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Gift of
Prof. Raymond Harriman
STANFORD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARIES
Latin Synonyms
Defined From Two Standpoints,
(1) From the Historical and Derivative;
(2) From the Natural and Log^ical
As from the presence of the following
Intrinsic and Undeniable Concepts:
(a) Generic and Specific Ideas,
(b) Primary and Secondary ldeas»
(c) Dynamic and Static Ideas,
(d) Measure and Thing to be Measured.
BY-
ROBT. WM, DOUTHAT. Ph.D.,
1/
Prof, of the Latin Language and Literature
in the West Virgtnin University,
Morgan town. W. Va.
^^i-
Copyrighted, 1907,
By ROBBRT WM. DOUTHA.T.
All Rights Reserved.
'H
PREFACE
The need of some explanation of the real difPerences in the
use and meanings of words is found to be necessary from the very
beginning of our course of study in a foreign language. Otherwise,
the ordinary student of a foreign tongue will make as many blunders
as the Frenchman who had concluded from a short stay in this
country that living in America was very "costive," and that, if he
could once get hold of all the ways in which "got" is used, he would
know two-thirds of the English language.
Students of Latin will sometimes try to translate an Eng.
sentence by the first words they find* answering to the Eng.
words. For example, the following sentence is given in English to
be turned into Latin: — ^"The whole farm is covered with sheep and
cattle and hogs and chickens." The student finds tego means **to
cover'* and writes tegitub and then the sentence to a Roman would
mean "the whole farm "is roofed in" with sheep and cattle and hogs
and chickens," so that the rains cannot get to the land any more and
the earth will keep dry. In other words, hogs and cattle and sheep
and chickens are spread so thick over a raised platform that neither
rain or sunshine can reach the ground underneath. Again, **the
dialogue is made to rest on the authority of men of the olden times."
Facebe means 'to make' and bequiescere means *to rest.' Then the
student writes bequiescebe factus est, which to the Roman mind meant
Hs m^ide to go to sleep,'
Take the expression in Eng.. 'a good deal,' and dictate to a student
"he had a good deal in his basket," pronouncing carelessly the word
'deal,' as many do, making it 'eal. The student will soon speak out, —
"teacher, I know all the words in that sentence perfectly well, except
BEL. Will you please tell me what that is in Latin?"
Take the expression "bellied sails'* or "fu'l sails;" you would not
look for the vektbefacta vela or vela alveata or vela plena, but for
VELA PASSA, 'spread sails*'
Take such an expression as "full day"; you would not use pleitus
nor ooMPLETus, but solious, integeb, or totus.
(3)
PREFACE.
What the student wants is a clear conception of the true meaning
of a word, and then he will be able to understand the writer or to
express himself with exactness and force; but, if he does not know
the difference in the use of synonynis, he will blunder in his thinking
and also in his expression.
Now, we may sometimes think that the student is the only one
at fault in this matter. He has studied carelessly, has not been
critical, etc.. etc. But the truth of the matter is the fact that ninet
TENTHS of those who have siudied Latin or Greek for three or five
years, and who know the grammatical relations of words well, do
not know the differences of words, which, having the same meanings
in the vocabularies, carry immense difiterences in their values. And
now comes the astonishing feature in the case, viz., that fully one-
half of the TEACHERS OF Latin do not know and therefore cannot
explain these differences, and at least one-half of the other half
will depend on vague and unsatisfactory definitions and have abso-
lutely no principle of interpretation. Put up for examination the
50,000 TEACHERS of Latin in the United States and let the examination
be wholly on sjrnonyms. Three-fourths, or 37.500 will not g:ade
50 out of 100, and 25,000 will not grade 25 out of 100, and 10.000 will
not grade 10 out of 100, and yet, to get the true value of a trans-
lation from Latin into English depends as much on the exact ren^
dering of a verb or a noun or an adjective or adverb or a preposition
as it does on cases or modes and tenses. No rendering by simple
mode and tense or case can ever satisfy a critical mind. The true
meaning of the word must be known, and this cannot be known,
unless the difference between any two words with similar meanings
is clear,— clear by definitions, clear by some principle of interpretation,
or clear by the historical and derivative connection of the word.
We feel therefore that, next to Grammar, there must be a clearing
up of the differences existing among synonymous words, and this
constitutes our apology for making this book along lines already
definitely drawn.
And now a word to my fellow teachers as to the method to be
pursued in the use of the book.
PREFACE.
(1) No student, much less teacher, would ever stultify himself
by saying that there are not General and Specific terms employed by
the Latin.; for, if we go no further, all Neuters are generic. When
Caesar safd pugnandum est, he meant that everybody fought. We
know also that Res is the most generic term among nouns, meaning
anything visible or invi ible, anything that can be imagined or
dreamed of as an object or subject.. Then for all actions, agebe is the
most generic term among verbs, etc., etc.
The difference between Genebics and Specifics should be pointed
out frequently and made clear to the comprehension of every student,
at least after he has had his first year in the study of the forms at
Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, etc.
(2) Pbimabt and Secondabt words should also have attention,
but these might be left for the Third Year, as these require a higher
degree of intelligence and wider range of thought than do the General
and Special, and yet the Primary and Secondary are equally as import*
ant as the Generic and Specific. As examples of the Primary and
Secondary, most of the Prepositions are primary, but Ds is certainly
secondary and 1001 things may be explained from its secondary mean-
ing that could not be so well explained in any other way.
(3) Dynamic and Static ideas require a still wider reach of
thought and therefore should not have much attention before the
fourth year of the course, but then they should be strongly impressed,
for the differences are both great and important. We shall make
much use of these ideas in discriminating between words in the body
of our book.
(4) Standards and Things to be Measubed should have special
attention. The Author.
West Va. Univ., Morgantown, W. Va.
Sept. 1, 1907.
LATIN SYNONYMS
The lines along whicli we shall work will take the lead of the
four special directions indicated on the last page of our preface,
namely:
(1) The Generic and Specific.
(2) The Primary and Secondary.
(8) The Dynamic and Static.
(4) Standards and Things to be Measured.
(6)
FIRST CHAPTER
GENERIC AND SPEGIFIO IDEAS.
Such as represent the general, common, and well-nigh uniyer-
sal ideas of action or condition heing Generic; and those that repre-
sent special, particular and individual ideas of action or condition
and of objects or subjects required in analysis for distinction being
Specific. For example, there are but four absolute' y generic idteaa
in all the universe, but these may have sub-generics, and the sub-
gener'cs may again be sub-divided; but Specifics will constitute in
all languages the great bulk of all that words or symbols can repre-
sent. Hence we may conclude, that, if we learn a few hundred
snb-generics, we shall have little trouble with the specifics. This
we think will be made perfectly clear in the study of verbs, of which
we hai^e arranged many under snb-generics.
(7)
Gapere«
Acciperet
Ooncip^rie,
Ezcipere^
Recipere,
SiudpcTOf
Pwclporai
Habere,
Adhiberet
Oohibere,
Inhibere,
LATIN SYNONYMS
(1) I. Generic and Specific Ideas.
take the genwal term for *take* in any way.
*^ a specific term for *take to one's self.
•• " " " •take together* as
parts of a whole or
as persons perform-
the one act.
" " " " •take to one side/
cheat, deceive.
•• " " " •take out* as from
the original whole*
'except/ etc., etc.
" " " " •take back/ receive.
recover, return, re-
tain, etc., etc
•' " " " •take up/ carry, sup-
port, endure, etc.
•• " " " 'take throni^rh or
thoroaghly/ per-
ceive, etc.
(2)
have the general term for •have* In any way.
•• a specific term for •have to/ apply to,
bring to, join to, add
to. Invite to, etc.
'• " " " •have together/ con-
fine, control, re-
strain, contain, hold,
etc
•' .., " " " •have in/ hold in, re-
strain, check, row
backward, etc.
(8)
LATIN SYNONYMS.
9
Periiibere, have -" " " •have complete.^,*
propose, say, con-
sider, etc., etc.
Praehibere, •* " " " 'hav- before one,* as
a he p, ofPer, pre-
sent, furnish, af-
ford, etc.
Piphibere, '* ** " " *have before one,* as
a hindrance, check,
restrain, etc., etc.
(3)
Bare, give the general term for *give* in any way
whatever.
Abdere, *' a specific term for *give away,* put
away, withdraw, re-
move, retire, etc.
Addere, " " " " 'give to,* add to. in-
crease, etc.
Circnmdare, " " " " *g ve aroond,* sur-
# round, etc.
Ck>ndere, " " " " 'give together,* put
gether, form, com-
pose, collect, etc.
Dedere, *' " *' " 'give up,* surrender,
devote one's self, etc.
Bdene, " " " " 'give out,* as from
the orig'nal,. report,
publish, etc., e'c.
Indere, •' " " " *give In,* introduce,
put in, etc.
Perdere, " " " " 'give completely/ de-
stroy, waste, etc.
Piodere, •' " . " " 'give forth,* pub-
lish, reveal, etc.
10 LATIN SYNONYMS.
Beddere, give " " " *giine Hack** return,
reflect, resemble, re-
peat, etc., etc.
Subdere, " " " " •give under/ sub-
ject, subdue, etc.
Donare« give the special term for making a present.
Tradere, " " " " " handing over to
another what we
have.
Tribuere, " '* " paying what is
due.
Largiri, " *' " " ** making gifts to
friends.
(4)
Velle, wish a general te^^n for wishing anything at
all, a yielding of the
mind or heart to any
outgoing impulse after
^ any desirable object that
may present itself.
Avere, wish " " but stronger than v^lle,
and giving us our word
avarice, 'wanting the
world/ never satisfied
with any one thing.
Caperef wish a specific temi for 'wishing some one
thing eagerly.' From
Cupere we get Cupid
and Cupidity, both
strong terms.
Optare, wish " " for 'wish the best,'
choose elect, etc.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
11
Desiderare, wish " " for 'wigli what one has
had and lost.'
Bzoptare, wish " ** for 'wish eagerly the
best,' an intensified op-
tare, as though one's
long-time first choice.
Concnpiscere, wish " "for 'wishing eagerly and
intensely one thing/
the con being the
strongest intensificar
tion.
(6)
Abesse, want a general term« 'away from/ as depart-
ure from some original
position.
Egere. want " " denoting real need,
sometimes equal to ca»
rere, sometimes equal
deciderare.
Ihdigere •• " " 'strong need,' absolute
want, from inda = in
and egere.
Carere, " a special term, 'lacking,' having capac-
ity for, but that capac-
ity unfilled.
Vacare, " ** " 'free from* somthing
not desired.
Ileesse, •• " " 'away from,'* as from
something which has
continued its departure
or absence indefinitely
Deflcene, ** " " 'to fail,' as a resource
that has lasted for a
time, but no part of
which is now on hand.
12
LATIN SYNONYMS.
(6)
Ire, go A snb-geniu for action, but the most
general term for 'go.'
Abire, ** to go away from any place, as one of
many such departures.
Adire, ** to go to a p ace, to approach.
Antelre, go to go before in t'me or to excel in ac-
tion, but in general simply to pre-
cede.
drcamire, .go to go round, as in a circle, or figura-
tively to cheat or to express by cir-
cumlocution, or even to solicit vo^es.
Coire, ** to go together, to unite, to combine, to
curd'e, to freeze, or even to marry.
Deire, ** to go out, as a part from the whole.
Bxire, *' to go out, as a complete organism, or
as one of many important factors,
the Ex belonging to those things
only that indicate importance or
completeness.
Inire, ** to go in, to enter, to begin, to com-
mence, to undertake.
Interirof ** to perish, to be lost among others, to
be destroyed, to die, etc., etc.
Obire, ** to come up against, to oppose, to die,
and figuratively to discharge one's
bail.
Ferire, '* to go through, pass away, perish, die,
etc., etc., the per always denoting
the whole diameter of a circle or
sphere.
JPraeterlre, ** to go by, pass by, omit, not mention,
to outstrip in a race.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
13
ProdiKe, go to go forth, go forward, advance, ap-
pear as a character in a play.
Redire, ** to go back, come back, return, come
back to one's senses, etc., etc.
Snbire, •• to come under, pass under, dive un-
der, take upon one's self a burden,
even to happen to a person, etc.
Transire, ** to go over, but always as a whole
thing from one position to another.
(7)
Venire, come a snb-genas for action, but the most
general term for 'come.*
Advenire, come to come to, to happen, to come near, etc.
Antevenire, *• to come before, to get the start, to an-
tic! pate, etc.
Circnmvenire, come to come round, surround, beset, op-
press, even to cheat.
Oonvenire, ** to come together, unite, agree upon,
suit, be convenient, be on good
terms, etc.
Devenire, ** to come to, arrive at, reach, as from
some other position already reached.
Evenire ** to come out, happen, befa 1, occur, but
always as a whole or something of
great importance.
Invenire, ** to come upon, to find or find out, to
learn, but not as by searching. Rep-
lerire is used in the sense of finding
by search.
Intervenire, •• to come between, intervene, interrupt
happen whi'e something else is being
done.
Obvenire, ** to come in the way of, to meet, to hap-
pen, fall to the lot of, etc., etc.
14
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Penrenire, come to come to, reach, attain to, etc., etc.
Praevenire, ** to come before, anticipate, get tbe start
of, etc.
ProTenire, ** to come forth or forward, appear upon
stage, shoot forth as a plant, grow,
even to succeed or prosper.
Bereniie, ** to come back, return domum or in
urbem.
SnbTenire, ** to come up to aid, to help, succour, to
remedy or relieve, but always close.
Supervenlre, ** to come over, to arrive, to come' upon
unexpectedly.
Transrenire, (?)** trans representing the side opposite that
on which you stand, trans-venire
wou'd be an impossible idea. Trans-
ire is all right, because the person
can go from yonr side to the opposite,
but he cannot **come** from your side
to the side opposite you; that is *go/
*Coine* always means toward self.
All language must be supposed to
have been developed as from the stand-
point of the first person.
(8)
Ifoscere, know a sab-genns of comprehension, but the
general term for *know.*
Ifovisse (pf.noscere) 'know*, used as a present, perhaps because the
original idea was to get possession, to
grasp, and hence, 'I have grasped'
(mentally), was *to know.'
IHdicisse, know as 'to have learned,' being the result or
efPect of the causative *teaoh.*
Tenere, know as 'to hold or possess,' being the equiv-
alent of novisse, in that it is a present
possession.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
15
Intelligere, know but this is by comparison of two or
more things brought before the mind.
In other words, we have noted the
difference.
Cognoflcerey know a strengthened form of noscere, and so
meaning thoroughly considered.
Accipere, know in the sense of 'receive.* I have it by
its having been given to me from
others; I did not get it by investiga-
tion.
Compeiire, know as having been found out by thorough
search.
Scire, know a shortened (?) form of noscere, the
change to a fourth conjugation being
made for the sake of euphony. This
verb is generally used for 'knowing
by experience,' and so is opposed to
opinor and arbttror.
(9)
Cogitare, think as to be conscious of one's ideas.
Opinari, " as to suppose from some view taken of
an object that is brought to our at-
tention.
Pntare, '' as counting over or estimating values,
to reckon, to weigh, and hence often
to believe.
Arbitrarl, ** to express an opinion as a witness* even
to hear or perceive.
Oenisere, ** to express an opinion as a senator, to
appraise as an assessor, even to vote.
CKedere, *' to trust because of a well-grounded
opinion — the half-way to knowledge.
Jndicaie, '* to Judge after examination has been
made.
16
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Sentire, th'.nk as to depend on the senses.
Stataere, ** by coming to a fixed determination.
(10)
S'nere, allow as a matter of the will, I am willing.
Pati ** as a matter of weakness, I cannot
help it.
Concedere, al'ow as a yielding to some request.
Permittore, '* as giving permission for something to
be done.
(11)
Specere, perceive as simply to look at, behold, or see.
Aspicere, ** to look at something, to face it, even to
withstand or confront, to investigate,
to perceive.
Circiunspicere, perceive. ... to look round, to consider caref u ly.
Conspicere, ** to look at close! y or to view as many
persons at one time.
Despicere, ** to look down upon, desp!se, but often
simply to look down from a higher
position.
Inspicere, ** to look into, examine, contemplate, in-
spect, even to become acquainted
with.
Introspicere, *' to look into closely, — (1) to be within
and then (2) to look.
Perspicere, ** to look through and through, to exam-
ine thoroughly.
Prospicere, ** to look forward, to foresee, even to
provide for or procure.
Respicere, " to look back, to reflect, observe, as by
going over the same ground a second
or third time.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
17
Retrospicene, .perceive to look backward, as by viewing at a
distance things already once passed.
Snspicere, ** the opposite of despic^re, and hence to
look up to, honor, but often to merely
look up from a lower position.
Transpicere, ** to look at something on the other side.
(12)
Sentire, perceive but by the senses.
Assentire, ** (1) to perceive and then (2) to ac-
knowledge the fact, and hence to
assent.
Consentire ** (1) to perceive and then (2) all to
come to the same conclusion, and
hence to agree.
Persentire, " to perceive distinctly or to feel deeply.
Praesentire, ** to have a presentiment or premonition.
Snbsentire, ** to notice or perceive secretly.
Percipere, ** to seize upon mentally, and hence to
learn.
Aadlre, " through the sense of hearing alone.
Notare, ** as by marking and then observing the
marks or signs.
Animadvertere, perceive .... as by turning the whole inner man
upon and about any person or thing.
Cognoscere, perceive as by becoming thoroughly acquainted
with all the features.
Observare, '* .as by keeping the person or facts al-
ways before one's self.
Intelligere, *' as by making comparisons of conduct
today with that of yesterday or to-
morrow.
(13)
Videre, perceive by separatiiig one thing from all others.
IS
L.ATIN fiYNONTMS.
Oircumyidero (?)9ereeive. . aa impossible concept, for the simple
reason that videre sees only the one
thing separate from others.
ElYidere ( ? ) perceive an impossible concept, because E means
'out from within/ and 'to see out
from within' would not be separation
of one thing from all others.
to look upon some one thing steadily,
and hence as envious.
to look through and through, and hence
to distinguish.
to see^ as it were, something immedi-
ately before us, to foresee.
to see forward, and hence to provide
for the one thing needed.
to see again some one thing or several
considered as one.
to supervise some one thing as distinct
from a' I others, or some several
things considered as one.
Invidere,
Pervldeve,
Praevidere
ProYidere,
Bevidere,
Snpervidere,
(14)
Gemere, perceive by first collecting and then distributing
and then selecting. See Videre above.
Videre first of all, separates the one
thing from all others.
is a secondary idea, and hence decision
follows selection.
makes a decision or difference between
any two or more of the things class-
ified.
sorts out the one class from the other,
each having its own characteristics.
sift upon, but always with the notion
of collection first.
tt
•«
Bxcemere,
Incemere,
««
a
LATIN SYNONYMS.
19
Seoeffmere, pcprceiye . to put asunder thin^ that are in a col-
lected state.
(15)
Aperlre, open ? . to expose to view, to open up what has
been concealed, but not what has
been shut. Recludere is to open
what has been shut.
Adaperire^ '* to open fully doors or gates.
Patere, ** to open up by spreading out very thinly
anything that has been folded up.
Hiore, ** to open as by gaping, to open the mouth
,^ in astonishment, to long for.
Patefacl»«, " to make open or wide-spread.
Patrscere, " to lie open or cause to open wide.
Reserare, ** to unclose 9-s a door, even to tear open
Perforare, " to open by piercing through, to perfo-
rate.
Reclndere, ** to open as gates that have been closed.
PanderCf " to open by spreading out, but not thinly.
Delcere, ** to open by felling the trees.
Ezpandere, ** to open by explaining aa in giving the
parts one by one.
Piirgare« *' to open by purifying, cleansing, etc.
Evolvere, " by unrolling what has been involved.
Inangnrare, ** by getting the auspices beforehand.
Revolvere, " by rolling backward what had been
ro led forward.
Ck>nsecrare, ** by consecrating for use a temple hith-
erto closed.
Resignare, ** ........ by unsealing letters or wills.
Dedicare, " by dedicating a temple hitherto un-
finished.
Solvere, *' by loosening what has been bound.
20
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Discedere, open caelum discedit, as the departure oi
cloud».
Insecare, ** by the making of an incision.
Dehiscere, ** ........ by the gaping of the earth.
Incidere, ** by bursting into a place.
Recmd'^ctei^, " by wounds opening afresh.
Porrlgere, " by stretching out the hands wide open.
Explanare, *' by spreading out as in or on a plain.
Secare, " ........ by cu'^ting in pieces.
Detegere, " by taking off the roof.
Retcgere, ** by opening up the roof.
Explicare, ** .by unfolding what has been folded.
Interpretaii, ** by making distinctions between sub-
jects hitherto confused.
(16)
Olaudere, shut a sub-genus of ^^comprehension,** the
general term for "close, shut In.**
Circumcladere, shut to shut in on all sides, circnm allowing
more space than con.
Concladere, ** to shut in closely on all sides, con rep-
resenting close grasp.
Exclndere, " to shut out, but ex as heretofore mean-
ing not to shut out a little piece of
something, but to shut out some en-
tire organism. Is there an abdudere?
Inclndere, " to shut in, but usually not a piece of
anything, but some entire organism,
in being employed as the opposite
of ex.
Interdndere, " those who circnmclnde hold those who
are interclnded, inter like circnm al-
lowing space for the things inter-
eluded.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
21
Ocdndere,
Fraedndette,
Reclndere,
Secludere,
shut to shut up, as a house or to shut in what
needs to be guarded.
" to close in front, but always with the
thought of what is near at hand. The
word is used for shutting a person'^
mouth.
** to shut back, and so to open what has
been closed, not what seems to have
been originally encased or encrusted.
*' to shut off to itself, as a person or thing
put in some other position or condi-
tion without or on the outside of
others. Hence the word is often
used in the sense of ^banish.* 'To ban-
ish cares' is caras secludere.
(17)
Ducere, lead a sub-genus for *actioii/ but a general
term for 'lead,* 'draw,' 'drag,' the
actor or doer going before.
Abdncere, lead to lead away from any place, condition
or relation, a man from the forum, a
s^ave from his master, a person from
his allegiance, etc., etc.
Addncere, " just the opposite of abdncere.
Circamdiicere, lead to lead round, but not close to the
things mentioned.
Gonducere, " to lead together, and so necessarily into
close connection. Con and In hold
about the same relation to each other
as Circnm and Inter.
Dednoere, ** to lead away, as denoting that, of what
has been in some original or home
position, there is a departure to an-
other position.
22
LATIN SYNONYMS.
SSdncere,
Indacere,
Introdncere,
Obducere,
Perducere,
Praedncere,
Producere,
Reducers,
Sedncere,
Snbducere,
lead to lead out, and always as we have
said, some completed organism or
some entire body from one place to
another.
*• for 'putting on clothes/ but carrying, as
before said, the concept of into close
connection.
** to introduce, the concept being that of
bringing from the outside to the in-
side, but not necessarily into close
relations.
*' to draw over or in front, as a cover;
to wrinkle the brow, and even to
spend time.
" to lead or bring to any place or condi-
tion, the per carrying the meaning
of all the way through, as the full
diameter of circle or sphere.
•• to lead forward,. but differing from pro-
dncere in that prae is more immedi-
ately in front than pro.
•* to lead forward, but in the sense of go-
ing on into more distant time or
space. Pro may be in the next cen-
tury.
** to lead back, as in returning troops to
quarters once occupied, or to bring
back to memory what once we had
learned.
*• to lead to themselves, to exclude from
the view of others.
" to lead away secretly, and yet often
used of hills sloping gradually down-
ward.
LrATm SYNONYMS.
2d
Transdncere, lead to lead over or across^ as from our
side of bridge or river or other sep-
arating line.
(18)
9eqiii, 'follow' a sub-genus of ''extengton/* the genera!
term for follow.'
Adseqni, *' to follow, but properly to follow up to
that which precedes.
Gonseqni, ** to follow as a consequence, either in a
compact body or intently, fully, com-
pletely.
fixseqni, ** to follow out, as something from within
to the outside, and so quisqae spem
exseqnitiir, or a person follows a
corpse, etc. *
Inseqni, ** to follow into and in close contact with
, the object pursued. Hence, to pursue
an enemy.
Obsequi, ** almost an impossible concept, but a
dog often Jumps up almost to the
face of his master, when the dog is
glad to go with the master. Here Is
compliance, obsequiousness.
Perseqni, ** to pursue, and, as per implies, 'all the
way through.' Hence, to persecute.
Prosequi, ** to follow forward, but in the sense of
accompansring. In a hostile sentse,
attack or pursue. ^
Resequi, ** to follow what has gone before, and so
to answer some one by words.
