home. 4. In the field strong horses
were lying on the ground.
B. i. "The horse had fallen into a stream," said Mar-
cus, " and the farmer was not able to help him." 2. " The
sailor also had come five miles through the hills," said
Quintus ; " for the farmers were frightening the bears with
fire, and he wanted to see them (the bears)." 3. " Do
you carry books to school?" said Claudia to Julia; "we
carry pens and tablets." 4. " My brother sent the chick-
ens to a safe place," said the boy. " Then we hurried into
the woods to kill the little foxes."
122
LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE XLIX
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN
qul, quae, quod, who, which, that
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Masc.
Fern,
Newt.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
qul
quae
quod
qul
quae
quae
Gen.
cuius
cuius
cuius
quorum
quarum
quorum
Dat.
cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
Ace.
quern
quam
quod
quos
quas
quae
Abl.
quo
qua
quo
quibus
quibus
quibus
REMARK. In connection with the preposition cum, the ablative
is usually written quocum, quibuscum, etc.
MODEL SENTENCE
Aves, quas tenetis, meae sunt, The birds which you hold
are mine.
RULE. TJie relative pronoun regularly agrees with its
antecedent in number and gender. Its case depends on tJie
structure of tJie clause in wJiich it stands.
REMARK. In the above model sentence, aves is the antecedent
noun. The relative is therefore plural and feminine ; but its case
is determined by the fact that it is the direct object of tenetis.
VOCABULARY
caput, -itis, N., head. capio, capere, cepi, captus,
iter, itineris, N., journey, catch, capture, get, etc.
road, march, etc. facio, facere, feel, factus,
make, do.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Mare transire multos annos voluimus. 2. Ve-
natores, qul in silva habitant, saepe in oppidum eunt, ut
LATIN PRIMER 123
sagittas emant. 3. Nautae, quibus vinum dedistis, iam
hum! iacent ebrii. 4. Puer, cuius canes ursa occidit,
agricolas validos hodie vocabit, ut ursam quoque occidant.
B. An Agile Monkey
"Venator," inquit agricola, "turn filios vocavit perque
silvam properare coepit. Cumque iam novem milia pas-
suum iter fecissent, subito e spelunca erupit slmia perterrita,
quae celeriter in arborem magnam ad ramum altum escen-
dit. Venator slmiam sagitta occldere v'oluit; filii autem
earn capere et in oppidum ducere malebant ; itaque in ar-
borem escendere coeperunt. Sed slmia interim per ramos
parvos in arbores ceteras translbat; puerique, cum ita
transire vellent, fregerunt ramos, et in caput patris miserl
ceciderunt. Interim slmia ad latebras tutas fugerat."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Have you seen the heads and tails of the fish
that I bought in town ? 2. When Marcus had traveled
many miles with the dogs to catch a wolf, he came to a
large stream, and could not cross to the wolves' caves.
3. I see the girl whose father went with us to help the
sailors. 4. When we had sat for three hours in the garden,
we too went into the tent which the children had made.
'B. i. "The boy to whom I gave the berries broke the
birds' nest," said Julia. 2. " The cook is carrying a basket
to the shore," said Quintus. " There he will buy fish which
the sailors have caught in the sea." 3. " I too will go
with you to-day," said Claudia ; " for I want to see the
ships, and I shall not be able to go to-morrow." 4 "The
farmers were burning (lit. destroying with fire) the boat,"
said Marcus, " because the sailors had stolen their horses
from the fields."
124
LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE L
THE FOURTH OR I-CONJUGATION
audio, audire, audlvl, auditus, hear
ACTIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE MOOD
, PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person audio audlmus
2d person audls audltis
3d person audit audiunt
SINGULAR
1st person audiebam
2d person audiebas
3d person audiebat
SINGULAR
1st person audiam
2d person audies
3d person audiet
IMPERFECT TENSE
PLURAL
audiebamus
audiebatis
audiebant
FUTURE TENSE
PLURAL
audiemus
audietis
audient
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
SINGULAR PLURAL
audiam audiamus
audias audiatis
audiat audiant
SINGULAR PLURAL
audirem audlremus
audlres audiretis
audlret audlrent
REMARK. It will be seen at a glance that the above forms are
very like the forms of the corresponding tenses of -io verbs of the
third conjugation. Note particularly, however, the varying quan-
tity of i in the present indicative.
The perfect tenses of the following verbs are already
familiar. Learn now the principal parts :
venio, venire, veni, ventum, come,
invenio, in venire, inveni, inventus, find.
LATIN PRIMER 125
VOCABULARY
convenio, convenire, convert!, prope, preposition, used with
conventus, meet, come to- the accusative case, near,
gether.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Agricola piger, quern prope cymbam videtis, nos
audit. Eamus in hortum, eius-que corbulas saxls frangamus.
2. Cur ad litus voluistis mittere equos, quos ego ex agrls
duxeram ? 3. Istme ad cymbam, ut ibi convenlres nautas,
e5rumque corbulas ad villam ferres ? 4. Itaque hum!
sedebant puerl quoque ; nautae enim rapuerant subsellia,
eaque ignl consumpserant. 5. Librosne Marcus in magi-
strum iacere voluit ? Quid f ecerat magister ?
B. The Wolf and the Fox
Olim in silva lupus vulpeculam convenit, cumque ea in
agros iter facere coepit, ut agricolarum gallinas raperet.
Subito autem venatores magnosque canes audiurit. Turn
lupus perterritae vulpeculae " Tu in arborem escendere
potes," inquit. " Ego in speluncam fugiam." Itaque cum
vulpecula misera in arborem escendere vellet neque posset,
lupus celeriter cucurrit in speluncam et in foliis latuit.
Venatores interim ad arborem venerant vulpeculamque
sagittls iam occidebant. Turn lupus, cum id audlvisset,
subito e spelunca erupit et vehementer terruit venatores,
qui cum canibus celeriter per silvam fugerunt. Ita lupus
vulpeculam defessam adiuvit.
II. Translate into Latin : .
A. i. Let's meet the boys in the fields near the cave;
for they have gone to the tall tree to find the little foxes'
hiding place. 2. When the farmers heard this, they
126 LATIN PRIMER
called six children to whom the sailor had given ravens.
3. To-morrow I shall go into the valley to meet the
hunters, who have traveled many miles through the woods
to buy horses. 4. / did not want to catch the birds. But
the boys who had come with us into the garden climbed
into the trees and threw stones into their nests.
B. i. "Let's run away to the shore," said Marcus to
the other children. " Your sisters are in the tent, and
they cannot hear us." 2. " We shall soon meet the
hunter who lives in the woods," said the teacher. " He
often sits here in the shade to kill the wolves which come
from the caves to steal the farmers' children. Once he
was able thus to catch a little bear, which he brought into
the town. There three sailors bought the bear and led it
to (their) ship."
EXERCISE LI
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD
PRESENT TENSE ACTIVE VOICE
The present tense of the imperative of Latin verbs is
found only in the second person, singular and plural.
REGULAR VERBS
SINGULAR PLURAL
voco voca vocate
habeo habe habete
mitto mitte mittite
rapio rape rapite
audio audi audlte
REMARK. Two regular verbs already familiar (duco, facio)
and one yet to be taken up (died) lose final e in the singular of
the present imperative active, appearing there as die, due, fac.
LATIN PRIMER I2/
IRREGULAR VERBS
SINGULAR PLURAL
eo I Ite
fer<3 fer ferte
nolo noli n5llte
sum es este
REMARK. In the inflection of malo, vo!5, and possum, the
imperative mood is lacking.
VOCABULARY
mortuus, -a, -um, dead. securis, -is (abl. -1), F., ax,
battle ax.
MODEL SENTENCE
Noli (Nolite) id facere, Don't do it.
RULE. The negatived imperative of English may be
represented in Latin by the present infinitive depending on
the imperatives noli or nolite. This is the principal ivay of
expressing Prohibition in Latin.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Nolite frangere caput canis miseri, pueri. Olim,
cum in aquam cecidissem, is me adiuvit. 2. Aquam in
hortum celeriter fer, Quinte ; ignis enim iam in folia ceci-
dit. 3. In umbra prope tabernaculum duas horas sedete.
Turn ego veniam, ut vos domum ducam. 4. Avium nldos,
qui diu huml iacuerant, Marcus turn in ramis collocabat.
B. A Cautious Thief
Olim simia in arbore alta habitabat. Sub arbore erat
spelunca, in quam multae vulpeculae saepe uvas galllnas-
128 LATIN PRIMER
que tulerunt. Simia uvas rapere voluit ; vulpeculas autem
timebat. Itaque corvo "Tu in speluncam I," inquit, " uvas-
que vulpecularum rape." Corvus autem, qul in arbore
tutus sedere malebat, " Lupum vocabo," inquit, " ut is uvas
gallmasque rapiat." Turn simia Irata ramum iecit in caput
corvi, qul miser ex arbore mortuus in speluncam cecidit.
Id cum audlvissent, vulpeculae perterritae e spelunca in
latebras tutas celeriter fugerunt. Interim simia mala in
speluncam laeta properavit, uvasque rapuit.
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Seize the axes which I threw into the tent, boys,
and hurry into the fields to kill the bear. 2. Don't go to
the shore, girls. I will come to the farmhouse and meet
you there. 3. Send the farmer to me, Marcus. We want
to catch the raven, and cannot find its cage. 4. When
the wolf heard the dogs, he also crossed the stream ; but
there the farmer killed him with an ax.
B. i. " Don't frighten us," said Julia to the boys ; "for
we are carrying dishes, and do not want to break them."
2. " When we saw the dead sailor in the woods," said
Marcus, " we ran to the farmhouse ; for the girls were
much frightened. But there we met the hunters whom
you saw yesterday near the stream." 3. " Our sisters
will carry the eggs," said Claudia, " and the farmer has
gone to the field to call (his) sons to carry the other
baskets."
LATIN PRIMER
129
EXERCISE LII
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
I-STEMS
fortis, -is, -e, brave
SINGULAR
Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nom. fortis fortis forte
Gen. fortis fortis fortis
Dat fort! fortl fortl
Ace. fortem fortem forte
PLURAL
Abl. fortl forti
fortl
Masc.
fortes
fortium
fortibus
fortis
fortes
fortibus
Fern.
fortes
fortium
fortibus
fortis
fortes
fortibus
Neut.
fortia
fortium
fortibus
fortia
fortibus
acer, -cris, -ere, fierce, keen, etc.
Nom.
acer
acris
acre
acres
acres
acria
Gen.
acris
acris
acris
acrium
acrium
acrium
Dat.
acri
acri
acri
acribus
acribus
acribus
Ace.
acrem
acrem
acre
acris
acris
acria
acres
acres
Abl.
acrl
acri
acri
acribus
acribus
acribus
REMARK. It will be noted that the masculine and feminine
forms of fortis are identical throughout. The same thing is true
of acer, excepting in the nominative singular.
VOCABULARY
acriter, adverb, fiercely.
fortiter, adverb, bravely.
pugno, pugnare, pugnavi,
pugnatum, fight.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Ursas, cum diu acriterque pugnavissent, venator
fortis securl occidit. 2. Properemus ad ludum, ut in
LATIN PRIMER 9
130 LATIN PRIMER
via Marcum conveniamus. 3. Cum venatorem mortuum
vidisses, cur non ad Htus cucurristi, ut nautas fortis voca-
res ? 4. In hortum fortiter properate, puellae, lupumque
terrete ; mox enim agricolae ex agris cum canibus venient.
B. The Undutiful Sons
Prope silvam magnam cum tribus filiis validis habitabat
agricola, qui agros multos habebat equosque pulchros.
Olim, cum in agros Iret defessus, puerls " Mecum venlte,"
inquit, " equosque ad aquam ducite." Pueri autem in
umbra hum! malebant iacere, nee patrem adiuvare vole-
bant. Itaque, cum agricola iam ex horto isset, corvus,
qui pigros filios sub arboribus viderat, e silva ursam voca-
vit, quae laeta e spelunca properavit, ut pueros raperet.
El miserl, cum ursam vidissent, perterriti fugere non potu-
erunt ; paterque mox sub arboribus filios invenit mortuos.
Ita puerl mall poenas dederunt.
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. The wolves will come stealthily from the woods
to eat your monkey, boys. 2. Don't fight, sailors. The
farmers whom Marcus has called are coming from the
valley; I can hear their dogs. 3. The girls were in
the yard, and they did not see the wolf. 4. The boys
whose fathers you met yesterday will soon go to the shore
to catch fish.
B. i. " The brave sailors whom my brother helped,"
said Quintus, " have gone to the woods to find the wolf."
2. " Marcus had begun to be unwilling to go," said
Claudia; "but when he heard the sea, he ran quickly
to the boat which the sailor had given to my sisters."
3. " Run to the farmhouse, children," said the farmer.
" I saw a bear in the woods to-day, and could not kill it."
LATIN PRIMER 131
4. " Don't be afraid of the drunken sailors, boys," said
the teacher. "They cannot frighten the dogs, which are
now coming bravely from the field."
EXERCISE LIII
THE FOURTH OR U-DECLENSION
exercitus, M., army
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nominative exercitus exercitus
Genitive exercitus exercituum
Dative exercitul exercitibus
Accusative exercitum exercitus
Ablative exercitu exercitibus
REMARK. Note that in the ending of the nominative singular
the u is short, whereas it is long in the -us of the genitive singular
and of the nominative and accusative plural.
Gender. Nouns of the fourth declension in -us are
masculine or (rarely) feminine. For the inflection of
neuters, see Summary of Forms, page 194.
VOCABULARY
fluctus, -us, M., wave. ludo, ludere, lusi, lusum,
impetus, -us, M., attack. play.
imperator, -oris, M., general, paro, parare, paravl, paratus,
commander. prepare. Sometimes con-
abscido, abscldere, abscldl, strued with the present
absclsus, cut off. infinitive.
THE IMPERFECT OF CUSTOMARY PAST ACTION
In addition to the use already familiar, the imperfect
indicative is often employed to describe a repeated past
action ; e.g., E silva ursae in agros veniebant, Bears used to
132
LATIN PRIMER
EXERCITUS ITER FACIT
The above picture carved on a monument represents a division
of the Roman army crossing the Danube on a bridge of boats. The
commander in chief (imperator), who leads the column, does not
appear in that part of the carving here shown ; but two subordi-
nate commanders can be seen, one already come to land, the other
still upon the bridge.
LATIN PRIMER 133
come from the forest into the fields, or Bears would come
from the forest into the fields. From now on in the
Exercises this use of the imperfect will occasionally be
illustrated.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A . i. Imperator autem exercitum fortem e silva ad
litus duxit, ibique in nautas malos impetum acrem fecit.
2. Vos quoque, agricolae, nollte timere, sed fortiter ad
villam currite; nos enim interim nautas vocabimus et in
vallem mittemus. 3. Prope Insulam fluctus sunt magnl,
nautaeque ibi saxa timent. 4. Agricolarum flliae hum!
collocaverunt avium nidos, eosque igni consumpserunt ;
interim pueri corvi caveam pulchram in mare iecerunt.
B. The Repentant Brother
In villa habitabant puer et puella, quorum mater diu
mortua erat. Pater saepe per silvam Ibat in oppidum ;
interim liberi prope villam ludebant. Olim, cum puella in
area esset, frater malus eius pupae caput abscidit. Itaque
puella vehementer Irata in silvam properavit, neque earn
frater invenire p.otuit. Mox e silva venit agricolae fllius,
qul ibi lupum magnum viderat. Turn frater perterritus
cum cane valido in silvam celeriter cucurrit, ut sororem
inveniret. Ibi huml iacebat puella defessa, eamque edere
lupus parabat. Sed canis fortis, cum id vldisset, in lupum
fortiter fecit impetum. Ita caput lupi, cum is acriter cum
cane pugnaret, puer securl fregit
. II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. When the farmers whom the general had called
came to the shore, they wanted to cross to the island ; but
they could not, because the waves were high (lit. great).
134 LATIN PRIMER
2. Let's cut off the fishes' tails and throw them into the
water; the other fishes will eat them. 3. The cook is
preparing dinner. Let's play now in the shade. I will
call the fat boy whom we met to-day on the shore.
B. i. "The general was preparing to burn the ship,"
said the sailor. " But we did not want to do it; and so he
sent the farmers to call the other sailors." 2. "When
the children were playing on the shore," said Julia, "the
waves destroyed their boat." 3. " However," said Marcus,
"the bear made a fierce attack upon the dogs; for there
were three little bears in the cave." 4. "Why did you
cut off my doll's head, Quintus ? " cried Claudia. "I'll
go into the woods, and the bears will eat me there."
"Don't run into the woods," said Quintus. "I'll not kill
the other dolls."
EXERCISE LIV
THE PASSIVE VOICE
PERFECT TENSES
Verbs of all conjugations form the passive of the per-
fect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in the same way,
namely, by adding to the perfect passive participle (the
fourth principal part) certain forms of sum. One model,
therefore, suffices for all conjugations ; e.g. :
voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus
PASSIVE VOICE
PERFECT TENSE
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
SINGULAR SINGULAR
ist person vocatus sum vocatus sim
2d person vocatus es vocatus sis
3d person vocatus est vocatus sit
LATIN PRIMER
135
INDICATIVE
ist person
2d person
3d person
ist person
2d person
3d person
PLURAL
vocati sumus
vocati estis
vocatl sunt
PLUPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR
vocatus eram
vocatus eras
vocatus erat
PLURAL
ist person vocatl eramus
2d person vocatl eratis
3d person vocatl erant
SUBJUNCTIVE
PLURAL
vocatl simus
vocati sltis
vocatl sint
SINGULAR
vocatus essem
vocatus esses
vocatus esset
PLURAL
vocatl essemus
vocatl essetis
vocatl essent
FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person vocatus ero vocati erimus
2d person vocatus eris vocati eritis
3d person vocatus erit vocati erunt
REMARK. Note that the participle vocatus is declined in the
same way as bonus, and that it agrees in number and gender with
the subject of the sentence. For convenience, only the masculine
forms are given above ; but any gender might be called for, as,
Claudia vocata est, puellae vocatae sunt, etc.
With voco as a model, form the perfect, pluperfect, and
future perfect tenses of habeo, mitto, fero, rapio, and audio.
VOCABULARY
bellum, -i, N., war. pax, pads, F., peace.
hostis, -is (abl. -e), M. and F., gero, gerere, gessi, gestus,
enemy. wage, carry on, do.
accipio, accipere, accepi, ac- remitto, remittere, remisi,
ceptus, receive, accept, take. remissus, send back.
136 LATIN PRIMER
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. I. Hostium imperator nobiscum iam octo annos
bellum gesserat, neque capta erant oppida nostra. 2. So-
rores meae, cum in silvam Issent, subito in ursarum spe-
luncam ceciderunt, et ita occisae sunt. 3. Cum sex
mllia passuum iter fecissemus, ad locum idoneum venimus;
moxque sub arboribus latueramus, ut corvos caperemus.
B. A Traitorous Schoolmaster
Mult! puerl parvi, quorum patres turn fortiter cum ho-
stibus bellum gerebant, cum magistro ex oppido in agros
veniebant, ut ibi luderent. Saepe ita fecerant ; sed olim,
cum multa mllia passuum per agros Issent, subito magister
mains pueros perterritos ad hostium exercitum duxit, eosque
imperatori dedit. Is autem iratus nolebat accipere pueros,
qui ita ad eum ducti erant. Itaque magistrum in oppidum,
pueros domum remisit. Ibi cum magister poenas dedisset,
pax cum. hostium imperatore bond facta est.
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. Do not make peace with the enemy. 2. We
have been sent back from the hills to the shore, and cannot
help our fathers and mothers, who are living in the valley.
3. When war had been waged five years, the generals of
the enemy marched stealthily many miles through the
forest to burn our town. 4. Were your cups broken,
cook ? For when I was crossing a stream, the basket
suddenly fell into the water.
B. i. "The monkey was unwilling to receive the little
fox into the cage," said the sailor; "and so they fought
fiercely for a long time." 2. " Once," said the teacher,
LATIN PRIMER
137
" a great ship was broken there by the waves. On the
shore were strong farmers who wanted to help the poor
sailors, and could not." 3. "The doves upon which the
raven made a fierce attack," said the farmer, " were killed ;
they are now lying on the ground near the farmhouse."
" Let's carry them to the woods," said Marcus, "and throw
them into the bears' den."
Masc.
Nom. idem
Gen. eiusdem
Dat.
