'"
: SH$;il|i
LATIN PROSE EXERCISES
BASED UPON
LIYY, BOOK XXI.,
SELECTIONS FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN,
WITH PARALLEL PASSAGES FROM LIVY.
BY
A. JUDSON EATON, PH.D. (LEIPZIG),
McGiLL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL.
BOSTON, U.S.A., AND LONDON :
PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY.
1892.
ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1891, by
GINN & COMPANY,
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
TYPOGRAPHY BY J. 8. CUSHING & Co., BOSTON, U.S.A.
PRESSWORK BY GINN & Co., BOSTON, U.S.A.
PREFACE.
IT is generally conceded that the best way of study-
ing Latin prose is in connection with the reading of
Latin authors. The translation of the Latin is in this
way done with more care, thought, and appreciation;
the desired grammatical drill is acquired, as well as, in
addition to a vocabulary, a precise and definite sense of
Latin style.
Our great models for Latin prose are Caesar, Cicero,
and Livy. Of exercises based upon Caesar's Commen-
taries, we have no lack. But in beginning the reading
of Livy, similar lessons were unknown to the author, and
the following exercises were prepared, based upon the
twenty-first book, as preliminary to Latin composition
after the style of Livy.
Short oral exercises are recommended in connection
with the translation of each chapter, and after a thor-
ough study of several chapters, in which each word,
phrase, construction, and arrangement have been care-
fully noted, the written exercises are to be taken up.
At first close imitation is exacted, till the learner gets
into the swing of the author's style. Then follow exer-
iii
iv PREFACE.
cises, graduated in difficulty, of a more complex and less
literal character, and extracts from leading historians,
parallel to some extent, in subject and style, to portions
of Livy, already read.
After the completion of the twenty-first book, compo-
sition exercises are continued in connection with sight-
reading. The rhetorical stories of Livy are often short
and complete in themselves, so that they can be read
fairly well by the help of a brief introduction. After
a selection has been read at sight, the student may be
requested to study it more minutely, and then a suitable
extract, similar in manner.and style, may be put into his
hands for translation. A few such passages, with notes
subjoined, have been added.
On questions of grammar, references are given to
Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar (A. & G.), and
Harkness' Latin Grammar (H.). In an appendix will
be found suggestions to students, notes on idioms, and
a study of the periodic style of Livy ; references to
which are made by sections (). In the preparation of
these notes, considerable indebtedness is due to Potts'
admirable work Hints towards Latin Prose Composition,
and Postgate's Sermo Latinus, a short guide to Latin
prose composition.
A. J. E.
McGiLL UNIVERSITY,
Sept. 7, 1891.
LATIN PEOSE EXERCISES,
LIVY, BOOK XXI.
I. Chaps. 1 and 2.
BY way of introduction 1 to this division of my work,
I may 2 state that I am about to describe the most
famous war ever waged, namely, that which the Cartha-
ginians, under the leadership 3 of Hannibal, maintained
with the Eoman people. 4 No other 5 states which have
waged war against one another ever had so great re-
sources 6 or power or strength, as Eome 7 and Carthage 7
at that time. The war was carried on 8 with intense
hatred on both sides, but especially on the part of the
Carthaginians, because the conquered had been subjected 9
to an imperious and rapacious exercise * of authority.
Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, a man of high spirit,
had been galled 8 by the loss 10 of Sardinia and Sicily ; and
with good reason, for u Roman fraud ^ had snatched them
from Carthage, during the African mutiny. Had he
lived w longer, it is clear that the Carthaginians led by
him would have entered Italy in arms.
1 1. Render here by praefSri. 2 Use licet. For Const., see
A. & G. 227. e. , 331. i. Note 3. H. 538. Abl. Abs. A. & G. 255. a.
H. 431. 4. 17. * A. & G. 344. k. 5 Not to be translated. 6 Dis-
tinguish in meaning between vis, robur, opes. Consult Lat.-Eng.
Diet. 7 17. 8 16. 9 Use impero. What mood ? A. & G.
321. a., 230. H. 516. II., 301. 1. 10 A. & G. 292. a. 19. and
with good reasons, for : namque, a strengthened iiaiu (cf. icai ydp).
See Lat.-Eng. Diet. 12 Means. 13 A. & G. 308, 337. b. H. 610,
527. Study also A. &. G. 343-345. H. 560-569.
1
LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
II. Chaps. 2 and 3.
Hamilcar's death delayed the war, and during an in-
terval of about 1 eight years, between the demise of the
father and succession of the son, the supreme command
was held by Hasdrubal, who had won in early youth the
favor of Hamilcar. Hasdrubal, a statesman rather than
a general, 2 advanced the Carthaginian interests 3 far more
by forming friendly alliances with neighboring chiefs
than his father-in-law had by force* of arms. For he
had a wonderful tact in winning over new tribes, and in
dealing with petty chiefs. He was assassinated 5 in open
day by a barbarian, B.C. 221. 6 The soldiers instantly
carried Hannibal into the general's tent and proclaimed
him commander-in-chief amid loud and universal 7 accla-
mation. Now Hannibal hated Home most of all. 8 For
when he was a small boy, about nine years old, his father,
who chanced 9 to be sacrificing before transporting his
army to Spain, had set 10 the child before the altar, and
with his hand upon the victim, made him swear 11 eter-
nal M enmity to Rome.
1 Distinguish fere, ferine, paene, and prope. 2 See " Sugges-
tions," 10. 8 See "Suggestions," 10. * Hendiadys, 13. 5 16.
6 Use the Roman method of reckoning time. 7 Universal : omnium.
9. 8 Render by one word. 9 Use forte. 10 Use the participial
const. Remember that the Latin prefers subordination, English
co-ordination of clauses. 21. n made swear: consult Diet,
under adigo. 12 Distinguish between perpetuus, aeternus,
semplternus.
LIVY, BOOK XXI.
III. Chaps. 1-5.
Now that Hannibal held the supreme command,
through the influence of the Barcine faction, his
actions 1 soon showed plainly that he was destined to
become a great general. Sent 2 to Spain, he at once
attracted the admiration of the entire army. The
esteem of the old soldiers was further won by his
father's memory. 3 " Can this," said they, " be Hamilcar,
restored to us again in his youth 4 ? " They saw in him
the same features, the same animated look and penetrat-
ing eye, the same high spirit and bitter hatred of the
Roman. Naturally fearless and with confidence in his
own powers, with a temper adapted 5 to obey as well as
to command, he was beloved by all. He could 6 endure
any labor ; and whatever time was left to him after
business was finished he gave to repose; yet he would 7
lie, not on a soft couch, but on the bare ground, among
the guards, wrapped in his military cloak.
Many historians have falsely ascribed 8 to Carthage's
greatest general 9 inhuman cruelty and perfidiousness,
affirming 10 that he had no regard for the truth, no sense
of religion.
1 1. 2 A. & G. 292. H. 549. 8 A.&G.338. H. 523. * A. & G.
186. c. H. 443. 5 habilis : A. & G. 299, and footnote ; 234. b ;
300. H. 391. 6 5. 7 A. & G. 277. H. 469. 5. 8 falsely
ascribed : false inslmulare. 9 10. 10 A. & G. 336. 2, N. 2.
LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
IV. Chaps. 1-6.
In resolving on war in Spain in order to rouse the
Romans to arms, 1 Hannibal was but carrying out 2 the
original design 3 of his father, whose actions 4 showed 6
plainly that he was meditating a greater war than that
in which he was engaged. But he had been cut 6 off by
a premature 7 death. Hasdrubal, too, had been murdered
in open day by a barbarian : and now, for fear 8 that
some 9 accident might, if he hesitated, 10 cut short his
career 11 also, 12 13 Hannibal thought that there must not
be a moment's delay. He determined to provoke Rome
to arms by an attack on her allies, the Saguntines, and
stormed and plundered the city of Cartala, the rich capi-
tal of the Alcades. He laid waste the country round
about, 14 and soon all beyond the Ebro, except Saguntum,
was in Carthaginian hands. And now, that it might
seem that he had been drawn into the attack upon the
Saguntines by the course of events, the neighboring
tribes were made to pick a quarrel with them, while he
espoused the cause of the former.
1 Latin idiom, Roman arms. 2 exsequor. 3 original design :
render this idea by a verb and adverb. 1. 4 Employ se gerere.
1, 17. 5 What mood ? A. & G. 319. H. 500. opprimo.
7 immat urns. Consult Lat.-Eng. Diet. s for fear that : ne.
A. & G. 331 f. H. 498. III. 9 A. & G. 105 d. H. 190. 1. 10 A. & G.
292. H. 649. " 17. 1. " Suggestions," 10. 12 A. & G.
345. b. H. 569. III. 13 Before translating the following sentences,
consult 21-23. 14 Bender by an adjective.
LIVY, BOOK XXI.
V. Chaps. 1-12.
War was not yet openly declared, but there were
already grounds for it. l The Saguntines saw that they
were threatened with immediate danger, and despatched
ambassadors to Rome, 2 imploring assistance. The matter
was brought before the senate, 3 in the consulship of
Publius Scipio and Tiberius Longus, 219 B.C., and it 4
was decided to send ambassadors into Spain 5 with in-
structions to investigate the condition of their allies,
6 and, if they saw sufficient reason, to warn Hannibal no
to meddle with the Saguntines, as being allies of Rome.
But before the embassy had been despatched, 6 news of
the siege came unexpectedly/ and all Rome was fired
with indignation, 8 that the conquered should 9 presume
to attack the allies of the Roman people. The question
of public policy was again 10 brought before the senate,
and a second motion 11 prevailed that the commission
should proceed 12 to Carthage in Africa to insist upon the
surrender of the general's person. 13
1 Latin idiom : the Saguntines, ichen they saw. 23. d. 2 In
how many ways might this be expressed ? A. & G. 318. 8 Ad-
verbial phrases of time usually stand at the beginning of a sentence.
4 How best translated ? A. & G. 180. f., 201. e. 14. 5 with in-
structions to : ut. 6 Abl. Abs. A. & G. 255. H. 431. 7 I.e. sooner
than the hope of all. A. & G. 247. b. H. 417. N. 5. 8 indignor.
What two constructions may this verb take after it ? A. & G.
333. b. H. 535. III. 9 ultro Inferre : presume to attack. Consult
Lat.-Eng. Diet, under nil ro. 10 Distinguish between iterum,
rnrsus, denuo (de nov5). u sententia. 12 A. & G. 259. h.
13 ipse.
LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
VI. Chaps. 1-12.
Now 'while the Romans were wasting their time in
discussing the situation, 2 Hannibal had already begun
the attack on Saguntum with the greatest energy. 3
This city, which stood at the distance of one mile from
the sea, 4 abounded in wealth, and had grown up to such a
degree of opulence that it was by far the most important
of any beyond the Ebro. 5 Thinking that its possession
would 6 be invaluable to him, and any delay imprudent,
he marched into their territory, in three divisions. He
then surrounded the city with his engines, 7 and batter-
ing-rams were advanced up to the walls. The townsmen
defended themselves with great vigor, and at first kept
off the enemy with missiles, while Hannibal himself,
ever the foremost in advancing to the fight, was severely
wounded in the thigh. In consequence of this, there
was a cessation of arms for a few days, while the gen-
eral's wound 8 was healing, though there 9 was no inter-
mission of the preparations.
i A. & G. 328. a. H. 467. 4. 2 "Suggestions," 10. 8 A. & G.
248. H. 419. III. * abounded in wealth : transl. by the superla-
tive of the adjective. 5 ratus. A. & G. 290. b. H. 550. N.
6 maximi esse moment!. 7 Abl. Abs. 8 What mood ? A. & G.
328. H. 519. 9 Impersonal construction.
LIVY, BOOK XXI.