Subsequi, <• to follow close behind, and so often 'to
eomply with,' 'to imitate.'
24 > liATIN SYNONYMS.
(19)
Stare, 'stand' the generic idea of **limitaidon/* and
the most common word in Latin for
location.
Abstare, ** to stand at a distance, reckoning from
any certain point, as though having
g<Mie from that point.
Adstare, ** to stand near, as one having come near.
Antestare, ** to s^and before, to surpass, as simply
being before, not as having gone
there.
Oircumstare, 'stand' to stand round but not near by, drcum
allowing much space.
Constare, ** to stand close together, hence 'to con-
• sist of,' to stand firm, to be resolved,
even to 'cost,* as we say in English.
Distare, ** to be apart, as towers 80 feet between
each other, inter and dis allowing
large space.
Exstare, ** to stand out, as something entire or
representing an entirety, not as a
piece of some whole thing.
Instare, ** to stand in or on, and hence often to fol-
low c'ose!y, to pursue.
Obstare, '* ...... to stand in opposition, and hence to
hinder, obstruct
Perstare, *' to stand all the way through, to be
firm, to persist, persevere.
'* to stand before, excel, as occupying a
position, even as having an opinion
and giving that in consequence of
pre-eminence.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 25
Prostare, 'stand' to stand forward, as one who puts him-
self in that position.
Restore, ** to stand back, in this case as never hay-
ing been advanced, and hence our
*rest* as what remains or has not
been used.
Snbstare, ** to stand firm, as a foundation still close
beneath Its burden.
Snperstore, ** to stand over or upon, as occupying a
pos'tion above that of sub. Super is
a comparative of sub, just as in
Greek Hnper is the comparative of
Hnpo.
(20)
Sedere, 'sit' a sub-genus of **limitatiOTi,** the general
term for *sit* and closely related to
*stand* and *set.'
Assidere, 'sit' to sit near, and hence often used for
giving comfort, advice, etc.
Oircomsidere, 'sit' ) ,^ ^ ^ ,
Circumsedere, 'sit' } ^° «^* '•^^°^' ^^«^^«^' ''^'
Oonsidere, 'sit* to sit down together, in an assembly or
court, but stones or timber fall to the
ground, settle, sink, and waves sub-
side.
Desidere, " to sit away, hence to s'nk down, settle,
even as morals, to deteriorate.
Dissidere, •• to sit apart, hence, to be distant or
even hostile. Of clothing, not to fit.
Insidere, ** to sit upon, even to inhabit, or as birds
or bees to settle, perch, or as seed to
take root, etc., etc.
Obsidere, •• to sit down or remain anjrwhere, to
blockade, besiege, invest, beset a
place, etc., etc.
20
LATIN SYNONYMS.
PersedeFo, 'sit' to set le down, to remain sitting all tlie
way through.
pTMsidei^ ** to sit before and hence to act as pres-
ident, to be pre-eminent, govern,
manage, etc., etc.
Residere, ** to remain sitting, to abide, stay, and
even to depend upon.
Snbsidere, ** to sit down, to crouch, lie in wait, and
as waves to subside.
Snpersedere, ** to sit above, remain above, and figu-
ratively to be above doing anything,
omit, leave off, etc.
(21)
Vertere, ' turn' the general term for turn in any direc-
tion.
Advertere, '* to turn to some one thing.
Antevertere, ** to turn to one thing in preference to
others.
Avertei^, ** to turn away from one or many things.
drcumvertere, 'turn' to turn or twist round, even to defraud.
Cbnvertere, ** to turn completely round, either from
one direction to the opposite or from
one point in the circle or sphere to
any other.
Controvertere, ** to turn a broadside as by complete
refutation.
Kcvertere, ** to turn aside from the way, as in going
to an inn, or to have recourse to, or
to degress from one thought to an-
other.
Divertere, '• to turn away, diverge from, differ.
Evertere, ** to overturn, throw down, raze to the
foundations, even to turn up the
waters by the winds.
I/ATIN SYNONYMS.
27
Intervertere,
Introveptjere (?)
Obveptere,
Pepveptere,
Ppaeveptepe,
Reveptere,
SubveptCTe,
Tpansveptepe,
turn to turn oyer, turn upside down, trans-
pose, alter, pervert, etc., etc.
** to einbeKzle, to turn what belonged to
one over to another, to defraud, erven
to spend or lavish one's own.
" to turn wrong side out
** to turn towards or against, to oppose.
*' to turn thoroughly, turn upside down.
'* to undertake before or In preference,
to cause to turn, preoccupy.
" to. turn back, revert to previous state-
ments or a former discourse, as well
as come back to persons or places.
•• to overthrow, ruin, destroy, by putting
what was at the bottom on top.
*' to turn across, as by making a verti-
cal to become horizontal, and vice
versa.
(22)
Cedere, 'go' 'proceed,' or 'retire,' as the general
term for yielding to an oveppOwepiiijg:
inflnence.
Accedepe, 'go' to approach, even to be added as in-
crease.
Antecedere, 'go' to go before in space or time, sometimes
to oveptake.
Ck>ncedepe, " to go away, depart, withdraw, to yield
to, the Con being Intensive or repre-
senting more than one actor.
Decedepe, *' . . . . ^ to go away, as by yielding to necessity
or fate.
28
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Discedeie, go to go asunder, separate mto two parts,
eyen to come out of a contest victor
or vanquished.
Excedere, ** to go out, as a whole from that which
has confined one's operations, hence
often used of xligresslon from a sub-
ject.
Inoedere, ** to go in, but as entering upon what
may be a doubtful contest or a diffl<
cult enterprise.
Intercederet ** to e'o between, but always with the idea
that it is the less or the weaker be-
fore the greater or the stronger.
Occedere, " to meet, as by going into the presence
or even the sight of a person.
Praecedere, ** to go before, as a ranking officer, and
hence often carrying the concept of
surpassing some other person.
Procedere, ** to go forward, and often as tnmJiig oat
well or prosperously.
Recedere, '* to recede, as giving way to powers with
wh!ch we can no longer contend.
Secedere, ** to withdraw, as a part to itself.
Saccedere, ** to follow, as coming up close behind,
and always with the thought of in-
feriority, at least for the time being,
to the forces with which we meet or
may meet on the way.
Sapieroedere (?) 'go' to go to the higher position, but with
the idea of having occupied tlie
lower.
(28)
Oradi, 'step' . . .
as the general term for *walk* or *go*
by the upward and forward move-
ment.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
29
Aggredi, 'step' to go to or approach, either to address
a person or to make an attack, often
simp 7 to hegin an undertaking.
Antegredl, " to go on before, either in time or place.
Girciimgredl, 'step' to go round, especially with hostile
intent.
Gongredi, *♦ to meet, not as In concedere, hut as
equals, either as enemies or simply
as disputants.
l>egtedi, " to step down, to descend from mountain
to p ain, even to dismount from a
horse.
Digredi, " to depart, as from the beaten track or
even as the moon not keeping up with
the sun.
Egredi, •* to go out, as from any large sp^ce, but
always with the idea of a whole and
not as a piece of any whole.
Ingredi " to go in or into, to enter upon a jour-
ney, to commence a speech.
Introgredl, ** to enter, not as onto a line, but as
within the boundaries of some en-
closure.
Fraegredi, ** to go before, as a superior, and so to
outstrip. Sometimes used for going
beyond or marching past In the sense
of praetergredi.
Praetergredi, 'V to go beyond, as in marching.
Progredi, ** to go forward, to advance as an equal
from one position to another.
Regredi, ** to go back, as an army in retreat, but
rather as retracing its steps, not as
having been conquered.
30
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Retrogredi, 'step' to mova backwards instead of forwards,
but not as those who are compelled
thus to move.
Subgvedi, ** to go to for attack, and hence to get
cose, even though on lower ground.
Sapergredl, ** to pass above, that is ,to take a posi-
tion higher or better than that occu*
pied by another.
Transgredl, ** to pass over, that is, to the other side
or the other party.
(24)
Mittere, 'send' the general term for transmitting from
ourselves through others information
or property.
Admlttere, 'send' to let go, to turn over, as it were, the
reins to a horse, to give a person the
privilege of an audience or even to
share an undertaking.
Circununittere, 'send* to send in a roundabout way or in all
directions.
Oommlttere, *' to unite, as forces in a battle, to en-
trust, as the neck to the barber.
DdnittevBt ** to let down, to lead on an army to a
lower position, to sail down a river,
even to let one's self down, to be-
come discouraged.
TMmittere, ** to send in different directions, to let
things go through the fingers, to
leave or abandon a siege, etc., etc.
Kmlttei^, *' to send out, as soldiers from a fort or
station, as sounds from the throat, as
a debtor from his debt, etc., etc.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 3X
Immlttere, 'send' to send in, as vessels into fight, as cav-
alry for attack, as darts against an
enemy, etc., etc.
Intermittere, ** to leave space between, to abandon for
a time, to let time pass, etc., etc.
Intromittere, ** to send in, as legiones in hostem.
Omittore, ** ^o let go, as though o in omittere were
am equal av equal ab, and meant
'away.'
P«finiUere, '* to let go, as horses against an enemy,
to surrender as power to any one, to
make allowance for, as for anger, etc.
Praemittere, '* to send before, as dispatches or troops.
Praetermittere, '* to let pass, as neglecting time or oppor-
tunity.
Promittere, *' to let go forward, and hence to promise.
Remittere, ** to 'et go back, and hence to loosen the
reins, to give up, to abate.
Snbmittere, " to let myself down, to send the eyes up
from below (we say to look up), even
to produce.
Tranamittere, ** to let pass over, to lead from one point
to another, to leave unnoticed, to en-
trust to another, etc., etc.
(25) .
Emere, 'take' but generally used for 'buy* or •pur-
chase.*
Smnere, 'takte up' as to take to one's self any piece of
property that may be bought, bor-
rowed or hired, and even to assume
what may not be natural.
32 LATIN SYNONYMS
L
Assumere, 'take up' to take for one's assistance, as from an-
other source, to claim, as something
belonging to one's self.
Consumere, *' to take up completely, and hence to
use up, to waste, to destroy.
Desnmere, *' to choose or select, as anything from
a secondary source, even as enemies
for one's self.
Insnmere, *' to take for anything, as time or money
for the accomplishment of a purpose.
Praesnmere, ** to take beforehand, as remedies or as
food, to anticipate, to imagine, take
for granted, etc., etc.
Resnmere, '* to take again, as tablets for writing;
to renew, as a battle; to recover, as
strength, etc., etc.
(26)
Ponere, 'put, place* the general term for 'pnt* or 'place' any
where, but specifically down as on a
level.
Anteponere, *put, place', .to put before, as dinner for some one;
to put before, as in front of others;
to prefer, as friendship to all human
things.
Apponere, ** . . to put to, as to add years to life; to
serve, as a dish for the table; to
count as ^in, as to put on the debit
side, etc. etc.
Circnmponere, ** . . to put round, as to encircle a grove or
to put troops around a city.
Componere, ** . . to put together, compose, settle, com-
pare, dispose of things that are scat-
tered.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
33
Deponere,
Exponere,
Iniponere,
Interponere,
Opponere,
Postpdnere,
Praeponere,
Proponere,
Reponere,
Seponere,
'put, place', .to put down, as the head on the earth;
to lay, as a wager or as a prize; to
lay aside, as an office; to lay up, as
money.
. . to set forth, as in explanation; to land
troops, as from a ship; to expose for
sale, as wares or produce in the
market.
ti
••
ti
ti
ti
•<
44
• <
44
..to put in, as some one in a sepulcher;
to put on ship, as soldiers for another
country; to impose upon, as to cheat,
wrong, and defraud.
. . to put between, as anything that may
or should occupy in:eryenlng space
or time.
. . to put opposite, as men for their coun-
try; to oppdse, as an argument, etc.
. . the opposite of anteponere, and so to
put behind what should be before.
. . to put before, as a commander for the
troops, the thought being that he is
in close touch with the troops.
. . to put forward, as that which may be
seen, but not implying nearness to
the eyes, to report, as news, etc., etc.
. . to put back, as to restore anything to
is place; to recline, as at the table on
the left elbow; to cause to rest, as
hope in virtue, etc., etc.
. . to put to Itself, and hence to separate
from others for a purpose, as th6
captured money for building a temple.
u
LATIN SYNONYMS.
gappooene, 'put, place'.. to put under, as eggs under hens; to
sow» as the teeth of vipers; to
forge» as false wills.
Snperponere, ** -to put over, as an ornament to the head ;
to set up, as in a station of authority.
Transponere, '* -to transport, as soldiers about to go
iato a foreign land.
(27)
ISsse, 'be' a» the general term for continued con-
aeioosness. The perfect fni is closely
connected with our verb *be* and car-
ries the concept of ^origin.*
Abesse, *' to be away, as from any one of many
positions.
Adesse, *' to be present, as at some certain place.
]>eesflie« *' to be wanting, as failing to be present
for duty.
Ines8e» *' to 1^ ia or on, as a fault in our charac-
ters, or as a blot on our escutcheon.
Interesee ** to be between, as of time or space; to
be present and take part in, as at a
feast; to be interested, as in noting
, differences.
Obesse* ** to be in the way, as prejudicial to; to
hinder, as occupying the road to be
passed oyer.
Praeesse^ *' to be at the head of, as a commander
of troops. Caesar uses the word
often in connection with his com-
maadera.
Prodesse, 'be' to be useful, as the opposite of obesse.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 35
Snbesse, 'be' to be behind or near at hand, as the
day is near, just after the first light
comes from the east; to be in ques«
tion, to exist, as when no suspicion of
danger is thought of.
Superesse, '* to be over and above, as a remnant or
as a superfluity, and hence after a
battle, Caesar said so many super-
faeruiit.
(28)
Agepe, 'do' the most general term for 'action* to
be found in the Latin, the same root
ag being found also in Greek.
Abigere, *do* to drive away, as birds or beasts; to
banish or get rid of, as to remove
whatever is troublesome or in one's
way.
Adigere, " to drive to, as cattle from other places
to our place; to summon a. man to
court, to swear him in, etc., etc.
Ambigere, ** to go about or around, and hence to-
dispute or contend at law or other-
wise, even to doubt, hesitate, or be
uncertain.
Oircumagere, 'do* to drive or turn round in a circle, as
persons or animals. The master who
freed his slave took the slave by the
right hand and turned him round.
Degere, ^ to pass time, as in spending some defi-
nite remaining time of life.
Rxigere. ** to drive out, as persons or animals
from some place, to complete or
finish, as a monument; to demand, as
money.
86
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Peragere, 'do* to pierce through, and hence to com-
plete.
»
Praeteragei«e, ** to drive past, as a horse heyond any
designated spot.
Redigere, ** to drive back, as the cavalry of the
enemy; to bring back, as something
to one's memory.
Retroagere, *' to drive back, as men or animals from
their wanderings.
Snbigere, ** to drive under, as swine under the
shade; to compel one to act against
his will, as men to surrender.
Transigere, ** to drive through, as by stabbing with
a sword; to finish, as a business in
hand; to put an end to a dispute, etc.
(29)
Facere, 'make' sub-generic to agere, to do some definite
work, as to make a tab^e or book, etc.
Afficere, ** sub-specific to abigere, and so to affect
or influence either body or mind
Benefacere, 'make' to do well, as one who undertakes to
do nothing otherwise.
Gonficere, ** to complete some definite action, and
hence to destroy.
Deflcere, " to rebel or revolt, as from a king; to
fail, as acting away from our proper
sphere; to be discouraged, and hence
to abandon.
Efficere, *' to effect or produce, as some complete
outgoing of our efforts.
Inficere, *' to infect, as to operate upon the hidden
springs of life, and hence to poison.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
37
Interficere, "make' to kill, as by making openings in the
body, as it were space between vital
organs or parts of the body.
lHalefaoere, ** the opposite of benefacere, and hence to
do ill in any possible way.
Oflftc^je, " to be in the way of, as grasses or weeds
in the way of growing vegetab es, as
a man in the way of his neighbor.
Perficere, ** to finish, as by making what was out-
lined a complete work.
Praeflcere, ** to put in charge, as a commander who
shall be in close touch with those
whom he leads.
I
Proficere, " to make forward, as by making proofs
of efficiency or of being advantageous.
Ppoflcisci, ** to go forward, as in setting out on a
journey, and even of proceeding from
a place as a source.
Reflcere, *' to remake, restore, refit, reform, re-
build, etc., as doing over what has
been undone.
Mnfficere, " to provide or supply, as by bringing up
what has been lost and so replacing
as it were from the lower ranks or
levels what has gone from the higher.
(30)
Perre, 'carry' the most general term for 'transfer,'
and found in more forms in a 1 the
Aryan tongues than any other word.
Adferre, 'carry' to bring to a person or place, as an
add! ion to what one has as news,
as a favor or as an injury.
38
LATIN SYNONYBfS.
Antefferre, ^carry' to put in front what has never been
behind.
Auflerre, ** to carry away, and hence to steal, even
to draw a person away from his pur-
pose.
drcmnferre, 'carry' to carry round, as the eyes in all direc-
tions, to spread reports, etc., etc.
Conferre, " to bring together, either for good or
bad purposes, to contribute money,
to unite strength, or to fight hand to
hand.
Deferre, •• to bear away or down, as anything
from one place to another.
Efferre, *' to bring out, to publish, remove, any
complete thing from its surroundings.
Gerere, •* to carry on, not as feppe, *to transfer,*
but to carry continually as a knife
in the pocket.
Inferre, ** to bring in or upon, as force against
an enemy or as favor to friends.
Introferre, " to bring within, as food from without
for the household.
Obferre, •• to offer, as to bring one's self or other
help to friends or against enemies,
by putting one's self immediately in
front.
Perferre, •* to carry through as by completing the
whole diameter of a circle or sphere,
even to suffer to the end.
Poetferre, '• the opposite of anteferrt*, hence, in-
stead of preference, there is little
value placed on the thing mentioned.
Praeferre, " to carry in front, as a torch and always
close to one's se f. >
LATIN SYNONYMS.
39
Ppoferre,
Praeterferre,
Referre,
Snbferre,
Snperferre.
Transferre,
'carry' to carry forth or forward, and hence to
bring to l^ght or reveal.
** to carry past the* goal or some desig-
nated point.
** to carry back, and so to report, even to
restore to a former condition.
** to carry, as a person being underneath,
and hence to endure as suffering.
*• to carry over or beyond, as by going
over a mountain with the burden on
the shoulders.
" to carry over, but not above, only to
the other side.
SECOND CHAPTER
prumeaby and secondary ideas.
Such as represent first thoughts on any subject, as One in
counting, as I in pronouns, as of and up in Prepositions, as am and
is in verbs, etc., etc. being Primary; and those that represent nec-
essarily secondary thoughts, as Two in countipg, as Thou in pro-
nouns, as Down and Through in prepositions, as See and Seek in
yerbs, etc., etc., being Secondary,
We have merely introduced the subject in a few pages, so as
to open the way for further investigations, and will often refer
to these pages in the body of the work, so that the student may
become well grounded in the principles and may carry the analysis
into other languages, if he so elects.
(40)
LATIN SYNONYMS. 41
n. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY IDEAS.
Agere, 'set in motion ' is primary as shown by i's definition, and
represents the most general
term for action of any kind.
Deg^re, 'pass onward/ is secondary as shown by its definition and
represents the specific action of
passing over that part of a
road yet untraveled.
The following Prepositions exhibit very clearly the character-
istics of primaries:
Ad, *to,' with gerundives indicates the purpose of the undertaking
and this in genera' :s extended into *to place' to be reached
as a matter of anticipation or as a fact remembered The
Ad idea 's always primary with reference to the De idea.
Hence De is secondary.
Ab, 'from/ as from border or boundary, and indicating the outcome
of only part of any inner power or strength. For ex-
ample, a sole means the heat and light coming little
by little; a Caesare is the use of only part of Caesar's
energy.
Ante, 'before, primary and representing the position occupied or to
be occupied before any other position that may be
conceived.
Adyersus, 'toward,' 'against,' as meeting any person or thing on
our line of movement. Contra represents opposition in
every direc ion, — a "broadside."
Adversnm, 'toward,' 'aganst,' as the neuter form of adversus, rep-
resents the general and not the specific opposition.
Apud, 'at,' 'near,' indicates the fitness of the presence. The person
who is apud me or apud populum is for the time being
where he should be. He is a guest of honor and feels
welcome.
42 LATIN SYNONYMS.
Ob, 'against, on account of/ indicajtes the fac'ng of an object which
is near at hand. Used wilh general and not special
objects, as for examples, ob rem, but not ob spem. We
say propter spiem, and qnam ob rem, because ob, except
sometimes in poetry, goes with general and not with
specific ideas. Propter spem is 'on account of hope yet
to be realized, while Ob goes back to an affair or cause
already known and estimated.
E or ex, 'from,' but 'out from within,* particularly as partaking
largely of what is within, as exhibiting all the essential
qua ities or characteristics of the w'thin.
In, 'in, into,' always represents a posi:ion taken or to be taken
as only part of the space referred to. In hoMs about
the same relation to con that inter holds to dream. In
and Con allow less space than inter and circom.
Inter, 'between,' being a position as closely re'ated to the one object
as to the other, and hence often expressing the fdea of
reciprocity. Inter annos means during the years ,but
in the sense of as much connected with one as with the
other. Inter and circum allow large space.
Erga, 'towards,' as in a first movement of one's feelings, good or
bad, out toward a person or thing, generally used with
reference to favorable outgoings, occasional y for feel-
ings of hate; but as a general term, it is capable of use
in either a good or bad sense.
The following Prepositions exhibit just as clearly the charac-
teristics of Secondaries:
De, 'of, from,' but always after some position has been reached,
and hence secondary showing usually a ehange of
direction from the original l!ne. For example, water
taken out from wi'h'n a reservoir is Ex from the reser-
voir, while just flowing from the side of the reservoir
it is Ab from the reservoir; but, after running some
distance in the main pipe when it turn^ off In'o another
pipe up or down, to right or left, it goes on by De.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 43
Secnndiiin, 'after/ as following, coming nex^, but behind. Derived
from Sequens, and hence secondary and never pr.'mary.
Its neuter form makes it generic and not specific.
Smbter, 'under/ but not 'near' as would be represented by sub. Sub
touches that which it is under, but sabter may be an
inch or a mile be ow that which is mentioned. The
-ter is a comparative termination and hence shows a
greater distance below than is indicated by sub, the
positive form Sub and then super, going upward; sub
and then subter, going downward.
Trans, 'over/ 'across, representing a secondary with reference to
this side which is primary. The thought is that the
thing or th€ person as a whole has changed peaces so
that what was here is now there the thr of English
being equal to trof the Latin and used as a secondary
demonstrative element. Titms is always opposite to
the posi ion yoa occupy, and so transvenire is an impos-
sib e concept. See page 14.
The following Conjunctions also show Primary ideas as differ-
ing from Secondaries:
Et, 'and,' a loose, slipshod connective, which can be used between
any two objects, — between elephant and spade, be->
tween moun ain and buggy, because as a conjunction
it gives only the thought of simple addition. The
enclitics — que connects objects considered of the same
value. Hence neither of the objects is secondary.
Aut, 'or,' another loose connectfve which may be used between any
two objects, and therefore a primary 'or.'
At, 'but,' always primary and therefore bringing in a new thought
or a new speaker. Sed is always secondary and there-
fore is an addition to or extension of <the same peison'*;
thought.
44 LATIN SYNONYMS.
Ita, *in this manner/ as a primary method and representing the
first thought with reference to some action or condit'on
which is extended into or up to what the grammars call
'result' or 'purpose.'
Ut, 'that/ is also primary and a modification of the form and use
and purpose of Ad, — primary because the result was
foreshadowed or foreseen in the ita, — primary because
the purpose was formed before the action was un-
dertaken.
Sic, 'so/ is d'stinctly secondary, as is shown in
examples representing a secondary thought compared
with the primary introduced by Ut,
The following Gonjnnctions exhibit just as clearly the charac-
teristics of secondaries:
Sive or Seu, 'or/ used to connect a primary and a secondary con-
cept, the secondary of course following.
Vel or Ve, 'or,' connect objects regarded as of the same value, and
you can have your choice. Hence neither is secondary,
unless you depend on the position of the words.
Sed, 'but,* always secondary, as giving some addition to a thought
already partly expressed, — never used to bring in an
entire'y new thought.
