u <OU_1 64804 >m
THE LAWS
OP
WAR ON LAND
(WRITTEN AND UNWRITTEN)
BY
THOMAS ERSKINE HOLLAND, KG.
OF LINCOLN'S INK
CHICHKLE PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DIPLOMACY
D.C.L., AND FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE, OXPOKD
HON. LL.D., F.B.A.
MElfBRE DE I/INSTITUT DE DBOIT INTERNATIONAL
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
LONDON AND NEW YORK: HENKY FROWDE
ALSO SOLO BT
STEVENS & SONS, LIMITED, 119 & 120 OHANCEBY LANE, LONDON
1908
HENRY FROWDK, M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH
NEW YORK AND TORONTO
PREFACE
THE evolution of customary rules, designed to lessen
the sufferings resulting from warfare, was the earliest
achievement of the nascent science of International
Law.
It is, therefore, not surprising that, when, in quite
recent times, efforts began to be made to formulate
in writing the precepts of that science, by the qu&si-
legislative action of the civilized Powers of the world
in Conference assembled, the first topic so to be dealt
with should be the conduct of war.
The Conventions by which this process of inter-
national legislation has been effected, so far as it
relates to hostilities taking place on land, are
textually set out, with all needful explanatory matter,
in the body of this work. I have suggested, for
reasons explained in an Introductory Chapter, that
tljfw might be collectively described as the "Hague
Code of Land Warfare ".
The Code is, however, as yet, far from dealing with
all the points upon which guidance is provided by
International Law, and its method is, as might,
indeed, be expected from the piecemeal manner of its
composition, by no means all that could be wished.
iv PREFACE
While, therefore, making use of the provisions M
the Conventional Acts, as far as they go, I h*fve
incorporated them in a Code of my own, designed to
exhibit, in a series of continuous articles, all the well-
established rules of International Law with reference
to War on Land, whether supported only by the tacit
consent of Nations, or expressly sanctioned by treaties
of general obligation.
I venture to think that the book, which has in-
volved far more labour than might be supposed
without close examination of its contents, may be found
useful to the military profession, as well as to others
who have occasion to study the branch of International
Law of which it treats. I may even hope that, when,
nix or seven years hence, a third Peace Conference
may take in hand the revision of portions of the
work of its predecessors, some of the observations
matle in the following pages upon the system and
language of the Conventions, as they stand, may t^
thought not altogether unworthy of attention.
It -must be borne in mind that no final statement
is as yet possible of the extent to which the newer
Acts may ultimately become, by ratification or aqpfes*
nion, of general obligation (see Appendix No. IV, and
especially the note on p. 138). In the mean time,
certain articles of these Acts from which important
minorities have dissented, or which appear to be
otherwise unworkable, have been printed vrijfciii)
square brackets, and are catalogued in the Irtq^: as
" apocryphal ".
T. E. H.
August 8, 1908.
CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER 1
THE LAWS OF WAR ON LAND 11
SECTION I.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES . . . . . . .11
SECTION II.
THE COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES . . . .18
SECTION III.
jtr~*LICATION OP THE HAGUE REGULATIONS ... 10
SECTION IV.
LAWFUL BELLIGERENTS ....... 20
SECTION V.
PRISONERS OF WAB . . 1 . 21
VI CONTENTS
SECTION VI. PAGE
THE WOUNDED AND SICK ...... 27
SECTION VII.
THE CONDUCT OF HOSTILITIES ..... 40
SECTION VIII.
NON-HOSTILE INTERCOURSE BETWEEN BELLIGERENTS . . 48
SECTION IX.
AUTHORITY IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY .... 52
SECTION X.
PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OF WAR . . 59
SECTION XI.
THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF NEUTRAL POWERS AND
INDIVIDUALS IN CASE OF WAR ON LAND ... 62
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I.
NATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS AS TO THE LAW OF WAR ON
LAND .......... 71
APPENDIX II.
HISTORICAL NOTES ON THE DIPLOMATIC ACTS WHICH
RELATE TO WAR ON LAND ...... 74
THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1864-1906) . . .75
CONTENTS vii
PAGE
THE DECLARATION OF ST. PETERSBURG (1868) 77
THE HAGUE CONVENTIONS (1899-1907) AS TO LAWS
OF WAR ON LAND ...... 79
THE THREE HAGUE DECLARATIONS (1899-1907) . 80
THE HAGUE CONVENTION (1907) AS TO THE COM-
MENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES . . . . .81
THE HAGUE CONVENTION (1907) AS TO THE RIGHTS
AND DUTIES OF NEUTRALS IN LAND WARFARE . 82
APPENDIX III.
TEXTS, IN FRENCH AND ENGLISH ..... 83
THE FINAL ACT OF THE SECOND PEACE CONFERENCE 83
TRANSLATION . . . . . . . 88
THE HAGUE CONVENTION AS TO COMMENCEMENT OF
HOSTILITIES (1907) 92
TRANSLATION ....... 94
THE HAGUE CONVENTION AS TO THE LAWS AND
CUSTOMS OF WAR ON LAND, WITH ANNEXED
KfcGLEMENT (1907) 96
TF -.NSLATION . . . . . . 109
THE GENEVA CONVENTION (1906) . . . .111
TRANSLATION " ., . . . . .
viii CONTENTS
PAGE
THE DECLARATION OP ST. PETERSBURG (1868) . . 121
TRANSLATION ....... 122
THE THREE HAGUE DECLARATIONS (1899-1907) WITH
TRANSLATIONS . . . . .123
THE HAGUE CONVENTION AS TO NEUTRAL RIGHTS
AND DUTIES (1907) 129
TRANSLATION . . . . . . .134
THE GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1864 . .
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN H. ii OF 1899 AND
H. iv OF 1907 136
APPENDIX IV.
LIST OF THE PARTIES TO THE SEVERAL DIPLOMATIC ACTS,
viz. TO:
THE HAGUE CONVENTION AS TO THE COMMENCEMENT
OF HOSTILITIES (1907) 188
THE HAGUE CONVENTIONS AS TO THE LAWS AND
CUSTOMS OF WAR ON LAND (1899-1907) . . 139
THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1864-1906) . . . 140
THE DECLARATION OF ST. PETERSBURG (1868) . * 141
THE THREE HAGUE DECLARATIONS (1899-1907) . 141
THE HAGUE CONVENTION AS TO NEUTRAL EIGHTS
AND DUTIES (1907) 142
INDEX 148
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER
THE conduct of warfare is governed by certain rules, The laws
commonly spoken of as "the laws of war", which
are recognized as binding by all civilized nations.
These rules, which derive their origin partly from un-
3entiments of humanity, partly from the dictates of
honourable feeling, and partly from considerations
of general convenience, have grown up gradually,
and are still in process of development; They have
existed, till comparatively recent times, only as a
body of custom, preserved by military tradition, and
in tho works of international jurists. Their authority
has been derived from the unwritten consent of
nations, as evidenced by their practice.
On many points, the rules of international law written.
which relate to war on land have still to be gathered
from rewritten custom and tradition ; but, within
the last f^rty years, attempts of two kinds have been
made to deal with the topic in a more authoritative
manner.*
* See the present writer's Studies in International Law, 1 898, ch. iv,
" The progress towards a written Law of War."
ftOLLAVD B
2 INTRODUCTOBY CHAPTEB
National In the first place, many nations, following the
manuals*
example set by the United States in 1863, have
issued instructions to their respective armies, in ac-
cordance with what have been supposed by the
several Governments to be the rules in question.
These instructions are, of course, authoritative only
for the troops of the nation by which they are issued,
and differ considerably one from another.*
inter- But something more was long felt to be desirable.
quasi- In the second place, therefore, attempts were made,
with varying success, to systematize the laws of
by international discussion, and to procure the general
acceptance of a uniform code of those laws by inter-
national agreement. Thus it has come to pass that
the greater bulk of the rules applicable to this topic,
as newly defined and amplified by conferences of
delegates duly accredited by the various Powers,
have now been expressed in diplomatic Acts, which
ha\e received the formal assent of so large a number
of States recognized as members of the Family of
Nations, as to constitute, beyond question, a body
of written International Law, of general obligation,
except on a few points, as against a few dissentient
Powers.
This process, commencing with the Convention of
Geneva, in 1864, and since intermittently continued,
* For some account of these national bodies of instructions, see
Studies, u. *. and tn/ra, Appendix I. The British Government, which
had long preferred in such matters to " trust to the good sense
of the British Officer", was at last induced to alter its policy,
and in 1904 issued, " for the information of H.M. land forces,"
the " Handbook" prepared by f he present writer.
THE HAGUE CODE 3
has, for the present, culminated in the results achieved
by the Peace Conference of 1907.
Among the agreements thus concluded, the prin- The
cipal, and central, place must be assigned to the Conven-
tion
HAGUE CONVENTION No. iv of 1907, "concerning the NO. iv.
laws and customs of war on land" (a re-affirmation,
with some slight improvements, of Convention No, ii
of 1899). Taken together with certain other diplo-
matic Acts, about to be mentioned, to which it refers,
or by which it is otherwise supplemented, this Con-
vention, with its annexed H&gkment, may fairly be
regarded as an approximately complete statement of
the international law of war on land. It might,
perhaps, be not inappropriately described as the
" Hague Code of Land Warfare ".
The other diplomatic Acts, which must be r^ad
as incorporated in, or as supplementary to, the prin-
cipal Convention, are the following, viz. :
The HAGUE CONVENTION No. iii of 1907, "con- The
cerning the commencement of hostilities." * Conven-
The GENEVA CONVENTION of 1906 (superseding that NO. m.
of 1864), "for the improvement of the condition of Geneva,
the wounded and sick in armies in the field." tionT en "
The ST. PETERSBURG DECLARATION of 1868, "con- The
cerning the prohibition of explosive bullets in time tm'rgDe-
claration.
of war.
* It may bo observed that the Hague Convention No. iii, the
Declaration of St. Petersburg, and the three Hague Declarations
apply also to war at sea ; as do some of the provisions of the Hague
Convention No. v, though it is professedly concerned only with war
on land.
4 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER
The three The THREE HAGUE DECLARATIONS of 1899 (the first
cuStiont of which, having expired by the lapse of the five years
for which it was originally made operative, was re-
newed, with some dissentient voices, in 1907, "till the
termination of the third Peace Conference "). These
respectively prohibit: (i) "The launching of projectiles
and explosives from balloons, or by other analogous
new methods " ; (ii) " The employment of projectiles
the sole object of which is to spread suffocating or
harmful gases " ; (iii) " The employment of bullete
which expand or flatten easily in the human body,
such as bullets with a hard casing, which does not
entirely cover the core, or is pierced with incisions."
The The HAGUE CONVENTION No. v of 1907, "On the
rights and duties of Neutral Powers and individuals
NO?V. in < ] and warfare." *
Oriti- Since wholesale quasi-legislation of this sort is some*
what of a novelty in the history of International Law,
it may be worth while here to indicate what seem to
be defects In the drafting of the Acts in question.
Dipio- (1) It is to be regretted that in only one of them,
formulae viz. in the Hague Convention No. iv, have the formulae
have been of usual occurrence in all treaties, as to Powers repre-
from rules sented, Plenipotentiaries, date and scope of operation,
denunciation, ratification, and the like, been kept
apart from provisions promulgating new rulea ox Jaw.
* For some account of the historical antecedents of the above-
mentioned eight diplomatic Acts, see infra, Appendix II ; for texts,
Appendix III ; and for lists of the Powers parties to these Acts, and
to those which they supersede. Appendix IV.
CRITICISM OP THE CODE 5
It would be preferable, in every case, to insert rules
of this sort, or, at any rate, those bearing directly on
the conduct of warfare, in a detached Rfykment, such
as that annexed to the above-mentioned Convention,
suitable for communication, disencumbered of alien
matter, to troops and others, who have no concern
with the mechanism of diplomacy.*
(2) It is inconvenient that rules intended to serve Duties of
for the guidance of armies in the field should be mentsand
intermixed, as is the case in most of these Acts, with should
rules relating to the duties of belligerent Governments keptapwt
at home. As instances of this error take clause (h) of
Art. 23 of the Hague Btykment, which seems to require
the Signatories to legislate for the abolition of an
enemy's disability to sustain a persona standi in it^dicio.
Arts. 23, 27, and 28 of the Geneva Convention croate
a similar duty to legislate ; and many of the articles
of the Hague Convention No. v deal with obligations
of States, as opposed to those of individuals.
* This method was followed, both in 1899 and in 1907, in the
Hague Convention " on the laws and customs of war on land " ;
though, apparently, by something in the nature of a happy accident ;
having been, it is said, suggested only by a wish to avoid giving
offence to certain susceptibilities. See M. Renault in the Actes de la
Conference, 1899, p. 196, where he maintains that this arrangement
" n'enleve rien au caractere obligatoire des regies contenues dans cette
annexe ". The present writer was unsuccessful in urging its adop-
tion, on the wider grounds of logic and practical convenience, in the
new Geneva Convention of 1906, as it had been in the "Projet"
submitted to the Conference of that year by the British Plenipoten-
tiaries. See the Actes de la Conference de Geneve, 1906, pp. 57-64,
206-208. Nor was it followed in the new Hague Conventions of
1007.
6 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER
Textual (8) The Powers should have undertaken to pro-
Regiment mulgate the R&glement textually, rather than, as is
have been now provided, to issue instructions " in conformity "
required. ... ...
With it.*
A more (4) A want of logical method is also chargeable
method against the Hague Reglement itself. E.g. in Art. 23, fhe
have been clause (/), as to fraudulent use of flags and emblems,
a p ' should have followed Art. 24, which deals with "ruses
de guerre " ; and clause (A), as to an enemy's rights
of action, if admissible in any case, is wholly out pf
place in the article in which it occurs. Many of tho
rules, laid down with reference apparently only to
"occupied territory", are required also under other
circumstances.
Provisions The provisions contained in these Acts, as to the
plication, extent and duration of their application, must be
carefully noted, t
Duration. They all, except the Hague Declaration No. i (the
* In the Handbook prepared by the present writer, and issudd fry
the War Office, in 1904, to the British Army, the Reglement was,
accordingly, set out textually, with the necessary comment. The
iil effect of allowing national instructions to be merely "in con-
formity with " the Reglement may be seen in the Russian instruc-
tions of the same year, which are far from adequately representing
the Hague Rules. For differing views as to the obligatory force of the
text of the Reglement, see Renault, u. s. ; and Herschey, on fo%> Russo-
Japanese War, p. 271 note, citing Holls, Peace Conference, p/136,
Fillet, Lois actuelles de la Guerre, p. 452, and the Latos and Custom*
of War on Land, of the present writer, p. 2.
t For the text of these provisions, see infra, Appendix III. In
many of the ( Conventions of 1907, these provisions follow a common
form.
APPLICATION OF THE CODE 7
duration of which is limited, even for the Powers
which accept it, as above mentioned), are, in the first
instance, of perpetual obligation upon all Powers which
ratify, or accede to, them.
They all, however, except the Declaration of
tion.
St. Petersburg, contain a clause enabling any Power
to withdraw itself from any Act to which it is a
party, by sending to the proper quarter a notice of
" denunciation ", which will, however, not produce its
effect till one year after it has been received.
Notices of ratification, accession, or denunciation
must be forwarded, with reference to the Geneva
Convention, to the Government of Switzerland at
Berne ; and with reference to the Hague Conventions
and Declarations, to the Government of the Nether-
lands at The Hague. No place is indicated for
the receipt of accessions to the Declaration of
St. Petersburg.
Each of the Acts contains a clause making it ap-
plicable only as between Powers v r hich are parties atricted.
to it, and only when all the belligerent Bowers are
parties.
The Hague Conventions Nos. iii, iv, and v, as also when
the Convention of Geneva, come into force, for Powers pera
ratifying or acceding, sixty days after the ratification or
accession has been duly received. The St. Petersburg
and Hague Declarations come into force immediately
on receipt of ratifications or accessions.
The Hague Convention No. iv of 1907, with its
annexed Regulations, and the Geneva Convention of Acts.
1006, for Powers ratifying, or acceding to them, re-
8 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER
place respectively the Hague Convention No. ii of
1899, with its annexed Regulations, and the Geneva
Convention of 1864, for Signatories of those Acts.
Powers signatory of those Acts, but not of the Acts
which supersede them, remain bound by the earlier
Acts.
The object The object aimed at in the present work is to set
work. forth, in an orderly sequence, the whole of the rules
of International Law, whether written or unwritten,
which govern the conduct of war on land.
The What we have already ventured to describe as
Co a dT "The Hague Code of Land Warfare" (i.e. the Con-
vention No. iv of 1907, with its annexed Regulations,
together with the supplementary Conventions and
Declarations above mentioned),* comprehensive as it
is, by no means covers the whole subject. On som*
points, custom still remains the only guide, and there
will* probably always continue to be a residue of
questions, thp Answers to which will hardly admit
of being stereotyped in a written document.
Un : In any treatise, therefore, which attempts, however
rules. concisely, to deal with the topic in its entirety, the
rules which have thus far been promulgated in a
written form, by international authority, will need
re-inforcement by other rules which have xot yet
* It must not be forgotten that, while the Parties to the Hague
'Convention No. iv are bound only to issue te their armed forces
" instructions in conformity with " the Regulations which are an-
nexed to it, the Parties to the other Acts here mentioned are
directly boutfd by the whole text of those Acts.
THE PLAN OP THE WORK 9
been so expressed. The following pages will accord-
ingly exhibit, in a series of systematically arranged,
and continuously numbered articles, accompanied by
so much explanatory comment as may appear to be
necessary, the international law of war, unwritten as
well as written.
Articles representing the written Law of Nations Authori-
ties for
are textually reproduced from the eight diplomatic written
Acts, the nature of which has already been explained.
First in order, come the provisions of the Hague
Convention No. iii, as to the commencement of hosti-
lities; next, certain provisions of the Hague Con-
vention No. iv, as to the application of the ^Regulations
which are annexed to it; then the fifty-six articles
of those Regulations, seriatim, in which, however, the
Geneva Convention and the four Declarations are
interpolated, in the places where they have been,
#s it were, incorporated by reference ; and lastly come
the provisions of the Hague Convention No. v, a# to
the relations of belligerents and neuter Is.*
The limited obligation of certain articles, by which Apocry-
some of the Powers decline to be bound, is indicated dea.
by enclosing such articles in square brackets.
But, as has been already stated, the " Hague Code " Authori-
does not yet cover the whole ground. Customary unwritten
law must still be prayed in aid of its deficiencies,
and articles purporting to express this law have,
accordingly, been inserted where their presence is
still required. They have been derived from the
* Articles 1-19 of this Convention were substituted in 1907 for
the four concluding articles (57-60) of the Rtglement of 1899.
10 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER
most reliable sources, such as the writings of approved
jurists, military and diplomatic history, and the con-
currence of such national bodies of instructions as
have been already mentioned.
The In order to enable the reader to see at a glance
Hague .
Code in whether any given article belongs to the category of
type. written, or to that of unwritten law, articles of the
former kind, only, are printed in a thick black type.
Mode of Such articles are also always accompanied by a refer-
ence to the diplomatic Act in which they respectively
occur. For this purpose, the several Acts are shortly
cited as follows :
The Hague Convention No. iii of 1907, as (H. iii).
The Hague Convention No. iv of 1907, as (H. iv).
The Kegulations thereto annexed, as . . (H. R).
The Geneva Convention of 1906, as ... (G.).
The St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868, as (P. D.).
The Hague Declarations of 1899, as . . (H. D.).
The Hague Convention No. v of 1907, as (H. v).
THE LAWS OF WAR ON LAND
(WRITTEN AND UNWRITTEN)
SECTION I*
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
The Object of War.
1. The object of war is to bring about i^e complete sub- The object
mission of the enemy, as speedily as may be, an^ with the ofwar -
least possible loss of life and damage to person or property.
It would be generally conceded that Montesquieu was right in
declaring that " nations ought in time of peace to do one another
all the good they can, and in time of war as little injury as possible,
^without prejudice to their real interests ".t Too narrow a view has,
however, been taken of the object of war by those who, by way of
protest Against the severities countenanced by early writers, { would
* On the authority which can he vouched for the articles comprised in
this Section, as for others, occurring in subsequent sections, which are not
recorded in any general diplomatic act, see supra the Introduction, p. 9.
f Esprit <fet Lois, liv. i, ch. 3.
t Aa an extreme exponent of the sterner view may he taken 3ynkerahc*k,
in his Quoesttone* luris Publici, lib. i, c. 1 (1727).
12 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
restrict it to a struggle between the armed forces of States.
Rousseau, for instance, lays down that " war is not a relation of
man to man, but of State to State, in which individuals are enemies
only by accident, not even as citizens, but as soldiers".* So the
Declaration of St. Petersburg, of 1868, recites "that the progress
of civilization should have the effect of alleviating as much as
possible the calamities of war; that the only legitimate object
which States should endeavour to accomplish during war is to
weaken the military forces of the enemy ; that for this purpose it
is sufficient to disable the greatest possible number of men ".t The
4 * Projet " submitted by Russia to the Brussels Conference of 1874,
asserted that " an international war is a condition of open strife
between two independent States, and between their armed and
organized forces "J ; and the " Manuel ", published in 1880 by the
Institut de Droit International, begins with the proposition that
" a state of war implies acts of violence only between the armed
forces of the belligerents ".
It was in commenting upon this proposition, that von Moltke
wrote to Professor Bluntschli: "The greatest kindness in. war is
to bring it to a speedy conclusion. It should be allowable, with
that view, to employ all methods save those which are absolutely
objectionable (cdle nicht geradezu verwerfliche Mittel). I can by no
means profess agreement with the Declaration of St. Petersburg,
when it asserts that the weakening of the military forces of the
enemy is the only lawful procedure in war. No : you must attack
all the resources of the enemy's government ; its finances, its rail-
ways, its store*,, and even its prestige." || There is much German
aut>:.Ity to the same effect.lF
Military Necessity.
What 2. Military necessity justifies a resort to all measures which
justifiable. are indispensable for securing this object ; provided that they
* Contrat social, i, ch. iv. f See infra, Sect. vii.
I See infra, Appendix II.
f Us Lois de la Guerre sur tore. Geneve, imprimerie G. Schnchardt, 1880.
Translated into a great number of languages.
I) Letter of December 11, 1880.
IF Of. von Clause witz, Fbm Kriege* 1 881, c. 1 ; Kriegsbrauch im Landkriege,
herausgegebfn vom Qroesen Generalstabe, 1902, p. 2; Lieber's Instructions,
1868, Aria. 16 and 80.
JUSTIFIABLE MEASURES 13
are not inconsistent with the modern laws and usages of
warfare.
It is sufficiently obvious that the international law of war must
always he the result of a compromise between what is ideally
desirable and practical military requirements. So the Hague Con-
vention No. iv is expressed to aim at diminishing the evils of
war "so far as military necessities permit"; and similar provisos
are of frequent occurrence in the various conventions dealing with
the topic.*
A different, and much more important, function has, however,
been assigned to the plea of necessity by many, and especially by
German, writers. According to these authorities, the Law of War
(Kriegsrecht) consists of two departments, one of which, the Fashion,
or * Custom, of War (Kriegsmanier, or Kriegsgebrauch), sets strict
limits to hostile licence; while the other, the Necessity of War
(Kriegsraison, ratio belli, raison de guerre, ius necessitatis, nScessite
de guerre), recognizes exceptional cases in which those limits need
not be observed, e.g., cases in which the enemy has overstepped
them, or in which to observe them would endanger the army, or
the object for which the war was undertaken. The distinction is an
old one. See Ulr. Obrecht, De ratione belli (vulgo raison de guerre),
1697 ; F. W. Pestel, De eo quod inter ius et rationem belli interest,
1?58 ; and the later works of KlUber, Droit des gens, 243 ; Lueder,
Das Landkriegsrecht, 1888, and his articles in llolzendorff's lland-
buch, 1889, iv, 65, 66 ; Rivier, Droit des gens, 1896, ii, p. 241.
This view finds also clear expression in the Kriegsbr^uch im Land-
kri*ge, of the Prussian General Staff, 1902, which, while ^ol so
cynical as von Clausewitz, speaks somewhat disparagingly of the
progress of humane ideas in warfare, and, though admitting the
binding force of the Geneva Convention, makes scant allusion to
the Hague Regulations.
3. These laws and usages prohibit all needless cruelty, and
even nee iless destruction of human life, or of property.
They permit on the other hand, that an invading army
may, on grounds of military necessity, devastate whole tracts
of country, burning dwellings, and clearing the district of
* e, g. in the Geneva Convention, Arts. 1, 15; and in the Hague Regulations,
Art. 54 (infra Arts* 42, 56 and 114).
14 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
supplies. In this case it is, however, the duty of the invader
to make the best provision he can for the dispossessed
population.
Cf. Lieber's Instructions, Art. 15, " Military necessity allows of
all destruction of property, and obstruction of the ways and channels
of traffic, travel, or communication, and of all withholding of sus-
tenance or means of life from the enemy." Sheridan's devastation
of the whole valley of Virginia was held to be justified by the
surrender of General Lee, from failure of supplies. But for restric-
tions imposed upon the treatment of enemy property see Arts. 23 g
and 47-56 of the Hague Regulations (Sections vii and ix
infra).
Martial Law.
Martial 4. Martial law consists of such rules as are adopted, at his
d E fi d own discretion, by a Commander- in-Chief in the field, sup-
plementing, or wholly or partially superseding, the laws
ordinarily in force in a given district. He will, for instance,
trjiat certain acts as offences. He will decide upon the means
to be taken for ascertaining the guilt of persons charged with
such acts, and the punishment to be inflicted on such persons,
if found guilty. He should, so far as may be, make generally
kn6wn the principles by which he intends to be guided.
" Martial laV,'" said the Duke of Wellington in the Hou^e of
Lojloj^is neither more nor less than the will of the general \fho
commands the army. In fact, martial law means no law at all.
Therefore the general who declares martial law, and commands
that it shall be carried into execution, is bound to lay down dis-
tinctly the rules, and regulations, and limits according to which
his will is to be carried out." Hansard, 3rd Series, cxv. 881 S
41 Martial law sweeps civil law by the board and takes the place
of it." Speech of J. Q. Adams, Moore's United States Arbitrations,
p. 3322.
5. "Martial law," as thus defined, must be carefully
distinguished from "military law", i.e., for the British Army,
that fixed body of rules, now contained in the Army Act
MARTIAL LAW 15
of 1881,* as continued in force by the Army (Annual) Act,
which is applicable, in peace or in war, at home or abroad, Jtom Mili-
to " all persons subject to military law ", and to such persons **** law -
only.
6. In exercising his discretion in the administration of How
< martial law, a commander should always be guided by the limited '
laws and customs of war, as generally accepted.
7. Punishment under martial law should, as far as possible, Inquiry
be inflicted only after inquiry by a military court, convened by court '
for the purpose.
Such a court is inaccurately, though commonly, described as
a " court-martial ", since that term is properly applicable, in British
practice, only to a court instituted under the Army Act of 1881, for
dealing with offenders belonging to the British Army.
8. Martial law is most stringent where hostile armies are Applica-
face to face. It may be less stringently applied in districts
which are fully occupied than in those in which a renewal
of hostilities may probably be expected.f
9. Martial law applies to all persons, and to all property,
within the district over which it is in force, irrespectively of
the nationality of such persons, except in the case ot diplo-
matic agents accredited by neutral states to the territorial
sovereign.}:
It is not usual for a British General, except in case of urgent
necessity, to deal with offences by his own troops otherwise than
under the Army Act.
10. In particular, a general commanding an army in the
field has, during the-continuance of the war, an absolute right
* 44 A 45 Viet. c. 58.
t As to " occupied territory ", see in/ro, Seet. ix.
$ As to neutral persons generally, see fy/Va, Sect, xi.
16
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
DeporU-
tiODr
Punish*
mont.
to remove from any place within the sphere of his operations
all persons whose presence therein is considered by him to be
dangerous or inconvenient. He may deport those persons,
with as little hardship as can be avoided, to such a distance
as may be necessary effectually to prevent their speedy
return.
Compensation was granted, but only as a matter of grace- and
favour, to subjects of Neutral Powers deported by the British from
South Africa during the Boer War, after careful inquiry by a com-
mission which sat in London from May to November, 1901.
11. He may take stringent measures to repress all attempts
at interference with his communications, by road, railway, or
telegraph, as also acts of marauding or assassination.
See, for instance, Lord Roberta's Proclamations during the Boer
War. Parliamentary Paper, 1900 [Cd. 426].
The pro- 12. The presence of an invading Army in a district is
aThTvader f "iteelf, without any special warning to the inhabitants,
a sufficient* a sufficient proclamation that the martial law of that army
-^ f orce j n
warning.
When 13. No punishment should be inflicted by martial law after
lln^r 1068 the termination of hostilities, and when recourse can again
should be tesHG the ordinary Courts of Justice.
cease to be '
psssed.
Martial Law in the Home Territory.
Recourse 14. In time of invasion, or in expectation thereof, ex-
to martial ce pti ona i powers are often assumed by the executive govern-
the home ment of a country, acting usually through its military forces,,
with a view to resisting the invasion or to the ma&tenance
of good order within its own territory. The lawfumefe of
the measures then taken, which are conveniently, though not
necessarily, preceded by a " proclamation of martial law ", or
some equivalent notification, is a question not merely of
international law, but also, and more especially,, of the
national law of the country in question.-
govern-
ment.
PEACEFUL INHABITANTS 17
In many foreign countries the previous proclamation of a " state
of siege " gives to measures afterwards taken the legality which
would otherwise be wanting to them. A similar result may follow
upon a " proclamation of martial law " in such British possessions
as are under the direct legislative authority of the Crown.
In the United Kingdom, however, and in most self-governing
British possessions, a M proclamation of martial law " operates only
by way of warning that the government is about to resort, in
a given district, to such forcible measures as may be necessary to
repel invasion, or suppress insurrection, as the case may be. For
codes of martial law issued for Cape Colony, see Parliamentary
Papers of 1902 and 1903. To obviate any question as to the con-
formity of the measures taken for this purpose (whether or not
they have been preceded by a proclamation of martial law) to the
law of the country in which they have occurred, it has been usual,
within the British Empire, to pass an Imperial or local Act of
Indemnity, for the protection of those engaged, so far as the steps
taken by them have been reasonable in character, and adopted in
good faith.*
Peaceful Inhabitants.
15. Peaceful inhabitants are to be spared in person and Non-com-
property during hostilities, so far as military necessity and
the conduct of such inhabitants will permit, f Especial care is
to be taken of women and children, the sick and the aged,
and protection must be given to the diplomatic representatives
and consuls of neutral Powers in belligerent territory.!
* e. g. the Cape Colony Indemnity Acts of 1900 and 1902 and the Natal
Indemnity Acts of 1900, 1901, and 1908. When the exercise of martial law
has been sanctioned beforehand by statute (e.g. by 89 G. III. c. 1U 1,
43 G. IH. c. 17, 8 & 4 W. IV. c. 4), a subsequent Act of Indemnity is, of
course, not required.
f See supra, Art. 2 ; infra, Art. 76, last par., and Arts. 104-112.
% On the p- ution of neutral subjects not taking part in hostilities, and the
extent of (heir liability in person and property, if resident in enemy terri-
tory, see supra, Arts. 9 and 10, and t'n/m, Sect, xi, Arts. 186*189.
BO&LABD
18 THE COMMENCEMENT OF WAR
SECTION II
THE COMMENCEMENT OP HOSTILITIES
Declaration of War.
DeoUra- 16. The Contracting Powers recognize that hostilities
war. f between them ought not to commence without a warning
previously given and unequivocal, which shall take th
form either of a declaration of war, accompanied bi
reasons, or of an ultimatum, with a conditional declaratioi
of war. (H. iii. 1.)
This rule was adopted in 1907 with a view to obviating in th
future occurrences which have given rise in the past to complaint
of attacks having taken place in what seemed to be a time of peace
The value of such a rule is much lessened by the failure of all effort
to graft upon it the requirement that some fixed period of time, e.g
twenty-four hours, shall intervene between the declaration and th
fjrst hostile act.
The rule, as far as it goes, follows substantially Resolutions 1 and I
voted at Ghent in 1906 by the Institut de Droit International; npl
however, Resolution 3, to the effect that " les hostilites ne pourron
commencer qu'apres Texpiration d'un delai suffisant pour que 1;
regie de 1'avertissement prealable et non equivoque ne puisse etr
comme p'udee ". Annuaire, t. xxi, p. 292.
Notification to Neutrals.
Notifies 17. The state of war should be notified without delay t<
neutrids neutral Powers, and shall not produce its effects with re
ference to them till they have received a notification, whicl
may even be communicated by telegraph. Neutral Power
cannot, however, plead absence of notice, if Ct shall b
established beyond question that in fact they w^re'awar
of the state of war. (H. iii. 2.)
The last paragraph here reminds one of the distinction long ag
drawn, with reference to maritime warfare, between "diplomat!
notification ", u notification by notoriety", and "individual warning*
THE HAGUE REGULATIONS: APPLICATION 19
SECTION III
APPLICATION OP THE HAGUE REGULATIONS
18. The Contracting Powers will issue instructions to The
thei* armed land forces, which shall be in conformity with
the Regulations respecting the Laws and Customs of War instruo-
on Land annexed to the present Convention. (H. iv. 1.)
These Regulations consist of fifty-six articles, which, wherever
they occur in the following pages, are distinguished by the letters
H. d.
19. A belligerent Party which violates the provisions of Responsi-
the said Regulations shall, in proper cases, be bound to
tnake compensation. It shall be responsible for all acts gerent
committed by persons forming part of its armed forces, ments.
(H. iv. 3.)
This express admission of liability relates, it will be observ jd,
only to violations of the body of Regulations annexed to the Hague
Convention No. iv. The principle would, however, be equally
applicable, one would suppose, to violations of the other Conventions
and Declarations relating to land warfare.
2O. Until a more complete Code of the Law? of War Saving for
has been issued, the High Contracting Parties deem it
expedient to declare that, in cases not included in the
Regulations adopted by them, populations and belligerents
remain under the protection and the government of the
principles of the Law of Nations, as they result from the
Usages established among civilized peoples, from the laws
of humanly, and the requirements of the public conscience.
They declare that it is in this sense especially that Arts.
1 and 2 * of the Regulations adopted must be understood.
(H. iv. recital.)
* i. e. those immediately following, distinguished in the continuous
numeration of this work as Arts. 21 and 22.
