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-...'berwenn dlece :..'reche..., .7un,:en c-cnreibcn und verüf .,. entlicnen, .1.^
Ln;:e.xc Y-.oer unulo rri.dicren '"■nor:. Lionen Dien vor ir^,ena einen Y-ter
in Hin. lei i.. den St^vU':^ je..:)rfcn denken, " .;: cnt ec: nici.te, "'.diiee iVir
denn nicdt, i'n.:r: i^di.' eine iialeidi^^un^ der ITe/Gion in einer '3:)lQ,'rLQ
jreclilieit entlic-lten irb in Beziehung auf J w..en Olcueen, fdr v/e. Lehen
sich die "\'6]XiiQ ü-.2ercG Yollces ;/-,hrend t£Mjj^ender Jnlire o.icrten ?
Ycnn ihr dao ^filiiit, n'c^et ihr nichu -^ gleich f .iiien, v/e.Lcn.. Ycraitit-
n^rtunrj nuf eüc. :g£ü± ( den d'and ::^dcsGt. ) fdliu, d::. . _hr die
i:ö{;iiGh]ceit ijcbet colc]ien rrechlin,.:en, ihre "orte auf hechnunj der
Allnenieiniieil: 2:u veröf ientlichen ? Ich behcnne, ..,a,^, .^is ich diesen
Artiicei las, ich ierar. ersehnt oeru v;nr, ucJi ich .lich entscnloj,
an die IiaLicfiraii einen drief zü senden und 'zixyjtuxt.i^XTLi^z.ziii^z-zizz^Vui von
" 'aad zu fordern, er solle cnn'eder die Yernntv/or üunj di'r
diese " 'orte auf sich ncliOjQn oder a;:ifheren diese Cchrclljer zu inter-
stutzen. Ader als ich nich heru^i ntn hatte, fand ich, da.j sie einer
solchen .-Jhre niisrht v/ürdij seien, Saf r bi ^te ich aecr dich, cur "iJ^esG
in einer der ndchsten 'r'itzun^;en döm do:;iite i^. nein^-::! Hamen ausrichten,
...cn stirlcstcn ProtesG da^e^en einle^v.,
aai ich als i'it died
da-i die Gesellschaft urschen
ü.ic noci niCii'G reif
^_,cnuj sind, u: ; ihren Ceist in einer socjen'deise zu äußern.,..
( dieser
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einen Ai-tmel von ..;renner, i/orin
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Acli>-d llaai:! e:. -iaii.E
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2^-yL^lIiJ^.IIL-I^'J:^
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in r:o::iu rer ect Acliad ^acunr: counter jar ;.,. Tle, too, ;;Oi:cccl lor the
dcvülo ..i:icrit Ol" Cev/icli seli-conr;cic)Usnesr üy .11 uCtc.ti' nco.ns,
IvKt Acli^u^ Haa-n*e rcvoiuoi jnarv cloc Lrinc cifJorc: funda:''^^ri{:aily iro::-
thü concc^oi-)!! on v/Ii;.ch ulie leadin.. Gerian or::an 0:.' .Tcv/ich lc:,rni-i,-,
tlK •' : jiic.,tcoGlirif L j;dr Crescaic-ibe ijiic; ^7ic;^: -.u^jc:u.i't v'ius uiidencurnc ^* ,
fhcri directcd by Ltc^urmiiin, v/ac still uaricd, xlchad ''aam'c lcb::erE uo
hin an... to ^'".a'bui A, ''.uli , od Padua, anothüi' rc re;:ent: tivc of 'r-n-j-
w l_ l^
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dcv;r:;' , ^unriai'irciG T/ith /;rcr:-GCPo jr^jcirion ..c/iad Haa::.i*f: tlicory.
uCilc''^-. J7,.L..'-.i.j.:l "Co ijav 1 '^. ;,C
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Berlin, J'a..uary 6, l'r'V
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id c Dens O'.veni. :
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icn u: i^_;e-:cl::x' G ,
.1?
■-. - .i)
..'. Cv.
.,x c
-Inbcx- Cet VoLn^.;:: und eeinoc: C-cij^te^;ie-. ■'?■
X . n 1:..;:; Judcx-'L-u; : einen "^i ggoI _ uilyg in
3 v.'ier:er ^ ^ittel._.unnt i'ic .Im.i-u rein ..ence,
rie^e, ec ;..,joi,_, eei,
fjrnei z<j CGnG.x„ün, ei:
-.10 nei ^x-^: v:).l.: ein"..'irnenn..-.-r.- , .;j;'. n-Cie
rc
nen iiiwun :.n:incn nur
n --eneer Yeri'nllen und hG./.^en nir C"g
L» .. t.
. (,. Xl V. f V^ "•
sCiineuei:, y/g.c ig.- ixicnü ^_;crcv_"G n^ue, ' en:- Tic mir Ln;i__.en i.ercven, n'o
''ie in neinen '7or en _eiUi..den li^^üc , ;'n.i unrer Vo .".c .crniu eeincr
der 2
■>'^' reuun. unter den ;''ntiinen eine bcGo.Gdcre ?^ierion ne.üc vnC.
.j .-.■^±ii^
"ot".;endi d:^io deet.d:c, e^.en Cüdenstnnt zu .rid-den jir ::ur \ oche ..er
c..i^,cn Gen -.cnti._d:eit - dnn..
f GL-i/iudiccde
.■. ^ L.
icn idnen Ihr^ Ileidun.
. c«u.
Uvncn 'Gl - , .en
Ich C;u^:te v;olii ,
>^
Ln, ic nnnn: einer iJOC;onncre
-. >-•
dcnlieit K
• . y^\f ..) KJ JL. h^
:.ni-. uns vier o .n.e.xf: ..L,nG ' nein i'.cnG
!•> .,-.'-• f :t
vcxc:ce,nx cn iiiiriJLE und die Judcnfm^^e nicht voiino. : ^n i'^s^n \.nrd^, A"ber
dc.rL.U!: z'-: :cchlie .en, v e. j ■:enn ie:i r:o iet, 'Cwinv.; h'o t"..endinheit ii£S.±iiij:ii:.
für eine n::.ui:)nL,lcn- nittcljunhl; ::iii:J;iiinE: in "^srncl ■ber:tche, ^^^::;2 YCind'..Gn
nur diu neuen SioniCuGn, .'ie :Under dee An ui!E:enitirn-nic, und nicht die
L-i Gen Chov;e'..c dion, i.ie in nlrez Icrei^el noci: nndere ,'erte £;ehei. cd.sxj:
nu..er : nnteriel.Ler huhc un ier '• Lisun.^. dcc dude„_,;roijie::iE ^ i^i seinem
Öiconorni sehen und r:t :.njlichen Cirme,
Achc.£ Hc^a;n foreirres tiie ccninn of hehren n-o::.cn v;ri uers
e ad:'res::-c of thc follov/in^j l^tt^T ic not .hnonn, h,;t
,L.'
1 u IC
no L;c"..or"Gin
ine v;hen it ni^c ^/ritten, tno './o^vien were nlrecd-
horn v;h6 , in th.: nent dec, des, ci-ould hrinj nh'Out dy tieir vrorh the
füll il:.ient :)f kchn d -^axn^c ;ro diecv G::.rececd in thic Ictüer : hnchei
'lo ..c :.eii. , the
I-. X J..J.1- . ^ ,
JX 011 e '. royllX ,
nii'..
-Xj -U. 1 .,'; i ■ ._' U G i
tne
;. , L- L »-' .L Cvi:. ..' -J: 'C-^ J J. ■. . J ., J LliicC/^ lj_.v^ x.Oj., V_ , , ►.,-.* VX i rf t-j ,.,V-.L'C.jlw
je\7ir:hi jrorel^'te and
.1 .', V, iv ^ e k 1' - ü e ij e e . - ,
.C:,n.'
rO Mi:
Sc:
■ U- ►_■ e.- -< •
Odecr.a. ^c Goher
A
-1 5(^0
.L o j c
■■;'enn auch raeinc Antn'ort -■-" T'-n--^
'IX -'- j-iX v^ I.i X 'kl. iL _) e .- V\.vX ix . .1 X ^ e a. e u ... (-vK- V e X c , . .,, o C i..
1 r: u
bithe ich '":ie dennoch zu rAauhen, da^ eer einzige druxin
..r aiece
ir,-.
-t-,
^Ui'e:j:/.üunj rieme ue^'i: .nc.ijc ürbuiu i;:t, ::ie r::ir ::cinc ::?-G:iü -'Cii: i:,. :
i;^-r eine:. „rivi/Gen :nriei'.;cci:r:ei. Auf ■ceinci. ;i:'i.i.L ;:. ol.Un :n e .ieE cir-
eiiien --..-•. jei an .-a^r: 'ei'.':EL.: :-:ei t pciv-'crcei ^s ansehen.
r
.c.,: ei^ci ..re ox'i'en, üc j cli^:.. '^-ef lj.:.Lc
-■-I • .. -.1 . - , ,.,
:)j.i_.athie von I::r
c j.' n e X ü ü
C..UI mcn. einen cui .^Cioreen-Giic".en, 'Zii.i
::ie xieor.':iCG-.en
..'er !?räuen, ...
jCiinx oE ueJ- ^er r,:ind j:.. niCiio _eicl: cji Sym_:ati:iien Luit^i.
Lccerinncni: ^aüei; v/ir Ja i'c..;^: ^ _..,r neine, und i ciec^i' .':.,t!;;aclie neLen
cini,_,e ::riti:a..i die "au ./tuiTacde cini,.er h.dUicncr ^:i:i'schcint:n. en nncerei
^■iLcrauur. d:en Scdrii b^: be.L Ler ddnit ^:ich ii.:i..^:r in deccilccliaf t von
Id.ninern aLiein :.nid Cc.yiz': liia-e': er er: nicdt n'al:i^_; in ceiner dujj..'::ii:ca^--
\;eicu . e'.d.d:lt ^l' ::ein, Vie.LieiCi' i: "..ird nocn. cii
'..le -j . Lircne -"^'...v li
dO'ö c :.:;)
- ... k. ■:„ . i J. lii i . u. v_ X ^- 1 .■ : .i. Li O t.. j i u Lf i L' \>- b ^.> 1 X J. ;_ ^ L- 1 i . . ± i '. »
Ihre Aui::erl:ra
o i:. i- ' J.
unc
zciu, die ^d-e a:einey: ii üe;.'.:. ir:cne:- Gcdadden enb e.e
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i J. ^ .' ,u J. .
1 (\ -(• V f, -' •, -[■•,-\ -,-
C:.acafruL to .i/aiefabine
T •,.
'■\
une ^/ear i.Oi ^^.c
VifriweL:, Paler 'b iiie , .^^n o ud driend,
Sir; ei
- r. O >- • ^. . U
dir eo::. -.nio-,
_e .aieieL. Gi-^re, -.. itivi>.. conrec Oi.
clence ■'eveij ^ed ijea;.evn tde dricnde - eedv/een d:i;:.:ria and -adectine.
.'~i
ri:Len iro^'i bd^ cen^re oi Cii-. iJaiioasu^ rexcrn: uO :aie e::Giec;:,enü cae^e^.
Ü . - ■'w
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cie r-: De, :e : iea ^De " -e ""riefe nic'i: i: _ ^
Condom icd d,o.. r.:.v, aef dir^jetei: in^oer :^ri..fen, ...ie^ ..ine ■:h;-i^t-..-o
erforcern. .d'n'.lic.. ieb >-.ie "eit _-do ^-n, u^.v..__.cn ::enre.K.e jir,
Lieijer, ae^; den .aadcacac^edir^e i.-:iieen vor.' - ..c jrerse'-ei... n^,on en^.
eine.' ■" .-^n, :.Jl :eien ei o^--<- - TcdriaU :n u^.c.r ^.eiiedd:ur: J.anc crinncr;].
,/ -.-..A-;
um
lu ......I
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;_;-.'- m.
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: -a en .d^rcn ^'. un
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u.aex-w ^^a cn r:icd dxdnexi ..'er^ucn, u. : ..le eeiir.- wi.u 2;. 5:e-,-i-n,
1 i;ai: er: uneoru
• '-a\ •: cd'G dorb, eoader - in düEcninef:.', • • ic.e n^..>.-c i. . er
.d.r; -i-'Ui.en al -.ec vo
„• ij.1'- V >w' X ..
O •
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LI ^J W X X.>. I
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ncerer Se-ie ixf:
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al'be,: y.O mrer _^
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:..LJ,
ernieeri^a.i^
d ^ .irr. a:f: Pro a :ana^. :n
.v>x-de-n ^:ic-: iev.'..ur id.ru:i '' id.rc^ rec-cr gu:
"•;■■• (■'" ■■ 'ir'"!! c"^'' ■ i;n Om' --i.c.ax^
ni r. '...'.'C- e nia« .111».^^». 1 - . ,_ _ -^ ,
■■ ■ " ' c al.^ein, ^, i-.e;.. : ai>.,.ei.
.d:l:... an mr Idiecnbe ..:L.:f :^.er eine:
• r-.'.- ••■■'■>,•!- '•' ' i ■ \ ■' -' '•T'"!('' ^ ^
r-.. - : - r \ -,-• ( i • ^ •■■^n i Ü b O 1 .. X '- -L '.. ^.i - V- I.L...' O . . . .
f.' ,•: ,
.._a IG
aaben von ^airr clii :..ef ..' ein "'-n
i; . jj;..- -C x' , in': ..- ri .lx_
e .L ;.• e 'G •
Gei'citen,
•• ica -
kl ... V. j- b >- Lt
Jj . . r . .X' n a e i' .-. 0 r >..' 1.1 c . ; ,.
S..'w
c/ I".. .. n 1.1 ',')■,.
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Ol CM'
■ Tl
.-Ci:l.,
...icli i.ene imd schreiüc jiiijcc ein -.vcni und rocU Ic-rc r. c- ucri
.-;.,Lxi,e,i .Oll von ■ .U ■arasbath ur-' i '
v;^,^;"^^;:''"''"-'"'""" '^°'^'. ■■3l='''iE-tioxi bci:cli,fti,:e ica den KEi:±5£ jtcat
;^ ^n-.,-^^^':' >:?.-:''!r -'^^v,^ .--^-^t.^ i;^^:. -en^. d ; ca^^„cst • ::-.aEc den ^u..
G:io:
üLc.f^on
Üiill
i r- ■ 1 p p. ;-i ■:,
:e:ir ?ii:xE.n:-::xiji2tEte gefallen findet bei
£ ncriof-rbiaGen dec -^v/an
i-Ticerer
jnerr uion
^nn ich aL;er aen Haopf aur .ti ter-rinclie: . Gebiet r:L;re v^ei ; ; c h
yeni^-tcns ..a... icli e bv/as Ic-ce, und nGn.. -eine ;.rte Jetzt nic^^t
verc wanden -.;crdcn, -ürd^n -ic G'^dter verstanden -.7er..:.c ber ' r'"
^^^':;r:^r '^,,''- tlocher Ar;-it celie icn keinen -utzoi,, ..enn die ,^an::ü
;;,:i^'^^^.T^^-^ '^'^^^ rcbaechten ^acen, die es uniiö^nich nachen zu i^aen
unu zu jiianzen ein lA..- Cc.2 ^-.e-Land Iiaben :cön.-.:tc. ^-'■•e t--j:v-. blc-'cn
üis !::eine «ehie JtiuGtroclcnet und bi- ai :,e erlcenacn — p ^r uad ' " '
{:ein Dlacen ..er. i-c. ' '
)i .1
u.
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nr:
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i-^n
.u en ::xe::ü2i:x:.
.eich einem öffentlichen Abfall 7
J X
'leoen
.nrcr;
nt;. ü 1^
/ir e
n
'ir
nicht l-"sei.
liten nocn
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;ial
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cn
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md n;
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i-^i.
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ücn
aeix
cht
]i]rcz Israel er
'ir zu eine^i neuen Lehen ( i;: ^^olit i.schcn Sin
U i It^
,ca
heer u;
:er
.e.
; c-v X
a*ei ; \.l.o viel ^enerai>ionen .^clan,_en v;er...en,
'iederr:e: urt der h^Gion in ihren i.l.^:en Seii:te'
ir sanen
lUJ J
ciie ei
;i.:e Atro
'• 0
1 y
1TV1 '
;rer
,1 tte
t..n'iCLi
.unir.1 t . hoffte
ir
durch. die alln hii;:e Grdnaui]
:ine
na u i 0 na 1 e n Z e n t r u ■ i e i n .' a 1 . l- t i n :
aurch eine
in:
oC''"G xnJcÄiöia-iuUiiiiXi
^
5ic.:irf-:. uz\2-ci-?:tnvcr: hol
■'^n:
^ i 0 n e i n e c «v oli 1 ■ e 1 1' d n d t c n J i g c h u v
auf einen nationalen G-eisI: auf,zebauten JiGhu-
.e...i
v;ieder"C;:ebcn ijcc^xe: und
;cn die niSooriGcne /eriju^-dcniiei t
Voll:
, einec
ciiic "iifnei
Lit
acr
;'o,oe. yer^;an^eh^eit ^esthrht .verden
ir
J.xC,
solcher Jicchu.; i:a laufe
v/ird.
einer
tten (gehofft
Ca i
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t ■,
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n:.c<ii
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it
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Za
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ei
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n" -
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m ir
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.4. 1^. „u w. . Vm-
Vera. ehren wird, und auc-. die
O-Ll-CiSC
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- ,^
edm un en
. c,
xzxxs5ii:ra:n:: vcfdndern v/erde
und eine
neue &eneration UüG dort erstehen aird
'eiche ait ihren aanaen herzen
hlen
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ru
CA
1:1 nd ffr
ser
ol.^
o^
ir:
v;i.
.E uriGcr
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lur die
rnenschllcae ..ultur knibsnisri:::: ii?. all;;^e..icinen bedeutet
iid
v,tOV--ii
v/ir nie a
n;
ti
hauen
ji -lom
c o
en
hen
eiche Irez Israel d^r
' arhc i aljaau f e n v;o 1 . en
es v/erden _
n,
sondern
uncercB i^ana
.n..er
auiers c
der
ehe..
h 1 1 e unseres 'fo 1 Ic e s u n d
■e .che v/i:
v/erdcii
j-
uszunutzen jeae Qele /cnneit un sich seicer una ixir -^ana zu
f> T -:•■>
I reien,
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m
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ta.. dL/ c aiu ,.c.s;; i -:,.:. ::. t" l . -avai.in
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V-: .. '^.
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niöns 'Ä n^ön
Yvn ,nao /inai^
i^ntti "»«an ^:Dn n«^ mn^
DK .n^'5^1x nvn^ ntn D^iyn n «f» 13k .03Vö3 nranün K\n riNt
K^K »n-'niB'm npnx ^^33 k^ nn ,in:i^n nny n>3nyn nn^ti^ön nnv^:
nvn^ D>D>n ^3 lino^ isnjKi .n3Dn nn : nmn ü3?iia"iN m^3 n^nty odo
nnnntt'j k^i .iJDn3 nD333 n m^n .d>3^w dj^k^ d^3^i;j .d^3d n^i d^3id
.tnnn n« d« ^3 »tm^n n« o^B'nn px ,n«"i33 .nrn D^iy3i .D^iy? njQo
.nipnovn^ d^ppt ok .d^oc'k» onoiy 'D>3"idi D^an^jn mk nnyi
^{y ytj'an ntJ'yD^ pi^>3i .ij^jqd o^siyn ^y tan^ nv^3 naNn n^K'Oön
.ijnKo i^3D^ K^ |yo^ — «in n^^yn npDan
mn«3 n^ann h^'jj'dd^ nf^ iti'aK ,p^i* n3^c'3 ptj'Nn mo^ k^hb^ it nnt
DiK'J» DD3n N^ '31 i3n3D^ nni30N3 ^y ,Drn i^^dk .^nn ^^3 mimi ,1:^
,n3yn oyn ^k' n3ii5'«nn nnp^yn 'ini3T3 c'pann^ — wnao^ naariön Ki")ü
.n«3 D'K'^n laanK' ':öo p"i
ni3n Tiyo n^nsa «^ »D^iy3 lanysK'n m3 n« ptDp: «^ .ooyT y'33
DNH ? Mnw\1> n3yn ayn noK3 noiy dkh ^3K .n3yn oyn ^b» nsnon
K^ nonnxn Dosrn nB'D3 myn «^1^ ?k'oo n«nn niyB^3 myj ir«
.nnnan ^^3^ o^y^a» i3»n
ti^ n«3 i«3 13« D« ,n^«K'n yan3 ^ni« np^oyo ^3d nnr : mi«
D« — •i^'i3 Dyn ''n3 nyn3Dn natspn nnatj'on .n3yn oyn ^k' mncr
nsy 'D*3 in3y ,n«3 i3'«n nm «i^n .nioy^ ni3n n3 ty»
nny — ,D^n >d>3 ,nno ^«o'a *t3'3 ,Dn>yvn D>3"iinn' 'd>3 n^on ?«
'3D? n«3 ir^n .vt5'3y o>^y nnna mtian .rw^m nn^pan ^y Da iura
.n^onan nnöo'«n nn« oa >"«3 n>nai ivan3i33 ^b^ nnaD^xn
B'' n« .i3mi3y ^y n>33n? ,D>^^n 133 ^^dh^ ,ia>Dn hiök'^ ica«
/
/
n^öiN^n )in2mü ^»^ "^nn \'-\p„ )^v: üna noDC^ 'J2':d nvp»D3 : oanv
^3Q» mponi ; n>a^n n^;i?D ^3^ nijvv3 moDoio nrnoND i5>2pnji
rnB' nnn« nryni ,ni^Qü vti'Dy itJ^yj njc' D^iJ'on ^jq^ mnpVD ni^nj
«^1 n^Danj «^ n ni ^ ^ d n Dyn-nns ^'ti' imin d^ik .ir>n td*io3
nnowB^ »nvnoK inmi inDXD nino ni^n^ i3^ c'^ my .D^ivn id mny
.N3^ n^ny^ na n>on n^yn rtray oa iDpnn
-- N3n^ D3 D^NV»3 H^HJ niDnnB'l — TüT) 13K D^NVOJK' ,13Dy D^IKJ^I
nw Da noDnDm mon noKn n« n^Dn^» b^^ .d^dit ne'iD ^y
ya-n yan ^33c :n>^«iB^>n «T'ritDD^na ynao--»« »■•KinN-'K yan i^kij^
DK ni^K'n^ ia^ p« o^iy^K' »htd Kvvn .»»ino nnn^n^ noiy la^ma
/D^aBi-'^y ^y ma^ pkk^ »"»kid nnr m^D>DQi«i niyB'yK^D mipnn lati'Qa
nDi»«n K^ PiKi n^üoi^Bna «^ c^ow^nn Ovanon D^Nana, «^ niian^ pKi
ID B^N^nn^ 13^ PN D^iy^ — ,b^in>^ Da dipd pn nn« nvo d^in ; "D>oyn
.pnvn ^K' ^Dion pnvaai nnn nnn nit^n^ tj»^ n^« .n^ixan
-TDno nviT^ ^«nB'^ n« m^ny»' »oyn nn« ^ty imin nnöNna ,n>at5'
n^iKa^ TnnB» »niana .^aay ^k' d^^o^n^h D^na ii^nn-mipa^ ^anin
non«^ •n'iB''»pi lovy tid» p^t^hi ioivov /din^h nnn t^n : N^n
,13 ni^i^n HDiKH ^3 ^a>yB' n^vn nDN3 ia^ x^n f'NiB'> n« vti'3y .^«ntj'^
n^ny^ lanipn .n3 D^>n lantj' n ^3k-id nya^ 7136^3 nm>n nonan niKo
iDiriDK' ,'iaiK'aK'3i "T3nDnr, Drp3 n>i^n ,nDipn^i nnyann^ lanipn
tiK vm>i n^ian niviBn n« laayn^i niiy^ .io^^p^b^ D>B'nn nmi3 D^y3ia
.|n3ty niB^3^n nioxyn n«
^na n^pDn p« : oyn nn« ri3B'nD3 onp^yn np>y mti ,n>B'^?B^
p« DaoH .n^^3yn ni3innii »i3,yn nnnn tpddd
»D^onon D^yvoKH m n^atn^ p«i "noinn« n"iy n« ^^3i ^^3 ^tD3^
riN iDB^^i nK3 p3i n^ia3 p3 lamoy n« prn^ n3 D"aiai^«ni D^^^3^3n
mi3y ^3? DTi? '«an ^3n ; Kinti' dipo ^33 laorp ^wn
^niD^n n3iy3 n^o^asn ni3nn nst n^oiN?
,n3yn a^n n»nn .^kiij'^ ni3-in ^u» n^yD3 ptj'Nnni
noao ,^yvD« »«iidi n^K'Kn K^n ,i>yvn Dyn-nn« «npi unk^ n^^Kjy
,nn^iNa^ T^on-Tm K^n K^n : n^oiN^n lanyian^ niüoi
n?n .K PiDV yn
8
^!
ni^Do .Dn^aö3 Tioy> n? 3^« nn D^K^'Li' ,'iaüy3 D^^ioy .n^ar^y nm^3
.lann* «^ ia3mo n« .^naa niyi laJ'na
? nsyn oyn t^3p^ iy^3 : nT3 np^ys inan nnna3i ^^1031^ Dv^n
?n3-iyün n« 2)wr\ ,n"i3^n
nn»? n«n ?n ni3^ yn^ti» röipn n>3*iin ^0^3 ia^ n^n n^ n^d^n
De» ^y Dniap^ ^n^^n iid«b'3 i^^qn niypip {^13*1^ yi^B» /'non«n Nprisn,,
Dai .|«3 Dvn D^3va o^^n «^ — n3>aa3 nöii ri>3 D>pn^ yn^t^ ,Dnin^
"iV3^ »n^HDi ^«an ^33 n«^ *inn^ »nnnan ^3 m '?v nioy^ yia dk »nny
oanpny dn D^^yn 3^31 oyn 3^3 "innn^ »pdöh ^^3 laptr» n« 3>nnn^'i
.D>^iB'3»n ^3 ^y ^i3ya 'Ti3y — iaa^a33K' ni3nn dni
.y"in
"D^3m riB'nQ 5»y« ^^ pK'Kin Ti3n Dian3 y^Din r\:^ D^u'on ^ae^
nQiD3 >")3yn D^iy3 i^D>aio 1^ ikx^ t« 133»' Dyn-nn« ^b» vio«d r3ip—
nsHöB' n>yn nr y3iP ^b' QB'n .n^Di«^n nyian^ nnrnnio3'i n''3io
■31 niüD\'i 13B'D DDipn — »lariDpn ^tJ» niüo^nn ^dw3 3t:^n n^3n
D>^n^ nianoi D^oy Don^a n2\i^ n'?)v nnn nßipn ,iaoy vnv^ niK^m
nn^D nniDDi ntiDon »ponon »^nn laoy ^iia n« avy^ la^^y n3B'i nio^ii
nxnp nytj' »la^ K^n B'Dan-n3B'n nya^u' niin^ hki oyn-nnK .nni dipo
nyiB'^^ nip^ P«b^ n^3im p3n Kin ."3^n n>nn«^i n^ann nmiynn?
lanipn npytJ'i ,Dn3a D-ioyi D^3na nnty^ niDx5» pkc ,nnn id Ni3nB'
la^^y ^^DHB' ^annn n^psnn n^o^ n^D^aD-n^srDan iamK'3n3 ,'iaoxy3 ia3
.nniiaD>nn ^^
i^^innai nvpn ^k nvpn !d ia>>n oriB'a n3yB' D^aBr^3v '\\ifu2
n^ö^K^i nsn^« ^d^3ik3 »n^tj^oNn msns b'kid nyiB' k^ ni3BnD
»innnBi ia^iK3 '>'^^r]^r^ 3iB'^n niaa'i3nn nn« nxo .'»Di«?n laovp nniD'3i
üy»3 motJ'ai nonnae' n^Bii^Kn nnn^n ^b' Kita pmn — ^aB» nvDi
,iavn« I3"im iDTD inoan kivd^ hb'pb^ ^*n3Di Knia piin — ,n^i3
nB'iB ^y la« onoiy 3ib^ .nma nnyn^ ia^ ib^bk-^k niy vmKvinB'i
^B' iDW y^an aiB'' .^iian ^atnoa vB'sy ^ipb» ^om^n lai^ny ?3i ,0^311
.ian3B'nD niü^B'i lamny ^am ^3 ^y n^KB^-to^D rnDyn ^b' .B'Ban p3B'n
D^^i3^ fiDK n^K ? Drn cyn-nn« ia^ no : laovy n« ok d>^kib^ m3n3'i
? n<ny3 ia3n n« kvd^ ia^ y^^onB^ »imin3 kvo^ la«
n« ns^Ki »B'^na Dyn-nnK^B» vinin ^üidd nD3i noaB' pdd i»k
^JD ^yD ^Ki3Dn n^Don dr v^^p n^ii idid nyi o^iyn «iidd yoK^i .in^Dn^
riDKn n« on^^y o^o^yio ij^n rsray .o^^yn ^rn^o .o^yuvni o^oann
9«nty^ n«ö D'^nn^ö
M
,nn>
^niB^y^ n^"ip«i inn nw niy n>jn^ k^k» >ntD^nn nnyo n« .n^n pd^d n>n
ijn^^B'y^ n^>3Po nma n^^y ^«nB^>-n«n nnayn nmnn' ninnsnn
,mi3yi n^^yn ni^Kjj' nio^^ptj' otra .^nDn »^a^ani piö3 n^aie^^n
moyD ni^«ß^ .ifiaai n^yn o^D^^Dn-D^^iyn nö'^pa riDnan ni^yan
HD — nKH^ Dyn paa^ dw^dh irnriar nae^n ^y non^Dni ^anon
nmnna nyian niina lanmn ^b» noiivi nnin^D ni^xB' ^^n^R nip^oyo
nvpöni nDNi nnayn nnDon aiB'^tj'a ,Duinn ^33 nniEj^B'i nnayn pB'^n
Dy-^ino3 ,np>Dio3 nvv3 .int}K^n3 nn3yn noD«n ^b' nnp nDin3 ,n*y
n^on Dno^3 b'* o^jnnni onomn ^j>"»n ^hüb' .n^«3 kvv3i »oyi^tri
'nü^^ Dm« ^>B»Dn^ nc'DK .m»nK m^^yß ^b» »d^n .^jNniK ib»?
n\DiiDn ,in^Bn3i ^nDn^D3 hb^d n> |niK3 ,n3yn 3iB'>n niwB' niyntn
n^iy n^jB'ni b'>i ,ni3 tiio»«^ n3n»i m33 mynrn nnwi b^' ; n^yo ^b^3
.i^D n1^^^ o^iyrr ^^n^i ovik 'smsjy nro ^3^ nini^B' in ,ni3ui
»nt» ^«iB'' nKiB» nKiD^ ny*i3n 3^n ,133^ po^y nino ni^yDJi nioyßi
.ntD »HD^^B'n n^iwn nx^ip^i pys ib^k no^pnn ^b' hb^dh' ny3 o^inni
D^^na D>n*pfini p3>nn nitD3i non^Ks novKn non^on no^noi nan
(>^^3 1B1K3 oyen) ni'ni3in niyDin ^y n^ iddk k^k »d^i^pdd ^y pn^
yn^ 'KU ,33K .B'puoni lonn- ?y nio?^ >3in »^w jnoBf ,D^>pn 8^*3
?3^ nonnn wni^v^ 3vp »«in k^ non^on. ^^ o^B'pn d^o»3 ^ik »3 ,^^
nomV n>33 pxn W3ip3 n^an^ n^Kn d'jb's »pn : «311« ; nona
yiD3i nnDD3 npn ^nan^i wnp nunn^ nio^ p^oyn^ na^os mnvo
5
P
(y"nn« ^3n3o iidd)
«fiiD-siiD 'nN3B'3i .Doa^ü3 .D^3n3o n3>n33 w nny ^:3^« ."noto
^ip n>ni nnn düv 3"in3^ ^npson «5» /jnay^ "d^db^h 10« n^ 2in3^
m ^r^y d^3^^b'oi irB'Ki ?y o^söiyo D^T33B'Kn ^3 ,13^ ib^sd nmn-'^D
D^B'onB'o ünN ^331 ,1^ ■»'^«ni nny i^ko m^n lo^ono ^db'o ünnn-'D
^^3 ^r^y n>Don^ in3 ü^b'^b' d3i ^lon« d3 .nt n« nr m^3^ yaon n^noa
^33 nB^p rnyn^ mos 12'? ij^anin 133 djok dki 'n^^Si ^vn ny niö
B'y-in o ,"Koin Nr:yo« «^b' Dn3n^ nnosn^^ n3B'non n« ovpv^ n^i
^y DHB^ ^^^iyi D"p3 ü^BON D^nv"i3 n nyB'3B' ni3nni hdo^oi n^yo^o
D>y"i ommn 3^n n« «^00 — "n^B'iJNn miD^^pn« ,db'^ pi ,121 «^
n^?y^ ^3^ irxi rain^ n^DJB' nn« nnno nv33 nf» nxij ^Dni ,Dnoi
n« «nnB> . p t :i b» t t 5» '?2^2^ iv niiuyn nnB'y^ d^jb' niy
.y"»K3 D^3B'^nn 3n i^n:« n^njB' ny iöi^s ^b^d^d "nnin^ n:no» ^kib^'»
: in 13^ nixin^n nnv3 nvB'Din' nijonn — ntn nsyon-ioT ib'03.i
ni^y^i DBü^ nM3 D^3nv n3B'vo nyn3"i nvi^a DO^ys .ni35»3Di monn
3t5^n Dnnoi D0133 nnyvs ni^y^^ ddd^ ,ir3B^ "ib'« ^nan nnn ^y
p"» .DOB^i D^o^ naio nrNB» ni3?nD3i npois nrNB' monn3 »b'kio
^3« .D^DB'n ^oB' ny nn« no^üs y'anf'i myB'3 in n^xn? ib'bn oi^ns
.nnB'o n« «i3n k^i üv nn^' «^ nioi^ns
niB' '?v n3nyD3 ^m'sy k^i "nn:«3 >n^^n «^b^ B^'y^B' .nn^ i^ vi
nw):H ^yvBB^ >:n nom ,ywBi n3^D nön^on id n«T ?33 ^n«^^ »mpn
"pnvnr, nmD> ^y) "Di^B',rnB' npn >? nn>n niy n^nno .n^iy^ ^kb-i' k^i
im ^yvD p^Dyn niy o^^B^n ."'? d: «an» n>3^ (yno »n^B^n c^^on ikb^i
rnoiB'Knn ^y nn^ni 33^b' ojn ^n^B^ mnB's n'i^>?3i ,"'nDB'33 nioB' nain
^13^ >n^^ni — D^B'Dim D^xnB'n y3ü mpn^ ''imo ^^n ^nB'npn «^ n»^
.VB^yoi Dn«n n« noB'? ns ny n3ni m^pB'3 ^^b' yivpD3 p)dv^ nny oa
«113 «in — 13^ nsin's *^53n D^iy3 nai hTidoö 03in3 d3 — 3Xön
5i3^ .üys Tin«? ^jmnB' ^o i^^s« .oie^d m« pxB^ ny »13-^3 niB'm
r\'*'722R2 nnnun nnnnn niiün
(n^omn npnaw oniiTn)
Dn^n> iKVDiB' >3 DK .1891 TiJB'n mDi3 p«0B*>p3 nniHM n^npn
^^?ai y^öin^ i^3> «^ 1700 nje^? ny ,n«n ^b' nn^oonn n^tJ'Kio Dty
♦D^^B'Dn D'^'n^ nnK'DK on^n^^ nnvo .Hin D>^33«n ^tJ^ dku oy .onin^D
onn^vn .nnoon ipoyi onin^ nmn npnBK Din^ lyun 1870 nn«
p^n inp^ n^« cnano .nooiio onn »nnn« Dnin^ nnn« hdk'd
•i^npn niTiD onun naa non^on '?^i .nnm "ihk jyiDni ^>yö
w^i^t^yi iK'Dty IT n^np3 .enno r\iüM dok' yn«' nnyai »aino^inva
tn*n3 iDD onn« n^Dipon dj na in« noo nvnin> ni^np .D^DornsQ
/Ol
nxv^na d^ik ; on^n^ 38,000 pi n^omn np>iöK3 vn 1900 n36>»3
Dn^HM an .k^dj «i^n hnd^ nya y^Joi diddd ^na n>3ion m^an ^k'
.D^yiB^ytyn n^tj'ynn D^pDiyn on D^an d^ik ,inDD3 on^no nx d>kxiö
Dnnoj DnyiD miid «in .n»^««n id3 ni^npn n>x ny^ on^ dj
^ivx pn n^na nnn^nn iiiy ^vnn '*r ?y pe^Kini Di33ipn oiaa
nrnnonn ^njimni nin nn ünnn rn .«ö>^ »k»v »diiik^ npnsK
nnn^ .^^la ihn tinxn ninon ^3 n)n'> dk hö^pd tk niü):^ n^jvvn
ni^npD ^ni^ in^^vn dh .d^ihk niyn v^^^noi nvm^QDD npmn K>n n
«in D:mD3 .nvöiN?n ninpn oyo» onyjB' nijitfn nv3aQ3 rinn«
.yuB'^ nn« y>öiDi 1909 naB'3 noiJB' "impn üo^avt«
D>3^nD m n^yi i^ «vd '"»ar^n ivyn^ ddidd ^"laan rnn«? nmn
^y Donin m iy>3on n n« nin> n^omn npnaK ^b» n>nyn a»n:o
.niainyn 1>v oai niamm ^y na ny\ DnysB'ni »n^n ^ly nnöon
Dnniao n« ny3 nnnoon ni^NC'n idin »asa onoiy dh na d^ik
->öa«n niin m33nD n^omn npnsKs oa .niviKn nn»3 Dn^n« ^at
13 iK'« DipD^3 . »*'« ?« D01D D^omn rrpnöK >nin> nnn im* .n^oty
.ni^B^i pnö3 1KV0»
yn' .Don ncHD ^y nys mtmh D>nDiy n^tn nw >nvTn nia*n3
.nynn n« inont? niK»in nxin k^ non^on ^aD^sy ^moon nini\n nia>nnKf
^^BOBf DOiB^n D'Ditn ^ TnK pDi nnn3 nnoo nnon : n3^ nnoni
.nia>n *aoy3
7
ijnisnn nnvi« ^« laovy 31??» nn^oün nö^KB^n nts^ana ; n^joxii
.Tiwn D^'iyn ni3-in ny tiin*ir3 nsyn la^ip n« nn^^ >nD nmpon
ntnöni m^B'n nniV3 na^nnni n^aan m np^oyn nnnyn nnaon
Diann3^ n^pöa n3yni iDon nviön .n*^«it3pK ninsDai inn ^ty nnaoa
-ii«5> D^KVV DV or .Dn^ 13^^*2 K^K' DHOD^ D^K^^pn ^np p3 ny^an
-nnn onsnai n«a onoenn »naop n''a3n3i n^na n^annn o^ti'nn Dnao
ny^an ont^K^ ,nn3yn nn^oi^aiKi natopn lavn« n« r]mi dk
m ntDK^a layane^ nn .nan^KaK^ nniK^nn niv-ixn ?k »b'b: iv^o^ i^^bk
.D5'iy m>D-napa nr3>Dat:a'K^
iDtra .noDi«n *aiD nxtJ' *any^ nni^ynnn m p>v^ iij^bn id
nnDT^^nnoKP np^DiD^ D>anyn nia^a^i "inoaD^ D>?«t3^Dna np^oion
^nxn nn^omn '?^ nva^an-nra^^nn n^mvBin ?an ^y^ — 'pm^'?)
ntj'BN /"«a n^tJ^san nninn nn^ niDM-^aaxo nn n^K — n^^xiK'^
nanna nanio nsaai natJ'iDai n^ya nayn ^npn ^b' nnnn^n >a no^^
,n^amion nnayn np^Dioai n^ox^pn np^Dioa D>aitDn n^^^^'vn lo
miK^ naK' nmn^ inv ^a« p« .D^aoxn ^a^aaao n^a lar«^ D^yotj'an
.laovy niata o^a^^D» lanaNty iidk* kok^ *a »np^o^on ^k onn non^ ^y
nan .^anatr o^KP^oinn *^na ^k» onyi nm nyot^a laa nt nütj'a n«
10 ,^1013*^3 noiraiNn^^ön n-notnn "p^ nvaon oa^^x nrn anpo nt
nn«a n^^«iK^*'P«n nniotnn ^c nmiNi a>ann lami« n^n»' «ina ^ki5
3^t3 ^yi n^^p^D^on n-in^n a^o ^y io« Ninti' no .D^^iain n^nvaon to
nanano 5'«nty*-n« «P« .m^n* na^sn o^tro la px ,rit<a nyivni na^aan
-iBo^on mi'DTnn ^^aai D*tDD>^iD3 »oniüniBoipa ,D>>^'5>Dion n^aoxa
*Bvn nnaan nnn mc'yn dib'd ^a m^P na tr* n naia .n>a
133 *"K3 n3itDn np^Dion .lan^-u^» na K^n n nana d^ik ; ^a^ii' ^ti'öin
.^nan D^iya i^^b«i niaaB^n n^xi«3 pD^a^o n^ ^xv^
^^3 in3 ^nyaa h'? vnv^ b'^i .niyDin n?a33 «111313 !«a ^nyaa
n"*« ni^BiK .KCKtDDn ,^niK ,nD>an) pita«*nn ^y pa3 »pmarnK' >"syN
nnya niD^^pnon ^lo^Dni ivvn niaoN3 nnitj^nn nianynn ?y ,(iiyi
lannBD ^y — ip^yi »oy^moi i*n*-^ino ,iia*v3-niDT ^y ^iQaa oai
D^XB'13^ D^pia-'ö'Ki *Dvy^ IDD^ na «^k «a k^ nt eiiiDi .na^n
IHK« «^ ."»^y n3io Knn >n3tynDi n^iB^n *^ ina^n dki ,D^N3n D^anaoa
.P3an iyio3 y'?^ üia'J'^
,D1^K^ n3133
rtS^Öff IT'li* '^"^^ .3K-DnaD »n^^a^n*
m^pfiriDC' "pran r\ri}^,, n^vn« ^^'^'>V) no^pnn naono^ 25*263
Diin nyu'^ myiii nan dvod noe^ nyxire' onio^^n n">:3n ^y in? ^^'^
nin>n n^^ya dvd miK'n d^kdhi pnn ^^nn .nKtir n«3 mnM no^nn
D3 vniniK n« hkid ,non^on on nn« pi inionn ^33 n^anne^i
.IT n«3 ni^KB^n nnn>3
r3n^i nnn^n n« nyn^ nvn nin^n nyijn .lyi^n t>3 no^on no^^p
.nin>3 v^n^ oyiD in^B^ »ddiid ^«n>K? »tJ'Da riKB^o^ kov «in .n3>t3 n«
,D^i« .noiB'n nvjvvn niyi:nn ^b^ k^^doh ^)Tin cdk^d ns? id>d3
iwon' .nnin^ nmno pn «in nr nyi3 3nn onyv^B^ nD«n^ nana nD«ni
.n«>m DDD «in nnn>3»'
nyn n>333i n3?inn ^rib'^ n« .on«» pinn ir« nta ^«>n>«i
n^Dvyn noK'ann ^\ff nnn »Doy p33^ dji« n« Dnoion D>vi?n ^b» db«
nirns nsjB'j nnoDi m ^dd c'dk'^ na^nvB' «>n K>n ,D3in3 rioyaon
1« nano D3 B^m IT mtDo naB'n^ pio3 .^«ijy^ n^^ ^b' i^yvn inn
.Dyn \VD^ nny^ ty iwii n^xi^n nnn^nn nnn «n^B' miö
i^3pB^ ,DniD n3n n^mn nan^ n n«3 üirnn n^nan ^b^ m^pono
nnoiDD nnK3 Dn33ni mio^^ n« noa d^i« »n>^3a«3 naiB^wnn Dna3n n«
nnn Dn^D^n n^oyn^ n^^y n^«3 onio pi .n«3 D>ni33n nia^nn
.Dn3vno iiif3 D^«a ?«"ib>> nunn
t^3 vn nyian ^a^naoo n3"in .lyian nvy3^ na^npin mnro nn^B»^
.Dy ^3p Dn^niB'm n« y^3n^i onns-i n« y^DB'n^ wi n^« .Dm3ian
niBH n« ^3p5 13T «5 »IT n3^B^' nB'npin oayo^i döb^^b^ ,n^« «pn d?i«
.imn
,n«3 ü3omD p^n i^3PB' DniD^ nB'm ,n^« pyo onsna^ la^öv
nyon ^b^ n^niB'm ny^oB' .mn^n lyo^ ^«n*«3 n>xi^nn x\in n^inn
omn ni^ip »nno? d^in .o^n3inDn no3 ^yo lyoB^^ ,ni3n iDvy
.ntn n^v^ s^aoo n3Din «^ ni3in ^ n^^^3n no^an n^an .yoB'a mn pnB^
»3m 53D "pj^nn n:^a«i ,nD>pnn n«T3 nw\v r^^2^vn Qvy d^i«
nipn^ DipD nari^ai ,«»n mniyo it mniy n^^^nn >y ni3i^ iB'aoa n>^aa«
nia^nn *d^3 m^pDni n^n-ain n« it n«3 nnin^n myn «^on piid «tidb^
.n3yn
nia^nn ^y inpoB» niaiB' nvi-nnon y3n« vn non^on »ac^ »«oan^
n^iyen niriB^i npaon nnn« nnon .onn« nnoiosi n"nn »n33 »mn
.nvmnonn t^3
^B^3 ni^nan onyn n« uty nn^^n 3nB' ns^ nona n D^iy non^o
nyi Dpini nn«na maiB^n nrmnonn .pin» «y> nr tyo .n^onn naso
.Diin nyB»^ inixo
on^nn^^ nnnn^ n^^vn «in' .non^on »d> 18^03 ni^na ^yö nr nyi
n3onD n«xin3 ddst ^y n^car nmnM ninn«n n« Dn^> >d?« ?b^
,nBn>« nnn» ^y inyaB' Di>Kn
1^^'? onDD n«xin3 ^qü «in .D>aiia nsi nn^n nyin ^b» imny
.IT rm3 nnimn myn ^3 ^y n3n nn^n inysB'ni .nnio^i
n^KB'a ? «3n^ no : mion n»y3 »afi^ la« onoiy non^on oin oy
nnp^ n^nn n« «»3nB' ,it3 noi^ nin^n nia^nn n« n'?vi -p« n^xB'n
.loy >»n3 ^>y3 p^n
PTH nycB'n onia nninnenni ^«ib^» n« nB'DB'o 110^3 nTi3n t«D
n« nT n.iB'3 oa nania ,n«3 n^nn^ nopB' »nnsyn ncB'n .^1a»^3
Diipni .n^n nDr3 nn3yn n« ia'D>3 id^^ nnvB^ onio ^3n .n>nini«
.n«»^BD m»ö3 n^^vn »^"an nyin ^b^ nion nnn Snanon '"?^^ nnay«
.r^y D^onin d»b^«d nnv b^» 1331
»D^ n3n nvn^ nnv ob'h nyvn .pB'«i lyv hb'db^d nBB'n ny>n>
'»n ninriBnn ^y nnn3 nisn i^3p» o^s^annpiB' a«n^ n^sanon ^y .laoy
.ivi«3 B'ino in»3 n« nia3^ mn^n oyn »vd«o ^yi ni^an
nBB'n — '?'>v^ n3TaB' ooB'n iino «vv «im n^3^n3 >B'»^B^n isnn
.lamini lam na3n «in — n>iit:D>nni
? ninin^ d>ib'3id omo ia? n^n^B' »^3d n«T ^3 a^B'n^ n>« d?i«
.ni3a nia^n^ t3"id db'3 noio D-'pn «in .nnn nyB^^ lyin axi n3^ oa
ly .»«in«n n^pan^ mio nrn^ n^nyB^ »d n« *i»B'3n^ «in T3iDn noa»
niaonTn non >b'3i noiyTn m3B'iDn ^b's »nni» nrn^ iven «^ ian>yx n3
ia«i .n3iü^ naB^ nT3 ^in^B^ nipn b^^ ny3 d^i« .o^nn d^ids ni^y^
.la^B' niD^n T3nD^ nBon^ Dni« D^a^oTDi la^B' n^vv'i'? o^ais
a«i^ n>n^ n^pBnDB' ni3a ibd n»3 pnai^3 id»^ n^asn oa naa^»
fiy *«VD^ D^B'mn D'BD3n .m noio «^on nnn» nni -onann niam?
, .rjDa3 n»3^ "i3n nin> ?3 ?y i^tavB» d^do n>
8
i\
KDiono -iKD Dunnn n^M n^n^ nin ^npn .Dovy nn^^^n >"y m^n
,n^« D>n^^ 'SO KW {J'nDo n^HB' «no^tJ^n nnyn nmni nnnn
riDB^a nnay onoi^ ^n^vonn ,n>^aiK3 nayn nirnn pp nonni ,n^K
^"KD t3D n^^B» .ünvio ^^ nü3iD no3DDn ^y ntDiEj nn^D^nn nn«
«nya Mnn«^ .nn^ot no^y^n D^^nn n^nPDi D-nny ny n^tj' nnc^
Dn^^5» imin n« y^an ^npn^ nano nn^vna nny ^^^33 ^tJ'an
.nrann no^no^ nipnn fiTtya >nny^D d^p3 n«^non n^pmün
an 5»np .13^^33 "nmn. mia« ^-tr n^nit^ hbok no^pn^ iötd k^
n^DDH ^^njDi intan ^tdtdh ^ij' D^n'"n^ !n«n "nmn. 'nnon nnno
^B^ loon nn>n mnya' nja^nß' ^^^yi ^«nn' D>n"nn .nnny? ümya^m
D^BB^jn |D nn n>i3yn vn it niB' ib'di iD-iyiE' D^otj^an m .n>^y
D^DB'in .nnay^ oniyB^n ^b' ooroai üniöa »na^ina lanyjB^ "D^uDisn.
DOPHB'^ m^n D^a^^n ^)ki ,nonn«n D^iB^n ^npn ^y ninna D>>3o^ön
nt nm2 .nnay^ omyB^n n^Ktj^ nn^n D>no^i3 nnp^yn' n^sB^n
on^yB' iiyn tw b^^b' ,-n3n:i ,n3n nionpnn r^'^yüv; n3B^3 nn^n
"D^iun. nnn ^ny nnny^ onnvo onw ony>B^ nv^:^ nyvin .D^aoii
nn« nö n^npn^ ny^nn^
.^^^^^'? .« nno - i^33-n>DtD ; dp>^ .d - 13T3 nai^iv .^ — b'kt
.m^DB^ .11 .onn .n nnny^ ontyB'n >3-iiy ; li^3 .k ,m^ .n ; d>31bd
inyiorv ^b^ nayn-ainni "nunn,, oyo» -pva 3ny3 'y>3i ovn
miB^M ,.D.3.3n ^B' nni3nKn »ü^pj mosno p^hb' nay nnB» >''K-^^33Kn
.D>^B>iT3 ininn-'»^3 ^yo
nE3^ nöD »^ nvn >^tnB^'-^viK ^^33«n tnyion ^b^ i>tn D^mn
i^nn on^B^aoni niKn inar y3n3 vm nwm^ nnrpn d^oi ,31 ^np
iE3Dn n^3 n^npD no^ysn nn^nsn nnan -»hk^ n^o .Bfm ^ip d>d^ip
n« nK3 'i3yn nnv^ «>3n >-ni pn^^ no .D>n3y Dn>«f "1113^3««
U
(
T\t)yM nnnyn msnnn '♦rayn nnnr» nso«
-^K3 ^B' mnro nsDK no^pns »nvi« po^ p«^? vd ?b' wd3 '3d^
mnyn r)^«B'3 on .n''^33«i ^kib'^ n« »nön>K3 nniniB^on nonon nn
n^pon ^y \w^ n^o ^b' nn^nön din3 in«^ .nnnyn nmnni nnayn
D^5pn3 DHC' D^^B'pn ^y ncn^wa n^ninM ni^npn ma-"»«! nin ,nöDKn
n33in nn«^ nun^K niinos nnnyn nunnn n«>nn^ ominya »nnn
,nin3yi ninifi^ nincDn T^ivn ^y noy iKB'n pa .riB'n^n nnn> ^b'
'i?D> D"i3y oniD pKB» iK^n ^DH ?yi »nniya «npo nao
^B^ DH^niKVin nn« .nen^Ka nnnyn nmnn nxynn ^b' ?n3n n^-Jönn
,3iB^3n .r /av p : icnnB'n cnaB' omiani vn nan^« nu^-ra no-»«!
npBDn? n*?33K3 taio id^^ o^nin^ naa idi mB'D*i3n i"n »"»iTi^ip .d io
n« nD"'K3 .ncn^K nivn«^ nnaya in« ^nn^in "iDin^ o^nay onoD
onay onöo n^^B'^ nKiB» nnyn niB'^n n« miy? m^oan ^nib'*
nnan ^b' >^33Kn ^^ion .nsn^Ka D^aiB'n onanon pi npi^n db'? n>?33K^
.n«tn n^wnn mnyn ^y n>3B'n^ lovy ^y ^ap n^o^iyn nnayn
•
n^ni^iya nK np^oDriB^ D^öiniDon nrnnon .bhhd liiiani rr^x d>d*3
tJ'3'Tin n^^33K^ noB' d^^kib'^-'V'ik 0*031100 ^b' D«n oy .non^n apya
ni^iye '?v nvp n^n 1003 n33i3Dn nDD«a .n^iya? b^ihd I3i«nni? niwn
iKB^n pa .i^ny^ m>pön ^y niai ^n3r)ni ,non?on rno ^3ö^ ny mi3Nn
D*"*Kn D>D:iiDDn pa mno n>3"i3"iNi n^nmn n^iyo ^n3? b'^b' iok3
n«a omn^n o^Dinioon pa nnayn' nmnn nvon ^lya nxB'? p loai
n^iyo^ yxo nwan nooKn *3a^ x^an^ n>n> n^panoB' iyi ina3 .it
"nin>^B'n« n« «^on nB^inn o^Danioon mi3KB^ 13« o^nioa .n^nya
.n*^33Kn nnn^n aipa n^« o^o^a b'3'iid a"a n3nDmj^ naiB'nn n>3rvn
.püB^i^ii .0 i^nn ?B^ ini3Dnn ^y nyn^n n^apn3 nano nn mipa
n^DB'n np^noa D*3»an ^o» ^b^ nnao^i nB^nn nnay^ p3on \d nvnoa
nnto i3>Kiip ^np? yiT pdb^3?ii .0 i""» .noDB»3Da no*Di3>3iKn ^b'
riKViM "n^*^^ »aiiyo inKai n nw nnayn n^iyan ^b» ninn nioyo
nta 1^ nmi^B^ nraa^n o^nma .noDB>3Da no>ona>3iKn >"y iin^
.n^^ni n^y : 1^ d^^hko i3ki aiBTin n^pan^
Dnown löDH >n3 ^iv ^^ n3i3n hb'3 D»pnn nr vnn^ nyB^na
D^nay nitno >3B' .novjjn nmnonn ^b» ni3*nn np^no ^b' nnion nnn
10
OPDiv^K' .11 Ktj'^K^ .K n> ^y nnny^ n^^aj«» Dn^n)
nuD n^ p^m ponna' yion 'Djya m^n^n üyö3 nm np^no^non
,n5'3^3n nosn ooy ^y nrnf» ünt^Dia o^svy D^B'^nD dikh ^:3 an .^^na
ü^KiB^ IVD ^3« »n^ai^vD piNi nNisn »n^ai^iD^DD ,r.^öiDi^^B .nniDOM
t^yo nriyDD d^^vj dh ns n^ ^y d:ön .d^b^iid on n^D np^no^no^
n«T nrna^Dtr nmn^ ty^ .Dnnxn o^ynon DnN.T''33 D^^t^a: onac n^N
D^jiann onmn ^issd nrn b'^ ^3^< .np^nD^no^ ,n^ atj'n^ ^335' it na'na
Kin .np^no^no^ B^nin uisi'Dn ünxntj' nnan^ ny nn^ .y3Dcf» nnx nv dj
D^3"i nyn ^d^ .nic'^sn >J23 ünxn ^tJ' nnD3 n^öü nns po tr^aio d3
D^fiis^ n^iao n^n^ pn "ib'n nnro ?ii5y3 py3 np^n^^riDn n« ni«i^ c^
D"K>p nania N^m »no^'nvo moö^» nna'y: it niooin hni^ .13 >at:5»
p«B' laon n>3 ^{^ np>n»^nD3 13t pn .ison n^3 n^?:?n^ D^^na
.D^yn^ n3nv ,^3n3 mio^B' .hnimi .ij'3n^ ^13^ ^Daa^^üi^xn i^D^nn
nnv nti'p k5» ^3« ,n^p dj»:« »yio x^n np^no^nonti' oyn yn^c» >Nn3
np^a3t}n"i nonpyn "^v ^'?'\\^ ia^«i n3 ^ddoh ^3B' n>3n .onn« o^yioo
nyn^ r^y «c^a ni^x'o f'3N .nniDn nnyo n>^ «13^ r^y ,D>vman
DIN ^33 DH n^ D^noionci "inN yno ^35' non np^nö^non nT3B'
.D^ÜIB'ÖI D"^Di:
«in 13 nt^N ,>pvin3 nao f'Si' inyain n« n3"i33 d^üipd lax p^i
V'>B\i^ün onian ino »npDiy np^no^non no3 fi^ain on«^ ni«nn^ ^iriB'o
D''aK'3 .D^>nD^no D^3^S-in o^nnano n^xi »n3 ^bd^b' ixp^no^non f^y
np^riD^nan nyn^ nx3"in^ D^c'npiDn d^31 ünao ly^ain mannen
nst^non ^tj» n^^«>viDn nj3n püv^ rrn^ np^y3 i^inc'n D3n ^3« ,0^313
Nin .1^ pipt ^aia^3n si'^NnK^ no laa^« ^3n .na^i 3itD nt ^3 .n^no^non
nnsinn ^^ nnn dni D^^no^no o^s^^nn ^b^ D3*n nx p3n^ nvn
/ni'i3nn nB'iT'a^ axn^ p nn« pii .n^no^non
>3m nx «nip^ niKin^ innao .it n^^ai niyD3 ^tj^aa ^pvnii3 pK
Nin .pivo iDi«3 n>^vo Nin nT3i .n^no^non n3B^nDn ^^ nninnann
n^« D^yvDN iinoi man nnn3 nin3in3i nin^^iD ni«Dan3 b^ödb'd
»a^yo np^nD^non no3n n« nosDn ?a"iyn ?i^yv n« ynp? n^3 n^iy
.3mn Sipn
D^tJ^aKH D^a^ayno hö^,, : n^H^2 ^aoo n3nDn nin«ni pt5^in pid3
.n^a n^^ n3nDn ^\y iB'^n i^3tj' k3 n.^K D^pna3i ?*'np*no*non nD3n3
n^iys ^30 vy nb^n ns ny 13^3 nini3an nn>BD3 dxöövd «in p«
13
m a^vni nt:' iinsyn >n3n am .^^«ib'. >>,n« ,^,,«n pny^Dn n3i3
n-ivp3 131 niDao n ,y-„Kon iai«D iioaD onao Yi
^y np>y3 n>^aaK3 di>3 nSnanon nn3yn n>ni3inn n^iyan nn^t^n ^y
PH 03 ^B' DnoyDi nn^^vü ?y nvp ii«n ,n3 D^niB^n ^nib.. vi« .^3 >^,
m nDn3 D>Ki?ia nxn ^a3 n B'^ainB^ nns hb^d 10 ido rnai?3 ^xitj..
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.D»oi?pni
amB' nnin D^pnnom o^aoyön myniKDn nn« n\n i??33 3nyn
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n'x-n^aa na^oö naöxn^ 22 ^•»ttrön ora nany -mann, nmnon
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.*onnK-r nKxini
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.7aniK nöVw »"imna^ .a n*n ^vooin ."» .n^n .■» n*n 'kh »bö namyi
mann m a^mm raiTann nnn tm «noa^ .m^wn» .w ra-na .0
imay ^y pn tk .nra nay nna nwnna o^ainan o-'anon D^'orpn ^y
^np ."'xan 16^ div»« nöKöa >ioa 't^ nnav '»"vo nVian nbKw
DKian "pv nxn ^nayn laiaaoai niaiiz^n mann nana man nana omaian
.nn^xna na^oan na^^noa nai
12
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nity^n ^ti» inipin ^t^nn^ >iü^n n:n:ty »nn^Don n^^noj "npnn» m^tj'a
n«3 n^^ajNo n^n'p^DKi nn^'ti'o nc^iy n«3 ^1^^'^ niK'^? n^« Inno ^0^3
ntt'öno -inx .dipo3 nnyn nirnn 5'yDö ns pnai mpn lyo^ ^•«ilj'^
."IT n«3
n^sTöD .n^BDD nj^na» nnroai nsrp nto iirnn >riy 3vd yno
nonn n^« nomn nr« mn^n nnvno n^o^o ^b^ nxn p^n nx nniaß' ^"n
no^n^ np^HDntj' nnoK^on nto nKvina .nnyni nirnn ni«vin^ noiyr
.Dnion pv"i n« ny^ntj'D nr« n^K» oni»^ dü'p^ü ^din^h nyin i^ ^ytj'
nipji nan .n^aij^nn n^iyan nio^yj ^n^a myisn^ nys «^ nna nt imi
,u^^ nnp d"d Kin nayn nirnntj' »po^o pN^? i^d nnroni ,n nn^tj'DB^
.n^n nin^n nirnn ^d^3 n"''Nn n^tröon f>^ nonn njir x^an^ n>^v^
D^o^n iivpi ni^^^n idin
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D^-n^Esiy D^Nij ,m33D wy] nyon — d^3 .onnit nvDi33 .o^v^won
-npn^ D>niT .DODan *iidt ny .n^o^vy n^anos nnon — m333 ,d^31
.Dn^ro? D^niDi (non n^nK'D3) rp
Dipl' .0^310^? »nomao »n^nicn .ni333 .anr >niBn : K^nnn nno
,D^«iK'p /3i^3 »D^^^vn .n^yiyu' »non ,p^d ,nnn3 ,3nD :e'inn
15
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INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH LEARNING
77, GT. RUSSELL STREET, LONDON, W.C.1 • PHONE: MUSEUM 3815
Under the Dircction of:
PROF. S. BRODETSKY
PROF. E. MITTWOCH
LEON SIMON. ESQ., c.b.
DR. A. STEINBERG
Hon. Sectetaty:
DR. F. KOBLER
Hon. Treasuter:
OSCAR PHILIPP, ESQ.
Sccrctary :
MISS. M. WOISLAWSKI
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:ÖGO Ö714 dcx . u:2? der Vol -O'.dukj und ecr xriunjULC J.1— er
j^'OiiöU ".Quoi-c;-!! i.ert.enl
'^Ib dci. .:rcü..d.laiciir;tcn OrLuen
ve:.'*blei"be Ich
^
xiir
sehr er'^ebenEi"
1409 Geary Street,
Sau Francisco 9,
17. Juli 1953
Sehx^ verehrter Herr Elkan,
ich setze Toraus, daji Sie meinen
registrierten Brief v. 2^:, Hai mit dem Ihnen
retournierten : Material ( ICanuslcript , Brief,
Photo und Zeitungsausschnitt ) längst erhalten
haben, ich ü"ber£ende Ihnen nunmehr eine Kopie
des von mir unter ]jeniitzung ihrer j.Iemoiren
verfaßten Beitrages fü.r die jüdische Mutter-
Anthologie,
"^ie Sie sehen, besteht das Stück, dessen
Titel "Benno Elkan's Sorrowing jlothers" allen-
falls durch einen anderen ersetzt v/eraen kcm.te,
aus einem ..iit einer kürzen Einleitung versehenen
Abschnitt Ihrer '/'emoiren und eine:- abschlielie .den
Text. Das von Ihnui. staiioaende Haupts tück ist
ein wenig gekürzt. Dies erv/ies Lieh sowohl r.iit
Rücksicht auf den Charakter des Beitrages als
wegen Ra^umnan^iels leider als uijvermeidlich.
Aus dem letztgenannten Gründe werden sich
vielleicht nocli weitere -"-ürzungei: ali?.-: notwe
erweisen. Die hiefi'r in J3etracht kom. enden
Stellen habe ich mit Dleistif t-IClaan; ern auf
3 und 5-6 bezeichnet. Der Iflpilog enth^.lt
ebenfalls einige ^it-.te aus -^hreni l.'an'jskript.
Sie werben bemerken, daß ich in dem Haupts tue k
den Ihnen so wesentlich erscheinenden Schlußsatz
behalten habe. Dies erforderte jedoch eine
gewisse Umstellung de} vorangehenden Sätze,
wogegen Sie, wie ich hoffe, nichts eir.zuv/eriden
habenwerden.
d i ?:
• gen
Ich sehe nunmehr Ihrer baldig __
freundliciien Aeußerung mit größtem Interesse
entgegen, ich hoffe sehr, daß Ihre i-rbeit an
der großen Zenorah, über die ich kürzlich
mit aufrichtiger Freude einen Dericht im
Ilanchester Guardian gelesen habe, aufs beste
fortschreitet, und wünsche Ihnen hiezu von
ganzem Herzen Olück, Kraft und Gesundiieit.
: .1 1 freundlichs ten Grüßen
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i^i;jofortit-o, l '- d^..^ i^uii-^ui:::.' jcdür:mirj eil: Du ilil:...^ vjxü^.4idün
•b <~ 'J 4
Voii bocondcra: XiiocrcGLe iv-i.rc fi^r nicL der ' 'oxiq
dcc .„:,. ü^rCjTvir dorroii :'cc: •üi'Ccil'i'^nG ' iü aur '"^uito 714 die ''teile
V'):.. ''TiOicG {z.. QY^ \;ir ' "ulr. '-die Uo.uj; i.U,A;,v, die u:: ll->.v,
üiciclilareiion -^xuder ^7eint'* Liioiei'cn,
"!lc u^re Gc^2'"::, v;enii en lli',:on j^^elcLncie, cli.cn
Vurlcc^or für Xlire ::o:ioirci2 l:u fiuderj, :^.4a riLUtc ui..el:i:e::,
d: ,^ r:ioI: Tielc dc.für iiiceroP' ierc^i v.crdon, iu der Cci:uci.s 1:^1. :cn
violLeicIit der jjarojcViTerlL^c:! ^-iö clier^jUde :;u'wei:^.crj L'ldricli,
uc:. ot'-,rel- /cr.'.c..^, '' ric::-. -i'lo^.bu.ea üud dci Vit^. ::avu Verlc:^^;
ii: )cutrcIiIo:,nd vor c^-iien C, JUcodei* in Jbeo*>-.ei;.t# :ici^w c::'l:
uarcvcc c.ucl: e::}jfcliiüDrv.ert, Eicü ^-It do.a Vorli^ij IIc^i criclx c::
Leerer in 'It^ljurj in ■'erbii.ciüii^^ zu set^ion, dei den rtJjocai
** .i::.i^ jerc-* voi: '"u.ricle Jcrjit ( in ..ciciieM die ' cl:.ic ..ccle
Li^;eicr J-dlfrc'icr l'ani licii ii: -jeutccnlLj:2d d^.i'ov^J^ ^el ■.t ./crde:^ )
It r..i...oi: {ji;tc:: ■.'^"ncci^Ci-i^^Ü^L :.er:jlic!:^tcn Gri^oon
^
V
■oiliv-cn'
Icl] üittc, ^:ii deii .>ijr^.iii_. dietJ^L :'ri ev'cr oü
voi-L.ür; ic tlicl: wieder in London zui: c": i^eia "uerdcu, de. icIi
ii:::c': :hrcn citri. • ..^c;: vor^^e: oir!r.iCi/ei- j-^rß^'.aiiüu^ vor Llcr
:Dri5C::lCGi^nG ülJernitceln ::öciitc^
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BY AIR MAIL
'■'■■ 9
AIR LETTj
IF ANYTHING lilENl^I'
CLOSED THIS LETTER
WILL BE SENTUY
ORDINARY MAIL.
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i4a4 ina usdo oj,-
ntrccv
lOt Juni i;)l3;j
rehr vcrcLrter Herr Vzuut
lü-ben nie hcriilichr ten DLiil: für '::-rte uriü
-'ri'-.fj cicrt-ii Iiiliuli; ; .Icli dürcli ü.iu i'reuncll cl: erof ■.'licte
Aue:, ich., da,» die vo... nir vor.^crei uo .c 'üoocr-Aüu- )iojic
Ciurcli üinci. von Hiiieii üci^jcetuucri; u citra^j bcrcici^cr^
v/orUoii v/irci, ccl.r orrrcut iii:t« Ich bcjrüic cc inr bcroudere,
du.ji r ie ueL^ucichticjei., aUi^G^anü^' ^rraniirurtcr '^uttcr auch
i-nderc, vor lUier: i.lj.licciic 'autcer^ertcUocn sur Liiui: cratior»
des:' I'uclici: i^j vcr\;c.-üCE. .}a nein :... .>cli ci.ic reediiclibL. aller
biblicchcn "'üttcr ent.:altcn V7irci ( ac.:-i, Ruth und ]Iaii.*aii
cind ücron^-crc aurrQirlicIi uuiiandclt ) fußt cicli diu von
Ihnen (jrv7o^ci;-c '.'"ernclirun/j der iliiirtrativcii ■^latcrialr
{Jjä:::. harrionirch it. dci: ■'Han r: ii.er .:> cIicj:.
Klinge nüchtc icli die Tüjvl:.ucß.icl:c,
i'ü iieiiiv.r orcten "'rici' Thiicr nitj^ oCiltc Axic t ni^.iit ,.ori,
uüfj^jc eil, :Xx: rtdci: Ihrer "c:::oiren, äi.z ii: ei;. er crjreLTci.dcii
reice die Dutv toi:. mc , 0mi$glm :icrj:i..i und der* . ■cdc üun^^ruandcl
liircc rrai:l:fi;)rtcr D.iür.iu.j.L v.arcoClLt, rc-;eint ;:ir iiit der
Gecchichte der Ji".di{:cliuu ^'.ut'cq0KlLi^Q-<. co i..i..i^ vcrc^jeeu i:u j:eiL,
dai ih::2 i:.i iihMCn neiiicc ^uches ^ r.illch ciu iiatürlicl.er Plat::
aüI:oni:it« Ic . l)iote r^ie da;:cr, cchr verehrter • v,rr .l^an,
dicre 13^1 '.cliiceit nochnalc su ücrjrü:Jcii. Ic - hoffe d(. j r ie
uüc ii. d.er^r Hiixciclit au cii.ci.i ,;oc tivci. .rncjni!:: , elan^jen
ui:d nich bereit fii-dcn -erden, dar jctreffcudc la.atel de:.
Verlac i:\;cclve Jcjerrctsui.i:' ■1:0 ui'ncl:xie in diu ■tut-ur-.uitI:olo le
i^u üoerlarcen. '^e ii:t Ih..q|ip&iatürlic . f rcij^ectell 0 uen . cc i.itt
nacli ^Qlieucn zu icürzo.. ord. * au ci'\;cite..i: uiid alienfallc
aucli r Jixt uiiaujcctaloeu, oru. ri».. ug voraiehcu i^ollw^u,
die .^ccehiohte Ui.d Deutüi.j c.er #!ft{.ix:f ui'üer '.utter it d. r
Ihrer r.iaoer^n '.utoerL'ec 'calten aj veruii.deii jnd auf diuce "cire
uine Art Koni^ientaiqpiite:: XI lui:. .ra iouei:. ;.iuaj.: .-filoen, w-.re r:ir
ein e c 0 Ichc J/C c un{j -liü ch c t w i 1 11: on en •
Jedeni'ailf: Ci.hc ich rhrv.n "ntcchlüE; qu in allen
Ihren '"uncche, Ihi;en dar:JeniGO.'^^i«^^i^!^i^^n
:;)ilchcrn ::u Hljerrendcu, dac " ic ari l t:t.zi Ion iuoerur. . ieren
dürr'te, : lachte ich ^:crn cntr ..rechen. Ich neliiie an, da,j
Ihnen uie ^'JüdiEchc Gccchichtc
ein :nand von ^'^er ö")^ f eiteu, den besten iljpiiicl: in div. ^.rt
Deiner Oeci:iclito-netrtichtunj und Darc t'<.l..lUi.{^ vcmitteln uüxxie,
T.cidor ict von dei. t7cni{jen r^crci-teocn ^]2Cü3:iplc.:.ren dicccr -"crlccr
nur ein einiü^er. vcr^'üo^^-^i clae Icii Jedoch ß^C^^-iu^vrtigi^eiücr
üexiüjMteo. (■ oviei icliv;cii, .i£ t diercf::
uc.
i'i.d der voi;c..:iijc..>.:n{;er:e
if
e j. (uXi f
:nEnd *'ruden und Judei.tui":! in dcütcclien :'riefen auc drei Jciirhunderten''
in der ITeu Yor-ier :'^ublic Lil)ri.-r;y vorhanden..}
dai nein neuec in ' iH^lcu^d erscheinender. .Vuc - a.uc. . hier
erhli.ltlicli cein wird. liinm^^^oliQ... iarco iclüiline;- vor.la"
e i ne ■ ■■> r ::) bg ^ rie i . ..e r: • ■ C QiiL.± x eng. .,||| "
»•Dar Gcetricöil'* von PlL^bon au^elien. Ichlioffe, diüi rie diore Arbeit
durcli des ihr innewohnende kilnci tierische ;ie:;u.nt oncjrv..c'..cn v/irci.
Di^ T')Car"boitunG istwiederholt ( riit der von nu,,o xiudcr .onjonieroen
Secjleitniueilc ) vorgelesen v/orden und ha. insbcLonde^c in der
Gestaltung durch den llur^jechauspie .er Hans fiebert ( im :'ostsaai
der 'icncr univerrit t in :"ars iOoo ) rxo^en Anician;.: Q-ef/ndcn,
Da ich von diesen liuche leider ismbl nocli ein ::\7eiter ( bescIi..diotes )
Ijjienpiar beriti^e, duj ich » ie leider bitten, Ix das ,.:i:cr:iipiar
( unter ncniit^Jünjj d^. r|(||lben Ji.isehlgg^s , versicner ., ) ^i)«(#cl:r: enden
au \/ol :.en»
ferner ^inen Icüralicl: in
erschienenen Artiicel
Ich Echlieöe
"»The /^.lerican rioni
vemuolich voäk^ vere eh ie denen Gesichts ,un...ten aus y n
c-j^'j
ecr
bei.
:citscl rift
aer
r le
onderen
dies
interesr:e sein durfte, Falls Tic an de . von :dr darin en^v;icl:elten
?roje::t Gefallen finden und vi#ifeleicht Vorschlä{2C f ''-r de ; en
oalir. icrun^i nachen wollten, würde ich
ij Wc.rc nienyiiM!^ r-iehr berufen, sich zu er
ten neuen V.'ciiri^eichens fjir den r;t#irt Israel
chöpfer eer i^rOi^en Ilenoriüi, deren buwunderunc;
i^erv^ios djrc. den im .lenorui- Journal 1949
1 ::cnnen ^elcrnt hab .
Aucres -.altL-n^ und ii
sehr bc:'jriUen, ewi
des vonVair an^jcr^/^'
Sv au.v)<-rn als der r
\7urdi^:c Anlage icli
erscliicnenen Artilie
ra^ve
:^ch verbleibe, Ihren baldi^-en freundlichen :'aciirichten
e.. tge^^ens chend ,
;..it besten Grü >en und Wünschen
'eilaro !
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Benno Elkan's
K
/i X ,,
^' -cäf t .
I ' ;
S 0 rr oY/1 ng l^o the r s
^
/
Z''
It Y/as in the da^ys of Jerusalem» s first decline, in tlie davs
oi^Israel*s mounting deslation and Öispersion, that the most
pathetic of skll prophetic visions v/as "born: Jeremisy^s niourning
Rachel v/hose voice is heard in Rama. .,..•..• ••••••••.
After tv;enty five ^.enturies, at the appr ;ach of events that v/ere
to "become apocaiyptic and gloomy lilce the hiblical happenings
anotxiür
the irogge of another maternal angulEih took shape in the clai^rvoyant
mind of an artist.^'/e seem to be on legendary ground when the
^^^ — ' K^
true story ofthis Vision is t41d, Jfhe incxEÄiMÄ tale of the
mourning mother \7hich Benr.'o Ellcan, the Jewish sculptor, cjnceiiped,
designed and formed in ^ranite in the tranquillity of the liays
prior to tOacXcl ''.^ar v^^jgp^jsyifeij^^ and of her youngei^Jsister^-
'' ^he :g,T)rxBrdLo: mother s of 5'ranlcfort ^nd ©ai.rhrt'cken^ ^i
:g,T)rxBr£ix:g mother s of I'ranicfort ^nd ©ai.rhrt'cken^ ^nne tliTTSimiey y
■.L.ov;nüro./, En. lish critic ar.ä historian, 'as saia of ti..ein: -
"Tiieir ^ra:.. eur E^rikes the £.-ecto.oor to siience; and if, a tlOusand
yet-rs hence, the naivie of the cre tor of these _reat carvings
in granite is iost, he v/iil ue wil^ be knov/n to so.-..e v;ond^ring
in his LTemoirs
generation -^.z the :'aster of- tlie Corrowin;^ \7oi:'ien, •' v/e may add t::at
tat t-at time the account giareiüifcyh the 'Taster hi::iself has. :^3cen of
j'enno ""Ikan :. mself accounts the hardly credihle happenings
Y/hich relate to the origin and fate of the llothers mig.-t have heconie
a£>d;h:Hi37vaBri gl n^. in his Memoirs.
a rayth.
The unveiling -f the Great llother at Tranlcfort on Ilain on the
örd October 1920, performed v/it - splendid soleinnity, was from the
outset more than ti: erection of another v/ar memorie-l. It was indeed
entirely ... • *
something 2iH±±e difierent tXMXD^^. .There whs no requistite of fighting
to i..e Seen on the monunient, ±]aKXE:^jms... no figJiting or dying soldier,
Slkan 701 -714
Um die Inschrift kam es mit den Behörden noch zu kle.nem
IreundBchaftlicheirt Streut. Ich wollte dieser klagender] Ilutter durch ein
Y/ort dineBedeutung geben, die dcra in mir inzwischen wach und hevmZt
gewordenen Sinn der verantwortlichen Kitarheit am menschlichen Schicksal
der Voelker entsprach. Ich v;ollte das Wort "den Oofenn." Dies schien viel-
dei.'tin(^ zu sein, es koiuite die Opfer des ^rrieges als die fürs Vaterland
Gefallenen, gewiaermai^en des Schicksals .edeuten., es konnte aber auch
gedeutet werden im Sinne der "Geopferten'', der "Tiingeopferten".
Der Doppelsinn zwischen "sacrificiis"; and "victimis" wurde sichtbar, und
man hätte gern diese Auslegung vermeiden. Ich abe wollte gerade dieser
zwiefachen Höglichkeit Rechnung tragen: das im. ^Jmen gescliaute :;erk der
ICunst auf dem T/ege des politischen Bekenntnisses in den Dienst der
Menschheit stellen. Ich setzte diese Inschrift durch. Unter ihr brachte
ich einen granitnen Pflock an, der Kranze zu IlUgtren der Oofer tragen sollte.
Aig. 3, Oktober 1020 war die "rithikllung. In Y;eitem kreis stand
eine gro^e ]"enge, Chöre wurden gesungen, J'ahnen whten, der Yerljiehr wurde
umgeleutet, Anspraclien gehalten. Unter den Klangen des "Guten Uameraden"
h i ng e n a i e 0 b e r b ür g e r i:ie i s t e r der S t a dr 'Fv ank für t u n d i cI'j s e - b s t de n erst c a
Krant an diesem nicht-Icr egerischen ::riegs-Denkic.al auf. Dreizehn J.-ü-ire
später, 103Ö, wurde es vin den Uationalsozio.j.isten entiernr^ weiuere
dreizenhn Jahre danach durch deutsche Bürger und a.i'ierikanische : esatzungs -
truppen, am ICarfrietag 1046, wieder aufgestellt. Die Gestalt war unter
bergen von Geröll in einem tiefen Loch unverletzt : ufgefunden worden.
Sue Äatte alles überdauert» JetztE steht es iixmitten eines witen Tri,;aiimer-
feldes in der zerstörten Stadt als einz...ges „ahrzeichen cier 17orge schichte
diesei* Zeit, Ihre Inschrift: "den Ofern" ist zu einer viei-deutigen, a.ch,
wie traurigen, Botschef t geworden. Kann-kman verstehen, da^ sie mir, dem
Juden ein tiefes Symbo-Lit der Blage für mälli nienfachen Bord anii meinen
Glaubensbrüiüern geworden ist? Heben all den vielen, vielen :.:illionen 5ci
aller VölJcer? Opfer eines ItöiaHK ¥eF«?eeke3eieehen- B'ahns , wie ihn die k
Geschichte nie erlebt ?
Dieses Denkmal wurde da.; als, wie zu erv;arten, von zwei Seiten
aus bestürijit. Die .libelehrbaren, die B.arbaren, die GeLGhla^:enen, B/riegs-
lüsternen'-,! die TTeberpEitrioten, die Unm.enschlichen sahen es an als Zeichen
der Schw...,che, der Erbärmlichkeit, der Selbü-DemAitigung, des Bekenntnisees
zur Bei der läge. ?ür sie wa.r es ein B Chandra! der lü-inixerung an die
deutsche ?>chiiv.clif ein weibischen JejQmern, das dem Tapferen nicht anstehe ,
dc.s den Gejal-eiien nur schaue. Der künstlterische Gehalt wurde kaum
berührt ojier shiiwer beschimpft, Tn'isomehr aber die Feigheit der Stadt-
verwaltung und daL Judentum des Schöpfers. Vom wüsten und rohen Taben bis
zur aesth^tischen :.nerken:-ung eines vaterländisch zu vera-chmäh^nden V/erkes
fand man alue Grade der Entrüstung, ich gehe von i.ieiner sonstigen Gewohn-
heit, keinerlei Presseilu ^erün, en in diesen Blättern zu wringen, abwEcfchhend
einige A s;.chnitte wiedv^r, weil sie in das politische Geuiet gehören, das
in im.: er v;achsendem I'a^e für meine gr -ßen Arbeiten bestim end werden soll-
te. Ich hatte niemals desn ',7unsch oder die Absicht, einpolitischer
Künstler zu sein; ich wurde es, weil ich ein Uensch
war.
Ich konnte diese..^
T
JLJ
B ni^ mehr entrini.en.
Da ist zuerste ein Absatz in Bär st Du.2jows "Denkwürdigkeiten.
Band, Seite 313. Bs st bemerk enswe.BG, dao das patriotische Gefühl
III.
dieses hochgebildeten Staatsmianneseinen Ausdruck wählt, der an ifewühnlich-
keit immerhin über-'- den kann, v/enn auch nicht so sehr den, der die innere
Hohlheit dieses fürstlichen Ba^zaien aus seinen Handlungen und Un
mehr aber nich aus seinem eigenen Buche JeactoatEte . Er
erlassunf
k) <-«
r e
\..'^
^T durch
Elican 2)
seine charakterlosen J^chmeichv.ieien den -'uisev inr er :r;ehr auf die Bahn
aes Deutschland zum Verderben v/erdonden morali sehen Zerfaiis drängte.
"Das besiegte Franicreich Lie.i in ue erste
sijebzoger Jahre im "uil er i engarten d:-.s ^-cho
lercie ei-richten, das eine hr ftige j'n.u in e
Tracht d^.r stellt, die mit dem Gewehr in der
d i e . S t i r n bietet, v/ciiir e n d zu i hr e n Pü i e n de
gebroch.en .st. Das ist stoxz und starlc u d
iin:-.ExMtj:2LLic}i:.. dagegen und erbärmlich das
das sich Frankfurt verunzierte, einst die :
römisciier Kaiser de-.;:tscher hation; eine unf
das nur aus Gesäss zu bestehen sci^eint, hau
als ob sie nocü ein i3aar Tuitritte erwartet
n hä-'-ftü der
ne De.hi'al von
Isclssischeer
Hand dem j?'eind
r Sohn zuscjiime-i-
sciion. Greulich
KonLunent, darch
rönungsstacfft
ornliches h'eib,
ert am Do den,
Gröber noch v/ird der Ton der die :li;iuer ze Rec^ite d:-.rs teilenden
"Deutschen Zeitung''. Hier icom-it zum gekro,nhten , gedemutigten :.ati -nali^^i-
nus, verjco.-i'elt mit scinverem hiijdcrv/ertigjceitsgex^dii, der j.-aii dazu und
u n t e r ni i bar et l . v o n de r An t i s e m i t i. s mu s .
'•In wilden Ironvulsivis chen ]'e\7egungen nach --rt der hebr:;.i-
schen hlagewieuer, \/ie sie seit alterher bei ae.. jüdischen
Todesklage iibli-h sind, modellierte der li'rankf urter l'ild-
h'.^uer l]l',vV.u lan, e vor den Kriege eine ;:auernde Pigur, die
durch kramj)"rhafr gesucnte Gesclilossenjjeit monumnetai v/irhon
s :11, . oer durcii die Zerris; enheit der .Linien und Dornen
,,,v7ie die .larikatur einorj harmoniscji abgeklu.rten :-ild\.cr-;e
wirkt,
Dieres :'onstrui.i von Da-iliciik.. it aber als ein ein vorbild-
liches Kriegermal zu feieren, ist das '^ol-cte, wl.s einem
gesUi.d e- ipfindenden 'titiker passieren K-a ..n. Dicht das
geringste Deicn^n deutete darauf hin, d...j hier der D/flertod
Ui.: iUii Vaterl. nc' gciueißt ist. Aengstlich ist Jedes daia-f
h i nwe i s e n d e ' y mbo 1 v o rm.i e de n v/o r d e n ,
• • • •
Die _.nscDrift lautete "Den Oofern'', :k.x ein Jude kann scino
um Llie nationale Gacxie der DeutscVien gefallenen
bruder als 0;jfer bezeichnend
S . a..mes-
• • • •
'"un folgt die unvenrtel
ationliston. Sie fanden
"T,
dv..r
'" chrif tsifcel '.er ein
i s c . - e n De i s t u ng o de r i Irr e i o t;g ek t i ve n
wilde
unf- liig.
'ut
te stiT.i!:ie des radik^-lsten Pöble s in. erhalb
In eii.e:.: sonst gut beki.n ten Kunst-
Jericzeug ohne irgend eine Kern; ugig. .on der icünstler-
"ewertun^ is\: nicJit die Rede, 'le
gegen den joli tischen Gegner *fe-ei-'er.er-VaiHe Liacht offenbar
F ie SU sCiien,
, , . , ]in greuliches, unin .gliches ' "eib, . . -ie^/b wie ein
in die Dcke gev.orfener nasser '^K-Kllumpen aia Doden, v/irjCiliiüh
das passendste, treffendste, angemes:: enste Senkmal f r ein
T.umpen-xk, das sich trebon, peitschen und ansjucicen l.!,:j±
und im er noch mehr von dieser angexieh.en Kost verl-ngt,
)as;.endt:s Denkmal f r eioön '■.'ülkerjvehrrich.. , der keine
"ccii.Kn Dk.tionalbev/ußtsein, kein^jn
Din
acion ISO
C5.en-:
ur hat
Ellccm 3) :'.-oiouL.iisinn und jceinen :TL.tional;: tolz, . .
-n der V/ocIiensclirif t Tei ,:i:jt Bcntsch Aller ^;e-e'', here^uE-
ce^jeben von Dietrich ECia:.rdt, den gtisti{^en Sc-Ü^.fer der nationia-
so2:ic.listischei: 7eltariccliauiai^, fanden ßicli iiv;ei ganzseitij'e ":ati^:atul
einander ^•e{jenirüer , Auf der lin.en v/ar dao :Oen>raal zu sehen, ic'-i sulbsl:
davor s(:e]ien, reichlich inc= Sei-iitißche verzerrt; ein ::rana hinf^; am
Soclcel. der al^: eingef lic^itene hlumen die köpfe von Ilindenburr^,'
Ludendorf i, des Kaisers, ^ethnann Hollwer;s zei^rte. Auf i.Qm riatt auf
aer rechten Seite aoer sta^d ich seihst auf den Goc'acl als ciiiE r: e-er
die Gestalt k:-.Uürte Lin hoden, hier tru^ der Kranz die hhuricnh'h'f e von
I.Iar::, V^coel, Bin:j;er und hieacnecht, 'lein \;eiterer '?ext. Die :^eiGhnnn£;
war rocht nut, und di.ü Ganze hielt sich frei v:)n der vnl^_,,..ren Ceschnac --
losirheit, der die n:.tiionalistischen :3l tter ''hürrreiBt ;;cf:.nt h-tten.
Da., :i:.,n [^erens^.tzliche I'eüerz.;ujün;^en hei •a^ichzeiti-ea
Ei/ioxinden tzjx vaterl .ndiccren Schjnerzes auch nit xmiLtand hrin^en kann
zei-ten die l-uire rene ernsten Ausf [Qirun^en, die in nati i.al »»?:•-"
ersciii.-nen. Der crfas; er, -e-±H-HH--eBeHeHev--yRptft3?it-key7-?-riei.Hi---
rf'tieT'n-^.^ji^ Sie seien darum ausfilhrl icher anaefllirL,
Zwei Denknhl er.
