The law of storms: the various phenomena by which their approach can be ascertained with certainty, and practical directions to mariners for the avoidance of their fury

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THE ROBERT E. COWAN.. COLLEC"!

i'Ki;si:>;ti-:i) to nih

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

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C, P, HUWTINGTON

dUNE, 18Qf.

Accession ^o.XS'y^O^ Class Nc

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University of California • Berkeley ;

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STORMS:

The various
-phenomena hy which
their approach can be ascer-
tained with certainty, and prac-
tical directions to mariners
for the avoidance of
their fu/ry.

COMPILED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES

BY

CAPT. JOHN ROSS,

" OFTMB

; TTNIVERSITlf
^^^^^

A. ROMAN k COMPANY, ^

BookselijErs, Publishers and Importers, <t^

417 and 419 Monfgomery Street, San Francisco. ij

27 HOWARD ST., NEW YORK.

1869.

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THE IL, .^ W

OP

s T o R m: s

THE VAKIOUS PHENOMENA BY WHICH THEIK APPROACH
CAN BE ASCERTAINED WITH CERTAINTY, AND
PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS TO MARIN-
ERS FOR THE AVOIDANCE
OF THEIR FURY.

OMPILED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES

BY

CAPT. JOHN ROSS.

A. BOMAN & COMPANY,
Booksellers, Publishers and Importers,

417 and 119 Montgomery Street, San Francisco.
27 HOWAED ST., NEW YOBK.

1869.

Entered according to Act of CongreBS, in the year 1869,

By CAPT. JOHN KOSS,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for
the Northern District of California.

Printed by SPAULDING & BARTO,

Mining Aist) Scientifio Peess Job Opfice,

4U Clay Street, San Francisco.

ON HUREICANES

AND THE

LAW OF STORMS

In the Northern Hemisphere, when the Polar and
Equatorial currents of air are alternating with each
other, the regular shifting of the wind round the com-
pass will be through S., S. W., W., N. W., N., N. E., E.,
S. E., S. — and the changes will take place oftener be-
tween south and west, and between north and east,
than between west and north, and between east and
south.

Similarly in the Southern Hemisphere, it may be
inferred that when Polar currents of air alternate with
Equatorial, the regular shifting of the wind round the
compass will be successive through S., S. E., E., N. E.,
N., N. W., W., S. W,, S.

This is Dove's "Law of Gyration," (or the law
of the rotation of winds). And collecting the main
points into a few general propositions, it may be laid
down, that all steady winds are modified by the rotation
of the earth, in such a manner that Equatorial currents
of air receive a westerly deflection, and Polar currehts
an easterly deflection ; but latitudinal currents suffer
no change. The N. E. and S. E. Trade Winds are
steady Polar currents. The Monsoons are alternations

4 THE LAW OF STORMS.

of a Polar and an Equatorial current, twice during
the year. Therefore they are N. E. and S. W. in
the Northern Hemisphere; and S. E. and N. W. in the
bouthern Hemisphere.

The S. W. passage winds of the Northern Hemis-
phere, and the N. W. passage winds of the Southern
Hemisphere, are Equatorial currents.

Bodies of air set in motion from a state of rest,
turn the wind-vane in the direction of the meridian
as follows :

The Polar current in the Northern Hemisphere from
N. toE.

The Polar current in the Southern Hemisphere from
S. to E.

The Equatorial current in the Northern Hemisphere
from S. to W.

The Equatorial current in the Southern Hemisphere
from N. to W.

In general the winds in the Northern Hemisphere
are as follows:

Those from N. to E. the Polar currents.

Those from E. to S. the transition of the Polar to
the Equatorial.

Those from S. to W. the Equatorial current.

Those from W. to N. the transition of the Equatorial
to the Polar.

Also, in the Southern hemisphere, the winds are as
follows :

TJiose from S. to E. the Polar currents.

Those from E. to N. the transition of the Polar to
the Equatorial.

Those from N. to W. the Equatorial current.

Those from E. to S. the transition of the Equatorial
to the Polar.

THE LAW OF STORMS. 5

Thus, a complete revolution of the wind-vane in the

3rthern Hemisphere is therefore S. W., N. E., S.
^ith the sun, and in the Southern Hemisphere the rota-
tion is S. E., N. W., S., with the sun, also, in that re-
gion.

When the course of a steady wind is obstructed in
such a manner as to produce a Hurricane, or Cyclone,
the wind has a rotary or whirling motion (as it were,
on an axis), while the storm itself has a progressive
motion.