Ace.
eldem
eundem
eodem
EXERCISE LV
PRONOUN OF IDENTITY AND INTENSIVE PRONOUN
Idem, eadem, idem, the same
SINGULAR
Fern. Neut,
eadem idem
eiusdem eiusdem
eldem eldem
eandem idem
Abl. eodem eadem eodem
PLURAL
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
eldem
eaedem
eadem
iidem
Idem
eorundem
earundem
eorundem
f elsdem
elsdem
elsdem
1 ilsdem
ilsdem
ilsdem
I Isdem
Isdem
Isdem
eosdem
easdem
eadem
elsdem
elsdem
elsdem
ilsdem
ilsdem
ilsdem
Isdem
Isdern
Isdem
138 LATIN PRIMER
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, herself, itself, etc.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Masc. Fern. Neut. Masc. frem. Neut.
Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa
Gen. ipslus ipslus ipslus ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
Dat. ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis
Ace. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa
Abl. ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis
REMARK i. Note that idem is a compound of is, ea, id.
REMARK 2. In connection with a verb in the first or second
person, ipse means " myself," " yourself," etc. ; e.g., Ipsi ad litus
properavimus, We ourselves hurried to the shore.
NOTE. These and several other pronouns may be used either
as adjectives or nouns. In translating the neuter nominative and
accusative of pronouns used as nouns, it is often necessary to
supply the word " thing " ; e.g., Idem videmus, We see the same
(thing), Eadem audiverunt, They heard the same (things], etc.
VOCABULARY
flurnen, -inis, N., river. statim, adverb, at once, im-
mlles, -itis, M., soldier. mediately.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Hostes iam pueros puellasque occidebant; nos
idem faciebamus. 2. Ipslus imperatoris fllius in agris
occlsus est; turn pater statim pacem noblscum fecit.
3. Caput militis fortis absclsum est, et in oppidum remis-
sum. 4. Noli fugere, Qirinte, sed fortiter parvas ursas
rape; nos enim ursas ceteras terrebimus.
LATIN PRIMER 139
B. A Soldier off Duty
" Olim," inquit avus meus, "venator e silva venit in op-
pidum, ut secures tris emeret. Cum autem domum Iret,
miles ebrius, qu! sub arbore alta sedebat, in eum subito
impetum acrem fecit, securesque rapere voluit. Turn ve-
nator vehementer Iratus horas duas cum milite acriter
pugnavit, nee eum occldere potuit. Interim autem in sil-
vam venerat imperator ipse; qui statim, cum mllitem vidis-
set ebrium, venat5rem adiuvit, militemque in oppidum reml-
sit, ut ibi poenas daret."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Let us at once send back the general himself ; for
peace has now been made with the enemy. 2. The sons
of the general were received, but his daughters were sent
back to the ship. 3. The boat has been thrown upon the
rocks by the waves. The tired sailors themselves will
carry it to the river. 4. The war had been waged many
years; but the enemy were now preparing to make
peace.
B. i. "Bring the same boys to me, Quintus," said the
soldier; " I want to send them back to their brave fathers."
2. "What then was done," asked Quintus, "when the army
had made a fierce attack upon the town, and had not been
able to break the gate?" 3. "The farmers would cut off
the horses' tails," said Claudia. "Then the horses were
not pleased." 4. " When we were playing near the
river," said Julia, "we heard the same drunken sailor who
frightened the girls yesterday ; and so we ran at once to
the farmhouse."
140
LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE LVI
THE FIRST OR A-CONJUGATION
voco
PASSIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE MOOD
PRESENT TENSE
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
vocamur
vocer
vocemur
vocamini
voceris
voceminl
vocere
vocantur
vocetur
vocentur
SINGULAR
1st person vocor
2d person vocaris
vocare
3d person vocatur
IMPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person vocabar vocabamur
2d person vocabaris vocabamini
vocabare vocarere
3d person vocabatur vocabantur vocaretur vocarentur
SINGULAR PLURAL
vocarer vocaremur
vocareris vocaremini
ist person
SINGULAR
vocabor
FUTURE TENSE
PLURAL
vocabimur
2d person vocaberis vocabiminl
vocabere
3d person vocabitur vocabuntur
2d person
IMPERATIVE MOOD
SINGULAR
vocare
PRESENT TENSE
PLURAL
vocamini
PRESENT INFINITIVE
vocarl
LATIN PRIMER 141
REMARK i. As a preliminary to learning the above forms of the
indicative and subjunctive, note (i) that everywhere in the third
persons the passive is formed by adding -ur to the corresponding
active forms ; and (2) that in the first persons r is either added
to final 6 of the corresponding active forms (with shortening of
the o), or substituted there for final m or s.
REMARK 2. Observe the relation which the forms of the pres-
ent imperative bear to those of the second persons of the present
indicative.
VOCABULARY
nox, noctis, F., night. castra, -orum, N., camp.
REMARK. In the plural, nox has I- stem endings.
MODEL SENTENCE
Ursae enim a venatore occlsae erant, For the bears had
been killed by the hunter.
RULE. With a passive verb, the doer is indicated by the
ablative case introduced by the preposition a, ab. This con-
struction is known as Ablative of t lie Agent.
REMARK i . The ablative of agency must be distinguished care-
fully from the ablative without a preposition as used to tell the
means by which a thing is accomplished ; e.g., Ursae enim securi
occisae erant, For the bears had been killed with an ax. Here
the doer is not mentioned at all ; but the means by which the
act was done is indicated by securi.
REMARK 2. The two forms of the preposition a, ab are identi-
cal in meaning. The form ab is to be used when the following
ablative begins with a vowel or h.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A . i. Nam mllites, qul ad flu men ierant, ibi statim ab
hostibus elsdem captl sunt. 2. Parabasne vulpeculas in
142
LATIN PRIMER
BUILDING A RAMPART
Roman soldiers were trained to work as well as to fight, and on
campaigns, even under ordinary circumstances, they had much
fortifying to do. For when the army halted in the open country
even for a night, a well-ordered camp (castra) had to be laid out
and surrounded by a wall of fortification. The above illustration
represents another carving on the monument referred to in con-
nection with Exercise LIII.
LATIN PRIMER 143
silvam remittere? Marcus ipse in corbula eas collocabit
et in silvam feret. 3. Cur bellum a mllitibus nostrls sex
annos cum hostibus fortibus gestum erat? 4. Imperator
idem, quia pacem noblscum facere non potuerat, flumen
statim transiit, ut a ceterls hostibus adiuvarl posset.
B. The Brave Soldiers
Pueri tres in villa prope flumen magnum habitabant,
ibique piscls pulchros saepe ceperunt. Sed olim, cum in
rlpa corbulae cum piscibus collocatae essent, subito e silva
erupit ursa parva, quae terruit pueros, piscesque rapere
coepit. Sed iam pater ipse puerorum ex agrls properabat,
ut ursam occideret; quae perterrita in arborem escendit,
moxque in ramo magno sedebat. Statim autem agricola
quoque escendit, ramumque abscldere parabat. Itaque
ursa, cum in ramos ceteros transire vellet, ad terram in
caput cecidit, et a canibus occlsa est. Turn mllites tres,
qui in umbra interim latuerant, iam fortiter e latebrls pro-
peraverunt, caputque ursae absclderunt; quod mox tulerunt
in castra imperatorique dederunt.
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Let's send back the nests to the farmhouse, so
that they may be given at once to the little girls. 2. When
the soldiers were being called to camp by the general, the
enemy quickly crossed the river with a large army and
burned our ships. 3. Don't sit on the dolls' table, boys ;
Quintus broke it yesterday. 4. When we had hurried
home from the woods, in order that the wolf which we
had caught might be at once placed in a cage, the farmer
refused to receive him ; and we could not send the wolf
back to the woods, because it was now night.
144
LATIN PRIMER
B. i. "Let's hurry to camp at once," said the same
soldiers ; " for the enemy will soon cross the river, and we
are afraid of the night." 2. " When a fierce attack had
been made by the enemy on our army," said our grand-
mother, "the other soldiers fled into the woods; but your
grandfather, who was a general, himself traveled many
miles through the night to a small camp, to warn the
sailors who had been sent from the other islands to the
shore."
EXERCISE LVII
INDEFINITE PRONOUN
quidam, quaedam, quoddam, (a) certain
SINGULAR
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
quidam
quaedam
quoddam
Gen.
cuiusdam
cuiusdam
cuiusdam
Dat.
cuidam
cuidam
cuidam
Ace.
quendam
quandam
quoddam
Abl.
quodam
quadam
quodam
PLURAL
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
quidam
quaedam
quaedam
Gen.
quorundam
quarundam
quorundam
Dat.
quibusdam
quibusdam
quibusdam
Ace.
quosdam
quasdam
quaedam
Abl.
quibusdam
quibusdam
quibusdam
NOTE. The above pronoun is here treated as an adjective.
When it is used as a noun, the nominative and accusative singular
of the neuter take the form quiddam, a certain (thing).
REMARK. As an aid to the memory, note the close relation be-
tween the forms of quidam and those of the relative qui.
LATIN PRIMER 145
VOCABULARY
nubes, -is (abl. -e), F., cloud, ater, -tra, -trum, black, dark.
igitur, postpositive conjunc- mane, adverb, in the morn-
tion, therefore. ing, early.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Milites Idem ad castra mane Ibunt, ut ab impera-
tore ipso adiuventur. 2. Turn imperator fortis cum exercitu
parvo statim flumen quoddam transiit, et per noctem in
hostium agros iter fecit. 3. Eamus in silvam, ut avium
nidos mveniamus. Validos pueros voca, Qumte. 4. EquI
atrl, cum a milite quodam ad flumen ducti essent, in aquam
celeriter cucurrerunt.
B. A Stolen Picnic
In ludo quodam cum magistro habitabant puerl paucT.
Olim, cum iam nox esset magisterque in lecto iaceret, puerl
furtim e ludo ierunt in agros, malaque agricolarum multa
rapuerunt. Turn, cum rivum transissent ad Tnsulam par-
vam, prope ignem, quern e ramls fecerant, mox huml
iacebant, ut mala ederent. Sed subito in caelo erant
multac nubes atrae, neque lunam iam videre poterant puerl ;
qui igitur perterriti per noctem domum currere coeperunt.
Ita duo, qui obesl erant, in rivum ceciderunt, maneque
mortui invent! sunt. Ceteri autem, ut poenas darent, a
magistro missl sunt ad agricolas, quorum mala rapuerant.
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. When the girls went into the yard to call the
boys, they saw black clouds in the sky. 2. Therefore
certain soldiers hastened to the farmhouse, and seized the
LATIN PRIMER IO
146 LATIN PRIMER
horses which had been captured by the enemy. 3. While
the farmer himself was being called by the sailor, his sons
were preparing to send horses to the camp. 4. The
enemy had now done the same thing ; and so we wanted
to make peace with them at once.
B. i. "While the dogs were playing in the yard near
the farmhouse," said Marcus, " a wolf came stealthily into
the garden and made a fierce attack upon the little bear."
2. " Let's run bravely into the water," said Quintus ; "for
the boat has been filled with the waves, and the girls are
thoroughly frightened." 3. " In the morning," said the
sailor, " we shall send certain hunters to the same place to
meet the other generals." 4. " Our general," said my
grandfather, " had refused to receive the brave sailors and
farmers. And so a certain farmer's son hurried through
the night to the camp of the enemy, and led soldiers to the
shore to capture our ships."
EXERCISE LVIII
THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION
habeo
PASSIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person habeor habemur habear habeamur
2d person haberis habemini habearis habeaminl
habere habeare
3d person habetur habentur habeatur habeantur
LATIN PRIMER 147
IMPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person habebar habebamur haberer haberemur
2d person habebaris habebamml habereris habereminl
habebare haberere
3d person habebatur habebantur haberetur haberentur
FUTURE TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person habebor habebimur
2d person habeberis habebimini
habebere
3d person habebitur habebuntur
IMPERATIVE MOOD : PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
2d person habere habeminl
PRESENT INFINITIVE
haberl
REMARK. In memorizing these forms, note the correspond-
ences between active and passive which were pointed out in
Exercise LVI.
VOCABULARY
longe, adverb, far (away). iubeo, iubere, iussl, iussus,
lux, lucis, F., light. command, order. Con-
strued with the accusative
and present infinitive.
REMARK i. In previous Exercises several verbs have been men-
tioned as construed with the present infinitive ; e.g., possum, malo,
etc. The meaning of some of these verbs is such that (as in the
case of iubeo above) the dependent infinitive may have a subject
accusative. Thus we may say either Iubeo te ire, / order you
to go, or Volo te ire, / want you to go.
148 LATIN PRIMER
REMARK 2. The genitive plural of lux is lacking, and the ending
of the accusative plural is -es or -is.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Nam a puerls Isdem non terrebor. 2. Corbulae
bads complebantur. 3. Noll puerls sagittas dare ; eos
enim longe in silvam Ire nolumus. 4. Mllites igitur
iusserunt nautas defessos in ignem ramos iacere, ut in
Htore magna esset lux. 5. In milites, cum per vallem
iter facerent, eorundem agricolarum canes fortiter impe-
tum fecerunt.
B. Lost in tJie Cave
" Olim," inquit avia mea, " puer et puella parva ex
horto furtim in silvam ierunt, ut rivum floresque viderent.
Ibi autem speluncam invenerunt magnam, in quam laetl
cucurrerunt, ut in umbra luderent; ursae enim ab els non
timebantur. Cum ibi diu lusissent, puer subito longe in
speluncam fugit, puellaque, quae eum capere volebat, quo-
que per speluncam properavit. Diu cucurrerunt ; sed iam
viam videre non poterant, quia in spelunca erat nox atra.
Hum! igitur perterriti sederunt. Mox autem puella lucem
parvam longe vidit ; cumque tria milia passuum ad eum
locum iter fecissent, subito e spelunca in litus venerunt."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. The general wanted certain soldiers to carry bas-
kets into the fields to be filled with apples by the farmers.
2. Therefore let us send the hunter himself at once to the
camp. For the enemy have crossed the river, and will
make an attack in the morning. 3. Once, when the
night was dark, certain sailors fled from the town and ran
to the river, so that the enemy might be warned. 4. The
LATIN PRIMER 149
general ordered 'the same soldiers to cross the river and
take our camp.
B. i. "The enemy were then fighting fiercely with us,"
said a certain soldier ; " but our general ordered us to
make an attack at once on the camp also." 2. "While
the boats were being filled with fish," said the hunter, " cer-
tain farmers stole the sailors' horses, which had been led
far into the fields." 3. " Many soldiers had been killed
by the enemy," said my father. " But it was now dark
night ; and so the others fled from the forest, and were
carried to the island by ship."
EXERCISE LIX
THE FIFTH OR E-DECLENSION
dies, M., day res, F., circumstance ', thing
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR .PLURAL
Nominative dies dies res res
Genitive die! dierum rel rerum
Dative die! diebus rel rebus
Accusative diem dies rem res
Ablative die diebus re rebus
Gender. Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine.
Even dies, which is an exception to this rule, is sometimes
feminine in the singular.
VOCABULARY
CARDINAL NUMERALS
unus, -a, -um, one. sedecim, sixteen.
undecim, eleven. septendecim, seventeen.
duodecim, twelve. duodevigintl, eighteen.
tredecim, thirteen. undevigintl, nineteen.
quattuordecim, fourteen. vlginti, twenty.
qumdecim, fifteen. Indl, -orum, M., Indians.
Masculine
Feminine
Nominative
unus
una
Genitive
unlus
unlus
Dative
unl
uni
Accusative
unum
unam
Ablative
uno
una
150 LATIN PRIMER
With the exception of unus, the above cardinal numerals
are indeclinable. The plural of unus is regular, but the
singular is inflected as follows :
Neuter
unum
unlus
unl
unum
uno
There are in Latin eight other adjectives declined in the
genitive and dative singular after the fashion of unus.
Although not all of these words are to be here used, the
full list should be memorized once for all ; namely, alius,
alter ; ullus, nullus ; uter, neuter ; solus, totus, unus. See
also Summary of Forms, page 197.
NOTE. When strengthened by the adverb una, the preposition
cum is often well rendered by " together with," " along with," etc. ;
e.g., Naves una cum cymbis ad insulam missae sunt, The ships,
together with the boats, were sent to the island.
Is, ea, id AS AN ADJECTIVE
The personal pronoun is, ea, id, "he," "she," "it," may
also be used as an adjective meaning "this"; e.g., is dies,
this day ; ea res, this circumstance, etc.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Una cum els nautls fortibus ad castra propere-
mus ; ibi enim milites nos ad imperatorem ipsum ducent.
2. Cum audlvissemus equos hostium lucemque in litore
vldissemus, turn imperator iussit exercitum celeriter per sil-
vam iter facere. 3. Nubes albas in caelo videte, puellae.
LATIN PRIMER 151
Potestisne lunam quoque videre ? 4. Cum id bellum
sedecim annos gestum esset, hostes mare navibus transi-
erunt, et in oppida nostra impetum acrem fecerunt.
B. Captttred by the Indians
"In quodam oppidd," inquit mater vestra, "prope sil-
vam habitabat agricola una cum duobus Mils parvis. Olim,
cum diu bellum cum Indis gestum esset paxque iam esset
facta, filil eius agricolae laetT per agros ludebant. Subito
autem tres Indi mall eruperunt e silva, puerosque ceperunt,
qu! perterritl fugere non potuerant ; turn statim pueros una
cum equls, quos ex agrls rapuerant, longe in silvam du-
xerunt Pater vehementer Iratus in silvam statim cucurrit,
neque filios invenire potuit. El autem, cum multos dies
cum Indis habitavissent, a mllitibus quibusdam invent! sunt ;
qul occlderunt Indos, puerosque ad patrem remlserunt."
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. These dogs together with the raven will be given
to the boys by whom the wolf was killed. 2. Therefore
the general himself with a large army marched through
the fields sixteen miles. 3. The Indians at once made
an attack on the three farmhouses, and captured one
farmer's horses. 4. In the morning the general will order
these brave hunters to cross the river with the same sol-
diers, so as to burn the tents of the enemy.
B. i. "Let us send back twelve Indians into the for-
est," said the soldier; "the others we will throw into the
waves." 2. "Together with (his) father and brothers,"
said Claudia, " Marcus was called into the fields yesterday
by the soldiers ; for the enemy were then crossing the
river." 3. " I have received twelve baskets," said the
sailor. " Where are the others ? " 4. Then said the farmer
152
LATIN PRIMER
to (his) sons, "Why have you cut off the heads of these brave
dogs ? Soon you will kill my horses, too." 5. " Thor-
oughly frightened by this circumstance," said the teacher,
"the sailors have fled to the river. To-morrow the sol-
diers will do the same thing."
EXERCISE LX
THE THIRD OR E-CONJUGATION
mitto
PASSIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE MOOD
PRESENT TENSE
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
SINGULAR
ist per. mittor
2d per. mitteris
mittere
3d per. mittitur
SINGULAR
ist per. mittebar
2d per. mittebaris mittebaminl
mittebare
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
mittimur
mittar
mittamur
mittiminl
mittaris
mittamini
mittare
mittuntur
mittatur
mittantur
IMPERFECT TENSE
PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
mittebamur mitterer mitteremur
mittereris mitteremini
mitterere
3d per. mittebatur mittebantur mitteretur mitterentur
SINGULAR
ist per. mittar
2d per. mitteris
mittere
3d per. mittetur
FUTURE TENSE
PLURAL
mittemur
mittemini
mittentur
LATIN PRIMER 153
IMPERATIVE MOOD : PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
2d person mittere mittiminl
PRESENT INFINITIVE
mitti
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN
(quis) qui, quae, (quid) quod, who ? what ?
When used as an adjective, this word is inflected exactly
as the relative qui, quae, quod. When it is used as a noun,
quis replaces qui (nominative singular), quid replaces quod
(nominative and accusative singular), and the feminine is
lacking throughout. The noun use is the more frequent ;
e.g., Quis venit? Who is coming? Quibuscum sedetis?
With whom are you sitting ? Quos vldit ? Whom did he
see? etc.
VOCABULARY
commotus, -a, -um, excited, omnis, -is, -e, every, the
disturbed. whole, alL
frumentum, -1, N., grain. uxor, -oris, F., wife.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Quis voluit avis pulchras in silvam remitti?
2. Nam Indi, eo impetu commoti, frumentum omne in
spelunca atra collocaverunt. 3. Venatorum uxores una
cum viginti llberis in agris cuiusdam agricolae imperatores
ipsos convenerunt. 4. Miles obesus, cum liberi ab Indis
in silvam ducerentur, in villa latebat. Nolite eum terrere.