20
BELLIGERENTS
Lawful
belli-
gerent
forces.
Require-
ments.
Relaxa-
tion in
favour of
SECTION IV
LAWFUL BELLIGERENTS
21. The laws, rights, and duties of war apply rfot only
to the army, but also to militia and to corps of volunteers,
which satisfy the following requirements :
1. That of being commanded by a person responsible
for his subordinates ;
2. That of having a distinctive mark, fixed and re-
cognizable at a distance ;
3. That of carrying their arms openly ; and
4. That of conducting their operations in accordance
with the laws and customs of war.
In countries where militia or corps of volunteers con-
stitute the army, or form part of it, they are included under
the denomination " army ". (H. R. 1.)
f The object of requirement No. 2 is to draw a distinct line between
combatants and peaceful inhabitants, by insisting that the former
shall wear something in the nature of a uniform, which cannot
readily be put on or taken off. This requirement, under the special
circumstances of the case, was not insisted on during the war in
South Africa.
As to the interpretation of this, and the following articlp, see
a, Art. 20. (H. iv. recital.)
Non-com-
batants in
armed
forces.
22. The population of a territory which has not been
occupied who on the approach of the enemy, spontaneously
take up arms to resist the invading troops, without having
had time to organize themselves in accordance with
Article 1 (i. e. Art. 21, supra), shall be regarded as belli*
gerents, if they carry their arms openly, and if thejf respect
the laws and customs of war. (H. R. 2.) v
For what is meant by "occupied territory'*, see fn/ro, Art, 102.
23. The armed forces of the belligerent Parties may
consist of combatants and of non-combatants. In casfe of
PRISONERS OF WAR 21
capture by the enemy, both have a right to be treated as
prisoners of war. (H. R. 8.)
As to persons following an army without being directly attached
to it, see infra, Arts. 33, 83. As to persons who are entitled to
greater privileges than ordinary prisoners of war, see Arts. 47-54,
58. As to persons who cannot claim to be treated as prisoners of
war. see Arts. 84-87.
SECTION V
PRISONERS OF WAR
24. Prisoners of war are in the power of the hostile Prisoners
Government, but not in that of the individuals or corps who
captured them.
They must be humanely treated.
All their personal belongings, except arms, horses, and
military papers, remain their property. (H. R. 4.)
Prisoners may, of course, be deprived for a time of the use of
their property, for sufficient reasons; and it may be a question
whether large sums of money found upon prisoners, or in their
baggage, are, in fact, their private property.
2P. Prisoners of war may be interned in a town, fortress, intern*
camp, or any other locality, and bound not to go beyond
certain fixed limits ; but they can only be confined as an
indispensable measure of safety, and only so long as the
circumstances continue which render that measure neces-
sary. (H. R. 5.)
The distinction here is between restriction to a specified locality
and cloaO confinement.
26. The State may utilize the labour of prisoners of Their
war, other than officers, according to their rank and labour -
capabilities. Such labour shall not be excessive, and shall
have nothing to do with the operations of war.
22
PRISONERS OF WAR
Their
mainten-
ance.
Prisoners may be authorized to work Cor public bodies,
for private persons, or on their own account
Work done for the State shall be paid for according to
the tariffs in force for soldiers of the national army employed
on similar work; or, if there be none such, according to
a tariff corresponding to work carried out.
When the work is for other public bodies, or for private
persons, the terms shall be settled in agreement with the
military authorities.
The earnings of the prisoners shall go towards improving
their position, and the balance shall be paid them at the
time of their release, after deducting the cost of their main-
tenance. (H. R. 6.)
Work even upon fortifications, at a distance from the scene of
hostilities, would not seem to be prohibited by this article.
Under " public bodies" (administrations publiques) would be in-
cluded, e. g., municipalities, companies, Ac.
It is not customary in the British Army to charge the cost of
maintenance of prisoners of war against their earnings, but reci-
prbcity of treatment is expected from the other belligerent.
27. The Government into whose hands prisoners of war
have fallen is bound to maintain them.
Failing a special agreement between the belligerents,
prisoners of war shall be treated as regards food, quarters
afid clothing, on the same footing as the troops of the
Government which has captured them. (H. R. 7.)
The second paragraph here must, of course, be read subject to
military necessities.
Their
duties.
Their
punish*
ment.
88. Prisoners of war shall be subject to the l%ws, regu-
lations and orders in force in the army of the Stjite into
whose hands they have fallen.
, Any act of insubordination warrants the adoption, as
regards them, of such measures of severity as may be
necessary.
Escapecf prisoners recaptured before they have succeeded
PAROLE 28
in rejoining their army, or before quitting the territory Their
occupied by the army that captured them, are liaWe to
disciplinary punishment*
Prisoners who, after succeeding in escaping, are again
taken prisoners, are not liable to any punishment for their
previous flight. (H. R. 8.)
U^der this article prisoners may be punishable, even by death,
for conspiracy or revolt.
It is here understood, though not expressed, that all necessary
steps, even such as may cause death, may be taken to prevent
escape.
29. Every prisoner of war, if questioned, is bound to
declare his true name and rank, and if he disregards this
rule, he is liable to a curtailment of the advantages granted
to prisoners of war of his class. (H. R. 9.)
30. Prisoners of war may be set at liberty on parole Release on
if the laws of their country authorize it, and, in such a case, parole '
they are bound, on their personal honour, scrupulously to
fulfil, both as regards their own Government and the Govern-
ment by which they were made prisoners, the engagements
they have contracted.
In such cases their own Government is bound neither to
require of, nor to accept from, them any service incompatible
wHh the parole given. (H. R. 10.)
In the British Army only commissioned officers are allowed to
give their parole for themselves or their men. The parole must not
go further than a promise not to serve during the war which at the
time is in progress.
31. A prisoner of war cannot be forced to accept his
liberty >n parole; similarly the hostile Government is not
bound to assent to the prisoner's request to be set at
liberty mi parole. <H. R. 11.)
32. Any prisoner of war, who is liberated on parole and Breach of
rtvaptured bearing arms against the Government to which p * role '
24 PRISONERS OF WAR
he had pledged his honour, or against the allies of that
Government, forfeits his right to be treated as a prisoner
of war, and can be brought before the Courts. (H. R. 12.)
The Courts here mentioned are military courts, constituted under
the first par. of Art. 28, supra. Cf. also Art. 7.
Annj 33. Individuals who follow an army without directly
followers. -,,... -
belonging to it, such as newspaper correspondents and re-
porters, sutlers and contractors, who fall into the power of
the enemy, and whom the latter thinks fit to detain, have
a right to be treated as prisoners of war, provided they can
produce a certificate from the military authorities of the
army they were accompanying. (H. R. 18.)
Foreign officers acting as attache's, or as correspondents, are bound
to take no part in directing the movements of the army which they
follow, and if shown to have so acted will be treated as prisoners
of war. If their conduct has been in conformity with the obligations
of neutrality, they may be released and afforded facilities for re-
, f u.*ning to their country, on condition that they do not, without the
consent of the capturing belligerent, rejoin their posts until the
conclusion of the war.
Bureaux 34. A Bureau for information respecting prisoners of
mation r " war ls instituted, on the commencement of hostilities, ^h
each of the belligerent States, and, if it should so happen,
in the neutral countries within the territory of which
belligerents have been received. The duty of this Bureau-
being to answer all inquiries about prisoners of war, it
is furnished, by the various services concerned, with all
information as to internments and changes, releases on
parole, exchanges, escapes, admissions into hospital and
deaths; as well as with such other information as is
* necessary for making, and keeping up to date, a personal
entry for each prisoner of war. The Bureau must note
under that entry the number, the name and Christian
names, thb age, the residence, the rank, the corps, liter
INFORMATION BUREAUX 25
wounds, the time and place of capture, of internment, of
the wounds and of the death, together with any special
remarks. The personal entry shall be forwarded to the
Government of the other belligerent after the conclusion
of peace.
It is also the duty of the Information Bureau to collect
and bring together all objects of personal use, money, letters,
&c., found on the battle-fields, or left by prisoners who have
been released on parole, or exchanged, or have died in
hospitals and ambulances, and to forward them to those
interested. (H. R. 14.)
With the second par. here, cf. Art. 45 infra (G. 4).
35. Such Relief Societies for prisoners of war, as are Prisoners'
regularly constituted in accordance with the law of their Sooietiet.
country for the purpose of serving as intermediaries for
charity, shall receive from the belligerents, for themselves
and their duly accredited agents, every facility, within the
bounds of military requirements and Administrative Re&~
lations, for the effective accomplishment of their humane
task. Delegates of these Societies may be admitted to
distribute relief at places of internment, as also at the
halting places of repatriated prisoners, if furnished with
a personal permit by the military authorities, and on
giving an engagement in writing to comply with all Regu-
lations for order and police prescribed by such authorities.
(H. R. 15.)
36. The Information Bureaux shall have the privilege of Postage.
free transport. Letters, money orders, and valuables, as
well ar postal parcels intended for prisoners of war or
despatched by them, shall be free of all postal rates, alike
in countries of origin and destination, and in those passed
through.
Gifts and relief in kind for prisoners of war shall be
adaiitted free of all duties of entry and others, as well as
26 PRISONERS OF WAR
of payments for carriage by the Government railways.
(H. R. 16.)
To give full effect to this article, new postal conventions would
be necessary, as also, probably, fresh legislation.
Letters written to, or received for, prisoners of war are liable to
such censorship as may be ordered.
The provision in the second paragraph would apply
articles for personal use.
Pay of
officers.
Religion,
worship.
37. Officers taken prisoners shall receive the pay allowed
to officers of the same rank of the country whose prisoners
they are, the amount to be repaid by their Government.
(H. R. 17.)
Unless, of course, the liability is undertaken, in the Treaty of
Peace, by the other belligerent.
38. Prisoners of war shall enjoy every facility for the
exercise of their religion, including attendance at their owe
ikarch services, provided only they comply with the regu-
lations for order and police issued by the military authority,
(H. R. 18.)
This article cannot, of course, be fully put into execution unless
a cbaplain of the prisoner's own persuasion happens to be present.
Wills.
Certifi-
cates of
death, Ac.
39. The wills of prisoners of war are received or drawn
up on the same conditions as for soldiers of the national
army.
The same rules shall be observed regarding death certifi-
cates, as well as for the burial of prisoners of war, due
regard being paid to their grade and rank. (H. R.JLB.)
Respect should always be shown to the enemy's d^id, whether they
have died on the field of battle or in captivity. Care should also
be taken, before burial, to preserve their regimental number, or
other evidences of identity, with a view to communicating the same
to the enemv's commander, or to the Bureau mentioned in Art. 34,
supra (H. R. 14). Cf. Art. 45, infra (G. 4).
THE GENEVA CONVENTION 27
40. After the conclusion of peace, the repatriation of Hepatria
prisoners of war shall take place as speedily as possible. tlon '
(H. R. 20.)
Some delays must, of course, occur, on account of (1) insufficiency
of transport ; (2) obvious risk in at once restoring to the vanquished
Power the troops of which it has been deprived ; (3) some prisoners
being under punishment for offeuces committed during their im-
prisonment.
SECTION VI
THE WOUNDED AND SICK
The duties of belligerents with regard to the wounded The
and sick are governed by the Geneva Convention. (H. R. 21.) conven-
tion.
The articles which immediately follow (42-69) represent Arts. 1-S,
omitting 24, of the Geneva Convention, i. e. that which was signed
on July 6, 1906, and was ratified by Great Britain on April 16, 1907 ;
superseding, for those Powers which accept it, the earlier Convention
of 1864. Signatories of the earlier Convention remain bound by it,
unless, and until, they become parties to the later one. For an
argu'-uent to the effect that a Power signatory of the Hague Conven-
tion of 1907, does not thereby, by virtue of its 21st article, become
a party to the Convention of Geneva, see the Manuel de la Croix-
Rouge, 1908, p. 11.
42. Soldiers, and other persons officially attached to
armies, who may be wounded or sick, should be respected
and taken care of by the belligerent in whose power they
may be, without distinction of nationality.
Nevertheless, a belligerent who is compelled to abandon
sick or wounded to the enemy shall leave with them,
o far as military requirements permit, a portion of his
medical personnel and material to contribute to the care of
them. (G. 1.)
28 THE WOUNDED AND SICK
The restrictive clause in the second paragraph here ("so far as/'
&c.) should be noted. No Commander is bound to leave behind,
after perhaps a succession of defeats, so much of his medical
personnel and material as would interfere with due provision for
the needs of his own retreating army. Similar restrictive clauses
(" so far as possible/' &c.) occur elsewhere in the Convention ; and
cf. infra, Art. 65 (G. 25).
43. Except as regards the treatment to be provided for
them in pursuance of the preceding Article, the wounded
and sick of an army who fall into the hands of the enemy
are prisoners of war, and the general provisions of inter-
national law concerning prisoners are applicable to them.
Belligerents are, however, free to arrange with one
another such exceptional treatment or indulgences for
wounded or sick prisoners as they may think desirable;
in particular they shall be at liberty to agree-
To restore to one another, after an engagement, the
wounded left on the field of battle ;
To send to their own country any wounded and sick
whom they do not wish to retain as prisoners, after
rendering them fit for removal or after recovery ;
To hand over to a neutral State, with its consent, the
enemy's wounded and sick, to be interned by the
neutral State until the termination of hostilities*
(G. 2.)
It is sufficiently obvious that Commanders are " free to agree " to
the courses of action here specified, as to many other courses, quite
irrespectively of any such permission as is purported to be conveyed
by this article. It was, however, thought desirable to suggest to
Commanders ways in which they may relax, in favour of the sick
and wounded, the rigour of the rules otherwise applicable to
prisoners generally. Release upon parole, it will be noticed, is not
suggested.
44. After each engagement the Commander in possession
of the field of battle shall take measures to search for the
wounded, and to cause them, as also the dead, to be pro-
tected against pillage and ill-treatment.
EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION 29
He shall arrange that the burial or cremation of the dead
shall be preceded by a careful examination of their bodies.
(6.8.)
The original Geneva Convention contained no such provisions
with reference to the dead and their identification as are found in
this and the next articles ; and it has been maintained that these
'provisions would be more appropriately placed in some collection of
rules for the conduct of hostilities, such as the Regulations annexed
to the Hague Convention No. iv of 1907. Cf. Revue de Droit
International, N. S. iv. p. 311.
45. Each belligerent shall send, as soon as possible, to
the authorities of the country or army to which they belong
the military identification marks or tokens found on the
dead, and a nominal roll of the wounded or sick who have
been collected by him.
The belligerents shall keep one another informed of any
internments and changes, as well as of admissions into
hospital and deaths occurring among the wounded and
sick in their hands. They shall collect all the articles en
personal use, money, letters, &c., which shall be found on
the battle-fields, or left by the wounded or sick who have
died in medical establishments or units, in order that such
objects may be transmitted to the persons interested by the
authorities of their own country. (G. 4.)
Cf. supra, Arts. 34 (H. R. 14) and 39 (H. R. 19). The duties created
by this article have reference, obviously, only to the dead, wounded,
and sick of the enemy. The analogous duties of a belligerent with
reference to his own dead, wounded, and sick, are, of course, regu-
lated by his own law. It was not thought desirable to make the
supply to Droops of marks of identity internationally obligatory, as
such ma^ks might, when found by the enemy, furnish him with
valuable information as to the disposition of the hostile army.
46. The military authority may appeal to the charitable
zeal of the inhabitants to collect and take care of, under
direction, the wounded or sick of armies, granting to
80 THE WOUNDED AND SICK
those who shall have responded to the appeal special pro-
tection and certain immunities. (6. 6.)
Assistance rendered by inhabitants on the field of battle must be
exercised under strict supervision. Opportunity might otherwise
be given for robbery and for espionnage.
It will be noticed that this article amounts merely to a sug-
gestion, addressed to the discretion of Commanders. The corre-
sponding article in the original Convention, now superseded, conferred
privileges upon the inhabitants which have long been considered
undesirable.
Medical Units and Establishments.
47. Mobile medical units (that is to say, those which are
intended to accompany armies into the field) and the fixed
establishments of the medical service shall be respected and
protected by the belligerents. (G. 6.)
" Mobile medical units " must be taken here to cover all organiza-
tions which follow the troops on the field of battle (described in
the British Army as " bearer companies " or " field hospitals "),
while " fixed establishments ", which might perhaps have been
better described as " fixed units ", would cover " stationary " or
44 general " hospitals (whether actually movable or not), placed on
a line of communications, or at a base.
Units of both kinds are to be " respected", i.e. not to be fired
upon ; and " protected " afterwards in the discharge of their duties.
Respect and protection are due to units of both kinds, irresp ac-
tively of the actual presence in them of sick or wounded. See infra,
Art. 50.
48. The protection to which medical units and establish*
ments are entitled ceases if they are made use of to commit
acts harmful to the enemy. (G. 7.)
49. The following facts are not considered to be of such
a nature as to deprive a medical unit pr establishment of
the protection guaranteed by Article 6 :
1. That the personnel of the unit or of the establish-
ment is armed, and that it makes use of its aims
PERSONNEL 81
for its own defence or for that of the sick and
wounded under its charge.
2. That in default of armed hospital attendants the unit
or establishment is guarded by a piquet or by
sentinels furnished with an authority in due form.
3. That weapons and cartridges taken from the wounded
and not yet handed over to the proper department
are found in the unit or establishment. (G. 8.)
The piquet, or sentinels, will not be prisoners of war. See t'n/ra,
Art, 50, and cf. Art. 58.
Personnel.
50. The personnel engaged exclusively in the collection,
transport, and treatment of the wounded and the sick, or in
the administration of medical units and establishments, and
the Chaplains attached to armies, shall be respected and
protected under all circumstances. If they fall into the
hands of the enemy they shall not be treated as prisoners
of war.
These provisions apply tp the guard of medical units
and establishments under the circumstances indicated in
Article 8 (2). (G. 9.)
Pv ", the comment upon Art. 47, supra. The persons here men-
tioned are bound to carefully abstain not only from acts of hostility
against the enemy, but also from all acts, such as transmission of
letters or messages, calculated to impede the success of his opera-
tions.
Officers and men of the Army Service Corps, attached to the
Army Medical Service for the whole duration of the campaign,
would be *mong the persons contemplated by this article.
51. The petsonnel of Voluntary Aid Societies, duly re-
cognized and authorized by their Government, who may be
employed in the medical units and establishments of armies,
is placed on the same footing as the personnel referred to
in the preceding article, provided always that the first-
32 THE WOUNDED AND SICK
mentioned personnel shall be subject to military law and
regulations.
Each State should notify to the other, either in time of
peace or at the commencement of or during the course of
hostilities, but in every case before actually employing
them, the names of the Societies which it has authorized,
under its responsibility, to render assistance to the regt^ar
medical service of its armies. (G. 10.)
This article makes it quite clear that Red Cross, or Aid, Societies,
unless affiliated to the regular medical organization of one or other
belligerent, and subject to his military law, enjoy none of the
benefits conferred by the Convention.
There is indeed no principle, even of unwritten military law,
according any special rights or immunities to such societies, beyond
those which may be accorded to them, as a matter of grace, in con-
sideration of their humane efforts to alleviate suffering. It makes
no difference whether or not they are recognized by the Government
of the State to which they belong, as available when needed for
service with its own armies.
<*
52. A recognized Society of a neutral country cannot
afford the assistance of its medical personnel and units to
a belligerent without the previous consent of its own
Government and the authorization of that belligerent.
A belligerent who has accepted such assistance is bound,
before availing himself of it, to notify his enemy of the &t.
(G. 11.)
53. The persons designated in Articles 9, 10, and 11 (i.e.
Arts. 50-52, supra), after they have fallen into the hands
of the enemy, shall continue to carry on their duties under
his direction.
When their assistance is no longer indispensable, they
shall be sent back to the army to which they belong, or
to their country, at such time and by such route as may be
compatible with military requirements.
They shall then take with them such effects, instruments,
arms, and horses as are their private property. (G. 12.)*
MATERIAL 83
Cf. tn/ro, Art. 55 (G. 14), as also the comment on Art. 24
(H. R. 4).
54. The enemy shall secure to the persons mentioned in
Article 9 (i. e. Art. 50, supra), while in his hands, the same
allowances and the same pay as are granted to the persons
the same rank in his own army. (G. 13.)
Cf . the similar provisions as to officers prisoners, in H. R. Art. 1 7
(i.e. Art. 37, supra).
This article has no application to the personnel of Aid Societies
which are not dealt -with in Art. 50, supra (G. 9).
Material.
55. Mobile medical units, if they fall into the hands of the
enemy, shall retain their material, including the teams,
irrespectively of the means of transport and the drivers
employed.
Nevertheless, the competent military authority shall have
the right of using the material for the treatment of the
wounded and sick. It shall be restored under the condi-
tions laid down for the medical personnel, and, so far as
possible, at the same time. (G. 14.)
For the definition of "mobile medical units", see supra 9 Art. 47
(G. *}. They are to retain their material, &c., " irrespectively of
its character," i. e. although portions of it have been borrowed from
military units, or obtained, by requisition, from the inhabitants of
the country. On "Requisitions", see infra, Arts. 58, 112, 139.
This article cannot be supposed to debar the capturing Commander
from using, in case of necessity, some of the material of a medical
unit for the benefit of bis own wounded.
56. TLe buildings and material of fixed establishments
remain subject to the laws of war, but may not be diverted
from their purpose *o long as they are necessary for the
wounded and the sick.
Nevertheless, the Commanders of troops in the field may
dispose of them, in case of urgent military necessity, pro-
D
84 THE WOUNDED AND SICK
vided they make previous arrangements for the welfare of
the wounded and sick who are within them. (G. 15.)
Under the " laws of war ", the material becomes booty, and the
buildings may be used by the enemy, subject to the reservation
mentioned in this article.
The provisions of this article, it must be observed, relate only to
military establishments and material. Civil hospitals, even when
State property, would be exempt from confiscation, see tn/ra, Arts.
106, 116(11. R. 46, 56).
" Fixed establishments " may comprise, according to circumstances,
not only buildings, but also assemblages of tents.
57. The material of Aid Societies which are admitted to
the privileges of the Convention, under the conditions laid
down therein, is considered private property, and, as such,
is respected under all circumstances, saving only the right
of Requisition recognized for belligerents, in accordance
with the laws and customs of war. (G. 16.)
The material of Aid Societies, when employed in mobile units,
would, of course, be restored in pursuance of Art. 55 (G. 14). The
treatment which it should receive, when employed in fixed military
establishments, is not so obvious. Should it share the fate of such
establishments, under Art. 56 (G. 15)? This might be a discourage-
ment to voluntary aid. Or should it be exempt from confiscation ?
The latter alternative is accepted in this article, although belligerents
.may thus be tempted to protect material properly belonging to r neir
medical service, by assigning it over to Voluntary Societies. On
the exemption of " private property ", see infra, Art. 106 (H. R. 46).
On the right of " Requisition ", see infra, Art. 1 12 (H. R. 52).
Convoys of Evacuation.
58. Convoys of evacuation shall receive the same treat-
ment as mobile medical units, subject to the ^fotyowing
special provisions : l
1. A belligerent intercepting a ctfnvoy may, if this is
demanded by military necessity, break it up,
, taking upon himself the charge of the sick and
wounded who are in it.
CONVOYS OF EVACUATION 85
2. In this case, the duty to send back the medical
personnel imposed by Article 12 (i.e. Art. 53) shall
be extended to the whole of the military personnel
detailed for the transport or the protection of the
convoy and furnished for this purpose with an
authority in due form.
The duty to restore the medical material, provided for in
Article 14 (i.e. Art. 55), shall apply to railway trains,
and boats used in internal navigation, which are specially
arranged for evacuations, as also to the material, belonging
to the medical service, for fitting up ordinary vehicles, trains,
and boats.
Military vehicles, other than those of the medical service,
may be captured with their teams.
The civilian personnel and the various means of trans-
port obtained by requisition, including railway material and
boats used for convoys, shall be subject to the general rules
of international law. (G. 17.)
" Convoys of Evacuation " are convoys of sick and wounded in
course of conveyance. This article, although it invests such convoys
with privileges similar to those enjoyed by mobile units, does not
enable the Commander of a besieged place to relieve the pressure
on his resources, by sending out his wounded ; nor does it entitle
a besieger to increase that pressure by sending a convoy of wounded
into the place which he is besieging. Cf. Art. 81, comment.
The conveyance may take place by road, by railway, or by water ;
but, to enjoy the benefit of this article, must not be combined with
the transport of troops, or with any other military operation.
The personnel of the convoy may be: (1) Medical, such as is
mentioned in Arts. 50, 51, 52 (G. 9, 10, 1 1), which should be restored,
in accordance with Art. 53 (G. 12) ; or (2) Military, lent for transport
purposes, which should be restored under Art. 55 (G. 14); or (3)
Military guards, <x> be restored under Art. 50 (G. 9) ; or (4) Civil,
requisitioned, to be released, if not again requisitioned by the
captor, under Art. 55 tG. 14).
The material may (1) belong to the regular medical service of the
enemy, or to Aid Societies recognized by him, when it should be
restored, under Art. 55 (G. 14); or (2) may consist of carriages, with
D 2
36 THE WOUNDED AND SICK
their teams, borrowed from military units, which are then subject to
capture ; or (3) may consist of things requisitioned, e. g. carriages,
boats, Ac., which must be restored, in accordance with Art 55 (6. 14).
The Distinctive Device. f
50. As a compliment to Switzerland, the heraldic device
of the red cross on a white ground, formed by reversing
the Federal colours, is retained as the emblem and distinc-
tive device of the medical service of armies. (G. 18.)
On the adoption of this device for voluntary Aid Societies, at the
unofficial conference held at Geneva in 1863, and for medical units,
&c., in time of war by the original Geneva Convention of 1864, see
infra, Appendix II.
The phraseology of this article is intended to make it clear that
the device has no religious significance, such as has been attributed
to it by Mohammedan troops ; so much so, that although Turkey had
signed the original Convention in 1865, it was thought desirable
by that Power to distinguish its own medical services, in the wars of
1876 and 1897, by a red crescent, while undertaking to continue to
respect the red cross in the service of the enemy.
Turkey, the only important Power not represented at the Con-
ference of 1906, acceded to the Geneva Convention of that year,
on August 24, 1907, with, however, the reservation u that its armies
will use the emblem of the Red Crescent for the protection of its
ambulances " ; adding : " it is nevertheless well understood that the
imperial Government will scrupulously respect the inviolability of
the Red Cross flag." *
60. With the permission of the competent military
authority this emblem shall be shown on the flags and
armlets (brassards), as well as on all the material belonging
to the Medical Service. (G. 19.)
As to flags, see infra, Arts. 62-64 (G. 21-23): as ft brastard*
(armlets), Arts. 61, 64 (G. 20, 23). Special dimensions* are now
prescribed for the crosses upon vehicles used in British field service
medical units. %
61. The personnel protected, in pursuance of Articles 9,
10, and 11 (i. e. Arts. 50, 51, 52), shall wear, fixed 'on
THE BED CROSS EMBLEM 37
the left arm, an armlet (brassard) with a red cross on
a white ground, delivered and stamped by the competent
military authority, accompanied by a certificate of identity
in the case of persons who are attached to the medical
service of armies, but who have not a military uniform.
(G. 20.)*
It is desirable that armlets, with a special War Office mark,
should in time of war be issued under the authority of the Principal
Medical Officer, and with the official stamp of the Medical Depart-
ment. A Register should be kept of the names and descriptions of
the persons to whom these badges have been issued. Such persons, if
not wearing a military uniform, should be furnished with an official
certificate, bearing a number and a date, corresponding with entries
in the Register. The framing of Regulations as to the conditions
upon which armlets may be issued would be within the powers con-
ferred upon Commanders by Art. 65 (G. 25).
62. The distinctive flag of the Convention shall only be
hoisted over those medical units and establishments which
are entitled to be respected under the Convention, and with
the consent of the military authority. It must be accom
panied by the national flag of the belligerent to whom the
unit or establishment belongs.
Nevertheless, medical units which have fallen into the
hapds of the enemy, so long as they are in that situa-
ti<5n, shall fly no other flag than that of the Red Cross.
(G. 21.)
Under a recent Order of the British War Office, the flag is, for
field hospitals, to be 9 feet square, with an 8 foot red cross, and
a special pole to keep it unfurled.
A rigid metallic plate might, no doubt, be substituted for a flag
of the, usual materials, and a lantern, showing the red cross, may
take the place of 4he flag by night.
The explicit statement, that by " National flag " is meant the flag
of the country to which a medical unit or establishment belongs,
is intended to make impossible for the future the mistake which has
occasionally induced a neutral medical unit, the services of which
have been accepted by a belligerent, to hoist the flag 9 of its own
38 THE WOUNDED AND SICK
neutral country. See also infra, Art. 63 (G. 22). Cf. Actes de la
Conference, pp. 214-217, 263.
No national flag, it will be observed, is to be flown by a medical
unit while in captivity. It may, however, be supposed that an
invader will hoist his own flag, accompanied by that of the. red
cross, over hospitals which he may find in the territory pf which
he is in occupation.
63. Medical units belonging to neutral countries which
may be authorized, under the conditions laid down in
Article 11 (i. e. Art. 52), to afford their services, shall fly,
along with the flag of the Convention, the national flag of
the belligerent to whose army they are attached.
The provisions of the second paragraph of the preceding
article are applicable to them. (G. 22.)
The only flags which, under any circumstances, can be flown by
neutral Aid Societies are, it will be observed, that of the red cross,
and that of the belligerent to whose army they are attached. In
captivity they can fly only the Red Cross flag.
[64. The emblem of the red cross on a white ground and
the words "Red Cross" or " Geneva Cross " shall not be used,
eitker in time of peace or in time of war, except to protect
or to indicate the medical units and establishments, the
personnel and the material protected by the Convention.
(G. 23.)]
Great Britain has not assented to this article, which presupposes
the legislation promised in Arts. 68 and 69 infra, to which articles
she is not a party. See the comment on Arts. 68 and 69 (G. 27, 28),
infra.
65. The Commandersin-chief of belligerent armjjes ohall
arrange the details for carrying out the preceding articles,
as well as for cases not provided for, )n accordance with
the instructions of their respective Governments and in
conformity with the general principles of the present Con-
vention. (G. 25.)
PUNISHMENT FOR OFFENCES 39
For these " General Principles ", see supra, Arts. 42-63 (G. 1-22).
This article, it may be remarked, leaves a useful discretion to
Commanders-in-chief and Governments.
66. The Signatory Governments will take the necessary
measures for instructing their troops, especially the per-
sonnel protected, in the provisions of the present Convention,
and to bring them to the notice of the civil population.
(G. 26.)
Punishment of Abuses and Infractions.
[68. The Signatory Governments, in countries the legisla-
tion of which is not at present adequate for the purpose,
undertake to adopt, or to propose to their legislative bodies,
such measures as may be necessary to prevent at all times
the employment of the emblem or the name of " Red Cross "
or " Geneva Cross " by private individuals, or by Societies
other than those which are entitled to do so under the
present Convention, and in particular for commercial pur-
poses as a trade-mark or trading mark.
The prohibition of the employment of the emblem or the
names in question shall come into operation from the date
fixed by each legislature, and at the latest five years affer
the present Convention comes into force. After it comes
into force, it shall no longer be lawful to adopt a trade-
mark or trading mark in contravention of this prohibition.
(G. 27.)]
This article has not received the assent of Great Britain. See the
comment on Arts. 64, supra, and 69, infra.
[69. The Signatory Governments also undertake to adopt,
or to, propose to their legislative bodies, should their penal
military law be insufficient for the purpose, the measures
necessary for the repression in time of war of individual
acts of pillage and maltreatment of the wounded and sick
of armies, as well as for the punishment, as an unlawful
employment of military insignia, of the improper juse of the
40 THE WOUNDED AND SICK
Red Cross flag and armlet (brassard) by soldiers or private
individuals not protected by the present Convention.
They shall communicate to one another, through the
Swiss Federal Council, the provisions relative to these
measures of repression, at the latest within five y ear ^ from
the ratification of the present Convention. (G. 28.)]
Arts. 68 and 69 (G. 27, 28), rendering legislation obligatory within
five years, are not accepted by Great Britain, nor, therefore, is
Art. 64 (G. 23), by which legislation is presupposed. All three
articles are therefore here enclosed in square brackets.
The British Delegation, however, obtained the insertion in the
proems-verbal of a statement that " The British Delegates, having
been unable to agree to Arts. 23, 27, and 28 of the draft Convention,
have nevertheless wished to record in the prods-verbal their tJceu* to
the following effect : They desire that the use of the distinctive sign
and name of the Red Cross should be reserved, even in time of
peace, by the legislation of each country to the medical service of its
armies, and of the Aid Societies which are recognized and controlled
by their respective Governments M .
Arts. 24, 29-33, containing only general provisions as to the
application of the Geneva Convention, 1906, by the Signatory Govern-
ments, are not here set out ; but see infra, Appendix III, pp. 1 1 6-120.
Beatrio-
tiom on
means of
injuring.
SECTION VII
THE CONDUCT OP HOSTILITIES
The Means of Injuring the Enemy.
70. The right of belligerents to adopt means of injuring
the enemy is not unlimited. (H. R. 22.)
Cf. "On mere general principles it is lawful^to destroy* your
enemy; and mere general principles make no great difference as
to the manner by which this is to be effected ;.but the conventional
law of mankind, which is evidenced in their practice, does make
a distinction, and allows some, and prohibits other, modes of
destruction '4. Sir W. Scott, in the Flad Oyen, \ Rob. 134.
PROHIBITED MEANS OF INJURING 41
Prohibited Weapons.
71. Considering that the progress of civilization should Arms
have the effect of alleviating as much as possible the
calamities of war; suffering
or merit*
Thattthe only legitimate object which States should set able death,
before themselves during war is to weaken the military employed.
forces of the enemy;
That for this purpose it is sufficient to disable the greatest
possible number of men ;
That this object would be exceeded by the employment
of arms which would uselessly aggravate the sufferings of
disabled men, or render their death inevitable ;
That the employment of such arms would, therefore, be
contrary to the laws of humanity ; (P. D. recitals.)
It is now very generally thought that clauses 2 and 3 of these
Recitals are capable of being so read as to limit too narrowly the
legitimate methods of making war. See supra, the comments upon
Arts. 1 and 2 ; and infra, the Recitals of the Hague Conventions of
1907, in Appendix III.