Die Stadt ■'h.c^nicfurt a.M,
[at "Den njfern' des Krieres ein
Den'OiiEil gesetzt. Das ist Gcv/i^ zu lohen, hs ist jcein
'•^•eldenhain" £;ev;orden, \:io ■.■■lan deren, in inile-ninn^;: an alt-
:;ernanische Sitte, vielfach j-)lante, als noc... die "Öffnung auf
Sier; he stand und ;.-an noch nicht von " ,'U"'ern" sorach...
Das Denjciial liat nitcen in der Stadt seinen Platz [cefunden -
seitah des Dhr;'2:erstei_'es , Dort :_^-eh.en ta^rsdoer ?■•.. sende und
aher Tausende vor^-her, und jeder, seihst der hastig;; ]^ilende ,
nu.i es sehen, seinen mahneneden ''^'enentol" kani: sicli nie^iand
eiitzielier. , A. er Loh und Tadel \:j'.n.on nahe heieix. ander,
■'ils ist ein h'erk des "ildha.ers }.?enno 31aan, aies De: ilanal ,
Au_ wuchti^^en Steinsockel, der nur in Laoidursc-rif t die h'ortc
"Den Oöf ern ' tri-;
kauert eine Iherlehens-ro^e 2? auen^-estalu
d
aus du.klen Granit, in Seh erz vers. Midien, hir^jt sie den
hs^lh nit einen Schleier verh '.Uten 'lojf in der linken Kand,
die a,,dej.c _;rr;ßt sie, v;ie un eine "7unde zu schlie;ien, an die
rechte hrust,,,, eine hr.,ter dolorosa unserer Tege, Deutsch.l;,.
das u:.is seine Toten fcauert, Aher diese ^''rauer hat etv/a.s so
■„'restloses, v/ie dieses starke, kr;litiG;G '"'eib sicli seiner Kla^^-e
hin(i"iht, etwas so Entnuti^jCx.des , d; c ganze in seiner lastenden
Schwere etwas so Gedri"cktes, dai eien, :.n:eht nan davor,
der ^'enschheit ^'-nnzer ^Tcjiner anfa^it. h'ichts von S olz, der
inter Trauer n ^ch die '"'Tdt;) Wc.dirt, nichts von Kraft, die sicli
zu neuen Lehen aufreckt, nur s cun c Ergehung und Ki age : ein
^ •
'icht "'"'Ost zu ^"ehen irnci die ^ce
s u e 1 n - a- e . . o r cie n er s c : :ne r
Gehegten ^...f zurichten, süh.eint dieses Denlcvial da, nein, nur
alte ■ 'unden cnn'z;. rei:oen, frisc.ie '7ranen zu wecjcen.
In den Ta^-en, die der :ninthhl .ung folgten, drdugten sichK
die ■''s.v..Echen, es zu sehen,,,, "" o-.raer de.... je flutetu der
herjcehr diircli die
-1 n ;-, -^ r; - - 'i ' p •
ni
; c.oer, ein .aar r.cnr .'Gce
:..„ nur, her. scirce in er Gr./üess tille, in r^^-rdckten Geh, ei^en
standen die L-ute uii uaa hascn rund, ^.uü ss der "erlöst von
""aun zu huaiali die v;e ken Diät . er streute, sc neu, fast schuld-
hevm:St, gli Uen die .luger über '^^ockcl und Gestalt des onu-
nents, nie and sagte ein h'ort, Aher nicht Ergrif f enliei t v;ar»s,
die ihnen die he de verschl
sondern Verwunderung darhhe
l^llcc.n 4) di'.iji Dutschl^..nd niui auch in Deii-uivlleri i dis G-e£ :.e cIcjü caii IJoden
ici;'- enden "'es lernten voreuic^t,
,iia tru^isciie Ironie de^ ScliicIcscLlL: : dr^"ber, 7au: a^ndeie"' Sctsäe
der Stnii^c, die einen so cto.-sen "''c-nen
l:r
_)OLi'HjEen :^ü .iferJ:U:;.;jel
'^ I
erneut sich, -iiitä der
eil cjiel]i;..:. Jijes i: .. I'inter/jrund, ein under'
'Den n, dc^r T]isix.rckc von rie^irin; , Eß'*eriie'bt'*oiGn in der '.!-v.t ^
dnc'ct Gich nicjit \7ie dc.^ 0._jfer des Krie^^cin Sclu^G'türn zov lUrde:
h)c .C!,..f;jcrichtet ccjircite des Dei- cGclien Reiches erster n .e.::ler,
in ;:lr'\Esnnd adler."e]:rentein Keim nun sciion faitt ciiie -n/ t/iiscIiC
Geseilt
ne,;eii ae:-.i ./lerüe nei.',
. i i j.
aen a:
j i;n-:e ':er^:ic.nir. t ront, una
]:)eide, der alue i/nn mid das V')n cJ. Lera Gd:..n:^ der Jujend iPiflosscne
'.7eiu, tloicnen ihrer ('Uten Sache ,;;;o-.;i.j in eien lici.te ylnlciinüi::, von
Gii'.ch cr-i'.l'-te Zmhränft. G'elche ein irontrast. h er ..ifstie:;
und -lifang, dort drüben, nach einein hna_j )en lialben Jahrhundert,,.,,
hujto dc-,£ sien? har in j-än. lyranhfurt fTr ein DG:'i:a,ial. , dr;,s die
nutalds eLraohten 0_,i'er eines ün[^iücIclicGen hrie^^es ehren soll,..,
teiji anderer ? ^.ata :.nj linden ;:.ls ;;;erade ^;C:jenrber der^. 'h srar^rch-l^erdai./
...... •,,;ja Gestern una dar. heute ]Z:i:.rQn sich in di.sen'':";onunienten
[je^onseiti^:- an, uni. eines schilt das an-.er La/'ner,
Anderseits v/u r de die innere hedci^tuna dieses Denlcmals wohl
verGt^.ndej-, In. er r/ieder fa^^den ^ersari iin,.en statt, in denen cae
'GC-^a{_;ende ?hitter'' niclit nur auiierlic .. sichtbar GLer ihrer 7':itte shlv^.ebtcfe,
Deno..:r^.tisGhe Gedenjcta/^e, Zusan enhunfte der Lia^. f 'r enschent chte,
der S'rauenliaa für T^rieden und ;i.'re eiu, Demonstrationen gejen den hrie^,
Versa nlenc der Schv/erverlet2iten. Das ..usland vers band die sGribolische
G'irhun{j, die von dem Gedanicen dieses De ...mals aus^;^in£. In den gro^iien
Gli-lttern Tijngir.nds und Arierikas erschiene}i Ab■■i.dldun(^'en nit 'ei.ten, die
von ";^Teuen Geust DcotscGG.ands" ""lenntnis ncdruen, die betonten, ..ie anders
dieses Denlcaal sei iia Yeraleich mit den früheren ]ierausf orderndeii
Sie^resdenionalern, D^r 7 hrer der franzosisc-ien ?lXJB^ii]ienkKi:±jßni:.
Koe^sverletzten, "arc Sa^jnier, der eine ..nixilherun^, an die deutschen
Verbclnde zur Yerhinderun- neuer arie^e herz. stellen sich ber:h.h.te.
Sprach Eni einer nhchtlichen Veranstaltunr:, hei der die trcuäccne
GestSvlt von aaclce.ni beleuclabet unheimlich h )ch über '.len stand, Worte
der Versöhnung;;. CeneixiELam hingen bei einer anderen heier ein enalis'cher
und ein deutscher Veteran einen Kranz am Sockel auf. Die Adult Schools
von Groii eritannien sandten eine Abordnung: n^ch Deuts ca. ana, Ibar G -recher,
John V, rlarvey, sagte nein : iederleaen von -iumen: ''Dies is ein DenkLial
zum Gedächtnis der nfer dieses Grie^^'cs in der aanzen '7elt, Veinascnaft jot
'^■, und ha.j schied uns - nun sind \;ir heir vereint in unserem Leid una unse-
>irem Sch^nerz, Sie haben diese Gestalt des tief verwundeten Iiutterirefiüils
''aui{-:estel .t zum Ged;'chtnis an die Graber Ilirer Söhne und Brüder, Ihrer
Vater und freunde - für uns gilt es ebenso als ein Denicnal an unsere
Söhne und Drdder, unsere Vater und j:^reunde, an das gebro che n^i^L eben unse-
rer ""G.tter und liha.ren . nd kinder. Unsere TGofinung' und G'unsch ist, d.. ß
es nie v/iede_rnöti{i sein möge, -^eräonale aufsmr .chten zu müssen des
gebrochenen -^erzens einer Lh^tter," Von den en{:lisclien Journalisten!,
die ein an'iSeres ^al ]camen, bcaleiteten die Präsidenten des ^önglischen
Pressekuhs Percy h dd und i,a', Hogge das ..ufhängen eines .'ranies mit
dem "^edanaen, da-j diese IG nd nicht nur dem. -.J.ilen eienes einzelnen
gehorche, sondern der ..usdruck eines ß^- e sam.en ?;;'hlens sei, "Gines
Tages v/erde der Gsa/nz verwelkt sein, doch diese GcdanJcen './erden weiter
wirken c:m ^'.ufbau eines neuen l'riedensgeistes, " - Und so ging es ali die
Jahre hindurch, das 'erk der Gunst oder :_ard der Gehe f er tra en in den
hinterfGX'i-ind vor dem Inhalt, den Gedanlcen und dne Gefehlen, die meiner
::.rust iange Jciire vorher entsprungen v;aren und deren Sinn eine so
ungeheure läechtGertigung gebunden hitte, küc wirkt iieuce, mehr als.', iisr
freii^ig Jahre spater, iiit verstärkter Graft weiter.
Elkan 5)
jpiiT die wirlcunn des Denlcmals iiaca der jOEitiveri rienscliliclun
Uiid :m:^-E.jU'j^±ii±^E.yi oolitisclien Seite hin, sollen einige Ai^szüge
angex'iigt v/erdericv 'ie raan sieht, tritt auc-i hier i2ie rein aesthetische
"^etrachtunt; selbst da, v;o sie gev/ürdi^:t wird, hinter der allr^eineincn
Bedeutung;: zurück.
Ein Denkmal.
In der Taunus -Anlap:e ist am f.on./taß das Denkmal '»Den Oofern''
der frankfurter Tü.nstlers 3enno l^iilcan enhüllt v/orden. Inmitten
eines mit Tannenzv/ei^en ^esaumten Bundes, von Bäumen uberw.l'bt,
rai:::-c es
f. L'un kann die Schmucklosigkeit dos archtek tonischen
Rahj'iens und Aixbau^^' nicht v/eiter treihen: ein Dop jelv/iiriel, ,rau in
grau, ein Kränzlein hangt ar.; unteren, am oberen zwffii V/orte
"Den Opfern'*, Ohne Ablenkung r Igt das Auge a;. f den Denjaial der k. u^rn-
den j'rau.'i Der Sclüiierz hat den gev/altigen Köi-per niudergez.,ungen:
verkri-mpf^ das eine Bein eingeknicict , £iuf das 'inie dec anderen Kopf
und hand aestützt, in v/eiter G-ebc^rde mit der ::echten die r:rust hai^
te..d, kauert sie und jai:! ertJ Die bev/egung des geschüttexten,
mählich sich in Ruhe findentren Kor_.ers ist stark, die kubisch gedrun-
gene Gilhouettedes ,^,raugraitnen "'eibes seicimet einen Rhythmus
umschlos?.ener .irauer, das Leia redet aus de:.i Zusaia. .enf.:ui der Linien
dieser gebotenen Gestalt, Die Känner der Kunst werden das DenJcmal aux^
seinen rein künstlerischen '7er ^ hin prüfen und von ueberschnei düngen
und ev/egungsmotüiven sprechen und ob und wie das Raumproblem gelöst
sei, eute möchte ein :^i:i.rger über dieses Denkhial als eine allgemein
i,ienscj,l che ..ngeiegenheit ein "'ort sagen. ... .lUas v/ill dieses Denlcnal?
Es sei gesagr, \/ie ich das Denacmai sehe:
Dir '7eltkire':' c ausgetobt und v;irjä deiilcen der Oofer, Die
kauernde l^rau ^preift nach der Brust und stützt jam ernä.as P'uupt. Cie
heiit ni\cht "ernania und nicht ■::utter lEüifeschland, sie hei .3t ., i'utter
E-de, Cie weint um alle, Lim '' .fallene und Geschändete, ui:i Kann und
7eiü, um Greis und Kind, um alle, die der ärieg ^;etrof fen hat und noch
trifft, K-utter Erde wient um ihre äinaer, die sicn mordetein
Elkans Dei.LCJ.ial ist Klage und Pahnung. Es ist elegisch und pazi-
fis'ciscn, Opfergedächtnis und '.'/arnun , eine si:i-nerne fredigt, P'an
denkt, sieht ma.. die k..uernde, an die ''j-'-^^auenklage" von Ina Seidel:
Ich bin das ''erz von
.bertausen.
" chwe Stern,
Ich uin das Herz tjon Pa^:.uten und von i'ra
üfcn.
7om Sturm gescnleudert us ^exi trauten Kestern,
Kit nackocr Trust gefegt ins leere Ora. 4n.
Ich bin verflucht, in nein umblühtes '^esuern
Bis in den Tod mit starrem KlicJc zu schauen.
V/ird je ein j'rühling dieses Eis erschüttern?
Ich bin das Herz von abertausend Kuttern.
• • • •
Dai Lebensopfer in diesem Krige bewuiit, freiwillig, ja freudig
gebracht wurden, frückt unser DenJcmal nicht aus. Dazu müi^te es her, .er
entschlosnener sein undCedanken von Kuhm und Ehre müßten es umf lat cen
Stein
Ltmet K-Tage , Verzweifle, ng, Trauer,
• • •
Elkans Kauernde ist
^er
ein Dei.kam'. der K,, age , der Trauer, ein :^l^nument den T ten und Leiden-
den, Schmerz der AlJ-mutter über die Verirrung iiirer Kinder.
• •
Elkan Gl
T- ... Taunusaniage erhebt sich auf luclchtiöera, c\lvj:esetzten
Steinsockel in schlicliteLi grauen Gremit die gedruni^ene Gestalt e
Veibes.. In der Vollkraft der Jahre, mit iiemiciiem Gliederv/uclic
der IIa: ur ausgestat .et,hat ein namenloser r.chiiierz das stolze Ges
getroffen, "'/ortlos leidet es, das Auge gesclilosseöi, denn alles VI
hat sich nach.innen gekehrt, '"er möchte sichdem gev/altigen Eindru
den uas V/erk in seiner eh-rv/^rdigen und g eichzeitig so erschütte
Schönheit m cht, entziehen! , . . .
mes
von
ChÖpf
eh
ck,
rnden
• • • • •
(icii ) komr.ie darüber nicht hinweg, daii es richtig ex und
auchg^^schmacgvoller gewesen wäre, bei dem vom Ki-nstler urs.a'i'nglich
und vor sehr, ^eh.- langer Zeit gewählte.: Bezeichnung als eines Denk-
mals "der IClage" zu bleijen, der Klage über den Zusa r.ionbruch des
Vaterlandes, ......•«.••
, . , , z e i 1 1 0 s e r Denkmal
( Zur Vökinger Gestalt:) ....De leichte l[e gu. g des Oberkörpers, die
wellige Formung des 'jnterieibs, die ..arten Lin en der über der Drust
ruhenden und sie fast ganz verdeckenden Arme unterstützen lebendig den
Ausdruck fassungslosen Schmerzes und v/eclcen unmittelbar aus Gefllil des
Mitleids.
.'on iso Leben, Gips ist Tod, ^'.-x or ..uerste-.ung, sagt ein alter
Dil(;J'iauers_jr;-ch Cyneit
Die ''I^eidenklage" des Pran'kf urter Dildliauers Denno
Elkan hat -ceine 'V-udenz; nur eirjen menschlichen Sinn, Sie wii.1 nichts
v/eiter süinalsein macxitvoll eindringüches :;:;enkmal der Trauer um die
:ier ciieser Zeit
....aus ^^olierte}-!!, dunJcelgr '.•.nen norwegischen Granmt - von der
harten Glatte der Dronze, aoer ohne ihren G anz -....feer aie -Z-pfe
der !'enge auf einen S c]:e-i. gehoben kai^ert ein '.7eib, riesenh.aft an
Aü:.m.a,Uhrer erhabenen Zfacktheit, aber gleic;.:sam niedergebrochBn zu einem
ungefügen "loc.m neineandergedrangter G-jicder. Die hechte ange^resit
un^er ihrer Z^'jst, scheint gewaltsam dön lautesten Ausbruch erschi.'<tern
der TZuage zurpckzuhalten; in der Ihiken ruht der arme ICopf, o.er müde
und doch sclmierzMiOi überwache, mit .:aun geschlossenen Au^gen , der
Hund \/ie zu einem xeisen St'Z'inen geöfi'net, -^n dun-. lern Knoten luste«:
das 8chv;ere Tiaar im ]rucken. Der letzte Streiken eines Getfandes
gleite noch von der oclij-oer abwärts, in starken Palten, Zin gCwalti,^
aber Ux.endliclmx Sjßii^oiixz ma:;ivoller AusErucl: des Sc hierzes durciizit öert
per; es ist als sei es sie seJ.bts, die m. t cer-i.iche Erde,
:er
aen
-nzen
rr
die ihr un^.ennbares Deid als lautlose
..-Lage
in sich hineindränge, die
uCint
nicht mehr sehen, die nie t mehr fi.ihi.en wolie, gleich Ki Zoe ve
vor Grauen über den Jamj.'ier ihrer Vander
Dieses mit so allr-,-ütiger , unterschiedslos menschlicher
-edeutun erfüllte Z'erk steht aui^ierha Zb der ze tlichen Kunstströmungen,
eberisov/eit enL.ernt von 11;-.. turalismus \/ie von der äu;ierlichen Gebärde
irgendeine G"Stili:^' "mi -; nnte sagen, daii eine ungehe re
seelische Bewegtheit, unter dem. Druck eines übermächtigen und von
keinerle ■. ]'ewu:^theit mehr ceir^igsiiEK eingeengten Dranges nach körper-
hafter Gestaltung, endlich z m Kunstwerk schmolz, - zu ■ iesem Kunstwerk,
das siene vollendete und restlose Dorm, in und as sicj selber fand,
und das sie-: so zur Hohe jener ch'jpfungen erhebt, dien nichts stofflich
begrenztes ausdrücken wollen, aber kr^^^.ft der Tiefe ihres Gefühli , das
zeitentbündene "■le-ent der Dauer enthalten.
Eikan 7l
den Sief':eri: i^t de:: \'eltkrier dc^s erste nanumeiitcile
IT i cht bei
enicmai gesetzt worden, sondern in dem oesieh'ten -^eutsciiland, . .Ein
einziger Ausdruck
erscliütterndsten,
sani zuriick^^edrän^:
Ge s t al t einer C- g s
ganzen : '^enscnlieit
ueherrscht Jede Linie ihres r'örpers, - der des tiefsten
»er nicht i-n Aufscnrei ausurechenden, sondern ße\/c^il-
Oü K
o
ten, nach inücn geke .rte.. Seh .c-rzes, -^n die erhc.ljene
talt einer trauernden ^"utter ist hier aas Leid aer
zusaimiienf^e drängt. " 'enn Lianclie Figuren liichea-angelos
aus den Stein, v/ie aus eineivi U'rstoik, geboren zu v;er...en scheinen, so
ver.-ieint man hier das togekehrte zu selien; wie eines einst aui'rechro
Ui,d stolze Oestal
ganz in sich gehe
Ja, US ist die Ku
}31utm um die zors
derten r.chi.tzc oh
IClage sein, iils is
gwSündi^:t wurde, ,
t , unter den r'chlagen
U .L
eL r^ch cksals niedergesuiihlcen,
zu regl sein, fühllosem Stein erstarren mochte.
teer alier, die Erde, welche klagt um das vergossene
tam;pft^n I'erzen ihrer Kinder, um die sinnlos verschleu •
rur.: richosses, - Aber es sou.l nici] niür ein jjenkmal der
t eJ.ne Kanu ung, nicht leichtherzig zu vergesi^en, was
■ or w^enigen Oagen wurde in Tran.. fürt uas Denkmal ^^uen Opfern"
aufgestellt, ;itten in dC:; hel^hbesten T il der Stadt, v. c. aoseits .ja
' kge in .-.inem 'Ireis hogher ]B:J:.:e, Drei, vier Scnritoe, una der Le^.ucher
SoCht in einem Kaum , \/o der ..lltag hinter ih. versinkt unu der Geist
ZA/iesprache mit der wiglceot hi.lt,...
Dort kniet sie nun, die Ilutter, die im ^cnmerz ertarrt ist,
3s ist nicht die deutsche l'utler, die u.. ihre ^^efa^.xenen dcutsc on
Sühne trauert, er .'st 'fie hutter ' sc^ilechth n, der legriff, den a.i.le
Völker gei -einsam iceniten: die hutter, die Ui.i all ihre i^inder \;eint, i-üe
deutschen, französ isc.en, englischen, um al.Le, alle die ;''rüder, aie sich
zerf ieicchCx: mußten. Ein gew'u.tiges V.'eih, icräftig strotzend, Leihen au;..
seonem Schoi zu geh.'.ren, "",un zusammengeorochen; vie-uleicrit r, sten zuerst
die riesigen :; -ieder mit unü:-aidigen i[raften. Dann liei das unahünderlich
Geschehene die tooei.den Aisorüche zu stierer Verzweiflung erstarren -
dann sanJ: das Vei^ in sich zusa:i::en, in sich verkrami>f ter Schmerz,
still und groj, Vur die eine ^...ad ( s ..st streichmbi sie in rauher
Si-.rtlichkeit die riu ter aer Vinaer ) aste noch nachi der schweren
orex^i. enden Lrust,- Die Erschlagenen ora cht diese nicht mehr zu n;.'hren,
,,.,l utlos Icorm-ien die keuschen, uautlos gehen sie
den :^p'^^BEn formt es sich auf stillen -^ippen - -un ^'niemals v/ieder*'
murmelt es daUi. ..ei ter.
;'ieise ce'i.Qii v/ir, luise ü.oer die Schttthaufen, hinaus in die
V/üste, die noch viel groj^er erschient, viel uniieim.Licher und schreckhafte-
als wäre, wir eoen aus dem sickeren keim hinausgejagt in öie wilde
[Jremde, Von weit her, aus irgendeiner ""icktung, zieht eine Langgezogene
Klage, ein ■her weint, ^i::m."nd oder sonst et;."c.s. Dieser .on jedoch
klingt, als ..oge er von ei:. cm ICude der Erde zum andcmn, c.-l;'Stier:e er
s aen
Als
rilhern zum }:iiii el auf, A
es u e ■
üsaj.v .engehallte Cckiei
von Villionen gi^-amgeheugter VeiiScheu, die k.Lage von — ■ij.-ionen Vltcern,
Xl:Jl O^JiJ.
■;;ir iii dieser eiusaj.ien Stunde die hihlische
Kam/kom. en und die ''eJ-t ersch ttern soll,
die u... ihre erschl^^^geucn Thnder weiüt.
aie Sti:"Jie de
'^ e c j. _ • ..
dem :
or einigen
:^-^en
u .1 U ■
discB "ild erneut vo
r
•y
'utter
üie aus
. vc-ue sp ter, mitcen in der Staa
hsmc-.rcm denkmal . u-ae den ";tigsopf cri. eii
ii,. unüev;U:jte-:i Jr;:.n
.'en k.at
x'^-'U.:^ i u j.' c a ,
Vrin... ei'u..
uur] aul ,
, G-e Cj.-.her
- IT ic : tc t
''■■^■' 'jv^Xir: Ler..its vo^. de::. Vriv.'g in stillun
jescii;..^
kjnner weint] '*
il
• • 9 • —
Getzt
G h h o r e e 1 ii - Sxii^zoe: _ .yim' u ,
dieum t- useud er sc'
'oeu
;aj.it aiLse
ruaurc lue u'ce
c "G . V
1 >!; LJ 1 ü >— "
Vüi. der Ita;:_.;-GverJ:Cii.„ GSurrii^e i'Vx ei.iO;i 1; .ein^ij Platz, von honei. ;rv,,üiiien
u i\^r,. t, uriu ei'ßCa. üt cert ii. i]irem unendiicLicn Jieid ulTc, die s:i ihr
lco?.r.:'en. l:iki zidintau^ende v/alli'a-Lrej. zu idir, v:),i iid'lien '^or.jea bis in
Sic tiei'e ■'■'acjit, •7cr vori.'beri^eat, v/ird v/ij von cine^:! 'ai^net an^joiioaen.
ii.rdei"uux, i'rauen, ;dauf ieute: , — indor, dctLler, creiiue: von doij T.ebens
lUile Yori'.'ber e,ia^;b, eine "inutc i:u: jeder srtjaiin in rabilben "b.in
Vürv;ei3.eji, ."einen Tic;-ut cler T;;ev/Uiiderun,_; li 'i'u :.'an, ICeinej^ X^-ut der
Be\/underim{;^ ••d'.rt ::ian, /z^jine — riti]:, jreiuün Tadel fi'r die Scb :aiUirj des
"libis olerrj , S ..ill ]:e;^:iin die ".^enscbei. und ^_.e..e... naej.dennllen \;ie von
einer ^"nidaclit.
1^-m d. 21 Dtz l'-^ö^J
"■^cbr -eehrter r^err Tlenno "ül-can!
"er;:lichen 0'Liic::\7unccii zit .^l.re^^ 75, Crebjrte b:/' c
I, Anbei ein .;ild, :'o o a-^r:: de-'. J^ Ire l'bj;],
lI. " !in "^eitnnjcbericht der Pranicx urtcr ri;;när:cb;-.ui, S nnit^.j
■31. Dez, C:.^ I'üri. icr 2.^51 Seite b.
xll (,;..bscv^rift ) j'-m d. 7. II IOA,-
An die ncliriftleit ^n^/
nrL.n^:r .rter Runde ebau
SebilLeretr:'..ie 10
'eti, benanal ' 0 .fer der Gefallenen"
Aui" de-a ael,ndeGutleutE tr, rubt e Uisaia und verlassen das
Ech^.bie T)cnb:.ial, von den ' 'a^^ic entfernt, 0;^£er der aefauj-encn,
Scliö.'ier "^cnno TCl^can,
i-ils Yerm;Xjrl:ni£ der Toten des l^acbisnuG, mui diefjes De.Icrrial
Y/iedor af {meinen :^latz re'-enibjer de::i Tiisraarc^c -behLonal als : :Uin]:ial
f är ü 1 ■. G e r e n ) f e r n e u a u f e r g t eb- e n .
IV Sehr recl^vtcT r^-rr T^ahn,
Ihre Anrei^un:; dai:^ idüniaiiLd^ jdür O.fcr b.;,n^anal betreffend
haben \;ir viit Dcäi": entje^en^^je.iO; ii.ien vvid werden de'::n ,ch^t eine
beidun,: bringen IIocb.ac :tu-i,^svoll
pranlcf irrtex' RundEcau ,
b'erter ''err Tllba.n!
Auf d^n Lr-^erflatz GUtleuuctr 1 a un.er Trü:iner-
ji;teinen i r \/eretr: Denjanal, oft -ina ich im hrieae davoräber in
neinen aeschaft u. 'Lachte nir ca 'eine eicnen bedanhen, iniaer^neiii_
Krie.-'e u, noch mehr b:-end unter dieee ::enschen und wenn ich die mit
Schmerzen beladen :!j'raü sha, da dachte ich an --illionen von M'auen
die ilire Angehöri^^en "bev/einen. Ich macht im Kriege ( heimlich ) eine
Aufric^Iime u, als der Krier^ beendet war] • schickte ich d-s hiid dei-
Rundsj.au ein, dariaJ.c erschien sie eins al in der hiChe, Die hundGCi.^.u
hatte alles getan, da:^ es aus deiü AlDladeolc^t.. heraus •cari u, er v/urde
hergerichtet u, yieder a?'i alteii Platze eingeweiht als ;'^Tahnmal für unsere
0 )fer.
Zum Schluß v/ünsche ic": Ihnen eiv, frohes - :ecundes
neues J^.hr
irerr^l chen cru.^
j^amiüe JTahn
■_:•.' -m Griesheim
Haselnuß jfad 2
A..'S ender ;7. T-T;.:^n .i^'ranicf urt a,
f^ß. 7/r'/
Fdf^^Z KotLen CoLLCar%e?K
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14.1. l.)04
I^. in teuicr Sc holen A^cuichtJin!
nach äiunVclt üuciruijchcn v;ixd , und c^up^ercciiiitt iiouräiBch.EiA/v-iid
¥on nun cn u.Li.v. '^cr-rciun ncichun hrjbidip.ch r'Chiui ben.-IIobiäis ch,hast
Du i^ehih t? 'Veisst DUjSclioSeri AI ci ehern, nanchnal tiit er- nir j:^chr
tfvehjdasr; Di. nicht hebruij;ch richx'ei ijs t.V/ir hcJuen nax tilgen cin/.ijen
Schülern Alcichem ir: ciei- ^j^-^^i 2icn V/elt,und v«ie möchte ich LJt:ina,-<.r;S
uuch d^i Anteil cji JenreitE .^oi Litcic^tur ^eF:.i cht^r c v.iiu,und v.ei hi-^t
mehr AnEjiuch (..ui diu-s JcnLcit^; .-Is Iiu?'Vüi- hat i'd i cinci- Bo^i^roseen
ivunst UHF er cchtefi Leben dud nicht cIub scheinbare ,vic..s ti,^üi^^'^"''^^'^i&c
tatcächlichc -^cben unc nicht c;ar; vtr^an^ene oder künftige wie -'u,
*
choler»! Aieichem ,^ei:childcrt I Die Stunac nat j_,eEchlatj;en,aasf: Du Dich
nicht mehr rd i der -^^d aü^ibst«
•k« • • •
Biciliic's ;7ariiin:, to "'^^^iii^crantc
ni
^iiQ lior^orc :.)f tnu T:u; r;Lt;.n
^^o^ro:::c v;.
IICJ.
Lt:.iL.cl v/itli increasec'
Vi-olcnce at tVie beginning oi' the ninctccnth Century >D;:/:x: :awC:::c:x3X2i:,p
in thc dejtii of hi^i i:oul.
'■■ "-^ orale ;oe:.,. coiu'josecl ^itei' the £.laür±ter
.1. lO u .
Ol ..lehinc:,!' ic unt:
tO.-C.
L/:-L:
v.£;ur
:ae, ed e:-jrc2Gion of
tlie
0.1 in ::;
C c - U L' fc" Cl -. ii G ...1 c
üe\; by tne oi t'i;recd: of modern "barb^.risni. It v/ac not a
l£:.]nentationli::e the mcuievai slichoth hut the oütcry of rebeilion and
a call to aiTic, dhe heljlecr:ner:L of the victi-r:, the lach of activc .
X'CE^istance encited t^ie ^..oet fai y;iore th;..n the i:...va^ery of tn.e aacce^:.
In accoradance aith thi^: cüüitüde, hi:...lih di.: not conto, .jlate for
a nonent to ieave che countr.;, dhiile
a greao ..^arb of 'Saj^tern Je.^r:
j
v/ac z:Ql in notion, he not only rcnained in hucr:ia u-t did not even
loce confidence in the future of Puri^ian J"ev/ry . Theru i^: a de^... xniciüii
romantic af f eo bion for the lifo ii. the Galuth aiid the merioriec of the
past at the "bottoa of thir: ochavioi^r, Al'.c !:ne£:e r^otivee are reflected
ii..' tv/o letucrjj av;dre:::;::;ed to Shoie.. A eiche:u and the Jev;ish wribcr
ernov;i(ti:, vdio aar: jui^b en^/-_c
to Shole:.! Aieiche...' c daujht^r, on the
j. , .
eve Ol oierr ue 3L:,roure lor xi: -eriGa„
hi:-iih to
ohoie:: Aieichai
Ode::ca, Januar^' 1, iOOo
ear c_ioie..i A-Lciche;..!
nov, -
are j-ee.vin^ ohe country, and I -h: l' cee :/ou no ■
.iore. -^oaȣ^ din,_er and his i.ii^nty hand aie ruiin^ thus. 'hao a .it-
\.nyo^a ,it:' ! Our torn o ;dy is hein- elif^jerced over the seven sca-^ '
.-Lov; tona :, et, r:holen .Ueiciic:;-. how lona the;. ^^et '^ ' ' icn -iil f^^i-^-'"'
have an end; I a-^c „ oü, Teil me ! Miere i- God'r ' "ctisre, .herc is
nis truth? ,hab uae^ ...e care for enanpic thi.t a »Tew ca^ eJ
:^hole!.i Aleice:; r:ibc n. b :e -anh- of the Dnje^;r and
^y. vi^z for the ^e.;:^, luC. tliab the J ev;c huret :
e
V •
,A-r
::..^eri.-ece L.n .lour or .^^aie-oy ana reexu.-aü
ucEtionc b i oür Lord '.
fraveL in ^ood he..ith for A.:xrica and de
üout your jon, so not ^ei]
nd _^;erhc;. i
ot ad Ger a.L.i rujcii a •:o")d couatr;^ ar
.1.
0
"luec nice
_ nc-
bh lia.i ■'_ ^er .
WC
I •
Cc^ÜblO
^ ^ '^'^ ^^ "cae a:on,^.erL for l. ;::cornful :.ionev I
^-'i-:-i :, ou reuurn -jo your friendr: . ftcr a -.daLle. dhere i;
r:uca a -o-d coui-hr-- c.r; duL-i:.. nor £-;ch a jo x
hiere ic -ne Ho e . . . -'
c ; "^ '" P- ' ^ •?. f '~\ -r c r- <-- 1 ■' /• .-. r
Clo'
•iaiih t? 'T.I).v..lcjd£pva3^
Ode::;:'a, Jü-nuary .j, iCOu
L- e c.".. r
inazel tov ! niazel tov l '»d"o
to ne'* ( dod, 'l,.l... ) and all
..uc.i: ii:
:'CcreG.:.y cr-nj^hit
ri GGcn in do o ,
•:ä:;..lj/: r- hen /^i
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liicl'lu TOr'']j^--r, }J:'-P oC::\;l1'o .y,ii, t
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T:iali:v to ■^.losclic ncn ::;iie2er f GloM;.;itzki )
Odessa, 28, , ü£;u£t 1905
vrc>
er:^e;;.iie ::i..r,
r Glo "bitzki, ;!ei.. r ti ulsGL:v;e .,rc„,, j:'ein
^vc : .wei.^.en naL mic^^,.. nicx.r rierjeiion en, cLe Bicii. .'cIi uin doch, mit '/erlaj,
ein ::edcdcuL.ur Lei dex AchiaEcai- CieGeilsL;.- f.. und er: -ver .elit kein Ta^,,
aud de l:l:. r.)r en nicht ,:rö .; _ sind als an de::; voran^eheden, Al)er
lasrien vir die hech ::ierti._n n_ füi' eine 'ben^rere '"leit, Tet.-t zur Hache,
"■'"och vor :"'eu;a":r wird ein d::eifacheE "'"eit de!^ hac-iiloach erschei-
nen, a ü:. ai^ he ine
1' ^ .. .n -- J n^^; ■.. i n u r;Ln j l e , v;
• ■ X. LLl. -1.. V^ i ■-' ^^ '.-' .<Jt~-
._>ruc
;'en. '"ro titele::- hni: e ic:.' sie c.ji _ uhnen ::ön:..-en, i/venii die Jh'i^nhiän^
L-e
nic.'t :::o lan/ . e\7esen \7'".re,
..■-, 1^ v^ j. ij
ie te en i^jj^iö 'licli.
.L C
■; , i e i 1.1
li,_ün i':r div- n ehr. ..en "-.^i'te, , .,
^ h,£ aiu '-h.. z:hiian:. aiiH solche l.etriiit, i.. . heine hesor,:ni£ unhe -
;rrilndei>, '' Daio Si^ vi .-I.'. -h-c.: eo Ee--..Lec : i' t e ,.c . , Cwe. '' ... uiricn dj
.iCE^a'ichen , iEt ei^ -:c;in
V^ U J K^
unnn.ne Luni, '-n, dan:
t_ o ,^
^ e.-.ciGn.:e te '-rzhiiunj. :;e Eind cU. rin
r vi i.e Echiittcre "'teilen, ahei trot::d
ULI
V'ird, wenn ..ini, e j-.ue ...eEEeribn en. vor ^^n ;n- en ;;er en, eine , 'an:: lemc
"'hii^ie ]:crai.-E::o--i en, .'i^er eii.en ■^'or::u,; oeEi.:::en rvL'.e Deine 'r;:\z-\rr\.
■ 1 i ' L- 1,. ■.. c e j.^ e
jeiiniti-n. iii..de ich
nie '\ "!■
( 1
c
T1
m^j :vri: \ on i ai
^ Ij L 1 * 1 V .
>^iti.'^ _
1 J. '.»L t. U. -1
IE. ... ein ro .jcr
üin^ E "'clirif üEt.. 1 h..rE. T]
o 1
P C <-< /-. -;-
_ m.- hicn . na
:.n in Tc.ier
t,
■a
31 cn a;:;ir
li.,..;lll
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ht-i
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•■ ' V y
lö de
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me
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v' i 1 K.' e ti Li - •
e,:.der(fe "c
L.
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e ...:.!. Lic u
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i t ':
i:oe
ii . .LE U- . V .-r.. i.n.
./L- ci.
^einee .in.n
^'cn/ei
a-vj
nie'"t '..a. ii i
e 1 n
oa:.e
E 1 V; e
ci r ' '"'
veer
i.l i V- ' 0. C'j .. 'w
:.^. U ü r
i J. o ^
e üiee eer
L< J . L v_
a e "
j, I... ^ j.
1
V
zwischen tausenden iCü^fciikEXtßLK :£a-neten und ::chne.Ldet '^triemen von
Seinern ei-ensn ?leiQch niiut -.veii^iLaienden Zanjen,
^^iskEx ITeler die '[aiij tjersoneri :Deiner -■ i-z:,llilün-en, Dcuvidousici dnd
Aorainson, liabe ich viel zu G.,.^:en. Aber ich lasr;e e- f 'r cinn andere
Gelegenheit, bis ich die :;]rz:.hiu.^^ üinije:n:..l .jelesen haben werde. "reiU
:^3u, H:olGhe ■'erGoneii/.Yie .Ja-.v:.doYshi , :ht der ._;anzcn "' 'ahrhcit undrc önheit,
die ibrer Psyche iniiev/o'men, machen auf :;:icb j2en •■■ündruc :. als ob in
ihrer ^ede ein Grundi nid fehlte.
..m ?iin/:ij.hfv /cxilo innon .-,in
i Unchj X' 1 il /.j1_^j » vLi^^u li^Ai. ^ J. <.j.U k-^ O i-'ii
.liXC
"'Vcvnj.;.Li ih' . *b]^ it;nio uic Grunala^t ** , Eo ist cs Lei a«jn V'^iEchicdenon
Süllen inc^rcF ncuc;n L^/bens und unreicr nc^uen Bev^e^uixo^unu dii^pc^i jjl
Pthlci. ein<-i ^-iandlai_^e riaoht c.as aen v c:rt::chiedenen Gebieten unseres
liL-bcnif-: und uncticr T3cv;e^_;unij;cn uin Niclits und vervumuclt pii:; in Cohen
e:>.is tenzen. Il/.d "vielleicht .cajin ce nicht ancieiin i- ein.Dennn aei Anfan^,
ue^ Güdeihon^: ui;.oi jcaen neuen L ebencbe c^un^j; , unci jede nue Idee
in unrcrcn Volke honrat niciit auj u.a. e olbst heraus, nicht \'on (iei S.J;
^ehol le , i:oi.uejn von iu;x Luft.V/ij /'iehen alles: cus cici Lui't,.. tni't ee
ferti;j und x eii\, i£,t,'v, j,r ^jL'nier;sen die Bluten und leii'tni L^xuchte aer
i.nuei cn, ornie ctlc Schmerzen de? Aclcernp> , de?: Pflan.^itns und aer Auf7.ucj^t
V/ij. haben hcinen Bouen i.nd deshalb iet c.ll(:,r; tin Schein, Alles bliüit
und A/erv^clht c..n uincro Tai^^, . . ^V.
Die S;:rache Deiner firzahl
uniL braucht
X2C Di'.s ie^t ein i_roJer Jj'eh.Ler. hat ri.ich croiche ■rz;.h.lun,,en v/ercien in
hieber ;_:eschrieben, c.bcr xien:: . ie schon ^^escnrieben eind, ist es /jut
sie li'^en u lassen und
ialilc an Brenner Jose ;1: Cliaim
Oline "Da tun
( ■)desr.a,Aü:;üGt oder Sejt 19D4 )
I'riede "IDir, ::Luin Teurer!
T'eutG habe ic-i die :'lo Ceiben 2DBäner ^ei^chichte ( " ";:und in den "^umct '' )
an den Druc :er a'b, -eis chic l:t . Diese 3rzahlin^ ist eine T?ortr:iet:3anj und
":'r,;ansun^ djf3 "hacheref ' und sie Y/ird v/ahrscheinlich eine Gtaßhen
hindrucl: heryorrufen. Ich habe r^ie nur ein:aai ^^elesen und trot;2dem hann
ich absolut f:;a,;^e]i, dai Du der neiae ErzLhler unserer Jjochejist, im
'^' an -iand
v/ahrsten '"^inne dieser T/orte. 7er Diene Erzählun::,en iiaijli der literarischoi
Theorie hritisieren jollte, würde ^roie und hleine j'ehler finden, die
Are itehconih hinht, es jibt L'.berrids^ri^e -ersonen, un^jaseende Länjen,
imäxun fassende h"lr::en uü d.jl, A'::)er vvas schert :iich die literarische
Theorie ? hier vor nit habe ich eine lebendiv;:e Seele, ein flsinmendes
GefLilil, S^l-a serajhischet?^ ^edan-:ep,es brodelt in jeder ^^eile, and e
flu:,et i n jedem Buchstaben, Und v/ie viel PriEheit, v/ie vihii '•"..■aiirheit" :
Du hast h'ahrheit ^;esuc?:t und ".7ie viel r^ift ist in dieses i^iJriuahlunr:^:
ein:;ef lossen, " Die Zlraahlun^ ist heine voliendete Schöjfun:; f sajst Du )
e "i n e i ; i
nit Gliedern , die nach vorjefaiten Plan aneinandcrjerei"it sind,'* Viel-
leicht ist sie eine 3ch .'i-L-in^'e v/elche 'liedv.'ii(Ese .:er /O'ini tten './urde und
deren jedes Glied iLt sich isirt selbst lebt ^nd ;'::ajjel!:, mit vielen
hochenden 'lift darin. Du warst in dieser , in Deine anderen
'-■rsahlun. .-en unter dem star'cen Binflu3 der klassischen X russischen ;
Literatur, de..:iocri finde ich auf jede::i '^-chritt und Tritt den hinflui
unserer Gro^jen : A .rajaowick; ( ^-^endele ), Achad Haai.i, -JerdyGze'wshi u,a.
Icii meine nicht, üg.^ Du sie nachalimitt ,aber Du bist unbev/u^t beeinflußt.
Ihr ü-eist imt von -'ir absDrbiert v;orden, die Kraft d^m. '^J'aters labt im
Sohn und in Dir iat sie zxis.li in einer anderen Gestalt zutage ;e treten,
Pf
Obv/ohl Deine Scho jf erische Kraft auf den ersten Blich einen eur)jaischen
Charakter aufzuweisen scheint, ist sie let2:ten Bndes dennoch eine
hebrclische Schaf fenshraft, die eines Sohnes der öaluth, natürlich
der zeit:;enössischen ^'aluth, der;sen 'Vollen sein Vjermö;jen -^bersteijt
und sieht, wie die ITatiayn verfall I: und ihreJ^^efroiun;;^ erstrebt, de:; anä
die hojlichheit einer Befreiung; {^laibt und nicht glaubt, einer Befreuun^,
von de:: er nicht weii, v/o sie ist und \7oher sie ho::ii en v/ird. :']r hofft
u
nd verzweifelt zugleich, er strebt und schreit vor Schmer:^, er schwebt
ic\l:
,11
^ni ti::':i
( auE den ■"''ei:
'izi -erjan: eii
.c den Inhalt meiner Gedic:::te betrif:
ie:-C .ü er aer
•cln;eren lürde. :.jie orte fiie:^en
der Tiei'e ::!e:Lnes — erzienr;. Die
j'hrdnen cind echt
liicdri am':, llend. all -emeine Ver:^a7eiili;v.
I.lan ei. an C-lauben an den ninn dec L .idenfn in der Galuth, die TJnhalt-
eit der Yer^vurneli.n'na cchlciilich der ""achhal ■. der neue
u
lioii nu:
dernii ;esen den Yolhe und vielleicht auch seinen C-ro,>en
unvers t ..ndlic'
1 1
- a
ies alleä hildct den Stofi meine
Geaicnaoe
HC
o Cv C
a£ einen und üchlucl'Lsen er.vcc^-t unr:er :.!i tleld , ?ond'jrn das
Un ■ 1 .. c 1: u nd sei n Au
^^ -. ii-j
.j • • I • - •'■'1
eder Generation haben die Juden
eliut...n und chla
..ii
eae
'cn cie oerui
ji. en
e-
,i^:ic^
^'J
Ma ■ 'er
.her ,1ed
v^ ;iV>i
;ire xiCicien ver:-i
en die ihr ei; en
t'
--1
!.ic:ie:
V 1
r. noch clor l^eschar denheit ihres: Leidens
I an
thcro
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riit ^cereij Aucdrüclcen .und au2"-e-
j-cl^.rten ?hrarven:2QQC auc eccno^:.enen ?aüronenhdlEen ,:^diiix:H.iiE:n2ii:Ddi:cä32:::
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.u'oi' uns
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hört uieuer das Geraune hohle
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ur.i^ , LLic neue . eiiza tanzt .;ie...er einen
n >
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na sie nin-;
\j i^-* •<,
d i rei.i Stolz:
w/< «i -..t
Dchndsi ■ und vorlau
0«
C II A Y I ^: r A C :^- K AK B I A T, I y I ''■'• S T H T^ C
rn o
A G "^l H II R A T I 0 :'"
The hirtoric ri nificancc of •''hp.yin Kachr't^n üiali]: ir^ Ijy no
rieanr* t^.-hai-sted l^' hie joetical \;orh, T'iat he ire...d the ---^odern HehrcT':
yerji^e fro-i': thc I::onda -e of conve. ti-^n, a.nd, hc alone, revived the
:-enuine beaut^^ of Je\;isji .b'i'ics v/onld cert::/.ii:l-^.' in itf:eli F;ecuro t) hi
a iartin-j yiory, Coiifronr,od v;itli the ardour and -Tanaeur of lUalih'i:; :
..;oe''ir:
ohc achicTe ente of bhe ^:)rccedin'-' nodern .'-'.ebre'.'/ ^oetc ao )ear liho a
rhadovr/ at .enjt. 'i'he unoaj.clieied fate of the dir jcrced Jev/i: h
,^ r] .-■ -f-
lapt f 0 :.nd an ade''iu
atc e:-: rercion in v.'ordr' drav/n fron tue vcr',' Gonrcer:
.1.1,
of t^ie yebrev; lc:.n na e, .fieYcrtricierr this voetic -^enius v/an not a man
of lettcrr; in the s )ecifiG ijoiiGe of t'ie ;,'or
ti
..iJ. 0
laii.
WC
e
Jenisli )Qo ;le './as far nore than even the
.' Ti
ÜCL Lr
eore^
.L'J. 0
.en
r^mce c.ie u
V.. J , Iw
■) 1 o
eh;;da ^alevi
DT
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le niinc£ :)f tradition. zc^iisjs:;
/^ r\ I c; c
ible to
»jn>jr'..u.
on
10
-, 1 , _ .'-
int ci ht of the uhole and its
cecret "iGanin;:, '' ^fou find •^■ourccl;
ti
declarcd
1 n
n'G ox Gne
ih-eritod ':.ia2'- , a nountain of boo^cu, but v;itho;;t a bo:)'
b ;
.t-.LL
;i
'ro
L.il
T O > o
inful contradic ;.ion iorivod the call to ÜBialii: for
restoration of the ancient ./isdo.
u r "• u IL
ojsands o
-1 _ ' ■•
»i^'acio G-
'Ghe .'.nco:
Ole . OG G- Dl
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t... .L u
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^ «u ^.^ Cw u
ed b-
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u
nerations ox jC'..isn sa,:es ana ooets, hie nor.
0
rforned Irj hiali:: ;;iti
t::i
J.1,
ur.i0se v/as tne nionuien-c
1 !
fn .. .c?
e 1 c
TT,
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0 the e ;o
ox
ne r^;lx-Goni
ci e n
I- ' ) (.'
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"li :ht"' Etre;
üj; U'.^e :::.]
1 0 lU.
"f'P !')•'•• (^*7 f ;1 T'!
^eore
iri
rin ■ m : xr.;:.!
.lie
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ivenaii::^ance ;e
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j. J.
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o:
i^^ »w
LI 'le 7,.ian,
ilt c
VoiJ
.is achievenent :neant for Bialih only
a ^reiuae to ano gIb;
Ucl
kJ Ut,j
:e ox ms j"1i
Ion, To be ?:u
X ^
,i'j::i
. .'^
ßvyjjhl oo the Je.i:
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te
,.LiÜ ou
;io ral s
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J. v^ X vy
) I
UJ-i...,i
1 the ;3jiritu-..l
needc-. In hi;!- f?nov^ 'Oe^-i ■' I;
0..
of rüau hat er " coi-DOfrod af ter
the Kishinef jojTon he cho:;ccl, in the v;ords of tlic C:.2:ei Habll
J.:'. ''^erts, '' tlic conterfi:.;t for ^^lorr^l v/erihnerr: , the hr^tred of
C0YJD.Tö.ic2, vxid. the für:' a-rlnst ii^umtmity t}:at dis tin-uir^^ed the
■^"^rophets nf old. . . lashiii; • his brethrcn for their ..'aithlesrnes- c^nd
3'oiit^ has '.'-iimd c:r: irenrior: i:: vex^e^ c.no.. ir^yncati n, beca^-'e inr t'ie
'lan ori the clina:
Ol hic
J- J. J. ^ 'v;,. i ^ - . Cj Ij ^ C- J- \. X '~j 0~~ -J X •■' •-■ .11 \J -U ^ j ^y'J 1. <- ■ ij\^ ^'-
teachin/;;. In 192::: he juiblirh.cd the eBr.ayj ' -iieilachah and 'K/c'-'^^oh ",
a r )leridid rehabili tation of the uraditional .'^e".-, ich orclinance?? "vh.ich.
had !:econe quer: tionc.ble t-^ f'-e .'"civr^ i^-bued v;ith inodern ideais, The
irise jarc.bi li t7^ of tho Ir^' ito/. Jevi^!?! Life wr.e; re-ctat^d he^'e and
br v^-ht
iiito i: nc\7 li;'ht. '.('■ic -oet, the tec'.cher no'.; develo led into
the -iTo .hetic noi'c^l leader of hie; ^.^eo.^le, ' hien he, in the Icrt :_^eriod
of hie lifo, rcihled in jr-aler^-tine, t",'e reborn I^aid recelved hin p.s
t^'ie enbodiyienl: if all crc;:h.ivc forccc of
j--.-,
JiiTjiin: . It '/ap the f inest
synbol of triir relr/oi -n tna^ the v..iie^, uhaiDath, the --o?/ celcbration
on t'ic hJab;:ath rftern-on, founded i.;y x)icilih, eca:ne the only
inctitution ;;j.iiGn xic.^ incorjorated not omy mto t.::e life of tne
oishu\; bnt luuj Zncz Ol' t-e «jcv/isn oeo.le all over tlie v/orid.
This great life coiaprises Jewish history in the fateful dwcades
Y/liich have geen frained by the outrages of the hussian pogroms and the
v/as
Start of the German ni£:htLiate.Ali what ..roductive in Je^vishness durini];
uhis jeriod became an element of BiaLilc^s jjersonality. hliile tra_ned
froin early youth in the intricacies of Pcabbänic logic and imbued Y;ith
the gay spitituali.ty of Hasidism his mind embraced the criticisra of
the haslcala as wellas the vitalism of the renascenc^ movement. -.ov7
he succeeded to iiielt together these various cornponents and to incor-
porate thera into the inherited structure of Judaism constitutes a ssx
particular charm of Bialik's character. The synthetic power that was
i^t Bialik^s coniinand nanifested itself no\7here better than in his
correspomdence. Letters were for him the Channels througli which he
connected the living generation v/ith his own exemplary development,
lie tried to exert an inniediate influenae upon nis correspondents
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L.' X X >;. '1X10 '.ii-Jtj fc../ ^ ~. Ol k/' C
/Ol" , t-.c ^;0"v7er Ol tlic father ic m the son, an:^ it liac Glian;ved it?r
feaGure, ^.itnougli „ our creative jov/er sccas to Lctray a ü. ro_ c: • ciiai^.
c'.G tlic xirct Ei[rht ) it is in -GiIw en^L a ';:^orc,ic creaüivj i'-^rce in l it.:.
Ol all, taaG of c. ;:on of th- Gniütli,9f coircc of Gin- contc: :_.oiary scsdiiiji
Gaiith, ..i:occ intention z^x ,:-^/.. cz \ilz noncr, :.'d. ) o-vn: hov; tn^, nnt.-on
:.econer:: rot ain.- nlio ct.-ifec: for xGc li^.,er..-. ^ion, uho ocLivcr: and does
not Doli. VC in tlie ^.osEi üiiity of a ÜLcration ni^oüt vdiich lie is
docs not -.cnon .<.;,.crc it Iz iraC, \;dcncc it vvill co:v.., !'c Ao. es and cles^.;..i -
Eit tnc j^anc ti-C, no utrifec and cricc in j-..-.ns, ..-c is EO£_^v-ndce cctwcn
tdoi'candE of i"ia^:nct!- . G.nd Cuu;3 ciic^^ froa nxC o::n f -Ce ".^itn
uOH; :e
I liavc nuci- to cay about tlie nain c>io.rj.:.c terc of iyoür s-Goricrr,
otn^r .Dcca;;:i0i. until
'" I icavc it lor ai;
;Dc.v.iuO'^;inci --ne; ^eraacon, „: o b
I Eiiaii have read öhc z covj f:cvcra.'. üi!:icc.
■-.. u
c ar;..G GcrE
xJt'^', ; 1 ;,-^0 . —
:u]ci , you dno.., witn aii tl.n. Truth an ' Oöaii:!^- .iiich i^ i::L..anent in tnffiir
c n 1 ■; I
1^ \j i/i -1. I
xdzc ne fecl a^^ if •Giiere L.ouiu lc laccmg a "baeic civ^ment in
oy trc^nsmitting üxs to them liis profounfl ezperiences, 'Oii^ enormous
Chain of letLers stretchin-: over a whoie liie iias , f roi-:. its very
l)eginning one ain : to raice the Standard of Judaisni anci to sliaje
a new Jev/isli cliaracter, A feeliiii^ of responsiLility jermeates thcse
letterc similar to that of the Ethical Jii.s. Liali-c considers KÄ3^?QC2cf:
the friends v/ith whoLi he exchani;,e£ letters as builders on a eommon
wor... ::e hails their abilitiüs and virtues and ula-mes th^ir shjrtceiiin^c
XXX he watches wit^L the j_;reatest care their developinent and ^^ets never
tired to adjjionish and to instruct tJaem, y_e uses all means of instructioi;
froni the long lea^ned e^istle to a hurfiorous witty cvoercu, It is the
genius and the conscience of Judaisiii v/hich speaks iro:; the - still
incornplet - five voluiiies of Eialilc*s letters.
J> >•; - .
Bialik laments the death of J,L,(-ordon
.:-:ialij.: was ninetecn ;;,'ears of arre v/hen J.L.Cordon died. .-ye.. joens
have be'-.n puhlished oy nma at that tirae but his originality was so
strihing that they prought hir.i at once in the forefront of the riebrev;
poets. T:. US J.ch.Ilawnitz^cy , the founder of a new Jlebrev/ periodical, W^
" Pardes '* invited t .le young poet to send hira an elegy on the death of
the iiiaster, this was ::iali-c*s re^-/ly.
j3ialik to J^Gh.Kav/nitzhy
Odessa, Tishri 5, 1802
I received your Jostcard in v.hich you a^ked rne to Iciriont
Gordon " if the spirit should elv/ell upon :.ie.'' I did not answer you
because I thought that _.erhaps sor.ieuody eise v/ill aj._;ear and do if'.
bet^^er than I. Then it is not a trii'le to l&jaent Gordon ade .:.uately .
Pushkin has been iamented by Leririontov, but who is able to laiient
Gordon? ' ut after having seen all those elegies v/hich v/ere composed
sending 5?ou t.:.iE ele^J icrhich I have rnade. ("On the dead Lionx", )
IToY/, Sir, I should recora;nend you to reiixai-iiber the elegies which ap_.ear
in the ■' ^^aneliz " and the " Hazefiraö ", v/hen you will read my poern.
Then you will like it.
...-ost of the best poenis written hy Gordon are ailuded to in my
song. If y u will read carefuliy, you night find that it is a good
poern. If it will please you, let nie have your answer at once v/hetner
you have began to'print the " Pardes •• , because I airf impatient.
c^u
Yours sincerely,
Gh,!:T.Eialil^
\
Vau
't0»
■\
.'^
The poem
iiiL<2 deacl Lion '* v/as pulDlisiiea j... i.
f
A passionate criticofcontehi.jorarv Heoiew ^oetry
Tlie iriendship between Sialik and Achad Eaeia is one of the
üiost haiLiaoniouE features in the lives of Loth ^reaü luen. Bialiic, even
v/hen he v/as already the recognised head of tlie Kebrew authors, never
ceased to treat Achad Ilaara with the reverence of a young pupil.' It,wac
the a-ttitude which the t.venty four years old poet had shown to the
master on the occasion of the foundation of the Hashiloach. That this
adi:iiration for the öhanu.ion of — odern ileorev; .Licer-. ture v/as cou.led
with a -joignant criticism of conteriporar:^ Hebrew joetry .le a ehinin^^
test of ■:ialilc*£ early maturity.
Bialilcto Achau Haam
( Ode£c;a, .lc96 )
Dear Sir,
I nust apolo^ize that iny ansv/er, though v/ithout my fault, has
been delayed.I thank you very rauch for the great hono;;r, of v/hich I am
not v;ort.]:iy, namely. thcLt yor have'chosen rie caiiong the jer: onalties
concerned to occi.py the restricted Space you have reserved lor poetry
v/ithin the Kagazin v/hich has to be published.
I teil y 'u, Sir, i: all sincerit^ but v/ith rugret that I am
not able to do itin i^lthough I ^//ould lihe to enjoy this honour. I shall
coi;.fine iriyE-eif \..lth the d-eiightfui adriiiation of such v.'O.. thy authors
as are you and others iilce you, ho am 1 that I and peopie liice nyseli
should pene träte into such a, holv place? I do i.ot postess at all the
necest-ary talent for participating in a periodica.l that v/ill be edited
"by you, a xjeriodicai to which our grea-t hopes are attaciied, i.s v/e .:nov;
v/ho is the editor v/e can imagine the spir-t v/hich v/iil dominate there.
Kacicneyed co:.:...on-places , supcrfluous eff sions of sentimen .s, un-
Becess'aryiifitalicr , bomb)a:.tic foolichnesE should be not adrnitted, This
ijiiA. i.ji.our the mai_,c'.zin, and, at the same time, guare.ntee its
existence,
As to x>oetry ^ou havc rightiy „-.ointed out elsewhere( " The
Aanguage ^.nd Literature " ) that
Our poetry has overeaten on its jjasture £.nd iiias beco. e unv/orthy to
be served on the tables of decent men. The £ta,ndard of our conte:;ixDo-
:ary poets is e-iualx to no.ght. Tlieir notion of poetry cswstaojss. means
loth.ng more th^.n pi.aying with rhyrnee and the use of beautiful words.
.'he reasonable reader can be sa. tisfied v/ith the poetry that is to be
f ..'Bind in the poröse of M^^ndele I.Tocher Sforiin. If you, hov/ever, are
obiiged to publish poems. let be iriYited poets like Constantin
Shapira ar David Prishiaann vvho , in spite of ail their famlts, are
pofetr measured after the Standard of European poetry, and v;ho possee-
understanding and luore or less sonie abilities/
You, dear Sir, will certamly understand my attitude, 203^ v/hile
1 will be ...aeased to Icnovv that I have not spoiled the honour of this
magazin, so niuch longed for by us, w... üh my trivialities. I and oeoale
liice rryself v/ili be happy v/hen we shall witnesj? the a :pearance of a
no
T
dignified iric.gcizin Vvhich v/e shaii honöur v/itli all .ur heartE), itself
and its Contents, the editor and its contributors.
Once again I aijologizc, Sir, itet for liavinc. tired you v/ith iiiy
unnnecessary words, but I have tlie iionour to aslc you that you may count
nie amont; your EubscriLers and send me tlie pEriodicai to my addres^.;•
if I shüuld knov; the prise I could enciose it. irow I must wait untii
the arrivai of the annoimceinent.
P.S. "'iiat I iiave said ab-:ve does not exciude the oossibility thc,t
when I shall write something what v/ill be worthy of y ti iiiagasin, I
ßhe.ll send it to you.
"ith the sentiments of sincere adrairation
Ch.]vr.i3.
;ialii,c discovcrr: tli^ eli:-a'n of the ''!iLi!iat::.iicl''
The üeath of SicJ.ih*E x'athcr vleBtroiyc... tlie fcj^iü:/ üfe of the
■joQt in hie ei-^xli' chilc'hood, The ,_^rani:f:.o-:L;r and l:he :l"c..::iour: JijvhL.L.
of ' 'olo r: <.:7n t-v-Cc.:..^.
. i .'j :
ii:f .!,i;enceG oi ni
) u th ,
^' L-, -. b 1 LJ L'-LL-i j.,/ t*nc
v.^ u
..0 year;:'
.. enu in "'o.Loszvn ;:ha_;cd Bic^ii.:'^ i.ioral
and inuCl.LCctuL..L chL:.r^ctür. '7h;.rc the v/orid of the 'h-.linud v/a;;: rv^vealecl
to hic ^: uisc ^jtibj.u Eiriö of .die 'jorni^
:.an,anc^ ii::_ re:::Led hl..- for ever.
he hi::E:e-Lf \.tcL,.[^ onc of ohc ar^-^ent .levotcuc to bhe T^^l^'iud, the
"Ha; ii-t:-:ivh G " f^i :.nom ieainin^: ;.^eant t^.c only i..nd e:>:clu£i¥e content
0 f J. i f c , A i...
e
J c. oll
..ibh tii-i-ij t;y^.e -.vac Born in Bi^üh , .n
uxi.:errtandin..: for the ^hortco' -in c m^. t'ie i:^n!3aiuc:ddLe rieritc of the
Hajnatiiid , ac the
• 1 o..^l i-.j. .-•C-.xCi. Oj. U..L -..ixQ j.^- Li .j b 1 o.^. 1 olOii, j.y.. o.iC
Cl:
c
1^ *. - ■ "^
e-- .ne
?ia.Li.: c:.-c:..i:ud a :.:oni;ncn"G to
dou
eu .....:) j. or cne r.ajce oi Li-uie^ ■..ir:'.. i.:: lc .ax'^-.-ci
e-'._ ij')
.i.C
0 f tli e 0 u t ::; i ^'. e :.') i'i d . 'J d ;
' . ■'-
Cl . L' 0 ■ .'- ■ c.n .!. vj L.
e oe
c on. -^i: ol:!';, : c r^ 'C.:.: v. ... o e u o :_ i. e x'
.- X ■.■> ^ '-J - i.*', - I- V^ .1. _ >-.
' • - *- * 1
?-ialih to Achad --acn
o::no:.ice , d".;!'/ iJ. 7
hei
a .f.: Ol-, d
- e i ■
'^
oe";
.ainao::^!
corr'ctc, I ean^t hei: ad in^: L07ie re^-^arhs.
'..1 u:..OÜi:
•1 ..1 . ■
.■Gi:iia IE no G a e u .jer-Ci-ever ana ec^en'cnc- :, oir^n
üt a eiLi j-^ oj.a^aL'Liionea '..lan \;:.io ...oec noi: ccvoce -i
f. ^.
0 ! G.ie
^^ac
iher cd^e .^r*^ - t ^''orl;.i. do
.dJ-ch --.e indced v.ocl ..ot de long.
(h; he 2X.s:b .'.oec not aeh for thu ai:,: an.. usedi~lneL . of die
vjf .'oid:e , i.cithor ;.... d.. I'Ol, ec'c 'uo iiiiiLeif ..ot other»-. he ^....oee i.o b
..CLulcv, ai..a iL iiCüo vwiivOii L'^' c, i..wt-. ire
Bialil: an Acliad Haan
Sosnov/ice, Juli 1897
Geehrter Herr,
oüv/ohl icJi Ilirien nein C-ediclit " HaniatniiCRU'" ohne
CaU*
jeden Homiienta.. cchiciren v/ollte, Icann ich n.clit u^ihin eini^^e Bemer-
KiEXLicun^jen hinzuzufügen,
a) ;^'ein T'£isi:ii48t is-. n_cht ein i.'"ber- cscheiter und LlTjersjitzter
Jun-e, 5::ondern eil., einfacher hensch von altem Schnitt, der eich
nicht der has-:ala hin-.ibt nnd Vvon heincrGchnsucht nach der ^iroien
v/elt, die nicht die seine, ^;eorieijen wird,
"b) Er frajt nicht nach dem Zwech und ITutzen seiner Bestrebun^-er;
Y/e er fvlr sich noch für andere. Daher betrachtet er sich nicht als
Gef an '-enen und veraxhtet ßB.L iiicht sein Schichsal, v/eil er -laibt,
da^j diesE der natürliche Gan^ der Din^-e ist. "H^r betrachtet sich
auch nicht fi'r einen Un^^lüchlichen und er findet auch Lefeen in
diesem finstern ".'inicel, weil er nicht eimia,! v/eii, da^ seine Zeit
schon vorbei is :.,
£:) Darum ^^eht er aucli sicher seines T/ejes , er r.acht keine
Sprai^e, er irrt nicht, denn er v/eii \;as er zu tun hat, und er v/ird
seine hrb^-it nicht schlecht machen, 3t studiert 16 - 10 stunden irr.
Ta:;e, Zo was finden v/ir nicht bei einen Hashil, weil er vor viel
Arbeit ::ar nichts tut und deshalb stra chelt,
d ) "J ch e r v/ :. r d mein llv.^: \^\ n i c h t sein
( 'Jitel einer clciiials jojulären Erzählung- von 2!]zra Goiain ' Kahl
';eschoren n von rech ^^s und lin.:s •' d,h, nicat her noch hin ) , d...s
traurije '..nde des ^^ev; = .:nten 'i'lh^^s , der schon ein abgedroschene
Gestalt f ..r jeden Gclirif tstellor r:ev/orden ist, ^^'^cin, er erreicht
iiieistens sedo^ ein Ziel, r:2nichah ( ;ro:iotion ), -^.^v^ Titel"r.abbi Gaon*'
und eini:-e ]:..:.dert 'lubel j.htjifu nebst der Hraut, "^'as nachher \;ird -
v;er sollte sich d;:,ruiii hferiern.
e ) :; achhe r hon"^ t das Habbdne raxi t , eine hräin ere i , T'el cjndd - 1 um ,
:::a^nani^h \ Ar":ut ) und eine Ian^_e stille Ajonie. 'hid das alles ohne
jc'liche hitrlstunj oder hnolrun:: über clie '' Schlechte l^eltordnun^; '
welche seine IJnter:jan,_: verur sacht nac. .:i]r ua
at rächt et sich üucrliau^t
nicht als einen ( Verlorenen
• j •*■
hat seines -et an und seine
:ilich.t erfüllt. Auch seine ■^Qn^ch^Jl.[^^£i sind entgolten v/orden :
ein wieciien mehr oder r:eni,:er ine docii ' :loiC'i:'ilti-', Tir hr.t to.^cc
nie erhofft und f:^o i^^., der T.c^u.' der ".'clb, ■■~ie:'a,lc v;ird m^ln KEicnith
cc:;;er: '' Schade, de:,) ro einn Perle vjie ich durch d?,r verj?chulden
a.nd e r c r ?. u ,■ t .■ ixde • i n;^; . "
1 j Und -7ir v/erden nehcn jene;:; ^f 'r^di :e ;:^tille H.' ch-:^.!:riiihen , die;:'e
.:';ntv;c,C:.:r;en de ■ Leben dierer \'e .t i:-i jj'rhilin;' fi'ciner Tr/'e, diecer^
:'hiri'c]:!: teilen der '"'riebe ?o/::,t von ^ :ev;":"hnlichOii nc,t''rlichen '"ed'h'2?e
nlF^en, und aien r.llee ohne iroilriinr;; i^ui" ein c.:.:.o].i Solchen J-»eiden
c.n^;:eT 'errcneiu ,:nt elt : r^o.che .)iii, e, -.vclche einz.L;; Liliein die;
■T' j: ... ..1
niciiu ::ii; imclen -
(.) x': Ui:
:i . - G ,: t
j- .aiii ciuinuccui i-:en ; ^ich^Aie,
dies dies Yv,i3ren i::;. u: eiu nicjitr.- 'hu diene-'. ;::)eufr;or hrhe ich
aen .::.p.r";:ii th -ecchri 3Den. Jicnen ^.euf::er 'n.be ic.:' 'lerc^uS' -eh" rt dx\^
;"!
-, -I. . , A
aen cenonderen ::i/ un, .'ic v;eicne ; aeriei bcnLiier r-üudiereii, iioLr'Ciei
v'iederno-ie ic:i, da^, er neii/cr nie-iciiii [■jv:Q\:i . t nc^t •■.ioer nicn und
meix.ln ei;n:J.t hc.b neixx Leiden und rieh nie von diece-' ^tan
r..ij.u. . iL ■- u
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k^ ^ J- il
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ii. -t .rlic '--'i\ ' 'enen.
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Vlt^vl i
n Trollen Sie ei
.er hashiloi^ch :.;.ifnenien
0 j. . . s '
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'.„ .^ LI N^
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iid eine. 1
runae lur
den hcishiloa
f^
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davon IjGcitzü. '-.'oil ic:: iiiq'a niclit f^icher war, :io,lje icli es nic^it
run-ctierU ^^'enri gg ■edrucict wurden '3olloc, Gendon Sie -lir es zu:;i
in:l:ieren zurdcl:.
In der "oiniunj ::.ui eine jc.lv.
:e .Uir-zoru,
vereleiee Ich
.iX ij
"::)GnaGlioün:'; und VGrehi-un,
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11. l.)..:G,
rT.,.chi t^r Herr!
Oaocirka
i'
"Oci r!inn i.iuija;j. 7 :v!. t i 2 u i Hji achenf ra^t; (i(^r Judun in 'lei
alut?i vvai i!oli_,tnat,T'/^i.\. mürben uue- iri ueii Landern aei Zerr treuun^; 1
ljemi;}u.:n, (ias höclis^ tc; lU^u^z an lCc;nntniß:=:cn dt;i hebiui sehen GxJiach>, Ju
Litciatur /.u crreicrien,\7ur t:;!:: imfitande i^]t ,c..uc:i in reint^ia HauB(; ut.
in feine üPi^ebunj das Hubraisch-SiUechen ein/:.ui iüiren, aem ^cbiüirt ä
'..in LcfjondfcrßG Lob. Jede -Cioberun^ auf diesem G(;biet bedeutet einen
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31
TRE^C:
(123)
KRAKOW
L W Ö W
WARSZAWA
REDAKCJA I ADMIN.
Krakow, Wielopole 24
telefon: 144-58
konto P. K. O.: 414-421
C e n a : 3 0.gr
aboname nt:
m i es i Qczny 1 z\
kwartalny 3 t,\
r o k IV
P I A T E K
22 m a j 19 3 6
23 i j a r 5 6 9 6
»•■*-r ff y'naaj7Biy«riCWM"«i>^r»jnJ>-«"»'>^ — — ■ —
,,Arka przymierza zniknqla nam z ocz\x..y x ^
Z ty^Otfniü na XydzxQn: y^azna dYo\)no&x\ia', Zydzi prowokujq, Lehcja
politykii Przed Szauyuot; SAosze Singer: Sjonizm a kultura relgiijna;
List Bialikü; Sprawozdanie z Waad Kierkazi} Z ruchu: Zejw SAünczeles:
Pgisza galilu slqskiegoi Pgisza w Radomyslu.
Afccja
s%eMotva
ivwal
Jesli jeszcze nie zaptaciles prenumeraty
„DIWREJ AKIBA"
ZQ maj — wyrownaj bezzwiocznie nale-
zytosc!
Clicesx mied 9we pismo? Dbof o |ego bylf
DIWREJ AKIBÄ
PISMO GDUDU PIERWSZEGO RUCHU AGUDAT HANOAR HAIWRI .AKIBA"
ROK IV. KRAKÖW.LWÖW.WARSZAWA Nr. 31 (123)
1 SIWAN 5696 PIATEK 22 MAJ 1936
«Arka Przymierza znikn^ta nam z oczu"...
„O hiada sterniku, sterniku! Nasza straszna podröz dohiega kresu.
Ohrqt ocalal wsröd burz i wichur, Droga, ktörq pragnqlismy przehyc,
juz za nami. Nasz cel — spokojna przystan — rozciqga siq przed na-
szemi oczyma. Juz slychac dzwiqk dzwonöw. Naröd raduje siq i we-
seit. Wszyscy rzucajq spojrzenia ku przodowi okrqtu, na miejsce, gdzie
stal sternik i skqd rozhazy padajq dla wszystkich — ale tarn ciemno.
O, serce moje, pozostan w tem miejscu! ßo tarn na najwyzszem wznie-
sieniu padl sternik. Bez ruchu lezy, zimny. O, biada sterniku naszl
Powstan i sluchaj glosöw radosci. Dia Ciebie wzniesiono sztandary,
dla Ciebie gra muzyka, dla Ciebie wience kwiatöw i hojne dary, Ciebie
wita zgromadzony w przystani naröd. Sterniku, sterniku möj} dotykam
Twego cudoumego ciala. Czy to sen jakis zly'^ Czy naprawdq lezysz
bez ducha, martwy i zimny'^ Sternik milczy, przywarl powieki, usta
zacisnql l dloni dotkniqciem Co nie obudzq. Niczego nie pragnie, nie
juz ne czuje. Lecz okrqt zawinql w spokojnq przystan. l podröz do-
biegia kresu. Ze strasznej podrözy powraca okrqt radosny, wesoly.
Morskie weselq siq brzegi i cala przystan radosci pelna. lecz ja do
miejsca siq zblizam, gdzie legi bez duszy sternik möj, martwy, zimny,
milczqcy... Tak, moi bracial My padniemy trupem, lecz do bezpiecznej
przystani zawinie nasz okrqt" (Nachum Sokolöw: „Zalobna piesn
przyszlosci").
Tak pisal, nie przewidujqc, ze tym sternikiem kiedys bqdzie sam.
25 Ijar 5596. Dzien ciqzkiej zaloby narodowej. W tragicznych chwi-
lach, gdy na ulicach Jaffy i Jerozolimy krew siq leje, gdy caly jiszuw
broni swych pozycyj i swej godnosci — opuscil nas sternik. Czy za-
221
prawdq jakies straszne, hrwawe jatum ciqzy na nas w ohresie zaloby
narodowei, podczas dni „sfiry"? Historja siq powtarza i to z okrutnq
dokladnosciq. i przed wiehami serdeczna krew uczniöw Rah Akihy
zrosila ohficie pakstynskq ziemiq. l wtedy hronili wolnosci i godnosci
swego hraju. Historja siq powtarza. l jakhy dla podkreslenia tej sza-
tanshiej, jatalnej sily, ciqzqcej nad nami i lamiqcej — chochy ze stali
Ijyla — naszq wolq, — jeszcze jedno spada na nas nieszczqscie.
W chwili, w ktörej najhardziei jest potrzehny — umiera wielki czlowiek.
ßo jeszcze, jak widac, nie przehrala siq miarka naszych utrapien.
Umarl czlowiek genjalny, umarl sternik pokolenia. Czlowiek,
ktory hyl wszystkiem dla zydostwa. Najwierniejszy, najlepszy jego syn,
ktöry do ostatniego tchu stal hez znuzenia przy sterze. Syn, ktory
najlepsze swe sily poswiqcil hez reszty narodowi. Caly ogrom swej
przepastnej wiedzy, cale swe niemal wiekowe doswiadczenie, wszyst-
kie najszlachetniejsze porywy wielkiego serca i umyslu, caly swöj
czyn, wszystkie niezmierzone skarhy swego przepotqznego ducka i swej
wspanialej indywidualnosci rzucil na szalq wyzwolenia narodu. Byl
jednym z tyck, ktörzy stworzyli polityczne podwaliny pod nowq Erec
Izrael. Dyplomata w kazdym calu, doskonaly psycholog i znawca dtiszy
ludzkiej, — polityk i mqz stanu, na wzör angielskich ,,statesmen" —
utrzymywal ciqgly kontakt z najwyzszymi dostojnikami europejshich
panstW} docenial w calej pelni jakt, ze sjonizm dopiero wöwczas stanie
na granitowej podstawie, jezeli zostanie przerzucony na arenq euro-
pejskiej polityki i zainteresuje czynniki miqdzynarodowe. Nie chcial
zadnq miarq zaciesniac idei sjonizmu do czterech scian zainteresowan
najmniejszego — pod wzglqdem sily — narodu. l naprawdq powiedziec
mozna, ze chodzil *'U !?K •"Uö// — „od narodu do narodu" — nie
jak polamany, tckorzliwy golusowy Zyd — den czlowieka — wcis-
kajqcy siq do przedsionköw moznyck panöw i dostojniköw, zginajqcy
w kablqk swöj grzbiet az do ziemi na kazde skinienie pana, — lecz
ckodzil jak „dumny Zyd" — pelen godnosci w poczuciu wartosci
swojej i swego narodu. Z zapalem tlumaczyl dostojnikom czem jest
sjonizm i wpajal w nich przekonanie, ze i sjonizm powinien odegrac
swoje skrzypce w koncercie miqdzynarodowym. Byl osohistym, dobrym
przyjacielem innego wielkiego humanisty i doskonalego czlowieka.
222
przyjacielem prezydenta Czechoslowacji T. G. Masaryka, ktöry swym
osohistym wplywem duzo korzysci przyniösl sjonizmowi. Podczas pa-
rokrotnego pohytu w Polsce Sokolöw byl podejmowany przez prem-
jeröw i najwyzszych dygnitarzy paiistwa polskiego. Nie zaniedbywal
zadnej sposobnosci propagandy sjonizmu. Podczas pohytu we Wlo-
szech uzyskal audjencjq u Papieza, ktörego poinjormowal o ideologji
sjonizmu i jego celach. Sokolöw, wspöltwörca zydowskiej „SAagna
Charta" — deklaracji Ealfoura — byl duszq kongresöw sjonistycznych,
nieprzeciqtnym dzialaczem i doskonalym mowcq. Czlowiek o niespo-
zytych silach duckowych i fizycznych (wszyscy pamiqtamy S-godzinnq
mowq w Krakowie, wygloszonq jednym tchem przepiqknq polszczyz-
nq — na dwa dni przed smierciq ukazal siq jego artykul w „Hajncie").
Byl jedyny niezastqpiony w swem pokoleniu: „Chad b'dara'. Z jed-
nej strony Sokolöw — Zyd z krwi i kosci, genjalny uczony — eru-
dyta, ktöry swym niezwyklym umyslem opanowal po mistrzowsku
najtajniejsze zakamarki caloksztaltu wiedzy zydowskiej, od jej po-
czqtköw az po dzien dzisiejszy. Samouk, jakich malo, czlowiek, ktöry
innego wychowania nie odehral pröcz chederu i jeszywy. Z drugiej —
Sokolöw humanista w najglqhszem i najszerszem tego slowa znaczeniu..
Czlowiek, orjentujqcy siq doskonale conajmniej w tO-ciu literaturach
swiata, nicprzeciqtny lingwista, poliglota wladajqcy w slowie i w pismie
conajmniej 12 jqzykami — „j^^^^^j n<^ wszech szprachach" — Esteta
0 wysubtelnionym smaku artystycznym, smakosz — connaisseur o u>y-
socc rozwiniqtem poczuciu piqkna (patrz esseye o „Galerji Drezden-
skicj" , 0 „Glinzensteinie" etc.) — obdarzony najhujniejszq jantazjq
pocta (proza poetycka o krysztalowym jqzyku), kongenjalny tlumacz
(Altneuland, literatura zydowska Karpelesa). Historyk, filozof, socjolog
(„Haani Hakibhuci"), lingwista, poeta, tlumacz, publicysta, redaktor
w jcdncj osohie, Sokolöw — „il uomo universale" — zasiqgiem swej po-
tqzncj indywidualnosci, przypominal jednostki stojqce w biegu naszej
historji na szczytach genjuszu zydowskiego — najwiqkszych Amoraitöw
i Gaonöw. Trudno bylohy na przestrzeni ostatnich conajmniej 200 lat
wskazac podohnq indywidualnosc. Nasuwa siq powierzchowne poröwna-
nie z Gaonem Wilenskim, — Elijahu (ktöry interesowal siq, — jednak
nie w tej mierze co Sokolöw, — naukami swieckiemi, — byl n. p. fc-
223
nomenalnym matematykiem) . Soholöw przewyzszal go oczywista drugq
czqsciq swej indywidualnosci — humanizmem, sluzhq dla idei narodo'
wej i fem wszystkiem, co przynioslo nam hlisko sto lat nowoczesnej
historji zydowskiej.
Ohok Eliezera hen Jehudy, twörca jqzyka codziennej
prasy hehrajskiei f^-htöry mial na tem polu kolosalne zaslugi. Nie wiqc
dziwnego, ze Soholöw tnögl ,,w razie potrzeby" zupelnie obejsc siq bez
wspölpracownihöw , bo sam jeden potrafil zredagowac c a l q gazetq,
poczqwszy od artykulu wstqpnego, poprzez wiadomosci poliiyczne
i ehonomiczne, jeljeton, politykq, krytykq, poezjq, powiesc, a skon-
czywszy na kronice i komunikatach. l tak niejednokrotnie zdarzalo
siq, ze pelen polotu i esprit causeur: „Oreach leszabat" , ktöry w swo-
ich wspanialych feljetonach dal siq poznac jako dowcipny „talmid
chacham" — byl identyczny z autorem powaznych artyhulöw poU-
tycznych, lub naukowych, sygnowanych skromnie N. S. („Nejs"),
oddzielonych od feljetonu jedynie linijkq. Wielostronnosc i ogromny
zasiqg zainteresowan uczynily zeit czlowieka, ktöry z jednakowq wni-
kliwosciq i erudycjq umial pisac o Walter Scottcie, Wiktorze Hugo
i Spencerze, o... sztuce chinskiej i japonskiej i o Rambamie lub Nach-
manie z hreclawia. Zralizowal tak trudnq do stworzenia syntezq czlo-
wieka i Zyda.
SAiejsce przed sterem opustoszalo. Wielki po sterniku böl i zal,
ciqzka zaloba. Po Bialiku i Kuku — i Sokolöw nas opuscil. Okrqt nasz
niesiony przez rozszalale jlukta okrutnej rzeczywistosci plynie jednak
naprzöd — poprzez potoki krwi, lez i poprzez pianq wsciehlosci ota-
czajqcych nas wrogöw. Miejsce przed sterem puste, dokola szaleje
wichura i rzuca okrqtem jak lupinq w sercu mörz, a na glowq naszq
ciqgle spadajq nowe nieszczqscia i ciosy.
l jakos dziwnie w tej chwili, po smierci Sokolowa, cisnq siq na
usta slowa Bar Kappary, ktöry drzqcym glosetn rozdarlszy szaty, zroz-
paczonemu narodowi obwiescil smierc Rabi Jehudy Hannasi slowami:
Tak. ,,Arka Przymierza zniknqla nam z oczu" — Sokolöw nie zyje —
osierocony okrqt plynie dalej...
Bar-hej-raw
224
g <ygodn!a na iydxieh
*B!^m
Waina drobnostica
„Dawar" donosi: Jeden z kupcöw jerozolimshich zakupil wiqk'
szy transport jaj. Towar odebrano w Hajfie i shontrolowano, iz znaj-
duje siq w dobrym stanie. Zaladowano na pociqg odchodzqcy do Je-
rozolimy. Natychmiast po przyhyciu na miejsce przewiözl towar do skia-
du woznica zydowski. Po ponownem odebraniu okazalo siq, ze towar
jest niezdatny do uzytku, gdyz jest polany naftq.
Od dtuzszego juz czasu kolejnictwo palestynskie, ktore znaj-
duje si§ prawie wyt^cznie w r^kach arabskich, stalo si? osrodkiem
akcji sabotazowej przeciwko ^ydorn.
Jeszcze rok temu zwrocilismy z tych tamöw ^) uwag? na po-
dejrzane ,,iskry" lokomotyw, ktore wzniecaty pozary t y 1 k o na
zydowskich polach i puszczaly z dymem jedynie zbiory zy-
dowskie. Fakty te zachodzily przez caly okres zniw, a nikt na nie
nie zwrocit uwagi. Sledztwa nie prowadzono, bo „trudno" bylo
dojsc, jaka jest rzeczywista przyczyna tych pozaröw i kto si? ich
dopuscit. Rz^d mial dobre ch^ci...
Ostatnio znowu mnoz^ si? akty teroru i sabotazu w poci^gach
palestynskich. A powyzszy fakt chyba w jasnem swietle stawia dzia-
talnosc arabskich urz?dnik6w kolejowych. Towar zatadowany w do-
brym stanie do wagonu kolejowego — do ktorego dost^p maj^
t y 1 k o urz^dnicy kolejowi — gdy po paru godzinach przybywa
na miejsce przeznaczenia, jest w stanie nie do uzycia. Czy nie jest
to conajmniej — dziwne.
Widocznie jednak i teraz „trudno" jest rz^dowi stwierdzic, kto
prowadzii wiadomy pociag w oznaczonym czasie, skoro nie wy-
toczyl sledztwa...
Zydzi prowoicujq...
Cztonkowie Najwyzszsj Pady Muzutmanskiej z Muftim na
czele, objezdzaj^ obecnie caiij Palestyn?, wyglaszaj^c wsz^dzie pto-
mienne przemowienia, wzywaj^ce Arabow do walki przeciwko 2y-
dom, ktorzy chc^ ich wyprzec z wtasnego kraju, morduj^ ich dzieci,
niszcza mienie...
Podröz t? odbywa Mufti jako laktyczny wladca kraju, wsz?-
dzie entuzjastycznie witany przez mtodziez arabsk^, wsz^dzie ws^-
czaj^c jad nienawisci, pobudzaj^c najnizsze instynkty ludzkie.
') „Diwrej Akiba" tom IV. Nr. 43 (86) 26. Vll. t935. str. 292.
225
A rz^d? Nietylko, ze nie reagowat, ale o tem nie „wiedziaJ'\
Gdy Mufti w otoczeniu skautow arabskich, wznosz^cych okrzyki
antyzydowskie i spiewaj^cych piesni, wzywaj^ce do zemsty na Zy-
dach, przejezdzal przez zydowskie miasto Afule, policjant angiei-
ski ust^pit z posterunku, by... nie widziec.
W zwi^zku z powtarzaj^cemi si§ stale napasciami na przejez-
dzaj^ce auta, wioz^ce 2ydöw, wydata Komenda policji w Sychem
odezw? „uspakajaj^c^" do ludnosci, w ktörej wzywa... przejezdza-
j^cych 2yd6w, by „nie prowokowali" miejscowej ludnosci arab-
skiej. Bo oto „chodz^ wiesci", ze 2ydzi prowokuj^ Arabow do ta-
kich wyst^pien.
W dziwnem swietle ukazuje si? dzialalnosc organöw ,,bezpie-
czenstwa" w Palestynie. Z jednej strony policja ust^puje miejsca
Muftiemu, by nie siyszec jego prowokacji, a z drugiej doszukuje
si§ jej tani, gdzie jej niema.
A od kiedy to policja opiera si§ w swych enuncjacjach na nie-
stwierdzonych ,,wiesciach".
A przytem wszystkiem oswiadcza Thomas w Londynie, ze
„rz^d silnie stoi na strazy p r a w a i bezpieczenstwa w kraju".
Tylko, — ze Zydzi prowokuj^...
Lelccia polifyki
5. maja wezwa! do siebie Wysoki Komisarz cztonköw Najwyz-
szej Rady Muzutmanskiej i zwröcil si§ do nich nast^puj^cemi slo-
wy:
ffWczoraj pokazano mi waszq odezwq. W odezwie tej wzywacie
do nieplacenia podatköw... Rzqd przesiqwezmie wszystkie kroki prawne
przeciwko podpisanym na tej odezwie... Wzywam was stanowczo do
bezwlocznego ogloszenia, ze wy nie zgadzacie siq z tem stanowiskiem" .
Na drugi dzien odbylo si§ posiedzenie Najwyiszej Rady Muzut-
manskiej, ktora uchwalila poprzec akcj? nieplacenia podatköw.
A w nagrod^ za to podpisanych pod odezw^ przywödcow
arabskich po kilkugodzinnym areszcie zwolniono bez kaucji — jak
podaje prasa arabska.
Wysoki Komisarz:
„Doniesiono mi, ze Najwyzsza Rada Muzulmanska w tych dniach
ma odwiedzic caly szereg miast. Chcq skorzystac ze sposobnosci, by
oswiadczyc warn, ze nie pozwolq na zadne zebrania publiczne, ktöre mo-
gq doprowadzic do demonstracyj i zamieszeh i pociqgnqc za sobq ofiary
ludzhie".