154 LATIN PRIMER
B. An Indian Raid
In quadam valle erat flumen magnum, in quo parvae
insulae erant multae. Ibi habitabant una cum uxoribus
llberisque agricolae quidam fortes. Indi autem saepe e
silva f urtim veniebant ad fluminis ripam, et in cymbis parvis
ad Insulas properabant, ut in agricolarum villas impetum
facerent. Olim, cum ita equi in agris omnes occisl essent,
frumentumque esset igni consumptum, liberi quoque sede-
cim ab Indis captl sunt et longe in silvam ducti. Turn
agricolae valid!, vehementer commotl, ad ripam properave-
runt ; cumque milia passuum tredecim iter fecissent per
noctem, subitd in Indorum castra impetum acrem fecerunt,
eaque igni consumpserunt. Itaque hostes longe per valles
fugerunt perterritl, liberi autem a patribus domum ducti
sunt.
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. These Indians all came into one place, and for
many days terrified the wives and children of .the farmers.
2. To whom was the black horse given ? By whom was
he led into the field ? Whose grain is he eating ? 3. When
they saw the grain which the farmers were bearing to the
river bank, the soldiers wanted to be carried at once by
ship to the island. 4. The general is ordering certain
hunters to travel through the woods to the river ; for a
camp has been placed there near the town by the enemy.
B. i. "Where is the light of the moon, Quintus ? "
asked Marcus. " The night is dark, and I cannot find the
road." 2. "When the chickens were being killed by
the little fox," said Quintus, " we all ran quickly to call the
farmer." 3. " Much disturbed by these things," said my
father, " the hunter's brave wife sent the same soldier to
LATIN PRIMER 155
warn the general, who was then marching into the forest
with a small army to capture certain bad Indians."
4. "The Indians would often rush forth suddenly from
the forest and kill our horses," said your grandfather.
"Then we would run to the camp ourselves and call the
soldiers."
EXERCISE LXI
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN IRREGULAR NOUN
sui (gen. sing.), of himself, vis, F., violence, force,
of herself ] of itself .
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
IMnminativf
xrTo
\rTySc
Genitive
SUI
sui
V ID
Vll Co
virium
Dative
sibi
sibi
viribus
Accusative
se, sese
se, sese
vim
vlris, vires
Ablative
se, sese
se, sese
vi
viribus
REMARK. Note that the forms of sui are the same for all
genders.
VOCABULARY
cognosce, cognoscere, cognovl, puto, putare, putavl, putatus,
cognitus, find out, learn. think.
dico, dlcere, dlxl, dictus, say. tempestas, -atis, F., storm.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
What a person says, thinks, hears, or the like, may be
reported directly or indirectly. Thus, if Marcus yesterday
uttered the sentence, " The dog is lying in the grass," to-
day I can report what he said
1 I ) Directly : Marcus said, " The dog is lying in the grass;"
(2) Indirectly : Marcus said that the dog was lying in
the grass.
156 LATIN PRIMER
By the use of either sentence I tell exactly what Marcus
said, but in one case I quote the very words he used, in
the other I do not. Quotation by the second method is
known as Indirect Discourse. The two English sentences
given above would appear in Latin in the following form :
(1) Direct: "Canis in herba iacet," inquit Marcus.
(2) Indirect: Marcus dixit canem in herba iacere.
It will at once be seen that the Latin method of indirect
quotation is quite different from the English ; for the
Latin here somewhat literally would be: " Marcus said the
dog to be lying in the grass."
RULE FOR INDIRECT DISCOURSE. The infinitive with
subject accusative is use din quoting indirectly anything said,
thought, heard, or the like.
NOTE i. Indirect quotation of course is not confined to things
said, thought, heard, etc., in the past. Whatever is, was, or shall be
said, thought, heard, etc., is treated in one and the same way; e.g.,
V6nator putat ursam in spelunca esse, The hunter thinks that
the bear is in the cave.
Venator putabit ursam in spelunca esse, The hunter will think
that the bear is in the cave.
Venator putavit ursam in spelunca esse, The hunter thought that
the bear was in the cave.
At first sight it may seem a little odd that in the last of these
examples the present infinitive esse balances " was " in the English
translation. The justification of the present infinitive in such a
sentence at once appears, however, if we revert again to a literal
rendering : "The hunter thought the bear to be in the cave."
NOTE 2. In addition to its subject accusative, the infinitive of
indirect discourse may, of course, have also an accusative object ;
LATIN PRIMER 157
e.g., Marcus dicit venatorem occidere ursam, Marcus says that the
hunter is killing the bear.
NOTE 3. The reflexive se (sese) is used as subject or direct
object of the infinitive of indirect discourse when the verb of say-
ing, thinking, etc., is in the third person, and the accusative refers
to the subject of that verb ; e.g., Marcus dixit se in herba iacere
(Marcus said himself to be lying in the grass), Marcus said that he
was lying in the grass.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Dicisne te in agris equos videre ? Nautae putant
omnis equos in valle esse. 2. Putavimus nos ad Insulas
transire posse ; vis autem fluminis rnagna erat. 3. Im-
perator cognoverat se ibi cum hostibus pugnare non posse.
4. Cum vi tempestatis naves validae frangerentur, nautae
miserl in mare frumentum omne iecerunt
B. The Enemy Repulsed
Agricola quidam una cum uxore liberisque diu prope
flumen pulchrum habitaverat. Olim autem ad villam subitd
cucurrerunt milites quattuor, qui dixerunt Indos celeriter
per silvam venire. Turn agricola commotus uxorem iussit
Hberos in cymba collocare ; ipse autem in agros properavit,
ut agricolas ceteros moneret Interim Indl e silva vene-
rant ; qui cum villam ignl consumpsissent neque agricolam
invenire potuissent, ad rlpam cucurrerunt. Sed mater
perterrita iam in Tnsulam quandam transierat, ibique tuta
cum Hberls in spelunca latebat. Cum autem Indl quoque ad
earn Insulam transire pararent, subito ab agricolls fortibus
impetus acer factus est. Hostes multl ab els capti sunt,
ceterique celeriter in silvam fugerunt.
158 LATIN PRIMER
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Who thinks that there are eighteen sailors in the
boat ? Whom have you sent to meet them ? 2. I had
learned that the boys were throwing the fish into the sea.
3. The farmhouses had been wrecked (lit. broken) by
the force of the storm ; and so the general placed the tired
soldiers in the tents which he had found in the camp of the
enemy. 4. I wanted the books to be given to one boy
and two girls. To whom did you give them ?
B. i. Marcus said that he was filling all the baskets
with grain. 2. For many days we traveled with this
brave sailor through the hills and valleys. 3. Much
frightened by these things, the children now learned that
the same Indians were killing the horses. 4. The farmers
seized a boat, so that (their) wives and children might be
sent at once to a safe and suitable place. 5. " Do you
see a light in the sky, my son?" asked the farmer. "I
think I see a great star," replied the boy ; "but clouds are
filling the whole sky."
EXERCISE LXII
IRREGULAR VERB
fero
PASSIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person feror ferimur ferar feramur
2d person ferris ferimini feraris feraminl
ferre ferare
3d person fertur feruntur feratur ferantur
LATIN PRIMER
159
SINGULAR
ist person ferebar
2d person ferebaris
ferebare
IMPERFECT TENSE
PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
ferebamur ferrer ferremur
ferebaminl ferreris ferremini
ferrere
3d person ferebatur ferebantur ferretur ferrentur
SINGULAR
ist person ferar
2d person fereris
ferere
3d person feretur
FUTURE TENSE
PLURAL
feremur
feremini
ferentur
IMPERATIVE MOOD: PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
2d person ferre ferimini
PRESENT INFINITIVE
ferri
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN
In Latin an entirely new sentence may be begun by a
relative pronoun referring back to something mentioned
in the previous sentence. The relative so used is best
translated by a demonstrative pronoun ; e.g., Indl in silvam
properaverunt. Quod cum vidissent, agricolae laetl e late-
bris venerunt, The Indians hurried into the forest. When
the farmers saw this, they came joyfully from their hiding
places.
REMARK. Note that in this use, as regularly elsewhere, the
relative stands first in its clause.
160 LATIN PRIMER
VOCABULARY
ovis, -is (abl. -e), F., sheep. nullus, -a, -um, none, no, not
vox, vocis, F., voice, cry. . . . any.
custodio, custodire, custodlvl, ullus, -a, -um, any. Used
custodltus, ivatch, guard. mostly in negative clauses.
redeo, redire, redil, reditum, fortasse, adverb, perhaps.
return, go back. paulo post, adverbial phrase,
a little later.
REMARK. The declension of nullus and ullus is the same as
that of unus ; see Exercise LIX.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Magna voce pueros vocemus, ut corbulae statim
ab els ad castra ferri possint. 2. Quod cum cognovissent,
milites celeriter redierunt, ut imperatoris uxorem Hberosque
custodirent. 3. Oves vi fluminis perterritae ad Insulam
transire nolebant. 4. Quibus rebus commdtl, agricolae
dixerunt se ovis nullas habere ; paulo post autem una cum
gallims ovis multas hostibus dederunt.
B. A Practical Joke
Agricolae quidam, qui oves habebant multas, puerum pi-
grum in agros ire iubebant, ut eas custodlret. Cui " Lupus
fortasse e silva veniet," inquiunt. "Turn nos voca; nam ex
hortls statim curremus, ut terreamus lupum teque adiuve-
mus." Diu puer custodivit ovis, neque ullum lupum vldit.
Sed olim, ut agricolas terreret, subito magna voce " Lupos,
lupos ! " inquit. Qua voce corhmotl, agricolae celeriter in
agr5s cucurrerunt. Cum autem lupum vldissent nullum,
puerumque ludere cognovissent, vehementer Irati in hor-
LATIN PRIMER l6l
t5s redierunt. Sed paulo post venit e silva lupus magnus.
Turn puer perterritus magna voce "Lupum, lupum!" in-
quit; "celeriter currite, agricolae!" El autem putabant
puerum ludere, nee in agros properare voluerunt. Is igitur
miser a lupo occlsus est.
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. A little later, perhaps, a few fish will be carried
to town by the sailors; but I do not think that there are
any sailors in the ship now. 2. When the general had
seen this, he ordered sixteen brave soldiers to travel two
days through the hills and valleys to the bank of a great
river. 3. Whom were you guarding? Whose voice was
heard in the fields? 4. Why did you return home from
the shore ? Did you think that the Indians were burning
your grain?
B. i. "While I was myself watching the same sheep,"
said the farmer, " a strong wolf came from (its) cave. For
the night was dark, and there were many clouds in the sky."
2. "In the morning," said Julia, "we shall hear the voices
of birds in the trees." "I do not see any nests," said
Marcella. " Do you think that there are birds there, Quin-
tus?" 3. "When the boat was being carried into the
sea," said the teacher, "the great waves began to fill with
water the baskets which the sailors had placed on the
shore."
LATIN PRIMER II
1 62
LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE LXIII
THE THIRD OR E-CONJUGATION (continued)
rapio
PASSIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE MOOD
PRESENT TENSE
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
ist person
rapior
rapimur
rapiar
rapiamur
2d person
raperis
rapiminl
rapiaris
rapiamini
rapere
rapiare
3d person
rapitur
rapiuntur
rapiatur
rapiantur
IMPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
ist person
rapiebar
rapiebamur
raperer
raperemur
2d person
rapiebaris
rapiebamini
rapereris
raperemini
rapiebare
raperere
3d person
rapiebatur
rapiebantur
raperetur
raperentur
FUTURE TENSE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
ist person
rapiar
rapiemur
2d person
rapieris
rapieminl
rapiere
3d person rapietur rapientur
IMPERATIVE MOOD: PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
2d person rapere rapiminl
PRESENT INFINITIVE
rapi
LATIN PRIMER 163
VOCABULARY
gens, gentis, F., nation, tribe, noctu, adverb, at night, by
rex, regis, M., king, chief. night.
sustineo, sustinere, sustinul, undique, adverb, on all sides.
sustentus, sustain, endure.
NOTE. Nouns of the third declension ending in -s or -x pre-
ceded by a consonant (as gens above) have in the plural I-stem
endings. Compare also nox (Exercise LVI) and lux (Exercise
LVIII).
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Rex hostium, cum cognovisset ab imperatore
nostro frumentum undique rapl, milites fortls misit, ut
villas custodirent 2. Lupl fortasse impetum canum susti-
nere non poterunt; venator enim dixit lupos omnis vehe-
menter canes timere. 3. Cum Indl furtim per agros iter
f acerent, nullius canis vox ab agricolis audita est 4. Quis
putat nos hostium impetum decem dies sustinere posse ?
B. A Poor Hiding Place
" Olim," inquit avus noster, " agricolae pauci in silvam
iter celeriter fecerunt, ignlque consumpserunt tabernacula
quorundam Indorum, qui undique ex agrls ovis equosque
rapuerant ; turn laetl domum redierunt. Paulo post autem
Indl multi noctu properaverunt e silva, et subito in cuius-
dam agricolae vlllam impetum acrem fecerunt. Agricola,
cum fllil fortiter pugnarent, uxorem liberosque in latebrls
tutis collocabat. Turn, cum videret impetum Indorum
sustinerl non posse, una cum filiis e villa fugit. Matrem
liberosque ceteros Indl invenire non potuerunt. Sed unum
ceperunt puerum parvum, qui in cunis latuerat ; quern igitur
duxerunt in silvam reglque omnium gentium dederunt."
1 64 LATIN PRIMER
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. When the fish were being thrown from the
boat upon the sand, the tired sailor ordered the fat boys
to carry to a safe place the baskets, which were being
broken by the force of the waves. 2. Much excited by
these things, the chiefs of these tribes wanted to kill all the
farmers who were living in the valley. 3. On all sides
the soldiers threw fire into the tents, but they were not
able to find any Indians.
B. i. When the sturdy sailor heard this, he said that
there were eight axes in the boat, and that he was willing
to fight. 2. "We withstood the attack bravely for a
long time," said the soldier; "for we thought that our
general was hurrying from the shore with all the sailors."
3. " Let's lead the sheep also into the yard," said Quin-
tus. " I am afraid of the bears which the hunter saw in
the woods yesterday." 4. " When we had traveled far
by night," said the brave farmer, "suddenly we saw a
great light, and thought that the sailors were burning the
farmhouses."
EXERCISE LXIV
IRREGULAR VERB
fio, fieri, factus sum, be made, become
INDICATIVE MOOD SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person fio [fimus] flam flamus
2d person fis [fitis] fias fiatis
3d person fit fiunt fiat flant
LATIN PRIMER
I6 5
IMPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
ist person flebam flebamus
2d person fiebas flebatis
3d person fiebat fiebant
SINGULAR
fierem
fieres
fieret
PLURAL
fieremus
fieretis
fierent
SINGULAR
ist person flam
2d person fles
3d person fiet
FUTURE TENSE
PLURAL
fiemus
fietis
flent
IMPERATIVE MOOD : PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
2d person fl fite
REMARK. The forms fimus and fitis are put in square brack-
ets because they are not in common use.
NOTE i. Flo ("be made," "become"), despite its largely
active formation, is logically the passive of facio (" make "). It
thus happens that facio utilizes the above forms of fio, instead of
working out its own corresponding regular passive forms ; e.g., Cum
pax fieret, When peace was being made. In the perfect tenses,
fio in turn utilizes the passive forms of facio (as, factus sum, etc.).
NOTE 2. Just as with the verb sum (see Exercise XIV), a
predicate noun or adjective is often found with fio ; e.g., Marcus
fit rex puerorum, Marcus is made king of the boys.
THE PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
This fourth principal part of the verb is already familiar
from its use in the formation of the perfect, pluperfect,
and future perfect tenses of the passive. It can of course
be used also apart from these formations; e.g., vocatus, -a,
-um (having been) called; habitus, -a, -um (having been)
had; etc.
1 66
LATIN PRIMER
EQUITES
This illustration shows another carving on the monument re-
ferred to in connection with Exercise LI II.
LATIN PRIMER 167
MODEL SENTENCE
Navibus ignl consumptls, exercitus noster statim ad
silvam iter fecit, When the ships had been burned (lit. the
ships having been burned), our army marched at once to
the forest.
RULE. A noun in the ablative case, with a participle in
agreement, may be used to tell the circumstances under
which something happens. This construction is known as
the Ablative Absolute.
REMARK. The ablative absolute of the model sentence simply
provides another way of saying Cum naves igni consumptae essent,
and in the English translation it is best rendered (as above) by a
clause introduced by "when." All ablative absolutes are better
translated in some such way as this ; but until the new construc-
tion has become somewhat familiar, it may be found helpful to
use the literal rendering also.
VOCABULARY
eques, -itis, M., horseman. in matrimonium duco, du-
equo vectus, -a, -um, on horse- cere, duxl, ductus, marry.
back. paene, adverb, almost.
manus, -us, F., hand. prlmo, adverb, at first.
maestus, -a, -um, sad. sine, preposition, used with
the ablative case, without.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Ursa occlsa, nauta per silvam properavit, et in
itinere venatorem quendam convenit. 2. Quod cum fie-
ret, puerl mall simiae caudam abscidere parabant. 3* ^ s
agricola fortasse fiet imperator omnium exercituum, quia
LATIN PRIMER
sine eo hen impetus hostium sustinen non potuit. 4. Cum
bellum annos septem gestum esset, omnes equites, qui
primo fortiter pugnaverant, subito ad hostium exercitum
transierunt.
B. The Luckless Schoolmaster
Olim magister quidam volebat in matrimonium ducere
flliam agricolae obesi, qui multos agros equosque habe-
bat. Cum autem puella dixisset se nolle, magister maestus
noctu equo vectus domum redibat. Lux lunae erat parva,
et subito ex arborum umbris erupit magnus eques ater.
Magister primo putavit equitem sine capite esse ; turn vehe-
menter commotus vidit eum caput in manu ferre. Itaque
perterritus fugere coepit. Sed eques quoque cucurrit, su-
bitoque caput magna vl in magistrl caput iecit ; qui miser
paene mortuus in terram cecidit, neque eum mane agricolae
invenire potuerunt. Yocem magistrl in villis audiverant,
sed noluerant eum adiuvare, quia omnes equitem atrum
vehementer timebant.
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. This sailor wants to be made king. Do not help
him. 2. Without horsemen we cannot guard one farmer's
sheep. 3. When the boat had almost been broken by a
great wave, the sailors at first thought that we could not be
carried to the ship. 4. The Indians would steal horses
on all sides ; then, when the farmers had been called, they
would flee quickly into the forest.
B, i. "The sailor's son was sad," said Marcus, "be-
cause he wanted to marry the general's daughter, and had
learned that her father was unwilling." 2. "We were
sending back the same boy to catch the little wolf," said
the farmer. " But suddenly there came from the forest a
LATIN PRIMER 169
hunter on horseback who had caught the little wolf with
(his) hands and killed its mother with arrows." 3. When
the water had been carried into the ship, the sailors them-
selves bought grain, and at once prepared to cross the
river; for they feared the violence of the Indians, who
often come to this place at night to capture the children
of the farmers and steal their horses and sheep.
EXERCISE LXV
THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
In Latin, as in English, there are three degrees of compar-
ison, namely Positive, Comparative, and Superlative ; e.g.,
altus, altior, altissimus, tall, taller, tallest (very tall}.
fortis, fortior, fortissimus, brave, braver, bravest (very brave}.
Adjectives in -er form the superlative by adding -rimus
to the positive. And in the formation of the comparative
they retain or drop the e according as it is retained or
dropped in the declension of the positive ; e.g.,
miser, miserior, miserrimus.
piger, pigrior, pigerrimus ; so acer, ater, and pulcher.
The comparatives and superlatives of some adjectives
are very irregular :
bonus, melior, optimus. multl, plures, pluriml.
magnus, maior, maximus. parvus, minor, minimus,
malus, peior, pessimus.
Superlatives are declined in the same way as bonus.
The declension of the comparative is as follows :
LATIN PRIMER
altior, -ior, -ius, taller
SINGULAR
Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nom. altior altior altius
Gen. altioris altioris altioris
Dat. altiorl altiorl altiorl
Ace. altiorem altiorem altius
Abl. altiore altiore altiore
PLURAL
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
altiores
altiores
altiora
Gen.
altiorum
altiorum
altiorum
Dat.
altioribus
altioribus
altioribus
Ace.
altiores
altiores
altiora
Abl.
altioribus
altioribus
altioribus
NOTE. Plures (the comparative of multi) has some I-stem
endings, namely -ium throughout the genitive, and occasionally
-is (for -es) in the accusative of the masculine and feminine.
But the neuter nominative and accusative is pliira. See Sum-
mary of Forms, page 196.