Neque or Nee, 'not,' like all negatives, is necessarily secondary, for
a negative, no ma ter whether conjunction or adverb,
is Impossible as an idea before there has been an
affirmation. See **Pliilosophy of Expression.**
We have not introduced the hundredth part of what could be
brought under Primary and Secondary ideas, but enough we hope
to start the student in his thinking on the differences that can be
readily discovered between words that are necessarily primary and
others just as necessarily secondary. We wU frequently mention
the subject of this •section in he pages that follow, so that the
thought we would impress may become perfectly clear to every
student.
THIRD CHAPTER
DYNAMIC AND STATIC IDEAS.
Those being dynamic wh'ch express thoughts of outcome, avail-
ability, potency as resulting from organ'sm or combination giving
the capacity for gathering and maintaining a static supply; and those
being static, which, as having capacity from organism or combina-
tion, possess the power latent, inclusive, and ready for use when
some call is made. For examples, what we call strength is static
and inherent, and may or may npt be used for purposes best for
ourselves, and yet at least a part of the static strength will work
out somewhere, somehow, even though by disease; while what we
call force or power is dynamic and avaJliable, and so shoivs itself
in work or speech or song or p. ay.
• 4o>
46 LATIN SYNONYMS.
in. DYNAMIC AND STATIC IDEAS.
ViH, 'force' is distinctly dynamic, for it always
represents that which must phenome-
nize or manifest itself in word or
deed or product.
(See also Vi-ta, vi-vo, so named
from manlfesited power.)
Robur, 'strength' is distinctly cMatic, for it always repre-
sen s that which is latent and back
of vis.
Posse, 'able' dynamic, for such power must be
I^Uere, 'able.' proven by some manifestation.
This is the ability to do anything, and
hence most generally carrying ,two
ideas, (1) That of Posse; (2) That
of yalere; and hence not on y mani-
festing itself, but also accomplishing
a purpose. It is pragmatic.
Va*ere, 'able' dynamic, but generally used for ac-
complishing some particular work.
Qoire, 'able' Static, for such strength is the inner,
the Eng. 'Can,* the conscious, but not necessarily
the 6er., 'Konnen,* manifested in any word or deed or
the A S., 'Cann,* product. It is latent and only known
the Sansc, *Gna.* to the individual that possesses it
the Greek, 'Gno.* When it is manifested, then it be-
etc., etc., etc. comes known by the expression posse
or pollere or valere.
Posse and Valere and Pollere and V's are known and recog-
nized by the Objective mind, while Robnr (Hrobur) and Qnire are
known only by the Subjective mind. The Saxon mind was always
more subjective than ithat of the Roman. The Roman, living in a
land where the summers were long andvegetation and outdoor life
LATIN SYNONYMS. 47
were always claiming his attention, became more and more given
up to the outer world of nature and to the social and
artistic sides of existence, and hence, like the Greek,
if he had gods, they too must come before his objective
mind in numerous images. He mus^ have something to see or he
cou d not worship, and today images and pictures adorn the Cathed-
ral walls everywhere in Italy. But the Saxon, shut in by fog and
rain and snow, became more subjective in h's thinking and hence
ab'e to conceive of God and Good as absolute entitles, whether he
could see either or not.
We have simply introduced here the subject of Dynamic and
Static ideas, but in the pages that follow we will often refer to
this section, so that the student will get a clear insight to the
difference that exists between these important classifications of
thought and speech.
Adjective Terminals.
The value of these terminals is highly important in distinguish,
ing synonyms.
— «u»ns, material or origin.
— alls, perlainlng to whatever the root or stem expresses.
— ^aris, pertaining to whatever the root or stem expresses.
— anas, belonging to whatever the root or stem expresses.
— <w, belonging to whatever the root or stem expresses.
— arias, one of or belonging to whatever the root or stem expresses.
— atilis, one of or belonging to whatever the root or stem expresses.
— atas, ma erlal of which made.
:, propensity by nature.
*, bringing or bearing whatever the root or stem expresses.
— ^bilis, possibility of anything in the passive.
— bandas, full of whatever the root or stem expresses.
— «ulas, the diminutive of whatever the root or stem expresses.
— easis, belonging to whatever the root or stem expresses.
— lianas, belonging to whatever the root or stem expresses
48 LATIN SYNONYMS.
— cosus, fulness of whatever the root or stem expresses.
— condus, fulness of whatever the root or stem expresses.
— ellns, diminutive of whatever the root or stem expresses.
^-er, extension of whatever the root or stem expresses.
— ens, material or similar to whatever the root or stem expresses.
— ^icius, material or origin.
— ^icus, qua ity of whatever the root or stem expresses.
— ^idus, qua* ity of whatever the root or stem expressies.
— ^ilis, possibility of anything in the passive sense.
— ^ilis, possibility of anything in the passive sense.
— ineus, pertaining to whatever the root or stem expresses.
— ^inus, belonging to whatever the root or stem expresses
— 4us, belonging to whatever the root or stem expresses.
— ^lentns, full of whaitever the root or stem expresses.
— olus, diminutive of whatever the root or stem expresses.
— ^ples, fulness of whatever the root or stem expresses.
— s, extension of whatever vthe root or stem expresses.
— ster, place of abode.
— alus, propensity to whatever the root or stem expresses.
— ^uus, fuiness of whatever the root or stem expresses.
— uosns, fulness of whatever the root or stem expresses.
— us, comp.eteness or fulness of whatever ithe root or sLem expresses.
(37)
Adjectives.
(366)
Malus, 'bad' as a direct opposite to bonus. Mains
is the general term for anything bad.
Adversus, ** as turned against us and opposing us,
but on a line rather than on all
sides.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
49
Foedns, "bad* as fouL
Difficilis, ** as hard or difficult to get on with.
bicommodns, 'bad' ..as inconvenient, iter incommodus,
Adnlterius, ** as spurious, and so applicable to money.
Aeger, '* ^ . as sick» homo aeger,
PravuSf ** ..as naturally depraved, and hence mor-
ally irresponsible
Turpig, ** as base, and hence belonjg^ing to txaitm^
Depravatns, '* as having b^een rendered depraved by
environment. -
Xeqnam, ** indeclinable, and equal to ne -f aeqniis,
as a negative, born bad and never
good.
Iniquns, ** as a privative, bom good, but tempora-
rily bad.
Aspep, *• as rough to the touch.
Maledicus, ** as uttering bad language.
Maliiiosus, ** as fuU of malice.
Malevolos, ** as wishing evil.
Malignus, ** as born bad, of bad disposition.
Maleficns, ** ...,•••• as an evil doer.
Acceptas, 'pleasant' what is pleasant to see or hear.
Amoenns, ** because delightful to the eyes.
Cams, ** because dear to us.
Dnlcis, •• because attractive.
Facetus, •• because witty.
Festivns, ** because humorous.
Gratns, " because always active for ns.
Fecundofl, ** because full of good cheer.
Lepidus, ** ...... because charming to us.
Laetns, ** because Joyous.
Siiavis, ** . because odorous to the sense b^ smell
or sweet to that of taste.
50 LATIN SYNON\MS.
Befttns, 'happy' opp. to miser, as of one who has been
blessed.
Bonns^ '* opp. to nialiis, as of one good in every
particular. Bonus is the general
term for anything good.
FaiistaSt *' as of business which has been favored
by the omens.
FelUv . '* as of one whose wishes are always ful-
filled.
Fortimiitiift, *' one who has been favored outwardly by
Fortima.
ProspemSi ^* as of !jhings according to one's hopes.
Secnndiuu ' " opp. to adyersus, foll'owing one'e
wishes or plans.
Aptiui, *^ because seeming to fit completely into
plans.
AccommodAtus, happy' because made for advantage.
GratoSy 'happy* because it Is pleasing to the opposite
parties.
Noyhs 'new' what is now known, but was not known
before.
Beoens, ** . . . « what is fresh or recently made or pro-
duced.
Inauditiis *' what has not been, heard of before.
Insolitns, ** as of something to which we have not
been accustomed before.
Pamw, 'small' the most general term for small in all
dimensions.
Tenuis, ** as something thin.
Bxigans, " as of something reduced in lateral di-
mensions.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
51
HinutuSy *amair as of sometliing haring been dimin-
ished.
PnsilliiSy " as of the condition of the soul» little
in power.
Angastas, ** as something narrow, like a road.
Gracilis, '* as something slim or slender.
Famm Magnus, 'small' .... a litotes for 'quite small.'
Nobilis, 'noble' as by birth.
I/iberalis, ** as belonging to a freeman.
Ctenerosos, ** as of one naturally great and good.
Clams, ** as by reputation for distinguished
ability.
Honestns, '* because of having been honored.
Ingenuasi '* because of inborn virtues.
fnsignis, *' because distinguished by active good-
ness.
Oorpore amplo, 'thick* a body particularly large in width.
Concretiis, thick as of that which has seemingly grown
toge her. Often used of curdled
milk.
Confertiis, ** as of things brought together in a
mass, being opposed to rams.
Greber, " as of persons who have assemf^lfid in
a body.
OrUosus, ** as a callous or hardened skin.
Crasaus, ** opposed to tenuis, and hence stout pr
compact.
Densus, ' " as of many persons standing near each
other.
Dum^. *' as that by which hardness or lasting-
ness acquires the kindred concept of
thickness.
52
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Fr^uens, 'thfck*. as of persons who have come togetheir
from different directions.
. (Vox) Obtnsa, ** as a voicie that has been blunted by
being struck, as it were, on the
point.
Obesns, " as a fat person, one well-fed.
Plngnis, ** as a plumlp person or animal.
Spissns, '* as being impenetrable, opposed . to
so'utus. Used of soil, of darkness,
etc.
Tnrgens, " as seemingly swelling.
Turgidns, *' as being already swollen.
Silens, 'silent' as being free from noise.
Tacitus, '* as being without speech.
Tacitnmus, 'silent' as being disposed to say nothing.
Agrestis, 'of the country. . .as being like the fields in their natural
state Hence rough.
Rusticiis, " "... as having the manners of the country,
hence uncouth.
Rusticaniis, ** ** . . . as leading temporarily the life of the
country.
Incolnmis, . 'safe' as having received no damage
Integer, ** as having been untouched by harm.
SalYus, ' ** as having been delivered from harm.
which without a deliverer would
have destroyed.
Secnms, ** as being free from care.
Sospes, " as never having been harmed, even
though passing through many dan-
gers unscathed.
Tntns, ** as protected from danger.
LATIN SYNONYMS. §3
Coelebs, : single' as an unmarried man.
Singularis, 'single' opp. to plures, and hdnc.e standing alone
Unas, 'one' as an individual among many.
• •■.■■• • • ) ■
Unicns, 'only' . . # as an only son, no other sons in th^
"family.
Solus, 'alone' , ns an individual apart from any others
Singuliis, 'one alone' is one at a time.
i.
Dispar, 'unlike'. . . .... . . . as being unequal in length, bread' h, or
th ckness, or in strength, or in other
qualities.
Dissimilis, ** as being unlike in shape or features.
Oertiop, 'more cer^a*n' as being better known from effects.
Nobilior, 'better reputation', ns being better known by birth
Notior, 'better marked'.,. . .as being better known by distinction.
Hostilis, 'like an enemy' ... as being of hostile mind.
Infestus, *' *' ... as not ward'ng off attacks.
Inimiciis, '* ** ... as being the true opposite of amicus,
and so as a friend will help, an
enemy wi I hinder; as a friend loves,
so an enemy hates.
Insclens, 'ignorant' temporarily, and not blameworthy.
Nesciens. " and never having been otherwise.
Inscius, . '* absolutely ignorant of some one thing,
but not implying inability to be oth-
erwise.
Inscitns, " ....... as having been thus conceived or
shaped.
Imprudens, ** as not seeing anything pertaining to
the future.
Insfpiens, ** unniise temporarily.
Ignarus, ** absolute unconsciousness of some fact.
64
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Ignorans,
Imperitus,
Indoctns,
lUiteratns,
Nescius,
Rudis,
Stnltns,
'ignorant' temporary unconsciousness of some
fact.
absolute unskllfulness from want of
experience.
as one never having been taught, but
not implying inability to learn.
as one never having studied books.
absolutely ignorant of some one thing,
and implying inability to be other-
wise.
as implying an uncultivated state.
as a fool who never did nor can* know
anything.
Gams, 'dear' as an object of great interest or affec-
tion.
Pretlosus, " as an object of great value.
Aptissimus, 'best' as best suited to ourselves or others.
Optimns, *' as most choice.
«
Anxius, 'anxious' as being brought into straits and being
unable to free oneself from fear or
difficulty.
Permotns, " as being greatly moved by excitement
Perturbatus, *' as greatly disturbed by mental fear.
Sollidtus, '' as wholly agitated, completely under
the power of mental or physical fear.
Afflictas, 'sad' as having been damaged by some mis-
fortune.
Debilltatus, ** as hav.'ng been weakened by disease.
Maerens, '* as one mourning over some loss.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
55
Maestas, 'sad' as having been caused to movrti or
causing mourning, but by bringing
dejection and not by outcries.
Miser, ** . . . ; opp. of beatas, and hence feeling
oneself unfortunate.
Tristis, ** opp. of 'aetus, and hence gloomy and
not glad.
Infelix, ** because the wishes are unfulfilled.
Infortunatits, ** not favored outwardly by Fortmia.
Lnicens, ** as shown by cries and outward signs.
Lngnbris, *' as bringing, or bearing, or causing exr
pressions of grief.
tremens, 'mild' as a merciful Judge, or as quiet water.
Dnlcis, ** as pleasant to any one of the senses.
Facris, " as gentle in manners or easy to deal
with.
Tndulgens ** as being favorable to persons or other
objects.
Lenis, " as gentle in effect.
Levis, '• as opposed to gravis.
Mansnetns, ** as tame, and hence subject to rules.
Misericors, " as svmpatbe ic by nature.
Mitis, •• as carrying in itself the quality of gen-
tleness.
Mollis, ** as in itself pliable and incapable of
rough effect.
Placidns, " as be*ng pleasing, flowing gently.
Tener, •* as being young or fresh.
Praegnans, 'pregnant' as presenting signs of coming birth.
Gravis, " as simply heavy with young.
Gravidns, ** as having become fired with anything.
Gravidatos, " as having been fi led by planting seed.
56
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Fressus* . 'pregnant' ...... as pressed down and hence loaded with.
Fetns, . . ' ** as fiJed with See Virgil's Machiiia
K- feta armis.
Abeiransy 'wandering' wandering away from an original
home.
DeviiiJB, " as having missed !lhe road.
Dissipatvst ** is hav.'ng heen scattered hefore hand.
Dispersos, ' ** \s having heen scattered, but trying to
come together.
Delims, ' ** is an ox that has gone out of the fur-
row.
Errans, ** as now moving without destination.
Deerrans,. ** as continuing to wander aimlessly.
Errabondus, '* having the dispos'tion and habit of
wandering.
Feregrinans, " traveling in foreign countries.
Palans,.. ** roving, straying, as cattle over the
fields.
Vagans, ** going from place to place.
Vagrans, ** going from field to field.
Vagus, * ' ** as aim! ess in one's work.
Celeber, 'numerous' as being full of people.
Crebep, •• from cresco, and hence crowded to-
gether.
Freqneiis, ** as having come to one place from many
directions.
NnmerosuSt ** as individuals counted one by one.
Multiplex, '" as consisting of many folds, but not as
units
Abjectns, ' 'low\ as having been cast down from a higher
position.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
57
Hnmilis, How'
Demissiis,
I|niob:iis,
niiberalis,
Inferior,
Gravis,
Obscums,
Bubmissus,
Sordidns,
Suppressns,
Vilfs,
Tennis,
Tnrpis,
as to the position occupied or condi
tion of birth,
as being dispirited,
as to birth and ancestors,
as unwoithy a freeborn citizen,
as to position,
as to the voice, as base,
as to birth and ances ors.
as to the voice, as weak,
as to origin.
as to the voice, as a whisper.
as to the price,
as to property,
as belonging to the crowd, base.
Oadncos, 'fleeting' because always incl'ned to fall.
F nxns,
Fngax,
Volatilis,
Volaticus,
*' because always inclined to flow away.
" because by nature inclined to flee away.
" because Inclined to fly away.
" because having the power to fly away.
Pngnax, 'pugnacious' as being by nature inclined to fight.
Ferax, "• as being by nature like a wild beast.
Beircosns, " as being full of the war spirit.
Belliger, *' as having a martial disposition.
Tenax, 'tenacious' because inclined by nature to hold on.
Ck>ns^ans, ** because always being the same.
Fide'is, " because inclined to keep his word.
Astntns, 'shrewd' as cunning or tricky in methods.
Callidns, '* as knowing by experience.
Perspicax, ** as naturally or by instinct seeing
through one's surroundings.
Pmdens,. " as foreseeing results or effects.
58
LATIN SYNONYMS.
So lers, 'shrewd' as be'ng complete in all arts.
** as naturally inclined to acuteness of
mental vision.
Egregins,
Elegans,
Exquisitns,
Oonquisitus,
Venustus,
Bellus,
Acutns,
Argatus,
liiberalis,
Snbtilis,
Serenus,
Tenuis,
'fine' as the pick of the flock.
* as selected from any number of things.
* as carefully sought from original
sources.
* as carefully sought from all p'aces.
* as possessing a!l the qualities of Venus.
* as a diminutive of bonus, equal to
pretty.
* as having a sharp point; mentally, of
fine perception
** as sign'ficant of power or mental in-
fluence
* as belonging to the arts.
* as some hing .flnely woven; mentally
of flne ability.
' as the weather, the sky, the night, the
sea, or the countenance.
* as that which is thin, slight, or slender.
Inanis, 'vain' opD. to pTenus, and hence empty.
Inritus, ** without method, and hence ineffectua].
Vacuus, " without influence, as vacua nomina.
Vanus, '* akin to Greek phaino, and hence a mere
'will o* the wisp," an ignis fatuus.
««,
Fecundus, 'fertile' abounding in products.
Felix,
Ferax,
Fertl is,
Fmg.'feP,
<«
•«
•ft
«
naturally or constitutionally fruitful
in resu'ts.
inclined by nature to proiuctiveness.
producMve of fruits or resuUs.
fruitbearing, as fields, countries, etc.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 69
Opimiis, 'fertile' as abounding in the best and richest
products.
Uber, •' as r'ch internally, and therefore pro-
ductive.
Invidus, 'envious' as unfavorable or unfriendly, buu not
directly hostile.
liividiis, *' as possessing spiteful or malicious
qualities.
Lividnlns^ " as possessing slightly envious quaMties.
Malignus^ ** as naturally bad in every direction.
Negatives differ much from privatives; nescins is never havin^^
known, while inscius is not knowing for the time being.
Nallas, 'no one' as that whfch never did exist.
Nee Ullas, ** as omitting that which does exist.
Nemo, " as one that never did exist.
Nalns non, 'every' as an equal to omnis.
Non nallns, *some* as an equal to aliquis.
Inanis, 'empty' as lacking what might be expected.
Otioms, '• as hands or brains with nothing to do.
Secnnis, " as unconcerned about anything.
Vacuus, ** • . as without an inhabitant.
Abundans, 'rich' hav'ng more than his barns can hold.
Gopiosus, '* having full barns, larders, and pan-
tries.
Dives, ** opp. to pauper, and hence lacking noth-
ing.
F^rax, " as being fertile.
Fortunatus, •* having been blessed by Fortuna.
Ijautus, *' being luxurious.
M LATIX
*ricii' liaTlxii; nyoA propef^j, panicmlarlj im
lands.
** bSTlB^ P^CBtT of JDOSkey
** haTzns Ndi thmt is cftioiceL
**' hxTixig HKMDCJ and iufli
** haxiBs a fnl ness of
be'Bff a loTer of ssoaej.
** being of sreai rnliie.
* as hiTlxig withui isdf an aapla waMr
•J •
'deep* becanae haxics readied tbe lunit of
our gieatesi SMasairesL
'deep* in the max er of ^earains
IfBtan;. ** in eonseqnenre of f:alness.
•* beraTise the iie»$-r« ^ isnknovn, tbere
2S CO s:a£dard as in ahaa.
*^ ss applied to peace or oc^her abstract
l2:
fialitnis. ** as applied to sbrevdnessL
tree" as keepcg cne"5 word.
2s being gesTsfne.
ss being b^m of i^e same parents.
Tents. ** .>s being able lo prcre itself,
Terax. •• ss a2wars speaking or acting the tmtb.
Fidelia, * as tha: vhich cnn be trvsted or rslUd
npon.
DoctsB. beamed* t-ecaase of bar'n? been rnngA:.
•* '^•eranse of bartag been br^Tsi^t wat of
a i«de condltic^n br being edncnted
** 7src:cnIjLrl3r In the li:erat;xr« of oAe''s
L.ATIN SYNONYMS.
61
Abondans, *fu*l* as it were to overflowing
Affluens, i ** as continually coming, like a stream of
water. •
Freqnens, " as coming from all directions.
Plenus, •• ' . as by occupying all the space witbin
bounds.
Completns, " as completely filled.
Oppletns, " as filled to the brim wherever the eye
can see.
Patnlus, " as being outspread everywhere.
Gonfertns, " as having material brought together
from every quarter.
Refeitns, '* as having been again and again stuffed.
Amicabilis, 'friendly' because com.'ng from real friends.
Benevolas, '• because always wishing well.
Amicus, ** because having the power or disposi-
tion to love.
Benignns, " because good natured, born to friend-
ship.
Familiaris, ** because like one of the same family.
Hmnaniis, ** because having the instincts of men.
Gomis, ** because companionable.
Oanctiis, *air as being conjoined, all together.
Integer, 'whole' as being unbroken or untouched
Omnis, 'a'l' as every one taken one by one.
Solidns, " as compact in one body. Dies soliduK*
Totns, *' as a whole from beginning to end.
Unlversos, " as all turned into one.
Amoenus, 'beautiful' because pleasant to the eyes.
Bellus, ** because both small and good.
Formosns, " because shapely.
Pu'chep, " because fleshy and shapely.
Speciosns, " because of mere appearance.
Vennstus, ** because made like Venus.
02 LATIN SYNONYMS.
Primas, 'first' as a natural starting point.
Prtnceps, ** as being cliief of a band or head of a
, list, but always with reference to
rule or choice.
Primarins, first' as among the first in the group.
Procer, ** as one of the nobles.
Solus, 'alone' because by one's self.
Unns solns, 'alone' because the one has no companion.
Solitarius, ** because one of a number that has no
companions.
Sine .arbitris, '* because without witnesses.
Arbltiis remotis, 'alone* . . . because the witnesses have been re-
moved
Similis wiOi dative, 'like\ . as an external likeness.
Simills, with genitive, 'like . as an internal likeness.
Fatlgatus, 'tired' as having trave ed sufficiently.
Defatigatos, ** as having repeatedly traveled suffi-
ciently^
Fessus, •* as having come to the point of being
Lassitndine ) "a" l>^o^®^ «P"
Gonfectns \ *^^®^* ^^ being "done for completely" by las-
' situde.
Lassns. 'tired' as though muscles could no longer act
together.
Antiquns, 'old' because belonging to earlier times.
Obsoletus, " because having been worn away.
Prisons, •' because having belonged to former
times.
Pristinns, '* because pertain 'ng to the past.
Vetus, " because of service in the past.
Vetemims, ** because pertaining to the past.
Vetastns, ** because having been used long ago.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
68
Oircnmdatus/sarrounded by'. as though placed or put in position.
Ooncretus, " " .as having grown together.
Freqnens^ *^ " .as having come from all directions.
Plenus, *' ** .as filled in on all sides.
Stipatus, ** ** .ns though compressed on all sides.
Grandis, 'great' as a combination of parts in a body.
Magnus, '* as a center of force. The cubic idea.
and hence indicative of many sided
forcefulness.
Ampins, *' as by outspread in at least two direc-
tions.
Vastus, ** as widespread desolation.
Ingens, ** as of something grown to a great size.
Immanis, *' as of something unmeasured, enor-
mous.
Spatlosns, '* as great by space, linear, square, or
cubic.
Beueficns, 'beneficent' one who actually does good.
Benignus, ** one who was born good; is inherently
good.
TJberalis, '* one who freely gives of what he has.
Ck>mmutablli8, 'changeable' . as one thing capable of being used in
many ways.
Diversus, •• .as two or more persons or things of
different charac' eristics.
Mnltip^x, *• . as having many folds or parts.
Mobilis, *' . as one thing easily moved from place
to place.
Varius, ** .as one thing having differing forms or
features.
Inconstana, *' .as one person or thing not always tb«
same.
64
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Alacer, 'swift' because qu.'ck of wing.
Celer, " because like birds or winds above the
earth
Citns, ** because acting the part of one excited.
Pemix, " because struggling successfully through
difficulties.
Propems, *' because hastening to be near.