VII. Chaps. 1-12.
After the general's wound had been healed, 1 the con-
test began anew with greater fury. The battering-ram
was applied at a number of points, 2 and the walls in
many places were shattered. 3 Three towers in one
range, together with the whole stretch of wall between
them, had been battered down by the engines 4 ; when,
5 as if the wall had served for a covering to both armies
alike, 6 besiegers and besieged rushed 7 through the breach.
Here the fortune of war was changeful and uncertain ;
8 the courage of both was animated 9 to the highest pitch :
on the one side by hope, on the other by despair. The
townsmen, finding that they had succeeded beyond ex-
pectation, and trusting to their valor, suddenly raised 10
a shout, rushed 10 from all parts into the breach, and
drove 10 the enemy off. There was consternation and
panic everywhere, and they fled in disorder to their
camps.
1 What mood and tense ? A. & G. 324. H. 518. 2 Note the
relation between the members of this sentence. " Suggestions,"
3. 21. 8 See preceding note. Consult also A. & G. 325. b.
4 tormentum. 6 A. & G. 312. H. 513. II. " Suggestions," 10.
7 16. 8 " Suggestions," 10. 9 summe. 10 A. & G. 276. d.
H. 467. III.
LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
VIII. Chaps. 1-12.
At this crisis, it was announced that ambassadors
^rom Rome had arrived 2 to represent the complaints of
the Saguntines. 3 Hannibal forthwith sent messengers
to the seashore to meet them 4 and to say that he had no
time to listen to embassies. At the same time he de-
spatched letters beforehand to Carthage, knowing well
that the Roman ambassadors, 5 being refused a hearing,
would go straight 6 to Carthage. 7 Hanno was the leader
of the party opposed to the Barcine faction, and 8 made
a long speech 9 before the senate. A few concurred in
opinion with Hanno, who pleaded for the treaty, and
feared that this little fire which Hannibal was kindling
might some day blaze forth into a mighty conflagration.
10 ie Your armies," said he, " are besieging Saguntum,
which a treaty forbids you to touch ; before long Rome's
legions will be besieging Carthage. That enemy has
been tested in the first Punic war ; of Rome's power you
are not altogether ignorant. The claims of her envoys
for satisfaction are in accordance with the treaty, and
I for my part maintain that we ought to grant what
they ask."
1 I.e. Roman ambassadors. 9. 2 Render by a rel. cl. s "Sug-
gestions," 3. 4 and to say: purpose. 5 n5n admissis. 6 recta.
A. & G. 258. g. H. 420. 3. 7 Combine the following two sentences.
21. 8 longam drationem habuit. 9 apud (or adversus)
senatum. 10 Employ indirect narration.
L1VY, BOOK XXI.
IX. Chaps. 1-12.
Meanwhile Hhe Carthaginian general gave his soldiers
a few days' 2 rest, and by a liberal distribution of money,
and by publicly proclaiming that the spoils of the cap-
tured city should belong to the soldiers, kindled their
ardor. 3 The Saguntines, 4 on the other hand, wearied as
they were with fighting, worked night and day without
cessation 5 in rebuilding the city walls. 6 Hannibal's
departure on an expedition against two tribes, who had
caused some apprehension of a revolt, had revived their
sinking spirits for a while. But on his return 5 an assault
fiercer than ever, directed by Hannibal in person, 7 had to
be faced by the citizens. He pressed the attack so vig-
orously that, after great slaughter on both sides, part of
the citadel itself was taken. Much credit 8 was given to
Maharbal, who had been left in command by Hannibal,
had fought several successful engagements, and had de-
molished a good part of the walls.
1 "Suggestions," 10. 2 A. & G. 215. b. H. 396. V. 3 17.
* autem. A. & G. 345. b. H. 569. III. 5 1. 6 A. & G. 344. d.
H. 561. 1. " ipse. 8 in honor c magno esse.
10 LATIN PliOSE EXERCISES.
X. Chaps. 1-18.
*A few on both sides still had a little hope of peace,
and tried to realize it. Alorcus, a Spaniard, the recog-
nized guest and friend of the Saguntines, offered to be
the negotiator of a peace. 2 He crossed the line, and had
an interview before the senate. 3 " I bring," 4 said he 5 at
the close of a long speech, " terms of a peace, inevitable
rather than favorable, for everything belongs to the vic-
tor. So long as your strength held out, 6 or you hoped 6
for aid from Rome, I never 7 mentioned 4 peace to you.
Grievous and hard though the terms are, yet I maintain
that it is advisable that you should endure them rather
than see your wives and children seized and dragged into
slavery. Listen, 8 then, to the terms Hannibal grants,
and for my part I do not despair of some mitigation of
them." He gave them good counsel, but, 9 as often hap-
pens, without winning any one to his side. 10 While he
was yet speaking, a report spread throughout the city
that Hannibal was making an attack in full force, and
had given a cruel order for the massacre of all the adult
males.
1 21. 2 Subordinate by using the participle. 8 Use indirect
narration. * A. & G. 336. 2, 336. A. H. 523. 5 at the close of a
long speech: translated by one word. 6 A. & G. 336. 2, 336. B.
H. 524. 7 Render by nee unquam. The negative when Jiphatic
begins the Latin sentence. A. & G. 345. d. H. 569. IV. 8 A. & G.
339. H. 523. II. 9 but without winning. For the different ways
in which without, followed by a verbal noun, is rendered in Latin
(since the preposition sine is never used with the gerund), see
Madvfg, 417. Obs. 3. Here a copulative conjunction may be
used : neque tamen. 10 What mood ? A. & G. 327. H. 520.
LIVY, BOOK XXI. 11
XI. Chaps. 1-18.
At length the town was taken, after an eight months' l
siege. Though all 2 of the gold and silver belonging to
the state and individuals had been collected and flung
into the fire kindled for that purpose, still an immense
booty was taken, and the victorious army, laden with
spoil, retired into winter quarters at New Carthage. 3
Hannibal's object 4 had been attained 5 : 6 no longer
could war be averted. 7 The influence of the Barcine
faction was dominant 8 at home ; the senate was devoted
to him ; and though they listened to Hanno in a speech
more bitter than the denunciations of the Roman ambas-
sadors, it was not with approval. The reply was that
the war had been begun by the Saguntines, not by Han-
nibal. 9 They had first fomented disputes between the
neighboring tribes. Thus the mission of the envoys to
Carthage proved fruitless. They returned to Rome
10 with the information that everything tended to war.
1 Translate in the eighth month after, etc. See also A. & G.
143. a. H. 297. 1. 2 An attributive adjective belonging to several
nouns is generally expressed only once, and agrees with the noun
nearest to itself. H. 439. 1. 8 A. & G. 259. h. * Employ the verb
peto. 5 consequor. Distinguish consequor, nanciscor, adipi-
scor. 6 " Suggestions," 3. 7 17. What would naturally be the
subject in Latin ? 8 plurimum valere. 9 A. & G. 336. 2. a. 1.
10 I.e. and reported.
12 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XII. Chaps. 1-18.
When it was reported 1 at Kqrae that Saguntum had
fallen, the people were seized 2 with sorrow for the 3 loss
of their allies and with shame for having neglected them.
The fathers were apprehensive for the 4 public safety;
but they were so distracted by varied emotions at the
same time that there was more confusion than counsel
among them. All were of opinion, however, that the
war should be at once carried on by land and sea, "and
that most vigorously. 6 The provinces were assigned to
the consuls of the year. Spain fell to the lot of Cor-
nelius, Africa to Sempronius. The forces were divided
between the consuls : of Eomans and allies there were
enrolled 7 64,000 infantry and 7 6200 cavalry. The foe
they had to encounter was more warlike than any previ-
ous one. For twenty-three years the Carthaginian army
had been trained under a determined and indefatigable
leader, and had been uniformly successful in 8 campaigns
of severest fighting in Spain.
1 A. & G. 330. a. b. H. 534. 1. 2 16. 3 I.e. for their allies lost.
A. & G. 217, 292. a. H. 396. III., 549. 5. N. 2. 19. * Sunima
rerum denotes general welfare, public safety, general interest,
existence of the state. What construction may summa take here ?
A. & G. 217. c. H. 396. III. N. 8 and that : omit in translation
and express their force by the arrangement of words. 6 Combine
this sentence with the following by using one predicate. 7 A. & G.
94. e. H. 178. If there is added to the thousands a lower declina-
ble number, then the objects numbered, if they are placed after,
stand in the same case as in Ilia : e.g. tria inllia (et) trecentl
milites caesl sunt ; otherwise in the genitive pi. ; as, tria milia
in 1 1 it 11 in et trecenti caesi sunt ; or, caesa sunt mil it um tria
milia trecenti. 8 militia.
LIVY, BOOK XXI. 13
XIII. Chaps. 1-18.
Yet war was not J at once declared. The question was
submitted to the people, whether 2 they wished that a
second 3 embassy be sent to Carthage 4 to find out whether 2
Hannibal had attacked Saguutum by order of the state
or 5 had laid siege to it of his own accord. To the Bornan
envoys, when admitted to an audience, this reply was
given : 6 " The question ought not to be whether the state.
or a private individual was responsible for the attack
upon Saguntum, but whether the attack was just or
unjust. The treaty with Rome has in no way been vio-
lated, for in that treaty no provision was made for Sagun-
tum. Moreover, the Carthaginians ought certainly not
to be bound by the treaty of Hasdrubal, which he made
without their consent. Did not your senate say that you
could not accept the treaty which Caius Lutatius, your
consul, first made with us, because it was made without
your full sanction and consent ? "
7 Thereupon the Eoman gathered his robe into a fold,
and said : " Here we bring peace or jvar : take which you
please." Amid loud and universal acclamation, instantly
came the reply : " Give which you please." The Roman
shook out his fold and spoke again : " I give you war."
1 at once : protinus. 2 A. & G. 211, 334. H. 353, 529. 8 Em-
ploy the adverb. * A. & G. 318. 6 " Suggestions," 10. 6 Use
indirect narration. A. & G. 336, 338. H. 523, 524, 529. 'Commit
to memory in Latin Livy's description of this scene.
14 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XIV. Chaps. 1-2O.
When the war was finished in Africa, 1 the Romans
fraudulently seized Sardinia, and imposed a war tribute
on Carthage. About the same time the loss of Sicily
sorely 2 vexed 3 a high-spirited 4 people, and 5 the Cartha-
ginians determined on war. First they attacked Rome's 6
allies in Spain, 7 who vigorously undertook their own
.defence in the hope of aid from Rome. 7 But in vain 8 ;
their chief city fell after a siege 9 of eight months, 10 and
orders were given for the massacre 11 of all the adult
males. Terror-stricken by this 12 calamity, 13 the neigh-
boring tribes submitted, believing that they had been
cruelly betrayed by their Roman allies, 13 and that they
could no longer trust to Roman faith. Mingled shame
and fear 11 took possession of the hearts of the Romans ;
war was forthwith declared and troops levied; while
ambassadors were sent to visit the states in Spain to
win them over to an alliance with Rome. 7 Save that
they were received and heard, no friendly answer was
received, until M they came to Marseilles. With the in-
formation there acquired, the envoys returned home,
where they found the whole city excited by its anticipa-
tions of war.
1 1.e. African war. 9. 2 sorely : the force of the English
adverb is often contained in the verbal idea. 3 A. & G, 344. d.
H. 561. 1. * A. & G. 215. H. 396. V. 5 No te the force of the con-
nective here. " Suggestions," 3. 6 I.e. allies of the Roman people.
17. 7 Phrases formed with prepositions are used in Latin chiefly
as adverbial equivalents ; rarely as adjective equivalents. 8 Distin-
guish between fmstra and nee quicquam. 9 Employ the verb
oppugnari. 1. Consult also A. & G. 143. a. H. 297. t. 10 21.
11 1. 12 14. " A. & G. 209. b. H. 569. IV. 1. u A. & G.
262, 327. H. 520.