VOCABULARY
gladius, -i, M., sword. pervenio, pervenire, perveni,
perventum, arrive, come.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. lulia pulchra est ; ego autem puto Claudiam esse
pulchriorem. 2. Cum in hostis impetus acerrimus fieret,
imperator ipse equo vectus gladio nautas duos occidit.
3. Nam manu ipsa lupum maximum paene occidi.
4. Puellas pulcherrimas fratres nostrl in matrimonium
ducent. 5. Sine meo gladio optimo in castra hostium
pervenire non potero.
LATIN PRIMER i;i
B. The Raiders Punished
" Olim," inquit avia mea, " Indl in cymbis plurimls flu-
men nostrum transierunt, multisque agricolis occlsis, un-
dique villas igni consumere coeperunt. Subito autem tres
venatores, qui furtim e silva venerant, Indos occlderunt
paucos, qui cymbas custodiebant, cymbasque ipsas paene
omnls saxls fregerunt. Quibus rebus factis, cum viderent
Indos ceteros ad ripam properare, venatores quandam
cymbam ceperunt parvam, et celeriter ad Insulam mini-
mam transierunt. Turn Indl, qui iam domum redlre n5n
poterant, vehementer commotl viderunt ad flumen currere
equites nostros, qui per silvam iter celeriter fecerant, ut
agricojas adiuvarent. Itaque hostes perterriti se in aquam
iecerunt. PaucI ad Insulas pervenerunt, et a venatoribus
sunt occisi ; plures autem ab equitibus capti in castra ad
imperatorem ducti sunt."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Let us seize the larger swords ; meanwhile the boys
will throw the smaller into the sea. 2. When the kings
of the better tribes had arrived, the sailors could not with-
stand the attack of the enemy's horsemen. 3. A little
later the voice of the poor hunter was heard in the woods.
Then we all climbed at once into a very tall tree ; for we
thought that he was being killed by bears. 4. I did not
hear that any Indians were living in the caves.
B. i. "The tired sailors, who had long withstood the
force of a very great storm," said the teacher, "now
wanted, together with the f aimers, to cross over to the
island." 2. Then said the sailor to the boys, " I think
that the Indians do the same thing; for they often jour-
ney many days on horseback without grain and water."
3. " When this was. learned," said the soldier, " our general
1/2
LATIN PRIMER
at once ordered us to march from the camp to the shore
and make a very fierce attack by night upon the ships of
the enemy."
EXERCISE LXVI
THE FOURTH OR T-CONJUGATION
audio
PASSIVE VOICE
INDICATIVE MOOD
PRESENT TENSE
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
SINGULAR
ist per. audior
2d per. audlris
audlre
3d per. audltur
PLURAL
audlmur
audimini
audiuntur
SINGULAR PLURAL
audiar audiamur
audiaris audiamini
audiare
audiatur audiantur
IMPERFECT TENSE
SINGULAR
ist per. audiebar
2d per. audiebaris
audiebar e
3d per. audiebatur
FUTURE TENSE
PLURAL
audiemur
PLURAL
audiebamur
audiebamini
audiebantur
SINGULAR PLURAL
audlrer audlremur
audlreris audlreminl
audlrere
audlretur audlrentur
SINGULAR
ist per. audiar
2d per. audieris
audiere
3d per. audietur
audiemini
audientur
IMPERATIVE MOOD : PRESENT TENSE
SINGULAR PLURAL
2d person audlre audimini
PRESENT INFINITIVE
audiri
LATIN PRIMER 173
VOCABULARY
castellum, -I, w.,fort. facile, adverb, easily, without
apud, preposition, used difficulty.
with the accusative case, baud procul, adverbial
among, at the house of. phrase, not far away.
libenter, adverb, gladly,
readily.
THE COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
Adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees of compari-
son ; e.g.,
longe, longius, longissime, far, farther, farthest (very far).
fortiter, fortius, fortissime, bravely, more bravely, most
bravely (very bravely).
Learn also the comparison of the following adverbs :
acriter, acrius, acerrime. facile, facilius, facillime.
celeriter, celerius, celerrime. libenter, libentius, libentis-
diu, diutius, diutissime. sime.
REMARK i. Note that the adverbs acriter and celeriter are
derived from adjectives in -er (namely acer, celer), and that they
form the superlative accordingly (see Exercise LXV).
REMARK 2. Observe that the comparative of an adverb is regu-
larly the same as the neuter singular of the comparative of the
corresponding adjective ; e.g., acrius, fortius, etc.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Ita in silvis ursae et lupT facillime inveniuntur.
2. Eques primo perterritus paene in ignem cecidit; turn
autem fortiter in validum venatorem impetum fecit.
174
LATIN PRIMER
CASTELLUM
This ruined fort is found in Palestine.
LATIN PRIMER 175
3. Liberorum corbulae nostris 1 manibus frumento com-
pletae erant. 4. Sine exercitu maiore imperator longius
iter facere non poterit. 5. Undique invenientur agricolae
maesti, quorum Hberi et equl ab Indis rapti sunt.
B. The Escape of the Captive
" Quadam in villa," inquit nauta, " habitabat puella
parva una cum matre et sororibus tribus. Olim, cum
agricolae omnes longissime in agros Issent, subito e late-
brls eruperunt Indi pluriml, qui impetum acerrimum in
villas fecerunt. Mater et filiae ceterae facile e villa fuge-
runt ad castellum parvum, quod baud procul in fluminis
rlpa collocatum erat; ea autem puella pupam invenlre
non potuit, nee cum ceteris fugit. Quae igitur ab hostibus
capta in silvam longe ducta est, ibique trls annos cum Indis
habitavit ; turn autem equum optimum f urtim rapuit, et
per noctem celeriter vecta, mane domum pervenit. Mater,
quae diu puellam mortuam putabat, laeta vocavit filias
ceteras (quae interim in matrimonium ductae erant), ut
audirent omnia, quae viderat soror et fecerat, cum apud
Indos habitaret."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. While this was 'being done among the Indians,
the farmers were placing a camp not far away in the woods.
2. This fort will be more easily taken ; for the soldiers are
few, and they will not be able long to withstand the attack
of the Indians. 3. The voices of the worst chiefs of
these tribes will be heard gladly by you all. 4. Whom
did the farmer's wife send at night to warn the soldiers
who were guarding the fort ?
1 When a possessive adjective precedes the noun it modifies, the word " own "
often needs to be added in the English translation; e.g., "my (own)," "our
(own)," etc.
1/6 LATIN PRIMER
B. i. " Did the general say that he was afraid of the
Indians ? " asked the hunter. " He said that he was not
afraid himself," answered Marcus, " but that no army
could withstand the attack of all the tribes." 2. "Fight
more fiercely," cried the general; "I have learned that
numerous (lit. very many) Indians are hurrying through
the woods on horseback. Without them the enemy can-
not withstand our attack." 3. "Our soldiers are very
lazy," said my father ; " for they often hide in the forest,
and are not willing to carry water to the camp."
EXERCISE LXVII
THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
The present participle of Latin verbs is active in mean-
ing. It is declined as follows :
vocans, calling
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
vocans
vocans
vocantes
vocantia
Gen.
vocantis
vocantis
vocantium
vocantium
Dat.
vocanti
vocanti
vocantibus
vocantibus
Ace.
vocantem
vocans
vocantes
vocantia
vocantis
Abl.
vocante
vocante
vocantibus
vocantibus
Inflect in the same way
habens, -entis, having.
mittens, -entis, sending.
rapiens, -ientis, seising.
audiens, -ientis, hearing.
iens, euntis, going.
ferens, -entis, carrying.
nolens, -entis, being unwilling.
volens, -entis, being willing.
LATIN PRIMER 177
VOCABULARY
amitto, amittere, amis!, postremo, adverb, at last.
amissus, lose. urbs, urbis, F., city.
mulier, -ieris, F., woman. vir, viri, M., man, hus-
colonus, -1, M., colonist. band.
REMARK. For the declension of urbs, see the note on gens in
Exercise LXIII.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Turn ego perterritus Indos pessimos per agros
celerrime venientes vldi. 2. Qua voce audita, agricolae
Irati acrius in virum obesum impetum fecerunt. 3. Nam
hostes, cum equites nostros per silvam fortissime prope-
rantes audlvissent, subito fugerunt. 4. Mllitibus ex urbe
euntibus datl sunt gladil meliores. 5. Imperator, cum
cognovisset Indos haud procul castra collocare, cum eis
pacem facere non diutius volebat.
B. A Wife Regained
Olim Indl, qul prope castellum parvum habitabant,
colonos parabant occldere. Itaque agricolae multl, cum
id cognovissent, cum uxoribus liberlsque ad urbem quan-
dam statim properaverunt. Ceterl autem, qul fortiores
erant, e villls fugere diu nolebant ; sed postremo, cum iam
undique Indi occlderent colonos vlllasque igni consumerent,
maesti ad eandem urbem iter facere coeperunt omnes.
Quo in itinere mulier quaedam, cuius vir gladium amiserat,
ab Indls capta est. Quam cum ad regem duxissent, hostes
celerrime in agros redierunt, ut ovls quoque et equos rape-
rent. Interim agricola, uxore capta, colonos ex urbe noctu
vocavit ; qul cum Indls acerrime pugnaverunt regemque
LATIN PRIMER 12
178 LATIN PRIMER
occiderunt ipsum. Ita mulier postremo laeta in urbem
cum viro pervenit.
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. When the colonists on horseback arrived at
(lit. to) the river, they very gladly received the swords.
2. The cries of the hunters going through the woods
could very easily be heard. 3. We shall find among the
Indians almost all the children who have been lost from
these towns. 4. When this had been done, the tired
women found sitting under a tree the boy whom their
husbands had brought from the city. 5. At first the
king was willing to send back the whole army to the
camp; but finally he ordered the horsemen to make a
fiercer attack upon the enemy.
B. i. "I shall not return without the children," said
the hunter to the sad mother. " The Indians have trav-
eled many miles through the valley, but we shall soon
capture them." 2. "When we saw the drunken sailor
hiding under the benches," said Marcus, "we at once
called soldiers from the fort." 3. " On all sides the enemy
are sending Indians into the fields," said the hunter, "so
that our horses may all be killed." 4. "When our general
had sent the wives and children of the brave colonists to
a larger fort," said the women, " he marched three days
through the hills, and suddenly made a fierce attack on
the enemy's largest city."
LATIN PRIMER 179
EXERCISE LXVIII
IRREGULAR NOUNS
deus, M., god domus, F., house, home
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. deus del, dii, dl domus domus
Gen. del deorum domus domuum
deum domorum
Dat. deo dels, diis, dis domui, domo domibus
Ace. deum deos domum domos, domus
Abl. deo dels, diis, dis domo, domu domibus
VOCABULARY
ORDINAL NUMERALS
primus, -a, -um, first. norms, -a, -urn, ninth.
secundus, -a, -um, second. decimus, -a, -um, tenth.
tertius, -a, -um, third.
quartus, -a, -um, fourth. legio, -onis, F., company, regi-
quintus, -a, -um, fifth. ment.
sextus, -a, -um, sixth. in fugam do, dare, dedi, datus,
Septimus, -a, -um, seventh. put to flight.
octavus, -a, -um, eighth. nostri, -orum, M., our men.
MODEL SENTENCE
Venator in spelunca latuit, ne ab Indis caperetur, The
hunter hid in the cave so as not to be captured by the
Indians.
RULE. In purpose clauses the negative of ut is ne.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Di nos adiuvant ; hostes enim perterritl flumen
transeunt, neque diutius ab els domus nostrae igni consu-
mentur. 2. Legio tertia una cum equitibus multis fortis-
l8o LATIN PRIMER
sime e castrls erupit, hostibusque celeriter in fugam datis,
oppidum facile cepit. 3. Quod cum auditum esset, mulier
vehementer commota fllio patris gladium dedit. 4. Colon!
cymbis vecti ad Insulam noctu transierunt ibique ceperunt
Indos tres, quos in herba latentes invenerunt.
B. An Ambuscade
" Cum bellum diu gestum esset cum Indis," inquit avia
mea, " frumentumque omne ex agris raptum esset, saepe
colonorum miserorum equi quoque ab hostibus capiebantur.
Sed colon! nolebant pacem fieri, et libenter cum militibus
per vallls collisque iter faciebant, ut tabernacula castraque
Indorum ignl consumerent. Olim, cum agricolae plurimi
una cum equitibus paucis per silvam properarent ad fliamen,
cuius in ripa Indi castra parva collocaverant, subito e late-
brls hostes eruperunt, sagittlsque sex colonos duosque equi-
tes occiderunt Qua re commoti equites fortissime fecerunt
impetum, hostesque celeriter in fugam dederunt. Indi au-
tem facile ad castra pervenerunt, nee eos capere potuerunt
nostrl."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. While these things were being done, the general
marched quickly through the valley, so that the sixth regi-
ment might not be captured by the enemy. 2. Finally
the Indians were put to flight, and their women and children
hurried to a smaller city. 3. The women very readily
gave arrows to certain men who had lost (their) swords.
4. When they learned that eight children of the colonists
were living among the Indians, brave hunters traveled on
horseback eighteen miles through the forest to the enemy's
camp. Four children were thus captured by our men and
sent back to town, but the others could not be found.
LATIN PRLMER l8l
B. i. " When we had cut off the bear's head with an ax,"
said Quintus to the girls, " I easily carried it in (lit. by)
my hand to the river. There we saw a sailor catching fish.
He wanted to cross over to certain large rocks; and so we
took him into our boat, and carried him with us to the
island. Then we hurried home." 2. " Where is your dog,
boys ? " asked the hunter. " I think there is a wolf in the
fields, and I have not seen your dog to-day." 3. " With-
out horsemen," said the general, " the enemy will not be
able to put our men to flight. I have, therefore, sent
the eighth regiment into the fields, so that the farmers'
horses might not be stolen by the Indians." 4. The
soldier who yesterday married the chief's daughter thought
that peace could thus be made very easily with the Indians.
EXERCISE LXIX
DEPONENT VERBS
In all conjugations there are verbs, otherwise regular,
which (aside from participles, etc.) are conjugated only in
the passive, and yet have active meaning throughout.
Such verbs are known as Deponents; see Summary of
Forms, page 212. The following Vocabulary includes
deponents representative of all conjugations.
VOCABULARY
moror, morarl, moratus sum, patior, pati, passus sum, al-
delay, tarry, linger. low, suffer. Often con-
polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus strued with the accusative
sum, promise. and present infinitive.
proficiscor, proficisci, profec- adorior, adorlrl, adortus sum,
tus sum, set out, start. attack.
1 82 LATIN PRIMER
REMARK. The principal parts of a deponent verb are three
instead of four because the perfect indicative of such a verb in-
volves in its own formation the perfect passive participle, which
therefore need not be given separately.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Quibus rebus cognitls, imperator statim cum equi-
tibus plurimis profectus est. 2. Marcus, cum prope im-
peratoris domum moraretur, legionem nonam e cymbls per
fluctus ad harenam properantem vldit. 3. Venator, qui
llberls ursam parvam pollicitus erat, hen in silva quendam
nautam convenit, qui in spelunca trls ursas parvas vlderat.
4. Quod cum cognitum esset, matres non diutius pueros
in agrls ludere patiebantur. 5. Qua voce imperatoris
audita, nostrl omnes fortissime nvum transierunt, ut castra
hostium adorlrentur.
B. A Decisive Battle
" Cum multos dies libenter iter fecissemus neque potuis-
semus hostls invenlre," inquit miles fortis, "postremo noster
imperator ipse Indos quosdam convenit, qui dlxerunt hostes
perterritos in silva latere. Qua re audita, castra haud pro-
cul collocavimus, venatoresque statim in silvam missl sunt,
ut hostium latebras invenlrent. Quod cum factum esset,
hostes, qui putabant omnem exercitum nostrum iam in silva
esse, celerrime eruperunt e latebrfs, venatoresque facillime
in fugam dederunt ; cum autem undique e silva currerent
in agros, ut ibi venatores fugientls occlderent, subito im-
perator noster equites iussit in eos impetum acerrimum
facere. Ita hostes plurimi a nostrls occlsl sunt, ceterlque
ab Indls sunt captl. Turn imperator, urbibus multls ignl
consumptis, laetus cum exercitu domum rediit."
LATIN PRIMER 183
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. The enemy were perhaps helped by the gods;
for we attacked their camp most bravely, but could not
put them to flight. 2. In the houses of the best men
there was peace. 3. The enemy were alarmed by the
light of the moon, and did not set out from the city.
4. The general was unwilling to allow the seventh regi-
ment to delay in the forest. 5. Let's promise birds to
the girls. 6. Don't give axes to the boys.
B. i. "When these things were heard, the women
gladly hurried into the farmhouse," said the hunter ; " for
they were frightened by the force of the storm." 2. "We
finally arrived at (lit. to) a suitable place," said the horse-
man. " Then the colonists said that they were willing to
go themselves into the camp of the Indians ; for there was
no moon, and black clouds were in the sky." 3. "The
tribes of these chiefs will not withstand the attack of our
men," said the sailor; "for the hunters will hurry through
the woods by night to help us."
EXERCISE LXX
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
hie, haec, hoc, this
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
hie
haec
hoc
hi
hae
haec
Gen.
huius
huius
huius
horum
harum
horum
Dat.
huic
huic
huic
his
his
his
Ace.
hunc
hanc
hoc
hos
has
haec
Abl.
hoc
hac
hoc
his
his
his
1 84 LATIN PRIMER
ille, ilia, illud, that
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
ille
ilia
illud
illl
illae
ilia
Gen.
illlus
illlus
illlus
illorum
illarum
illorum
Dat.
illl
illl
ill!
illis
illis
illis
Ace.
ilium
illam
illud
illos
illas
ilia
Abl.
illo
ilia
illo
illis
illis
illis
REMARK. These two pronouns are often used together in the
same sentence to mark a contrast ; e.g., Haec urbs magna, illud
oppidum parvum est, This city is large, that town is small.
VOCABULARY
cogo, cogere, coegi, coactus, conor, conari, conatus sum,
force, compel. Construed attempt, try. Often con-
with the accusative and strued with the present
present infinitive. infinitive.
domi, at home. postea, adverb, afterward.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Nautae has bacas edere nolunt. Ilia ova els
demus, ne gallinas ipsas rapere velint. 2. Postea igitur
venatores coegerunt nos in spelunca latere. 3. Nam puer
obesus primo f ugere conatus est ; sed postremo libenter
hum! iacuit. 4. Domi sunt mater et pater meus ; in ilia
urbe sunt fratres et sorores. 5. Celeriter ad lltus perve-
nire conabamur ; sed saepe morarl coactl sumus, ne llberi
in silva amitterentur. Mane autem ad mare defessl
pervenimus.
LATIN PRIMER 185
B. An Indian Victory
" Olim," inquit avus noster, " cum bellum miserrimum diu
gestum esset, liberlque agricolarum undique ab Indls cape-
rentur, subito mane prope oppidum quoddam audit! sunt
hostes, qui statim domos colonorum acriter adortl sunt,
igmsque iacere coeperunt. Vocibus Indorum audltls, muli-
eres perterritae cum llberls fugerurtt in domum maximam,
quam putabant hostis capere non posse ; interim in vils
earum virl valid! cum Indls fortissime pugnabant. Sed
mox undique domus colonorum ign! consumebantur, nee
diutius impetus hostium sustiner! poterat Itaque, cum
iam colonl paene omnes hum! mortul iacerent, hostes omnia
rapuerunt quae invenire facile poterant, laetique in silvas
redierunt una cum llberls, quorum matres occiderant."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. Let's try now to catch this wolf. Afterward the
hunter will easily kill the bears. 2. What compels you
to delay longer, my son ? Why are you hiding at home, and
not preparing to set out for (lit. to) the ship ? 3. My father
did not allow the boys to go. 4. The fourth regiment
marched three miles and suddenly attacked the Indians.
B. i. "This same hunter will to-morrow kill the chief
of that tribe also," said the sailor. "He has himself prom-
ised (it)." 2. " Those bad boys are trying to force the
smaller dog to run into the water," said Julia. "A little
later they will be punished." 3. " I see a taller tree,"
said Quintus. " Let's climb up into it and throw branches
upon the heads of those lazy soldiers whom you see lying
in the shade not far away." 4. "When we heard the
hunters on horseback running through the field yester-
day," said the farmer, "we thought that the horsemen of
the enemy were preparing to attack our town."
1 86 ' LATIN PRIMER
EXERCISE LXXI
INDEFINITE PRONOUN
aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, some, any
SINGULAR
Nom.
Gen.