226
12. maja donioslo radjo palestynskie :
„Czlonkowie Najwyiszej Rady Muzulmanskiej odwiedzili dzisiaj
popoludniu Hajjq, gdzie odbylo siq zebranie publiczne z udzialem trzech
do czterech tysiqcy ludzi".
A podobne zebrania, wedtug doniesien prasy arabskiej odbyly
si§ w catym szeregu innych miejscowosci.
,, Wysoki Komisarz:
„Domagam siq od was przeciwstawienia siq wszelhim czynom
bezprawnym, prowadzqcym do mordöw, pozaröw, wykroczen antyspo-
lecznych, domagam siq od was pomocy dla rzqdu przy tych srodhach,
ktöre on powezmie dla przywröcenia spohoju w kraju".
A nie min^l dzien, ba nawet i godzina nie min^la, na ulicach
Jerozolimy padty trzy nowe otiary zydowskie.
Rz^d wzywa do przywröcenia spokoju. Arabowie czyni^
wszystko, by do spokoju nie dopuscic. Wysoki Komisarz wzywa do
przerwania strajku, a w odpowiedzi na to Najwyzsza Rada Mu-
zulmanska wzywa do dalszego kontynuowania go.
W odpowiedzi na to wszystko rz^d angielski zesyla im komisj?
krolewsk^, ktora ma zbadac przyczyny obecnych wysilkow, a Wy-
soki Komisarz przyrzeka pertraktowac z nimi w sprawie dalszych
ograniczen antyzydowskich.
Przed Szawuot
Szerokie kola mlodziezy Pracujacej Palestyny, a w pewnej
mierze mlodziez pewnych kot ogölnosjonistycznych s^ zwykle
w wielkiej konsternacji, gdy nadchodzi swi^to. Daje si^ to szczegöl-
nie odczuc w poszczegölnych kwucach. Odrzucono spowodu socja-
listycznego szablonu tradycyjne formy swi^t, a nowych w ich miej-
sce nie potranono stworzyc. Sobota bez swiec, bez modlitwy, na-
krytego stolu i kiddusz przeraza powszednioscia, brak tez podnio-
slego nastroju podczas swi^t. Ludzie si? kr?c^, nie wiedz^, co maj^
ze sob^ pocz^c. Socjalistyczne osiedia pröbuj^ potrzeb? swi^t za-
st^pic nowemi, socjalistycznemi swi^tami. Jest jednak wielu, kto-
rzyby chcieli uczcic i nasze zydowskie swi^ta, tylko oddalili si§ od
tradycyjnego sposobu ich obchodzenia. 2ywy dziennik, referat,
koncert — nie potrafi^ zast^pic miejsca tradycyjnego sederu j Ha-
gady, nie budz^ tych uczuc i reminiscencyj co swi^ta, obchodzone
w tradyccyjnych formach. Mozliwe, ze niezawsze wystarczajaca jest
forma tradycyjna. Trzeba cos dodac do pi^tku wieczör poza mo-
dlitwy i kiddusz: Spiew, czytank?, referat. Ale nie ulega w^tpliw^o-
227
sei, ze forma tradycyjna jest podstawowa, wno-
si cos specyficznego, uroczystego, podniostego. Stwarza rowniez
poczucie l^cznosci naszej w tej chwili z catym ,,domem Izraela ,
z jego przeszlemi pokoleniami, oraz pokoleniem wspotczesnem, kto-
re tak samo obchodzity swi^to, tak samo siedzialy przy stotach, te
same v/yj^tki z modlitw czy Hagady czytaty. Czujesz si^ wtedy
cz^stk^ historji, cz^stk^ narodu, ktörego korzenie tkwi.^ gdzies
w zamierzlych czasach, ktory po wszystkich krajach na feuli ziem-
skiej jest rozsiany, czujesz si? matem ogniwem w iancuchu pokolen
i wiekow.
MOSZE SINGER
Sjonizm a kultura religijna
Z rewolucj^ francusk^ wysuni§te zostalo hasio sekularyzacji
panstwa. Domagano si? odseperowania zadan panstwa od koscioia.
W sredniowieczu panstwo wykonywalo wol? koscioia i swoj aparat
stawiato do jego dyspozycji. Kosciöl ktadt kajdany na mysl ludzk^,
kr^powal jej rozwoj, nie pozwalal na wolnoisc mysli i przekonan;
panstwo ze swoim aparatem identyfikowalo si§ w zasadzie z da-
zeniem koscioia. Wolnosc mysli i przekonan byta teoretyczn^ pod-
staw^ emancypacji 2yd6w w wieku XIX. Idea ta nakazala pan-
stwu poszanowania pogl^dow i wierzen wszystkich bez roznicy
obywateli, wyraznie zakazala panstwu ingerencj§ w tej dziedzinie.
Pod wplywem pr^dow swieckich w Europie, oraz pod wplywem
emancypacji, pajawily si^ rowniez na uiicy zydovvjk'.ej iiasia sn-
kuilaryzacji. Najpierw zrodzily si§ one na zachodzie Europy, gdzie
byly wynikiem asymilacji. Inteligencja i kupiecLv/o zyjov/skic.
wzgl?dnie pewne kola oddalone od zycia zydowskiego, chc^ce
upodobnic si§ do otoczenia, oglosily rowniez, ze zydowskie sprawy
religijne s^ im zupetnie obce, podobnie, jak i zwyczaje innych
religij. Chelpili si? naukowym pogl^dem przyrodniczym na swiat
i patrzyli na zydowsk^ tradycj? religijn^, jak na zabobon.
Rowniez we wschodniej Europie pewne cz^sci ruchu narodowo-
zydowskiego wysun^ly haslo sekularyzacji zydostwa. Byl to wynik
dzialalnosci haskali, ktöra chciala zycia uwolnic od skamienialej
litery pisanej, a w szczegolnosci od fanatyzmu skrajnych kol or-
todoksyjnych, ktore z cal^ bezwzgl^dnosci^ ttumily wszelk^
d^znosc do wiedzy i nauki (w ich poj^ciu nawet lektura ,,Ahawat
Cijon" Mapu byla zbrodni^). Dwa kierunki wyrosly na tej glebie
w wschodnio-europejskiem zydostwie: Jeden, chc^cy uczynic
zydostwo swieckiem, na wzör innych europejsk'ch narodöw.
228
V
"Wedlug niego narodowosc niema nie wspölnego z religj^, wszyst-
ko CO wi?c w dorobku zydowskim ma charakter lub form? reli-
gijna — nalezy odrzucic. Wspolczesny, niewierz^ey 2yd, niema
nie wspolnego z religj^. Drugi kierunek, reprezentowany przez
Achad Haama i wi^kszosc obozu sjonistyeznego w dawnej Rosji,
przyst^puje rowniez do problemow historyeznych i aktualnyeh
narodu zydowskiego z punktu widzenia swieckiego, nieteologicz-
nego.
Wychodzi z zalozenia, ze wiara, ktora jest dusz^ religji, nie jest
zalezna od nas, lecz jest produktem epoki. Walezy o nieskrempo-
wan^ wolnosc mysli, ale w religji zydowskiej w zwyczajach i tra-
dycji, widzi wyraz genjuszu narodu zydowskiego, ktory stworzyt
■wtasn^, wysoko stoj^c^ kultur? narodow^^, w^yplywaj^c^ z pre-
dyspozycji charakteru narodu zydowskiego, oraz speeyficznych
warunkow, w jakich mu przyszlo walczyc o swoj byt. Nie jest wl?c
religja zydowska i wszystkie swi^tosci narodu dziedzin^ li tylko
wiary, ale wyrazem ducha narodu i jego oryginalnej tworczosci.
Nie moze wi^c zycie narodu, jego tradycja i kultura byc czems
obcem dla narodowego 2yda, w calym tym bogatym skarbeu za-
kl^ta jest dusza narodu, zamkni^ty jest bogaty zasöb doswiadezenia
trzech tysi^cy lat bytu narodowego. Iradycja ta nie byta nigdy
i nie jest tez dzisiaj dzietem skonczonem. Sjonizm nie moze odrzu-
cic przeszlosci religijnej, w ktorej tkwi korzeniami jazn zydowska,
ale powinien ni^ ozywic cat^ przebogat^ nasz^ przyszlosc; w od-
powiednich warunkach rozwoj owych, jakie mog^ powstac w naszej
wlasnej prastarej ojczyznie, na gruncie naszej religji i jej kultury,
nast^pi dalszy proces organicznego rozwoj u naszej kultury naro-
dowej. W przeszlosci narod nasz nigdy nie odrzucil przekazanej
nam nauki, ale naturalny rozwoj doprowadzit bezwzgl?dnie dö
odpowiadaj^cej duchowi czasu interpretacji religijnego dz!edzictwa
(tak n. p. przykazanie ,,oko za oko, z^b za z^b" wyinterpretowali
uczeni Talmudu w duchu poj^c panuj^cych im wspolczesnie).
Podobnie tez ,, sjonizm doprowadzi w przyszlosei do ozywienia
wszystkich sil drzemi^cych w sercu zydowskiem i przygotuje grünt
pod ich wolny rozwoj, ktory to proces doprowadzi z czasem natu-
ralnym biegiem rzeczy takze do ozywienia kontynuacji interpre-
tacji problemow zwi^zanych z religji" (Achad Haam).
Röznica mi^dzy 2ydem narodowym wierz^cym, a niewie-
rz^cym nie moze wyrazac ,si? w odrzueeniu n. p. Tory przez nie-
wierz^cego, lecz w interpretacji sily tworczej, ktora j^ stw^orzyta.
Czlowiek w^ierz^ccy b^dzie widziat w przykazaniach Tory nakaz
ßoiy, ktory drog^ ponadnaturaln^ nadany zostat narodowi zy-
dowskiemu, podczas gdy niewierz^cy b^dzie w nich widziat auto-
nomiczna tivorczosc samego narodu, ktory stw^orzyt i przyj^t na
229
c-'-
siebie ich wypelnienie. Wiernosc narodu zydowskiego dla przeka-
zanych nakazow i zakazow rozumie niewierz^cy 2yd jako produkt
walki samozachowawczej narodu, ktöremu instynkt zyciowy po-
dyktowat tak^ drog§ rozwoju. W jednakowej mierze drogie b^d^
i wierz^cemu i niewierz^cemu 2ydowi instytucje narodu, z t^
röznic^, ze jeden b?dzie w nich widziat metafizyczny, kategoryczny
nakaz Bozy, podczas gdy dla drugiego b^dzie to wynikiem sity
tworczej i ch?ci samochowawczej narodu. ..Niewierz^cy widzi
w sile tworczej ducha narodowego immanentn^ cz?sc jazni naro-
dowej, podczas, gdy wierz^cy widzi w niej wyraz dziatania sity
zewn^trznej, narzucaj^cej zgory swoj^ wol? narodowi. Pierwszy
moze wtasciwie z wi^ksz^ siusznosci^ möwic o ,,wartosciach du-
chowych" narodu w wlasciwem i naturalnem znaczeniu tych poj^c,
poniewaz uwaza on, ze duch narodu stwarza seuh wartosci narodowe
na swoje podobienstwo, a w rzeczy samej duch narodu i wartosci
tworz^ nierozerwaln^ jednosc, ktorej sil? wewn^trzn^ stanowi
duch narodowy, dzi^ki ktoremu powstaj^, nabieraj^ zycia i roz-
wijaj^ si? wartosci narodowe; one zas s^ znowu zewn?trznym
wyrazem realizacji i konkretyzacji ducha narodowego. Wierz^cy
2yd, im wi^cej zagl^bia si? w Torze i pojmuje jej wzniosle pi^kno,
tembardziej serce jego zapelnia ichwala i podziw dla jej Dawcy,
ktory wybrat ten maly i staby naröd, by objawic mu prawd? nie-
biansk^. A 2yd niewierz^cy, im bardziej rozumie i odczuwa pi?kno
i wzniostosc etyki, zawartej w Torze i prorokach, im bardziej
zachwyca go ideal, ktorego wcieleniem jest ,,Dawca Tory" i Pan
wszystkich proroköw, im bardziej pojmie moc sily etycznej,
ktora zachowala te ideaty w swej nieskazitelnej swi^tosci wsrod
wszystkich nieszcz^sc i w^drowek — tem wi^kszego szacunku
nabiera do ducha narodu, ktory takie wartosci mogl stworzyc
i tem silniejsz^ milosc zywi w sercu do swojego narodu, tem go-
r?tsz^ ch§c ,,odrodzenia" i ,,wyswobodzenia" go, aby mogl znowu
powröcic do mozliwosci rozwoju petni swych tworczych sil"...
,,Dwa te kierunki, chociaz wychodz^ z dwu biegunowo roznych
przestanek, dochodz^ w koncu do tego samego uczucia, do tego
samego d^zenia: Uczucia mitosci i szacunku do duchowych warto-
sci narodu i ds|zenia do odrodzenia narodowe?« na p( dsti.wie h-
storycznego zwi^zku mifdzy ,,Bogiem, Tor^ i Izraelem", zwi^zku,
ktory oba te kierunki uznaje i pragnie go nadal utrzymac. Rozni-
ca mi^dzy nimi jest teoretyczna odnosnie do pogl^dow na istot^
i genez? tego zwi^zku, na progmatyczny i przyczynowy rozwöj hi-
storyczny tych poj^c"... (Achad Haam).
Sjonizm powinien si? odnosic z tolerancj^ do wszystkich
mysli, nie moze i nie chce nikomu narzucac wiary, ale nie odnosi si§
z obojftnosci^ do naszej przesztosci i tradycyji. Sjonizm chce ozy-
230
f
V
wie nasz^ przeszlosc, przystosowac j^ do kategorji wspotczesnej,
nieobci^zonej baiastem teologicznym mysli, pragnie organicznego
rozwoju naszych wartosci i instytucji, ktoremi zyt nasz narod dwa
tysi^ce lat, ktore chronily go przed upadkiem moralnym i zanikiem
narodowym. Ale w zadnym wypadku nie jest oboj^tnym na spra-
wy zwi^zane z tradycj^, zydowsk^, nie pozostawia ich dziedzinie
prywatnych spraw jednostki, ktore lez^ poza ramami interesu ogol-
no-narodowego. ,,Niema mowy o dziaialnosci sprzecznej z religj^,
czy to w dziedzinie kolonizacji, czy ekonomicznej, czy tez w naro-
dowej pracy wychowawczej na zasadach sjonizmu '. (Achad Haam,
113, I t. ,,Diwrej Szalom").
Ai diad Haam jaknajkategoryczniej wyst^powat przeciwko tym
wszystkim, ktorzy z lekcewazeniem odnosili si§ do tradycji lub pro-
bowali odzegnac si§ od wspolnoty z religijnemi formami tradyLJi
zydowskiej. Znany jest artykul Achad Haama w trzecim tomie
n'3"n ri'irij '7t p.t. ,,Sobota a sjonizm", w ktörym poddal surowej
krytyce stanowisko Nordaua do soboty. Nordau uwaza sobot? za
dzien swi^ty dla religjnego 2yda, podczas gdy dla niewieiz^cego,
jak on — Problem soboty, jako dnia odpoczynku, nie istnieje wo-
gole, odpoczywa kiedy moze i ma ochot?, jest mu wi^c oboj?tna
cala instytucja soboty, jej istnienie czy zanik. Achad Haam pisze
w powyzszym artykule ,, czytaj^c odpowiedz Nordaua, jestem pe-
wny, ze wielu sjonistow, takze ,,wolnomyslnych niia o podobnie
jak ja uczucie, jakgdyby po.wial zimny, lodowaty wiatr polnocny,
ktory powtok^ lodu zasypat najswi^tsze uczucia"... ,,Kto czuje na-
prawd §zwi^zek z zyciem narodu w wszystkich epokach, ten nie
moze w zaden sposob — nawet jesli nie wierzy w swiat przyszty,
lub panstwo zydowskie — wyobrazic sobie narodu zydowskiego
bez ,,Kr61owej Sabat". Mozna bez przesady powiedziec, ze wi^cej
niz 2ydzi strzegli sobot?, sobota strzegla ich, i gdyby nie sobota,
ktora przywracata 2ydowi jego ,,duszQ" i odswiezaia jego ducha
uo tydzien, to ,trud" szesciu dni pracy, coraz bardziej by spychat Zy-
döw wniziny, az wkoncu znalezliby si? na najnizszym szczebiu ,,ma-
terjalizmu", degeneracji etycznej i umystowej. Nie trzeba nawet
byc sjonist^, aby wyczuc historyczn^ aureol^ swi^tosci, jaka otacza
ten drogi dar, ktory przypadt w udziale narodowi zydowskiemu,
zeby z cal^ stanowczosci^ zwrocic si§ przeciwko tym, ktorzy j^
chc^ naruszyc". Swi^tosc soboty nie lezy tylko w jej charakterze
socjalnym jako dniu odpoczynku, z tego punktu widzenia niema
roznicy mi^dzy ni^ a niedziel^. Sobota pomogla narodowi zacho-
wa cswoj^ odr^bnosc narodowy, nietylko odpoczynek cialu dawata,
ale podniosl^ atmosfer^ swi^tosci i czystosci, jak^ wnosila w zycie,
podnosila na duszy kazdego 2yda, uszlachetniala kazd^ jednostk^.
Te wartosci niemniej, niz odpoczynek hartowaty 2yda do ci^zkiej
231
mmfmmm
I3ÄJ
waiki o byt. Dlatego tez nasi przodkowie i szerokie masy po dzis
dzien nie zniewazaj^ jej swi^tosci, chociaz pol^czone to jest jest
dla nich z wielk^ szkod^ materjaln^. Dlatego röwniez z wieikiem
oburzeniem i gorzk^ ironj^ odniost si§ Achad Haam do tych uczo-
nych racjonalistöw zacKodnio-europejskich jak Reinach, ktörzy brak
zrozumienia dla soboty i walk? o zniesienie dnia sobotniego uwa-
zali za wyraz pogl^du „naukowego" i troski o interesy kupcöw i ro-
botnikow. A na tych, ktörzy soboty i innych zwyczajow, jak np.
koszernej kuchni przestrzegaj^, patrzyli ci uczeni z gory jak na lu-
dzi ciemnych i zacofanych, do ktorych swiatlo wiedzy nie dotarlo.
,,Nieszcz?sliwi" ci nie znaj^ najnowszych hipotez odnosnie genezy
swi^tosci soboty. Pierwotnie sobota nie byla dniem odpoczynku,
instytucj^ etyczn^ pod wzgl^dem socjalnym, ale zabobonem. Przed
objawieniem na Synaju jeszcze wstrzymano si? od pracy, bo uwa-
zano dzien ten za zly i obawiano si? ze wzgl^du na zty omen tego
dnia pracowac wen. I taki zabobon, ktory mögt powstac tylko w za-
mierzchtych czasach na niskim szczeblu rozwoju ludzkosci, mamy
dzis jeszcze utrzymac i poswi^cic dla niego interesy nasze lub na
koszerne jedzenie trwoni^ pieni^dze? Frzeciez to nonsens! — mö-
wi^. ,,Ludzie ci, ktörzy pozbawieni s^ juz prawdziwego zydow-
skiego uczucia, nie mog^ w zaden sposöb zrozmiec, jak mog^ si^
wsröd nas znajdowac ludzie inteligentni, ktörzy znaj^ röwniez
wszystkie te ,,uczone" hipotezy o genezie soboty i innych instytu-
cjach religijnych, ktörzy wiedzq, ze takie mocne fundamenty swia-
topogl^du zydowskiego jak np. poj^cie soboty nie powstaly naraz
w tej postaci, jak^ teraz posiadaj^, lecz drog^ ewolucji rozwin^ly
si?, z wierzen i uczuc pierwotnego cztowieka..., a mimo to, ze to
wszystko znaj^, nie przestajq rozkoszowac si? soboty, a dzien ten,
uswi^cony krwi^ naszego narodu, przez tysi^ce lat strzegl go przed
upadkiem duchowym, jest röwniez dla nich drogi i swi^ty, cho-
ciaz moze nie przestrzegaj^ wszystkich najdrobniejszych szczegö-
liköw ustaw^odawstwa rytualnego. Nie mog^ oni dalej poj^c, jak
mog^ swiatli ludzie, ktörzy moze poza domem nie zwracaj^ tak
bardzo uwagi na to co jedz^, — dbac o koszern^ kuchni? w swym
domu i troszczyc si? o to, aby przy ich stole mögt zasi^sc kazdy
Zyti( nie z obawy przed tymi 2ydami, jak mylnie niektörzy s^dz^,
ale spowodu wartosci, jak^ przypisuj^ w?ztom narodowym, l^cz^-
cym ich z reszt^ narodu) ; nawet ci, ktörzy tak nie post?puj^, uwa-
zajq mimo to za najwi?kszy bezwstyd, kiedy 2yd si? publicznie
chetpi, ze juz oddzielit si? od ogötu narodu zwyczajami, jakie za-
prowadzil u siebie w domu i kuchni" (Achad Haam 1 1 7, III t.
,,Goel Chadasz".
Achad Haam bolat szczegölnie nad temi kolami w sjonizmie,
ktöre wyszty z srodowiska zydowskiego, zyj^ w Palestynie i two-
232
rz^ po hebrajsku, zd^zymy jednak nadzwyczaj szybko otrz^sn^c si?
z dziedzictwa ojcöw i zaj^c podobne stanowisko wobec problemöw,
jakie niegdys miala asymilacja na zachodzie. Gtosny jest artykut
Achad Haama, jako odpowiedz na artykuly Brennera w ,,Hapoel
Hazair", ktöry gtosil, ze wolnomyslne kola sjonistyczne nie maj^
nie wspölnego z zydostwem. i nie ..korz^ si?" wi?cej, jak nasi przod-
kowie przed ,jakims Ojcem w niebiesiech", ale uwolnili si? od hy-
pnozy pisma swi?tego. Tkwi w tem bl^d logiczny. ,,Mimo, ze ktos
nie wierzy w istnienie Boga w rzeczywistosci, nie moze zaprzeczyc
istnieniu Boga jako realnej sily historycznej, a narodowy 2yd, cho-
ciazby byl niewiadomo jak niewierz^cym ateist^, nie moze powie-
dziec: Nie mam udzialu w Bogu Izraela, nie mam nie wspölnego z t^
historyczn^ sil^, ktöra byla dusz^ naszego narodu i ksztaltowata je-
go Charakter i wplywala na bieg jego zycia w ci^gu tysi^cleci. Kto
naprawd? niema nie wspölnego z Bogiem Izraela, kto nie czuje si?
w gl?bi swej duszy bliskim temu ,,wyzszemu swiatu", ktöremu
poswi?cili nasi przodkowie przez wszystkie pokolenia swoje olbrzy-
mie sity duchowe, i z ktörego czerpali swoj^ moc moraln^ — moze
byc uczciwym czlowiekiem, ale 2ydem narodowym nie jest, cho-
ciaz mieszka w Palestynie i möwi po hebrajsku". (Achad Haam).
Powyzsze mysli Achad Haama s^ podstaw^ stanowiska nasze-
go ruchu odnosnie do stosunku naszego do zydostwa. Mimo nasze-
go pozytywnego stosunku do zydowskiej kultury religijnej, nie jest
nasz ruch w zasadzie religijny. Nie moze krzewic wiary, ktöra jest
istot^ religji, chociaz nicby przeciwko temu nie mial. Nasz ruch
glosi tolerancj? odnosnie do religijnych i niereligijnych elementöw,
ktöre chce skupic w swoich szeregach w tem znaczeniu, ze kazdy
moze patrzec na problemy stojqce przed nami z punktu widzenia
wiary lub z punktu widzenia swieckiego, nie glosi jednak oboj?t-
nosci wobec problemu form zycia narodowego. Stosunek do prze-
szlosci, do modlitwy, swi^t, rytuatu nie jest prywatn^ wtasnosci^
jednostek, lecz dqzeniem naszem jest, aby wszystkim wierz^cym
i niewierz^cym drogi byl dorobek kultury religijnej zydostwa, aby
wszystkich ozywialo to samo uczucie do zwi^zku, jaki zachodzi
mi?dzy narodem zydowskim i religjg jego. i do d^znosci i konty-
nuowania go, zblizenia do serc i poj?c naszego wieku. My czujemy,
ze chociaz nie wszyscy jestesmy wierz^cy, to jednak bliska jest nam
modlitwa, bliska sobota, tradycyjna forma swi^t i wszystkie inne
wartosci narodowe; podobnie, jak kazde pokolenie wkladalo tresc
swych przezyc uczuc i mysli w formy przekazane nam przez po-
przednie pokolenia, podobnie nowsze mysli, nasze uczucia i do-
swiadczenie chcemy odnalezc w skarbcu przeszlosci. Nie jest celem
naszym stworzenie kodeksu reformowanego ,,Szulchan Aruch",
23a
9BE
nie o wykonywanie obrz^dköw chodzi, ale o ozywienie serca, abys-
my wszyscy czuli gt§boki zwi^zek mi^dzy wszystkiemi pokolenia-
mi a nami, abysmy podobnie jak kazde pokolenie szukali w dzie-
dzictwie ojcöw tresci swej, — tak, jak 2.yd hellenistyczny stoj%cy
pod wplywem nauk platonskich, kabalista, racjonalista epoki hisz-
panskiej, b^d^cy pod wptywem Arystotelesa, chassid i mitnage jd
odnalezli istotne dla siebie wartosci w Torze i w modlitwie. Czu-
jemy bliskosc tego wszystkiego, szukamy drog odpowiadaj^cej nam
interpretacji, niezawsze jednak umiemy odpowiednio wyrazic to,
CO czujemy i myslimy. Droga nasza jest zmudna i trudna, jest ona
jednak historycznie stuszn^ kontynuacj^ drög Majmonidesa, Achad
Haama i Bialika. Pröbujemy stworzyc zywy pomiot, zorganizowa-
ny ruch, ktöry b^dzie nosicielem tej idei, kollektywnym wysilkiem
b^dzie szuka) drog ozywienia, kontynuacji interpretacji zydostwa,
b?dzie borykal si? w realizacji tych haset w zyciu codziennem swoich
gniazd, kolonij, hachszar i kibucow w Palestynie.
List Bealika
(List napisany do nauczyciela w kwucy Ginegar w Emeku,
oghszony w ksiqdze pamiqtkowej, wydanej na czesc Bialika
z okazji Jego 60-lecia w r. 1934).
Do 20. m. 1930.
p. Dawida Umanskiego
Ginegar.
Öwiat nie wymysla si?, nie tworzy si? na poczekaniu. Jerobeam
probowat to zrobic i nie udato mu si?. Mozna nieco wystylizowac,
troch? ,,tonu" swi?tom nadac, ale nie mozna stworzyc cos z nicze-
go. ;§wi?to jest produktem kolektywnej tworczosci, na ktor^ zto-
zyty si? rozmaite elementy i rozne sily: Religja, tradycja, historja,
sztuka, przyroda i t. d. I podobnie, jak nie pisze si? dobrych wier-
szy na zamowienie, lub przez poslanca, tak tez nie mozna zamowic
swi^t, albo formy obchodzenia swigt. Prawdziwa uroczystosc swi^-
teczna plynie z serca i przychodzi na swiat zawsze dzi^ki natchnie-
niu boskiemu, a jesli tego brak, co pomog^ rady zdaleka przestane?
Jedynie to co mog? radzic: Swi?ccie swi^ta prz od-
köw naszych, dodajcie do nich troch^ini-
c j a t y w y, na jak^ was stac, wedtug waszego smaku i zrozumie-
nia. Najwazniejsz^ rzecz^, abyscie wszystko co robicie — z wiar^
czynili, z gl^bokiego poczucia i potrzeby serca, a nie m^drkujcie
zbytnio. Ojcom naszym nie zbrzydly soboty i swifta, mimo, ze ob-
chodzili je co roku przez cale zycie, w jednej i tej samej formie.
f
'i
s
iZa kazdym razem znalezli w nich cos nowego i swieze natchnienie.
Czy wiesz dlaczego? Poniewaz ich dusza byta bogata, a w sercach
ich zyla potrzeba swi^tecznej atmosfery. Ci, ktorzy nie znajduj^
sensu w naszych swi^tach i uroczystosciach, poswiadczaj^ tem, ze
dusza ich wieje pustk^, a cate jestestwo — powszedniosci^, a dla
tych niestety niema zadnej rady...
Mephaxi
Nasze stano
234
organizacfi ogölnosiohskiej
w Polsce
Referat J. Nichthausera :
Renesans ogolnego sjonizmu zacz^l si? przed okolo dziesi?-
du laty temu. Zlozyto si^ tak, ze nie stalismy zdala od tego pro-
cesu. Bylismy wsröd pierwszych, ktorzy rzucili mysl zorganizowania
i odrodzenia ideowego ogolnego sjonizmu na catym swiecie. Wi-
dzielismy, ze organizacje krajowe, id^ce luzem na Kongresach, bez
zadnej koordynacji pracy, powotane s^ do tego, by prowadzic naj-
intenzywniejsz^ prac? sjonistyczn^; one mialy stac si? nosicielem
sjonistycznej mysli odrodzeniowej, — tak jak ni^ byly w zaraniu
sjonizmu, w dniach Herzla. Widzielismy koniecznosc zorganizowa-
nia tych krajowych organizacyj w zrzeszenie, ktore nadawaloby im
wspolny bieg. Mysl o tej instytucji, ktora przerodzila si? w Swia-
towy Zwi^zek, miata podbudow? ideow^. Nie chodzito tylko o stwo-
rzenie formy organizacyj nej. Nie wystarczy nawet najbardziej skon-
solidowana forma organizacyjna (jak to widzimy w niektörych or-
ganizacjach krajowych), by sprostac zadaniu, jakie ogolny sjonizm
naktada. Organizacja ogolnosjonska musi miec szerok^ podbudo-
w? ideow^ organizacji calego narodu,
Przepowiadalismy, ze jesli organizacja ogolnosjonistyczna b?-
■dzie si? zajmowala jedynie tylko sprawami politycznemi i gospodar-
czeni sjonizmu — to w konsekwencji musi dojsc do takiego sta-
nu, do jakiego doszlo. Stanowisko wobec problemöw politycznych
i gospodarczych — to kwestja taktyki, takich lub innych poci^g-
ni?c. Nie dziwnego, iz moze w tych sprawach znalezc si? wiele
kierunkow i wiele zdan. Jezeli niema innego i^cznika, silnej podbu-
■dowy ideowej, to stosunek do problemöw politycznych i gospodar-
czych musi sil^ biegu zycia rozdzielic ogölnych sjonistow na grupy
i kierunki — tak jak nas rozdzielit i rozdziela.
Mowilismy przeto, ze nalezy ogolny sjonizm odrodzic nie ja-
ko centrum, nie jako stronictwo srodka, maj^ce godzic ekstre-
mistow z lewa i z prawa, — ale musimy nadac jej taki charakter,
235
I»
aby organizacja ogolnosjonska stala si? organizacj^ narodu, aby ca-
\y narod znalazl w niej miejsce. Baz? t? miato stanowic odrodzenie
kultury zydowskiej, wyluskanie z przesziosci naszego narodu wszyst-
kich zdrowych i pi?knych ziaren tworczosci ducha zydowskiego. Na
tem podlozu opieraj^c si?, znalezlibysmy odpowiedz na wiele pro-
blemow i nie bl^dzilibysmy niepotrzebnie.
Kiedys, gdy mielismy panstwo nad brzegami Jordanu, nau-
czyto nas zycie: Ilekroc narod zatracal gl^bsz^ swiadomosc wspol-
noty, a t^czyly go tylko mniej lub wi?cej zewn^trzne akcesorja pan-
stwowe — dochodzito do rozbratu ^^^^^^y^Ql^ * rozbicia. Tylko
wowczas, gdy narod swiadomy swych zadatJ^BMaoko odczuwat sw^
rol? twörcz^ jako narod, jedynie wowczas, lalay tworczy duch zy-
dowski unosil si? nad pokoleniem, — narod okazywal zywotnosc:
Panstwo opieralo si? na silnych pbdstawach. Tylko te okresy nie-
woli zwiastowaly rychle nadejscie wolnosci, w ktorych narod czer-
pai inoc tworczy i sil? do wytrwania z ro.dzimych krynic ducha.
Na tej podbudowie ideowej miat odrodzic si? ogölny sjonizm,
jako sjonistyczna droga calego narodu zydowskiego. Organizacj?
ogolnosjonska uwazalismy za t^, ktöra ma wzi^c na siebie szukanie
drogi i znalezienie kontaktu ze wszystkiemi wartosciami zydowskie-
mi. Juz na pocz^tku, gdy ogolny sjonizm coraz bardziej byl po-
chlaniany przez frakcje, — dalismy wyraz stanowisku, ze ogölny
sjonizm nie moze si? ograniczyc do zaj?cia stanowiska wobec roz-
maitych dezyderatöw frakcyj i problemöw polityczno-gospodar-
czych, ale musi szukac drog? do mas zydowskich i stworzyc dla
nich pomost od przesziosci zydowskiej, — ku kontynuowaniu naro-
dowego zycia zydowskiego w Palestynie i w golusie. Do dzis dnia
oficjalny ogölny sjonizm — poza cz^sci^ ruchu mlodziezy ogölno-
sjonskiej — drogi tej nie szukal i jej nie znalazl. Odrodzenie ogöl-
nego sjonizmu przybralo ksztalty — obok borykania si? ruchu mto-
dziezy nad daniem odpowiedzi na wyzej przedstawione problemy —
stworzenia formy organizacyjnej dla krajowych organizacyj sjoni-
stycznych w postaci ^wiatowego Zwigzku Ogölnych Sjonistöw, ktö-
ry nie czul i nadal nie znajduje potrzeby dla stworzenia gt^bszej
podbudowy ideowej nad rozwi^zanie sjonistycznych kwestyj gospo-
darczo-spotecznych i ewentualnie politycznych.
Nie tez dziwnego, ze !§wiatowy Zwi^zek Ogölnych Sjonistöw,
opieraj^cy si? na takiej plaszczyznie, juz przy najmniejszej röznicy
zdan — gdy braklo podbudowy ideowej, — musial si^ rozbic na
dwie grupy. Kierownictwo Weltverbandu wiele zdzialalo dla zorga-
nizowania krajowych organizacyj w Zwi^zek, — wiele tez ostatnio
dokladalo staran — w przeciwienstwie do Weltvereinigung — dla
scalenia organizacyj nego ogölnego sjonizmu. Wysilki te, w ktörych
i ruch nasz ma swöj udzial, pozostaty narazie bez skutku. Bolesne
236
4
I
— ale nie dziwne. Silny fundainent ogöinosjonnsk', ktöry uczy-
ni z nas jeden podmiot, moze przedewszystkiem odbudowac ruch
mtodziezy, ktöry ma swiadomosc istotnych zadan i celöw ogölnego
sjonizmu, jako organizacji narodu.
Sytuacja w Swiatowym Zwi^zku Ogölnych Sjonistöw w Pol-
sue wymaga obecnie czujnosci ze strony naszego ruchu. Nawet
w dziedzinie gospodarczo-spolecznej ogölnego sjonizmu istniej^
tu — podobnie jak w oddziale palestynskim — tendencje, ktöre sta-
nowi^ wypaczenie Oioli ogölnego sjonizmu nawet w tej dziedzinie.
Juz oddawna istniaty^tu sklonnosci stworzenia z ogölnego sjonizmu
,,wiasnej" partji, sluz^cej interesom pewnych okreslonych warstw,
lub opieraj^cej si? na pewnych warstwach. Kilka lat temu ci^gle
aktualizowano w Palestynie i w niektorych dzieinicach Polski ha-
sto oparcia ogölnego sjonizmu o interesy t.zw. stanu sredniego. Cho-
ciaz stan sredni to element, ktöry ch?tnie widzielibysmy w naszych
szeregach, bo w nim drzemi^ jeszcze niewykorzystane dla sjonizmu
zywotne siiy ducha zydowskiego, bo wkoncu stan sredni to
nie kto inny, jak nasi bliscy, nasi rodzice — ale jaknajkategorycz-
niej wyst^powalismy przeciw tendencjom przeksztalcenia ogölnego
sjonizmu w partj? tego stanu, broni^c^ jego interesöw. Zwyci^stwa
naszego stanowiska dokonato zycie. Ogölny sjonizm partji stanu
sredniego — poszedl w zapomnienie. Zycie przeszlo nad nim, po
dtugich zmaganiach, do porz^dku dziennego.
Obecnie te same czynniki, ktöre podnosily mysl o stanie sred-
nim, pragn^ znalezc recept? dla ogölnego sjonizmu w innym ele-
mencie i nowej formie organizacyjnej: W irgunie robotniköw. Na
tem si? opiera dzis wszystkie nadzieje zbawienia ogölnego sjoni-
zmu.
Musimy stac na strazy ogölnego sjonizmu jako organizacji na-
rodu i nie pozwolic i tym razem na zwyci^zenie partyjnych tenden-
cyj.
Jako cztonkowie Swiatowego Zwi^zku Ogölnych Sjonistöw
musimy walczyc, by ten program, ktöry normuje ogölne wytyczne
pracy ogölnego sjonizmu w dziedzinie gospodarczo-spolecznej i po-
litycznej, program Swiatowego Zwi^zku, byt podlozem jego pracy.
Tendencje wyzej nakreslone przekreslaj^ go, a wraz z nim grze-
bi^ wszystko, co w nim zawarte i na czem Weltverband si? opiera
(m. in. i t.zv^r. dyscyplin?). Obowi^zkiem naszym jest przestrzec
odpowiedzialne czynniki przed podobnenni tendencjami uszczuplenia
rtoli i zadan ogölnego sjonizmu od problemöw, ktöre juz raz dopro-
wadzily do rozbicia naszego obozu.
Na Problem robotniczy w^ Palestynie da odpowiedz sama ogöl-
no-sjonska mtodziez chalucowa w Erec. A tu w golusie szukamy dro-
237
V
I
gi do wprowadzenia ogolnego sjonizmu na szeroki szlak pracy na-
rodowej, ktory w zaraniu renesansu ogolnego sjonizmu w golusie
sobie zakreslilismy.
Praca naszego ruchu
B. KONGRESOWKA (r, J, Löffelholz)
Ostatnie miesi^ce naszej pracy w b. Kongresowce wykazaty
nam, jak siln4 ruch niesie mysl, jak bardzo ona mlodziez do nasze-
go ruuhu przywi^zuje. Zdajemy sobie spraw§ z tego, ze nasz stan
posiadania na tym terenie nie jest jeszcze taki, jaki byc powinien,
ale z drugiej strony postanowilismy budowac tutaj organizacj? po-
woli, konsoiiduj^c przedewszystkiem wi^ksze miasta, ktore stano-
wic b^d^ siedzib? okr^göw. Organizacj? na tym terenie budujemy
planowo i to daje tez pi^kne rezultaty. Zdobylismy dla naszej my-
sli doskonai^ miodziez, ktora do ruchu przylgn^ia i pi^knie pra-
cuje. i akze jezeli chodzi o stosunek procentowy chlopcöw i dziew-
cz^t na tym terenie, to wyraza si§ on: 60 ^'O chlopcöw i 40% dziew-
cz^t. Gniazda wykazuj^ duz^ aktywnosc w pracy wychowawczej jak
rowniez zewn^trznej. Wsz^dzie, gdzie istniej^ gniazda, powstaly
z naszej inicjatywy oddziaiy Swiatowego Zwi^zku Ogöinych Sjoni-
stöw, a w wieiu miejscowosciach jestesmy jedynymi nosicielami
mysli Weltverbandu. Ostatnio powstato caty szereg nowych gniazd»
a takze utrzymujemy kontakt z wieloma grupami organizacyjnemi.
Mamy przed sob^ olbrzymie pole pracy, wsz^dzie jestesmy przyj-
mowani z radosci^. Gniazda nasze na Woiyniu pi^knie si? rozwin?-
ty, pracuj^c samodzielnie i odpowiedzialnie. Na terenie tym mamy
obecnie kilku zaledwie delegatöw Sekretär jatu Naczelnego, ale
mimo to gniazda cechuje praca, zapat i przywi^zanie do ruchu.
W pracy naszej jednak nie mamy odpowiedniego oparcia o star-
szych, o organizacj^ ogolnosjonistyczna, ktöra tutaj niestety jest or-
ganizacyjnie staba. Organizacja ogolno-sjonistyczna nie wykazuje
prawie zadnej dzialalnosci. Poza grupcj powaznych przywödcow,
stoJ4 luzne grupy organizacyjne po niiastach i miasteczkach b. Kon-
gresöwki. Kierunek ideowy odbiega od mysli przewodniej ogolne-
go sjonizmu. Fanuje poj^cie ogolnego sjonizmu jako partji stanu
sredniego, mieszczanskiego, a hasta irgunu, Keren Haowejd Haci-
joni i t. d. dopelniaJ4 ideologj^ ogolnego sjonizmu. Z takiem uj?-
ciem nie mozemy si? pogodzic, walczymy o ogolny sjonizm jako or-
ganizacj? catego narodu, pragniemy mlodziez nasz^ wychowac
w duchu pionierstwa i w gt^bokiej milosci do calego narodu i jego
kultury. Dlatego sprzeciwiamy si? tworzeniu odr^bnych instytucyj,
funduszöw i budowie ogolnego sjonizmu jako partji.
Z temi myslami wyst?pujemy na terenie b. Kongresöwki po-
238
%
dobnie jak na wszystkich terenach i dbamy, by w tym pot^znym
jiszuwie zydowskim, ktöry posiada jeszcze moc sil zywotnych, ja-
kie stuzyc mog^ idei naszego odrodzenia, powstata silna organizacja.
WSCHODNIA MAIOPOLSKA (r. Mirjam Frei)
Warunki materjalne naszego ruchu s% bardzo ci^zkie. Cz^sto
borykamy si^ z trudnosciami, cz^sto zdajemy sobie spraw^ z tego,
ze organizacja nasz^ budujemy nie pieni^dzmi, lecz zdrowiem i ofiar-
nosci^ naszych czlonkow, ktorzy pracuj^ na wyznaczonych placöw-
kach pracy w bardzo ci^zkich warunkach. la nasza sytuacja tinan-
sowa nie pozwolila nam na wzmozenie pracy zwtaszcza na tere-
nie Malopolski Wschodniej. Cz^sto jednak dojezdzali tam delegaci
Sekretarjatu Naczelnego na bikury, czy tez na dtuzszy pobyt. W o-
statnich miesi^cach podniosly i wzmocnity si^ gniazda na tym te-
renie. Szczegolnie centralna kolonja zimowa, jaka si^ odbyta w Nie-
mirowie ozywita gniazda, pchn^ia je do wzmozonej pracy. Powstalo
tez caty szereg nowych gniazd, ktore wykazuje duzo aktyvvnosci
i zapatu. Mimo negatywnego stosunku Egzekutywy organizacji sjo-
nistycznej do naszego ruchu, gniazda nasze swoj^ codziennq prac^
i powaznym stosunkiem do wszystkich przejawow zycia codzienne-
go, zdobyly sobie zaufanie i uznanie poszczegolnych IComitetow Lo-
kalnych, ktore pomagaj^ nam w pracy sjonistycznej. Obecnie na
tym terenie przygotowuje si? pgisze galiiow, ktore niezawodnie pod-
nios^ poziom ideowy gniazd.
ZACHODNIA MALÜFOLSKA {r.J. Nicht hauser)
Ruch nasz w Zachodniej Matopolsce i na Sl^sku stanowi trzon
krajowej organizacji. Nie wi^c dziwnego, ze problemy tej organi-
zauji — s^ bezposrednio naszemi problemami.
Ostatnio na tym terenie pod firm^ Swiatowego Zwi^zku pro-
wadz4 pewne czynniki dzialalnosc, ktora w prostej linji prowadzi
do rozbicia organizacji krajowej. Czyni si? to w imi§ — ...irgunu
i Keren Haowejd Hacijoni. Nie podejmowaliismy i nie podejmuje-
my merytorycznej dyskusji na te tematy, mimo, ze mamy w tych
sprawach cos do powiedzenia, albowiem jestesmy gt^boko prze-
konani, ze wspomniane hasta s^ tylko pretekstem do walki, ktora to-
czy si§ o... cos innego. Jest nam bardzo przykro, ze pewne czyn-
niki pozwoliiy sobie do tej ,,swi§tej wojny" naduzyc imienia Swia-
towego Zwi^zku, ktorego jestesmy czlonkami i o ktörego czystosc
ideowy i moralh^ walczylismy i walczyc b^dziemy.
Zadanie, jakie stoi przed naszym ruchem na terenie Zachod-
niej Malopolski — to oczyszczenie atmosfery, zerwanie ,,ideowej"
przylbicy powyzszym poczynaniom i rozbudowa organizacji i u-
239
swiadomienia sjonistycznego na tym terenie. Silna, rozbudowana
i czysta we wewn^trznych stosunkach organizacja krajowa — oto
najistotniejsze wzmocnienie Swiatowego Zwi^zku i ogolnego sjo-
nizmu.
% rucliu
Z problemöw bogrim.
Referat J. Weinberga:
Chcielismy widziec w gdudzie I spoteczenstwo sjonistyczne,
chcielibysmy, aby w spoieczenstwie tem panowala bezwzgl^dnie
atmosfera sjonistyczna, aby ono byio przesi^kni^te trosk^ o byt
narodu. Czlonek I. gdudu mial cale swoje zycie, cate swoje ,,ja"
podporz^dkowac jednemu najwyzszemu imperatywowi: sjonizmowi.
Tak wyobrazalismy sobie gdud I. Zycie jednak poszlo inn^
drog^ i jesli nie chcemy zyc w swiecie iluzji, musimy si^ z t^ ,,dro-
g^ zycia" liczyc i utrzymac kontakt z rzeczywistosci^.
Sjonizm lat ostatnich, to sjonizm zmaterjalizowany, to wlasci-
wie tylko palestynizm. Masy zglaszaly swoje przyst^pienie do orga-
nizacji sjonistycznej ; z dnia na dzien rosla organizacja sjonistycz-
na; na ostatni Kongres sprzedano powyzej miljona szekli (nie li-
czyc N. O. S.-u). Ale to wszystko nie miaio z i d e ^ sjonistyczn^
wiele wspölnego. Ten wzrost organizacji byl tylko wynikiem ,,pro-
sperity" palestynskiej z jednej strony i pauperyzacji zydostwa w go-
lusie z drugiej. Nikt nie zajmowal si? uswiadamianiem tych wiel-
kich mas w duchu sjonistycznym. Przed Kongresem tylko starala si?
kazda partja röznemi spektaklami jaknajwi^cej wyborcow przeci^-
gn^c na swoj^ stron?. 1 nie wi^cej. A mlodziez sjonistyczn^ wycho-
wywano w duchu partyjnictwa, a nie w duchu sjonistycznym.
W ten sposob organizacja sjonistyczna zatracala charakter
organizacji ideowej.
Ruch nasz nie rozwijal si? w odosobnieniu, zupelnie niezalez-
nie od tego wszystkiego. Nie zylismy na odludnej wyspie, ale by-
hsmy z tem wszystkiem organicznie zwi^zani. Wszystkie nasze wy-
sitki szty w kierunku przeciwstawienia si? tym tendencjom, mate-
rjahzujgcym sjonizm, to nie zawsze si? nam to udawato.
Zachodzi pytanie: Czy mamy zrezygnowac w zupelnosci z tych
wszystkich iudzi, ktorzy ida za prüdem zycia, czy tez mamy stwo-
rzyc dla nich takie formy organizacyjne. w ktorych mogliby w dal-
szym ciagu kontynuowac swoj^ prac? sjonistyczna? Odpowiedz na
to pytanie jest jasna. Nie mozemy zrezygnowac z zadnego sjonisty.
Musimy stworzyc dla kazdego takie formy zycia organizacyjnego.
jakie mu najbardziej odpowiadaj^ i daj^ nam moznosc wplywu na
jego sjonizm.
240
I
■
Pgisza galilu ilqskiego
Zwolalismy dwudniow^ pgisz^ do Dziedzic.
Mimo trudnosci finansowych przybylo na pgisz? 160 Iudzi
oraz nasze trzy plugi hachszary, Vacuum, Bielsko, Zywiec.
Zajechalismy wszyscy do Dziedzic w pi^tek przed wieczorem, by
wspolnie sp^dzic sobot?, by razem omowic rözne problemy orga-
nizacyjne, by opracowac sobie plan pracy na najblizsze dwa mie-
si^ce, do kolonji.
Pgisz? nasz^ rozpocz^lismy modlitw^ Kabalat Szabat, z kröt-
kiem wspomnieniem poleglych w ostatnich dniach w Erec. Wyka-
zalismy, ze ci, ktorzy tarn zgin^li, to kdoszim, ktorzy w swej co-
dziennej pracy, kazdy w swej dziedzinie, przyczyniali si? do two-
rzenia wielkiego dziela — odbudowy Erec. Nielatwo nas wrög po-
kona. Minuta milczenia za zmartych w Erec.
W sobot^ omowilismy kilka problemow gdudu drugiego. Za-
wi^zata si? dyskusja. Wytyczylismy plan kursow hebrajskich i po-
ruszylismy jeszcze wiele innych problemow. Sobot? zakonczyt oneg
szabat, — tance, spiewy i legenda o krolu Salomonie, opowiedziana
przez Hansa Löwa. W uroczystosci sobotniej brato udzial 60 Iudzi.
W niedziel^ zjechaio si§ jeszcze wielu Iudzi z okolicznych gniazd,
by z nami wspolnie sp^dzic chociazby jeden dzien. Pgisz? niedziel-
n% (Lag Beomer) otworzylismy raportem.
Po raporcie poszlismy do lasu. Aharon L. prowadzil pogadank^
o sytuacji w ogolnym sjonizmie.
Po zobrazowaniu zadan ogolnego sjonizmu zaznaczyt, ze w sy-
tuacji tak ci^zkiej nie wolno nam wyszukiwac momentow nas dzie-
l^cych, bo one jeszcze bardziej pog}^biaj^ przepasc, ale musi si^
znalezc momenty nas t^cz^ce, a jest ich bardzo wiele.
Po obiedzie poszlismy na uroczystosc ,,Dnia sjonizmu" orga-
nizacji bielskiej do Czechowic, gdzie odbylo si? uroczyste otwar-
cie farmy rolnej ,,Hanoar Hacijoni".
Po uroczystosciach w farmie, zakonczylismy nasz^ pgisz^ ra-
portem. Rozjechalismy si? do naszych gniazd z ch^ci^ wzmozenia
pracy i intensywnego przygotowania do kolonij letnich.
Z ramienia S. N. bral udziat w pgiszy Aharon Liebeskind.
Sobot? sp^dzit z nami röwniez Hans, ktory wniost wiele ciepla
w nasz^ pgiszy. Prowadzil pogadank^ o sytuacji w zydostwie.
W tym samym dniu odbyla si? pgisza gdudu III., w ktorej
bralo udzial 50 czlonkow.
Trzeba rowniez podkreslic moment, wprawdzie nie nowy, ale
bardzo przykry. Nie obeszlo si? bez zgrzytow. Jedynie dzi^ki naszej
241
odpowiedzialnosci nie doszlo do powaznych incydentow. Ale jesz-
cze raz przekonalismy si?, ze jad nienawisci rasowej dosi?gn^i pun-
ktu kulminacyjnego, ze w najmniejszych zak^tkach szaleje przeciw-
ko nam burza.
Id^c do Czechowic, zostalismy obrzuceni przez grup? mlodzie-
zy kamieniami, nie mowi^c juz o tych „mitych stowkach", jakienni
nas na kazdym kroku obdarzano. A nasz spacer wieczorny stal pod
znakiem niepewnosci. Uczestnicy pgiszy dobrze odczuli sil? niena-
wisci, ktora wokoto nas si? rozpiera.
Zejw tAünczelcs.
Zlot w Radomyilu
W Lag l)'omer dnia 10 bm. odbyl si? w Radomyslu Wielkini
zlot galilu tarnowskiego, polaczony z uroczystosclami jubileu-
szowemi gniazda i poswi^ceniem sztandaru. W zjezdzie bralo
udzial 250 ludzi. Zlot zamienil si§ w pot^zna manifestacj? sil
iiaszego ruchu, jakotez stamsjonizmu wogöle. Wielkie pole
raportowe, pigknie przyozdobione, wypelnione bylo po brzegi
zebrana publicznoscia. Poraz piei'wszy w dziejach Kadomysla
Wielkiego brala udzial tak wielka ilosc starszego spoleczenstwa
zydowskiego w sjonistycznej uroczystosci.
Zlot rozpocz§lismy chugiem Tnachu prowadzonym przez
Drängera. Slowa naszych prorokow wplyn^fy na nas pokrze-
piajaco.
Niedtugo po chugu stalismy w szyku raportowym — w czwo-
roboku, ktory poprowadzil J. Wind. Po odspievvaniu llatikvvy
poswi^cono minut§ milczenia dla oddania hotdu bohateroni
naszym, ktörzy polegli ze zbrodniczych nik arabskich na poste-
runku pracy odbudowawczej w Palestynie.
Uroczystosciom i)atronowali oddani nam goraco PP. Spieg-
lowie. Po odczytaniu listow powitalnych od Prezesa Zwiazku
^wiatowego Ogolnych Sjonistöw Dra Schwarzbarta i Prezesa
r:gzekutywy Organizacji Sjonistycznej dla Zachodniej Mab-
polski 1 slaska Dra Hilfsteina, Sekretarjatu Naczelnego „Akiby",
Hansa Löwa i wielu synipatykow ruchu — przemawiala P. Dr.
Spiegiowa. W pi?knem przemöwieniu wskazala na tragizm na-
özego polozenia. Po calym swiecie rozeslani sa emisarjusze Hit-
lera, zmierzajacy do zniszczenia narodu zydowskiego. Nawet
w samej Palestynie znajdujemy slady tej zbrodniczej propa-
gandy. VV chwili, gdy hitleryzm zaprzecza naszym prawom do
zycia, gdy Arabowie atakuja nasza dzialalnosc w Palestynie, gdy
strumiemami leje si§ krew zydowska nietylko w golusie, ale
242
i w naszej Ojczyznie — koniecznosci^ jest zespolic sily w nä-
rodzie — sily ogölno-sjonistyczne w szczegölnosci.
P. Dr. Spiegel w slowach peJnych milosci i sily oddal sztan-
dar kierownikowi Waad galilu. Dränger w imieniu Sekretarjatu
Naczelnego möwil o swi§tosci sztandaru biaio-niebieskiego,
0 szczytnych ideach, ktörych wyrazem i symbolem jest nasz
sztandar. W podnioslym nastroju odbylo si§ wbijanie gwozdzi,
przyczem pigkne powitania przedstawicieli wszystkich odcieni
politycznych, od Agudy, poprzez rewizjonistöw, do Szomru.
Osobno odbyla si§ pgisza gdudu III. Mlodzi möwili o tem
jak pracuj^ w gniazdach, o skautingu, o nadehodz^cej kolonji.
Pgisza stala pod znakiem Dnia Matki. Mlodzi utworzyli koleg-
jum redakcyjne. W najblizszym czasie ukaze si§ pierwsza
gazetka.
Gdud II mial pogadank§ z Drängerem n. t. „Nasza droga
w stamsjonizmie". Poruszono wiele problemöw, ria ktöre odpo-
wiadal Meir Löwi.
Röwnoczesnie odbyla si§ pgisza kwucy kibucowej „Lakfar".
Wieczorem odbyla si§ na ulicach miasta defilada, ktöra
wywarla pot§zne wrazenie.
Pgisza spelnila swoje zadanie. Wyjasnila wiele problemöw,
dodala wiele wiary i zapalu uczestnikom, wzmocnila gniazda.
Byla to czwarta pgisza naszego galilu w miesiacu organi-
zacyjnym. Trudno nie wspomniec o ofiarnosei PP. Dr. Spieglöw,
ktörzy pgisz§ t§ razem z gniazdem przygotowali.,
Wieczör odbyla si§ uroczysta akademja z referatami Mgra
J. Szuldenfreia i J. Bajera.
Mosze Gans
Akcfo 40 iysi^cy dunamöw %iemi:
Do Rodzicöw iydowskich!
W ohecnych ciqzkich czasach, gdy jiszuw zydowski w Erec Izrael
zostal wstrzqsniqty przez ostatnie krwawe wypadki, luywolane przez
pewne czqsci ludnosci arabskiej, podjudzane przez ciemne elementy,
htörc usilujq przeszkodzic naszej pokojowej i twörczej pracy w hraju,
gdy naröd zydowski w krajach djaspory walczy ciqzko o swojq egzy-
stencjq, gdy fale arJvsemityzmu zataczajq wciqz nowe krqgi — w ohec-
nych czasach stanowi pocieszenie wiese o wyzwoleniu przez „Keren
Kajemet Leizrael" nowych 40.000 dunamöw ziemi w Erec Izrael.
243
^zczcqclme wazna jcst ta wiadcmosL dla nas mlcdzczv i dla W'a^
'■':izic:ii. alhcicwm na^za pomv^lna przyszlosc jcst VVusrcm srcrc-
Cc.^y-. h-zcz wyzwolcmc ncwvch 40.000 dunamcw zicmi pow^taia
■rjrunki dla naJr.'i pra.y holcnizacvinc,, htcra zaahscrbujc dzic^iathi
rv>:.'cv rvdow^kiej mlcdzicz\' kraiöw djüspcry. l.ccz Ercc Izracl jc.t
-.i- vrjni\? ah^crhcwac ncwvch imicirantöw jcdynic wtedy, ijdv i-^tnicja
■-.:■.... fhccivki prac\\ htörc sa uzalcznioiw od Musryc/i przijdsicwzicc
K:.':>-.:rjcymych. A przctc kazda ncwa pii^dz zicmi jest zdchycza,
]yz-:-fic^zaiqcd prcccs na^zcgc wyzwolcnia.
Scrcd zydcw^ki icst zdccvdowany hudowac swcjq Sicdzibc Sa-
r: i:\cj, fcmimc w<zclkick przcszköd, u na Uazdy atak, a röwnicz jkj
c-tatmc M'vdarzcnia, cdpcwicmv spctCLjcwanicm pracy dla cdhudcwy
• ■.'•j;;< C'.czy^tcgc. — l'rzv^pic'-zcnic prcccsu wvzwclcuia zicmi —
•.c E>-cc Izracl — tc jcdvna gcdna cdpcwicdz na cstatnic wypadki.
Scicc 40.C0C dunamöw zicmi wyzwala ,,K'ercn Kajcmct Lciz-
>-dcl" — przcz cc ctwicra ncwq harte w dzicjach naszcj hchnizacü
■-'.• i'alc^tynic. Sicchaj zadncgc rcdzica, dbajqccL]C c przyszlc'^c swcich
dzicci. nie zabrahnic w^rcd cjarcdawcöw w spccjah]cj ahcji Kcicn
Kajcmct. ktcra dc<tarczy junduszcw de sjinalizrwania ncwcj wiclhicj
tranzakcii zicmi.
Schrctarjat Naczclny ,,Ahiby".
Kcmcnda Naczclna .,Brit Kanaim"
Kcmcnda Naczchia ,,Gordonja''
Ccntralny Kcmitct ,,Hcchaluc"
Centralny Kcmitct ,,Hcchahic HaUlal Cijcni"
Ccntralny Kcmitct ,,Hcchaluc Halcumi"
Ccntralny Komitct ,,Hcchaluc Hamizrachi"
Ccntralny Kcmitct „Hcchaluc Hacair"
Kcmcnda Naczclna „Hanoar Hacijcni"
Kcmcnda Naczclna ..Hunccir Hacijcni" {Hamcuchad>
Kcmcnda Naczclna ..Haszcmcv Hacair"
Kcmcnda Naczclna „Haszomcr Hadati"
Ccntralny Kcmitct ,,Hapocl"
Centralny Kcmitct ,M^Miahi"
Ccntralny Kcmitct „Frajhajt"
244
^nmp (nV'«) Heia 'nn
mp'n -jninK bv nmaV bM^n ^:lOKa iik in«
n K V
Wzruszone do glqhi smierciq
hlp. LOH KARTAGENER,
wyrazajq szczere wspölczucie, pozostalej w smutku Rodzinie:
jM. Garfunkel, Fr. Sternglanz,
Ch, Honig, R. Straus,
llllllllilllll
Leopolda Rosnera
Szkice palestyhskie
Krakö^i* 1936.
m
Do nabycia w Centralnei Komisü Dostaw
i Admlnistracü ,,Diwrei Akiba*'
Cena ZI. 2*50
Juz ukazal si^ 4 i 5 tom
m^r.
iHistorii sionizmu
Zinemana w jezyku polskim
TOM IV. i V.
[i jest do nabycia w Ceatralnej Komisji Dostaw przy
Sekretarjacie Naczelnym
Ceny: pojedyncze tomy a zi 1.50
komplet (5 tom.) „ 6 50
„ zyd. (8 „ ) „ 9.80
Wydawca: .Zwiqzek Skautowej Mlodziezy lydowskiej w Krakowie.
Redaktor odpowiedzialny. Ignacy Nichthaufser
Drukarnia Pospieszna pod zavz. A. Lehrhafta, Krakow, KarmeUcka 34
.d1 L;.l. i.;.i V
P ♦ .-1. o
^■-y Cl,-', ■:■■, ^
Uli ii.:i,i ^u^s. , , bo ii
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Li euer ^cii Jiii ,
X-.nc liv... iiiu.. : i'ber I)ciii>jn ■v^r::'boi j'-nan
"O
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Herzen vn: ü,^n cir; ucii ^l'c,^,::.
'V_ i...L^'\- J.*.L L- J- J.J 0 tJ ^ ^1 .L 1 V^.
. ^ '-^ .1. l.\^ Xi. '^ -. j. V. . o X Ci ii,
in V vorauf cJ. -Lon uls zu..i 'xl^^__,o ::cino;;i Todes, ...icrre .lei.x^ lleinun^ lia'bc i
einijcnc'j, '."f i.''ei:.1:iic:i verli-utLi-rt. Ij:i jeliürc niciit zu jenen, '-.ie ilire
LxIjc u. d rieunur:;G;iL^- olicl:en "'cüicliiu:
" f-t *
■] n:..cn ...ercn !3ezienün en zü i^icli
i:cii...^r: 0 .'iec:;:cn.
iCiiu eiiiiMa-i. i.c
>-- iwy ., _
idren ,_^Uücn in.,ä ECiieclitex. H:-:'ndiun^cn
1:11 r ^.je^;enuber.
'enn "Du .rotzfcin in veinein /'aclirui n£.cd Dei..e:;,, verr:tor-
Lenen Yc-/i:er ir Lud einen .rniiiu • v:.)n
deucnb und Hi-Cii.i\d.:lici.i]cei
entc^G'cr:t, d;:.nn ir^t er: ein ^eicdcn idr Dicli ....d nie-:;, fdr lücli, icli hc.be
Deii.en Vcter nie als eiijDn^;r:)ien Künstler in reinen ocnriftr; teilerei
betraglietE: sondern alr- eionnJüden ni 1 einer:: ^ro..en ??erzcn \;elcncr von
T.iebe zu Israel brennt. Aber l-ae vermindert nicht seine Gestalt, Es ^i.^t
Dinj.- , die in meinen ÄU,_.en wichti,_er sind aii jede Kunst, Un
Dcinnn Vater aus^ezeiclient bat Cixd ii.sbesonder z.;. . Ciuten aüs,,.e:::eicnnet
bat, ist in rxincn .■.u.^en nicbtitjer als IZunst.
JT -< , 1 i'o 0 •" o
: .1 C Kxi. U .j
.n das ijoniite
10. 12. lOoO
des ^ciiribtsteileieVereines inPald:-Gina
•Tel Aviv . . . ,
Ihr werdet r:ir .klauben v/ic ^xq-ü mein Leid ist, da:^ ich nicht mit ''ihch
beisa^m^'en sein bann an JALAQ^s 1001 Gebürtstar^, \;ie ich -v/ollte und
\.ie ich versprochen habe
...der ic'i nujte iriüier \/e ^fahren, bevor die
Ihr \/erdet :.ir ^ .'.so verzeihen, v^a^ ich ^ezv/un^icn v;urde
be^,onne:ll ^aben.
Ich holde, .b-;.i der A.jend eriogreich sein ■.;ird,aucn ohne mich.
::ie ICinv/ohner von Juda v/eraeii ^yis::. en v.ie zu ^ar eiligen ciie mrinnerun^^; an
den mroiten der Poeten von Juda
Soll ■w-eni;.:stens an eine:
ic^^e gegeben
Bialilc to I.I.Kahn ( Kov/no )
Tel Aviv, 15 Odtober 19-jO
L'"ein teurer Herr uixd ?reund!
Die ■^rinneruriij an die ■:ur2;en m rZowno zu^eDrac/iten Ta;je \;i.. a nie
D.us Treinen llerzeii verscmvinden, .'^ie strahle.. -den Geciciiter der j.Tenscher;
die Die':... uiTi^-aüen, ... .haben nie: den ,_anzen 'Ve^: l:)e;j.leitct und werden
mich noch lanje oe^-leiten. T'g ,jeht üocr ].ieine Kraft, ^o vihh Liebe
und Verehr, n.;, die i^ich auf meinei-n Rüc^cen .;eh'-.uft hat , zu ertragen.
Und wer hönnte es ertragen? Tien nie werde icli die wunderbaren Ta-e
V)n Jiowno ver esf^en. ..'^iuauen ii: t ^ ecenv/ärti,;; die ein::i^ e ^^eztun:;
der hebriiiGchen TCulturarbei t in der valuth. ui.d al '.e Juden cind
verpflichtet sie zu befectl en und zu f^ti.rhcn. 'ind wenn, '^iot ': behalte,
dies-e 'haturarbci t i.. Litauen ric aüschw:^chen Yr"rde, w",rc dadurch
ein Hau ^tstron vertrocirnet und ein bedeutrarier L:chat::, der ein
hervorra, ende^ -cnschenrnatcrial für "^rez Israel und den ..ufbau li/ert,
veraiTit.
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i^tijiunt_, ii-icjit ..iiiVci f: tcxnucn bin, Die Jieciiuvv i: i ti. otx- ...ilwi ^j^inci
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(i^'lästina)
r,786.
LO.Adar 1. 1927
Das Schabbath -Gebot ist eines jener Dinge, über welchen im-
nere Wemsen wenig gesprochen haben ^.ber viele Gebote erlicBsen.Die
meisten dieser Gebote sina hohe Bert^e,dd)e an einem Haar hängen. Von
der t;rsten bip zu aer letzten GesetZ(£;ebung hat ni'.n d^n Sabbath mit
engen Zäunen , una Zäunen von Zäunen um^jebeno . o • .^'s besteiio Icjin Zv/ci
«r. 1 . -ri -f^'T xcs *« Ar hei t**und deren
xeld:^rin.dac^s nit aer Aencierung ..es .ic^rixX^s /.rüeiL ui ^ _
Definition ,rich auch aie -^u^jiriffe über aas V/e^en ues Sabbath una dx
..er ^iabbath-Freude geänaert haben. Tatsächlich ^ibt ocin aoi ^^anzen
Galuth kaum fo ^irachtii^en und schönen Sabbath ie in Palästina und
£;erade aeashalb vvird jeae Jüntheili^ung dcG Sabbath k v.ie uine /'^ers-
törun^; dieser schönen Tradition betrachtet aerrep:t unsin
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Vol, III
An ACiic^d ^-acj;i
26, ;r£jimu2 1026
Au den Schiff "Aciui ti.m_a''
von
UV7 Tone nach T.ondon )
'\f .
.er Pahrt
I'ein Lehrer und erhabener ;;;reund I
ich v/ill nicht ^ni "^ntpchuldi^^^uni:: hitten, dai ich nicht r-eschriljx
habe, Denn v/ae hatte ceh schon e'avon, v/enn ::u mit verzeihen \/urdeet ?
ich nelher verzeihe eiE- ni-Lr nicht. Ich bitte nur um eines: Du i:iü..ect
Diix eia v/enia ',:ild.-i un^saründc für nich finden in Anbetracht der
scliv/eren erdruckeixden Arbciu, uie ich in Anerilca 6 l^onat ian^ zu ^
bev;ältiaen hatLe. r^ teile hir vor; neetin^s, hanlceti^e, Sitzungen,
i^e^ejnun^en, Besprechun^cen, jiesuche, Posaunen, Enren-
dolttorate - ju ..ast doch v/ahrEcheinlich gehört, dai ich zweimal zum
Do^ctor jroiiovicrt v/urde - ein " ^edojjeiter HJ^el ( hichter, ^amson
} - , ^etz;, G ocLle Div noch vor das deschrei, v.'as Getue,
u-edröhne, hara, ..en a. :eri-:ani sehen Hluff und Ilumbug! dxid darni das
wandern von einer Stadt zut anderen, i:nd dazu die Tchlaf iosighei t, das
b.:.tzen bis in aie zwei ce halfoe der :h-cht, una das jl':tzi.iche llinein-
lalien in ^Lie .icochenae ^.ntiefe ::'cv/ ^orhs, ich wa. aort ein ;;uU:-^^er,
der die ::^rache nicht v..rsteht. ich ^:ann mich doru ohne v.hrer nicht
Zurechtfinden und b^n sbu.ndi^; in v^eicdir unter die Hader der Automobile
zu {^'erraten, itiEx './eiche die traien vers cojif en
und herumfahren vie die -ei"fel und oie ^ro^e Stadt in ein \7i3:ilLes hntier
verwandeln Und die hddnn,
Reden, Iledenl 0 die hcden inmitten l.11 dieses Lebens, die L.-:den , die
ich selber halten •'luite, una besonders jene, we.Lchc ic . anh':'ren ?iu .te.
Ich mu,jte dabei sitzen .:nd sie mir alle , nhören
• • •
C-.i \^ t^
ims icn in Sc-.v/ei^ ^eriet u..u mein Gehirr.
trochnete, his ist eine neue aranlcheit, nelche Amerilca erfaßt hat -
die Redelcranhhei ö. Ich :..:ü.^ i. : er als red letzte den hednerjult
besteigen, ;;eil man mich wie ein Pfand aufspart. Und man redet bis zwei
und drei Ijlir ns'.chts. Ich konnte nicht schlafen und ^inf heruj:i -./ie ein
Lac j rwandler und v/ar unf hij auch nur den Icleinsten 'm-ief zu schreiben,
Daze bin ich v^^r r teilt gewesen fünf volle h'onate, L"anch-inal habe ich
ZV/ei- und dreimal im TEige gesprochen, Ii. meiner /.'eichherzigkei t hon.-te
ich niemendam neinsage, llnen "trost aber habe ich : dai man mir in der
wahren ( anderen ) V'elt diese fmife Ilonate als lIocEleniiionate anrechnen
wird.
naue icn
nun errreicht mit all dieser Hohe ?
._aii i\.anii
das nicht in
f\e 7/t^i
Ht^Hi KdBief^ Cx>LL^crxoN'
?//<^
> ■>'<»!» •HwriW'<«rwHwaMiii«m«ii»wngi<iiiiMSs^>«]nim»i''m<$»WM<^
\.
?//fc 't^se.Ata^H MrtreKEAu -cwaim 3/-ocH h»^'"''-'^
an Ohaim Bloch
Salzburg 21,1.1909.
Mein liber "bester Freund!
Ihren Brief aus weiter Ferne habe ich erhalten und danke bestens.
Also Oesterreich hat sich mit den Türken vertragen für viele Millio-
nen Kronen;Serbien und
ißt also lackiert, wird aber doch viel
leicht losschlagen, um Oesterreich unten zurrjbeschäfti gen, wenn dis Ad-
ler sich auf Deutschland stürzen wollen, das
ten Auffassung. England wird schon weiter wüthen.
nach der al-
hat vor
ein paar Tagen wiederbevosrstehende schwere Zeiten angedeutet, ist k
aber doch vorsichtiger geworden in Reden«
Neues kann ich Ihnen wenig melden, nur habe ich einen Versuch der
Entzifferung der
Inschriften an die Emmerich Blät-
ter geschickt; ich glauue mit Sicherheit auf den kleinen •^'ragmenten
zweimal das D^ort
zu lesen und einmal
,bezw.
oder
,der 4te Buchstabe fehlt. Schlüsse habe ich nicht gezagen, über
haupt habe ich den Artikel sehr vorsichtig abgefasst.Wenn Sie das
Werk haben, so schlagen Sie Taf.Vil auf,l 2 und nehmen die Steinein
aieser ""euordnung.
A
•••Wenn es den Leuten, die Meseina wieder aufbauen wollen, nur kX
nicht geht, wie weiland Kaieer Julian mit dem Tempel in Jerusalem! Das
ist aber der menschliche trotz, ein Prometheusstolz, ein Titanenstolz
'Sollst mit meine Hütte doch stehen lassenund meinen Herd, den Bu
nicht gehautl'wie Goethe so schön sagt« im "Prometheus", Es ist der
Titan unter dem Aetna.der heute vor Jupiter trotzen wiU.Und solcher
Titanen eibt es viele,6anze Staaten eehören dazu.ünd glauben Sie.*«
.ass diese 'itanen wirklich alle droben so mürbe gemacht werden.dass
Chaim B 1 o ch Briefwechsel 3)
sie sich bekehren inüssen?dann hört oben auch die Freiheit auf.ünd
wenn alle sich bekehren. die tun es nicht, eher noch ein Judas «Leimmi
?alle die llaurer?die Diabolisten?ein Cavour, Voltaire, Renan und die
kleineren Götter, wie CarlVogt,Häckel und Con8orten?oder scheusslichc
Mörder wie in Bethune?in Bonn der Kroat?und die Kulturkämpfer?diese
verbissene Sorte?die tun es nicht, eher ein Mörder.
Ja,wir Deutschen sind beleinmert;Bülow sollte eigentlich ein Buch
E chreiben:*DervMistepuhl,oder gründliche Anleitung zur Erlernung ä
der auswärtigen Politik*, allen Botschaftern und Diplomaten dediziert
Und dafür wird der Mann in den Pürstenstand erhobenIJa, Deutschland
gleicht heute dem Hiob auf dem Miste, nur, dass es nicht so gerecht k
war wie cier fromme Dulder. Seine "Freunde* stehen ringsum und höhnen
--- rai. ^««^ +*»r-Eduard üer Themsianerund
es aus, den 7/2 kommt Elipig»^«^ ^henaniter
liess sennem Heveu das icapital,und Wilhelm muss den liebenswürdigen
spielenund Bürgermeister und Stadträte müssen entblössten Hauptes
in den Toren stehen und zusammenklappen wie ein Taschenmesser vor
lauter Devotion und Ersterben, und er denkt s*diese PlebeJerbagagelWil
heims siene Domestiken.Ablweiterlzum Diner! "Und nichts hindert ihn,
Frühjahr seine Legionen zu schicken, Devastation und Terror gegen*Mei
ne Flotte*!. Einerlei, die Weltlage sieht aber doch wieder friedlicher
aus, vor aer ttand,aber wer weiss, was für lieber raschungen alle noch be
vorstehen.
St. sagt an einer Stelle, nach der Vertreibung aus dem JL
Paradies wären die Menschen in der Nähe des 'Paradieses geblieben;
dann wären sie immer schlechter geworden und deshalb der Rest in der
Sündflut vom Paradiese weg in die berge (Ararat) getragen, Sol-
lte nicht dasP^aradies anderswo zu suchen 8ein?wo im Himalaya die
4 SJkäawE Strömeindus , Ganges, ,*"atlersch und Brahmaputra entspringen
also mirttta nicht im gebiet von Euphtat und Tigri8?kühn gesalt
und beinahe annehmbar, wenn nicht Perat und Chiddegal da wären.Gison
könnte des Ganges sein,PeBat der Brahmaputra-K.B. sieht auch hier den
Praphetenberg.ob sie das Paradies hierhin verlegt, weites ich nicht,
aber aber der Himalaya passt besser als die armenischen Berge, Dabei
bleibt ruhig bestehen, dass die Arche auf dem Ararat landen könnt e,M
Könnte man von dieser Annahme nicht das Land Jiavila besser konstru-
ieren?Sehen Sie sich auf der ^'arte das quellgebiet dieser 4 Ströme
an, bei der alten Anpicht haben wir mit dem Gison und Phison grosse
/■
Chaim Bloch Briefwechsel T^'^
Aiii^s u • • • • , ^^^^^
Wie war die neue Sache mit BicJceix. * BIBf ^c^i
ihm zumsprechen?ihm glatt zu sagen:*clu Met Gustavl^^r?- ^ schi^ibcjn k
mir hierüber mal das Nähere, wie die letzte ErschailÄig war. War es
wieder bei Tage?-
Al80 anscheinend bricht der i^rieg im Orient doch los, Serbien gei-
gen Oesterreich und Bulgarien gegen.. •....., .Dann ist aber damit
der Weltkrieg gegebn.Russlandund Frankreich werden Deutschland auf
demütigen wollen ,und ist Oesterreich dahinten beschäftigt,
dann geht es ja leichter^Es fehlt nur noch^dass ¥. e»Ät nochmal Ei-
niges "sagt*.
In St.Sphrera(De Virginitate XXIV Nr. 3 fand ich:
Ueber Windcharaktere a la Bülow u.s.w. Ephren Garen
Laban war buntscheckig und farbenschimmeriid in senen wechselnden 5nt
Schliessungen; wie eine Wolke in Veränderungen, wie ein sich arehendes'
^ad in seinem Wechsel»"
Sine herrlivhe Stelle über eine aen Guten bestimmte paradiesische
Herlichkeit bietet Pindar L& H Epod.lU Stroph.lV Antistr.lV,
•Mit Tugenden gechmückter Reichtum verleiht dem und jenem Voll-
macht, einf lössend des Strebens tief en, jagenden Dr£Lng,ein ein wahrer
Lichtschimmer, ein glänzender orgenstern dem ^anne.Wervihn so hat,
weiss auch die Zukunft, dass neh dem Tod plötzlich dort die Seele der
hier unbändigen schwer büsst,und dass alles. was sie frevelten in Ss
Zeus Reich auf Erden, in der Unterwelt Einer streng rügt, den Spruch
mit Zwang verkündend«
Doch immer gleich scheint in den Nächten und an den Tegen gleich
Sonne den <^erechten;sie genlessen ein ganz harmloses Dasein, nicht
mit der Hände Nerv umwühlend Erdschollen, noch wegen des "assergefild
um spärlichen Erwerb;nein, wohnend bei den
Wem es so gelang sich von allem Ungerechten im Gemüte rein zu halten
der schreitet auf dem Pfad des Zeus zu Kronos Burg, woselbst Luft vom
Ozean gelind um Inseln der Verklärten spielt, wo man die Goldblumen
sieht erglühn, einige vom Strand auf Lichtbäumen, andere pflegt Was-
sers Tiefe,mit deren Flechten sie den Arm umwinden und das ,elock.*
3'/enn
Oesterreich im
is"
d»-^
&
exö-
de
de
■ ^T"
Chaim Bloch Briefwechsel
li
Wenn Oesterreich im Orient beshäftigt ist, so ist das gerade der
richtige Zeitpunkt für Frankreich, den Revanchegedanken auf zugreif en-
dann oder nielUnd wenn auch die Regierung nicht will, sondern das X2
Volk, so wird die Regierung einfach gestürzt und Revancömamnner koiaa-
menans Ruder. In f rankreich geht das leicht, Uebrigens wünsche ich
diesen ^ranzosen schwere t'^iederlagen-wenn andere, bessere kommen, so
ist es etwas anderes; dann kann sich schon das Blättchen drehen*
Sonst nichts NeueslDie allerbesten Ihnen, Ihrem Herrn Bruder und
FrläJJichte
Ihr treuer Freund
Hochgeehrter Herr Doktor!
Lieber Freund!
Dr.Pincas Heinrich schrieb mir,das6 er Ihnen lExemplar meiner
letzten Schrif f'Meine IS. Jährige zionistische Agitation^übergeben ^
hat. Ich erwarte daher die iiirfüllung Ihres Versprechens, eine Rezen-
sion über dieselbe zu schreiben, welche für mich um so wertvoller j^
ist, als sämtliche zionistische Blätternicht einmal eine Erwähnung st
des Daseins derslben inserirt haben.Es besteht seit dem Anfang der
Herzli sehen Richtung ein Komplott gegen mich, in Galatz (Jesuit Pe-
neer)in Braila (Verbrecher Ulimann und Frau) und ehemals in Jassy Tro-
ttel Rosenbaum, üer ^eliebte der i'rau Ulimann). In der BeKorgnis,ich
könnte die "egmonie an mich reissen, wurden Skandale, Verleumdungen,
Beleidigungen, Verhetzungen, Schimpfernale (ad hoc)in Scene gesetzt, v/ie
solche blos im schwarzen Gehirn eines Asmodai entstehen können. Es
entstand infolgedessenzwischen mir und ^erzl ein gereizter -^riefwech
sei, der, wie Sie sagen, in^unss einen lebendigen Protest erblickt, wo-
nach schon lange vor ihm der Zionismus in Blüte stand, Wüstling Elman
und seine Gnädige, besonders diese feile Dame, erwiikten bei der da-
maligen Redaktion der "Welt^dass meine Artikel nicht angenommen wor-
den, ja sogar Artikel (wie das Armin Dux)blieben unberücksichtigt,
falls sie meiner erwähnten. Das Komplott gegen mich besteht wohl
nicht mehr, weil es entsatnd ein schändlicher Streit zwischen meinen
Feinden, um die ^egemonie (Galatz und Braila)welche den 4. und 5.Kongx.
Chaim B 1 o.c h Br ie f we chsel 6)riiyxyiXT«yyt«ygyytxai)tKxxgfedbucx
ress alarrairte.Erst als ich inständig gebeten wiirde auf die general-
Versammlung in Pochzehan zu erscheinen, gelang es mir,eienen Verglei<
und einen Waffenstillstand zu erwirken, wo bei mein ärgster Gegner
der "^^euchler und elender Jesuit S.Pineles , zum Kreuz kroch und dahe:
es mir zu verdanken hat, das s er noch Praesident dernPöderation Ruraä-|
nien geblieben ist. Aber sein Stern ist verblasst,und ich gelte als
die Seele des russischen Zioni smus. Ferner ;Sllraan beging ein Verbre-
chen, floh aus braila und wurde in Absentia zu 5 Jahren Kerker ver-
urteilt.Seine Frau wurde von ihrem Geliebten infolge eines -"aiailien-l
Skandals in Jassy verlassen und zog nach Czernowitz,und Hosenbaum
selbst wiirde von seinem Schwiegervater gezwungen, London zu verlassesnl
und in seinem elenden rumänischen Flecken Neaur zu wehen. Sic transitj
gloria mundi!
Aber die Redaktion der •Welt* ist......... und scheren mich
sie den ieufel.
Nun bitte ich Sie eine Rezension zu veröff enzlichen,mit der Bemerj
kungjdass Sie durcii Gefälligkeit des Dr.Piniras Heinrich zu einem B-
xemplar meiner letzten Schrift gelangt sind, und sprechen Ihre Ver-
wunderung aus,dass bos jetzt zionistischen Journale über dieselbe
mit Stillschweigen übergingen, üebrigens will ich Ihenen nicht vor-
schreiben,wie Sie da ferner verfahren sollen.
Die Broschüre ist auf meine Kosten gedruckt, und der gesamte Erlös
ist dem Nationalfond gewidmet; ebenso zahle ich für die Ausgabe einesj
mir gewidmezem Zionsmarsches, dessen Erlös ebenfalls dem National-
fond gewidmet ist.Denken Sie sich in 10 Monaten 4 Reisen(Basil Sxkb
Paczan,Wien,Bucarest2aiif eigene kosten (mit Ausnahme Bucarest), den-
ken Sie sich hiezu den Zeitverlust, und Sie bgreif en,wenn ich behaup-
te, in 10 Monaten den ""inismus ein Opfer von circa
1800 Frcs, gebracht habe.
Denken Sie sich ferner, als man in der Schweiz, um die Rabbinen da-
selbst zu bekämpfen, einen Redner brauchte, der Zionismus auf grund A
des orthodoxen Judentums demonstrieren soll, ich dazu auserkoren wur-
ae; ebenso erhielt ich den Auftrag auf meiner Reise nach Wien, einen
Vortrag in Lemi3erg zu halten, und beide Male habe ich mich meiner
Auggabe mit dem besten Erfolg entledigt. Aber die Welt berichtete dar
r
/4/e 7/^*^
Fv?AAi£ KoSLCfl Cc?LL£(2.7ioKX
^//?
/
\.
7 n
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v^*
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¥rHUi^, hen ZT, ^vbvmt IS42
In allen Dingen, die mit Frauenhygiene im Zusam-
menhang stehen, sichern RENDELLS Produkte
vollständigen Schutz und das Verschwinden ner-
vöser Spannungen. Wenn Sie Wert auf gute
Gesundheit und Zufriedenheit zu allen Zeiten
legen, dann bestehen Sie auf R.ENDELLS Pro-
dukten— immer eine weiseWahl. Ein aufschluss-
reiches Buch ,, Hygiene for Women " von
Nurse Drew ist gratis bei jedem Chemisten
erhältlich. Falls Sie es schriftlich vorziehen
wenden Sie sich an : —
NURSE DREW, VICTORIA HOUSE,
SOUTH AMPTON ROW, LONDON, W.C. I.
Auf Wunsch können Sie auch von Nurse Drew eine
deutsche Ausgabe dieses Buchs kostenfos erhalten.
RENDELLS
PR 0 D UKTE
VON ÄRZTEN EMPFOHLEN
VON CHEMISTEN VERKAUF)
Die Frau in der Kriegswirtschaft
Hatte sieh bereits durch die UmwälKunj«on von
] 9 14/18 die Stellung dttr Frau in der Uesi'U-
.schat't wesentlich gehoben, s(» wird .sich am Knde
des gegenwärtigen Krio{»s zeigen, da.ss ein
weiterer grosser Schritt vorwärts zur Verwirk-
lichung wirtschaftlicher Gleichberechtigung zu-
rückgelegt worden ist.
FortsetMUHg einer alten Entwicklung
Während bis 1914 veraiit wortliche Posten last
ausschliesslich von Männern eingenommen wur-
den, sah der Vorabend die.st?^ Krieges Frauen als
Direktoren, Beamte, Inspektoren usw. Das \'or-
liältnis von Frauen- zu Männerarbeit stie<> in
(Irossbritannien von 30 Prozent im Jahre l!»14
auf 4L' Pj'ozent im Jahre IRI'.S und würde in
(iiesem Krieg 80 Prozent erreichen, falls die In-
(bisfrie 3 Millionen Männer durch Kekrutietuuo'
verlöre und 4 Millionen Frauen gewönne. Hicses
Ziel könnte erreicht werden, wenn alle unver-
heirateten Frauen und Witwen uJid ein Diittel
der verheirateten Frauen im Alt<!r von 14 i)is .",,")
.laliren ausserhalb des Haushalts arbeiten wür-
den.
Zwischen iJ)l4 und ÜMS luUten 1,.". Millidn^n
Frauen Hescliiit'ti<;ung gefunden. nOO.OOO llaus-
angestellt(> hatten den Beruf gewe(diselt. vln-v
1 ()(».()()(» Frauen hatten sich dem Militärdien t
eingereiht. Die Zahl der für Industrie m, |
Aruiee angeworbenen Frauen ist diesmal scIumi
narh 2\ .laliren Krieg weseiillich höher. \'iiii
neuem zerbri(dit der Kriejr Vorurteile gegen die
berufstätige PVau, A'oriirleile, die seit DM 4 iii>
Wanken gekomuu'n waren.
Kleinkamp/ im Haiithalt
Und doch sind es diese N'orurteile, die da/n
iiihren, da.ss die Rolle der Frau in der Kriegs
wirtscliaft selten <<ebiihii'n(i <>evviii(iii«t wird.
Wie gross aiK'h iriimei- die Knth«'liriiiigeii inf'
»Strapazen des »Soldaten sein mögen, er ist An
gehöriger einer Gruppe, die ein Schicksal
g<Mueinsarn trägt ; Kameradschaft hilft üIk'i
viides hinweg. Die l''raii, die beim Einkau i
S(ddan;4(' steht, die für die l'rubleme des Koc!ien>
und Heizens eine J.ösunü zu finden hat, die
wäs(dit und näht, damit die anderen iti iler
Faiirik und im Kont(»r arbeiten können, steht
allein. Sie führt einen uminteri»rochenen Klein
kami)f gegen Dutzende von ..Gegnern", die (h'i
Kriegs- .\lltag herauf bescdiwörl.
Alillionen von Frauen sind durch die Fürsorge
Die Gegenleistungen für Lease-Lend
Regelung im Einklang mit der Atlantik-Charter
Am Montag unt( rzeicIuielMi di-r aiiii'rika
Jii.si he Slaatssekri'tär Sunmei Well(>s und der
i'i it i-^ilie l>()t sciiafter Lord liaiit'ax ein Abkoni
jiicii iilier die Regeln und !'.e<iiiij;un^en. untei'
(iMh'u die Jjia,s(-L( 11.(1 Lieferuns^tMi vor si(li
g< lien, iii.-besondere über liie Gej>eideistungen,
ihnch wel'-lie naidi dem Kric^t^ die .jntzt v(m den
A'ereiuiiiten Staaten gewährte Hilfe ausycglieiu'n
werden soll. Eine Klärung dieser I''rage war seit
^■'' '•;.'..;;■ •l-iiT;". ''""V- FormelU« \erliainiiuM-eu
Ovaren kui/ vor ,^i,,^, p;,,«..:.^ i ,• -
Maaten in ''>'^' " " '^'"»'"^ 'l«''' \'
Wie dei
DominJotL^ Jkiu:iijiiä^ — (j
eeemigten
^^'"^"ijnunen wonlen.