Rapidus, ** because seizing requires rapidity.
Velox, " because born to "fiy."
Volucer, ** because like the bird, always ready to
fly.
Salnbris, 'healthful' as bringing or producing health.
Integer, " ...... as uninjured by harm from any source.
Salutaris, ** as tending to healthfulness.
Salutifer, ** as transferring healthfulness to us.
Sanus, ** as being sound or well.
Validus, " as having strength for a certain purpose.
Salvus, ** as having been preserved.
Firmus, '• as having been propped.
Valens, " as now strong for some one duty.
Robnstus, '* as having the inner, static ability.
Iners, 'slow* because as seemingly not knowing how
to be otherwise.
Piger, " because d.'sinclined, or disabled by
reason of inability to put forth ener-
gies.
Ignavns, ** because inactive by natural physical
condition
Lentus, • ** because one muscle is not in harmony
with another.
Tardus, *' because one muscle seems to interfere
with another.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 65
Sems, 'Blow' because the action was not begun in
time.
Segnis, " because always fo' lowing along behind.
Deses, ** , because sitting too much.
Apertus, 'open' as that which has been made open.
Patens, " as that which is lying open.
Patnlns, ** as "hat which is widespread.
Propatnliis, 'open' as having the whole front widespread.
Manifestns, '* as having been cleared by the hand.
Clams, " as clear, unobscured, and all within
range of vision.
Simplex, " as without folds, being outspread be-
fore us.
Candidas, ** as being white and shining by collected
rays.
Opertns, 'covered' as having been opposed in the act of
opening.
Tectus, •• by having been roofed over.
Contectus, " by having been completely roofed over.
Velatns, *• by having been veiled.
Protectns, •* by having been furnished wl^h a roof.
Defensus, ** by having been guarded against out-
side foes
Oppletus, ** by having the objects of sigb-t couc/fsatXed.
Aequnfi, 'right' as being level.
Fas, " as by Divine law.
Justus, " as being upright.
Accuratus, ** as having been done according to care.
Rectos, •* as being straight.
Verus, *' as being morally true.
Nativus, 'natural' arising from nature.
Innatns, " .as being inborn.
G6
LATIN SYNONYMS.
.Vaturalis, 'natural' in accordance with nature's laws.
Insitus* " as having been imp.anted.
Aliquis, 'some one* any one but yourself.
Qnlvis,
Quis,
Qoisquis,
XJUus,
Qnlibet,
Quispiam,
(4
«(
(«
««
l(
it
any one you w^sh.
any one including self.
any one whatsoever.
diminutive of anils, and hence any indi-
vidual.
any one whom it is pleasing to any-
body 'io name.
any one so far known.
Jejuna, 'poor* as oratio Jejuna.
BxigUA,
Sterilis,
Inops,
Pauper,
Tenuis,
Mendicus,
Egens,
Indigens,
ViUs,
Diutinus, 'lasting*
Diutumus,
tt
as casa exigua.
as ager sterilis.
as inops Yerborum.
as opposed to dives.
as having small means.
as a beggar.
as needing life's nceessaries.
as being in absolute want.
as being of cheap material.
as something every day, but not thought
of as every moment of the day.
as something taking in every moment.
Hujusmodi, 'of this kind'
EJusmodi,
Talis,
as having been pointed out recently or
as to be po'nted out immediately.
as having been pointed out beforehand.
as having a measure or standard by
which it can be understood.
Par, 'equal' in linear dimensions.
t
LATIN SYNONYMS. 67
Aequns, 'equal' in surface dimensions.
Qnantus, ** as introducing standards by whicli their
Quails, 'equal/ oorrelatlves may be measured. These
Qnot, 'equal.' always bring in the basis of compar-
Quam, 'equal.' ison.
Commodns, 'convenient' ... as with proper measure.
Opportaniis, ** ... as being right at the port or harbor.
Utllls, ** ... as being serviceable.
Anceps, 'doubtful' because making nothing decisive.
Dnbinsy ** because presenting two phases, and yet
not permitting a choice.
Alios, 'another' as any other except the one named.
Allenos, 'another's'. as be.onging to another.
Alter, 'another' as one of two persons.
Cetems, 'rest' as all the rest except those mentioned.
Rellqaus, '* as the remainder after others are gone.
Bxtremus, 'last' either of two ends, the first or last,
last or first.
Proxlmus, ** as being nearest to us from either end,
but usually to the right s'de or front.
Postremns, *' as opposed to primiis, it is last in order.
Ultimas, " as being farrhest from us on either end.
Supremns, ** as being highest in the list.
Placldns, 'calm' because having been brought to rest, as
troubled waters.
Quietus, *' as be'ng asleep.
TranquUlus, '* as even more quiet than in sleep
Remissus, ** as having been relaxed or brought to
rest.
63 LATIN SYNONYMS.
•
Gonstans, 'fixed' as being always the same.
Firmos, ** as having been made so by props.
Certns, " as something already decided and well
known.
Stabilis, ** as able to stand by its own gravity.
Intentns, '' as being held in one position: ocnli
intenti.
Communicans, 'sharing' . as making some one thing common.
Impert'ens, " . as dividing into parts, giving to two,
each a half; to ten, each a tenth, etc.
Partiens, '• . as simp y giving part, but no fixed parr,
to several persons.
Aeqnales, 'equals' because of the same age.
Pares, '* because alike in some one feature.
Egens, 'needy' because wanting the necessaries of life.
Indigens, ** because in absolute want.
Inops, ** because having no resources.
Pauper, 'poor' as opposed to dives, as being In reduced
circumstances.
Vills, '* as of small worth, because made of
cheap materia!, or because being out
of fashion and not in demand.
Beatns, 'happy' as having been blessed, and hence being
satisfied.
Faostas, ** as having been made favorable.
Felix, " as having everything according to our
wishes.
Secimdiis, ** as results following out efforts, suc-
cessful.
Fortnnatiis, ** as having been favored by fortune.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 69
Prospems, 'happy* as having everything to accord with our
hopes.
Acceptns, 'good' because the person has been received
by the people.
Bonus, " because being capable of giving service
or he p to others.
Gratns, ** because pleas'ng to all persons.
Honestus, ** because honorab e in reali y.
Jucimdus, ** because abounding in good cheer.
Probns, ** because of having been weighed and
not found wanting.
Aetemus, 'eternal' the farther continuance of the age
(aevum).
Sempitemiis, 'eternal' the farther continuance of semper.
Ignavus, 'inactive' as being without natural energy
Iners, 'inactive* as being without skill.
Expletus, 'satisfied' as having been filled.
Batiatus, 'satisfied' as having the appetite brought to a
standstill.
Dimensns, 'measured' as by some standard mensura.
Descriptus, " as having been laid off by measure.
Dispar, 'different' because of not the same linear dimen-
sions.
Dissimilis, 'different' because of not the same form or quality.
Aptns, 'suited' as by nature.
Idonens, '* as by appearance. Id internal stem of
Videre.
Conveniens, " as by all the parts harmonizing.
70 LATIN STNONTMS.
Adverb Terminals.
' e & — o&n. ........ ablative terminations and hence indi-
cating cause, manner, means, etc.
e A — - nm neuter singular termina ions and hence
accusative of specification (?), bet-
ter of generalization.
im either an ablative or an accusative
case, and so cause, etc., or case of
specificat'on.
ter 'by,' as though an extended form of the
the ablative case and denoting a cus-
tomary action.
tns ( — us) 'from,* as though an extended form of
the ablative case and denoting the
abstract concept of origin or source
of the action.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 71
(69)
Adverbs.
(255)
Fere, 'almost' . positive and therefore less close to the
number limit.
Ferme* 'almost' superlative and therefore closest to the
number limit.
Paene, ** as the degree, as though getting to
some condit'on with pain or diffi-
culty.
Prope, '* the idea of approximation or approach,
nearby.
Propemodnin, 'almost' often used for prope, and giving
modam to show degnee.
Post, 'after' for poii«t from pone and signifying 'in
the rear '
Postea, " . for post 4- abl. ea, the latter showins
the means
Bfagis, 'more' in degree.
Pins, •• in quantity.
Melius, 'better' In quality.
Potins, 'rather' offers a choice.
Clam, 'secretly' from celo, 'conceal,* and hence covered
up.
Fnrfim, *• in the manner of a th'ef.
Occnlte, '• . Ob 4- ciil=:cel, as by concealment be-
fore one's eyes.
In occnlto, •* lateral y in hiding before one's eyes.
Secrete, •• se 4- cemo, as by separation.
Aegre, 'scarcely' as though in a sickly manner.
Vix, •• connected with vis and hence 'with ef-
fort.'
Vixdmn, •• strengthened form of vix.
72 LATIN SYNONYMS.
"T"
Mazime, 'especially' as by the use of all force and size.
PoUssiimiim, ** as by the use of all force.
Praecipae* ** as by taking that first and foremost.
PraeserUm« ** as by combining that first and fore-
most.
Affaitim, 'enough' as if 'according to fate/ or that which
has been spoken.
8ati0» " as that which has come to a standstill.
AUquAntiiliiiii, 'little' a little of some quantity.
Panloin* ** a little in extent of time or space.
NonnihiH, ** In some way, or as in Eng., "in any
old way."
Paulnlnm, ** a very little in exlent of time or space.
E longiiiqao, 'afar' from a distance, as derived from that
which is the very beginning or foun-
tain head.
Eminnjs, ** opp. of comminas, literally 'out of
hand/ as in fighting by the throwing
of darts.
Longe, '* as the position in which anything may
be.
MultOf '* as denoting the outspread of time,
place or object.
Procnlf ** as though so far !n front as to be con-
cealed from view.
I>emaiii« *at length' the reference is always to some prior
state or statement and hense demnin
is secondary.
Denlqne, •• always secondary wl'h reference to a
primary expressed or understood.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
73
Tandem* 'is.t length' double secondary, and therefore em-
phatic with reference to something
previously said.
Tam« ** quum is implied as primary, and hence
tom is secondary.
Omnino, 'altogether' an ab'.ative without a preposition, and
hence not restricted to any part of
an entirety.
Prorsos, " .'itera ly turning (all) forward.
Fnnditits, *• from the very bottom, as in overturn-
ing.
Conjunctim, '* all joined together, as taking in all
kinds and all combinations.
Penitns, " f i om the inmost recesses.
Plane, " ak n to p'enus, *full,' and hence fu'ly.
Simulf '* at the same time, and hence ind eating
togetherness with one or more ac-
compaiiments.
Unm ** from the fact of complete oneness.
Modo, 'lately' as by a measure, and hence either
long or short. Of en used for just
now and sometimes a good while
ago.
Nnper, " f r. novus -|- per, and hence recently.
Acerbe, 'bitterly' as though by sharpness or acridness.
Amare, ** as though by bitterness to the taste.
Aspere, *• as though by roughness to the touch.
Vehementer, *• as though by being driven.
fta. 'so* in this manner, from same s em as
T$, Ea, Id, showing a more special re-
^9itioD than nt.
74 LATIN SYNONYMS.
Hoc modo, 'so' in this manner, but limited in the
method, and yet emp'oying the who e
of the method, if need be.
Hnnc in modnm, 'so' in this limited way, but not supposing
the whole of the one method to be
used.
Sic, 'so' always secondary to its primary at or
ita.
Frastra, 'in vain' disappointed expectation, as though
one has been dealt with frandulently.
(Vir.) Incassum, 'in vain' . . into emptiness, into hoUowness.
Neqniquam, ** . . absence of success in effort.
(liiv.) In cassnm, *' . . into emptiness.
Irritas, " . . withou thought for the time being, as
without a plan.
Nondmn, 'not yet' a relative statement, not ready for a
second movement.
Handdum, *' an absolute statement, not ready for a
second movement.
Necdnm, ** 'and not yet,* a continuous statement,
not ready for a second movement
Nequedom, ** 'and not yet,' a continuous statement
not ready for a second movement
Adhnc non, •• 'up to this time not.'
Ut, 'as* a real similarity, but without contrast.
Sicut, 'as' a real similarity, but with contrast im-
plied.
Quasi, "as' a merelv conceived sim'larity.
Tamqaam, 'as' .....a merelv conceived similarity, contrast
impied.
Velnt, 'as* in Cic. equal to 'for example;* in late
writers, it is used like qnasi.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
75
Oonfestim, 'immediately'.
Oantinno, **
\
• • • •
Extemplo,
tt
• •
Derepente,
•t
Instanter,
ft<
Actutum,
••
Mature,
••
niico.
•«
Properantler,
<•
meet,
•«
Protinns,
••
Recta,
••
Repente,
••
Statim,
tt
Snbito,
«<
with haste,
immed'ately after,
gether.
as moving on to-
as out of time, but originating in little
time.
intensive movement, as of serpent,
as following closely,
as by the one and same act.
as at the right time,
as in that very place,
as hastily going on through,
as it is now the t!me to go.
straight onward as the beginning was
made.
as on this straight road, recta via. '
present movement of serpent,
without de'ay, without sitting down
sudden!y, as though coming up under
your feet.
Inconslderatie, 'rash'y* without consideration.
Inconsiilto, ** without oonsuration.
Fortnito, " as by chance.
Nimls fe«ifinaiiter, 'rashly* . . w'th too great haste.
Praepropere, 'rashly' with undue haste.
NeirM^enter, •• as never making choice.
Stnlte, *' as acting the downright fool.
Temere, *• as though blindly.
Oradatim, 'gradually* as step by s*ep.
per gradas, •• as throueh successive steps.
Pede^emptim, " as by trying *he way by steps.
Panlafim, «* as ittle by litt'e.
Sensim, " as by perceiving each step.
76 LATIN SYNONYMS.
(?) Imperceptim,
'gradually' as though no movement could be per-
ceived.
£x partct 'partly* from one side only.
Partim, '* as only a part of the whole at one
time.
Partite, ** by proper divisions of the whole.
Plemmque, *f requently' . . . . by spreading over and filling up va-
cancies.
Frequenter, '* .... by coming from different directions in
great numbers
Saepe, ** .... by heaping up as in number of times.
Cr^bro, " .... by growing in size as crowds gachering
in numbers.
Saepenumero, " .... an emphatic saepe.
mine, 'thence' from that distant place named before.
Inde, " from that intermediate place repre-
sented by is, ea, id.
Istinc, •• from that place which you occupy.
Abbinc, " length of time before the present mo-
ment.
Antequam, 'before' as never having been behind..
Prinsquani, *' as having been behind, but now bein.^
before.
Ante, " as bever having been behind.
Citliis, " as in the manner of one greatly ex-
cited.
Prius, " as having been behind but now being
before.
Itemm, *again' a second time.
Do integro, •• from the entirety, or afresh.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 77
Denno, 'again' from a new position.
Rursus, ** as turning back over the same road.
Rursnm, *V as turning back over the same road, the
lat er being generic, the former
specific.
XJbi, 'when' as time contrasted with other time»
ubi showing the basis of the com-
parison.
Ut, ** as a reference to a well-known date.
Cam, " as a reference to every time that, i. e.,
whenever.
Heri, 'yesterday* the day itself as a period of time.
Hestemo die, 'yesterday' . . . yesterday's day, a period or portion of
yesterday.
Adeo, *so' to that degree or point.
Ita, " defines more accurate' y than sic.
Ideo, ** on that account, and suits our there-
fore.
Sic, •* always secondary to ut or some pri-
mary.
Tam, ** always secondary to qnam expressed or
understood.
Tantopere, 'so' always secondary to qnanto expressed
or understood, but used witl^ verbs
instead of tanou
In dies, 'daily' 4 as the days come In, one after another.
In singnlos dies, 'daily' .... as single days come in, one after an-
other.
QaoCidie, 'daily' by as many days as come and go, dav
aft«r day.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Nont 'not' the ordinary or general not.
Ne« ^' used for non in connection with qui-
dem.
Hand, ** an absolute subjective not, generally
with adjectives or adverbs.
Haudqnaqnam, 'not' a stronger expression for hand.
MinnSf ** as being smaller than the required.
Nequaqaaiii, ** a very general expression for neqne.
Xeatiquain, ** similar to neqnaquam, but derived
from ne + utlque.
Minlme, '* the superlative of parvo, and hence 'by
the least.'
De improyiso, 'suddenly' ... as from the unseen, a secondary con-
cept.
Kx tempore, *** ... as not according to the time, as not
coming 'out from within the time/
or not part and parcel of the time
Improviso. ** ... as in any way unforseen, a primary
concept, and showing cause, manner
means, instrument, etc.
Inopinato, '* ... as not being even fancied for the time.
Necopinato, ** ... as not being even fanciM at any t'me
Repente, ** ... as a creeping movement made by a
serpent.
SubitOt •• . • • as coming up from beneath, — a snake
putting h.'s head out of the grass.
Aliqnando, 'once' nt some other time, past or future.
Glim, ** .......... opposed to none, the distant past or
future.
Qnondam, " formerly, used of the past only.
Nimis, 'too' regular adverb, denoting excess.
Ifimimn. *' adjective used as an adverb, and a
very general expression.
LATIN SYNONYMS. ^ 79
Nlmis multi, 'too many'. . . . as 25 when we need onj 20.
Ximimn saepe, *too of ten'., as 25 repetitions when 20 are enough.
Ubi, 'where' equal cabi, and regular adverbial
torm, as an implied contrast with
ibi.
Quo, '* ^ai^al, quo loco, to what place as an
implied contrast with eo loco.
Parumpler, a little while' . . denoting the brief continuance of an
action.
Paiilisper, ** ' *' . . denoting a greater continuance.
Benlgne, 'yes' us in offering to perform service kindly.
Immo, ^* as by the use of the uttermost kind-
ness.
Optime, ** as by highest choice.
Qnippe, *' as giving a reason for the affirmation.
Recte, •♦ as putting the affirmation on correct
bases
]>iimtaxat, 'only' as by making a correct estimate.
Modo, '* the common equivllent, and equal to a
moderate limit.
Raro, *• as to an occasional solitary effort.
Bolum, ** as by itself, and hence operating alone.
Solnmmodo, ** as operating alone and to a limited de-
gree.
Tantnm, ** as to this extent and no greater.
Tantummodo, 'only* as on'y to a limited extent.
Apeite, 'openly' as though the object of truth were set
forth clearly.
Pa!am, ** as though spread out so that all could
see.
I
80 , LATIN SYNONYMS.
Publice, 'openly* as though not done in a corner.
Alioqui, 'otherwise' in some other way, by some other
me hod.
Aliter, " in another case.
Seens, " as a secondary method, and hence ad<
ditional.
Forsitan, 'perhaps* as equal to fors sit an, 'whether there
is a chance.'
Fortasse, *' as if it has taken place by chance.
Jure, 'rightly* as according to statute law.
Jnste, " as in the manner of justice.
Recte, •' as in a straight line and favorably.
Rite, »• as according to religious ceremonies.
Brevi, 'shortly' as in a short time or space
Breviter, " as by a brief method or operation.
Al'quando, 'sometimes' .... as at some periods in the future.
Interdum, •* .... as between times you have opportunity.
Non nnnqnam, •* .... as 'many times * the two negatives in-
creasing the force of the affirmation.
Xon jam, 'no longer' Implies that an act or condition has
Nihil Jam. gone on to the present time, but Is
not now operative.
Xon dintias, 'no longer' ... as of an action or condition that goes
no further than the present.
Bx memorla, 'by heart'. . . .as 'out from the memory* by reproduc-
tion.
Memoriter, '* .... as following the chain of memory, con-
necting link to link.
LATIN SYNONYMS 81
Ampiius, 'more' as extending more widely on both
sides.
Ma^s, ** as greater in degree.
Plus, ** as extending farther on any side or
on all sides.
Identidem, 'likewise' as of one time like another.
Item, ** as in the same manner.
Non clemel, ** as 'not once,' it Is equivalent to sev«
eral times In the same way.
Plus semel, ** as extending beyond one time.
Plus quam semel, 'likewise' . as extending to several times.
Semel et saepiius, ** . as once and repeatedly.
Nocte, 'by night' as by * the use of any part or all the
night.
]>e nocte, ** but for only a part of the night.
Noctn, *' as by night after night,' or 'of nights.'
Jam, 'now' as having already started a secontl
movement
Mode, ** as in time just passed.
Mqx, ** as in time Just future. From moveo,
and hence the notion of hereafter.
Nunc, *' as the present moment.
Impnne, 'with impunity' ... as an unpunished person.
Impnnite, ** ** ... as though by means of exemption from
punishment, the word being an ab-
lative.
Impnnitiis, '* '* ... as to the extent of freedom from pun-
ishment.
Admodnm sero, 'too late' . . late to the limit, hence very late.
Ximls sero, ** ** . . as undiminished lateness.
82 LATIN SYNONYMS.
Serins, *too late*., a little late.
Sero, *' " . . as by a late action or condition.
Modo, *ju9t now' as in the recent past.
/ Nupier, ** as in some period last passed.
Gerte, 'certainly' as with fixedness never known to fail.
Prol^cto, *' as a fact already brought out
Sanet ** as in a manner peculiar to healthful-
ness.
(Plaat,) Opp'do, *certainly'.as just before the foot, hence clearly
visible. .
bnmo, 'certainly' as by this very thing, equal to ipsimo.
Onmino, '* as by every means that could be con-
ceived.
Vere, *' as in a- true manner.
Voro, •• as by the truth.
Vemm, ** as the truth itself
Quidem, '* perhaps more conjunction than adverb,
but used as a strengthener for other
fidverbs.
Videlicet, " as giving permission to see for your-
self.
Saltern, *' as from salus, representing the idea of
healthfully.
Scilicet, ** as giving permission to know how it
was done.
Mnlto minus, 'much less' . . a.s by a much smaller measure.
Nednm, •• •• . . as 'while not' considering the present
or other times and conditions.
i^amni, 'little' opposed to satis and niminm, from
same root as parvus.
Parvnoi. '* opposed to majpins, and hence little in
'*nbic dimensions.
LrATIN SYNONYMS. 83
Paulnm, * little' as the extent of time, or as the degree
of difference.
DiUt 'for a long time' an old ablative of dies, and hence de-
noting length of time.
Jam diUt *' ** already a long time.
lionge* ** *' as by length of days or years.
Jamdudmn/for a long time*, already for a long time, dadam equal
din and dum.
Jam pridem, ** ** .already a long time before.
Etiam, 'also' always adds a new circumstance.
Qnoque, ** denotes the addition of a thing of
similar kind.
Vel« *' when used alone with superlatives.
Umquam, 'ever'. as at any one time.
S^nper, *' as being the same all the time.
Ubiqiie, 'everywhere* at any one place.
Undlque, ** from every place.
Passim, '* as scattered here and there.
A fronte, 'front' as from the front of your own line and
upon the front of your enemy's line.
In fronte, " as in the front of your enemy's line.
Adhne, 'hitherto' all the time up to the present time.
Hactenus, *' all the space or circumstances up to
this point.
in eqno, 'horseback' on the horse, as simply In position.
Rx equo, •• from the horse, as performing an ac-
tion with reference to something
different from the horse.
84 LATIN SYNONYMS.
Ut, *how' as expressive of position, nt me cir-
cumsfetcrint.
Utcmnqne, 'liow' 'howsoever/ as the most general man-
ner in action.
Qaam, '* as an exclamatory modifier of adject-
ives.
Qui, *« an ancient ablative singular for all
genders.
Qottnto, *' as the standard of quantitative meas-
ure.
Qaem ad modum, 'how' .... as 'according to some measure' settini?
forth an actual occurrence.
Quo mode, 'how* as by some limited simple measure.
Qao pacto, " as by some agreement already made,
and to be lived up to by both parties.
Invite, 'involuntarily' as not forcefully, but sluggishly,
and always modifying the verb.
Invitus, '• but always modifies subject.
Haud sponte sua,
'involuntarily' as not according "to one's promise, or
better perhaps, 'not by promise,' but
because some one insists.
Nolens, 'involuntarily' as not being a willing performance.
Orto, " as by impulse and not will.
Ultro, 'voluntarily' by some way outside of the ordinary.
not being required by one's sur-
roundings.
Sua sponte, 'voluntarily' ... as by one's own promise.
Facto, ** ... as by determination and purpose al-
ready formed.
Volens, ** ... as being a willing performance.
( ?) Inflrequenter, 'rarely' . . as not coming in numbers.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 85
Raro, 'rarely' as being only here and there, and so
seldom met with.
QnaniTis, 'however' as far as you may wish to go.
Qnamlibet, " as far as anybody may wish to go.
Nunquam non, 'never not' . . litotes for *at all times.*
Xon nunquam, 'not never' . . litotes for ^sometimes/
Difference of Terminals
for Nouns.