Masc.
aliqui
alicuius
Fern.
aliqua
alicuius
Neut.
aliquod
alicuius
Dat.
alicui
alicui
alicui
Ace.
Abl.
aliquem
aliquo"
aliquam
aliqua
aliquod
aliquo
PLURAL
Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nom. aliqui aliquae aliqua
Gen. aliquorum aliquarum aliquorum
Dat. aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
Ace. aliquos aliquas aliqua
Abl. aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
NOTE. The above pronoun is here treated as an adjective. It
may also be used as a noun, meaning " some one, something,"
" any one, anything," etc. When so used, aliquis replaces aliqui
(nominative singular), and aliquid replaces aliquod (nominative
and accusative singular), and the feminine is lacking throughout.
REMARK. Distinguish between the use of the adjectives aliqui
and ullus (Exercise LXII). Both words may mean "any," but
ullus is used mostly in negative clauses.
VOCABULARY
aut, conjunction, or. sequor, sequl, secutus sum,
iste, ista, istud, this, that. follow.
numquam, adverb, never.
LATIN PRIMER 1 87
NOTE. The declension of iste is the same as that of ille
(Exercise LXX).
REMARK. The conjunction aut is sometimes repeated in the
form aut . . . aut. The meaning then is " either . . . or."
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. I. Videtisne aliquid in silva? Nos aut ursam aut
lupum in agro videmus. 2. Istos Indos non timebam. El
enim colonos numquam occldere conati erant. 3. Impe-
rator, cum cognovisset aliquas mulieres ab Indis cogl
llberos in ignis iacere, statim ad oppidum hostium cum
equitibus profectus est, exercitumque omnem sequl iussit.
4. Hie rex flet imperator exercituum omnium. Ille autem
rex equites ducet.
B. The Settlers Surprised
"Agricola quldam," inquit nauta, "olim longe in agros
una cum colonis ceteris ierat, equosque iam in locum tutum
ducebat, ne ab Indis raperentur. Cum autem in itinere
morarentur colon!, subito in eorum villas hostes impetum
acerrimum fecerunt. Turn ille vir, cum voces Indorum
audivisset, colonos ceteros sequl iussit, ipseque celerrime
domum properavit. Sed interim hostes, qul ignis iecerant
in domos aliquas, undique mulieres liberosque occldebant.
Itaque agricola, cum postremo domum pervenisset, uxorem
filiamque hum! iacentes invenit mortuas; nam uxor sagitta
occlsa erat, caput autem filiae saxo erat fractum. Quibus
rebus cognitis, colon! omnibus ex urbibus statim in unum
locum convenerunt, multlsque cum equitibus celeriter in
silvam profectl sunt. Ita cum dies multos iter fecissent,
subito noctu adorti sunt Indorum oppidum ; moxque isti
hostes a nostris omnes aut captl aut occlsl sunt."
1 88 LATIN PRIMER
II. Translate into Latin:
A. i. Come into the tents, boys. We have bought
better apples. 2. Let's follow the dogs; for I think that
there are little wolves in the cave. 3. The cook said that
he never allowed the monkey to sit on (his) shoulder.
4. These soldiers will guard the sheep, and will not linger
on the river bank. 5. Marcus went with us to the stream,
and I almost caught a very large fish.
B. i. "Let's buy some dog or raven," said Marcus,
"/prefer doves," replied Claudia; "for they never frighten
the children." 2. " Afterward we shall see the fifth regi-
ment," said the hunter. "For the general will not allow
it to cross the stream without boats." 3. "Did you see
any one going through the valley?" asked the general.
"I saw no Indians," replied the tired colonist; "but there
were many horses under the trees." 4. "Often have I
fought fiercely with the enemy," said the brave soldier to
the boys; "but now I sit gladly at home."
EXERCISE LXXII
THE GERUNDIVE
The gerundive is a passive participle conveying the idea
of necessity or need, e.g.,
vocandus, -a, -um, to be rapiendus, -a, -um, to be
called. seized.
habendus, -a, -um, to be had. audiendus, -a, -um, to be
mittendus, -a, -um, to be sent. heard.
Ordinarily the gerundive is used in connection with a
form of sum, and the translation varies somewhat ; e.g.,
LATIN PRIMER 189
Mulier vocanda est, The woman must be called.
Puto mulierem vocandam esse, / think that the woman
should be called.
VOCABULARY
ORDINAL NUMERALS
undecimus, -a, -um, eleventh, undevicesimus, -a, -um, nine-
duodecimus, -a, -um, t^velfth. teenth.
tertius (-a, -um) decimus, -a, vlcesimus, -a, -um, twentieth.
-um, thirteenth.
quartus (-a, -um) decimus, -a, de, preposition, used with
-um, fourteenth. the ablative case, about,
qulntus (-a, -um) decimus, -a, concerning.
-um, fifteenth. peto, petere, petlvl, petitus,
sextus (-a, -um) decimus, -a, look for, seek.
-um, sixteenth. pugna, -ae, F., battle.
septimus (-a, -um) decimus, relinquo, relinquere, rellqui,
-a, -um, seventeenth. . relictus, leave, desert.
duodevicesimus, -a, -um, simul, adverb, at the same
eighteenth. time.
READING LESSON
I. Translate into English :
A. i. Simul rex istarum gentium omnium profectus est,
ut pacem peteret. 2. Pax petenda est ; hostes enim de hac
pugna iam audiverunt. 3. Mllites dixerunt se putare pacem
petendam esse. 4. Numquam te sequemur, imperator pes-
sime. 5. Aut hostis adoriamur aut ad litus properemus.
B. A Bold Abduction
"Domus nostra," inquit colonus, "in ripa fluminis ma-
ximl collocata erat, unaque cum fratre et sororibus prope
aquam saepe ludebam. Olim in cymba parva vidimus In-
dos tres sedentes, qui piscis multos e flumine capiebant.
1 9 o
LATIN PRIMER
PUGNA
A modern artist's conception of the attack of a Roman army
upon a walled town.
LATIN PRIMER 191
Paulo post autem, cum iam in harena laetl luderemus, Indi,
piscibus relictis, ad ripam furtim pervenerunt, fratremque
subito rapuerunt nostrum. Qua re perterriti magna voce
patrem vocavimus. Cum autem is, vehementer commotus,
ex agris ad flumen cucurrisset, Indi iam ad quandam In-
sulam parvam cum fratre pervenerant. Itaque, militibus
quoque vocatis, agricolae omnes multls cymbis vecti celeri-
ter ad Insulam eandem transierunt. Interim autem Indi
in maiorem Insulam fugerant, in qua erat silva atra et spe-
luncae multae ; itaque numquam postea fratrem vidimus."
II. Translate into Latin :
A. i. The eighteenth regiment should be helped; for
a very fierce attack is being made upon it by the enemy.
2. In the battle which we saw there, the bravest soldiers
were killed by our men, and the others were easily put to
flight. 3. The king said that hunters must at once be
sent into the woods, so that the enemy might not be able
to escape (lit. flee) stealthily from (their) camp. . 4. Do
you think that these stones must be carried to the shore
and thrown into the sea? Where did the women find
them ?
B. i. "Afterward," said the farmer, " we were sitting at
home in the shade. But the children, who were looking
for eggs, soon called us to see the baskets which they had
filled." 2. "At the same time," said the soldier to the
boys, " the enemy were hurrying to the river. But about
this battle you will soon hear at school." 3. " I saw some
one stealing a horse from the field," said the farmer.
"Run, boys; let's all try to catch him." 4. "We
thought that these Indians must at once be captured,"
said the general ; " for the other tribes were now setting
out from the larger cities to help them."
SUMMARY OF FORMS
(To round out the Summary, certain forms are included which have not been
treated in the Exercises of this book. All such additional forms are printed in
italics, so that they can readily be distinguished from those which the student has
thus far been required to learri.)
NOUNS
THE FIRST OR A-DECLENSION
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
mensa, F.
SINGULAR
mensa
mensae
mensae
mensam
mensa
PLURAL
mensae
mensarum
mensis
mensas
mensis
THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION
hortus, M. puer, M. ager, M. vir, M. malum, N.
SINGULAR
Nom. hortus puer ager vir malum
Gen. horti pueri agri viri mall
Dat. hort5 puero agro viro ma!5
Ace. hortum puerum agrum virum malum
Abl. horto puerd agro vird malo
PLURAL
Nom. horti pueri agri viri mala
Gen. hortorum puerorum agrorum virorum malorum
Dat. hortis pueris agris viris malis
Ace. hortos pueros agros viros mala
Abl. hortis pueris agris viris malis
192
LATIN PRIMER
193
REMARK. Masculines in -us have in the singular a special voca-
tive form, as Marce, coque, etc. By exception, filius and proper
nouns in -ius abbreviate the vocative (and genitive) singular ; e.g.,
fill. So also the genitive of a few neuters in -ium.
THE THIRD DECLENSION
Consonant Stems
flos, M. arbor, F. lltus, N.
SINGULAR
Norn, flos arbor lltus
Gen. floris arboris Htoris
Dat. flori arbori litori
Ace. florem arborem lltus
Abl. flore arbore litore
PLURAL
Nom. flores arbores litora
Gen. florum arborum Htorum
Dat. floribus arboribus Htoribus
Ace. flores arbores litora
Abl. floribus arboribus Htoribus
I-Stems
ignis, M.
valles, F. mare, N.
animal, N., liv-
ing creature
SINGULAR
Nom.
ignis
valles
mare
animal
Gen.
ignis
vallis
maris
animalis
Dat.
igni
valli
mari
animali
Ace.
ignem
vallem
mare
animal
Abl.
igni
valla
mari
animali
igne
PLURAL
Nom.
ignes
valles
maria
animdlia
Gen.
ignium
vallium
animalium
Dat.
ignibus
vallibus
- T -
animalibus
Ace.
ignis
vallis
maria
animalia
ignes
valles
Abl.
ignibus
vallibus
animalibus
LATIN PRIMER 13
194
LATIN PRIMER
REMARK. Aside from the fact that its declension is complete,
animal differs from mare only in that it has dropped the ending
-e of the nominative singular. Through the loss of this ending
there has arisen quite a large class of neuters with the nomina-
tive terminating in -al or -ar.
THE FOURTH OR U-DECLENSION
exercitus, M. cornu, N., horn
SINGULAR
PLURA
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom.
exercitus
exercitus
corn it
cornua
Gen.
exercitus
exercituum
cornus
cornnum
Dat.
exercitui
exercitibus
cornu
cornibus
Ace.
exercitum
exercitus
cornu
cornua
Abl.
exercitu
exercitibus
cornu
cornibus
THE
FIFTH OR E-DECLENSION
dies, M. (and F.)
res, F.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Nom.
dies
dies
res
res
Gen.
diel
dierum
rei
rerum
Dat.
diei
diebus
rei
rebus
Ace.
diem
dies
rem
res
Abl.
die
diebus
re
rebus
IRREGULAR NOUNS
deus, M..
domus, F.
VIS, F.
SINGULAR
Nom.
deus
domus
vis
Gen.
dei
domus
Dat.
deo
domui, domo
Ace.
deum
do mum
vim
Abl.
de5
domo, domu
VI
PLURAL
Nom.
del, dii, di
domus
vTres
Gen.
deorum, deum
domuum, domorum
vlrium
Dat.
deis, diis, dis
domibus
viribus
Ace.
deos
domos, domus
vlris, vires
Abl.
dels, diis, dis
domibus
viribus
LATIN PRIMER
195
ADJECTIVES
FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
bonus, -a, -um
SINGULAR
Masc. Fern. Neut.
Nom. bonus bona bonum
Gen. boni bonae bom
Dat. bond bonae bono
Ace. bonum bonam bonum
Abl. bono bona bono
PLURAL
Masc. Fern.
boni bonae
bonorum bonarum
boms boms
bonos bonas
bonis boms
Neut.
bona
bonorum
bonis
bona
bonis
miser, -era, -erum
Nom. miser misera miserum miseri miserae misera
Gen. miseri miserae miseri miserorum miserarum miserorum
miseris miseris miseris
miseras misera
miseris miseris
Dat. miser5 miserae misero
Ace. miserum miseram miserum miseros
Abl. misero misera misero miseris
piger, -gra, -grum
Nom. piger pigra pigrum
Gen. pigri pigrae pigri
Dat. pigrS pigrae pigro
Ace. pigrum pigram pigrum
Abl. pigro pigra
pgri pigrae
pigrorum pigrarum pigrorum
pigris pigns pigns
pigros pigras pigra
pigris pigris pigns
THIRD DECLENSION
I-Stems
fortis, -is, -e
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
fortis
fortis
forte
fortes
fortes
fortia
Gen.
fortis
fortis
fortis
fortium
fortium
fortium
Dat.
forti
forti
forti
fortibus
fortibus
fortibus
Ace.
fortem
fortem
forte
fortis
fortis
fortia
fortes
fortes
Abl.
forti
forti
forti
fortibus
fortibus
fortibus
LATIN PRIMER
acer, acris, acre
SINGULAR
Masc. Fern. Neut.
Norn, acer acris acre
Gen. acris acris acris
Dat. acri acri acri
Ace. acrem acrem acre
Abl. acri
acri
PLURAL
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
acres
acres
acria
acrium
acrium
acrium
acribus
acribus
acribus
acris
acris
acria
acres
acres
acri
acribus acribus acribus
Consonant Stems
The Present Participle
vocans
Nom. vocans vocans vocans vocantes vocantes vocantia
Gen. vocantis vocantis vocantis vocantium vocantium vocantium
Dat. vocanti vocanti vocanti vocantibus vocantibus vocantibus
Ace. vocantem vocantem vocans vocantes vocantes vocantia
vocantis vocantis
Abl. vocante vocante vocante vocantibus vocantibus vocantibus
The Comparative
altior, -ior, -ius
Nom. altior altior altius
Gen. altioris altioris altioris
Dat. altiori altiori altiori
Ace. altiorem altiorem altius
Abl. altiore altiore altiore
altiores altiores altiora
altiorum altiorum altiorum
altioribus altioribus altioribus
altiores altiores altiora
altioribus ' altioribus altioribus
Nom.
Ge,n.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
plfts
pluris
plus
plure
plus
plures plures plura
plurium plurium plurium
pluribus pluribus pluribus
plures plures plura
pluris pluris
pluribus pluribus pluribus
LATIN PRIMER
197
THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
REGULAR IRREGULAR
Posit.
Comp.
Sup.
Posit.
Comp.
Sup.
altus
altior
altissimus
bonus
melior
optimus
fortis
fortior
fortissimus
magnus
maior
maximus
miser
miserior
miserrimus
malus
peior
pessimus
piger
pigrior
pigerrimus
multi
plures
plurimi
parvus
minor
minimus
THE COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
REGULAR IRREGULAR
Posit. Comp. Sup.
diu diutius diutissime
facile facilius facillime
libenter libentius libentissime
Posit.
Comp.
Sup.
longe
longius
longissime
fortiter
fortius
fortissime
celeriter
celerius
celerrime
acriter
acrius
acerrime
NUMERALS
unus, -a, -um
SINGULAR
Masc. Fern.
Nom. unus una
Gen. unius unius
Dat. uni
Ace. unum
Abl. uno
uni
unam
una
Neut.
unum
unius
uni
unum
uno
Masc.
uni
unorum
unis
unos
unis
PLURAL
Fern. Neut.
unae una
u narum u n orum
unis unis
unas una
unis
unis
NOTE. Eight other adjectives, in the genitive and dative
singular, have the same endings as unus, namely : alius, alter
(gen. alterius) ; ullus, nullus ; uter (gen. utrius), neuter (gen.
neutrius) ; solus, totus. Of these alius has additional peculiari-
ties : its neuter singular, nominative and accusative, is aliud ; and
in the genitive singular it borrows alterius from alter.
198
LATIN PRIMER
duo, duae, duo
tres, tres, tria
PLURAL
PLURAL
Masc. Fern. Neut.
Masc. Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
duo duae duo
tres tres
tria
Gen.
duorum duarum duorum
trium trium
trium
Dat.
duobus duabus duobus
tribus tribus
tribus
Ace.
duo duas duo
tres tres
tria
duos
tris tris
Abl.
duobus duabus duobus
tribus tribus
tribus
LIST OF NUMERALS
CARDINAL
ORDINAL
i. unus
primus
2. duo
secundus
3. tres
tertius
4. quattuor
quartus
5 . quinque
quintus
6. sex
sextus
7. septem
septimus
8. octo
octavus
9. novem
norms
10. decem
decimus
n. undecim
undecimus
12. duodecim
duodecimus
13. tredecim
tertius decimus
14. quattuordecim
quartus decimus
1 5 . quindecim
quintus decimus
1 6. sedecim
sextus decimus
17. septendecim
septimus decimus
1 8. duodeviginti
duodevicesimus
19. undeviginti
undevicesimus
20. viginti
vicesimus
LATIN PRIMER
199
PRONOUNS
PERSONAL
First
Person
Second Person
ego
tu
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom.
ego
nos
tu vos
Gen.
mei
nostrum
tui vestrum
nostri
vestri
Dat.
mihi
nobis
tibi v5bis
Ace.
me
nos
te vos
Abl.
me
nobis
te vobis
Third Person
Third Person
Reflexive
is, ea, id
sui (gen.)
SINGULAR
Masc.
Fern.
Neut. All Genders
Nom.
is
ea
id
Gen.
eius
eius
eius sui
Dat.
ei
el
ei sibi
Ace.
eum
earn
id se, sese
Abl.
eo
ea
ed se, sese
PLURAL
Nom.
el, ii, I
eae
ea
Gen.
eorura
earum
eorum sui
Dat.
eis, iis,
is eis, iis, is
eis, iis, is sibi
Ace.
eos
eas
ea se, sese
Abl.
eis, iis,
is eis, iis, is
eis, iis, is se, sese
NOTE i. The oblique cases of ego and tu serve as the reflexive
of the first and second persons.
NOTE 2. The personal pronoun is, ea, id may be used also as
an adjective meaning "this," or "that."
200
LATIN PRIMER
Masc.
Nom. hie
Gen. huius
Dat. huic
Ace. hunc
Abl. hoc
DEMONSTRATIVE
hie, haec, hoc ille, ilia, illud
SINGULAR
Fern. Neut.
haec hoc
huius huius
huic
hanc
hac
huic
hoc
hoc
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
ille
ilia
illud
illius
illius
illius
illi
illi
illi
ilium
illam
illud
1116
ilia
ill5
PLURAL
Nom. hi
hae
haec
Gen. horum
harum
hdrum
Dat. his
his
his
Ace. hos
has
haec
Abl. his
his
his
illi
illdrum
illis
illos
illis
illae
illarum
illis
illas
illis
ilia
illdrum
illis
ilia
illis
NOTE. The demonstrative pronoun iste, ista, istud is declined
in the same way as ille.
INTENSIVE
ipse, ipsa, ipsum
SINGULAR
OF IDENTITY
idem, eadem, idem
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
ipse
ipsius
ipsi
ipsum
ipso
ipsa
ipsius
ipsi
ipsam
ipsa
ipsum
ipsius
ipsi
ipsum
ipso
idem
eiusdem
eidem
eundem
eodem
eadem
eiusdem
eidem
eandem
eadem
idem
eiusdem
eidem
idem
eodem
PLURAL
f eidem
eaedem
eadem
ipsi
ipsae
ipsa
\ iidem
[idem
ips5rum
ipsarum
ipsorum
eorundem
f eisdem
earundem
eisdem
eSrundem
eisdem
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
\ iisdem
I isdem
iisdem
isdem
iisdem
isdem
ipsos
ipsas
ipsa
eosdem
| eisdem
easdem
eisdem
eadem
eisdem
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
j iisdem
1 isdem
iisdem
isdem
iisdem
isdem
LATIN PRIMER
201
INTERROGATIVE
: qui (quii
SINGULAR
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Nom.
qui, quis
quae
quod, quid
Gen.
cuius
cuius
cuius
Dat.
cui
cui
cui
Ace.
quern
quam
quod, quid
Abl.
qu5
qua
qu5
PLURAL
Masc.
qui
quorum
quibus
quos
quibus
Fern. Neut.
quae quae
quarum quorum
quibus quibus
quas quae
quibus quibus
NOTE. This pronoun may be used either as an adjective or as a
noun. In the noun use, quis replaces qui (singular), quid replaces
quod, and the feminine is lacking throughout.
RELATIVE: qui, quae, quod
The forms of this pronoun are identical with the forms of the inter-
rogative pronoun as given above, excepting that quis and quid are lacking.
INDEFINITE
quidam, quaedam, quoddam aliqul (aliquis), aliqua, ali-
(quiddam)
SINGULAR
quod (aliquid)
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
Masc.