Dieser l'.etraü wird
Fnd(
^ »enoi I"-
i!'4l.' zu decken.
Ii"l. um d<*n l?edarf bis
I{ii8»lunth Beilarf an ISahrungsinittcIn
Aus Wasliington wurde l)eri('htet, dass die
Sowjet-Union beträchtliche Mengen von Fleisch-
konserven, tieris(diem Fett. Pflanzenöl usw. aus
den X'erein igten Staaten erwartet, abgesehen
V^on Weizen. (Jetreide und Zucker, deren Liefe-
rung liereits im Gange ist. Die zuständigen
ameiikanisehen Stellen woIWmi den russischen
Bedarf durch Käufe in lief reundeten Ländern
liefriiMligen, wenn die Verschiffung von dort aus
;ic]iter zu bewerkstelligen ist als von' amerikanl-
Jäfen aus. So erfuhr man, dass Uross-
ül)ernalim. den Russen im laufenden
;£n t Weizen und Mehl (zum
[if I ) und nahezu 1 Million
der diesjährigen
Vereinigten
iyieren;
£ns
für alte und kranke Angehörigen und durch
Kinderpflege so an das Haus gebunden, dass
es ihnen schwer möglich Lst, Fabrikarbeit oder
Heeresdienst zu leisten. Für viele Frauen, die
vom Küidienherd zur Drehbank wechseln, hören
die Haush!dts|)robleme damit nicht auf. Sie
werden notdi komplizierter.
o Abkürzung der Arbeittzeit lohnt
Die Aufrechterlialtüng des gleichen Standards
von Gesundheit und Arbeit.skraft erfordert
deshalb «dne kürzere Arbeitszeit für die Frau
mit Hausliak als für den Mann, der ausserhalb
seines Berufs keine dringende Arbeit zu leisten
hat. Eine fünfstündige Kalbtagesschicht dürfte
die beste Lösung für Frauen mit Haushalts
Verpflichtungen sein, während sich die Pra.xis
einer S«'elistagewoclie und eines SStunden-
Tages mil C'ber.stunden, wie sie in manchen
Fabriken iihlich ist, kaum auf die Dauer be-
währen würde.
Versuche während des letzten Krieges ergaben,
da.ss ScliwcT' irbeileririnen in der Metallindustrie
während einer .LlStunden- Woche mehr pro
duziert<'n als während einer wö(dientli(dien
Arbeitszeit von (•;; bis 74 Stunden. Fratu'n mil
leichterer halltmeclmnisclier Ai'beit leisteten in
4S Stunden mehr als in GH Stunden.
Ifie Erfahrungen von 1941
Die Lösung der Prcddeme der F'rauenarbeit ist
noch verhüll nismässig wenig vorgeschritten. In
Aid)etra(dit der zusätzlichen Schwierigkeiten
zögecte man /uuäelist mit der Mobilisienmg der
P^rau. Die erste Parlamentsdt>batte über die
Einschaltung der Frauen fand im März 1041
statt. Der damals begonnene Versu(4i des
Arbeit^rniuisler.-« Devin, die für die Krie{;swiil-
schaft notwendige Anzahl von Frauen auf (Jrnnd
l'rei\villi<>!'r Melibinyen zu Cindcn, scheiterte an
den vielen d'e^^enk ruften des Alltags.
Es zeigte suh. dass es im Alter zwischen :.'()
und 'I7y .Jahren nur wenig überschü.'^sigc» Arbeits
kräfte gab. • iMt I»roz.'nl de» Unverheirateten
und W'il.ven leisteten bezahlte Arbeit, 1)7 I'n)zent
der verheirateten Krauen waren im Haus be
schäftig!. Arbeitgeber und Eltern benutzten
ihre Autorität, um den Verlust einer Arbeits-
kraft oder ein«'r finanziellen Stütze zu v»>r-
hindern. Fabrikarbeif oder Heeresdienst be-
deutet oft ein Zerreisaen von Familienbanden.
ili(> schon durch di<> Einberufung der Männer
und durch die Evakuierung gelockert sind.
Unter Umständen bedeutet es geringeren Ver-
dienst, wühlend sich an eingegangenen finan-
ziellen A'erpfliclitungen nichts ändert; zu denken
i-st an \'ersichernngsprämien, Ratenzahlungen
für Anschaffungen. Abtragungen von Krediten
un<l ,1er..-1, iclien. An<lererseits ist die Entloh-
,m
Wirtschaft für Jeden
Mehr Milch und mehr Kier
Für Erwachsene, die auf bevorzugte Beliefe-
rung keinen Ans[>rueh haben, stellt eine Er-
liöhung der Milch-Ration bevor. Gegenwärtig
sind L* pints pr(» Wo<d>e zugelassen und etwa
Mitte März soll, wie der britische Ernälirungs-
minister hofft, eine Erhöhung auf L';|, pints
möglich sein. Der PJrnährungsminister gab
damit zuglei(di zu verstehen, dass an dur
Kationierung auch nach Ablauf des Winters fest-
gehalten werden soll.
Für den März rechnet der Ernähiungsminisler
ausserdem <lanut, da.ss an jeden registrierten
Konsumenten ilrei Eier abgegeben werden
können.
Von Montag an gilt die Vor.schrift des Er-
nährungsmiuisters, wo7»ach Brot und andere
Biickvvaren nur tu)eii an drei Tagen in der Woclit,
ins H.aus geliefert werden dürfen. Konsu-
menten, die auf häiifi;^ere iiieferiuig bestehen,
machen sich stiafbar.
Bewiili<;iiti<r höherer Ajirarpreise
Die l'reise. dir der iatidwi rtscha ft üclic Pro-
duzent für (ieticide. Kaitoffeln. bestitumte
Galtungen von S(dilaclit vi'-li, für W(dl<' und Eier
erzielt, wurden xon der brit isi|i<'ii He;.;ierung
heraufgesetzt, um die Zusage ein/ulüsfu, ijass die
Eaiidw i rischal'l für wesentliidie Kostcnsteige-
i'Uii;;»'!! entseliädiiil werden solle; im .\oveinl»ei
wurde der Wticheidohn für Laiidarlieiter auf
(in sli. erliölit. I'iine Neurc^t'luii;^ der NUilcli-
preise für das am 1. April lieL;inn»'mle Wirf
scha ftsjidir wird foliji'ii. /.(ud W'oolfoii U']\\r
iiizw iscdeii tuil, dass es die Stanlskass<' im latifen
den Hau.-iiallsjahr t'lS^, Millionen kosten wir.l.
um alh'in den Mihdipreis für dit> Konsumeiitni
niedrig zu h.alfen. Audi die vorliei' eiwiilinleii
Erhöhungen der Produzeutenpreise werden sich
nicht in den Lebenshaltungskosten auswiiken,
sondern werden von der Staatskasse m't ragen.
Subventi(men dieser Art hatten .schon bi.-her eine
rrheblicdie Siunme ausgeniacdit (nach den letzten
Angaben etwa £100 Millionen pro .laliri.
Die Wirkung dieser Politik koiimit im Index
der LeiK'nshaltuiigskosleu zum Ausdruck: die
darin berii<'ksichtigen Nahrungsmittel waren An-
fang litt:: um ,1,1' J'rozent billiger als vor eitiem
Jahr; sämtliche Lebenshaltungskosten hatten
sich nur um 2 Prozent verteuert, obwohl der
Index für Klei<lung allein um L'1,J Prozent
gestiegen war. Zum Teil ist dies die Ftd-je des
Übergangs zu besseren Qualitäten, zu dem die
Einführung der Kleiderkarte diui Atisloss ge-
geben hat. Dieser Tendenz soll aber eutj>e^en-
gewirkt werden, indem Textilindustrie und Kon
fektion zur Herstellung von zweckmässii^cr
Gebramdiskleidung angehalten werden, bei dei
die Preise und Gewinnspannen fest.n('legl sind,
Plan für ein Nationales Kohlenanit
Als Ersatz für eine \ollstaiidige So/.i;ilisie
rung des brilis(dien Kohlenbergbaues aibeileten
Vertreter der Bergarbeilei'-Gewei'kscha ft einen
Plan für die l']rri(ditung eines Nationalen Koideii
andes aus, in das die Regierung, die Berg
Werksbesitzer und die Bei <;arbeiter N'eilreter
entsenden wüideu. Diesei' Plan fand die Hilli-
gung des Xofimuif Coinicil ol Lafxtur
und
nunnudir mit den Verlreteiii der- Lalioin-I'n 1 1 ii
im Kabinett, mil dem Bergbaumiiiister und den
Gewerkschaftsführern besprochen wiMden. \'(>ii
einer derartigen Reorganisation verspriclit man
sich eine Vereinheitlichung dei' Produkt ions
politik. die Si(dieiutig von 1 löclistleistungen und
die rationellere Ausnuizuug all(>r vorhandenen
Arlieitskräfte.
Haljjfeher für Sleiierpfliehliue
\'om liritischen Inforiiiat ionsminisleriuni winde
ein rieiifa(li'n veröf fentliidil, dej-— lieiii l^ilm
empfänger, dei- zum en
Steuer lierani'czj.
iFrintaij. htn Z7. H^thtxmt 1942
m^ Zi?ttitmj
Schach
lioarheitet von J. Mit'«es
Endspielstudie
Von H. MaUisun
S H H ■
f/,/',/A '////!-:A iM,.,i ■x:xßiA -
%■
'■h'^ 7%;'- W^
'/^,.A J5».-.^^ ZiiM
mi
m^ m& m%
Wois.s iiiii Zugo nux'lit remis
Diese (Studie /eidmet sii'li durcli eine selir
];iil>sclie HcliliissweiKluiig ans. Audi entliiilt sie
einige A'eifiiiiiinigen. Sf) fiiliit z.B. der iialie-
liegende Versuch 1. Tgö x ('ö+. Kb5 x eö
2. Lli4 — gij niclit zum Keniis, weil der selnvarze
König his 1)2 be/.w. bis hl vordringt und den
Lüut'er für den Bauern (-2 eioliert, worauf das
Kndspiel für Weiss verloreng(>lit. Auch 1.
Lh-J — f2, e2 — cl 1), 2. Tgö X eö +, Del x eö,
;{. Jjf2 x cö, Khö X eö füiiit zum Verlust für
Weiss.
Der einzige Weg zum Kemis ist folg(>niler :
1. a.". — a4+ Kl.ö — l)<i!
2. Lh4— f2 ••2 — .11)
■>. T^;j X eö \)(1 X cö
Auf j<vlen anderoii Zug <4eli( .lunJi ein AV)-
zugss(diacli die Dame verloren.
4. Kg2 — hl!
Das ist die ül»erras(du'nde l'oinfe, auf die
diese »Studie hinausläuft. Schwarz hat jetzt
keinen anderen Zug als iJeö x f2, worauf Weiss
l»att ist.
Lösung der Atifgahe ISo. 14
1. 8b8 — d7, Ta7 x d7 • 2. Tg7 — gOmatt.
1 , Lc8 X d7 2. Lli4 — e7 )na.tt.
1 , Ta7 — c7 2. D.-2 — g«} matt.
1 , Tat) — (ti 2. D.-2 x Ii2 matt.
1 , Lh2 — gl 2. Lh4— giJmatt.
1 , Lh2 — ga + 2. Lh4 x g3 matt.
J , beliebig anders 2. D<-2 — cö matt.
Kalender
t'reiing:
(ioltciuUctisf der Scw Lib. Jcn\ Assn., 4.30 iia<h.
Montt'liore iJall.
Fffiier dcutxcher KnUiirbiind, :1*d, Ppppr Pk. RtJ.,
7.:{0 abds. ,, What the Stars forelell '. Wieder-
lioluiigeii Soniilxl. \i. SoniUag 4.:!0 u. 7.30 abds.
Intern. Arts C'eiitir, 22, St. PetersburKli Place,
W.2, 7 abds. P. W. iMacfarlane : ,, Arcliitectural
Planning after the War".
Sonnubend:
„ Lateriidl ", 69, Kton Ave. ,. Here is the Xews ".
Vor.stellungen Doiin. n. Freitag 7,Soi))iabd. 4.30
lind 7, Sonntag 3 und .').30. Sonntag, 8.30.
Heitere Märzakadeinie.
„Blue Danube Club", i:>3, Fimliley Road, 3.30
u. 6 nachm. ,, Don't Wait and See " von Peter
Herz. Auch Sonntags.
., Di4? oesterrei('hi,srhe liiihnc ", 33, Seymonr Place,
W.l; ,, Nathan der Weise" von «i. K. Lessing,
3.30 nachm., und Sonntag, 7 abds.
Allst rian Labour Club, 31, Rroadhnrst Gdns.,
]S'.\V.6, 4 nachm. ,, Norwegi.scher Na'hmittag mit
Film. Vortiag Haakon Lie.
Neil) Lib. Jeiv. Assn., 20, Buckland Orescent,
M.W.3, 8 abds. Teeabend.
Freier Deutscher Kulturbund, Carr's Lane Thurch,
New Meeting St., Birmingham, Prof. A. Liebert :
„ Die SteHung des Menschen im Leben ".
Anfflo-Jfefnf/ec Centrc, Leeds: Social Evening
7 Uhr.
Sonntag:
Peufscher Gottesdieiu^t, Cln-istuskir< he, Montpelier
Place, 10.30 vorm. St. Georgs Kir<he, Alie Street,
Aldeate ^ast, 11 vonn. Deutsche Methodisten-
it:i?" Park, X.."). -Jeden Donnerstag
^ir Kefugees. ILimburger
kC-'-i Dalston, E.8.
^••-'sbvttiJ
Königin Elisabeth
erschien dieser Tage unangenuidet in einem dei MittugsJcon'certe in der National Gallery und
spendete dt n Künstlern, darunter dir Grimderin «" ; Kovrvrt'^ Dame Mino Hrs.s, lebhaften Beifall.
Stefan Zweigs Tod
In Pftropolis nahe Rio de Janeiro hat
Stefan Zweig gemeinsam mit seiner Frau
Selbstmord begangen,
„Die Strasse frei den braunen Dalailloneu!"
mögen die Nazi-Literaten, die Jolist. Blunek,
Vesper, Reimann im Chor singen. Sie brauchen
sich ja nicht um die Opfer zu kümmern, die am
Rande ihrer Strasse liegen: die Ermordeten wie
Plrich Mühsam und Theodor ]>>ssiiig, die .Selbst-
morde!' wie Toller und Ilaseiielever.
Zu ihnen hat sich jetzt der Friedlidiste und
Sanftest^^ aller Dichter gebellt, dem nienian«;
einen so herlien EntschluHs zugetraut hätte.
Deshalb erschüttert die Naehriciit, dass Stefan
Zweig, fern in Brasilien, den Fivitod gewähl!
hat, mit doppelter Wu«'ht. Wie heftig muss di-
Welt aus ihren Fugen geraten sein, wenn selb.-^t
die Behüteten und Gesiclierten. die zarten
Genies.'ier des Daseins, allen Konflikten abhoM,
als einzigen Ausweg aus der Jvbensangst >\\'.
Waffe oder das Gift zu finden wis^on!
Vor einigen Wechen erst, an Zweigs (50. Gi>
burtstag, hat Christian Coi-ty an dieser Stelle
den Dichter als einen milden yersJihnlichen Vro-
diger der Toleranz dargestellt, der im Grun.Ie
nur eins liasste : den Hass. Aber gerade weil er-
die feindlichen Gewalten des robusten Hasws
triumphieren sah, mag ilin die grosse Müdigkeit
beschlichen haben, die ilm dazu trieb, sein LebfD
fortzuwerfen. Es iiatte ja seinen 8inn verloren :
den Dienst der Humanität.
Ein Wiener von Geburt, von Jugend auf dun'h
das Schicksal verwöhnt, früh mit dem Bau(>ru-
feld-Preis gekrönt, war Zweig auch mit
Giibe der Produktivität gesegnet. Als Erzähler
'. hat er durch Novellen wie „Amok" und „ Ver-
! wiii'uno der Gefüide " >iele Verehrer gewonnen,
ids Bühnendichter hat er mit der Bearbeitung
,h'r Joiisonschen Komödie „ Volpone " stärker
gewirkt, als wenn er si.-h an tragische Gestalten
wie Jeromias wagte. Seinen grossen inter-
i nationalen Erfolg abei- hat er als Biograph
erobert, ob er nun :yiarie .\ntoinette, Fouche oder
Maria Stuart portrailierte. Auf ein Fortleben
dürfen vor allem jene di^>i Es.sayl)ände rechnen,
die je drei Gestalten der Literatur liebevoll dar-
.«tell'en, Balzac, Dickens. Dostojew.ski, sodann
Tolstoi. Stendhal, Casanova und endlich die drei
UiLseligen ,. im Kampf mit dem Dämon"'.
Tiöldoi-iin, Kleist und Nietzsche.
Nun hat sich das r«'iche Dasein selbst dieses
vom Gescliick verzärtelten Wieners als ein Kampf
mit dem Dämon enthüllt. Von Salzbui?:, wo er
das Nahen dos Widersa<diers spürte, war er früh
nach England geflohen. Hier in London und in
Bath liat er sein patiizisches Lehen fortführen
und jungen Dichtem fürsorglicher als andere
Erfolgreiche helfen dürfen. Als er bei einer
Trauerfeier des Kulturbunds Joseph Roth di^
Totenredo hielt, tdmle niemand, welche^Jji
Müdigkeit diesen gepflegten, dem Ang|
so sichei-en Geist befallen hat_^
kurz nach der Einbürgert^
getrieben haben, übiv^
Neue Welt.
Als ej
de»j
Theater
„ Jam to
Das Hausmittel im Winter
KAMILLOSAN ist hervorragend wirksam bei entzuend«
liehen und infektioesen Erscheinungen der Mundhoehle.
Zehn Tropfen Kamillosan in einem Glas lauwarmen
Wassers einmal taeglich zum Mundspuelen genuegen,
um Erkaeltungen und Grippe wirksam vorzubeugen.
KAMILLOSAN Salbe hat ausgezeichnete antiseptische
und heilende Eigenschaften bei Verletzungen, in allen
Faeilen von Frost, Juckreiz, Brandwunden usw.
KAMILLOSAN ist in ;eder Apotheke erhaeltlich; wenn
nicht, bitte schreiben Sie direkt an:
CAMDEN CHEMICAL Co., Ltd.
NoPt hington House, Northington Street, W.C.1
Holbopn 7524.1318
Preise: Liquid 50 cc. 2/10 incl. Tax
.. 100 cc. 4/9 ,. „
Ointment 20 gm. 1/8 incl. Tax
Konzerte der Nationalgalerie
Jeweils um 1 Uhr MiUag
Montag: Russisches Programm : Voa Vino-
gradova (Klavier), Tatiana Makusliina
(.Sopran). Werke von Rimsky-Korsakoff,
Rachmaninoff, Mussorgsky, Vinogradova.
Dienstag: Brahms Programm: Kathleen I^ong
(Klavier), Eda Kersev (Violin). Sonate,
Op. 7S; Sonate, Op. 108.
Mittwoch: Hirsch String Quartet. Quartett,
Oj). 76, Xo. l {Ilaydn); Quartett, Op. 49
(Shosteihovilch); Quartett, Op. 44, No. 2
{Mendelssohn).
Donnerstag: Roy Ilendei.son (Bariton), Gerald
Moore (Klavier). „The Singer's Art."
4. The Interpreter (The Actor).
Freitag: Beethoven Programm; Louis K<?ntner.
;];; Variationen, Op. 120.
DIE OESTERREICHISCHE BÜHNE
33, Seyniour Place, W.l (Murble Arcli)
Monfy JHcobs Mthreibt in der Zp:iTUNG (20.12.12;
„ Es K^ibt mm einmal tote und lebendige Klas.silier.
Die lOiitselieidiinfr •li'i'«'* von den ^>AiVrt«^Iw" afa
«nd i<h nehme es auf '»*"'* rdafele^ant u,^
Biilmenhause des Seyniour Plac^ </"*'".V'n ' f
behafflich zusleifli ist), Vlrö
^ "i« iet/.ten Auf.
lebendig ".
I Sai"A
UStf
■am).
jm
/' J4AY 15. 1942
^(LL HAKE YOy A
ULLIANT PIANIST
Bot say I may— 1 sajr positively that I WILL! it 1
t you as my pupü. 1 have enrolled more than
JBdult pupib during the War. Diiring 37 years 1
taugbt over 54,000 AND I CAN TEACH YOU.
leed no cfoverness, only ordinary, everyday intelli-
If a Beginner, you quickly learn from Ordinary
to play easily, Dances, Songs, Hymns, and Gems
Um Grcat Masters. If already a Player, in a few
the whole practice of your art shall be positively
leraHy fraasformed ! BY POST, crystal-clear,
ianiy Training a child could follow. A teacher
tur side, aiways— not for merely fiaV an liour
y. U you wish to play to tlie pleasure of every
^?s-<«^j|^ Hstencr — you shall J Ordin-
'y ^^ ary musical notation only
jf^S^^^ "^ ^"^ frealcish methods),
p ''^^n^^ enabling you to read and
play at sight äny Standard
musical composition.
PROOF— Bctinncr 52748, Axe 23:
"I never realjscd-befor« having your fiist
lesson that learning i|ic Piano could be so
picasant."
Beginner 52927, Age 40 : .
" I am dclightcd with the rcsiilt. Anolher
thing whicii ainazcs mc h that I am begin-
ning to dclecl slight faults in people I used
lo envy."
Send p.c. for FREE book, " Mind, Miiscle,
and Keyboard." and form for free advice.
Say Moder^te, Elcmcntary, or Beginner.
Mr. H. BECKER
(Dept. 97),
69, Fleet Street,
London, E.C.4.
lOTHER
before it takes hotd !
)ld that " takes hold " of a child can be a
US danger . . . may lead to chronic bronchitis,
rhal infection, asthma, iowered vitality,
ty— or worse. No cold, however "slight,"
d be disregarded. Better still, take no
«s, and when " colds are about " sce that
youngsters are prolectcd by POTTER'S
\11RH PASTILLES. TJiese pleasant pastilles
; handy tin are a siwe shield for child and
against infection — are simply indis'pcnsable
3 the 'flu periöd. They check catarrah, meit
the poisons and act as a powerful antiseptic.
table in cases of Croup, Whooping Cough,
Fever. Packed in neat tins for pocket or
>ag. At all Chemists, Stores, and lierbalists,
(ine. pur. tax) a lin, or 1 /3 post free from
s:
POTTER AND CLARKE, LTD.,
61f, Artillery Lane, London, E.l.
I E U M A T I r ;4
r, LUMBAGO, ARTHRITIS
nilar ills ALL BANISHED
HUMAN
JMETER
Some ttieumatic sulTeren l>ecoine semitive
lo wcallier. Tliey caa even teil a Chance
o( windl Daily ancuisb is tbclr lot.
" Curicooe* " disperse Ulis conditlon—
quicitly.
■ » ♦ ♦
Thousands of years-lonc suSerers luve
lesiWed in craieful letters tlut Curicones
have end« their very painfui afllictions.
Rlieimiatisin. Oout, LumlMwo. Anlirilis.
Sciaüca. Neuritis. Swollea Joints— all yield
u> Curicone«. Orer 6,050 Doctors prescribe
this remedy. Be (uided by their experience.
Curicones are lasteless aelatine capsules
containing iairedienl* aprroved by the
Britiih Pharmacculical Authorities for their
onique power to cointM« and overcome
RiKumatism and allied ills. Don't put it
oif. Oet Cnricones frora your chemist «ad
betin tetlins well TO-DAY.
llRICONE^
raOM ALL CHIMIsn
HOYLAK«i.— A nweting jn' support of the J.NJ'. at^d the
Keren Hayesod, Held in the Synagogue last weck, wai kd^resaed
by Rabbi I. J. Unterman and Mr. S. Samuels, Chairman of the
Liverpool United Palestine Appeal. Mr. S. Rogansky, Chairman
of the Congregatiqn, presided.
LIVERPOOL.— Mr. Bertram B. Benas, J.P.. was die principal
guest of the Wallasey Rotary Club last week, when he gave an
address on " Wallasev's Contribution to Merseyside Orchestral
Music." He spoke oi the fine achievement of Mr. Louis Cohen
in establishing the Merseyside Symphony Orchestra.
Mr. P. Prins addressed the Young Zionist Society last weck
on " The Origin and Signiiicance oif -Lag B'Omer.".
MAIDENHEAD.— At a recent meeting of the Maidenhead
Jewish Club the following oßicers were elected : Mr. H. Harris,
Chairman; Miss B. Halperin fll, Bridge Avenue), Secretary;
Miss E..Spivack, Treasurer; and Miss J. Hanbury, Miss P. Rieh,
and Mr. E. Chodosh, Committee.
NEWBURY.— A Jewish Youth Society has been formed under
the title of. " Chaverim." At the recent opening meeting, under
the Chairmanship of the Rev. J. Indech, a Programme of social,
literary, and pro-Palestine actJvIties was outlined. The Hon..
Secretary is Miss M. Lawton. " Four- Winds," Penwood Road,
Washwater, Newbury, Berits.
NEltCASTLE^N-TYNE.— A meeüng of the Newcastle
Zionist Association, which was held at the Station Hotel whh
Mr. S. Phillips in« the chair,.was addressed by Mr. Berl Locker.
Mr. George Cowan, Chairman of the Association, appealed for
generous support for the Keren Hayesod Appeal.
OXFORD.— Mr. L. Bakttandcv delivered the second fii the
series of public lectures on "The Jewish People in the New
Order," arranged by the English Zionist Pcderation at the Union
Society's hall last week. He spoke on " Paicstine's Potential in
War and Peace." Mr. Gcrshon Hirsch, ex-President of the
Oxford Union, presided.
READINC— The siynmer Programme of the Berkeley Literary
and Social Club includes Thursday night socials at the Crown
Hall ; literary cveninss on Tuesdays at 7, West Street ; week-end
ranibling, tcnnis, and cycling; arid Joint activities witli ncar-by
Jewish Communities.
SOUTHPORT.-— The Soulhport F.W.Z. Group, togetlier with
those members ot the Liverpool societies who have evacuated to
$outhport, have formed a Joint cultural group, meeting regularly
to discuss Zionist matters. Tfae Chairman is Mrs. J. Norton,
14, Westmoreland Road, Southport^
WATFORD. — At a meeling in support oT the Watford,'Busl\cy,
nnd District Hebrew clns<;es, the following were elected an the
Education Committee: Messrs. Jack Goldbart, Chairman; L.
Duniiz. «on. Secretary: J. Landau: nnd K. S. Frumkin (rcpre-
senting Watford); Ben Bard (Bushey); S. Gordon (Garston);
and M. Flansbcrg, Treasurer (Carpenters Park).
EIRE.
DUBLIN. — At the 4ht annuat meeting' of the Dublin
Daugluci^ of Zion, prcüidcd over by Mrs. L. Robinson, the
re|V>rt and lialance-sheet Vverc adopted, and the following were
elected: Mesdames M. E. Leventhal, President; A. Elkinson and
W. Freedman. Vice-PrcSidents ; E. Barron, Treasurer ; E. Marcus
and H. Shrcider, Joint Hon. Sccreiarics; J. Weingreen, Reprc-
sentaüvo for Ziona; and S. Bcnson and M. Tolkin, Represcnta-
livcs on J.N.F. The outgoing Vicc-Prcsidcnt, Mrs. L. Robinson,
and the J.N.F. representalivcs were thanked for their serviccs.
At a meeting of the Council of the United Hebrew Congrega»
tion, Dolphih's Barn, Dublin, the following Hon. Officers were
elected: Messrs. M. F.llis, P.C., President; M. Jacobson, Vicie-
"Pftstdent and treasurer^ ft;.' Sagoi «ml S. ^eli|uai«u« iiua, •
Secretaries ; and A. Benson and A. Prceraao, Hon. Auditors.
— ■•
ABSENTEES FROM DEPUTitS' COMIVIITTEES
Motion for Expulsion
' The agcnda for llic next meeting of the Board of Deputies,
lo be held next Sunday, includes a motion, as follows, of which
notice has been givefi by Mr. Leo Elton (United Svnagoguc):
" That. it is dcsirable that for the duration of tnc war no
Deputy. other than a nicmbcr of H.M. Forces, shall, without the
express consent of the Board, continue to be a memher of any
Committee of the Board (a) during his absence from the United
Kingdom, or (b) if over a period of six consecutive months he
shalT have attcnded less than half of the mectings of the Com-
mittee or less than 25 per cent of the mcetings of the Board'
which have been held during the said period."
A Giant in Cbains '
Mr. Joseph Leftwich knew the late Stefan Zweie from the
, time of his arrival In England in 1933, and came in frequent
contact with Jiim. Last Sunday, Mr. Leftwich ßave an intimate
picture of Zweig in a valedictory' address in his honour at the
Anglo-Palestinian Club.
Mr. Leftwich quoted from » numbcr of letters which Zweig
had sent him
" Thcre is no other way of destroying Hitler," Zweig wiotc in
one of these letters. ".1 deplore the fact that I am 58. Pcople
would say that I knew well enouph that I would never be
accepted if I volunteercd for service in the army; but that
is how I feel about it. I can't understand a Single Jew of
military age not joining up to fight. Hitler. If Hitlci remains
not a Single Jew will be allowed to remain. . . "
Zweig, said Mr. Leftwich, found himself shut out from any
Chance of takhig part in the- war against Hitler. He feit he
was inactive and useless. Worse than that, he feit he was in
spite of everything regarded as a fellow-countryman of Hitlcr's
and in a way suspect because of It. When Freud died in
London, Zweig came from Bath, where he was living at that
time, and spokb in the crematorium. Then a big Freud memorial
meeting was arranged and Zweig was announced as one of the
Speakers. But he did not speak. It was stated at the meeting
ne was ill. It was'^not true. he wwtc to Mr. Leftwich, he was not
iU. But he had not been able a second time to face the
experience of having to go to the police in Bath to ask per--
mission to travel to Xondon.
" I don't want any advantagc over the other refugees,"
Zweig wrote to hhn. "But I feel so-shut in, so restricted, so
unablc to do anything. to writc, to help. How gladly ( would
have worked for a good cause You know me, I am not vain,
. But I am, with Thomas Mann, the most widely read writer in
the German langdage. And I am not allowed to do anything
in this decisive hour If I knew the others were doing it better
or at least doing it well But how ' dull is this Propa-
ganda. . . ."
Technically, said Mr. Leftwich, Zweig sobn ceased to be
an cnemy allen. But still he was not calTed on to do anything
for the war eflort and he continued to feel lost and useless.
England insisted on trcating bim as a distinguishcd forcigner,
to De kcpt at arm'sJength.
He left England In a State of uticr depression and hopelessness.
Zweig identified the Jewish futuio with the fiiture of the
World, and tili the cnd he flrmly bclieved that in ai\, unfrce
and an unliberal world thcre could be no hope of any kind
of free Jewish life, " assimilationist " or Zionist, in the
Diaspora or in Palestine. ßut he had never turned away from
Jewish life. Mr. Leftwich recalied that in I9.M, Zweig said:
" Although I do not come from a rigorously Jewish family —
my mothcr and father were' Jewish only ihroiigh accidcnt of
birth — I have been vilally ipterested in Jcttisl^piobjcnis all my
life, vitally iiware of the Jewish blood that is m mc. . . . Tlierc
was anothcr influence in my life that made nu a Jew in heart
and in soul, as well as through birth. I refer to a very dear
friend of minc, Theodor Hcrzl. He shöwed me the greatness
. of our race. Froii\ that friendship really stcms hiy intense
interest in Jewish matters *
One of the ßrst things Zweig did when he came (o London
in IW3 Was to ask the spcaker to circulate to the Jewish Press a
Statement repudiating a Suggestion that had been made in the
ömigrö press that he was refusing to'associate himself witii (he
protests against the actions ot the Hitler Government.
" Therc is nothing further from my mind," he wrote, " than
the thought of shuttjng myscif out from the common fatc of
my comrades and bretnren ii\ blotxl ; and I would despise any
attempt on my part to surrender my moral independence in
>«(tiin for Mkjf- aüvAntagti» wSiatAocvcr. 1 dCLlarc o:>cnly r>nd
unambiguodsly that the fate. of my .brethren in blood is
obviousTy a thousand timcs more important to me than all
litcrature»"
Mr. Leftwich recalied that when he was in Vienna in 19.^5,
Zweig" wrote to him: "The shadows are fallirig more' dceply
upon Gcrmany's neighbours, on AUstria and Czechoslovakia.
You can understand how the chccrfulness and enjoyment — the
lighimindedncss — iii Vienna infuriated me — ^a carnival oyer
a volcano."
He was sure, said Mr. Leftwich, that the life in Brazil must
have had some such effect on him. His eyes were fixcd on tho
horror across tlie Atlantic, in Europc. So afier flceing from
the Old World to the New. Iie at last flcd to the next world.
weary, exhausted, wondering, like Job. " Why do the wicked ,
prosper? "
The lecture was followed by a rcading by Edith Herrnstadt-
Octtingen in English and German from Stefan Zwcig's work,
" Rachel Arraigns pod."
THIS IS THE PROOFING
THAT KEEPS 'EM DRYI
RAINCOATS for officers have to be good,
really good. The army ofiicer wa^ts to
know that his will keep out the wind and rain
though he's on an "exercise" lasting sevenrt
days. The naval man, thouch he wears a raincoat
only ashore, doesn't expect to have to stay home when
it's squally weather.
That's wbv so many officers in the Services ask for
"Cravenette ■ prooiing wheA they buy a raincoat. For
over so years it has been famous for its wondcrful
reliability and resistancc to rain and wind. It's a
proofing that lasts.
The civilian knows and trusts "Cravenette" too.
He fccls that dothes coupons spent on a raincoat
with this tab are well spent.
If you, or any niember of your family,
are wanting a raincoat, you'li be wise ^
lo gct one marked "Cravenette."
Most Stores and outfitters stock them.
ADVBRTISBMBNT OP THE BRADFORD DYERS* ASSOCIATION LIMITED, LONDON, BRADFORD, MANCHESTER
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MR. ZYGIELBOJM'S FUNERAL
The funeral ceremony for Mr. S. Zygielbojm,'
the Polish Jewish leader, was held last Fiiday at
thc Goldeis Green Crematorium. Owing to tlic
postponement of the coroncr's
verdict on the causes of
death, the body will remain
embalnied tili June 8, the
date the verdict is to be
madc public, and will then be
creniated. The ashes will be
buried in London only
teJnporarily — they will be
taken to Poland after the war.
Nine Speakers paidtributes.
Prof. Kot, Polish Minister of
Information, who attended
with four other Polish
C a b i n e t Ministers, said
" Zygielbojm worked all his
life for the Jewish masscs and
for them he died. He left
Ithis World in order to protest against thc mass cxter-
Imination of his people, against the too slow rcac-
[tion and indiflference of thc civilised world in the
faccof this unprecedented tragedy." Prof. Grabski,
'Chairman of the Polish National Council, said,
" The death of this Jewish leader is the most ouf-
spoken dramatic moment of thc great tragedy
through which Polish Jewry is passing." Dr. Adam
Ciolkosz, of the Polish Socialist Party, said, " His
death is not only a loss to Polish Jcws but to Poland,
its workers, and pcasants."
Other Speakers wcre Dr. Schwarzbart, the de-
ceased's Jewish parliamcntary collcague, M. Camille
Huysmans, who spokc in the name of thc Second
International, and Mr. W. Gillies, for thc British
Labour Party, and Messrs. K. Blit, L. Oler, and
M. Mindel. Belgian, Spanish, Austrian, and Grcek
Socialists wcre represented. A represcntativc of
the Polish President and 50 other Polish oflficials
werc present. Sevcral Anglo-Jewish organisalions
were represented.
A memorial mceting was held on Monday, at
Ohel," 91, Gower Street, W.C. Thc Speakers were
jMr. B. Margulics, Dr. Schwarzbart, Dr. A. Ciol-
[kosz, Count Michael Karolj|i, cx-Prcsidcnt of
p-Iungary, Mrs. Haiina Grcndzinska, and Messrs.
jltzig Manger, L. Blitt, and R. Merkin.
MEMORIAL SERVICE FOR
BRIGADIER KISCH
A memorial servicc for Brigadier F. H. Kisch
^was hcld at the Tripoli Military Synagoguc to-day
(writes Rabbi L. Rabinowitz, Senior Jewish Chap-
lain with thc Eighth Army, in a Icltcr datcd (he
7th inst.).
Thc British and Jewish flags wcre flown ; thc scal
which he occupied at thc paradc service on January
30 was draped in black ; and a distinguishcd con-
grcgation assemblcd.
General Montgomcry was represented by
Brigadier Stamer, D.S.O. Others present were
»Brigadier M. S. Lush, M.C., Deputy Chief Civil
lAfTairs Ofliccr for.Tripolitania, the Chief Engincer,
Idetachmcnts of Palestinian R.E. Coys., oflficers of
all Palestinian units, and represcntativcs of every
( Corps. Last Post and Revcille were sounded by a
bugler of a famous cavalry regiment.
Captain Natas, Jewish Chaplain, U.D.F., opencd
the Ark for the memorial prayer, and I conducted
the Service.
7
'«»-.■ -tr—f^-
■^ ff'
'y^
Mr. Moses Samuel, speaking in defenCe of the'
Joard, Said every provincial Community supportcd;]
fthe Board's emergency efforts and was preparing
post-war plans through the Board, but not Cardiff .
There was neither a local T.A.C. nor an official
Defence Committee. The Speaker appealed for
Support for making the Board a live body of Jewish^
representatives. He was supported by Messrs. A.
Diamond, Eli Reuben, and Henry Silver. A vote
was takcn and the Council's recommendation was;
overwhelmingly defeated. Messrs. Harry Sherman
and Sol Shepherd wcre elected Deputies.
The Council's recommendation that a Jewish
Represcntative Council be set up in Cardilf was
debated for n'early two hoiirs, and finally approved
in principle.
The appointment of Mr. S. Cccil Berg as Chair-
man o! the Burial Board was approved.
BRIGHTONIAN'S 80th BIRTHDAY
In celebration of his 80th birthday, Aldermar
Barnett Marks, J.P., providcd a tea and entertain-j
mcnt for 600 old age pensioners of Hove, at tht
Greyhound Stadium Club.
Many tributes were paid to Alderman Marks fori
his Services to Hove as a member of*the Council!
sincc 1902, Mayor for three years (1910-13), as a|
Magistrate, and in other spheres of municipal, chari-
table, and sporting activity. The Mayor (Councillor ]
A. H. Clark) and the Vica? of Hove were among
those who spokc.
The Jewish Cojnmunity of Brighton and Hove
havc collected about £l,()00 for the endowment of
two hospital beds as a tribute to the Alderman.
The entire procccds of a special Performance of
the R.K.O. Radio picture " Hitler's Childfcn,"
which w'ill be givcn at the Sayoy, Brighton, on
Monday evening, will be devoted to the Youth
Aliyah movement, under the auspiccs of the
Brighton and Hove Branch of the B'nai B'rith.
TAXIvS
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Tel«.: CENTRAL 0633-9. 'Grams: DAVISUITES.
May 21, 1943
THE JEWISH
KEIGHLEY— The Devonshire Park Methodist
Church has earmarked the proceeds of the Per-
formance (by members of the Utley Methodist
Church) of an operelta for the fund for rescuing
Jewish children from Europe and settling them in
Palestine. The Rev J. Israelstam (accompanied by
Mr. Edward Silman, Joint Hon. Secretary of the
Bradford Zionist Society) atlended the function.
LIVERPOOL— Professor S. Brodetsky rccenlly
addresscd a gathering, at the Adelphi Hotel, reprc-
scntative of the Mcrseyside and neighbouring Jewish
communities, arranged by the committee of local
members of the Board of Deputies. Mr. Bertram B.
Benas, J.P., Chäirman of the Committee, presidcd.
In his address, Professor Brodetsky emphasised the
importance of the diities the Board would be called
upon to discharge; and he spoke of the advantages
which shouid accrue from the new Consultative
Committee that had been set up by the Board to
enable the development of closer unity and thus
help towards iinited representation on behalf of the
Jewish Community.
MIDDLESBROUGH— Mr. Harry Pollitt, addres-
sing a mceting attended by many members of the
Jewish Community, over wnich Dr. J. E. Israel pre-
sided, said that, in his opinion, official Jewry could
do a lot more to combat anti-Semitism by exposmg
the Fascist lies and giving people the facts. Fascism,
said Mr. Pollitt, was the greatest enemy of the
working class and anti-Semitism was one of its
most powerfui weapons; the working class in its
fight against Fascism was the greatest ally of Jewry.
OXFORD — At a wedding solemnised bj; the Rev.
J. Weinberg, refugee twin sisters were married to two
refugees, one of whom is already in the Forces, and
the other about to join up.
Dr. Cccil Roth gave a lecture on " The Marranos"
to the Zionist youth (incorporating Habonim) at the
Conimunal Centrc recently. Meetings are held at
the Centre, Walton Street, every Sunday at 7 p.m.
SHEFFIELD— Dr. Myer Fisher addressed a
drawing room meeting at the home of Rabbi Dr. S.
and Mrs. Fisch on the work of the Bachad Fellow- '
ship. Rabbi B. I. Cohen presided. Mr. Armin
Krausz and Dr. H. P. Brody promised the support
of the local Zionist Association. Other Speakers
wcre Rabbi Fisch, Miss Qucenie Moss, and Mr. M.
Goldblum.
ST. ANNES-ON-SEA— On Wednesday the
Womcn's Zionist Society is organising, in aid of the
Women's Appeal Committiee for Jewish Women and
Children, an austerity dinner which will be held at
the Casino, Blackpool, and will be addressed by the
Duchess of Atholl, M.P., Chaplain Judah Nadich,
and Rabbi Kopul Rosen. The Committee has set
itself a tarnet of £1,000. The address of the Hon.
Secretarics is 1 1, Shalbourn Road, St. Annes.
SUNDERLAND— The Jewish Literary Circle has
elecied Miss Unita Magril as Chäirman. The Hon.
Secretary is Mrs. J. Kersh, 17, Suffolk Street.
TORQUAY — ^The Rev. Ephraim Levine, Minister
of the New West End Synagogue, London, addressed
a series of meetings in Devon, arranged under the
auspices of the Torbay Aid Committee for Refugee
Children, through its Chäirman, Mr. Saul Harris.
These hicluded the Rotary Clubs at Torquay, New-
ton Abbot, and Paignton. At a public meeting at the
Pcngelly Hall, Torquay, in adcition to Mr. Levine,
the Speakers were the Rev. Canon G. Ford, of the
Torquay Roman Catholic Church, Councillor
W. J. E. Down, J.P., Miss M. A. Hanbidge, Rabbi
C. K. Baddicl. and Mr. S. Harris. The Chäirman
was Mr. P. H. W. Almy, President of the Torquay
Leagiic of Nations Union and Life Governing mem-
ber of the N.S.P.C.C. Mr. Levine attended the
fortnightly military service and social, given to
Jewish members of the Forces at the Unitarian Hall,
Torquay, and addressed the Service men and women.
OBITUARY
MR. SAMUEL ZYGIELBOJM
Pleaded in Vain for Polish Jewry
The death of Mr. Samuel Zygielbojm, member of
the Polish National Council, which we reportcd
briefly in our last issuc, occurred on Wednesday
of last week in St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington,
where he had been rushed alter being found almost
unconscious in his flat at 12,.Porchester Sguare, W.
On the night before he had been working in his
flat tili late in the cvening, preparing a special
memorandum on means to help Polish Jews — a
memorandum he was to band to Prof. Kot, Polish
Mmister of Information, the next day. A friend
ot Mr. Zygielbojm was ^ith him when he started
to set down the points of the memorandum. He
seemed very ^epressed. " Is it worth writing? "
he asked his friend, adding that sometimevj he
thought that Polish Jewry was lost, and if Polish
Jewry was lost life had no-meaning for him.
The memorandum was left unfinished. Instead
he wrote the live letters, including one to General
Sikorski, Prime Minister of Poland, which are said
to have contained a last protest against the failure
of the civilised wörld to save Polish Jewry from
extermination.
Ever since he came to Great Britain and took
his seat in the Polish National Council 14 months
ago, Mr. Zygielbojm did all he could to bring the
tragedy of Polish Jewry before the worid and
obtain help. He was the first to convince the B.B.C.
of the need to allow special broadcasts about the
sufferings of Jews in Poland and he made the
broadcasts himself. He wrote articles and addressed
mass meetings in London and in the provinces.
Although he was a sick man and the doctors ordered
him to imdergo an Operation he refused and in-
sisted on going on with his work. When friends
appealed to him to listen to the doctors he replied :
'* Polish Jews have no doctors therc. I am trying
to be their doctor now and 1 have no right to leave
them even for a minute. It is they who are gravcly
sick and not me."
Wife and Children Reported Shot
As part of the terrible news about the Jews in
Poland, Zygielbojm learncd that his wil'c and two
children were reported to be among the 300 inmates
of the Medem Sanatorium whom the Nazis shot Inst
autumn near Warsaw.
Mr. Zygielbojm was born forty-cight years ago
in Krasnostaw, Central Poland. In 1921 he became
a member of the Central Committee of the Jewish
Socialist Party (Bund), and in 1924 was elected a
member of the Polish Trades Union Council. From
1927 tili 1933 he represented the Jewish workers on
the Warsaw Municipal Council. He took an active
part in the defencc of Warsaw in September, 1939,
and was rcsponsible for the formation of voluntary
workers' battalions. When the city was captured
by the Germans, he was aniong the first hostagcs
taken by the invaders. Later he was appointed a
member of the Jewish Council set up by the
Germans in the Warsaw ghetto, from which he
escaped in February, 1940, and went to the United
States. In May, 1942, Mr. Zygielbojm arrived in
London, after having been appointed by the Polish
Government a member of (he Polish National
Council.
The Polish National Council last week stood for
a minute's silence in tributc to Mr. Zygielbojm, and
the Chäirman, Prof. Grabski, paid tribute to the
late leader of Jewish workers. In a message to
Prof. Grabski, General Sikorski wrote : "I am
deeply moved by the sudden death of the member
of the National Council, Zygielbojm, the UKritori-
ous Polislf Patriot and staunch represcntativc of the
Jewish workers. Zygielbojm died like a soldier at
his post. We shall always remember him as one of
the great patriots and public men of Jewish origin
in Poland."
MR. ZYGIELBOJM'S FUNERAL \
The funeral cerwnony for Mr. S. Zyjietbojm, <
the Polish Jewish leader, was held last Friday at
the Golders Green Crematorium. Owing to the
. postnonementof thecoroner's
verdict on the causes of
death, the body will remain
embalmed tili June 8, the
date the verdf<^ is "^to be
made public, and will then be
cremated. T^e ashes will be
biiried in London only
temporarüy — they will be
taken to Poland after the war.
Nine Speakers paid tributes.
Prof. Kot, Polish Minister of
Information, who attended
with four other Polish
C a b i n e t Ministers, said
" Zygielbojm worked all his
life for the Jewish masses and
for them he died. He left
this World in order to Protest against the mass exter-
mination of his people, against the too slow reac-
tlon and indifference oi tne civilised world in the
face of thlsjMiprecedehted tragedy." Prof. Grabski,
Chairmah^ the Polish National Council, said,
** The death of this Jewish leader is the most out-
spoken dramatic momen^ of the great tragedy
tnfough which Polish Jewry is passing." Dr. Adam
Giolkosz, Of the Polish Socialist Party, said, ** His
dieath is not onlv a loss to Polish Jews but to Poland^
its workers, and peasants."
Other Speakers were Dr. Schwarzbart, the de-
ceased's Jewish parliamentary colleague, M. Camille
Huysmans. who spoke in the name of the Second
International, and Mr. W. Gillies, for the British .
Labour Party, and Messrs. K. Blit, L. Oler, and ,.|
M. Mindel. Belgian, Spanisb, Austrian, and Greek r ,
Socialists were represented. A representative of '
the Polish President and SO other Polish officials
were present. Several Anglo-Jewish organisations
were represented. ;. i
A memorial ineeting was held on Monday, at
" Ohel," 91, Gower Street. W.C. The Speakers were
Mr. B. Margulies^.Dr. Schwarzbart, Dr. A. Ciol-
kosz, Count Michael Karol^ri, ex-President of
Huilgary, Mrs, Haiina Grendzinska, and Messrs.
Itzig Manger, L. Blitt/ and R. Merkin.
MEMORIAL SERVICE FOR
BRIGADIER KISCH
A memorial service for 'Brigadier F. H. Kisch
was held at the Tripoli Militaiy Synagogue to-day
(writes Rabbi L. Rabinowitz, Senior Jewish Chap-
lain with the Eighth Army, in a letter dated the
7th inst.).
The British and Jewish flags were flown ; the seat
which he occupied at the parade service on January
30 was draped in black ; and a distinguished con-
greoation asstinbled.
General Montgomery was represented by
Brigadier Stamer, D.S.O. Others present were-
Brigadier M. S. Lush, M.C., Deputy Chief Civil
Aifairs Officer for.Tri|>oIitania, the Chief Engineer.
detachments of Palestinian R.E. Coys., officers of
all Palestinian units, and representatives of every
Corps. Last Post and ReveiUe. were sounded by a
bugler of a famous cavalry regiment.
Captain Natas, Jewish Chaplain, U.DJ^., opened
the Ark for the memorial prayer, and I conducted
the service.
:j^>
^?'
2 «7^^
1 1
"^rAmr- EXTERMIIVATIOIV
ZIOMST
POLICY CONTINUES— Po^ 2
PRIDAT, June 4th, 1943
SIVAU Ist, 5703
Vol. VIII. No. 23
{New Series)
A Weekly Survey of Jewish Affairs
lR$gisttred at the GJ*.0> ^ ,
Why this silence ?
p HADERS will find on page five the text of a
•^ mcssage sent to Mr. Winston Churchill through
the British Embassy in "Washington, by the Emer-
gency Committee for Zionist Affairs in the U-S.A.
The appeal to the Prime Minister which asks
Great Britain to re-examine its present policy in
Palestine "so that the victory of the United Nations
will insure also the re-establishment of the Jews
as a nation in their ancient homeland" expresses
the sentiments of the Zionist Movement in all parts
of the World and those of the overwhelming major-
ity of the Jewish people.
The time has come for the United Nations to
make up their minds about the Jewish problem.
The Bermuda Conference on refugees has caused
grest cUsappointment. Mr. Eden declared in the
House of Comrnons that he does not believe "it is
possible to rescue more than a few until final vic-
tory is won." The official view on rescue work
for Hitler's victims is being challenged in many
quarters. The attitude of the Bermuda Conference
is not accepted, but even if it were, the'question still
remains "And after victory — ^what?" What is being
promised to the Jews,who will survive the policy
of cold-blooded extermination carried out by the
Nazis? What future is envisaged for the nation
which has fought on all the battlefields of demo-
cracy, and, in proportion to its numbers, has made
greater sacrifices than any other people?
It is often said that the Jews will get equal
rights in the respective countries. But were not
similar promises made to them after the Great
War? The policy of discrimination and persecu-
tion carried out against Jews in many countries
even before Hitler came to power is too well-known
to need recalHng. Where is there a guarantee that
things will be different this time? Can one be op-
timistic in view of the painful North African
episode and the abolition of the Cremieux laws.
Let US face realities. The Jews are being an-
nihilated on the Continent of Europe. 'No help is
being given to them at present, and no word is
being said about their future. There are no pro-
mises that international assistance will be given to
the remnants of Jewry to find a real home in Pales-
tine when their sufferings are ended. Moreover,
certain circles in the Middle Hast and elsewhere
are trying to keep the White Paper going. Now,
after the great victory by which the United Nations
have swept the Axis powers from the continent of
Africa — the silence c^ Jewry's future in Palestine
becomes unbearable. ''But one thing is clear: the
Jewish people is detemüned to live and fight for
the recoenitton of its rights.
Tragic document K
below the farewell message «ent by
Mr. S. Zygielbojm to General
WE pubi
the
Sikorski.
"I take the liberty of addressing to you my last
words, and through you, to ihe Polish Government
and people, to the Govemments and peoples of the
Allied States, to the conscience of the world. From
the latest Information received from Poland it is
evident that the Germans, with füll ruthless cruel-
ty, are now murdering the few remaining Jews in
Poland. Behind the walls of the ghettoes the last
act of a tragedy imprecedented in history is being
performed. The responsibility for the crime of
murdering all the Jewish population in Poland
falls, in the first instance, on die perpetrators, but
indirectly it also biu'dens the whole of humanity,
the people and Govemments of the Allied States,
which, so far, have made no effort towards a
concrete action for the purpose of curtailing this
crime. By passive Observation of the murder of
defenceless millions and of maltreated diildren,
women and men, these countries have become ac-
complices of the criminals. I have also to State
that although the PoUsh Government has in a
high degree contributed to effect the oidnion of
the World, yet it has done so insufficiently. It did
not do anything that could correspond to tfae mag-
nitude of the drama now being enacted in Poland.
From nearly 3^ million Polish Jews and about
700,000 Jews deported to Poland from other
countries there lived in April of this year — eocord-
ing to ofiicial infonnation of die Head of the
Underground Bund Organisation, sent to us tfarougih
the delegates of the Government— only about
300,000. And murder is still going on incessantly.
I caimot be silent and I cannot live while the
remnants of the Jewish people in Poland, of whom'
I am a representative, are perishing. My comrades
in the Warsaw ghetto perished with weapons in
their hands in their last heroic impulse. It was
not my destiny to die as they did together with
them, but I belong to them and to dieir mass
graves.
By my death I wish to express my strongest*
potest against the inactivity with which the world
is looking on and permitting the extermination of
the Jewish people. I know how little human life
is worth to-day. But as I was unable to do
anything during my life, perhaps by my death I
shall contribute to the breaking of the indifference
of those who are able to save now, maybe at the
last moment, the rest of Polish Jews who are still
alive, from certain annihilation. My life belongs
to the Jewish people in Poland, and, thercfore, I
give it to them. I wish that this handful which rc-
mained from several millions of Polish Jews, could
live to see, with the Polish populadon, the libera-
tion that it could know in Poland, and in a world
of freedom and in the justice of socialism. And I
believe that such a Poland will arise and that
such a World will come. I trust that the President
and the Prime Minister will direct these, my words,
to all those for whom they are desdned, and that
the Polish Government will immediately begin an
appropriate acdon in the fields of diplomacy and
Propaganda in order to save from extermination the
remains of the Polish Jews who are still alive« I
bid my farewell to everybody and everything dear
to me and loved by rae."
The "Blue Box**
ALEAFLET just published by the London office
of the Jewish National Fund is a timely re-
minder to the public about the importance of the
"Blue Box." It has not only helped to raise sub-
standal sums for the redempdon of land in Pales-
dne; it has always been the symbol of the demo*
cradc character of the Zionist Movement and has
been the link between Zion and many thousands
of Jewish homes in all parts of the world. The
leaflet puts on record that 650,000 dunams of land
contributing 40 per cent of the total Jewish hold-
ings in Palesdne have been acquired by the Jewish
Nadonal Fundj that 170 setdements have been
established on J.N.F. land, which contribute more
than 70 per cent. of the total Jewish agricultural
production; that more than 3} million trees have
been planted on the seil of Jewish Palestine. In
this great woik of nadonal importance the "Blue
Box" has played an important part
It Is good to know that the Jewish National Fund
has proclaimed June as die mönth of the "Blue
Box.'' The carrying into eüect of the slogan '"Ko
Jewish home without the 'Blue Box' " would be of
tremendous educadonal value from the Zionist and
Jewish point of view. Those responslble for tbt
new drive of the Jewish National Fund deservf
every possible support
Any <|iiestion8?
PAGES 6 A 7
:<^VVlf«J
Vjfm^"'
».,
, . V».-: 4>.i' '•-'•
-Bond Street Utility
'»nTffv *•*'•'
OUTERWEAR I^OR MITES, MISSES. MAIOS. AND MATRONS
M^ l-itH
FfeAME Y^O-^ULIL CoLU^C^-IjOtl
7//^
jn "Rbsmv^cM Mfi^rePif^L' H£Mxerre Szou-p ut^h-n^
^Ciirietta SzoiC.
'Aie c:nd Lettei'G
3;y_ l-x^rviv. LQ\.enthi.l_
10 4.::, ITüi; York -
T..e Yiki'nr Press
er» » ' ■%
Ol .
Henriette. Szoid to Alice L. Seii r3üer;':
I w
Sc^int-Aui.,in-:^cr ( Prai-cc )
, 1900'
lO >— ' , .■ b w - . is>' ti X
At last c. Lrec,tinc-£.,pelll Saint-Ai ■bir.-E:i;r-A'er is t c tinies
of tii'ij
.:alieri>.{: ai.cl
orriaiiiv ■vil.uc.^jes , c.e jeauili.! l.z iu i;: tiu^ , iiiuocei:t
ic;cu..:E
L l.< 'C 1 0 h^ C X 1
^o'bueiua, or a
u^' c C-C^ V- X j 0 r c
Oaul Pouuer, 0'^ r-oue:-: cousin 'gtis a cotta^^e liere for the sui.i:ier, anä
he called for uc ;,eaterua;^ az Dic./.„:e in hii: aütäriouile , c>nd brou/^ht us
heru, lA'tcr a Liarvelousi;;' siaootli ja2L:a^c acros:.. tiic Ghan.-el, in sjite
Ol c. sliijiul of riilitant ;ii;S:.)erw..ntistE.
I don*t icnov/ "but tiiat will be the suiiiina surmuc'-rum of i;:^ Iluro^jean
ex_j2::rience£; - Aiat loyalty to ein. idea, constax.cy in the reaiizatlon
of an ideal, dcvotion, tAaL these are ;Aiat c:)unt in hu-:n..n nisoor;^,
Oiie^/' arc the ec. cncc of Tradition. TaA-, the :.h.donna cult and itr:
ex^recGion in paintin^. An ide-J Tahe the cathedrals:- ..i. attem^t oh
the part'-of thoucands to realize an ideal, and .ealize it so that
every detail öf itc e:A.reEf:ion /riay
j.
Gestii':- t'^ i:? rcality.
One ou^jht to rio strai^ht to Italy c.nd üecoiiie ac:.uainted v;it"n tne
I'Oadonna and uhe chilaren, and the saints, on tiie coil on v/hich they
^■rev/. Then one i:^ ^..rejarcd to ßo northv/ardx and enjoy jnderi:tandiij';ly
the \7oi*lcs that the others stinulated into life . nd those v/hich the
rortherners rutl'les ly carrie^: off. But I u:i satisfied with what iias
he^n ^ranted to Lie, If I note a disj:ati£faction creupL- in, it i^ tiiat
thic ojjrtunity did not oro-Jie earl.er in i.:^ life, -.-any thin^c i:ii^ht
have "be..n diffcrent.
ITo , the holy fariilicG are not objectionabie to
JeV/ish cence
cJnc. £:uni::iüili ties , Ou
v/hethv, r you real^y ne
ar: y "u ceen to thinlc?
^.icture, yoi: have car
e nc e c you. I . alas , f
jicturcE, . ar icular
rei-ieher tlicn, I recol
Lenbrandt Lieö.ns ,
Ui
.e ocner
.nu
ed be? 1 -..ond'^r
It is tr^ e, ..'e
ried it in your
ail to renieiaber
r:nc>>-ipo j carry
I c^i not afraid of the:;:, I :Jonii,x'
"..hetiier they v/oü-^u no.. ^ffeät y }j
are differenL. You
1- j-
:::incL' e e;. e xor
•»7 ;: • -»-»r-
lencion one
it influ-
a.
:cenec .
ai/ay
T-r'.'> <~i ■'-
Kubcns and Verones, h
or ol-C old ITorinan chi;
I Lclieve I Ehall r^ni
favored but not influ
original bent. li- tha
11 ±iiKXE: thin^s - ^>articular
)nly ir.i. resL. ions , c.nd I
lect v;hat effect the Bottocellic öc.vc u^.on rne,
ho\; ■Vei::..£c;;'uez ^rijs ine, v;hat objection I have t
o\7 I feit v;hen I entered PeterboroUvjh Cs-thedral,
rc ■ in Iffiey ( v/onderful this last one is -
enber it as a Picture by itself ); a.nd so I oia
enced, at lea: t not influenced av/e.y froi'i ray
t a;i:e too?
henricbta Czold t^ AliceL. Selit^:sber^;
J'erusalen, hovember 16, 1009
h0Y7 Liuch I shall have to teil you \/hen I return, of the nisery,
of the beauty , the interect,the yro-lenis of -che Holy City. If I .vere
tv/cnty years youn^er, I v.ould fe^-l that my field is ^ere. As it is, d^
there are heroic rien and vjoinen here doing valiant uor^c. -if only they
Henrietta Saold 2)
couid üo :;ioro mtoili-onti^ cäpportcd "by the rjuro^ican and /nerican
so ;.;uo:. t::at i'^r täc; first tliae X feel ohu I2: julse*" to ^ncc': lut in
•JUüliG. i.a 70U riold !!)c .^0 it :,liori I return ? nhould l" do it afte]
Henrietta rinolc t-^ Alice T,,
'timr,tm^<^iM m—*mi4
r^i-an, Deccinber .1..;, 13-'>3
II
\'rir:
0 >• l-Ukv Wt>
ii^-ipy iortync i}1i'ai, brou^ic t'i^ fru;^ tuO Säst to tl:ic
Clirli;tiur.-,.-:.(^ai: land. Tire l^a^ciü tini?,n e:M...erienco was iie:/cie. H
thero ^«ro i'or uc crily thin(;;;£ - no ,.H;oplc. T^'icre, at JerrröaiOLi '^>M
in tne üüio::iieG, t::cre -^ap juisatinf? life conpled v/ith nxr^ery, ^/overty
fiicii, do;iü:;.3C, and t'^oro xmv, intcliectuaX life, coui^led witli idealieiii
ci:ti:ucia::r!, liOjC, *!!l:ierc 'v/ao debate '.nd de:'i nc trat Ion, cud a::.£^ui-'Cr:t
and pcr:;:ui.;.sion. And vilioXi I sa.: JafSo. rccodo fron Di{;^i:it,larclt tiiat all
r:^ jov;ux3 had oeen callc: fartii and izqjI alert djrln^ f:€ ./liole of
the xojr ^l;ockd I c.)ent
^ ' 'ifj^^*'^-
Cu^ \>
Kere ii^ Itc^iy i :!avc uo roc^oni?i'bilitv , I mav enjoy, I nocet not
weigi. and crxtici^e c-i:d do:"bt and woi-dci- - or, Li I d;:, I v;oiidcr
ouij/ ut ti:e iicli ber-uty out upon tMr iL'vnü.td Ir-rd,
^.Lc*i i retiri: I tihvll teil j'ou i^-uicli about ?::vlcctiL.e ..nc ZioniDm
and t:ic *^cuc* Lricfly nov;^ or:l; tlil^: t'7C 3?ro:;hecy of inr:.2^y ot :r:^'
:?;ricno.j: thc.t ralci:tir.c T^o^jld nxriLCdce !ry ;'.ioiJ.sm ho.£ not Leer, vcrified.
I ..:, t:.a i:a:..c Zio2iic:t I vac. In fc.ct, J. ani ...orü t/it.v ovor c nvi:icfcä^#tli
tli-at 3.-^ ZI- -^i^tio ii licc that v/ay. Tlip-'onlji^^ thin^j I acl^iit in thut I
jiow t;..iiu: ;:ioni£^ü. a.n ideell riore !lfif:^ic It of i-oü-lir^ation t!:r:.ii cvcr
I diu Jj^Ofc >rc, -boua cn a^;coun\. c>i* the Jq\'1: tiic:r..iiiOlvoc :..nd on ';,ccouri.t
or Ori<ji:t«:ijL ^tid vvotld c niidl ti onc ,
Aiid üü you .Ynow ul^cn thci-t '.jprolienpxon weii::;x^ed ujon uc nort
liouvii:;? ixa X llotoucd to Hi^jh üai^s: a^ : t. ^fail:';; c:.i/::ci> in Veince,
Ol! tho Vüuct :)f tl'ü ::i:»doniic.i Inu:i:..cu*.-:-.to. riiere v;aß blic uoi/acrful
ba:jij.iwC^, wi'U:; itn arc.iCL, i ts ..loi^ciic:::, j;;v7oit, cuid Jorjli^^-y. TVK-re
v/aL tii^e Eoat:;j.in3 a'iaic, i.iic alrio^t ivHe-ol cnoir, ""I^cro 7;erc i^iic
ßuriJ^.iced c^coi^coc, täc ric.L,,. lol^ed ai;:uitc\xics, t'ie c':.;i:dinal-
avoiiux^io j üQ^^tcd on Uir: rcjai cliair !:■ v -.v vSien^ij t.iLit bO;j..ar
deiicii -tlDii, a .«.cndcd ..it!:. Jonp ana cer.-oay. TUerc lyar: the croyd
oi ut ).^uc, devout ;vorGUi^;perE, inteut u^on tlie ( to ...;c ; _^srü..tcLli-
^ii.;ic t^civict;, Ai;d I i:au ti:e::e z^r^.Do'..-} a a vaüt j-);/er, a;.d I t^:o.[r^.:
Df ::::/ litlle vl.:^/ci:".:iil_ioi:cd ^.copie ivrnockiiig aii the door -f bur^anity
aud bü .,:iiic ^-^^-^-^ ^^- -;^ -ici^-t tr)livo./':a.i: T/ai: v;bCTi : . L-iont lort
unlair • u c uorc i cc
■i::ca it, it v r: bj -leane wi?.icii y 'i' v.ill call
oa;':aaiß.-; ia Carictianity , and I fecl ti^at Judaien ctm oo-. :iuor it*
But of tli~-.. , t-;D, a-OX'C aLf'
v;itii tlie iuen«
caii B 'CaY uitli the noütJ?. rurlier ti.;an ssuLx
fooa I oaall - I 1^2 v;uite ready t:> - i;Oi::c lack bo dcar old ual;7
1 -^
!Tc-y7 York, Joneary 17, 1015
,,,, Let ^riÄ con^r^^tulatc ;:;ou a:id Pa'^eistinc upon iiaviiiG oooured, a:;
you \;cil iKo In yaiir telv:TaL;. a^'cadeadid rosponre fro--. local
or,;aniisation". I Y/ic tizorc v/cro a -,1^^ of !.ladac}£:ali'c? ■ being l:ept infoi
med Ol all s;^ yois do • • .
Benrietta Szolcl o)
fT,
liov/ever, tne jc.rai:iount c jnEiaeri.tion i^ uiiac ^'ou uro auYc.ncm^
tliC EUUGC of iPaiestiiie, l'_'o .: i:ic^' ..-oirio oT vie\7, as I neod i-'ot tüll you,
■r* ii *"
"Gil
Ov L>
iG tlie c
C-> U
lO,;
-' i.
the
^uIlG
no s t i
■ortant of all, of Juclaisia-,
:n main rec .ec og the v/ar catastro jlie lias left rie üewildered and.
uncertaiii,
T
n ono re
;EC
I see
lore cieari:
-ii ever -
:it
iks
m rei
GC
to
the diswi'es
.-.onisi;!
rn,
he
rao:
■iCl/.L
GUS
ituati'"' of the Jcv/ evcr:yv/here
.nd i
.egradation (witiicßs
Po Land
)
Ol
Eeven
v/lio
contri
i 1.-1 ons
.10 Eorvin
(- 1-,
ore zncii
lii
- i.
Ci
1: 0 u V e r.
.11 tiie
_■ r 0 li
C„. J.
'i:iiei
:)l oür raco
rllO
:rav
^■1.
,., .C> 4.T,,
u
e
r/o
of tho contiii;
Cii
'0
.re
.earis to : ^e that the Jew and bis J^dais;
iriu
in
c«
u
jer )e uuaüO'
.na can oe
'cr >eivU
C- u
ed onl:
theii' rc
triaüioi]
de land of the father
,:ir.
.10 U..]
onists were not hitherto
!■.
i'i
Xi
L:j
0 0
Ui-
Ol
0-1 J--.
Ol
US
r^ U
recs thinh ./ith ji
J- r ■
'Jl
:in
I -■
o »
nove
U-t 1. *><
les'i
:iian;
in those ...aivs
)ur 11.. JJ.0 sancouarj
m
hev have coinc to
jid
-la
Ü-. <->'
to helj yoi; :
1 C- 1 thc/o i u
of readj liirtnont so )n to
Iven if we do not see e;>'e to e;7e v/ith yo
u
<ro Kom,
.nc
:pu
ve es
ülishe'."' Perlia ;s thcy £:
1 1
1 i. L
ca
'Oi
u
C-X
ia
otoction .:.n
ollc
ac;
V.LC^kV iJ.
e ho ;e
ci -
he.
?-^'.>
refuee to
TV
t t'
<.
•vonuero-U
VI u^
i 0.
-no
V » X i
U
/J -.. C
t
.Ol
u
■ni£
ideal
no
,iDj.i:::t c:ettlonent in the
[loly Land - the rcL'ourcef ulnos;-: of the colonistc, \;ho couli
eitles
it.
rain and lood
lioniL'o oan..
m
"ver bi:
lor
•nie
:onths
CjXa'.
the US ef. Inet
o:
LI
tiie
1
i- . j. .1 \.i.
tiio dl res t aistreßs - "cne:
-he
!,'\'rn
0 0 1
1 c '.
ior
con:.ir:.icu anu cjnsuiou:
,10 ms
b.i:^
cvor
• • • •
n:
Ct.
'':'rouh.o.s ua:'s? I hc -ve oft
i;ic>,ixj of US Jovvs heie in vj:ierica
tij-ies co::waraüle onl^' oo hu
cur cori-.:onv/oalth h;
tho onodus i'io?..
li
) ade red durirj
C::<c^Q
101
X -[Ixi S
.0'
th
1.V o
ro livi,
roü.-h
. e s -. r u 0 1 1 li 0 f t h e s e e o n d T o ni .) 1 c
Lxa Ol
tino i{o:.L£-nj
ana onceeuin;
0.
i c.
.lOriOE!
Ol
oam
Jid Port
or;:ro:i years !■
L
fe<
'X , c.nd tho abject nisor;
.nc.
;.. t'
f
ri
..nu
t- ." A i. '» -
m .lussi:
Tho
Ji
£ jea-.:s ox Ziiq _ ur.-
/xi - ohe utter
0 1 0 . . 10 n * s T ein o 1 e . II e
)e;
•'X\.
secona
r a
iem;^)ic
tho Je
u.
itUG
S Ol
cl
1 o
j. 1 .. .
destruction of
second Hi-roan, the ruib of the
lutru Gr-o
111
;: je;
Ol th..
O -
rc.
:uri:
l.vii.»
'hör
Vw
IL
onl:y ono ho".o i.
;rv ne;
■ X o -
.no oiiojtive
UV.^ J.XJ
nde icd to
i.es cmo
11 Je v/s \;i
0;.i
ut
•if 1 eronce
.li
:.ie
1 rs 'c
TT
Iiurüanx
e^uc
Ol
j. ^i:i
u--*-
V
fcv.s could not Jictec'
oneir sanctuar^' a. .aixxsc aiO xiorue
lo
.ane:::;
Loavirx:
li: the seco;
1 T-" .
roan
0 _:o.
j,u..i ji.
.s destror/ed
L-:iV..
Gestern v;all, tho last vesti e of loi
turneo into
IcCO of
,il_
nv
rc
no thix'
u
'on .Ic oi:
no
;i( -
of
Zion t) üe ab£i:ro:/ed iL
oni!
Inira
\T\.
i. U X f-' ".^'X
■i-T-.
no relu.;e
th;
has heon ostaolishe
üUG m ZioiJ
'ev/ish iioiioorr' .
zz*
:no niij-
neverohele
s"üeat
dood
(- ..iii.1 j, i. .. >j
01 oi^ose
10 .;Olieve
• • • • •
j- 0. :
.3,
.0
0 d;
v.lXCvJ.
onoo on.
V i
1 o.
,1 j;
» o
Co
X ■..) X
UClCS
■- -■ •-■. T r
:re«
-i-ii;
>>>••••••
>-u*-- V.-'. V/_i. -i. C
.> iX-
"D
:enr
O b U >- .. O '->
Oi^
g:j .J.1.V1
oli
0
:)T
-Li
u;:: b
1 o •]
lOC
no
4-
o
J l-^
0
X -■-
Vi;
'ne a)ii]
■f--
11
■etL^lT;
.Ü v^iJ.
U — *. ^ -i- >
-4- ^
b 0
Ci-iX c J c.
b .. 0 vi-c-^ s
i'ti.iont t.
since ri
10 bur
.lomc.
i.vilv.w bi.LC
0.L
j j. i^v-,
b.:.:ür:
:i<-
i'i Ovvin;::
U b
li'-- J.X
O
Xii.
\w
11
rOnc 0
1
-• -1 (■% ,-1
.c; X
IUI
'. VJ
li
1 n,
her
iribU
tLu -^ V.
n^uish of tho last ye^^r
usii asido b
hl
10
O \.-i
10
:enriotta SzoLd 4^
of my decir
intererjts ,
that pictu
UGCful c.ncl
coL^rCv^c to
the oncl -
Weis cix'c-iv/rij
alone Yvitii
e-jC2. I ;. ::i
v.it ^..ler t
iuother v.itli her rosy cheeJcs t^nd üLüe eyes, hex cdert
her nevor idle hands , her undaunted court.ge , Once I re^:..ir.
:'e Ol her, i...na all it iiinlies of a hea^^tiful röunded lifo,
hajjy in £;,.ite of its ^reat brialc, I shall have the
j.
She
coriGciouc to
resha._.e m^ ovin lj.fe ,;.n her Gj.rio.
syohe t ine lese thaii tv/o v.iinutes b-foro her lats ereath
a little Thiiie uefore bade me
0 —
"■ üiiCj LI
and
her, even the nur^se ;/a? out' of ^
not eure taat ^)u are rij
-:anhiui I coüi.d co v/hi-. u I ih, d , li^..
0 tae end, Often du ring thic ic.ct y
i;-ht JHic.teh ae a\:L;y uofore rhie aent
recite the Shena. I was -
e room, änd I closed Vier
I d "^ d t ■1 e "best f 0 r h e r ^
rac f Li i tli a ü I c -) u i d L' e
eai I jraed t;a:.t no
p , no-p
ii£i±Zi!rü^ Ji^. S:^olci tp Ilayn Peretz
Te\/ Yorh, Eejteaber IG, l'^:!
yr.^. r
u
"^ • is irijos:;ihle for ue to find ..ordc; in ..hich to teil you
I v/ac to .•■crhed oy
our off er to act as " 2Caddich •' for ..iy
j. o
hoY/ dee_-ly
dear i-iother • I eannot even thank you - it is co;;eühiny that ^oes
..eyond thaniai; , It ic "beautifUL, v;hat y ju have of-'ered to do - I Ghali
4-
never .•o.-iei: i ü.
You Y/ilL '..onder, then, tlic.t I c^.nnot aeceot y)ür of-.er, ?erk
hajs io v;ould be the he et for menottotryto ca lihn t you in v/ritin^:;,
hut t... v/ait liintil I see you co teil you vhiy it ic £o, I hnow well.
c,nd a-^Doreciate wh;
V)U say ahout, the Jev;ish custom; and Jevrieh custja
i£ very c:ear ana sicrea
.«.
j .t\^ 0
-na
t I can. ot ach you to
' M
E^ddl ih
-u that ..he Ejurvivor -uhlicl'
af ter ny nother. ' .e hiagdish niec-ng to
and narhedly aanif..:?tc hi;: '\:iiMi and intcntlion to ascune tne reli.tion
to tne Jewieih co:.:. uni t^' väa-oh hi? ji^xciiz had, - n.. t':.at cd t-.e chain
of tradition rcna.ins unhrohcn fro. ^^eneration to ^ener^-tion, each
aduina i.s ov/n lin]:. -^ou ci,n do that for the aenerations of your
f anily , I
auc:t do tha^ ^'^"^^
for the ::enerc,tion:3 of niy f anily.
..aj:
I hdieve tha^: tlie eli):,iinL..tio:: of wo:-en fro:;: such dutie^
neve:. intended oy our Law and cuEto::i - wovien \/ere free., fron ..ocitive
auties when th^j could not ^-er:.'ori.: the::i, "but not v.hen they could,
It v;aE never intended that, if tl:ey coild ^erf )r:.i tldeu, their ^.erfor-
nance of thea should not oe conc idered ac; valuahle and valid ac when
one of thezi nale gc:: ye^-for^vied theLi, And of the ICaddish I fecl eure
.-. •!•
tni£ IS yarticuiar '.y true.
Ily inother had ei_ht daughters and no c^on; and yet never did
I hear a v;ord of rearet jzi^z the li^,;G of either ::iy ^.'other or my fathej
that .^ne of ug was n.)t yernit others to tahe her d ughters* ..-lace in
sayinr^ the haddish, and so I aiu sure I -.m acti-.g in her syirit väiaen
I a.:i ...loved t- deciine ;, our offer. T-ut ^e utiful you offer revahns keju:
, and, I reyeet.
I hnoa fullwjell-
ü.ia^ b JL
neverthels
consonance with the ^:enerally acceyted Jew-c
or niy faa.il^''s c jnceytion. You under^tand : le , don*t you?
luCii
-.... ,
tradiuion th...
10 re
X »j
Po. lOOf.
:Icnr.iet'oa Szold to Alice L. Seli^sher^:::
Kansas City, Decenher ^.6,1^17
ho, life h;.:.s not oe^n iriean to me , since you are my friend.
Indeed, i i: has not he.;n nean to me at all, "..'Jien it has a^)jeared not
Henriette S^ioiEd o)
to tret.t
nie vve.U
bi
ci 1 du
tii ^
irthc
bO nüJl;
le
cuid iitule
.^. AX»-. O .U »J C- ,^
IC-j
liiuver
kj Ou .
'+■
ter
cnin. 'i::
t
!'\
'ccoiaeß clcc.r
e^.n üeciLuse l
I.; j.
l.'^ ^ » t J. V
iitnec-. of i.
211
o:
.anciie
"1 bJi
■■)^,'
:other* 1^
rb.
•") i I .'"i
aa,y anniver
• X J.U
elcbrateci one :^CBterd;
.L.l
e uQ
an:, lyiy latlier? And i
an CD ::q \7xien i c eiidovzed
.j'-sii
:.ean "co ne
emurac
ib
:Ci/(.
rie \7it;
■TT/
lothcr
thc
:(j a cauce and nade
■ Die Ol
-oiTierio;
no
1
-our
u
even of iti: vc
.e ü
^nou"::i.
1 0 c 1 i n ' ■ 1 0 i G ü Y e i':
.:. iJ
ll
tteri
-UC
j »
.1X1
er.
L.e^^jaired
a:
;o
-/i ti
'ou-c, 1 üeco:.:e livrcj^^ed all over
üne e£::ential v/ortlj of thc Jewish matcrial
ugxinesß with Tvhich it i^ overlaid
untrueness to seif: am
jt also wltli the
cL.iJL oYer
;a-in I
:rou:)S und i
need manicind lias to let eacli of i os
of the whoi-e. ^:7c Zionists diccerned that'before
dejocit lüft üy ages of
. innres sed with the "bitte:
el:
j.i
f for the good
nationalities
une er*
»VC'-C ii
eard abroad. And as v;e
or the small
a.„£cerned p
T^Utj
1 in -Gha
direction, co I am sure the belief of eoivic of uc natienaiiiL't inter-
na
vc:
tionalists, that internationalisri cannot coi:ie aoout until the
aons of a.L
tne
iiOj 0
ionalis-j£
.ro m
i;..ir
Ol
Y/ili Eoon justii;/ itseif
• • • •
et Plenen t
?). 10
r^ ±
henrietta Szold to Jes::ie Ccai.-ter
Galven on
ii«,-.-
r> C5
J
Cti.
n.i3z^'.
21
e-Q I
. .fc ^ w ,u \^
- .- 1.
i iX<l[j
0 one 1
l,-:e ...yceif
V u
:^ C-.
.(.\
IC
-on
. :i ü
.hio
at 0
ijll
-<. X »J u ^ .
oO
bi-:
.llc
10 ms.
Titiri
to
ou
'e::a£ is "ho u diii.erent fro:
ITe^
T-
och eile of hev/Yor-c. The _.;ritii.n
C'^J. X
Deciaration ja.r; ed over tiio heads of the Jev/s dov;n höre as nseen
;lanw fro::i on of the Te::an avi:u.iuion fields. ^he*' didn*t hnov; that s
J3 0:.;ething g^^ocI^l:
il.v.^V
in;
xiC-.
d j ust aiijiELirure.
7.J-r —■
favor of .",ionisi.i is such stoiidib;,'
Lc;/,-'
tne;
^ened
dOxi
t
an arp:ui;ien
lii
ic^l the foi-oe
valid'' ty of that ar£:ü:nent e.-.ther. bo./n here I have learnt to sa^ a
dreadfui thin,;: "riather a^:£i:nilati /-n tnan this!" j:Tot that the tej-ias
önis
LT u
t:'
Ol EC
the
than
_:C;
; Yorl '^thi:
Büt the Te::as bL.ch,-:ro ..u
51X1
I ;roiv.^.in ' concourc ')i
'u-
ur c
.ini t:;
- our
.1/ ^^ *-»;
ta
L.C
• • • •
jjut the hrotnerhood of Lian i
curre:
.11 inouthii;
_2i V..V 1.^ U C./ 0
thc ta
one t-i
10.
^2 CO )
9
t
rt
1.0
un
:zr not o:
-^«s
L:,n:
nann e i* o i rn e an s
lease re.
euer c.
rtalcinrc throurdi th^ Paie^tine hestoratio.
•r■^
nust Last at le
9
C-1.L- 0
uncL 1
three ^^enerations. Durin^r that jeriod. nojiz
l:;
matter what hao^cns
iie ijiasooi'
iust he s jiri tualized, Else t
l/a i "w
ne i
ther'i
£• J0\
\J
je
1.L.L
c; '- ■■ -T r
If
v,^ O ^ ''. • • w
.ere to
Tezcas as .;ioneers. let ih
rn
:o to Pal est ine
iio:.eürs
.ho
isted US?"
liU
ii^BXsXJCiii: ^hii-ix- . iie:^^^;:^: .lixxüxudE t e 1 1 i n
of
Pa
LOS ome
the
.10 re m
iscen
u
t.:eir ne
oa
Ol
ine
ritual niisLion of the
Spiritual are tue Jewishiy. i^nd tl:
inüer ;rei.Ättion of history-^at all.
u
don
. ^ chronicle ;
c 1 v e a ö G 1 0 u cie
,c ::iore
u \;ill ./rite
The 1:10 re tlig"
the less
.dcrstand the econo.iic
111
Ilenrietta 3sold to Alice I,
i t
li
;er
X't; Y..)rh
ove^nore V
(t:
.1
Gn-j
191
o
X C. X c
AsC. d
.1. o e
Ilenrietta S^olcl 6^
The day
-I. T
^ou
.ae a^.:y of jeace! I mn ccLeüratin^i it by v/ritinrc t
iie onlyc^lebrati ;n I cu.n ^^ennit n., seif to h;
0
ve, ]?rora cjv.rly
lornin^^ urrbil tlie jqccq neus hercld-d bv bells cncl whistles c.nd 1o"o
uj:
G^iec canü
1
Cv
thouffhts of you,
day of chec^zercd eniotionc. of env^
c'.X
oused bÄ'
Jus
1/ orn-'
n ci^.ne the riiifi
nr: of tlio bclls. Cur 'drls -
nearly silinm; ./:O0 in cur office nov; - storrned in. la
^e iic.ve
m
ciriu, juiijiri^uj una aown, ^noracirj
't;-
niun
o >
crym
C: *
Ut.-ii'
U
eacii ociie:
and frorn the streut
:ill the \;ay uj to our ofiicc on the fifteonth floor, rose ^hout after
snoirc Ol jo;
It v/as inipocr-iblc to i<et the t^ixLc to setclc dovvn. S'
we acijoiiibled ii. onL-'jne oi the roo.
,nd
.bbi 3u,:ene ICohn addre
them on tho rieaninr^ of jeacc - the v;orid jeac
iiush feil u'oon then:
An aimost ijolemn
): ed
hush
lax
ran aoivn
-i--\.
leir che
o J.\. ,^;
ana irom uiieir
Wh
u:
CjI
1 cictric rci
t-j o
orror
d
•OllBC
vor
.ne-
O C-LÜi
,ri
•',/
CwhJ
t tncvt noinert
cour 'e the v/ar naa oeen
The Office closed
LI L,
onc
for
day
-nd
Je
u;
i^
ed dov/n
to
-econc
-rt of hu:..u.-n totrent ro^-laing uj and dOwn I?ifth ^iven-^c. The
£ joncancity of the demo-stration v;ac overwhcli:ün(j;. I waihed and v/alJced
iite: ..litrR:
'ii:
e i:
tnu ver;
the stream
iiidst of a
> i-
^artl'v car^ied aion/
o
imoniiit ::rou ; carrvin;: Herzl*
it, until it lande d
:■ i c t ü re . an
Ainerican iJ.a
ica* cied cTc
w •
.na cin,:in;:
UV
.ilcvah
ti
::iy side v/as an o^id, ion/^-
ud..-eniy hc toüched the
^^j
r.L v/no v/a
cL.rrvm,
the ZioniG
flar: in frone )
ne carr;
une
fl;
u:: on
:. onl:
•&-_c
'julder
c '--1 " • 1 ■
in Yid-äsh: "Piease let
iittie while?
In oür of.:ice ao lications aic uü;:innin;
oO
-Lo.. in fron ±n
thoGe ^v-ho v;ant
ucainE - tlie
to
in der
the
t.Ui-1
fforc
e st
Ol
t;) Palesuine to setuie there. l^ovi o..r real \/orh
'e shall do it
or.
yoüx L.re aom^c alreacL:\
ra
1 VI
-nd dif-. iculty
j *
nd
YOU
• • • • •
j •
•LOi. ,
cnriet
>^
.old
x^
lice L,Seli/:Gber
he v; Y 0 rh , Jan u : . ry 7 , 1 '. .^ 3
last
. have
v/eehs
«^p
id to nyseli and aloüd, again and a;;ain durin^ the-
,hat it \7iil tahe the entlenesc of the dove and the
wisdoa of the ser^^ent ii thes Situation ( in Palestine ) is to be not
^•"ad ye a ri^^ht to exject lesL caaos? I thinh
m
co:
ijQ had
;.nd hJ
;it have iil
.ä ies
II our £
om
o
0
JL
.Cl
uiieüiiwa: y
laro :)e
• truczivc s^..irit. ■
.nd I '..eiieve \;e ::
njr be^n coincident .vith -:he
ju near of the horrors of Jev;ish, of all life, in :^astern
e conditions there - noe cannot but use hc'.chneyed j^hirases -
:rar
»I , -< n T w j :■»
'- -(- >--
stro Jiies
:)nder
TT! ^
ü
Q{Xi:i'T descrijtion. In a world in conf lagration
Goujd the Palestinian
ai-on^
e.:ain unseareu? And yet - and yet
• • • • •
knd then I ash iiiyself , vhiat
n.r.
:1 I
G
0 n,
to effee
id:
thi
seeuj
one 1/
.in:A caldron - I
LlO
.V-
t^
ot r:iuch oider - :.iuch i.iore oid than
e
ooX
.ndahal;
u
hü.ve üson
v;a:
- ana
sjite 01
irurovernent since the su
er
Liysicaliy i:].uch
le
esi
GS
renar.
-nt.
.ble
.10
rea
:)u 0 i
the lanau
difficulty cann.ot hope to exerciee even che ^cim
of influence I have exertea nere m
^■■j
linited s .^here
O '^/
Du
ee
lU-.i. Ol
;rehcnaions.
-ut i
G 1. o ^ r <
ii
ebertheless, that I
:o -
evc.n
if I fall utoerly
• • • • •
vr
e ouanü
to
Show oy otr a
'0 G Ki
Oi-t^ Li
ü e;
itC
'AiJierican" iro
our "Ci
tle
'-"■' c;
oon as may be; e
,nd
en
il7
dro
i>-
tJcjmxxn
1 0 ni £ 0
.nd
tl> r-.
en
"Unit'' - so transformlng
!urel7 Aj-ierican undertahinr into a
Palestinian J"e-v7iEn
iedical De^artnent
Treririecta Szold 7l
As the Pcaestinian ccnter becomes ^ e .i'-cle ^endeno , :.n
iii tue xar-or oev/ish üo:.-iu2ii by liiere v/ill be bi- ;7ori to
ne
ca^'iC'
CIO
■rovided
o:.iü 01t, xec.aer ...^ cars. rc ic n-t in si;-Ut. The tfi;- v/orlc V7ill bc • ^
religiouL m the iar^xsi., :.:ost ncius :.ve sense- 2o^lc.r-c tlic.t it will
inL.U£urate t.i . mteraction betv/een Palestinc and the :Diasoora, in whiöi
Paiostine will üe ohe ^ixlnex as iiuiGh ac t-e ;Diaspora, and" u oon whic]i,
to r-ij inina, the sjirit.;al success oi the -^aiesbinian cectarr^v/ill
cie )ena. An
notio
th
Cv \J
the World over ic not one c ixtinuaus body,
we are i.ot ^;art of Palestine »^'ewry tl:at jewr'/
u
t.-^i'-. en c-^-iiC-i- 1 u olle • • • • •
Pj, lölxi.
henriauta Saold to her ra::;,ilv
Jerusalem, Msy 11, l-':30
In the niornin^ v/e croL£;ed into Pale^tine. Of coüri^e I
too
late ior Lhe real £^.rinp here. '.^ut Y/hat is leit oi it was enour^h bo
inalce ray heart leaj ana b:).nd. Ii.*E useles^; for ne to try to deccribe -
the Ärancition iro.; the desert to a^rable l^.nd or the v/eird ..eauty of
the cieL:ert, or bhe joyous beauty of the flouery fiedi^. 3YQn the desert
v/as not blo orales F_ at t-.is seasoi.