LIVY, BOOK XXI. 15
XV. Chaps. 19-25.
[Before writing this exercise, turn Hannibal's Vision, ch. 22, into
Direct Discourse, and commit to memory. Study in connection, A. &
G. 336-342 ; H. 523-529.]
Carthage, the embassy passed over to Spain
and Gaul, 2 to attempt to win them over to an alliance
with Borne. After making a circuit of both states
3 without effecting anything, they returned to Rome.
The Eoman request, 4 that the Gauls should refuse the
right of way through their territory, 3 if the Carthagin-
ian 6 tried 7 to invade Italy, was greeted with laughter
and a general cry of displeasiire. 8 Never had they
received any kindness from Rome 9 ; on the contrary,
heavy tributes had been imposed upon them, and 10 they
had been subjected to indignities 4 of every kind. Why,
then, should they be so foolish as to turn the war upon
themselves, "instead of allowing it to pass into Italy,
and expose their own lands 12 to devastation instead of
those of strangers ? Their unfavorable reception 4 was
due to the fact that the ruins of Saguntum was a mel-
ancholy and forcible warning to the states of Spain; and
that the minds of the Gauls were already prepossessed
in favor of Hannibal, and that the attachment of many
of their chiefs had been secured through gold.
1 21, 22, 23. 2 A. & G. 317. H. 497. 8 See Ex. X. N. 9.
*1. 6 A. & G. 276. b, 292. H. 549. 2. " Suggestions," 10. 7 3.
8 Indirect Narration. 9 17. 10 Turn, ' they had suffered every
indignity.' n Eender by a negative purpose clause. 12 A. & G.
294. d. H. 544. 2. N. 2.
16 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XVI. Chaps. 19-25.
As we have before remarked, Hannibal, 1 after the cap-
ture of Saguntum, had retired into winter quarters at
New Carthage. He also gave leave of absence to his
Spanish soldiers to return home to visit their friends, 2
if they chose, since they might soon be called to service
far away from their homes.
3 Early in the spring, Hannibal 4 broke up his camp,
and led his men "along the coast, as far as the Ebro.
For the protection of Spain, 12,000 infantry, 1500 cav-
alry, and nearly half the elephants were left behind :
6 the chief command and the government of Spain being
intrusted to Hannibal's younger 7 brother Hasdrubal.
With the main 8 army he determined to invade Italy,
and crossed the Ebro. Arrived at the Pyrenees, Hanni-
bal sent home a portion of his troops, whom he perceived
weary of the service, and he hoped thereby to inspire
his army with greater confidence, even pretending that
the Carpetani, who had left him, had been dismissed by
his own act. He then crossed the Pyrenees with 50,000
infantry and 9000 cavalry.
1 Abl. Abs. 2 Omit friends. A. & G. 197. d. H. 441. 8 A. & G.
193. H. 440. N. 1. * to break up camp: castra movere. What
construction here ? 5 What case ? A. & G. 258. g. H. 420. 1. 3).
6 Render to Hasdrubal as commander-in-chief, etc. 7 A. & G. 91. c.,
253. 8 Consult Lat.-Eng. Diet, under summa.
LIVY, BOOK XXI. 17
XVII. -Chaps. 26-32.
PASSAGE OF THE RHONE.
1 At the end of July, B.C. 218, the Carthaginian army
arrived at the Ehone, where Hannibal found 2 the further
bank occupied by the armed Volcae. 3 A11 the other
tribes he had bribed into submission. 4 While rafts were
being constructed for use on the spot and others col-
lected from all sides, Hanno, son of Bomilcar, with part
of the army proceeded up the stream. When a suitable
point was reached, they crossed the river in hastily con-
structed boats, with a view of taking the Gauls in the
rear. On the following day the smoke-signals showed
that they had succeeded in crossing; 5 and seeing these,
Hannibal gave the order to advance. 4 While the Gauls
were engaged in a terrible conflict on the shore, Hanno
had taken their camp, and was now pressing them on
their rear. Beset 6 on either side with peril, they fled in
confusion to their villages. Scipio, who had been de-
spatched from Koine with sixty ships of war, encamped
at the mouth of the Rhone, while a picked body of cav-
alry might reconnoitre the country. But finding that
Hannibal was already too far ahead to be easily over-
taken, he returned to Genua, 7 to encounter Hannibal, 8 on
his descent from the Alps.
1 Extreme mense lulio. 2 Distinguish invenire and reperire.
8 Combine with the preceding. 21. * A. & G. 276. e. H. 467. 4.
5 A. & G. 180. f. H. 453. 14. <* circumvenio. 7 A. & G.
293 b, 318. d. H. 549. 3. 8 I.e. descending. A. & G. 292. H. 549. 1.
18 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XVIII. Chaps. 31-38.
PASSAGE OF THE ALPS.
(a) Hannibal continued his march up the bank of the
river and to the passes of the Alps without any molesta-
tion from the inhabitants of these regions. On the
fourth day, he arrived among the Allobroges, who inhab-
ited a plain called the " Island," between the Rhone and
Isere. Here he dextrously 1 availed 2 himself of a feud
that had 3 broken out between two brothers, who were
contending for the throne, to 4 render assistance to the
elder, who on this account supplied him with provisions,
arms, and clothing. 5 When the army reached the foot of
the Alps, scenes too horrible to describe revived their
terror ; and the expedition narrowly escaped destruction
at the crossing of the first Alpine pass and one of the
narrowest. 6 The natives had strongly beset the pass ;
and as the vanguard was struggling up the lower heights,
they suddenly rushed out to the attack. Hannibal
ordered a halt, and encamped 7 at the foot of the moun-
tain, 8 until after sunset, when the Celts dispersed 9 to their
various homes. Then taking with him brave 10 and picked
men he seized the heights in the night.
1 callide. 2 avail one's self of: utor. 3 exorior. * subve-
nio. 5 16. 6 How connected with the preceding sentence ?
' at the foot of: sub. 8 A. & G. 328. H. 519. 9 Mood and tense ?
w 15.
LIVY, BOOK XXI. 19
(6) At length, on the ninth day, the summit was
gained. 1 The soldiers were now wellnigh 2 worn out by
the incessant 3 attacks of the mountaineers, and here
they were allowed to rest. On the second day, however,
they broke up camp and began to advance. But the de-
scent was much more difficult than the ascent had been,
for the path was extremely steep, and the men could
scarcely keep themselves from falling on the smooth and
slippery ice : men and beasts oft were precipitated into
the chasms. And now when all were exhausted by cease-
less exertion, and despair was visibly written 4 on every
face, they pitched their camp on a mountain height,
which commanded a wide and distant view 5 of the plains
around the Po, of valleys and sunny hills, too, fit 6 to be
the habitations of men. 7 In the next three days, they
reached level ground. The passage of the Alps had con-
sumed fifteen days. It is not known how large a force
Hannibal had when he arrived in Italy. The statement 8
in the speech of Scipio that he had lost two-thirds of his
cavalry and infantry with which he crossed the Ebro is
without doubt 9 an exaggeration. 10
i 16. A. & G. 146. d. H. 301. 1. 2 See Ex. II. N. 1. assi-
diius or continuus. 4 Employ emineo, or change the form of
expression : all had come to the height of despair. 8 1. 6 Ido-
neus. A. & G. 234. b. H. 391. I. II. ? A. & G. 259. c. H. 429.
8 1. 9 Best expressed also by a verb : dubitari non potest.
A. & G. 332. g. H. 604. 3. 2). M maius vero.
20 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XIX.
[Before doing this exercise, study carefully Chaps. 40 and 41, read-
ing them in Indirect Narration. Study in connection, A. & G. 33(i-342;
H. 523-529.]
The two armies met in the plain between the Ticino
and the Sesia ; and Scipio, * before leading his men into
action, encouraged his soldiers by telling them that they
were about to engage an enemy previously defeated and
exhausted by their late 2 sufferings. 3 Two-thirds of their
infantry had been lost in the passage over the Alps,
while the condition 4 of the survivors was indescribably
wretched. 5 6 " But why," said he, " do I mention 7 these
things ? The nature of the war is such that it ought
especially to arouse and inflame your minds. We call 8
gods and men to witness that we have taken up arms
that our persons may be safe from wrong. 9 At stake,
too, is the safety of our friends and allies. Eome and
the whole of Italy are compelled by the magnitude of
the danger to 10 look for your aid. The gods themselves,
who have been grievously wronged, will fitly punish the
perfidious race. This is the same foe that you lately
conquered by sea and land, " who sued for peace, which
you granted, and which now they have broken by 12 this
unprovoked attack."
1 A. &. G. 327. H. 520. 2 recens. 3 calamitas. * 17.
6 Express by a verb, as, supra quam enarrari possit. 6 Em-
ploy Indirect Narration. 7 A. & G. 338. H. 523. II. testari.
9 to be at stake is agi. 10 exspectare. u Combine the two rel.
clauses. 12 Qltro.
LIVY, BOOK XXI. 21
XX. Chaps. 39, 45, 46.
CONFLICT ON THE TICINUS.
Though Hannibal had left Scipio in Gaul, he was now
confronted by the same Roman commander, J as he de-
scended into Italy. Scipio had already crossed the Fo,
and moved his camp to the river Ticinus, so that the two
armies were in sight of each other. After words of en-
couragement on the part of the leaders, botli sides 2 pre-
pared for battle. The Romans, however, did not display
the same eagerness as the Carthaginians. 3 Scipio was a
new commander over raw recruits, who were, moreover,
dismayed by recent portents. Hannibal saw around him
a veteran army, that had marched victorious from the
Pillars of Hercules. On their right and on their left the
Carthaginians were shut 4 in by two seas, 5 behind 6 hung 4
over them the Alps, before 6 them the enemy : they must
conquer or die. 7 If victorious, there would be an ample
recompense 8 all the accumulated fruits of Rome's
many triumphs. A battle was fought, and the Romans
were defeated. Scipio himself was wounded, and would
have been slain, 9 if he had not been rescued 9 by the
intervention of his son, who afterwards won the glory of
10 finishing the war.
1 See Ex. XVII. N. 8. 2 Use the impers. const. 8 " Sugges-
tions," 3. * What tense? A. & G. 277. a. H. 469. 5 16.
6 A. & G. 260. b. H. 434. I. ? I.e. to them victorious. 8 " Sug-
gestions," 10. 9 A. & G. 308. H. 510. 10 I.e. of the war finished.
19.
22 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XXI. Chaps. 48, 52-56.
THE BATTLE OF THE TREBIA.
^cipio, 2 finding that the open plains were not a suit-
able battle-field for the Romans, on account of the supe-
riority of the Carthaginian cavalry, hastened across the
Po to Placentia. 3 Occupying a strong position there, he
waited until 4 his colleague arrived from Sicily. Sempro-
nius had already sent his troops to Ariminum ; thence
he marched to the Trebia, where he effected 5 a junction 5
with Scipio. Hannibal was eager to force the battle
while the better of the Roman generals was disabled 6 by
a wound, and resolved to lure the impetuous and head-
strong Sempronius to an engagement. 7 By ordering the
Numidian cavalry to cross the Trebia and discharge mis-
siles at the sentries, and then to retreat gradually, he
drew the Roman army after him across the river. It
was Howards midwinter, and the day was cold, and snow
filled the air. The Romans, pursuing the retreating Nu-
midians, had to wade breast-deep through the icy 4 stream,
as the piercing sleet blew in their faces. 9 The men,
numbed with cold, tired and hungry, for they had
marched hurriedly out 10 without their breakfast, were
obliged to face the Carthaginians, who had made their
limbs supple with oil, and leisurely enjoyed their morn-
ing meal. In the battle that followed, the Romans met
with a crushing defeat.
i 22, 23. 2 7. 8 Abl. Abs. * What mood ? A. & G. 328.
H. 519. 5 1. 6 16. 7 Turn " He ordered the cavalry, having
crossed, etc., to discharge missiles, and then by retreating, to
draw." 8 brumae tempus, or sub bruina. 9 21, 22, 23.
10 Abl. Abs.
LIVY, BOOK XXI. 23
XXII.