Fern.
Neut.
N. quidam
quaedam
quoddam
aliqul
aliqua
aliquod
quiddam
aliquis
aliquid
G. cuiusdam
cuiusdam
cuiusdam
alicuius
alicuius
alicuius
D. cuidam
cuidam
cuidam
alicui
alicui
alicui
A. quendam
quandam
quoddam
aliquem
aliquam
aliquod
quiddam
aliquid
A. quodam
quadam
quodam
aliquo
aliqua
aliquo
PLURAL
N. quidam quaedam quaedam
G. quorundam quarundam quorundam
D. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam
A. quosdam quasdam quaedam
A. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam
NOTE.
as nouns.
aliqul aliquae aliqua
aliquorum uliquarum aliquorum
aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
aliquos aliquas aliqua
aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus
Both of these pronouns may be used either as adjectives or
In the noun use, quiddam replaces quoddam, aliquis replaces
aliqul (singular), aliquid replaces aliquod, and the feminine of aliquis is
lacking throughout.
202
LATIN PRIMER
REGULAR VERBS
THE FIRST OR A-CONJUGATION
voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus
Present
Imperfect
Future
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
NDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
VOCO
vocem
vocor
vocer
vocas
voces
vocaris
voceris
vocare
vocere
vocat
vocet
vocatur
vocetur
vocamus
vocemus
vocamur
vocemur
vocatis
vocetis
vocamini
vocemini
vocant
vocent
vocantur
vocentur
vocabam
vocarem
vocabar
vocarer
vocabas
vocares
vocabaris
vocareris
vocabare
vocarere
vocabat
vocaret
vocabatur
vocaretur
vocabamus
vocare mus
vocabamur
vocaremur
vocabatis
vocaretis
vocabamini
vocareminl
vocabant
vocarent
vocabantur
vocarentur
' vocabS
vocabor
vocabis
vocaberis
vocabere
vocabit
vocabitur
Perfect^
vocabimus vocabimur
vocabitis vocabimini
vocabunt vocabuntur
vocavi vocaverim vocatus sum vocatus sim
vocavisti vocaveris vocatus es vocatus sis
vocavit vocaverit vocatus est vocatus sit
vocavimus vocaverimus vocati sumus vocati simus
vocavistis vocaveritis vocati estis vocati sitis
vocaverunt vocaverint vocati sunt vocati sint
LATIN PRIMER
203
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
vocaveram
vocavissem
vocatus eram
vocatus essem
vocaveras
vocavisses
vocatus eras
vocatus esses
vocaverat
vocavisset
vocatus erat
vocatus esset
Plu-
perfect
vocaveramus
vocavissemus
vocati eramus
vocati essemus
,vocaveratis
vocavissetis
vocati eratis
vocati essetis
vocaverant
vocavissent
vocati erant
vocati essent
' vocaver5
vocatus ero
vocaveris
vocatus eris
vocaverit
vocatus erit
Future
Perfect
vocaverimus
vocati erimus
vocaveritis
vocati eritis
. vocaverint
vocati erunt
IMPERATIVE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Present voca
vocate
vocare
voca mini
Future { atS
\ vocato
vocatote
vocanto
vocator
vocator
vocantor
Present vocans
Perfect
Future vocatiirus, -a, -um
PARTICIPLE
INFINITIVE
vocatus, -a, -um
Present
vocare
vocari
Perfect
vocdvisse
vocqtus esse
Future
vocatiirus esse
vocatum irl
GERUND
GERUNDIVE
Gen.
vocandl
vocandus, -a,
-um
Dat.
vocando
Ace.
vocandum
Abl.
vocando
SUPINE
vocatum, vocatii
204
LATIN PRIMER
THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION
habeo, habere, habui, habitus
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
habeS.
habeam
habeor
habear
habes
habeas
haberis
habearis
habere
habeare
Present <
habet
habeat
habetur
habeatur
habemus
habeamus
habemur
habeamur
habetis
habeatis
habemini
habeamim
habent
habeant
habentur
habeantur
habebam
haberem
habebar
haberer
habebas
haberes
habebaris
habereris
habebare
haberere
Im-
habebat
haberet
habebatur
haberetur
perfect
tr
habebamus
haberemus
habebamur
haberemur
habebatis
haberetis
habebamini
haberemini
habebant
haberent
habebantur
haberentur
habebd
habebor
habebis
habeberis
habebere
Future
habebit
habebitur
habebimus
habebimur
habebitis
habebimini
habebunt
habebuntur
habul
habuerim
habitus sum
habitus sim
habuisti
habueris
habitus es
habitus sis
habuit
habuerit
habitus est
habitus sit
Perfect <
habuimus
habuerimus
habiti sumus
habiti simus
habuistis
habueritis
habiti estis
habiti sitis
habuerunt
habuerint
habiti sunt
habiti sint
LATIN PRIMER
205
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
' habueram
habuissem
habitus eram
habitus essem
habueras
habuisses
habitus eras
habitus esses
Plu-
habuerat
habuisset
habitus erat
habitus esset
perfect '
habueramus
habuissemus
habiti eramus
habiti essemus
habueratis
habuissetis
habiti eratis
habiti essetis
habuerant
habuissent
habit! erant
habiti essent
habuero
habitus ero
habueris
habitus eris
Future
habuerit
habitus erit
Perfect '
habuerimus
habiti erimus
habueritis
habiti eritis
habuerint
habiti erunt
IMPERATIVE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Present habe
habete
habere
habemini
[ habeto
habetote
habetor
Future \ , ,_,_
1 habeto
habento
habetor
habentor
Present habens
Perfect
Future habitants, -a, -um
Present habere
Perfect habuisse
Future habiturus esse
PARTICIPLE
INFINITIVE
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
GERUND
habendi
habendo
habendum
habendo
habitus, -a, -um
haberi
habitus esse
habitum iri
GERUNDIVE
habendus, -a, -um
SUPINE
habitum, habitu
206
LATIN PRIMER
Present
Imperfect
Future
Perfect
THE THIRD OR E-CONJUGATION
mitto, mittere, misi, missus
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
mitto
mittam
mittor
mittar
mittis
mittas
mitteris
mittaris
mittere
mittare
mittit
mittat
mittitur
mittatur
mittimus
mittamus
mittimur
mittamur
mittitis
mittatis
mittimini
mittamini
mittunt
mittant
mittuntur
mittantur
mittebam
mitterem
mittebar
mitterer
mittebas
mitteres
mittebaris
mittereris
mittebare
mitterere
mittebat
mitteret
mittebatur
mitteretur
mittebamus
mitteremus
mittebamur
mitteremur
mittebatis
mitteretis
mittebamini
mitteremini
mittebant
mitterent
mittebantur
mitterentur
mittam
mittar
mittes
mitteris
mittere
mittet
mittetur
mittemus
mittemur
mittetis
mittemini
mittent
mittentur
misi
miserim
missus sum
missus sim
misisti
miseris
missus es
missus sis
misit
miserit
missus est
missus sit
misimus
mlserimus
missi sumus
missi simus
misistis
misentis
missi estis
missi sitis
.miserunt
miserint
missi sunt
missi sint
LATIN PRIMER
207
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
1 miseram
misissem
missus eram
missus essem
miseras
misisses
missus eras
missus esses
Plu-
mlserat
misisset
missus erat
missus esset
perfect
miseramus
mlsissemus
missi eramus
missi essemus
miseratis
misissetis
missi eratis
missi essetis
.. miserant
misissent
missi erant
missi essent
mlsero
missus ero
miseris
missus eris
Future
miserit
missus erit
Perfect <
miserimus
missi erimus
miseritis
missi eritis
miserint
missi erunt
IMPERATIVE
SINGULAR
PLURAL SINGULAR
PLURAL
Present
mitte
mittite
mittere
mittimini
Future |
mittito
mittito
mittitote
mittunto
mittitor
mittitor
mittuntor
PARTICIPLE
Present
mittens
Perfect
missus, -a, -ur
a
Future
miss-urns, -a,
-um
INFINITIVE
Present
mittere
mitti
Perfect
misisse
missus esse
Future
missurus esse
missum Iri
GERUND
GERUNDIVE
Gen.
mittendl
mittendus, -a,
-um
Dat.
mitt en do
Ace.
mittendum
Abl.
mittendo
SUPINE
missum, missu
208
LATIN PRIMER
THE THIRD OR E -CONJUGATION (-16 VERBS)
rapio, rapere, rapul, raptus
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
Imperfect <
Future
Perfect
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
rapid
rapis
rapit
rapiam
rapias
rapiat
rapior
raperis
rapere
rapitur
rapiar
rapiaris
rapiare
rapiatur
rapimus
rapitis
rapiunt
rapiamus
rapiatis
rapiant
rapimur
rapimini
rapiuntur
rapiamur
rapiamini
rapiantur
rapiebam
rapiebas
rapiebat
raperem
raperes
raperet
rapiebar
rapiebaris
rapiebare
rapiebatur
raperer
rapereris
raperere
raperetur
rapiebamus
rapiebatis
rapiebant
rapere mus
raperetis
raperent
rapiebamur
rapiebamini
rapiebantur
raperemur
raperemini
raperentur
rapiam
rapies
rapiet
rapiar
rapieris
rapiere
rapietur
rapiemus
rapietis
rapient
rapiemur
rapiemini
rapientur
rapul
rapuisti
rapuit
rapuerim
rapueris
rapuerit
raptus sum
raptus es
raptus est
raptus sim
raptus sis
raptus sit
rapuimus
rapuistis
.rapuerunt
rapuerimus
rapueritis
rapuerint
rapti sumus
rapti estis
rapti sunt
rapti simus
rapti sitis
rapti sint
LATIN PRIMER
209
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
rapueram
rapuissem
raptus eram
raptus essem
rapueras
rapuisses
raptus eras
raptus esses
Plu-
rapuerat
rapuisset
raptus erat
raptus esset
perfect
rapuefamus
rapuissemus
rapti eramus
rapti essemus
rapueratis
rapuissetis
rapti eratis
rapti essetis
. rapuerant
rapuissent
rapti erant
rapti essent
rapuero
raptus ero
rapueris
raptus eris
Future
rapuerit
raptus erit
Perfect
rapuerimus
rapti erimus
rapueritis
rapti eritis
rapuerint
rapti erunt
IMPERATIVE
SINGULAR
PLURAL SINGULAR
PLURAL
Present
rape
rapite
rapere
rapimini
Future
rapito
rapito
rapitote
rapiunto
rapitor
rapitor
rapiuntor
PARTICIPLE
Present
rapiens
Perfect
raptus, -a, -um
Future
rapturus, -a,
-um
INFINITIVE
Present
rapere
rapi
Perfect
rapuisse
raptus esse
Future
rapturus esse
raptum irl
GERUND
GERUNDIVE
Gen.
rapiendl
rapiendus, -a,
-um
Dat.
rapiendo
Ace.
rapiendum
Abl.
rapiendo
SUPINE
raptum, raptu
LATIN PRIMER 14
210
LATIN PRIMER
THE FOURTH OR T-CONJUGATION
audio, audire, audivi, auditus
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
Imperfect^
Future
Perfect
audio
audis
audit
audiam
audias
audiat
audior
audiris
audire
auditur
audiar
audiaris
audiare
audiatur
audimus
auditis
audiunt
audiamus
audiatis
audiant
audimur
audimim
audiuntur
audiamur
audiamini
audiantur
audiebam
audiebas
audiebat
audirem
audires
audiret
audiebar
audiebaris
audiebare
audiebatur
audirer
audireris
audirere
audiretur
atuliebamus
audiebatis
audiebant
audiremus
audiretis
audirent
audiebamur
audiebamini
audiebantur
audiremur
audiremini
audirentur
audiam
audies
audiet
audiar
audieris
audiere
audietur
audiemus
audietis
audient
audiemur
audiemini
audientur
audlvi
audivisti
audlvit
audlverim
audiveris
audlverit
auditus sum
auditus es
auditus est
auditus sim
auditus sis
auditus sit
audlvimus
audivistis
audlverunt
audlverimus
audiveritis
audiverint
audltl sumus
audit! estis
audit! sunt
audit! simus
auditl sitis
audit! sint
LATIN PRIMER
211
Plu-
perfect
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
audlveram audivissem
audlveras audivisses
audlverat audivisset
audlveramus audlvissemus
audlveratis audivissetis
audlverant audivissent
au diver 6
audiveris
Future
audlverit
Perfect '
audlverimus
audlveritis
audiverint
SINGULAR
Present aud!
[ audito
Future
I audito
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
audltus eram auditus essem
auditus eras audltus esses
auditus erat auditus esset
audit! eratnus audit! essemus
audit! eratis audit! essetis
audit! erant audit! essent
audltus erd
auditus eris
audltus erit
audit! erimus
audit! eritis
audit! erunt
IMPERATIVE
PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
audlte audlre audimini
audltote auditor
audiunto auditor audiuntor
PARTICIPLE
Present audiens '
Perfect
Future audltiirus, -a, -urn
Present audlre
Perfect audlvisse
Future audlturus esse
GERUND
Gen. audiendi
Dat. audiendo
Ace. audiendum
Abl. audiendo
audltus, -a, -um
INFINITIVE
audlri
auditus esse
audltum irl
GERUNDIVE
audiendus, -a, -um
SUPINE
audlturn, audltti
212
LATIN PRIMER
DEPONENTS
As all conjugations are given in full above, the corresponding depo-
nents are here presented largely in synopsis.
Present
Imperf.
Future
Perfect
Pluperf.
I
moror, morari
moratus sum
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
moror
morabar
morabor
moratus sum moratus sim
II
polliceor, polliceri
pollicitus sum
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
polliceor pollicear
pollicebar pollicerer
pollicebor
pollicitus sum pollicitus sim
moratus eram moratus essem pollicitus eram pollicitus essem
morer
morarer
Fut. Perf. moratus ero
SINGULAR
Present morare
f morator
Future
Present
Perfect
Future
Present
Perfect
Future
I morator
pollicitus ero
IMPERATIVE
PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
moramini pollicere pollicemini
pollicetor
morantor pollicetor pollicentor
PARTICIPLE
morans
moratus, -a, -um
moraturus, -a, -um
INFINITIVE
morari
moratus esse
moraturus esse
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
GERUND
morandl
morando
morandum
morando
moratum, moratu
GERUNDIVE
morand(us, -a), -um
SUPINE
pollicens
pollicitus, -a, -um
pollicitiirus, -a, -urn
polliceri
pollicitus esse
polliciturus esse
GERUND GERUNDIVE
pollicendl pollicendus, -a, -um
pollicendo
pollicendum
Pollicendo
pollictmm, pollicitil
LATIN PRIMER
213
III
proficiscor, proficisci
profectus sum
Ilia
patior, pati
passus sum
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present proficiscor proficiscar
patior patiar
Imperf. proficiscebar proficiscerer
patiebar paterer
Future proficiscar
patiar
Perfect profectus sum profectus sim
passus sum passus sim
Pluperf. profectus eram profectus essem
passus eram passus essem
Fut. Perf. profectus ero
passus ero
IMPERATIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
SINGULAR PLURAL
Present proficiscere proficiscimini
patere patimini
. J proficiscitor
\ proficiscitor proficiscuntor
patitor
patitor patiuntor
PARTICIPLE
Present proficiscens
patiens
Perfect profectus, -a, -um
passus, -a, -um
Future profecturus, -a, -um
passurus, -a, -um
INFINITIVE
Present proficisci
pati
Perfect profectus esse
passus esse
Future profecturus esse
passiirus esse
GERUND GERUNDIVE
GERUND GERUNDIVE
Gen. preficiscendi proficlscend(us, -a),
patiendl patiendus, -a, -um
Dat. proficlscendo -um
Patiendo
Ace. proficlscendum
patiendum
Abl. proficlscendo
patiendo
SUPINE
Profectum, profectu
passum, passu
214
LATIN PRIMER
IV
Present
Imperfect
Future
Perfect
Pluperfect
adorior, adoriri, adortus sum ]
INDICATIVE
adorior
adoriebar
adoriar
adortus sum
adortus eram
Future Perfect adortus erd
Present
Future
IMPERATIVE
SINGULAR
adorire
j adoritor
| adoritor
SUBJUNCTIVE
adoriar
adorirer
adortus sim
adortus essem
PLURAL
adorimini
adoriuntor
Present
Perfect
Future
PARTICIPLE
adoriens
adortus, -a, -um
adortilrus, -a, -um
Present
Perfect
Future
INFINITIVE
adoriri
adortus esse
adorturus esse
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
GERUND
adoriendi
adoriendo
adoriendum
adoriendo
GERUNDIVE
adoriendus, -a, -um
SUPINE
adortum, adortu
1 On the analogy of audio it might be expected that the perfect passive participle
of deponents of the fourth conjugation would end in -Itus; but the commonest de-
ponents of the fourth conjugation form the perfect passive participle in other ways
LATIN PRIMER 215
IRREGULAR VERBS
sum, esse, ful possum, posse, potul
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
sum
sim
possum
possim
es
sis
potes
possis
est
sit .
potest
possit
Present <
sumus
simus
possumus
possimus
estis
sitis
potestis
possitis
sunt
sint
possunt
possint
eram
essem
poteram
possem
eras
esses
poteras
posses
erat
Im-
esset
poterat
posset
P erfect jeramus
essemus
poteramus
possemus
eratis
essetis
poteratis
possetis
erant
essent
poterant
possent
ero
potero
eris
poteris
erit
poterit
Future ,
erimus
.
poterimus
eritis
poteritis
erunt
poterunt
Perfect tenses regular. Perfect tenses
regular.
IMPERATIVE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Present es
este
Future \ estd
estate
\esto
sunto
PARTICIPLE
Future futurus, -a,
-urn
INFINITIVE
Present esse
posse
Perfect fnisse
potuisse
Future futurus esse, fore
216
LATIN PRIMER
eo, ire, il, itum
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
volo, velle, volul
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
'CO
earn
volo
velim
is
eas
VIS
veils
it
eat
vult
velit
Present
Tmus
eamus
volumus
velimus
itis
eatis
vultis
velitis
eunt
eant
volunt
velint
ibam
irem
volebam
vellem
ibas
ires
volebas
velles
Im-
Ibat
iret
volebat
vellet
perfect
ibamus
iremus
volebamus
vellemus
ibatis
iretis
volebatis
velletis
Ibant
irent
volebant
vellent
fibo
volam
ibis
voles
Ibit
volet
Future
ibimus
volemus
ibitis
voletis
ibunt
volent
r il
ierim, etc.
volui, etc.
voluerim, etc.
isti
lit
.
Perfect
iimus
Istis
ierunt
Pluperf. ieram, etc.
Fut. Perf. ier5, etc.
issem, etc. volueram, etc. voluissem, etc.
voluer5, etc.
IMPERATIVE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Present I
ite
J ltd
Future \
{ Uo
Itote
eunto
LATIN PRIMER
PARTICIPLE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Present iens, gen. euntis
volens
Perfect it (us, -a), -um
Future iturus, -a, -um
INFINITIVE
Present ire
velle
Perfect isse
voluisse
Future iturus esse
GERUND
GERUNDIVE
Gen. eundi eun
d(u,Sj -#), -um
Dat. eundo
Ace. eundurn
Abl. eundo
malo, malle,
malul
nolo, nolle,
nolul
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
malo
malim
nold
nolim
mavis
malls
non vis
noils
mavult
malit
non vult
nolit
Present
malumus
malimus
nolumus
nolimus
mavultis
malitis
non vultis
nolitis
malunt
malint
nolunt
nolint
malebam
mallem
nolebam
nollem
malebas
malles
nolebas
nolles
malebat
mallet
nolebat
nollet
Imperfect <
malebamus
mallemus
nolebamus
nollemus
malebatis
malletis
nolebatis
nolletis
.malebant
mallent
nolebant
nollent
[malam]
[nolam]
males
noles
malet
nolet
Future
malemus
nolemus
maletis
noletis
malent
nolent
Perfect tenses regular. Perfect tenses regular.
218
LATIN PRIMER
IMPERATIVE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Present
noli
nolite
Future
f ndlitd
\ ndlitd
nolltote
nolunto
PARTICIPLE
Present
nolens
INFINITIVE
Present malle
nolle
Perfect maluisse
noluisse
do, dare, dedl,
datus
This verb deviates
from the first conjugation principally
in that its a
is often short in situations where the first
conjugation would call for a.