72. The Contracting Parties engage mutually to renounce, Expletive
in case of war among themselves, the employment by their
military or naval forces of any projectile of a weight
below 400 grammes,* which is either explosive or charged
with fulminating or inflammable substances. (P. D.) f
[73. The Contracting Powers agree to prohibit, for
a period extending to the termination of the third Peace
Conference, the discharge of projectiles and explosives from
balloons, or by other new methods of a similar nature.
(H. D. 1, 1907.)]
This Declaration, having been originally drafted in 1899, by the
first Peace Confeience, to operate for five years only, expired by
efflux of time. (Cf. supra, p. 4.) It had been ratified by almost
* i.e., approximately, 14 oz.
t For a list of the , Powers, including Great Britain, parties to this
Declaration) see iitfra, Appendix IV; and for its diplomatic clauses,
Appendix III.
42 THE CONDUCT OF HOSTILITIES
all the Powers represented, except Great Britain. As redrafted in
1907 by the second, it is to remain in force to the end of the third,
Peace Conference. So many first-class Powers are, however, now
opposed to its adoption, that although ratified by the United States
on March 10, and signed by Great Britain on June 29, 1908, ,it is
here enclosed in square brackets, as an indication of defective
authority.* It was generally conceded at the Conference that
balloons must not be allowed to attack undefended places ; but
it was thought that this was sufficiently provided for by the words
" by any means whatever ", now inserted in Art. 25 of the Hague
Regulations (infra, Art. 80).
74. The Contracting Powers renounce the use of pro-
jectiles the sole object of which is the diffusion of
asphyxiating or harmful gases. (H. D. 2, 1899.)
This, and the following, Declaration are, unless denounced, of
perpetual obligation. They were ratified or acceded to by almost
all the Powers represented at the Conference of 1 899, except Great
Britain, the United States, and Portugal, which, however, in the course
of the proceedings of the Conference of 1907, signified their adhesion
to both Declarations. Great Britain formally acceded to both on
August *30, 1907.
75. The Contracting Powers renounce the use of bullets
which expand or flatten easily in the human body, such as
bullets with a hard casing which does not entirely cover
the core, or is pierced with incisions. (H. D. 3, 1899.)
As to the parties to this Declaration, see comment on the preceding
article ; and cf. infra, Art. 76 (e) (H. R. 23 (e) ). The United States,
both in 1899 and in 1907, urged the adoption of a more compre-
hensive Declaration, prohibiting the employment of "balls which
inflict wounds needlessly cruel, such as explosive balls, and, in
general, every species of ball which exceeds the limit necessary to
place a man immediately hors de combat ". v
* For a list of Powers accepting this Declaration, of tchich Great Britain
is one of the signatories, see ir\fra, Appendix IV. For the adverse attitude
of Germany, &c., see the Wei&sbuch, presented to th* Reichstag in December,
1907, p. 7, which states that " Germany had acceded to the agreement at the
Conference, conditionally on all the great military Powers accepting the same
standpoint. Since several of these Powers have objected to the renewal,
Germany also will be unable to sanction it ".
PROHIBITED MEANS OF INJURING 43
Certain further Prohibitions.
78. "Besides the prohibitions provided by special con* Prohibi-
ventions,* it is especially prohibited :- tion of
() To employ poison or poisoned arms ; Poison,
And, on analogy, it has been suggested, to spread contagious
diseases.
(b) To kill or wound treacherously individuals belong- Assassina-
ing to the hostile nation or army. tion *
This includes not only assassination of individuals, but also, by
implication, any offer for an individual " dead or alive ".
(c) To wound or kill an enemy who, having laid down Refusal of
his arms, or having no longer means of defence, qua r '
has surrendered at discretion.
It may be a question up to what moment acts of violence may
be continued without disentitling the doer to be ultimately admitted
to the benefit of quarter under this clause.
An offer to surrender is frequently communicated by the hoisting
of a white flag, which, however, can protect only the force by which
it is hoisted.
(d) To declare that no quarter will be given. Declara-
tion of no
() To employ arms, projectiles, or material, of a nature super- '
to cause superfluous htf ury.
Cf. Arts. 71, 75, supra. (/)f
(g) To destroy or seize the enemy's property, unless its Neediest
destruction or seizure be imperatively demanded ^jfof *
^y the necessities of war. property.
The "necessities of war" may obviously justify not only the
*
* i. e. up to the present time, by the four immediately preceding Declara-
tion* (P. D., and H. D. *, 2, 8).
f H. R. 28 (/) has been transferred to the topic of Strata?*** (Arts. 78 and
79), to which it properly belongs.
44 THE CONDUCT OP HOSTILITIES
seizure of private property, but even the destruction of such property,
and the devastation of whole districts. See supra, Art. 3.
[(//) To declare extinguished, suspended, or unenforce-
able the rights and rights of action of the subjects
adverse party. (H. R. 23.)]
This clause, suggested by Germany, if intended only for the
guidance of an invading Commander, needs careful re-drafting ; if,
as would rather appear, it is of general application, besides being
quite out of place where it stands, it is so revolutionary of the
doctrine which denies to an enemy any persona standi in iudicio,
that although it is included in the ratification of the Convention by
the United States on March 10, and the signature of the same, on
June 29, 1908, by Great Britain, it can hardly, till its policy has
been seriously discussed, be treated as a rule of International Law.
It is here, accordingly, included in square brackets.
77. It is also prohibited to a belligerent to compel the
subjects of the adverse party to take part in operations of
war directed against their own country, even when they
have been in his service before the commencement of the
war. (H. R. 28, last par.)
This article, drafted by Germany, was in 1907 rather awkwardly
annexed to H. R. 23 (Art. 76, supra), in substitution for Art. 44
of H. R. of 1 899, which ran as follows : " any compulsion on the
population of occupied territory to take part in military operation*
against its own country is prohibited." The immunity now accorded
to subjects of the invaded State is considerably greater than that
guaranteed to them by the old articles. In the first place, it relates
to taking part in any operations of war, a term supposed to cover
many acts not amounting to what would be described as military
operations. An Austrian amendment, which would have limited
the exemption to taking part "as combatants", was accordingly
rejected. In the second place, the subjects of that Stale are pro-
tected against compulsion to take part against their own country,
even if they have previously been enrolled in the service of the
invader.
The terminology employed is, however, still c ambiguous. Would
this article render unlawful any compulsion on inhabitants of
occupied territory to execute urgently required works, such as,
STRATAGEMS 45
e.g., repairs to roads or bridges, although of ultimate military
utility? A still more delicate question is whether it would pro*
tect the inhabitants from being compelled to act as guides to the
enemy. The practice of exacting services of this kind was reprc-
bated'Jby many Powers at the Conference, but is still treated as
admissible in 1902, by the Kriegsbrauch of the Prussian General
Staff, p. 48. Of. Weissbuchy p. 7. It must be noted that Germany,
with several other first-class Powers, declines to accept Art. 104
(H. R. 44), infra.
Stratagems.
78. Stratagems and the employment of methods neces- StraU-
sajy to obtain information about the enemy and the flowed.
country are considered lawful. (H. R. 24.)
Good faith must, however, always be observed with the enemy,
and this article must not be taken to authorize any such acts of
treachery as are expressly forbidden in Art. 76 (b), and in Art. 79
(H. R. 23 (b) and (/)).
79. It is, however, forbidden to make improper use of Fraud for-
a flag of truce, of the national flag, or the military distin* bldden -
guishing marks and the uniform of the enemy, as well as
of the distinctive signs of the Geneva Convention. (H. k.
23 (/).)
Frederick the Great, in the 13th article of his Principe* ge'ne'raux
de la guerre, enlarges on the utility of " ruses de guerre " : " On
prend alter nativement, a la guerre, la peau de lion et la peau de
renard ; la ruse reussit ou la force chouerait."
On flags of truce, see Arts. 88-91, infra. The treacherous use
of a white flag as indicating a readiness to surrender is, of course,
within this prohibition.
By " national flag " is, of course, meant the flag of the enemy.
Cf. Art. 62, *upra4i. e. G. 21).
Troops may sometimes be obliged by lack of clothing, and with
no fraudulent intent/ to make use of uniforms belonging to the
enemy. Care must be taken in such cases to make alterations in
the uniform which will clearly indicate the side to which those who
wear it belong.
46
THE CONDUCT OP HOSTILITIES
Sieges <md Bombardments.
Sieges and 80. The attack or bombardment, by whatsoever means,
f towns, villages, habitations, or buildings, which ar;e not
defended, is prohibited. (H. R. 25.)
The words " by whatsoever means " were held at the Conferences
of 1907 to include attack from balloons. Cf. supra, Art. 73
(H.D.I).
A place, although not fortified, may be bombarded if it is
defended. This article is not to be taken to prohibit the use of
any means for the destruction of buildings for military reasons.
A place must not be bombarded with a view merely to the
exaction from it of ransom. Cf. the Hague Convention of 1007,
No. ix, on bombardments by naval forces in time of war.
Warning. 81. The Commander of an attacking force, before com-
mencing a bombardment, except in the case of an assault,
should do all he can to warn the authorities of what is
about to happen. (H. R. 26.)
By " assault " a surprise attack is here intended. The besieger
is under no absolute obligation to allow any portion of the popula-
tion of a place to leave it, even when a bombardment is about to
commence.
Objects to
be spared.
Pillage.
82. In sieges and bombardments all necessary steps
should be taken to spare, as far as possible, edifices devoted
to religion, art, science, and charity, historical monuments,
hospitals, and places where the sick and wounded are
collected, provided they are not used at the same time for
military purposes.
The besieged should indicate these buildings or places by
some special visible signs, which should previously be
notified to the assailants. (H. R. 27.) ,
83. The giving up to pillage of a town or place, even
when tajten by assault, is prohibited. (H. R. 28.)
SPIES 47
Much less may a garrison, as was at one time practised, be put
to the sword for an over-obstinate defence. As to pillage, cf.
Art. lb7 (H. R. 47), infra.
Spies.
84. An individual can only be considered a spy if, acting Spies, who
^clandestinely, or on false pretences, he obtains, or seeks to a e '
obtain, information in the zone of operations of a belligerent,
with the intention of communicating it to the hostile party.
Thus, soldiers not in disguise who have penetrated into who are
the zone of operations of a hostile army to obtain informa-
tion are not considered spies. Similarly, the following
ae not considered spies: soldiers or civilians, carrying
out their mission openly, charged with the delivery of
dispatches intended either for their own army or for that
of the enemy. To this class belong likewise individuals
sent in balloons to deliver dispatches, and generally to
maintain communications between the various parts of
an army or a territory. (H. R. 29.)
To claim the benefit of the second clause of this article soldiers
must be in uniform.
Persons in balloons are not spies, even if engaged in observing
the movements of the enemy.
The examples given in this article are not intended to be
exhaustive.
85. A spy cannot claim to be treated as a prisoner of war.
Nor, according to the Prussian General Staff, Kriegsbrauch, p. 31,
can persons assisting, or concealing, spies claim to be so treated.
Frederick the Great, u. s. 14, mentions, besides ordinary spies,
"doubles espions," i.e. persons employed to convey false information
to the, enemy, sometimes pretending to be deserters (" mentiti trans-
fugae " in the older writers) ; and he confesses to having descended
to forcing some respectable " bourgeois " to enter the camp of the
army of his own country, under the surveillance of an enemy soldier
disguised as his servant, with whom he is to return to his homestead
with the required information, on pain of finding his wife and
children murdered and ail his belongings burnt.
48 NON-HOSTILE INTERCOURSE
of 86. A spy taken in the act cannot be punished without
spie8 ' previous trial. (H. R.30.)
The severity with which spies are treated is exercised merely to
prevent their employment. The motives with which a spy has .acted
have therefore no bearing either way upon his treatment.
When 87. A spy who, after rejoining the army to which he
liability belongs, is subsequently captured by the enemy, is treated
as a prisoner of war, and incurs no responsibility for his
previous acts of espionnage. (H. R. 31.)
He may, of course, have incurred responsibility for acts of a
different kind.
SECTION VIII
NON-HOSTILE INTERCOURSE BETWEEN BELLIGERENTS
Flags of Truce.
<88. Non-hostile relations between belligerents must be
conducted with scrupulous good faith. They are usually
commenced by means of a flag of truce.
*..
Non-hostile transactions between belligerents are technically de-
scribed as " belli commercia ", a term which is similarly employed by
Virgil, Aeneid x. 532, and by Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 33, Hist. ii. 81.
89. An individual is considered as being the bearer of
a flag of truce who is authorized by one of the belligerents
to enter into communication with the other, and who pomes
with a white flag. He has a right to inviolability, as have
also the trumpeter, bugler, or drummer, the flag-bearer, and
the interpreter, who may accompany him. (H. R. 32.)
The bearer of a flag of truce will, of course, enjoy the privileges
of such, although he may come unaccompanied.
FLAGS OF TRUCE 49
90. The Commander to whom a bearer of a flag of
truce is sent is not obliged to receive him under all
circumstances.
He can take all steps necessary to prevent the bearer
of a tag of truce from taking advantage of his mission to
obtain information.
In case of abuse, he has the right to detain the envoy
temporarily. (H. R. 38.)
A Commander may, for instance, refuse to receive a flag of truce,
or may direct the bearer to be blindfolded, if he is executing a
secret movement. He may also, under certain circumstances, declare
beforehand that a flag of truce cannot be received.
t
91. The bearer of a flag of truce loses his rights of
inviolability if it is established, positively and beyond all
question, that he has taken advantage of his privileged
position to instigate or commit an act of treachery.
(H. R. 34.)
" Trahison " in the original, i. e. " treason ", an offence of which,
in strictness, an enemy cannot be guilty. " Trahison,' 1 and its
German equivalent " Verrath ", or more specifically "Kriegsverrath",
are, however, habitually employed in a much wider sense, as appli-
cable to any acts on the part of inhabitants of invaded territory
which are calculated either to deceive the invader, or to inform their
own side of his forces and movements. See, e. g., the French Code
de Justice militaire, and the Krieysbrauch of the Prussian General
Staff, p. 50.
Gapitulations.
92. Capitulations agreed on between the Contracting
Parties must be in accordance with the rules of military
honour.
When once settled, they must be scrupulously observed
by both the parties. _ (H. R. 35.)
A capitulation is ai agreement for the surrender of troops or
places.
A capitulation clearly in excess of the implied authority of the
50 NON-HOSTILE INTERCOUKSE BETWEEN BELLIGERENTS
officer by whom it is made, when it is technically described as a
mere " sponsion ", as, for instance, that his troops shall never serve
again against the same enemy, may be repudiated by his Govern-
ment.
It is an implied condition, in the capitulation of a place, that the
capitulating force shall not destroy its fortifications or stores, after
the conclusion of the agreement.
Truces, Armistices, or Suspensions of Arms.
93. An armistice suspends military operations by mutual
agreement between the belligerent parties. If its duration
is not fixed, the belligerent parties can resume operations
at any moment, provided always that previous notice, of
such length as has been agreed upon, has been given to the
enemy, in accordance with the terms of the armistice.
(H. R. 36.)
There is no difference of meaning, according to British usage at
least, between a " truce ", an " armistice ", and a " suspension of
arms ". See General Hereford's remarks at the Brussels Conference,
Parl. Paper, Miscell. No. I, 1875, p. 32.
94. An armistice may be general or local. The former
suspends everywhere the military operations of the belli-
gerent States; the latter, only those between certain
fractions of the belligerent armies and within a fixed radius.
(H. R. 37.)
A general armistice is, of course, in excess of the implied authority
of a local Commander.
An armistice should specify, as far as possible, the acts which are
forbidden, and those which are permitted, to the belligerents during
its continuance.
95. An armistice must be notified officially, and in good
time, to the proper authorities and to the; troops. Hostilities
are suspended immediately after the notification, or at the
moment/agreed upon. (H. R. 38.)
ARMISTICES 51
96. It is for the Contracting Parties to settle, in the
terms of the armistice, what relations may be had by them,
within the theatre of war, with the population and with
each other. (H. R. 39.)
97. Any serious violation of the armistice by one of the
parties gives the other party the right to denounce it, and
even, in case of urgency, to recommence hostilities at once.
(H. R. 40.)
98. A violation of the terms of the armistice, by individuals
taking action on their own account, only confers a right to
demand the punishment of the offenders, and compensation
for any losses which may have been sustained. (H. R. 41.)
99. A treaty of peace, after signature, but before ratifica-
tion, operates as a general armistice.
It is often desirable to interpose, during an armistice, a neutral
zone between the belligerent forces.
Cartels.
100. The term "cartel" is most commonly employed to Cartels,
denote an arrangement entered into between the belligerents
with reference to the exchange, or treatment, of prisoners.
This term is, however, of general application, and may be
used with reference to agreements for other purposes. for Ofch6r
r * purposes.
Safe-conducts, Safe-guards, <&c.
101. A belligerent often grants to enemy individuals a Passports,
"passport", enabling them to pass unmolested through dis-
tricts occupied by his forces. A " safe-conduct " has the same Safe-
effect, but is applicable also to the carriage of goods, as is n ucti '
a " licence ". Licences.
A " safe-guard " is a notification by a belligerent Commander Safe-
that buildings or other property upon which the notification
is usually posted up, are exempt from interference on the
2
52
AUTHORITY IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY
part of his troops. The term is also used to describe a guard,
placed by the Commander to ensure such exemption. " Forcing
a safe-guard " is a serious offence.
Cf. the Army Act, s. 6 (c).
Occu-
pation
defined.
Occupant
must
maintain
law and
order.
SECTION IX
AUTHORITY IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY*
Definition of Occupation.
102. Territory is considered to be occupied when it 'is
placed as a matter of fact under the authority of the
hostile army.
The occupation extends only to territories where that
authority is established and capable of being exercised.
(H. R. 42.)
The authority of the occupant may be exercised, by flying columns,,
beyond the places in which his forces are actually present, or in
which the inhabitants have been disarmed.
7he occupation of a given district should be, as far as possible,
made known to the inhabitants of it, by proclamations posted up
at the principal localities, or otherwise. But see Art. 1 2, supra.
It should be noted that all restrictions imposed upon an occupant
apply, and with greater force, also to an invader of territory who is
not yet in occupation of it.
The Position of the Occupant.
103. The authority of the legitimate power having
passed as a matter of fact into the hands of the ^occupant,
he shall take all steps in his power to reestablish and
ensure, so far as possible* public order and safety, while
respecting, unless absolutely prevented/ the laws in force
in the country. (H. R. 48.)
* It will be obvious that many of the provisions of this Section would seem
suitable for Application also in non-occupied territory. C& tupra, p. 6.
LIMITS ON RIGHTS OF OCCUPANT 58
It may be necessary to vary the criminal, administrative, and
other branches of Public Law, but hardly to interfere with the
rules -.of Private Law, e.g. as to property, contracts, or family
relations.
The occupant will often be glad to avail himself of the services
of the native local authorities, so far as he can trust them, in case,
and so long as, they are^ willing to continue in office.
, In addition to so much of the native law as he considers suitable
to be enforced, the occupant will also administer " martial law " ;
as to which see Arts. 4-13, supra.
Mights over Persons and Property.
104. Any compulsion by a belligerent on the population HO must
of occupied territory to give information as to the army of ?nhS>i
the other belligerent, or as to his means of defence, is tantsto
prohibited. (H. R. 44.)] mlt/on^"
Does the prohibition here extend to compelling service as guides ?
The insertion of express words to that effect was opposed by
Germany, Austria, Russia, and Japan. It was said that service as
guides would be included in the phrase "operations of war",
compulsion to take part in which is prohibited by H. R. 23, last par.
(Art. 77, supra). But see the comment on that article. The
German Weissbuch, p. 7, charges this article with selecting, in, an
undesirable way, single instances from the cases to which the
principle contained in H. R. 23, last par., is applicable; and so
many other first-class Powers were opposed to the article that it is
here included in square brackets.
105. Any compulsion on the population of occupied or to take
territory to take the oath to the hostile Power is prohibited.
(H. R. 45.)
A mere "occupant has no right to exact an oath of allegiance
from the population. He may, however, make such privileges as
he may grant to them conditional upon their oath or promise not
to take up arms agAinst him, or to otherwise assist the enemy.
This is sometimes described as an " oath of neutrality ". For the
form of oath sanctioned by Lord Roberts for this purpose in the
Boer War, see Parliamentary Paper [Cd. 426] of 1900, f. 23.
54 AUTHORITY IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY
Mutt 106. Family honour and rights, the lives of individuals,
itaM^pro- an( * private property, as also religious beliefs and liberty
perty, Ac. o f public worship, must be respected.
Private property cannot be confiscated. (H. R. 46.)
Cf. Art. 15, supra, and the Army Act, s. 6 (1) (/), s. 49 e (l)'.
Much controversy has been carried on as to the legitimacy of
placing civilian inhabitants of occupied territory upon railway trains,
carrying troops of the invader, in order to prevent such trains
from being fired upon. This was done by the Germans in France,
in the war of 1870, and again by the British in the Boer War.
All that is said as to private property must, of course, be read
subject to military necessity (see supra, p. 1 3), and, in particular, to
Arts. 109-114, infra.
Pillage. 107. Pillage is formally prohibited. (H. R 47.)
Pillage, or loot, was defined by General de Leer, at the Brussels
Conference of 1874, as " booty which is not permitted " ; and Baron
Jomini explained that " there is a booty which is permissible on the
field of battle horses, &c. It is booty acquired at the expense of
private property that the Commission means to prohibit ", Parl^
Paper, Miscell. No. 1, 1875, p. 128. Under the Army Prize-Money
Act, 1832, British troops are to have such right and interest in booty
as,H.M. shall order.
Cf. Art. 83, supra, and the Army Act, s. 6 (1) (a), (/), (g),
s. 49 (1).
Taxes, <bc.
Taxes. 108. If, in the territory occupied, the occupant collects
the taxes, dues and tolls, imposed for the benefit of the
State, he shall do it, as far as possible, in accordance with
the rules for assessment and incidence which are in force,
and will in consequence be bound to defray the eipeqses of
the administration of the occupied territory, to the extent
to which the legitimate Government was bound to do so.
(H. R 48.)
Taxes, Ac., imposed by the State, are here distinguished from
rates, &c,, imposed by local authorities.
CONTRIBUTIONS AND RECEIPTS 55
Contributions.
109. If, besides the taxes contemplated in the preceding Contribu-
article, the occupant levies other money contributions in tlon8 '
the occupied territory, this can only be for the needs of the
army, or of the administration of such territory. (H. R. 49.)
The occupant is not to levy contributions for the mere purpose of
enriching himself.
It may sometimes be justifiable to levy a money contribution on
one place, in order to spend it on the purchase of requisitions in
kind at another place. The burden of the war may thus be more
equitably distributed, falling on the inhabitants generally, rather
than upon individual owners of the property which may be re-
quired.
110. No general penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, can be Penalties.
inflicted on the population on account of isolated acts for
which it cannot be regarded as collectively responsible.
(H. R. 50.)
This article does not prejudge the question of Reprisals, as to
which see Arts. 119, 120, infra.
111. No contribution shall be levied except under a written Contribu-
order, and on the responsibility of a Commander-in-chief. s how
This levy shall, as far as possible, take place only in levied.
accordance with the rules which are in force for the assess-
ment and incidence of taxes.
For every contribution a receipt shall be given to the
payer. (H. R. 61.)
The " receipt " mentioned in this article is intended as evidence
that money, goods, or services have been exacted, but implies, in
itself, no promise to pay on the part of the occupant. He does not
even thereby bind his Government, if victorious, to stipulate in
the Treaty of Peace that the receipts shall be honoured by the
Government of the territory which has been under occupation.
A Swiss proposal, making it obligatory to honour the receipts
mentioned in this and the following article, was indeed deliberately
rejected at the first Hague Conference.
56 AUTHORITY IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY^
An occupant may, of course, incur a greater liability by the form
which he chooses to give to his receipts, or under the terms of a
general proclamation which he has issued.
Requisitions.
112. Neither requisitions in kind, nor services/ can be
tions - demanded from localities or inhabitants except for the
needs of the army of occupation. They must be in propor-
tion to the resources of the country, and of such a nature
as not to imply any obligation upon the population to take
part in operations of war against their country.
These requisitions and services shall only be demanded
on the authority of the Commander in the locality occupied.
Supplies in kind shall, as far as possible, be paid for on
the spot ; if not, the fact that they have been taken shall
be established by receipts, and the payment of the sums due
shall be made as soon as possible. (H. R. 52.)
" Requisitions in kind " may, of course, relate not only to pro-
visions, but also to horses, vehicles, clothing, tobacco, &c. The
" services" here intended are such as would be rendered by drivery,
blacksmiths, and artisans and labourers of all kinds ; as also by the
occupiers of houses upon which troops are quartered.
yhe phrase " for the needs of the army of occupation " was
adopted rather than " for the necessities of the war ", as being more
favourable to the inhabitants.
The rules as to assessment, mentioned in Arts. 108, 111, sup**,
are obviously inapplicable to " requisitions " and " services ", which
can therefore be limited only by " the resources of the country ".
The " operations of war " here intended would probably not com-
prise works at a distance from the scene of hostilities. Cf. Art. 77,
wpra.
" Requisitions " and " services " must obviously often be necessary
when there is no time for reference to a higher authority t than
the Commander on the spot, or even for obtaining his order in
writing.
Payment for supplies is even politic, as decreasing the chances of
their being concealed. The provision that the receipts here mentioned
shall be honoured by the belligerent on whose behalf they are signed
was not contained in Art. 52 of the H. R. 1899.
STATE PROPERTY 57
On exacting contributions with a view to making payments for
requisitions, see Art. 109, comment, supra.
Property, Public and Private.
113. An army of occupation can only take possession of What
.cash, funds, and realizable securities, which are strictly pert? may
State property, dpdts of arms, means of transport,
stores and supplies, and generally all movable property
of the State of a nature to be of use for operations
of war.
All means employed on land, at sea, or in the air, for
sending messages, for the carriage of persons or things,
apart from cases governed by maritime law, dpdts of
arms, and generally, all kinds of war material, may be
taken possession of, even though belonging to private
persons, but they must be restored, and the compensation
to be paid for them shall be arranged for on the conclusion
of peace. (H. R. 53.)
The first paragraph of this article is textually identical with
Art. 6 of the Brussels Projet of 1874. For discussions as to its
phraseology, see Parl. Paper, Miscell. No. 1, 1875, pp. 70, 138, 169.
It may be noted that considerable differences of opinion exist as
to the meaning of the purposely ambiguous term, " Valeurs exigibles,"
heie translated " realizable securities ". It has been officially trans-
lated into German by " eintreibbare Forderungen ".
The occupying army may not only " take possession " (saisir) of
the things mentioned, but may also confiscate them for the benefit
of its own Government absolutely. It must, however, be observed
that some forms of property, nominally belonging to the State,
e. g. the funds of savings banks, may be in reality private property,
under^Statfi management.
As to railway plant which is neutral property, and has come from
neutral territory, see t'n/ra, Art. 139 (H. v. 19).
Although no receipt is here required to be given, something of the
sort is obviously desbpble, with a view to subsequent compensation.
The Treaty of Peace must settle upon whom the burden of making
compensation is ultimately to fall.
58 AUTHORITY IN OCCUPIED TERRITORY {
Sub- 114. Submarine cables, connecting a territory occupied
with a neutral territory, shall not be seized or destroyed,
unless in case of absolute necessity. They also myst be
restored, and the compensation to be paid for them shall be
arranged for on the conclusion of peace. (H. R. 54.) ;
This new article, on a topic which the Conference of 1 899* declined
to discuss, with reference even to shore ends*of cables, as not within
its programme, takes the place occupied in the II. R. of that year*
by an article (54) relating to neutral railway material ; as to which,
see now infra, Art. 139 (H. v. 19).
When messages were first exchanged by Transatlantic cable
between England and America in 1888, President Buchanan, in
replying to a congratulatory despatch from Queen Victoria, inquired
whether " all the nations of Christendom will not spontaneously
unite in the declaration that it shall be for ever neutral, and that its
communications shall be held sacred in passing to the place of their
destination, even in the midst of hostilities". It need hardly be
stated that the President's hope has not been realized. The Inter-
national Convention for the Protection of Submarine Cables, signed
at Paris on April 16, 1884, is expressly declared by its 15th
article to " in no wise restrict the action of belligerents " ; aijd,
H. R. 54, it will be observed, relates only to cables connecting
neutral with occupied territories. The Institut de Droit Inter-
national, in 1902, agreed upon five rules, by which it was thought
that the treatment of cables by belligerents might reasonably be
controlled, to the following effect: (1) a cable uniting twe- neutral
territories is inviolable ; (2) a cable uniting the territories of the tyo
belligerents, or two localities in the territory of one of them, may
be cut anywhere but in neutral waters ; (3) a cable uniting the terri-
tories of a neutral and a belligerent may be cut only in the territorial
waters of that belligerent, or in the High Seas within the limits of
a blockade ; (4) a neutral State must not permit messages clearly in
the interest of one of the belligerents; (5) in the application of these
rules, nothing is to turn on the cables being State or private, enemy
or neutral, property (Annuairc, t. xix, p. 331). .The rules 'of the
Institut were substantially adopted in the United States Naval War
Code of 1900 (revoked in 1904).
116. The occupying State shall regard itself as being
*" ' only administrator and usufructuary of the public buildings,
VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OF WAR 59
immovable property, forests and agricultural undertakings buildings,
belonging to the hostile State, and situated in the occupied *'
country . It must protect the substance of these properties,
and administer them according to the rules of usufruct.
(H. R. 65.)
>
A person is said, in continental systems of law, to be a " usufruc-
tuary ", or to enjoy a " usufruct ", in property in which he has an
interest of a special kind, for life or some lesser period. The * 4 rules
of usufruct " may be shortly stated to be that the property subject to
the right must be so used that its substance sustains no injury.
116. The property of localities (communes), as also that Churches,
of. institutions devoted to religion, charity, and education, & C c . t an^
and to the arts and sciences, even when State property, works of
art, ofcc.
shall be treated as private property is treated.
All seizure, destruction, or intentional injury of such
institutions, of historical monuments, or of works of art or
science, is prohibited, and should be made the subject of
proceedings. (H. R. 56.)
Under " property of localities " might come, e. g., town-halls,
waterworks, gasworks, or police-stations.
This is now the last article of the Hague Regulations (as annexed
in 1907 to H. iv). Neutral rights and duties, briefly dealt with* in
Arts. 57-60 of the Regulations of 1899, are now more fully defined
in H. v (infra, Arts. 121-139).
SECTION X
PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OP THE LAWS OF WAR
Punishment of Offenders.
117. Individuals offending against the laws of war are Puniah-
liable to such punishment as is prescribed by the military ^tual
code of the belligerent into whose hands they may fall, or, in offendei< '
default of such code, then to such punishment as may be
60 VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OP WAR(
ordered, in accordance with the laws and usages of war, by
a military court.
118. When a whole corps systematically disregards the
laws of war, e.g. by refusal of quarter, any individuals
belonging to it, who are taken prisoners, may be treated as
implicated in the offence.
At the Brussels Conference of 1874, a suggestion was made, on
behalf of France, to provide by international agreement a single
system for the repression of offences against the laws of war, to be
put in force by each Power as part of its military law (Parl. Paper,
Miscell. No. 1, 1875, p. 20). Nothing has, however, been done in
this direction. With reference only to offences against the Geneva
Convention, the Institut de Droit International, in 1895, drafted a set
of rules (see Annuaire,t. xiv, p. 188); and the Geneva Convention of
1906 followed suit in Articles 27 and 28 (Arts. 68 and 69 supra), to
which, as has already been explained, the British Government have
been unable to accede. The unauthorized use of the Red Cross
emblem had been, however, already made illegal in many countries,
the laws of which upon this subject are set out in the Actes de la
Conference, pp. 166-174, as also in Parl. Paper 1908 [Cd. 3933],
pp. 64-74. Very little is to be found in English Statutes or
Regulations with reference to offences against International Law.
Reprisals.
Reprisals. 119. When the actual offenders cannot be reached or
identified, resort is sometimes had to measures of " Reprisals "
or " Retaliation ", by which persons guilty of no offence may
suffer for the acts of others. Since, however, the permissibility
of such measures is a painful exception to the rule that a belli-
gerent must observe the laws of war, even without reciprocity
on the part of the enemy, Reprisals must be sparingly, exer-
cised, and then not by way of vengeance, but solely in order
to prevent a repetition of the offence complained of.
Reprisals need not resemble in character the offence complained
of. They may be exercised against persons or property. Only in
extreme cases have prisoners of war been executed by way of
REPRISALS 61
reprisal ; but the destruction of villages, houses, &c., on account
of offences committed in them, or in their neighbourhood, has not
been uncommon. Such destruction is not to be confused with that
which is occasionally necessary for strategic reasons. Of. supra,
Arts. 3 and 76 (g).
120. Reprisals must be exercised only subject to the follow- Restric
fng restrictions :-
1. The offence in question must have been carefully
inquired into.
2. Redress for the wrong, or punishment of the real
offender, must be unattainable.
3. The Reprisals must be authorized, unless under very
special circumstances, by the Commander-in-chief.
4. They must not be disproportioned to the offence, and
must in no case be of a barbarous character.
This article is intended to represent prevalent authoritative
opinion upon this subject, as to which as yet no written rules
have been adopted by international consent. The Pro jet of a Con-
vention on the laws of war, submitted by Russia to the Brussels
Conference of 1 874, suggested the following articles : 69. " Reprisals
are only admitted in extreme cases, regard being paid, as far as
possible, to the laws of humanity, when it shall have been established
beyond question that the laws and customs of war have been vio-
lated by the enemy, and that he has resorted to measures condemned
by the Law of Nations." 70. " The choice of the means and the
extent of reprisals should be proportioned to the gravity of the
infraction of law perpetrated by the enemy. Reprisals which are
disproportionately severe are contrary to the rules of the Law of
Nations." 71. "Reprisals shall be allowed only on the authority
of the Commander-in-chief, who must also determine the degree of
their severity and their duration." (See ParL Paper, Miscell. No. 1,
1874, p. 11.) The Conference, however, largely in deference to
Belgian representations, declined to seem to add to the authority
for a practice so repulsive, although, under certain circumstances,
unavoidable, by legislating on the subject. The attempt to regu-
late the practice has not been renewed at the Hague Conferences of
1899 or 1907.
62
NEUTRAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES
Inviola-
bility of
neutral
territory.
Prohibi-
tion of
belli-
gerent
passage ;
or radio-
graphic
i natal-
ment.