(1) Prom Verbs.
the man who performs the action im-
plied In the verb.
tor those that end In — ^tor form feminines
in — trix.
those that end in — sor form femfnines
in — ^trix or — strix, sometimes throw-
ing out the L of .he mas, and then
add'ng — ^trir.
The termination or, when added to
the unaltered stem of the verb, espe-
cially of Intransitive verbs, expresses
the action or cond'tion of the verb
as a substantive, as favor, furor,
n'tor, etc.
There is much difference be^^ween
^-or and — er in English. Or de-
no'^es professional continuance, while
— -er represents temporary or occa&-
^onql ernp^oymen^.
io when added to the supine after the
—us. lo«s of utn, express the action or con-
dition denoted by the verb abstract-
Iv, — ^io continuously, — ^us fixedly.
86 LATIN SYNONYMS.
— ara has nearly the same meaning as —as.
— «la has nearly the same mean!ng as — nra.
Both these terminals denote simple
extension of the original.
—Allien expresses either the thing to which the
action belongs, both in an active and
passive sense, or the means of attain-
ing what the verb expresses.
— ^mentuin the means of attaining what the verb
expresses.
— bnlnm denote an instrument or place serving
— culnin. a certain purpose in connection with
the verb, culnm being sometimes. con-
tracted ^nto — clum and then — cluin
changing into cnun.
— tmin carries about the same meaning as
— clnm.
— « when appended to the stem of a verb,
— o. denote the subject of the action.
— ^io when appended to the stems of substan-
tives, the new nouns express the idea
of the trade to which a person be-
longs.
— ^tniii expresses the general effect of the verb
and the place of the action.
— igo expresses a state or condition.
— ido expresses a state or condition.
<2) From Substantives.
— ellns, — ella, — ellnm . . . appended only in words of first and
second dec., which have e, ra, or an r
in their terminations.
— ^nlns, — ^ula, -— nlnm, mean little, and are appended to the
— cnlns, — cnla, — culum. stem after the removal of the ter-
mination of the oblique cases.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 87
^-olns, —Ola, — olnm are used when the termination of the
primitive substantive is preceded by
a vowel
— villus, — ^illa, — ^illuni .... more rare than the other forms for
diminutives.
— ^nnculns, a, nm puts on for on as found In words like
sermo, ratio, etc
— ^inm appended to noun-stems, it expresses an
assemblage. When appended to ver-
bal subs^^antives in or, it denotes the
place where.
— ariura denotes a receptac'e.
— etum appended to the names of plants, de-
notes the place where they grow in
great number.
— ^i'e appended to names of animals, indi-
cates the place in which they are
kept.
— ides termina's belonging to masculine pat-
— as. ronymirs, but both s and des are sim-
— ^iades. plv secondary signs, the primary be-
ing given by the original name.
— ^is feminine terminal fo^ secondaries.
S in Jones, Marks, etc., and s in all p'u-
rals :n English and many other lan-
^ guages is simply ttie sign of the
secondary extension of the primary
concept.
(8) From AdJectiTCS.
— itas denotes the quality expressed by the
adjpc^ive. Adjectives in — ins makp
substantives in — ^ietas; those in stiv;
make them in stas.
88 LiATIN SYNONYMS.
abstract notion of the quality expressed
— tUa. by the adjective.
— ^ndo denotes greater duration in quality than
— ^itas.
— «do found in only few words.
' — ^moi«i» abstract notion of quality; and like
— tudo denotes duration and pecul-
iarity of the quali.y more than — -ela.
Hence qnertmonia is a stronger term
than quereila.
(152)
NOUDS.
(70©)
Acies, 'army' the battle line drawn up in form of a
wedge.
Agmen, ** the army on the march.
Copiae, •• troops in the collective capacity.
Bxerdtas, ** the army that has been drilled.
BfUites, '* the individual soldiers.
Vires, " forces as dynamic or effective powers.
Ep'stnla, 'letter' as writing sent to some one.
liitera, •* as a letter of the alphabet.
liiterae, " as something written.
Literae, 'learning* as knowledge expressed in writing.
Doctrina, " as knowledge taught.
Emditio, " as the means of mental and moral cul-
ture.
Hnmanitas, ** as the refinement of education and
taste.
Oognitio, 'knowledge' subjective or static knowledge.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 89
Notitia, 'knowledge* general knowledge — all knowledge.
Scientia, ** pract.'cal knowledge, illustrated in the
world about us.
Certamen, 'fight* the effort to decide the contest in favor
of either party.
Pngilatio,
Pngilatas,
Pagna,
Proeliam,
Dimicatio,
the action of fighting, fight in progress
the finished fight.
general term for any kind of fight,
general term for a fight with arms,
actual battle in progress, arms gleam-
ing on both sides.
Caput, 'chief* as the most important person or thing
in any line of think.'ng.
Piimus, •* .• as the first in time or order.
Prinoeps, " as the foremost whom others folow.
Praefectus, 'chief* as having been made superintendent or
temporary governor.
Principes, 'chiefs* as leading men in the state or com-
munity.
Proeeres, *• as nobles or princes of the rea^.m.
liiber, 'free* a man born free, — generosus is better-
liibertiis, " one freed by h*s master.
liibertinus, 'free* one socially and politically free.
The distinction between libertus
and libertinus is largely abandoned
in post-Augustan Latin
Dies, 'day' sing, fem often means a period of time;
sing mas. usually 24 hours.
Dies, 'days* pi. mas., as always in pi., 24 hour pe-
riods.
90 LATIN SYNONYMS.
Talo9, 'dice' four fiat and two round sides.
Tessaras, 'dice' six fiat sides.
Anxiliiim, 'help' fr. augere, hence what increases our
strength.
Snbsidiiim, " aid near at hand and ready to be given.
Adjnmentmn, 'help' the means of help.
Opera, 'help' . . , by actua! effort.
Praesidluni, 'he'p' as a shield from attack.
Snppetiae, 'help' present help of troops.
Decs, 'gods' ; . . nature gods
Divos, " demigods or deified emperors.
liares, *' tutelary gods.
Penates, 'gods' those gods that preside over the larder
and provide food for the home.
Numen, " the dlvinty of the godhead, literally the
nod or authority of a god.
Poena, *punf shment' originally fine paid * for murder, later
any punishment.
Snppliciuin, 'punishment*. . begging for pardon in the presence of
the executioner.
Animadversio, ** . . censure, but used euphemistically for
capital punishment.
Castigatio, •* . . as that which purifies or benefits.
Damnum, ** . . as by loss or injury.
Mnlta, " . . originally a fine in cattle, later in
money.
Mnltatio, " . . the action of fining.
Noxa, •* . . as by the effect of injury.
Raptor, 'robber' one who takes by force anything he
may desire. The general term.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
'91
Ereptor, 'robber' the plunderer in large measure of goods
Or of liberty.
Direptor, ** pillager of the secondary class
Pur, 'thief as one who takes any and every kind
of thing he may desire.
Latro, 'robber' one who lies in concealment.
Pirata, " p'rate, one who makes attacks on ships.
Praedo, •• one who seeks booty of any kind.
Amnis, 'river' as a generic, often used for the larger
streams.
Flumen, 'river* any considerable flow of water.
FTuvius, *• as the contrad'stinction to noisy bodies
of wa'er.
Torrens, *• as steaming, rush'ng, boiling water.
Rivus, •* as a brook or small stream of water
or other fluids.
Rivulus, ** rather a brooklet.
Amentia, 'madness' as a primary idea, and hence general
and complete.
Dementia, *V as a secondary idea, and hence speciflc
and partial.
Furor, " as that ispired by the Furies.
Insania, ** as due to unsoundness, an excessive
action of any faculty or appetite.
Rabies, *' as due to disease which has, as it were
seized upon us.
Vecordla, ** as due to senselessness.
Dom'natio, 'power' as arb'trary or tyrannical government.
Dicio, • •• as authority due to terms of surrender.
Facultas, ** as the means of doing something.
Imperium, •• as military command.
92 LATIN SYNONYMS.
I\>t3iitia, 'power' as actual and effective.
Potestas, *^ as standing power over persons or
nations.
Regnnm, " as kingly government.
Robur, " as sta .Ic or Internal strength.
Vis, " as dynamic or available power.
Homo, 'man* as a human being, often used contemp-
tuously.
Vir, ^* as a man In contradistinction to woman,
as a hero with the dynamic vis visible
in all his actions.
Senectus, 'old age' the state of a person who has passed
through the other five stages of life.
Senium, " in Its weakness without any special
thought of the successions.
Jusjurandom, 'oath' as one taken before the law courts.
Sacramtentum, *' as one administered to soldiers when
they were enlisted.
Gens, 'nation' as taken by families.
Natio, * •• as taken by descent from original
families.
Popnlus, •* as the political whole.
Aes, 'money* as copper, the basis of estimation.
Argentum, 'money* as silver coin.
Xummus, " the regular silver currency, and as a
sesterce about 4% cents.
Pecunia, " as wealth, so called because* the Ro-
man's wealth consisted orlglna ly of
cattle.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
93
Custodia, 'guard' as the action or condition of castes or
castodes.
Custodes, ** as keepers of whatever may be en-
trusted to them.
Excubiae, *' as the action or condition of those
who lie out of doors.
Excnbitores, ** as actual out of doar guards.
Praesidinm, 'guard' as an army just outside the city walls.
Specnlatorefiif '* as those persons who are watching
from towers.
Static, ** as a picket guard on the outposts.
Vigilae, ** as the action or condition of those
awake.
Vigiles, ** as persons who are really awake.
Vincnluin, '* as a bolt for a door
Dedecns, 'shame' as what is unbecoming any reasonable
being.
Flagitilun, '* as a crime committed in the heat of
passion.
Tnfamia, ^* as disgraceful and notorious.
Ignominia, ** as the deprivation of one's good name.
Libio, ** as the act of a mere animal nature.
Padidtia, ** shamefacedness or modesty.
Pador, *' the feeling of shame that comes to a
pure nature.
Probrnm, " any shataeful, infamous deed.
Stnpnun, ** opp. of pndicitia in the sense of im>
modesty.
Tnrpitudo, •'* baseness belonging to low birth, as a
condition common to the Turba.
Animus, 'mind' the whole inner self, both mind and
heart.
94
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Genius, 'mind' simp'y inborn ability.
Ingeninm, *^ the inborn ability for outer productive-
ness.
Mens, ** the power of thinking.
Anima, 'life' the basis for both spiiitns and Tita.
Spirltus, *' the ou.er proof of inner anlma.
Vita, " the outer proof of both anima and
animus, as connected with vis and
vir.
Orbis terrarum, 'earth' .... as the entire circle of lands.
Tellus, 'earth' the globe as to all its limitations.
Terra, ** the land as distinguished from the
water.
Solum, ** the land as the productive portion of
earth, or as what we call soil.
Ager, 'territory' as that which may be cultivated.
Colonia, ** as that into which colonists are sent.
Fines, ** as the imaginary boundaries of land.
Regie, •• as any district with distinct boundaries.
Terra, " as land in its widest sense.
Tierritorium, -territory' as the land that belongs to a town or
district of the country.
Compos, *master' as having control of one's own powers.
Dominus, " as a master or owner.
Dynastes, ** as a ruler or prince.
Hems, '* as the head of a household
Magister, " as a very general term for any one
great enough for command.
Paterfamilias, 'master' .... as the head of both children and slaves.
and the manager of business.
LrATIN SYNONYMS.
95
Princeps, ** . . . . a's the first man in the state.
Tyranmis, '* .... as a ruler in the most absolute sense.
«
Ancilla, 'servant' as a waiting-maid.
Vema, ** as one born in the house, not bought.
Assecla, ** as one who follows, a mere sycophant.
The word being used in a contemp-
tuous sense.
Famulus, ** as one who serves, being part of familia,
Mancipium, *' as a slave that has been bought.
Minister, *' as a helper in any business.
Pner, " as a young roustabout.
Servns, '* as one bound for life and without polit-
ical standing.
Baculum, 'staff' the cane on which one leans in walking.
Bacillum, ** a litJe staff or the lictor's staff.
Caduceus, ** a herald's staff, as was Mercury's.
Clava, '* a knotty staff or cudgel, as was that of
Hercules.
Fnstis, ** . . '. the ordinary club or cudgel.
Ebistile, *' staff of a spear, and sometimes the
spear itself
Litaus, ** augur's staff, which was curved; and
hence the word is sometimes used
for a clarion or curved trumpet.
Pains, ** as a stake on which Roman recruits
exercised their weapons.
Pedum, •* shepherd's staff.
Scipio, *♦ carried before officials, as was the
scipfo ebumeus carried in triumphal
procession.
96
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Debitmn, 'duty' as a debt due to any one.
Manns, ** as a performance or function.
Officinm, ** as the whole body of one's duties.
liOcns, ** duty appointed.
Partes, " the particular part or parts of service
any one may have had alloted to him.
Pietas, •* filial duty, as to parents, country, or
the gods.
Provincia, " duty imposed upon us.
Religio, ** as that performed in obedience to con-
science.
Sors, •• duty given by lot.
Acies, 'sight' as the piercing power of the eye.
Ocnins, " as the whole power of the eye.
Visio, ** as the distinguishing power of the eye.
Visns, " as the image already formed on the
retina. '
Videndi facnltas, 'sight' ... as the simple power of performing the
function of securing an image.
Capillns, 'hair' of the head. Pilns is a single hair.
Coma, ** of the head, but loose and flowing; of-
ten used of the beard and of the tail
of the comet and of the foliage of
trees, etc.
Crinis, •* hair in bunches and bushy.
Adjntor, 'helper' but not an Inferior, usually one selected
as fully competent by experience.
Adjntrix, ** a fema'e helper, but not a servant.
IVIinister, *' as an inferior the min being the same
stem as found in minus.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
97
Oonjngiiim, 'marriage' .... as the union of husband and wife*
Connnbiimi, ** .... as the veiling of the wife for marriage.
Matrtmoninm, *^ .... as the state of a married woman.
Nuptiae, '* .... as all the preparations and ceremonies
connected with the marrl-age.
Jus Connnbii, ** .... as the legal privilege of marriage.
Procella, 'storm* as that which is driving forward.
Tempestas, 'storm' as immoderate weather conditions.
Turbo, *• as a whirlwind in its fury.
•
Gradus, 'step' as any single movement of the foot up
or down or forward or backmlard.
Gressos, ** as continuous walking.
Passns, *' as the measure of a step, but what the
Roman called a passus as a measure
in length was really two full steps,
making five feet.
Bfflgies, 'likeness' that which brings the within or the
hidden outward.
Form*, ** that which represents the outline of an
object.
Imago, ** a likeness which reveals all the fea-
tures
Fignra, ♦ » •• simply the external shape.
Instar, " as the equal of an object.
Picta, •• as that which is painted.
Pictora, *• the surface form of a painting.
Similitudo, ** the apparent sameness of features. ^
Signnm, " especially of the gods, but often repre-
senting as a symbol what cannot be
represented in any form.
Simnlacmm, 'likeness' but only an imperfect representation,
as the statue of a god.
Statna, ** the image of a man as set up in a pub-
lic place.
Tabula, •• as a panel on which there is a painting.
f)8 LATIN SYNONYMS.
.VspoctiLs, 'view' limit of vision, power oif vision, or
mere appearance.
(^onspectuH, 'view' our full sight of anything physical or
mental.
Deq^ectus, '' a downward view upon anything ma-
terial or moral.
Prospectus, ** our out ook upon anything in the dis-
tance.
Oppii^natio, 'siege' as a most furious storming of fort or
city.
CH>sessio, *' as the present act of a siege.
Obsfdium, ** the general term for the condition of
a siege.
Obsidio, '* the active operation of a siege in any
or all its details.
Aegrltudo, 'sickne^' state or condition of body or mind.
Aegrotatio, ** continuance of any disafTection of
body or mind.
Oonta^o, '' cause of disease, as by contact with
persons.
lines, ** as a p!ague widespread, and hence af-
fecting many.
Morbus, ** specific disease, the word being general
for any one form of disease.
Pestilentia, *' an infectious rather than a contagious
disease.
Valetudo, '* a state of ill-health rather than real
sfckness.
ViMnltus, *' as that which proves revulsion of the
stomach to any of its contents.
Ager, 'country* cultivated or open 4and as opposed to
the city.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 99
Patria, 'country' our fatherland.
Regie, ** as that which is under control.
Bus, *' as simply out of town.
Conscientia, 'conscience' ... as a consciousness of right and wrong.
Fides, ** ... as the keeping of one's word
Religio, " . . .as a conscientiousness of one's duty or
responsibility.
Finis, "boundary' from flndo, *cut,' and hence the imag-
inary line between countries or any
boundary be .ween things that are to
be distinguished from one another.
liimes, ** a secondary to finis, and indicating a
section line rather than the outside
boundary.
Terminus, ** may represent a real line, but is rather
the stone set up as a boundary cor-
ner.
Granum, 'grain' a grain or seed of any plant.
FnunentHm, 'grain' harvested grain.
Fmmenta, 'grains' on the stalk.
Annonae, " yearly crop of grain.
Donnm, 'gift' what is given as a mere present, no
particular merit or service consid-
ered.
Mnnns, ** as an affectionate service or favor.
Praeminm, 'gift' as a reward of merit.
Ainltinns, 'cousin' a child of a mother's brother or a
father's sister.
Ck>nsobrini, 'cousins' children of sisters.
Patmeles, *' children of brothers.
Robrini, *' children of consobrini, second cousins.
100
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Area, 'place' open p?ace not occupied with buildings,
field in middle of town.
Campus, *' free» open place, but larger than an
area.
liocas, *' position which something occupies
Propatnlmn, 'place* in front of a dwelling house, open and
unroofed.
Pagas, '* a village or district, the boundaries of
which have been agreed upon.
Regie, ** a district under governmental control.
Vestibiiliiin, '* ...:... entrance court to home or temple or
sepulcher or other place which has
largOT space.
Vicns, ** a village as a quarter of town or city.
Sedes, ** natural position or seat for person,
building, etc.
Spat^mn, 'space' Dorian spadion for stadion ( ? ) , exten-
sion in length and breadth, spat by
prosthesis for pat in pateo, 'extend.'
Cnrriculiiiii, 'space* space for a race.
Crimen, 'charge' of crime, crimination or accusation.
Delictum, 'crime* properly a delinquency or failure to
perform one's obligations.
Facinns, '* any deed, good or bad, but generally
used for a villainy.
Flagitinm, *' shameful, disgraceful crime against
morals, and therefore punished by
some nations secretly. ^
Maleficinm, ** a general term for any wrong action.
Nefas, ** a crime against the laws of the gods.
Scelns, " an infamous crime, as of that commit-
ted against the laws of one's country.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 101
Ckmsuetado, 'custom' as that to which we have been long
accustomed, and hence as something
well established.
Institatum, '* as having been established, but more
local and peculiar in character.
Mos, " as the will or wish of individuals ex-
pressing their preference for this or
that fashion in speech or manner of
life
Usiis, ** as the practice of individuals or the
experience of one or many.
Exitiis, 'death' as the going out from home or off the
stage, and hence as an absence from
the scene of former activity.
Finis* ** . . . , ^s ^^6 boundary between the present
' and future.
Interitus, '* as the destruction, or annihilation of
persons and things.
Letom, ** death as a blotting out, fr. lere, *to de-
stroy.
Mors, ** as from natural causes.
Nex, ** vio'ent death as a penalty.
Obitiis, " as a departure in the sense not of going
out of a house, but of meeting an
enemy or of going down, as the sun.
Cnra, 'care' opp to negligentia, and hence living
and acting with consideration of all
duties and respons'bilities.
Diligentia, 'care' with respect to one or more objects
that require choice of attention.
So^Uo'tiido, 'care' as anxiety with regard to any person
or thing that is of interest to us.
Pmdentia, " . . , as wise foresight.
102
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Oonatns, 'effort' use of all one's powers in doing any-
thing.
Indnstria, " persistent effort.
Gontentio, ** effort in speaking.
Labor, *• effort attended with difficulty.
Pensmn, ** a task, as something weighed out.
Opera, ** an effort in any direction.
Opns, ** finished work, as a book.
Stndinm, '* fixedness of purpose in pursuit.
Nisns, ** strugg'e as that of an athlete. ^
Digressio, 'going away' .... the action in progress.
Digressos, ** ** .... a finished action, a digression already
made.
Discessio, ** ** .... the action in progress.
Discessns, *' *' .... a finished action, a separation already
made.
Amicnlmn, 'garment' as a cloak or mantle, by which any-
thing may he covered.
Vestis, " the clothing, any artic'e of clothing.
Vestimentnm, •* one garment.
Vestrtns, '* everything in the way of clothes.
Gens, 'stock' several families connected by birth.
Genus, ** as descendant of any one family.
Stirps, ** as the original head of the family
Ardor, 'fire' as a general term for whatever exhibits
the inner heat of actual fire or zeal
or love.
Flamma, 'fire' as the blaze which spreads itself.
Ignis, '• as rather the essence of all heat.
Incendiui^; 'fire' as a confiagration that has been started
from the outside of building or other
body.
Scintillae, ** -as the sparks that £y off, faint traces
LATIN SYNONYMS.
1Q3
Sxistimatio,
Opinio,
Dogma,
Decretmn,
Judicimn,
Sententia,
Praeceptnm,
((
It
i(
'opinion' as an estimation still in progress.
as the way in which one sees anything.
as a philosophical fact that has been
taught.
as a principle discovered or that has
jgrown out of facts already estab-
lished.
as according to power of judgment.
as one has perceived relations.
as a precept worthy to be received
from a teacher.
ift
ti
i«
Conyentns,
Foedus,
Pactio,
Pactum,
Sponsio,
Conventio, 'treaty' action of agreement, but not binding
" by law.
finished act of agreement, but not bind-
ing -by law.
alliance sanctioned by senate and peo-
p'e.
-the making of a legal contract between
contending parties.
the legal contract between contending
parties.
the action of two generals looking to
ratification, but not yet ratified by
the states which the generals rep-
resent.
'band* as a crowd or troop; company of actors;
chorus
as the tenth part of a Roman legion.
as a mass of people, or as any large
globe.
more limited than gilobns; often an as-
sociation.
any body of men act'ng together, as
hands in the accomplishment of ser-
vice.
Caterva,
Cohors,
(t
Globus,
it
Grex,
ii
Manns,
ii
104
LATIN SYNONYMS.
AdveiTsM^iiB, 'enemy' at law, as one who meets us on any one
issue, his way or method opposed to
ours.
Hostis, ** a public enemy, originally a stranger,
and hence one having little regard
for our interests.
Inimiciis, ** a private enemy, as being hostile or
harmful to us or to our highest good.
AcinAces, 'sword' Persian sword, short, but having two
edges.
Bhisto, *' a long sword for fighting at a distance.
Gladius, '* a short sword for fighting close at hand.
Macro, ** as the sharp point of any weapon.
Hasta, 'dart' a spear for piercing or hurling by
hand and with strap attached to
bring it back.
Jacttlwn, 'dart' a dart to be thrown, but not with er-
pectaMon of its return.
Pilum, ** a short javelin for the infantry.
Telnm, *• a dart for offensive warfare, which may
be thrown against the enemy at any
reasonable distance.
Trai^a, ** seems to have been used to strike and
then drag.
Veratnin, ** but more like hasta, from its piercing
effects.
Bervltiitm, 'slavery' as the service which a slave performs.
Servitndo, " as the s ate in which a slave is
Serritas, ** as the fact or realization of one who
has been made a slave.
Cervix, 'neck' as the back part of the neck.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 105
OoUmiit 'neck' as the entire connection of head and
body.
Fftucesy ** as the passway through the neck.
QvIa, ** as the tube or the solid part around
the passway.
PatientiA, 'endurance* as a condition of body or mind or
sp'rit.
Perpessio, *' as the present feeling of dolomm or
labonun.
Tolemntia, ** as the condition of body or mind or
spirit from the taking upon our-
selves burdens.
Toleratio, " as the capacity for bearing ther bur-
dens.
Cantes, 'rock' . rock to be avoided, fr. caveile, 'beware.'
Rnpes, ** steep, broken rock, fr. mmpere, 'break.'
Saxum, ** any mass of stones detached from
clifTs.
Scopuliis, ** dangerous rocks in the water, cMff.
Silex, •* hard, flinty granite or basalt.
Consp-'ratores, 'conspirators', those in the business of do'ng secret
work against the government.
Conjurati, . . . " those who have sworn to do violence
against government or its officials.
Dux, 'general' as a leader of bands.
Imperator, 'general' as a commander with authority.
Iter, 'road' a route through the country, but not
a prepared via.