N. B. — The rotation of the wind during a hurricane,
in the Northern Hemisphere, is in a direction contrary
to that in which the hands of a watch move. In the
Southern Hemisphere, the rotation is in the same
direction as that of the hands of a watch. And
hence the following shiftings of the vane: In the
Northern Hemisphere, when the vortex (or center) of
the storm passes to the westward of the place of obser-
vation, the rotation is S. W., N. E., S., with the sun ;
when the vortex passes to the eastward of the place of
observation, the rotation is S. E., N. W., S., against
the sun.

In the Southern Hemisphere, if the vortex passes to
the westward of the place of observation, the rotation
is S. E., N. W., S,, with the sun.

If the vortex passes to the eastward of the place of
observation, the rotation is S. W., N. E., S., against the
sun.

On Hurricanes or Cyclones*

Thus, in both Hemispheres, the passage of an equa-
torial whirlwind storm on the west side of the place of

6 THE LAW OF STORMS.

observation, produces normal revolutions in accordance
with the law of gyration ; while, on the other hand, its
passage on the east side produces anomalous revolu-
lutions contrary to the law of gyration. When the
vortex of a whirlwind storm passes over the place of
observation, the vane may shift from one direction to
that immediately opposite to it.

Generally, if the whirlwind storm is an equatorial
one in the Northern Hemisphere, it progresses from S.
E. to N. W. in the Torrid Zone ; it recurves at the outer
edge of the N. E. trade wind, and thence moves from
S. W. to N. E. But in the Southern Hemisphere an
equatorial storm moves first from N. E. to S. W.; re-
curves at the outer edge of the S. E. trade wind, and
then advances from N. W. to S. E. — bearing in mind
the direction of the rotation of the wind in each hemis-
phere, viz: against watch hands in the Northern, but
with watch hands in the Southern Hemisphere. Cer-
tain portions of the storms are characterized by certain
hurricane winds, and dividing the storm by diameters
drawn from the northern to the southern margin, and
again from the eastern to the western margin, we find
that in the Northern Hemisphere, on the northern
margin, the wind will be easterly ; on the eastern mar-
gin, southerly ; on the southern margin, westerly ; and
on the western margin, northerly ; — each portion of the
cyclone possessing its appropriate wind.

The relations of the winds to the margin in the
Southern Hemisphere, will be exactly the reverse of
their relation in the Northern. Thus: It is the south-
ern margin of the storm south of the Equator, that
exhibits an easterly ; the western margin a southerly ;
the northern margin a westerly, and the eastern margin

I

THE LAW OF STORMS. 7

a northerly wind. Hence, each portion of the hurri-
cane having its appropriate wind, there results, accord-
ing to the law of the rotation of revolving gales, a
verj simple rule for determining the bearing of the
center of the storm from the ship, viz: Look to the
wind's eye and set its bearing by compass, the eighth
point to the right thereof when in the Northern
Hemisphere ; but to the left of the wind's direction
when in the Southern Hemisphere, will be the bearing
of the storm's center. Thus, in the Northern Hemis-
phere, from an easterly wind, which characterizes the
northern margin of the storm, its center will bear
south ; from a northerly wind the center will bear east ;
from a westerly wind it will bear north, and from a
southerly wind, west. But in the Southern Hemis-
phere, from an easterly wind, the center of the storm
bears north ; from a southerly wind the center bears
east ; from a westerly wind, south ; and from a north-
erly wind, west.

The above rule is perfectly clear and definite ; but as
it is especially important to avoid the center of the
storm, — its most dangerous part, — the following table
shows at a glance its relative bearing in each Hemis-
phere.

THE LAW OF STORMS.

IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE.

IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.

If the wind

The center of the

If the wind

The center of the

be-

storm will bear

be —

storm will bear

from the ship—

from the ship—

North.

East.

North.

West.

Nby E

Eby S

Nby E

WbyN

NNE

E S E

NNE

WN W

NEbyN

S E by E

N E by N

NWby W

NE

S E

NE

N W

NEby E

SEby S

NEby E

N W by N.

ENE

SSE

ENE

NN W

E by N

Sby E

EbyN

Nby W

East.

South.

East.

North.

Eby S

Sby W

Eby S

Nby E

E SE

SS W

E SE

NNE

SEbyE

S Wby S

SEby E

NEby N

SE

s w

SE

NE

S E by S

SWby W

S Eby S

NEby E

SS E

WS W

SSE

ENE

Sby E

Wby S

Sby E

EbyN

South.

West.

South.

East.