At daybreak came news that l the enemy was encamped
not more 2 than ten miles off. 3 The commander-in-chief
then called a halt and held a review of his troops. He
likewise sent off some 4 messengers with a letter asking 5
for immediate reinforcements. 6 When these had arrived
orders were given to march along the sea-shore, and in
three days they came in sight of the enemy. At once
the general proceeded 7 to 8 draw up his army in battle-
array, as the nature of the place allowed, on the site of
a plundered and half-ruined 9 city. A council of his staff-
officers 10 was called, and it was decided where each one
should direct 11 his operations. Afterwards he called
his soldiers together and made a brief harangue. 12 "I
do not think it worth while," said he in closing, 13 "to
address you longer, nor to recount the glorious exploits
of yourselves and your ancestors in the past ; for I hold 14
it as a thing well ascertained that an army does not be-
come energetic 15 instead of 16 slothful, or brave instead of
cowardly, by the speech of its commander. I need not
remind you that the senate tried every expedient to
maintain the peace that the state might be free from
guilt, and that the sword was not drawn till the enemy
had already invaded our territory, and committed shock-
ing depredations without resistance."
!1. 2 A. & G. 247. c. H.417. N.2. If the place from which
the distance is reckoned is not specified, a or ab used adverbially
in the sense ' off ' may accompany the ablative. H. 379. 2. N.
* Not necessary to the sense. 5 Purpose. 6 auxilium. 7 4.
8 Instruere aciem. 9 semirutus. 10 legati. u euro. A. & G.
294. d. H. 544. N. 2. 12 Employ Ind. Nar. 13 perorans. 14 com-
pertum habeo. A. & G. 292. c. 15 strenuus. 16 pro.
24 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XXIII.
When at the beginning of 534, 1 he 2 fell by the hands
of an assassin, the Carthaginian officers of the Spanish
army summoned to fill his place Hannibal, the eldest son
of Hamilcar. He was still a young man, born in 505, 1
and now, therefore, in his twenty-ninth year ; but his
life 3 had already been fraught with varied experience.
While still a boy, 4 he had followed his father to the
camp; and he soon distinguished himself. His light
and firmly built 5 frame made him an excellent runner
and boxer, and a fearless rider; the 6 privation of sleep
did not affect him, and he knew like a soldier how to
enjoy or to want his food. Although his youth had
been spent in the camp, he possessed 7 such culture 8 as
was bestowed on the noble Phoenicians of his time : in
Greek, apparently after he had become a general, he
made such progress 9 under the guidance of his intimate
friend Sosilus of Sparta as to be able to compose state
papers 10 in that language. Thereafter, he had com-
manded the cavalry under his sister's husband, Hasdru-
bal, and distinguished himself by brilliant personal brav-
ery as well as by his talents as a leader. MOMMSEN.
1 I.e. according to the Roman method of reckoning. At the
beginning of the year was variously expressed in Latin : anno
ineu'nte, incipiente ; anni initio, principle, exordio. 2 ob-
trunci, assassinate; or, insidiis interfici. 3 17. * A. & G.
184. H. 363. 2. 2). 5 compactum ac firmum. 6 vigiliae.
7 A. & G. 231. R. In with esse, however, must be used to denote
the possession of some quality or characteristic. 8 cultus animi.
9 to make progress in anything : proflcere in aliqua re. 10 lit-
terae publicae.
LIVY, BOOK XXI. 25
XXIV.
The voice of his comrades now summoned him their
tried, although youthful general to the chief command,
and he could now execute the designs for which his
father and his brother-in-law had lived and died. He
took possession of the inheritance, 1 and he was worthy of
it. His contemporaries 2 tried 3 to cast stains 4 of all sorts
on his character : the Romans charged him with cruelty,
the Carthaginians with covetousness ; and it is true that
he hated as only Oriental natures 5 know how to hate, and
that a general who never 6 fell short of money and stores
can hardly have been 7 other than covetous. Neverthe-
less, though anger and envy and meanness have written
his history, they have not been able to mar 8 the pure and
noble image 9 which it presents. Every page of the his-
tory of the times attests his genius 10 as a general. The
power which he wielded over men is shown by his incom-
parable control over an army of various nations and many
tongues, an army which never in the worst times muti-
nied 11 against him. He was a great man; wherever he
went he riveted the eyes of all. MOMMSEN.
1 to enter on the possession of an inheritance : hereditatem
adire. 2 homines illorum temporum. 3 A. & G. 277. c. H. 469.
2. 1. 4. * to stain a person's reputation is de fama alicuius
detrahere, or alicui infamiam afferre. 5 17. 6 desuni.
7 alius atque. A. & G. 247. d. H. 459. 2. 8 clef or mo. 9 species.
10 "Suggestions," 9. u to mutiny: facere, movere seditionem.
26 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XXV.
Scipio meanwhile held councils l of war in Massilia as
to the proper mode of occupying the ferries of the Rhone,
and was not induced to move even by the urgent mes-
sages that came from the leaders of the Celts. He dis-
trusted their accounts, and he 2 contented himself with
detaching a weak Roman cavalry division to reconnoitre
the left bank of the Ehone. This detachment found the
whole enemy's army already transported to that bank,
and occupied in bringing over the elephants, which alone
remained on the right bank of the stream ; and, after it
had warmly engaged some Carthaginian squadrons in the
district of Avignon 3 for the purpose of enabling it to
complete its reconnaissance, the first encounter of the
Romans and Carthaginians in this war, it hastily re-
turned to report at headquarters. Scipio now started in
utmost haste for Avignon ; but when he arrived there,
even the Carthaginian cavalry that had been left behind
to cover the passage of the elephants had already taken
its departure three days ago, and nothing remained for
the consul but to return with weary troops and little
credit to Massilia, and to revile the " cowardly flight " of
the Carthaginians. MOMMSEN.
1 to hold a council of war : consilium niilitare habere. 2 to
be contented: satis habere (foil, by infin.). 3 Latin: Avenio
(-onis).
PARALLEL PASSAGES.
XXVI.
[For Parallel Passage, read Livy II. 10.]
ROMAN HEROISM : HORATIUS COCLES.
And as 1 the Etruscans approached, they took the hill
Janiculum, and drove the Romans back over the wooden
bridge 2 into the city. Then the Romans were seized 3
with great 4 fear; and they did not 5 venture to oppose
the enemy, and to defend the entrance of the bridge, but
they fled across the bridge back into the city. When
Horatius, who was surnamed 6 Codes, saw this, he placed
himself opposite to the enemy at the entrance of the
bridge, and two warriors, who were called Larcius and
Herminius, stayed with him. These three men stirred
not from the place, but fought alone with the whole
army of the Etruscans, and held their position while the
Romans pulled down the bridge behind them. 7 And
when only a few planks were left, Larcius and Her-
minius hurried back, but Horatius would 8 not move until
9 the bridge was broken down and fell into the river.
Then he turned round, and with his arms upon him, just
as he was, sprang into the Tiber 10 and swam back to
Rome unhurt. IHNE.
1 cum : A. & G. 325. H. 521. 2 Pons Sublicius. 3 16. * H.
661. III. 5 In Latin the tendency is to combine the negative in a
sentence with the connective. 8 231. b. H. 387. N. 1. 7 Abl. Abs.
8 5. 9 A.&G.328. H.387.N.1. w A. &G. 56. a. 1. H.62. II. 2.
27
28 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XXVII.
[For Parallel Passage, read Livy II. 39, 40.]
MARCH OF THE VOLSCIANS TOWARDS ROME.
(a) The Volscians at last advanced to Home, and
encamping 1 near 2 the Tossa Cluilia, five miles from the
town, they laid waste the lands of the plebeians round
about. Then the Romans were seized with despair, and
scarcely retaining courage to defend the walls of the
town, did not dare to advance against the Volscians, or
fight them in the field. They looked for deliverance 3
from the mercy and generosity 4 of their conquerors, and
sent the principal senators 5 as ambassadors to Coriolanus,
to sue for peace. But Coriolanus answered that, unless
the Romans should restore to the Volscians all the con-
quered towns, 6 peace could not be thought of. When the
same ambassadors came a second time, 7 to ask for more
favorable conditions, Coriolanus would not even see
them. Thereupon the chief priests appeared in their
festive robes, and with the sacred signs of their office,
and tried to calm 8 the anger of Coriolanus. But they
strove in vainA At last the noblest Roman matrons came
to Veturia, the mother of Coriolanus, and to Volumnia,
his wife, and persuaded them 9 to accompany them 9 to
the enemy's camp, and with their prayers and tears to
save the town. IHNE.
1 Remember that the English (but not the Latin) pres. part, is
often used loosely with completed sense. 7. 2 A. & G. 153.
8 1. 4 benignitas. 5 If ' as ' signifies ' in the capacity of,' it is
not to be translated, and the title or function is to be placed in
apposition to the subject. 6 to discuss terms of peace : agere de
pace. 7 See Ex. V. N. 10. 8 sedare. 9 How distinguished in Latin ?
PAEALLEL PASSAGES. 29
(&) Now when l the procession 2 of Roman matrons
approached the Volscian camp, and Coriolanus recognized 3
his mother, his wife, and his little children, his heart
softened, and he heard the entreaties of the matrons, fell
on the neck of his mother and of his beloved wife, and
granted their request. He immediately led the army of
the Volscians away from Rome, and gave back all the
conquered towns. But he never returned to Rome, be-
cause he had been banished by the people.
As a punishment for this treachery, which the Volsci-
ans, as it appears, were obliged to submit to, 4 they were
reported to have cruelly 5 murdered 6 Coriolanus at the
end of the campaign. 7 Yet another, and probably older,
form of the legend 8 says nothing of this revenge, but
allows him to attain 9 a great age among the Volscians,
and to lament his banishment from his fatherland. The
simple-minded 10 old annalist saw nothing unnatural 11 in
the fact that a Roman exile should restore to the Romans
towns conquered by the military strength of the Vol-
scians. IHNE.
1 A. & G. 324. H. 518. 2 agtnen : or an impersonal construction
may be employed. 1, 16. 3 agnosco : distinguish between
agnosco and cognosce. * subeo. 5 See Ex. XIV. N. 2. 6 Dis-
tinguish between interficere, caedere, necare, trncidare, lugu-
lare. 7 bellum or stipendium. 8 fabula. 9 Distinguish between
consequi (to attain by exertion), nancisci (by change), adlpisci
(by good fortune}, Impetrare (through asking). 10 credulus.
11 Translate by a phrase.
30 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XXVIII.
[For Parallel Passage, read Livy II. 48, 49, 50.]
THE PATRIOTISM OF THE FABII.
The Veientines kept 1 Rome 2 in a continual state of
alarm by constant invasions, driving away the flocks and
destroying the crops. In order to protect the community
from such annoyances, the noble house of the Fabii
offered to undertake the war themselves. The consul,
Kaeso Fabius, placed himself at the head of his kindred ;
with 306 men of patrician rank he left the town, 3 fol-
lowed by the blessings and good wishes of the admiring
people. He erected a fortified camp in the territory of
the Veientines, not far from the chief town of Veii, on
the river Cremera. From this spot the Fabii made the
territory of the Veientines insecure, 4 and at the same
time kept the enemy from attacking Rome. But the
Veientines enticed them out of their fortress into an
ambush, and attacked them from all sides with over-
whelming force. Not one of the valiant band escaped.
The whole race would have become extinct, 5 if 6 it had
not been that one boy had been left behind in Rome, who
preserved the name and the race of the Fabii. IHNE.
1 kept in a constant state of alarm : translated by one word.
A. & G. 277. H. 469. II. 2 17. 3 " Suggestions," 10. * A. & G.
239. a. N. 1. H. 373. N. 2. 5 exstingui. 6 A. & G. 315. H. 508. 3.
PARALLEL PASSAGES. 31
XXIX.
[For Parallel Passage, read Livy III. 27, 28.]