.Semita, 'road' as only a foot path.
Via, ** as a main road or thoroughfare through
the city or country.
106 LATIN SYNONYMS.
Daps, 'feast' the sacrificial feast or an expensive
feast.
Oonviyimti, 'feast' the being together, the enjoyment of
society, wfth eating and drinking as
a secondary consideration.
Epnlae, " the actual banquet, with the eating and
drinking as a primary consideration.
Epaluin, ** as a solemn or public banquet.
Ooena, *« as the chief meal of the Romans, which
was taken after the btnsiness of the
day
Gandinin, 'joy' subjective or static joy.
Dulcedo, ** sweetness of anything that pleases.
fiaetitia, *♦ the expression of joy.
Lnxuria, " the joy that belongs to reveling.
I>electa;tlo, ♦* the action of joy, — joy in progress.
Deliciae, " the object of joy.
Oblectatio, ** primary, and therefore generic joy.
Voluptas, *' the sensation of joy.
HUaritas, ** abounding joy as shown in expression
or action.
Suavitas, ** agreeableness to the taste
Otinni, 'rest' (opp. of negotium), rest from outside
business.
Pax, ** absence of any conflict
Qnies, ** absence of activity, often for sleep.
Reqn'es, ** refreshing rest, re representing contin-
uance or abundance of rest.
Tmnqailitas 'rest' undisturbed rest.
Animns^ 'courage' as the spirit of greatness.
Andacia, ** as the eagerness wi'h which we under-
take good or bad service.
Ferocia^ ^* as the disposiiion of the wild beast
LATIN SYNONYMS. 107
Fortitudo, 'courage' as the state of one who bears much.
Tem^titas, '* courage that runs to fool-hardiness.
Virtus, " outer proof of inner worth.
Delator, Unformer' who carried to the authorities all he
learned.
fndex, " as one who points out or discloses as
far as he knows persons or places to
be watched.
Inqnisitor, ** one who makes it his business to search
out everything that may seem hostile
to the ruler or the government.
Mnndns, 'world' as the Greek kosmos, the orderly ar-
rangement of aU the universe.
Renim Natnra, 'world' .... as the natural state of all thinga
Orbis, •' .... as the circular form of the world
Terrae, *• .... as the dry land of all the world.
Tempestas, 'time' season, as spring, summer, etc.
Tempos, " any length of time.
Gommodom, 'gain' as an advantage just to suit.
Ck>mpendiiim, 'ga'n' as savings.
EmaTnmentnin, ** opp. of detrimentiuii.
Pmctns, ** as natural growth.
Lncnim, ** opp. to danmam.
Merces, •' as by wages.
Praeda, " as by booty.
Praemimn, *' as a pr'ze.
Prefnm, '• as by vaues.
Qaaestas, '* as by profit.
Appellatio, 'name' the tit'e or what somebody calls you.
Nomen, •• fr. noseere, 'know,' and hence what is
well known. Your real name.
108
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Lucns, 'grove* sacred grove, consecrated wood.
Nemos, ** a wood with glades and pasture lands
for horses and catt.e.
IMgnitas, 'worthiness' as a condition fit to receive all that Is
best
Honestas, ** as a state resulting from the office one
holds.
Integritas, ** as completeness of character.
Pmestaatia, '* as pre-eminence from numerous virtues.
i
Formido, 'fear* the fear that makes the hair stand up
as stubb e in a harvest field.
Horror, " the fear that mekes one shake.
Ignavia, ** inborn cowardice.
Metus, ** mental fear arising from foresight.
Pallor, ** whiteness of the face from sudden fear.
Pavor, ** arising from loss of hope or resources.
T^Tor, *• the fear that seems to dry up one's
blood.
Timor, ** bodily fear from danger immediately
before us.
Trepidatio, " the trembling fear that causes restless
movements.
Verecnndia, *fear' . as reverence causing modesty, humility
or bashfu^ness.
Aedes sacra, 'temple' as the sacred house of some god.
Aedicula. •* as a small building, the temple of a
god abstractly considered as that
of victory.
De'ubrum, " as the place for expiatory sacrifices.
Fannm, '* as the place where oracles may be given
out by the god who inhabits the tem-
p'e.
LATIN SYNONYMS.. 10^
Sacrariimi, 'temple' as the place where sacred thi'ngg are
kept.
Sacellnm, ** as a small shrine or place consecrated
to some deity.
Templom, " as the place dedicated to a particular
deity.
Pas, 'right' as in the sight of the gods.
Aequitas, 'right' a quality inherent in a person or thing.
Jus, " as common to humanity, both natu-
ral and divine.
Justitla, ** the virtue itse f and the love of it.
Xex, •* the written law as opposed to customs.
Nefa®, 'wrong' as always wrong, because wrong in
the sight of the gods.
Dttmnum, ** . as injury or loss, being given as a pun-
ishment.
Injuria, '* as contrary to both natural and divine
law.
Iniqnitas, ** as contrary to reason, absolute unfair-
ness.
Culpa, 'fault' fault Of the will. \
Vitiiim, " fault of the nature.
Arrogantia, 'pride' bad pride, assumption.
Gontnmaeia, ** puffed up pride.
Fastidium, ** contempt-dealing pride.
Fastns, ** scorn-showing pride.
Insolentia, ** extraordinary pride, insolence.
Spirftns, " high spirit, inner pride that shows in
acting the superior toward others
Snperbia, •* haughtiness which says, "I am supe-
rior."
110
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Auctor, 'teacher' inyentor or founder of some system.
Doctor, ** one who has been taught.
Explicator, '* one who unfolds some system.
Expositor, ** one who sets forth the principles of a
system.
Instructor, ** one who builds up his students on prin-
ciples.
Magistn*, ** one who is a leader or director in edu-
cation.
Praeceptor, ** one who teaches beforehand arts
worthy to be used.
Professor, ** ....'..... a public teacher, — late Latin.
Maceria, 'wall' wall of clay, etc., around gardens, vine-
yards, etc.
Moenia, " of a city for defence.
Mums, '* general name for outside wall.
Paries, '* • partition in a building or between
houses.
Parietinae, ** ruins of old houses.
I^pugnacula, *wair wa'ls for keeping the enemy away from
mums.
Societas, 'friendship' association or business that is common,
but not home
Commiuiitas, 'friendship' . . a closer relationship than societas re-
quires, but still home is not com-
mon.
Familiaritas, *' . . friendship like that of the fami'y, but
each member claiming certain things
as his own.
Amicitia, •* . . relationship in which all property
rights are common. The Greek pro-
verb had it amicomm esse oommiinJa
Omnia.
Comitatus, ** . . ns companionship in travel.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 11 1
Ars, *nile* ' as a iheory to be tested.
Lex, ** as a written law for conduct.
Modus, '' as a method of procedure.
Nonn«, ** originally the carpenter's square for
measuring angles, and hence an ac-
curate rule.
Praeceptum, 'rule' :i rule announced beforehand, so that
action may be reasonably correct.
l^raescriptimi, ** a rule written beforehand, so that ac-
tion may be in accord with the rule.
Katio, ** a general term for any kind of method,
manner or way, by which anything
may be done.
Ke^nala, ** originally any straight stick, by which
exact lines could be drawn.
Alea, 'bird' bird bcause of its wings.
Avis, ** general term, from which we get
aviary.
Voluciis, 'bird' bird because it flies.
Voltur, ** fr volitare, the bird that often flies, to
get supplies.
Genus, 'manner' way of proceeding, argumentaiidi genus.
Oonsaetudo, 'manner' as custom or habit.
Modus, '* mode or guide, modus operandi.
Ratio, ** any way that may be thought of.
Ritas, ** instinctive habit of animals.
Via, *• a road, a sure method.
Facies, 'form' . surface view.
Figura, ** profile, from flngo, 'to shape.'
Forma, •• body outline; often used for shoe-last.
Species, ** form, but may be only imaginary, an
ignis fatnns.
Specimen, ** a pattern by which the real may be
known.
112 LATIN SYNONYMS.
Acumen, 'trickery' cunning that misleads, 'Vmakes the.
worse appear the better reason."
Praus, ** damage by trickery.
Fraadatdo, ** the act of doing a wrong.
Dolus, »* injury by deceit, as "one thing pre-
tended and another done/' Dolus is
stronger than fraus.
Circumscriptio, 'trickery' . . winding one up in a contract
Fallacia, •' . . general term for any trick in word or
act that can deceive or mislead an-
other.
Concilium, 'council' the men who have come together for
counsel.
Consilium, 'counsel' the deliberation of the council.
Consultatio, *** the act! on of deciding what is best.
Deliberatio, ** the action of weighing in the balances
the opinions expressed as to the best.
Onus, 'burden' that which can be borne by man or
animal.
Moles, '* heavy and shapeless and oppressive.
Sarcina, ** but what we call a bundle, package,
luggage.
Desidia, 'indolence' as exhibited in sitting when work is to
be done.
Ignavia, ** as shown by listlessness.
Inertia, ** as an aversion to labor.
Pigritia, "
Pigrities, as a disincl! nation to effort.
Segnitia, ** as shown by always being behind, fol-
Segnities. lowing, never leading.
Aura, 'favor' unreliable favor.
Favor, ** helpfulness, encouragement from the
more powerful.
LATIN. SYNONYMS. 113
Gratia, 'favor' grace* pleasure to both giver w^. re-
ceiver.
Stadium, '* from the lower toward the higher.
Venia, ** favor a« pleasure to the recai^ww.
Alienatio, 'estrangement' . . in feeling, but leading to actual, sep-
aration.
IHsJnnctio, " . . in fact, and may be the result of
alienatio.
Dometnm, 'thicket' as denoting the place where thorn-
bushes grow.
Fmtieetiim, '* as denoting the place where 8hn|l>9 or
other bushes grow.
Locus sentibns obsltns,
'thicket' ...f as a place planted with brieoE^
Caatio, 'caution' keeping away from danger.
canem.
Provlsio, ** (jhe action of seeing ahead^, ao^ a^i, to
avoid.
Providentia, 'caution' the act which has been performed over
and over again by all the wise men
of the world from the most, distant
ages.
Pmdentia, ** often used for knowledge of tam Qulh-
ject, a kind of sagacity.
Abnndantia, 'abundance' ... as of supplies whenever or wherever
found.
Ckypia, '* ... a coUection .already maddi
Adnlatio, 'flattery' fawning as a dog.
Ambitio, '* effort to gain favor..
Assentatio, 'flattery' assenting to everything another, say^,
Blandlm^ntiun, 'flattecy' . . . the thing presented as a bait.
114 LATIN SYNONYMS.
lilaaditia, 'flattery' . . . the abstract idea of flattery as express-
ed over and over in any part of the
world.
Obseqaiiuii, ** ... following the beck and call of another.
Btemoria,, 'memory' the abstract and general term for the
faculty and for the remembrance of
anything past.
Reoordntio, ** ....*... the action of bringing back what for
the time being we have not in mind;
our recollection.
GoncofdlA, 'agreement' . . . .* a heart to heart condition of agree-
ment.
Oonsensio, *' .... the action of being harmonious.
ConLseBsus, '* .... all separate acts of agreement taken
together.
Pax, " .... agreement between two parties to a
contract.
Unanimitasr ** .... a state of oneness of mind about any
plan or work.
IJrbs, 'city* as one surrounded by a ring wall.
Sfimlcipiiim, 'city' a free city that has received the Jns
civile Remanmn.
Oppldnm, " a fortified city, the fortification serv-
ing as a hindrance (ob) to the foot
(ped),
Givitas, 'state' as composed of citizens.
R^nblica, 'state' government, laws and property of a
country.
FrudentiA, 'wisdom' seeing and preparing beforehand.
'* good sound sense on all subjects, as
the essense of all experience.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 115
AlmnHiis, 'son' f orter-son, one cared for and educated
as a son, but not a son by birth.
Filiolus, *' a little son, but not grandson, as the
Frenchman would think
FUius, ** general term for son by birth, and al-
ways as legitimate.
Katns (gnatus) 'son' a son by birth, but not necessarily
legitimate.
Gener, •* a son-in-law.
Privignus, ** a step-son.
liiberi, 'children' sons and daughters.
Aqiii!a, 'standard' the eagle of the legion.
Signmn, '* a national emblem, back of which were
principles.
Vexillnm, *' a flag, large or small, fr. v^ere, *to
carry,' was used by any one of the
smal.er commands.
Valneratio, 'injury' as the action of giving wounds, general
term.
Saadatio, *' as the action of wounding with a sharp
instrument and so shedding blood.
Detrimentam, 'injury' an injury, if it be only a rub or a
bruise.
Injuria, *' ' whatever is contrary to ordinary right.
Incommodiun, " as a mere inconvenience.
Damniim, *' as a loss or a flne.
Malum, ** as a common evil.
Vnlniis, ** as the general term, any considerable
break to the body.
Noxia, ** as any fault, offence or crime.
Bills, 'anger* connected with a disordered liver.
bHUgnatiio, 'anger' as the expression of contempt for an
unworthy action or villainous per-
son.
116 LATIN SYNONYMS.
InK "anger* general term for any kind of raga
Iracundia, ** anger in waves from one who is natu-
rally given to wrath.
Stomachus, '* as the whole inner man breaking out
in violence upon some object of
wrath.
Ans, 'teaching' as a theory, facnltas being used for the
practice.
DiscipUna, 'teaching' as rather that which is to be learned.
Doctrina, '* as that which is to be taught.
Emditio, '* as the action of bringing out of a rud*
state into a polished or polite condi-
tion.
Institntio, '* as by arranging principles and using
methods.
Pneoeptiim, ** as a single lesson.
Praeceptio, ** as by giving lessons in parts or by prin-
ciples.
Professio, •* public teaching.
Caespes, *sod' from caedo, sod and earth disunited.
Glaeba, ** connected with c^obiis and glomns, sod
and earth united.
linx, 'light* f r. Ingere, as that which gives light or
whitenesa
liumen, 'light' the most general term for every kind
of light.
Vappa, 'wine' sour wine.
Vinuni^ . ** any kind of wine, — the general term.
Menim, '* not diluted with water.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
117
Fmctiu, 'fruit' fruit of the tree.
Fmx, •• fruit of the earth.
Pomum, ** any one kind of fruit of a tree.
Advocatns, 'patron' one caUed as an advocate or witness
in any legal process.
AmAtor, '* as one who loves and therefore helps
sua sponte.
Coii8iilt<Hr, ** as one who gives advice.
Onlt^HT, ** as one who supports in every way his
clients or friends.
Fantor, ••* as one who favors h!s friends.
Patronus, •• as one who supports a body of clients.
Fraeses, *' as a protector of clients.
dientela, 'patronage' as clientship, the relation of the
weaker to the stronger.
Patrocinium, 'patronage' . . as a defence in a court of law
Praesidimn, *' . . as the protection of clients or as a
guard to ward off enemies from the
city.
Agricaltiira, 'farming' the business of farming.
Agricaltio, '* the action of farming.
Asylum, 'refuge' from the Greek, and means 'freedom
from the right of seizure.'
Perfug'um, " a place of perfect safety.
Praesidiiini, '* as that which protects as would sol-
diers.
Portns, " as a harbour for ships endangered by
storms.
Refnginm, '* as a place for retreat when overcome.
Receptacalmn, 'refuge' .... as the place f nto which those who flee
may be received.
118 LiATIN STN0NTM8.
Reoessns, 'refuge* .... as a place in which one already lives
because it has become his retreat.
Secessns, ' ** .... as a p'ace of retirement from the heat
of summer.
Ope, 'means' in any form or kind, — general term.
Ck>pia, '* collection of means of any kind.
Aes alienmn, 'debt' because of being another person's
money, which has been borrowed.
Res creditae, ** will apply to any account for sundries
may be money, may be goods, etr
Debitmn, " any debt for anything.
Pecunia debita, 'debt' the money that is due.
Co'latlo, 'tax* special levy.
Onera, " regular yearly taxes.
Tribatiim, 'tax' direct tax.
Vectigal, *' indirect tax.
Bonum, 'advantage' as either material or moral.
Casus, '* as an opportunity falling in one's way.
Commodmn, 'advantage' as a convenience in time, place or
manner.
Conunoditas, ** as a state or condition of something.
Emolmnentnm, *' as the result of efTort.
Tempos, '* as to seasonableness, the right time.
Fmctus, " as to gain by growth
lincmm, ** as that which has been saved.
Potestas, •• as an opportunity given to another per-
son.
Utilitas, ** as a state or condition for use.
Occasio, ** as a favorable moment for action.
Opportnnitas, ** as a position reached, being always 'at
the port'
LATIN SYNONYMS. 119
Dispendium, 'expense' as that which is gone from possession.
Impendium, '* as that which inheres in a transaction.
Impensa, ** as that which has been met in a trans-
action.
Smnptns, ** as costs incident to one's life nnder any
circumstances.
Modus, 'satiety* as a limit which has been reached.
♦
Satietas, ** as a state of appetite brought to a
standstill.
Satnritas, ** as a state of actual fulness.
Domns, 'home' as a dwelling-place for the family, in-
cluding outbuildings and garden.
I>omleilliim, 'home' as a place for residence.
Sedes, '* as a building.
Mnltitudo, 'people' the peop'e as a mass in general.
Flebs, " the common people, "so many of them."
VuTgQs, *• ........ the people as the lower class.
Popalns, '* the people as free-born citizens.
Paedagogas, 'servant' one who cared for the boys on their
way to and from school and at home.
Nntrix, " one who cared for the girls to and from
the school and at home.
Andaeia, 'boldness' natural boldness
Andentia, '* assumed boldness.
Gonfidentia, 'boldness' boldness because of faith in self and
others.
Exordlnm, 'beginning' of a speech.
Initfnm, ' •* as an entry into any su4)Ject, work, or
way.
Pr*ncipiiini, •• as the first thing taken up.
Primordinm, •• as the real first in any work or way.
tae LATIN SYNONYMS.
InceptiD, 'beginning* as the act of taking up a subject.
Inceptiim« ** as the thing first undertaken.
Prima (nocte), 'beginning' as the first part of the night.
PrimD (vespere) ** .as the first part of the evening.
Ineimte (Tere) ** . at the very entering in of spring.
Novo (vere) , *• . as the new portion of spring.
Prima (fklnila) ** .as the first part of the story.
Ortos, * ** . as the rising of sun or moon or stars.
ESementa, 'beginnings' as the first things to be learned or con-
sidered.
Rudimento* ** ..... as the lowest and simplest things to be
tried
Incanabnla, ** as the mere swaddling-clothes of ftny
subject.
Ctemen, 'poem' pure Latin from cano, 'sing/ a lyric
poem.
Poema, ** Greek word for a lyric poem.
Pietas, 'piety' erga denm et parentes.
Rellgio, ** religious feeling.
danctitas, *piety' holiness of life.
Sanctimonia, 'piety' virtuous sentiment.
ConstMitia, 'constancy' .... fixedness of purpose.
Patientta, ** .... simple endurance of whatever is our
lot.
Perseverantia, *' .... continuous activity in any undertaking.
Pervicacia, *' .... innate persistency or obstinacy.
«
Perpetnitas^ ** .... uninterupted continuance.
Fides, ••■ .... as in keeping one's word.
Fidelltas, " .... as a condition or state of always doing
the right.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 121
Codtliieiitia, 'continence' ... as holding with a firm hand the reitis
on our appetites and passions.
Castitas, ** ... abstinence from sensual pleasure.
Castimonia, " ... bodily or moral purity
TemperantiA, ** ... In praetermittendls voluptatibiis cer-
nitur. — Cic.
Petnlantia, 'capriciousness' . opp. pudor, as immodesty.
Inconstautia, ** . as fickleness, the change b^ing crafty.
Varietas, ** .as changeableness, the change coming
often.
Infldelitas, ** . as not keeping one's word.
Levitas, ** .as lightheadedness, lightheartedness.
Mobllitas, " . as capable of being moved by every
wind of doctrine.
Mutabilltas, ** . as capab'e of being changed from one
to another purpose.
Aetas, 'time' any time of life.
Aevnm, '* often means one generation, and some-
times even eternity.
Sa^cnliim, 'time' an age, an indefinite period of time.
Tempos, '* a fixed period of time.
Ultor, 'avenger' punlsher of injuries.
Vindex, '• protector against wrong.
Ora, 'shore' steep land bordering on the sea, Fr.
OS, 'the mouth.'
liitus, •* land bordering on the sea, Fr. lino,
'smear.'
Ripa, " of a running stream.
Arena, *' simply the sandy part.
Aegrotatio, 'sickness' sickness now afPectlng the person.
Morbus, ** disease that is more or less chronic.
122 LATIN SYNONYMS.
Negottnm, 'thing' business of any kind, opp. of otinm.
Res, ** any object or subject in the universe.
Factum, '* something already done, a fact.
Donnm, 'gift' as that which is intended to be a pres-
ent.
Mnniis, ** as that which has been promised.
Praemimn, 'gift' as that which has been purchased by
service.
Cmor, 'blood' the heavier clotted blood.
Sanguis, ** the lighter running blood.
Comes, 'companion' traveling companion, but not under ob-
ligation to assist.
Conviva, ** boon companion, as at a feast
Socias, *' as one sharing in business, a partner.
Sodalis, ** ' as a member of the same club.
Argnmentatio, 'proof as something based upon facts.
Demonstration " as by the pointing out with the hand.
Docnmentnm, ** as that which has been taught or set
forth by example.
Argomentom, *' that which has cleared up a case.
Indicium, '* as a discovery of what has been done.
Ratio, *' as something grounded on reason.
Signnm, ** as a mere sign of what has been done
or shall be done.
Specimen, ** as a mark or example or token of what
anything is.
Testimonium, '* as a witness that has in itself the exhi-
bition of what has been done.
Hereditas, 'patrimony' .... anything that has come down to us
from a former generation.
LATIN SYNONYMS.
123
Patrimoniiim, 'patrimony' . . 'urniture and rich ware.
Praedia, ** . . what pertains to a farm as such.
Agitatio, 'movement' constant movement.
Motns, ** any one movement.
Motio, ** act of making any one movement.
Experientia, 'experience' ... by anybody in anything at any time.
Experimentmn, *ezperience*;in some one thing.
Periclitatio, •* .act of trying.
Usas, •* .everyday life.
Conversatio, •• .intercourse or employment.
Calamitas,
'destruction*
Caedes,
C(
Olades,
Excidmn,
Exitimn,
Extinctio,
Interttus,
Eversio,
Pemicies,
Dissolatio,
Rnina,
Strages,
u
li
«c
««
as reverse in arms or failure in crops.
as by cutting down with any instru-
ment
as by gladins, the sword,
as falling from the very foundations,
as the going out from^life and hope,
as the snuffing out of a candle,
as by separation of parts necessary
for life.
•
as the action of overturning from the
foundation,
as complete death to person or things,
as the going to atoms, disconnection of
all parts
as the faring of parts of a wall,
as by scattering to the winds.
Invidia, 'ill will' which is shown by looking upon a per-
son with evil eye.
MaleTolentia, 'ill will' as always wishing evil to one hated.
124
LATIN SYNONYMS.
Malignitas,
MaUtia,
«i
ii
represented in a disposition to be evil
and to do harm, and so always to be
expected in the person.
as a state of mind, but not necessarily
in more than one direction at a time.
Benevolentia,
Benignitas,
Oomitas,
Clementia,
Facilitas,
Hnmanitas,
Indnlgentia,
liiberalitas,
Misericordia,
'kindness' .
«i
c«
«i
«i
•«
ii
««
««
. opp. to malevolentia, and hence wish-
ing well.
. opp. to malignitas, and so disposed to
be and to do good.
. opp. to severltas, and so politeness
courtesy.
. exhibited in mildness or mercy, but
not necessarily from tenderness of
heart.
. disposition to be helpful and pleasant.
.disposition to act as a human being
. a state of mind that, for the time be-
ing, forgets duties or dangers, and
so yields even to the wrong.
. a disposition to be generous, noble-
hearted and true toward others.
. exhibited in tenderness of heart and
therefore mercy is the result of
sympathy.
LATIN SYNONYMS. %ZB
(8)
Fronomis.
(68)
Hie, 'this/ first personal pronoun representing what is near the
speaker.
Iste, 'that/ second personal pronoun representing what is near the
person addressed.
Sle, 'that/ third personal pronoun representing what is near the
person spoken of or anything in the distance.
Is, 'that/ the person usually last pointed out, the usual antecedent
of qui.
Idem, 'same,' the emphatic is, equal to is + dem.
Ipse, 'himself/ the emphatic reflexive se, equal to is + pse.
Alius, 'another/ as different from the speaker or person addressed.