SECTION XI
THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF NEUTRAL POWERS AND
INDIVIDUALS IN CASE OF WAR ON LAND*
The Eights and Duties of Nentral Powers.
121. The territory of neutral Powers is inviolable. (H. v. 1.)
The territory of a neutral State, so long as the State fulfils its
duties as neutral, must not be entered by troops of either belligerent,
except for the purpose of asking to be interned therein.
122. Belligerents are forbidden to send across the terri-
tory of a neutral Power either troops, or convoys, whether
of munitions of war or of provisions. (H. v. 2.)
N.B. that by Art. 125 infra (H. v. 5), it is the duty of the
neutral Power to prevent belligerents from doing any of the acts
which are prohibited by Arts. 122-124 (H. v. 2-4).
123. Belligerents are also forbidden :
(a) To install on the territory of a neutral Power a
radio-telegraphic station, or any apparatus in-
tended to serve as a means of communication
with belligerent forces on land or at sea.
(6) To make use of any installation of that character,
established by them before the war, on the terri-
tory of a neutral Power, and not previously open
for forwarding public communications, for a pur-
pose exclusively military. (H. v. 3.)
Clause (a) would prohibit such action as that of Russia in
establishing a station on Chinese territory near Chefoof by t which
communication was kept up between Port Arthilr, while besieged,
and the outer world.
In Clause (6), the insertion of the words " for a purpose exclusively
* The following 19 articles of Convention No. V of 1907 are in substitution
for, and in amplification of, Arts. 57-60 of the Hague Reglewun* of 1899, as to*
the laws and customs of war on land.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF NEUTRAL POWERS 68
military" was suggested by Russia, to meet objections raised by
Great Britain and other Powers, with some reference to the Inter-
national Radiographic Convention of 1906. Under Art. 126 (H. v. 5)
infra, a neutral Power is bound to prevent such use as is prohibited
by this clause.
124. Bodies of combatants cannot be formed, nor can Enlist
recruiting offices be opened, in the interest of belligerents,
on the territory of a neutral Power. (H. v. 4.)
125. A neutral Power ought not to allow on its territory The
any of the acts contemplated by Articles 2 to 4.
It is under no obligation to punish acts in contravention vent acts
prohibited
of neutrality, unless those acts have been committed on its by Arts.
own territory. (H. v. 5.) 2 ~ 4 '
A neutral State will, of course, not be expected to discharge the
duties cast upon it by this article, and by Arts. 131-134 (II. v. 1 1-
14) infra, should it be unprovided with forces sufficient to enable it
to do so. Thus, at the Hague Conference of 1899, Luxemburg
declared her inability to discharge such duties.
126. A neutral Power does not incur responsibility from Acts for
the fact that individuals singly cross the frontier to enter
the service of one of the belligerents. (H. v. e.) Ilot re -
v ' sponsible.
127. A neutral Power is not bound to prevent the ex-
portation, or the passage, in the interest of one or other of
the belligerents, of arms, munitions, or generally of every-
thing which could be useful for an army or a fleet. (H. v. 7.)
This article, it will be observed, distinctly negatives the existence
of any duty on the part of a neutral State to prevent the export
from its territory of contraband of war. A school of writers, of
whom M. Kleen may be taken as a leading representative (see his
De la Contrebande de guerre, 1893, pp. 43-72), has endeavoured to
impose this heavy harden upon neutral Governments, but without
success. The Institrt de Droit International was much occupied
with the question from 1892 to 1906. See the Annuairc, tt xiii,
xiv, xv, xxi.
84 NEUTRAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES
128. A neutral Power is not bound to forbid, or to prevent,
the employment, for the belligerents, of telegraphic or tele-
phonic cables, or of apparatus for wireless telegraphy,
which are either its own property, or the property of
companies or individuals. (H. v. 8.)
A neutral
must act
imparti-
ally.
129. All restrictive or prohibitive "measures taken by
a neutral Power, with reference to the matters dealt with
in Articles 7 and 8, must be applied by it to the belligerents
impartially.
The neutral Power shall see to this duty being re-
spected by the companies or individuals owning telegraphic
or telephonic cables, or apparatus for wireless telegraphy.
(H. v. 9.)
Defence of 130. The fact that a neutral Power repels, even by force,
neutrality intrusions upon its neutrality cannot be considered as
is not
hostility, a hostile act. (H. v. 10.)
Intern-
ment.
Belligerents interned, and ivounded cared for, in
neutral territory*
J31. A neutral Power which receives in its territory
troops belonging to belligerent armies shall intern them, as
far as possible, at a distance from the theatre of war.
It may keep them in camps, and even confine them 'in
fortresses or in places adapted for this purpose.
It will decide whether officers may be left at liberty on
giving their parole that they will not leave the neutral
territory without permission. (H. v. 11.)
The neutral Power may deport to another part of its Dominions
interned belligerent troops which cannot conveniently be kept in the
territory in which they have sought refuge.
If a belligerent force, even accompanied by prisoners, enters
* Of the five articles which follow, four, viz. 181, 182, 184, 186 (H. v. 11, 12,
14, 16), were transferred textually in 1 907 to this place from the Hague Jfyfement
of 1899, where they figured as Arts. 67, 68, 69, 60. Art. 188 (H. v. 18) is new .
INTERNMENT 65
neutral territory in (proved) error, its immediate departure should
be permitted.
132. In the absence of any special Convention, the neutral Treat-
Power shall supply the interned with the food, clothing, and the^n
relief required by humanity. terned ;
At the conclusion of peace, the expenses caused by the in-
ternment shall be made good. (H. v. 12.)
Each belligerent will be responsible for the expenses caused by
the internment of its own troops, in the absence of any treaty pro-
vision to the contrary.
133. A neutral Power which receives prisoners of war and of
who have escaped shall leave them at liberty. If it per-
mits them to remain on its territory, it may determine scaped
where they shall reside. brought
The same rule applies to prisoners of war brought with in *
them by troops taking refuge in the territory of a neutral
Power. (H. v. 13.)
134. A neutral Power may authorize the passage over Passage of
its territory of wounded or sick belonging to the belligerent founded ;
armies, on condition that the trains bringing them shall
carry neither combatants nor war material. In such a
cas?, the neutral Power is bound to adopt such measures
of precaution and control as may be necessary for this
purpose.
Wounded or sick who are brought, under these conditions, their in-
into neutral territory by one of the belligerents, and belong ternment
to the opposite party, must be detained by the neutral
Power, so as to ensure their not taking part again in the
operations of the war. The same duty shall devolve on
the neutral Power with reference to wounded or sick of
the other army who may be committed to its care. (H. v. 14.)
The neutral Power, though it may do so, is not bound to allow
such passage as is here mentioned. The privilege should be accorded
impartially, if at all, nor should one belligerent be permitted to
88 NEUTRAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES
send bis sick and wounded through the neutral territory without
consent of the other belligerent, previously obtained.
Under the second paragraph, wounded prisoners, brought into
neutral territory by a belligerent, may not be carriec^ through as
prisoners to the territory of their captor, but must remain under
neutral control so long as the war lasts, when they will ta allowed
to return to their own country.
" The same duty," &c., i.e. of detaining wounded who, for somj
reason, are left in the neutral territory ; instead of being merely
carried through it, under the first paragraph of this article.
Geneva ""* ^* he ^ eneva Convention applies to sick and wounded
Oonven- interned in neutral territory. (H. v. 16.)
tion.
The regulative articles of the Geneva Convention of 1906 are set
out as Arts. 42-69, supra.
Powers which do not ratify, or accede to, that Convention, but are
parties to the Geneva Convention of 1864, remain bound by the earlier
Convention, for the text of which, see infra, Appendix III, p. 135.
Neutral Persons.*
Definition [138. Those persons are considered to be neutrals who
neutral*, are subjects (les nationaux) of a State which takes no part
in the war. (H. v. 16.)]
* The four articles which immediately follow, viz. 186-189 (H. v. 16-19),
are the sole result of prolonged discussions in the Conference of 1907, upon
a series of articles proposed by Germany, with the general support of Austria,
Spain, and the United States, as to "the rights of neutrals in belligerent
territory ". The policy of Germany was to create for neutral persons and
their property, so situated, an exceptionally favoured position, guaranteeing
them against requisitions, and against liability, under any circumstances, to
be called upon to take part in the defence of their temporarily adopted
country. Belligerents were also to be expressly forbidden to accept offers of
any " services de guerre " (a term which was to covrr all assistance other
than that of a religious or medical character) from neutrals ; and a duty was to
be thrown on neutral Governments of making it penal for their subjects to take
service with either belligerent. Great Britain, France, Russia, and Japan
successfully opposed this policy, and the bulk of the German articles failed,
accordingly, to secure insertion. Gf. the Wcissbuch, p. 8. Great Britain
signed this Convention on June 29, 1908, under reserve of Arts. 16-18, which
are accordingly enclosed in square brackets. The " Final Act " of 1907, it
NEUTRAL PERSONS AND PROPERTY 67
Neutral subjects, taking part in hostilities on behalf of one Neutrals
belligerent, are liable to be treated by the other belligerent in every ^^
respect as if they were enemy subjects, and their own Government gerents.
has no right? to object to their being so treated.
Neutral subjects resident in the territory of a belligerent are,
equally vith the other inhabitants of the country, liable to suffer
in person and property through the events of the war ; and their
Governments acquire thereby no right to claim compensation on
their behalf. Such compensation, if not awarded by the special
provisions of a treaty, is given only as a matter of grace and favour.
They are, for instance, liable to be removed from their homes, or
even to be banished from the country, on suspicion of misconduct
towards an occupying army, or for reasons of strategic convenience.
[137. A neutral cannot take advantage of his neutrality : Acts
which
(a) If he does acts of hostility against a belligerent. forfeit,
(6) If he does acts in favour of a belligerent ; especially
if he voluntarily takes service in the ranks of the
armed forces of one of the parties.
In such cases, the neutral shall not receive from the
belligerent against whom he has departed from neutrality
more rigorous treatment than might be received for the
sameact by a subject of the other belligerent State. (H.v.l r / .)]
It was agreed at the Conference of 1907 that expressions of
sympathy are not " acts ", within the meaning of Clause (b).
[138. The following acts shall not he considered to be acts which
acts done in favour of one of the belligerents within the forfeit
meaning of Art. 17, letter b (i. e. Art. 137 (6) supra).
(a) Furnishing goods, or making a loan, to one of the
belligerents, provided that the person so furnish-
ing, or lending, inhabits (habite) neither the territory
of the other party, nor territory which is in the
may be observed, contains a txeu to the effect that " the Powers may settle,
by special conventions, the situation, with reference to military requirements,
of foreigners established in their territories ".
F2
68 NEUTRAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES
occupation of that party, and that the goods far*
nished do not come from those territories.
(&) Rendering services in matters of police, or of civil
administration. (H. v. 18.)]
Railway Material^
Neutral 139. Railway material coming from the territory of
ben?-* n neutral Powers, whether belonging to those Powers, or to
gerent private companies or individuals, and capable of being
identified as such, cannot be requisitioned or employed by
a belligerent, unless in the case of, and to the extent
required by, absolute necessity. It shall be sent back, as
soon as possible, to the country to which it belongs.
Belli- The neutral Power may similarly, in case of necessity,
keep and employ, in the meantime, material belonging to
neutral the territory of the belligerent Power.
em ory. Compensation shall be paid, on either side, in proportion
to the material employed and the duration of its employ-
ment. (H. v. 19.)
This article was suggested on behalf of Luxemburg, essentially
a country of transit. It empowers, as will be observed, the neutral
frqjn whose territory the requisitioned railway plant has come, to
supply its place for the time with railway plant which has come
into its territory from that of the belligerent Power which authorized
the requisition.
As to compensation, cf. Art. 114 (H. R. 54) supra.
Neutral 140. Property of neutrals of other kinds, found in territory
of^tfa/ which is the scene of hostilities, even though not placed by
kinds. them at the disposal of the enemy, is liable to be taken
possession of, or even destroyed, for strategic regsons, by
either belligerent; but compensation must in this caoe be
made, by the belligerent so acting, to the neutral owners for
the loss they have sustained.
APPENDICES
LIST OF APPENDICES
1. NATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS AS TO THE LAW OF WAR ON LAND.
II. HISTORICAL NOTES ON THE DIPLOMATIC ACTS WHICH RELATE
TO WAR ON LAND.
III. THE FRENCH TEXT OP THE FINAL ACT OP THE PEACE
CONFERENCE OF 1907; ALSO OP THE EIGHT DIPLOMATIC
ACTS BEARING ON THE LAW OF WAR ON LAND, WITH
TRANSLATIONS.
IVT LISTS OF POWERS WHICH ARE PARTIES TO THE EIGHT
DIPLOMATIC ACTS.
APPENDIX I
NATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS AS TO THE LAW OP WAR
ON LAND
THE first Government to issue such instructions to its armies was
that of the United States, during the civil war of 1861-1865.
The preparation of them was entrusted to Dr. Franz Lieber
(b. 1800, d. 1872), who, after a stormy youth divided between legal
study at several German Universities and military service, ending
with a severe wound at the battle of Ligny, suffered imprisonment
as politically dangerous, and found it expedient in 1825 to visit
England, and two years later to settle in America. Here this
remarkable man and prolific writer passed the rest of his life, for
most of the time as Professor of History and Political Science,
and later of International Law, first in South Carolina and then
at Columbia College, New York. In the summer of 1862 he pre-
pared for the United States Government an admirable report on
guerrilla warfare, and in December of the same year was commis-
sioned, with some military colleagues, to draw up a Code of
Instructions for the government of armies in the field. The work
was approved by the President, and issued to the army as General
Order No. 100 of 1863. It was reissued in 1898.
The several sections deal with (1) Martial Law, military necessity,
retaliation ; (2) enemy property, protection of inhabitants ; (3) pri-
soners, hostages, booty ; (4) partisans, war-rebels ; (5) spies, safe-
conduct; (6) exchange of prisoners, flags of truce; (7) parole;
(8) armistice; (9) assassination; (10) civil war. The Code is not
72 APPENDIX I
well arranged, and its rules are in some respects more severe
than those which would be enforced in a war between two
independent States.
Lieber's estimate of the importance of his work may be b athered
from the following extracts from letters written by him to General
Halleck : " I have earnestly endeavoured to treat of these grave
topics conscientiously and comprehensively ; and you, well-read in
the literature of international law, know ttiat nothing of the kind
exists in any language. I had no guide, no groundwork, no text-
book. I can assure you that no counselor of Justinian sat down to
his task of the Digest with a deeper feeling of the gravity of his
labor than filled my breast in the laying down for the first time
such a code, where nearly everything was floating. Usage, history,
reason and conscientiousness, a sincere love of truth, justice, and
civilization have been my guides ; but of course the whole must
still be very imperfect." "I think that No. 100 will do honour to
our country. It will be adopted as basis for similar works by the
English, French and Germans."
Lieber's expectation that the example of the United States would
be followed in other countries has been but partially realized.
Provisions bearing upon isolated topics of the international law of
war no doubt occur incidentally, in such official documents as the
French Code de Justice militaire, the Italian Codice penale militare,
and the German Felddienst-Ordnung ; but such systematic treatment
of the subject as has been attempted, to the knowledge of the present
writer, by national authority may be dismissed in a few paragraphs.
PBUSSIA is known to have issued, at any rate as early as 1870,
confidential instructions upon the subject for the guidance of officers.
The Great General -staff, in 1902, issued the pamphlet entitled
Kriegsbrauch im Landkrieye, to which references have been made in
the body of this work.
THE NETHEBLANDS, in 1871, ordered that a practicrl manual
upon the laws of war, drawn up by General den Beer Poortugael,
should be used as a textbook in military schools.
FRANCE, in 1877, authorized for use in military schools a Manuel
de Droit International a Vwage des officiers de Varmte de terre,
prepared by M. Billot, which has since been kept up to date.
RUSSIA, at the outset of the war of 1877 with Turkey, published
NATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS 78
in the official gazette a catechism setting forth; in simple language,
the principles of the Geneva Convention, &c. &c., and in 1904 issued
more elaborate Instructions for the Russian Army respecting the
Laws and Customs of War on Land. (Translated for the British
War Office [A. 495].)
SEBVIA, in 1878, issued a manual for the use of officers.
THE ABGBNTINB REPUBLIC, in 1881, adopted, for the instruction
of its army, a Spanish edition of the Manuel of the Institut de Droit
International.
SPAIN, in 1893, prescribed the use in military academies of
a Cartilla de leyes y usos de la guerra, mainly founded upon a draft
which had been adopted by a congress of officers, held at Madrid,
representing the armies of Spain, Portugal, and the various Latin
States of South and Central America.
GBEAT BBITAIN, in the Manual of Military Law, first published
by the War Office in 1883, has inserted a chapter on "the customs
of -war", compiled by the late Lord Thring from the ordinary
textbooks on the subject. It was stated to have "no official
authority", and to express "only the opinions of the compiler as
drawn from the authorities cited ". It was not till nearly twenty
years later that the Secretary of State for War was induced to depart
from this cautious attitude, and to entrust to the present writer the
preparation of the Handbook of the Laws and Customs of War on
Land, many thousand copies of which were issued by authority to
the British Army in 1904.
The bare texts of Conventions and Declarations dealing with the
laws of war may no doubt be found in the Government gazettes of most
countries, as also in papers presented to their respective legislatures.
They occur, for instance, in the " Treaty Series " of papers presented
to the British Parliament ; and may be discovered, though with more
difficulty, for the period before 1892, when that series commences,
in the larger series of " Parliamentary Papers : Diplomatic ". In
some countries tb^se texts are also specially printed for army use,
e.g. in the French Bulletin Officiel du Ministere de la Guerre
and the Italian Raccolta delle Convenzioni Internazionali che
riguardano la Querra^ issued by the Ministry of War.
APPENDIX II
HISTORICAL NOTES ON THE DIPLOMATIC ACTS WHICH
RELATE TO WAR ON LAND
SEVERAL attempts have been made, since the middle of the
nineteenth century, to systematize the laws of war by international
discussion, and to procure the general acceptance of a uniform code
of those laws by international agreement. These attempts have o
far resulted, with reference to war on land, in the signature of eight
diplomatically binding Acts.
The first topic to be thus dealt with was, in 1864, the treatment
of the wounded. The choice of weapons engaged attention in
1868, and at length the Governments of the world took courage to
deal with the conduct of warfare as a whole. Just before the
close of the century, most of the civilized Powers entered into
a Convention by which they bound themselves to promulgate to
their respective armies instructions framed on one and the same
comprehensive model. This Convention, signed at the first Peace
Conference at the Hague, in 1899, and ratified in the following year
by most of the Powers which had been represented at the Conference,
incorporating, as it did, the Geneva Convention of 1864, as to the
treatment of the wounded, and the St. Petersbuig Declaration of
1868, as to explosive bullets, marked a considerable progress towards
an International Code of the Law of War on land. The Conference
of 1899, by large majorities, in which Great Britain was not
included, supplemented the Convention by three Declarations as to
prohibited methods of destruction.
THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS 75
The work of codifying the law on this subject was resumed in
1906, when a new Convention as to the treatment of the sick and
wounded, to supersede that of 1864, was signed at a Conference
which sat at Geneva from June 11 to July 6. In the following
year the second Peace Conference, held at The Hague from June 15
to October 18, besides renewing No. 1 of the Hague Declarations
of 1899, which had expired by lapse of time, framed three Con-
ventions dealing with the law of war on land, viz. No. iii, relating
to the opening of hostilities ; No. iv, an amended reissue of the
Convention of 1899 relating to the laws and customs of war on land ;
and No. v, relating to the rights and duties of neutral Powers and
persons in case of war on land.
A short account of each of these International Acts will occupy the
following pages.
(1.)
THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1864-1906).
The sufferings of the wounded in the Italian campaign of 1859,
especially as made known by M. Henri Dunant's pamphlet, Un
Souvenir de Solferino (1862), called attention to the urgent necessity
for giving increased efficiency to the medical services of belligerents,
and also for supplementing those services by organized voluntary
effort, preparation for which must be made in time of peace. Thanks
to the exertions of the "Societe Genevoise d'Utilit^ Publique ", an
unofficial conference of persons of different nationalities, interested
in the subject, was held at Geneva in 1863, which resolved to
encourage the formation in each country of committees for the
purpose of offering aid to the sanitary services of armies in the field.
The agents of these " Societes de Secours " were to wear an arm-
badge (brassard), displaying a red cross on a white ground (the arms
of the Swiss Confederation, transposing the colours). This was the
origin of vhe so-called " Red Cross Societies ", which have since
rapidly multiplied under the guidance of the " Comite International",
sitting at Geneva.
So far, what had been accomplished amounted merely to an
organization of private philanthropic effort ; but a suggestion made
by the Conference of 1863 was destined to produce results of quite
a different order.
76 APPENDIX II
The Swiss Government was induced to invite the Powers to
diplomatic Conference with a view to the " neutralization ", by
a permanent international agreement, of persons and appliances
devoted to the relief of the sick and wounded in belligerent armies.
A Conference assembled accordingly at Geneva, on Aug. 8, 1864,
and produced a Convention (q.v. in Appendix III, infra, p. 135),
which was signed on the 22nd of the same month by the representa-
tives of twelve Powers, by all of which it was subsequently ratified.
First and last, no fewer than fifty-four Powers became parties to thia
Convention,* the object of which was to give international protection
in time of war to the wounded, as also to the hospitals and medical
services of both sides alike. It is necessary to observe, because the
fact has occasionally been lost sight of, that the Convention, though
it adopted, for its own purposes, the red-cross emblem of the " Societes
de Secours ", made no mention of such voluntary societies, still less
did it confer upon them any privileges, but referred exclusively to
the plant and personnel of the sanitary (i. e. medical and surgical)
services of the belligerent Powers.f
Some difficulties which had been experienced in the working of
the Convention led to the following steps being taken towards its
amendment.
In consequence of representations made by the Red Cross Societies
assembled at Paris on the occasion of the Exhibition of 1867,
a diplomatic Conference met at Geneva in the following year, upon
the invitation of the Swiss Government, with a view to the revision
of the Convention of 1864. The Conference, which was attended by
representatives of Austria, Baden, Bavaria, Belgium, Denmark,
France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, North Germany,
Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, and Wtlrtemberg, lasted
from October 6 to 20, and resulted in the adoption of certain
" additional articles ". These, though never ratified, produced some
effect upon public opinion, and were adopted, as a modus vivendi,
by the French and Germans in 1870, and by the United States and
Spain in 1898.J
In 1899 the delegates to the "Peace Conference" at The Hague
unanimously agreed to the following vceu: The Conference,
* For the list of parties, see Appendix IV, infra, p. 140. For the Protocol*
of this Conference, see JVbuveau Jfectufl GJnJral, t. xx, pp. 875-899.
f Ot Art. 61 of the present work, aupra, p. 81.
t For the text of these articles, see Nouveau Rscueil Gtnfral, t. xviii, pp. 612-
619 ; and for the Protocols of the Conference, ft., t. xx, pp. 400-486.
THE DECLARATION OP ST. PETERSBURG 77
having regard to the preliminary steps taken by the Federal
Government of Switzerland for the revision of the Convention
of Geneva, expresses its hope that a special Conference for the
purpose of revising the Convention may be summoned at an early
date."
The Federal Government accordingly, in 1901 and 1903, invited
the Powers to send delegates to a Conference for this purpose, and the
British delegates in the latter year proceeded to hold a series of
meetings, and agreed upon a draft form of revised Convention, which
influenced to a considerable extent the new Convention which was
ultimately made.
After further postponements, partly due to the Russo-Japanese
war, the Conference met at Geneva on June 11, 1906. It was
attended by the representatives of thirty-five Powers, and on July 6
signed a Convention, in thirty- three articles, designed to supersede
that of 1864.* It has been largely ratified. The British ratifica-
tion, which does not extend to Arts. 23, 27, 28, as to which, see
supra y pp. 38-40, took place on April 16, 1907. Signatories of the
old Convention remain bound by it till they have ratified, or adhered
to, the new one.t
(2.)
THE DBCLAEATION OF ST. PETEBSBUBG (1868).
Standard writers of the eighteenth century objected to the employ-
ment of certain means of injuring the enemy, on account of their
wholesale destructiveness. The tendency of modern opinion is,
however, against the prohibition of a weapon because it is effective.
Since the duration of a war must largely depend upon the number
of men who are put hors de combat, it may well be thought that,
even in the interests of humanity, the more rapidly that object is
accomplished, the better.^
* Arts. 1-28 (omitting 24) of this Convention appear as Arts. 41-69 of the
present work.
f For the text of the Convention of 1906 see infra, Appendix III, p. Ill,
and for the parties to it, Appendix IV, p. 140. For the Actes of the Geneva
Conference of 1906, see the admirably edited official volume, issued by the
Swiss Government : Geneve, 1906. Cf. Part. Paper [Cd. 8933], 1908.
t The Hague Declaration against the employment of projectiles charged
78 APPENDIX n
On the other hand, it is generally felt that some of the inventions
of modern science are calculated to cause suffering and mortality in
excess of what is needed to disable troops for present military
service. Only four inventions of the kind have yet been condemned
by general international agreement.
In 1863 a bullet was introduced into the Russian army, to be used
for blowing up ammunition wagons, whiclj exploded, by means of
a cap, on contact with a hard substance. The fear that this sort of
bullet might be employed against troops was increased when, in
1867, a modification of it was suggested which enabled it to explode,
without a cap, on contact even with a soft substance. The Russian
War Minister, General Milutine, was reluctant, therefore, to sanction
the use of the bullet, as thus modified, and induced his Government
to issue a circular to the Powers, inviting them to send delegates to
an " International Military Commission", for the consideration of
the question which had arisen. The Prussian Government was
disposed to enlarge the scope of the inquiry, so as to enable it to
deal generally with the application of scientific discoveries to
warfare. To this Great Britain was opposed, and her view was
found to be shared by the other Powers when the delegates met at
St. Petersburg on Oct. 29 (Nov. 9), 1868. They agreed upon a
Declaration, prohibiting the employment of the bullets in questwn^
on Nov. 4 (16th), and it was signed on behalf of the seventeen
Powers concerned by their diplomatic representatives at the Russian
Cjpurt, as Plenipotentiaries, on Nov. 29 (Dec. 11).* Brazil subse-
quently acceded to it.
This Declaration (see Articles 71 and 72 of the present work,
supra, p. 41) is of great value for the possibly too sweeping state-
ment of general principles which it contains, although the projectiles
against the use of which it is directed would perhaps, in any case,
no longer be employed.
It is one of the "special Conventions" to which reference is
made in Art. 23 of the Hague Convention No. iv of 1907.
C
with deadly gases (q. v. Appendix III, p. 126, infra} mjght seem to indicate
a reaction towards the older view on the part of its signatories.
* For the Protocols of the Commission, see Nouveau Recueil General, t. xviii,
pp. 450-473 ; for the Declaration, i&., t. xx, pp. 474, 475, and infra, Appendix
III, p. 121.
THE LAND WARFARE CONVENTIONS 79
(3.)
THE HAGUE CONVENTIONS CONCERNING THE LAWS OF WAB ON LAND
(1899-1907).
The first attempt to methodize, and to express in the form of an
International agreement, the whole topic of the laws and usages of
war, was made by the Conference convened at Brussels in 1874 by
the Emperor Alexander II of Russia. The Conference produced
a draft Declaration, in fifty-six articles, which, though it remained
unratified, yet, resulting as it did from the deliberations of highly
qualified delegates of thirteen of the principal States of Europe, has
largely contributed to the formation of opinion upon the subject of
which it treats.*
When, after the lapse of a quarter of a century, the Emperor
Nicholas II procured the assembling of the delegates of twenty-six
Powers for the first " Peace Conference " at The Hague, one of the
subjects suggested for its consideration was a revision of the Brussels
draft. The Convention and annexed Reylement, by which this work
was accomplished, signed at The Hague on July 29, 1899, or subse-
quently, on behalf of all but three of the Powers represented, and
afterwards ratified by almost all the signatories, besides receiving the
accessions of very many other Powers, was not the least important
piece of work accomplished by the Conference. It gave international
obligation to a body of rules which were, for the most part, those
which had been adopted at Brussels in 1874, with modifications
derived from various sources, and especially from the Manuel des lois
de la guerre sur terre y adopted by the Institut de Droit International,
at its meeting at Oxford in 1880.t
On Oct. 21, 1904, Mr. Hay, on behalf of President Roosevelt,
circulated a suggestion for the assembling of a second " Peace
* See Parl Paper, Miscell. No. 1, 1875.
t For the Protocols of the Hague Conference of 1899, see Nouveau Recueil
Genfrat, 2* S6rie, t xxvi, also Parl Paper, Miscell. No. 1, 1899. It may be
worth while to remark that this Blue-book, and that mentioned in the
preceding note, are so disarranged, by intermixture of covering letters and
despatches to and from the Home Government, as vastly to increase the
labour of consulting {hem. A great improvement is observable in the
Blue-book, Miscell. No'. 4, 1908, in which the Protocols of the Second Peace
Conference are continuously set out in chronological order, uninterrupted by
alien matter, and are preceded by an analytical table of contents.
80 APPENDIX II
Conference", but eventually ceded the initiative in the matter to
Russia. The Emperor Nicholas II accordingly, on April 3, 1906,
proposed that the Conference should meet at The Hague in the latter
half of July in that year ; at the same time communicating to the
Powers a programme for its discussions, which after stating that
" With reference to the regulation of the Laws and Customs of War on
Land, the conclusions arrived at by the first Conference need to
be so supplemented and defined as shall prevent any misunderstand-*
ing of them ", goes on to suggest for consideration : " Additions to
be made to the provisions of the Convention of 1899 concerning the
Laws and Customs of War on Land ; among others, concerning the
opening of hostilities, the rights of neutrals on land, &c. ; the De-
clarations of 1899 : one of them having lapsed, the question of its
renewal.*'
The revision of the Convention of 1899, which dealt with these
topics, engaged, therefore, much of the attention of the second
Conference, when, after several postponements, it at last met on
June 15, 1907.
A new Convention concerning the Laws of War on Land was
adopted on Aug. 17, and has been largely ratified. It is prac-
tically a re-publication of the old one, with some variations of no
great importance, except that Arts. 57-60 of the originally annexeM'
Rbglement are now detached from it, in order to their insertion, with
new matter, in a separate Convention, dealing with neutral rights
an/i duties in time of war on land.
Arts. 1-56 of the Rtglement of 1907 are set out as Arts. 21-41,
70, 76-84, 86, 87, 89-98, 102-116 of the present work.
(4, 5, 6.)
THE THBBB HAGUE DECLABATIONS OF 1899-190J.
The Final Act of the Hague Conference of lrf*99 set out three
Declarations, of which the first, which prohibited throwing projectiles
or explosives from balloons, having expired f>y efflux of the five,
years to which its duration was limited, was line wed " to the end
of the Third Peace Conference", at the Conference of 1907, subject
to denunciation by any Power, to take effect in one year, so far as
COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES 81
that Power is concerned. The Second and Third Declarations, pro-
hibiting respectively the employment of projectiles the sole object
of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or harmful gases, and of
bullets which expand or flatten easily in the human body, were signed
without limit of time, though similarly terminable by denunciation.
Great Britain was originally a party to none of these Declarations ;
but on Aug. 30, 1907, formally acceded to the Second and Third.
Qn June 29, 1908, she signed the First Declaration, as re-drafted
in 1907, although a minority which includes most of the Great
Powers has refused to revive it.
All three Declarations have, however, now been accepted by the
greater number of the Powers, and must be taken to be included, with
the Declaration of St. Petersburg, in the "special Conventions*' men-
tioned in Art. 23 of the Hague Convention of 1907, as prohibiting
certain modes of warfare. On the defective authority of Declaration
No. 1, see, however, the comment on Art. 73 of this work, supra, p. 41,
and the list of dissidents in Appendix IV, infra, p. HI.
(7.)
THE HAGUE CONVENTION No. iii OF 1907, coNCEBNiNa THE
COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES.
The necessity for something amounting to a Declaration of War
before the commencement of hostilities has been much discussed
in Decent times with reference to the outbreak of war between
Russia and Japan; and, some years before that event, with
reference to the objections urged by British military authorities to
the construction of a Channel tunnel. See the Report, prepared for
the War Office in 1883, by Lt.-Colonel (now Major-General) F.
Maurice, upon Hostilities without Declaration of War ; and cf. the
Resolutions of the Institut de Droit International, voted at Ghent in
1906, Annuaire, t. xxi, p. 292. The topic was included in the
Russian programme for the Peace Conference of 1907, which
accordingly drew up a Convention, Arts. 1 and 2 of which figure as
Arts. 16 and 17 of the present work. For the full text of the
Convention see infra, Appendix III, pp. 92-96.
82 APPENDIX II
(8.)
THE HAGUE CONVENTION, No. v OF 1907, CONCERNING THJ RIGHTS
AND DUTIES OP NEUTBAL POWEES AND INDIVIDUALS IN CASE
OP WAB ON LAND.
The Rtglement annexed to the Hague Convention concerning the
laws and usages of war on land, as adopted in 1899, contained four
articles (57-60) dealing with " belligerents interned, and wounded
cared for, in neutral territory ". These articles, as already mentioned,
have been omitted from the Rtylement as revised in 1907, but are
now placed with other matter in a new Convention, purporting to
deal with the whole topic of neutral rights and duties with reference
to land warfare. The Convention consists of twenty-five articles, of
which Arts. 1-19 figure as Arts. 121-139 of the present work.
For the other articles, forming the diplomatic framework of the
Convention, see infra, Appendix III, p. 129.
APPENDIX III
CONTAINING THE FRENCH TEXT or THE FINAL ACT OP THE PEACE
CONFERENCE OF 1907, AND OF THE CONVENTIONS AND DECLARATIONS
ADOPTED OR CONFIRMED BY THE CONFERENCE, HAVING REFERENCE
TO WAR ON LAND, VIZ.: CONVENTIONS NOS. iii AND iv OF 1907,
THE GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1906, THE ST. PETERSBURG DECLARA-
TION OF 1868, THE HAGUE DECLARATIONS OF 1899-1907, AND
CONVENTION No. v OF 1907.
Each of these Acts is followed by an English translation of such
portions of it as have not been already Bet out in the continuous^
numbered articles of the present work. Since the Powers parties to
the Geneva Convention of 1864, and to the Hague Convention as to
the* laws of war on land of 1899, remain bound by these Acts till
they have accepted the Acts superseding them, it has been thought
worth while to add to this Appendix the text of the old Geneva
Convention, and a note on the differences between the Conventions
of 1899 and of 1907 with reference to land warfare.