...y t:jreat surprise, But the 1:10 st
( ,
■loriouE si^l.t of aj.l uas v;hcn we carie in si^dit of the T'edi terranean,
edged with sand dunes, t.:e aunes -:.er^iu(F; nere into tne üesert sand,
and tiiere being conq.ucred 'ly tne lieh, blosi:o:iäng soll.
The ride u . to «^erusaien from Ludd -
u
.na
.ain u . -
im^yrecrive, I have \.e^;n stru^.lmi^ all v;eeh to yut the iujreE.^io- s
into \;ords. It v;ould be eacy to enunerate the defests of tne band
and the ^eo_le, and ^he en leration would inahe alon, long llst. It ic
iLiJosLible to enuniertaoc the „eautieG the beauties, and yeb tbe beaut:
iv: t'ie final and conclucive element, lüach day has adL.es to the cence
of ^liarv.. ■ liat iE th - use 01 writing ab )ut the i;iar:ic of uhe Lioonli:-:.
or the bril.-iance of the stars, or the jurf u:;iKed, clear air, or the
unearthiy luxt^re of races with their fanatieicns e:;^. res.ed in f
hair, and co£tmie? The char::, lies not in thein, certainly not in an
iiBsii;2.xij£±3t the.i se;..,yarateiy , Tut the cha^m is tnere, and io i;^
conijeiling and subduing.
ic;:ui
V> f.-:
I can..ot ao vey is the aty,:o-
hnau y-'U canuoo
i:.,.iiere, It is hot, thac -s, t.:e _ . , . _ _
ti::ie t.. .cre is a cool bre- ..e, even in the mid... le of the day. You
.n i£ hot , the ; ;'. r is:
:o£t of
un e
can Ji.dge t]tat it isn*t h.jr as v/it our .leat fron thv. b^-ct t.a.-u o;:,e
birdc c.re aetj-ve and Yocc.l ;.,1^ dav long, It is no\; high noon, ana th^
are actin.: alnost a;j thou;:h it ..aE four in the liiornmng.
"^n the sjirituai atrioshv^re? I shouid havest; rb..ü "uith thai:, for i.;
iE a long chaoter. I aj.-rived i^ nonth, ej.actly to i-.- day, after the
av. ..ach u.pon the ucv/s - ■'Bo.jrom-' it is called here, It a_\ ec..rs that
the ocuxunce had all thu fojailiar featuresof a _.ogroi:i - featherbeds
riy,.;ed u j , scrol.Ls of the la,u torn, :;.i:d hi;ndreds jer; ons beaten uy.
The .cojle ..ao teil y. u abo . t the iiot still speah of it with tearsi.
in their e:;ck2: voices. '..'he vict .ns ar<- all still un .erved. , , One hundred
and einity .Tews nad suf-^ered in life, J-i-n, and ...royerty, I donH
remenber ^:io\^ many actöülly died of their injurie; , An hnglish court
nartial cried the Jev/ish Self-Defence ir.eri'bers who had, v;ith the
consent of the nilitary aiithorities , I have ceen told, yrovided thenee
selves with arnis; and tw^eiity-four wewe condenned to wrison for ^ELjcguiig
varyin^. terms, their leader (Vbadi^i-ir) Jabotinshy, to L.years v-ith
labor! ....
M 1-1%'^
?fi.(\t\Z Kt?Br.€ii CcLLCc^rx^^
Jlzo
*,«*(*;■ >i^'*mM«w.»ö*Tfr*.jrt?«aw»töiHOMi»v(twyi^tfw(i^^^
/
7/^ '^SCAi^'cl^ HATei^XMU- Hö^ccAuSr t.l^ib^rE:D , i'^^S-i^'^S
SURGI-ON LiEUT. (D) M. BOYD, R.N.V.R., AND
Miss Wilson
^Tbe eiigagcment is announced of Maurice, only
jH Ol" Mr. and Mrs. N. Boyd, of 59, Cowper Street,
jeds, 7, to Pamela Wilson, B.Sc.(Econ.), yoiiiigest
iiighter of Mrs. Wilson and the latc Mr. B. Wilson,
t" Walm Lane, London, and 23, Glenmorc Road,
filisbury.
Sgt. Harold C. Cooper (R.A.F.V.R.) and
Miss Leigh
IXlie cngagcmeni is announced of Harold Cooper,
[ily son of Mrs. Cooper and the late Mr. M.
3opcr, of 45, Hamilton Court, W.9, to Daphne
eigh, only daughter of Mr. and Mrs. H. (Bert)
jigh, of 194, West End Lane, N.W.6, and Langlcy
|ousc, Amersham, Bucks.
Mr. D. Drucker, R.A.S.C, and
Miss Woods, A.T.S.
jThe engagement is announced of David, eldest
|ni of Mr. and Mrs. S. Drucker, of 18, Jebb Street,
)w, E.3, to Paulinc, only daughter of Mrs. Woods
lid the late Mr. Henry Woods, of 12, Links Avenue,
lorden, Surrcy (late of Newport, Mon., and
lockwcll).
Dr. D. ViNiNG AND Miss Wolff
The engagement is announced of David Vining,
".B., Ch.B.(Leeds), youngest son of Mr. and Mrs.
Velinsky, of 7, Badminton Terrace, to Irmgard
pna) Woiff, eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. R.
|olff, of 21, Savile Mount, Leeds, 7.
Mr. G. Heilpern and Miss Cohen
|Thc marriage of Godfrey Heilpern, of 17,
rantvvood Road, Broughton Park, Salford, to Anne
lieila Cohen, W.R.N.S., of 182, Osborne Road,
|ewcastle-on-Tyne, will be solemnised at the Jes-
lond Synagogue, Eskdale Terrace, Newcastle-on-
[yne, on Tuesday, August 29, 1944, at 2 p.m.
FiiGHi LiEur. M. Lew and Miss Fine
The marriage will be solemnised on Tuesday,
Lugust 29, J944, at 1.30 p.m. at the Synagoguf,
■ laucer Street, Nottingham, of Flight Lieut. Mon-
|gue Levy, R.A.F.V.R., third son of Mrs. Levy and
^e late Mr. Jacob Levy, of 18, Sunderland Road,
)uth Shields, to Anita, only daughter of Mr. and
frs. Max Fine, of " Delmore," 8, Loughborough
)ad, West Bridgford, Notts.
Mr. N. Levy and Miss Baker
j The marriage of Nathan, son of Mr. and Mrs. B.
fevy, of 333, Burdett Road, E.14, to Muriel, daugh-
r of Mr. and Mrs. J. Baker, of 7, Creighton Road,
.17, will be solemnised at the East London Syna-
Ijgue, Rectory Square, Stepney Green, E.l, at
]30 p.m. on Sunday, September 3, 1944.
Lini;T. L. N. Millings, Royal .Scots, and
Miss Pincus
rhc :.-.a:iiagc of Lcsiie, soti of Mr. and Mrj.
D. Millings, of 68, Pulborough Road, S.W. 18, to
^abellc, eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. A. Pincus,
" 24, St. John's Hill, S.W.II, will be solemnised at
he South-West London Synagogue, 104, Boling-
j^oke Grove, S.W.ll, on Sunday, August 27, 1944,
~ 12 noon. No festivitics atc bcing held owing to
[evailing conditions.
SILVER WEDDINGS
^ Davis : Benjamin.— Mr. and Mrs. Julius Davis
pinah Benjamin) celebrate iheir Silver Wedding on
pptember 2, 1944. The marriage was solemnised at
mdy's Row Synagogue on September 2, 1919.— 76,
Irim Hill, Hampstead Garden Suburb, and of 10,
Tt. Keyna Avenue, Hove.
CALENDAR AND DIARY
Eliul 29 days
Friday, August 25, to Friday, September 1
(Ellul 6 to Ellul 13)
|riday (Ellui 6), August 25. Sabbath begins at 8.30.
Rturday (Ellul 7), August 26. Portion of the Law
(Torah) D''IflBB7 Deuteronomy xvi. 18 to
xxi. 9. Portion of Prophets (Haftara)
Isaiah li. 12 to lii. 12. [Ethics 6.J
Sabbath ends (in London) at 9.43.
[[riday (Ellul 13), September 1. Sabbath begins at 8.
BIBLE READERS' UNION
laturday, August 26 Isaiah 9
/eek ending Saturday, September 2 Isaiah 10-16
I Partjciilars can bc obtained from tlie Bible Readers' Union,
/oburn House, Upper Woburn Place, London, W.C.l.
NOTABLE DAYS IN 1944
5704
1944
tebeth
10
Fast of Tebeth ..
Thurs. January 6
kdar
U
Fast of Esther . .
Wed. March 8
14
Purini
Thufsday „ 9
lisan
13
Passover, Ist day ..
Saturday April 8
16
., 2nd day ..
Sunday ., 9
Bl
21
7th day . .
Fiiday „ 14
22
8ih day . .
Saturday „ 15
yar
18
33rd day of «mcr
Thursday May 11
»ivan
6
Pcntccost, Ist day..
Sunday .. 28
V
„ 2nd day..
Monday „ 29
ammuz
18
Fast of Tammuz . .
Sunday July 9
kV
10
Fast of Av . . . .
Sunday „ 30
5795
rishri
1
•^cw Year. Ist day
Monday, Sept. 18
2
„ 2nd day
Tuesday „ 19
3
Fast of Gedaliah . .
Wed. „ 20
10
Day of AtotMment
Wed. „ 27
15
Tabernacles, Ist day
Monday October 2
16
2nd day
Tuesday „ 3
21
Hashana Rabba ..
Sunday „ 8
22
Shcmini Atseret ..
Monday „ 9
23
Simchat Torah
Tuesday ., 10
Cislev
25
Chanucah . .
Monday Dec. 11
rebeih
10
Fast of Tebeth . .
Tuesday .. 26
lashci Chodashim. — Shcvat, Wcdnesday, January 26. *Adar,
Friday, February 25. Nisan, Saturday, March 25. »lyar,
Monday. April 24. Sivan. Tuesday. May 23. «Taminuz,
Thursday, June 22. . Av, Friday, July 21. »Ellul, Sunday,
August 20. *Marcheshvan. Wednesday, October 18.
•Kiflev, Friday, November 17. •Tebeth, Sunday, Dec. 17.
• The prcvious day also is observed as Rosh Chodcsh
r
Mendelsoh.n : Markinson. — The marriage was
solemnised by the late Rabbi M. Abrahams and the
Rcv. S. Diamond, on August 27, 1919, at the Belgiave
Street Synagogue, Leeds, of Samuel Mendelsohn, to
Esther Markinson. — " Rosclea," 88, Park Road
Prestwich, Lancs.
Satiin : Leventhal. — On August 24, 1919, at the
Great Synagogue, Duke's Place, Barnett Sattin to
Deborah Leventhal. — 388, Banbury Road, Oxford.
No festivities are being held.
Weingott : Goldstein. — ^The marriage of Israel
Weingott (Charles Wilson) to Bessie Goldstein was
solemnised at the Great Synagogue, Duke's Place,
London, on August 26, 1919. Festivities are being
postponed. — 2, Baytree Road, Brixton Hill, London,
S.W.2.
The Silver Wedding of Mr. and Mrs. J. Maislish,
of 15, Avenue Lodge, Avenue Road, London,
N.W.8, was celebrated on August 1,, 1944, at Huntly,
Abcrdeenshire, Scotland.
SERVICES AND PREACHERS
PROVINCIAL
TO-MORROW (SABBATH)
Blackpooi., Leamington Rd. TÄc Rcv. B. ChcrricW, M.A.
Leeds, Bcth Hamcdrasli Haßodel
The Rev. Morris Nemeih, B.A.
FORTHCOMING EVENTS
LONDON
SUNDAY, AUGUST 27
Hammcrsmith Y.I. Society. Supporting Union rambic.
Willesdcn Jcwish Centre. Dance to radiogram. 8 p.m.
U.Y.I.S. Dance. Woburn Housc. 6.30. (see back page ad.)
Y.P.C. Rambic from Lcatherhead. Meet Waterloo Station,
by Dcparturc Indicitor betwecn platforms 6 and 7.
10.15 a.m. prompt. Cost: 5/6 (ine. Tca). Bring Lunch.
TUESDAY, AUGUST 2»
Central Y.I. Society. Music Circle. Populär classical nnisic
and discussion. All welcome. Woburn House, 8 p.m.
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 30
Hammersmith Y.L Society. " At Home " at Joyce Grosc,
10, Watchficld, Sutton Court Road, W.4. 8 p.m.
Willesdcn JcwisV Centre. I want to be a film star. 8 p.m.
THURSDAY, AUGUST 31
Anßlo-Palestinian Club. Mr. P. Horowitz will open a dis-
cussion on "Are we prcpared for the Peacc Conference?" 8.
Central Y.L Society. Radiograra Dance. Mcmbers 1/-;
Visitors 1/6. Büffet. Woburn House. 7.30 to 10.30 p.m.
Advcriiscmcnts, communal announccments, etc., whlch
rcach the oSficcs in High Wycombe latcr ihan TUESDAY
AFTERNOON will be held ovcr for the following issuc.
Inqukies rceardhic all matter for advcrtiscmciit coiumns
fron Ihe Manchcstci distrfct «hould bc addressed to t Mr.
DavM Biadon, 53. Acccroft Roa4 East. Prcitwlcb
*Phone • PREstwich 2899.
NAZI MYTHS IN CAMBRIDGE
Prof. Trevelyan^s Unconscious
Acceptance
From Dr. CECIL ROTH
To the Editor of The Jewish Chronicle
Sir, — I have been reading with pleasure and
Profit the latest and, in many respects, greatest
work ol" that very eminent historian, George
Macaulay Trevelyan. " English Social History: A
Survey ol' Six Centuiies," which has just been
published. Perhaps I may be permitted to call
your rcaders' attention to the few sentences
in it devoted to the Jews (pp. 32, 33, 49, and 394-5).
Thcy may be prescnted consecutively :
In 1290 Edward I had expclled the Jews from
England, so putting an end 'o the oldcr method of
raising royal loans. This expulsion of the Jews is
onc rcason why anti-Semitism is to-day less strong
in England than in many counirics of Europc: our
forefathers wcre compelled by the action of Edward I
to undcrtake their own flnancial and intellectual life
uhaidcd by Jewry, so that whcn in Cromwdl's time
the Jews were allowcd to return, the English had
learnt to stand alone, and could meet without
jealousy that ßifted race on equal terms. . . Therc
was thus no danger of Hebrew domination and of
the answcring rcaction of anti-Semitism. By Han-
overian times, England was strong enough to digcst
a moderatc influx of Jews. . . During the Scven
Years' War, Gideon Sampson [siel was important in
the City as a banker; in the next gencration the
Goldsmids camc to the front; and in 1805 Nathan
Rothschild. . . But besides the great City Jews, there
was also a low type of Hebrew moncy-lcnder now
prominent, abhorred not without reason by his
victims, the impccunious and unthrifty of all classes.
It seems to me (I hope I am wrong) that there
may be discerned in these passages conceptions
unknown in this country a geneiation ago. It is
implied that if the Jews (unlike the Quakers) of
any land exercise a considerable influence in
finance, this is to be considered " Hebrew domina-
tion " (there is no question of collaboration!), and
apparently makes anti-Semitism inevitable. The
medieval expulsions made possible the free develop-
ment of national, economic, and intellectual life,
and were thus in the long run, it seems, to the
gopd ; some countries, howcver, were less for-
tunate. A " moderate influx " only of our unfor-
tunate people can. be envisaged with equanimity.
'' The Jews " of Hanoverian England are identi-
fied with High Finance in the City and Low
Finance in the, money-lenders' dens : not with the
hard-working artisans, or the merchants, or the
poor pedlars who were so much more prominent
m the eyes of conteinporary caricaturists
No one in his senses will suspect the Master of
Trinity— of all men— of the slightest anti-Semitic
But it certainly seems that even he has
bent.
been affected insensibly by the new ideas regarding
the Jews and their place in history that have been
so sedulously spread from Hitler's Germany and
will not disappear vvith the Nazi overthrow in the
field. Such conceptions in academic circles, with
their tremendous power of infiltration, impress me
as being more dangerous than the vulgär forms of
anti-Semitic Propaganda. I have long since en-
deavoured, in vain, to direct the attention of higher
authority to this problem: I trust that you will
aflford me the hospitality of your coiumns to place
it before the Community at large.
I am, &c..
Cecil Roth.
1, Garford Road, Oxford
THE REFUGEES
INTER-GOVERNMENTAL
COMMITTEE
Closing Session
The Inter-Governmcnlal Committee on Refugees
resumed its plenary scssion on Thursday morning
in last weck at the Royal Empire Society at 1 1 a.m.,
with the Rt. Hon. Stanley M. Bruce, High Com-
missioner for Australiä, in the chair. It had com-
pleted its busincss at 12.10 and the meeting then
closed.
The draft rules for the Constitution and procedure
of the Committee and the draft financial regulations
were unanimously adopted, including two very
slight amendments recommended by the sub-com-
mittee (of which the Polish Ambassador, Count
Raczynski, had been elecled Chairman and Rap-
poTteur) which had been appointed to examinc and
report on thcm.
Count Raczynski drcw attention to the Camp at
Theresienstadt in Czechoslovakia, cstablished as a
niodel camp to which, by false reports, Jews had
been decoyed from all parts of Europe by being
given the Impression that here they would be treated
fairly and well. Hc was sorry to say that those
who had thus been decoyed were in due course
deportcd to Poland and were meted out the same
fate as betell other Jews. This was a known fact.
More Publicity should be given to it and here he
thought the Red Cross could be helpful by throwing
more light on the true facts of the position.
Count Raczynski then drew the attention of the
Committee to another matter, not actually connected
with the same subjcct. That was that the last
moment increased the danger confronting his own
and the Jewish peoples. On different occasions dur-
ing this war, he said, warnings were addressed to
those who perpetrated and permitted cruelties and
atrocilies and these warnings came mostly from Gov-
ernmeiUs. They were not very effective because no
one was impressed by warnings of that kind so long
as hc thought he still had a chance to win. Now that
we were approaching the end of the war and the
final victory of the AUied side was clear — which was
realised by the great majority of the Germans — any
additional Publicity was useful in the form of further
warnings coming from responsible Governments.
The end of the war might be a moment of particular
danger. He knew that the Germans were using
these last few weeks in order to finish their job in
VVarsaw. In the case of his own people they wanted
to do away with the elite educated classes who gave
the lead to the people. An equal danger was threaten-
ing the Jews remaining in Europe, only in their case
it was complete extermination which faced them.
Sir Herbert Emerson was reappointed Director,
on the motion of His Excellency the Hon. John
Gilbert Winant, who paid him a glowing tribute.
Hc was supported by Lord Winterton. M. Maurice
Deiean, who, adding his praise of Sir Herbert's work,
said that to-morrow France would again be a land
of liberty and asylum and French people no longer
under the care of ihis Committee. Then France
would be rcady to help the Commhicc in its work.
4^
from.
AF/^l^-/^Ci<W^
l
whatever its origin — nerve-
strain at work, war up-sets or
digestive disorder. Cephos is
being taken by more and
more people who have found
from experience that for
immediate relief from nervc-
racking head pains there is
nothing to equal this prescrip-
tion of a famous Harley Street
Physician.
REO?
,Se«'^ THE ,
PHYSICIANS'
REMEDY
Sold everywhere in Tablet or
Powder form, 8 Powders or 16
Tablefs 1/3. 21 Powders or 42
Tabie(s3/-.
SINGUAd
DOSE,^ •
2
INCLUDING PURCHASE TAX.
J
Provincial News
LEEDS EDUCATION BODIES
TO UNITE
Abolition of Class Fees
An agieemcni was reached at a mcctiiig of the
Leeds Jewish Education Board held in the Minislcr's
Room, Brandsby Lodge, which it is hoped will
shorlly lead to the complete fiisioti of all local
cducational bodics, iindcr the auspiccs of the Lceds
Jewish Educalion Board, The Rev. Isaac Cohen,
Chairman of the Board, presidcd at the meeting,
at the opcning of which a tribute was paid to the hite
Mr. D, I. Sandclson, who was President.
Mr. I. Walsh said the Board could fimction in
the future oniy if they could achieve a centralisa-
tion of all the finance and administration of the
Talmud Torah, Francis Street Classes, Moortown
Classes, and olher subsidiary Hebrew Classes.
Mr. A. M. Hurwitz supportcd the plea for cen-
tralisalion. The finance of the Talmud Torah, he
said, was obtaincd from the Community by voluntary
subscriptions. That money would be used in sup-
port of all cducational activities in the commuiiity,
providcd only that thcy conformed with the Stan-
dards set by the Education Board, and that they
acceptcd the direction of the Boards Educalion
Officer.
Mr. L. E. WIgoder seconded Mr. Walsh's pro-
posal and he was supported by Messrs. M. Glicks-
man, M. Laufer, and J. Porton. Mr. M. Silman
said that future appeals to the Community might be
made on bchalf of all Jewish educalion under the
auspices of the Board.
A sub-committee was formed, consisting of thrce
delegates each from the Board and from the three
main cducational organisations, to discuss the possi-
bilities of a fusion and to work out a detaiied scheme
for prcscntation at the Board's next meeting.
Cnnimunul Endownient of Education
At a meeting laier of the sub-committee. which
was attendcd by reprcsentatives of the Talmud
Torah, the Francis Street Classes. and the Education
Board, a rcsolution, proposed by Mr. L. E. Wigoder
and seconded by Mr. A. M. Hurwitz, was unani-
mously adopted, recommcnding (a) " that all the
Jewish cducational organisations in Lceds unite their
administration in the Leeds Jewish Education
Board," and (b) " that the Board of Shechita,
Chevra Kadisha, and the Councils of all Synagogues
be askcd by the Board to combine in a scheme for
the communal endowment of free education for
all Jewish children."
The Rev. Isaac Cohen, who prcsided. said that
half of the sum required for Jewish education could
be obtaincd from the payment of a Synagoguc capi-
tatiön of 20 per cent of the seat rental.
Messrs. M. Silman, J. Porton, and L Walsh said
that the rcmainder should be subsidised by the Board
of Shechita and Chevra Kadisha.
Mr. A. M. Hurwitz dcclarcd that undcr this
scheme all Hebrew school fees would bc abolislied,
and Jewish education would in icalily belong to llic
Community.
Tlic Anglo-Jcwish Refugcc Association hcki a
meeting at which the film " Thcre is Hopc for Tiiv
Children.'" was shown. Dr. Glaser gave an address
de.scribing his visit to Faicsliiic. Other Speakers
wcrc Dr. Ross, who prcsided, Mr. E. Hoenig. of
London, and Dr. Tennenhaus, who appcalcd on
behalf of the J.N.F.
INDUCTION OF DR. ARON COHEN
A gathering reprcsenting all the Synagogues and
communal instilutions in Leedsassembled at the Beth
Hainedrash Hagodel for the induction of the new
minister, Dr. Aron Cohen. Rabbi H. Hurwitz,
Senior Rav of Lceds, gave ihe address, inducting
Dr. Cohen into oHicc. and delivercd a praycr in
Hebrew in which he cxpiesscd the hope that the new
uppoinlment would usher in a period of greater
co-opcralion and unity ainong Lceds congrcgations.
Dr. Cohen, in an address, referred to the latc
Rabbi Daiches. Rabbi Daiches, he said, had becn
the " Tanna " ; he would have to be his " Amora."
The Rev, H. Fisher conducted the service in the
Synagogue. At the reception afterwards. at which
Mr. M. Gluckstiian, President of the Beth Hame-
drash, was the Chairman, specches were made by
Professor Selig Brodelsky, Dr. Simon Rawidowicz,
Mr. P. P. Montrosc, and Mr, A. M. Hurwitz.
At the final Council meeting of the financial
year of the Beth Hamedrash Hagodel Congregation
(at which Mr. M. Gluckstnan prcsided), the Trea-
surer, Mr. P. P. Montrose. reported that an agrec-
ment had now bcen reached with the United Hebrew
Congregation for the leasing of a portion of their
cemetcry and that the Beth Hamedrash had now
become part of the United Synagogue's Joint burial
board. In recognilion of Mr. S. Wolfson's ert'orts
in the negotiations he was eicctcd Hon. Life Presi-
dent of the congicgalion. Mr. M. Glucksman was
rc-elected President; Mr. J. Lcvine, Vice-President ;
Mr. P. P. Montrose, Treasurer; and Mr. G. S.
Lcvine. Hon. Secrctary.
LEEDS BACHAD
The programiTie of the Chug Bachad, which has
just becn reconstituted in Leeds, includes alternate
Wednesday readings (" Towards Historie Judaism"),
and Chaverim will give Sichot on the iiitervening
Wednesdays. Chaverim are taking an active part
in the work of the Tnuah for cvacuation by can-
vassing hou.ses to take children, and visiting out-
lying districts in an elforl to bring Jewish children
into Leeds.
Chaverim who have been evacuated to Lceds are
asked to gct in touch with the Chug on Wednesday
evenings at the Mizrachi Youth Cenlre, 1, Grange
View, Leeds. 7. or with the Mazkir, Felix Harris, at
14, Preston Terrace, Leeds, 7.
U.P.A. LAUNCHED IN SOUTHPORT
The United Palcslinc Appeal in Southporl was
launched at a gathering at the Qucen's Hotel, al
which the chief speaker was Councillor J. D. Mack,
M.P, Mr, Marcus Davies, Chairman of the Appeal
Committee, prcsided.
Councillor Mack made an impassioned ippeal for
a self-dcnial elTort by the Southporl Jewish Com-
munity to rescue as many children as possiblc from
the horror of Nazi-occupicd counlrics. In the dark
pages of Jewish history which were being written
at ihis monient, he said, only one ray of hopc shone
for our pcople — Palcslinc : and il behoved cvery
Jew and Jewess to support this mosi important cause.
Mr. Mack was supportcd by the Mayor (Coun-
cillor F.. TomiinsonX ihc Dcpiity Mayor (Councillor
11. W. Barbcr), Chaplain A. Hascikoin (U.S. Ariny),
and Rabbi Dr. A. E. Silvcrstonc.
A subslanlial part of Southport's targct of £.'>.()00
has becn conlribuied. Al tiic meeting. Mr. Mack
was handcd a chcque for £l..'^48 by Mrs. H. Living-
stone, on bchalf of the Womcn's Commitlcc, of
which slic is Chaiiman.
Conlributions to the appcal should bc senl lo
(hc Treasurer, Mr J. Simisli, 170. Lord Street.
•k Ladies' Mizrachi Organisation, Manchester ■*•
A SYMPOSIUM iTEtoA^T
Joseph Mamlock House, 142, Bury Old Rd.
on Sunday, August 27, at 7.30 p.m.
SPEAKERS: Mrs, I. BURSK (Daughters of Zion)
Dr. B, HIRSH (Manchester Zionist Assoc.)
Mr. F. PINCZOVEI (Mizrachi)
Uß/ECT: "WHY I AM A ZIONIST"
• IN THE CHAIR : Mrs. L. WISLICKI •
JU DE A NS
REOPEMNG
Sunday, 27ih
6.30 to 10. .^0
Membcrs nnist obiain insitations
Viaaaaaaaaa^ not latcr than
\UK. 26. fniiii n. AI.KX ANDER. 41, WcIliiiKlon .St. West,
• UNION . OANTF
: NEWS ■ ^^^^^
LATEST AUTUMN
MATERIALS
Ncwcst .Silks, Drc-..<< Wuollcns, Contiiies
MORGENSTERNS
26. HIGH STREET, MANC HESTER
lliil^nritv ^- Bl RY NKW ROAD
• ■■tu IW IIA IVIjinchester, 8 (BLA. 6^S5)
TALISIM AND MACHSORIM
Tefilin, Mc/uzot, Sidurim, Cliumoshim, etc.
FIVE SONS SERVING
Manchester Family's Record
The five sons of Mrs. S. Rosenfield and the latc
Mr. Isaac Ro-scii-
^i field, of 8, Pcii-
r o .s c Street,
Cheetham, Man-
chester, 8, are
all serving in
the Forces,
L / Corporal
Bernard Rosen-
field, aged 31,
is in I r a q ;
Gunner Joseph
Rosenfield (29)
is in the R.A.;
Cpl. Sidney
Rosenfield (28) is serving in India; Ronald (23) is]
Bernard
Joseph
Sidney
Ronald
Frank
in the R.A.F.; and Sgm. Frank Rosenfield (21) is|
in Italy.
All live were at one time membcrs of the Man-
chester Jewish Lads' Brigade.
JEWISH WAR SERVICES
HOSPITALITY COMMITTEE
From «le Rev, L, GLICKMAN iCliainnan), andj
Mr. M. M. FIDLER (Chairman, Manchester Uniun]
of Jewish Literary Socielies).
To the Editor of The Jewish Chronic le
Sir. — With the approach of tlie Festivals wc are againj
niaking arrangemcnts for the ncccssary hospitality fori
membcrs of the Forces. May we. thereforc, throußh thcl
coiirtcsy of yoiir cohimns. appeal to the gcnerosity oll
Manchester and district hou.scholders by askin« them toi
ofTer sleepiiiK accommodation and meals or meals onlyf
durink' the Festivals.
We are awarc of the fact that. owini» to the prescncci
of a larKc niimber of cvacuees. many may not be ablel
to provide sIcepiiiR accommodation. biit we carncstlvl
trust that this will not prevent them from opening theirl
homes for meals so that membeis o(, the Forces ma'.'
cnjoy a traditional Jewish home atmospherc. Wc fec\
that it is not necessary to strcss that all ofTcrs of hospi-|
tality will he dccply apprcciatcd.
At ihc samc time wc invite membcrs of the Forcesl
who dcs'rc to spcnd Rosh Hashana aiid Vom Kippii.i
with Jewish faniiiios to communicatc with Miss Dorccif
.Stenibcrji. c'o C'oiincil of Manchester and Salford Jc\vs,|
II. .Mhcil .Square. Manchester 2.
Wc are. i^-c.
L. GLICKMAN.
MICHAEL M. IIOLLR.
')■'. Downham Crostcnt. Prcsiwich. lancs.
NON-JEWS WELCOME JENMSH
HOSPITALITY
Soldicrs' Letter To Manchester Club
Thrce non Jewish membcrs of the Forces h;ivl
written appreciiitivcly from ovcrscas to the Man]
ehester Jewish Workingmcn's Club and 1 orcet
Centre. Tlicir nanio are Ac. GootVrey Rose]
R.A.F., Douglas Moore, and GeoflVcy Wykc. Thj
lettcr rcads, in part, as foilows :
"Wc are taking the libcrts of writing thcse levl
lincs to thank \ou for the vcry enjoyable evenings wj
spcnt at the club during our stay in camp ncaj
Manchester.
"Last week-end during a short Icavc in JohanncsJ
bürg wc spcnt a pleasant c\ening at the Jewish Guilf
and receivcd the samc hospitality and welcome as wj
did at home.
"We should likc to bc remembered to all ou|
fricnds wc met at tiie club."
The Manciiester J.N.F. Commission rcports tha|
in July eight Golden Book inscriptions wer
receivcd. The Commission receivcd during June
eleven Sefcr Haycled inscriptions and eight in Jul>j
Mr. Sydney Sugarman. who was stage manager a|
the Manchester Union of Jewish Literary Societic-
Annual Drama Festival in Maich, has bcen givcn
pcn and pencil by the Union in recognition of hii
Services. The presentation was made by Mr. M. N'|
Fidler, Chairman.
The following were eicctcd at the annual meetini
of the Manchester Poale Zion : The Rev. S. J.NV'eis^l
Chairtnan : Mr. P. Davies, Vice-Chairtnan : Mnl
Yclta Segal and Mr. L. Bernstein. Joint Hoi|
Secretarics: Mr. Kay, Treasurer; and Mr. Cj
Nispcl, Hon. Financial Secrctary.
BIRMINGHAM CULTLRAL
SOCIETY
The Birmingham Jewish Cultural Society orgaiil
ised a dance, entertainmcnt. and auction. in aid o]
the Unilcd Jewish Relief Appeal for Polish Rel'ugecs
at the Communal Hall on Sunday and laiscd £25<)|
A brains trust session was held with Mr. Ashcf
Shcnfield as Qucslion Master, and Messrs. A. Hj
Berman, S. Bran. V. S. Hockley. Councillor j|
Silverman, and Di. S. Wand comprising the trustj
A sketch was written and produccd bv Mr. Harri
Levine, and Mr. F. Alec Colman conducted lli|
auction. The chairman of ihc organising cotnmitief
waB Mr. Harry Harman.
This week's issue of the Birmingham Wt i ki 'I
Post contains a contribution by Mr. Harry Lcvinj
to the " Notes and Qucries " page on the Histor'
of the Old Ceincicry in Bcthoiom Row. Five Way-
Mr. E. Alec Colman, Chairman of the Birml
inghain Zionist Council, rccenlly addresscd
meeting of the Birmingham Daughters of Zion. ;il
the home of Mis. J. Kaiman, 80, Fcrndale Roai.'J
Hall Green, on the subjecl of " l'alesline — TN
Last 25 Years— and the Ne\t 10." Mrs. R. Coo i|
man ptesided
March 19, 1943
ZIONIST REVIEW
■/ / . {■
CC
They will not come here . . ."
HEROISM IN THE GHETTO
The foUowing is contained in a letter
from Palestine, published in the
"Congress Weeltly":
...I returned to Palestine during tlie
days of naourning. But moie than I
read in the newspapers, I heard from
two girls— members of Dagania B —
who had just returned from Poland.
They are not Speakers — they could not
talk at all. Tears choked them. But
what they did say was horrible. "It is
not necessary to prepare anything in
Palestine for the Polish Jews. They
will not come here. Not even one will
remain." A girl who remained in
Poland, on parting from these two
girls, had said to them: "You will
return to your country, to your Kvutza.
Take a little stone, or a small marble
slab, inscribe my name on this
slab and lay it in the cemetery. My
name at least will be there, if I could
not reach the country myself." And
the girls broke out in sobs. "We could
not decide to return to Palestine when
we obtained permission to go. Our
families, our friends, our colleagues,
all the Jewish people, were left there —
forever. There is no nced to prepare
for them here."
* ■:■:• w
WHEN the red nightmare is over
and survivors of the massacres
will retell the story, the nameless thou-
sands who perished will again assume
the features of living human beings
who had gone to their death, some
shattered and trembling, others with
doflance and saintly courage. For the
prosent the mass massacres form only
an enormous blotch of red before our
eyea, but two tragic events serve to
reveal that the eternal light of human
devotion and faith in the Almighty
was more overwhelming than the utter
darkness of Nazi bcstiality.
Cne of thesc was the murder of 250
children cf the "Medem Sanitarium".
This Institution was located in the
pine woods of one of the summer
places near Warsaw and cared for the
sickly, undernourished, morally crippled
children from the poorest Jewish sec-
tions in Warsaw. There the children
were brought up in the healthy atmo-
sphere of kindness, love and self-
reliance. For almost three years the
Nazis did not dare touch this Institu-
tion and provided it with the necessary
food supplies. Then they decidcd that
the food could be used by them
more advantageously elsewhere. The i
Gestapo came and offered the staff of
teachers and caretakers the alternative
of remaining and being murdered
together with the children, or abandon-
ing the chiildren and saving their
lives by accepting employment in some
Nazi enterprise. The staff chose the
former and perished with the children.
The other incident, which in heroic
grandeur overshadows the most strik-
ing tales of the Sanctification of the
Name abounding in Jewish lore, is the
coilective suicide of the 93 young women
of the Beth Jacob school of Warsaw.
This school where young girls were
brought up in the traditions of Jewish
orthodoxy was also unmolested by the
l^?x,:-:i ior almcst three years. Then on
August 11, 1942 the teacher of the
KChool wrote a letter which v/as for-
wardcd through Switzerland to New
York. In this letter she teils:
In age we are from 14 to 23; the
younger ones are afraid. I try to
recall Mother Sarah's (the founder
of the school) teaching of the Torah.
It iii good to live for God, but it is
also good to die for Him. Yesterday
and the day before we were given
hot baths and we were told that
German soldiers would come to-night
to Visit US. We swore to ourselves
that v/e shall die together... The
Germans do not know that our last
bath is our purification before death.
Today everything was taken away
from US and we were each given a
nightgown. All of us have poison.
When the soldiers will come we shall
drink it. Today we are together
and all day we are saying our last
confession.
Any attempt to add "colour" to this
letter would only profane the eternal
light of purity and self-sacriflce which
it will forever carry... (The name of
Lidice was made to live again in this
country. Jewish women of America
owe it to their 93 sisters of Warsaw
who glorified the purity and sanctity
of Jewish womanhood for all ages to
orect a memorial which will serve that
ideal of Jewish womanhood for which
these young women have given their
lives.)
tt
Deeds not words"
he "Manchester Guardian" pub-
lished the following editorial last
week:
Offlcial
"While the programme for the
Ottawa Conference on refugees is being
drawn up 'Britain,' said Mr. Eden, 'is
proceeding with the measures already
initiated.' It has a warm, comfortable
sound, like buttered toast, and is
equally elusive. No measures have
been initiated except that we have pro-
mised to admit to Palestine a fewthou-
sand refugees from the Balkans whoni
we were due to admit anyhow, and
about them the latest Information
came from Mr. Stanley on February 26:
'I understand that no movement of
these persons has yet taken place' and
'I am not yet in a position to make
any statement on the prospect of the
transport of further refugees to Pales-
tine.' Inspiring summary of measures
already initiated! One would like
rather to knov/ what the Colonial
Office and the Foreign Offlee between
them are trying to do in order to in-
crease the scanty transport facilities
from the Balkans by way of Turkey
to Palestine. One would like also to
know about Iraq. On February 3, Mr.
Silverman asked Mr. Stanley what
Steps had been taken to induce Iraq to
let refugees pass through to Palestine,
in Order that we might not have to
incur a heavy bürden on transport by
taking them round by sea. Mr.
Stanley replied: 'I think, that satis-
actory arrangements have now been
iiade.' This did not mean, as some
hought, that Iraq had at last agreed
o do what was right and decent, but
nly that we had ourselves arranged
or transport by sea. Here 'measures
Iready initiated' means that Iraq (our
lly) defying both us and elementary
lumanity, 'gets away' with it."
In the course of an editorial "Deeds
not words" London's "News Chronicle"
wrote on Friday as follows:
"Twelve weeks have elapsed since Mr.
Eden read to the Commons the
Declaration of the United Nations con-
demning Hitler's Wholesale extermina-
tion of the Jews. The whole House
rose and stocd in silence in support of
this Protest against barbarism. But
what have we done towards imple-
menting our brave words? Nothing.
The answers which Mr. Morrison gave
yesterday to qi\estions by Mr. T. E.
Harvey and Miss Rathbone suggest
that the Government's attitude is one
of sheer inaction. Meanwhile, the
slaughter of the Jews goes on.
Professor A. V. Hill estimates — in a
recent letter to the "Times" — that
Hitler's toll of victims averages 14,000
a day. Sanctuary on any terms would
be better than certain death. Such
quibbles as Morrison puts forward are
repugnant to the conscience of
humanity. Does not Parliament care
enough for its good name to do every-
thing possible to give practical effect
to its resolutions of sympathy?"
LIVERPOOL'S PROTEST MEETING
At a meeting held in the Liverpool
Town Hall on Tuesday a resolution
was passed expressing horror at the
brutal massacres of Jewish people in
Europe by Nazi Germany; welcoming
the declaration of the Government that
those responsible should not escape
retribution, and expressing confidence
that the Government would do all in
its power to provide sanctuary for the
victims.
The Speakers included the Bishop of
Liverpool (Dr. David) and the Roman
Catholic Archbishop of Liverpool (Dr.
R. Downey).
(Hampstead Protest Meeting — Page 10)
^
"Struma" Catastrophe ComiHemorated
Special Services were held in all
synagogues throughout Palestine to
commemorate the 759 victims of the
"Struma" tragedy which cccurred a
year ago. The "Struma", a boat with
refugees from Rumania, after lying in
Istanbul harbour for two months, was
forced by the Turkish authorities to
return to Rumania and sank a few
miles outside Istanbul on February
24th, 1942. The refugees had been re-
fused admission into Palestine on the
ground that they were "enemy aliens"
who had left Rumania with the per-
inission of the Rumanian authorities.
«I
March 19, 1943
l Palestine predacts lY
A scBt to Russia *^
/ skniBITION AT KUIBYSHEV
Everything that Palestine can supply
to Russia is included in an exhibition
which will be opened shortly in
Kuibyshev. The exhibition has been
arranged by the Jewish Agency in con-
junction with the Histadruth and the
Association of Jewish Industrialists.
The exhibits are being brought to
Teheran by a delegation of representa-
tives of the three organisations, headed
by Mr. David Remez. The delegation
will also bring to Teheran twelve am-
bulances of the most modern type as a
gift for the Red Army. Representa-
tives of the Palestine Victory League
for Russia, which organised the Aid
to Russia campaign, are accompany-
ing the delegation. The ambulances
are fllled to capacity with Palestine-
made medicaments and surgical Instru-
ments. A selection of the exhibits will
be packed in Teheran in a 30-pound
box which will be handed over to
Soviet representatives for dispatch to
Kuibyshev, where a miniature exhibi-
tion of Palestine products is to be
organised.
^
800 Pupils for Farm Work
Eight hundred pupils of the seventh
form of Jewish secondary schools in
Palestine are proceeding this week to
various parts of the country to do
farm work. This step has been taken
in accordance with national service
requirements.
ZIONIST REVIEW
All Inglorions Chapter
(From Page 4)
Jews of Palestine should not be con-
sidered "at this time". It is remark-
able to find the American Jewish
Committee and Emir Abdullah in
agreement, even though the latter sees
no need for an "international trustee-
ship", being satisfled with an Arab
government immediately. Did the
American Jewish Committee so quickly
forget the White Paper which it so
vehemently denouneed at its 1940
meeting? Does the American Jewish
Committee now approve of the White
Paper's liquidation of the Balfour
Declaration? Why then had it no
word to say on the subject at a time
when restrictions on Immigration are
so palpably cruel in the face of the
destruction engulfing Jews? Ignoring
the pressing present, the American
Jewish Committee plays with the
future — and with the destiny of count-
less Jews who today so desperately
need the compassion and, more, the
firm support which American Jewry
can muster to strengthen their rights
to the Jewish homeland.
A clear answer!
It is nothing short of consummate
hyprocisy that at the very same session
at which this destructive "statement
of principles" was adopted a resolution
should have been passed authorising
the continuation of negotiations with
the Zionists! After having presented
the Zionists with a jait accompli, after
having publicly aligned its strength
with the enemies of Zionism, the
American Jewish Committee parades
itself as a reasonable Organisation
prepared to sit down and talk things
over! Not only has the Committee
placed seemingly insuperable obstacles
in the way of its further negotiations
with the Zionists but it has apparently
ignored even its own Research Com-
mittee which, at least as far as the
public is concerned, has not yet issued
any report on its flndings on post-war
demands. We are also entitled to know
from the American Jewish Committee
whether, in the light of all its protesta-
tions of flrm Americanism, it is pre-
pared to participate in the forthcoming
American Jewish Assembly, already
approved by thirty-two leading Ameri-
can Jewish organisations? Or will the
Committee insist that its own formula-
tion of a Jewish Programme is
inviolable?
The new "policy" represents a moral
decline for the Committee itself as
well as a further humiliation for the
harassed, beaten Jewish people. It
would indeed be tragic if that is where
the matter is allowed to end. The
American Jewish Committee, confronted
with live issues in a realistic world,
will find it impossible to hide behind
high-sounding phrases. It will have to
provide a definite answer: does it plan
to remain outside the fold in this sor-
rowful hour in Jewish history or will
it join hands with the rest of the Jew-
ish people? On its answer depends
its own future and its role in the
making of Jewish history.
THE THIRD WAR APPEAL OF THE PALESTINE FOUNDATION FUND FOR £250,000
U^ Tready to
^ ;« Palestine «^anö t^irope.
6
ZIONIST REVIEW
March 19, 1943
The Weapon oj Treachery
(
I
"I consider anti-Semitism as a
possible criminal movement and every
anti-Semite as a possible traitor to
America."
— Wendeil Wilkie, July, 1940.
ANTI-SEMITISM has been a prob-
lem cver sincc the Jewish Dispersion.
A weak rootless minority, unique among
the world's peoples in their absence of
a homcland, the Jcws have been the butt
and target of abuse. persecution and mas-
sacrc through the centurics. /l]b£— PE%
textSj as Max Nordau once observed, have
changed from time to time, . but the^
hatred remains. That it is irratronäl and
Srr!TTTman**"a1t~TÄen of goodvvill recognise
automatically. That it is dangerous is
not so universally accepted. "Anti-
Semitism," said Lloyd George, "has no
basis in reason; it is not rooted in faith;
it aspires to no ideal." Yet its encour-
agement has always been accompanied by
inspired exhortations of a renegade rel-
igious, moral or political order. The
sadistic savage w^ho could murder a Jew-
ish child at its mother's breast was able
to rationaHse his cruelty by reference to
somc reHgious or poHtical "message"
trumped up by the pogrom leaders.
A politicai motive
Scarch the histories of anti-Semites.
You will find a political motive beneath
the surface that at the time went un-
rccognised. «J^ef^ycl^ <;n}-t^er and vou will
discovcr political careensm as TW main-
spring of the anti-Scmitic leader's pur-
pcsc. And the greater the immediate
success of nnti-Semitism, the deeper the
degradation of the country, the morc
tragic Vits betrayal. (Anti-Semitism as a
movenknt, let it be repeateS^'^tra»'_alwavs
been poHticallviüSöircd. But untiTreccntly"
Tt War-TT5c3inainTy as an internal
political weapon — the achicvcmcni of
State power by onc party, the domination
cf one intcrest within a State by anothcr.
And the political implications of an anti-
Jew'ish movement were rarely noticed.
This lack of appreciation paved the way
for Hitler, for he saw beyond all others
its vast political potentialities, if wiclded
by men to whom guile, faithlcssness and
brutality were the virtues, and toleration,
freedom and humanity the crude vices of
wcakness. He rccognised too that its
power could be infinite as long as his
enemies remained unaware of its lethal
qualities. Hitler was thus able to fashion
anti-Semitism into the most destructive
political panzer unit cver conceived. Long
before his stcel tanks had been forged,
Hitler had moulded political tanks out of
anti-Semitism, armed them with twin
mounted mortars, smoke and high ex-
plosives and flung them among his
enemies. Many who are today fighting
Hitler are oblivious of the most insidious
weapon of the Nazi armoury. They
still regard anti-Semitism as an isolated
phenomenon, unconnected with anything
political.
The thcsis is inescapable that anti-
Semitism is the key weapon launching
an offensive of treachery. This has been
brilliantly illustrated in James B. Lunn's
sixpenny booklet "Treachery and Anti-
Semitism" (published by Hutchinson &'
Co., Ltd. 48 pages, 6d) which should hi
I
a "must" book on every democrat's
reading list. Had the implications of this
carefully documented account been un-
derstood by statesmen nine years ago, this
war might have been averted. And this
is no hyperbolic flight of fancy. (The
(kptee of anti-Semitism ij^a symptom '"
.aggresive mtentionsT^^Yet how many, in
Vi 93 3 al!Tt""^e years' following, read the
vvriting on the wall? How many even
By '* Critic
ff
today see the red light when they see
anti-Semitism? If they would but probe
the origins and activities of every fascist
movement, they would discern the mark
of the traitor beneath the skin of the
anti-Semite. Vidkun Quisling Stands for
all time as the synonym of foul treachery.
Who had heard of Quisling before
spring 1940? Few in Britain outside
the British Union of Fascists. But to
them he was known. In the first issue
of their fascist quarterly, early in 1937,
a long article by Quisling emphasised
that the struggle between a Nordic World
Federation and Judaism was inevitable.
An address to the Norwegian Nazi Party
calling upon all Nordics to unite in the
fight against "Jev/ish Marxism" showed
early in the trend of the traitor.
They helped the Nazis
Holland was sacrificed by the Dutch
anti-Semites who actively helped the Nazi
invaders in the sijj3Jugation of their coun-
try. Leon Degrclle, the Belgian anti-
Semite, was advocating already in 1936
the return of the Belgian provinccs of
Eupen and Malm to Germany. In 1938,
after some advicc from Goebbels, hc was
dcmanding the dcprivation of civic rights
for Belgium Jcws. With the German In-
vasion Degrellc and his fricnds assisted in
the cnslavemcnt of their own country.
Harsh measures against Jcws immediately
followed. In Rumania, anti-Jewish ex-
cesses under the inspiration of Codreanu,
Goga, Cuza, and the Iron Guard shocked
even a world hardened by the events in
Nazidom. The anti-Semitic victories were
followed by attacks against the liberal-
democratic system; then came Rumanian-
German rapprochemcnt; then came Rum-
anian slavery. In Hungary, anti-Semitism
as a State policy and the delivery of the
country to Germany went band in band.
Increased collaboration with the Nazis
was concurrent with a progressive harsh-
ness in Hungary's anti-Jewish decrees.
Today Hungarian soldiers are fighting
Germany's battlcs, slaves of a vassal State
dying on the battlefields for their masters,
directed to death by anti-Semitic traitors
whose safety in office is protected by Ger-
man arms. As long as Bulgaria's policy
remained independent and neutral, therc
was no talk of anti-Semitism. Then in
the autumn of 1940 anti-Jewish laws were
introduced. A few weeks later, the Bul-
garian Government handed the country
over to Germany. They joined the Axis.
Today German troops occupy Bulgaria. In
Czechoslovakia, anti-Semitism had small
success in the Czech areas. But fascism
with an anti-Semitic, pro-Nazi platform.
raised its head after Munich. Anti-Jewish
demonstrations v.'ere accompanied by at-
tacks on Dr. Benes and the Czech Gov-
ernment. When Hitler marched into
Prague, Gajda and his gang welcomcd
them, Gajda becoming "leadcr of the
Czechs within the protectorate." Czecho-
slovakia was destroyed by its anti-Semites.
Poland is an example of internal dis-
sension and anti-Semitism being combined
to undermine the foundations of the State.
When a short-sightcd govcrnmcnt with
Beck as Foreign Minister bcgan "collab-
orating with Germany," anti-Jewish meas-
ures were hardened. The unity of the
country against the Nazi danger was des-
troyed. The Jewish question was used
as a lever to destroy Poland from within.
In France everyonc prominent in the be-
trayal of their country was prominent in
anti-Semitic practice. Flandin was de-
manding a purge of "undesirable aliens"'
at the time he was connecting his fricnd-
ship for Germany as exemplified by his
congratulation telegram to Hitler after
Munich. Marcel Deat's appeals to
Frenchmcn "not to fi^ht and die for Dan-
zig" were accompanied by anti-Semitic
tirades. Anti-Jewish laws followed im-
mediately on the French collapse. Under
Petain and Darlan, French Jews were de-
prived of civic rights.
Corrupt traitors
Every country which has been betrayed
to Hitler has been delivered by Quislings
who used anti-Semitism as a weapon of
treachery. The most unscrupulous anti-
Semites have proved the most corrupt
traitors. And the connection is not in-
cidental. The bond is evident too in the
fascist groups of thosc countries which
are still happily free. In the Middlc
Fast Arab nationalism v.as hold to be a
nlausiblc alibi for the Mufti's anti-Jew-
ishncss. After he fled fn^m Palcstine, the
Mufti continued bis simultfmcous pro-
Nazi and anti-Jewish intrigues in Syria,
Iraq and Iran. In Iraq whcre hc was
one of the f omenters of Rashid Ali's anti-
British coiip, the attempt to delivcr the
country into Gcrm?n hands be?an nml
endcd with anti-Jewish outbrenks. Tho
Mufti is now an Axis official. Britam's
traitors also made much use of the anti-
Semitic weapon. And Havv Haw, of
course, achieved notoriety in this country
as WiUiam Joyce, the anti-Semitc. In the
U.S.A. the picture is the same, Hitler's
game being played by the anti-Semites,
the Friends of New Germany, the Silver-
shirts, the Klu Klux Klan, the Christian
Front, the America-Deutscher Volksbund,
Father Coughlin, the r.'^dio priest and his
"Social Justice" movement, all of whom
sought to keep America safc for Hitler.
American Isolationists like Lindbergh, Nye
and Wheeler did not hesitatc to use the
anti-Semitic weapon to preserve the U.S.
for Nazidom. Hov/ many recognised the
profundity of Wendcll Wilkie's warninv^
in July 19-10: "I consider anti-Semitism
in America ns a possible criminal move-
ment and every anti-Semite as a possible
traitor to America." The truth of this
axiom holds for all countries. For as
long as there is anti-Semitism, there is
Potential treachery, dissension, conflict and
finally war. LAnd is_that the kind of
; World order for whiclT'we^äire^tighting?
s
ZIONIST REVIEW
March 19, 1943
ß^Uncle Hertz^s Party
"I do not know what will become of
; • the child, or what he will grow up
to be. He is silly — a wet rag, a weep-
ing creature. He never stops crying,"
Said my mother to herseif. She dressed
ine in my Yom-Tov clothes, the while
thumping, pinching, and smacking me.
And she expected that I should laugh
and not cry. She buttoned up my coat,
which was so tight for me that it made
the eyes bulge out of my head. The
sleeves were very short, and my red-
blue hands looked as if they grew out
of the sleeves and were swollen. This
my mother could not pass over.
"Just see his hands," said she, and
smacked them, to make me hold them
down, out of sight. "When you are
sitting at Uncle Hertz's table, you
must keep your hands underneath. Do
you hear what I am telling you? Your
face is not to be red like that of the
neighbour's girl Yeidecha — not com-
paring you with her! And you are not
to Stare at me with your tomcat eyes.
Do your hear what I say? You must
behave like a man. And mind your
nose. Oh, what a nose it is."
I do not know how my nose has
offended my mother more than any
other feature of mine that shie should
be its deadly enemy. Surely it is a
nose like all other noses. It's a little
thick, a little red, and a little turned
up. But is that any reason why it
should be tortured? Believe me, there
were times when I prayed to the Lord
to take my nose from me. Let it fall
off, and let there be an end of it. I
often pictured myself getting up in the
morning, and finding myself without a
nose. I went over to mother after
breakfast. She caught hold of me:
"Woe is me! Where is your nose?"
Said I: "What nose?" I feit all over
my face, and, I looked at my mother
with a smile of satisfaction. I thought
to myself: "It serves her right. Let
her see what it means to have a son
without a nose". Childish thoughts!
Foolish thoughts! My nose grew, and
I was disgraced along with it.
More than at any other time my
nose suffered at Yom Tov— at Purim,
for instance, when we went to Uncle
Hertz's party<
Uncle Hertz was not only the rieh
man of the family, but he was the
leader of all the leaders of our village,
and of all the villages around and
about US. It was always Reb Hertz,
and Reb Hertz, and Reb Hertz.
You can understand that he had
several flery horses, and a Tarantass
of his own. When he drove, the wheels
rattled so loudly that the whole
village ran out to see him flying by.
He sat at the top of the Tarantass,
with his beautiful round, bronze beard,
and his hard grey eyes. He shook
himself to and fro, and looked down
at everything through his silver spec-
tacles, as if he would say, "How can
you, rubbish, compare with me? I am
the wealthy Hertz, and I am driving
in my own carriage, and you are
Kasrillevka, nothings — nobodies, beg-
gars that roll in the mud."
I don't know how the other people
feit, but I hated my Uncle Hertz, I
could not look at his fat, red face.
Above all, I hated his cough. He had
a cough all his own. It was followed
by a lift of the Shoulders, a toss of the
head, and a pursing-up of the lips. It
was as if he meant to say: "Have
manners. It is I, Reb Hertz, who
coughed. Not because I caught cold
— God forbid! But just because if I
want to cough, I cough."
I cannot understand our family.
A Purim Story
by
Sholem Aleichem
Why are they all so excited at Purim,
when they are getting ready iCor Uncle
Hertz's party? I think they all love
him as much as they love sore eyes.
Even my mother, his own sister, does
not love him. When the older chil-
dren are away from home (she does not
mind me), she blesses Uncle Hertz
with curious blessings. She says that
she hopes next year he will be in her
Position. But let anyone eise say a
Word against Uncle Hertz, and she will
tear their eyes out. I once heard my
father let fall a word. You think that
he offended mother? He only said,
"What news? Has your Hertz come
or not?" And she gave it to my
father, poor thing! He could find no
place for himself.
"What do you mean by 'your Hertz?'
What sort of talk is that? Why is he
mine — why?"
"Yours, of course. Who eise's is he,
mine?" began my father, angrily.
But it was useless. My mother at-
tacked him on all sides.
"Well, if he's mine — what then?
Does it not pay you to own him? Do
you not like the family? Perhaps you
lost your inheritance on him? Yes,
perhaps you never had a favour from
him. Eh?"
"Who says I hadn't?" replied my
father, mildly. He wished to make
peace. It was useless.
"Perhaps you have better brothers
than mine? handsomer, better, nobler,
more respected, and richer than him.
Eh?"
"Enough! Let there be an end!
Leave me alone!" cried my father.
He puUed down his hat, and flew from
the house. He had lost the battle, and
given in to mother, as usual. She al-
ways wins, not because she gives it
bot to father, but because of Uncle
Hertz. Uncle Hertz is very rieh, and
we are his poor relations...
* * *
"Are you ready for the party?" asks
my mother of my father, the second
day of Purim.
"I should say I'm ready," replied my
father, putting on his Shabbos coat.
"Where are the children?"...
My father went flrst, his coat tails
lifted. After him, in a new pair of
men's top-boots, went my mother. She
wore the big boots because of the thick
mud. After her went my sisters,
carrying sunshades. (Can you teil me
what sunshades are wanted for at
Purim?) After them, my brother
Moshe-Abram waded through the mud.
He held my band, and looked for dry
spots. He always managed to get into
the deepest ruts; each time he jumped
out again, as if he had been scalded....
That is how we arrived at our Uncle
Hertz's party. Though it was still
broad daylight, a number of candles;
and lamps were already burning oni
the tables. The tables were laid. A
huge Purim roast took up a large part
of the centre of the table. Around it
was gathered the whole of our family^
— all our aunts and uncles and cousins..
They were all poor folks, more or less.
They talked quietly among themselves,
and waited respectfuUy. Uncle Hertz
was not to be seen. And Aunt Hertz —
a woman with white pearls, and black
lips and artiflcial teeth — was busily oc-
Cupied at the table. She put out the
plates, and counted us, and was not
afraid of giving us the Evil Eye. The
door opened. Uncle Hertz came in.
He was dressed in his Yom-Tov clothes—
in a long, shiny silk coat, with very
Wide sleeves. He wore on his head
the round cap that he kept for Purim
parties and for Seder nights. The
whole family bowed to him. The men
smiled peculiarly, and rubbed their
hands together. The women bade him
"Good Yom-Tov". And we young folks
stood like plaster statues. We did not
know what to do with our hands.
Uncle Hertz looked at us all — the
whole family — downward with his hard
grey eyes, though his silver spec-
tacles. He gave a little cough, and
said to us:
"Why do you not sit down? Sit
down. There are chairs."
The whole family sat down on the
edges of the chairs, afraid to touch
the table, lest, God forbid! any härm
should come to it. A terrible silence
feil upon us all. We could hear the
candles burning. A streng light shone
in our eyes, but in our hearts was
darkness. We were not only hungry,
but we did not want to eat. Our
appetite was, all at once, taken from
US, as by strong hands.
"Why are you silent? Teil us some-
thing, say something," said Uncle
Hertz. He gave a little cough, lifted
his Shoulders, tossed his head, and
pursed up his lips. The family were
silent. No-one dared to utter a sound
at Uncle Hertz's table. The men
smiled foolishly. They wished to say
something, but did not know what.
The women glared wildly at one
another. Their eyes spoke. And we
young folks were burning as with the
measles. My two sisters exchanged
looks, as if they had never seen one
another before. My brother Moshe-
Abram looked out into the world. His
face was pale and frightened. No-one,
no-one dared to say a word at Uncle
Hertz's table...
Uncle Hertz looked at us all again
out of his hard grey eyes, coughed,
lifted his Shoulders, tossed his head,
pursed up his lips, and said:
"Well, why do you not go and wash
your hands? Go and wash your hands. •
There is the water."
Having washed our hands, and said
the blessing, we again sat around the
table, and waited until Uncle Hertz
should say the blessing over the bread,
and Start carving the huge roast. We
(Continued on Fa^e 11)
March 19, 1943
ZIONIST REVIEW
9
London membership drive
Z.F. CAMPAIGN'S PROGRESS
The Zionist Membership Campaign
is making considerable progress. New
members are invited to sign declara-
tions identifying themselves with the
policy of the World Zionist Organisa-
tion. This campaign has led to a
substantial in'crease in the number of
public and drawing-room meetings and
to the emergence of new Zionist
societies.
East London
Mr. Fund, organiser for East London,
reports that 63 new members have en-
listed since the commencement of the
campaign, and that the membership of
the East London Zion Association now
exceeds 200. A special meeting was
held last week on the premises of the
Vine Court Synagogue. A public meet-
ing has been arranged for Purim, at
which the Mayor of Stepney will
preside and the Speakers will include
Mr. Barnett Janner.
St. John's Wood
Mrs. Goldberg, district organiser for
St. John's Wood, reports that 22 new
members were enrolled, bringing the
membership of the society to 156. The
activities of last week include a lecture
by Rabbi H. Swift on Palestine and
Rabbinical Literature, and several
drawing-room meetings have been
flxed.
North London
Dr. Shaeffler, district organiser, re-
ported that 24 new members were
enrolled last week, bringing the total
of the society (Stamford Hill Zionist
Society) to nearly 200 members. On
Sunday a public meeting was held at
the Clapton Synagogue, addressed by
Dr. Shaeffler. A drawing-room meet-
ing took place on the 17th March
at the house of Mr. Wagner, and a
public meeting of all societies in North
London is being organised for the end
of this month.
Golders Green
Mrs. Tuchband, who has just been
appointed district organiser for Golders
Green, reports that the local society
has now a membership of close on 100.
Miss Harriet Cohen will address a
meeting in Golders Green on the 23rd
March, and a drawing-room meeting
will subsequently take place at. the
house of Mrs. Prevezer. Councillor
C. Barclay, the Chairman of the
Society, has, together with Mrs.
Tuchband, initiated the membership
campaign by paying house to house
calls.
Barcai
The Barcai Zionist Society announce
that they have now appointed Mr. &
Mrs. Arnold Harris to be the district
organisers, and that the membership
campaign will commence at the begin-
ning of April.
HONOün
THYFATHEti
AND THY
MOTHEli
l^.^H
North-West London Poale Zion
PURIM CONCERT
with participation of well-known
Jewish Artists
on Saturday, March 20th, at 8 p.m.
at the JOSEPH FREEDMAN HALL,
Dunstan Road, Golders Green, N.W.ll.
Dancing to Johny Martin & his Band.
Admission 3/6; Youth & H.M. Forces 2/6
Never before have the Jews had a greater call to obey this
ancient commandment. The enemy seeks to snap the
cx)ntinuity of our eternal race. Monuments and stones
may be desecrated by the hands of tyrants — but the
memory of Israel is everlasting. There is no higher tribute
we can pay to our parents than by inscribing their names
in the Golden Book of the Jewish National Fund in
Jerusalem. By doing this we do more than hand down to
posterity the memory of their beloved names, joining our
own family in the Company of some of the greatest names
in history. Help to redeem the land of our forefathers and
to provide in the names of those we have loved, a home
for the homeless.
Writc now for fuller particulars to the Jewish National Fund
65 Southampton Row, London, W.C.l. Museum 3249/53
R A K U S E N'S
d e I i c i o u s
M ATZO S
FOR THE PASSOVER
•
GUARANTEED
STRICTLY KOSHER
•
PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW
WITH YOUR GROCER
\\
10
ZIONIST REVIEW
March 19, 1943
The Reader's Point of View
HYDE PARK MEETINGS
To the Editor, "Zionist Review".
SIR, — I have read with much interest
your note on page two of the issue
of the "Zionist Review" dated 26th
February last, with particular refer-
ence to the spread of anti-Semitism
and the work of the Nazi Agents. The
"News Chronicle" letter quoted in your
article gives a clear indication that
there are many friends ready to help
in defeating what I term the "Under-
gi-ound Movenf>.ent of anti-Semitism"
but I have not been satisfled as yet
that füll advantage is being taken of
the frequently manifested desire on
the part of non-Jews to assist in com-
bating the insidious Propaganda of the
so-called "anti-Semites".
On Sunday last I was attracted for
the second time to the platforms of
the public Speakers in Hyde Park and
there I found an Irishman holding his
ground against what appeared to be a
fairly critical and semi-hostile crowd.
This Irishman appeared not to have
had the beneflts of higher education,
but what he laeked in that respect
he made up fully in sincerity. Until I
joined him he was alone in his genuine
Support of the Jews. Even a casual
glance was sufflcient to convince me
that there was no-one willing to de-
clare himself in support of this
Irishman — either Jew or non-Jew. I
think it is not asking too much for
one of the Jewish Organisations to
make it their business to keep in
touch with the meetings held in Hyde
Park. They should not be satisfled to
leave it to one or two non-Jewish
friends to take up publicly the fight
against anti-Semitism, without some
support from the Jewish Community.
G. W. T. COLES,
Lieut.-Colonel.
Standbrook House,
1 - 2 Old Bond Street, W.l.
; "CAN IT BE TBUE?"
To The Editor, "Zionist Review".
SIR, — The hurried Insertion and the
wording of the paragraph in last
week's "Zionist Review" ander the
heading "Can it be true" without
awaiting or confirming the facts from
Soviet sources was, lo say the least,
most unnecessary. The facts on In-
formation received from M. Molotov,
as stated by M. Litvinov, the Soviet
Ambassador in Washington, to Mr.
William Green, President of the
American Federation of Labour, on
Fbruary 23rd, are as follows: —
"For active subversive work against
the Soviet Union and assistance to
Polish Intelligence organs in armed
activities, Alter and Erlich were sen-
teneed to capital punishment in
August, 1941. At the request of the
Polish Government, Alter and Erlich
were released in September, 1941.
However, after they were set free and
at a time of the most desperate battles
by Soviet troops against the advahcing
Hitlerite army, they resumed their
hostile activitie??, including appeals to
Soviet troops to stop the bloodshed
and immediately conclude a peace with
Germany. For this they were again
arrested and, in December, 1942,
sentenced once rnore to capital punish-
ment by the Military Collegium of the
Supreme Court. The sentences were
carried out in resard to both of theni."
Youra, etc.,
HARRY LYNFORD.
3 Elton Street, Leicester. March lOth.
IThe Soviet Authorities have con-
firmed the report. The charges
against Erlich and Alter, two well-
known flgures in the Jewish and
International Labour Movement, are,
in our view, sheer nonsense. — Editor,
"Zionist Review".]
MORE DISCUSSION
To the Editor, "Zionist Review".
SIR, — After digesting the "Zionist
Review" year in and year out I
would like to ask you kindly to devote
one entire extra page to "Letters to
the Zionist Review". Naturally
ailicles are very important and they
aie frequently most enlightening, but
there are many subjects which only
find their way into the "Zionist
Review" every now and then, but upon
which your readers might wish to delve
for some time; especially with a volun-
tary movement as the Zionist Organi-
sation it is important to give the view
of the individual member as much
Space as possible. Results might be
achieved far more effectively through
a correspondence in your paper, than
by means of an article or a speech.
To my mind many Zionists seem at
present seriously to review such sub-
jects SLS fund-raising campaigns,
membership campaign, post-war relief,
post-war aims and demands as well
as the entire strueture of the Zionist
Movement. There are naturally plenty
of other subjects, and it. is not enough
to "ration" a Society's delogate with
five minutes of open criticism, com-
ment or Suggestion per year and then
to maintain silence for another twelve
months.
Yours faithfuUy,
(Miss) H. STEIN.
130 Park way,
Welwyn Garden City, Herts.
IS IT FAIR?
To the Editor, "Zionist Review".
SIR, — Your editorial under the above
heading will be deeply resented by
Zionists throughout the country. Mr.
Horowitz has rendered too long and
valuable Services to Zionism for any-
thing he has to say to be treated on
the basis of personal attack. I have
no wish to take a part in the contro-
versy, but from personal knowledge
of Mr. Horowitz for a number of years
— I remember him as honorary secre-
tary of the Federation at the end of
the last War — I can assure you he is
not the type to act from motives of
"revenge" in relation to Zionism. No,
Sir, your editorial is deflnitely unfair,
and I wish to register my protest
against what I ccnsider as little short
of an outrage.
Yours, etc.,
W. BILMES.
16 Chessington Avenue,
Finchley, N.3.
Britain's tradition of liberty
HAMPSTEAD CITIZENS' MEETING
A MEETING, representative of all
'^ religious denominations, public
bodies and associations in the Borough
of Hampstead, was held at the Town
Hall on Tuesday to protest against the
"Nazi organised annihilation of the
Jews."
The Mayor, Alderman S. A. Boyd,
J.P., presided and the Speakers were
Sir Wyndham Deedes, Mrs. Edith Eder
and the Rev. W. W. Simpson.
A resolution was adopted urging the
Government to grant temporary asylum
in their own territories and in terri-
tories under their control, especially
Palestine, to such refugees from Nazi
pe.r.secution as may succeed in making
their way there, and to make every
effort to induce similar action on the
part of other Governments of the
United Nations.
Sir Wyndham Deedes said that some
people were disposed not to believe the
stories of massacres, saying they were
only another example of Jewish Propa-
ganda. Anyone who had read
Hitler's "Mein Kampf" and knew any-
thing about his policy need not be in
very much doubt. He was out to
exterminate a whole people and was
all too successful in carrying out his
policy.
It cast a certain reflection on them,
said Sir Wyndham, that the doors.of
this country were not open. Could
military security reasons seriously be
advanced? These people would not
mind being put in a camp. Palestine
was the one country which was in a
Position not merely to receive with
open arms but to support and give
work to almost any number of refu-
gees.
Mrs. Eder ridiculed the Suggestion
that if the doors of England were
thrown open the country would be
flooded with refugees. There was no
Chance of flooding, she said. This
country used to stand for toleration
and liberty to the stranger and it
would be a wonderful thing if that
tradition were carried on still — if the
gates were not narrowly shut while
statesmen considered.
The Jews feit themselves a nation
and therefore claimed the right for a
Homeland of their own. "I ask you
English people, generous people, who
stood behind Balfour when he gave
the Balfour Declaration to give us a
Chance to get our refugees there, to
settle in that country which without
disturbing a Single Arab could take at
least three million Jews," she con-
cluded.
The Rev. Simpson said it was part
of their responsibility to see to it that
any tendency of anti-Semitism was as
effectively checked as it could be.
Ml
\
^
March 19, 1943
Witkin the Movement
An important meeting took place
recently in Bradford, which was at-
tended by a large number of Gentiles
and Jews. The Lord Mayor and
Mayoress and lepresentatives of all
Churches were on the platform. Mr.
Jerome, Chairman of the Bradford
Zionist Organisation, was in the chair.
Lady Snowden, guest of honour, ex-
pressed herseif strongly in favour of
immediate relief and extended rescue
action for the persecuted Jewish
people. Mrs . Michaelis-Stern, repre-
senting the Women's Appeal Committee,
on whose behalf the meeting was
called, gave a vivid report of some
aspects of the work of the Children
and Youth Aliyah.
ZIONIST REVIEW
Birmingham Zionist Council, on the
fundamentals of Zionism. Mr. J.
Podhorzer presided. A discussion fol-
lowed in which Dr. Pinner, Dr.
Rappaport, Mr. E. A. Colman and
others participated.
11
The Brent Bridge Women's Zionist
Society recently held an 'At Home' for
members and friends at the house of
Mr. and Mrs. B. Behrman, of
Danescroft Avenue. Dr. N. Barou took
the chair, and an audience of 120
people heard an inspiring address by
Mrs. Edith Eder. Tea and a musical
interlude foUowed. As a result of this
gathering, a great number of new
members were enrolled.
The Edgware Women's Zionist Society
held an "At Home" at 49 St. Margaret's
Road, Edgware, by courtesy of Mrs.
Friedman. The function was or-
ganised by Mesdames Friedman,
Lightstone, Steinberg, and the Com-
mittee. The sum of £134 was raised
for the Women's Appeal Committee
"Save the Mothers and Children"
campaign.
Mr. J. Ben Jacob addressed a
meeting under the auspices of the
The Annual Purim Social of the
Bedford Zionist Circle held at the
Dujon Rooms on Saturday evening,
was opened with two Palestine
films. After a concert, Rev. B.
Cherrick, M.A., presented a Golden
Book Certificate on behalf of the
Zionist Circle to Mr, A. L. Markovitz,
who is the J.N.F. Commissioner for
Bedford. •
One of the greatest meetings ever held
in the Union Hall of the University
of Cardiff recently took place under
the chairmanship of the President of
the Union, Mr. Alun Williams. The
meeting unanimously passed a resolu-
tion expressing its horror at the Nazi
persecution of the Jewish people and
demanding "that every effort be made
by His Majesty's Govenment to save
those Jews left alive and that every
restriction against the Immigration of
Jews into Palestine be removed." The
Rev. M. Merchant, University Lecturer
in English said that no orthodox
Christian could forget the soll in which
his faith was nurtured and no humanist
could ignore the tremendous cultural
contribution which the Jews had made
to the world. The Rev. A. Baum said
that it was hard for a Christian to
understand how a Jew feit when he
had to speak on behalf of Jewry's
martyrs. A Jew in Britain had not
only to mourn his dead but also to
vindicate them against every calumny
which the German Propaganda machine
had successfully instilled into the
fabric of British life.
HAVE YOU GOT YOUR ZIONIST MEMBERSHIP CARD?
YORKSHIRE JEWY'S UNIQUE
OPPORTUNITY OF HEARING
PERSONAL
YEHUDI MENUHIN
In aid of the J.N.F. Charitable Trust
(by arrangement with Mr. Harold Holt)
At the piano Marcel Gazelle
On Tuesday, SOth March, at 6.0 p.in.
at the Town Hall, Leeds.
Tickets at prices from 3/6 to One guinea
obtainable at Messrs. Archibald
Ramsden, 38 Boar Lane, Leeds.
Telephone: LEEDS 31293
JEWISH NATIONAL FUND.
DOES anyone know the address of
Mr. Alfred Frisch, formerly of
Stamford Hill? Write Box 6.
MARRIAGE. A social bureau with
a difference. We arrange really
suitable introductions, with the utmost
tact and discretion. You can rely on
U3. — Myers, 42 Carlton House, HD
Lower Regent Street, London. S.W.l.
Abbey 3522.
ROOM required for meetings by the
East London Branch of Habonim.
Please write to Pordes, c/o "Habonim",
67 Great Russell Street, W.C.l.
JEWISH NATIONAL FUND
NORTH WEST REGIONAL COMMISSION
(Edgware, Finchley, Golders Green, Hendon, Kingsbury)
CELEBRITY CONCERT
in aid of the
' J.N.F. CHARITABLE TRUST
On Siinday, 21st March, 1943, at 2.30 p.m.
at the Golders Green Hippodrome, N.W.ll.
IDA HAENDEL, MARK HAMBOURG, ^
IRENE EISINGER, MISHA SPOLIANSKY, ERNEST URBACH.
A limited number of tickets, at prices from 2/6d. to £2 2/-, are still
obtainable. The Box Offlee will be open on Sunday from 10 a.m.
UNCLE HERTZ'S PARTY
(From Page 8)
sat silent, as if we were dumb. We
would have liked to taste something;
but, as if out of spite, Uncle Hertz
made a long ceremony, as if he were
an extremely pious Jew, a Rabbi. At
last we saw the roast being cut up.
But before we had swallowed the flrst
bite, Uncle Hertz a§:ain stared at us
all, coughed, lifted his Shoulders,
tossed his head, pursed up. his Ups,
and said to us:
"Well, why don't you sing? Sing a
song for the party. Surely, it is Purim
in the world to-day."
The whole family stared about them,
whispered among themselves, told each
other to sing, and argued. "Sing
something!" "You sing!" "Why I and
not you?" This went on so long, that
at last one man started a song, —
Avroemalle, Uncle Isaac's son. He was
a young man whose beard would not
grow, who blinked his eyes, had a
squeaky voice, and thought he could
sing.
I do not know what song Avroemalle
wanted to sing. I only know that he
pressed his fingers on his wind-pipe,
and started in a falsetto voice. He
squeaked out in his thin, high-pitched
voice a sad melody, the while making
a face that was sadly funny. Only a
god or an angel could have kept him-
self from exploding with laughter.
Opposite me were the young folks.
They stared with such eyes that one
would have had to be stronger than
iron not to burst out laughing.
Mine was the flrst explosion, and
mine was the flrst smack. I got it
from my mother. But it did not cool
me; on the contrary, it called forth
from the young folks, and from me
also, a fresh explosion of laughter.
The fresh explosion meant another
smack. After the smack more laughter,
and after the laughter another smack.
This went on until I had to be taken
from the room. I was brought to the
kitchen, from the kitchen to the street,
and froni the streeet I was marched
home, bruised, beaten, and wet with
bitter tears.
From that hour I cursed my tear-r.
I cursed the Purim, I cursed the party,
I cursed Avroemalle; but, more than
all, I cursed my Uncle Hertz. May he
forgive me for it! He has long gone
to the better world. On his grave is a
memorial stone — the finest in the
graveyard. On this stone are carved
in golden letters the names of the
qualities which distinguished him in
his lifetime: —
"Here lies a good, honest, kind man,
Loving, generous charitable, and
sympathetic,
Faithful, a lover of his fellow . . ."
And so on.
May he have a bright Paradise!
SANTOR PAPER LTD.
45 St. Pancras Way,
London, N.W.l.
Manufacturers of
Hygienic Paper.
Zionist Review, March 19, 1943
ti, -
•■' THE
ANGLO-PALESTINE BANK LTD.
Incorporated 1902
STAFFORD HOUSE, 20, KING WILLIAM
STREET, LONDON, E.C.4.
General Management - TEL AVIV
Branche»:
Tel-Aviv, Jaffa, Jerusalem, Haifa, Tiberias,
Safad, Petah Tikvah, Hedera, Hadar Hacarmel,
Rehovoth.
Affiliations: The G^HfiMPiltt^gage Bank of Palestjne
Limited, Tel-Ajfvii The( ^^B. Trust Company
Limited, Tel-Aviv.
UNDERTAKES EVERY DESCRIPTION
OF BANKING SERVICE FOR BUSINESS
WITH PALESTINE.
ESSENCE OF
DRESS'SENSE
Make a Note of These
Saturday, March 2(>th.
Mishmar Habonim. Gedud Meretz: Oneg Shabbat, 40,
West End Lane, N.W.6. 8 p.m. Geud Hanoar: Oneg Shabbat,
8 p.m., 6, Netherhall Gardens, N.W.3.
Heatid. Purim Function. Refectoiy Restaurant, 911,
Finchley Rd., Golders Green, N.W.ll. Members 3/-, Guests 4/-.
Jacob Ehrlich Society, St. Peter's Vicarage, Belsize
Square, N.W.3. 5 p.m. Purim Festival, arranged by Dr.
Ch. Tennehaus.
W.C. Branch of the Jewish State Party and "Herzlia"
Purim Meeting at "Ohel", 91, Gower Street, W.C.l. 6.45 p.m.
Sunday March 2 Ist.
Mishmar Habonim. 7.30 p.m. Big Purim Neshef. 40,
West End Lane, N.W.6.
Y.P.C. Bumper Purim Party. 7 p.m., at the house of
Mr. and Mrs. Stonehill, 87, St. Gabriel's Road, N.W.2.
Association of Jewish Ref ugees — Bradf ord. Midland
Hotel. 3 p.m. Meeting. Speakers: Dr. K. Alexander and
Mr. C. J. Dernberg,
Theodor Herz! Z.S. Purim Social. 3.30 p.m. 28d,
Belsize Park Gardens, N.W.3. Tea 1/6. Entertainment.
Seminar on Jewish History. 77, Gt. Russell St., W.C.l.
10—11.30: Prof. H. Bentwich: "The Period of the Second
Temple. Judaism and Hellenism". 11.30—1 p.m.: Mr. J.
Cohen: "The Herzl Period".
Croydon Z.S. Inaugural Meeting and Film Show
"Collective Adventure". 3 p.m. Speaker: Dr. L. Schafler.
Monday, March 22nd.
Bar-Kochba. Annual General Meeting, Classroom,
Golders Green Synagogue, Dunstan Road, N.W.ll . 7.30 p.m.
Tuesday, March 23rd.
Golders Green Zionist Society. Miss Harriet Cohen:
"Freedom for the Jewish People". 8 p.m. Classroom,
Golders Green Synagogue, Dunstan Road, N.W.ll.
A.P. Club. Hebrew Speaking Circle. Purim Festival.
Choir directed by Prof. S. Alman. Soloist: Rev. J. Goldstein.
Chairman: Mr. Leon Simon, C.B. 7.30 p.m.
Wednesday, March 24th.
N.W. London PoaJe Zlon. Baruch Rosenthal on
"Socialism in the Making" (2nd lecture in the series
"Labour Zionism"). 8 p.m. 57, Eton Avenue, N.W.3.
W.C. London Poale Zion Weekly Lunchtime Meeting at
91, Gower Street, WC.l. 1—2 p.m. Mr. A. R. Rollin:
"Jewish Labour Movements in England".
Thursday, March 25th.
Tarbuth Organisation. Jerusalem — London, Hebrew
Living Newspaper. Chief Editor: Dr. D. Biegun. 8 p.m.
57, Eton Avenue, N.W.3.
St. John's Wood and Maida Vale Zionist Society. The
Rev. A. Baum. 8 p.m. 33/35, Abbey Road, N.W.8.
Edgware Zionist Society. Mr. E. Broiäo will answer
"Any Questions". 8.30 p.m. Synagogue Hall, Mowbray Road.
HERSHELLE MODELS are lold by the beUer
fashion houses throughout the country.
Published by the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and
Ireland, 75 Great Russell Street, London, W.C.l. Printedby
The Narod Press (T.U.), 129-131 Cavell Street, London, E.l.
\/\
From Chemists, Hairdressers
and all good Stores —
tKe superfine cosmetics
for which Woman has
been waiting ^%
\
Zionist Review,
March 19, 1943
HEROI^iM IIV THE GHETTO— Pa^e 7
ZIONIST REVIEW
A Weekly Survey of Jewish Affairs
Vol. VIII. No. 12 {I\ew Series)
PRIDAY, March 19th, 1943
ADAR II. 12th, 5703
IRegistered at the G.P.O. <, ,
as a nezo.spaperl ^^
A Heritage of Munich
kiR. EDEN'S Visit to Wastiington has stimulated still
fuither the widespread discussions about the structure
of the new world. Talks about the future are no mere
speculations; they are wise preparations for the end of
the war which, one day, may take us completely by
surprise. It is only natural that the Jewish people should
be deeply concerned about the future of Palestine. So far,
no indication has been given, by those in authority, on
how they envisage the Solution of the Jewish problem and
the further development of the National Home. The
country is being governed under the terms of the White
Paper of the 17th May, 1939, a document which even its
supporters know in their heart of hearts to be completely
unworkable. It has neither legal nor moral validity
behind it.
It is known to all acquainted with modern history that
"unquestionably... the primary purpose of the Mandate
as expressed in its preamble and its artides, is to promote
the establishment of a Jewish National Home" (Royal
Commission Report, 1937, page 39). The Permanent
Mandates Commission made it perfectly clear, however,
"that the policy set out in the White Paper was not in
accordance with the Interpretation which, in agreement
with the mandatory Power and the Council, the Com-
mission had always placed upon the Palestine Mandate".
Moreover, four members of the Commission feit unable
to State that the policy of the White Paper was in con-
formity with the Mandate, any contrary conclusion
appearing to them to be ruled out by the very terms of
the Mandate and by the fundamental intentions of its
authors." The other members, three in number (including
the representative of the Chamberlain Government)
considered "that existing circiimstances would justify the
policy of the White Paper, provided the Council did not
oppose it." (Our italics.) Circumstances have changed
considerably since the days of appeasement. The Council
of the League of Nations was never consulted about the
White Paper. Time was found to convene the Council in
December 1939 to expel the Soviet Union from the League.
But no opportunity was given to member-states to declare
their views about a document which meant the unilateral
abrogation of the Palestine Mandate — an international
Obligation undertaken by this country — through which it
was made responsible for putting into effect the Balfour
Declaration in favour of a Jewish National Home.
(Preamble to the Mandate.) Whatever the future of the
League of Nations may be, the Mandate remains a binding
document for all concerned until such time as a new inter-
national authority emerging after the war, introduces a
change in the political status of Palestine.
The White Paper is an arbitrary measure which must
be considered illegal from the point of view of international
law. It was adopted a few months before the outbreak
of war, when the Chamberlain Government was concerned
not with international good faith and justice, but with
appeasing the pro-Fascist Arab leaders. The White Paper
was the subject of important debates in both Houses of
Parliament, when it was severely critidised by members of
all political groups. It was offlcially repudiated by the
Labour and Liberal Parties and a great number of Con-
servatives went in the lobby against the Government or
abstained from voting. It was adopted in the Commons
with a comparatively small majority of 89, which, in view
of the great strength of the Government's following, consti-
tuted a moral defeat. Even more important is the fact
that members of the present Administration condemned
the new Palestine policy in the strongest possible terms.
Mr. Amery declared that he could never hold up his head,
if he voted for it. Mr. Herbert Morrison said that "it ought
to be known by the House that this breach of faith, which
we regret, this breach of British honour, with its policy,
with which we have no sympathy, is such that the least
that can be said is that the Government must not accept
that this is going to be automatically bound upon its
successors. They must not expect that." Mr. C. K. Attlee,
Sir Archibald Sinclair and Sir Stafford Cripps opposed the
White Paper policy; so did other members of the present
Govenment; above all the Prime Minister, who, in one of
his most brilliant speeches, said: —
"This pledge of a home of refuge, of an asylum, was not
made to the Jews of Palestine but to the Jews outside
Palestine, to that vast unhappy mass of scattered perse-
cuted wandering Jews whose intense, unchanging, uncon-
querable desire has been for a National Home... What is
that but the destruction of the Balfour Declaration? What
is that but a breach of faith? What is it but a one-sided
denunciation — what is called in the Jargon of the present
time — a unilateral denunciation of an engagement... What
will our political enemies think?... Will they not be
tempted to say: 'They are on the run again. This is
another Munich'."
The moral and legal validity of the White Paper is not
greater than the ill-famed Hitler-Chamberlain pact, which
led to the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. The British
Government has formally denounced the Munich Agree-
ment. The time has come when those concerned with
implementing Palestine policy must realise that it is not
in the spirit of appeasement that we are fighting this war.
There can be no return to the days of 1938-39. If the
United Nations are really determined to build a new world,
a Solution will have to be found for the great problem of
Jewish homelessness and suffering. There can only be one
way: to implement the original purpose of the Balfour
Declaration and the Mandate, and to help to build Palestine
as a free Jewish Commonwealth based on equal rights for
all its inhabitants.
In the course of the dramatic debate on the White Paper
in the House of Commons on the 23rd May, 1939, Mr.
Churchill declared: "It is twenty years ago since my right
hon. Friend — [Mr. Neville Chamberlain — Editor, Z.R.] — used
these stirring words: 'A great responsibility will rest upon
the Zionists, who, before lonjg, will be proceeding, with
joy in their hearts, to the ancient seat of their people.
Theirs will be the task to build up a new prosperity and
a new civilisation in old Palestine, so long neglected and
misruled.' Well, they have answered the call. They have
followed his hopes. How can he find it in his heart to
strike them this mortal blow? "
Let those who have to decide the destinies of the Jewish
people and Palestine, ponder well over those fine words
uttered at a time when the world stood on the eve of the
great catastrophe.
/■
/
ZIONIST REVIEW
March 19, 1943
The lesson of Puriifi
"THERE is a certain people, scattered abroad, and
' dispersed among the people in all the provinces of Thy
kingdom; and their laws are divers from all people, neither
keep they the King's laws; therefore it is not for the
King's proflt to suffer them. If it please the King let it
be written that they may be destroyed." (Haman in the
Book of Esther.)
How many times have we Jews heard these words
throughout cur long histoi'y? Xenophobia is nothing new.
People are not always prepared to respect those who are
different. If the stranger is stronger, then people are
frightened; ,if he is weaker, there is contempt and
hostility. The task of real democracy is, of course, to bring
into being a feeling of sympathy and brotherhood between
human beings and nations. The creation of equal oppor-
tunities for all is a task of still greater importance. What
the Jewish people need most is an equal status among the
nations, and this cannot be achieved without a real
Homeland for dispersed Jewry. If democracy is determined
to destroy the possibility of the emergence of a new Haman
or Hitler, it must go to the root of social and national
Problems. Palliatives will only help to delay matters for
a while; they will not avoid a new calamity for mankind.
Have yim asked your neighhour'i
II AVE you ever asked your Jewish neighbour whether
** he is a member- of a Zionist Society? If we take
seriously the membership-drive proclaimed by the Zionist
Federation, then there is only one course open to us: to
go from dcor to door, canvassing personally. This
is the only effective method of reaching the masses. We
must talk less in generalities about the Organisation of
Zionism, and get down to practica] work. Every Jew is a
Potential member of the Movement. It is up to us to
challenge him. Let us go to it!