Sby W

WbyN

Sby W

Eby S

SS w

WN W

s s w

E S E

S Why S

N Wby W

SWby S

S Eby E

s w

N W

s w

SE

S W by W

N WbyN

S W by W

SEby S

WS W

NN W

WS W

SSE

Wby S

Nby W

Wby S

Sby-E

West.

North.

West.

South.

WbyN

Nby E

WbyN

Sby W

WN W

NNE

WN W

s s w

N W by W

NE by N

N Wby W

S Wby S

N W

NE

N W

sw

NWbyN

NEby E

N Wby N

S Wby W

NN W

ENE

NN W

WS W

Nby W

Eby N

Nby W

Wby S

THE LAW OF STORMS. 9

The path which the axis of rotation describes is not
inappropriately termed the "Axis Line." On the
" Axis Line " there is no change of wind until the .
center has passed, when, after a brief interval of calm,
the wind springs up with great fury from the opposite
quarter.

It has been remarked by Piddington, " that he who
watches his barometer, watches his ship." This inval-
uable instrument, if well understood, invariably an-
nounces the approach of a revolving storm ; shows
whether the vessel is plunging into the vortex, or if
she be receding from it ; and hence, by carefully notic-
ing its indications, the disastrous consequences of a
hurricane may, to a great extent, be avoided, — for the
laws of its oscillations are very distinctly marked. The
barometer often stands unusually high before the com-
mencement of a cyclone, and frequently (if not always)
just around the storm. And conceiving the cyclone to
be divided into two parts by a diameter at right angles
to its path, it may be noted that the barometer always
falls during the passage of the advancing semi-circle of
a revolving storm. The barometer always rises during
the passage of the receding semi-circle of a revolving
storm. In cases of manoeuvering to take advantage of
the hurricane winds, and to keep just within the verge
of the storm, the barometer is of signal benefit, — it
should be kept as high as possible, without losing the
wind. In whatever position the ship may be, the rising
of the mercury announces that the first (or dangerous)
half of the storm has passed.

The barometer is a faithful guide in the zone of the
Trade Winds. Its ordinary variations are so small that
any deviation from its normal height requires attention.
1*

10 THE LAW OF STORMS.

Its fluctuations are larger beyond the Tropics ; but the
indications are scarcely less certain if used in conjunc-
tion with the thermometer and hygrometer, — hence,
more watchfulness is required on the part of the navi-
gator ; and it is of the utmost importance to have such
a knowledge of the Law of Storms, of storm instru-
ments, and of the signs of the weather, as to be able
to detect the presence of a hurricane or cyclone, when
as yet sky and sea betoken but little of that blind fury,
during the height of which it is so difficult to guide the
vessel in safety. One great advantage of such knowl-
edge is a quick apprehension of the indications which
forewarn, to make all snug in time.

The meteorological signs indicating the approach of a
hurricane or cyclone, have been collected from various
sources by Mr. Birt, and are enumerated and classed
according as the phenomena may be presented to the
external sensations of feeling, sight, or hearing.

METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS RECOGNIZED BY THE
FEELINGS.

1. A sultry, oppressive state of the atmosphere.

2. A calm.

METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS RECOGNIZED BY THE EYE.

1. A remarkably clear state of the atmosphere, so
that the stars may be seen to rise and set with nearly
the same distinctness as the sun and moon.

2. A peculiar white appearance in the zenith, more
or less of a circular form.

3. A remarkably red or fiery appearance of the

THE LAW OF STORMS. 11

sky. This is not unfrequently of such intensity as to
tinge all the surrounding objects with a deep crimson ;
and when this is seen there can be no question that the
violent portion of the cyclone is not far from the vessel.
When this red light is seen at night, the impression on
the seaman's mind is that day has broken before its
time.

4. A peculiar coloring of the clouds, more espe-
cially of an olive green. This is generally the pre-
cursor of a most violent and terrific hurricane.

5. A thick, hazy appearance in that quarter of the
horizon in which the cyclone is raging.

6. A remarkable and peculiar appearance of the
heavenly bodies. When shining through a haze they are
said to shine with a pale, sickly light, and are not un-
frequently surrounded by rings of light, or halos. Some
observers describe the stars " as looking big, with burs
about them" ; others speak of their " dancing,'' and
generally they have been noticed as being remarkably
bright and twinkling.

7. The sun, on some occasions, has exhibited a blue
appearance, and white objects have been seen of a de-
cided light blue color. The sun has also been observed
of a pale and somewhat similar appearance to that of
the full moon.

8. A dense, heavy bank of cloud in the direction
of the hurricane.

9. A peculiar appalling appearance in this bank,
more particularly as if it were a solid wall, drawing
down upon and closing around the ship.