ACTE FIN4JL DE LA DEUXlfcME CONFERENCE
INTERNATIONALE DE LA PAIX.
(October 18, 1907.)
La Deuxieme Coaf<6rence Internationale de la Paix, proposed
d'abord par Monsieur le President des tats-Unis d'Ame>ique, ayant
die*, sur rinvitation de Sa Hajeste* 1'Empereur de Toutes les Russies,
G2
84 APPENDIX III
convoquee par Sa Majeste la Heine des Pays-Bas, s'est r^unie le 15 join
1907 a La Haye, dans la Salle des Chevaliers, avec la mission de
donner un developpement nouveau aux principes humanitaires qui
ont servi de base a Toeuvre de la Premiere Conference de 1899.
Lea Puissances, dont Enumeration suit, ont pris part a la
Conference, poor laquelle Elles avaient designe les DMguts nomm^s
ci-apres : *
L'Attemagne, Les titats-Unis d'Amerique, La Republique Argentine,
L' Autriche-Hongrie, La Belgique, La Bolivie, Le Bresil, La
Bulgarie, Le Chili, La Chine, La Colombie, La Republique de
Cuba, Le Danemark, La Republique Dominicaine, La Republique
de l'$quateur t VEspagne, La France.
La Grande-Bretagne. Son Exc. The Right Honourable Sir Edward
Fry, G.C.B., Membre du Conseil Prive, Ambassadeur Extra-
ordinaire, Membre de la Cour Permanente d'Arbitrage, Deiegue
Pienipotentiaire; Son Exc. The Right Honourable Sir Ernest
Mason Satow, G.C.M.G., Membre du Conseil Priv6, Membre de
la Cour Permanente d'Arbitrage, Delegu6 Plenipotentiaire ; Son
Exc. The Right Honourable Lord Reay, G.C.SJ., G.C.I.E.,
Membre du Conseil Priv6, Ancien President de Tlnstitut de
Droit International, Del^gu6 Plenipotentiaire ; Son Exc. Sir
Henry Howard, K.C.M.G., C.B., Envoy6 Extraordinaire et
Ministre Plenipotentiaire a La Haye, De*lgu Plenipotentiaire;
M. le General de Division Sir Edmond R. Elles, G.C.I.E., K.C.B.,
Del^gu^ militaire; M. le Capitaine de vaisseau C. L. Ottley,
M.V.O., R.N., A.D.C., Delegue naval ; M. Eyre Crowe, Conseiller
d'Ambassade, De'le'gue technique, Premier Secretaire de la
Delegation; M. Cecil Hurst, Conseiller d'Ambassade, Deiegue
technique, Conseiller legal de la Delegation; M. le Lieutenant-
Colonel, The Honourable Henry Yarde-Buller, D.S.O., Attache
militaire a La Haye, Deiegue technique; M. le Capitaine de
frigate J. R. Segrave, R.N., Deiegue technique ; M. le Com-
mandant George K. Cockerill, Chef de Section a 1'^tat-Major de
TAnnee, Deiegue technique.
La Qrece, Le Guatemala, La RepuUique tf Haiti, L' Italic, Le Japan,
Le Luxembourg, Le Mexique, Le Montenegro, Le Nicaragua, La
NorvZge, Le Panama, Le Paraguay, Les Pays Bas t Le Perou 9
* It has not been thought necessary to print here the names of Delegates
of States other than Great Britain. They are set oat in Part. Pnp*r, MisoelL
No. 1 (1908).
THE FINAL ACT OP 1907 85
La Pr*>, Le Portugal, La R<manie y La Rusrie, Le Salvador, La
Serbie, Le Siam, La Suede, La Suisse, La Turquie, L' Uruguay,
Le* litata-Unia du Venezuela*
Dans tine srie de reunions, tenues du 15 juin au 18 octobre 1907,
ou les Delegues precites ont ete constamment animus du d&ir de
realiser, dans la plus large mesure possible, les vues g^n^reuses de
1'Auguste Initiate'ur de la Conference et les intentions de leurs
Gouvernements, la Conference a arr6te, pour 6tre soumis a la signature
des Pienipotentiaires, le texte des Conventions et de la Declaration
enumree8 ci-apres et annexees au present Acte :
I. Convention pour le r&glement pacifique des COD flits inter-
nationanx.
II. Convention concernant la limitation de 1'emploi de la force
pour le recouvrement de dettes contractuelles.
III. Convention relative a 1'ouverture des hostilit^s.
IV. Convention concernant les lois et coutumes de la guerre sur
terre.
V. Convention concernant les droits et les devoirs des Puissances
et des personnes neutres en cas de guerre sur terre.
VI. Convention relative au regime des navires de commerce
ennemis au debut des hostilit6s.
YH. Convention relative a la transformation des navires de
commerce en b&timents de guerre.
VIII. Convention relative a la pose de mines sous-marineR
automatiques de contact.
IX. Convention concernant le bombardement par des forces
navales en temps de guerre.
X. Convention pour Tadaptation a la guerre maritime dee
principes de la Convention de Geneve.
XI. Convention relative a certaines restrictions a Texercice du
droit de capture dans la guerre maritime.
XII. Convention relative a retablissement d'une Cour Inter-
nationale des prises.
XIII. Convention concernant les droits et les devoirs dee
Puissances neutres en cas de guerre maritime.
* Forty-seven States were invited to the Conference. Of these Costa Rica
and Honduras took no part in it. Corea was not separately represented.
86 APPENDIX HI
XIV. Declaration relative a 1'interdiction de lancer dfes projectiles
et des explosifs da haat de ballons.
Ces Conventions et cette Declaration formeront autant, y d'acles
separes. Ces actes porteront la date de ce jour et pourront 6tre
signes jusqu'au 30 juin 1908 a La Haye par les Pienipotentiaii'es des
Puissances representees a la Deuxieme Conference de la Paix?
La Conference, se conformant a Tesprit dVmtente et de concessions
reciproques qui est 1'esprit m6me de ses deliberations, a arrgte la
Declaration suivante qui, tout en reservant a chacune des Puissances
representees le benefice de ses votes, leur permet a toutes d'affirmer
les principes qu'Elles considerent comme unanimement reconnus :
Elle est unanime,
1 A reconnaitre le principe de 1 'arbitrage obligatoire;
2 A declarer que certains differends, et notamment ceux relatifs
a Interpretation et a 1'application des stipulations conventionnelles
Internationales, sont susceptibles d'&tre soumis a 1'arbitrage obligatoire
sans aucune restriction.
Elle est unanime enfin a proclamer que, s'il n'a pas ete donne de
conclure des maintenant une Convention en ce sens, les divergences
d'opinion qui se sont manifestoes n'ont pas depasse les li mites d'une
controverse juridique, et qu'en travaillant ici ensemble pendant quatre
mois, toutes les Puissances du monde, non seulement ont appris & se
comprendre et a se rapprocher davantago, mais ont su degager, au
cours de cette longue collaboration, un sentiment tres eleve du bien
cocamun de Thumauite.
En outre, la Conference a adopte a 1'unanimite la Resolution
suivante :
La Deuxi&me Conference de la Paix continue la Resolution adoptee
par la Conference de 1899 a regard de la limitation des charges
militaires ; et, vu que les charges militaires se sont considerablement
accrues dans presque tous les pays depuis ladite ann^e, la Conference
declare qu'il est hautement desirable de voir les Qouvernements
reprendre Tetude s^rieuse de cette question.
Elle a, de plus, em is les Vceux suivants :
1 La Conference recommande aux Puissances signataires Fadoption
du projet ci-annexe de Convention pour 1'etabliAjement d'une Cour de
Justice ar bit rale, et sa mise en vigueur des qu'un accord sera
intervenu sur le choix des juges et la constitution de la Cour.
THE FINAL ACT OF 1907 87
2 La Conference emet le voeu qu'en cas de guerre, les Autorites
competentes, civiles et militaires, se fassent un devoir tout special
d'assurer et de proteger le maintien des rapports pacifiques et
notamment des relations commerciales et industrielles entre les
populations des fitats belligerants et les Pays neutres.
3 La Conference emet le voeu que les Puissances reglent, par des
Conventions particulieres, la situation, au point de vue de charges
militaires, des Strangers e*blis sur leurs territoires.
4 La Conference emet le voeu que 1'elaboration d'un reglement
relatif aux lois et coutumes de la guerre maritime figure au
programme de la prochaine Conference et que, dans tous les cas, les
Puissances appliquent, autant que possible, a la guerre sur mer, les
principes de la Convention relative aux lois et coutumes de la guerre
sur terre.
Enfin, la Conference recoinmande aux Puissances la reunion d'une
troisieme Conference de la Paix qui pourrait avoir lieu, dans une
periode analogue a celle qui s'est ecouiee depuis la prec^dente
Conference, k une date a fixer d'un commun accord entre les
Puissances, et elle appelle leur attention sur la necessite de preparer
les travaux de cette troisieme Conference assez longtemps a 1'avance
pour que ses deliberations se poursuivent avec 1'autorite et la rapidite
inJispensables.
Pour atteindre a ce but, la Conference estime qu'il serait tres
desirable que, environ deux ans avant 1'epoque probable de la reunion,
un Comite preparatoire fftt charge par les Qouvernements de recueillir
les diverses propositions & soumettre & la Conference, de rechercher
les matieres susceptibles d'un prochain Reglement international et de
prdparer un programme que les Gouvernements arrfiteraient assez t6t
pour qu'il put tre serieusement etudie dans chaque pays. Ce
Comite serait, en outre, charge de proposer un mode d'organisation et
procedure pour la Conference elle-m^me.
En foi de quoi, les Pienipotentiaires ont signe le present Acte et y
ont appose leurs cachets.
Fait a T& Haye, le dix-huit octobre mil neuf cent sept, en un seul
exemplaire qui sera depose dans les archives du Gouvernement des
Pays-Bas, et'dont des copies, certifiees conformes, seront deiivrees a
toutes les Puissances representees a la Conference.
88 APPENDIX in
TRANSLATION.
FINAL ACT OP THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL PEACE CONFERENCE.
(October 18, 1907.)
The Second International Peace Conference, proposed in the first
instance by the President of the United States of America, having
been convoked, on the invitation of His Majesty t&ie Emperor of All
the Russias, by Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands, assembled
on the 15th June, 1907, at The Hague, in the Hall of the Knights,
for the purpose of giving a fresh development to the humanitarian
principles which served as a basis for the work of the First Conference
of 1899.
The following Powers took part in the Conference, and appointed
the Delegates named below :
(See supra, p. 84.)
Great Britain :
His Excellency the Right Honourable Sir Edward Fry, G.C.B.,
Member of the Privy Council, Ambassador Extraordinary,
Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, Delegate Pleni-
potentiary ;
His Excellency the Right Honourable Sir Ernest Mason Satow,
G.C.M.G., Member of the Privy Council, Member of the
Permanent Court of Arbitration, Delegate Plenipotentiary ;
His Excellency the Right Honourable Lord Reay, G.C.S.L, G.C.I.E.,
Member of the Privy Council, ex-President of the Institute of
International Law, Delegate Plenipotentiary ;
His Excellency Sir Henry Howard, K.C.M.G., C.B., Envoy Extra-
ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at The Hague, Delegate
Plenipotentiary ;
Lieutenant-General Sir Edmond R. Elles, G.C.I.E., K.C.B.,
Military Delegate ;
Captain C. L. Ottley, M.V.O., R.N., AD.C., Naval Delegate ;
Mr. Eyre Crowe, Councillor of Embassy, Technical Delegate, First
Secretary to the delegation ; *-
Mr. Cecil Hurst, Councillor of Embassy, Technical Delegate, 'Legal
Adviser to the delegation ;
Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable Henry Yarde-Buller, D.S.O.,
Military Attach^ at The Hague, Technical Delegate;
Commander J. R Segrave, R.N., Technical Delegate;
Major George K. Cockerill, General Staff, Technical Delegate.
THE FINAL ACT OP 1907 89
At a ser'es of meetings, held from the 15th June to the 18th
October, 1907, in which the above Delegates were throughout
animated by the desire to realize, in the fullest possible measure, the
generous views of the august initiator of the Conference and the
intentions of their Governments, the Conference drew up for
submission for signature by the Plenipotentiaries, the text of the
Conventions and of the Declaration enumerated below and annexed
. to the present Act :
1 . Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes.
2. Convention respecting the Limitation of the Employment of
Force for the Recovery of Contract Debts.
3. Convention relative to the Opening of Hostilities.
4. Convention respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land.
5. Convention respecting the Eights and Duties of Neutral
Powers and Persons in case of War on Land.
6. Convention relative to the Status of Enemy Merchant-ships at
the outbreak of Hostilities.
7. Convention relative to the Conversion of Merchant-ships into
War-ships.
8. Convention relative to the Laying of Automatic Submarine
Contact Mines.
9. Convention respecting Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time
of War.
10. Convention for the Adaptation to Naval War of the Principles
of the Geneva Convention.
11. Convention relative to certain Restrictions with regard to the
Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War.
12. Convention relative to the creation of an International Prize
Court
13. Convention concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral
Powers in Naval War.
14. Declaration prohibiting the discharge of Projectiles and
Explosives from Balloons.
These Conventions and Declaration shall form so many separate
Acts. These Acts shall be dated this day, and may be signed up to
the 30th June, 1908, at The Hague, by the Plenipotentiaries of the
Powers represented at the Second Peace Conference.
90 APPENDIX III
The Conference, actuated by the spirit of mutual agrsement and
concession characterizing its deliberations, has agreed upon the
following Declaration, which, while reserving to each of the Powers
represented full liberty of action as regards voting, enables them to
affirm the principles which they regard as unanimously admitted :
It is unanimous
1. In admitting the principle of compulsory arb&ration.
2. In declaring that certain disputes, in particular those relating
to the interpretation and application of the provisions of International
Agreements, may be submitted to compulsory arbitration without any
restriction.
Finally, it is unanimous in proclaiming that, although it has not
yet been found feasible to conclude a Convention in this sense,
nevertheless the divergences of opinion which have come to light
have not exceeded the bounds of judicial controversy, and that, by
working together here during the past four months, the collected
Powers not only have learnt to understand one another and to draw
closer together, but have succeeded in the course of this long
collaboration in evolving a very lofty conception of the common
welfare of humanity.
The Conference has further unanimously adopted the following
Resolution :
The Second Peace Conference confirms the Resolution adopted by
the Conference of 1899 in regard to the limitation of military
expenditure ; and inasmuch as military expenditure has considerably
increased in almost every country since that time, the Conference
declares that it is eminently desirable that the Governments should
resume the serious examination of this question.
It has besides expressed the following wishes (vceux) :
1. The Conference calls the attention of the Signatory Powers to
the advisability of adopting the annexed draft Convention for the
creation of a Judicial Arbitration Court, and of bringing it into force
as soon as an agreement has been reached respecting the selection of
the Judges and the constitution of the Court.
2. The Conference expresses the wish that, in case of war, the
responsible authorities, civil as well as military, should make it their
special duty to ensure and safeguard the maintenance of pacific
relations, more especially of the commercial and industrial relations
THE FINAL ACT OP 1907 91
between the inhabitants of the belligerent States and neutral
countries.
3. The Conference expresses the wish that the Powers should
regulate, by special Treaties, the position, as regards military charges,
of foreigners residing within their territories.
4. The Conference expresses the wish that the preparation of
regulations relative to the laws and customs of naval war should
figure in the programme of the next Conference, and that in any
case the Powers may apply, as far as possible, to war by sea the
principles of the Convention relative to the Laws and Customs of
War on Land.
Finally, the Conference recommends to the Powers the meeting of
a Third Peace Conference, which might be held within a period
corresponding to that which has elapsed since the preceding
Conference, at a date to be fixed by common agreement between the
Powers, and it calls their attention to the necessity of preparing the
programme of this Third Conference a sufficient time in advance to
ensure its deliberations being conducted with the necessary authority
and expedition.
In order to attain this object the Conference considers that it would
be very desirable that, some two years before the probable date of
tne meeting, a preparatory Committee should be charged by the
Governments with the task of collecting the various proposals to be
submitted to the Conference, of ascertaining what subjects are ripe
for embodiment in an International Regulation, and of preparing a
programme which the Governments should decide upon in sufficient
time to enable it to be carefully examined by the countries interested.
This Committee should further be entrusted with the task of pro-
posing a system of organization and procedure for the Conference
itself.
In faith whereof the Plenipotentiaries have signed the present Act
and have affixed their seals thereto.
Done at The Hague, the 18th October, 1907, in a single copy,
which shall remain deposited in the archives of the Government of the
Netherlands, and copies of which certified as correct shall be sent to
all the Powers represented at the Conference.
92 APPENDIX III
CONVENTION No. iii.
RELATIVE A L'OUVERTURE DES HOSTILITY.
8a majesty le Roi da Royaume-Uni de Grande Bretagne et
d'Irlande, &c.
(The list of Powers is the same as in the Acte Final, supra, p. 84.)
Considerant que, pour la security des relations pacifiques, il
importe que les bostilites ne commencent pas sans un avertissement
prealable ;
Qu'il importe, de m&ne, que 1'etat de guerre soit notifi sans
retard aux Puissances neutres ;
Desirant conclure une Convention a cet efFet, ont nomm6 pour
Leurs Plenipotentiaires, savoir :
(As to the names, see the Acte Final, supra, p. 84.)
Lesquels, apres avoir depos6 leurs pleins pouvoirs, trouves en
bonne et due forme, sont convenus des dispositions suivantes :
Art. 1. Les Puissances contractantes reconnaissent que Its
hostilites entre elles ne doivent pas commencer sans un avertisse-
ment prealable et non equivoque, qui aura, soit la forme d'une
declaration de guerre motivee, soit celle d'un ultimatum avec
declaration de guerre conditionnelle.
Art. 2. L'tat de guerre devra dtre notifi sans retard aux
Puissances neutres et ne produira effet a leur egard qu'apres receptkm
d'une notification qui pourra ^tre faite m^me par voie telegraphique.
Toutefois les Puissances neutres ne pourraient invoquer Tabsence de
notification, s'il etait etabli d'une maniere non douteuse qu'en fait
elles connaissaient 1'etat de guerre.
Art 3. L 'Article 1 de la prtaente Convention produira effet en cas
de guerre entre deux ou plusieurs des Puissances contractantes.
L 1 Article 2 est obligatoire dans les rapports entre un Ifelligerant
contractant et les Puissances neutres egalement contractantes.
Art. 4. La presente Convention sera ratifiee aussitdt que possible.
Les ratifications seront^deposees a La Haye.
Le premier dep6t de ratifications sera constate" par un proces- verbal
signe par les repr6sentants des Puissances qui y prennent part et par
le Ministre des Affaires ttrangeres des Pajs-Bas.
THE COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES 93
Lea depots ulterieurs de ratifications se feront au moyen d'une
notification 6crite adresse au Gouvernement des Fays-Baa et
accompagne'e de Vinstrument de ratification.
Copie certified conforme du proces-verbal relatif au premier d4p6t
de ratifications, des notifications mentionne'es a I'aline'a pre'c&lent
ainsi qua des instruments de ratification, sera imm6diatement remise
par les soins du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas et par la voie diploma-
tique aux Puissances convives & la Deuxieme Conference de la Paix,
ainsi qu'aux autres Puissances qui auront adhe're' a la Convention.
Dans les cas vise's par I'alin6a prcdent, ledit Gouvernement leur fera
connaitre en m&me temps la date a laquelle il a re9U la notification.
Art. 5. Les Puissances non signataires sont ad raises a adherer a la
pre'sente Convention.
La Puissance qui desire adherer notifie par e*crit son intention au
Gouvernement des Pays-Bas en lui transmettant 1'acte d'adh6sion qui
sera depose^ dans les archives dudit Gouvernement.
Ce Gouvernement transmettra imme'diatement a toutes les autres
Puissances copie certified conforme de la notification ainsi que de
1'acte d'adhsion, en indiquant la date a laquelle il a re$u la
notification.
Art. 6. La presente Convention produira effet, pour les Puissances
qui auront participe* au premier de*p6t de ratifications, soixante jours
apres la date du proces-verbal de ce de*p6t, et, pour les Puissances qui
ratifieront ulterieurement ou qui adhereront, soixante jours apres que la
notification de leur ratification ou de leur adhesion aura 6t6 re^ue nar
le Gouvernement des Pays-Bas.
Art. 7. S'il arrivait qu'une des Hautes Parties Contractantes
voulut d^noncer la presente Convention, la d6nonciation sera notifiee
par ^crit au Gouvernement des Pays-Bas qui communiquera imm6-
diatement copie certifies conforme de la notification a toutes les autres
Puissances en leur faisant savoir la date 4 laquelle il 1'a re9ue.
La d^nonciation ne produira ses effets qu'a regard de la Puissance
qui 1'aura notifiee et un an apres que la notification en sera par venue
au Gouvernement des Pays-Bas.
Art. 81 Un registre tenu par le Ministere des Affaires trangeres
des Pays-Bas indiquera la date du dep6t de ratifications effectue* en
vertu de F Article 4, alineas 3 et 4, ainsi que la date a laquelle auront
6t6 recues les notifications d'adhe'sion (Article 5, alin^a 2) ou de
d4nonciation (Article 7, alined 1).
Chaque Puissance contractante est admise a prendre connaissance
de ce registre et a en demander des extraits certifies conformes.
94 APPENDIX III
En foi de quoi, lee P14nipotentiaires ont rev6tn la pr&ente
Convention de leurs signatures.
Fait &. La Haye, le dix-huit octobre mil neuf cent sept, en an seul
exemplaire qui restera d6pos6 dans les archives du Gouvernement des
Pays-Bas et dont des copies, certifies conformes, seront remises prr
la voie diplomatique aux Puissances qui ont t6 convives & la
Deuxi&me Conference de la Paix. :
TRANSLATION.
THE HAGUE CONVENTION No. iii OF 1907, BELATIVE TO THE
COMMENCEMENT OP HOSTILITIES.
His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of
India, &c., &c., &c.
(TVte Hat of Powers is the same as in the Acte Final, supra, p. 84.)
Considering that it is important for the security of peaceful
relations, that hostilities should not commence without previous
warning ;
That it is also important that a state of war should be notified
without delay to neutral Powers ;
Being (Jpsirous of concluding a Convention to this effect, ha/e
appointed the following as their Plenipotentiaries :
(As to tJie names , see the Acte Final, supra, p. 84.)
Who, after depositing their full powers, found in good and due
form, have agreed upon the following provisions :
(For the regulative articles, viz. 1 and 2, see Articles 16 and 17
t'n the body of this work, supra, p. 18.)
Art. 3. Article 1 of the present Convention shall take effect in case
of war between two or more of the Contracting Powers. Article 2 is
binding as between a belligerent Power which is a party to the Con-
vention and neutral Powers which are also parties to the Convention*
THE COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES 95
. 4. The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as
The ratifications shall be deposited at The Hague.
The nrst deposit of ratifications shall be attested by a proems-verbal
signed by the Representatives of the Powers which take part therein
and by vhe Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands.
The subsequent deposits of ratifications shall be made by means of
a written notification addressed to the Government of the Netherlands
and accompanied by the instrument of ratification.
A copy certified as correct of the proces-verbal relative to the first
deposit of ratifications, of the notifications mentioned in the preceding
paragraph, as well as of the instruments of ratification, shall be
immediately sent by the Government of the Netherlands, and through
the diplomatic channel, to the Powers invited to the Second Peace
Conference, as well as to the other Powers which shall have adhered
to the Convention. In the cases contemplated in the preceding
paragraph, the said Government shall at the same time inform them
of the date on which it has received the notification.
Art. 5. Non-Signatory Powers are admitted to adhere to the
present Convention.
The Power which desires to adhere notifies in writing its intention
to the Government of the Netherlands, forwarding to it the act of
adhesion, which shall be deposited in the archives of the said
Government.
This Government shall at once forward to all the other Powers a
copy certified as correct of the notification as well as of the act of
adhesion, mentioning the date on which it received the notification.
Art. 6. The present Convention shall come into force, for the
Powers which shall have taken part in the first deposit of ratifications,
sixty days after the date of the proems-verbal of that deposit, and, in
the case of the Powers which ratify subsequently or which adhere,
sixty days after the notification of their ratification or of their
adhesion shall have been received by the Government of the Nether-
lands.
Art. 7. In the event of one of the High Contracting Parties
wishing to denounce the present Convention, the denunciation shall
be notified in writing to the Government of the Netherlands, which
shall immediately communicate a copy certified as correct of the
notification to all the other Powers, informing them of the date on
which it was received.
The denunciation shall take effect only with reference to the
96 APPENDIX III
notifying Power, and one year after the notification shall have reached
the Government of the Netherlands.
Art. 8. A register kept by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the
Netherlands shall give the date of the deposit of ratifications Vnade in
virtue of Article 5, paragraphs 3 and 4, as well as the date on which
the notifications of adhesion (Article 6, paragraph 2) or rff
denunciation (Article 8, paragraph 1) shall have been received.
Each Contracting Power is entitled to inspect this register and to ,
be supplied with extracts from it certified as correct.
In faith whereof the Plenipotentiaries have appended their
signatures to the present Convention.
Done at The Hague, the 18th October, 1907, in a single copy,
which shall remain deposited in the archives of the Government of
the Netherlands, and copies of which certified as correct shall be sent,
through the diplomatic channel, to the Powers which have been
invited to the Second Peace Conference.
CONVENTION No. iv.
CONCERNANT LES LOIS ET COUTUMES DE LA GUERRE
SUR TERRE.
Sa Majest6 le Roi du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et
d'Irlande, et des Territoires Britanniquea au dela des mers,
Empereur des Iiides, &c., &c., &c.
(The list of Powers is the same as in the Acte Final, supra, p. 84.)
Considerant que, tout en recherchant les moyens de sauvegarder la
paix et de pre*venir les conflits armes entre les nations, il importe de
se pre*occuper e*galement du cas oil 1'appel aux armes serait amene* par
des e've'nements que leur sollicitude u'aurait pu d&ourner;
Animes du dsir de servir encore, dans cette hypothese extreme, les
inter&ts de I'humanit^ et les exigences toujours progressives de la
civilisation ;
Estimant qu'il importe, a cette fin, de reviser les lois et coutumes
generates de la guerre, soit dans le but de les detinir avec plus de
THE LAWS OF WAR ON LAND 97
precision, so ; t afin d'y tracer certaines limites destinies & en
restreindre autant que possible les rigueurs ;
Ont juge necessaire de computer et de prciser sur certains points
1'oeuvre de la Premiere Conference de la Paix qui, s'iuspirant, a la
suite de la Conference de Bruxelles de 1874, de ces idees recomraandees
pr une page et g6nreuse prevoyance, a adopts des dispositions ayant
pour objet de definir et de r6gler les usages de la guerre sur terre.
Selon les vues des Hautes Parties Contractantes, ces dispositions,
dont la redaction a ete inspiree par le d6sir de diminuer les maux de
la guerre, autant que les n6cessit6s militaires le permettent, sont
destinies a servir de r&gle g6n6rale de conduite aux belligerents, dans
leurs rapports entre eux et avec les populations.
II n'a pas ete possible toutefois de concerter des maintenant des
stipulations s'etendant a toutes les circonstances qui se presentent
dans la pratique ;
D'autre part, il ne pouvait entrer dans les intentions des Hautes
Parties Contractantes que les cas non prevus fussent, faute de
stipulation ecrite, laisses a 1'appreciation arbitraire de ceux qui
dirigent les armees.
En attendant qu'un Code plus coraplet des lois de la guerre puisse
tre edicte, les Hautes Parties Contractantes jugent opportun de
ccnstater que, dans les cas non compris dans les dispositions
r6glementaires adoptees par Elles, les populations et les belligerants
restent sous la sauvegarde et sous 1'empire des principes du droit des
gens, tels qu'ils resultent des usages etablis entre nations civilisees,
des lois de 1'humanite et des exigences de la conscience publique.
Elles dedarent que c'est dans ce sens que doivent s'entendre
notamment les Articles 1 et 2 du Reglement aclopte.
Les Hautes Parties Contractantes, desirant conclure une nouvelle
Convention a cet effet, ont nomuie pour Leurs Pienipotentiaires,
savoir :
(As to the names, see the Acte Final, supra, p. 84.)
Lesquels, apres avoir depose leurs pleins pouvoirs, trouves en bonne
et due forme, sont convenus de ce qui suit :
Art. 1. Les Puissances Contractantes donneront a leurs forces
armees de terre des instructions qui seront conformes au R&glement
concernant les lois et coutumes de la guerre sur terre, annexe a la
presente Convention.
HOLLAND H
98 APPENDIX IU
Art. 2. Lee dispositions contenues dans le Regtynent vise" a
1' Article l er , ainsi que dans la presente Convention, ne sont appli cables
qu'entre les Puissances contractantes et seulement si les belligerants
sent tous parties a la Convention.
Art. 3. La Partie belligerante qui violerait les dispositions dudit
Reglement sera tenue a indemnity, s'il y a lieu, Elle sera repponsaWe
de t us actes commis par les personnes faisant partie de sa force
arraee.
Art. 4. La presente Convention dument ratified remplacera, dans
les rapports entre les Puissances contractantes, la Convention du 29
juillet 1 899 concernant les lois et coutumes de la guerre sur terre.
La Convention de 1899 reste en vigueur dans les rapports entre les
Puissances qui Font sigriee et qui ne ratifieraient pas galement la
prdsente Convention.
Art. 5. La pre*sente Convention sera ratified aussitot que possible.
Les ratifications seront d6pos6es a La Haye.
Le premier despot de ratifications sera constate par un proces- verbal
sign6 par les repr^sentants des Puissances qui y prennent part et par
le Minietre des Affaires Etrangeres des Pays-Bas.
Les depots ultei'ieurs de ratifications se feront au moyen d'uue
notification 6crite adressde au Gouvernement des Pays-Bas et accom-
pagne*e de rinstrument de ratification.
Copie certifiee conforme du proces-verbal relatif au premier depot
de ratifications, des notifications mentionnees a Taline^i precedent,
ainsi que des instruments de ratification, sera imme'diatement remise
$ar les soins du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas et par la voie diploma-
tique aux Puissances convives a la Deuxieme Conference de la Paix,
ainsi qu'aux autres Puissances qui auront adhere &, la Convention.
Dans les cas vis6s par Talin6a pr6c6dent, ledit Gouvernement leur
fera connaitre en mme temps la date b laquelie il a re9u la
notification.
Art. 6. Les Puissances non signataires sont ad raises a adherer a
la presente Convention.
La Puissance qui desire adherer notifie par 6crit son intention au
Gouvernement des Pays-Bas en lui transmettant Facte d'aohe'sion qui
sera depose dans les archives dudit Gouvernement. '
Ce Gouvernement transmettra immddiatement a toutes les autres
Puissances copie certifiee conforme de la notification ainsi que de
1'acte d'adhesion, en indiquant la date a laquelie il a recu la
notification.
Art. 7. La presente Convention produira effet, poor les Puissances
THE LAWS OF WAR ON LAND 99
qui auront pt*rticipe au premier d6pot de ratifications, soixante jours
apres la date da proems- verbal de ce depot, et, pour les Puissances qui
ratifieront ulterieurement ou qui adh6reront, soixante jours apres que
la notification de leur ratification ou de leur adhesion aura ete re$ue
par le Qouvernement des Pays-Bas.
Art. 6. S'il arrival t qu'une des Puissances contractantes voulut
denoncer la pr^sente Convention, la denonciation sera notified par
ecrit au Qouvernement des Pays-Bas, qui communiquera immediate-
ment copie certified conforrae de la notification a toutes les autres
Puissances en leur faisant savoir la date a laquelle il 1'a recue.
La denonciation ne produira ses effets qu'a regard de la Puissance
qui 1'aura notified et un an apres que la notification en sera parvenue
au Gouvernement des Pays-Bas.
Art. 9. Un registre tenu par le Ministere des Affaires Etrang&res
des Pays-Bas indiquera la date du depot de ratifications effectue en
vertu de TArticle 5, alin^as 3 et 4, ainsi que la date a laquelle auront
4te refues les notifications d'adh^sion (Article 6, alin^a 2), ou de
denonciation (Article 8, alinea 1).
Chaque Puissance contractante est admise b, prendre connaissance
de ce registre et & en demander des extraits certifies conforrnes.
,En foi de quoi, les Plenipotentiaires ont rev6tu la presente
Convention de leurs signatures.
Fait & La Haye, le dix-huit octobre mil neuf cent sept, en un seul
exemplaire qui restera depose dans les archives du Gouvernement d*s
Pays-Bas et dont des copies, certifies conformes, seront remises par
la voie diplomatique aux Puissances qui ont te convieea a la
Deuxieme Conference de la Paix.
H
100 APPENDIX III
ANNEXE A LA CONVENTION.
RfcGLEMENT CONCERNANT LES LOIS ET COUTUMES DE LA
GUERRE SUR TERRE.
SECTION PREMIERE. DBS BELLIGERENTS.
CHAPITBE PREMIER. De la qualite de belligerant.
Art. 1. Lea lois, les droits et les devoirs de la guerre ne s'appliquent
pas seulement a 1'armee, mais encore aux milices et aux corps de
volontaires r&missant les conditions suiv antes :
1 d'avoir a leur te"te une personne responsable pour ses subor-
2 d'avoir un signe distinctif fixe et reconnaissable a distance ;
3 de porter les armes ouvertement et
4 de se conformer dans leurs operations aux lois et coutumes de la
guerre.
Dans les pays ou les milices ou des corps de volontaires constituent
I'arm6e ou en font partie, ils sont compris sous la denomination
d'armee.
Art. 2. La population d'un territoire non occupe qui, a 1'approche
de 1'ennemi, prend spontan^ment les armes pour combattre les troupes
d'invasion sans avoir eu le temps de s'organiser conform^ment a
Article premier, sera consid6re> comme belligerante si elle porte les
armes ouvertement et si elle respecte les lois et coutumes de la
guerre.
Art. 3. Les forces armies des Parties bellig^rantes peuvent se
composer de combattants et de non-combattants. En cas de capture
par 1'ennemi, les uns et les autres ont droit au traitement des
prisonniers de guerre.
CHAPITRE II. Des prisonniers de guerre.
Art. 4. Les prisonniers de guerre sont au pouvoir du Gouvernement
ennemi, mais non des individus ou des corps qui les ont captures.