STORY OF CINCINNATUS.
Then the Master of the People and the Master of the
Horse went together into the forum, and 1 ordered 2 that
every man who was of an age to go out to battle should
be ready in 'the Field of Mars before sunset. So the
army was ready at the time appointed, and they set
forth from the city, x and made such haste, that ere the
night was half 3 spent they came to Algidus ; and when
they perceived that they were near the enemy they made
a halt. 4 Then Lucius rode on and saw how the camp of
the enemy lay; and he ordered his soldiers to throw
down their baggage into one place. Then they set out
again in their order of march as 5 they had come from
Rome, and spread themselves round the camp of the
enemy on every side. When this 6 was done, upon a
given signal they raised a great shout, which rang
through the camp of the enemy and filled them with
fear ; and it sounded even to the camp of the Komans
who were shut up in the valley ; and the consul's men
said one to another, 7 " Rescue is surely at hand, for that
is the shout of the Romans." ARNOLD.
i 12. 2 A. & G. 271. b. H. 635. II. a A. & G. 193. H. 440. 2.
N. 1. * 1. 6 Render by a rel. pron. A. & G. 202. c. 6 201. e.
H. 453. 7 Indirect Narration.
32 LATIN PKOSE EXERCISES.
XXX.
[For Parallel Passage, read Livy V. 21.]
THE CAPTURE OF VEIL
At last the day for storming the town arrived, and
Camillus let * the Konian army advance to the walls and
pretend to attack them. But while the Veientines were
engaged in defending 2 the walls, a select body 3 of men
advanced through the tunnel. At their head 4 was Camil-
lus himself, and when he arrived at the place where
the tunnel ended and where there was only a thin wall
to break through, inside the temple of Juno, in the
citadel of Veii, he heard the high priest of the Veien-
tines, who was performing a sacrifice before the king,
say 5 that whoever presented 6 this offering to the tutelar 7
goddess of Veii would be victorious in battle. 8 At this
moment the Komans burst forth out of the ground ;
Camillus seized the victim and offered it on the altar of
the goddess, and his troops dispersed themselves from
the citadel over the whole town, and opened the gates to
their comrades. Thus Veii fell into the hands of the
Romans, and a more splendid triumphal procession than
that which Camillus celebrated on his return 9 from Veii
had never been seen in Rome. IHNE.
1 iubeo. A. & G. 271. b. H. 535. II. 2 were engaged in defend-
ing. A. & G. 277. H. 469. II. 4. 3 17. * 1. s A. & G.
292. e. H. 535. I. 4. 6 A. & G. 316, 337. H. 507. III. 2. * Trans-
late by a rel. cl. 8 21. 9 Best rendered perhaps by making it
the subject. See ch. 23.
PARALLEL PASSAGES. 33
XXXI.
[For Parallel Passage, read Livy VI. 3.]
CAMILLUS DEFEATS THE ETRUSCANS.
The dictator now learnt that an Etruscan army, prob-
ably from Tarquinii, was besieging Sutrium. Camillus
hastened 1 to its aid, but on his way, said the story of his
exploits, he met the citizens of Sutrium in forlorn plight,
they having been obliged to surrender their city and hav-
ing saved nothing but their lives. 2 They fell on their
knees before him, 3 told him their sad case, 4 and craved
his assistance. He bade 5 them be of good cheer, 6 saying 7
that it was now the turn 8 of the Etruscans to wail and
weep. Then he advanced upon Sutrium, and found, as
he had expected, 9 that the enemy kept no watch, 10 and
were thinking of nothing but plunder. He instantly
forced his way into the place, made a great slaughter, 10
and a still greater number of prisoners ; and Sutrium
was thus, according to the story, "lost and recovered"
in a day again. 11 Thus the enemies of Rome were
checked, 12 and time was gained for the state to recover
from its disorder and distress, and to meet its rivals on
more equal terms. ARNOLD.
1 21. 2 How connected with the preceding? 8 se ad pedes
advolvere, provolvere ; se ad genn proicere. 4 Use res
affectae, and join with the following verb. 5 A. & G. 331. a.
H. 535. II. 6 boiio esse aniino, or an adjective. 7 A. & G. 336.
N. 2. H. 623. 1. N. 8 Is best omitted in translation. 9 A. & G. 200. e.
10 "Suggestions," 10. Translate thoughts, not roords. n 3.
12 supprimo.
34 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XXXII.
[For Parallel Passage, read Livy VIII. 6, 7.]
KOMAN DISCIPLINE : THE STORY OF MANLIUS.
When the war with the Latins had broken out, and
both the hostile armies lay encamped against each other
in Campania, the consuls issued orders to avoid all irreg-
ular fighting, and to take up the combat only on the
explicit command of their superior officers. 1 Then it
happened that the son of the consul, T. Manlius, who
led a troop of cavalry, approached the enemy's camp, and
was challenged 2 by Mettius, the commander of the Tus-
culan horse. 3 Stung by the contemptuous words of the
Tusculan, the 4 fiery youth forgot the injunction of his
father, accepted the challenge, and killed Mettius. In
triumph he returned to the camp, decorated with the
arms of his slain enemy, and accompanied by an exulting
crowd of his men. With a gloomy look his father turned
away from him, assembled immediately the whole army
by the blast of the trumpet, and 5 pronounced the sentence
of death over his victorious son. The safety 6 of the state
was not to suffer from parental indulgence. In the con-
test of duty and paternal love, the feeling of the Eoman
citizen triumphed. IHNE.
1 Use praefeetus, or phrase qul praeest, for superior officer.
1. 2 to challenge any one: aliquem ad pugnain provocare.
8 Consult Lat.-Eng. Diet, under mordeo. 4 iuvenis ardentis
aniun 6 A. & G. 220. a. H. 410. III. N. 2. 6 17.
PARALLEL PASSAGES. 35
XXXIII.
[For Parallel Passages, read Livy IX. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.]
(a) Roman Defeat at the Caudine Pass.
The disasters l of the Caudine Forks, a defile between
Campania and Samnium, 2 left a vivid impression on the
national memory, for it was 3 there that the legions were
enclosed as in a trap and forced to an ignominious sur-
render. The enemies themselves, we read, startled at
such unheard-of fortune, sent in haste to ask Herennius
Pontius, the aged father of their general, 4 how they
should act in such a crisis. His answer 5 was that they
6 should let them all go freely forth unhurt, 7 8 and so
appeal to their best and warmest feelings, or, failing
that, put them all without distinction to the sword, that
the loss might cripple the state for many a year. There
was no safe course, he said, between the two extremes.
Yet the Samnites tried to find one. They made their
prisoners lay down their arms and pass under the yoke,
while the officers of highest rank bound themselves as
sponsors for a treaty which was to free the soil of Sam-
nium from the arms and colonies of Eome, 9 and leave
the rivals fairly balanced as before. CAPES.
1 Cladis. To sustain a disaster = cladem accipere. Express
the participle in Latin : received at. 2 to retain something in the
memory: illiquid memoria tenere, alicuius memoriam reti-
nere. 3 2. * A. & G. 338. H. 529. 5 1. 6 A. & G. 294. b.
H. 234. 7 A. & G. 186. b. 3. 8 I.e. so that the enemy might be
moved by so great kindness. 9 "Suggestions," 10. 3, 21.
36 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
(6) The Romans pass under the Yoke.
When consuls, quaestors, and tribunes of the soldiers
had taken the oaths, the first fulfilment 1 of the treaty
followed. The Romans gave up their arms, and marched
out of the camp, wearing 2 or carrying with them nothing
but one single article of clothing, the campestre or kilt,
reaching from the waist 3 to the knees, 4 and leaving the
upper part of the body naked, now that the soldiers had
been obliged to give up their 5 coats of mail. The six
hundred knights were then delivered up to the Samnites,
and the rest of the Roman army, stripped 6 of their arms
and baggage, passed in order through an opening pur-
posely made for them in the Samnite lines of blockade.
Two spears were set upright in this opening, and a third
was fastened across them at the top ; and through this
gateway the vanquished army marched out, as a token
that they had been conquered in war, and owed their
lives to the enemy's mercy. It was no peculiar insult
devised for this occasion, but a common usage, so far as
appears, in all similar cases : like the modern ceremony "
of piling arms 8 when a garrison or army surrender them-
selves as 9 prisoners of war. ARNOLD.
1 1. 2 7. See also A. & G. 247. d. H. 459. 2. 3 media
pars corporis. * I.e. so that. 3, 21. 5 lorica. 6 exuo. For
construction, see A. & G. 225. d. H. 384. II. 2. " " Suggestions,"
9. B to pile arms : anna in iiniiin locum conferre. 9 See Ex.
XXVII. N. 5.
PARALLEL PASSAGES. 37
(c) The Army returns to Rome.
In far different plight, 1 and with far other feelings,
than they had entered the pass of Caudium, did the
Roman army issue out from it again upon the plain of
Campania. Defeated and disarmed, they knew not what
reception 2 they might meet with from their Campanian
allies. But the Campanians behaved faithfully and gen-
erously : they sent supplies 3 of arms, of clothing, and of
provisions to meet the Eomans even before they arrived
at Capua ; and when the army approached 4 their city, the
senate and people went out to meet them. No atten-
tions, 5 however, could 6 soothe 7 the wounded pride of the
Eomans : they could not bear to raise their eyes from
the ground nor to speak to any one : full of shame, they
continued 8 their march to Rome. When they came near
to it, all those soldiers who had a home in the country
dispersed and escaped to their several houses singly and
silently ; whilst those who lived in Rome lingered with-
out the walls till the sun was set, and stole to their
homes "under cover of the darkness. ARNOLD.
1 Fortfina. 2 Use the verb excipio. 3 Unnecessary in transla-
tion. 4 Employ dative of the part, with obviam egredior. A. & G.
228. b. 5 comitas. 6 6. 7 delenio. 8 4. 9 per noctem.
38 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
(d) Humiliation of the People.
was the blow less deeply felt by the senate and
by the whole people. The actual 2 loss in the battle, and
the captivity 3 of six hundred of the youth of Rome, were
enough of themselves to throw the nation into mourning;
how much more grievous were they when accompanied
by such utter defeat and humiliation. All business was
suspended ; all orders put on mourning ; the knights and
senators laid aside their gold rings, and took off the well-
known red border of their dress which marked their
rank 4 ; in every house there was weeping and wailing for
those who had returned home dishonored, 5 no less than
for those who were dead and captive ; and all ceremonies
of rejoicing, all festivals, and all private marriages were
suspended, till they could be celebrated in a year of bet-
ter omen. A dictator was named to hold the comitia for
the election of the new consuls ; but the augurs declared
that the appointment was null and void ; another dicta-
tor was then chosen, but the same objection was repeated,
till at last, as if the gods abhorred every magistrate of
this fatal year, the elections were held by an interrex.
ARNOLD.
1 17. 2 ipse. 3 17. 4 " Suggestions," 10. 5 ignomlniae
pleni.
PAKALLEL PASSAGES. 39
XXXIV.
[For Parallel Passage, read Livy X. 27, 28.]
ROMAN DEVOTION TO THE STATE : P. DECIUS.
When the armies closed, the Roman left wing strug-
gled 1 vigorously against the numbers, and strength 2 , and
courage of the Gauls. Twice, it is said 3 , did the Roman
and Campanian cavalry charge with effect the Gaulish
horsemen; but they were at length driven back upon
their infantry. The first line of the legions was broken,
and the Gauls, following their advantage, pressed on
with the masses of their infantry. Decius strove in vain
to stop the flight of his soldiers. One way alone was
left by which he might yet serve his country : he be-
thought 4 him of his father at the battle of Vesuvius, and
calling to M. Livius, one of the pontifices who attended
him in the field, he desired him to dictate to him the fit
words for self-devotion. 5 Then, in the same dress, and
with all the same ceremonies, he pronounced also the
same form of words which had been uttered by his
father, and devoting himself and the host of the enemy
with him to the grave and to the powers of the dead, he
rode into the midst of the Gaulish ranks, and was slain.