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
do
dem
das
des
daris
deris
dare
dere
Present < dat
det
datur
detur
A a tniiQ
rlmiia
ciciiiiiir
UdlllUo
datis
UClTLuB
detis
damini
demini
dant
dent
dantur
dentur
dabam
darem
dabar
darer
dabas
dares
dabaris
dareris
dabare
darere
dabat
Imperfect <
daret
dabatur
daretur
dabamus
daremus
dabamur
daremur
dabatis
daretis
dabamini
daremini
dabant
darent
dabantur
darentur
dabo
dabor
dabis
daberis
dabere
dabit
Future <
dabitur
dabimus
dabimur
dabitis
dabimini
. dabunt
dabuntur
Perfect tenses regular (excepting that the a of datus is short).
LATIN PRIMER
219
SINGULAR PLU
Present
da da
Future
f dato da
\ dato da
Present
dans
Perfect
Future
daturus, -a, -um
Present
dare
Perfect
dedisse
Future
datilrus esse
GERUND
Gen.
dandl
Dat.
dando
Ace.
dandum
Abl.
dando
IMPERATIVE
AL SINGULAR PLURAL
5 dare daminl
ote dalor
'to dator dantor
PARTICIPLE
INFINITIVE
datus, -a, -um
dan
datus esse
datum Iri
GERUNDIVE
dandus, -a, -um
SUPINE
datum, datu
edo, esse (edere), edi, esus
The peculiarities of edo are due to the fact that its regular forms are
often contracted, as in the infinitive above. Otherwise the verb con-
forms to the third conjugation, and only so much of it is here given as
is needful to display the contracted forms.
Present
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
edo edam
es edas
edis
est edat
edit
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
edor edar
ederis edaris
edere edare
estur edatur
editur
edimus
estis
editis
edunt
edamus
edatis
edant
edimur
edimin!
eduntur
edamur
edamini
edantur
220
LATIN PRIMER
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
edebam
essem
edebar
ederer
ederem
edebas
esses
edebaris
edereris
ederes
edebare
ederere
edebat
esset
edebatur
essetur
Im-
ederet
ederetur
perfect
edebamus
essemus
edebamur
ederemur
ederemus
edebatis
ederetis
edebamini
ederemini
edebant
essent
edebantur
ederentur
ederent
Present
Future
SINGULAR
es (ede)
| esto (edito}
[ esto (edito)
IMPERATIVE
PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
este (edite) edere edimini
estate (editote) editor
edunto editor eduntor
fero, ferre, tuli, latus
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
fero
feram
feror
ferar
fers
feras
ferris
feraris
ferre
ferare
Present
fert
ferat
fertur
feratur
ferimus
feramus
ferimur
feramur
fertis
feratis
ferimini
feramini
ferunt
ferant
feruntur
ferantur
ferebam
ferrem
ferebar
ferrer
ferebas
ferres
ferebaris
ferreris
ferebare
ferrere
Im-
ferebat
ferret
ferebatur
ferretur
perfect
ferebamus
ferremus
ferebamur
ferremur
ferebatio
ferretis
ferebamini
ferremini
ferebant
ferrent
ferebantur
ferrentur
LATIN PRIMER
221
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE
feram
feres
feret
feremus
feretis
ferent
Perfect tenses regular.
Future
PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
ferar
fereris
ferere
feretur
feremur
feremini
ferentur
IMPERATIVE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SINGUL^
Present fer
ferte
ferre
[fer to
Future \ r
\ferto
fertote
ferunto
fertor
fertor
PLURAL
ferimini
feruntor
PARTICIPLE
Present ferens
Perfect
Future latiirus, -a, -um
latus, -a, -um
Present ferre
Perfect tulisse .
Future latilrus esse
INFINITIVE
ferri
latus esse
latum iri
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
GERUND
ferendi
fer en do
ferendum
ferendo
GERUNDIVE
ferendus, -a, -um
SUPINE
latum, latu
222
LATIN PRIMER
fI6, fieri, factus sum
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
fid
flam
fit
flas
fit
fiat
Present
[flmus]
[fitis]
flunt
fiamus
tlatis
flant
fiebam
fierem
fiebas
fieres
Im-
fiebat
fieret
perfect
fiebamus
fieremus
fiebatis
fieretis
fiebant
fierent
fiam
fies
Future
fiet
fiemus
fletis
fient
Perfect tenses identical with those of the passive of faciS.
IMPERATIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
Present ft fite
PARTICIPLE
Perfect factus, -a, -um
INFINITIVE
Present fieri
Perfect factus esse
Future \_factum lrf\ futurus esse, fore
WORD LIST
The numbers indicate the Exercises in which a word is defined or used in some
special way.
a, ab, preposition, used with the
ablative case, 56, Rule,
abscido, abscidere, abscidi, absci-
sus, 53.
accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus,
54-
acer, acris, acre, 52, 65.
acriter, adverb, 52, 66.
ad, preposition, used with the accusa-
tive case, 12.
adiuvo, adiuvare, adiuvi, adiutus,
38.
adorior, adoriri, adortus sum, 69.
ager, agri, M., 10.
agricola, -ae, M., 6.
albus, -a, -um, 14.
aliqui (aliquis), aliqua, aliquod
(aliquid), 71.
altus, -a, -um, 39, 65.
amitto, amittere, amis!, a missus,
67.
ancilla, -ae, F., 19.
annus, -I, M., 48.
apud, preposition, used with the ac-
cusative case, 66.
aqua, -ae, F., 4.
arbor, -oris, F., 37.
area, -ae, F., 3.
ater, atra, atrum, 57, 65.
audio, audire, audivi, auditus, 50,
51, 66, 67, 72.
aut, conjunction, 71.
autem, postpositive conjunction, 39.
avia, -ae, F., 22.
avis, -is, F., 48.
avus, -I, M., 22.
baca, -ae, F., 4.
bellum, -I, N., 54.
bonus, -a, -um, 14, 65.
cado, cadere, cecidi, casum, 1 7, 43.
caelum, -i, N., 24.
canis, -is, M. and F., 46.
capio, capere, cepi, captus, 49.
capsa, -ae, F., 13.
caput, capitis, N., 49.
castellum, -I, N., 66.
castra, -orum, N., 56.
cauda, -ae, F., 9.
cavea, -ae, F., 8.
celeriter, adverb, 25, 66.
cena, -ae, F., 28.
ceterl, -ae, -a, 38.
Claudia, -ae, F., 6.
coepi, 31.
cognSsco, cSgnoscere, cSgnovi, c5-
gnitus, 61.
cogo, cogere, coegi, coactus, 70.
collis, -is, M., 42.
colloco, collocare, collocavl, collo-
catus, 38.,
col onus, -i, M., 67.
columba, -ae, F., 18.
commStus, -a, -um, 60.
compleo, complere, complevi, com-
pletus, 19.
concha, -ae, F., 7.
223
224
LATIN PRIMER
conor, conari, conatus sum, 70.
consume, consumere, consumpsi,
consumptus, 45.
convenio, convenire, conveni, con-
ventus, 50.
coquus, -i, M., 28.
corbula, -ae, F., i.
corvus, -i, M., 30.
eras, adverb, 15.
culma, -ae, F., 28.
cum, conjunction, 22.
cum, preposition, used with the ab-
lative case, 5, 20, Rem., 49, Rem.,
59, Note.
cunae, -arum, F., 8.
cur, adverb, 7.
curro, currere, cucurri, cursum, 10,
30, 43-
custodio, custodire, custodivi, cus-
toditus, 62.
cymba, -ae, F., 6.
de, preposition, used with the abla-
tive case, 72.
decem, 47.
decimus, -a, -um, 68.
defessus, -a, -um, 14.
deus, -i, M., 68.
dico, dicere, dm, dictus, 61 ; ^51,
Rem.
dies, diei, M. and F., 59.
diu, adverb, 25, 66.
do, dare, dedi, datus, 18, 36, 68;
cf. 12.
doced, docere, docui, doctus, 5.
domus, -us, F., 68 ; (domum, 30;
domi, 70).
duco, ducere, duxi, ductus, 12, 43,
64 ; cf. $i, Rem.
duo, duae, duo, 38.
duodecim, 59.
duodecimus, -a, -um, 72.
duodevicesimus, -a, -um, 72.
duodeviginti, 59.
e, ex, preposition, used with the abla-
tive case, 10.
ebrius, -a, -um, 29.
edo, esse (edere), edi, esus, 28, 43.
ego, mei, 20, 21, Rule,
emo, emere, emi, emptus, 27, 43.
enim, postpositive conjunction, 40.
eo, ire, ii, itum, n, 22, Rem., 39^
5 J > 6 7-
eques, -itis, M., 64.
equus, -I, M., 9, 64.
erumpo, erumpere, erupi, eruptum,
25* 43-
escendo, escendere, escendi, escen-
sum, 37, 43.
et, conjunction, 2.
exercitus, -us, M., 53.
facile, adverb, 66.
facio, facere, fed, factus, 49, 51,
Rem. See also fio.
fero, ferre, tuli, latus, 44, 51, 62, 67.
filia, -ae, F., 15.
filius, fill, M., 15.
fio, fieri, factus sum, 64.
flos, flSris, M., 37.
fluctus, -us, M., 53.
flumen, -inis, N., 55.
folium, -i, N., 34.
fortasse, adverb, 62.
fortis, -is, -e, 52, 65.
fortiter, adverb, 52, 66.
frangS, frangere, fregi, f rictus, 15,
43-
frater, -tris, M., 41.
frumentum, -i, N., 60.
fuga, -ae, F., 68.
fugio, fugere, fugi, 38, 48.
furtim, adverb, 33.
LATIN PRIMER
225
gallma, -ae, F., 33.
gens, gentis, F., 63.
gero, gerere, gessi, gestus, 54.
gladius, -I, M., 65.
gremium, -I, N., 20.
habeo, habere, habui, habitus, 2, 6,
15, 1 8, 19, 22, 25, 29 and 2nd
Rem., 31, 33, 34, 5 ! > 5 8 6 4> 67, 72.
habito, habitare, habitavi, habita-
tum, 37.
harena, -ae, F., 7.
baud procul, adverbial phrase, 66.
herba, -ae, F., 2.
heri, adverb, 17.
hie, haec, hoc, 70.
hodie, adverb, 16.
hora, -ae, F., 45.
hortus, -I, M., 9.
hostis, -is, M. and F., 54.
humi, 48.
ibi, adverb, 16.
idem, eadem, idem, 55.
idoneus, -a, -um, 35.
igitur, postpositive conjunction, 57.
ignis, -is, M., 42.
ille, ilia, illud, 70.
imperator, -oris, M., 53.
impetus, -us, M., 53.
in, preposition, used with the ablative
case, 2; used with the accusative
case, 10, 17; cf. 64, 68.
Indi, -orum, M., 59.
inquit, inquiunt, 4, 7.
insula, -ae, F., 45 .
interim, adverb, 26.
invenio, invenire, inveni, inventus,
23, 5-
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, 55.
iratus, -a, -um, 34.
is, ea, id, 28, 59.
LATIN PRIMER 15
iste, ista, istud, 71.
ita, adverb, 48.
itaque, conjunction, 8.
iter, itineris, N., 49.
iaceo, iacere, iacui, 5.
iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus, 15, 48.
iam, adverb, 35.
iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus, 58.
lulia, -ae, F., 4.
laetus, -a, -um, 32.
latebrae, -arum, F., 25.
lateo, late re, latui, 3.
lectus, -i, M., 20.
legio, -onis, F., 68.
libenter. adverb, 66.
liber, -bri, M., 12.
liberi, -orum, M., 22.
litus, -oris, N., 37.
locus, -i, M. (plu. loca, -orum, N.), 35.
longe, adverb, 58, 66.
longus, -a, -um, 14.
ludd, ludere, lusi, lusum, 53 ; cf. 4.
ludus, -i, M., 12.
liina, -ae, F., 24.
lupus, -i, M., 1 6.
lutum, -I, N., 1 8.
lux, lucis, F., 58.
maestus, -a, -um, 64.
magister, -tri, M., 12.
magnus, -a, -um, 14, 65.
maior, maior, maius; see magnus.
malo, malle, malui, 31, 47.
malum, -I, N., n.
malus, -a, -um, 15, 65.
mane, adverb, 57.
manus, -us, F., 64.
Marcella, -ae, F., 8.
Marcus, -i, M., 4, 9, 13.
mare, -is, N., 42.
226
LATIN PRIMER
mater, -tris, F., 41.
matrimonium, -i, N., 64.
maximus, -a, -um; see magnus.
melior, -ior, -ius; see bonus,
mensa, -ae, F., i.
meus, -a, -um, 21.
miles, -itis, M., 55.
milia (-ium, N.) passuum, 46.
minimus, -a, -um; see parvus.
minor, minor, minus; see parvus.
miser, -era, -erum, 17, 65.
mitto, mittere, misi, missus, n, 43,
51, 60, 67, 72.
moneo, monere, monui, monitus,
20.
moror, morari, moratus sum, 69.
mortuus, -a, -um, 5 1 .
mox, adverb, 22.
mulier, -ieris, F., 67.
multi, -ae, -a, 20, 65.
nam, conjunction, 15.
nauta, -ae, M., i.
navis, -is, F., 45.
ne, conjunction, 68, Rule.
-ne, interrogative particle, 35, Rule.
neque (nee), conjunction, 48.
nidus, -I, M., 33.
noctu, adverb, 63.
n516, nolle, ndlul, 31, 47, 51, 67.
non, adverb, 16.
n5nus, -a, -um, 68.
noster, -tra, -trum, 21.
nostri, -Drum, M., 68.
novem, 47.
nox, noctis, F., 56.
nubes, -is, F., 57.
nullus, -a, -um, 62.
numquam, adverb, 71.
nunc, adverb, 6, 35, Rem.
obesus, -a, -um, 28.
occido, occidere, occidi, occisus, 16,
43-
octavus, -a, -um, 68.
octo, 47-
Slim, adverb, 19.
omnis, -is, -e, 60.
oppidum, -i, N., 17.
optimus, -a, -um; see bonus,
ovis, -is, F., 62.
ovum, -i, N., 33.
paene, adverb, 64.
paro, parare, paravi, paratus, 53.
parvus, -a, -um, 14, 65.
passus, -us, M.; see milia passuum.
pater, -tris, M., 41.
patera, -ae, F., 28.
patior, pati, passus sum, 69.
pauci, -ae, -a, 46.
paulo post, adverbial phrase, 62.
pax, pads, F., 54.
pecunia, -ae, F., 20.
peior, peior, peius ; see malus.
per, preposition, used with the accu-
sative case, 23.
perterritus, -a, -um, 37.
pervenio, pervenire, perveni, per-
ventum, 65.
pessimus, -a, -um; see malus.
peto, petere, petivi, petitus, 72.
piger, -gra, -grum, 17, 65.
pila, -ae, F., i ; cf. 4.
piscis, -is, M., 42.
plures, plures, plura ; see multi,
and 65, Note.
plurimi, -ae, -a; see multi.
poculum, -i, N., 29.
poenas do, dare, dedi, datus, 12.
polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum,
69.
porta, -ae, F., 17.
possum, posse, potui, 31, 40.
LATIN PRIMER
227
post; see paulo post.
postea, adverb, 70.
postremo, adverb, 67.
primo, adverb, 64.
primus, -a, -um, 68.
procul; see baud procul.
proficiscor, proficisci, profectus
sum, 69.
prope, preposition, used with the ac-
cusative case, 50.
propero, properare, properavi, pro-
peratum, 36.
puella, -ae, F., 2.
puer, -eri, M., 10.
pugna, -ae, F., 72.
pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugna-
tum, 52.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, 27, 65.
pupa, -ae, F., 2.
puto, putare, putavi, putatus, 61.
quartus, -a, -um, 68.
quartus (-a, -um) decimus, -a, -um,
72.
quattuor, 47.
quattuordecim, 59.
-que, conjunction, 24.
qui, interrogative pronoun : see quis.
qui, quae, quod, relative pronoun,
49, 62.
quia, conjunction, 7.
quidam, quaedam, quoddam (quid-
dam), 57.
qumdecim, 59.
quinque, 47.
Qumtus, -I, M., 9, 13.
qumtus, -a, -um, 68.
qumtus (-a, -um) decimus, -a, -um,
72.
(quis) qui, quae, (quid) quod, in-
terrogative pronoun, 60; also 6
(quid).
quoque, adverb, 46.
ramus, -i, M., 34.
rapio, rapere, rapui, raptus, 32, 48,
51, 63, 67, 72.
reded, redire, redii, reditum, 62.
relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, re-
lictus, 72.
remitto, remittere, remisi, re-
missus, 54.
res, rei, F.. 59.
rex, regis, M., 63.
ripa, -ae, F., 30.
rivus, -i, M., 30.
rosa, -ae, F., i.
saepe, adverb, 440
sagitta, -ae, F., 26.
saxum, -i, N., 17.
scalae, -arum, F., 3.
secundus, -a, -um, 68.
securis, -is, F., 51.
sed, conjunction, 8.
sedecim, 59.
sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum, 5.
sella, -ae, F., 4.
septem, 47.
septendecim, 59.
Septimus, -a, -um, 68.
septimus (-a, -um) deeimus, -a,
-um, 72.
sequor, sequi, secutus sum, 71.
sex, 47.
sextus, -a, -um, 68.
sextus (-a, -um) decimus, -a, -um,
72.
silva, -ae, F., 16.
sinna, -ae, F., 3.
simul, adverb, 72.
sine, preposition, used with the ab-
lative case, 64.
solea, -ae, i ., 4.
228
LATIN PRIMER
soror, -oris, p., 41.
spelunca, -ae, F., 19.
statim, adverb, 55.
stella, -ae, p., 24.
stilus, -i, M., 13.
sub, preposition, used with the ab-
lative case, 3.
subito, adverb, 37.
subsellium, -i, N., 12.
sui, sibi, 61.
sum, esse, fui, 2, 3, 16, 24, 30, 32,
40, 51.
sustineo, sustinere, sustinui, sus-
tentus, 63.
taberna, -ae, F., n.
tabernaculum, -i, N., n.
tabula, -ae, p., 13.
tempestas, -atis, F., 61.
teneo, tenere, tenui, 2.
tergum, -i, N., 13.
terra, -ae, p., 18.
terreo, terrere, terrui, territus, 8.
tertius, -a, -um, 68.
tertius (-a, -um) decimus, -a, -um,
72.
timeo, timere, timui, 3.
transeo, transire, transii, transitus,
44.
tredecim, 59.
tres, tres, tria, 38.
tu, tui, 20, 21, Rule,
turn, adverb, 12.
tutus, -a, -um, 32.
tuus, -a, -um, 21.
ubi, adverb, 4.
ullus, -a, -um, 62.
umbra, -ae, p., 5.
umerus, -I, M., 13.
una, adverb, 59, Note,
undecim, 59.
undecimus, -a, -um, 72.
undevicesimus, -a, -um, 72.
undeviginti, 59.
undique, adverb, 63.
unus, -a, -um, 59.
urbs, urbis, F., 67.
ursa, -ae, p., 19.
ut, conjunction, 19.
uva, -ae, p., 23.
uxor, -oris, F., 60.
validus, -a, -um, 16.
valles, -is, F., 42.
vehementer, adverb, 42.
veho, vehere, vexi, vectus, 13, 43,
64.
venator, -oris, M., 46.
venio, venire, veni, ventum, 10, 50.
vester, -tra, -trum, 21.
via, -ae, p., 2.
vicesimus, -a, -um, 72.
video, videre, vidi, visus, 4.
viginti, 59.
villa, -ae, F., 41.
vinum, -i, N., 29.
vir, viri, M., 67.
vis, , F., 61.
voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatus, 36,
51, 54, 56, 64, 67, 72.
volo, velle, volui, 31, 46, 67.
vox, vocis, F., 62.
vulpecula, -ae, F., 23.
APPENDIX I
THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN
Alphabet. The Latin alphabet is like the English,
excepting that it lacks the letters j and w; moreover, k,
y, and z are little used in Latin.
Sounds. Latin speech sounds are of two general classes ;
namely, Consonant and Vowel.
NOTE. The letter i has two uses : sometimes it is to be read
as a consonant, sometimes as a vowel. It is to be read as a con-
sonant (a) when it stands between vowels within a word, as in
eius ; and (b) when it begins a word and is followed by a vowel,
as in iam.
Consonants. The consonant sounds of Latin are ex-
pressed by b, c, d, f, g, h, i, k, 1, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, and
z. Nearly all of these letters are sounded as in English,
but the pronunciation of the following requires special
notice :
b, when followed by s, or /, s as in sat (never as in busy
is sounded as / ; as in or sure).
urbs and obtineo. t as in tin (never as in ra-
c as in cut (never as in cent). tional).
g as in get (never as \&gem). v as w in wind.
i as y in yet.