10. A darting forward of portions of this bank, as if
torn into rags and shreds by some violent force, and driv-
en before, not borne, by the wind. When this indication

12 THE LAW OP STORMS.

is distinctly recognized, a run of about two hours toward
the center will involve the vessel in a destructive hur-
ricane.

11. A peculiar motion exhibited by small bodies, as
branches of trees when agitated by the wind, consisting
of an apparent whirling, not a bending forward, as if
bent by a stream of air.

12. Lightning of a remarkable columnar character,
shooting up in stalks from the horizon with a dull glare ;
also like flashes from a gun, and sparks from a flint and
steel.

METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS RECOGNIZED BY THE EAR.

1. A distant roar (probably of the hurricane itself)
as of wind rushing through a hollow vault.

2. A peculiar moaning of the wind, indicative of
the close proximity of the violent portion of the hurri-
cane.

the meteorological phenomena accompanying
a revolving storm may also be enumerated
thus:

1. A very rapid motion of the air constituting the
hurricane, and increasing in velocity as the center is
approached.

2. A fitful variation of intensity in the force of the
wind, which sometimes blows with fearful violence, car-
rying away everything that opposes its progress; then
sinking to a gentle breeze, or even lulling to a calm,
but almost immediately afterwards springing up with
greater violence than before. The hurricane winds are

THE LAW OF STORMS. 13

nearly if not entirely, without exception, puffy, violent,
and blowing in gusts.

3. An immense condensation of aqueous vapor,
forming large banks of cloud, which precipitate torrents
of rain. The condensation appears to be so exceed-
ingly rapid that large quantities of electricity are gen-
erally developed, giving rise to incessant flashes of
lightning.

4. A general darkness and gloominess within the
area of the cyclone, relieved only by the fitful glare of
the lightning, or the appearance of the imperfect circle
of light near the center or axis of the storm.

5. A separation of the clouds in or near the center
of the hurricane, so as to produce in the immediate
neighborhood of the axis a clear sky, through which
the sun and stars are often seen with great brilliancy.

6. A calm in the center of the cyclone.

INDICATIONS OF APPROACHING OR EXISTING HURRI-
CANES, MANIFESTED BY THE OCEAN, OF ESPECIAL
UTILITY TO VESSELS AT ANCHOR IN ROADSTEADS.

1. A swell, produced by the storm-wave, rolling in
upon the shore, at first of a gentle character. The
direction of this swell will pretty surely indicate the
bearing of the storm, and its changes will point out in
some localities the course the hurricane may be pursu-
ing.

2. A swell rolling in, without changing its direction,
may be regarded as indicative of a hurricane approach-
ing the shore. The same phenomenon met with at
sea (the ship's course being taken into accouAt) will
indicate the bearing down of the cyclone on the vessel.

14 ^ THE LAW OF STORMS.

3. A dirty green appearance of the ocean ; on some
occasions its assuming a muddy or brown color, on others
its being remarkably clear, its temperature increas-
ing, and its swellings stronger than at other times,^—
are all indications of the proximity of a cyclone.

The area over which these rotary storms have been
known to expand, varies from 30 to 40 to 1,000 miles;
but while the diameter, so long as the storm is within
the tropics, expands but very gradually, it suddenly in-
creases in a remarkable manner after recurving. The
rate at which they travel on their onward course also
varies greatly, not only in different parts of the globe,
but even in the same locality, and at the same season.
Generally, however, the rapidity with which the vortex
of the hurricane progresses is greater as the storm re-
curves on reaching the outer edge of the trade winds.
Thus, the hurricane of August, 1853, traversed 6,276
English miles in about twelve days, with a mean pro-
gressive velocity of twenty-six miles per hour ; but after
it arrived at the Banks of Newfoundland this velocity
was increased to about fifty miles per hour.

Within the area of the cyclone the moving body of
air frequently attains a rotatory velocity of from seventy
to one hundred miles an hour.

THE LAW OF STORMS.

15

TABLE SHOWING THE DIFFERENT MONTHS OF THE
YEAR IN WHICH HURRICANES AND CYCLONES
HAVE BEEN RECORDED IN VARIOUS REGIONS.

liOCAIilTi!.

r

5
9

1

7
15

>
11

15
3

1

6

8

6
5
1

Hi

•

5
4

16

9
2
2

d d

9
96

2

5
5

80
1

1

8

18

O

69
1

12
12
14

17
4

7

9

12

Q

No. Atlantic and W. I. .