ARNOLD.
1 Use the impers. const, with pngno. 2 See Ex. I. N. 6. 8 A. & G.
330. a. and b. H. 534. 1. * A. & G. 219. H. 406. II. 5 i.
40 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XXXV.
[For Parallel Passage, read Livy XXII. 2.]
The passage of the Apennines was accomplished with-
out much difficulty, at a point as far west as possible, or,
in other words, as distant as possible * from the enemy ;
but the marshy lowlands between the Serchio 2 and the
Arno were so flooded by the melting of the snow and
the spring rains, that the army had to march four days
in water, z without finding any other dry spot for resting
by night than was supplied by piling the baggage, or
by the sumpter animals 4 that had fallen. The troops
underwent unutterable sufferings, particularly the Gallic
infantry, which marched behind the Carthaginians along
tracks 5 already rendered impassable : they murmured
loudly, and would undoubtedly have dispersed to a man, 6
had not the Carthaginian cavalry under Mago, which
brought up the rear, rendered flight impossible. Various
diseases decimated 7 the soldiers ; Hannibal himself 8 lost
an eye in consequence of ophthalmia. 9 MOMMSEN.
1 A. & G. 93. H. 170. 2. 2 Latin name, Auser (-eris). 8 See
Ex. X. N. 9. 4 i uni cut u in (sarcinarlum). 5 258. g. H. 420.
1. 3). 6 omnes ad iinuin. 7 decimo is late Latin, and should be
avoided. " Suggestions," 9. 8 to lose one eye : altero oculo cap!.
Consult Lat.-Eng. Diet, under capio. 9 oculorum Inflammatio.
PARALLEL PASSAGES. 41
XXXVI.
[For Parallel Passage, read Livy XXIV. 1 and 21.]
ASSASSINATION OF HIERONYMUS, KING OF SYRACUSE.
An empty house 1 in this street had been occupied by
the conspirators : when the king came opposite to it, one
of their number, 2 who was one of the king's guards, and
close to his person, stopped just behind him, as if some-
thing had caught his foot ; and whilst he seemed trying
to get free, he checked the advance 3 of the following
multitude, and 4 left the king to go on a few steps unat-
tended. 4 At that moment the conspirators rushed out
of the house and murdered him. So sudden was the
act, 5 that his guards could not save him ; seeing 6 him
dead, 7 they were seized with a panic and dispersed.
The murderers 8 hastened, some into the market-place
of Leontini, to raise the cry 5 of liberty there, and others
to Syracuse, to anticipate the king's friends and secure
the city for themselves and the Romans. Their tidings,
however, had flown 9 before them ; and Andranodorus,
the king's uncle, had already secured the island of Orty-
gia, 10 in which was the citadel. The assassins arrived
just at nightfall, 11 calling the people to rise in the name
of liberty. ARNOLD.
1 16. H. 561. 2 17. 3 Contained in the verbal idea. 1.
4 What is the relation between the two sentences ? 3, 21.
What word may be omitted in the translation ? 5 1. 6 The pres.
part, is used more freely in English than in Latin. How may it
be rendered here ? 7 A. & G. 186. c. 8 For the use of a distribu-
tive apposition, see Madvig, 217. Obs. 1. 9 " Suggestions," 10.
10 A. & G. 183. H. 363. sub noctem.
42 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XXXVII.
[For Parallel Passage, read Liny XXIV. 34.]
SIEGE OF SYRACUSE.
Marcellus brought up his ships against the sea-wall
of Achradina, and endeavored by a constant discharge 2
of stones and arrows to clear the walls of their defenders,
so that his men might apply their ladders, and mount to
the assault. 3 These ladders rested on two ships, lashed
together 4 broadside to broadside, 5 and worked as one by
their outside oars. But Archimedes had supplied the
ramparts with an artillery 6 so powerful that it over-
whelmed the Romans before they could get 7 within the
range 8 which their missiles could reach ; and when they
came closer, they found 9 that all the lower part of the
wall was loopholed ; and their men were struck down 10
with fatal aim by an enemy they could not see. At
other times machines like cranes were thrust out over
the wall; and the end of the lever with an iron grapple
affixed to it was lowered upon the ships. n As soon as
the grapple had taken hold, the other end of the lever
was lowered by heavy weights, and the ship raised out
of the water, till it was made almost to stand upon its
stern; then the grapple was suddenly let go, 12 and the
ship w dropped into the sea with a violence which either
upset it or filled it with water. ARNOLD.
1 Express by a rel. cl. 2 19. 8 1. 4 Express by a result cl.
6 21. 6 tormenta. 7 A. & G. 262, 327. H. 520. 8 to come within
reach of a missile is intra tell couiectum venire. 9 3. 10 16.
11 A. & G. 346. a-c. H. 573. 22-24. 12 21. 18 Avoid a change
of subject.
PARALLEL PASSAGES. .43
XXXVIII.
[For Parallel Passage, read Livy XXVII. 39.]
HASDRUBAL'S MARCH INTO ITALY.
^ As soon as the winter snows were thawed, 1 Hasdrubal
commenced his march from Auvergne 2 to the Alps. 3 He
experienced none of the difficulties which his brother
had met with from the mountain tribes. The fame of
the war, with which Italy had now been convulsed * for
twelve years, had penetrated into the Alpine passes, and
the mountaineers now understood that a mighty city
southward of the Alps was to be attacked 5 by the troops
whom they saw marching among them. They now not
only opposed no resistance to the passage of Hasdrubal,
but many of them, out of the love of enterprise and
plunder, or allured by the high pay he offered, took ser-
vice with him ; and thus he advanced upon Italy with
an army that gathered strength at every league. Many
warriors of the Ligurian tribes joined him ; and crossing
the river Po, he marched down its southern bank to the
city of Placentia, which he wished to secure 6 as a base
for his future operations.^/ Placentia resisted him as
bravely as it had resisted Hannibal twelve years before,
and for some time Hasdrubal was occupied with a fruit-
less siege before its walls. CREASY.
1 dllabor : see Livy XXI. 36. 2 Averal. 8 " Suggestions," 10.
* concutio. s A. & G. 147. c ; 288. f ; 302. R. H. 537. 6 Turn
' that thence he might conduct military operations.' 7 " Sugges-
tions," 10.
44 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XXXIX.
[For Parallel Passage, read Livy XXVII. 44.]
BEFORE THE BATTLE OF METAUBUS.
Meanwhile at Rome the Miews of Nero's expedition
had caused the greatest excitement and alarm. All men
felt 2 the full audacity 3 of the enterprise, 4 but hesitated 2
what epithet 5 to apply to it. It was evident that Nero's
conduct 8 would be judged of by the event, that most
unfair criterion, 4 as the Roman historian truly terms it.
People reasoned 7 on the perilous state in which Nero
had left the rest 8 of the army, without a general and
deprived of the core 9 of its strength, in the vicinity of
the terrible Hannibal. 10 All these calamities had come
to them while they had only one Carthaginian general
and army to deal with in Italy. Now they had two
Punic wars at a time. They had two Carthaginian
armies ; they had almost two Hannibals in Italy. Has-
drubal was sprung from the same father ; u trained up
in the same hostility to Rome; equally practised in
battle against their legions; and if the comparative
speed and success with which he had crossed the Alps
was a fair test, he was even a better general than his
brother. CREASY.
1 Render by a verbal clause. 2 What tense? 8 17. 4 1.
6 " Suggestions," 10. 6 17. 7 May be entirely omitted. What
construction follows? 8 A. & G. 193. H. 440. N. 1. 9 "Sugges-
tions," 10. 10 Employ Indirect Narration. A. & G. 336. 2. N. 2.
" A. & G. 244. a. H. 415. H.
PARALLEL PASSAGES. 45
XL.
[For Parallel Passage, read Livy XX 711. 47-49.]
BATTLE OF METAURUS.
Nero found Marcus Livius at Lena Gallica awaiting '
the enemy ; both consuls at once marched against Has-
drubal, whom they found occupied in crossing the Metau-
rus. Hasdrubal wished to avoid a battle and to escape
from the Romans by a detour, 2 but his guides abandoned 3
him ; he 3 lost his way on ground that was strange to
him, and was at length attacked on the march * by the
Roman cavalry, and detained until 5 the Roman infantry
arrived, and a battle became inevitable. 6 Hasdrubal
stationed the Spaniards on the right wing, with his
ten elephants in front of it, and the Gauls on the left,
which he held back. Long the fortune of battle wavered
on the right wing, and the consul Livius who commanded
there was hard pressed, till Nero/ repeating as a tactical
manoeuvre the strategical operation which had succeeded
so well, allowed the enemy opposite to him to remain as
they stood, and marching round his own army, fell upon
the flank of the Spaniards. This decided the day. The
severely bought and very bloody victory was complete.
Hasdrubal, when he saw the admirably conducted battle
was lost, sought and found, like his father, an honorable
soldier's death. MOMMSEN.
1 exspecto. 2 Consult Diet, under circumdo. 8 Distinguish
between deserere, rellnquere, destituere. Distinguish between
errare vagare, palari. Cf . Doederlein, Synon. 1. 89 : erramus
incertl, vagamur solutl, palamur dispersi. * in itinere. 5 A. & G.
328. H. 619. 6 Express by a circumlocution : vitari non posse.
7 "Suggestions," 10.
46 LATIN PKOSE EXERCISES.
XLI.
[For Parallel Passage, read Livij XXVII. 50.]
AFTER THE BATTLE.
From the moment l that Nero's march had been heard
of at Rome, intense anxiety possessed the whole city.
Every day the senate sat from sunrise to sunset; and
not 2 a senator was absent; every day the forum was
crowded from morning till evening, as each hour might
bring some great tidings, and every man wished to be
3 among the first to hear them. A doubtful rumor arose
that a great battle 4 had been fought, and a great victory
won only two days before : two horsemen of Narnia had
ridden off from the field to carry the news to their home.
But men dared not lightly believe what they so much
wished to be true ; and how, they said, could a battle
fought in the extremity s of Umbria be heard of only
two days after at Rome ? Soon, however, it was known
that a letter had arrived from L. Manlius Acidinus him-
self, who commanded the -army at Narnia: the horse-
men had certainly arrived there from the field of battle,
and brought tidings 4 of a glorious victory. The letter
was read first in the senate and then in the forum from
the rostra. ARNOLD.
1 I.e. from what time. 2 A. & G. 209. b. H. 569. IV. 1. See
Ex. XXVI. 5. 3 2. * 1. 6 A. & G. 193. H. 440. N. 1.
PARALLEL PASSAGES. 47
XLII.
[Before doing this exercise, read Livy IX. 13-16.]
L. Papirius Cursor was one of the favorite heroes of
Koinan tradition; his remarkable swiftness of foot, his
gigantic strength, and the iron strictness of his disci-
pline, accompanied as it was by occasional touches of
rough humor, all contributed to make his memory popu-
lar, somewhat in the same way as Richard Cceur de Lion
has been admired among us; and his countrymen boasted
that he would have been a worthy champion to have
fought against Alexander the Great, if Alexander had
ever invaded Italy. This favorite leader was consul
in the year immediately following the affair of the pass
of Caudimn; so great a warrior must have signally
avenged that disgrace ; and accordingly he was made
to realize the most sanguine wishes of the national
vanity; he retook Luceria, the fatal town which had
tempted the consuls of the last year to rush blindly into
the defile of Caudium ; and in it he recovered all the
arms and all the standards which had been taken from
the Romans, and above all he there found the six hun-
dred Roman knights who had been given up as hostages,
and delivered them all safe and sound. ARNOLD.
48 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES.
XLIII.
[Before doing this exercise, read Livy XXII. 51, 54, 55.]
EVENTS AFTER THE BATTLE OF CANNAE.