Chief Babbi's tribute to Cardinal Hinsley
Addressing students of Jews' College on Wednesday, the
Chief Rabbi said: "The world's life is poorer to-day through
the passing of Cardinal Hinsley. No-one feit more deeply
the outrage of the Nazi assault on humanity; no-one gave
nobler utterance to England's horror of the planned and
systematic slaughter of myriads by the ghouls of Berlin;
no-one was more anxious for the speedy salvage of the
doomed victims, than this great Catholic ecciesiastic. We
recall the teaching of the Rabbis:
"The righteous of all creeds, races and peoples are heirs
of immortality."
Political tasks of the Zionist Movement
Dr. Neumann's statement
Dr. Emanuel Neumann has resigned from his position
on the American Emergency Committee for Zionist Affairs.
Reviewing his activities in the Emergency Committee he
declared: — "Without belittling the work which has been
done, including my own modest contribution, I must warn
against under-estimating the difficulties and the seriousness
of the Position. There is no ground for undue optimism
regarding our political Situation. With respect to the
present British administration in Jerusalem, it is hopeless;
in London, it is bad; in Washington, it \s usatisfactory.
No amount of skilful negotiation and persuasiveness on
the part of our political leaders at the 'front line' can
succeed unless it is supported by an effective and sustained
activity 'behind the lines'. This is no time for relaxation
of our political efforts. We have done perhaps ten per cent.
of what needs to be done. Matters are approaching a stage
where every day couhts. Opportunities now missed may
be irretrievable." '■ . ,
Palestine's growing part in the war-effort
INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION
THE "Economist" writes:
"The outstanding feature of the economic development
of Palestine in the third year of the war was its growing
part in the war effort and its industrial expansion. The
threat of Invasion was removed after the summer, but it
had stimulated recruitment. The number of Jews enrolled
in the military or defence forces of Great Britain and the
Allies rose to about 28,000, and the number directly serving
military needs exceeded 60,000. Some 15,000 factory
workers were engaged solely on Army Orders, another
15,000 in military camps and Workshops, and 5,000 in trans-
port. Nearly 10,000 Arabs also were enlisted. Army Orders
rose from fP4,000,000 in 1941 to fP10,000,000. Besides this
striking increase in the hoi.ie market, exports for the
year were nearly three timc3 the value of the exports of
1941. In the flrst six months the value of industrial
products exported increased from fP165,000 to £P580,000, of
un-manufactured goods from £P135,000 to £P400,000, and of
foodstuffs from £P200,000 to just on £P400,OOO. The prin-
cipal items of industrial production were clothing and
Chemical and pharmaceutical products. Another industry
making great strides is diamond cutting, in which nearly
3,000 workers are now employed. The Imports for the year
were double the value of the previous year. It was notable
that the orange crop, which has been greatly reduced by
the conversion of the younger orange groves into other
forms of agriculture, was entirely utilised. Only about
half a million boxes are exported; but a larger quantity
is converted into citrus oil, and the rest is consumed in
the country or by the armed forces. Corresponding to the
fall in orange growing is the increase in the production
of cereals, vegetables and dairy produce.
The Government flnances are satisfactory. The revenue
expected for the year 1942-43 was £P6| millions, of which
£P2 millions was from Customs, a similar amount from
direct taxation and licence fees, and £P700,000 from the
nev/ly intrcduced income tax. It was possible during the
year to convert the Palestine Government loan issued in
1927 at 5 per cent. to a loan of fPSi millions at 3 per cent.;
£P850,000 of the original issue was repaid. The currency
in circulation continued to rise— from £P13 millions to
£P20 millions — and bank deposits to increase. The rise in
the cost of living, which amounted to nearly 200 per cent.
over the level at the outbreak of the war, led to further
Government measures, including rationing, price control
and control of proflts. The new defence regulations included
comprehensive measures for the prevention of profltering,
the flrst law of its kind in the Middle East, which had an
imraediate effect on commercial life. The price of the prin-
cipal foodstuffs was controlled in the municipal areas, and
the Government also took control of the principal raw
materials in the country and of the principal Imports."
CO-OPERATIVE PARTY RECEIVES HISTADRUTH
REPRESENTATIVES
A deputation from the Palestine Labour Political Com-
mittee representing the General Federation of Jewish
Labour in Palestine — Histadruth — was received by the
Executive of the Co-operative Party. Mr. Berl Locker,
who led the deputation, reported on the achievements of
Jewish Labour in Palestine and outlined some of the Prob-
lems now facing them. The Chairman expressed warm
sympathy with the efforts of the Co-operative Movement in
Palestine and suggested that in the interests of both sides,
future coUaboration would best be served by maintaining
closer contacts. To this end it was agreed that a Memo-
randüni should be drawn up and submitted by the
Deputation, indicating the line of common action.
A three-days Conference of the General Federation of
Labour in Palestine was opened in Tel Aviv. The Con-
ference is devoted entirely to the discussion of economic
Problems. In particular it will consider the economic Situa-
tion resulting from the part played by the country in the
Middle East war effort, as well as various labour Prob-
lems and the taxation policy of the Government. The
Conference will make also an effort to evolve a plan for the
transition from war-time to peace-time economy.
"' .K
The Narod Press Ki.^-'^ -""-
V.:_
•>*:imimmi^-
March 19, 1943
ZIONIST REVIEW
I\otes from London
Brass Täcks
By Mrs. Edgar Dugdale
future will still have to be settled.
Those who are not invited to stay
where they are, or who are not
desirous of doing so, must either be
replanted in their native lands, or
transplanted again somewhere eise.
In considering these *solutions (which
are not mutually exclusive) the
pORTY thousand people flocked to down apathy and prejudice and selfish humanitarian impulse is not the safest
Madison Square Garden the other interests, and win their flght on behalf Ruide. Moved by it, many people con-
day to witness the Performances of a of the oppressed and the enslaved. tinue to be attracted by the search for
solemn pageant commemorating the But theirs was a long fight, and time fresh "Ugandas" and seem to feel no
Jews slaughtered by order of Hitler, was on their side, for it was never too qualms at the prospect of creating Jew-
and entitled "My People Shall Live" late to put a stop to child-labour in ish minorities in countries where none
A thousand actors took part, supported mines or factories, or to set slaves such at present exist. There are few
by hundreds of rabbis and cantors. free. Wherein they had the advantage subjects about which the British are
The great flgures out of the past of over our present-day "prodders" on s"ch poor realists as they are about
Jewish history flrst moved across the refugee problems. Last week in the niinorities. The lesson of the break-
stage; these scenes were followed by House of Commons this stalwart com- down of the Minority Treaties has not
episodes showing the living generation pany left Mr. Eden under no mis- been learned in this country. The
cf Jews taking valiant part on the apprehension about the prevailing Treaties were designed to give scope
battle-fronts of this present war, in anxiety lest the suggested Conference for goodwill, and a desire to remedy
the armies of the Allied Nations; the at Ottawa should waste time and not grievances, which was not in most
finale was a vision of the future, in save it. They tackled the Home Secre- cases forthcoming, so that the provi-
which the shadowy hosts of the mur- tary about revision of the Regulations sions for making and receiving com-
dered dead approach the Peace Con- against entry of aliens from occupied plaints merely embittered quarreis and
ference Table to plead their cause cou itries, which Miss Rathbone intensifled the hatreds. At the present
before the arbiters of the world's described as "cruelly restrictive". But stage of international relationships, to
destiny, after the overthrow of the Mr. Morrison once more dug in bis multiply minorities is to ask for
oppressor. toes. "The policy must stand for the trouble. But there are many people
This spectacle must have impressed time being", he declared, and gave not prepared to do this in the case of the
and stirred the imagination of the a hint that it might be reconsidered. Jews, who nevertheless shrink from
many who saw it to a degree impos- "The vital thing," he said, "is that we the mere idea of asking the Arabs to
sible to achieve through the printed must win the war, and then deal with modify a tittle of their extreme na-
word. The Propaganda power of huge these people". Yes! but at this rate tionalist Claims or to consider at all
dramatic representations has never Hitler may be able to save Mr. what the whole Arab world owes to
been developed in England as in Morrison, or his successor, most of Allied arms, and what the prosperity
America or in Russia— not to speak of that trouble. In terms of numbers, the of Palestine owes to the presence of
Nazi Germany. Anyhow it would "Jewish problem" diminishes with the Jews in that country. There is,
probably be impossible, under present hideous rapidity day by day in occu- however, another school of philan-
conditions, to reproduce in London Pied Europe. Pressure on the Govern- thropic thought with regard to the
anything on the scale of the pageant nient has to be kept up and intensifled. Jewish future, which cling.s to the hope
staged in New York. We have to do Nevertheless it is fervently to be hoped that many refugees will return to their
what we can by less novel, and less that all the fresh thought and energy former homes and pick up the threads
striking, methods, to make people which is being thrown into the rescue of life where they were broken off.
think of the "Jewish problem" as one campaign will not cease to invigorate The degree to which this will happen
of the major questions for the Peace public opinion when the time comes to must depend on the feelings of the
Conference, and one which it is vain consider the future of those Jews who Jews themselves, and on conditions in
have somehow escaped slaughter, the countries concerned. But insofar
Let US assume that the Allied as it is in the power of anybody eise
Governments will have proceeded from to encourage or discourage this return,
words to deeds, before the date which policy should not be influenced by a
Mr. Morrison indicates as the right short-range sentimentality. Still less
to expect will settle itself, and dan-
gerous to leave in hopes that it will
do so.
The ghastly facts of the extermina-
tion campaign have given a shock to
the people of this country, the effect one for (as he puts it) "dealing with" should it be swayed by the wish to
of which is far from wearing off. So
far, however, attention has naturally
focussed on the immediate possibili-
ties of rescue and succour for refugees,
not only because of the extreme ur-
gency of that aspect of the matter, but
because these considerations have been
the way of approach to the Jewish
question for many prominent leaders
of public opinion, religious, and secular,
who are now voicing the general feel-
these cases. Some countries will shirk the issue of creating a Jewish
have opened their doors to them State in Palestine. For until that is
"temporarily", but their permanent fairly and squarely met, the Jewish
problem will not be solved.
<^-
'^ Total mobilisation
95
PALESTINE JEWRY'S WAR EFFORT
A Joint rally of the Zionist General ex-Servicemen and former members of
Council, the Vaad Leumi and repre- the Civil Defence Services in settling
ing that "something has got to be sentatives of the municipalities and their families on the land as well as
done" about the Jews. This group of local Councils has been convened for in the allocation of work and educa-
men and women are doing magniflcent March 24th, in order to proclaim a tion facilities. On the other hand,
work inside and outside Parliament as "regime of the total mobilisation of those found to have shirked their duty
spearheads of the British demand for Palestine Jewry." A special session in war-time will be excluded from the
Governmental action. The names of will be devoted to a celebration of the "Kenesseth Israel" (Organised Jewish
some of them will occur to the minds 25th anniversary of the foundation of Community of Palestine), as well as
of everyone who reads Hansard, or the Jewish Legion during the last war. from all political parties and social
who has any idea of how many per- The Conference will conclude with a and other institutions. Special regis-
sons, already overburdened with public review of the political Situation given ters will be compiled of those who
work, are making time to address by Mr. David Ben-Gurion, who has have responded to the call of the
meetings up and down the country. returned from his leave and is already Yishuv and of those who have not.
And there is a growing demand for participating in the work of the
such meetings. We may indeed be Executive. ■
seeing the uprise of one of those great It is anticipated that the rally will
humanitarian movements of which adopt a series of measures designed The need to increase still further the
this country is capable, and which in to secure certain Privileges for those enlistment of Jews in the Armed
the past have thrown up such men as who are fulfllling their national duty Forces is emphasised in an editorial
Wilberforce and Shaftesbury, and at the present time. Such Privileges published in the Palestine Labour
made it possible for them to break are expected to include preference for daily, "Davar".
ZIONIST REVIEW
March 19, 1943
AN IXGLORIOIJS CHAPTER
AN inglorious chapter in the history
^* of the American Jewish Com-
mittee reached its climax at the
recent thirty-sixth annual meeting of
that body. But the results were only
a milestone in the story of its
decadence. To obtain a better per-
spective on the recession which the
American Jewish Committee has
undergone, one needs to recall the
names of its first four presidents:
Judge Mayer Sulzberger, Louis
Marshall, Cyrus Adler and Sei Stroock.
Each died at his post as President. It
was taken for granted that as long as
each lived, his re-election was but a
formality. The custom was not alto-
gether sound or admirable; it is cited
for the record and not necessarily for
approval. But there was justification
for the tradition in the case of these
four men. Each was a commanding
Jewish Personality in his own right,
whether or not there might be dis-
agreement with any of his specific
Views on Jewish matters. The pendulum
swung the other way when Maurice
Wertheim was elected President. He
headed the Committee for only a year,
and even within that brief period
rumours were widespread that he and
his group were in conflict with another
group in the Organisation. There was
no public knowledge as to the nature
of the conflict, since the American
Jewish Committee has a flair for
secreting its internal affairs from the
gaze of the public. But there is
reason to believe that Wertheim's posi-
tive approach to the Palestine issue
was the chief cause of Opposition to
him from the very inception of his
presidency.
The new President
The American Jewish Committee is
now headed by Joseph M. Proskauer.
His election was preceded by a formal
Statement by Mr. Wertheim to the
effect that the "war effort" in Washing-
ton necessitated his withdrawal. In
View of the antecedent circumstances,
the Statement will not be taken too
literally. The time-hallowed custom
of conducting its proceedings de-
corously was meticulously observed by
the American Jewish Committee at its
recent annual meeting, even though
other traditions were abandoned.
Whatever might be the internal revo-
lutions — or rather, counter-revolutions
— brewing, a peaceful seene must be
presented to the external world!
Regardless of the surface proprieties,
there can be no misreading of the im-
plications of Mr. Wertheim's with-
dräwal from the presidency, after only
a year in offlce, and of the election of
Mr. Proskauer. Former Judge Pros-
kauer is the Symbol of the extreme
anti-Zionist Group in the American
Jewish Committee. That "virtue" was
the platform on which he was elected
to offlce. A careful reading of the
record on Mr. Proskauer's qualiflca-
tions for the high post which he now
occupies falls to disclose his right to
succeed such men as Sulzberger,
Marshall, Adler and Stroock. What-
ever might be Mr. Proskauer's Claim
to distinction in other directions, even
his dosest admirers will have to admit
that he possesses no equipment what-
ever for leadership in a national Jew-
ish Organisation, largely because he is
thoroughly unfamiliar with the whole
gamut of Jewish life, whether here or
abroad. His afflliation with one or two
charitable or social welfare organisa-
tions may be testimony to his personal
generosity but not to his capacity for
dealing with the gravest and most
In the accompanying article'
Jacob Fishman
the well-known Zionist leader and
publicist, disM^usses the pFDgranune of
the "American Jewish Conunittee" —
which represents the "assimilationists"
in the U.S.A.
complex Problems ever to confront the
Jewish people.
The election of Mr. Proskauer as
President of the American Jewish
Committee after thirty-seven years of
its existence can only be described as
the decline of that body. What is in-
volved is not a matter of Personalities,
as hasty defenders of Mr. Proskauer
might wrongfuUy assume. What is at
stake are vital issues, with the most
far-reaching consequences for great
numbers of people in a critical period.
The election of Mr. Proskauer means
that the American Jewish Committee,
on the threshhold of 1943, in the midst
of the greatest disasters in Jewish his-
tory, has further alienated itself from
the rank and flle of the Jewish people
and their aspirations and from a real
Solution of the Jewish problem. One
recalls that the American Jewish Com-
mittee stood at similar crossroads
twice before in its history, once when
it was established and then again in
1917-18 when it had to decide whether
it would go along with the majority
of the Jewish people who were then
organising to deal with their common
post-war Problems or whether it
would stay aloof and isolated from the
Jewish people. Louis Marshall was
then the Committee's leader. He took
the path that led to whole-souled
Identification with his people. When
the American Jewish Committee was
confronted in 1943 with the choice of
its direction, it took the highway to
"splendid Isolation" of the major Jew-
ish issue: Palestine and its future
Statement of principles
A thorough reading of the Statement
of Principles adopted at its annual
meeting will make clear how precipi-
tous has been the drop of the American
Jewish Committee from its former
Position. One need only contrast it
with the tone of moral Indignation
which breathed from the report which
the Executive Committee presented at
the thirty-third annual meeting when
Cyrus Adler was still President. "The
failure of the London Conferences, a
year ago, was largely due to Arab
insistence on the abrogation of the
Balfour Declaration and the Mandate
and on the setting up of an inde-
pendent Arab State", said that annual
report. "The British Government's
plan for breaking the deadlock, as laid
down in the White Paper of May 17,
1939, was a disaster for Jewish aspira-
tions in Palestine. By limiting and
eventually stopping Jewish Immigra-
tion and restricting the sale of land to
Jews, the British plan virtually closed
the gates of hope to not only Jews
who have looked forward to finding in
Palestine a refuge from oppression and
misery, but also to Jews who, attracted
by religious and historic associations,
wish to rehabilitate the land and estab-
lish there a centre for Jewish culture
and religion."
Contradictions and inconsistencies
The 1943 Statement of Principles is a
remarkable melange of contradictions
and inconsistencies. All the intro-
ductory paragraphs were intended
merely to obscure the fact that the
sole purpose was to make clear the
peculiar position which the American
Jewish Committee might be expected
to take under its new President. The
formulation on Palestine was hailed
as "a great compromise" between
Zionists and anti-Zionists in the Ameri-
can Jewish Committee. It is note-
worthy that this is the first time that
the presence of anti-Zionists in the
American Jewish Committee is em-
phatically acknowledged. The phrase
had previously been "non-Zionists".
The document which Mr. Proskauer
hails as a "compromise" and which,
for lack of adequate Interpretation of
the facts may be misconstrued as
such by those who do not read the
Statement itself, is the very same
"compromise" which was offered by
the representatives of the American
Jewish Committee to Dr. Weizmann
and his associates in the Zionist move-
ment. It was so clearly harmful to the
larger Jewish interests that it was
rejected — but not before interminable
Conferences had been held in an extra-
ordinary effort to reach an under-
standing on the basis of genuine
compromise.
Case of "Compromise"
The "compromise" holds out the in-
ducement of a little Philanthropie
assistance to build up Palestine and
"recognition" of the fact that some
additional Immigration might be ap-
proved. But underneath the coating is
the nugget of the "compromise": the
demand that Jews dissociate them-
selves from the political framework
that needs to be erected in Palestine.
"There should be no preconceived
formula at this time as to the per-
manent political structure" to be
established in Palestine, says the
Statement of Principles at one point.
And immediately thereafter it pro-
poses "an international trusteeship",
to be climaxed "within a reasonable
period of years" by "a seif -governing
Commonwealth." The Organisation
which once endorsed the establishment
of the Jewish National Home now
finds it impossible to endorse a Jewish
Commonwealth ! A f ew days previously
Emir Abdullah of Transjordan had
also proposed that the future of the
(Gontd. on Page 5, Col. 2)
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Daily Telegraph ,June 19, 1940,
GeiTiian Woman^ liope»
In a letter c^ddressed to the London police "by a Geman woman found
drov/ned in tiie "feaMSSZ.!^'^ Thames L/i Riciiraond slie wrote: ^^ have had much
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,^i<i*., ..» ii , _■ , . ^
Relu;:.-;e oi" 15,; 00 Aii^n^. , Dr. Hill
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mirchiof :. . d ^vr^-th, ana sUicec j' ;)u "b^ov/ after hlou, v/hLio none
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1>UG.:. h.ll ''uroje in '"liryjt, c/nd thciö ijf no e::odLi£: ano. no escape,
youT ^uG.:. .:.i.i ; uro je in
no ;;ed ' ea Is t 'rii apart for you, dt d •cfr tue cea of y jur ttarc
forco ai' opcninj, for ever^. heart r. nute, 'fxie wiiderneL:. of j^urope
hath chut :oü in. ?V;cj ni^ht of watchin^: hai:: l.ecome a ni^ht of tcrtor
and fc r for you, ar are all the other iiii±tz of the ye:"r, nichts of
fear and \A.tc .fuinesL . '' th. a torn and achin^j hcar ;■ ;u iift up , our
eyc£ iaj.d ^ay : "TVatch' an, wbat of the nicht?" - and nonc a-.eucrs'.
'"^ur hrethren the cniidren of Ir/iaei in Juropc, ■
a^on;^, '.hcn \7e thin of you ai;d of your Dbff erin.,c -
no ■ ^;:ovcr, our rcdQi' iß no feder.
IIovc can v/e '^it at our fe? civai hoardj:- as free ::ien -
are i;.. '^iLiex'L chaini'? '-ow can we .; oy ii. our f^ctival, -
fu. tiv..l jo:, ha;: ceated in all T^urope?
^rit..in^ in her
ou:^ 'ac;: ovci in
Yjj:ien you
TTo t for you alone ±^ this ni_,ht of thx yoar 5701 dif..ercnt
iH
tiie i^aöi-over ni^htL of the ccnt^r .er that have t^onc bv;forv.,
h c ''Tev; Order'* in 'Jüro )e - \;nich vre chjw is neither ne\/ nor an ordei-
haj: cjinc to desjoroy thc ordcr ( T-eder"' ) of the whole \;:)ild,
Oniy a narxow .3trip of cca dlvider; jou fron ue, v;ho are nearei;t t'
you - and the encM^^ v;ho wreahc hi^ dovilieh cruelty u.Jon you casts
too, alnoct ni^'htly, tlie ton parte of evii anc horror
aov/n on uc _
which are iii£ portion, and rejiiindc us:, day a/id ui^'.t, ( aj: if v/e
aae^ded any such rcninder ) of the tomentc of "'eil to v;hich you are
abc-^ndoned, • v
i^i-S O
c down intj th^ dv^pthc - hut not
into feiztoest, rxiour:and£ in Israel thic ycar, In London thc c;-... itai,
oür 'm&gg and ourc lias
and in i-ian:, ..rovinoiaf ^
'■j j^"
toi.nr
J- vi<-
vG thc Scroll of .r;thci in the
depths of che e<.rth, " ) too toniaht v/ill tlioucandc a: on^^: ug ^^o dim
ii
to thc chciterE xihQ^^^c nhall hold nur '^cdcr. ^^crc will thc
cniidren ask: "','Tierv-forc i£ thit niii^ht differ.nt?' , and there will
tiie fathcrc answer; -»Vc wexc slavci? in h^^^^t,'* T ccc r^ed. riri :jill
takc pl c^ amid o^"^'^'-^^ r ultitudes, Sed. rim of v/hole con:;rerationc and
corxiunitieE ^athcred in a c n£;lc nr.r;: - not ziririlt fanily Ged^^rin.
r>uch ?asL~over nichts? in the factnesf-ec of the ear ,h - in c=.;llarß
and under£iround statione - are certainly the firist of their kind
CT
nee the day when -'•srael went forth from Egypt. !Tor do we ^o down
into the depths to teil of the Exodus from :h..,yp t secretly a»dfurtivelv
to h de or to flee, ' e do not eit ac once the rarranos in Sjain -
•hT.f f.r: r-y-f^o jeviv . able and haopy to eil, - puhlicly, hefore all the
X» .
1 J
!t ^-1 -y^rt r-^n
II
World, ■\iaxK; ni-tiorjs^.n tlw fivo continentr of the qi-tüi lu..Ye ivt lact
\)Oi:un oo Untiers tang. thli: tn.tli , - ; ^ ci...a.r to ug, j^o liidcun from
thei.i - tiict loriiel r; cnei-y is alj^o their enc^;iv , tliv. cnciJo^ ox* ever^/
nation tiiat v/iii not.'bow or l)end the Jrnce t'^ hi; i, tliü ^^nen^' of ro^^irind.
"ur l^rüt, ren iv. ]:luro,.;e tlif.t*tE Icit, for the tihiti L^cinc:, in the
haxuls of üi:
of '".lijah o
ü^^'rant - y ux
ii":eneE is bclore us uih. v/itüiii ur, ni:ht
2^ear
the cu
of the J"cye
ci.i.a cjcjeciäiiy ol thif ni;';:ht of Paj?roYer 5701. To the cup
^e Tieiihitc, the cup oi redei^ptlon, thcre ic c^dded thls
•_) Ol rj.:;.. iiction, the cup oi: rufierin^; and not v/iiie, the cuj
Ol -^urope, of the *'i;nknov/n jQ\r^ throur-hout the v/orlü.
o^..on the dooib of our houi^ec and of our ni':ht shclter
':,nen ix
the fastnerres of the earth, r-nd cry out: "Pour fort!
aj...,i.u ive th
"bc oponeiid
P T" '■^ <"• <"' * *"'
WV .1 i VA . « V» l_" i ;X J —
rileiice the
m
j,,-].,.
r/rath , . , '♦ -
iii:: Di your d\7ei..lini^r , of „■ ui' doof:^ \/hich jo^h:..j^-^ will not
thh ;y'et^r. " c ehi.ll rL..eriber you and your c uf jh.ririf-x ,
1 cry out; ^V'our forth thy v/ii'.th" wita a voice thüi«R.,il.l
aeropli-neE- of the deEtroyin., fiend th.^t ho\cx c!.bove oür
iier:
j V.'. ; !
,,X
iioiee thuo oiercej: our e;.-.L iiiiürt aüc. da
o-
"j
' 0 r iic.j ,.j c
a luirc.clc will tcd:e place, ; iid }ie ii^ill ''pat;;: over'' '.)ur dv/ellixiijr
on tni^ idi:..t o.: i-.d htr: .
■ "i .1 j u hQv.i- th^. aricc of "i^e £t.^on^ i^nC of 5*00^. courage'*,
the voiccf of y our brethren fro t ..e de.^.thj:: of tx-e ear . h a. the
j:ritii.:. ij^lerj : IIL :, our ear catch our er,; for yoi-r redoi.ybion and
the reden,)tiOii of al L who are tor :cnted ixi the heil that ""itler
prepci.re»... for t e v;or ' d?
"noMi i.iaiiv nationc, hui^dredc; of -oil^ioiir of £;oulC' on the face
öx the ei.rth are praj/inr for a nev/ [^ectivat of hree.. om, 'hoee
^-eoj^ef? of durope-ifcho are In captivity join v/ith u£ in thi;:: year«fti#*!Wfl
iii the ?.-. Le ox* Pas: ovo- , and pay to the:. '.selvec and to ti eir^ children
h i G ö' e a .u s Ic V e r , n o:-" : ^ e a r free n e i :. ! '*
r.n.
'e dn not de.ojvo ourselvec: their c'ca of rede; .^.t ' '■> -.vill not
Le - fo.. o.r :iaii„ ^inr; - a day of c :npietc redcnption for uc , 'fl:eir
ßun \/ill not rire v/licn ' itler's run cetc, But T/e si^all need a nev;,
a further dav/n, a da.y v:heu a nev/ iieart anu a nev/ s.jlriv. v;ili he given
to nost of the nationc 01 djropc, in v/hoce shadov; -ivc awell. fhe scrvi-
tudü of lsra.el in the .;or i-d iß vaKbl^ dif:.erent froi:i tiiut of .^urooe
that 1: nov/ subjected tc the rlaven of sluveL-; tlieir i,il;eration ^nd
Solution of their prohleio.g; in the :jeace to iD'onc a-re dif hrcnt froiu
our -uideration and oc-r proülc c, J'ut r-tili: 0:0 thic Pa,S'Koo.er ni^ht
5 '701 \/e shail find - for you and for uc, f ^r you and v;c are one -
a littlc concolation on thij? f:orro^v of ;u:n^ , and luore in the ^rayer
of i-iuny , uhie jrayer of all Surope, whose -'^cho growD everetron£,e* in
tlie f e>/ >e,rxf: of the yorld thc.t re:nain«
'*'fhis jear clavcji
ne^^t oears free iien!
- v;i thout eve:.. the "poor oread of ^fllictio«iÄ -
Your priiyür, our pra^^ r, the pr;:.;;,'er of all the ^;orld,
?hi£ V/aß not the pra^;er of alt. the uorld - for it- ni.ny eine -
on the nirhts of Paß' over 56f#' or evCn bl^QO. ij? there porha__){3 in this
not a litrle hooe and encouru,gei.met fox Pac' over D702 '
Simon Kauidov;icz
London,
lTis'.a.n i^vOl
'&
vT;-
''S-
•w.
2. November 19411
Ihren llsnen Brief v. 3, Oktober beeile ich mich zu beantworten,
lenn Ich hatte eine doppelte Freude, itirfcteens von Ihnen wieder zu hoeren
indi; zweitens von Eiritny^s V/ohlsein. Ich danke Ihnen fuer Ihre Liebe und
i^tte sie, Etntny zu sagen, dass wir uns innigst freuen, dass Sie in der
.B^iunifcichule iat . Wir nioechten gern wissen, ob sie glueckllch ist und wovon
sie lebt;. Das ist eine S^rge, die wir haben. Ihr Bruder Ist flelssig und
sehr belJiebt bei einem Grossbauern. Mein Mann ist gesund! und studiert
flelstiii und ich arbeite jetzt tags und oft in der Nacht«
Wir halen in den letzte
'dachte Ich, dass es in d
Inner s1|3S so aufzuwuehle
Regeneitt-i-on erlebte. Ab
Alles ps ich einstens i
wlrkli|-i ^Is wahr erlebt
die Ktfe^'f^^ regen als wa
von wläsC-i zu Mensch sin
Mitm(|;5(aen zu erleben
M^nsctl: n'eid ist .
n ^i/^/ochen reiche Erfahrungen gesatamelt. Imiaer
er Welt nichts mehr gehen koenne, was mein ,
n Imstande waere, dass ich nochmals eine
er in den letften Y/ochen war dieses der Fall.
n der Theorie als wahr erkannt habe, habe ich
. Stellen Sie sich vor, liebe Carola, wie sich
ere man 28 Jahre J so viel ei'lebt I Die Bezieht ngen
d aehr stark geworden. Ich bin im Begriffe, den
und ^u entdecken, weil ich nun weiss, was
ß-Jhad
l:n Kr'
doch
?iass vj ir so weit voneinander sind, doch wiederum gut, dass Sie
so lieber Freundinnen leben. Ich sehen mich nach Euch allen,
iti leben jetzt alle nicht umsonst und werden uns wiedersehen.
\>
Eü gruesst und kuesst Sie Innigst
Ihre
HA^^NA STEITnTKR
ü'
i I
i •' /
1
(
i .
.■■'!^:
• i'. ',; »* i
; vi^"^^ ''
-SÄWr
,.'V".J,,V ^
''^t^.
i
. L ! r
aec.ivedbiiptomb.r2nd, 1942. \;^^ ^^ t^ ^^^^ ^^^
icl titt« Ada, Miriam, Toni, Hadassah^ Vera innigst von uns' zu
GSniessan* Allan allen Dank* Nftt^am das naeohsta Jahr wiederum ein
ungerades ist« hoffe ich auf bii^ldifes grosaee Wiederaehen« loh >
koxone beatimmt niobt mit leeren iiaenden« Die Arbeit ist sehr gros«
und l)ietet ungeheure Moegliol^^eiten« Menaohen sohliessen sich jcraft
gsmelnsaman SrXebens sueammea, und die 8o^Ale Geaelligkeit weicht
einem aomialon ZuaamMenleben« dfis teils auf Wahlvenrandtsohaft und
teils auf sesialer Yernunf t Wtiht<» Avi aohwarsten laeast sich die
36bnsuoht nach lielian Uenaehm crtiragen«
/ ä
■ir
ITDI-W-
LMdddJ^
V'-
UU.
■.■ ,'/'
^^;a..
*c< Oc<-U,,ii
! f
^'■i^'^ ^- >• V'- jc-v--»--
v-«--
12 . 5 . 1 9 ? 3
Zv.'ei Aussichten erlialten Gicli in diesen trülDen Zeiten, Each Alle
"beisa-Tinen zu sehen 'Ond "to die in freedorn. Ich vergleiche ir.ich
' iranchmal mit dem alten Jakoh, den seine Kinder auch im hohen
■ • ■ Alter nach Aef;y-:jten mit£;;enornraen ha^;en, vjie uns Tlioims i/iann iiu
nächsten Roiiian schildern wird. Hoffentlich fol^t nicht darauf vde
dsreinst ein Aviszu^ aus Ae^ypten. Es ist Zeit, dass Ariasver ir<jend""
wo zur Ruhe konrnt.
Wie weit es uns alten Leut'^n gelin^^-en wird, mit den Schrieri^ieiten
der neuen Heiroat fertig zu werden, steht dahin. Du wirst uns df^.rei
helfen. Es kommt alles ge^^en die Befrerjing nicht in Betracht.
Aus einem Brief an seinen Sohn Ernst in London.
X
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]£ v;ö-r cücr ^.iri ^_:ro.jüE ^'.uriuer c..l o.eT ".uuocr, ui.a ,.eo ein *;.ei^:^__;io,!. ,
u cv ;
;;on L wer
■n Ynn i:ir GCiircice. jcn:. :jie
'•-■'-■ J. _ - X o i_j o' * * i J. V^
alle ciui eiiieii ''c._ i:c:,c-ieii.ei.-der i.ic.rtorn und litt ec. mit ^ro^icr aedüid
um der /lorrLün^ v^illen, die sie zu G-ott hatte. Dadurch \/ard sie so
i.iüti^, da^ tie oiacn Soliii nacli de:.i anderen in ihrer Sjr^.che broctetc '' .
^!^!XX^ CSwib{£Cy-^--IiL/l^^'>--..>IIij^ AiLTr-jC^I
' ' ) I Q . p O c >•• p -; -l-';-^ ■
J. -
e seconci hoo": of the
Ilaccabees ( G'.ic.j. 7, 20,- 1 / v/ac ^lardly hnown to the _;iain \."ixe oi" the
eojle \/hci \/rote the ioli.Owin.:
.Ines, 3YCn so she ci.-uiated uy er noble
soiil ana b^diavioi^r bho inr.iortalizcd -^other •■■■£ seven ;:on
•0 the ti:;'!es
of the
i:..<j c c.
u ^ u •»' •
jlsther "hxhs to her sojü in Ilaif
"I am ashamed to be among the llving,
ashamed out of such a large family to remaln
alive. I do not know if this letter will reach
you. Are you living, my son? Have I a child
lr>ft to call me mother? I alone remain of all
the family. Fate willed it that I should be
saved, so that somebody might at least
remember the martryrdom of our dear ones.
The flrst pogrom took place In August, when
your father was kllled, your grandfather and
grandmother. Little Rachel said the mourner's
prayers for them. Now she, too, is gone, and
Yohanan and Muniek. Think of it, my son—
a mother mourning her children. Would it not
have been better that instead of me one of my
children should remain? Young ones have the
right to live. Today, I am going to Piatidge,
seven kilometres from here, where they are
buried; 20,000 Jews have their common grave
there. I searched through Zamoscz and Chelm,
Piaski and Lublin in vain. No trace of our
family, none of any of our friends. Only here
and there, a few boys and girls, the sole sur-
vivors of whole families.
"My son! I beg you not to despair. You see,
you are of the fortunate ones who have some-
body left. Do not worry about me. I am like
steel. With me are a friend of your sister
Rachel, her brother-in-law and two grown-up
children. Rachel's husband, bis father and
brothers, were killed by the Germans on the
day they entered Ludmir. That was three years
ago now. They destroyed until there was no
memory left even of the dead. They wrecked
the cemetery and pulled up the tombstones.
Horses graze there now. Our Yohanan was
murdered near the house, and after the pogrom,
which lasted 15 days. We buried him in the
town Square together with many other Jews,
among them the Rabbi and the leaders of the
congregation, who refused to be taken to
Piatidge. After three weeks' searching, I found
the grave of our Yohanan. The tombstone had
been hidden bv weeds. I have tidied the grave,
and planted flowers on it. I have fbced a seat
near it, so that I may spend my remaining
dava by the side of my beloved son.
"I would like to write more. But the few of
US who remain have to go off to Piatidge and
I must hurry. For a long time we have been
looking for a prayer book and praying shawl,
but cannot find any. You can see how we have
-been cut out to the roots. After the flrst
pogrom, your father, may be rest in peace.
said: 'I am not afraid of Hitler. Me he cannot
destroy, for I have a son in Eretz Israel.' God
grant that I hear from you."
Zionist Review, Harch 2, 1945
Fram Bondage to Freedom
SOMEWHBRE in America there is an island,
liUia Island — ^the Island of Tears, some. call
St It is a place pf transit for immigrants«
a place of heart-sickness and uncertainty.
Onward to America or back again? I thought
of this Island as I stood before the fence at the
Athlit Clearance Camp in Palestine. How many
scenes it has witnessed, how many sighs it has
heard, how many tears it has absorbed, this
Fence of Tears, as I would call lt. Over this
fence greetings are 'bome from without and
bitter tidings from within. Here eager hopes
and joys, tragedies and disappointments meet
together. If this fence could speak it would
have much to recount. It would teil of a Jew-
ish Infant, 15 months old, which was smuggled
over the borders of Burope and was brought
to Palestine under one of the last remaining
Immigration certiflcates under the White Paper.
It would teil how this Jewish mite was handed
over the fence from the arms of a children's
attendant to some sort of aunt. . . . It would
teil of a Jew, a well-to-do immigrrant from
Rumania, who stood at the gate of Athlit and
sighed — and behold — an Arab policeman actually
opencd the gate for him to let him out, and
shook hls hand and embraced him, and mur-
mured something very sentimental in bis ear
in a mixture of Rumanian, German, Yiddish
and Hebrew. It would teil of the old woman
who stopped outside the gate, touched the wire
threads, searched for the "mezuzah," sighed
heaviTy, and cried: "Thank God! So long as
I am out!"
The Cliild7«n of Trananistria.
As the train drew into the Station, the police
cordon was unable to hold back the walting
crowds. At the doors of the cattle and freight
coaches the children could be seen, fllthy,
ragged, emaciated, barefoot, some wearing
dothing of a sort, others wrapped in sacking.
The sight of them was harrowing. Everything
about the children was dusty and dirty; only
JEWISH SOLDIERS' SERVICES
of the
CHIEF RABBI'S RELIGIOUS EMERGENCY
COUNCIL
APPEAL
FOR
their eyes shone briUiantly, limpid eyes, light-
ing up at the sight of hands stretched out tp
them in greeting. They were the ejres öf an
afflicted people. Even the British policemen, so
still and phlegmatic, were touched, and some
innate courtesy impelled them to walk at the
side of the stränge procession. I thought to
myself: "Heavens above! If only the great ones
of the World were here now, perhaps they could
understand now what they have been unable to
Chaim MUlstein
wlio describa» a visit to Atliltt, tlie Clearance
Camp for immlgronts ßjrMng In Palestine.
grasp from innumerable petitions, protests, reso-
lutions, articles. Perhaps a mere photograph
of this coachload would open their hearts."
The reactions of the children upon arrival at
their camp varied wldely. Some of them drew
back in alarm and asked astonished: "Here too?
A camp? A wire fence? Agaln? Another
smiled impishiy: "This sort of camp doesn't
frighten me. Only teil me, pal, is this a camp
wlth soap or without soap?" I asked him what
he meant, and he replled: "Tou see, I spent two
years in a camp without soap or water. . . ."
At Ahuza on Mount Carmel I saw the chil-
dren again. They were receiving treatment
and gettliij; ivell. One of thc-^csia! workers
from the Women's Weifare Society held a little
girl in her arms. She hugged and kissed her.
Ä boy of seven looked on jealously; then he
approached her and said: "Auntie, give me a
kiss too. I haven't been kissed for such a long
time." And Auntie wipes her eyes with her
handkerchief and distributes kisses right and
left
•llowing is a
A few days later I came to the agricultural
school at Magdiel. I saw dean, shining chil-
dren, playing merrily in the nursery, or work-
ing in the storeroom or kitchen. I could hardly
believe my eyes.
"We are glad you came. We are so happy
here!" a little girl said.
"You like it here, don't you?" I asked her.
"Yes, but it would be still better If I had
some news of mamma. . . ."
Children of Fdand.
Rescued children from Poland, 5, 7, 11, 14
years of age„ chattering in Polish, Yiddish,
Rumanian, Slovakian, Hungarian, Turkish.
Now they are sitting under a shady tree out-
side the camp. They are waiting for a bus to
take them away. Some Jewish soldiers alt
down beside them and oifer them chocolates
and grapes. The children teil their story of
the thousand and one nights. They know the
history of the Jewish people very well, they
know it by heart. One child teils: "In Beirut
when I saw a mllitary bus füll of Jewish sol-
diers, with the Magen David (Shield of David)
I cried. I knew that emblem so well from
Poland." And he turns to the milituy camp
near by and points with bis flnger at the Shield
of David emblem on the lorry, and he cannot
stop trembling. Tears gather in bis eyes and
flow down his cheeks. The children damber
and climb over the soldiers' knees. They cannot
settle down. They ask thousands of questions,
and suddenly they learn that one of the sol-
diers is a "sabra," a native of Palestine. The
children cannot understand this.
"Where do you come from?" asks one chlld.
"From here. I was bom here."
"But where did you come from?'*
'1 didn't come. I was bom right here In
Palestine."
"Really not from anywhere? Nowhere at all?"
And hls eyes All with wonder as he looks at
this stränge soldier. . . .
A Mother*» lütter
rCE following is a translation of a letter, pub-
lished in the Palestine Press, sent by a
woman in Poland, who saw her family being
slaughtered, to her only survivlng child — sur-
viving because he had been permitted a home
in Palestine. The mothers' name is Esther
Sacks; her letter is from a small town and
is addressed to her son In Haifa.
I
£15,1
• • •
TO PROVJDE:
PASSOVEB FABE, REGULÄR FOOD
PARGELS and OTHER RELIGIOUS
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
FORCES.
£50,000 has been spent on tkese Services
during the past 5 years.
Donatlons to be sent to: The Secretaiy, Jewish
Soldiers' Services» c/o Offlee of übe Sonlor
Jewiflh Ghapialn to HJML Forces, Wobum
House, Upper Wobum PUma liondon^ W.0.1.
Saul T a c h e r n i c h 0 w s Ic y to K 1 a. u p n e r Jo e cj^h
(Zioni::t Bevue Octo'bcr .i.0,1945 from chaptcr of Meyer ^;;'a2cr;iai'J c
"Eictoiy of Jev/ißh Literature*VoX#4. )
"Life itselfjciQ it is ruar:; v>ftej:i rcTcalod to us in icality,ic uglyi
but tlic content r^nd efjGcnce of life io cio'i'iou3|Ycrita'blc püf;bry»3^ayt
rjong of 3ongö»It in the 3ong of ^ -" "
cven
Lg of coiiciuest ot Order ovor chaoa,of
"bcing oY-^sr non-being^of life ovcr death, ]i:ternity,i5ifiait:; irj death;
■beco.'iinsjclif^ng^ ,io life« Tiie oonciuojBt is •:ronentary,"but coüc^ueat ncver«
thclciGsJihe lifo of every on« living** ,hc coiitinuec, *Xi3 ;:. cionfj; rind i.7höj
on?: bocomoo conecious of tliat i^ong lic ir a ^)0ct. All joeuc diould Tdc
I ctra{i^le,ana cven aß i.« Jc^j I ar;i tfic "bearor of tnc seng of comiucBt,
But wliuii I really fcel aefatcd,! an Rilcnt,for th:: conaueied havc no
oonr-o but dixgcs*,
• • #
A I^/JESSAGE FBOM THE MQSCQV/ tTSV/ISH OOHL^iHNITY
One of thc most noving nnswcrs to thc mcssr.gc rbout thc weck of
ncA^ning and fast scnt by thc World Jcwish Oongross to all its offiliatod
organisations, wqs thct of thc llosoow OoiTinunity. Though iriany wccks havc
passcd sincc th: rGccipt of this mcssogc, wo oonsidor its contcnts so
signifioant in thc light of prcscnt day cvonts, that vre fccl our rcadcrs
should sharc it with us:
"On this historio day of World fast, Adar 29, Rosh Chodcsh Nissan,
in raoraory of our saorcd brothcrs and sistcrs, guiltloss victims of
Fasoist vandals, wo Jcws of thc Sovict Union answcr in thc voioc of
Jaoob to thc voioc of thc blood of our brothcrs calling to us from thc
gravc. To^cthcr with you, dcar brothcrs, wc passcd this day in praycr»
•Turn Thou us nnto Theo, 0 Lord, and wc shall bc turncd; rcncw our days
as of old. * (Lamcntations 5,21). As thc ohildrcn of onc nan, pcrocivingj
our ooimon sorrow, wo pronounocd tho diotun of our forcfathcr Jaoob:
»Blcsscd bc thc namc of His glorious Kingdorn forcvor.» Thc annihilation
of six million Jcv/s by Nazi naraudcrs oannot rcnain unpunishod. Picroc
blov/s arc dcalt against thc Nazis by tho glorious amics of thc ccst and
wcst. Thc hour of Just. Tcvongo is approaohing. As thc Holy Torah says:
'Who will shcd i:ian's blood, his own blood will bc shcd»* At thc prcscnt
monont, thc Nazi bcast, drivcn to his own den, is in his dcath agony.
Hcavy olouds of rcvongc havc hung ovcr tJic country that proolaimcd thc
ncw Order, thc ordcr of Sodom and Gromorra. To-day, rcmcmbcring our grcat
sorrow, wc pray (Jod to send Just punishncnt to ITazisn fastcr to final
viotory and con:plctc annihilation of thc oncmy of hunanity. *All nis-
fortunc will disappcar liko smoko forcvcr for you will swccp off tho
carth thc dominion of cvil,» -Vc arc prayin;:? in thc hopc that Grod, v/ho in
a Single night dcf'-atcd thc amy of Saiihcrib, oonsistlKC of 185,000
soldiors, will oomplctcly dcstroy thc Dioohiof which sprcads disoord
among pcoplcs. May thc pr'picoy of Isaiah bc fulfillrd: '/ind they shall
bcat their swords into ploughehorcs , and thcir spcars into pruning hooks;
nation shall not lift up sword against nation, ncithcr shall thcy Icam
war any norc.» May it bo forthooning. Hcarticst Grcctings« Samuel
Chobrutzky, President, Mosoow Jcwish Corainunity # »*
/
20
A U F ■ A U
Frldoy, September 8, i>t^-«»«^^
i
Die Neutralen wünschen
keine Naii-''Refugees''
s.S. und Gestapo sind keine Militärformation,
sondern Verbreclierbanden
DerGestapo entronnen
Flucht aus Dänemark
Die neutra- Presse Europas dis-
kutiert weitgrehend das Problem,
dass ihre Länder von flüchtiKon
Nazis als politische Zufluchtsstät-
ten benutzt werden könnten. Die
schwedische Zeitung "Nya DuglUjt
AUchanda" schreibt zui.i Beispiel:
'•Woiiii uiiac-re lUgioruriK- in iilUr
pfuUiclikcil (rklürfii wiirdi-, das.s
Sil' es ablolint, in Sohwtdiii oiiii-
Zii(liiol\t.sHliUt<- für ]\rii-u>:\- ilu-i -
clitT bcieitziistcilfii. \viu<.l>- dits
eint' orlielilielic Ziihl iinorwinischtei'
l'IIcinoii tf daran liimlirii, n:iili
KcliuftU'ii zu knniiiifn, und amli
.ieKliclif vcrfrülile Kcfiirchl unui-n
(Ulf Seiten der Alliierieii lie-
liiliiKcn. (llciclizeitiK aber winde es
linsiieni liiiiide ein«' ( leleKenlhit
K'lien, wirkiiclien l''UuliiUn'-;o!i ein
Asyl anzul)ieteM."
Eine andere schwedische Ztituny;
*']'aesfnKn)Uni(ls Lucns Tichihigeii",
appelliert Rleichfalls an die schwe-
dische Re;;itrunK, "klarzAunachon,
wie sie prominente 'Gäste' vom Typ
der Kriep:sverbrechcr und QuisliiiRe
2U behandeln gedenkt. Andernfalls
wird sich die RegieriniK nicht nur
der erregten öffentlichen Meinung'
des schwedischen Volkis jiCKcn-
iibersehen", fährt das Blatt fort,
'"sondern auch ('"•• Tdof^iiclikeit.
dass Herr \ idkun Quislinn seU)si,
Herr Hinnnler und andere Grössin
unter den Quislinj;>< und Nazi-
Funktionären, eines Tajres in
Schweden Zuflucht suchen."
Da.sselbe Thema wird auch in der
Schweizer Presse weitgeliend er-
örtert, und die Schaft oiiscr Arliei-
tcrzcititng" schreii)t zum Heispiel:
"Wir lirilteii von 7.n verliissiner
Seile eifalirtti. tlass y^fwi^nv failei-
Keiiossen bereits IMiine ilatni
K.-hinieden, wotiin .'^ie itn.' Ilani in
tSielierlicit lirinM:en UVinni.-n \inil
»lass .-^icli diese llerrseliaflen hciiils
inil falschen Tai)ier<'n zu vorsi-iu-n
AiikMeheri. M:in l;eniil ja das •|lel-
(l.-nliirn' der !^S-.\l;inlier lind (ii^sla-
li<)-l''iinkl ioniiie. Wo lanije sie ein.r
•\vetiili)Heii. voll Annst i-rfilllten l'.i -
Vcdliiriiiii; KeKeniibersiilien, sind
sie slark und ei liai iniiriiislKs. Ha-
llen .sie dancK'H einen illMilei;. iien
CIt'Kiier \iir «ii'li, .so spielen sie sieh
idül/.lieli als unstUuldig und liurni-
los auf."
Auch die "Busler Natioualzei-
titng" .schreibt zu dem Thema des
Asylrechts für flüchtige Nazis:
'W'ähreiul der letzten Taue sind
l)ereils kh'inere K()riiiati<iiuii deul-
selnr Truppen aiiC der J''liieht vor
dein französischen 'Jhuinis' in ilie
.^eliwei/. iiber^^etrettu und von uns
inlernierl wKi'den, und aiiResiehts
des lapldeii \erlaufs der tlpfral in-
nen kann jeden TaK ein poliiiseli
und leelillieh ganü neues l'rol)le!n
au uns lieiaiit i'eten : niiinlii'li diu
l''riiKe der .-Vufnaliine und Internie-
lUiiK ausKesproi'liciier Korps der
Xazi-I^arlei, wie der SS und der (ie-
slapo. Wie wir iininer wieder fest-
stellen können, lieslelit dariilnr
freilicli im ^an7.en Scliueizcv \'i>lUe
nur eine Meinung — 'ü*^ niiiiilieli.
dass S.S und Gestapo zurüclszuwei-
sen sind.
Xnn. die SS und (iestapo sind kei-
neswegs niililäiiselie l'orinai iunen.
sondern (irunpen dei" Nazi-railei.
.Sie sind es, die das liesetzie ['Itirn-
pa aufs lniitalste terrdrisierten, den
Geiselmord s.\ stenial Isierien, nan/.e
I »örfer niederlnannl en und nii'lu
Ljinelinn' üi'Vi'd keruiif^fn zu z.din-
lausend<ii aui'ot teleii. liiese l'eini-
m'i- l'Uiropas weigern sich jetzt, tili'
koinnutide tieniselie Xiedeil.ine
liini'.unehnn'n ( denn dies liedcutet
fiir sie die .\nsliefenini; an die (le-
richte eben jener Liinder, in denen
sie iliie l'ntalen volllu'.-iclu liabiii.
Sie sind Weder gewillt, nixdi in d^-r
l.aKe, den l{ncl<\\eu in ilen l'"i lidi'U
und in eiiir zivile l'l.^islenz zu lin-
diii. Ib.re ein-zlne llon'nnnn ist viel-
tmlir, dass diese .\ benteuer ihres
■i;>-fiilirliolipn l,el)ens' foridaiiern
Werden. Sie reebnen lioeli iinnn'r
d.iianf. da.s'k eines Taues der .Vatio-
ii,a!so-/.i,i lisnins der laeliende Niilz-
niesser eines drillen W idt k rleui's
Werden und letzten l'.ndes die lli-rr-
sidnifl übri' iinsoron FManeten an
sieli raffen uird. T>aa f riedlielnnile
.Sehn eizervolk leimt die .\nf n.iliine
sidelni' lOlennnle ab," schliesst das
Hlalt,
Das Gespenst der Papier-
Rationierung
ln'unriihicl uns. Kiuifon Sie Immer hei
demsrilirn .Strnssrnhündler. Sir helfen
unK Papier «paren.
W ir Ti'ificn unsere
HERBST-
MODELL-HÜTE
in allen Preislagen
rf 2415 Broadway (an der 89. Strasse)
DAMEN-HÜTE
Grosso Auswahl • Billige Preise
MARVIL HATS
U. II. K. STi:i(\
555 WEST 181»t STREET (Laden)
i/v\ S(. Ni, hidas n, Niibe .\inliib.in .\\r.i
Jtn folKfiiden voröffyntlielien
wir einen .\usziie' aus einem
J'.rief, den ein .Sobn nach jabre-
langtM' Treiuuin!.; seinen J';itern
in J'aliisliiitt selirieb. Er be-
richtet darin über seine Kliielit
aus Dänemark nach .Schweden.
01>Kleieh die darin Beschilder-
ten ICreiRnisHo weit zuriieklie-
Ken, sclieint uns dies ein
menschlich so erscliiit terndes
Inikinnenl, dass wir es fiir wert
hallen, es der (.lelVent lieb keit zu
iilier(4>dien.
''. . . aber als ich den Ausgang
der Station erreichte, ergriffen
mich von hinten vier Arme. Däni-
sche Gestapo. Liebe Eltern, ob
Ihr mir glaubt oder nicht, so nervös
ich bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt war,
so kalt und eisig klar war ich in
diesem Augenblick, als es um mein
Lehen ging. Die beiden Gestapo,
mit einer kleinen .Schnellfeuerwaffe
in Händen, standei\ mir gegenüber;
ich stellte mich breitbeinig vor sie
hin, mit beiden Händen in der Ta-
sche. So wussten sie nicht, ob ich
nicht auch eine VVaffj hätte, und
das zwang sie, ein wenig vorsich-
tiger mit mir umzugehen. Sie frag-
ten mich höflich, ob ich Jude sei.
Ich sagte ja. Ob ich Dokumente
hai)e. Nein. Ob ich Waffen l)esitze;
ich ziehe die Hände aus tlen Ta-
schen und sage ganz frech, ob sie
Angst hätten. Beide drücken mir
ihre Pistolen in die Seiten und for-
dern mich auf, iluien auf das
Hauptquartier der Gestapo zu fol-
gen. Mein Gehirn ari)eitete mit
einer Kaltblütigkeit, die ich bis auf
den heutigen Tag nicht verstehen
kann; eines stand für mich fest:
freiwillig l<iiegen sie midi niemals
auf das Haupt((uaitier. Ich wusste,
dass wir über einen sehr i)elebtcn
Platz gehen mussten; dort wollte
ich veisuchen, beide zu Potlcn zu
schlagen und in der .Menschenmasse
zu verschwinden. Da hö e ich, wie
der eine zum andern auf Deutsch
sagte: "Du, vielleiehl iiat er (!ü1i1".
Ich begriff. Ich inttle eine bo-
träditliclie Suinnio Geldos bei mir;
ich Ijot ihnen einen Teil davon an.
Sie nalimcn das Geld, und ich war
fiel. Wenigstens für Ann Augcn-
■jlie'iv, üuiiii Tvoj>ci4t.',^°iJii w iii'iiiK-tlt;
an diesem Abcnil von Gestapoleu-
tcn. . . .
Wie ilurch ein Wunder kam ich
in Vcibinduiig mit der freien Dä-
nischen l'ewcguMg. die mich eine
Woche lang vei'stcckt liielt. bis es
mir gelang, mit ihrer Hilfe in
einem Fischerboot nach Schweden
zu flüchten. Lielie Kitern, wenn
ich Eucli meine Flucht schildern
sollte, so müsste icli mindestens
noch zidin Seiten schreiben; so ein-
zig;irtig. so ei schüttend ist das,
was ich da eilebt habe, dass Worte
es nicht fassen können. An einem
regnerischen Abend — es war kein
Mond und kein Stern am Himmel
— gelang es uns, durch eine einzig-
artige Organisation 500 Juden un-
bemerkt an eine unbewachte Küste
zu bringen; von dort aus mussten
sie ungefähr liOO Meter ins Meer
gerutlert werden, um von einem
grossen Fischerboot übernommen
zu werden. Drei Stunden brauchten
wir, um diese 500 Menschen her-
überzubringen, und in diesen drei
Stunden habe_ ich gearl)eitet und
geschwitzt, wie nie zuvor. Ich hatte
die Aufgabe, als erster herüber-
zurudern und die Unterbringung
auf dem Boot vorzunehmen. Ich
habe auf meinen Armen achtzig-
jährige Frauen, alte, lahme Män-
ner und acht Tage alte Babies in
die Kajüte heruntergetragen, wo
sie wie Heringe zusanunenged rängt
Sassen. Es durfte kein Wv,rt ge-
siu'ochen werden. Als ich diese
Hilflosen die lange Leiter herunter-
trug, da verstand iclt erst, wie
gross unsere Strafe war. Was soll
ich Euch lierichten von den Stunden
auf dein Meer, in tlenen jeden .Au-
genblick die Scheinwerfer eines
deutschen Schiffes uns entdecken
konnten; was von dem fast vul-
kanischen Ausbruch der Freude
von Jung und AU. als wir die
schwedische Küste erreichten. Um
.so etwas wahrheitsgetreu zu be-
richten, braucht man einen Dich-
ter oder einen Dramatiker. . . ."
Brasilianische Notizen
Im AnriiaKe des '•.bnid" hat Kr. P.
/ander. I'räsident der "l iiiao". dem jii-
divchiii KindcrbiHsWiik luil.alill l.in-
/eirns nbiTinittcll. die als lleilr.r.; für
den Hau eines neuiii l'nillnns beslinnnl
sind. In dein Iliini des KlndeiluU's-
werks sind dnrebs.lnillllicli bnn<brt
arme judiscbi' Mndci indei-^icln aebl.
l»ie Assoriarao Keliitiiisu Isrnelila und
die Hlbliidluk II. N. lÜalik vei aiistalle-
liii neineinsam eine (ledcnkfcier anläss-
lii'll des vier/in.j;ihri;ien 'ludestanes
1 llfoder llei/ls und lies /ebnten 'l'ndes-
ta'.?es von Cbaym Naihman llialik. Nach
I nuisikaliseben V(Hlra^;in i Klavier: Ksler
I N:-.il><TRci) und di klainabn iscbiMi l>,ir-
I ieelnn^en sioai bin I'riif. Dr. Dnvid
l'crez über ller/l uml Kaltliiner l>r. M.
Lemle über Jtialik.
Viin dem Siliii ftsteiler R. Maenlhars
Junior eisebien lim VcrIaK "\ Niii|e"l
eine Kiiimidie mit dein Titel "l in
.luden" llCin .ludii. die das l.ibeii l)is-
laelis biliandelt. .Naeli (dnei l'iUlariinn
dis .Vuturs soll sein Sliiek niihl so sehr
eliii' llio(;raphie des ninsseii cukI '•«i'lnn
St nitsniannes darstellen als vielnnhr
ein Huf an das (lev'ssen der Meiisili-
hiit /UHUnsfeli eines verl'olnbn \ nlkrs.
"nialinros Hos (:ran(le<i dii Mundo"
iZwieni'spläilie der CiniSMii dei Well)
lielilell sieh ein neues Itiuli von Krnst
Keder. das voiii Aerlan '•|)iiis Mnniles"
lieraus;;i'^iben \\ lirile.
.lohan Kraus.
How Good Is
Your English?
Mending and Darning
(Words spoUeu by Mrs. Meyer Ihyt
ine printed in itniies urc wioim.
Word.s spokeii by Mrs. Siuitli that
aie printed in italies eitlier aie Ulf
eiirrcet ('.\pressioii or a geiierally
uscd'ul plirasc.)
Mrs. Meyer: It is terrible how
much I have ahvays to repair. Mrs.
Smith: Yes, wcndiiir/ is a real Job.
Mrs. M: And all tho.se socks I have
to patch for niy husband. Mrs. S:
Well, I don't like dnniiny either.
(To patch means to put a piece of
ii»ew material over a tear.) Mrs. M:
Do you ahvays lose your snvbig
needles and he other vcedh's^ Mrs.
S: Needles and plus, you mean?
Yes, and then suddcnly something
pricks your band — aiul a needle
tnr)is IIP again.
Mrs. M: I love to clumge old
dresses. Mrs. S: It is amazing
what a fcw rtlteinti<j)is can do. Mrs.
M: Of course, the work must be
done very carefully. I always buy
ciits Hrst. Mrs: S: You are right
in ciittiiig the material according
to the ixitteni. They come in the
nicL'st stillen. .Mrs. M: Then I al-
ways /(.r H leiih veedles and sew
it titgethcr siipertirialhi before sew-
ing something on the machine. Mrs.
S: Thafs how it should be done:
first pin it, then bnste it — and then
only sew a sefiiii.
Mrs. Meyer: Somctimes it is
tenibly diflicuU to get ttn eniinl
eiid of a (iress if the skirt is
cut roitiid. Mrs. Smiili : i'here are
sonie tricks to making a hem
stfdight. I hate to shorten skirts
thai are cut on the bius. Mrs. M:
Bui if they have many folds and
are wide they are nice to wear.
Mrs. S: P/cfW.s, you mean? Mrs.
M: N'o. /<)/</.s filitiliiig in the vaint
ihat don't have to be pressed. Mrs.
S: .\ titired skirt that is yathcved
around ihe leaistlinci^ Mrs. M:
I Thafs it. I don't like skirts that
1 ro/(.sisf of nifniji siiioll jkii-Iik The
[ seanis feof often. Mrs. S: I don't
know, 1 like gored skirts. And if
I a seam ItnrKln. it is oasv to fix.
i Mrs. M: I think it is fun to »mdo
an ohl drcss to niake something
new out of it. Mrs. S: Yes, but
j'ou have to be very careful when
rippiiig seams. Mi's. M: Tiie other
day I fnoL- ojunt an old sweater.
•Ms. S: You umiiveled it to nmke it
oreyf I do a lot of k}iittlng and
erorhefinf/ niysclf. I can see that
wf'll have a lot more to talk about
this interesting sul)ject.
Anne Polzer.
Suzanne Sondhelm
Neueste Modelle
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'X
Aus den
Free Movements
Deutsche Volks-Soziaüsten und
Ihr Programm
Hans Jaegci und Eng'n Birhm
' ü'oben soeben ihre Reikn jrediuckt
< heraus, die sie auf eine:' Tajrnng
] Ende vorigen Jaliies in London \iQ-
I halten haben. Die bi-iden Hclie
lioisscn "To\vai-<ls a New (iernian
I Forei"n Policv" and "Xo Moie Ger-
I
■ man Xationalisni"; al.- Heraiis-
UX'ber zeichnet die "(iennan
reoplc'.'* Snciali'^t Movement"
(Deutsehe Voll<ssozialistis(he Be-
wcgunf,;). Die.'^e Grujipe, die den
Titel "Partei" au.s(Uiieklicli ver-
meidet, stellt auf dein Slanii;)iinkt,
alle bestehenden politischen Bewe-
e'unj.;'en seien konipvoniitti(.;rt —
duich ilire Vcrt;an^enheit od"r Ce-
e-enwart. Dass Ans'ehöidg't der
"Vülkssozialislen" vor ein paar
Jahi'cii den Foliler t;einacht haben,
.Stras.ser.s ".Schwarze Front'' in
Prag nahezustehen, wifd in den
Reden der bcidi-n Führer nicht ab-
seleug'net.
IStan hat ih n l".i ml i nek-. dass es
sieh um (.iiuii Si)Zi;ilistn ns fiir die
.\lii telKlassen handelt, ohwolil die
.\nliirini eiKliiren. sie wollen die
ülerleblen l'.ezeie im 11 n Ken "Iteehts''
nnil "liiiiKs'' aliseha rien. niiil ohwolil
.iacKer einmal sa^;t : "Wir niüsseii
•/ii ih-r Trnililion der alli n rii.ili-
hiinK't^eii, V.W Karl .1 .iehkneeht i'.u-
liiekkehren." (ieKen jede .\rt von
Diklalnr, K'eyeii jeden Nationalis-
mns, Aul'hau eines neuen Deutseh-
lanil auf separalin. iilvoiioniiscln'u
und iiiilitisehen Kammern, eine jWt
von Itiitesv .stein — die s sind (lie
llauiitiuinlUe. dir man ans den vol-
lieKenden Heften enlnelnnen kan.Ji;
aber ein klares l'roKiainni seheirt
veniiiedeii' zu soin. 'weit' man ofl'en,-
liai- bereit ist, sieh mit andere^i
iiPiiMi •Bf^wJKutigeu , ?,-usjnuiueij zi.i
tun. (
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\
ijzi 'R^5e:Aif2cM Mflr£w:4L-/^w.c>CfH(sr- u^'wJsSMw&Herro w^Jimr^, i-Jvs
A LETTER TO THE DELEGATES OF THE CONFERENCE
Cotmades of ihe British Latour Party.
I bring you a message of friendship and solidarity from the Jewish Labour Movement
in Palestine. Over 30,000 of our people have voluntarily joined the Jewish units of the
British Army, the Navy, the Air Force, the A.T.S., and the Local Defence. Tens of
thousands are working for the war effort in field and factory, in building and transport.
Our Trade Unions, collective and co-operative Settlements, our urban co-operatives,
building guilds ; financial, health and cultural institutions ; all are united and controlled
by the General Federation of Jewish Labour (Histadriith), which now has a membership
of 133,000, and is co-operating with the organised Arab workers in the Palestine Labour
League. It is our pride that Labour is numerically, politically and morally the guiding
force of the whole Jewish population of over half a million, and the most important
outpost of organised Labour and Socialism in the whole of the Middle East.
But, comrades, we should be failing in our duty if we told you to-day only of our
achievements and hopes. Our pride is overshadowed by unspeakable sorrow at the fate
to which our people in occupied Europe has been condemned by the Nazi criminals. The
year which has gone by since your last Conference has been for the Jews of Europe a
year of mass extermination on a scale unprecedented in history ; millions have already
perished and the mass murder goes on day by day.
You have heard of the pitched battles fought in the Ghetto of Warsaw by the Jewish
Fighting Organisation — with arms provided by the Polish Underground Movement —
against the German murder squads. It was an unequal battle, fought under the most
hopeless conditions. These Jews of Warsaw knew there was no hope of saving their
lives, yet they decided to make their murderers pay for their crime. The Nazis had
to bring up tanks, aeroplanes, artillery, flame-throwers, high explosive and incendiary
bombs against thcm. They paid dearly for every housc demolished and every Jew
killed. According to an Underground message sent out on April 28, by the " Central
Committee of the Jewish Labour Movement " and the " Jewish National Committee
in Poland," the German S.S. and Regulär Army in nine days lost about a thousand
men in killed and wounded. The spirit of this fight is best conveyed by a cable from
Jerusalem, datcd April 30, which reads as foUows : —
Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto are still continuing their armed resistance against the
Nazis during the last stage of the liquidation of the Ghetto, according to a cable
received here.
The cable transmits a message signed by prominent leaders of the Labour Zionist
Movement in Warsaw, which was smugglcd out from the Ghetto to a neutral country.
The message is addressed to the Zionist Executive and the Labour Movement in
Palestine. It states that the remaining Jews in the Ghetto continue a vigorous
armed resistance against the Nazis in order to " save the honour of the nation and
that little that has been left."
The message appeals for aid to obtain arms, and food for the children. It con-
cludcs with greetings to the Jewish people throughout the world and to the Inter-
national Labour Movement.
Now the drama of Warsaw seems to be over, after having lasted for wceks, but resist-
ance has flared up in othcr cities — Lwow, Cracow, Lublin, Pinsk and Bialystok.
We, the Jews of Palestine, whosc overwhelming majority returned to our country in
the last quarter of a Century from the lands where Hitler is now systematically and
pitilessly annihilating our kith and kin, we cannot rest content in the certainty of victory,
knowing that in the meanwhile the Jewish masses are being killed and will never see
the day of liberation. Our solidarity goes out with them. We are proud of their
heroic stand. We joyfuUy greet every one of them who can reach our shores. Our
hearts and our homes are open to them. In the name of humanity we demand that
the doors of our country be thrown wide open to thcm, that everything possible be done
for the rescue of those who can still be rescued, that the United Nations and the neutral
countries shall ofFer them refuge and hospitality. We call upon the workers in the
oppressed countries who are carrying on their heroic struggle against Hitlerism, to give
the utmost help to the Jews, to give them weapons for self-defence, provide shelter for
them, dcfend them, and do all in their power to frustrate the devilish annihilation policy
of the Nazis.
The Jewish people, the first victim of Hitler's aggression, whose casualties are already
numbered in millions, is entitled to ask for hold and urgent deeds.
Jewry to-day in all free countries is taking its place in the fight against Fascist tyranny.
Hundreds of thousands of Jewish soldiers are fighting with AUied Armies. Jewish
Palestine has harnessed all its forces in the fight and for the war effort. In the countries,
of oppression and slaughter Jewish men and women are showing dauntless courage and
dignity. When victory is won, their rights must be restored everywhere ; and the
Jewish people demands international assistance for the accelerated upbuilding of its
ancient homeland, where it will have its place among the free nations of the World.
BERL LOCKER,
London. London Representative, Palestine Labour Party.
June, 1943.
Prinfed by The Press Printers, Lfd., Long Acre, London, W.C.2.
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ZIOMST REVIEW
A Weekly Survey of Jewish Affairs
FRIDAY, May 28th, 1943
lYAR 23rd, 5703
Vol. VIII. No. 22
(New Series)
[Regisiered at tht 0.P.O' -^
OS a newspaperl ^^
HEROISM IN THE WARSAW GHEHO
iKassabs
NEITHEB did Eleazar once thlnk of
flying away, nor would he permit
anyone eise to do so; but wlien he saw
their wall bumed down by the Are, and
could devise no other way of escaping
or room for thelr farther courage, and
setting before their eyes what the
Roman» would do with them, their chil-
dren, and their wives, if they got them
into their power, he considted about
having them aU slain. Now, as he judged
this to be the best thing they could do
in their present circumstances he
gathered the most courageous of his
companions together, and encouraged
them to take that course by a speech
which he made to them in the manner
following:
. . . 'Let our wives die before they
are abused, and our children before
they have tasted of slavery; and after
we have slain them, let us bestow that
glorious beneflt upon one another mutu-
ally and preserve ourselves in freedom,
as an exceUent funeral monument for us.
But flrst let us destroy our money and
the fortress by Are; for I am well
assured that this would be a great grief
to the Romans« that they shall not be
aUe to seize upon our bodies and shall
fall of our wealth also; and let us spare
nothing but our provisions; for they
will be a testimony when we are dead
that we were not subdued for want of
necessaries, but that, according to our
original resolution, we have preferred
death before slavery.' . . .
Xow as Eleazar was proceeding on
this exhortation, they all cut him off
Short, and made haste to do the work,
as füll of an unconquerable ardour of
mind and moved with a demoniacal fury.
So they went their ways as one still
endeavouring to be before another, and
as thinking that this eagerness would be
a demonstration of their courage and
good conduct, if they could avoid appear-
ing: in the last dass; so great was the
zeal they were in to slay thelr wives and
children and themselves also. Nor, indeed,
when they came to the work itself, did
their courage fall them, as one might
imagine it would have done, but they
then held fast the same resolution,
without wavering, which they had upon
the hearing of Eleazar's speech, while yet
every one of them still retained the
natural passion of love to themselves and
thelr families, because the reasoning they
w^ent upon appeared to them to be very
just, even with regard to those that were
dearest to them; f or the husbands tenderly
embraced their wives and took their
children into their arms and gave the
longest parting kisses to them with tears
In their eyes. . . . —(Flavius Josephus).
ii
Message to the World J
THE last chapter of the heroic defence
of the Warsaw Ghetto is related in
two messages received through the Under-
ground Channels of the Polish Government
from the Central Committee of the Jew-
ish Labour Movement and the Jewish
National Committee in Poland. The
messages, one of which is dated April
28th and the other May llth, are ad-
dressed to Dr. I. Schwarzbart and the
late Mr. S. Zygielbojm, conflrmlng the
execution of the members of the Warsaw
Jewish Council, namely, Maksymlllan
Lichtenbaum, Gustaw Wellkowski, R.
Szereszowkski and Stoloman. The second
message reveals that Engineer Klepflsz,
descrlbed as "one of the plUars of the
armed reslstance," has fallen like a hero
in battle. .
"This is the ninth day that the Ghetto
fights back," It is stated in the message
of April 28th. "S.S. and Wehrmacht
formations are besieging the Ghetto," it
continues. "Artillery and flame throwers
are being used, and aeroplanes shower
high explosives and incendlary bombs on
the 40,000 Jews who still remaln In the
Ghetto. The Germans mlne and blast
blocks of houses wherever there Is
reslstance. The Ghetto is burning and
the smoke covers the whole clty of
Warsaw. Men, women and children who
are not burnt allve are being murdered
en masse. The Jews flght back furiously
and have killed and wounded about 1,000
of the enemy." The message continues:
"They have burnt down factorles and
Stores of German war Industries. The
Polish Population admlres the splrit of
the Jewish defence, while the Germans
react to it with shame and rage. A
proclamatlon to the people of Warsaw
was issued by the Jewish fighting
organlsatlons.
"Only the mlght of the United Nations,"
the message concludes, "can offer imme-
diate effective help. On behalf of milllons
of Jews murdered and burned allve, on
behalf of the def enders of all of us who are
condemned to death we call to the whole
world. Our dosest alUes must under-
stand the immense responslbllity falllng
upon them through apathy In the face of
an unparalleled crime. The heroic rlslng
without precedent In hlstory of the
doomed sons of the Ghetto should at last
awake the conscience of the world."
The second message says that the
heroic reslstance of the Ghetto continues
with but few strongholds holdlng out.
The Jewish fighting org'anisations show
grlm determinatlon and co^lrage.
3Wtfa faoulb contfort mc T
EREMIAH Said: White going up to
Jerusalem, I Ufted up mine eyes, and
saw a woman sitting on the top of a
mountain, clad in black garments, her
hair^'df«h«v®W®<lJ she was crying and
asking who^^\<üd comfort her, and I
was crying and ask£kr6M»aio would comfort
me. I drew nigh unto nerT^id said:
"If thou art a woman, speak to meT"tf
thou art a ghost, depart from me." She
replied: "Dost thou not know me? I am
she who had seven children; their father
went away to a dty across the sea. A
messenger came and said unto me: 'Thy
husband died in the city across the sea.'
/While I went about weeplng for him,
another messenger came, and said unto
me: 'The house feil upon thy seven chil-
dren, and killed them.' Now I know not
for whom I should weep and for whom
I should dishevel my hair." I said:
"Thou art not better than my mother
Zion, and yet she has become pasture for
the bea&ts of the fleld." She answered
and said unto me: "I am thy mother
Zion, I am the mother of the seven, for
thus it is written: 'She that hath bome
seven languisheth.' " Jeremiah then said
unto her: "Thy misfortune is like the
misfortune of Job: Job's sons and
daughters were taken away from him,
and likewise thy sons and daughters
were taken away from thee; I took
away from Job his silver and his gold,
and from thee, too, did I take away
thy silver and gold; I cast Job on the
dunghill, and likewise thee did I make
into a dunghill. And just as I retumed
and comforted Job, so shall I retum and
comfort thee; I doubled Job's sons and
daughters, and thy sons and daughters
shall I also double; I doubled Job's silver
and gold, and unto thee I shall do like-
wise; I shook Job from the dunghill, and
likewise concerning thee it is written:
'Shake thyself from the dust; arise, and
Sit down, O Jerusalem.' A mortal of
flesh and blood built thee, a mortal of
flesh and blood laid thee waste; but In
the future I shall build thee, for thus it
is written: 'The Lord doth build Jeru-
salem. He gathered together the dispersed
of Israel.'" — {Midrash - Pesikta Rabbathi).
A Vow of Loyalty
A cable from the Palestine Labour
Movement Council In Germany, stating
that it was "meeting on the eve of
deportation," was received by the Execu-
tive Council of the General Föderation of
Jewish Labour in Tel Aviv. The message
reaüirms the loyalty of the members to
the movement and their readiness to
sacrifice their lives "for our common
homeland Palestine."
CALLVJPOIv TUE '.; ORLD TO EEAR US TODAY -^
^
THH ItASg CRY FROM WAH8AV
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1' / j.)ei.>encbe; "Tne ^^.^
Ladies R^
6)
{^ady Batterßoa) wiree folXÄwing three v/ordßj **quite imsuccesßful,
alac!** nun wußte llerzl^dix^ eeine BemiUiungen um die R.cnd^jültig ge-
ßcheitort sind, -ne ntarlc er jedoch vondem einzigen Hitglied ,daß
sich für Deine Ideen einnetate, beeindruckt war, beweist ein Brief, den
er vor c-einer Abreioe an ßie richtete^ Eß ist einer der ergreifende*
ten iier2;l*Bricfe4 Sr lautett
Sehr vc:rehrte Lady I
üirlau'ben rie mir, Ihnen vor neiner Abreise ein T/ort dee herz-
Xicüsten Dankes für ihre Güte zu cagen. Bie iconnten mir weiter nicht
helfen, aber ich v^ar denanoch von Ihnen ent2ückt# ^Siner IXime in Ihrem
Alter darf ich c© ja sagen» Um der L-^^6;:; Battersea willen wird man
ein^aal dein iiaurje HothDchild viel vorzeihent Tout ccla ,c*est de
l'hictoiret
Ihr Vetter und ich, wir cind zwei Zeiten, die cincinder nicht ver-
ctehen.Iilher verstehe ich Uea noch ihn, als er mich»Bo finde ich eß
ganz loval,dai er mich gar nicht sehen will, da er cntsclilOEßen ißt,
nicht nitsutun* I^s wäre \.eniger nchon,^7enn er zur reden GC'^rauchte^
Aber er. ist sein Irrtum, -venn er cl^^'^^t^tUch nicht zu enga(^eren,v;cnn
er nich ganz ferriiält. iDc gibt Ideen, denen man nicht entrinnen kann«
Man engc-giert sich,v/enn man JA' sagt, wenn man nein £:agt,v7enii man gar
nichtr jsagt«
In Vetter Iconnte ein tJ^roiieE -'erk benclilcunigen,arvE zu veriiindern
er zu : chv/ach una au am ißt. iJun v/cruen viele hunderttaueend Mcncchai
weiter r:eufzen,v;eitv-r v/einen«-^0 cind daminter llannov una ;«rauen,die
Vwrüv/eifcln,Kinder,die verkoiamen«
'7ir Hüscen elton v/eitcr ar'beiten,Do gut wir k(5nneii,und unsere
erkannte Pflicht tun. Ich aber werde iiaaer gern und dankbar Ihrer
gedenken,Mylad^'^-'
20» Pebruar
wi -- finden diesen
In aufrichtiger Verehrung
Ihr ganz ergebener
Th»Her2l#
ortlaut in don Tagebüchern Herzlos, aber zu-
gleich die Anmerkung jBicsen Brief ha.be ich ndann nach reiflicher
Ueberlegung doch nicht abgescioickt*» Die Gründe hiofür sind nicht
angefülirt.Vielleicht zögerte Herzl die Tür zu den R» durch ein ool-
che£3 Schreiben ond,;ültig suauschlt&gentmr müesen ihm aber dafür dank-
bar f:ein,das er diesen Brief, der sie nicht erreichte, dennoch in ö!kd^
Ladieo K. 7)
Tagebücher aufnahm* 3r hat dadurch der Lad^r Battereea dae echönste
.Denlaaal gesetatt ,
Oonetancc war eine ausgesprochen geistige Frau.Hecei)tiv und pro-»
ductiv» Sie verschlang die Klaßsilcer und die HeuerBcheinungon der
Literatur, "befaßte j-ich auch mit Philosophie und theologischen Proble-
men» Bie schrieb Artikel über jüdische Thcaaen^r^ar Vorsitzende der
national Union of :'omen T'oricerß und hilfelt innihren Vorscaaialungen sehr
lebendige Heden, Ihr nai©tv?erk sind ihre Meraoiren,die unter dem Titel
»•HeminiGcenceß^iim Jalire 1922 erschienen ßind und in Iiurzer Zeit die
dritte Auflage erreichten» Constance eine fast Icindliche Preude über
die lobende Kritik in der ^'Tines* und v;ao gans beoonders ihre naive
ITatur verrät, über die Ii»597 ,die ihr der Verleger als Honorar überv/i€E
Diere Tterioiren r::chreibt aie nach dei?i Tode ihres Mannes und ihrer
Mutter an ihren eineßricn A'benden«
Damit nie auch eine Vorstellung von der fchrifts tellerin Lad^' Ijalj-
teri::ea ^i^ev/innen können, möchte ich Ihnen eine Probe aus diesen auch
heute noch cehr XeccriSwerten Luch aur Kenntnis tiringen« cic be;iieht
ach auf Dieraeli,der eines der großen iürlebnisee bildetjauf welches
sie iiacier v;ieder surackkoiiimt:*»A curiouB,and -rreotinii; figure.and one
that looned largely innour young lives/.vas tliat of Benjanin Disraeli,
I ccoinot c2cactly rect^JLl x/hen he firct ax^peared on iü^' horisön,for he
seemed al.ays to hiive been a freind of tx:; vjarents, and v/ith nis most
original vdfe v/ac one of our conctant visitors at Grorvenor Place, lle
had jonov/n m nothcr and her eister fron old days, when as giris they
were livinc at hone uith ny grc^dnother in their ntcjihope ntreet
house^ I "believe thoy v/ere not a littlc e-mused by TTriDisraeii 8 very
unusual appearance caid drees^and ^reatly attracted loy his dazsling
powers of soonverßation.r^ointed by witty salließ and brilliant non-
sense* In all that he thought,spoke,and vyrote,there was an Oriental-
touch,v/liich adds to his peculiar ©ham, His pale olive ni:in,his dark
luetrous 11 sliing eyes,and his jet-black curling hair,in his younger
yeare proclaimed hin to be of Siastern r£j.ce,And,indeed,he was rovy
different from those \t th whon it v/as becoriing hie lot to iLssociate
and to work^against whom he v/ould often have to fight^^^aid upon whom -
he v^ao finally to impose the füll strength of hio Y/ill.obtaining froH
thea undoubted ,if pcrht^s reluctant ,respect and adniratioia,^<i.
Ladies H« 3)
In Lad;y Conetances letzten Joliren wurde wurde Annle^die jüngere
Schwester, die ebenfoaiß eclion vortrlttwet imr.zur innic^ton Gefälirtln
ihrer Rcliv/estert3ie unternahmen in Jahre 1911 eine gemeinoaae Keiee
auf ihrer Yacht im Baltischen Meer» Sie wurden dort von Wilhelmli.
auf seine Tacht Moheiaaollem eingeladen* lür unteriilelt rrich iiiit ilinen
§ehr lebhaft und oaü beim Diiaaer zwischen den beiden Bmen R.,v/elche
er auch in politische Gespräche verwickelte. Einige seiner Bemerkung^
welche von Consts^^ce festgehalten wurden, sind heute besonders intere»-
eant# **In Enclf^nd I Icnow I have been called »a dsatined öernan*»l^^e ou^
to be good friendß,Our t\7o countriec ouglit to march together,the sarae
race,the came religion,tlic srme interests"» sie schließt den Bericht
über diecen Besuch bein Kaiser mit einer r:ehr charokteri 8 tischen
Bemeriojmgi Hc kissed n^ sicters hc-nd and c ueeaed r-iine, I hope I noy
eee hin a(;ain,but not c^s our con ueror*.
•^rei Judire später brcxh der Krieg .^us^^r jberraschte Annle auf
einer Kordlc-ndcrcise in Bergen» ^b ict ergötzlich in ihrem Brief an
^onrtiCLnce o/ds Bcroen zu lesen, dai cic sich in Geldverlegenheit befln(^
da die Banken ihr kein Geld auszahlen wollen. Cie nuüte tUco an ihre
Verwandten telegraphieren ,nan möge ihr Cre it {^^^v/ähren.
Es ist auch interessant für unc indden Tcv;ebüchem Conetances über
die Bonba-rdments Londons durch die Zexipelinc zu lesen. Aber noch
Y/ichtißer sina ihre Berichte über die jüdischen Probiene, r-c hon vor
dem KriCG stand sie nit Balfour und seiner Pi-uiilie in sehr freund-
schaftlichem Verkehr, /m IV.Oktober 1911 schrieb sie an /oiniei '•We
had a lot of talk,literv\r;/,a little ^;olitical - not iiuch - a great
deal about the Je"V7ß. Arthur Balfour is hugely unters^ea in all Jewish
questions.He i^^ets a good deal of infoimatione frora ITatty,but naturaH^
ver^ oneOsided. He asked a i^reat deal about Claide,- his books^his
attitudesjhis influence. Ile v/anteä me to teil Idbm how Claude stood
with thc Community and hov v/ritings affected the Jev/ish auestion'*.
In Jahre 1917 schreibt sie an Anniej^ Lionel H. is convinced that vve
ßhall march upon Jerusalem, and found our x^rotectorate there. "^Ihon
ouggested that :3ionism v/as at an end,on a«rcount of Russias nev? and
and wonderful move,he saidt^Certainly not*** ^^ae war am 17.März 1917,
also acht lionate vor jSrlassung dQi: Balfour^Declaration.Bie enigen -
Zeilen geben Gelegenheit festzustellen, welche Zweifel in den höchsten
, ) Qrc i ^^
t^/-
v*
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^^/y ^(^ A 0-^0 c^/^ ^c:t^c^/>^7 J^c,,^^
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/. ?^//
- •
Israel Zangwill to Lady ^al?tea?sea:
• • •
5 Slm Tree Koad, St. John's V/ood,
N.W.
Pebruary Ist I 1914 )
AA.nybody reading the account of the Roumanian Jews ...m.ght
conceiva'bly beworlced up to Indignation against those v/ho refuse even to
consider a means of dealing "by international actmon with the tsAxKSssL
Juäengclmerz, Spiritually and politiarally the Jevf has now arrives at a
parting of the ways, For seven centuries - since the death of llaimoni-
des - Israel has had no religious thinfeer. He has never - since the
Dispersion - had a stateman, Dr Herzl is the nearest approach to a
political thinker and leader that the Wandering Jew has had, since he
began to wander. Discussing things the other day with Mr U.S. Joseph -
a disbelie^er in the practicability of Zionism - I learnt that Russia
once promised to let the Jews out of the towns of the Pale, if only
the Russo-Jewisn Comnittee mreaid cease from Publishing revelations. The
Committee ceased, but Russia went on as before. ITow, here we had for a
moment the thiclc end of the stiele, yet how stmpidly we &eera to hgive
wielded it. And Roiamania, too, calmly goes on ignoring the conditions
v/hich L^rd Beaconsfield obtained. It os a thousa-nd pities Disraeli did
not flourish later or Dr -^^erzl earlier, They should have met.
Icracl Zaaigvdll to Lud:/ -^üttersea:
5 J'ln
^ree
oudj ;'t. ,To]iii*E 'Jood,
Pebruarv lr>b*Vl91A )
i)oIitical thinlcer c.ilcl ioc>uc;i' t-ut ulic "^"andcring Je^; har iiad, cince he
LG^^e^n lO v;a;ider. Dinouecin^^ tninjs tlic otlier day witii ...r .I\:".'. Jocc^;]:. ■
a disbelicver in tlic ^>rac-tici.bility 03? ionisi:: - J le .rnt that Rusii;
once jroLiißcd to let Uig Jev/c out of tlic tovais of tlie Piiic, ii' o.nl^/
thc r:uLLO-Jcv;Is Goi.i ittcc ^ouid ccacc fru: ^üLlisliin/r rüYoI.Uonr. TM^^
Com-atoGc cessca, Dut Rusria v/ent on as bcfore. JToü, licrc uc hcd f or -^ '
moinciit i.:.ü taio:; v;v.d oi t. v Gti.u.c, j'eö „ijv. c .ä.idiy wc ccc. jj W70
VTxeiaea lt. Aud ..ounania, too, cainly (;occ on i^nori-ti tlie couditionn
■1 <•']■
.^ra ...ÄC-.ßficia .;..i.aned. It on c t::oun i;! ;5itioo ;}icrncli did
S;:i- f.Lonr.i.r}i Later or Dr "erzl ec.rllcr. Thc.v'rlio'jiVhavcV.ct"
••
I
'^■'^:: ^^. Roth £. c li^
"b^* Lucy
lQo5 London Jörn; j'-urrc
i^ 1 d
C 0 ii
cnu. hur
ü n
dL.u^-iiters l 13::;;1-19'H^
P« 1848- 1654 Loui^::. fl.,: :\ot;:chi.ld in h^r journ:..!: - »
../unii: nornina I -^riv... to ^.ivc -gIi^. c-.iluren a iitol;,; l^sGon in rc-
iijiorij'buo I found iL 7v-;ry dixi'icult to ricuc^ iü inG^^reetin^^ co tnen, \;
liavc no üookE .uiov.. iitteu fox- thc/t jpurpoGc,:^!! di^ Jcv/i^h I!anuc^.l£i are
bad in nj opinion, üu n[: v/rittcn in too conciGe a inannur \/ith too mcjiy
>nu horo anü thcrc i..^ sii^^ht colourinr: oi ::;u )^rE tition,'
"Uli.. iL.ct ucelc
• • •
long , iin.