South'n Indian Ocean &

Mauritius

10

4

2

2

42

1

4
12

7

Nortli'n Indian Ocean;
Bay of Bengal —
N. E. Monsoon

S. TV Monsoon

6

Arabian Sea & Bomb'y —
N. E. Monsoon

S. W. Monsoon

1

1

1

5

China Sea and No. Pa-
cific— (western part). .

Java Sea and Northwest
Coast of Australia. . .

3

1

5

1

1
2

From this table it appears that the hurricane seasons
in the several localities are as follows:

1. In the North Atlantic, from June to November,
the greater number occurring in July, August, Septem-
ber, and October.

2. In the Bay of Bengal they are most prevalent
in October, November and December, when the N. E.
Monsoon is strongest ; they occur also during the S. W.
Monsoon, especially in April, May or June.

3. In the Arabian Sea they have been experienced
durin«j both Monsoons.

16 THE LAW OF STORMS.

4. In the China Sea they are prevalent on the
coast between June and October ; but in the central
part of that sea during September, October and No-
vember.

5. In the Southern Indian Ocean they may be ex-
pected between November and April, but they are most
prevalent during January, February and March.

6. In the Java Sea, and on the N. W. Coast of
Australia they have been recorded during December,
January and February.

RULES FOR TRIMMING THE SHIP IN A HURRICANE.

Piddington long ago said : " That all positive rules
tend to mislead." Every ship must have its own pecu-
liar management depending on the four great elements
of the problem, which are —

1. The ship and her sea room.

2. The track of the cyclone.

3. Its rate of traveling.

4. The ship's run and drift.

While, on the part of the commander, caution and
watchfulness are essentially requisite, still all the cir-
cumstances being favorable, rules may be given in a
very brief compass for trimming a vessel to the hurri-
cane winds. These are embodied in the following
tables. Where the directions of the wind vane, as set
set down in the first column are tangents to the whirl-
wind in its course, these indicate the quarter from
wdiich the storm sets in. The points of the compass in
the second column show the position of the storm's cen-

THE LAW OP STORMS.

17

ter as regards the vessel. The fourth column gives the
direction in which to steer when the wind shifts as in-
dicated in the third column ; but if it shifts as indicated
in the fifth column, then bear away as told in the sixth
column.

I. — FOR THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE.

^ o

K

f>

E?

td

ag.g-

t^

03 »

1

&a

III

m

. P ts

3. CD

: B
. Pi

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is

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North.

East.

NtoW

South.

NtoE

hj

NbyE

EbyS

N by E to N

Sby W

N by E to E

a

NNE

ESE

NNE to N

SSW

NNE to E

B-

NEbyN

SEby E

NE bv N to N

SW by S

NE by N to E

CD

NE

S E

NEt6 N

SW

NEtoE

1

NEbyE

SEbyS

NE by E to N

SWbyW

NE by E to E

*B

ENE

SSE

ENE to N

WSW

ENE to E

g

EbyN

SbyE

E by N to N

WbyS

E by N to E

East.

South.

EtoN

West.

EtoS

CD

Eby S

Sby W

E by S to E

Why N

E by S to S

zo

ESE

SSW

ESE to E

WNW

ESE to S

g

SEby E

SWby S

SE by E to E

N^VbyW

SE by E to S

^

SE

S W

SEtoE

NW

SEto S

§

SE by S

SWbyW

SE by S to E

NW by N

SE by S to S

a

SSE

WSW

SSE to E

NNW

SSE to S

H

SbyE

Why S

S by E to E

Nby W

S by E to S

£0

South.

West.

StoE

North.

Sto W

^T*

Sby W

WbyN

S by W to S

NbyE

S by W to W

ss w

WNW

SSW to S

NNE

SSW to W

S W by S

NWbyW

SW by S to S

NEby N

SWbyStoW

SW

NW

SWtoS

NE

1

SW to W

18 THE LAW OF STORMS.

II — FOR THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.

o g O
. ro o

South.

SbyE

SSE

SEby S

SE

SE byE

ESE

Eby S

East.

EbyN

ENE

NEbyE

NE

NEbyN

NNE

NbyE

North.

Nby W

NNW

NWbyNj

NW

3-S

East.

EbyN

ENE

NEbyE

NE

N E by N

NNE

NbyE

North.

Nby W

NNW

NWbyN

NW

NW^byW

WNW

WbyN

West.

Wby S

WS W

SW by W

SW

Sto W

S by E to S

SSE to S

SE by S to S

SEto S

SE by E to S

ESE to S

E by S to S

E to S

E by N to E

ENE to E

NE by E to E

NEtoE

NE by N to E

NNE to E

N by E to E

NtoE

N by W to N

NNW to N

NWbyNtoN

NW toN

1

7i

: ^

■I

North.