The awful news flew to Rome. Consternation and
despair seized the people. The city would have been
emptied of its population, had not the senate ordered
the gates to be closed. Never did that body display
greater calmness, wisdom, prudence, and resolution. By
word and act they bade the people never despair of the
republic.. .Little by little the panic was allayed. Meas-
ures were(jcfilfce&^ed for the defence of the capital, as it
was expected that Hannibal would immediately march
to Rome. Messengers were sent along the southern
military road to see, as Livy pathetically expressed it,
" if the gods, touched by one pang of pity, had left aught
remaining to the Roman name," and to bring the first
tidings of the expected advance of Hannibal. The
leader of the Numidian cavalry, Maharbal, urged Hanni-
bal to follow up closely his victory. "Let me advance
with the cavalry," said he, "and in five days you shall
dine in the capital." But Hannibal refused to adopt
the counsel of his impetuous general. Maharbal turned
away, and with mingled reproach and impatience, ex-
claimed, " Alas ! thou knowest how to gain a victory,
but not how to use one." MYERS.
PARALLEL PASSAGES. 49
XLIV.
[Before attempting this exercise, carefully study Appendix, 21-24.]
The commander of the enemy's forces was an expe-
rienced general and a skilful tactician. 1 Yet when he
heard of the unexpected approach of the army that had
been despatched by the senate against him, and when he
saw that in addition to 2 other disadvantages he had been
engaged in a spot ill adapted 3 for fighting, he tried to
take refuge in flight ; but it was too late. 4 Throughout
the camp great indignation reigned, 5 and the men hardly
refrained from offering violence to the leader, 6 " by whose
rashness," they said, " they had been brought into such
a situation." While thus paralyzed 7 and before they
could recover, their foes were upon them. Cut to pieces 8
on every side, they abandoned the contest ; and disarmed,
they were sent home in disgrace.
Yet the struggle had been fiercer than one might have
expected from, the number engaged. One who was an eye-
witness 9 of this ignominious disaster, 9 and an unpreju-
diced 10 observer, has eloquently described the instances
of bravery displayed, how the army was crushed by the
overpowering 11 numbers of the enemy, and finally, when
forced to surrender, the utter humiliation of a brave and
spirited race.
1 rei militaris peritus. 2 praeter. 8 iniquus ad. 4 Incorpo-
rate with preceding clause. 5 " Suggestions," 10. 6 A. & G. 341.
7 See Lat.-Eng. Diet, under obstupefacio. Cf. stuped. 8 caedo.
9 spectator et testes. 13. 10 20. n " Suggestions," 10.
50 LATIN PEOSE EXERCISES.
XLV.
[In connection with this exercise, study carefully Appendix, 21-24.]
To such a degree does Fortune blind a people, when
she is determined upon their ruin, that when danger of
the greatest magnitude threatened that state which in
former times had left no means untried to procure aid,
and had on many occasions nominated a dictator, now
when an enemy whom they had never met, or even heard
of, was advancing in arms against them, looked not for
any extraordinary aid or assistance. Tribunes whose
rashness had brought on the troubles were entrusted
with the chief command. They extenuated the impor-
tance which report gave to the war ; and the consequence
was that they used no greater diligence in levying forces
than was usual in case of wars in their midst. Mean-
while the enemy, hearing that the violators of mankind
had been rewarded with honors, and that their embassy
had been insulted, were inflamed with anger, a passion
which that race knows not how to control, and instantly
they snatched up their ensigns and began the march
in all haste. Their precipitate movement caused such
alarm wherever they passed that the inhabitants of the
cities ran together to arms, and the peasants betook
themselves to flight; then they signified to them by
loud shouts that to Koine they were going.
PARALLEL PASSAGES. 51
XL VI.
[In connection with this exercise, study Appendix, 21-24.]
Soon the numerous tribes of the enemy reached the
city. There the military tribunes had formed no camp,
nor had taken any precaution of raising a rampart which
might serve as a retreat. Regardless of their duty to
gods and men, without taking auspices or offering a
sacrifice, they drew up their line, which they extended
on towards the wings, that they might not be surrounded
by the numerous forces of the enemy. On the right was
a small eminence, which they resolved to occupy with a
body of reserves ; and this measure, as it gave the first
cause to their dismay, so it proved the only means of
safety in their flight. The chieftain of the invaders
thought that, as his enemies were few, he should espe-
cially be on guard against their skill. Supposing, there-
fore, that the higher place had been seized with this
design, that when his forces should be engaged in front
with the line of the legions, that reserved force might
attack their rear and flank, he turned his force against
that body ; for he did not doubt that if he could dislodge
them from their post, his troops, so much superior in
number, would find an easy victory in the plain.
52 LATIN PEOSE EXERCISES.
XLVII.
[In connection with this exercise, study Appendix, 21-24.]
In the opposing army there appeared nothing like
Romans, either among the commanders or soldiers.
Terror and dismay had taken possession of their minds,
and such a total unconcern of their duty, that by far the
greater number took refuge in flight. For some time
the situation of the ground defended the reserve; but
those who formed the rest of the time on the flank and
on their rear, no sooner heard the shout, than not only
without attempting to fight, but without even returning
the shout, fresh and unhurt, they ran away from an
untried enemy almost before they had seen them. Thus
no lives of the combatants were lost ; but their rear was
cut to pieces, while they crowded on one another and
impeded their flight.
On the other hand, such a miraculous and speedy
victory astonished the enemy. At first they stood
motionless, struck with fear, as if ignorant of what had
happened; then they dreaded some stratagem; finally
they collected the spoils of the slain, and piled the arms
in heaps, according to their practice.
PARALLEL PASSAGES. 53
XLVIII.
[In connection with this exercise, study Appendix, 21-24.]
Immediately after the retreat of the Gauls all the old
enemies of Rome were again in arms, in order to take
advantage of the helpless condition of the Romans, and
the threatened revolt of the Latins made these attacks
especially dangerous. But the tried hero, Camillus, who
now for the second time commanded the Roman legions
as dictator, first attacked and overcame the Volscians,
and reduced them to final submission after they had
carried on war with Rome for seventy years. He then
vanquished the ^Equians, and turned with the rapidity
of lightning against the Etruscans, who, with united
powers, were besieging the town of Sutrium. Unable
to resist any longer, the inhabitants of Sutrium had
already surrendered their town, in consideration of a free
retreat, and the train of poor homeless creatures, with
their wailing wives and children, met Camillus, who
was hastening to their relief. He immediately pushed
forward to the town, where he surprised the Etruscans,
as they were engaged in plundering the town, and having
regained the place, restored it to the inhabitants on the
same day on which they had lost it. A well-deserved
triumph crowned this three-fold victory.
APPENDIX.
SUGGESTIONS
TO BE FOLLOWED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE EXERCISES.
1. Never attempt to translate the English exercises into Latin
without a thorough study of the chapters upon which they are
based.
2. Cultivate a habit of close observation in reading the Latin,
noticing carefully every word and phrase, every construction,
and the order of words in a sentence.
3. Observe with care also the logical relation of words and
clauses, which the Latin marks with greater precision than the
English. Notice that the word which most clearly shows its
connection with what precedes is put at the beginning of the
sentence.
4. Try to think in Latin. Read aloud the Latin text to your-
self, without translating, and try to comprehend its meaning in
the Roman order.
5. Before attempting to translate the English passage into
Latin, read it over carefully and endeavor to realize its meaning,
and to get the thought clearly before you.
6. Read the English aloud, and note the emphatic words
or phrases. Emphasis in Latin is occasionally expressed by
particles, but most often by the order of the words.
7. Do the whole written exercise before referring to the
Latin text upon which it is based. If it seems difficult, open
your Livy to the text, read and try to understand it thoroughly,
56 APPENDIX.
then close the book, and do the best you can before you again
refer to the original. Then compare and observe where the
original differs from your own, and endeavor to see exactly the
reasons for its superiority.
8. Do not use an English-Latin dictionary. In the text upon
which the English passage is based will be found all the
materials for the translation of that piece. ' No vice of com-
position is more common than the mechanical rendering of
printed English by means of a dictionary or phrase-book into
Latin writing.'
On the other hand, a good Latin-English dictionary must be
freely used, especially where the student is in doubt as to the
appropriateness of the word he has in mind.
9. Remember that a large number of English words come to
us through the late Latin, which differs widely oftentimes from
the classical language ; and you must beware of using Latin
words which seem to be the same as the English ones.
10. Before translating, reduce the English to its simplest
form, stripping it of needless synonyms, and eliminating all
inexactness and indistinctness. Translation from English into
Latin is largely a simplification. The English is a richer
language, and is more varied in its expression : the Latin is a
simple and very direct language. The Roman fondness for
simplicity is seen in the use of (a) res, ' a blank cheque, to be
filled up from the context to the requisite amount of meaning ' 1 ;
(b) ease, which is often to be translated by a more expressive
word, e.g. per castra indignatid ingens erat, great indignation
reigned throughout the camp ; (c) homines, which would trans-
late 'men,' 'persons,' 'individuals,' 'personalities,' 'peoples,'
' the world,' ' humanity.'
i p OTTS) Latin Prose Composition. The following meanings are
quoted from Livy : res Romana (state), ut turn res erant (circum-
stances), baud displicet res Tullo (proposal), res ad Camillum
rediit (government), res nova (novelty), res novae (revolution) ,
rs secundae (prosperity), res adversae (adversity), tua res
agritur (interest).
APPENDIX. 57
NOTES ON IDIOMS.
1. Substantives are less often used in Latin, and must
sometimes in translation be replaced by an adjective, adverb,
relative or other verbal clause.
2. Auxiliary verbs will be often suppressed in translation,
in such expressions as, ' He was the first to do it,' ' It is you I
ask ' (primus haec fecit, te rogo) : position in Latin ofttimes
giving the effect of our auxiliary verbs.
3. Many other verbs, such as ' keep,' ' cease," ' begin,' ' at-
tempt,' 'try,' etc., disappear altogether in translation, or their
force is expressed by adverbs.
4. The Latin Imperfect often expresses such ideas, as
' continued to,' 'used to,' 'tried to,' 'proceeded to,' 'began to.'
5. 'Would,' 'could,' etc., used as auxiliaries in subjunc-
tive clauses, and the same words used as imperfects of ' will,'
'can,' etc., ought to be distinguished in translation. The last
sense is expressed by possum, and certain impersonals like
licet, etc. ' Would ' is often used in a frequentative sense, and
is then translated by the imperfect tense.
6. Notice the difference between the Latin and English
idioms with verbs of necessity and possibility ('might,' 'ought,'
'could,' etc., with infinitive), potui (poteram) vidgre, /
might have seen, debui (debebam) videre, I ought to have
seen, hoc dixisse potest, he may have said this.
The difference of idiom arises from the English defective
verbs may, ought, etc., and the correct use of the tense in Latin
may be shown by a more literal translation : e.g. potui vidSre,
I was able to see ; debui vidre, / was bound (it was my duty)
to see ; hoc dixisse potest, it is possible that he said this.
58 APPENDIX.
7. The Latin Present Participle is strictly present, and
denotes uncompleted action contemporaneous with that of the
main verb. The English present participle is often used
vaguely, and must be translated by the past participle cum
with the subjunctive, etc.
8. The Ablative Absolute may be equivalent to an adver-
bial clause of time, manner, condition, cause, or concession.
But this construction is to be avoided, (a) when it stands for
a subordinate clause, in which the subject denotes the same
person or thing as the subject or object of the principal clause :
e.g. ha.ec legens te vidi (not me legente) ; (6) when the
Ablative has a noun, adjective, or participle in the predicate in
agreement with it : e.g. cum Cicero consul creatus esset,
when Cicero was elected Consul.
9. The Adjective in Latin often stands instead of the
objective or subjective genitive, or instead of a preposition and
its case, especially to denote origin, designation of place and
time, and material : e.g. domus regia, the palace of the king.