REMARK. The letter q is found only in the combination qu.
Here (and sometimes in the combinations gu and su) the letter u
represents v, and must be so pronounced.
229
230 LATIN PRIMER
Vowels. The vowel sounds of Latin are represented by
a, e, i, o, u, and y.
NOTE i. Vowels may be either long or short. A long vowel
is indicated by writing a straight line above the letter, as a. A
short vowel is usually unmarked ; but the sign ~ is sometimes used,
as a.
NOTE 2. By running two different vowels together into a
single sound, a diphthong is produced. The principal diphthongs
of Latin are ae, au, and eu.
The Latin vowel and diphthong sounds are as follows :
a as a in. farther. 6 as o in forty.
a as a in ahtm. u as u in rude.
e as e in they. u as // in put.
e as e in let. y as German u.
1 as i in machine. ae as aye.
I as / in bit. au as ou in out.
6 as o in tone. eu as eu
Syllables. A Latin word has as many syllables as it
has vowels or diphthongs.
In dividing a word .into syllables, (a) a single consonant
goes with the following vowel, as e-go ; (b) a group of
consonants is usually shared between two syllables, as
duc-tus and sel la. But to this last there are many excep-
tions, whole consonant groups sometimes being pronounced
with the following vowel. 2
Length of Syllables. Syllables may be either long or
short.
1 The diphthong eu is not often found. Two other infrequent combinations are
oe and ui, as seen in coepl and huic. These latter diphthongs have the sound of
Latin o -f- e and Latin u + 1, pronounced rapidly and with stress on the second
vowel.
2 As a rule for printed texts, it is customary in dividing words to put with the
following vowel all the consonants that can be pronounced with that vowel, as
ca-stra and pu-gna.
LATIN PRIMER
23T
Long are (a) those which contain a long vowel or a
diphthong; as te, and the first syllable of sae-pe or au-tem :
(b) those in which a short vowel is followed in the same
word by two or more consonants, or by either x or z ; 1 as
the first syllable of ten-do, 2 and nox. But, by exception, a
syllable in which a short vowel is followed in the same
word by a mute (c, g, t, d, f, p, or b) and a liquid (1 or r)
is usually short. 3
Short are the syllables which contain a short vowel not
followed in the same word by two or more consonants ; as
the two syllables of ro-sa.
REMARK. Distinguish carefully between long vowel and long
syllable, noting (as shown above) that the vowel of a long syllable
may be itself short.
Accent. Latin words of two syllables are accented upon
the first syllable; as, mensa. Words of greater length are
accented upon the last syllable but one, if that be long,
otherwise upon the preceding syllable ; as, colOnus, magister,
and patera.
REMARK. The addition of -cum, -ne, or -que causes the accent
of the words to which they are joined to shift to the last syllable ;
as, noblscum, videsne, and puellaque.
1 Both x and z stand for double consonant sounds, x being equivalent to c-\- s,
and z probably representing the sound of d + s.
2 Note that the first syllable of ten-do contains only one of the consonants whose
presence makes it long. According to current metrical theory, any syllable that
ends in a consonant is thereby closed and made long. On this basis, ten- is in
and for itself a long syllable. The influence of the following d lies simply in the
fact that its presence makes it necessary to pronounce the with the preceding
vowel (for te-ndo would be unpronounceable), thus closing the preceding syllable
and making it long. Contrast the situation in te-neo, where the first syllable is
open and short, there being no following consonant to force the n back into that
first syllable.
3 Because the mute and liquid (e.g., tr, pi, etc.) can both so readily be pro-
nounced with the following vowel, thus leaving the preceding syllable open and
short.
APPENDIX II
COLLOQUIAL PHRASES
(Teachers who make use of this material will in some cases find it necessary to
explain to their classes the form and syntax of the phrase employed.)
ASSENT
licet, all right. scilicet, of course.
maxime vero, yes indeed.
EXCLAMATION
ain tu ? whafs that ! eheu, alas !
ecce Marcum, see, there s euge, good ! bravo !
Marcus. nugas, nonsense !
GREETING, ETC.
salve (salvete), 1 good morning, good day, etc.
salvum te advenisse gaudeo, Pm glad you've arrived safe.
quid agis ? (agitis ?) how do you do?
quid agitur ? how goes it ?
vale (valete), good-by.
cura ut valeas, take care of yourself .
curate ut valeatis, take care of yourselves.
REQUEST, ETC.
obsecro :
propera (properate), obsecro, do hurry.
1 Words in black-faced type thus bracketed are the corresponding plurals, to be
used when more than one person is addressed,
232
LATIN PRIMER
233
qum :
quln curris ? (curritis ?) run, will you.
abin hinc ? (singular), begone from here. For plural, use
discedite simply.
MISCELLANEOUS
adde (addite) gradum, hurry up.
bene est,good! t I'm glad, etc.
certum est mihi ire, I've made up my mind to go.
ilico, immediately, instanter.
male narras (narratis), that's bad, I'm sorry to hear it, etc.
nil agis (agitis), it's no use.
non assis facio (with accusative), / don't care a straw for.
quid eo factum est ? what has become of him ?
sedulo, with right good will.
ut ita dlcam, so to speak.
INDEX
(All references are to pages)
a, ab: with Ablative of Agent, 141,
Rule.
use of the two forms, 141, Rem. 2.
Ablative Case :
Ablative Absolute, 167, Rule and
Rem.
of Accompaniment, 72, Rem.
of Agency, 141, Rule and Rem. I.
of Means, 72, Rule and Rem.
See also in.
Accent: 231.
affected by the addition of -cum,
-ne, or -que, 231, Rem.
Accompaniment : expressed by the
ablative with cum, 72, Rem.
Accusative Case :
as subject of infinitive, 147, Rem. I,
(in indirect discourse) 156,
Rule.
Direct Object, 20 ; cf. 53, Rem.
domum : with verbs of going and
sending, 80, Rem.
of Extent of Time or Space, 112,
Rule, 1 1 6, N.
of neuter nouns and adjectives;
form of, 36, Rem.
See also in.
acer: declined, 196.
acriter: compared, 197.
ad : with the accusative case, 39,
Rem. i.
Adjectives :
agreement of, 44, Rule and Rem.
comparison of, 197; cf. 169.
Adjectives, declension of:
First and Second Declensions, 195.
Third Declension : Consonant
Stems (comparatives and pres-
ent participles), 196; I-Stems,
195-
Predicate Adjectives, 45, Rule,
165, N. 2.
adorior: conjugated, 214.
Adverbs:
comparison of, 197.
form of the comparative, 173,
Rem. 2.
Agency : expressed by the ablative
with a, ab, 141, Rule and Rem. I.
ager: declined, 192.
Agreement :
of adjectives, 44, Rule and Rem.
of subject and verb, 20, Rule II.
of the relative pronoun, 122, Rule
and Rem.
aliqui, aliquis : declined, 201.
meaning of, 186, Rem.
use of, 1 86, N.
alius : declension of, 197, N.
Alphabet of Latin : 229.
alter: declension of, 197, N.
altior: declined, 196.
altus : compared, 197.
animal : declined, 193.
arbor: declined, 193.
audio: conjugated, 210.
aut: use of, 187, Rem.
autem : postpositive word, 99, N.
234
INDEX
235
bonus: compared, 197; declined, 195.
canis : declension of, 115, Rem. I.
Case : defined, 15.
celeriter: compared, 197.
Circumstance : expressed by cum and
the imperfect or pluperfect sub-
junctive, 63, Rule.
COepi: with infinitive, 81, 82, N.
COgO : with infinitive, 184.
colloco: with in and the ablative
case, 97, Rem.
Colloquial Phrases, 232.
Comparison :
of adjectives, 197; cf. 169.
of adverbs, 197; <r/I 173 and Re-
marks.
Conjugation: defined, 16.
irregular verbs, 215.
regular verbs, 202.
Conor: with infinitive, 184.
Consonant Stems : see Adjectives,
and Third Declension.
Consonants: 229.
cornu : declined, 194.
cum (conjunction) : in clauses telling
circumstance, 63, Rule,
position in sentence, 63, Rem.
tenses of the subjunctive used with,
63, N.
cum (preposition) :
effect upon accent of word to which
joined, 58, Rem.; cf. 122, Rem.
with una, 150, N.
Customary Past Action : 131.
Dative Case :
Indirect Object, 53, Rule.
Declension: defined, 15.
of adjectives, 195.
of nouns, 192.
of numerals, 197, 198.
Declension : of pronouns, 199.
of proper names, 24, N.
Definite and Indefinite Articles : lack-
ing in Latin, 19, Rem. 2.
Demonstrative Pronouns: 200. See
hie, ille, iste.
Deponent Verbs: 181, 212.
principal parts of, 182, Rem.
deus: declined, 194.
dic5: form die, 126, Rem.
dies: declined, 194.
Diphthongs : 230 and N. 2.
Direct Object: 20, Rule I; cf. 53,
Rem.
diu: compared, 197.
do: conjugated, 218.
domum : use of the case, 80, Rem.
domus : declined, 194. Cf. domum.
duco : form due, 1 26, Rem.
duo : declined, 198.
e, ex : use of the two forms, 35,
Rem. 2.
edo: conjugated, 219.
egO: declined, 199.
accent of ablative plural, 58, Rem.
use of the nominative case, 60, Rule,
enim : postpositive word, 102, N.
60: conjugated, 216.
forms of the perfect indicative, 38,
Rem.
est: "there is," 20, Rem.; cf. 48,
Rem.
exercitus: declined, 194.
Extent of Time or Space : 1 12, Rule,
116, N.
facile: compared, 197.
facio:
form fac, 126, Rem.
special passive of, 165, N. I.
fero : conjugated, 220.
INDEX
Fifth or E-Declension : 194.
gender of nouns of, 149.
f ilius : declension of, 46, Rem.
fiO: conjugated, 222.
meaning of, 165, N. I.
with Predicate Noun or Adjective,
165, N. 2.
First or A-Conjugation : 202.
First or A-Declension : 192.
gender of nouns of, 17.
flos: declined, 193.
fortis: compared, 197; declined,
195-
fortiter: compared, 197.
Fourth or I-Conjugation : 2IO; cf.
124, Rem., 214, footnote.
Fourth or U-Declension : 194.
gender of nouns of, 131.
Future Perfect Tense : meaning of,
85, Rem. 3.
Gender: defined, 15.
first declension, 17; second de-
clension, 36; third declension,
95; fourth declension, 131; fifth
declension, 149.
Genitive Case :
expressing ownership, 32, Rule,
of fllius and proper nouns in -ills
and neuters in -ium, 193, Rem.
Gerundive: 1 88.
habeo: conjugated, 204.
imperfect tense, translation of, 78,
Rem.
Me: declined, 200.
use of, 184, Rem.
Hortatory Subjunctive : 99, Rule,
hortus: declined, 192.
ibi : use of, 48, Rem.
idem : declined, 200.
idem: derivation of, 138, Rem. i.
translation of neuter of, 138, N.
Identity : pronoun of; see idem,
igitur : postpositive word, 145.
ignis: declined, 193,
ille : declined, 200.
use of, 184, Rem.
Imperative Mood: 126, 127.
formation of present passive, 141,
Rem. 2.
forms of the present active lacking
final -e, 1 26, Rem.
Imperfect Tense :
expressing Customary Past Action,
IS'-
general meaning of, 77, N. and
Rem.
of habeo; translation of, 78, Rem.
of sum; translation of, 79, Rem.
See Subjunctive Mood.
in : with the ablative case, 35, Rem. 3,
97, Rem.
with the accusative case, 35, Rem. 3,
39, Rem. I, 50, Rem.
Indeclinable cardinal numerals : 1 18,
N., 149, 150.
Indefinite and Definite Articles : lack-
ing in Latin, 19, Rem. 2.
Indefinite Pronouns: 201. See qui-
dam, and aliqui.
Indirect Discourse : 155.
use of the reflexive in, 157, N. 3.
Indirect Object : 53, Rule.
Infinitive :
third conjugation active; form of,
108, Rem.
use in indirect discourse, 156,
Rule.
with coepi, 82, N.; with COgO, 184;
with cSnor, 184; with iubeo, 147;
with malo, 82, N.; with nolo,
82, N., 127, Rule; with paro,
INDEX
237
Infinitive :
131; withpatior, 181; with pos-
sum, 82, N.; with volo, 82, N.
with subject accusative, 147, P.em. I,
(in indirect discourse) 156, Rule.
Inflection: defined, 15.
Intensive Pronoun : see ipse.
Interrogative Pronoun : see quis.
ipse : declined, 200.
use of, 138, Rem. 2.
Irregular adjectives and adverbs:
compared, 197.
Irregular nouns : 194.
Irregular verbs: 215.
irregular present imperative active,
126, Rem.
is : declined, 199.
used as an adjective, 150, 199, N. 2.
use of nominative case, 74, N.
iste : declension of, 187, N.
I-Stems : see Adjectives, and Third
Declension.
iam : use of, 90, Rem.
iubeo : with infinitive, 147.
libenter: compared, 197.
litus: declined, 193.
longe : compared, 197.
lux: declension of, 148, Rem. 2.
magnus: compared, 197.
maid: conjugated, 217.
derivation of, 117.
with infinitive, 81, 82, N.
malum : declined, 192.
malus: compared, 197.
mare: declined, 193.
Means : expressed by the ablative
case, 72.
mensa : declined, 192.
meus : vocative case of, 61, Rem.;
cf. 46, Rem.
miser: compared, 197; declined, 195.
mitto: conjugated, 206.
Mood: defined, 16.
moror: conjugated, 212.
multi: compared, 197.
ne : introducing purpose clauses, 1 79,
Rule,
-ne : 90, Rule and Rem. 2.
effect upon accent of word to which
joined, 90, Rem. i.
Neuter :
I-Stems, 105 N. and Remarks,
nouns and adjectives; form of
accusative case, 36, Rem.
of second declension ; genitive
singular, 193, Rem.
pronouns: translation of nomina-
tive and accusative of, 138, N.
neuter: declension of, 197, N.
noli, ndllte: use in Prohibitions,
127, Rule.
nolo: conjugated, 217.
derivation of, 117.
with infinitive, 81, 82, N.
See noli.
Nbminative Case :
as subject of verb, 20.
of I-Stems, 105, N.
of personal pronouns; use of, 60,
Rule, 74, N.
Predicate Nominative, 45, Rule,
165, N. 2.
Nouns: 192.
irregular, 194.
Predicate Nouns, 45, Rule, 165,
N. 2.
nullus : declension of, 197, N.
Number: defined, 16.
indicated by verb endings, 19, Rem.
of verb of purpose clauses, 56,
Rem. i.
2 3 8
INDEX
Numerals: 197, 198.
cardinal; indeclinable, 118, N.,
149, 150.
nunc : use of, 90, Rem.
Object: Direct, 20, 53, Rem.; In-
direct, 53, Rule.
Order of words : in sentence con-
taining a cum-clause, 63, Rem.
paro: with infinitive, 131.
Participles :
perfect passive; use of, 165.
present active; declension of, 196.
parvus: compared, 197.
Passive :
perfect participle of, 165 ; cf. 214,
footnote.
perfect tenses of, 134.
personal endings of, 141, Rem. I.
patior: conjugated, 213.
with infinitive, 181.
Perfect Tense :
meaning of, 27, N. and Rem.
passive of, 134; ^165.
passive participle of, 165.
Person : defined, 16.
indicated by verb endings, 19,
Rem.
of verb in purpose clauses, 56,
Rem. i.
Personal endings :
form of passive, 141, Rem. I.
use of, 19, Rem.
Personal Pronouns: see ego, is, and
tu.
piger: compared, 197; declined, 195.
Place: into Which, 35, Rem. 3, 39,
Rem. i ; to Which, 39, Rem. I ;
Where, 35, Rem. 3.
Pluperfect Tense : meaning of, 68, N.
plures : see plus.
plus : declined, 196; cf. 170, N.
polliceor: conjugated, 212.
Possessive Adjectives : 61.
use of, 61, N., 175, footnote.
Possessive Genitive : 32, Rule.
possum: conjugated, 215.
derivation of, 101, Rem.
with infinitive, 81, 82, N.
Postpositive words: autem, 99, N.;
enim, 102, N.; igitur, 145.
Predicate Adjectives and Nouns :
45, Rule, 165, N. 2.
Principal Parts of verbs: 89, 90.
of deponents, 182, Rem.
proficiscor: conjugated, 213.
Prohibition: 127, Rule.
Pronoun of Identity : see idem.
Pronunciation of Latin : 229.
Proper names :
declension of, 24, N.
vocative and genitive of names in
-ius, 193, Rem.
puer: declined, 192.
Purpose Clauses :
introduced by ne, 179, Rule; by
ut, 55, Rule.
person and number in, 56, Rem. I.
subject of verb in, 56, Rem. 2.
tense of subjunctive in, 56, N.
-que : effect upon accent of word to
which joined, 67, Rem.
qui: interrogative pronoun; seequis.
relative pronoun, 201.
accent of ablative of, cf. 122, Rem.
agreement of, 1 22, Rule and Rem.
beginning new sentence, 159.
position in clause, 159, Rem.
quidam : declined, 201.
use of, 144, N.
quis: declined, 201.
use of, 153.
INDEX
239
rapio : conjugated, 208.
Reflexive Pronouns: 199 and N. i;
see also sui.
Relative Pronoun : see qui.
res : declined, 194.
Second or E-Conjugation : 204.
Second or O-Declension : 192.
gender of nouns of, 36.
genitive case of, 193, Rem.
vocative case of, 41, 193, Rem.
sedeo: translation of the perfect
tense of, 27, Rem.
solus: declension of, 197, N.
Space or Time : accusative of Extent
of, 112, Rule; cf. 116, N.
Subject :
accusative case, 156, Rule, 147,
Rem. i.
nominative case, 20; cf. t 60, Rule,
74, N.
of cum-clauses ; position of, 63,
Rem.
of purpose clauses, 56, Rem. 2.
Subjunctive Mood :
hortatory use, 99, Rule,
imperfect and pluperfect tenses
in cum-clauses, 63, Rule and N.
imperfect tense; form of, 99,
Rem. 2.
present and imperfect tenses in
purpose clauses, 55, Rule, 56,
N.
sui: declined, 199; cf. 155, Rem.
use of; in indirect discourse, 157,
N. 3.
sum: conjugated, 215.
imperfect tense; translation of, 79,
Rem.
with Predicate Adjectives and
Nouns, 45, Rule.
Summary of Forms : 192.
sunt: "there are," 20, Rem.; <:/ 48,
Rem.
Syllables :
division of words into, 230.
length of, 230.
Synopsis of the Verb : 87.
Tense: defined, 16.
of the subjunctive in cum-clauses,
63, N. ; in purpose clauses, 56, N.
Third Declension : gender of nouns
of, 95.
Consonant Stems : declined, 193.
I-Stems: declined, 193.
classes of, 105, N.
endings of, 105, Rem. i; cf. 163,
N.
neuters; formation of, 105 and
Remarks, 194, Rem.
plural cases of certain words,
163, N.
See also Adjectives.
Third or E-Conjugation : 206.
ending of the present infinitive ac-
tive, 1 08, Rem.
verbs in -16, 208; cf. 119.
Time and Space : Extent of, 1 1 2,
Rule,
timeo: translation of the perfect
tense of, 27, Rem.
totus : declension of, 197, N.
transeo: derivation of, ill, Rem.
tres: declined, 198.
tu: declined, 199.
accent of the ablative plural, 58,
Rem.
use of the nominative case, 60,
Rule.
ullus : declension of, 197, N.
use of, 1 86, Rem.
una (cum) : 150, N.
INDEX
unus : declined, 197.
urbs : declension of, 177, Rem.
ut: introducing purpose clauses, 55,
Rule,
uter: declension of, 197, N.
valles : declined, 193.
veho : use of, 42, Rem.
Verbs: 202.
agreement with subject, 20, Rule II.
deponent, 181, 212; cf. 182, Rem.
-16 verbs, 208; <r/l 119.
irregular verbs, 215.
of going and sending; with do-
mum, 80, Rem.
principal parts of, 89, 90, 182, Rem.
synopsis of, 87.
vir: declined, 192.
Vis : declined, 194.
vocans : declined, 196.
Vocative Case : 41.
of meus, 61, Rem.
of nouns of the second declension,
41, 193, Rem.
position of, in the sentence, 41,
Rem.
VOCO : conjugated, 202; see also VO-
cans.
Voice: definition of, 16.
V0l6 : conjugated, 216.
with infinitive, 81, 82, N.
Vowels: 230.
Word List : 223.
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