Ils doivent 6tre traites^avec humanit6.
Tout ce qui leur appartient personnellement, except^ les armes, les
chevaux et les papiers militaires, reste leur propriety.
Art. 5. Les prisonniers de guerre peuvent 6tre assujettis a
THE HAGUE REGLEMENT 101
I'internemen* dans une ville, forteresse, camp ou locality quelconque,
avec obligation de ne pas s'en eloigner au dela de certaines limites
determiners ; mais ils ne peuvent &tre enferm^s que par mesure de
suret^ indispensable, et seulement pendant la duree des circonstances
qui necessitent cette mesure.
Art. 6. L'^tat peut employer, comme travailleurs, les prisonniers
de guerre, selon leur grade et leurs aptitudes, a Fexception des officiers.
Ces travaux ne seront pas excessifs et n'auront aucun rapport avec
les operations de la guerre.
Les prisonniers peuvent &tre autoris^s & travailler pour le compte
d'administrations publiques ou de particuliers, ou pour leur propre
compte.
Les travaux faits pour T^ltat sont pay^s d'apres les tarifs en vigueur
pour les militaires de I'ann6e nationale executant les mmes travaux,
ou, s'il n'en existe pas, d'apres un tarif en rapport avec les travaux
execute's.
Lorsque les travaux ont lieu pour le compte d'autres administrations
publiques ou pour des particuliers, les conditions en sont regimes
d'accord avec 1'autorite* militaire.
Le salaire des prisonniers contribuera a adoucir leur position, et le
surplus leur sera compte au moment de leur liberation, sauf defalcation
e?38 frais d'entretien.
Art. 7. Le Gouvernement au pouvoir duquel se trouvent les
prisonniers de guerre est charge de leur entretien.
A defautd'une entente sp^ciale entre les belli gerants, les prisonniers
de guerre seront trails pour la nourriture, le couchage et rhabillement,
sur le me* me pied que les troupes du Gouvernement qui les aura capture's.
.- Art. 8. Les prisonniers de guerre seront soumis aux lois, reglements
et ordres en vigueur dans Tarmee de 1'Etat au pouvoir duquel ils se
trouvent. Tout acte d'insubordi nation autorise, a leur 6gard, les
mesures de rigueur n^cessaires.
Les prisonniers ^vad^s, qui seraient repris avant d^avoir pu re-
joindre leur arme* e ou avant de quitter le territoire occup6 par I'arm4e
qui les aura capture's, sont passibles de peines disciplinaires.
Les prisonniers qui, apres avoir reussi a s'evader, sont de nouveau
faits prisonniers, ne sont passibles d'aucune peine pour la fuite
ant^rieure.
Art. 9. Chaque prisonnier de guerre est tenu de declarer, s'il eat
interrog a ce sujet, ses v^ritables noms et grade et, dans le cas oij il
enfreindrait cette regie, il s'exposerait a une restriction des avantages
aux prisonniers de guerre de sa categoric.
90 APPENDIX III
The Conference, actuated by the spirit of mutual agreement and
concession characterizing its deliberations, has agreed upon the
following Declaration, which, while reserving to each of the Powers
represented full liberty of action as regards voting, enables them to
affirm the principles which they regard as unanimously admitted :
It is unanimous
1. In admitting the principle of compulsory arb&ration.
2. In declaring that certain disputes, in particular those relating
to the interpretation and application of the provisions of International
Agreements, may be submitted to compulsory arbitration without any
restriction.
Finally, it is unanimous in proclaiming that, although it has not
yet been found feasible to conclude a Convention in this sense,
nevertheless the divergences of opinion which have come to light
have not exceeded the bounds of judicial controversy, and that, by
working together here during the past four months, the collected
Powers not only have learnt to understand one another and to draw
closer together, but have succeeded in the course of this long
collaboration in evolving a very lofty conception of the common
welfare of humanity.
The Conference has further unanimously adopted the following
Resolution :
The Second Peace Conference confirms the Resolution adopted by
the Conference of 1899 in regard to the limitation of military
expenditure ; and inasmuch as military expenditure has considerably
increased in almost every country since that time, the Conference
declares that it is eminently desirable that the Governments should
resume the serious examination of this question.
It has besides expressed the following wishes (voeux) :
1. The Conference calls the attention of the Signatory Powers to
the advisability of adopting the annexed draft Convention for the
creation of a Judicial Arbitration Court, and of bringing it Into force
as soon as an agreement has been reached respecting the selection of
the Judges and the constitution of the Court.
2. The Conference expresses the wish that, in case of war, the
responsible authorities, civil as well as military, should make it their
special duty to ensure and safeguard the maintenance of pacific
relations, more especially of the commercial and industrial relations
THE HAGUE REGLEMENT 103
prisonniers libels sur parole, echang6s, 6vad6s ou d&ldta dans les
hopitaux et ambulances, et de les transmettre aux inte>ess68.
Art. 15. Les soci6ts de secours pour les prisonniers de guerre,
re*gulienment constitutes selon la loi de leur pays et ayant pour
objet d'etre les intermedia! res de Faction charitable, recevront, de la
part dep bellige'rants, pour elles et pour leurs agents dilment accre'dites,
toute facility dans les li mites tracers par les necessit^s militaires et
: les regies admimstrati\es, pour accomplir efficacement leur taehe
d'humanit. Les de'le'gue's de ces socits pourront 6tre admis a dis-
tribuer des secours dans les de'po'ts d'internement, ainsi qu'aux lieux
d'etape des prisonniers rapatrie's, moyennant une permission personnelle
de1ivre*e par Fautorit4 militaire, et en prenant Fengagement par 6crit
de se soumettre a toutes les mesures d'ordre et de police que celle-ci
prescrirait.
Art. 16. Les bureaux de renseignements jouissent de la franchise
de port. Les lettres, mandats et articles d 'argent, ainsi que les colis
postaux destines aux prisonniers de guerre ou expe'die's par eux, seront
affranchis de toutes les taxes postales, aussi bien dans les pays
d'origine et de destination que dans les pays interm&iiaires.
Les dons et secours en nature destines aux prisonniers de guerre
seront admis en franchise de tous droits d'entree et autres, ainsi que
des taxes de transport sur les chemins de fer exploited par l'tat.
Art. 17. Les officiers prisonniers recevront la solde a laquelle out
droit les officiers de mdme grade du pays ou ils sont retenus, a charge
de remboursement par leur Gouvernement.
Art. 1 8. Toute latitude est laisse'e aux prisonniers de guerre pc ir
1'exercice de leur religion, y compris Tassistance aux offices de leur
crlte, a la seule condition de se conformer aux mesures d'ordre et de
police prescrites par Tautorit^ militaire.
Art. 19. Les testaments des prisonniers de guerre sont recus
on dresses dans les mgmes conditions que pour les militaires de 1'armce
nationale.
On suivra ^galement les memes regies en ce qui concerne les pieces
relatives a la constatation des dec^s, ainsi que pour 1'inhumation des
prisonniers de guerre, en tenant compte de leur grade et de leur rang.
Art. 20. Ap.es la conclusion de la paix, le rapatriement dea
prisonniers de guerre s'effectuera dans le plus bref d^lai possible.
CHAPITBE III. Des malades et des blesses.
Art. 21. Les obligations des belligerents concernant le service des
malades et des blesses sont regies par la Convention de Geneve.
104 APPENDIX III
SECTION II. DES HOSTILITES.
CHAPITBE PBEMUER. Des moyens de nuire d, I'enneme,
des sieges et des bo-mbar dementi.
Art. 22. Lea bell ig^r ants n'ont pas un droit illimite quant au
choix des moyens de nuire & Tennemi.
Art. 23. Outre les prohibitions etablies par des Conventions
spe'ciales, il est notamment interdit :
(a) d'employer du poison ou des armes empoisonnees ;
(b) de tuer ou de blester par trahison des individus appartenant a
la nation ou a 1'anrice enneinie ;
(c) de tuer ou de blesser un ennemi qui, ayant mis bas les armes
ou n'ayant plus les moyens de se deTendre, s'est rendu a discretion *
(d) de declarer qu'il ne sera pas fait de quartier ;
(e) d'employer des armes, des projectiles ou des matieres propres a
causer des maux superflus ;
(/) d'user indumentdu pavilion parlementaire, du pavilion national
ou des insignes militaires et de Tuniforme de Fenneim, ainsi que des
signes distinctifs de la Convention de Geneve ;
(g) de de'truire ou de saisir des proprie't^s ennemies, sauf les cas <y1
ces destructions ou ces saisies seraient impe'rieusement commandoes
par les ne'cessite's de la guerre ;
(h) de declarer e'teints, suspendus ou non recevables en justice, les
droits et actions des nationaux de la Partie adverse.
II est e'galement interdit a un belligerant de forcer les nationaux
de la Partie adverse a prendre part aux operations de guerre dirig&s
contre leur pays, m6me dans le cas oti ils auraient ^te* a son service
avant le commencement de la guerre.
Art. 24. Les ruses de guerre et 1'emploi des moyens n6cessaires
pour se procurer des renseignements sur Tennemi et BUT le terrain
sont considers com me licites.
Art. 25. II eet interdit d'attaquer ou de bombarder, par quelque
moyen que ce so it, des villes, villages, habitations ou bailments qui ne
sont pas d4fendus.
Art. 26. Le commandant des troupes assaillantes, avant d'en-
treprendre le bombardement, et sauf le cas d'attaque de vive force,
devra faire tout ce qui depend de lui pour en avertir les autorite's.
Art. 27. Dans les sieges et bombardements,' toutes les mesures
necessaires doivent ^tre prises pour epargner, autant que possible, les
THE HAGUE REGLEMENT 105
Edifices consacres aux cultes, aux arts, aux sciences et a la bienfaisance,
les monuments historiques, les hopitaux et les lieux de rassemblement
de malades et de blesses, a condition qu'ils ne soient pas employes en
mgme tsmps a uu bat militaire.
Le devoir des assieges est de designer ces edifices ou lieux de
lassemhlement par des signes visibles speciaux qui seront notifies
d'avance a I'assiegeant.
Art. 28. II est inteidit de livrer au pillage une ville ou localite
m&me prise d'assaut.
CHAPITRE II. Dea espions.
Art. 29. Ne peut e*tre considere comme espion que Pindividu qui,
agissant clandestinement ou sous de faux pretextes, recueille ou
cherche a recueillir des informations dans la zone d'op^rations d'un
belligerant, avec 1'intention de les communiquer a la Partie adverse.
Ainsi les militaires non d^guises qui ont pnetr6 dans la zone
d'ope>ations de I'armta ennemie, a 1'effet de recueillir des informations,
ne sont pas considers comme espions. De me'me, ne sont pas con-
sideres comme espions : les militaires et les non militaires, accomplis-
sant ouvertement leur mission, charges de transmettre des d^p&ches
clestine'es, soit a leur propre arm^e, toit a Tarm^e ennemie. A cette
categoric appartiennent egalement les individus envoy^s en ballon pour
transmettre les d6p6ches, et, en general, pour entretenir les com-
munications entre les diverses parties d'une arm^e ou d'un territoire.
Art. 30. I/espion pris sur le fait ne pourra 6tre puni sans jugement
prealable.
Art. 31 . L'espion qui, ayant rejoint Tarm^e a laquelle il appartient,
est captur^ plus tard par 1'ennemi, est trait^ comme prisonnier de
guerre et n'encourt aucune responsabilit6 pour ses actes d^espionnage
anterieurs.
CHAPITKB III. Des parlementaires.
Art. 32. Est considere comme parlementaire 1'individu autoris^
par Tun des beiligerants a entrer en pourparlers avec Tautre et se
presentant avec le drapeau blanc. II a droit a rinviolabilit^ ainsi que
le trompette, clairon ou tambour, le porte-drapeau et Tinterprete qui
raccompagneraient.
Art. 33. Le chef auquel un parlementaire est expedie n'est pas
oblige de le recevoir en toutes circonstances.
106 APPENDIX HI
II peut prendre toutes les mesures necessaires afin d'empfccher le
parlementaire de profiler de sa mission pour se renseigner,
II a le droit, en cas d'abus, de retenir temporairement le parle-
mentaire.
Art. 34. Le parlemeutaire perd ses droits d'inviolabilite, s'il est
prouve, d'une maniere positive et irrecusable, qu'il a profits de 8U
position priviiegiee pour provoquer ou commettre un acte de trahison.
CHAPITBB IV. Des capitulations.
Art. 35. Les capitulations arr&tees entre les Parties contractantes
doivent tenir compte des regies de 1'honneur militaire.
line fois fix6es, elles doivent e"tre scrupuleusement observes par lea
deux Parties.
CHAPITBE V. De I'armistice.
Art. 36. L'annistice suspend les operations de guerre par un
accord mutuel des Parties belligerantes. Si la dure n'en est pas
determine, les Parties belligerantes peuvent reprendre en tout temps
les operations, pourvu toutefois que 1'ennemi soit averti en temps
convenu, conformement aux conditions de I'armistice.
Art. 37, L'arraistice peut tre general ou local. Le premier
suspend partout les operations de guerre des Etats bellig^rants; le
second, seulemeiit entre certaines fractions des armees belligerantes et
diwis un rayon determine.
Art. 38. L 'armistice doit ^tre notifie officiellement et en temps
utile aux Autorites competentes et aux troupes. Les hostilites sort
suspendues immediatement apres la notification ou au terme fixe.
Art. 39. II depend des Parties contractantes de fixer, dans les
clauses de Tarmistice, les rapports qui pourraient avoir lieu, sur le
theatre de la guerre, avec les populations et entre elles.
Art. 40. Toute violation grave de rarmistice, par Tune des
Parties, donne a 1'autre le droit de le denoncer et me*me, en cas
d'urgence, de reprendre immediatement les hostilites.
Art. 41 . La violation des clauses de I'armistice, pax des particuliers
agissant de leur propre initiative, donne droit seulemeiit a redamer la
punition des coupables et, s'il y a lieu, une indemnite pour les pertes
eprouvees,
THE HAGUE REGLEMENT 107
SECTION III. DE L'AUTOBIT& MILITAIBE SUB LE TEBBITOIBE
DE L'ETAT ENNEMI.
Art. 42. Un territoire est conside>e comme occup6 lorsqu'il se
t"*ouve place* de fait sous I'autorit6 de 1'armde ennemie.
L'occupation ne s'etend qu'aux territoires ou cette autorite* est
Stabile et en mesure de d'exercer.
Art. 43. L'autorite du pouvoir 16gal ayant pass6 de fait entre les
mains de 1'occupant, celui-ci prendra toutes les mesures qui dependent
de lui en vue de retablir et d'assurer, autant qu'il est possible, 1'ordre
et la vie publics en respectant, sauf empe'chement absolu, les lois en
vigueur dans le pays.
Art. 44. II est interdit & un bellig&rant de forcer la population
d'un territoire occup a dormer des renseignements sur l'arme de
1'autre belligerent ou sur ses moyens de defense.
Art. 45. II est interdit de contraindre la population d'un territoire
occup6 &, prater serment a la Puissance ennemie.
Art. 46. L'honneur et les droits de la famille, la vie des individus
et la propriety pi ivee, ainsi que les convictions religieuses et 1'exercice
des cultes, doivent &tre respectes.
La propri^ priv^e ne peut pas etre confisqu6e.
Art. 47. Le pillage est formellement iuterdit.
Art. 48. Si Toccupant preleve, dans le territoire occupe*, les imp6ts,
droits et peages ^tablis au profit de 1'Etat, il le fera, autant que
possible, d'apres les regies de 1'assiette et de la repartition en vigueur,
et il en re*sultera pour lui Tobligation de pourvoir aux frais de
r A dministration du territoire occup6 dans la mesure ou le Gouvernement
legal y 6tait tenu.
Art. 49. Si, en dehors des impots vis^s a TArticle pre'cddent,
Poccupant preleve d'autres contributions en argent dans le territoire
occupe*, ce ne pourra dtre que pour les besoins de Tarm^e ou de
Tadministration de ce territoire.
Art. 50. Aucune peine collective, pe"cuniaire ou autre, ne pourra
6tre 4dict4e contre les populations a raison de fails individuels dont
elles ne pourraitnt etre consid^rees comme solidairement responsables.
Art. 51. Aucune contribution ne sera perdue qu'en vertu d'un
ordre e*crit et sous la responsabilite* d'un g^n^ral en chef.
II ne sera proced6, autant que possible, a cette perception que
d'apres ies regies de I'assiette et de la repartition des imp6ts en vigueur.
Pour toute contribution, un re$u sera de*livre* aux contribuables.
108 APPENDIX HI
Art. 52. Des requisitions en nature et des services ne pourront
e"tre reclames des communes ou des habitants que pour les besom's de
1'annee d'occupation. Us seront en rapport avec les ressources du pays
et de telle nature qu'ils n'impliquent pas pour les populations ? 'obliga-
tion de prendre part aux operations de la guerre contre leur patrie.
Ces requisitions et ces services ne seront reclames qu'avec r&utioris*-
tion du commandant dans la locality occupee.
Les prestations en nature seront, autant 'que possible, payees au
comptant ; sinon, elles seront constatees par des re^us, et le paiemeni
des sommes dues sera effectu6 le plus t6t possible.
Art. 53. L'armee qui occupe un territoire ne pourra saisir que le
numeraire, les fonds et les valeurs exigibles appartenant en propre a
I'ttat, les depots d'armes, moyens de transport, magasins et ajj-
provisionnements et, en general, toute propriety mobiliere de T^tat de
nature a servir aux operations de la guerre.
Tous les moyens affected sur terre, sur mer et dans les airs & la
transmission des nouvelles, au transport des personnes ou des cboses,
en dehors des cas regis par le droit maritime, les depots d'armes et,
en general, toute espce de munitions de guerre, peuvent 6tre saisis,
m&me s'ils appartiennent & des personnes privies, mais devront etre
restitues et les indemnity seront r6g!6es & la paix.
Art. 54. Les cables sous-marins reliant un territoire occupe a wi
territoire neutre ne seront saisis ou detruits que dans le cas d'une
necessite absolue. Us devront egalement etre restitues et les indemnites
seront reglees a la paix.
< Art. 55. L'Etat occupant ue se considerera que comme admi-
nistrateur et usufruitier des edifices publics, immeubles, fore'ts et
exploitations agricoles appartenant a 1'Etat ennemi et se trouvant
dans le pays occupe*. II devra sauvegarder le fonds de ces proprietes
et les administrer conformement aux regies de Tusufruit.
Art. 56. Les biens des communes, ceux des e*tablissements consacr^s
aux cultes, a la charite et a I'instruction, aux arts et aux sciences,
me* me appartenant & 1'Etat, seront traites comme la propriete priv^e.
Toute saisie, destruction ou degradation intentionnelle de sem-
blables etablissements, de monuments historiques, d'cenvres d'art et
de science, est interdite et doit 6tre poursuivie.
THE LAWS OP WAR ON LAND 109
TRANSLATION.
THE HAGUE^ CONVENTION No. iv OF 1907, BESPECTING THE
LAWS AND CUSTOMS OP WAR ON LAND,
H.M. the King of Great Britain and Ireland, &c., &c., Ac.
(The list of Powers is tfie same as in the Acte Final, supra, p. 84.)
Considering that, while seeking means to preserve peace and prevent
armed conflicts among nations, it is a duty to have regard likewise to
Ihe case where an appeal to arms may be brought about by events
which their care shall not have been able to avert ;
Animated by the desire to serve, even in this extreme supposition,
the interests of humanity and the ever increasing requirements of
civilization ;
Thinking it to be a duty, with this object, to revise the general
laws and customs of war, both with a view to define them more
precisely, and in order to place certain limits upon them for the
purpose of modifying their severity as far as possible ;
Have thought it necessary to complete and make more definite on
certain points the work of the First Peace Conference, which inspired,
after the Brussels Conference of 1874, by these views, commended by
a wise and generous foresight, adopted provisions, the object of
which was to define and regulate the usages of war on land.
In the view of the High Contracting Parties, these provisions, the
wording of which was inspired by a desire to diminish the evils of
war, so far as military necessities permit, are intended to serve as
general rules of conduct for belligerents in their relations with each
other and with populations.
It has not, however, been possible to agree forthwith on provisions
covering all the circumstances which occur in practice.
On the other hand, it could not be intended by the High Contracting
Parties that the cases not provided for should, for want of a written
provision, be left to the arbitrary judgement of military commanders.
Until a more complete code of the laws of war can be authorized,
the High Contracting Parties think it desirable to declare that in
cases not included in the Regulations adopted by them, populations
and belligerents remain under the protection and government of the
principles of international law, deducible from the usages established
110 APPENDIX III
between civilized nations, from the laws of humanity, qnd from the
requirements of the public conscience.
They declare that it is in this sense that Articles 1 and 2 especiajly
of the Regulations adopted must be understood. '
The High Contracting Parties, desiring to conclude a Convention
to this effect, have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries, to wiff :
(Aa to the names of the Plenipotentiaries? see the Acte Final,
supra, p. 84.)
Who, after deposit of their full powers, found to be in good and
due form, have agreed as follows :
Art. 1. The Contracting Powers will issue instructions to theh
armed land forces, which shall be in conformity with the ' Regulations
respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land ' annexed to the
present Convention.
Art. 2. The provisions of the Regulations mentioned in Article 1,
as also those of this Convention, are binding only on the Contracting
Powers, and only when all the belligerents are parties to the Con-
vention.
(Art. 3 is Art. 19 of the present work, see supra, p. 19.)
Art. 4. The present Convention, when duly ratified, shall replace,
in the mutual relations of the Contracting Powers, the Convention of
July 29, 1899, concerning the laws and customs of war on land.
The Convention of 1899 remains in force between the Powers
which have signed it, and shall not also ratify the present Convention.
(Arts. 5 to 8 are identical with Arts. 4 to TofB. iii, supra, pp. 92, 93.)
Art. 9. A Register, kept by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of
the Netherlands, shall mention the date of the deposit of ratifications
made in pursuance of Art. 5, paragraphs 3 and 4, as also the date at
which notifications of adhesion (Art. 6, par. 2), or of denunciation
(Art. 8, par. 1), shall have been received. Each Contracting Power
is at liberty to have access to this Register and to f ak for extracts
from it certified as correct.
In faith of which the Plenipotentiaries have signed the present
Convention and affixed their seals thereto.
Done at The Hague, the 18th October, 1907, in a single copy,
which shall be kept in the archives of the Government of the Nether-
THE CONVENTION OP GENEVA 111
lands, and copies of which, certified as correct, shall be forwarded
through the diplomatic channels, to the Powers which have been
invited to the Second Peace Conference.
ANNEX TO THE CONVENTION.
(Containing the Regulations, 1-56, which are jrrinted as Articles
21-41, 70, 76-84, 86, 87, 89-98, 102-116, of the jtresent work.)
CONVENTION DE GEN&VE (1906)
POUR L' AMELIORATION DU SORT DBS BLESSES ET MALADES
DANS LES ARMIES EN CAMPAGNE.
Sa Majest6 le Hoi du Royaume-Uni de la Qrande-Bretagne et
d'Irlande, Empereur des Indes ;
&c., &c., &c.*
Egalement animus du dsir de diminuer, autant qu'il depend d'eux,
les maux inseparables de la guerre et voulant, dans ce but, perfec-
tionner et computer les dispositions convenues a Geneve, le 22 aout
1864, pour ramelioration du sort des militaires blesses ou malades
dans les armees en campagne,
Ont resolu de conclure une nouvelle Convention & cet effet, et ont
nomm pour leurs Ptenipotentiaires, savoir :
Sa Majest6 le Roi du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et
d'Irlande, Empereur des Indes :
M. le major-general Sir John Charles Ardagh, K.C.M.G., K.C.I.E.,
C.B.
* For lists of the other Powers and names of their Plenipotentiaries, see
Part. Paper [Cd. 8988], 1908. For signatures, ratifications and accessions, see
infra, Appendix IV, p. 140.
112 APPENDIX III
M. le Professeur Thomas Erskine Holland, K.C., D.C.L.
Sir John Furley, C.B.
M. le lieutenant-colonel William Grant Macpherson, C.M.G.,
R.A.M.C.
&c., &c., &c.
Lesquels, apres s'tre communiqu leurs pleins pouvoirs, trouv6s en
bonne et due forme, sent convenus de ce qui suit :
CHAPITRK PREMIEB. Des blesses et malades.
Art. 1. Les militaires et les autres personnes officiellement
attaches aux armees, qui seront blesses ou malades, devront 6tre
respecters et soign^s, sans distinction de nationality, par le bellig^rar 4 :
qui les aura en son pouvoir.
Toutefois, le bellige>ant, oblige^ d'abandonner des malades ou des
blesses a son adversaire, laissera avec eux, autant que les circonstances
militaires le permettront, une partie de son personnel et de son
materiel sanitaires pour contribuer a les soigner.
Art. 2. Sous reserve des soins a leur fournir en vertu de 1'Article
precedent, les blesses ou malades d'une armee tombes au pouvoir de
1'autre bellig^rant sont prisonniers de guerre et les regies generates
du droit des gens concernant les prisonniers leur sont applicables.
Cependant, les bellig^rants restent libres de stipuler entre eux, a
regard des prisonniers blesses et malades, telles clauses d'exception ou
de faveur qu'ils jugeront utiles ; ils auront, notamment, la faculty de
Convenir :
De se remettre r^ciproquement, apres un combat, les blesses laiss^s
sur le cbamp de bataille ;
De renvoyer dans leur pays, apres les avoir mis en 6tat d'etre trans-
portes ou apres gu^rison, les blesses ou malades qu'ils ne voudront pas
garder prisonniers ;
De remettre k un IStat neutre, du consentement de celui-ci, des
blesses ou malades de la partie adverse, a la charge par 1'Etat neutre
de les interner jusqu'a la fin des hostilit6s.
Art. 3. Apres cbaque combat, Toccupant du champ de bataille
preudra des mesures pour rechercher les blesses et pour les faire pro-
t^ger ainsi que les morts contre le pillage et les mauvais traitements.
II veillera a ce que Tinhumation ou 1'incin^ration des morts soit
pr^c^d^e d*un exam en attentif de leurs cadavres.
Art. 4. Chaque bellig^rant enverra, des qu'il sera possible, aux
Autorits de leur pays ou de leur arme les marques ou pieces
THE CONVENTION OP GENEVA 113
militaires d'identitE trouvEes sur les morta et PEtat nominatif des
blesses ou malades recueillis par lui.
Les belligerants se tiendront rEciproquement au courant des inter-
nements et des mutations, ainsi que des entrees dans les h6pitaux et
des deces survenus parmi les blesses et malades en leur pouvoir. Us
recueilleront tou* les objets d'un usage personnel, valeurs, lettres, &c.
qui seront trouves sur les champs de bataille ou dElaissEs par les
Messrs ou malades dEc^dEs dans les Etablissements et formations
sanitaires, pour les faire transmettre aux intEressEs par les AutoritEs
de leur pays.
Art. 5. L'AutoritE militaire pourra faire appel au zele charitable
des habitants pour recueillir et soigner, sous son contrdle, des blesses
ou malades des armies, en accordant aux personnes ayant repondu a
cet appel une protection speciale et certaines immunitEs.
CHAPITRE II. Des formations et etablissements sanitaires.
Art. 6. Les formations sanitaires mobiles (c'est-a-dire eel les qui
sont destinies a accompagner les armees en campagne) et les Etablisse-
ments fixes du service de santE seront respectes et protEgEs par les
belligerants.
Art. 7. La protection due aux formations et Etablissements sani-
taires et a leur materiel cesse si Ton en use pour commettre des actes
nuisibles a 1'ennemi.
Art. 8. Ne sont pas considered comine Etant de nature a priver une
formation ou un 6tablissement sanitaire de la protection assuree par
TArticle 6 :
1 Le fait que le personnel de la formation ou de TEtablissement est
arme* et qu*il use de ses armes pour sa propre defense ou celle de ses
malades et blesses ;
2 Le fait qu'a deTaut d'infirmiers armEs la formation est gardee
par un piquet ou des eentinelles munis d'un mandat re*gulier ;
3 Le fait qu'il est trouve" dans la formation des armes et cartouches
retirees des blesses et n^ayant pas encore Etc* versEes au service
competent.
CHAPITBB III. Du personnel.
Art. 9. Le personnel exclusivement affecte" a Fenlevement, au
transport et au traitement des blesses et des malades, ainsi qu'a
I'administration des formations et Etablissements eanitaires, les
aomoniers attaches aux armies, seront respectEs et protEgEs en toute
HOLLAND X
114 APPENDIX III
circonstance ; s'ils tombent entre les mains de 1'ennemi, ils ne seront
pas trailed comme prisonniers de guerre.
Ces dispositions s'appliquent au personnel de garde des formations
et etablissements sauitaires dans le cas pr6vu a P Article 8, n r 2.
Art. 10. Est assimil6 au personnel vise" a 1' Article precedent le
personnel des Societs de secours volontaires dum^nt recoanues et
autorisees par leur Gouvernement, qui sera employ^ dans les forma-
tions et Etablissements sanitaires des armees, sous la reserve que ledit
personnel sera soumis aux lois et reglements militaires.
Chaque Etat doit notifier & 1'autre, soit des le temps de paix, soit a
1'ouverture ou au cours des hostility, en tout cas avant tout emploi
effectif, les noms des Societes qu'il a autorisees a prater leur con-
cours, sous sa responsabilite\ au service sanitaire officiel de ses armtes.
Art. 11. Une Soci^tE reconnue d'un pays neutre ne peut prater le
concours de ses personnels et formations sanitaires & un belligerant
qu'avec Tassentiment prealable de son propre Gouvernement et
1'autorisation du belligerant lui-mtoe.
Le belligerant qui a accepte* le secours est tenu, avant tout emploi,
d'en faire la notification & son ennemi.
Art. 12. Les persormes design6es dans les Articles 9, 10 et 11
continueront, apres qu'elles seront tomb^es au pouvoir de 1'ennemi, a
remplir leurs fonctions sous sa direction.
Lorsque leur concours ne sera plus indispensable, elles seront ren-
voyees a leur armee ou & leur pays dans les delais et suivant I'itin6-
raire compatibles avec les necessit^s militaires.
Elles emporteront, alors, les effets, les instruments, les armes et les
chevaux qui sont leur propriete particuliere.
Art. 13. L'ennemi assurera au personnel vis6 par T Article 9,
pendant qu'il sera en son pouvoir, les m6mes allocations et la mSme
solde qu'au personnel des mdmes grades de son armee.
CHAPITBE IV. Du materiel
Art. 14. Les formations sanitaires mobiles conserveront, si elles
tombent au pouvoir de 1'ennemi, leur materiel, y compris les attelages,
quels que soient les moyens de transport et le personnel conducteur.
Toutefois, TautoritE militaire competente aura la faculty de s'en
servir pour ies soins des blesses et malades ; la restitution du materiel
aura lieu dans les conditions prevues pour le personnel sanitaire, et
autant que possible en meme temps.
Art. 16. Les bailments et le materiel des etablissements fixes
THE CONVENTION OF GENEVA 115
demeurent sonmia aux lois de la guerre, mais ne pourront 6tre
detournes de leur emploi, tant qu'ils sont necessaires aux blesses et
aux malades.
Toutefois, les commandants des troupes d'operations pourront en
disposer, en cas de necessits militaires importantes, en assurant au
prtalable le sort des blesses et malades qui s'y trouvent.
Art. 16. Le materiel des Societes de secours, admises au benefice
de la Convention conformement aux conditions determinees par celle-ci,
est conside>e comme propriety privee, et, comme tel, respecte en toute
circonstance, sauf le droit de requisition reconnu aux belligerants
selon les lois et usages de la guerre.
CHAPITRE V. Des convois d 'evacuation.
Art. 17. Les convois d'evacuation seront trait^s comme les forma-
tions sanitaires mobiles, sauf les dispositions speciales suivantes :
1 Le belligerant interceptant un convoi pourra, si les necessities
militaires 1'exigent, le disloquer en se chargeant des malades et blesses
qu'il contient.
2 Dans ce cas, Tobligation de renvoyer le personnel sanitaire,
prevue a TArticle 12, sera tendue 4 tout le personnel militaire pr^pos6
au transport ou a la garde du convoi et muni a cet effet d'uu in and at
r^gulier.
L'obligation de rendre le materiel sanitaire, prevue a 1' Article 14,
s'appliquera aux trains de chernins de fer et bateaux de la navigation
interieure sp^cialement organises pour les evacuations, aiusi qu'au
materiel d'amenagement des voitures, trains et bateaux ordinal res
appartenant au service de fiante.
Les voitures militaires, autres que celles du service de sant6, pour-
ront 6tre capturees avec leurs attelages.
Le personnel civil et les divers moyens de transport provenant de la
requisition, y compris le materiel de chemin de fer et les bateaux du
commerce utilises pour les convois, seront soumis aux regies generates
du droit des gens.
CHAPITBB VI. Du signe distinctif.
Art. 18. Par hommage pour la Suisse, Je signe beraldique de la
croix rouge sur fond blanc, par interversion des couleurs f&lerales, est
maintenu comme embleme et signe distinctif du service sanitaire des
armees.
I 2
116 APPENDIX III
Art. 19. Cet embleme figure sur les drapeaux, les brassards, ainsi
que sur tout le materiel se rattachant au service sanitairc, avec la
permission de I'autorit^ militaire comptente.
Art. 20. Le personnel proteg6 en vertu des Articles 9, aiinea 1**,
10 et 11, porte, fixe* au bras gauche, un brassard avec croix rou^e sur
fond blanc, delivre* et timbre* par 1'autorite militaire competence,
accompagne* d'un certificat d'identit6 pour les personnes rattachees
au service de sant des armees et qui n'auraient pas d'uniforme
militaire.
Art. 21. Le drapeau distinctif de la Convention ne peut 6tre
arbore" que sur les formations et etablissements sanitaires qu'elle
ordonne de respecter et avec le consentement de I'autorit6 militaire.
H devra 6tre accompagn6 du drapeau national du belligerant cleat
releve la formation ou 1'etablissement.
Toutefois les formations sanitaires tombees au pouvoir de 1'ennemi
n'arboreront pas d'autre drapeau que celui de la Croix-Rouge, aussi
longtemps qu'elles se trouveront dans cette situation.
Art. 22. Les formations sanitaires des pays neutres, qui, dans les
conditions prevues par 1' Article 11, auraient 6t6 autorisees a fournir
leurs services, doivent arborer, avec le drapeau de la Convention, le
drapeau du belligerant dont elles relevent.