StoE

hi

Nby W

S by E to E

^

NN^V

SSE to E

F^

NW by N SE by S to E

(D

NW

SEtoE

h-

NWbyWSE by E to E

»5*

WNW

ESE to E

O

WbyN

E by S to E

!=i

West.

EtoN

F?

Wby S

E by N to N

CD

WSW

ENE to N

^

SW by W NE by E to N

^

SW

NEtoN

H

p

SW by S

NE by N to N

ssw

NNE to N

i^

SbyW

N by E to N

South.

NtoW

SbyE

N by W to W

SSE

NNW to W

SEby S

NWbyNtoW

SE

NWtoW

ADMIRAL FITZROY's INSTRUCTIONS ON THE USE OF
THE BAROMETER IN NORTH LATITUDE.

The Barometer Rises:
For northerly wind (including from N. W. by the
north to the eastward), for dry, or less wet weather, for
less wind, or for more than one of these changes — ex-
cept on a few occasions when rain (or snow} comes
from the northward, with strong wind.

THE LAW OF STORMS.

19

A Thermometer Falls:

For change of wind towards any of the above direc-
tions.

The Barometer Falls:

For southerly wind (including from S. E. by the
south to the westward) for wet weather, for stronger
wind, or for more than one of these changes — except
on a few occasions when moderate wind with rain (or
snow) comes from the northward.

A Thermometer Rises:

For change of wind towards the upper directions
only. Moisture or dampness in the air (shown by a
hygrometer) increases before or with rain, fog or dew.

On Barometer Scales tlie followiii_
contractions may be useful in
North Latitudes.

KiSE FOR

NEby

N W-N-E

Dry or less

wind — except

wet from N E

Fall for
S W by

S E-S-W
Wet or more
wind — except
wet from N E

And the following Summary may
be useful generally throughout
the world.

ElSE FOR
Cold, dry or
less wind — ex-
cept wet from

cold side.

Fall for

Warm, wet or

more wind —

except wet
from cold side.

In south latitudes substitute south or southward for
north, northward, etc.

ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT.

THOMAS TENNENT,

mmiui Emmm maker,

BATTERY STREET, OPPOSITE THE CUSTOM HOUSE,

SAN FRANCISCO.

est^a^bijIsheid iisr isso.

DEPOT OFOK

U. S. (xovernment Chronometers.

XT. S. A.Gi:]VCY FOR

GoverMeiit Ckrts of Pacific Coast aal Mors.

CHBONOMETEKS carefuUy rated by

TRANSIT OBSERVATIONS.

Repairs or Cleaning of Cheonometees, Watches or Nauti-
cal Insteuments executed in the best manner, under his per-
sonal supervision, and perfect satisfaction guaranteed.

A full supply constantly kept of CHARTS of all parts of
the world, NAUTICAL BOOKS, NAUTICAL INSTRU-
MENTS, etc., etc.

No JEttunners Employed.

8^^ Orders left at the store promptly attended to.

ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT.

JAMES CURTIS & CO.,

WHOLPJSAIiE AND BETAIL

'9

Corner Stewart and Market Streets,

SAX FRJLNCISCO.

Particular attention paid to replenishing SHIPS' MEDI-
CINE CHESTS with PURE MEDICINE. A good assort-
ment of Medicine Chests always on hand and for sale at
reasonable prices. Also,

I^XJRE WIISTEJ^ A1VI> LIQUORS^,

Of our own importation, for sale in large or small quantities.

JAMES CUETIS & CO.

OF H^rsr FXi^rsioi^co.

Obganized Apkil 8, 1863.

CAPiTAii, Paid up $500,000.

0flace--406 California Street, San Francisco.

NO FIRi: RISKS

Disconnected with Marine Insured by this Company.

LOSSES PAID PROMPTLY IN U, S. GOLD COIN,

Board of Dieectoes. — C. L. Taylor, F. Eoeding, Isaac E.
Davis, J. B. Scotchler, A. M. Simson, James Irvine, Jabez
Howes, A. L. Tubbs, C. Adolphe Low, W. J. Adams, R. E.
Eaimond, James P. Flint, H. B. Williams.

J. B. SCOTCHLER, President,
JABEZ HOWES, Vice-President.
E. W. BouENE, Secretary,

This Company is Engaged Exclusively in Marine Insurance.

ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT.

FIRE J^l^lD IsOlJi^TlXlsriEl.