Hence, 'one of many.*
Alter, 'another,' one of two.
OUiis, 'that,' used as ille, to represent something distant.
Se, 'self,' we call it reflexive, but reflection is a secondary concept,
and cannot be primary.
Egomet, 'I myself,' 'I by means of myself,' taking met as the
ablative.
Qui, 'who,' a definite standard for is.
Quicunque, 'whosoever,' taken as an individual or 'whoso at any
time.'
Quisquis, 'whosoever,' anybody including self.
Quis, 'any one,' an object merely conceived by the mind, but in-
cluding self.
Quisnam, 'who pray,' a more lively and emphatic question.
Aliquis, 'some one- of any number of objects in actual existence,
but excluding self.
Qnisp'am, 'any one whosoever,' but in affirmative propositi ons»
Quisquam, 'any one whosoever,' contrasts with nemo, and includes
self,
Ulliis, 'any one whosoever,' contrasts with nuUoa.
NonnuUiis, 'many a man,' and. hence in the plural, 'not a f6w.'
126 LATIN SYNONYMS.
Quidam, 'a certain one/ well-known and present to mind
Altemter, 'each of two/ and so is really plural in meaning.
Quisque, 'every one/ distributively or relatively.
Unnsqaisqiie, 'each individual/ but including all without exception.
Uterque, 'each of two separately/ and then the idea of both.
Ambo, 'both together/ as acting jointly.
Quivis, 'any one whosoever/ of all the individual objects, so far as
your wish extends
QiUlibet, 'any one whosoever/ of all the individual objects, not
according to your wish, but according to anybody's wish.
Utervis, 'which of the two separately' you may wish.
Uterlibet, 'which of the two separately' anybody may wish.
Nemo, 'no man/ ne + homo, *not a human being/ always the ad-
jective with national names.
Nemo non, 'every man' without exception.
Nullus, 'no one/ ne + alias, 'not any individual/ Nallas scriptor,
but nemo Romanas.
Nallas non, 'every one' without exception.
Nihil, 'nothing/ not a thread.
Nihil non, 'everything ' without exception.
Neater, 'neither of the two/ as the negative of uter.
Mens, 'mine/ beginning with M it denotes possession as a product
or derivation or emanation of the ego.
Taas, 'thine ' unchanged as to stem is simply adjectival.
Noster, 'ours/ belonging to us-two as secondary to mteas.
Vester, 'yours/ belonging to you-two as secondary to tuns.
Meopte, 'with my own/ as a contrast to other things not my own.
Meamet, 'with my own/ as a contrast to other things not my own.
Snopte, 'with his own/ as a contrast to other things not his own.
Saamet, 'with his own/ slb a contrast to otiher things not his own.
Siemet, *self / as a contrast of one'e self with another.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 127
Cujus, a, um, 'whose/ and following the gender of the noun.
Nostras, Us (gen.), 'of our nation/ following the gender of the
noun.
Vestras, tis (gen.) 'of your nation/ following the gender of the
noun.
Cnjas, tis (g^.), 'of whose nation/ following the gender of the
noun.
Qualiscnnque, *of any kind soever/ fr qualis + cum + que.
Qnalislibet, 'of any kind anybody may like/ fr. quails + llbet.
Quantnscnnque, 'of any size soever/ fr. quantos + cum + que*
Quantuslibet, 'of any size anybody may like, fr. quantos + libet.
Quantusvis, 'of any size you may wish/ fr. quantos + vis.
Qootconqoe, 'any number whatsoever. (Both words being
Qootqoot, 'whatever number ' (general in character.
Aliqoantos, 'somewhat more/ the concept being that of increase in
quantity.
Aliqoot, 'some more/ the concept being that of increase in number.
Totidem, 'just so many/ an exact equality in number.
Quotas, 'as ' the standard by which totos is measured.
Totos, 'so/ the thing to be measured by the standaid quotus.
Quantulus, 'as litt!e,' the standard of measurement.
Tantalus, 'so little/ the thing to be measured by the standard.
Quantuluscunque, *as little as anything whatsoever.'
Allqnantulum, 'a very little more/ diminutive of allquantus.
Tantundem, 'just so great/ and may run with quantum.
Tantidem, 'of so much value/ and may run with quanti.
FOURTH CHAPTER
STANDABDS AND THINGS TO BE MBASURED.
Those expressions which are Introduced by the known repre-
senting the standard; and those introducing the unknown, and so
yet to be understood and appreciated, representing the tilings to be
measured.
128
LATIN STNONTMS. 12»
8T&NDANM AKD THINOS TO BE MBASITRED.
"Coirelatlves,," as called bj the gmammn.
BO,' — (referring to dlmenelons) .
The form beginning with qn always denoting the objeet
whose measure la known and 'bj which the object In-
troduced by t U to Ijecome hnown.
Qn^ia — MtB, 'as — so,'- — (referring to characterlatlcB) .
The form beEinnlns with qa always denoting the object
whose measure la known and liy which the object in-
troduced by t Is to become known.
IB, 'as — so.'
The form beginning with qn always denoting the object
whose measure Is known and by which the obJeet In-
troduced by t la to become known.
'as — BO ' — referring to number
The form beginnJag with 411 always denoting the object
whoae measure Ib known and by which the object In-
troduced by t Is to become known.
, 'as — HO,' — (referring to manner).
The form beginning with qn always denoting the object
whose measure is known and by which the object in-
troduced b; t Is to become known.
^6o,' — (referring to conditions).
The form beginning with qn always denoting the objeot
whose measure la known and by which the object in-
troduced by t is to become known.
MeMns — melius, better
Mag is — magiB, greater,
Idlnus — minus, lesa
etc., etc, etc., etc.
The form beginning with qn always denoting th« object
whose measure la known and by which the objeet In-
trodnoed Iir t la to become known.
130 LATIN SYNONYMS.
Quoties— 4)Oiti€8, 'as — so/ — (in regard to times).
The form beginning with qu always denoting the object
whose measure is known and by which the object in-
troduced by t is to become known.
XJt>— flic, 'as — so/ rather a condition of exact parallelism, 'as 1
said/ — 'so it will be found.'
Sicat, 'so— as/ the two words combined. Ovid says sicat eram
Sicuti, fngio, instead of at eram, sic fngio.
All these words fall under Primary and Secondary Ideas; but
as they seem to require a little special notice, they are placed here
by themselves, in order to attract the student's attention to their
importance.
The words above listed follow the old rule of pedagogy, "that
the unknown must become known through the known which bears
some relation to the unknown."
This subject is of so much importance that we have treated it
in a work to itself under the title, "STANDARDS.**
We will, however, here quote four pages from our book on
'^Standards/' in order to illustrate the thoughts so briefly treated
in this book:
The one peculiarity that must not be overlooked is the fact
that the part of the statement beginning with the guttural is the
one that is known or assumed to be known, — is the basis of meas-
urement, and the one beginning with the dental is the one brought
up to be tested by the known or to be compared with it. Take for
example the following:
1. Tam sum misericors,
Quam vos; tam mitis qaam qui lenissimus, — ^Sull. 87.
You are speaking to some person or persons supposed to know
how merciful they are; and hence you say, "I am as merciful as
you"; and more, "I am as mild as any one of the mildest." He says*
"Now, you know the person or some person who is 'very mild,' 'ex-
tremely mild/ Name that person, and I am 'equally mild.' "
LATIN SYNONYMS. 131
2. Quanto diutius considero,
Tanto mihi res yidetur obscurior, — ^DN. 1, 60.
'By as much the longer as I consider the matter,
'By so much the thing seems the more obscure to me.
Here my consideration is the thing known as to quantity and
with my consideration already assumed I compare the obscurity,
and the latter seems to measure up in quantity as a full parallel to
my consideration.
3. Quails suayitas sermonum atque morum,
Talis condimentum amicitiae. — Cic. de Am.
'As is the sweetness of conversation and character.
Such is the relish of friendship.'
Both parties are supposed to know 'the quality of sweetness in
conversation and character/' and so one who knows both the first
and the last, says, "the relish of friendship is equal in quality to
the first."
4. Quot talenta habeam, 'As many talents as I have.
Tot talenta dabo, — So many will I give.'
I will first ascertain "how many talents I have," then "so many
talents will I give;" the one number shall equal the other.
5. Cum dolore conficior,
Tum etiam pudore. — Cic. Bpis.
a. 'I am overcome both by grief and by shame.'
b. 'I am overcome not only by grief, but also by shame.'
c. ^When I am overcome (so much) by shame, then also I am
overcome (as much) (even as) by grief
182 LATIN STN0NTM8.
•
Tou know how much I am overoome by grief: well, then, 'I
am equally oyercome by shame too, and you can measure my shame
by the grief you know I feel."
6. Qnam pirum volpes comest,
Tam facile vinces, — PI. Most. 559.
"As the fox eats the pear.
So easily shall you conquer."
Now you know "how easily a fox eats a pear," then you can
decide "how easily you shall conquer," for one is just as easy as
the other: they are exactly parallel in the facility with which they
can be done. Here we have the manner of the action.
7. Quotiens dicimus,
Totiens de nobis judicatur, — Do. 1, 125.
'As oftlen as we speak.
Just so often is the judgment of us.'
We know "how often we speak," and so by comparison we learn
"how often people judge us;" Judgment and speech run an equal
race."
8. Quorum quamd'n mansit imitatio,
Tamdin genus illud dicendi yixit.
"The imitation of these persons remained as long,
As that kind of speaking lived "
1. Eum qui electus (designatns) est
Oportet sedem in senatu habere,
'He who has been ejected
Ought to haye a seat in the Senate.'
LATIN SYNONYMS. 18 S
Now, it is not "behooving" thiat just anybody should "have a
seat in the senate/' but the right to a seat depends on the fact of
election: that is the one condition on which we say, eum oportet
sedem in senatu habere.
2. Homo qui banc epistolam scrlpsit est stnltns,
'The man ^liio iviM>te this letter is a fool."
How do you know? On what do you base your judgment, —
Well, I know the man **who wrote this letter** and so do you, and
nobody but a fool could write such a letter. The letter establishes
the folly.
3. Nemo qui honester vivlt potest vivere sine culpa.
No one who lives honorably can live without blame."
What you have called your ''Restrictive RelatiYe Clause** is
the basis, on which the other part of the sentence rests. In these
degenerate days the man "who lives honorably** is marked by the
mean and vile as one who should be cast down from his high estate,
and hence the envious will seek to criminate, if by no other method
than by falsehood.
4. Cicero qui orationes ornatissimas facit
Est non solum orator, sed etiam scriptor,
"The Cicero who makes most beautiful orations
Is not only an orator, but also a litterateur."
4. Cicero qui orationes ornatissimas facit,
Com orator, turn scriptor cognitus est,
"The Cicero who makes most beautiful speeches,
Is recognized as equally a litterateur, —
As much a litterateur as (the known) an orator —
184 LATIN SYNONYMS.
'When he is recognised as orator.
Then he is recognized as litterateur.'
Note the difference between these two statements In the first
case he is both orator and litterateur, but his orations may surpass
his other writings; whereas in the second case his other writings are
recognized as equally good with his orations; but in both cases the
estimate is based <m the weU-known orations.
5. Qui Dominum amat, — "He who loves his Master
El serviet, — ^will serve him."
Our Savior said, "If you love me, keep my commandments."
Now, if we are satisfied that our professions of love are sincere,
then we know there will be no trouble about the service. The
outside world, however, judges by our service whether we love our
Master or not; but to ourselves the measure of love is the measure
of cheerful service, and no one but ourselves can know whether
we love the Master or not.
6. Cum ea ita sint,
Tamen si obsides ab iis siU dentur, sese cum lis paoem
esse facturum, 'although,' etc. — Caes. Bel. Gal., Sec. 14.
Indirect narrative will always have the subjunctive, because
that represents one person as speaking for another; and although
the writer may know, still as not speaking for himself he must ap-
pear as assuming that some one else does know« that of which he
speaks or writes.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 135
IN OUR INDEX
We haye put all Nouns, Adjectives, etc , in the Nominative case
and Singular Auinber and all our Verbs in the Present Infinitive
and Active Voice.
LATIN INDEX.
a, ab, abs 41
abdere 9
aberrans 56
abesse 11, 34
abducere 21
abhinc 76
abigere 35
abfre 12
abjectus * 56
abstarev 24
abundans 59, 61
abundantia 113
accedere 27
acoeptuB 69
acc.pere 8, 15
accommodatus 50
accuratus 65
acerbe 73
acies 88, 96
aclnaces 104
actutum 75
aciimeiji 112
acutuB 58
ad 41
adaperire 19
addere 9
adducere 21
adeo 77
adesse 34
adbibere 8
adhuc 83
adhuc non 74
adigere 35
adire 12
adjumentum 90
ad jutor 96
adjutrix 96
admittere 30
admodum sero 81
adsequi 23
adsidere 22
adstare 24
adulatio 113
adulterius 49
advenlre 13
adversum . . . 41
advertere 26
adversarluB 104
adversus 41, 48
advocatus 117
aedicula 108
aedes sacra 108
aeger 71
aegre 71
aegritudo 98
aegrotatio 98, 121
aequales 68
aequitas 109
aequus 65, 67
aes 92
aes alienum 117
aetas 121
aeternuB 69
aevum 121
affatim 72
affere 37
afficere 36
afflictus 54
affluens 61
a fronte 83
ager 94, 98
agere 6, 36, 41
aggredi 29
agitatio 123
agmen 88
agreatis 52
agricultio 117
agricultura 117
(137)
138
LATIN INDEX.
alaoer 64
alea Ill
ahenatio 118
alienus '. . . 67
aiioque 80
aliquando 78, 80
aliquantulum 72
aliquantulus 127
aliquis 66, 125
aliquot 127
aliter 80
alius 67, 125
alter 67, 125
alterutier 126
altus 60
alumnus 115
amare 73
amator 117
ambigere 35
ambitio 113
ambo 126
amenta 91
amicabilis 61
amicitia 110
amiculum 102
amicus 61
amitinus 99
amnis 91
amoenus 49, 61
amplius 81
amplus 51, 63
anceps 67
anc! la 95
anguBtiis 51
anima 94
animadversio 90
animadvertere 17
animus 93, 106
annonae 99
ante 41, 76
antecedere 27
antef erre 38
antegredi 29
anteire 12
anteponere 32
antestare 24
antevenire 13
antevertere 26
antequam 76
antiquus 62
anxius . 54
aperire 19
aperte 79
apertus 65
appellatio 107
apponere 32
aptissimus 54
aptus 50, 69
apud 41
arbiter 62
arbitrari 15
arbitFiS remotis 62
ardor 102
area 100
arena 121
argentum 92
argumentum 122
argumentatio 122
argu'us 58
arrogantia 109
ars Ill, 116
aspectus 98
asper 49
aspere 73
aspicere 14, 16
assecla 95
assen'atio 113
assentire 14, 17
assidere 25
assumere 32
astutus 57
asylum 117
at 43
auctor 110
audacia 106, 119
audentia 119
audire 17
auferre 38
LATIN INDEX.
aura 112
ant 43
auz!lluiii 90
avere 10
avertere 26
aylB Ill
B
bacillum 9S
baculum 95
beatUB 50, 68
benetacere 36
beneflcua 63
benevolentla 124
benevolue 61
benlgne 79
benignltas 124
benlgnns 61, 63
bellQS 50, 61
belUcosuB ET
belllger 57
bi is 115
bland! meatum 113
bland'tia 114
bonum 117
brsTt 80
brevtWr 80
O
caduceus 95
caducua 57
caedee 12S
caespea 116
calsm'tas 123
calllduB E7
calloena 51
campus 100
candldus 66
capere S
capillilB 96
caput 89
carere 11
carmeu 130
carus 49, 64
castigatia 90
casUmonia 121
castltaji 121
casuB 118
caterva 103
cautes 106
cautio lis
cedere 27
celeber 56
celer 6*
censere IB
cernere 18
certamen 89
certe 82
certlor 63
cortua 68
cervix 104
ceterus 67
clrcumagere 36
clrcurncludere 18, 20
clrcumdare 9, 11
circtimdatus 63
clrcuraducere 21
circumferre 38
circumgredi 39
■eircumtre 12
cfrcummittere 30
circumponere 32
circumacript'O 112
circumsedere 25
circu map '-Cere 14, 16
■cl re u maid are 25
clrpurastare 24
cfrcumvenir© IS
■circuDTvidere 18
circumvertere 26
cit'OB 76
citus 64
c'vitas 114
clam 71
clarus 61, 66
claud«re 20
LATIN INDEX.
clavft 9S
c'emenB 56
cl en;«la 117
cagltare 15
cognltlo 88
cognoBcere 15, IT
cohlbere 8
cohora 103
«oelebs 63
coena 106
colre 12
collatto 118
«ollum 105
colonia 94
coma 96
comee 122
comla 61
comltas 124
comltatiis 110
commlttere 30
commoditaa 118
commodum 107. 118
commoduB 67
coramunltas 110
coiiimutabll!8 63
compendium 107
comperire 15
completuB 4, 61
componere 32
compoB 94
conatus 103
coDcedere 16, 27
concilium 112
ooncipere 8
concludere 20
Concordia 114
concretua 61, 63
coacapiscere 11
condere 9
conducere 21
conf erre 38
conlectuB 62
coatertUB 51, 61
confeatlm 76
conficere t9
confldent^a 118
congredl 20
conjQglnm 97
conjuratlo 105
conjunctlm 73
connublum 29, 97
conqulaUus 58
consclentia 98
coDsecrare 19
consensuB 114
coDsentlre 17
coasensfo 114
consequi 23
coDsldere 36
consilium 112
consobrini . 99
conspectus 98
consplcere 14, 16
eonapfratores 106
oonstaaa 67, 88
GODBtantla 120, 121
eonatare 24
coQsuetudo 101, 111
consnltatlo 112
consultor 117
consumere 32
contaglo 98
contectus 65
contentio 102
continno 75
. controvertere 26
contutnacia 109
convenfeas 69
GODvenlre 13
conveutio 108
conventua 103
converaaUo 123
convertere 24
convlva 122
connvlum 106
copla 113,. 118
COplOBUB 69
LATIN INDEX.
141
corpus 51
crassus 51
creber 51, 56
crebro 76
credere 15
crinis 95
crimen 100
cruor 122
cujas 127
cujus 127
culpa 109
cultor 117
cum 77
cunctUB 61
cupere 10
cura 101
curriculum 100
custodes 93
custodia 93
D
damnum 90, 109, 115
daps 106
dare 9
de 42
debilitatus 51
debitum 95, 118
decedere 27
decern ere 18
decipere 8
decretum 103
dedecus 93
dedere 9
dedicare 19
deducere 21
deerrans 56
deesse 11, 34
defatigatus 62
defensus 65
deferre 38
deficere 11, 36
degredi 29
degere 35, 41
dehiscere 20
deicere 19
de improvise 78
de integro 76
deire 12
delator 107
delectatio 106
deliberatlo 112
deliciae 106
delictum 100
delirus 56
delubrum 108
dementia 91
demissus 57
demittere 30
demonstratio 122
demum 72
denique 72
densus 51
de nocte 81
denuo 77
deos '90
deponere 33
depravatus 49
derepente 95
descriptus 69
deses 65
desidere 25
desiderare 11
desidia 112
despectus 98
despicere 14, 16
desumere 32
detegere 20
detrimentum 115
devenire 13
deyius 56
dicio 91
didicisse 14
dies 89
difflcilis 49
dignitas 107
digredi 29
digressio 102
142
LATIN INDEX.
digressus 102
diligentia 101
dimensus 69
dimicatio 89
dimittere 30
direptor 91
discedere 20, 28
discernere 18
discessio 102
discessus 102
disciplina 116
disjunctio 113
dispar 53, 69
dispendium 119
dispersus 56
dissddere 25
dissimilis 53
dissipatus 56
dissolutio 123
distare 24
dlu 83
diutinus 66
diuturnus 66
diversus 63
divertere 26
dives 59
divos 90
doctor 110
doctrina . 88, 116
doctus 60
documentum 122
dogma 103
dolus 112
domicilium 119
dominatio 91
dominus 94
domus 119
donare 10
donum 99, 122
dubius 67
ducere 21
dulcedo 106
dulcis 49, 55
dumetum 113
dumtaxat 79
durus 51
dux 105
dynastes 94
B
e, ex 42
edere 9
educere 22
efferre 38
efficere 35
effigies 97
egens .66, 68
egere 11
egomet 125
egredi 29
egregius 58
ejusmodi 66
elegans 58
elementa 120
e longinquo 72
emere 31
eminus 72
emittere 30
emolumentum ....107, 118
ensis 104
epistula 88
epulae 106
epulum 106
ereptor 91
erga 42
errabundus 56
errans 56
eruditio 88, 116
eruditus 60
esse 34
et 43
etiam 83
evenire 13
eversio 123
evertere 26
evidere 18
evolvere 19
LATIN INDEX.
143
excedere 28
excernere 18
excidium 123
excipere 8
excludere 20
excubiae '. 93
excubitores 93
ex equo 83
exercitus 88
exigere 35
exire 12
existimatio 103
exitus 101
ex memoria 80
exoptare 11
exordium 119
expandere 19
ex parte 76
experientia 123
experimentum 123
explanare 20
expletus 69
explicare 20
explicator 1 1*0
exponere 33
expositor 110
exquisitus 58
exsequi 23
exstare 24
extemplo 75
ex tempore 78
extinctio 123
extremus ., . . 67
P
facere 3, 36
fades Ill
facilis 55
facilitas 124
facinus 100
factum 122
factus 49
facto 84
facultas 91
fallacia 112
familiaris 61
familiaritas 110
famulus 95
fanum 108
fas 65, 109
fastidium 109
fastuB 109
fatigatus 62
fauces 105
faustus 50, 68
fautor 117
fecundus 49, 58
felix 50, 58, 68
ferax 57, 58, 59
fere 71
ferme 17
feracia 106
ferre 37
fertilis 58
fessus 62
festivus 49
festinanter 75
fetus 56
fldelis 57, 60
fides 99
fldus 60
figura 97, 111
filiolus 115
Alius 115
fines 94
finis 99, 101
firmus 64, 68
flagitium 93, 100
fiamma 102
flumen 91
fluvius 91
fluxus 57
foeduB 49, 103
forma 97, 111
formido 108
formosus 61
forsitan 80
144
LATIN INDEX.
fortasse 80
fortuito 75
fortitude 107
fortunatus . . . .50, 59, 68
frauditio 112
fraus 112
fr«quens 52, 56, 61
frequenter 76
fructus 107, 117, 118
frugifer 58
frumenta 99
frumentum 99
frustra 74
fruticetum 113
frux 117
fugax 57
funditus 73
fur 91
furor 91
furtim 71
fustis 95
G
gaudium 106
gener 115
generosus 51
genius 94
gens 92, 102
genus 102, 111
gerere 38
germanus 60
gladius 104
glaeba 116
globus 103
gnatus 115
gracilis 51
gradatim 75
gradus .75, 97
grandis 28, 63
granum 99
gratia 113
gratus 49, 69
gravidatus 55
gravidus 55
gravis 55, 57
gressus 97
grex 103
gula 106
H
•
habere . . . ^ 8
hactenus 83
hasta 104
hastile ; 95
baud 78
hauddum 74
haudquaquam 78
baud sponte sua 84
bereditas . 122
heri 77
berus 94
besterno die 77
blare 19
bic 125
hilaritas 106
boc modo 74
bomo 92
bonestas 108
honestus 51
borror 108
bostilis 53
bostis 104
bujusmodi 66
bumanitas 88, 124
bumanus 61
bumilis 57
bunc in modum. 74
I
idem 125
identidem 81
ideo 77
idoneus 69
ignarus 58
ignavia 108, 112
LATIN INDEX.
Ignavus 64, 69
Ignis 103
ignoblllB 57
ignomlnla 9^
Isnorans ....
iberallB .
126
67
75
llteratus G4
Imago 97
immanlB 63
Immlttere 31
Immo 79, 82
Impendfum 119
impenaa IIB
impemtor 106
Imperceptlm 75
Imperltus 64
Imperium 91
Impertlens 6S
Imponere 33
improvieo 78
Imprudens 63
imprudentla . .