Les dispositions du deuxieme alinda de TArticle precedent leur sout
applicables.
Art. 23. L'embleme de la croix rouge sur fond blanc et les mots
Croix-Rouge ou Croix de Gen&ve ne pourront tre employes, soit en
temps de paix, soit en temps de guerre, que pour prot^ger ou designer
les formations et etablissements sanitaires, le personnel et le materiel
prot6g6s par la Convention.
CHAPITBE VII. De I' application et de V execution de la Convention.
Art. 24. Les dispositions de la pr^sente Convention ne sont
obligatoires que pour les Puissances contractantes, entre deux ou
plusieurs d'entre elles. Ces dispositions cesseront d'etre obligatoires
du moment oh Tune des Puissances belligerantes ne serait pas signa-
taire de la Convention.
Art. 25. Les commandants en chef des armees belligerantes auront
& pourvoir aux details d'execution des Articles precedents, ainsi qu'aux
cas non prevus, d'apres les instructions de leurs Qouvernements
respectifs et conformement aux principes generaux de la pr^sente
Convention.
THE CONVENTION OP GENEVA 117
Art. 26. Les Gouvernements signataires prendront lea mesures
n^cedsaires poor instrnire leurs troupes, et ep^cialement le personnel
protege*, des dispositions de la piesente Convention, et pour lea porter
a la connaissance des populations.
CHAPITBJB VIII. De la repression des abus et des infractions.
Art. 27. Les Gouvernements signataires, dont la legislation ne
serait pas des & present suffisante, s'engagent a prendre ou & proposer
a leurs legislatures les mesures ne'cessaires pour empScher en tout
temps 1'emploi, par des particuliers ou par des soci6te8 autres que
celles y ayant droit en vertu de la pr6sente Convention, des insignes
ou de la denomination de Croix-Rouge ou Croix de Geneve, notamment
dans un but commercial, par le moyen de marques de fabrique ou de
commerce.
L'interdiction de 1'emploi des insignes ou de la denomination dont
11 s'agit produira son effet & partir de I'epoque determined par chaque
legislation et, au plus tard, cinq ans apres la mise en vigueur de la
pr^sente Convention. Des cette mise en vigueur, il ne sera plus
licite de prendre une marque de fabrique ou de commerce contraire a
Tinterdiction.
Art. 28. Les Gouvernements signataires s'engagent 6galement a
prendre ou a proposer a leurs legislatures, en cas d'insuffisance de
leurs lois pe"nales militaires, les meeures necessaires pour reprimer, en
temps de guerre, les actes individuels de pillage et de mauvais traite-
ments envers des blesses et raalades des armies, ainsi que pour punir,
comme usurpation d'insignes militaires, 1'usage abusif du drapeau et
du brassard de la Croix- Kouge par des militaires ou des particuliers
non prot6g6s par la pr^sente Convention.
Us se communiqueront, par rinterrne*diaire du Conseil federal suisse,
les dispositions relatives a cette repression, au plus tard dans les cinq
ans de la ratification de la preterite Convention.
DISPOSITIONS GEN&RALEB.
Art. 29. La pr^sente Convention sera ratifiee aussit6t que possible.
Les ratifications seront de'pose'es a Berne.
II sera dress^ du de*p6t de chaque ratification un proces- verbal dont
one copie, certified vx>nforme, sera remise par la voie diplomatique a
toutes les Puissances contractantes.
118 APPENDIX III
Art. 30. La presente Convention entrera en vigueur pour chaque
Puissance six mois apres la date du depot de sea ratifications.
Art. 31. La presente Convention, duinent ratified, remplacera la
Convention du 22 aout 1864 dans les rapports e litre les Etats
contract ants.
La Convention de 1864 reste en vigueur dans les rapports entre les
Parties qui Font sign6e et qui ne ratifieraient pas egalement la
presente Convention.
Art. 32. La presente Convention pourra, jusqu'au 31 decembre
prochain, tre signe"e par les Puissances represents a la Conference
qui s'est ouverte a Geneve le 11 juin 1906, ainsique par les Puissances
non repr6sentees a cette Conference qui ont signe la Convention de 1864.
Celles de ces Puissances quin'auront pas signe le 31 decembre 1906
resteront libres d'adherer par la suite a la presente Convention. Elles
auront a faire connaitre leur adhesion au moyen d'une notification
ecrite ad resale au Conseil federal suisse et communiqu^e par celui-ci a
toutes les Puissances contractantes.
Les autres Puissances pourront demander a adherer dans la mme
forme, mais leur demande ne produira effet que si, dans le delai d'un
an a partir de la notification au Conseil federal, celui-ci n'a re9u
d'opposition de la part d'aucune des Puissances contractantes.
Art. 33. Chacune des Parties contractantes aura la facult6 de
denoncer la presente Convention ; cette denonciation ne produira ses
effet s qu'un au apres la notification faite par 6crit au Conseil federal
suisse et immWiatement communiqu6e par celui-ci a toutes les autres
parties contractantes.
Cette d^nonciation ne produira ses effets qu'a Tegard de la Puissance
qui 1'aura notifiee.
En foi de quoi, les Pl6nipotentiaires ont sign6 la pr^sente Convention
et Tont rev^tue de leurs cachets.
Fait a Geneve, le six juillet mil neuf cent six, en un seul exemplaire
qui restera depose dans les archives de la Confederation suisse, et dont
des copies, certifiees conformes, seront remises par la voie diplomatique
aux Puissances contractantes.
THE CONVENTION OF GENEVA 119
TRANSLATION.
CONVENTION FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE CONDITION OF
THE WOUNDED AND SICK IN ARMIES IN THE FIELD.
His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, Emperoi of IiicUa, &c., &c., &c.
(See the French text, supra, p. 111.)
Being equally inspired by the wish to mitigate, as far as is in their
power, the evils inseparable from war, and desiring, with this end in
view, to perfect and complete the arrangements agreed upon at Geneva
August 22, 1864, for the improvement of the condition of wounded
or sick soldiers in armies in the field ;
Have resolved to conclude for this purpose a new Convention, and
have named as their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say :
(See the French text, supra, p. 111.)
Who, after having communicated to each other their full powers,
found to be in good and proper form, have agreed as follows :
(For Arts. 1-28, omitting Art. 24, see Arts. 42-69 of the present work.)
The application and execution of the Convention.
Art. 24. The provisions of the present Convention are binding
cnly upon the Contracting Powers, between two or more of them.
These provisions shall cease to be binding from the moment when one
of the belligerent Powers is not a Signatory of the Convention.
General Provisions.
Art. 29. The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as
possible.
The ratifications shall be deposited at Berne.
When each ratification is deposited a proems-verbal shall be drawn
up, and a copy thereof certified as correct shall be forwarded through
the diplomatic channel to all the Contracting Powers.
Art. 30. The present Convention shall come into force for each
Power six months after the date of the deposit of its ratification.
120 APPENDIX III
Art. 31. The present Convention, duly ratified, shall replace the
Convention of the 22nd August, 1864, in relations between the
Contracting States.
The Convention of 1864 remains in force between such of the
parties who signed it who may not likewise ratify the present
Convention.
Art. 32. The present Convention may be signed 'until the 31st
December next by the Powers represented at the Conference which
was opened at Geneva on the 1 1th June, 1906, as also by the Powers,
not represented at that Conference, which signed the Convention of
1864.
Such of the aforesaid Powers as shall have not signed the present
Convention by the 31st December, 1906, shall remain free to accede
to it subsequently. They shall notify their accession by means of
a written communication addressed to the Swiss Federal Council, aud
communicated by the latter to all the Contracting Powers.
Other Powers may apply to accede in the same manner, but their
request shall only take effect if within a period of one year from the
notification of it to the Federal Council no objection to it reaches the
Council from any of the Contracting Powers.
Art. 33. Each of the Contracting Parties shall be at liberty to
denounce the present Convention. The denunciation shall not take
effect until one year after the written notification of it has reached the
Swiss Federal Council and has been by it immediately communicated
to all the other Contracting Parties.
The denunciation shall only affect the Power which has notified it.
In witness whereof the Plenipotentiaries have signed the present
Convention and have affixed thereto their seals.
Done at Geneva the 6th July, 1906, in a single copy, which shall
be deposited in the archives of the Swiss Confederation, and of which
copies, certified as correct, shall be forwarded to the Contracting
Powers through the diplomatic channel.
(Signed for Great Britain and Ireland under reserve of
Articles 23, 27, 28.)
THE DECLARATION OF ST. PETERSBURG 121
DECLARATION
RELATIVE A L'INTERDICTION DBS BALLES EXPLOSIBLES EN
TEMPS DE GUERRE ^CHANGEE A SAINT-PfiTERSBOURG, LE
11 DCEMBRE ises.
Sur la proposition d" Cabinet Imperial de Russie, une Commission
militaire Internationale ayant ete r6unie Saint-Petersbourg, afin
d'examiner la convenance d'interdire Pusage de certains projectiles en
temps de guerre entre les nations civilians, et cette Commission ayant
fix d'un commun accord les 11 mites techniques oil les mkessites de la
guerre doivent s'arrSter devant les exigences de I'humanite, les Sous-
signes sont autorises par les ordres de leurs Gouvernemcnts k declarer
ce qui suit :
Considerant que les progres de la civilisation doivent avoir pour
ffet d'attenuer autant que possible les calamites de la guerre ;
Que le seul but legitime que les Etats doivent se proposer durant
la guerre est Taffaiblissement des forces militaires de 1'ennemi ;
Qu'a cet efiet il suffit de mettre hors de combat le plus grand nombre
d'hommes possible ;
Que ce but serait dpass par 1'emploi d'armes qui aggraveraient
inutilement les souffrances des hommes mis hors de combat, ou ren-
draient leur mort inevitable ;
Que Temploi de pareilles armes serait des lors contraire aux lois de
Fhumanite ;
Les Parties contractantes s'engagent a renoncer mutuellement, en
cas de guerre entre elles, k 1'emploi par leurs troupes de terre ou de
mer de tout projectile d'un poids inferieur k 400 grammes, qui serait
ou explosible ou charge de matieres fulminantes ou inflammables.
Elles inviteront tous les Etats, qui n'ont pas participe par Tenvoi
de Delegu^s aux deliberations de la Commission militaire Internationale
r^unie 4 Saint-Peterebourg, a acc^der au present engagement.
Cet engagement n'est obligatoire que pour les Parties contractantes
ou accedantes, en cas de guerre entre deux ou plusieurs d'entre elles ;
il n'est pas applicable vis-a-vis de Parties non contractantes, ou qui
n'auraient pas accede.
II cesserait ^galement d'etre obligatoire du moment ou, dans une
guerre entre Parties contractantes ou accedantes, une Partie non
contractante ou o/ui n'aurait pas accede se joindrait a un des
belligerents.
122 APPENDIX HI
Les Parties contractantes ou acc6dantes se reservent de s'enten<
ulterieurement toutes les fois qu'une proposition precise serf ait formu
en vue des perfectionnements a venir que la science pourrait appor
dans Tarmement des troupes, afin de maintenir les principes flu'el
ont pose's et de concilier les necessity de la guerre avec les lois
rhumanite'.
Fait k Saint-P4tersbourg
le g** ovemre, fl hni soixant huit.
onze D^cembre,
Pour la Grande-Bretagne . .
ANDREW BUCHANAN.
(The otJier signatory Powers were: Austria-Hungary, Bavai
Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Pert
Portugal, Prussia and the Confederation of North Germa
Russia, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, Wurtembt
On 30 December, 1868, Baden, and on 23 October, 1869, Bra
acceded to this Declaration.)
TRANSLATION.
DECLARATION
AS TO THE PROHIBITION OF THE USE OF EXPLOSIVE
BULLETS IN TIME OF WAR.
On the suggestion of the Imperial Cabinet of Russia, an Internatio
Military Commission having assembled at St. Petersburg, in ordei
examine into the expediency of forbidding the use of certain j
jectiles in time of war between civilized nations, and that Commisa
having by common agreement fixed the technical limits at which
necessities of war ought to yield to the requirements of humanity,
undersigned are authorized by the orders of their Governments
declare as follows :
(The, here omitted, six following paragraphs are set out as
Articles 71-73 of ike present work y sujrra^p. 41.)
They will invite all the States which have not taken part
sending Delegates in the deliberations of the Military Commiss:
assembled at St. Petersburg, to accede to the present engagement.
THE HAGUE DECLARATIONS 128
This engagement is obligatory only upon the Contracting or
Acceding Parties thereto, in case of war between two or more of
them : it is not applicable with reference to non-Contracting Parties
6*r to those which shall not have acceded to it.
It shall also cease to be obligatory from the moment when, in a war
between Contracting or Acceding Parties, a non-Contracting Party, or
one which has not acceded to it, shall join one of the belligerents.
The Contracting o/ Acceding Parties reserve to themselves to
come hereafter to an understanding, whenever a precise proposal shall
be made in view of future improvements which science may bring
about in the arming of troops, in order to maintain the principles
which they have laid down and to reconcile the necessities of war
with the laws of humanity.
Done at St. Petersburg, the b 1868
Signed : (See MM French original).
DECLARATION
RELATIVE A. L'INTERDICTION DE LANCER DBS PROJECTILES ET
DES EXPLOSIFS DU HAUT DE BALLON8.
(October 18, 1907.)
Les Soussignes, Pienipotentiaires des Puissances conviees a la
Deuxi&me Conference Internationale de la Paix & La Haye, dument
autorises & cet effet par leurs Gouvernements,
S'inspirant des sentiments qui ont trouve leur expression dans la
Declaration de Saint-Petersbourg du 29 novembre (1 1 decembre) 1868,
et desirant renouveler la Declaration de La Haye du 29 juillet 1899,
arrived a expiration,
Dedarent :
Les Puissances contractantes consentent, pour une periode allant
jusqu'a la fin de la Troisieme Conference de la Paix, a Tinterdiction
de lancer des projectiles et des explosifs du haut de ballons ou par
d'autres modes analogues nouveaux.
La pr&ente Declaration n'est obligatoire que pour les Puissances
contractantes, en cas de guerre entre deux ou plusieurs d'entre elles.
124 APPENDIX III
Elle cessera d'etre obligatoire du moment oil, dans une guerre entre
des Puissances contractantes, une Puissance non coniractante se
joindrait & Pun des belligerents.
La pr&ente Declaration sera ratifiee dans le plus bref delai possible.
Les ratifications seront deposees & La Haye.
II sera dresse* du depot des ratifications un proces-verbal, dout une
copie, certified conforme, sera remise par la voie diplomatique & toutes
les Puissances contractantes.
Les Puissances non signataires pourront adherer a la presente
Declaration. Elles auront, & cet effet, & faire connaitre leur adhesion
aux Puissances contractantes, au moyen d'une notification ecrite,
adressee au Qouvernement des Pays-Bas et communique^ par celui-ci
& toutes les autres Puissances contractantes.
S'il arrivait qu'une des Hautes Parties Contractantes denon$at la
presente Declaration, cette de*nonciation ne produirait ses effets qu'un
an apres la notification faite par e*crit au Gouvernement des Pays-
Bas et communiquee immediatement par celui-ci & toutes les autres
Puissances contractantes.
Cette denonciation ne produira ses effets qu'k Vegard de la Puissance
qui 1'aura notifiee.
En foi de quoi, les Plenipotentiaires ont rev^tu la presente
Declaration de leurs signatures.
Fait & La Haye, le dix-huit octobre mil neuf cent sept, en un seul
exemplaire qui restera depose* dans les archives du Gouvernement des
Pays-Bas et dont des copies, certifiees conformes, seront remises par la
v~ie diplomatique aux Puissances contractantes.
(For the Parties to this Declaration, see Appendix /F, infra, p. 141.)
TRANSLATION.
DECLARATION
AS TO THE PROHIBITION OF THE DISCHARGE OF 'PROJECTILES
AND EXPLOSIVES FROM BALLOONS,
(October 18, 1907.)
The undersigned, Plenipotentiaries of the Powers invited to the
Second International Peace Conference at The Hague, duly authorized
THE HAGUE DECLARATIONS 125
by their Governments, inspired by the sentiments which found ex-
pression in the Declaration of St. Petersburg of the 29th November
(llth December), 1868, and desirous of renewing the Declaration of
The H^gue of 29th July, 1899, which has expired,
Declare that :
(tiee Art. 73, supra,p. 41.)
The present Declaration is only binding on the Contracting
Powers in the case of a war between two or more of them.
It shall cease to be binding from the time when, in a war between
the Contracting Powers, one of the belligerents shall be joined by
a non-Contracting Power.
The present Declaration shall be ratified as soon as possible.
The ratifications shall be deposited at The Hague.
A procds-verbal of the deposit of the ratifications shall be drawn up,
and a copy of it, certified as correct, shall be sent through the
diplomatic channels to all the Contracting Powers.
Non-Signatory Powers may give in their adhesion to the present
Declaration. For this purpose they must make their adhesion to it
known to the Contracting Powers by means of a written notification
addressed to the Government of the Netherlands, and by it communi-
cated to all the other Contracting Powers.
In the event of one of the High Contracting Parties denouncing the
present Declaration, the denunciation shall not take effect until a year
after the notification made in writing to the Government of t*e
Netherlands, and forthwith communicated by it to all the other
Contracting Powers.
This denunciation shall only affect the notifying Power.
In faith of which the Plenipotentiaries have signed the present
Declaration.
Done at The Hague, the 18th October, 1907, in a single copy, which
shall remain deposited in the archives of the Government of the
Netherlands, and copies of which, certified as correct, shall be sent by
the diplomatic channels to the Contracting Powers.
126 APPENDIX III
DECLARATION
CONCERNANT ^INTERDICTION DE L'EMPLOI DES PROJECTILES
QUI ONT POUR BUT UNIQUE DE R^PANDRE DES GAZ
ASPHYXIANTS OU
(July 29, 1899.)
Les Soussigne*s, Ple*nipotentiaires des Puissances represented a la
Conference Internationale de la Paix a La Haye, dument autoris&s a
cet effet par leurs Gouvernements,
8'inspirant des sentiments qui ont trouve* leur expression dans la
Declaration de Saint-Petersbourg du 29 novembre (11 de"cembre) 1868,
D6 clarent :
Les Puissances contractantes s'interdisent Temploi de projectiles qui
ont pour but unique de r^pandre des gaz asphyxiants ou dele* teres.
(The following eigM paragraphs are identical with the corresponding
paragraphs in tJw above Declaration as to balloons.}
En foi de quoi, les Plenipotentiaires ont signe* la pre"sente D6cla-
ration et Font revetue de leurs cachets.
Fait a La Haye, le vingt-neuf juillet mil huit cent quatre-vingt-
dix-neuf, en un seul exemplaire qui restera depose dans les archives
du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas, et dont des copies, certifiees con-
formes, seront remises par la voie diplomatique aux Puissances
contractantes.
(For tJie Parties to this and tlw following Declaration, see
Appendix IV, infra, p. 142.)
TRANSLATION.
DECLAEATION
AS TO THE EMPLOYMENT OF PROJECTILES THE &OLE OBJECT
OF WHICH IS TO DIFFUSE SUFFOCATING OR HARMFUL GASES.
(July 29, 1899.)
The undersigned, Plenipotentiaries of the Powers represented at the
International Peace Conference at The Hague, duly authorized to that
THE HAGUE DECLARATIONS 127
effect by their Governments, inspired by the sentiments which found
expression in the Declaration of St. Petersburg of the 29th November
(llth December), 1868,
Declare that :
(See Art. 74 of this work, supra, p. 42.)
(As to the following eight paragraphs, see the French original.)
In faith of which the Plenipotentiaries have signed the present
Declaration, and affixed their seals thereto.
Done at The Hague, the 29th July, 1899, in a single copy, which
shall be kept in the archives of the Government of the Netherlands,
and copies of which, certified as correct, shall be sent through the
diplomatic channels to the Contracting Powers.
DECLARATION
CONCERNANT L'INTERDICTION DE L'EMPLOI DE BALLES QUI
S'J&PANOUISSENT OU S'APLATISSENT PAOILEMENT DANS LE
CORPS HUMAIN, TELLES QUE LES BALLES A ENVELOPPE
DURE, DONT L'ENVELOPPE NE COUVRIRAIT PAS ENTlfeRE-
MENT LE NOYAU OU SERAIT POURVUE D'INCISIONS.
(July 29, 1899.)
Les Soussignes, Plenipotentiaires des Puissances repr^sentees & la
Conference Internationale de la Paix b, La Haye, dument autorise's
a cet effet pars leurs Gouvernements,
S'inspirant des sentiments qui ont trouv6 leur expression dans la
Declaration de Saint-P6tersbourg du 29 novembre (1 1 decembre) 1868,
D^clarent :
Les Puissances contractantes s'interdieent Temploi de balles qui
s'epanouissent ou s'aplatissent facilement dans le corps huinain, telles
que les balles & enveloppe dure dont 1'enveloppe ne couvrirait pas
entierement le noyau ou serait pourvue d'incisions.
( The following eight paragraphs are identical with the corresponding
paragraphs in the two precedir^g Declarations.)
En foi de quoi, les Plenipotentiaires ont signe la presente D6cla-
ration et Font revenue de leurs cachets.
128 APPENDIX III
Fait a La Haye, le vingt-neuf juillet mil huit cent quatre-vingt-
dix-neuf, en un seal exemplaire qui restera depos6 dans les archives
du Qouvernement des Pays-Bas, et dont des copies, certifies conformes,
seront remises par la voie diplomatique aux Paissaaces contra^tantes.
TRANSLATION.
DECLARATION
AS TO THE PROHIBITION OF THE USE OF BULLETS WHICH
SPREAD OR FLATTEN EASILY IN THE HUMAN BODY, SUdft
AS BULLETS WITH A HARD ENVELOPE, THE ENVELOPE OF
WHICH DOES NOT ENTIRELY COVER THE CORE, OR IS
PIERCED WITH INCISIONS.
(July 29, 1899.)
The undersigned, Plenipotentiaries of the Powers represented at
the International Peace Conference at The Hague, duly authorized to
that effect by their Governments, inspired by the sentiments which
found expression in the Declaration of St. Petersburg of the
29th November (llth December), 1868,
Declare that :
(See Art. 75 of this work, supra, p. 42.)
(As to the following eight paragraplis, see the French original.)
In faith of which the Plenipotentiaries have signed the present
Declaration, and have affixed their seals thereto.
Done at The Hague the 29th July, 1899, in a single copy, which
shall be kept in the archives of the Government of the Netherlands,
and copies of which, certified as correct, shall be sec*, through the
diplomatic channels to the Contracting Powers.
NEUTRAL BIGHTS AND DUTIES 129
CONVENTION No. v.
CONCERNANT LES DROITS ET LES DEVOIRS DBS PUISSANCES ET
DBS PERSONNES NEUTRES EN CAS DE GUERRE SUR TERRE.
Sa Majest6 le Hoi du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irknde,
&c., &c., &c.
(As in the Acte Final, supra, p. 84.)
En vue de mieux prciser les droits et les devoirs dea Puissances
neutres en cas de guerre sur terre et de regler la situation des belli-
ge>ants r6fugi6s en territoire neutre ;
D&irant egalement definir la qualit6 de neutre en attendant qu'il
soit possible de regler dans son ensemble la situation des particuliers
neutres dans leurs rapports avec les belligfrants ;
Ont r6solu de conclure une Convention & cet effet et ont, en con-
sequence, nomm6 pour Leurs PUnipotentiaires, savoir :
(See the Acte Final, supra, p. 84.)
Lesquels, apres avoir d6pos6 leurs pleins pouvoirs trouve* en bonne
et due forme, sont convenus des dispositions suivantes :
CHAPITEE PEEMLKE. Des Droits et des Devoirs des Puissances
neufoes.
Art. 1. Le territoire des Puissances neutres est inviolable.
Art. 2. II est interdit aux belligerants de faire passer a travers le
territoire d'une Puissance neutre des troupes ou des convois, soit de
munitions, soit d'approvisionnements.
Art. 3. II est Egalement interdit aux belligerants :
(a) d'installer sur le territoire d'une Puissance neutre une station
radio-teUgraphique ou tout appareil destin6 a servir comma moyen de
communication avec des forces bellige 1 rantes sur terre ou sur mer ;
(6) d'utiliser toute installation de ce genre etablie par eux avant la
guerre sur le te*ritoire de la Puissance neutre dans un but exclusive-
ment militaire, et qui n'a pas ete ouverte au service de la correspon-
dance publique.
Art. 4. Des corps de combattants ne peuvent dtre formes, ni des
bureaux d'enrolement ouverte, sur le territoire d'une Puissance neutre
au profit des belligerants.
180 APPENDIX III
Art. 5. Une Puissance neutre ne doit tourer sur son territoire
aucun des actes vis^s par les Articles 2 & 4.
Elle n'est tenue de punir des actes contraires & la neutrality que si
ces actes ont &6 commis sur son propre territoire.
Art. 6. La responsabilit6 d'une Puissance neutre n'est pas engagfe
par le fait que des individus passent isol^ment la fronti&re pour ^e
mettre au service de Tun des belligerents.
Art. 7. Une Puissance neutre n'est pas tentie d'empcher 1'exporta-
tion ou le transit, pour le compte de Tun ou de 1'autre des belli-
g^rants, d'armes, de munitions, et, en g^ndral, de tout ce qui peut Stre
utile & une arm6e ou a une flotte.
Art. 8. Une Puissance neutre n'est pas tenue d'interdire ou de
restreindre 1'usage, pour les bellige'rants, des cables t&6graphiqu$s
ou tele'phoniques, ainsi que des appareils de t&egraphie sans fil, qui
sont, soit sa proprie" t6, soit celle de compagnies ou de particuliers.
Art. 9. Toutes mesures restrictives ou prohibitives prises par
une Puissance neutre & regard des matures vis4es par les Articles 7
et 8 devront 6tre uniform^ment appliqu^es par elle aux bellig6rants.
La Puissance neutre veillera au respect de la rn^me obligation par
les compagnies ou particuliers proprtetaires de cables tel^graphiques
ou t416phoniques ou d' appareils de t^l^graphie sans fil.
Art. 10. Ne peut 6tre consid6r6 comme un acte hostile le fait, pa^
une Puissance neutre, de repousser, m6me par la force, les atteintes a
sa neutrality.
CHAPITRE II. Des belligeranta internes et des blesses soignes
chez les neutres.
Art. 11. La Puissance neutre qui re$oit sur son territoire des
troupes appartenant aux armies bellig6rantes les internera, autant
que possible, loin du theatre de la guerre.
Elle pourra les garder dans des camps, et mfcme les enfermer dans
-des forteresses ou dans des lieux approprie's a cet effet.
Elle d^cidera si les officiers peuvent 6tre laiss^s libres en prenant
I'engagement sur parole de ne pas quitter le territoire neutre sans
-autorisation.
Art. 12. A deTaut de convention sp^ciale, la Puissance neutre
fournira aux internes les vivres, les habillements et les secours com-
mand^s par rhumanite'.
Bonification sera faite, 4 la paix, des frais occasion^ par Fintenie-
ment.
NEUTRAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES 181
Art. 13. La Puissance neutre qui regoit des prisonniers de guerre
6*vadl8 les laissera en liberte". Si elle tolere leur sejour sur son terri-
toire, elle peut leur assigner une residence.
La .nSme disposition est applicable aux prisonniers de guerre
amends par des troupes se reTugiant sur le territoire de la Puissance
reutre.
Art. 14. Une Puissance neutre pourra autoriser le passage sur son
territoire des blesses on malades appartenant aux armies bellige!rantes,
sous la reserve que les trains qui les ameneront ne transporteront ni
personnel, ni materiel de guerre. En pareil cas, la Puissance neutre
est tenue de prendre les mesures de surete" et de contrdle ne*cessaires
& cet effet.
Les blesses ou malades amends dans ces conditions sur le territoire
neutre par un des bellige*rants, et qui appartiendraient a la Partie
adverse, devront dtre gardes par la Puissance neutre de maniere qu'ils
ne puissent de nouveau prendre part aux operations de la guerre.
Cette Puissance aura les me'mes devoirs quant aux blesses ou malades
de 1'autre arme'e qui lui seraient confie's.
Art. 15, La Convention de Geneve s'applique aux malades et aux
Hesse's interne's sur territoire neutre.
CHAPITBB III. Des personnes neutres.
Art. 16. Sont considers comme neutres les nationaux d'un
qui ne prend pas part a la guerre.
Art. 1 7. Un neutre ne peut pas se pre*valoir de sa neutrality :
(a) s'il commet des actes hostiles contre un bellige'rant ;
(b) s'il commet des actes en faveur d'un bellig^rant, notamment s'il
prend volontairement du service dans les rangs de la force arme'e de
Tune des Parties.
En pareil cas, le neutre ne sera pas traite* plus rigoureusement par
le bellige'rant contre lequel il s'est depart! de la neutrality que ne
pourrait TStre, a raison du me'me fait, un national de Tautre ^tat
bellig^rant.
Art. 18. itfe seront pas consider^s comme actes commis en faveur
d'un des bellige'rants, dans le sens de T Article 17, lettre b :
(a) les fournitures faites ou les emprunts consentis a Fun des
bellig4rants, pourvu que le fournisseur *ou le prteur n'habite ni le
territoire de Tautre Partie, ni le territoire occupe 1 par elle, et que les
fournitures ne proviennent pas de ces territoires ;
f K2
132 APPENDIX III
(b) les services rendus en matiere de police on d'administration
civile.
CHAMTBE IV. Du materiel des chemina de fer.
Art. 19. Le materiel des chemins de fer provenant du terntuire
de Puissances neutres, qu'il appartienne a ces Puissances ou a des
socles ou personnes privies, et reconnaissable comm. tel, ne pourra
&tre re'quisitionne' et utilise" par un bellige'rant que dans le cas et la
mesure od 1'exige une imp^rieuse n^cessite*. II sera renvoye" aussitot
que possible dans le Pays d'origine.
La Puissance neutre pourra de mSme, en cas de ne'cessite', retenir et
utiliser, jusqu'a due concurrence, le materiel provenant du territoire
de la Puissance belligerante.
Une indemnity sera pay6e de part et d'autre, en proportion da
materiel utilis^ et de la dure"e de 1' utilisation.
CHAPITEE V. Dispositions finales.
Art. 20. Les dispositions de la presents Convention ne sont
applicables qu'entre les Puissances contractantes et seulement si les
bellig6rants sont tous parties a la Convention.
Art. 21. La pr^sente Convention sera ratifie'e aussitot que
possible.
Les ratifications seront de" poshes a La Haye .
Le premier de'pot de ratifications sera constate* par un proces-verbal
si^ne" par les Repre"sentants des Puissances qui y prennent part et par
le Ministre des Affaires iltrangeres des Pays-Bas.
Les depots ulte*rieurs de ratifications se feront au moyen d ; une
notification 6crite adress^e au Gouvernement des Pays-Bas et accom-
pagn6e de 1'instrument de ratification.
Copie certified conforrae du proces-verbal relatif au premier de*p6t
de ratifications, des notifications mentionne*es a 1'alin^a pr^c^dent,
ainsi que des instruments de ratification sera imme'diatement remise
par les soins du Gouvernement des Pays-Bas et par la voie diplomati-
que aux Puissances convives a la Deuxieme Conference de la Paix,
ainsi qu'aux autres Puissances qui auront adhere* a hi Convention.
Dans les cas vise's par Talin^a pre'ce'dent, ledit Gouvernement leur
fera connaltre en meme temps la date a laquelle il a re$u la
notification.
Art. 22. Les Puissances non signatures sont adjaises a adherer &
la pr&ente Convention.
NEUTRAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES 138
La Puissance qui desire adherer notifie par ecrit son intention an
Gouvernement des Pays-Bas en lui transmettant 1'acte d'adhe'sion qui
sera dpos dans les archives du dit Gouvernement.
Ce Qouvernement transmettra imm&liatement a toutes les autres
Puissances copie certified conforme de la notification ainsi que de
1'acte d'adhesion, en indiquant la date a laquelle il a re9u la notifi-
cation.
Art. 23. La pr^sente Convention produira effet, pour les Puissances
qui auront particip au premier dpot de ratifications, soixante jours
apres la date du proces- verbal de ce dpot et, pour les Puissances qui
ratifieront ulte*rieurement ou qui adhe*reront, soixante jours apres que
la notification de leur ratification ou de leur adhesion aura e!6 re$ue
par le Gouvernement des Pays-Bas.
Art. 24. S'il arrivait qu'une des Puissances Contractantes vouldt
denoncer la pr^sente Convention, la d^nonciation sera notified par
^crit au Gouvernement des Pays-Bas qui communiquera immediate-
ment copie certified conforme de la notification a toutes les autres
Puissances, en leur faisant savoir la date a laquelle il l'a re$ue.
La d^nonciation ne produira ses effets qu'a 1'^gard de la Puissance
qui 1'aura notified et un an apres que la notification en sera parvenue
au Gouvernement des Pays-Bas.
Art. 25. Un registre tenu par le Ministere des Affaires ^trangeres
des Pays-Bas indiquera la date du depot des ratifications effectu en
vertu de 1'Article 21, alin4as 3 et 4, ainsi que la date a laquelle
auront et rejues les notifications d'adhesion (Article 22, alina 2) ou
de d6nonciation (Article 24, alina 1).
Chaque Puissance contractante est admise a prendre connaissance
de ce registre et a en demander des extraits certifies conformes.
En foi de quoi, les Plnipotentiaires ont rev6tu la pr^sente Con-
vention de leurs signatures.
Fait a La Haye, le dix-huit octobre mil neuf cent sept, en un seul
xemplaire qui restera depos6 dans les archives du Gouvernement des
Pays-Bas et dont des copies, certifies conformes, seront remises par la
voie diplomatique aux Puissances qui ont t convives a la Deuxieme
Conference de-la Paix.
134 APPENDIX III
TRANSLATION.
THE HAGUE CONVENTION No. v OF 1907, CONCERNING THE RIGHTS
AND DUTIES OP NEUTBAL POWEES AND INDIVIDUALS IN CASE
OP A WAB ON LAND.
His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom, &c., &c.
With a view to a better definition of the rights and the duties
of neutral Powers in case of war on land, and to regulate the position
of belligerents taking refuge in neutral Territory ;
Desiring also to define the characteristics of a neutral, until it shall
be possible to regulate the whole position of neutral individuals in
their relations with belligerents ;
Have resolved to enter into a Convention for that purpose, and
have therefore named as their Plenipotentiaries, to wit :
(As to the Powers and Plenipotentiaries, see the Acte Final, supra, p. 84}
who, after having deposited their full powers, found to be in good
and proper form, have agreed upon the following provisions :
(Arts. 1-19 figure as Arts. 121-139 of the present work.)