Gon^tc.nc^. h^.?: bcen morc attontiv
I Ein rcadinß Facn on The Union of Guurch and State, and I a£crec uith
hiii CO nuch thaö I njnould liicc nov. to read a coo^^ ^'GjPly "by Gonc clever-
churcl-Uiian, Th^ ^rreut-ct evil of th.~: union,! thiiilc,irj " that it prevents •
refoimation ^-nd thu^i- por...etuatv.G error or ^ivcs rir:c to Lucts,ior creeds
foriiiwd Ijy j;ian,iik^. thc Anglican Church,re':'.uiru chan^^ to neet the chan-
gcd opinions oi thu v;orld juet ar: nuch a;.. any other systcin. And go,
though in ^. 37iinor acgree,it ic v/ith Judaisn. The lu\iz oi thu Talriud-
good p^.-rhapc v/lien th^y yere framed- are now UGelcSE,and thcrefore ought
to "b^: considered obsolete and be r^.ced fron our crccd,,,
Sh^ LL^xundt' tli^ Old Te'i'tojjient:
...Head Uoor*s Soul and Body and Kartinuau's Sibl^ and thc Ghild.
;jduch displcaccd \vi th thc latter. The Author üicparagus thc Old Tectc^icnt
and sayc th'^ IvTev; alonc liihoulc bc; tauglit to children.Is the love of God
an evil t oc brin^, then? Ought they not oo Iionour thcir parentc; to help
the poor an., act Icinaly to i^ll? Y.. t th^ye £ire tencts oi the Old Testa-
ment ivhich he v/ould f^tudloucly iccep froi.i th^-- han^.c anu huarts of childp-
ren,
...•The nioral law ^iven uy Iloses v/OvS c^rtainly inplantcd in the
heart of nan,but obcicurea by pacsion and hunan fr; ilneE£,it rcfiuircd
the Divine Hand to naize it univcrEally :.v.ceive'. . '.7c all recognäse it
nov/,but liDi. cifficult it ic to xollov/ it!
The 5'aGt pr--tty v;ell rjpent.Hcad Channing and Thu Pariaii beoidec
the Bible an.;. Praycrs,and in the afternoon went to the Gynagogue^PcrhaiE
ii I unecrrtood Hcbrcv; I s.ioula find the Ecrvice m 're beneficial ,but in
my pretent ^^tatc of i, ,nor eine c, the noiL-c, censclcGS to ne,only confuscs
rae ana prevents my paying attention either to the praycrc or to my
thoughtc.Hy childrcn^plcasc God,ehall be bctt>-r inrcructed and able to
join thcir brcthrcn in public worchip,,,*'
.•»Y^Lterday dincd at Charlotte 'c and v/ent to the play, Sav/^Gold"
in vvhich a good Jov/ appearc, It rpcalcG ill for th- gcncral eLtimation
in uhich v;e arc held,I thinlc^to bring .for.;ard a good Jcxi e.s a phenoncft-
non.Ho one would arecja of introducing in a play a good Catholic,or a
good Hahomedan evcn; it is thuji- a proof that prcjudicc still exir-ts-
or ac least our nunc iz Etill,bc it just or not,"a byword ljuI a re-
proach"..#"
P. 114-115» fConstancc and Annie publirhed 1370 che üoolc"IIistory
Literature of the Icraclitec"^ ^
Disrg.cli to ConL^tance Gros veno r Gate,July 17,1870
.n
Cjüu.
\
Dear Gonstance,
Your voluiiic reached mc in the midc-t of public disquietude Tthe
irrtaico-PruGsian V/ar^ ;iid I havc not bcen able to loolc at it until
to-day,
I hw.v-. done Go uith nuch pleasure,for you deccribe in a style,
animat-d ^.nd picturcsque, the great story oi. our c,nccEtors,and have
treated Y/ith force and fceling thcir immorta-l annals.
Your booic is csscntially naerative and not critical; and therc-
fore I question the pripricty of introducing into it the critical
Clement; as,for ezajnple , the comment on Jacob *e Blessing,
It is not conpetent for th^ wirter partially to avail himself
of the principles of historical criticism; and thcir com^.lcte applica.-
tion v/ould entirely changc the vvhole charactcr of your bock«
Yours sinccrely
B.Disraeli,
Een^jamin Disraeli to Annie ^de Rothschild.
' ' Ilughcndon llanor, January 16th,1871,
Dear Annie,
I thanic you for your book,of v/hich I ho.ve now rccid the greatcr
Lirt,
Lady Rotlisiihild and her daurditers
2)
It is concoivea in an enlightened !3pirit,\;'ith!jut tlic introduction
of disturbing criuicism uhich v/ould have narrod thu harmony of the
gcneral L'cherae.
You iiav... aealt uell with the proph.cts,and still "bettcr with the
poctsj vindicating with truth and cpirit the lyrical gcniuE of the
pLople,
. It iE aecply to hw, rcejrctted that \:0 havü only a jortion of this
ancicnt L..teraturc,and that preservc;d,anv. Gomctimüs re-v/ritten,f or a
particular purjoGe.It would hav^ huen v/ell if you hc.d incerted in a
chaptcr a surainary of \aiat ±2 Icnown to "bc lost: but thi£,perhLu)E ,haß •
"becn dono in th^. fiiTt voluine,v/hicn I havc not at hand,
It may bc a ..ueEtion,v;h-;ther,inr:t jad of th.. sronvcntional and con-
vonticlc title of "TheLo:.d" it yould not havu beenäs bettcr to have
used in your tranGlation^:' the real ncjic of thu God of Israel, which
\/ould h^.vc givun more clv.c.rncES and meaning to thu naacrative.
iöiEx:: I ;7iEh vcry nuch that Ilr.Eenan \/ould -iv-- ug an '*Etudc" of
Eccle£iaEtes,and a new v-rGion,
What continucs to plcace n-^ very much in your v/ork i:: thu jftylc,
hich iE iucid, vi jorous ,and {:raceful,and alv/ayc Eustainud by adquate
thought and feeling. ■ -
Remcm'bor ric rcinuiy to your f ello\^-labouror,c4ia con ratulating
you both on the complction of ^^ \;orIc ^0 hi{;:hly praii^ev/orthy, b^li üvc nc,
Sincv-rely ,. ours,
B.Dir.raeli,
P,147. Cjnr:tance to h^r father, Lucornc 1S71,
• • •
rpT-
you -cnov/.v/ent to Verrailles
■./ith Thierr
le- Bleichroders coon appcar-d,an^.. arc in .jreat form and spi-
ritE ov/ins to all th- Pruccian •^:loriüS,3i£marclc is their idol and the
Gro\;n Prince their hero. i'r.Blcichrodcr,^.!
in the \7inter to arranr^e thu i
\71ien the fabulou;:: Gun \ „ , ._
'* V'-'i'''^^" inpoGsiblc.^liy, if you bewein to count fron the tine of Jesus
Chrict and \;nt on until to-day,you could not finish counting out such
a sur.iP"2ii:ii: "Tnat is vvhy I have sent for :llcichrodcr, *'ans\;ered Bismarclc;
ney riatters
^ i'irst dv.nanded,Thier£ exclaimed:
tt
v;no
— _ — _ — ^ — . ._ -^ ___ .-- — _ __^ — _ — — — — — —
bc^in:; to count fron a nuch older date than Jesus Christ" '.Vas not
this r^'ood!"....
P«149750 Sir Eric I-jarrin^'ton to I h' s . Plö\.er f G 0 n ;:: t an cq)
Berlin, Jul:,' 12th,lS78,
♦ • •Schuvalof f has covered hinseif v/ith ^lory; he h-^s al^ays bcen
coutteous ^.nd fr^indly,anu has sho\7n honsclf to be a v/onderful dcbater,
Lord 3üac:nsfield has been r.iuch s uruch oy h.:.s po\/er in this resT^ect, -
He has bcen a ^r^^at lion hcre; the Lion of Judahl Thourch Austria nay
b- thv- only c.ountry rcally sL.--isfieu v.'ith th-. ü.ecisions of the Gon{;reßs
th^rc is no doubt that hc v/ill have mi^dc Enrland pre-enincnt ^j-ion^': th^
nations.I Lai surc that thosc v;ho believe tha^ the rin;;j:liQh(or Außlo-Sci^ii
race) arc the .,.c:.ccne.ants of tne lost tribes v/ill consider thac v:ith •
this nev; i.c uisition we shali obtain a footing in Asia ]anor,\7hiGh v/ill|
Icad to the recoionization of Palestine anci the fulfilmcnt of prophec5^I
Gertainly it is e.ifficult for an int.ginative nind to believe tha,t it
is "by a nerc accident at this period that a Jev; should i.;c Primc Hinist«
öf Encland, Your People v/ill, I trust,have reason to be /jrateful to the
^jngress which hj-.s made a Q-r^at point of the Jev/ish question in Rounanil
Servia, etc. , so let us kütoszia hopc that the sufferings to which they
havc been exposed hitherto v;ill not be a "biet on the future of these
countries aas they have bcen upon their past, Though,! an afraid,it ie
true that the Jev/s in those rc£;ions v;ill not conparu favourably v/ith
their brethren in the more civilize^. Y/est,to v/hich you v;.i-ll rex)ly th£it
their vices are the lesult of oppression,and that the cessation of
op-prcssion v/ill result in the ^^radual disappeara^ncc of vice,.,,
T^. IQQ-'lOl» Gonstance to Cyril Floz/eriher hushahd)
Aston Glinton,Trin(^. April .'30^1 1881,
\ ^M7 dearcst Cyril,
"""" So all is over and Lord Bcaconsfield has gonc to his rest, One •
cannot help thinlcing of him as a dear friend of old days,and also as
a very ^a-eat statesman. I hjje you v/ill mention his nc^Jiic in your very
nicest,orettieGt way at one of your neetings.
He "^certainly v/as one of the {-rczX^'^it men of his a(je,and not only
loyal to his O.ueen and country,but also to the race fron v/hich he
•^•t^^
Ä^<:S«i orf^ii»-,« ;'^«,^i, /^<^^'
*»-A^»^v-«-«r
<^i^-
^ /^.
^'^^Ai^
x^
<«^
^^•••^•-«-w -'n^J?
* -'
^^j^e^ A ^^ ^<^.^. /y^
i-yci^
^^<=f «-?< I . .
/]^<-v /d^^^yfO"^*^ ^^''^^-tM.^*^y^^^^^^
>^
/'^'^V^ A-^ V^- ^^^^W-j
^
Liid?/ Rothrjcliilci anc. her cUx^ughtcrs 3)
j^) rang, I-Iic racitil instincti- v/ere Mg rcli.,.ion c.nd lie v/as true to that
l' reli^ion until he drew hie li.i:;t "brcath,
The -ucen v/ill bc inconcolable. Sno was v^^ry anziouc to havc seen
I hin ciurinc; hir: illnes£,but ml.b not püruitted to do c-o...
Ev.-r,ny dear Gyril,..ith iiucli love,
Con,"
P.2o9.
Ami je to Cyril
AEton Clinton, I?c'b-.uary 2.1893.
My dcar Cyril,
Svcrything ..l.e; done as you dc£ired,Y;i thout e];iotion or cxcitemcnt.
Conf:uanc>-- "bohavcd ^:jlcnuidly ,Shc told all th^ aröuiiientc in laYour quitc
iiiipartic.lly,
You i:nov/ thc icsult, -nd you liave .arne . our ctcrnal ^ratitudc xor
Daving out :ioth^r fron a blov; an.- cus corrov/,v/hich I honcstly do not be-
ll eve sho could havo borne.
Of cource you Icno\/ hov/ bound uj ßhu if: in Gonn'tance; but^as I told
you ühc oth^:r .cay,you littlo Icnov, liow uceoly o.ttachod che ic to you,
God biüss you for nalcinß thij: enormous c:QcrixiGc i'or h^r caice,
Of couri:c thif: cubjcct ibpenc oüt many othcrG,anä I can Ece how nuda
^.ht ir. tiiinlcing of your int^roGts.
God -l^EG you a(j;ain and ar;ain,and nay Hc nialce uj to you for all
you hc.V'- ijivcn up,
YourG,v;ith dcvotcd L.ffcction and jratitudc,
Annic",
P./^54-55. HrG.Anriic: Yorhc to Lucy Cohen 1895. Hav/ardcn Castle ■
f-^ecuch bei Gl ade tone")
• •• Zii^ found him av^luß v^ry hotly with Lori I'orlcy on the d^ci-
rability,or t.iv. xcY.jrGC,of „.ilacing a :. uatue to Uiv^r Crom./cll ncar tho
Abbey. Ilr.G. di; cpproved^JlG iL.st ,turni,,:.: hi^ pi^rcin{j ^^et upon nc^ho
uaici: '*'.-'eli,:.Iri:.Yor]ce, .].:.i.t ^..o you cay? Siiould he h>..vc ü, :.:tatue placed
there,or ^aould he not,or h..ve you n-.v^r tnou^^nt .beut it?'*I trenbin^ly
Gonf^GGcd I hL-d n^v^r thou£:ht abouo it ,out (thinlcin;:: of ö-il. Iiictacor'G
Lib>-re..l treü^tment of he Jc\;g ^ I ■.uiiblod Goiaothinc a^out hir: rclijjiouc;
tolurancc, '
,G.x.c L.iwnc^d- v;ith i. chru
th:,-.t . -pp V. . .i . , e to hin. , ,
u
Ol
£..oulderE.I do not thin:
P. .j9o-P7. Lad^ j3atterK:..L.(GonLtancc] to "r^ .Y ' rhu (Aii.-i^. )
{n.f. -i--^ -^^^ 3cGic.: b . in Ai' t h u i'',7jSliL± t i iißätiiam i;P r - d ü o i l c i
]3cJ_f 0 ur ) VAii 1 1 i nfdiLTae 0 c u o ;j . i 17 'oh , 19 11 •
cllin^j hin \;hi/c I chould lilco
...I \/ill ,.o\: r;^nd you u. fcv; linec froji thic dwlT-c-fmDl^j ejot. . ."^cll,
dear Annio,! an qiiietly ht^py lAiC very confortabl^ h^re- ...uiu.. ao homc
v/ith oll n;, old füends. Arthur [^alfour ^nd Alfred Lyttelton are cruly
i.. ..ii{jhtf ul,jranc >^rj .-n.. Betty vcr.; innoirinc :.nd ori^'inal,Alic>- (Schv.'cs'fe
ter von Balfour) hinä ...nd hocpitablc,all th-. ii^ung on^-G füll ^f lifc onl
virour, 1 .ü.-ino a free i.nd unconvcntional e::iGtence,utteviy unhnown ir
the nid-Vic Gori^..n tine. I i^ruzc A.B. hi/
±0 b- if I ..ere not nyGclf :
1, One of ei^ho dOGC
2, On^ of HL.tt^ G ^rL.ndchidrcn( Lord hothGchilds^
o.One of che Whittint^hane youn^;. onec,
":.'e h--Vv. a io ü of talk,iit-rL.,ry ,a iittle .. oii cical- no ü iiuch- a r^rcat
dcc.l L:boUb ch- Jev/G. A.B. ig hu^^^^^iy intv-re::ted in all Jc./ioh ..■u^stions.
iie {^-tG a go^^^ dvjL.i of inioxination fron ITiv^tty ,but nalurt^lly very onecid
ded, he L.Glced a great deal about Claude - liic boohG,iiiG attitude,hiG
influ^-nce.He 'uant.:d ne uo üoll him hov/ C. stood ^' ith ^'-^^ Conünunity and
hcy hiG \/ritinaG i^ffect^d th^ Je\/iGii ^uection.
A.B. ..antG int^rnarriarcc fo:. Gocial c,.nd joliticrl reaGonG,and spolcc
rioGs. G^nGibly on zh^ Gubject.7e had a tete-a-tete froii ninc-thirt^^ to
eleven,on Sunday nii;:ht,and I found A.B. a noGG interoGtud liet^ncr.He i^
Go fin,co culturodjGo philoGophici.l, he Ig very bitter (go ure they all
) about poli^icG. It iG b^-:.Gt to icecp av/ay fron th^. Gubject if one can«,.
P . 2QS-99lGrael Zanr;^;ill to -^adv T3atterGea
_..^^— öhüllm Tree Ro^^d, St. Johne "food,n,'7.
P^foruary Ist. 1914
...Anybody v...c.ding th^ account of txiu Hounanian Jeec ...mi^it con-
Geivi.bly be uorlced up to indi{;ination a^ainct thoGC uho refuse_cven to
conaider c.necjiE-of doulinß. ^^^iiij^r^ti?H^llxfc§tÄo^ ^ij^JiYia^' Juden-
:^
L<
1 rl-^r
■othncxiilci
ii..r cicLi/xlitcrf
4^
no of the \/c:ys. ]j]7or cevcn cunturies- ijincc thc acL.th of -
- Israel hi'^ü ^ i-d no rcliriouG thiniCvjr.Hc hu.s ncver - cincc
sion- had a ctatesman. nr.Hersi ic tliu ncc.rest cipproacli to
thinlcer cjid leiider thac -clic ':;c.ndcrin{: Jcw has ^ ad, eine e hc
ander. Discucsing thincs the other day v/ith Itr.H.S, Joceph--
ver in t::i- practiMlity of Zionism- I learnt tliac riuG-^ia
Cv
c-cd to ici:
th<
ac a _i_jaToi
llainonidoG
tlie Disper
polltical
TDe(];an to w
a disb...lic
on'^e promi
I:uGso-Jcv;i
Tlic Coimni
monient tliu
Tvielded it.Abd Ko uniani a , iiasGCKtii^ii^äipazjg^csj^^ qocs on igno-'
ring tiiu conditions v/liicli Lord B^aconGfieid oütained. It is a tjousand
pities Dii^rauli did not flour-sh later or Dr.Herzl variier. Tliey sliould
liavc- mct".
Je\7 out of the townc of
the
Po-le,if only the
Gh G oimiii 1 1 e e::g.KKXwo ul d ceasc irom jublishinc revelations.-
ttee ccasedjhut RucGia v/cnt on as bcfore. Uo\;,v/<. had for a^ -
sxidc thick and of th^ stick, yet hov; ctupidly ..e Eceni to ha-vc
P.Ö04-O05» Hrg/ifork'^ to Gonstance, Bergen. 4 th August 1914.
You v/ill havc recoived j3clegraphic accounts of our movcmcntG ,and
v/i ill have heard nov; of our incapacrity to j'iovc! Ilerc v;c are,and must
au'ait our turn to have somc sort of accomodation on l)oard onc og the-
fitecU]ierE,Y/hich ,f ortunatcly,leave this port every day, V/c have inade
^nquiries at .. .he Shipping officc and find that t. erc \/ill Very likcly
he no placcs on any Etccjnor tili :.'.onday next,but v;e shall ^cnou more
to-morrow,V.liat a, pre^.ic£.jiicntl . .
'Jq did not Icarn the actual state of thingc tili v/c arrived .vGstcr«
day inorning at llavc-ianger! Thcrc is l. uifficulty also in obtaining noney
at ohe hanlcs,huu I have .vrittcn hoth to nj hanlcers and to Alf red,asking|
thcm to telegraxoh to thu Bergen Banics to give ne credit!
".Teil, although this is a laost unprecedcntcd and unexpected dilcmma,
one must not thinlc of anylittle uiscoiifort onc ziay have in the face
of thj awful tragcdy of a :i]uropcc;,n war! It is almost ninthinlcahle.Onc
cannot hclp .;ondcring,'where is the use of diploraacy, of arbitration,of
th*^ * orn-out scntence, thi- ''resorces of civilization",if v;ar is to "be
the 0 nl y arb i t r at o r '
Oh! V-Tiht a. contrast (bo our visist to Bergen three years ago,\7hen the
GexTiaji Z?leet was filling the hearbour.Do you rencraber?. ,,"
P. oQö.
, . . Thi L
Constancü to Annic^ _ S ep t cnib er 1914.
I Gook a bouciuct of 91 roses to Lord IL-dsbury fon his
Liornmg
ninety-Lecond birthday) \.ith a card containiiig a. little Hebrew versCj
to which he replied in Hebrew, "Hcart to heart'*,^^no. I heard hin infor-
riing his niece that h-. u.n;.. Lady Battors ea talked IIv.b_ev; tog-ther.7on-
aerf ul olu man! ..."
"I h...v.- h;.-d a Visit fron che Halsbur^/'s.IIe is 91, and a marvel,full of
fun anu talk. Hc ^-uoted Hebrew to me in an extraordinär;^' Eiajmer and
correctcd me oncc v;hcn I madc a littel Hebrcv/ ciuotation. . . "
Jtr . o . o 0 1
Constance to Annie
IToV'-nber 7th,1918. Aston Clinton-
"I fecl :^uite t^iddy v/hen I read the norning papers v;ith :.:dl the v/onaer-|
ful ne\.s. iüVvjrything topsy-turvy; a gigantic Ce.taclycn, rather a kind
of "Alicv. in \/ondvrland" or "Through th- Looking Gl^-ss" oifect.
I seem to bc luays seeing Empörers an^. Kings ana th^ir Gonsorts - •
running,and their thron-^c toppling ovor. Is it not -.vondvjrful! ! I
Bu . I ao wish thav: the horrid fighting v/oulcl conc to an end! Svery
day brings its sad list of casualties,and surely v/hcn the end is near
c.nd th^ result of the war conclusive, th^re siiould bc a cessation of
hostilities.
I \;ont.e^ ,.hat .;ill happcn to th.^ Sothscaild Banlcing IIousc in Vienna,
It Hüst b-: a gigantic change for our cousins,and I s.:oul. think some-
v;hat uisastrous irom l. xinL.ncial joint of viev;..."
P, ü4p.
Constanc t .■ Balfour 10. Gonnaught Plc.ve,"V/.2. July_1923.
~Tll you eo i-ie the favour o'^ accepting the ciccoi-ipanyi2ig""llt bll5'
*^' gift,in honour of th'-; eightieth anniv.-r::-ary of your birthday, -'^uongst- '
the m^.ny tokens of ...steem anu affection that you will b.. r >-.ceiving,I
II think min^ may probably ciain th^ uistinction of being uni^^^uc; curtain:^;
lO ven'Gurci
CO
it brings bhc ;, arme st oh gooci wisnes xrom oHv; uonor,'
if|, call h-rself ,c,s .....11, au old freind.
Thv. iittle c.-se eontains on.. of th . "llezuzas'* ,v/eli Jcnov/n to all
Lc.dy ILotliccliilci L^nä ]i...r cUl'iit
■■ iV< -»-
5
Gont^tc^nz.. st'^r'^^
ov>i\T..^or 1931,88 «J'ahre :.vlt uiiu ir:ö in ^/illc seien
n'
.1j-ii iiixun Eltv^rn "b.^ßraiafcn Anniu r,trr.b 1926,
LaaJQE: R. 9)
Schlclaten der erigliecnen Jucleaheit d£umlß über die Hlgllclilceit das
sionistisclie Ziel zuerreichen boctejaden. Und wie in besondere die
russisch© Revolution als Lösung der Judenfrage aufgefaßt rarde.
Zugleich ehen v;ir Lionel R^^den Adressaten dQT Balfour-Peclaration
Tor une ale oehr voraur^eichtsvollen Beurteiler der Situation. - -
^aü religiöße Srapfinden »das cie schon als junGCß H^dchen geäu-
ßert hattetlcam besonders in ihren Alter stark zum. Purchbruch,
Jeden VorGöI-mungnta^j vcnierkt nie in ihrem Tagebuch. Gie bereut ihre
Sünden, cciiläßt oich an die Brust und liefst viel in der Bibel. Sine
charakteriß tische SpiGcde,die ebenfalls ihre relißiöee Haltung be-
leuchtet,aus den allerlctaten Jaiiren ihree Lebens, bezieht eich auf
Lord Balfour. AnldiÄlich ceinec 30en öeburtßtages im Jahre 1928
( üXQ nelbat v;ar 05 Jciiire alt) w lilte sie uio ^^eburtataG^ßccchenk
eine - Mecusa uncl schickte c:ie an den ßTOi^^en ntaatnaann iiit einem
r'^irenden ?>eol ei t schreiben, v/elcließ nit -len ''orten ccUloü; ^*I feel
that thi:: little coiinective link v/ith itrj voicc fron the Old Tectamerf
nav not be unf.'wourabl-^' reccivcd bj" you,c.nd so I aope you v;ill accept
it uitii -..11 £;ood -/iEhen for hr.pi)y retuniy of the dc^^»*, 3:;.lfour ant-
woitete: ^'\i^' dei.r Li.d^' Bc-^fserGeajvviii/t a lovely precentl • Lovely
inriitnelfjlovely in the centinent Miich it enbodieo; lotreiy in the
affcction v.liich it chov/s. I shall alv/aye treaourc it.-c arc botii - •
old- vui-;^: old u£ a^e ic Lctinateu by the ^.'oung. J^ut nevcr in all the
2iOuni^ yeurr:- of cur i'reindship hac it dininichea in e trengtli or
vuricd in uality.- ITor v/ill itl".
Annio ctarb 1926,Conr: tance 1951,39 Jaiare alti Oie rinci beide in
T/illesden an der reite ihrer T-ltern begraben.
lüin Leben, v/eichec von den Be^:ieiiungen au i;xsraeli,Ker3l und
Balfour aurclwirkt ist, gehört auch in unsnerer an ncrkwLirdioen Gectak
ten reichen Geschichte zu den Seltenheiten.Mv:ai nuÄ dasu schon fast
90 Jahre ^i^l^bt haben und eine Eothßcliild gewesen sein. Aber
,.,.evdi noch mehr ai:: dies. Bas kann man Gan besten aus den Kontrast •
entnehneni v/eicher nach Hor^il's ;^orten iriviechen Constance und ihrer
Familio bestand. Bs ist darum nicht der Gi^toa des Hauoes , sondern
die Gröie einer bedeutenden Prau und echten Jüdin ,dio es rechtferti,
Conctance Rothschild eine, ehrende Brinnerung zu beweHren.
A'bre.hi
jr
Cuic to 'hie l;roü-:er D;..viu iCuIc
19i.h
.1 c.
'1; :u:i:
ü'.69
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Of
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its noise
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j a r t i c LI 1 a r 1 y i n t li i s
establishinenG jx tne
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£ur..ounded hy ricuiy duties
t:.-
ori
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re iiant v/ith the
)he.:.i
which i
a.ix
.eavy Charge -for th- v/orher
Lien oii^ in Gere
^^.
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0 ::le io cönc
j. -,,-, ,).
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on the
t-:in :i:
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lac
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ai i
.,xt;.i all
our £urrou:;dinir,
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ith our eve^:: ■
CO
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lon ox our
'X
ü_.
ur
Ct.
/nile 1
^li^.:i:tfül for our soul to e::)ericnce
the jea^tlful xealisation of uhe com; :andjnent o:
significan \/ays, \ve are axco
11 i uE varioui
c.;-iiU.
■are Ol Gh^
^overi::
0 X Qu r
j-
1 G ü a b 1 0 Y:
and of the unsuf f iciency of our life,c.nd th::.t io v/hy
in dif f icultie^: and lavc to yield in vario^iG
.re li
, r> O C; e. ;" .
•^ -W
recGions ana öo
:;.li.eYc
Gl
n. l:e^ am;: of the coiTinandnient
:i. b <-■
^m cace the Sab
Uc-^
•-. rl
i:n IS soreaain{: i uS wxngs oYcr tiie
co..'ntry, and oeneirates aitn its iEJiiiEX ^entlw ^reatn into the het..rti
of God*s oeoole v;..-ich
The settl einen t of on tne one side, the xiany hranches
of v/or:c quite aifferjoat froin th^se in preYious years, the neces. ity
to turn attention uO the ..inute de ..alle
:he asGociations of uorhers ..ith re^y-.rd
t 1
bi
..iiich are the concern of
to sonin^: and harvestin .:
a vvorh thG.t is a ü.izture of jhycical strain and iLealicbic
Oi>.
on the other side
hl this neralds the eo .in,^ of the ycar of Iloliness. And the
scntirients of the holy joojiQ in V'q holy land ax e fillin^ ±5is
lilce a dreairi also the soiiils of thoscopeoole -who did no ü rcco.jnise
their dojtli
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F^eA^l Kou£/t touCizrxc^f
7/Z
wM4'.MfcrfMlWMn»«u)»9o«r«.•'pfft'lt#1^'';y;!^
Ms«»i*«*MP ■ mbaa»3f<.:tn*^ i«»v«,^,,i«)M^HK«*B»J>Mi*.'w*"^'»
'^\^^ ?s^sey^i^cH A</)r^i^3^L.- M/«^rxA4 Bu'e>6:r ^.//o'i^r<rD
...Ich Dittü Ada, Hiriajn, Toni, Iladurj sali, Vera innig^'t von uiig zu ^:rüiSen.-
Allen, C'.lien Dank, Ifü.chdeiii das näciicte Jalir "v/ieuerum ein ungcradeio ist, hoffe
ich auf u. Idigec ^jroiies Wiedersehen. Ich icoi-iine bestiimnt nic^it Liit leeren
Ildnden.Die Arbeit ist sehr (jroß una )ieoet un^ehemre lIo^jliclLlieiten. Men-
sch.en schliejien siel., hraft ^emoinsoinen Erlebens zusoiiiinen,uni- d e schale • -
Geselligiceit weicht einem so2sialen 7ras£:jnnenle'ben,das teils auf './ahlvcr./andt
schafft unö- teils aif sozialer Vernunft beruht, Ai seh.- ersten läit r. ich die
Seimsucht nach lieben Ilenschen ertra(;en,..
-^[ [f L ^ ^-^^^^ [
C L.'LA.C^
■^■■
■^
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■'•i
Martin B u "b e r
Verlag aie Gestaltung'
"Brief an Gandhi
luricn ly^y
S>8-10. .,... Juden vvurden verfolgt, beraubt, mi
gebracht. Und Sie, Mahatma Gandhi, sagen, ihre Lag
iShandelt, gepeinigt, um-
e in dem ^ande,in dem
ilinen dies widerfahre, entspreche genau (an exact parallel^ der i^age der
Inder in Südafrika zur Zeit, als Sie dort Ihre berülimte "Wahrhei tskarf t
-oder-"oeeelenstärlce*»- (satyagrapha-) Kajnpagne eröffneten: dort hätten
die Inder durchaus denselben Platz eingenommen (there the Ondians occu-
pied precisely the säme place) und die Ver. olgung habe auch dort eine
religiöse Färbung (a religious tinge) gehabt. Aue dort habe die Verf^
Eung die Gelichberechtigung zv/ischen \7eiüen und i''arbigen,einschlieülidi
der Asiaten, abgelehnt, auch dort seinn den Indern Ghetti angewiesen wor-
den, und die übrigen Disqualifikationen seinen ebenfalls nahezu von der
gleichen Art gewesen wie die der Juden in Deutschlanfl(almost of the xx
sarae type as those of the Jews in Gerraany),Ich habe diese Sätze Ihres
Artikels wieder und wieder gelesen, ohne sie zu verstehen. Ich habe
Ihre Reden und «^chriften aus der südafrikanischen Zeit, obgleich ich
sie gründlich kannte, nochmals gelesen und mir jede Beschwerde, die Sie
darin vorbringen, mit aller Auf merk samlcet und Phantasie vergegenwärtigt '
ich habe dasselbe mit den Berischten Ihrer ]?reunde und Schüler über je-
ne Zeit getan; aber alll das hat mir nicht geholfen zu begreif en,v/as
Sie uns sagen. iDn Ihrem ersten mir bekannten Vortrag, von 189 6, haben Sie
unter den Pfuirufen der Versammlung, zwei besondere Vorgänge a.ls Zeugnis
angeführt: daiS eine Europäer bände einen indischen Dorf laden anzündete
und einigen Schaden verursachte, und daü eine andere Bande brennende Rar
keten in einen anderen städtischen Laden warf. Wenn ich daggen die
Tausende und Tausende zerstörter und verbrannter jüdischer Geschäfte
r;telle, werden Sie viillciht entgegengen,das sei nur ein Unterschied der
CJuantität, und die Handlungen seien doch almost of the same type. Aber
wissen Sie nichts, Mahat ma,voii der Verbrennung des? Synagigen und der
Tgorarollen? \7issen Sie nicht, was ua an heiligem, zuin Tfiil uraltem Gut
der Geneinschaft in Flammen aufgegangen ist? Ich habe nie davon gehört,
daß Buren oder Engländer in Südafrika ein indisches Heiligtum verletzt
hätten» •••
S.lOylS «.«...Die Inder wurden in Südafr oka verachtet und verächtÜ*
lieh behandelt, aber lechtlos waren sie nicht, vogelfrei waren sie
nicht, Geiseln für das erwünschte Verhalten des Auslandes v/aren sie
nicht. Und meinen Sie etwa, ein Jude könnte in Deutschland auch nur eiür
nen eimzigen Satz eines Vortrags wie jenes von Ihnen öffentlich aus-
sprechen, olme niedergeschlagen zu werden?'-vas für eine Sedeutunghat es,
auf etwas Gemeinsames hin zuweisen, wenn man solche Verschiedenheit un-
beachtet läßt?
Es scheint mir nicht überzeugend, da:j Sie Ihre V/eisung an uns, in
•*-'eutschland satyagraha zu üben, mit dieser Aehnlichkeit der Vorausse-
tzungen begründen. Ich habe in den fünf Jahren, die ich selbst unter den
gegenwärtigen Regime verbracht habe, viele •'^^andlungen echter Seelenstär-
ke von Juden erlebt, die sich ihr Recht nicht abdingen und sich nicht
nieaebeugen ließen, aber nicht allein keine Gewalt, sondern auch keine
List gebrauchten, um den i"'olgen solcher Haltung zu entgehen. Aber diese
Handlungen haben offenbar keinen Einfluß auf das Handeln der Gegenseite
ausgeübt. Gev/iß: Heil und Ehre jeaem,der solche Seelenstärke bekundet!
Aber als Parole der allgemeinen Haltung, die eine Wirkung zu tun geeig-
net erwehe int, kann ich sie für die deutschen Juden nicht anerkennen.
Man kann einsichtslosen ^enschenseelen gegenüber eine wirksame Haltung
der Gewaltlosigkeit einnehmen, auf Grund der Möglichlceit,ihen aadurcli
allmählich Einsicht bei zubringen, aber einer dämonischen Iniversal walze
kann man so nicht begegnen. Es gibt eine Situation, in der aus der satya-
graha der Seelenstärke keine satyagraha der \Vahrheitskraf t werden kann.
Das JorfMartyrium" beaeutet Zeugenschaft; wenn aber kein Mensch da
ist, der das Zeugnis entgegennimmt? Zeugenschaft oline Z eugnis,iflnwirk Ga-
mes , unbeachtetes, verziehendes Martyrium, das ist das Los unzähliger J'udoi
in Deutschland, Gott allein nimmt ihr Zeugnis entgegen; der «sier^elnde
GottjWde es in unseren Gebeten heißt, besiegelt es; aber eine LTaxi^^^e des
angemessenen Verhaltens kann man daraus nicht ableiten. Solches iCarty-
xium wird getan; doch wer darf es fordern! .,,,,
S^15-14. _..#..Sie sagen den '^uden, wenn Palästina ihr Heim sei »müßten
sie sich mit dem Gedanken vertraut machen, daß sie genötigt v/ürden to
ieave the other parts of the world i.. which they are settied? Haben Sie
den Indern in Südafrika auch gesagt, v/ennilndein ihr Heim sei, mußten
sie sich mit dem Gedanken ver..raut machen, daß sie genötigt vmrden,nacli
Indien zurückzukehren? Oder sagten Sie ihnen, Indien sti ihr Heim nicht
/
/
-'l/4
2)
Martin Buber Brief an GandJll ' ■'^maäi^t,^)^^.
'•»»»^•wiii^w*,-»*.
^)
ai
Und v/enn ,v/as freiliCx. unvorstellbar ist,üie Hunderte -Millionen Inder
morgen Lroer die jiirde verstreut vmrden,und ubeniorgen würde ein anderes
Volk sicix in Indien festsetzen, und die J"uden würden erklären, daiS trot^
dem noch Platz sei für Begründung eines National Korne tc.v sie,aa-ü ihrer
Diaspora eine starke organische Konzentration, die iilrrichtung einer le-
bendigen Mitte gewährt, soll dann ein jüdischer Gandhi- aneenoinme];i,daß
es so etwas geben kann- ibhnen antworten( v/as Sie den Juden antworten)
2 This cr^c ior the i-^ational Home affords a colourable justificatioit
lor your expulsion? Oder sie belhren,ä]rjnlich v/ie Sie die Juden belehr
,: Das Indien aer vedischen Vorstellung ist nicht eine geo,i;raphisoae \
^egend,es ist in euren Herzen? Ein Land, von dem ein heiliges Buch den'
Söhnen dieses Landes erzählt, ist niemals blo^ in den Herzen, eine Jjand
v/ird nie zu2n bloiien Symbol, Es ist in den Herzen, weil es in der V/elt
ist; es isc ein Symbol, v/eil es eine ./irkliclikeit ist, Zion ist dat pro
phetische Bild einer Verheißung i'ür die Menschheit; aber es wäre tur
eine scl'ilechte Metapher, wenn es den .:^ionsberg ni ht wirklich gäbe^ die-
ses Land heißt "heilig", aber es ist nicho aie Heiligkeit einer Idee,,
es Sit die Heiligkeit eines Stücke s Erde; v/as Idee ist und nic.ita £|i-
deres,kann nicht heilig werden, aber ein
wie ein ^^-utterleib heilig v^erden kann.
otück Hrde kann heilig v/erde;^.
, 1
Z^rsteruung ist erträglici. und zuweilen sogar sinnreich, wenn es 1 * \
irgendwo eine !^ajmiilung,eine v;achEen.,e >ieimatliche 1-itte gibt, ein r'.f.ii.irl *
Erde, wo man nicht in uer Zerstreuung »sondern in der Sammlung ist
tü(!c \
uncl \
von wo c.us der C-eist der Sammlung in alle Stätten der Zerstreuung hi^
naus wirken kann, \/o es das gibt, gibt es ein aufstrebendes gemeinsame!
Loben, clü.s Leben einer Gemeinschaf t, die heute zu leben wagt, weil sie 1
morgen zu leben hoffen darf. Aber v/o der Zerstreuung uiese wachsende ^
Kitte_,dieses unablässige Geschehen der Sammlung fehlt, da wird sie zur
Zerstückelung, Von ua aus ist uie jrage unseres jüdischen Schicksi.J,s
unabiösbar c.n die Iglickeit uer Sammlung, diese aber an Pa.lästina gebäi^
den, ,•••••
§.15... . bi'j sa gen,Ma}iatma Gandlii,iür den :.uf nach einem nationalen
Heim, uer oie "nicht sel-r anspreche", v/erae eine _:"ei.laubijung(. anction)
"in uer ..>ibel gesucht", iiein,co loo e^ üI-j-xu, , ., , ,
■f. ■■'
■v.' ■
^t
.^.■Lö-17^^^ig^-b aie vex-xeiÄung des "^^andes ist idr un^ uas Entscheidend^
sondern aie ..orüerung,ueren Jirfüllung an uas Land, an die Existenz einer
irei cii jUu.x ^^en Gemeinschalt in uic^^e... lan^x i^uounden ist. Die Bibel
sa,gt uns näi. lieh, und unter innerstes V/esen bestätigte es,daü einst,
vor Eiehr als dreitausend Jahren, unsere Einv/anderung in dieses Lajid,im
Bewuiotsein eines Auftrages von oben geschsh, hier, mit den Generationen
unseres Volkes, eine gerechte Lebensordnung auf zurichten, wie sie eben
nici't Yon Einzelnen im Bereich der privaten Existenz, sondern nur von
einem Volk in der GestaJLtung seiner Gesellschft zu verwirklichen ist:
Gemeinschaftsbesitz am Boden, regelmäji ig wiederkehrender Ausgleich der
sozialen Unterscliiede, Verbürgung der Une^bhängigkeit jeder Person, gegen-
seituge Hilf e,t:emeinsai^ie Sabbat ruhe, die Kencht und Tier l.Is Wesen glei-
chen Anspruchs laitumfai^t, Sabbat jähr, in dem sich mit der Schonung der
Natur ein freier Zugang aller zu ihren Früchten verbindet. Das sind
nicht von weisen i^nnern zv;ecicm. iäig erdachte Gesetze, sondern was die
Pülirung eines Volkes, offenbar selber überrrascht und übenvältigt,als
die gesetzte Aufgabe, als die Bedingungen der Landnahme erführt, Keinem
Volk sonst ist deigleichen an den Anfang seines Weges gestellt worden.
So etwas ver;_,iSt man nie, man entledigt sich seiner nie, Wir haben da-
mals nichü zustaade gebracht, was uns aufgetragen worden war, wir sind
unverrichteter Sache ins Exil gegangen, aber das Gebot ist bei uns ge-
blieben, und es ist drängender geworden a,ls je. Wir brauchen eigene Erde
zum es zu erfüllen, wir brauchen die Freiheit, unser eigenes Leben zu
ordenn; auf fremden Boden und unter fremder Satzung ist kein Versuch
zu wagen. Es kann nicht sein,dai uns die Erde und die Freiheit zur Er-
füllung versagt werden, V/ir sind nicht beghrlich,Mahi..üna; wir wollen
nur endlich gehe rchen können,,,,. ^.
■/■,■
S,19
jjL» • •
Sie sgen a.ber- und es ist für mich das Gewichtigste von
>.->'•
^^. ,.«--«'
.>,*»*-r'<Vi^''!*^''**^"
■, *i, ,'''.i^:'i'v
Martin Bube r Brief an Gandhi
3)
•V " » • • • »Si 6
Sie sagen aber- una es ist für uicii das Gewichtigste von all(
was bie auf uns zu sagen -/alästina gehöre den Arabern, und es sei daJ
her ^•unrecht und unmenschlich, die Juden den Arabern aufzuorlegen", #:», -
S , 2 5 - 27 , , S i g . haben einmal gesagt, Mahatma, die Politik umstriclca uns
heutzutag wie die V/indungen einer Schlange, denen man nicht entschlüpf a.
könne, was iicmer man versucht,; Sie begehrten daher, sagten Sie, mit d'er
^chiange zu ringen. Hier ist die Schlange in ihrer größten ^acht zu se-
hen, Juden und Araber haben Anspruch auf dieses Land, aber die Ansprticl^
lassen sich faktisch miteinander versöhnen, wenn sie nur auf das vom
Leben selbst und von einem Willen zur Versölinung oestommte Llaü zurüojc-
geführt v;erden,das heiüt,v;enn sie in aie Sprache von Bedürfnissse^^
lebender ^-enschen xür sich und ihre Kinder übersetzt werden, Statt clQf-
sen werden cie nun aber un ^er dem Einfluß der Schlange zu prinzipiell
len,au politischen Ansprüvüchen zugespitzt und v/erden mit all der Rück-
sichtslosigkeit vertreten, die die Politik den von ihr Gefphrten ein-
flöiät. Das -"eben mit seinen 'drklichJceiten und Mögliciiiceiten entschv/iju-
det ebenso wie der V/ille zur Wahrheit und zum Prieden, nichts värd inel^ip
gev/ußt und Gefülilt als uie ^"'politische Parole allein, Die ^chlange sii
niCiit bl .>iS ...be. den Geist, sondern auch über das Leben, '^er'v/ill mit ihr
ringen?
Hittun in Ihren Ausführungen,Maiiatma, steht ein gutes Wort, das v/ir ..
dankbar aufneiimen.V/ir sollten suchen, sagen Sie, das arabische Herz zu '..
bekehrenflTun dennn, helfen Sie uns ,es zu tun! Auch bei uns sina viel '
töri.-hte Herzen zu bekehren, aie jener völkischen Selbstsucht verfallen
sind, welche nur uen eigenen Anspruch kennnt; das werden '.vir hoffentlich
selbst zustande bringen. Aber zu uem anderen V/erk uer ' Bekehrung brau-
chen \;ir Ihre H.lfe, Ihre Rüge gilt jedoch nu^ ^^en «^uden,;;eil sie es
dulden, daß dit. btitischeii Bajonette die gegen die Bombenwerfer vertei-
digen, Ueber dief-:e selbst äuiern 3ie sich ..esentlicli zurückhaltender:
Siu sagen, Sie \7Ünschten,daß die Araber den V/eg aer Gewaltlosigkeit ge-
wählt hatten,i'^ber ac cor ding to the accepted caKnons of rightand wrong
sei niciits ggen ihr Verhalten zu sagen, Wie ist es nun i:iöglich,daß Sie
hier, was Sie doch nirgends tun, den accepted cranons cine,\.emi auch nur
bedingte, Geltung zugestehen! bie ..erfen uns vor, daß wir, uie . ir selbst
iceia ncer Desitzen,ei= zui.B.^^^n,^B.^ auo orioiöoiie mancnes Dlinue iaorcien
vcrnin.^eru; aenen aber, die täglich, o.ine -.inzuceiiün,v;en' s trifft, den
Mord in unsere Reihen tragen, lassen Sie in Anbetracht der accepted ca-
nons eine verständnisvolle Nachsicht angedeihen, Ueberschauen Sie alles
Mahitoa,Tun und Lassen,J-^echt und Unrecht beider Seiten- sollten Sie
da nicht erkennen, daß wir gewiß nicht eza wenigsten Ihre Hilfe brauchen
¥ir haben iii diesem Land neu zu siedeln begonnen, 35 Jahre eheihm
Oer «Schatten de© britischen Gescuützes" hahte, ITicht wir h8.ben_aiesen
Schatten aufgesucht »nicht un unsere ,sonaern uin aie britischen Interes-
sen zu \;ahrc'n,ist er hier erschienen una geblieben. Wir wollen die &ekx
Gewalt nicht,,,,.
w-
^M
^ ^, ..^^, ,,...V/ir haben nichtmwie unser Volkssohn Jesus und wie Sie,
"aie' Lehre' der Gewaltlosigkeit aus^^eruf en,weil wir meinen, daß ein ISannn
S. 27-28.
"■"(■I _ w ^1 '^vT
zuweilen, um sici: oder gar um seine Kinder zu retten, Gewalt übern muß«
Aber wir haben von der Urzeit an die Lehre der Gerechtigkeit und des
Friedens L.usgerufen; wir haben gelehrt und gelernt, daß der Priede da'ß
Ziel der Welt und daß die Gerechtigkeit der V/eg zu ihT). ist. Also könnei
wir nicht Gewalt übern Wollen,
ITun aber sagen Sie, unsere Gewaltlosigkeit sei oft the helpless and
the v;ealc. Das entspricht der V/irklichLceit nicht. Sie wissen nicht oder
bedenken nicht, v/elche Seelenstärke, welche s tyagraha dazu gehört hat,
hier, unter jahrelangen unaufhörlichen Taten der blinden Gewalt an uns,
unseren Prauen u..d Kindern, an uns zu halten und nicht mit Taten der
bli den Gev/al t zu antw^orten. /
S,28-o0 ,...«, Sie sagen, es sei a stigma gegen uns, da"*
sus gekreuzigt haben, Ich weiß nicht, ob das wirklich gss
ich halte es für mögl ch.Ich halte es für ebenso m. glich, wie dar
sehe Volk unter anderen Umständen und wenn das ,was Sie lehren/^
unsere Ahn er ^^
Bchehen ist/ ^t>er
msi-
einer
'_,«-■■: ■;a',.-1
■'■■''- ' :' I
\/.i: ■■i'i''
■ ■/*'■"
eigenen Neigung stärker entgegen wäre(lndia », sagen Sie,Us ¥ ^g-? tpn
non-violent") Sie hingerpchtet hätte. Völker verschligen nl-^ WiVpt.-
das Große, das sie geboren haben. Wie kann man ^^''^'\^}f^^^' aber
Spruch als «StignaS eines Volkes bezeichnen! Ich ^^^^^^iT^^
^ücht verschweigen, daß ich ^y/ar nicht unter^s^|^^^
r.onvi..PTn Je--u.abe. auch nicatun^^Xen, dem iJeoei: ziu
aen hreu/iigern jeK.u,u.t^ „^p^t verbieten
wäre, Denn ich kannnmir nie:
c-*#'
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f> vi 'S f.
ii*"i ■■ ■- ■ I Miii II a ■ IIB I /
'■'>'.>'■
tou. t :.ilcht, vr i:cj. dmiy: die Liciia; oir trollen für -^l: Gor-icl'itl^;]:.. it
>4. UCiJ.
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Pum /CbSL£/e (^OLtezTzOtl
7lz^
lll'i UC^u f<-e.H \^i\^e9if'^ ' t^^ujs.ffiN^ ouiPflA^ MI'j^^H
THE JEWISH
i
OPINION OF JEWS IN
THE FORCES
R^entment at Communal
Mismanagement
Front CAPTAIN EDMUND DE ROTHSCHILD
To the£ditor of The Jewish Chroniclb
Sir, — Many of us in the Forces serving overseas
-inarticulate as a lesult — view with consternation
^the division, petty strife, and jealousies that are
}litting the Jewish Community in England at the
Imoment. It secms to be forgotten that so many
[Jews are fighting in the Forces everywhere, and that
they have a right to speaic, yet cannot do so. At the
' conclusion of the war are they going to come home
and find chaos amongst Jewry and a split in the
Board of Deputies, up to now the leading Jewish
representative Organisation in England?
As the occupicd countries are rcleascd, so the task of
helping thosc who have suflfered will be undertaken, and
amongst those helpers must be Jews — from England. But
that titne has not come yet. Granted, preparations niust be
made. But every ounce of encrsy should be devoted to the
stmggle, whether by Zionist, anti-Zionist. Pole, Greek, or
aay other type of Jew living in Grcat Britain. This is
paramount.
Many are in the Forces, the rcprcsentativcs of Anglo-
lewry being forcmost, while others — later arrivals from
Europe — are also in the Services opcn to them. There
seems, however. to be a disintercsted scction who are out
for themselves, and who are out to run us — we, the youngcr
generation, doing our duty. Unit<:d as wc are now, so wc
fecl the Jews of England should be. *
Every Jew is asrccd on the principics that thcre should be
increascd Immigration imo Palestine. espccially for thosc
who have sufTcred and who want a fresh start in life; and
that Palestine was the birthplace of our religion and ancesiors.
We are fighting for the frccdoms. Theref'^rc. if a person
wishes to go to Palestine hc should ^^^ assistcd to do so.
The old comrovcrsics wliich have split us must be shclvcd
pro lern, whilc the first stcp is carricd out. Constructivc
schemcs for the advancement of tho.sc going to Palestine. and
of the mcans of getting them there at the conclusion of
hostilitics, must be ready. These are. I bclieve, in fact, in
existcnce. Then can come somc of thosc Problems, some
rcligious. somc national — ^but why the last-named if we are
T going to have a brothcrhood or commonwcalth of nations?
IWhy mcct troiible half-way?
The best help that can be givcn to those in the hell of
lEurope is to win the war as quickly as possible by the
lutmost co-operation. To ask the Allics to intcrccdc and
ftreat with the Germans is oiily helping the cncmy.
The rcligious Problems are not for us to discuss. With us
in the Forces wc have kamt tolcrancc, and no man can
lask for more than that.
I can see onc Solution — wc, the coming generation, must,
Iwith honour and dignity. quictiy Icad the oldcr generation
I whilc listcning to thcir counsels, and teil them we are not
[going to have our livcs and futiirc jeopardised by thcir mis-
management. So in any future discussions that may rcnd the
nap in Jcwry still wider. Ict them rcmcmber they spcak for
Ithemscives and not for those who are in the Forces, and who
[will, onc day, bccomc the Icadcrs of Jewry.
I am, &c.,
B NA. F. EDMUND DE ROTHSCHILD.
August 27, 194.V
THE COMMUNAL SPLIT
Attempts to Reconcile the Irreconcilable
From Mr. ALBERT M. HYAMSON, O.B.E.
To the Editor of The Jewish Chroniclb
Sir, — We are all at onc in the desire that in
external affairs Jewry should be united, if union is
possible, But is it possible?
Dr. Roth's proposal of a united Foreign Committcc is not
Ipracticable. Of his fivc organisations, three are not British
institutions, although they happen to have administrative
Offices in this country. Three of the fivc are identical in thcir
outlook — parts of one whole — and a fourth consists of a
very small elcmcnt in Anglo-Jcwry. The result of adopting
Dr. Roth's proposal would in eiTect be a repetition of the
offer made to the A.J.A. by thosc now in control öf the
Board of Deputies of three rcprcsentativcs out of 22 or 25,
that is to say the complcte suppression of any point of view
except that of those in control of the Board. This offer
was very properly refused by the Council of the Anglo-
Jewish Association.
Surely it is time that in Atiglo-Jewish and Jewish affairs
we opened our eyes. The division is deep. It runs between
those who consider Jewry a rcligious Community and those
who consider it a political entity. The two points of view
are irreconcilable, and it is a waste of time to prctend to
reconcile them. A pretence that they are reconciled or can
be reconciled can be of benefit to neither party nor to Jewry
as a whole. Each party must realise the existence of the
other and accept its good faith. Both are entitled to their
Points of view. Neither should attcmpt to suppress the
other.
I am, &c..
Jncoln Road, Oxford. ALBERT M. HYAMSON.
January 10. 1941
Obituary
\
M. HENRI BERGSON
Famous French Philosopher
'i'he nöted French Academician and originator of the
theorv of "Creative Evolution," M. Henri Bergson, died on
Sunday.
It is less than a month since wc recorded news of M. Berg-
son— to the effect that he refused the privilege of cxemption
from the Operation of the Vichy Jew-law to which he was
entilled on the grounds of " exceptional servicc." Instead he
demonstratively obcyed the order that Jews rcgister pcrsonally
and wcnt to the registration ofTicc in dressing gown and slippers,
supported by his valct and nursc. According to one rcport it
was as a result of the long wait in a queue at this ofTice in bad
weather that M. Bergson caught pneumonia and died. He
was 81.
Bergson was born on October 18, 1859. His father,
M'chael Bergson. who camc from Warsaw, was a noted
miisician. He hold the post of Professor at the Conscrvatoire
at Geneva for twenty-five years. When in England, he col-
laboratcd with the latc Rcv. M. Hast, of the Grcat Synagogue
in the publication of a collection of sacred Jcwish music.
Michael Bergson, who was the son of a Polish Rabbi, married
a daughter of Dr. Levinson. of Brighton, a writcr of devotional
books and a contribiuor to The Jewish Chronicle. Their son,
Henri, was born in Paris, in the Rue Lamartine and received
his early educntion at the Institut Sprineer, a Jewi'-h secondary
school, where his Portrait was later hung as the pupil who had
conferrcd the greatest honour on the school.
Election to Acadeniy Opposed
Bergson's carecr was rapid and briliiant. After study ing at
the Ecolc Normale Superieurc, he became Professor of
Philosophy in scvcral provincial lycces and was subsequently
clectcd to the Lycec Henri IV in Paris. In 1889 he obtained the
dcurcc of Doctor of Literaturc and was calied to the Chair
of Grcek and Latin Philosophy at the Colleuc of France in
1900. a Position which he held until his resignation in 1921.
In 1923 he was electcd a member of the Council of the Legion
of Honour. He received an honorary degrec of LL.D. from
Columbia Univqfsity and was clccted Vice-President of
the French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences for the
ycar 1913. One of the great events of the lilerary sea'-on at
this lime was the candidature of Bergson for a Chair in the
French Academy, which had nevcr admitted a Jew to member-
ship in the 300 years of its existence. Bergson's claim to a
place aniong the " Immortals " was hotly contested by the
anti-Scmitic elcments of French public life, purcly on the
score of his religion. However, when the ballot was taken it
was found that of the forty members of the Academy. thirty-
one had voted and Bereson had secured a majority of nineteen.
Professor Bereson visitcd England in 1914, when hc lectured
at Edinburgh University and University Coliepc, London. As
Pre'ident of the Society for Psychical Research, hc delivered
an address to a lartre audiencc at the Apolian Hall In 1913
he wcnt to America as deleaate of the University of Paris and
lectured at Columbia and other Universities. While in the
U.S.A. he dcveloped closc personal rclations with the late
President Wilson. For scveral years he wa«: President of the
League of Nations Commission on Intellectual Co-operation ;
he resigned this Position, on account of his health, in 1925.
The Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded him in 1927.
Professor Berg'on married Miss Ncuberger, daughter of a Jew
who occunied an important post in the banking firm of
Rothschild.
Amonc Berason's most famous works are " Time and Free
Will " published in 1888, " Matter and Memory " which
appcared in 1896. "Creative Evolution" published in 1907,
and " The Two Sources of Morality and Relipion," published in
1935. .
Bergson and Jewish Problems
M. Bergson rarely identified him-elf with Judaism but on
several occasions expressed opinions on Jews and on anti-
Semitism. He frequenlly condemned, as stupid, the theory of
inherent differenccs in the behaviour of various races. '* I
doubt," hc once said, " whether the Jews have any special
hereditary defects or qualities, considering that thcir blood has
been so mixed — very much more than is believed." In 1934,
speaking on Hitlerism, he urged that Jews must speak to the
conscience of the world — not only for the sake of Jewish «elf-
preservation. but to prevent the utter shame of anti-Semitic
barhRrism from staining the honour of civilisation in its
entirety.
MR. HYMAN LOB
X'
Zionist Review, October 20, 1943
S
Sani Tschernichoiv^ski
THE fame of Bialik and the laureis with which
' he was crowncd by the critics dimmed for a
time the glory of all other poets, all but one, who
after many tribulations, succeeded in acquiring a
prominent place beside the national poet. That
man is Saul Tschernichowski. His succcss was
due not to the similarity of his poetry to that of
Bialik, but on the contrary, to the differences. In
factj the spirit prevailing in the songs and pocms
of Tschernichowski is diametrically opposed to that
of Bialik, and yet to a dcgree, completes it. While
the latter primarily gave expression to the tragedies
and hopes of Jewish life of the age, and only in
a small degrce voiced the reaction of man to the
World and life and its beauty, the former sings
mainly of the feelings and thoughts of the man
in the Jew, his relation to the univcrse and life,
and in a lesscr measure of the hopes, aspirations,
and woes of the Jew.,..
Tschernichowski is free from the bonds and ties
of the past, irideed at times his freedom reaches
an extreme degree, approaching paganism with
which he displays great sympathy in many of his
poems. Yct he is never conscious of this freedom
and emancipation, for the poct needed no liberation
as he was never steeped in ghetto life and its
views. Nor does this freedom imply a lack of
Jewishncss and love for his people, its history, or
devotion to the national ideal. AU these traits,
especially the lattcr, find strong expression in his
pocms, and the numbcr of his national songs ex-
ceeds that of Bialik. But his Jewishness is
tinged with a peculiar fiavour, diflcrcnt from that
of othcr poets, for it is permeated with the spirit
of humanism. On the whole, Tschernichowski bears
his Judaism lightly and fmds no confiict between
it and the World and life at large despite lüs decidcd
inclination to paganism. Not that he really suc-
ceeded in synthesizing the two, but rather that
both, the man and the Jew, dwell in harmcny in
his soul and in two separate compartmcnts,
Much of this typical, and to an extent, dual
character of Tschernichowski'» poetry is explained
by his life and education. Unlike most of the Hc-
hrew writcrs and poets, who were born and brcd
in small towns or in tlie largcr citics in the Pale
of Settlement in Russia and grew up in an urban
environmcnt, which was saturated with piety and
rigorous religious observances, far from nature,
Tschernichowski was born in the village of Michai-
lowka in the Crimea. The poet was the third gener-
ation of Jewish villagers in the Crimea, so that vil-
lage life was a tradition in his family. His parents
wcre observant Jews but were far from possessing
rigorous piety. Young Saul was therefore raised
up to the seventh year of his life in an atmosphere
which was füll of joy and play and in close
I proximity with nature and üie animal world.
Friendly relations existcd then between the Jews
and the peasants of the village and the child
mingled freely with the Gentile urchins. Together
with them hc roamed the wide steppes in search
of flowers and birds' nests and participated in all
their plays and pranks. He probably knew some
Yiddish but Russian was his native tongue and a
general rudimentary education preceded his Hebrew
one. His childhood memories were thus much dif-
ferent from those of most Hebrew poets. They
contained no dark skies and crooked dirty streets,
nor the yoke of the Heder and the blows of the
irate teacher, but as he says in one of his poems,
"golden fields, clear skies, and days of childhood
füll of charm and bright colours." These days
left an indelible Impression on his soul and greatly
influenced his poetry which bears a cheerful char-
acter
Stay In Odessa
AT the age of fifteen, after completing the gen-
eral elementary school in the village, the
future poet came to Odessa and entered a com-
mercial high school from which he graduated three
ycars later with the highest distinction. He was
not, however, inclined tö enter a commercial career
but preferred the study of natural sciences and
medicine, and bcgan to prepare himself for the
university examinations in which, however, he was
unsuccessful and he left Russia in the year 1899
and entered the University at Heidelberg.
His stay in Odessa, a centre of Hebrew culture
at the time, both developed his poetic genius and
deepened his Jewishness, He came in contact with
many famous writers and leaders of the Hobebe
Zion movement, became permeated with the nation-
al ideal and for a time was active in the movement.
Great influence was exertcd on him by the young
The foUowing chapter from
Meyer Waxman's
"History of Jewish Literature," Vol. 4, published
in the U.S.A. recontly, describes the life and
literary activities of the doceased writer.
publicist, Joseph Klausner, who encouraged him in
his poetic productivity and madc him swear never
to writc pocms in any other language but Hebrew.
In Heidelberg, Tschernichowski stayed for four
years and studied natural sciences and medicine and
then continued his studies in Lausanne, Switzer-
land, for thrcc more years. His stay in these
beautiful cities situatcd in the midst of a magni-
ficcnt natural environment stimulated his love of
nature, and togeihcr with the gay Student life füll
of amorous episodcs, served as an inccntive to
crcative work. Many of his nature and love p>oems
wcre writtcn during these years.
In 1907 he returncd to Russia and was engaged
by a provincial health department as visiting phy-
sician in the villages. In this work he spent the
years until the War when he was drafted as a mi-
litary physician. After the War he settled in
Berlin whence he emigrated in 1930 to Palestine.
During all these vicissitudes, even during the years
of travelling through Russian villages when he
passed months without meeting evcn a single Jew,
Tschernichowski did not forsake his Muse, and
from time to time wrote poems and stories in
Hebrew. It was, it seems, ordaincd for him that
during a great part of his life, the two worlds, the
Jewish and the non- Jewish, should strive in him for
mastery, and quite frequently he feil under the in-
fluence of the latter, but never forsook the forraer.
*Toet of conquest"
THERE are very few poets, both Jewish and non-
■ Jewish, to whom life is the summum bonum ai
it is to Tschernichowski. He is, of course, aware
of its tribulations, of iti sorrows, and pain, but he
disregards them for he findi ample compensation
in the contemplation of beauty in nature, in the
legitimate satisfaction of desires, though it bc mo-
mentary, and abovc all, in the joy of conquest of
obstacles. In fact, struggle and ultimate conquest
is, according to the poet, the very essence of life.
In a letter to Dr. Klausner, Tschernichowski write«
as f oUows : l!Xife itself, as it is very of ten revealed
to US in reaiity, is uglyTÜOT the cSnTen'fBnd essenc».
of life is glorious, veritable poetry, nay, evcn a
«ong of songs. It is the song of conquest of order
over chaos, of being over non-being, of life over
death. Etemity. infinity is death; becoming,
changc, is life. The conquest is momcntary, but
I conquest nevertheless. The life of every one living,"
/ he continues, "is a song and when one becomes
I conscious of that song he is a poet. All poets
I should by right be poets of conquest, but the ugli-
I ness of life, poverty, oppression, and evil make
many of them poets of defeat. I am a poet of
conquest, but as a Jew it is my destiny to be t
poet of defeat. And against this fäte I 8trugf;le,
and even as a Jew I am the bearer of the sohg^
conquest. But when I really fecl dcfeated, I am"
silent, for the conquered have no songs but dirges."
Strength of beauty
THIS remarkable document which contains •
philosophy helps us to understand the charac-
ter both of the poet and his productions. We seo
the source of his love of strength, of conquering
might, of the joy of overcoming obstacles, and si-
multaneously of faith and optimism, all of which
are found in the spirit prevailing in his poems. On
the whole, thcre is no tragedy in them, no tears,
but ratlier hope and joy in nature and life, «nd
cheerfulncss. And when defeat in the form of
suffering of his people Stares him in the face, he
does not accept it with resignation and weep over
it, but mects it with bursts of anger and cries for
revcnge. To all these traits must be added the
deep sense of beauty, a direct result of his view of
nature and life with which the poet is saturated.
Beauty is the highest aim and goal of life. He
knows the value of strength and also that of
knowledge, but higher than both is that of beauty.
Palestine Jewry's Tribute
FUNERAL IN TEL-AVIV
PALESTINE Jewry has been plunged into deep
sorrow by tlie death of Dr. Saul Tscherni-
chowski, the greatest contemporary Hebrew poet.
He arrivcd in Jerusalem to spend the Succoth Fes-
tival, and died at the residence of his wife from
heart failure on Thursday, I4th October, 1 a.m.
He was normally residing in Tel Aviv, where he
hcld the post of a city physician. Preparations for
the funeral were made by the Vaad Leumi. Among
the pall-bearers were Professors of the Hebrew
University and members of the Jewish Agency and
the Vaad Leumi. Kaddish was said by Prof.
Joseph Klausner. No eulogies were delivered be-
cause of the Festival. Large crowds assembled in
the streets through which the cortege passed, and
many delegations foUowed the funeral to the Old
Cemetery in Tel Aviv. It was preceded by school-
children, headed by their teachers and detachments
of Jewish Police and nurses. Tschemichowski's so"h-
in-law, Mr. Wilensky, recited the Kaddish in front
of the Town Hall and then at the open grave.
Jewish and AUied soldiers attended the funeral and
gave" the military salute. Tschemichowski's re-
mains were interred in a grave flanked by those of
Mcir Dizengoff and Achad Haam.
Tschernichowski was recently engaged in the
translation of Serbian poetry. His last original
song was published in the "Haaretz" Year Book.
A volume of songs writtcn by him during the last
three years will shortly be published by the
Schocken Publishing House. Translations from
classical works of world literature, including works
by William Shakespeare, are among the unpub^-^
jshed writings left by Tchemichowski. --TLne late '
'^uthor's will includcs a request that the medal he
^^nisn uovernme!5t__for hjs
trSrislgtiuiT^to^ Hebrew of the Finnish national
epiL KaleWälU liiouid De retumed to the Finnish
Girveiiuiieill. ^ 1 ne~^Association of Hcbrew~XWit)r8
TlaSTnet to disiUss a schcme for establishing a "Beth
Saul" in memory of Tchemichowski. His per-
sonal belongings, photographs, portraits, documents,
fountain pens which he had received from admirers
all over the world and other similar objects, are to
be ezhibited In a special room in the Beth Saul.
Zionist Review, October 20, 1943
i<
e have not done enough'
-BEN GURION
«
VOICE OF THE LAND" CONFERENCE
L
THE splendour of the Jerusalem hüls formed
a remarkable scenic background to the
' Voice of the Land" Conference of the Jewish
ITational Fund, commemorating the second
nnnivi^rsary of Menahem Ussishkin's death,
held fjn Mount Scopus last week. Hundreds of
cJelegites assembled at the large hall of the
Hose iblum building housing the Faculty of
FJun;anities of the Hebrew University, under
tle chairmanship of Mr. David Ben-Gurion.
Dr. Max Soloveitchik, head of the Education
Pepurtment of the Jewish National Council
o" I'alestine, sketched Ussishkin's personality,
his life and work. Other Speakers included
the Chief Rabbis of Palestine, Rabbi Dr.
Herzog and Rabbi Uziel, and Miss Henrietta
Hzo'd, who contrasted the desolation between
Haifa and Tel Aviv at the time of her flrst
Visit in 1908 with the flourishing picture she
SSLVT on the same route during her journey by
car on the previous day. Prof. J. Klausner
ntiessed the necessity of land as a basis for
th3 salvation of Jewish survivors after the
war.
6% of Western Palestine
Mr. Ben-Gurion declared that many con-
rr^ors had come to Palestine, while the Arabs
'.'ad been dwelling in it for 1,300 years; all of
^ 1 hem had only accentuated the country's deso-
lation and turned the ancient Eden into a
wilderness. Throughout the vast territory of
the Negev, which extended over half of the
surface of Western Palestine and which twenty
centuries ago had a great population, there
were now only two small communities, one at
Hebron and one at Beersheba! In sixty years,
Jewish settlement had achieved miracles,
although they had only acquired 1,500,000
dunams of land representing six per cent of
Western Palestine. But even in this tiny area
they had proved to the world that Palestine
could be converted into a blossoming garden,
but, Mr. Ben-Gurion added, "we have not
done enough. There was a time when Ger-
man Jewry ß,lone was in a position to redeem
the whole of Palestine, and this is also true
of Polish Jewry. We have been slandered that
we displaced Arabs. But this slander has
been authoritatively dissipated."
The White Paper imposed land restrictions
which made Palestine into a country in which
racial discrimination is being practised. Jews
are forbidden to purchase land in any part out
of 95 per cent of the entire area of Palestine;
they are not even allowed to rent a house
there. Cur adversaries then contended that
the area in which land purchases are banned,
was densely populated. "But I have toured part
of this region of Southern Palestine," Mr.
Ben-Gurion declared, "comprising fourteen
million dunams, and I did not find any trace
of a Single habitation." The Jews would
withstand the edicts directed against them
with three things: flrstly, with modern Jewish
science; secondly, with pioneering; and, thirdly,
with bravery in the defence of their life, Immi-
gration and settlement.
Jewish National Fund Bevenues
Dr. A. Granovsky, Managing Director of the
J.N.F., reported that the revenues of the Fund
in the Jewish calendar year 5703 had amounted
to a mililion pounds, while expenditure mainly
for the purchase of land, had been £1,800,000.
In the four years of war the revenues
amounted to three million pounds, of which
tha Jews of the United States had given 58
per cent, South African Jewry 13 per cent,
Great Britain 11 per cent, and Palestine 8 per
cent. The Yishuv thus occupied propor-
tionately the first place in the list of World
Jewry. Per capita South African Jev/s led
the world contributions. The Yishuv's school-
children had contributed over £10,000 to the
J.N.F. in 5703. Keren Kayemeth work was
continued even Underground in European
countries. The property of the J.N.F. was now
approaching 700,000 dunams. In the year 5704
the Fund was asking Jewry to double its con-
tributions and bring the revenues up to two
million pounds. In conclusion, he announced
that the Keren Kayemeth had decided to allo-
cate a proportion of land to the settlement of
demobilised servicemen.
Mr. Leopold Sehen conveyed greetings from
British Zionists stating that they had undei'-
taken to provide a quarter-of-a-million pound.s
for the' J.N.F. in the Coming year.
THE FUTURE OF TRAXS-JORDAI^
AN "ECONOMIST" SURVEY
The Jerusalem Correspondent of the London
"Economist" writes:
ON the face of it, Trans-Jordan is now an
independent country with all the para-
phernalia of sovereignty. It has its own army
and customs barriers, a Legislative Council,
and, since a recent date, its own diplomatic
representatives abroad. It has been recognised
by the mandatory power and by all the neigh-
bouring states, and even the initial tension
between the local population and the foreign
Emir has been steadily dwindling during the
twenty years of his reign. Moreover, the ad-
ministration of the country must be credited
with many notable achievements. Efficient
control of the Bedouin tribes has practically
put an end to raiding, and the new security
has induced the villagers to improve their
methods of harvesting and to increase their
own flocks. A fiscal survey of the settled area
has been completed, and land settlement Opera-
tions, together with a registration of holdings
and rights, are proceeding satisfactorily. The
old System of tithes and other Turkish taxes
has been superseded by new taxation on real
property, graded according to the categories of
land and to the yield of buildings; and a simple
form of income tax on salaries has also been
introduced. Educational and health services
have been extended, and attempts are being
made to encourage the settlement of nomads.
The population of Amman, the residence of the
Emir, has increased from 5,000 in 1915 to
over 20,000, and the enhanced importance of
the desert routes to Basra and to Iraq has
helped it to obtain a flourishing overland trade.
On the other hand, the country has been
spared internal conflicts, for there is no indus-
trial Proletariat nor any racial differences. To
many observers it looks indeed a model Arab
■täte in the very heart of the turbulent area
of the Middle East.
This opinion cannot, however, be accepted
without som« «orrections. It should not be
forgotten that Trans-Jordan Is still the most
primitive of the Middle Eastern countries, with
a very sparse population — only 3.5 inhabitants
per Square kilometre — totalling some 300,000,
which is almost stationary and of which barely
two-thirds are really settled. In fact, most of
the administrative improvements have been due
to British guidance and tutelage. Financially,
too, Trans-Jordan has been from the begin-
ning dependent on the .British Treasury. In
addition to a general subsidy, it is receiving a
number of grants-in-aid for specific purposes —
the maintenance of the Trans-Jordan Frontier
Force; Trans- Jordan's share of the Ottoman
public 'debt; the hydrographic survey of the
country; the construction of the Trans-.Jordan
section of the Haifa-Baghdad road, and so on
— and the sum total of these grants, which
were made to enable Trans-Jordan "to cover
legitimate expenditure which the territory was
unable to meet with its unaided resources,"
has amounted during the years 1921-22 to
1941-42 to fP3.35 million, that is, to almost a
third of the country's total expenditure.
Financial assistanc«
V
These open subsidies do not, moreover, in-
clude the flnancial assistance which Trans-
Jordan is receiving in many indirect ways. It
has been given a disproportionately large share
in Palestine's customs receipts and currency
Profits. The Trans-Jordan section of the Hejaz
railway is administered and maintained by the
Palestine Government, though , it involves a
regulär deficit which has up to now accumu-
lated to some £P300,000 to fP400,000. Palestine
participates to the extent of five-sixths in the
maintenance expenditure of the Trans-Jordan
Frontier Force and has sole respansibility for
paying the High Commissioner, whcreas the
cost of the British Resident at Amman and of
his staff is now charged to Imperial funds. And
though, admittedly, some items included in the
Trans-Jordan budget have a common Imperial
importance, it is beyond doubt that left to itself
the country could not maintain even the local
Services.
The Palestinian Market
Nor is this dependence of a purely flnancial
character. The increase of the Trans-Jordan
wheat crop, from 51,000 tons on an average in
1930-32 to 122,000 tons on an average in 1937-39,
would not have been possible but for the extra-
ordinary growth of the population of Pales-
tine, which provided an ever-expanding market
— it now absorbs over 50,000 tons, against some
10,000 tons ten years ago. Other products of
Trans-Jordan agriculture and fisheries (grapes,
eggs, fish, sheep and goats, lentils, etc.) also
find an excellent market in Palestine; the
Phosphate rock from the Roseifa deposit is
being worked up at a factory near Tel- Aviv;
Palestine altogether accounts for well over 90
per cent of Trans-Jordan's exports and for
about a third of its Imports. Moreover, large
numbers of Trans-Jordanians are continually
Crossing the western border to find in Palestine
seasonal or permanent employment as labourers
in agriculture or in the towns.
Water resources '
As a result of the war, Trans-Jordan's seclu-
sion and relative self-sufiiciency have been
further shattered, and its economic future will
depend on its ability to exploit and develop its
natui-al wealth. To this end, the most im-
portant step would be the utilisation of the
country's water resources for intensiflcation of
agriculture and rural settlement. According to
rcliable estimates, it is feasible to irrigate, with
an outlay of some fPöOO.OOO to £P750,000, an
additional area of 300,000 dunams, which would
provide space enough for some 20,000 new
settler families. But the capital neccssary for
this colonisation would have to be supplied
from abroad, as well as the instructors *n<
most of the prospective settlers.
Zionist Review, October 20, 1943
DEPUTIES DISCUSS POSITION IN EUROPE
AFULL-DAY meeting of the Board of
Deputies took place at Woburn House,
London, on Sunday. Submitting the report of
the Executive Committee, Prof. S. Brodetsky
made a statemcnt about the negotiations with
the Anglo-Jewish Association. The President
said that he went a good deal further than the
Executive of the Board as a whole would like
him to go; he offered the President of the
A.J.A. the Vice-chairmanship of the Foreign
Affairs Committee and promised that he would
do everything possible to co-operate with him
completely and fully. But all his offers were
rejected by the A.J.A; it put forward a «eries
of conditions which would havc the oi'fect of
annulling the decision of the Board of the 4th
July. Prof. Brodetsky suggcsted that in view
of all these circumstances the matter be lookcd
upon for the present as beyond further con-
sideration.
Tribute to the President
Mr. Simon Marks paid tribute to the Presi-
dent, who he said had given a great deal of his
time to find a Solution, Unfortunately, he did not
get the Support of the A.J.A. The Situation
seemed a littlc bit absurd. "Is thero something
behind this subbornness?" Mr. Marks asked.
"Is this a prologue of the struggle to come?"
Mr. Isaao Landau expressed regret that a
number of Deputies were wanting in loyalty
to the Board by allowing their names to go
forward as members of the A.J.A. Foreign
Committee.
After some discussion the Board accepted
the recommendation of the Executive Com-
mittee to send two fraternal delegates to the
Conference of the World Jewish Congress.
(The refercnce back was lost by 69 for, 104
against). Mr. Percy Cohen, Mr. Frank Renton
and Mr. Nevilie Lasld objccted to the recom-
mendation, which was supported by Mr. Aaron
VVright.
The Board approved the proposal of the Law
and Parliamentary Committee to set up a
special committee to examine the question of
the advisability at the present time of seeking
to promote legislation to makc defamation of
communities a legal offencc. After some dis-
cussion the Deputies approved th« following
i-eport submitted by the President:
The Committee gave consideration to ques-
tions raised regarding the elections of Depu-
ties to the iBoai'd and recommended that a
Sub-Committee of the Law and Parliamentary
Committee be set up for the following purposes:
(1) To provide an authoritative Interpretation
of the clauseg of the Board's Constitution deal-
ing with the conduct of elections of Deputies
to the Board and to make proposals for any
desirable amendments of the Constitution on
clcctoral matters, including the power to dis-
solve the Board and hold fresh elections
during the lifetims^ of any Board; and (2) To
make administrative recommendations to
ensure that elections and bye-electiona to the
Board shall be conducted strictly in accordance
with the Constitution. The members of the
Sub-Committee to be: The Chairman of tha
Law and Parliamentary Committee, Lt.-Col.
L. H. Gluckstein, M.P., Mr. I. Landau, Mr.
B. A. Levinson, Mr. B. B. Lieberman and Mr.
Harry Samuels.
ForeigTi affaira
The outright condemnation by President
Roosevelt of the attempt by the Argentine
Government to introduce anti-Semitic dis-
crimination was hailed as a pronouncement of
the utmost importanco by Prof. S. Brodetsky
when he submitted the report of the Foreign
Affairs Committee. Speaking of the Situation
in Europe, the President said that the Nazi
cxtermination policy had been carried out all
the time with even excelled violence. As the
Position of Germany became worse so the
violence against the Jews increased. The action
of the Swedish Government was an action of
great historic importance. It must be wel-
comed as a new way of behaviour in inter-
national affairs. Turning to the problem of
rescuing Jews from Europe, Prof. Brodetsky
said that there had been much endeavour, but,
unfortunately, little achievement regarding
this matter. He emphasised that Palestine,
iri'espective of its sire, had done more in this
fleld than any other country. He also referred
to the resolution favouring the establishmcnt
of a Jewish commonwealth in Palestine, which
was adopted by the American Jewish Con-
ference, and pointed out that declarations
urging the abrogation of the White Paper and
demanding free Immigration for Jews into
Palestine were made evcn by the reprcsenta-
tives of that small minority at the Conference
which opposed the resolution or abstained
from voting.
Rescue work
Opening the debate on Foreign Affairs,
/Dr. S. Levenberg declared that it was not
enough to have a clear picture about the grave
i Jewish Situation in Europe. What they expect-
jed was action. He was deeply disappointed that
Ithe Foreign Affairs Committee did not deal
[with tho problem in an adequate manner. He
was aware of all the difliculties, but they must
Inot leave even the slightest Chance of saving
lives untried. He paid tribute to Palestine
Jewry's rescue work and asked whether the
I Anglo-Jewish cominunity was doing its duty.
Mr. L. Bakstansky raised the problem of tho
Inter-Governmental Committee for Refugees
and urged the importance of securing Jewirsh
representation, It was inconceivable, he said,
that the Jews should be ignored, when refugec
Problems were on the agenda. Mr, Bakstansky
suggested that the Board should strive to
break down the wall v/hich had been erect'^
round the Inter-Governmental Committee,
which today said: No Jcw admitted.
Other Speakers included Mr. Mishcon, who
paid tribute to Sweden, Dr. Braude, v/ho urged
unity, Mr. Bluinenthal, who suggested a special
appeal for rescue work, Mr. G. Bailikin, who
urged action on behalf of European Jewx-y,
Mr. D. Brotmachcr, who spoke about relief-
work, and Mr. H. A. Goodman, who discussod
the work of the Consultative Committee.
During the discussion on the report of the
Defence Committee a number of Speakers
including Dr. N. Barou, Mr. Lubbock, Mr. M.
Margolio«, Älr. Alec Nathan and Mr. Bagnnri,
urged a more vjgorous policy in the fight
against anti-Semitism. Mr. Gordon Liverman,
the Chairman of the Committee, gave an
assurance that everything possible will be done.
WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS (BRITISH SECTION).
NATIONAL CONFERENCE
OCTOBER 23rd ind 24th, 1945.
CAXTON HALL, WESTMINSTER, S.W.l. — SATURDAY, October 23rd, at 7.30 p.m.
Opening Address by THE MARCHIONESS OF READING, President of th© British Section.
Political Report by Mr. A. L. EASTERMAN, M.A., LL.B., and Discussion.
rii><— IT MIKHOELl «nd Goloa«! ITZIK FEFFEB, th« BepregentatiT«« of «h« j«wlsk GoMminitr of tk« Sovi«t Union,
«« «zpaotod io Addr«M th« ODaf«r«««a
II I Ultil
DORCHESTER HOTEL, PARK LANE, W.l. — SUNDAT, October 24th, from 10 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Opening Address by Mr. S. S. SILVERMAN, M.P., Chairman of the British SectioM.
Report om Po§*-Wair R«eoiuitruction by N. BAROU, Ph.D. (Eeon.), and Diacuasion.
▲DinSSION BT TICKl» OI«<T.
▲. i.. Basterman and N. Barou, Hon. Secretarie«, %, M»rl«jr Itr««*, London, W.l.
Zionist Review, October 20, 1943
Faith in Demoeraey
by Dr. L. Zelmanovits
The 2$th annivasary of the Czecho-Slovak State
occurs on October 2'6th. In this article the chairman
of the "Council of Jews from Czechoslovakia"
talks about the denwcratic tradition of the republic
of T. G. Masaryk.
JEWS all over the world remember with deep
sympathy the Republic of Czechoslovakia,
one of the few countries in Central and Eastern
Europe that was never a source of concern
for world Jewry. Its leaders have always been
Btaunch friends of the Jewish people. For
many years Czechoslovakia was a haven of
refuge for thousands of Jewish victims from
Nazi oppression.
When at the last Peace Conference the new
System of the "Protection of Minorities" was
established, President Wilson suggested that a
special clause be included in the Treaty with
Czechoslovakia, similar to the Treaties with
Poland and Roumania. Dr. Benes, then
Minister for Foreign Affairs, declared that no
clause was necessary in the case of Czecho-
slovakia, which was determined to respect the
rights of all her Citizens. No special clause
was included, but in the Constitution of the
Republic there were embodied, in addition to
,,the equality of civic rights for all Citizens,
^^Siinority-rights" for the Jews on the same
basis as other national groups. Jews were
permitted to declare themselves to be of Jew-
ish nationality. This fact was actually the
basis for the existence of a Jewish national
minority in Czechoslovakia. The signiflcance of
such a Position has often been misunderstood
In non-Jewish as well as in certain Jewish
circles in this country. The main reason seems
to be the misinterpretation of the term
"nationality", which in the languages of Central
and Eastern Europe has quite a different mean-
ing than in the English language. In the
latter the term "nationality" is equal to
"citizenship"; in most of the European coun-
tries, however, the term "nationality" is the
expression for adherence to a national group,
which can be difPerent from the "State-nation".
There were, for Instance, in the Czechoslovak
Republic Citizens of German, Hungarian, Polish
and Jewish nationality. Whenever an indi-
vidual in Central and Eastern European coun-
tries was asked about his "citizenship" the
question was automatically followed by another
about his "nationality".
Without a proper knowledge of the signifl-
cance of the "nationality" problem in those
countries, one can hardly appreciate the value
of an opportunity given to Jews to declare
themselves as of Jewish nationality. It was in
fact the dream and the desire of generations
in the East European countries not to be com-
pelled on various occasions (like a census, elec-
tlon, etc.) to decide in favour of one of the
non-Jewish national groups, but to be able to
express adherence to the Jewish people. More
than half of the Jews in Czechoslovakia
availed themselves of this right. They partici-
pated through the medium of a specific Jewish
party in the political life of the Republic. Two
Jewish Members of Parliament were elected
as Jews, on a specific Jewish programme.
Liikewise there were special Jewish representa-
tives, on various communal, municipal and
district Councils as well as in various other
public institutions. Thus Jewish Citizens were
able to contribute as Jews to public affairs, to
the beneflt of the whole Community and the
State. One of the other most important effects
of the aforesaid right given to the Czechoslovak
Jews as specific groups, was the fact that in
Sub-Carpathian Russia, i.e. the eastern part of
the Republic, where Jews were living in com-
pact masses, there were seven elementary and
two secondary schools with modern-Hebrew as
the language of Instruction. These schools
had a status equal to State-schools and the
Hebrew matriculation was recognised as suffi-
cient for entry to any University.
"Never let us down"
THERE are today — as there were during the
last war — certain circles which denounce
"group-rights" as dangerous and flght against
the bogey of "double loyalty". Sharing a
common aversion to the term "minorities"
(mainly because of the tragic experience
Czechoslovakia and other countries had with
their German-minorities) these circles forget
that the Jewish collective is a unique historic
phenomenon, which cannot be identified with
any of the "irridenta" — minority groups as for
instance the various German minorities in the
past. Jews proved to be the most loyal and
most reliable Citizens, No one has better ex-
pressed this than Jan Masaryk, the Czecho-
slovak Deputy-Prime Minister. In his recent
lecture on "Minorities and the Democratic
State" at the Jewish Historical Society, he said:
"The Jew could do much, and did do much, to
heal the wounds of war and to bring his
country to her rightful place in the European
Commonwealth. He blended love of country,
the true patriotism, with his European
citizenship... We know that when times were
hard the Jewish minority would always stand
by US. It never let us down."
The formula by which in Czechoslovakia
these excellent mutual relations were established
between the State and the Jewish Community
is very simple. In the Republic of T. G.
Masaryk and Edouard Benes Jews shared in
common with all other Citizens the rights of
a truly democratic Constitution not only
de lege but also de facto.
6^
The world keeps silent...
^5
MR. SHINWELL DENOUNCES JERUSALEM TRIALS
Chief Rabbi.
SOLOMON Mikhoels and Itzik Feffer will pro-
bably not be able to reach this country before
the end of the week, it was announced at a mass
meeting called in their honour at the Stoll Theatre
by the Jewish Fund for Soviet Russia on Sunday.
Dr. Radcliffe Salaman, who presided, declared that
the British officer who fought with the Greek
guerillas and later broadcast to them Mr. Chur-
chiH's message, was a Jew. Yet no mention of this
fact was made. But when Trebitsch Lincoln died,
all papers pointed out that he was of Jewish origin.
"We resent most profoundly a public accountancy
by which only our debit side is being offered to
the public," he added.
/ The Chief Rabbi said that a storm of Indignation
jswept the Western world because of the denial of
[justice to one man — Dreyfus. We all shuddered
Ht the callousness of the German military machine
kvhen Nurse Cavell was sentenced. But to-day
thousands are being slaughtered daily in the most
iiorrible circumstances and the world seems to be
^lent.
\ The meeting between Stalin and the Patriarch
\^ (Continued at foot of col. 8)
At Random . . .
PEACE and accord reigned supreme at the
meeting of the Board of Deputies. Not the
most violent critic of Jewish communal life
could have detected anything eise but a real
determination to get on with the job, and such
efforts as were made to disturb the harmony
of the gathering and delay the approach to real
work, met with almost unanimous condemna-
tion. There is no question about it; if there
is one thing upon which the largest number
of members of the Board are agreed it is
that there shall be the speediest possible move
towards action, and a serious responsibility
will i*est upon anyone who bars the way with
irrelevancies in the near future.
MY sympathy goes out to the organiser of
the Plethora of receptions arranged for
Prof. Mikhoels and Col. Feffer. Two meetings
without the distinguished central flgures have
been held. I am told that at the People's
Paletce gathering Prof. Brodetsky made a
masterly speech and the audience accepted him
without hesitation as a completely adequate
Substitute. This makes all the more repre-
hensible a most unpleasant sneer at his speech
made by Mr. H. A. Goodman at the Board of
Deputies, who sets himself up as a defender of
the inviolability of British policy from
criticism. He received a well earned snub
from the President of the Board.
ZION Houses are springing up like mush-
rooms. The Zionist Federation Council on
Thursday confirmed the arrangements for the
setting up of the third house. It is to be at
St. John's Wood, a district which has won
laureis for itself in recent Keren Hayesod
campaigns. It is agreeable to realise that a
policy is being pursued by which the practical
work of the Keren Hayesod is to be imme-
diately followed by the cultural and Propa-
ganda work of the Zionist Society. St. John's
Wood under the leadership of Mr. Maurice
Goodman, has achieved a happy combination of
fund-raising and educational work which cul-
minates in the setting up of the Zion House.