81
incaBsum .
in c
74
74
fnceptum. 120
Inceptlo 120
incendere 20
Incendium 102
incemere 16
Incldere 20
Includere 120
Incommodum 116
incommadus 49
jucon si derate 76
incoiiBtans 63
inconatantla 121
Inconsulto 76
Incunabula 120
Indo 76
indere 9
Indicium 122
m dies 77
Indigene 66, 68
indlgnatlo 116
Indlgere 11
IndoctuB 64
inducere 22
indulgeuB 66
Indulgentia 124
industria 102
In equo 83
Iners 64, 69
inertia lia
inesse 34
Ineunte 120
Infamia 93
Intelix 66
inferior 67
inferre 38
Infestua 63
inficere 36
Infldelltas 121
InfortanatUB 66
infreqaenter 84
In fronte 83
ingenium 94
Ingeaa 63
IngenuuB 61
iagredl 29
inhlbere 8
inlmicuB 63, 104
intquitas 109
Iniquus 49
inire 12
Inltlum 119
injuria 10», 116
146
LATIN INDEX.
n occulto 71
nnatuft 65
nopinato 78
nops 66, 68
nquisitor 107
nritua 58
nsania dl
nsitus 66
nsciens . 53
nscitus 53
nscius 53
nsecare 20
nsequi 23
nsidere 25
nsignis 51
n singulOB dies 77
ncripiens 53
nsolenUa 109
nsolitus 50
nspicere 14, 16
nstanter 75
nsiar 97
nstitutum 101
nsumere 32
nstructor 110
nteger 4, 61, 64
ntegritas 108
ntelligere 15, 17
ntentus 68
nter 42
ntercedere 28
ntercludere 20
nterdum 80
nteresse 34
nterficere 37
n erire 12
ntermittere 31
nteritus 101, 123
nterponere 33
nterpretari 20
ntervenire 13
ntervertere 27
ntroducere 22
Atroferre 38
introgredl 29
intromittere 31
iniTospicere ...... .14, 16
introvertere 27
invenire 13
invertere 27
invidere 18
invidia 123
invidus ., 58
invite 84
invitus 84
ipse 125
ira 116
iracundia 116
ire 12
irritus 74
is 125
iste 125
istlnc 76
ita 44, 73, 77
item 81
iter 105
iterum 76
jaculum 104
jamdiu 83
jamdudum 83
jampridem 83
jejunuB 66
jucundus 69
judex 107
judlcare 15
judicium 102
jure 80
jus 109
jus connubii 97
jusjurandum 92
juste 80
jusUtia 109
Justus 65
LATIN INDEX.
147
labor 102
laetitla 106
laetus 4^
lares 90
largiri 10
lassitudo ' 62
lasdus 62
latro 91
lautus 59
lenis 55
lentus 64
lepidus 49
letum 101
levls 55
lex 109, 111
liber 89
liberalls 51, 58, 63
liberalitas 124
liberi 115
libertinus 89
libertus 89
libido 93
limes 99
litera 88
literae 88
literatus 60
litus 121
lituuB 95
lividus 59
lividulUB 59
locuples 60
locus 90, 100
locus sentibuB obsltus. 113
longe 72, 83
lucrum 107, 118
lucus 108
lues 98
lugubris 55
lumen 116
lux 116
luzuria 106
M
maceria '. 110
maerens 54
maestuB 55
magis 71, 81, 129
maglser 94, 110
magnus 51, 63
maledicus 49
malefacere 37
maleficium 100
maleficus 49
malevolentia 123
malevolus 49
malignitas 124
malignus 49, 59
malitia 124
malltiosus 49
malum 115
malus 48
manifestus 65
mansuetus 55
manus 103
matrimonlum 97
mature 75
maxlme 72
meamet 126
melius 71, 129
memoria 114
memoriter 80
mendicus 66
mens 94, 126
meopte 126
merces 107
merum 116
metus 108
milite 88
minime 78
minister 95, 96
minus 78, 129
minutUB 51
miser 55
misericordia 124
misericorB 55
148
LATIN INDEX.
mitlB 55
mittere 30
mobilis 63
mobilitas 121
modo 73, 79, 81
modus Ill, 119
moenia 110
moles 112
mollis 55
morbus 98, 121
mors 101
motio 123
motus 123
mox 81
mucro 104
multa 90
multatio 90
multiplex 56, 63
multitudo 119
multo . 72
multo minus 82
multus 60
mundus 107
municipium 114
munus 96, 99, 122
murus 110
mutabilitas 121
N
nativus 65
naturalis 66
natus 115
ne 78
nee ulluB 59
necdum 74
nedum 82
necopinato 78
nefas . . 100, 109
negligenter 75
negotium 122
nemo 59, 126
nemo non 126
nemus 108
nequam 49
nequaquam 78
neque or nee 44, 59
nequedum . 74
nequiquam 74
tiesciens 53
nescius 54
neuter 126
neutiquam 78
nex 101
nihil 126
nihil jam 80
nihil non 126
nimis 78
nimis festinanter 75
nimis multi 79
nimis sero 81
nimium 78
nimium saepe 79
nisus 102
nobilior 53
nobilis 51
nocte 81
noctu 81
nolens 84
nomen 107
non 59, 78
non diutius 80
nondum 74
non jam 80
nonnihili 72
nonnullus 125
non nunquam 80, 85
non semel 81
norma Ill
noscere 14
noster 126
nostras 127
notare 17
notitia 89
notior 53
novisse 14
novo 120
non nullus 59
LiATIN JNDBX.
149
nullus non 59, 126
novus , 50
noxa 90
noxia 115
nullus 59, 126
numen 90
nummatus 60
nummus 92
numerosus 56
nunc 81
nunquam non 85
nuper 73, 82
nuptiae 97
nutrix 119
' O
Ob 42
obducere 22
obesse 34
obesus 52
obferre 38
obire 12
obitus 101
oblectatio 106
obscurus 57
obsequi 20, 23
obsequium 114
observare 17
obsessio 98
obsldere 25
obsidio 98
obsidium 98
obstare 24
obsoletus 62
obtusa 52
obvenire 13
obvertere 27
occasio 118
occedere 28
occludere 21
occulto 71
oculus 96
officere 37
offlcium 96
olim 78
ollus 125
omittere 31
omnlno 73, 82
omnis 61
onera 118
onus 112
opera 90
opertus 65
opimus 59, 60
opinari 15
opinio 103
oppido 82
oppidum 114
oppletus 61, 65
opponere 33
opportunitas 118
opportunus 67
oppugnatio ; . . . 98
optare 10
optime 79
optimus 54
ops 118
opulentus 60
opus 102
ora 121
orbis 107
orbis terrarum 94
orto 84
ortus 120
otiosus 59
otium 106
P
pactum 103
pactio 103
paedagoguB 119
paene 71
pagus 100
palam 79
palans 56
pallor ' 108
150
LATIN INDEX.
e
palus 95
pandere 19
par 66
paries 110
pares 68
partiens 68
partim 76
partite 76
partes 96
parietinae 110
parum 51, 82
parumper 79
parvum 82
parvus 50
passim ; . . . . 83
passus 97
patefacere 19
patera 19
paterfamilias 94
patescere 19
patienMa 105, 120
patrueles 99
patens 65
pati 16
patria •. 99
patrimonium 123
patronus 117
patulus 61, 65
paulatim 75
paulisper 79
pau^um 72
paululum 72
pauper 66, 68
pavor 108
pax 106, 114
pecunia 92
pecunia debita ....... 118
pecuniosus 60
pedetemptim 75
pedum 95
penates 90
penitus 73
pensum 102
perager* 36
percipere 8, 17
perdere 9
perd'ucere 22
peregrinans 56
perferre 38
perflcere 37
perforare 19
perfugium 117
per gradus 75
perhibere 9
periclitatio 123
periculum ". 123
perire 12
permittere 31
permotus 54
pernicies 123
pernix 64
perpessio 105
perpe'uitas 120
persedere 26
persentire 17
persequi 23
Ijerseverantia 120
perspicare . . 14
persplcax 57
perstare . 24
perturbatus 54
pervenire 14
pervertere 27
pervicacia 120
pervidere 18
pestilentia 98
petulantia 121
picta 97
pictura 97
pietas 96, 120
piger 64
pigritia 112
pigrities 112
pilum 104
pinguis 52
pirata , '. 91
placidus 67, 55
plane 73
LATIN INDEX.
1^1
plebs 119
plenus 4, 61, 63
plerumque 76
plus 71, 81
plus quam semel. 81
poema '. 120
poena 90
pollere 46
ponere 32
populus 92, 119
porrigere 20
portus 117
posse 46
post 71
postea 71
postf erre 38
postponere 3:;]
postremus 67
potentia 92
potestas 92, 118
potissimum 72
potlus 71
praecedere 28
praeceptlo 116
praeceptor 110
praeceptum ..103, 111, 116
praecipue 72
praecludere , 21
praeda 107, 123
praedo 91
praeducere 22
praeesse 34
praefectus 89
praeficere 37
praeferre 38
prae^nans 55
praegredi 29
praehibere 9
praelre 11
praemittere . 31
praemium . . . .99, 107, 122
praeponere 33
praepropere 75
praescriptum Ill
praesens 117
praesentire 17
praesertira 72
praeses 117
praesidium dO, 93
praesidere 26
praestantia 108
praestare 24
praesumere 32
praeteragere 36
praeterferre 39
praetergredi 29
praeterire 12
praetermittere 31
praevenire 14
praevidere 18
pravus 49
pressus 56
pretiosus 54, 60
pretium 107
prima . 120
primarius 62
primordium 119
prlmo 120
primus 62, 89
princeps 62, 89, 95
principes 89
principium 119
priscus 62
pristinus 62
prius 76
priusquam 76
privignus 115
probrum 93
probus 69
procedere 28
procella 97
procer 62
proceres 89
procul 72
prodere 9
prodesse : . . . . 34
prodire 13
producere 22
LATIN INDEK.
proellum S9
protecto 82
proferr© 39
profeaslo 116
profeaaor 110
proflcere 37
pro&ciscl 37
profundus G'l
progredf 29
prohibera »
promittere 31
propatulum 100
prope 71
propemodum 71
properanter 75
properuB 64
proponere 33
propugiiH.cula 110
prorsus 73
prosequi 23
prosperus 50, 69
prospectus 98
prosplcere 14, 16
prostsre 26
protectua 65
protinus 75
provenire 14
providently 113
proYtdere 16, 18
proTlncla 9S
provlslo 113
proximuB 67
prudens 57
prudentla 101
publics 80
pudicitla 93
pudor 93
puer 95
pugllatio 89
pugilatus S9
pngna 89
pugnax 57
pulcher 61
purgare 19
puslIluB 51
putare 15
guaeatus 107
quallB 67, 129
quallscunque 127
qualislibet 127
quam 67, 81
quamllbet SS
quamvlB 85
qnanto 84
quantus 67, 129
quamquam— tamen ... 129
quant.uscunque 127
Ctuantuluficunque 127
qiiantuslibet 127
quantusvla 127
quan'ulua 127
quantUB — tantus 129
qualia — talis 129
quam — -tajn 129
quo ....77. ;79, 129
quo — eo 129
quotuB 127, 129
quotus — totoB 129
quot 57, 129
quot — tot 129
quotcunque 127
quotquot 127
quotles^totlea 130
quasi 74
Quemadmodum 84
qulcunque 126
quldam 126
quidem 82
qules 106
qule'tiB 67
quillbet 66
quf. quia 66
quire 46
quisnam 126
qulsplam 66
LATIN INDEX.
153
quisquam 125
quisquis 66, 125
quivis 66
quondam 78
quoque 83
quotidie 77
B
rabies 91
rapidus 64
raptor 90
raro 79, 85
ratio Ill, 122
recedere 28
recens 50
receptaculum 117
recessus 118
recipere • 8
recludere 19, 21
recordatio 114
recrudescere 20
recta 75
recte 79, 80
rectus 65
reddere 10
redigere 36
redire 13
reducere 22
referre 39
referlus 4, 61
reficere 37
refugium 117
regnum 92
regredi 29
regula Ill
religio 96, 99, 120
reliquus 67
remissus 67
remittere 31
repente 75, 78
reponere 33
republica 114
requiescere 3
requies 106
rerum natura 107
res 5, 12*2
res creditae 118
resequi 23
reserare 19
residere 26
resignare 19
respicere 14, 16
restare 25
resumere 32
retegere 20
retroagere 36
retrogredi 30
retrospicere 17
revenire 14
revertere 26, 27
revidere 18
revolvere 19
ripa 121
rite 80
ritus Ill
rivulus 91
rivus 91
robur 46, 92
robustus 64
rudimenta 120
rudis 54
ruina 123
rupes 105
rursum 77
rursus 77
rus 99
rusticanuB 52
rusticus 52
S
sacellum 109
sacramentum 92
sacrarium 109
saeculum 121
164
LATIN INDEX.
saepe 76
saepenumero 76
sagax 58
sal em 82
salubris 64
salutaris 64
salutifer 64
salvus 52, 64
sanctitas 120
sanctimonia 120
sane 82
sanguis 122
sanus 64
sapientia 114
sarcina 112
satietas 119
saturitas 119
satiatus 69
satis 72
sauciatio 115
saxum 105
scelus 100
scientia 89
scintillae 102
scipio 95
scire 15
scilicet 82
secare 20
secedere 28
secernere 19
secessus 118
secludere 18, 21
secre'o 71
secundum 43
secundus 68
securus 52, 59
secus 80
sed 44
sedere 25
sedes 100, 119
seducere 22
segnis 65
segnitia 112
segnities 112
semita 105
semper 83
sempiternus 69
semel et saepius 91
senectus 92
senium 92
sensim 75
sententia 103
sentire 16, 17
seponere S3
sequi 23
serenus 58
serius 82
sera 82
serus 65
servitium 104
servitude . . 104
servitus 104
servus . . 95
sic 74, 77
sicut 74, 130
sicuti 130
slgnum 97, 115, 122
silens 52
silex 105
similitude 97
similis 62
simplex 65
simulacrum 97
sincerus 60
sine ; . . . 62
sine arbitris 62
sinere ". . 16
singularis 53
singulus 53
fiive or seu 44
socie as 110
sobrini 99
socius 122
sodalis 122
solidus 4, 61
eolitarius 62
LATIN IND£X.
X65
solum 4.-79, 94
solummodo 79
solus 63, 62
solvere 19
sellers 58
sollicitudo 101
sollicitus 54
sordidus 57
«ors 96
sospes 52
spatiosus 63
species Ill
specimen Ill, 122
speculatores 93
J spicere 16
spiritus 94, 109
^pissus 52
sponsio 103
«tabills 68
stare 24
statim 75
static 93
statua 97
statuere 16
s^erilis 66
stipatus 63
stirps 102
stomachus 116
strages 123
studium 102, 113
stulte 75
stultus 54
stuprum 93
»ua sponte 84
suavis 49
suavitas 106
suamet 126
subdere 10
subducere 22
subesse 35
subferre 39
subgredi 30
subigere 36
subire 13
submissus 57
submittere 81
subsentire 17
8ubse<iui 23
subsidere 26
subter 43
subtilis 58, 60
substare 25
subvenire 14
subvertere 27
succedere 28
sufficere 37
sumere 31
summus 60
superbia 109
siipercedere 28
superesse 35
supergredi 30
superponere 33
supersedere 26
superstare 25
supervenire 14
supervidere 18
supplicium 90
supponere 34
suppressus 57
euopte i26
suscipere 8
suspicere 17
suus 126
T
tabula 97
tacitus 52
talis 66
tales 90
tam 77
tamquam 74
tandem 73.
tan idem 127
tantopere 77
156
LATIN INDEX.
tantulus 127
tantum 79
tantundem 127
tan.ummodo 79
tardus 64
tectus 65
tegere 3
telum 104
tellus 94
temere 75
temeritas 107
temperantia 121
tempestas 97, 107
\emplum 109
tempus 107, 117, 121
tenax 57
tener 55
tenere 14
tenuis ... .50, 57, 58, 66
terminus 99
terra 94
terrae 107
territorlum 94
terror 108
tessaras 90
testimonium 122
tinjor 108
tolerantia 105
toleratio 105
torrens 91
totidem 127
totus 4, 61, 127
tradere 10
tranquilitas 106
tranquillus 67
trans *. 43
tragula 104
transducere 23
transferre 39
transgredi 30
transigere 36
transire 13
transmittere 31
transpicere 17
transponere 33
transvenire 12, 14
transvertere 27
trepidatio 108
tribuere 10
tributum 118
tristis 55
turn 73
turgens 52
turgidus 52
turpis 49, 57
turpitudo 93
tutus 52
tuus 126
tyrannus 95
U
uber 59, 60
ubi 77, 79
ubique 83
ullus 66, 125
ultimus 67
ultor 121
ultro 84
umquam 83
una 73
unanimitas 114
.undlque 83
unicus 53
universus 61
unus 53
unus solus 62
urbs 114
usus 101, 123
ut 44, 74, 77, 84
utcunque 84
utllis 67
utilitas 118
ut — sic 130
LATIN INDEX.
157
V
vacare 11
vacuus 58, 59
vagrans 56
vagus 56
valens 64
valere 46
valetudo 98
validus 64
vanus 58
vappa 116
varietas 121
varius 63
vastus 63
vecordia 91
vectigal 118
vehementer 73
vel or ve 44, 83
velatus 65
velle ; . 10
velox 64
velut 74
venia 113
venire 13
venustus 58, 61
verax 60
vere 82
verecundia 108
verna 95
vero 82
vertere 26
verum 82
verus 60, 65
verutum 104
vester 126
vestibulum 100
vestimentum 102
vestis 102
vestitus 102
vestras 127
veteranuB 62
vetus . : 62
vetustus 62
vexillum 115
via 105, 111
vicuB 100
videlicet 82
videndi facultas 96
videre 17
vigilae 93
vigiles 9a
vilis 57, 66, 68
vinculum 93
vindex . . . / 121
vinum 116
vir 92
vires 88
virtus 107
vis 46, 92
visio 96
visus 96
vita 94
vitium 109
vix 71
vixdum 71
volaticus 57
volatilis 57
volens 8a
voltur Ill
volucer 64
volucris Ill
voluptas 10 6
vomitus 98
vulgus 119
vulneratio 115
vulnus IK
ENGLISH INDEX.
A
able 46
abundance 113
a certain one 126
Adjectives 48
Adjective Terminals 47, 48
advantage 118
Adverb Terminals 70
afar 72
after 71
again 76, 77
agreement 114
all 61
allow 16
almost 71
alone 62
also 83
altogether 73
a little while 79
anger 115, 116
another 125
another's 67
at all times 85
at length 72, 73
army ' 88
as 74
as — so 127
as little — ^Bo little 127
as little as anything
whatsoever 127
avenger 121
a very little more. ... 127
bad 49
band 103
be 34
before 76
beautiful 61
beginning 119, 120
beginnings 120
beneficent 63
best 54
better 71
better marked 53
better reputation 53
bird Ill
bitterly 73
blood 122
boldness 119
both together 126
boundary . . . : 99
burden 112
by heart 80
by might 81
C
calm 67
capriciousness 121
care 101
carry 37, 39
caution 113
certainly 82
changeable 63
charge 100
chief 89
chiefs 89
children 115
city 114
come 13
companion 122^
Ck>nJanctions 43
conscience 99
conspirators 105
constancy 120
(158)
ENGLISH INDEX.
159
continence 121
convenient 67
CorrelAtiHes 120
council 112
counsel 112
country 98
courage 106
cousin, cousins 99
covered 65
crime 100
custom 101
D
daily 77
dart 104
day, days 89
dear 54
death 101
debt 118
deep 60
destruction 123
dice 90
Difference between Neg-
atives and Privatives 50
Difference of Terminals ^
of Nouns 85
different 69
do 35, 36
doubtful 67
duty 96
Dynamic and Static
Ideas .45, 46
E
each individual 126
each of two 126
each of two separately. 126
earth 94
effort 102
empty 59
endurance 105
enemy 104
enough 72
envious 59
equal 66, 67
equals 6^
especially 72
eternal 69
estrangement 113
expense 119
experience 123
ever 83
every man 126
every one 59, 126
every one without
exception 126
everything 126
everywhere 83
P
Fourth Chapter 128
farming 117
fault 109
favor 112, 113
fear 108
feast 106
fertile 58, 59
fight 89
fine 58
fire 102
first 62
fixed 68
fiattery .113, 114
fleeting 57
follow 23
for a long time 83
force 46
form Ill
frequently 76
freeman 89
friendly 61
friendship *. . . . 110
160
ENGLISH INDEX.
front 83
fruit 117
full 61
G
gain 107
garment 102
general 105
gift 99, 122
give 9
go- 12, 27, 28
gods 90
going away 102
good 69
gradually 75, 76
grain, grains 99
great 63
grove 108
guard 93
H
hair 96
happy 50, 68, 69
have 8
healthful 64
help 90
helper 96
hitherto 83
home 119
horseback 83
how 84
however 85
I
ignorant 53
ill-will 123, 124
immediately 75
I myself 125
inactive 69
indolence ^ 112
informer .* 107
injury 115
in vain 74
involuntarily 84
J
Joy 106
just as many 127
Just now 82
just so great 127
K
kindness 124
know 14
knowledge 88, 89
L
lasting 66
lately 73
Latin Index 137
lead 21, 23
learned 60
learning 88
letter 88
life 94
light 116
like 62
like an enemy 53
likeness 97
likewise 81
little 72, 82, 83
low 56, 57
M
madness 91
make 36, 37
man 92
manner Ill
many a man 125
marriage 97
ENGLISH INDEX.
master 94. 95
means 118
oieaBured 69
memory 114
mild 55
mind 93, 94
mine 126
money 92
more 71, 81
more certain 63
movement 133
much less 82
N
name lOT
notion 82
natural 65, 66
neck 10<. 105
need; 68
neltber of two 126
never not 85
noble - - 51
no longer 80
no man 126
no one 69, 126
not T8
nothing 186
not hia own 126
not never 85
not yet 74
Noons 88
Nonns from Adjectives. 87
Nonns from Sabstan.
tlves 8«
Nouns from Verbs .... 80
now »1
numerous &6
O
oath 92
of any kind anybody
may like 127
of any kind soever... 127
of any size anybody -
may like 187
of any size soever. . . . 137
of any size you may
wish 117
of ans number
whatever 127
of youj' nation 127
of whose nation 127
of your nation 187
of so much value 117
of the country S2
of this kind «6
old «e
old age 113
once 78
one. alone, one alone,
only 03
only TB
open 19, 29, B&
openly 7J. 80
opinion 103
otherwise 80
ours 126
P
parUy 7$
patrimony 1S2, 188
patron 117
patronage 117
people 119
perceive 18, 18
perbape 89
pfety lit)
place 180
pleasant <9
poem ISO
poor 68, «8
power 91, 92
pregnant 64, 48
Prepositions 41, 4S
162
ENGLISH INDEX.
pride 109
Priiiuu7 Idea» 40, 41
PrenomiB 125
proof 122
pugnacious 57
punishment 90
put, place 3^, 34
R
rarely ., 84, 85
rashly 75
rather 71
refuge 117
rest 106
rest, remainder 67
rich 59, 60
right . 65, 109
rightly 80
river 91
road 105
robber 90, 91
rock 105
rule Ill
S
sad .54, 55
safe 52
same 125
satiety 119
sadsfied 69
scarcely '. . . 71
secretly 71
Second Chapter . . . 40, 41
seige 9S
send 30, 31
servant 95, 119
self 125
shame 93
share 121
sharing 68
Shortly 80
shrewd 57, 58
shut 20, 21
sickness 98, 121
sight 96
silent 52
single 53
sit 25, 26
slavery 104
slow 64, 65
small 50, 51
so .^ 73, 74, 77
sod 116
some more 127
some one 59, 66, 125
sometimes 80, 85
somewhat more 127
son 115
space 100
staff 95
stand ; 24, 25
standard 115
Standards 128-134
state 114
step 28, 30, 97
stock 102
s'corm 97
strength 46
suddenly 78
suited 69
surrounded by 63
swift 64
sword 104
T
take 8, 31, 32
tax 118
teacher HO
teaching 116
temple 108, 109
tenacious 57
territory r 94
thence 76
ENGLISH INDEX.
163
thick 51, 52
thicket 113
thief 91
thine 126
thing 122
Things to be
Measured 128-184
think 15
Third Chapter 45
this, that 125
time 107, 121
tired 62
too 78
too late . / 80, 81
too many 79
too often 79
treaty 103
trickery 112
true 60
turn 2B, 27
V
unlike 53
V
vain 58
view 98
voluntarily 84
W
wall 110
wandering 56
want 11
whatever number 127
whatsoever 127
when 77
where 79
which of the two
separately 126
who 125
whole 61
who, pray 125
whose 127
whosoever 125
wine 116
wisdom 114
wish 10
with his own 126
with impunity 80
with my own 126
world 107
worthiness 108
wrong 109
•
yes 79
yesterday 77
yours 126
3 bios DIE ms asi
"D67
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