20. The provisions of the present Convention are applicable only
between the Contracting Powers, and only if the belligerents are all
parties to the Convention.
(All the rest of the Convention, from Art. 21 to the end, is identical
tp'th H. Hi, Art. 4 to end, and H. iv, Art. 5 to end, except that Art. 25 in
this Convention varies slightly from the corresponding Articles in H. iii
and H. iv, and runs as follows :)
25. A Register kept by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs
shall give the date of the deposit of ratifications made in virtue of
Art. 21, paragraphs 3 and 4, as well as the date on which the
notifications of adhesion (Article 22, par. 2) or of denunciation
(Article 24, par. 1) have been received.
Each Contracting Power is entitled to inspect this Register and to
be supplied with extracts from it, certified as correct.
Since the Powers which are parties to the Geneva Convention of 1864 and
to the Hague Convention No. ii of 1899 remain, bound by those Acts, unless
and until they have respectively become parties to the Geneva Convention
THE GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1864 135
of 1906 and to the Hague Convention No. iv of 1907, H may be desirable
here to set out the terms of the earlier Geneva Convention, and to note the
few, and generally unimportant, differences between the earlier and later
Hague Conventions above mentioned.
THE GENEVA CONVENTION OF 1864.
The Swiss Confederation, H.R.H. the Grand-Duke of Baden, &c., &c.,
equally inspired by the wish to soften, so far as is in their power, the evils
inseparable from war, to suppress useless severity, and to improve the lot of
wounded soldiers on fields of battle, have resolved to conclude a Conven-
tion for this purpose, and have named as their Plenipotentiaries, to wit :
&0., &C, &C.,
who, after having exchanged their powers, found to be in good and proper
form, have agreed upon the following articles :
1. Military ambulances and hospitals shall be considered to be neutral,
and, as such, shall be protected and respected by the belligerents so long as
any sick or wounded shall be therein.
If these ambulances or hospitals should be held by a military force, their
neutrality would terminate.
2. The persons employed in hospitals and ambulances, comprising the staff
for superintendence, medical service, administration, transport of wounded,
as well as the chaplains, shall share in the benefit of neutrality whilst so
employed, and so long as there remain any wounded to bring in or to
succour.
8. The persons mentioned in the preceding article may, even after
capture by the enemy, continue to discharge their duties in the hospital or
ambulance which they serve, or may withdraw in order to rejoin the corps
to which they belong.
Under such circumstances, when those persons shall cease from the ch~-
charge of their duties, they shall be delivered by the army which has
captured them to the outposts of the enemy.
4. As the equipment of military hospitals remains subject to the laws of
war, persons attached to such hospitals cannot, on withdrawing, carry away
any articles but such as are their private property.
Under the same circumstances an ambulance shall, on the contrary, retain
its equipment.
5. Inhabitants of the country who shall bring help to the wounded shall
be respected, and shall remain free. The Generals of the belligerent Powers
shall make it their care to inform the inhabitants of the appeal addressed to
their humanity, and of the neutrality which will be the consequence of it.
Any wounded man received and cared for in a house shall serve as a pro-
tection thereto. Any inhabitant who shall have taken wounded men into
his house shall be exempted from the quartering of troops, as well as from
a part of the war contributions which may ty& imposed.
6. Wounded or sick soldiers shall be brought in and cared for, to what-
ever nation they nfay belong.
Commanders-in-ohief shall have the power to deliver immediately to the
136 APPENDIX III
outposts of the enemy soldiers who have been wounded in an engagement,
when circumstances permit this to be done, and with the cor sent of both
parties.
Those who, after recovery, are considered to be incapable of serving, shall
be sent back to their country.
The others may also be sent back, on consideration of not again bearing
arms during the continuance of the war.
Evacuations, together with the persons under whose directions they take
place, shall be protected by an absolute neutrality.
7. A distinctive and uniform flag shall be adopted for hospitals, ambu-
lances, and evacuations. It must, in every case, be accompanied by the
national flag. An arm-badge (brassard) shall also be allowed for individuals
neutralized, but the delivery thereof shall be left to military authority.
The flag and the arm-badge shall bear a red cross on a white ground.
8. The details of the execution of the present Convention shall be regulated
by the Commanders-in-chief of belligerent armies, according to the instruc-
tions of their respective Governments, and in conformity with the general
principles laid down in this Convention.
9. The High Contracting Powers have agreed to communicate the present
Convention to those Governments which have not beon able to send Pleni-
potentiaries to the International Conference at Geneva, with an invitation
to accede thereto ; the Protocol is for that purpose left open.
10. The present Convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications of it
shall be exchanged at Berne in four months, or sooner if possible.
In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the same,
and have affixed thereto the seal of their arms.
Done at Geneva, the twenty-second day of August, one thousand eight
hundred and sixty-four.
(Signed on behalf of twelve Powers, of which, at the time, Great Britain
was not one. For a list of ratifying, or acceding Powers, see Appendix IV,
p. 140.)
DIFFERENCES (OTHER TRAM PURELY VERBAL, OR AS TO DATES) BETWEEN
H. ii OF 1899 AND H. iv OF 1907.
The Convention of 1899 has been varied by that of 1907 :
in recitals, par. 4, by insertion of "have thought it necessary to com-
plete and make clearer on certain points the work of the First Peace
Conference, which ".
in par. 9, by insertion of " new " before u Convention ".
by insertion, as new matter, of Arts. 3 and 4, the last two pars, of Art. 5,
and Arts. 7 and 9.
The annexed Reglement has been similarly varied :
in Art 2, by insertion in par. 1 of "if it bears arms openly".
in Art. 5, by insertion of " and only while circumstances necessitating
this measure continue to subsist ".
in Art. 6, by the insertion of, in par. 1, " with the exception of officers,"
H. ii, 1899, AND H. iv, 1907, COMPARED 187
and, in par. 8, " if there be no such tariff, in accordance with a tariff
in proportion to the work done. 1 '
In Art. 14, by the insertion of, in par. 1, " The bureau should enter" to
end, and, in par. 2, " liberated on parole, exchanged, escaped, or."
in -Art. 17, by the substitution of " shall receive the gay to which officers
of the same rank of the country in which they are held prisoners
are entitled " for " may receive, in proper cases, the sum which is
payable to them, while in that situation, by the regulations of their
own county ".
in Art. 23, by the addition of ol. (A), and of the paragraph which follows,
which (except that "operations of war" is substituted for "military
operations ") is identical with Art. 44 of the older Rtglemtni.
in Art. 25, by the insertion of " by any means whatever".
in Art. 27, by insertion of " historical monuments ".
in Art. 44, by substitution of entirely new matter for that now relegated
to the concluding par. of Art. 23.
in Art. 52, by addition of "and the payment of the sums due shall be
made as soon as possible ".
in Art. 58, par. 2, by substitution of " all the means ... or of things "
for " the material of railways, land telegraphs, steam-boats, and other
vessels ".
in Art. 54, by substitution of entirely new matter for the contents of the
old art., which ran : " The material of railways coming from neutral
States, whether belonging to those States, or to private companies or
individuals, shall be returned to them as soon as possible" (see now
H. v. 29, ivtfra Art. 133). Arts. 57-60 of 1899 are omitted from the
Rtglement of 1907, but are textually reproduced as Arts. 11, 12, 14, 15
of H. v (infra Arts. 181, 182, 184, 185).
APPENDIX IV
LISTS OF POWERS WHICH ARE PARTIES (BY RATIFICA-
TION, ACCESSION, OR AS YET MERELY BY SIGNA-
TURE) TO THE DIPLOMATIC ACTS BEARING ON
THE LAW OF WAR ON LAND.*
(1.)
SIGNATORIES OF THE HAGUE CONVENTION No. iii OF 1907, AS
TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES (TO JtJNE 30, 1908).
Argentine Republic ; Austria-Hungary; Belgium; Bolivia; Brazil;
Bulgaria ; Chili ; Colombia ; Cuba ; Denmark ; Dominican Republic ,
Ecuador ; France ; Germany ; Great Britain ; Greece ; Guatemala ;
Hay ti ; Italy ; Japan ; Luxemburg ; Mexico ; Montenegro ; Nether-
lands; Panama; Paraguay; Persia; Peru; Portugal; Roumania;
Russia; Salvador; Servia; Siam; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland;
Turkey ; United States ; Uruguay ; Venezuela.
* It will be observed that in the case of H. iii, iv, v, as also of the Hague
Declaration of 1907, the information given relates only to the signatures
appended to these Acts. It will not be possible for some time to come to
give complete lists of the signatories who have ratified, and of non-
signatories who have acceded to the Acts. The time allowed for signature
not having expired till June 80 1908, the Powers have had ample opportunity
for deciding upon their course of action. It may therefore be presumed that
the official list of signatures and reserves up to that date will almost certainly
correspond to the list of ratifications which still remains to be completed.
CHE HAGUE CONVENTION ON LAND WARFARE 189
All the Powers represented have signed, except China, Nicaragua,
and Norwa}, and without reserve.
(2.)
SlGNATOBIBS OF TkE HAGUE CONVENTION No. iv OF 1907, AS
TO THE LAWS AND CUSTOMS OF WAE ON LAND, SUPERSEDING THAT
OF 1899 ON THE SAME SUBJECT (TO JUNE 30, 1908).*
Argentine Republic ; Austria-Hungary; Belgium; Bolivia; Brazil;
Bulgaria ; Chili ; Colombia ; Cuba ; Denmark ; Dominican Republic ;
Ecuador ; France ; Germany ; Great Britain ; Greece ; Guatemala ;
Eayti ; Italy ; Japan ; Luxemburg ; Mexico ; Montenegro ; Nether-
lands; Norway; Panama; Paraguay; Persia; Peru; Portugal;
Boumania ; Russia ; Salvador ; Servia ; Siam ; Sweden ; Switzerland ;
Turkey ; United States ; Uruguay ; Venezuela.
China, Spain, and Nicaragua have not signed.
Turkey signed under reserve as to Article 3 of the Convention ;
and Austria-Hungary, Germany, Japan, Montenegro, and Russia,
under reserve as to Article 44 of the Reglement.
(Parties to the Hague Convention No. ii of 1899, as to the laws and custom '
of war on land : now superseded as between Powers which shall have ratified
the above Convention of 1907 on the same subject :
Argentine Republic ; Austria-Hungary ; Belgium ; Bolivia ; Brazil ; Bul-
garia ; Chili ; Colombia ; Corea ; Cuba ; Denmark ; Dominican Republic ;
Ecuador ; France ; Germany ; Great Britain ; Greece ; Guatemala ; Hayti ;
Honduras ; Italy ; Japan ; Luxemburg ; Mexico ; Montenegro ; Netherlands ;
Nicaragua; Norway; Panama; Paraguay; Persia; Peru; Portugal; Bou-
mania ; Russia ; Salvador ; Servia ; Siam ; Spain ; Sweden ; Switzerland ;
Turkey ; United States ; Uruguay ; Venezuela.
All these Powers, except Corea (now represented by Japan), Honduras,
Nicaragua, and^Spain, have already signed, and some of them have ratified,
the superseding Convention of 1907.)
* N.B. the note to p. 188 supra.
140 APPENDIX IV
(3.)
SIGNATORIES OF THE GENEVA CONVENTION OP 1906, AS TO THE
CARE OF THE SICK AND WOUNDED, TOGETHER WITH POWERS WHICH
HAVE ACCEDED TO IT, SUPERSEDING AS BETWEEN PARTIES TO> IT
THAT OF 1864 ON THE SAME SUBJECT.
Argentine Republic ; *Austria-Hungary ; *Belgium ; *Brazil ;
Bulgaria ; Chili ; China ; * Colombia ; *Congo ; [Corea], ^Denmark ;
France; * Germany; *Great Britain; Greece; Guatemala; Honduras;
*Italy; * Japan; *Luxemburg; *Mexico; Montenegro; Netherlands;
*Niearagua ; Norway ; Persia ; Peru ; Portugal ; Boumania ; *Russia ;
Servia; *8iam; * Spain; Sweden; * Switzerland ; * Turkey; *Unitecl
States; Uruguay; * Venezuela. c
Great Britain signed and ratified under reserve of Arts. 23, 27, 28 ;
Persia signed under reserve of Art. 1 8 ; and Turkey acceded under
reserve that a red crescent will be employed to protect her own
ambulances.
The Powers marked with * have already ratified or acceded.
(Parties to the Geneva Convention of 1864 as to the sick and wounded :
now superseded, as between Powers which have ratified or acceded to the
Convention of 1906 on the same subject. These Powers are marked * in the
following list:
Argentine Republic ; *Austria ; *Baden ; *Bavaria ; "Belgium ; Bolivia ;
"Brazil; Bulgaria; Chili; China; "Colombia; *Congo ; "Corea; Cuba;
*Denmark ; Dominican Republic ; Ecuador ; France ; "Great Britain ;
Greece ; Guatemala ; Hayti ; *Hesse-Darmstadt ; Honduras ; "Italy; "Japan;
"Luxemburg ; "Mecklenburg-Schwerin ; "Mexico ; Montenegro ; Netherlands ;
"Nicaragua ; Panama ; Paraguay ; Persia ; Peru j [the Pope ;] Portugal ;
"Prussia; Roumania ; "Russia; Salvador; Saxony; Servia; "Siam; "Spain;
Sweden and Norway ; "Switzerland ; "Turkey ; "United States ; Uruguay ;
"Venezuela; "Wiirtemberg.
The Pope is, of course, not now a temporal sovereign. Oorea no longer
exercises treaty-making powers, and many States which were separately
represented in 1864 were in 1906 included in the German Empire.)
THE HAGUE DECLARATIONS
(*)
PARTIES TO THE DECLARATION OF ST. PETERSBURG OF 1868, ON
EXPLOSIVE BULLETS.
Austria-Hungary ; Baden ; Belgium ; Brazil ; Denmark ; France ;
Great Britain; Greece; Italy; Netherlands; Persia; Portugal;
Prussia ; Russia ; Sweden and Norway ; Switzerland ; Turkey.
(5, 6, 7.)
PARTIES TO THE THREE HAGUE DECLARATIONS.
i.
SIGNATORIES TO THE HAGUE DECLARATION OF 1907 AS TO PRO-
JECTILES FROM BALLOONS (BEING A RE-DRAFT OF THE EXPIRED
HAGUE DECLARATION OF 1899 ON THE SAME SUBJECT) TO REMAIN
IN FORCE UNTIL THE TERMINATION OF THE THIRD PEACE CON-
FERENCE.*
Argentine Republic ; Austria-Hungary ; Belgium ; Bolivia ; Brazil ;
.Bulgaria ; China ; Colombia ; Cuba ; Dominican Republic ; Ecuador ;
Great Britain ; Greece ; Hayti ; Luxemburg ; Netherlands ; Norway ;
Panama ; Persia ; Peru ; Portugal ; Salvador ; Siam ; Switzerland ;
Turkey ; United States ; Uruguay.
Chili; Denmark; France; Germany; Guatemala; Italy; Japan; ,
Mexico ; Montenegro ; Nicaragua ; Paraguay ; Roumania ; Russia ;
fcervia ; Spain ; Sweden ; Venezuela ; have not signed.
Some of the Signatories have already ratified.
(The following Powers ratified or acceded to the Hague Declaration on this
subject of 1899) which ceased to be operative at the expiration of the five
years for which it was made :
Austria-Hungary ; Belgium ; Bulgaria ; China ; Denmark ; France ;
Germany ; Greece ; Italy ; Japan ; Luxemburg ; Mexico ; Montenegro ;
Netherlands; Persia; Portugal; Roumania; Russia; Servia ; Siam; Spain;
Sweden and Norway ; Switzerland ; United States.)
* N.B. the note to p. 188 supra.
142 APPENDIX IV
IL
PABTIES, BY RATIFICATION OB ACCESSION, TO THE HAGUE DF-
CLABATION No. ii OF 1899, AS TO HABMFUL OASES.
Austria-Hungary; Belgium; Bulgaria; China; Denmark; France;
Germany ; Great Britain ; Greece ; Italy ; Japan ; Luxemburg ;
Mexico ; Montenegro ; Netherlands ; Nicaragua ; Persia ; Portugal ;
Roumania; Russia; Servia; Siam; Spain; Sweden and Norway;
Switzerland.
111.
PABTIES, BY BATIFICATION OR ACCESSION, TO THE HAGUE DE-
CLARATION No. iii OF 1899, AS TO EXPANDING BULLETS.
Austria-Hungary; Belgium; Bulgaria; China; Denmark; France;
Germany ; Great Britain ; Greece ; Italy ; Japan ; Luxemburg ;
Mexico ; Montenegro ; Netherlands ; Nicaragua ; Persia ; Portugal ;
Roumania ; Russia ; Servia ; Siam ; Spain ; Sweden and Norway ;
Switzerland.
(8.)
SIGNATORIES OF THE HAGUE CONVENTION No. v OF 1907, AS
TO THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF NEUTRALS.*
Argentine Republic ; Austria-Hungary; Belgium; Bolivia; Brazil;
Bulgaria; Chili; Colombia; Cuba; Denmark; Dominican Republic;
Ecuador ; France ; Germany ; Great Britain ; Greece ; Guatemala ;
Hayti ; Italy ; Japan ; Luxemburg ; Mexico ; Montenegro ; Nether-
lands ; Norway ; Panama ; Paraguay ; Persia ; Peru ; Portugal ;
Roumania ; Russia ; Salvador ; Servia ; Siam ; Spain ; Sweden ;
Switzerland ; Turkey ; United States ; Uruguay ; Venezuela.
China and Nicaragua have not signed.
The Argentine Republic signed under reserve of Art. 19, and
Great Britain under reserve of Arts. 16, 17, 18.
* N.B. tlie note to p. 188 supra.
INDEX
Accession, 7.
Action, rights of, 6, 44.
Acts, diplomatic, bearing on land
warfare, 3, 4, 10, 74-82, 83-137.
Aid Societies, 32, 34.
9 the material of is
private property, 34.
-, neutral, 32, 38.
Allegiance, oath of, 53.
Apocryphal articles, 9, 41, 44, 66, 67.
Application of the Hague Code, 6,
7,19.
Armed forces, what they comprise,
20, 32.
Armistices, 50.
, effects of, 50, 51.
, notification of, 50.
, violation of, 51.
, general or local, 50.
Armlet, 36, 37, 40.
Arms, which, prohibited, 41, 42, 43.
Army, meaning of, 20.
Act, the, 14, 15, 54.
Art, works of, 46, 59.
Assassination, prohibited, 16, 43.
Assault, 44, 46.
, treatment of town taken
by, 46.
Attaches, military, 24.
Authorities, see Sources.
B
Balloons, persons in, not spies, 47.
, projectiles from, 41, 81,
119.
Bearer companies, 30.
Belli commercia, 48.
Belligerent Powers, responsibilities
of, 19.
Belligerents, lawful, who are, 20.
Besieged places, rule as to sending
wounded into, or out of, 35.
Black type, meaning of, 10.
Bluntschli, 12.
Bombardments, when warning of
required, 46.
, places to be spared
in, 46.
Booty, see Pillage.
Brackets, square, meaning of, 9, 41,
44, 66, 67.
Brassard, the Geneva, see Armlet.
Brussels, Conference, the, 12, 61,
79.'
Bullets, expanding, 42.
, explosive, 41.
144
INDEX
Bureaux, for information, &c., 24.
Burial of prisoners, 26, 29.
Bynkershoek, 9, 11.
Cables, submarine, 58.
Capitulations, 49.
Cartels, 51.
Certificates of death of prisoners,
26.
of identity to accom-
pany brassards, 37.
Chaplains, Army, 31.
Charity, buildings devoted to, 59.
Churches, &c., 59.
Citation, mode of, 10.
Civil Hospitals, 34, 38.
Clausewitz, von, 12 n. t 13.
Combatants, 20.
Commander-in-Chief, duties and
powers of, 38, 55.
Commanding officers, duties and
powers of, 28, 37, 38, 56.
Commencement of hostilities, 18,
81, 92-96.
Common forms in the Acts, 6 n.
Communes, property of, 59.
Communications, interference with,
16.
Compensation, 58, 68.
, when a matter of
grace and favour, 67.
Compulsion, 44, 53.
Conference, the Geneva, of 1864, 76.
, 1906, 77.
, Hague, of 1899, 79.
, of 1907, 3.
, Final
Act of, the, 88-91.
-, criti-
cism of the work of, 4, 5.
Consuls, 17.
Contributions, 55.
Convention, the Geneva, of 1864, 2,
76.
, , text
of, 135.
Convention, the Geneva, of 18o4,
parties to, 140.
, ol 1906, 3,
-, ,text
,par-
66, 77.
of, 111-120.
ties to, 140.
-, the
1899, 79, 136, 139.
1907, 3, 75, 81.
of, 92-96.
ties to, 138.
3, 75, 79/136.
, No. ii of
No. iii of
,text
,par-
of, 96-111.
ties to, 139.
-,No.ivofl9C7,
,text
,par-
, va-
riations from 1899 in, 136.
, No. v of 1907,
3, 75, 82.
of, 129-134.
,text
, par-
ties to, 142.
Conventions, as a source of the laws
of war, 2, 9.
Convoys, of evacuation, 34, 35.
, material of,
35.
personnel
of, 35.
Correspondents, war, 24.
Courts-martial, 15.
, military, 15.
Custom, as a source of the laws ot
war, 1, 9.
Dead, treatment of the, 26, 28, ?9.
or alive, offer for, prohibited,
43.
INDEX
145
Death certificates, 26.
Declaration of St. Petersburg, the,
3, 12, 41.
, historical note on, 77.
^_- , text of, 121-123.
, parties to, 141.
of Wa-, 18.
Declarations, 'the three of the
Hague, 4, 4 1 . 12.
, historical note on, 80.
, texts of, 123-128.
, parties to, 141, 142.
Denunciation, 7.
Deportation, 16.
Despatches, carriers of, 47.
Destruction of property, 43, 68.
Devastation, 13, 44.
Diplomatic representatives, exemp-
tions of, 15, 17.
Diseases, spreading of, 43.
Dunant, H., 79.
Duration of Conventions, &c., 6.
Duties of States and of individuals
should be kept apart, 5.
E
Earlier Acts, when superseded by
later, 7, 134-137.
Emblem, the Geneva, 36-40, 45.
Enemy property, 43.
Equipment, medical and surgical,
33, 35.
Escape of prisoners, 22.
Evacuations, 34.
Expanding bullets, 42, 127, 128.
Explosive bullets, 41, 121-123.
Family rights, 54.
Field hospitals? 30.
Final Act, the, of 1907, 83-91.
Fixed establishments, 33, 34.
Flag, the national, meaning of, 37,
45.
HOLLAHD
of the enemy,
Flag, the national, neutral, not to
be hoisted by medical units, 38,
40.
, the Red Cross, 36, 37.
1 j the only flag
for medical units in captivity, 37.
of truce, 45, 48.
-, improper use of, 45.
Followers of an army, 24.
Frederick the Great, 45, 47.
G
Gases, diffusion of harmful, 42, 126.
General principles, 11-17.
Staff, the Prussian, 13.
Geneva Conference, the, see Con-
ference.
Conventions, the, see Con-
vention.
Cross, see Red Cross.
Good faith to be kept, 45.
Guides, 44, 53.
H
Hague, the Conference of the, see
Conference.
, the Reglement, 3, 5, 9, 19,
100-108, 111.
" Hague Code of land warfare n , the
term suggested, 3, 8, 9.
Historical monuments, 46.
notes on the Diplomatic
Acts, 72-82.
Holzendorff, 13.
Hospitals, equipment of, 33.
, staff of, 81.
-, to be indicated in sieges,
46.
Hostilities, conduct of, 40-48.
I
Identification, of wounded and
dead, 29.
146
INDEX
Identification, of holders of bras-
sards, 37.
Identity, evidences of, 26, 29.
Indemnities, 67.
Indemnity, Acts of, 17.
Information bureaux, 24.
, compulsion to give,
53.
Inhabitants aiding wounded, 29.
- of occupied territory,
53.
-, peaceful, 17.
Injuring the enemy, right of not
unlimited, 40.
1 means of, 40.
Institut de Droit International,
Manual of the, 12, 18, 79.
Instruction to be given to troops,
19, 39.
Intercourse, non-hostile, between
enemies, 48-52.
Internment, 21, 64-66.
. 9 expenses of, 65.
Invader, rights of, 53.
K
Kriegsgebrauch, 13.
Kriegsraison, 13.
Kriegsverrath, 49.
Kluber, 13.
Labour of prisoners, 21.
Law, martial, see Martial law.
Lawful belligerents, 20.
Laws in occupied territory, how
far interfered with, 53.
of War, sources of, 1, 2, 3, 4.
, unwritten, 1, 8, 10,
19.
2, 71-73.
2,3,4.
-, written, 1,8,21.
-, national manuals of,
-, International, as to,
Legislation, undertakings for, S3,
39, 40.
-, quasi-, international,
3,4.
Letters of prisoners, 25.
Leve'e en masse, the, 20.
Licences, 51.
Lieber, Dr., 14, 71.
Loans to beVigerer 4 -* 67.
Local authorities, 53.
Loot, see Pillage.
M
Marauding, 16.
Martial law, 14-17.
-, in the home territory,
16.
. 1 proclamation of, 16, 17.
, punishments under, 16.
, courts-, 15.
Material of aid societies, 34.
Means of injuring, limitations on,
40-43.
Medical material, 27, 33.
personnel, 27, 31, 33.
units, may possess arms,
30.
-, mobile, 30, 33.
-, fixed, 30, 33.
Mentiti transfugae, 47.
Military authority in occupied terri-
tory, 52.
courts, 14, 15, 24.
force, meaning of the term
in the Geneva Convention, 30, 31.
law, 15.
necessity, 12, 13, 14, 33,
43.
limitations
upon, 53.
- receipts, 12, 13, 33.
Militia, 20.
Mobile medical units, 30, 33.
Mohammedan troops, 36.
Moltke, von, 12.
Montesquieu, 11.
INDEX
147
N
Name, prisoners bound to disclose,
. 23.
Nation? 1 flag, of belligerent, 37.
, of enemy, 45.
-, of neutral State, 38.
instruction^, 2, 71-73.
Nature of tjae 1* ws of*^ar, 1, 9.
Necessities of war, see Military
necessity.
Neutral aid societies, 32, 38.
flag not to be hoisted, 38.
Powers, rights and duties
of, 62-64.
to, 18.
-, notification of war
property in belligerent
territory, 57, 68.
subjects, 16, 17, 66-68.
territory, belligerents in, 64.
to be respected,
62.
1 passage of
wounded through, 65.
zone, during armistice, 51.
Neutrality, see Inviolability.
Neutrals, diplomatic representa-
tives of, 17.
, joining belligerents, 67.
Newspaper correspondents, 24.
Non-combatants, 20.
Non-hostile intercourse between
belligerents, 48-52, 71.
Notification of war to neutrals, 18.
Oath, of allegiance, not to be ex-
acted in occupied territory, 53.
, of neutrality, 53.
Object of war, the, 11.
Obrecht, U. von, 13.
Occupied territory, definition of, 52.
_5 > 1 laws in, 52.
. rights and
duties of invader in, 15, 20,52-59.
Occupying invader, he should no-
tify population, 52.
Officers, prisoners, 21, 23, 24, 26.
Parole, 23, 64.
Parties to the several Diplomatic
Acts, 138-142.
Passage, through neutral territory,
65.
Passports, 51.
Pay of medical personnel, 33.
officers, prisoners, 26.
Payment for supplies, 56.
work of prisoners, 22.
Peaceful inhabitants, 17.
Penalties for violations of the laws
of war, 55, 59-61.
Personnel, medical, 31, 35, 36.
Pestel, F. W., 13.
Petersburg, St., Declaration of, see
Declaration.
Pillage, prohibited, 46, 54.
Piquets, 31.
Plan of this book, 8.
Poison, or poisoned arms, prohi-
bited, 43.
Population of occupied territory,
treatment of, 53-57. t /
" Possible, so far as," 28.
Postage, free, 25.
Powers, parties to the Diplomatic
Acts, lists of, 138-142.
Prisoners of war, 21-27.
- , Bureaux for in-
formation as to, 24.
, convalescent, 28.
t earnings of, 22.
, escape of, 22, 65.
., gifts for, 25.
insubordination
of, 22.
64-66.
-, internment of, 21,
-, labour of, 21.
-, letters of, 25.
148
INDEX
Prisoners of war, maintenance of,
22.
-, must declare name
, parole of, 23.
, payment to, 22.
, punishment of, 22,
, release of, 23.
, Relief Societies,
, religious worship
, repatriation of, 27.
f w iH 8 of, 26.
1 persons enjoying
greater privileges than, 30, 31.
-, who cannot claim
and rank, 23.
24.
25.
of, 26.
to be, 24, 47.
, wounded and sick
are, 28.
Private property, see Property,
private.
Property of localities, 59.
, enemy, 43.
, neutral, 68.
of prisoners, 21.
, private, 34, 54, 57, 58.
Punishment, 14, 16, 22, 23, 24, 39,
59-61.\
Q
Quarter, not to be refused, 43.
Quasi-legislation, international, 2,
R
Railway plant, 57.
, neutral, 68.
Ratifications, 7.
Realizable securities, 57.
Receipts, 55, 57.
Red Crescent, the, 36.
Red Cross, the, 36-40.
, legislation againoi/aouse
of, 39, 60. .
societies, see Aid societies.
Registration of ho 1 der* Iff b.o/ssards,
37.
Reglement, the E&gue, 3, 5, 6, 40.
, te/t of, 100-108, 111.
Relief societies, see ^'-tfi&rs.
Religion, buildings devoted to, 46,
59.
Religious worship of prisoners, 26.
Repatriation of prisoners, 27, 28.
Reprisals, 60, 61.
Requisitions, 33, 36, 56.
Retaliation, see Reprisals.
Rights of enemy inhabitants, 44.
Rivier, A., 13.
Roberts, Lord, 16, 53.
Rousseau, 12.
Ruses de guerre, 6, 45, and see
Stratagems.
Russia, Emperors of
Alexander II, 79.
Nicholas II, 79.
Sack, see Pillage.
Safe-conducts, 51.
Safeguards, 51.
St. Petersburg, Declaration of, 3,
41, 77, 121-123, 141.
Savings banks, 57.
Science, buildings devoted to, 59.
Scientific discoveries applied to
warfare, 78.
Scott, Sir W., 40.
Services which may be exacted, 56.
Sick, the, see Wounded.
Sieges, 46. i
Societies, Red Cross, 32, 34.
for relief of prisoners, 25.
Sources of the laws of war, 1-4, 9.
Spies, 47, 48. c
, who are, 47.
, who are not, 47.
INDEX
149
tfpiel, Mai of, must precede punish-
v, 48.
- ^ when recaptured, 48.
, - , double, 47 n.
State jr,v,pe* f v. $7.
-- of siege, 17.
Stratagems, 45*
Submarine cables, c 8.
Supplies*, t -~- .ent fox, 56.
Surrender, 43, 49.
Suspension of arms, see Armistice.
Switzerland, the arms of, 36.
T
Taxes in occupied territory, 54.
Telegraphs and telephones, 57, 64.
Texts of the Diplomatic Acts,
83-137.
Traction, means of, 35.
"Trahison," 49.
Trains, hospital, 35.
Transport, 33.
Treachery, forbidden, 43.
Treason, 49.
Treaty of peace, before ratification,
operates as armistice, 51.
"Treaty Series," of Parl. Papers,
73.
Trial, of spies, 48.
Truce, see Armistice.
, flag of, 48, 49.
Turkey, 36.
U
Unifojpft, requirement of, 25.
, enemy's, 45.
United States Manual, 2.
Unwritten laws of war, 1, 8, 10, 19.
Usufruct, usufructuary, meaning of
terms, 58.
" Valeurs exigibles," 57.
Vehicles, 35.
Violations of the laws of war, 59-61.
Voluntary aid societies, 31.
Volunteers, 20.
W
War, commencement of, 18.
- , laws of, written, unwritten,
1, 9.
- , the object of, 11, 41.
- Office mark on Geneva bras-
sards, &c., 37.
Weapons, prohibited, 41.
Wellington, Duke of, 14.
White flag, the, 45.
Wills of prisoners, 26.
Women and children, &c., 17.
Work, compulsory in occupied
territory, 56.
of prisoners, 21.
Works of art, &c., 46, ZJ.
Wounded, the, and sick, 3, 27.
- , , - , are pri-
soners, 28.
-, when may
-, in neutral
be released, 28.
territory, 65.
Written laws of war, 1, 2, 9.
OXFORD
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
BY THE SAME AUTHOR
Albericuis Gentilis, an Inaugural Lecture. London,
*" 'Macmifcr, 1874, 8vo. Is. 6 A
- tradotc "> da Aurelio Saffi. Roma, Loescher, 1884.
Th(!r Brussels Conference of 1874, and other diplo-
matic attempts to mitigate the rigour of warfare.
Oxford and London, James Parker, 1876, 8vo. Is. 6d.
The Treaty Kelations of Russia and Turkey, 1774
to 1853, with an Appendix of Treaties, London,
Macmillan, 1877, 12mo. 2s.
Alberici Gentilis De lure Belli Libri Tres, edited.
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1877, 4to. 21s.
The European Concert in the Eastern Question :
a Collection of Treaties and other Public Acts.
Edited, with Introductions and Notes. Oxford,
Clarendon Press, 1885, 8vo. 12s. 6d.
A Manual of Naval Prize Law. Issued by Autho-
rity of the Lords Commissioners of the AdiHralty.
London, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1888, 8vo. 3s. "' *"
Studies in International Law. Oxford, Clarendon Press,
1898, 8vo. 105. Qd.
The Laws and Customs of War on Land, as defined
by the Hague Convention of 1899. Edited, with
Supplementary Matter and Explanatory Notes. London,
Harrison & Sons, 1904 (issued by the War Office for the
information of all ranks of the British Army), 12mo. 6d.
Neutral Duties in a Maritime War, as illustrated
by recent events (from the Proceedings of the British
Academy). London, H. Frowde, 1905, 8vo. Is.
traduit par E. Nys. ' Bruxelles, Bureau de la
Eevue de Dfoit International, 1905, 8vo.
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