ALL LOSSES PAID IN UNITED STATES GOLD COIN.

THE

(JLIFORNIl INSBMIB tOMPlNY,

Office, 318 California Street,

Three doors east from Sansome San Francisco,

Capital paid up, ... $300,000.
Asisets, ...... $309,000.

C. T. HOPKINS, Pres. H. B. TICHENOR, Vice-Pres.
Z. CROWELL, Secretary.

BLAKISTON & BERWICK,

Sail IVIakers,

No. O Olay js^treet, near X^last,

SAN FKANCISCO.

Sails^ Tents, A.A;v^niiigs, etc.,

Made to order.

SAILS REPAIRED, BOUQHT AND SOLD.

Materials furnished at the Lowest Market Prices. Work

done with dispatch — neatly, substantially, and on

the most reasonable terms.

Orders Respectfully Solicited and Promptly Attended to.

ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT.

W. S. FHELFS & CO.

©liip ©ixiiths^

13 and 15 Drumm street,

(Bet. Sacramento and California)
S .A. OST F I^ -A. 3Sr O I S O O .

ALL KINDS OF

Ship and Steamboat Blacksmitliing

Executed at the shortest notice,
^ud on. the most K-easoiial>le Tei^ms.

SAN FRANCISCO

PHELPS BROTHERS, Propr's,

Manufacturers of all kinds of

MACHINE BOLTS, BRIDGE BOLTS,
SHIP OR BAND BOLTS,

Sets of Car Bolts, Set Screws or Tap Bolts, Lag Screws,

"Wrought or Cold Punched Nuts, Turn buckles,

Bolt Ends, Etc., Etc.

13 and 1^ DRUMIfl STRDDT,

ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT.

J. OHADBOURNE'S

AND CRACKER BAKERY,

Manufactory, Oregon street, between Front and Davis,
Office, <t41 JA.CIt^OlV J^T]RESET,

ALL OEDEES FOE

Pilot and Nayy Bread and Crackers,

Of every description promptly attended to.

BAKLKR*^ EXTK Jl «fe SUPERFINE FI^OTTK FOIt SAT^E.

THE PACIFIC

PUMP MANUFACTURKfG COMPANY

No. 213 California street, San Francisco.

THG IMERICIN SUBMERGED

Boston, January 17, 1868.
Gents — I have with great interest examined your American
Submerged Ship Pump in full operation. I consider it the
best Pump I have ever seen, as to the steady and large vol-
ume of water delivered, its simplicity, and great labor saved,
which is the desideratum on ship board. No clapper getting
off. No packing. No drawing of boxes to clear the clapper,
and placed below freezing point. As to force and head
pumps on board ship, it cannot be equalled. It is the pump.
My opinion is based upon over half a century's experience on
shipboard. JOHN DEVEEEUX,

Surveyor American Lloyds.
*2

ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT.

THE CALIFORNIA

Dry Dock Company,

San Francisco, Oalifbrnia, XJ. J^.

ISTotlce to {^liii> OTTners, A.g:©iats, Consign-
ees, ancl IMasters

THE COMPANY'S DRY DOCKS,

Situate at HUNTER'S POINT, San Francisco, are now com-
pleted and in successful operation, and afford every facility
for the Docking and Eepair of all classes of STEAM and
SAILING VESSELS.

THE GRAVING DOCK,

Excavated in the solid rock, and finished in the most sub-
stantial manner, is of the following dimensions : Extreme
length, 450 feet , length on blocks, 416 feet ; width at the
top, 120 feet ; depth, 30 feet ; width at entrance, 90 feet. At
mean high tide will take in a ship drawing 22 feet without
lightening.

This Dock is fitted with a Caisson Gate, and is supplied
with two powerful Centrifugal Steam Pumps, capable of
pumping out the dock in two hours.

THE FLOATING DRY DOCK,

Will receive vessels of 1500 tons measurement and under.
The Dock is 82 feet in width, and 210 feet in length ; is built
of the soundest Oregon Pine, thoroughly braced and bolted,
and is furnished with all the requisites for Docking a Ship
successfully. Vessels taken up at all stages of the tide.

The Comi3any feel warranted in stating that " Repairs on
Vessels can be made as advantageously in San Francisco in
respect to cost of materials and labor as in any other part of
the world.

For particulars, address

JAMES POL.I.OCK, Supt.,

San Francisco, California, U. S.

ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT.

JUSD & tirHEiLAN,

SHIPWRIGHTS, CAULKERS,

— AND —

Spar Makers.