Miltiades Atheniensis, Miltiades of Athens, pugna Cannen-
sis, the battle of Cannae., iter Brundisinum, the way towards
Brundisium.
Conversely, sometimes in Latin, the genitive of a noun must
be used, where in English an adjective is employed : e.g. hos-
tium castra, hostile camps, omnium gaudium, general joy.
10. An Adjective of praise or blame is not combined with
a proper name, except as a cognomen or title; but first the
proper name is mentioned, and then the class with the attribute :
e.g. Cato, homo doctissimus, the learned Cato. Alexander
Magnus, Alexander the Great.
11. If several adjectives be joined to a noun, as a rule they
are connected by copulative conjunctions. Uote especially the
following expressions :
multa et magna incommoda, many great disadvantages.
multi et optimi homines
multi optimique homines ^ many excellent men.
multi, iique optimi
APPENDIX. 59
12. In an enumeration of three or more co-ordinate words,
either (1) each is connected with the preceding by a conjunc-
tion (polysyndeton), or (2) no conjunction is put (asyndeton) :
e.g. summa fide et constantia, et iustitia; or, summa fide,
constantia, iustitia.
So alii, cetera, reliqui stand at the end of an enumeration,
without a conjunction: e.g. honores, divitiae, cetera; like-
wise, postremo, denique, and not, et postremo, etc.
Asyndeton occurs in quick or animated discussion : vgni,
vidi, vici.
13. Sometimes the Romans joined two nouns by a con-
junction, where the English employs a noun with the genitive
or an adjective : e.g. ratio et doctrma, theoretical knowledge.
This figure is called Hendiadys.
14. The frequent use of the Relative as a connective where
the English employs a personal or demonstrative pronoun ought
to be carefully remembered.
15. Latin was pre-eminently a language of orators and
rhetoricians, and has, therefore, assumed a rhetorical color.
This is seen in the frequent use of the superlative of the adjec-
tive where the English would have the positive.
16. The Latin, being a very direct language in its expres-
sion, naturally prefers the Active to the Passive voice, so that
the English passive is more often to be translated by the active
in Latin.
But the Impersonal Passive is frequently employed where the
expression is indefinite : e.g. hue concurritur, they rush for
this point, a general rush is made for this point.
17. " Latin is concrete in its expression. It deals with the
concrete and individual, not with the abstract and universal."
Thus ' Rome ' or ' Carthage ' should be rendered in Latin by
Roman! or Cartha'ginieuses, when a quality or action of the
inhabitants is spoken of.
18. Verbal abstracts, as ' knowledge,' are sometimes to be
rendered by the Infinitive, or, in the oblique cases, by the
60 APPENDIX.
Gerund: e.g. gratiam deb ere. the feeling of gratitude ; fellcem
ease, success : ad perfrueiidas voluptates,/or the enjoyment of
pleasures.
19. The Participle in agreement with a noun is sometimes
used for the corresponding verbal noun with the genitive : this
form is particularly employed where the verbal noun is not in
good use : e.g. urbs capta, the capture of the city ; hae litterae
recitatae, the reading of the letter.
20. Remember that the English sometimes expresses single
ideas by double terms : e.g. ' feeling of shame ' (pudor), ' love
of glory ' (gloria) ; and conversely, an English word may unite
several ideas: e.g. 'prejudices' (opmioues praeiudicatae, or
falsae atque inveterata oplniones), ' character ' (ingenium
et mores), 'method' (via et ratio).
THE PERIODIC STYLE IN LIVY.
21. Livy and Cicero in the main adopted the periodic
style, for which the Latin language, in its freedom of arrange-
ment of words and clauses, has special aptitude. In the imita-
tion of Livy's style, it is therefore important to understand
clearly the nature of the formation of well-proportioned and
rhythmical periods ; and it is intended to make a short study
of that style here, and to give rules which may be consulted,
especially before the translation of the last seven exercises.
The student should carefully note the difference between
the English and Latin style. English is essentially a language
of separate or detached sentences, making clauses logically sub-
ordinate and dependent, co-ordinate and independent sentences.
The Latin, on the other hand, attends more carefully to the
logical relation of clauses. In the treatment of a subject it
seizes upon the central idea, expresses it by a leading clause,
and groups around it, by means of subordinate clauses, all
accessory ideas, so as to form a symmetrical whole.
APPENDIX. 61
22. A Period l is a complex sentence, in which one or
more subordinate clauses are incorporated into the main
clause : e.g.
Scipio, ut Hannibalem ex Italia deduceret, exercitum in Afri-
carn traiecit. [Cf. Scipio exercitum in Africam traiecit, ut Han-
nibalem ex Italia deduceret (not periodic).]
Flaminius, cum pridie solis occasu ad lacum perveni?set, inex-
plorato postero die vixdum satis certa luce angustils superatis,
postquam in patentiorem campum paudi agmen coepit, id tan-
turn hostium, quod ex adverse erat, conspexit. (Livy xxii. 4.)
Numitor inter primum tumultum hostes invasisse urbem
atque adortos regiam dictitans, cum pubem Alhanum in arcem
praesidiS armisque obtinendarn avocasset, postquatn iuvenes
perpetrata caede pergere ad se gratulantes vidit, exemplo advo-
cato concilio, scelera in se fratres, originem, neptotum, ut geniti,
ut educati, ut cogniti essent, caedem delude tyranni seque eius
auctorem ostendit. (Livy i. 6.)
23. By a study of the above examples we observe
(a) That the sense is expressed by the sentence as a whole,
the thought and grammatical structure being not completed till
the last word.
(b) That the main idea or leading statement is expressed by
the principal sentence.
(c) That the circumstances of the main action are put in
subordinate clauses, which are incorporated within the principal
sentence, and are arranged in their natural order, i.e. in the
order in which they naturally occur to the mind.
(d) That a period opens with a leading element, common to
the principal and subordinate clauses, which is usually the
subject, and is followed immediately by the subordinate clauses.
'From Gr. *-pioo* (=clrcuitus or ambitus verborum). "A
Period is so-called because the reader, in order to collect together the
words of the principal sentence, must make a circuit, so to say, round
the interpolated clauses." POTTS, Hints towards Latin Prose Compo-
sition.
62 APPENDIX.
Hence the arrangement of the parts of a period is, in the main,
as follows :
1. The subject, with the phrases or clauses immediately con-
nected with it. 2. The phrases or clauses expressing circum-
stances of time, place, cause, means, etc. 3. Clauses expressing
the remoter object. 4. The object, with the clauses immedi-
ately connected with it. 5. The principal verb.
(e) That the subordinate ideas of a Latin period would, in
English, be detailed in a number of co-ordinate and indepen-
dent sentences. This may be seen in a translation of the fore-
going passages from Livy :
" Flaminius had reached the lake at sunset the day before.
On the morrow, without reconnoitring and while the light was
still uncertain, he traversed the narrow pass. As his army
began to deploy into the widening plain, he could see only that
part of the enemy's force which was in front of him." (Livy
xvii. 4.)
" In the beginning of the tumult, Numitor called out that
the city was assaulted by an enemy, and the palace attacked.
He had drawn away the Alban youth to the citadel, on pre-
tence of securing it by an armed garrison ; and in a little time,
seeing the young men, after perpetrating the murder, coming
towards him, with expressions of joy, he instantly called the
people to an assembly, laid before them the iniquitous behavior
of his brother towards himself ; the birth of his grandchildren,
how they were begotten, how educated, how discovered ; then
informed them of the death of the usurper, and that he had
himself encouraged the design." (Livy i. 6.)
24. SPECIAL SUGGESTIONS.
1. The element common to both principal and subordinate
sentences is placed at the beginning. This, as has been stated,
is commonly the subject of principal and subordinate sentences ;
but it may also be
APPENDIX. 63
(a) The object : e.g.
Alcibiadem ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, tells e mi-
nus missis inter fecerunt.
(b) The object of principal sentence, and subject of subordi-
nate sentence : e.g
Scipwnem Hannibal eo ipso, quod adversus eum dux esset
potissimum lectus, praestantem virum credebat.
(c) The subject of principal sentence, and object of subordi-
nate clause : e.g
Rex Prusias, cum Hannibali apud eum exsulantl depugnare
placeret, negabat se audere, quod exta prohiberent.
But usually (b) and (c) are avoided, for the same noun, as
far as possible, is kept in the same case throughout the period.
2. Result and Final Clauses generally stand after the word on
which they depend : e.g.
Tantus repente clamor est sublatus, ut Placentiae quoque
audiretur.
3. Noun clauses, in long periods, in indirect narration, follow
the principal verb : e.g.
Respondit, transisse Rhenum sese non sua sponte, sed rogatum
et arcessltum a Gallis.
4. Avoid the accumulation of verbs at the end of a period : e.g.
Pyrrhus igitur, cum putaret sibi gloriosum fore pacem et
foedus cum Romanis post victoriam facere, Romam nusit lega-
tum Cineam, qui pacem aequis conditionibus proponeret.
5. For the sake of clearness, nothing extraneous to the main
thought should be introduced within the period. Such accessory
sentences, therefore, become parenthetical : e.g.
Belli Fidenatis contagione irritatl Veientium animi, et c5n-
sanguinitate (nam Fldenates quoque EtruscI fuerunt) et quod
ipsa loca propinquitas loci, si Romana arma omnibus Infesta
finitinus essent, stimulabant.
25. The following Periods from Livy may serve to illus-
trate these remarks and suggest special points :
64 APPENDIX.
(a) Duin haec in Italia geruntur, Cn. Cornelius Scipio in
Hispaniam cum classe et exercitu missus, cum ab ostio Rhodanl
profectus Pyrenaeosque montes circumvectus Emporils appulis-
set classem, exposito ibi exercitu, orsus a Lacetanis omnem
oram usque ad Hiberum fluinen partim renovandls societatibus,
partim novls mstituendls Romanae dicionis fecit. (Livy xxi. 60.)
While these events were happening in Ttaly, Cneius Cornelius
Scipio had been despatched with a fleet and an army to Spain.
He started from the mouth of the Rhone and sailed around
the Pyrenees and brought his ships to anchor at Emporiee. He
disembarked his army there, and beginning with the Lacetani,
while he renewed old as well as new alliances, he brought under
Roman sway the entire coast as far as the river Ebro.
(b) Ipse Hannibal aeger oculis ex verna primum intetnperie
variante calores frigoraque, elephants, qui unus superfuerat,
quo altius ab aqua exstaret, vectus, vigilils tamen et nocturno
humore palustrique caelo gravante caput, et quia medendl nee
locus nee tempus erat, altero oculo capitur. (Livy xxii. 2.)
Hannibal's eyes sjuffered from the trying weather of the
spring, with its great variations of heat and cold, and therefore
rode on an elephant, which had survived, that he might be as
high as possible above the water. Yet long watches, the dews
of the night, and the moist climate affected his head : there was
neither place nor time for the application of remedies, and the
consequence was that he lost one of his eyes.
(c) Inde Tullum Hostilium, nepotem Hostilil, cuius in Infima
arce clara pugna adversus Sabinos fuerat, regem populus iussit.
(i. 22.)
(d) Itaque, ut caedes manifesta aliquo tamen piaculo luere-
tur, imperatum patri, ut filium expiaret pecunia publica. Is,
quibusdam piacularibus sacrifices factls, quae deinde genti
Horatiae traditl sunt, transmlsso per viam tigillo, capite
adoperto, velut sub iugum misit iuvenem. (i. 26.)
(e) Nocte una audito perfectoque bello Sabino, postero die, in
magnum iam spe undique partae pacis, legati Aurunci senatum
adeunt, nl decedatur Volsco agro bellum indicantes. (ii. 26.)
17426
University of California Library
Los Angeles
This book is DUE on the last dace stamped below.
310/82
MAY 052003
REC'DYRL
ft APR 12 2004
REC'DYRL vfc
o-y i oc
L2Q03
B 1 1 MB
UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
A 000 729 629 6
Universit
Southe
Libra