*♦♦

ItEF-JEI^ TO

Shedd & Fan*an ; Major James T. Hoyt. Quartermaster's
Department; Lester & Co., Shipping Office ; Simmons,
Rowe & Co.

Y^ardL—on "Vallejo street.

Between Front and Davis, San Feancisco.

C. MOSS. D. BEADLE.

ooMMieeioM MEnoHANTet

3Se ID.A.'VIS ST]REET,

Corner of Washington, San Feancisco.

JACKSON'S

Pacific St., l>et. IFront and Davis,

s-A.3sr m.-A.nsroisco.

ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT.

No Cure. TO THE PUBLIC. No Pay.

Medical and Surgical institute, Established in 1850, by
ID IR. J-, C- "^X" O XJ IsT C3-3

(Formerly Professor of the University, Penn.)

No. 618 Sacramento st, bet. Montgomery and Kearny,

SAX FKAJX CISCO, CA^Tu,

Consultation by letter or otherwise, free. Tlie Doctor can
be consulted privately, and with the utmost confidence, by
the afflicted, at all hours, daily, from 9 a.m. until 8 p.m.

2^^ Cures always guaranteed, or no pay required.
iSeirLlna/l "Wealcness.

I am aware that by dwelling^upon so uninviting a subject
as the decay of manly vigor 'through the loss of the vital
principle of life, the ignorant may asperse my motive ; but
the desire to point out to those who suffer, languish and de-
cay, the true cause of their afflictions is too great an incentive
to be forced into abeyance. How extended the terrible disease
of Seminal Weakness is, no one but the practical specialist,
who devotes his time to its treatment can tell ; but its pres-
ence can be detected by the most inexperienced by noting
the following symptoms : Weakness of the hack and limbs ; lan-
guishing feelings ; loss of muscular power ; nervousness ; irritability ;
cold feet and hands, accompanied by hot head ; symptoms of con-
sumption ; short breath ; flushings of the face ; aversion in society ;
confusion of the mind ; loss of memory; nightly emissions ; colorless^
slight discharges'upon the least excitement ; palpitation of the heart ;
irregular appetite; variable temper, etc., etc.

To the J^filicted
there is hope and certainty of relief and cure. Thousands
are annually cured, without hindrance from business or change
of diet. The directions are readily followed. Even a man's
most intimate companion cannot suspect of his being treated

^^ Persons afflicted living in the interior, can, by stating fully in
a letter their symptoms, receive advice and remedies at home.

Important to Person* A^fflicted with Venereal.

There are no maladies, either in a medical or moral point
of view, worse than those arising from the contamination of
Veneeeal Poison. None are more terrible in their effects,
or more disastrous in their results. MERCUEY will not
cure VENEREAL, but dbies on the subface, to allow it to

POISON AND DESTEOY THE BLOOD, TO EE-APPEAK IN HIDEOUS

MAEKS UPON THE BODY, and in the throat, mouth and nose.

Having treated a great number of nautical men, the Doctor
fully understands their peculiar requirements, and the medi-
cines prescribed do not interfere with their occupation.

All letters should be addressed, Dr. BENJ. F. JOSSE-
LYN, M. D. 618 Sacramento street, between Montgomery and
Kearny, San Francisco. Box 735.

I

Milling and Scientific Press.

PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY.

At No. 414 Olay Street, San Prancisco.

If you are an Inventor, Patentee, Miner,
Farmer, Manufacturer, Mechanic, or a progress-
ive Student or Artisan in any Industrial or Pro- '
fessional Calling in the Pacific States or Ter-
ritories, you are doing yourself irreparable in-
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of the Mining and Scientific Pkess.

It contains hints and information enough to
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single month.

Its columns are filled with instructive read-
ing in plain, comprehensible and attractive form
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It contains 16 pages and 64 columns of the
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Pllllf A§1I€1.

Messrs. Dkwey &Co., Publishers of the MINING AND SCI-
ENTIFIC PRESS, the only well established successful Patent
Agents west of the Rocky Mountains, give Inventors and Pa-
tentees honest and reliable advice, free The Patent Busi-
ness in all its legitimate branches is transacted by us intel-
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WORLD where Patent Laws exi.st. Being long established,
and transactins a large business, our appointments are
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sultations by letter or otherwise, are kept inviolately se-
cret. Circulars containing Illustrated Mechanical Move-
ments, and HIMTS AND INFORMATION FOR INVENTORS AND

PATENTEES, Sent free.

. DEWEY & CO.,

Patent Agents, Publishers and Engravers, 414 Clay street,
below Sansome, San Francisco.

u

(Mining ana sclemuc Press Office,)
■^ street San ^