RUTH.
should be a precedent for some official recognition
of Jewish religious life in Russia, he said. Contact
between Russian Jews and Jews abroad may be
allowed now, and Hebrew may be given its rightful
place in the Jewish life of Russia. A proportion
of Russian Jews might even be allowed to go to
Palestine if they so desire.
Mr. Maurice Orbach pointed out that, not
ounting the Jews in the Red Army, one million_
Jews arefightingwith the democracies. ~^
e~7ews,"~Mr. Emanuel Shinwell, M.P., de-
clared, "have made a very great contribution to the
World, and we can make a still greater one together
with all free men. I want to say from this plat-
form, and I want it to go further than this room,
that I am horrified at the despicable conduct of the
court in Jerusalem. In the face of this fact, I ask:
What about this talk of democracy and justice?
I am proud of these two young men who tried to
get arms to defend themselves. Englishmen occu-
pying very high places to-day were some time ago
gun-running in Ulster, and they were not sen-
tenced then. I say to the Jews: Be proud and
erect, and do not apologise to anyone for being a
Jew. You need not apologise any more than an
Englishman for being an Englishman, or a Scots-
man for being a Scotsman."
Mr. Joseph Leftwich expressed the hope that the
forthcoming visit of Mikhoels and Feffer will not
remain a one way traffic. He also paid tribute lo
the memory of Saul Tschemichowski.
i
6>^e
New
Vol. XX. No. 4.
JANUARY, 1944
r SHEBAT
L 5704
Price 6d.
CONTENTS :
Comments
From a Note -Book. By Hamabit
Reflections on Judaism. By Harry Sacher
Law in Palestine. By Norman Bentwich
In the Diaspora : The War Against the Jews.
By Historicus
Zionist Portraits: V.— Ussishkin. By Harry
k^d^Hw^ ••• ••• ••• ■•• ••■ ■•• •••
PAGE
53
56
57
58
59
61
By
Jewish Immigration Problems in 1921.
Leonard Stein...
Book Reviews :
A Life of Nordau. By Israel Cohen
Some Memories of a People. By J. Hodess...
Current Hebrew Literature. By Ephraim
jsroioo ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• •••
The Second "Metzudah." By J. H
Palestine: Questions in Parliament
TAGE
62
63
65
65
67
67
EDITORIAL AND PUBLISHING OFFICES: 77, Great Russell Street, London, W.C.i.
Annual Subscription, 7s., or eqitivalent in other currency, including postage to any part of the world.
TALKS about Arab unity continue among spokesmen
of the various Arab countries. The latest move
was the visit of a Lebanese delegation to Cairo. On its
return to Beirut an official statement was issued which
was non-committal. According to reports, Syrian and
Iraqi delegations have discussed in Baghdad detailed
projects in regard to Arab unity, the nature of which
are not known. Nor are there signs of any definite agree-
ment having been reached in the course of the various
conversations. The Economist, discussing the proposed
Arab unity, draws timely attention to the question of
Palestine and tlie Jews. " If," our contemporary says,
" an Arab Union is created, there are various possibiHties
before the Jewish people," such as a special minoiity
Status inside the Federation pr the creation of a small
separate Jewish State, linked to a greater Syria in a
confederation. The idea of a minority Status for the
Jews, howevei " special," is repugnant to the Jewish
people ; the evil of a minority status has been the greatest
misfortune to the Jewish people as was fully appreciated
by the Royal Commission. A separate Jewish State is
the only alternative, but not as the Economist says,
a " small " one, which suggests partition ; Palestine,
as we are.frequently reminded, is a small country and
cannot further be partitioned. We share, however, the
view of our contemporary that " there will certainly be no
settlement of the Jewish problem without the active
intervention of the British Government." The day
for the consideration of Jewish Immigration into Palestine,
as it remarks, bearing in mind the White Paper, is only
two months away . The sooner, therefore, the document —
which, disowned as it is by the League of Nations, has no
legal validity — will be disposed of, the better for all
concerned.
THE broadcast by the High Commissioner on the
occasion of the New Year contained no hint in
regard to policy, but, couched in general terms and
addressed to all inhabitants of Palestine, it was rather
in the nature of a homily. The lofty tone and apparent
impartiality did not conceal to whom some of the
remarks were directed, however veiled, It must be noted
with satisfaction that His Excellency deprecated both
complacency and too much talk about dreadful dangers
looming near in Palestine. The reports of such dangers,
given Wide publicity in the Press, were obviously designed
to complicate the political position in Palestine. And
it was not accidentalthatthese rumours about imminent
dangers were inspired for definite political purposes,
and sedulously circulated on the eve of the trial of Jews
charged with trafficking in arms. As for complacency
the Jews in Palestine could hardly ever indulge in it.
The Position in the country, the grim memories of many
assaults in the past, and the unfriendly, to put it mildly,
attitude of the authorities towards them, have rendered
the Jews immune from complacency.
Hi ♦ ♦
THE High Commissioner 's dislike of too much talk
about self-defence is quite understandable. There
would, indeed, have been little need to talk about it, had
this right of self-defence, so essential in the light of
tragicexperiences, not been challenged, and were there no
attempts to deprive of such rights those in need of them.
The danger of the demoralisation of true values, to which
His Excellency alluded, is no doubt as real as is the
desirability for wisdom and statesmanship " rather than
political agility." The absence of wise statesmanship
has offen been deplored, and Jews have incessantly
protested against a line of " political agility," pursued
in Palestine, urging instead a regard for moral
values. Sir Harold MacMichael asks all and sundry
to look ahead, instead of limiting the outlook to one's
own brief span of life. Could this have been directed
to a people that have looked ahead for 20 centuries,
a people in the process of being exterminated ? The
High Commissioner, it appears, has no liking for those
" harping upon sorrows or glories of yesterday,"
which is rather a pity ; a better understanding of
the sorrows of a people and a greater appreciation
of past glories might have'made all the difference in the
World. For one thing, it would have saved thoasands
of human beings by admitting them to Palestine, instead
of callously letting them perish in Hitler's death Chambers
or at the bottom of the sea, or, in some cases, rot away in
Mauritius. We realise of course, that it is mainly a question
of heart, of a frame of mind, an attitude towards life.
The Jewish people, however, cann|)t take such a detached
view, either in regard to their own kith and kin or, for
that matter, concerning any hiu|ian being. Jews are
opposed to what the High ConÄissioner called " self-
controlled exclusiveness." They are human and humane
enough not to take the Olympian view of ignoring the cruel
present and be silent onlookers while millions of their
brothers and sisters are being extinguished. Others can
sublimely contemplate the endless future, pronounce
truisms and generalities and exhort people, writhing in
agony, to think in terms of history; it sounds indeed
ironical in the ears of an historic nation like the Jews
to be reminded of the essence of time. However, the
High Commissioner 's appeal to look ahead, as well äs
r i
54
THE NEW JUD^A
January, 1944
,*.
iii i
backwards, will be generally welcomed, and when he
speaks of foundatjons common to all civilisations and
of the need for good citizenship and friendliness, he
certainly voices the sentiments of the people of the Book
in which these principles were furnished.
* * *
THE vast scope of Jewish development in Palestine
was indicated by Mr. Eliezer Kaplan in his compre-
hensive review of the economic Situation of the Yishuv at
the meeting of the Council of tlie Jewish Labour Party
of Palestine. The Treasurer of the Jewish Agency Execu-
tive thought that, granted an appropriate regime, Jewish
Organisation, combined with international financial
measures, could achieve large Jewish immigration and
settlement in Palestine and lay the foundation for the
ultimate Solution of the Jewish question. He foresaw
the many difficulties, especially during the transitional
period, which, he said, has already begun with the
receding of the war from Palestine. But with proper
planning and füll political and material support, the
difficulties can be overcome. A large proportion of the
140,000 Jewish workers in Palestine has hitherto been
employed in work for the military authorities ; the
termination of work for the Army might result in un-
employment, which is likely to be increased by new
immigrants. This presents a grave economic menace
that cannot be overlooked. But Mr. Kaplan asserted that
an economic crisis can be averted. He gave many
details showing that tbere are prospects for not only
maintaining but for expanding the existing Jewish In-
dustries. One striking instance is the development
of the building industry which is bound to absorb an
unusually large number of workers owing to the serious
housing shortage in Palestine. The vast possibilities for
agricultural absorption are indisputable. In this con-
nection it is noteworthy that durmg the past eight
years — years of Arab disturbances and of war — over a
hundred new Settlements have been founded. The
citrus areas are capable of absorbing large numbers of
immigrants ; the citrus industry, it is true, has suffered
severely during the war, but as soon as it is revived again
there will be many opportun ities for itsextended develop-
ment. A cautious sane optimism as regards possibilities
for far-reaching development is fully justified by the
facts cited by Mr. Kaplan. This encouraging outlook
has also been conveyed in the illuminating reports by
Mi". Berl Locker on his welcome return to London from
Palestine.
:|e :|c 9|e
THE clarification of the political position is, of course,
ä primary condition for all future planning. The
mobilisation of all constructive forces in Jewry, necessary
to deal with the many ana diversified problems, is no
easy task ; but when the political future becom.es st abilised,
Jewry will Shoulder the great responsibility. Mr. Kaplan
outlined some of the essential needs, such as industrial
credit institutions, the establishment of companies
for the promotion of export, the creation of a second
Mortgage Credit Corporation and urban and rural
housing companies. It is gratifying to know that the
Executive of the Jewish Agency is already engaged on
many of these schemes ; but their realisation depends,
apart from the political factors, chiefly on the moral
and material support of that part of Jewry which has
survived. The comprehensive constructive schemes en-
visaged certainly involve enormous sums. There is,
however, according to Mr. Kaplan, an unparalleled
plenitude of money available at present in Palestine ;
a sum of £70,000,000 of Palestine funds is deposited in
England, and in Palestine itself there are also con-
siderable amounts. With proper Organisation and con-
centration, this capital could be utilised in a way ad-
vantageous to the individual, and for the benefit of the
whole of the Community. But Mr. Kaplan rightly
stressed that, apart from private Investments, Jewish
national capital to the extent of something like twenty
million pounds would be needed for the transitional
period, which he calculates might last from two to three
years.
>K * 9K
ON the basis of careful research, carried out by the
Executive of the Jewish Agency, it is estimated
that agriculture could absorb 16 per cent. of new immi-
grants, instead of only 12 per cent., as at present, not
including the absorption in the citrus industry. To
settle that percentage of newcomers, two million dunams
of land would be necessary, half of which would have to
be irrigated. According to the Government 's estimate,
a total of only about two million dunams could be
irrigated altogether, but this figure is considered an
Understatement of over a million dunams, or even more.
Exhaustive investigation indicates that from three tofour
million dunams can be irrigated. This figure is obviously
nearer the truth, based as it is on the present aggregate
of irrigated land cultivated by Jews and Arabs, amounting
to 400,000 dunams. The huge sums required for carry ing
out the wide schemes of agricultural and industrial
development are a tremendous problem but by no means
insurmountable. Mr. Kaplan thinks that a third of the
amount tnight be derived from Jewish national capital,
while the remainder could be secured internationally,
either in the form of reparations for lost Jewish property
or as contributions from the AUied Governments on the
principle of Lend-Lease. It may be recalled in this
connection that Sir William Beveridge, when writing
some time ago on the Jewish problem, pointed out that
compared with some of the vast problems facing the
United Nations the Solution of the Jewish question is
easy. It is, of course, largely a question of good will.
Palestine affords a fundamental Solution to the Jewish
problem if the füll support of the Jewish people and
the political and financial co-operation of the United
Nations is assured. Such a Solution was envisaged in
1917 when Great Britain, animated by a spirit of
justice, issued the Balfour Declaration which received
the whole-hearted assent of the United States and all
other nations.
* * 4e
THE General Elected Assembly of Palestine Jews
(Assephath Hanivcharim) has met again during
this month to consider the Jewish tragedy in Europe.
Jews in Palestine cannot rest in face of this overwhelming
tragedy and meet as frequently as possible to consider
whether any rescue steps can be taken. The other
objectives of these sessions are to rouse the conscience of
the United Nations, who have it in their power to do a
great deal more than has so far been done in this direction,
and to give expression to the sorrow which weighs so
heavily on the Yishuv. It thius sets an example to Jews
in all the free countries who so easily reconcile themselves
to the terrible Situation, gradually becoming silent on-
lookers. The constant attention Palestine Jewry gives
to Jews in the occupied European countries strikingly
refutes the malicious talk in certain quarters hostile to
Zionism that Zionists and Jews in Palestine view with
complacency the fate of the Jewish peoplq in the Diaspora.
9|c 9|e 4e
THE Yishuv, however, does not content itself with mere
expressions of horror and resolutions. The reports
submitted at the Assembly show that a great deal of
important rescue work has been achieved. The accounts
show that Palestine Jewish units serving w4th the British
Armies from Persia up to Central Italy are among the
armies marching on Rome, and have been able to help in
the liberation of large numbers of Jews in the concentra-
tion camps of Italy ; that these troops have contri-
buted not only in money but actually gave everything
in their possession to these Jews whom they helped to
liberate, including gift parcels from Palestine. The
United- Rescue Committee, under the auspices of the
Jewish Agency, in which fortunately all sections of
Palestine Jewry are represented, has, according to
\
January, 1944
THE NEW JUD.EA
55
Mr. Isaac Gruenbatim's statement, continuously appealed
to the democratic countries to make greater efforts for the
rescue of Jews, though, unfortunately, in vain. More
possibilities for saving Jews than at one time had been
anticipated exist, but enormous means are required to
utilise these possibilities. The Yishuv itself has made
large contributions for this purpose through its War
Needs Fund. Within a period of eighteen months a sum
totalling £900,000 has been collected, £700,000 of which
in 1943. When it is remembered that the Yishuv has
also raised during the last year £400,000 for the Keren
Hayesod and the Jewish National Fund, the total con-
tribution of Palestine Jewry amounted last year to
£1,100,000. The War Needs Fund, according to Dr.
Aron Barth, has spent 36 per cent. of its income in assisting
the f amilies of volunteers in the Forces, 30 per cent. on
rescue work,and 27 per cent. for recruiting and security.
Some of the details of the manner in which the rescue
work was achieved cannot, of course, be stated. It will
be noted that, among other things, 50,000 parcels, con-
taining food and clothing, were dispatched to deported
Jews in Transnistria, apait from the large number of
parcels regularly going to Jewish refugees in Russia.
The Assembly before conclüding stressed that in the light
of the war developments the coming few months would
be a period of the greatest anxiety and apprehension for
European Jewry. It therefore resolved to appeal once
more to the AUied Nations not to miss any opportunity
of saving the remnants of Israel and calling, at the same
time, to Jewries in the free countries to take every possible
action in that direction.
*
THE whole Zionist movement is vitally interested
in the existence of a strong and united Jewish
Labour Party in Palestine. By its discipline, high
sense of duty and quickened conscience, Jewish Labour
holds a pivotal position in the upbuilding of the Jewish
National Home. Constituting the backbone of the
Yishuv, all are concerned in the maintenance of its
strength and unity and therefore watcli with some anxiety
any internal dissensions in the Party. Fortuna tely, the
recent protracted deliberations of the Council of the
Jewish Labour Party showed a strong desire to restore
party unity and discipline. The discussions have
not yet yielded definite results, but proposals are being
prepared which, it is hoped, will lead to the speedy
ending of the differences. Mr. Ben Gurion 's critical
remarks at the Council meeting against those not falling
into line with the Biltmore Programme and the utterances
by the Opposition spokesmen show that in regard to
the political issue the differences are on the emphasis
rather than on fundamentals. It seems clear that all
factions in the Party are as opposed to partition as the
Yishuv and Jews in general are opposed. This negative
attitude towards partition, voiced by Mr. Ben Gurion,
was also emphasised by Mr. Shertok on several occasions.
He even deprecated discussion on it.
* * 9|C
THE bestowal of a knighthood on Mr. Leon Simon
has evoked great satisfaction among Zionists,
not only m Great Britain, but in the movement the
World over. Sir Leon, whose life-long Services to Zionism
in Britain have earned him the highest esteem and
wärmest personal regard, is a tower of strength in Jewish
national life. He has for many decades been the moving
spirit in furthering the knowledge of Hebrew and its
literature, to which he has made considerable con-
tributions. By making Hebrew literature, especially
the works of Achad Haam, accessible to English readers
in Britain and other English-speaking countries, he has
contributed much to the widening and deepening of
Jewish thought, and by rendering into Hebrew some of
the Greek classics, he has enriched Hebrew literature.
It is gratifying to see one of the earliest exponents of
Jewish nationalism, invariably emphasising the Spiritual
and intellectual aspects of Zionism, attaining high honour
in the State Service. Sir Leon, whose line, clear pen
has been such a great asset to Zionism— and, may it be
Said, to The New Jud^a to which he has, since its
foundation, been a frequent contributor — has always
devoted, and continuesto devote, much of his limited spare
time and his unusual ability to routine Zionist work,
especially in the educational field. His high sense of
duty and the simple manner in which he carries it
out are indeed an example and challenge to all engaged
in Zionist work. In congratulating him and his wife —
the daughter of an old Zionist pioneer — we hope that he
may long continue to serve Zionism, Palestine and Hebrew
literature. .
9|( 4c HC
LONDON is becoming the centre of important Zionist
deliberations. The delegation of the Jewish Agency
Executive in Jerusalem is due to arrive very shortly and
Zionist representatives are also expected from the United
States. The first member of the Executive to reach
London is Dr. Nahum Goldmann, whose marked ability
at Congresses and indefatigable work in Zionism stamp
him as one of the leading figures in the movement. Apart
from Dr. Goldmann's Zionist activities, he has, since the
death of Mr. Leo Motzkin, been most prominent in
the work on behalf of Jewry in the Diaspora and shares,
with Dr. Stephen Wise and others, the responsibility for
the chief work of the World Jewish Congress. Another
arrival from New York to be welcomed is Dr. Arieh
Tartakower, an outstanding Zionist leader of labour, a
member of the Polish Jewish Representation in America,
and closely associated with the World Jewish Congress.
THE death ofAaron (Hermann) Struck at Haifa, which
we record with profound regret, is a great and
irreparable loss to Zionism. Born in 1876 in Berlin,
the deceased artist was an old and leading figure in the
movement. A religious man, who in his youth studied
Rabbinics and was intended for the ministry, he developed
a strong urge for art. He studied at the Berlin Academy
of Art and made such rapid progress that within five
years his portraits and etchings attracted the widest
attention. He soon became one of the most populär
artists not only in Germany but also in many circles abroad.
A man of strong convictions, his popularity, as an artist,
did not affect his staunch Jewishness or his strict ortho-
doxy. He participated in all phases of Jewish life, and
with the rise of Zionism he became an ardent adherent
of Herzl, whom he revered, and later joined the
Mizrachi — the orthodox wing — gradually becoming
one of its leaders. During the first World War, Struck,
serving on the German battle-front, found himself in
Lithuania, then occupied by Germany, and he was able
to render great Services to the Jewish communities in
Kovno and subsequently in Vi Ina. After the twelfth
Zionist Congress in 1921, Hermann Struck left Germany
and settled with his family in Palestine, where he took
part in the life of the Yishuv, in the work of the Mizrachi,
and in the general Zionist movement, enjoying the
respect, confidence and affection of every section.
3|C SfC «fC
PROMINENT in Zionism and in Jewish national life,
Hermann Struck was conspicuous as an artist. And
his place in Jewish art, which he has enriched, is as high
as it is permanent. With Hirszenberg, Lilien, and, in a
different way, Glicenstein, Struck was among the creators
of Jewish art. His early Jewish drawings " The Polish
Rabbi," "The Old Jew," and "Old Man in Profile,"
made a tremendous impression and were purchased by the
Berlin Museum as far back as 1901. He has drawn the
foremost Jewish and non- Jewish personalities, among
them Steinthal and Moritz Lazarus, Nansen and Hermann
Cohen, Haecktl and Gerhard Hauptmann, Bebel and
Dehmel, Josef Israels, Freud and Einstein. His scores
of Sketches from Palestine delight and instruct. It was
..i
8i t
i i ''
I fi
(
il
56
THE NEW JUD.EA
January, 1944
rightly said that he was one of the artist Chalutzim,
bringing with him the most sensitive talents in Jewish
art. Above all, Struck will be remembered in all times for
his Portrait of Herzl. The endless pity and deep sorrow
etched on the profile pf the far-sighted visionary, gazing
at the Diaspora, mourning ^or Zion and longing to restore
his homeless people, will haunt all generations. Struck
was able to give such an interpretation of Herz] because
he himself shared his deep sorrow for his people and
dreamt the same dreams for its future. Linked for ever
with Herzl, the memory of Hermann Struck will be lasting
in Zionist history and Jewish art.
* * iK
A NOTHER link with Herzl was severed by the death
which we record with regret of Mr. Leopold Kessler .
Less known to the present Zionist generation, the late
Mr. Kessler was a notable figure in the movement in the
early years of its inception. He was attracted to Zionism
when still a young man and was associated with its
beginn ings, first in South Africa where he lived for some
years after he left Germany, his native country, and
latei in Great Britain . A Consulting engineer by profession
lie was a member of the Commission appointed by the
Zionist Organisation under Herzl to investigate the
practicability of establishing Jewish settlement in land
under Egyptian Jurisdiction, situated east of the Suez
Ramsay, detained under Regulation 18B, wrote asking about
the State of health of the eleven British constables injured
by the Jews in Ramat Hakovesh. The Secretary of Statt'
for the Colonies replied that of the twelve British poHct-
casualties only one was sufficiently serious to be admitted to
liospital. In another reply to the written question by the
same gallant gentleman, Colonel Stanley gave details ol
the happenings at Tel Aviv as a result of the occurrences at
Ramat Hakovesh ; that a Jewish crowd attacked the District
Ohices, removed the Union Jack and hoisted the Zionist
flair, etc. That's all.
It is, of course, more convenient to teil much about the
happenings in Tel Aviv and give such meagre information
about Ramat 'Hakovesh. Neither the House of Commons nor
the British public as a whole are aware of the circumstances
of the incident.
A fevv facts. The triumphant occupation of the small
settlement was carried out by some 800 Indian troops and a
police force of, roughly, 400, the latter arriving in 40 cars.
They came with military ecjuipment consisting of four tanks,
a machine-gun, and a wireless set, as well as ritles,
revülvers and handculfs. On jumping out of their cars, the
police took üp positions and had their guns ready to shoot.
To discovcr Polish deserters, it was the most natural thing
for some of ihc police to dig up the banana planlations.
Other parties roundcd up the settlers, pointing- their rifles
at them, while the troops surrounding the settlement were
all the time down on the ground in shooting positions. 'IMie
The
magine
Canal (El Arish). Kessler's name headed the signatures children of the settlement, arriving on the scene accompanied
of the report and conclusions of the Commission, which
found the whole aiea, with insignihcant exceptions,
lather poor ^or such settlement. The other members of
the Commission were Colonel Goldsmid, Oskar Marmorek,
Hillel Yoffe, (icorge Stephen, Emile Laurant and Dr. S.
Soskin, who is, fortunately, still active in the movement.
At a later stage Mr. Kessler playcd a prominent part
in the Organisation of the Jewish National Fund ; he was
also a director of the Jewish Colonial Trust and a very
active member of the Council of the Zionist Fcderation
of Great Britain. Of late years Mr. Kessler letired from
Zionist activity, though he letained inteiest in the de-
velopment of Palestine. He succecded the late Mr.
Joseph Cowen as chairman of the Jewish Chronicle, Ltd.,
and retained that position tili his death at the age of 77,
in the United States, where he lived since tlie war.
WE announce with regret the death in New York of
Rabbi Jacob Meir Sagalovitch, former Chief Rabbi
of Brüssels and of Danzig, at the age of 63. Descendant
of a long line of Rabbis, he was born in Vilna, and studied
at the Yeshivah of Telsz. He left Russia after the
Revolution, foUowing a noteworthy career in Russia
and Lithuania, and was appointed Chief Rabbi of Danzig,
a post he held for ten years before he became Chief Rabbi
of Brüssels. Rabbi Sagalovitch joined the Zionist move-
ment in the days of Herzl, and was throughout his life-
time a vigorous protagonist of Jewish nationalism.
He paid a visit to Palestine and was delegate at various
Zionist Congresses.
FROM A NOTE-BOOK
/"^N November 16th, 1943, the Jewish settlement Ramat
Hakovesh was invaded and occupied for about live
hours. A Jewish scttler died of his injuries ; a large number
of settlers were wounded, some seriously. The Jewish Press
was suspended for publishing accounts oL the invasion. An
oilicial communi(|ue stated that the "search " was due to
report s that deserters from the Polish army were harboured
there. Another reason for the invasion was given : that there
was in the settlement, it was reported, a training camp of an
illegal armed Organisation. Tiic firing by the commanding
oHicer, it was oiliciallv explained, was for personal security,
and that " no shots were hred until the withdrawal of the
police party." Comforting to know that shots were lircd
only at the withdrawal of the police and military.
An inquiry into the circumstances of the " incident " was
asked for. But nothino- further was heard about the atVair
bv their teacher, became terrified and screamed
Ciermans ha\e come ! " No wonder. Ct)ul(I they
it from the British? They were taught dilVcrently.
The children, as some of the older people, were even more
disillusioned when, after conlining the settlers, with aid ol'
some of the troops, in the enclosure, some of the police lel
themsehes go, giving their astonisheil victims a good
beating. Invalids were tlragged out of their beds in their
night attire and thrown into the enclosure. The dt)ctor's
protests were of no avail. Old people were treated witii the
same cruelty. The slightest objections on the part of the
people at being man-hantlled without being told whv w.re
met with brüte force. The people, including- pregnant women,
were Struck with the butt end of rifics, and kicked ; some were
blecding profusely.
An epic story ; the heroic occupation of Ramat rlakovesh.
In better times it would have made a " colourful " short. In
these tlays only a few details can bc noied. The settlers
confmed in the enclosure — not knowing why — were guarded
by a strong armed police cordon. Of course, there was an
armoured car near by with a machine-gun pointing towards
the enclosure. The hunt for more settlers continued all the
time. And no favouritism ; the Superintendent of the bakerv
supplying bread for the Army was dragged into the
enclosure. The production of a military order for bread was
of no avail ; a Jew is a Jew. A Jew in charge of the first aid
post was accorded the same treatment, despite the doctor's
indignant protest. The police thought it even advisable to
cut the telephone wires in several places. The head of the
settlement, known as the Mukhtar, who is usually told bv the
authorities when certain action is taken. was given no
information; his attempts to contact the responsible ofhcer
were frustrated, and he was himself detained in the enclosure
with the others.
Some of the settlers, includino- women working in the
fields, on hearing the alarm, rushed to the settlemein. They
were welcomed by the police drago-ino- them to tho enclosure
without any explanation. Voung labourers naturallv
resisting and questioning the reason were brulallv trcatecl.
Then there was a farcical attenipt to iiientiiv ^'
deserters. None were found — not
plantation was dug up.
The Polish o\
hroiiglit
Icnow
there were apolo^etii
Polisn
even after the banana
"icers who had been
IC to the Jews ; thev did not
why they were asked to como, and imio of them
expressed surprise at the large armv and police force TIicn
all lelt the settlement. Not so the police. who continued the
search; they destroyed tents, they rippeil up Hoors, broke
walls and lurmture. liug up plant ations, smashed what was
in their way, and scattered the bei
A\'onien wept at ihc ilesiruclion : cliil
)eioni:ings
(iren
of the settlers.
sobbotl bitterlv
until the other day, when that
gallant
\ll were pushed about, while the men were kc\^\ without food.
Ihe worst was yct t(. come. VW otVicer responsible for
Mcmber, Captain the invasion insisted, befor
e retiruii:
on
arresting
twcntv
\ i.
January, 1944
THE NEW JUDiEA
57
♦r
men. Taken from the enclosure and ordered to enter a car,
they refused. A strug-gle ensued. The police Struck them
brutally ; men and women were beaten with rubber sticks
and knocked about with rifles, some falling unconscious,
covered with blood. Among- those taken away in spite of
the doctor's protests was young Wolinietz, who was bleeding
heavily from many wounds but was not aliowed to receive
treatmcnt.
In the end, as is known, the latter died ; thirteen others
were seriously wounded, some of them critically ; 35 were
injured, and among the 35 who were arrested (subsequently
relcased without proceedings against them) nine were injured.
The search yiekled no results. That, however, is perhaps
not quite true. Quite a number of articles were indeed found.
At any rate, the settlement missed them. Watches, fountain
pcns, pruning hooks, hammers, various implements, other
articles, and small sums of money — no onc in the settlement
possesses much — trifling, of course. But they were found !
It will please the gallant Captain Ramsay to know that at
least some of the police gave the Hitler salute and departed
from the settlement with cries of " Heil Hitler." This is
the talc of Ramat Hakovesh. It is not all, but enough as
a background to the picture given by the Colonial Secretary
regarding the happenings at Tel Aviv when, during the
protest meetings of outraged Jews, their daily papers
suppressed, a number of Jewish youths got out of control.
Let it be noted that some of the police feit a little ashamed
and behaved decently. Also the Indian troops, Ignorant of
the purpose of the. Invasion when they arrived and rather
hostile, changed their attitude later. They realised that it
was not quite so heroic to invade a Jewish settlement that
had sent many voluntcers to the British Forces and who are
novv on the battle fronts ; that such an army of occupation
might be employed to batter a more dangerous enemy than
the Jews.
Ramat Hakovesh has many sad memories. November 16th,
1943, will remain one of the saddest. Not so much on
account of the sutferings and humiliation inflicted. These
are but small doses of the horrible experiences Jews are
undergoing elsewhere. It is the thought that those who
committed the outragcs should be regarded as Instruments
of the Mandatory Government and be aliowed to act in its
name — that is the saddest part of the story.
HAMABIT.
REFLECTIONS ON JUDAISM
JUDAISM AND CrITICISM.
/4 SPECIAL branch of science is religious criticism, Biblical
and otherwise. It has been almost wholly the work of
Christian scholars, and it has usually been governed by two
assumptions : That radicalism is free in discussing the old
Testament but must be compensated by conservatism in dis-
cussing the new ; and that the Standard of values in assessing
Judaism and its history must be Christian. To Christian
learned men this attitude is so automatic as to be largely
unconscious. It can hardly commend itself to Jews. Never-
theless " Liberal " Jews have been disposed to adopt it just
as unconsciously. For this there are reasons accidental and
reasons essential. Accidental is the circumstance that the
founders of '* Liberalism " were German Jews and the
founders of Higher Criticism German Scholars. The ten-
dency of the first to take over wholesale the conclusions of
the second was natural : scholars are as much swept by
fashions as ladies. This tendency would have found its duc
correction, but for the urge to imitate the Gentile which is
at the root of " Liberal " Judaism. A school of thought,
which holds that traditional Judaism is exhausted and bank-
rupt, has lost the steadying influence of a historical life-line,
and the independence in judgment of its own values.
For all but a few Christian scholars the whole history of
Judaism from the appearance of Judaism is one continuous
process of degeneration ; it produced nothing of value, it
has nothing to teach. Following in their footsteps
" Liberal " Jews have condemned that whole period and re-
jected all that it evolved. As one of them said recently " Juda-
ism is the religion of Jesus," a saying which not only blots
out the Talmud and 2,000 years of Jewish life, but also casts
away much that preceded them. We may be puzzled that
persons, who declare a religion sterile or plainly perverted
for two millenia, should think it capable or worthy of being
saved and singled out for the salvation of the world. The
key to this psychological enigma is the irresistible passion for
imitating the allen, both in adopting his Standards and in
-copying his ** mission."
Orthodox Judaism has been as embarrassed by criticism as
" Liberal " Judaism believed itself to be justified by it. If
you assume that every word of Holy Writ is true as history
and as religion, and that every one of the accumulated prac-
tices and prescriptions is equally sacred and equally intan-
gible, what is your answer to a scholarship which attacks the
authenticity of your tests? The answer attempted has been
to point to the errors and extravagances and divergencies of
the criticism, and to conclude that it is all folly. This is very
natural in theologians who reject the Gentile world, just as the
opposite method is natural in theologians who gulp down
the Gentile world. Biit it does not satisfy a generation which
believes in the function of reason and science, which knows
that they advance by trial and error, but is convinced that
they do nevertheless advance.
In our approach to this problem a distinction already sug-
gested should be borne in mind — the distinction between fact
and value. Criticism may well be able to demonstrate that
many things we have taken for fact are not facts ; it has
not the same power to demonstrate that what "we have taken
and do take for values are not values. If it is our view that
Christian critics have madc too free with our Biblc, the proper
reply is, not io reject historical criticism, but for Jewish
scholars to take over the task. Too little has that been done
and in too timid a spirit by Orthodox Scholars, and " Jewish
science," instead of playing its part in liberating and vivify-
ing Judaism, has been wont to concentrate on Jewish
tombstones.
So far as values are concerned, we may and should quite
boldly and plainly reject the tacit or vocal assumption by
Christian critics of the infcriority of Judaism. There is
nothing in Christianity or in the history of Christianity before
which we should vail our Jewish banners. Our values are
the precy>itate of our Jewish life and our Jewish teachings.
This or that text may lack historical authenticity ; it has
another kind of authenticity — that it sprang from and has
helped to shape Jewish history. The quality of values, how-
ever, is that they must have life — without that they are not
true values — and to possess life is to grow and take new
shape and expression. What Judaism needs to-day of its
scholars is a loyal and faithful and courageous exposition of
the Jewish way of life, and of Jews that they should live it.
The scholars will Icarn of the simple folk and the simple folk
will learn of the scholars. It will not be in the Galuth that
either can perform its task fully, but only in the great society
of Jewish Palestine.
II.
Judaism and Science.
One of the more noticeable contemporary phenomena is a
reaction against reason. With some it takes the form of
subjection to authority ; with others an emphasis on feeling
or Intuition (which is often dignified as imagination) ; with
others again it becomes superstition ; yet others turn to magic.
War is a forcing bed of unreason and the opportunity of the
charlatan. If we are to judge from the lavish expenditure of
B.B.C. time, the powers that be think it is also the chance of
religion. The morbid emotional condition generated by the
^Stresses and the sulTcrings of war are, however, an insecure
foundation for genuine religion, and the Churches which seek
to build ufKDn it will, in the long run, find the venture
unprofitable.
Apart from the special circumstances associated with the
war, we may suppose that the reaction against reason repre-
sents not an enduring phase in human history, but a passing
lapse. It belongs to the same order of things as Nazism and
Fascism. These sprang out of unreason and preach a con-
tempt for reason. Their appeal is wholly to the emotional,
and the appetite, and they say to men " theirs not to reason
why, theirs but to do and die." This kinship with the
monstrous Systems and philosophies which are devastating
the world should make us very wary of the claims and pre-
tensions of unreason, and (if we believe that those Systems
and philosophies are doomed) anticipate its si>eedy decline.
Indeed there are signs that the reaction against the human
intellect has passed its peak, and that the speculatiori in this
aberration is likely to be mistaken.
On the whole Judaism, in one form or another, has resisted
the temptation to snatch at these illicit and fleeting gains.
Orthodoxy is protected by its seclusion from the world.
" Liberal " Judaism is in greater danger because of its
tendency to imitate the Gentile. But there is a solid hieri-
tage of sceptical commonsense which keeps the average Jew,
whatever his individual taste in synagogues, from the
emotional vagaries of his Christian fellows. Those who share
them are likely to pass out of our midst, and they pass
unlamented. There must be few Jews of intelligence who
58
THE NEW JUD.EA
JANUARY, 1944
4.,.,.
li
n
look at Avhat 1,900 years of Christian propag-anda has made
of thc World, and arc disposed to run whither it rushes.
But to say that Judaism on the.vvhole has kept clcar of tht
contcmporary tide of unreason, is not to dispose of the major
question — the attitude of Judaism towards reason and
science. It is roughly true to say that Orthodox Judaism and
" Liberal '' Judaism from opposed anglcs meet somewhere
about the samc point. Orthodox Judaism, entrenchcd in its
isolation from the surrounding- world, looks upon science as
operating- in that externa! milieu. On the one band, its Opera-
tions and its conclusions do not touch the Ark of the Covenant,
on the other, for that very reason, it can function freely.
" Liberal " Judaism, though not having that security which
spring^s from rejecting the modern workl, is disposed to give
free play to science, on the tacit assumption that its conclu-
sions have no spiritual or religious validity. Such attitudes
may have their value as a working compromise, but they give
no intellectual satisfaction. They do not solve the problem,
they ignore it.
No doubt the difficulty is shared by other religions, but
Judaism has certain advantages if it will face it. Unlike
Christianity it is not burned under a pyramid of thcology,
which can accommodate faith and science only by strained
contortions and exhausting allegories. The central theology
of Judaism has a unique simplicity based upon a single
unifying doctrine, which has a close analogy wath the scienti-
fic approach. There need be no open or suppressed conflict,
no lack of courage or candour in facing science. It is not an
accident that Jews have achieved such rare distinction in
every scientific field ; their capacity is associated with their
Judaism. The pity is that they are not always conscious of
their kinship and their debt, and it is one of the tasks of a
living Judaism to bring them out. Harry Sacher.
LAW IN PALESTINE
.J^iRITISH justice was one of the principal boons which the
peoples of Palestine acclaimcd when British followed
Turkish rule. For the British had established a tradi-
tion of a dignity of justice, the integrity of the courts,
and of the rule of law without fear or favour, in all countries
to which their administration has been carried. The reform
of the law and of the courts was, therefore, one of the out-
standing changcs for which the Mandatory Government has
been rcsponsible. While, foUowing the British practice of
respecting the existing legal institutions of the people, large
parts of the Ottoman Civil Law and the Land Law have been
left in force in Palestine, and the religious tribunals of the
dilTerent communities have been allowed to maintain their
Jurisdiction in matters of family law, the procedure of the
courts has been completely remodelled on English lines.
English direction of the administration of justice has been
securcd by the appointment of a number of> British judges and
magistrates, and the English traditions of the legal profes-
sion have been introduced, both by the Constitution of a body
of advocates, which includes a considerable number of English
barristers and Palestinians called to the English Bar, and by
the establishment of Government law classes. The contrast
between the old order and the new was marked for the writer
at a recent function in the law courts of Jerusalem, when the
Palestine Bench and Bar took leave of an English judge, who
had held judicial office in the country unbrokenly for twenty-
five years. The function brought home that, if all the virtues
of the English system of justice have not yet been imported
into Palestine, at least something of the dignity and courtesy
of the courts, and the friendly relations of judges and
advocates have been attained.
The law courts of Jerusalem are still situated in the Russian
Pilgrim Buildings, where they were placed immediately after
the British military occupation in 1918. In those early days
there was a deplorable shabbiness and lack of form about
legal proceedings. Most of the Palestine judges who had
any judicial experience were ill-trained. The clerks and
interpreters had no legal training. There were scarcely any
advocates who had been to a law school. Now, twenty-five
years later, the Supreme Court and the District Courts of
Palestine are manned with British and Palestinian judges,
who are learned in the law. Nearly all the Palestinian magi-
strates have been to law schools', eithier in Palestine or in
Europe. The clerks in the oflices of the courts are graduates
of the Government law-classes where they have had a legal
course of four years; the advocates number just on one
thousand ; and besides those who are members of the English
Bar they include a large proportion who were practising
lawyers in European countries. The Jewish advocates form
the majority and are organised in the Jewish Bar Association.
The Arab. advocates have also their Bar Association ; and both
bodies are represented in a Government Council of legal
studies which regulates admission to the profession.
The outward show of the courts rellects the improvements
that have been made in the administration of justice. At the
function the judges were in their half scarlet and half black
robes; and the English judges wore their court wigs. Their
Palestine brethren have not that head-drcss; but they also
wear the bib of the English tradition. Those advocates who
are called to the English Bar wear the wig and gown; the
others have a flowing black gown. The function proved also
that the urbanity and courtesy which marks the procedure in
the English courts has been acquired in surprising measure
by the Palestine advocates — at least on ceremonial occasions.
The "members of the Bar in expressing their regret at the
retirement of the British senior puisne judge spokc with a
fraternal tone, a gentle humour — and a brevity — which
imitated faithfully the attitude of the Bar to the Bench in Eng-
land. The representative of the Jewish Bar Association
spoke first in Hebrew and translated his words into Engfish ;
and one of the Arab advocates spoke first in Arabic. Other-
wise the proceedings were in English, which, though Hebrew
and Arabic are also official languages of pleading, has become
the common language in the Supreme Court. In the magistrate
courts manned by Palestinians, Arabs and Jews, the proceed-
ings are normally conducted entirely in Arabic and Hebrew.
It is another feature in the development in the administra-
tion of justice in Palestine that the law courts have become
exceedingly populär. The people of Palestine were suflfi-
ciently litigious in the Turkish time, but the increase in the
number of judicial proceedings is altogether out of propor-
tion to the increase in the population. Tel-Aviv has not only
its own District Court composed of a British president and
two Jewish members, but also a number of Magistrate Courts
and a Municipal Court composed of honorary magistrates
who are leading Citizens. Jerusalem and Haifa, too, hav^e
several Jewish magistrate courts as well as a number of Arab
magistrates' tribunals. And British magistrates try cases
where the parties apply for it. It is a sign of the rapid exten-
sion of the courts that the building which was erected specially
for the courts of Haifa twelve years ago is now hopelessly
inadequate, and the courts have been overflowing into a large
part of the municipal building.
It is another sign of the popularity of the courts that the
growing army of advocates has been multiplied four times
over in the last twenty years. All jind work. The distinction
between solicitor and barrister does not exist in the Palestine
procedure ; and the advocates, who arc usually combined in a
partnership of several members, as in America, are rcspon-
sible for the conduct of all the proceedings. Besides the fully
qualified members of the profession, the barristers' offices
regularly include one or more articled clerks who are passing
their two years of apprenticeship before admission to the
Bar. Women are admitted to the profession, and a few
Jewish women have made their mark. But the number of
women practising has not shown an increase corresponding
with that of the men.
Another striking development of the recent years in the
legal practice of Palestine is the apf>earance of several series
of law reports. It was not tili 1932 that the first attempt was
made to issue any coUection of the decisions of the Palestine
courts. Then the former Chief Justice, Sir Michael
MacDonell, compiled two volumes of decisions given during
the previous years. Thereafter the Government inaugurated a
series of oflficial reports which appear, like the law reports
in England, in bi-monthly numbers. They are edited by an
English Jewish barrister who had previously published re-
ports in the Palestine Post, the daily English paper. But
the success of the reports encouraged other barristers to start
independent series ; and there are to-day at least two series
of the kind which are quoted and regarded as authorities in
the tribunals. The production of legal literature is, in general,
remarkably developed. The Jewish Bar Association has its
periodical which includes learned articles on general jurispru-
dence as well as on the law of Palestine ; and big books in
English and Hebrew about the different aspects of the law of
Palestine, both the modern legislation and the Interpretation
of the old Ottoman codes, are multiplied. CoUections of the
war legislation of the Government, which have been issued
by the Government Press, are prized like valuable first editions
and they command a very high price in the black market.
Palestine, with its remarkable variety of jurisdictions and
with its incomparable gathering of peoples, coming from all
countries of the world and bringing their different legal
Systems into transactions in the country, off er s a most attrac-
tive field to the Jurist and the field is abundantly cultivated by
the Jewish jurists who, likewise, have come from many lands.
Jerusalem. Norman Bentwich.
January, 1944
THE NEW JUD.EA
59
IN THE DUSPORA
THE War AGAINST THE JE WS
Extermination
Unljmited.
The Germans have long- ago given
up any prelten;ce that they are not
eng-aged in a policy of the physical
extermination of all Jews within their
power. On the contrary, one leading- spokesman after
iinother demands that the campaign of slaughter shall be
ruthlessly continued. The latest utterance of this blood-
thirsty character comes from Professor von Leers, who con-
tributed a long editorial to Der Angriff (Goebbels's news-
paper), attempting to " prove " that the present war is the
uork of the Jews and concluding with the following words :
As long as there are Jews in the world there will never
be peace. The Jews caused the war and are prolonging it.
As the final aim of the present struggle, we Germans offer
all nations brotherly collaboration and peace, warning all
nations to exterminate their Jews. On the day when all the
nations take up arms, not to fight each other'but to kill all
Jews, the biggest obstacle to peace will be eliminated." In
German-occupied Italy, the Fascist Press is not satisfied
with the limitation of the policy of destruction to the Jews
themselves: it declares that the " Jewish spirit " must also
be eradicated. // Fascio regards the confiscation of all
Jewish property as only a half-measure, and says that it is
not sufficient to put all non-Aryans into a concentration
camp if their financial, commercial and cultural organisa-
tions continue to exist. It maintains that, apart from real
Jews, there are also " Jews who are Jews not by blood but
in spirit," aniong them being insurance companies, economic
concerns in general, and the " stars " and directors of the
film and theatre world. Italy 's principal Jew-baiter, Roberto
Farinacci, gives himself an air of moderation. In bis Regime
Fascista he recently wrote that courts had already been set
up in London and Washington for the trial of Nazi and
Fascist leaders to whom war guilt was ascribed, and that
it was Said that they would end by being shot or roasted
in the electric chair. " As a logical answer," he continued,
we ought to exterminate the Jews. But, as always, the
Ilalian people wants to be excessively generous and has
ronfined itself mercly to removing them from the scene and
depriving them of their property. The bombing of our towns
was decided on and cxtoUed by the Jewish International. . . .
It is thorefore more than logical that their possessions
should be used for mitigating to some extent the consequences
of Jewish criminality."
LoQting
Unlimited.
Some day the historiän of the
future may attempt to calculate or
estimate the total value of all the
Jewish property stolen or destroyed by
the Nazis and their satellites in the course of this war. The
computation, so far as Germany is concerned, should begin
with the year 1933, when the Hitler rt^gime first legalised
the robbery of Jewish possessions. In any case, the figure
will certainly be colossal. It is too soon to anticipate what
it will be, and all that we can do at present is to record the
extent of the filchings as admitted from time to time by the
robbers themselves. Farinacci's paper, for instance, states
that the value of confiscated Jewish property in Italy amounts
to 12,000 milliard lire. It adds that the property of twenty-
four of the arrested Jews amounted to 100 milliard lire, that
82 interned Jews possessed 100 million lire each, and 296
over a million lire each. What the Sterling equivalent of
these amounts may now be it is impossible to say, since
there is no recognised rate of exchange, but they look
impressive enough. In Hungary most of the robbery by
the Government has taken the form of the expropriation of
Jewish land, which has been distributed among non-Jews.
In 1941, after Hungary had annexed Transylvania, Sub-
Carpathia, and other regions, the land owned by Jews in
the entire country was estimated at 1,570,000 registered
yokes (one yoke being a little less than 1| acres), of which
970,000 yokes were farm-land and nearly 600,000 yokes
forest-land. The Government was empowered by a law
passed in July, 1942, to confiscate all this land and transfer it
to non-Jewish Hungarians. Instructions were laid down as
to who was to be classified as a Jew, and in which cases the
property could be tränsferred to descendants legally recog-
nised as non-Jewish. Up to the present, according to an
article in Die deutsche Volkswirtschaft, about 500,000 yokes
of the total of 970,000 yokes of farm-land, and 160,000 of
the 600,000 yokes of forest-land have been expropriated.
Properties of less than five yokes (of which there were about
11,000) could be disposed of by their Jewish owners free of
all restrictions. A total of 130,000 yokes has been placed at
the disposal of the " Heroes' Order," 30 per cent. to be
distributed among members who fought in the last war, and
the remainder being reserved for those who have distin-
guished themselves during the present war or those who
may be admitted to the Order in future. A further 90,000
yokes are being administered by the Agricultural Credit Insti-
tute. Of the 500,000 yokes of farm-land so far " requisi-
tioned " by the vState, over 234,000 yokes are being utilised
and the remainder has not yet been disposed of, vvhile 470,000
yokes of farm-land are still unclaimed. As regards the
Jewish-owned forest-land, 160,000 yokes have been requisi-
tioncd, but the remaining 440,000 yokes are not covered by
the Instructions issued up to the present.
Tendencies
towards
Moderation.
*
Although H Ungar} has confiscated
Jßwish land extending to so large an
amount, her record of Jewish ill-
treatment, bad as it is in some
respects, is by no means as revolting
as that of Germany or of the other satellites. Fortunately
there are still some undaunted Champions of liberty in the
Hungarian Parliament, who raise their voices from time to
time. A few weeks ago a leading Deputy of the Small-
holders' Party in the Lower House, Baiczy Zsilinsky, moved
a resolution demanding the abolition of anti-Jewish legisla-
tion, which he characterised as a disgrace to the country.
He urged that the soul of Hungary should be saved by the
immediate repeal of all anti-Semitic laws, and Socialists and
Liberais are reported to have promised to support the resolu-
tion. The Voelkischer Beobachter has strongly denounced
this pro-Jewish move and warned Hungary that a vote in
Parliament in favour of the Jews, in Opposition to the Nazi
anti-Jewish ideology, was bound to have serious conse-
quences for the Hungarian people. In Budapest anti-Nazis
recently organised a pro-Jewish demonstration during the
showing of the notorious Nazi film, " The Eternal Jew."
The demonstrators assembled in such force and made such
an uproar with their anti-Nazi slogans that the film was
withdrawn. Another instance of the relaxing of persecution
comes from Rumania, whose Government has expressed its
willingness to release Jews from the internment camps in
Transniestria if the Jewish Community is prepared to defray
all the expenses entailed by this release. The reason for
this contemplated move is the outbreak of epidemics in the
camps. The withdrawal of Rumanian Jewish labour com-
panies from the front has also been agreed to in principle,
but before the slave labourers can be removed they must
be provided with proper clothes, as the rags they are now
wearing would make an awful Impression if seen by the
general public. Repatriated Jews will be placed in labour
camps in Rumania, but may be released on payment of
" ransoms " varying between 150,000 and 800,000 lei.
Since Rumania entered the war against Russia, about 50,000
Jews have been sent to the front from labour camps, and
half of that number have perished owing to lack of medical
care and shortage of food and clothing. Jews calied up for
Public Labour Service who have been officers or N.C.O.s
on the active list in the reserve, and also doctors, chemists,
engineers, and architects, are permitted, while on duty, to
wear uniform with insignia of rank in the form öf a yellow
metal Shield of David. Another satellite of Germany that
is showing a less hostile attitude towards Jews is Finland.
Since the change of Government in that country last March,
some Jewish refugees who had been in a concentration camp
on an Island in the Gulf of Finland by order of the previous
Government were transferred to agricultural labour in
Tavastland. The camp was closed at the beginning of the
autumn, and the Jews were then permitted to settle in two
Tavastland communes, where they are able tö earn a livifig
independently of the labour service regulations. Since the
beginning of December, Jewish refugees have been allowed
to live anywhere in the country where foreigners are per-
mitted to dwell without restrictions. It is clear that the
satellites of Germany will become still more virtuous as the
reverses of their master increase. u .,
'.,^sjU~.
60
THE NEW JUDiEA
JANUARY, 1944
!1
k
Deportations
from
Greece.
A report recently issued by the
Greek Government . in exile in Caito
has disclosed that at least 50,000 of
the 60,000 Jews of Salonika have been
deported and that Western Thrace
and Eastern Macedonia are completely ** judenrein." It also
revealed the fact that 15,000 Athenian Jews were enabled to
escape from the Nazi clutches, thanks to the energetic help
provided by the Greek population. Many Greeks who took
part in this work of salvation were caugfht and sentenced to
imprisonment, and after serving- their sentences they were
kept as hostag-es. Armed bands of Greek patriots took part
in rescuing- Jews, anci 4,000 Jewish war veterans have
joined the forces of the National Liberation Front. It was
not until February, 1943, that the German authorities began
lo concert measures for the deportation of.the Jews from
Greece. In that month representatives of Alfred Rosen-
berg-'s Organisation, accompanied by an S.S. detachment,
arrived in Salonika and demanded from the Jewish Com-
munity Council a list of members of the Community. The
Council promised to co-operate on condition that its own
members would be exempt from deportation. It instructed
all Jews to report to collect '* Shield of David " badges, the
wearing of which was compulsory for all Jews above the
age of three. To assist it in its work, the Council org-anised
a " Jewish Civil Guard," consisting mainly of Jewish
refugees from Germany and Poland, who had to do the
Germans' " dirty work " in dcaling with the Jewish popula-
tion. In the first half of March iive Ghettos were established
in Salonika, and all Jews were forced into them and forbidden
lo leave. The deportations, organised by the Gestapo,
beg-an at the cnd of March, when a first batch of 3,000 men,
women and children were herded into a train made up of
cattle-trucks and sent northward ; and the convoys continued
week after week until by June lOth a total of 50,000 had
been transported. Some weeks after the capitulation of Italy
members of the Rosenberg Commission arrived in Athens
and demanded from the Chief Rabbi, Dr. Itzhak Barzilai,
a list of the members of the Community. In order to gain
time, Dr. Barzilai pleaded that the lists were incomplete and
obtained a respite of three days for their delivery ; -but
instead of preparing- the lists he destroyed all records of the
Community and " disappeared." Thanks to the respite,
Athenian patriots succeeded in caüsing the entire Jewish
population to vanish. Jewish families were disperscd in
non-Jewish homes, almost every Christian family in Athens,
the Fira'us and the suburbs taking in one Jew. The Jews
remained hidden while the patriots, with the aid of civil and
relig-ious ofRcials, as well as of the Greek police, prepared
falsc Identification cards enabling the Jews to pass as Chris-
tians. The Nazis then issued an order demanding that all
Jews should return to their homes and report to the local
police, failing which they were threatened with death. Only
300 reported.
dom from molestation, and to insist upon the proper Per-
formance of their duties by police departments. The State
Attorney-General has appointed a committee to frame a com-
prehensive scheme to deal with the causes of and the remedies
for the infringement of personal and relig-ious liberty. fhe
Governör has issued a Statement denouncing anti-Semitism
as a menace to American democracy, and as a prelude to
" the attack upon Catholicism, Protestantism, and the whole
democratic way of life." The only convictions regfistered
up to the time of the investigation in connection with the
anti-Jewish riots were of two Jewish youths, who were fine.d
ten dollars each for " participation in a street aflray." This
aroused such criticism and astonishment that the two youths
were freed and the charges against them were withdrawn.
Desecration of three Jewish cemeteries in New York in
recent weeks has resulted in a demand to Mayor La Guardia
for police and legislative action. A mimeographed three-page
sheet headed : " Christian Americans don't want Roosevelt
Jew Red War Revolution " was recently distributed through-
out the Bronx, in New York. The South Shore Hebrew
AUiance building in Staten Island, New York, has been
defaced for a second time with a red swastika painted near
the corncr-stone, and with the words " Jews Die " scrawled
in German Script. Anti-Semitic vandalism has also spread
to Connecticut : in Hartford 100 stores were smeared with
the Word " Jew," and at Bridgeport 15 places were similarly
disfiguned.
*
*
In Canadü,
Argentina,
and Peru.
In Canada Dr. S. E. Silcox, direc-
tor of the Canadian Conference of
Christians and Jews, recently addressed
a religious Service at Cornwall,
Ontario, attended by both Christians
am! Jews, at which he strongly denounced the spread
of the Nazi spirit. He said that one Ontario holiday
resort had announced that it intendetl to seek a by-
law that Would enable it to license all homes that took in
paying guests, so that if any of the homes accepted Jews
their licences could be withdrawn. He also mentioned that
just before,the outbreak of the war, 125,000 members of the
St. Jean Baptiste Society in Quebec signed a pelition to
Parliament asking that no Jewish refugee might be allowetl
to land in Canada. In the Argentine a memorandum on the
increased anti-Jewish Press propaganda, which openly Insti-
gates attacks upon Jews, has been submitted to the Min'ister
of the Int(;rior and the IJnder-Secretariat 'A Information bv
the Delegation of Argentine Israelite Association«. The
memorandum cites a number of anti-Semitic incidents, some
of which took place in the Jewish Theatre in the city of
Salta. In Peru the Government have discovered antl
thwarted a plot by Gernian and Japanese conspirators,
which was to have begun in the usual Nazi fashion by the
smashing of wintiows of Jewish shops.
«■
Jew-baiting
in
America.
The etfects of Nazi propaganda in
the United States and other parts of
America continue to manifest them-
selves in a disquieting manner. Anti-
Semitic hooliganism in the United
States, which takes the usual form of attacking Jewish
youths, desecrating Jewish cemeteries, and chalking up anti-
Jewish Slogans, has been going on for the last two years
and is now to be made the subject of an oflicial inquiry.
Most of the terrorist attacks have taken place in Boston,
Massachusetts, where the influence of the notorious Jew-
baiter Father Coughlin and his " Christian Front " is
especially strong. Over 200 " incidents " have occurred in
two districts in that city. So serious did the Situation
become that the State Governör, Leverett Saltonstall, ordered
an investigation of the terrorism and appointed a committee
of five prominent Boston residents, including a Rabbi and
two Jewish judges, to devise means of checking the anti-
Semitic menace. The report submitted to Governör
Saltonstall by Public Safety Commissioner John F. Stokes,
who conducted the investigation, showed that the disturb-
anöes would not have been possible had the police performed
their' düties in a proper manner and that there had been
widfcspread dissemination of anti-Semitic literature. The
GovernoV fhereupon appealed to the Mayors of all the towns
and eitles in the State to exercise all forces uhder their com-
mand to enforce a guarantee of religious freedom and free-
Combating
Racial
Propaganda.
Happily there are instances of
Government s taking active Steps to
curb, if not entirely to suppress, anti-
Jewish Propaganda. In New York
there was recently published a book
entitled " Poland 's Culture," by K. Hartleb, which was of
a generally reactionary character and included some anti-
Semitic chapters. The Polish Council in America had
intended distributing the book as a gift among Polish troops.
The Polish Minister of the Interior, M. Banaczyk, has now
announced that the Polish civil and military authorities have
been instructed not to distribute the book, and that he has
ordered an investigation to ascertain whether the publication
of the book was subsidised by Government funds and
who was responsible for the printing. Members of the
French Committee of National Liberation have launched a
campaign to combat racial propaganda in the French over-
seas empire and in German-occupied France. The campaign
has opened with the issue of a periodical entitled *' Cahiers
Antiracistes." In Mexico the Foreign Minister, Senor
Pödilla, recently declared that there is no Jewish problem
in the country. The Government has taken strong counter-
measures against the new Fascist threat resulting from ihe
activities of the National Sinarquist Union, whose leader
General Inclan, is aided by Nazi and Argentine Falangist
agents. No meetings of the Union and of the associated
Nationalist Action Party can be held except by special licence.
HiSTORICUS.
January, 1944
THE NEW JXIDMA
6i
Ussishkin's
There were
ZIONIST PORTRAITS
V.— USSISHKIN
By HARRY SACHER
JhJVERY man has his own vision of himself.
seif -Portrait was " the man of iron."
those who thought him, as was said of the late Lorcl
Salisbury, a wooden lath painted to look like iron. Yet
others spoke of him as the Pasha. He seems to have painted
his own Portrait quite young, and much of his life was
designedly patterned to lit. At the age of 19 his preferred
Constitution for the future Jewish State was an autocracy ;
we may guess whom he cast for the röle of dictator. There
are those who are born strong men ; strong acts and strong
words flow from them naturally. Of Ussishkin one was
tempted to say: '* Methinks he doth protest too much."
He could not conquer the iurking doubt in his own mind
(and in the mind of others) that his composition was not
wholly of iron or his road just a rigid straight line. On not
a few occasions he reversed his course, nor could a happy
faculty for disremembering these compromises abolish them.
In truth, Zionism does not lend itself to dictatorship, and
those who, like Jabotinsky, choose that way have to cut
themselves off from its body and make themselves masters
of a Rump of their own appointing. Ussishkin had not the
cüld ruthlessness for such a part. His was a warm, genial
naturc, gcnerating allection and bestowing affection ; and
a strong dash of naive vanity revealed him as human and
kept him humane. There was nothing of the " lean and
hungry " in his appearance. He was of massive build,
broad of Shoulder, füll of ehest, slow and weighty of move-
ment. His pictures show him handsome in youth, with a
fme high, square forehead and a füll black beard. In old
age he grew grey and venerable, but to the last he was the
same crect massive figure ; and his speech was faithful to
his form. Dcliberate as his motions, there was not much
modulation in the tones, but every word was clear, rounded,
emphatic. His diction was simple, his purple passages con-
vcntional, his Images drawn from the common stock, his
gestures few, restrained and tlignified. The gift of per-
suasion he had in füll mcasure. He carried his fellows wilh
liim by ofl'ering them arguments and emotions which he
shared with them. That was the secret of his essential
sincerity. He was the piain average Zionist carried to a
high Potential.
ussishkin had no purposeful life outside Zionism. Bv
Iraining he was an engineer. Probably he was a good
rngineer, but nobody ever- thought of him as a technician,
an(( his profession in no way coloured his conduct. HerzI
would not have been Hcrzl had he not been a Journalist ;
Zangwill not Zangwill, had he not been a writer ; Weizmann
not Weizmann, had he not been a scientist ; but " engineer "
was a mcre label to Ussishkin. This is a fact of some sig-
nilicance — it indicates the concentration, and indced the con-
secration, of his life. Zionism was evcrything to him, the
sole reason of his being, his exclusive intcrest, his singlc
mission. His happiness — and on the whole he was a haopy
man — sprang from his labours for this purpose. Such a
character has the beauty of simplicity as of dedication, but
it is complete in youth, it does not evolve with the years,
and it does not throw out subtle, sensitive fingers. It does
not appreciate the multifarious nature of others or the flux
of circumstance. Its judgments are forthright, it abolishes
difliculties with a gesture, it ignores obdurate facts.
Fortunate in his parents, fortunate in his economic rir-
cumstances, Ussishkin escaped the individual hardships and
anxieties of his contemporaries. He came of a family of
wealthy Hassidim, and though the füll orthodoxy of his
vouth thinned away in after years, he was always a religious
Jew in füll sympathy with the religious element in bis people.
He early acquired a good grounding in Hebrew, and facility
of Hebrew speech and writing. Though critics questioned
the purity of his language, none doubted its lucidity. At 18
he was already a consoious Zionist, and he knew the destiny
of the Jewish people to be in Palestine ; and, with Tchlenow,
had founded a " Society of Immigrants to the Land of
Israel." He joined the Hoveve Zion, and he was one of
the founders of the Bnei Zion, for the Palestinian training
of Russian academic youth. No task in the national cause
was too small for him. It was natural that he should be
invited to become one of the original members of the ßnei
Moshe, which was conceived to be a kirtd of Jesuit Order of
2ionism, and got wrecked on Jewish individuality.
In two great political crises of Zionism Ussishkin took
what appeared to be an extreme position, and they served
to build up the legend of " the man of iron." He led the
Opposition to Uganda, and he led the Opposition to Partition.
He was for Palestine and the whole Palestine, and no ques-
tion of expediency could make him waver. Herzl had once
asked him: " Do you suppose that we shall get Palestine?
and Ussishkin had answered : " Yes, and if you tion't
believe it there is no place for you at the head of the Zionist
Mo\ement." As a declaration of faith that was perfect,
but as a programme of political action it left something to
be desired. Ussishkin believed in redeeming the soil by pur-
chase and settlement, and in God's good time the Jewish
State would come. How and when? — ^l^hese were questions
which he never faced, still less formulated a reply to them.
He believed in " political " work, but its content seemed
to be at all times and in all circumstances to demand the
entire fulfilment of Jewish national claims and rights, and
meimwhile oppose any Substitution or diminution. It was a
clear, a simple and a populär position, but it hardly qualified
him for the daily conduct of Zionist politics, and it cannot
be said that his administration in Palestine as head of the
Zionist Delegation was an unqualified success. Nor was his
counsel particularly helpful when problems had to be faced
and crises navigated. At such times he left the bürden of
action to others, and enjoyed the luxury of criticism. Indeed,
he sometimes forgot that his own political past had not been
free from concession — that, for instance, he was one of tho:-.e
who had approved ChurchiH's White Paper of 1922.
In the mixed Company of humanity there will always be
those who defy time and circumstance and those who make
their peace with time and circumstance ; but, in assessing the
value and the courage of these two orders of men, a distinc-
tion must be made between the claims of the ideal and the
Claims of the practical. The prophet is greater than the
priest, because his concern is not with the concrete affairs
of men, but with the ideal. Time and circumstance mean
little to him because the fortunes of men mean little to him.
But if there be only one order of prophets there is more than
one order of priests. The difference between Ussishkin and
those he opposed was not the difference between prophet and
priest but between two orders of priests. Both were servants
of men and of the Jewish people. They differcd as to tactics,
and it is early to pronounce which was the shrewder tactician,
If Ussishkin had brought to bear on political problems some
of his own favourite maxims as to the virtue of action, he
might have chosen another course. In the field of politics
and diplomacy he represented little more than a negation.
We may judge not necessarily what a man is, but what
he would like himself to be by his maxims. Let us quoie
three : " There is nothing which can withstand the human
will." " Where there is action there is life." " Kvery
doctrine which does not lead to action finally comes to
nothing." " Will and Action " — these are the themes ; the
strong man always doing — that is the reflection he saw in
his mirror. It can hardly be doubted that he thought him-
self the fittest of men to lead the Zionist movement, and his
failure of election was the one serious disappointment of
his life. That, for all his popularity with every section and
for all his record of long and precious service, he never was
chosen for the leadership, is significant. It was not due to
political accidents, but to the general conviction that nelther
politics nor diplomacy were his field, and that he was more
at home in Opposition than in office.
Being disappointed of the supreme command, Ussishkin
made a little kingdom of his own in the Jewish National
Fund. In early years he saw land as the key to the Jewish
Palestine, and throughout his life he kept his eye steadfast
on that truth. He recognised no distinction between good
land and bad land, cheap land and dear land ; speed and size
in purchasing — these counted ; and if the money was not there
the Jewish people would have to find it. He had his critics,
but his vision and his courage were eminently justified. He
is one of the great architects of the Jewish Palestine, and
everywhere the land is his living memorial. What he bought,
he bought as an enduring possession of the Jewish people,
to create colonies on which Jewish men should live by the
labour of their hands free from exploitation by private owner-
ship, and private ownership should not be empowered to
Substitute cheap non-Jewish for Jewish labour. More than
forty years ago he had the Halutz idea, and he pursued it
throughout his public life.
Ussishkin's utter concentration on Zionism may explain the
harmony he established between himself and every section
of the Zionist world. With the orthodox, the Socialists, v>e
Capitalists, the Ashkenasim, the Sephardim, he was equah)
sssz
62
THE NEW JUDiEA
JANUARY, 1944
;i
i
*
W 1 !
1
at home. He was the ^eneral Zionist, without party dogmas,
ready with admirable eclecticism to pick from the philosophies
of others any dement which could serve the one supreme
purpose — the Jewish pcople in the Jewish land. So con-
structed, he was necessarily no philosopher or deep thinker
himself. AUhough he did much for Jewish education and for
the University, his interest in them was not that of the
intellcctual. He saw that they were forces for the making
of the Jewish nation, and therefore they were his conccrn.
Had he thought otherwise, he would have bothered with
them as little as he did with the a'sthetics of Hfe.
When death camc to Ussishkin close upon his eightieth
ycar, he was practically the last sur\ ivor of the founders of
Zionism. Nearly all those he had laboured with had passed
away ; the old battlcs were slilled ; there was assured him
nothing but afl'ection and hig-h esteeni. His faculties were
unabated, his work was prog-ressing-, and thougfh the crisis
of his people was bitterer than ever before in their history,
he had played his part and his conscience was at ease.
It was a happy ending- to a happy life, the happiest life of
a Zionist leader, a leader who had never known division
üf mind, doiibt, or distraction from the g-oal.
JEWISH IMMIGRATION PROBLEMS
IN 1921
By LEONARD STEIN*
TN the middle of August, 1921, Eder left Palestine for
Carlsbad, where the Zionist Congress was about to
meet for the first time since 1913. He addressed the Con-
gress on immigration. He was — as usual — simple, dircct
and realistic. The general purport of his speech can be
gathered from the following extracts : —
"In a conversatioii that 1 had with tlio High Coiiiniissioiioi on
July 2iid, 1920, it became clear tliat free and uncoiitrolled immigration
iiito Palestine would not be allowed. The Zionist Conunission was
requested to submit an estiniate of the numbei' of persons for whom
work could be provided during the next half-year. . . . At that tkne
— it wae thirteen months ago — we estimated tiiis nuniber of workers
for the year (it was after the liOndon Conference, and we then believ<?d
that we would be able to bcgin enonnous Ayorks in Palestine) at 16,500.
But», as you know, we did not reach that number. The estimate was
based upon our hopes at the time. . . . Froni July, 1920, until
August, 15th of this year there came in this way 10,802* persons. . . .
In this way the Halutz came to Palestin^, ihe niost magnificent human
n.'aterial for the upbuilding of the country that any nation could wish
to have. It was the duty and task of the Zionist Organisation to
concentrate its entire energy and means upon introducing the Halutz
type into Palestine, as the main object of the Zionist Organisation con-
sista, as everybody knows, in the settlement of the Jews in Palestine.
Upon my return to the country at the end of April, 1921. the Govern-
ment was dissatisfied because the immigrants were almost exclusively
untniined. . . . The young nien and girls wanted to cultivate the land,
but the overwlielming majority were unable to show either experience
or training. Another ground for complaint consisted in the numbea-
of the children, which was very large. . . . That at least was the view
of the Government. On the other band, it pointed out that hardly any
agricultural or industrial undertaking had been established ; no new
agricultural settlement had been founded, nor was there any building
in progress. At that time about 1,500 Halutzim were employed on the
construction of roads and railways; if this had not been the case,
then the Zionist Commission — it was pointed out — would have had to
oecupy itself with the Solution of the difficult problem of unemployment.
"Here a word of explaiiation must be intei'polated : the Goverament
did not undertake the making of roads in order to employ Jewish
workmen. The construction and the repair of roads was absolutely
necesisary. Tenders for tbese works were submitted, and in those
cases where they were given to Jewish workers — they did not receive
all of them — their tender was the lowest. There was never a que&tion
of preferential treatment, nor did anybody expect it. The Jewish
workers obtained contracts through their own merit.
" Things had reached this stage between the Government and the
Zionist Commission when the May distuvbances broke out. You know
that one of the first decisions of the Government was the stoppage of
immigration ; it was so alarmed that it did not even allow the ships
which were on their way to Palestine at that time to land their
passen gers. . • •
" It was only some months later, on July Ist, that immigrants were
again able to land. . . . To-day it can be said that the Government
is adopting a firmer attitude, for resistance against the landing of
immigrants in both harbours has ceased. . . . So far as policy is con-
cerned, it is to be considered from two points of view : first, Zionist
immigration poHcy ; and, secondly, the policy of the Government of
Palestine. I was once very much in favour of unrestricted Jewish
immigration into Palestine. I considered it an intolerable Situation
that the Zionist Organisation should allow a Jew to be subjected to
any restriction in regard to his wish to retum to the land of his
fathers. The principle governing Zionist policy can easily be
expressed : the immigration of the largest possible number of Jews to
Palestine in the shortest space of time. This would mean a free
immigration of Jews to Palestine under only two restrictions : firsit,
physical or mental disease; and secondly, inability to maintain one's
seif ow;ing to age or öther reasons. ...
* From the "David Eder Memorial Volume/
" As a result of considered reflection upon this questiou 1 was lorced
by the economic position in Palestine and by n.y wish to h-jlP^" ^ J;
eitablishment of the Jewish National Home in the shortest possible
time, to modify my views. Palestine is not a couutry that o««^« the
new urrival uiilimited possibiUties. If we compam ^^ with other
countries, that have been built up by new Immigration, ior fxamplt,
with the United States, Austraha and Canada, we see that the
difference consists in the fact that in all those countries a mau can
go into tho primitive forest, find wood, build himsell a house, and
maintain himself with a very trifling sum of money ipr a wliole year
In Palestine it is quite different. There are no forests ; houses niusl
be built of stone or imported timber, and the soll doe« not provide
one with any sustenance if one has not previously invested a large
capital in it. . . . The next few years are years of preparation—
preparation 8f the land, expansiou of the cities, and establishment ot
iii'dustries. Fovesight, courage and far-sightednes.s are necessary.
To-day immigration is necessarily limited to those who can lay the
foundations. Year after year these will become firmer, and so the
economic immigialion restrictions must gradually fall. Hut at the
present moment, when Palestine is just at the beginning of its
economic- development, it does not yet afford any great possibilitie.s,
except to those who are young and streng and can adapt themselves
to physical work under severe conditions. That is why a process of
selectioii became necessaiy, which had to reniain in the hands of the
Zionist Organisation which must have exact knowledge of the econo
mic Position in Palestine, and regulate the immigration from time to
time in accordance with its conditions.
" We now conie to the policy of the Government. While the Zionist
Organisation claims the right to regulate immigration in agreement
with the Goveiiiment, the Government thinks it must have complete
control over immigration. Furthermore, not only i.s immigration
restricted in accordance with the economic requiiements, hut these are
iiitei'preted very «iiarrowly. ff, for example, a contractor should need
100 bricklayers in three months' time, an application must be sub-
mitted to the Innnigration Department, which can grant it. In other
words, there mu.st he a particular employer in the countiy waiting for
the Immigrant before he is given permission to ent*. I maintain that
no land can ever be built up under such conditions. nor will colonisa-
tion in Palestine he possible. There must be a stock of workers
available whom one can have when one needs them. ... It has been
said in this hall that one shoulcl read one's books to the end. "When
it conies to the questiou of labour I should like to give quite different
advice. Tnslead of reading the books on ecoiiomics to the end 1
.should like to suggest that all those books, including Marx, shouhl
be thrown into the fire. I would advise you to study the question of
workers and the lahour movement in Palestine with your own eyes.
You wouid see that the conditions are quite different from those in
other coiuitries. In the first place, our Halutzim are young fellows of
bnght intelligence. but not of great skill. They first learn in
Palestine how to become ^vorkers. They leam this under the most
difficult conditions, in a new climate. in entirely new circumstances,
and altogether different conditions of living from those in their native
country. . . . The leaders of the labour movement foresaw these .diffi-
culties tand tried to overcome them by establishing a co-operative
labour Organisation. This Jewish labour Organisation has carried out
the building of roads and the financing of railways with great success.
" In my opinion an industry can develop in Palestine only upon the
basis of the co-operative. Only through such co-operative workers'
movements will one avoid those serious errors of the capitalist System
and escape the tragedy of the workers in other countries. . . .
" For me immigration is the key to the Jewish position in Palestine.
Without it all declarations and mandates are niere Castles in the air.
Self-discipline and self-regulated immigration from the sole point of
view of the upbuilding of Palestine as the Jewish National Home i.«
the key to the Situation. If we have this then we shall win through."
At the close of the Congress Eder was elected a member of
the Zionist Executive. In April, 1921, he had been appK)inted
to fill a vacancy in the Provisional Executive then holding
olfice, but this was only a stop-gap formed to bridge the
interval which must elapse before an Executive could be con-
stitutionally elected by a Zionist Congress. The Carlsbad
Congress showed how completely Eder had wen the confi-
dence of the rank and file. When he went to Palestine in
1918, he was known to Zionists, so far as he was J^nown at
all, as an ITO-ist hovering vaguely on the outer fringes of
Zionism. Little more than three years later, he had become
one of the popularly elected leaders of the Zionist Movement,.
* -jt *
Eder was back in Jerusalem in October, 1921. He was now
entering upon what turned out to be the last phase of his work
in Palestine. His speech at Carlsbad has been quoted at
length because of the clarity with which it brings out some of
the Problems facing the Zionist authorities in the first period
of organised immigration. The same problems reappeared
in no less acute a form when the regulär flow of immigration
was resumed after its temporary interruption as a result of
the Jaffa riots. No one who remembers those early days
would question Eder's description of the Halutzim as magnifi-
cent human material. But among them there were few skilled
workers, and even if there had been more, it would still have
been difficult to find them employment. It had been vaguely
supposed that a large propjortion of the immigrants would go
on the land, as, indeed, most of them ardently desired to do.
But the creation of new Settlements took time and cost money,
and, though the pre-war Jewish colonies did their best, they
were incapable of absorbing large numbers of untrained
workers. Industrial development would clearly have to de-
pend in the main on the introduction of private capital, and
rl
January, 1944
THE NEW JUDiEA
63
private
lüund
capital was slow in Coming in.
lor a considerable number of in
Employment was
. ... .mmigrants in various
types ot public works. In addition to works financed from
Zionist tunds, a number of Government contracts were
obtamed. fhe improvement of the roads and railways was
being- energetically taken in band by the Administration,
which freely employed Jewish labour when availabk on com-
petitive terms. In one way or another, the Halutzim managed
to strug-gle through the first few ycars, but not without a
strain, both on their own endurance and on the resources of
the Zionist Movement. It is to the credit of all concerned
that there was no breakdown, but Eder's letters show how
narrow was the margin. Writing on the 21st December,
1921, he reports: —
" We have to-day over 2,000 uneniployed ; I believe more. But
everybody tries to shut his eyes, . . . With .a practical stoppage of
money this month our position is most dangerous. We are sitting on
a powder magazine. At any moment an iinemployed row may take
place.
Three months later he protests that he is " tired of point-
ing out that the present position, when we have 1,500 out of
work, is dangerous politically and leconomically. The
Governor of Haifa rightly resents having: 700 or 800 Jews
perambulating the streets. We cannot tie them up in the
backyard."
To provide employment costs money, and the piain truth
was that the Zionist Organisation was living from band to
mouth. Again and again Eder is found complaining of lack
of funds and pointing out that he cannot make bricks without
straw. A few days after his return to Palestine in October,
1921, he reports that '* our financial position is more desperate
than evcr. We are unable to begin any colonisation work."
On March 26th, 1922, he writes : *' There is no money ; there
is no work ; and if there is no work there can be no immigra-
tion." There are other letters in the same strain. The Pales-
tine Foundation Fund (Keren Hayesod) had only just been
established, and the fruits of Dr. Weizmann's campaigri in
the United States had still to bc reaped. When the Keren
Hayesod gained momentum, the financial position gradually
became less disquieting. But in his last year in Palestine
Eder had to live through a F>eriod of acute anxiety, when the
resources of the Zionist Movement were for the first time
being seriously tested, and it was not certain that they would
be equal to the demands now to be made upon them.
It was not only a question of Zionist resources. It had
never been supposed that in the building up of the Jewish
National Home the whole bürden would be left to be borne
by the Zionist Organisation. It had been expected that the
wealthier Jew$, many of whom had stood aloof from Zionism,
would be moved, nevertheless, to assist, in their own way,
in the development of Palestine, if only for the practical pur-
pose of providing an assured asylum for j>ersecuted or home-
Icss Jews. When the time came for them to play their part,
their meagre response was a disapf>ointment, not only to the
Zionists, but also to the' High Commissioner, who had
assumed that their support could be reÜed upon. The de-
velopment loan on which he had counted was not for^hcoming.
He had hoped to get Jewish money for an Agricultural Bank,
but this project also hung fire. There was no large influx of
Jewish capital for Investment in private undertakings.
Though there were some notable exceptions, the broad truth
is that the wealthier Jews were apathetic. As time went on,
their indiiference began to wear off. The enlargement of the
Jewish Agency for Palestine in 1929 was a recognition of the
fact that many Jews who had at first held back were now
actively interesting themselves in Palestine. After 1933 in-
difference was the exception rather than the rule. It is
unprofitablc to speculate now on what might have happened
if more liberal support had been forthcoming from these
circles in the first few critical years. It was Eder's considered
view that on the political as well as on the economic plane
decisive successes might have been won, if the wealthiest and
most influential Jews had not elected, for the most part, to
stand aside.
Eder's last year in Palestine was free from any such succes-
sion of political crises as marked the summer of 1921. But
there was no room for complacency. Eder's instinct warned
him not to closc his eyes to the significance of the Govern-
ment's response to the Jaffa riots— the Suspension of Immigra-
tion and the High Commissioner's King's Birthday Speech.
The embargo on immigration had been lifted and that was
so much to the good, but the first chapter of the new regime
was closed, and its spirit would not be recaptured. So at
least it seemed to Eder, who, as time went on, found his fore-
bodings confirmed by the Beisan Agreement of August,
•1921 and the proceedings which ended in the appointment
of Hai Amin el Husseini as Mufti of Jerusalem in 1922. By
the Beisan Agreement the Government, under Arab pressure,
parted with the most jjromising of the State domains. The
appointment of Haj Amin el Husseini (which Eder struggied
hard to prevent) placcd in a key-position in Palestine a man
who was known as an implacable enemy of Zionism and had
been personally implicated in the Jerusalem riots of April,
1920, It was too early to forcsee the füll consequences of
these decisions, but they showed (or seemed to show) the
way the wind was blowing. There were other grounds for
anxiety. A Palestine Arab Delegation was in London, and
though its more extravagant demands had been categorically
refused, there was no certainty that it would return empty-
handed. The atmosphere was not improved by the delay
which had unexpectedly occurred in the confirmation of the
Palestine Mandate by the Council of the League. This was
not due to any lack of zeal on the part of the British Govern-
ment, which had done its best to remove the successive #
stumbling-blocks encountered by the Mandate on its way to
the Council. But the delay was none the less disquieting
from a Zionist F>oint of view. It suggested that the future of
Palestine was still, in some measure, an open question and
was an invitation to enemies of the Jewish National Home to '
fish in troubled waters. Some account has already been given
of Eder's negotiations with the Cairo group of Arab
Nationalists, which absorbed much of his energy in the Spring
and summer of 1922. It was part of his purposc to ease the
way for the Coming into force of the Mandate and to ensurc
that when it did come into force, it should command the
genuine assent of the Arab world. In June, 1922, the British
Government issued the well-known Statement of Policy in
Palestine, sometimes referred to as the Churchill memoran-
dum. The authors of the Statement can hardly have expected
it to be received with enthusiasm by the Jews, and some sec-
tions of Zionist opinion regarded it as a serious setback. Eder»
however, took it calmly. His comment on receiving the
document was that " the whole Statement seems to be very
wordy and not cxactly to the point." By the end of July the
last obstacles had been removed, and the Mandate had been
formally confirmed. It was at this point that Eder decided
that the time had come for him to bring his work in Palestine
to an end. '
BOOK REVIEWS
A LIFE OF NORDAU
Max Nordau : A Biography. By Anna and Maxa Nordau.
Translated from the French. Published by the Nordau
Committee, New York. Pp. 440. $3.75.
'PHE writing of this life of Max Nordau has doubtless
been a labour of love. Nobody attempted the task
before, for nobody could have possessed the necessary know-
ledge and authority, without which the result would have
been unworthy of the subject. Nordau 's widow and
daughter have presented us with a full-length record of a
great Jcw, who had achieved international fame before he
resolved to devote his unique gifts to the Zionist cause, and
enable us to appreciate anew the brilliant qualities of intellcct
and character that distinguished him. It is an absorbing
account of a life of struggle, of service, and of outstanding
intellectual achievement, written with a fulness of detail and
also with a natural sympathy that does not shirk an
occasional note of criticism.
Comparatively few Zionists nowadays can realise or
recollect the Sensation that was caused when it was
announced in 1896 that Max Nordau had declared his approval
of Herzl's brochure, The Jewish State, and his readiness to
support him in the furtherance of his proposals. For Nordau
was then at the height of his fame as the author of that
remarkable trilogy, Conventional Lies of Our Civilisation,
Paradoxes and Degeneration, and few people knew that he
was a Jew. He had lived in Paris from 1880 as a physician
and Journalist, but although he displayed unusual proficiency
and distinction in both professions, it was as an author that
he acquired world-wide celebrity. His Conventional Lies, in
which he laid bare and flayed the hypocrises in all walks of
life in his time with a merciless pen and biting wit, appeared
in 1883, when he was only thirty-four. It revealed a critical
mind of astonishing originality and boldness, and was
written in a trenchant and arresting style. So overwhelming
was the Impression that it produced that edition after edition
was called for, and it was translated into a score of lan-
guages. At least seventy editions have appeared so far.
Paradoxes, in which Nordau examined " the legitimacy of
the most ironclad doctrines " and dissected all preconceived
notions, was published two years later and enhanced the
author's fame; and when that iconoclastic work, Degenera-
i
64
THE NE^^^ JUÜAIA
JANUARY, 1944
*•
'■
. K
u'i
tion, burst upon the world in 1893, Nordau's fame was
firmly and widely established on both sides of the Atlantic
and he was one of the most-talked-of men in the literary
World of the day. The two latter works also went into
dozens of editions and were translated into many languages.
But this philosophical trilogy was not the only fruit of his
pen at the time when Nordau became with Herzl a co-founder
of political Zionism. He had already written a dozen other
works, including novels, plays, short stories, and essays,
althoug'h none of these, while characterised by acute Observa-
tion, originaUty of thought, and lambent wit, equalled the
" big thrce " in popularity. None of all these works had
anything to do with Jewish questions or betrayed the Jewish
origin of their writer, and, indeed, many people were
incredulous when it was rumoured that he was a Jew. It
is necessary to stress these facts in order to bring home the
Impression that was made when it was announced that
Nordau had staked his reputation on his activc support of
Herzl.
Although Nordau had lived for over twenty years in a
State of isoiation from his people, this biography shows us
that his early associations had been such that it was no
difficult task to resume his connection with them. For he
was the son of a Rabbi, Gabriel Sucdfekl, who was more
a Melammed than a minister, and who had migrated from
East Prussia to Budapest. Max, whose Hebrew name was
Simha Meir, was brought up in accordance with strict tradi-
tion. He was initiated into Hebrew lore from an early age
by his father, who was.a Hebrew poet ; he was a reguUir
attendant at synagogues and went to early Selihoih as a mere
chiki ; he was Bar-Miizvah with the customary rite; and he
continued putting on iephilUn until he was at least *>eventeen.
Max Nordau's mother, whose maiden name was Rosalie
Nelkin, was born in Riga and brought up in Vilna, and she
went to Budapest as a teacher. She was the second wife of
Gabriel Suedfeld, who hat! been left with four children when
his first wife died. They had a struggle to keep a home,
and the father 's earnings as a teacher had to be supplemented
by those of the mother, who carried on a little business. It
was, therefore, necessary for Max to Start earning his own
living and contributing to the family budget while still in
his 'tecns.
His literary talent n^anifested itself at an early age, and
he wrote in a school magazine under the pseudonym of
Nordau, which he afterwards adopted as his real name. His
first Story appeared in the Posier Lloyd when he was only
seventeen, and a year later he was appointed on the staflf.
While engaged as a Journalist he studied medicine, but after
obtaining his doctorate he devoted a couple of years (after
his father's death in 1872) to visiting foreign countries on
behalf of his paper, his conlributions to which aroused great
attention and laid the foundations of a growing reputation.
'l'he countries through which he travelled extended from
Russia to Spain, and the articles that he wrote were after-
wards published as a book under the title of From the
Kremlin io the Alhamhra. During his stay in England he
was overjoyed to find the names of two of his father's
Hebrew works in the British Museum Catalogue and three
in that of the Bodleian Catalogue.
From the time when Nordau settled in Paris he Icd a very
busy life as a physician and Journalist. He was the regulär
correspondent of that once famous Berlin paper, the
Vossische Zeitung, to which he contributed despatches not
only on political and economic questions, but also on litera-
ture and art, music and drama. He also became the corre-
spondent of La Nacion, the great Argentinian paper (which
is now fighting for the freedom of the Press in its country).
His skill as a physician reached the ears of the high officials
of the German Embassy, with the result that he became their
medical adviser, and at least one day a week was set aside
to receiving poor patients who were unable to pay. His
Services were also often invoked as a psychiatrist. His
literary fame made him much sought after in the literary
and artistic world, but he preferred to limit his social inter-
course to a small circle of friends.
It was in 1892 that Theodor Herzl, who had been
appointed Paris correspondent of the Neue Freie Presse, was
first introduced to Nordau by a Viennese fellow-journalist,
named Feldmann, in a cafe, where they and other journalists
used to meet. Herzl was still comparatively unknown,
outside Vienna, and Nordau was already famous. Their
meeting was fraught with fateful consequences, which are
part of Zionist history. Some episodes of that history appear
to be recorded in this biography for the first time, and others
are hardly described with the impartiality and accuracy that
distinguish the greater part of this book. We are told, tor
example, that ' Nordau created the term * Jewish National
Home ' and at Herzl's bebest added ' legally guaranteed
{oe ff entlich-rechtlich gesicherte Heimstätte)." In the
first place, the term used in the Basle Programme is not
" National Home " but " Home." Secondly, the terms
of the Basle Programme were first discussed by a commission
of seven members, with Nordau as chairman, and when they
submitted their draft to the Congress there was a vigorous
discussion of the question of guarantee, which resulted m
the matter being referred back to the commission. Owing
to opinions being divided, Herzl, who had had a legal train-
ing, proposed as a compromise the term oe ff entlich-rechtlich
gesichert (" secured by public law "), which was adopted.
But there was no question of a bebest. Nordau's
biographers reveal the fact that in 1898 Herzl wrote him a
letter insisting that the Zionist headquarters should be trans-
ferred to Paris for a year and that Nordau should assume
the presidency until the Congress of 1899. Nordau declined,
as it was the time of the Dreyfus atfair, which he did not
consider a propitious moment for such a change. It is
rather curious that there is no reference to this correspond-
ence in Herzl's Diaries. On his fiftieth birthday Nordau
received a very warm letter from *Herzl, who wrote : —
" Dear Friend,— You will receive this letter on your fiftieth birthday
and it will speak to you a little of my deep and grateful friendship for
you. We met as in a wilderness and recognised ea«h other as b rothers.
We could gain nothing from each other and did not waut to, and
thus found ourselve« uiüted by a strong bond at an age when one
does not yield to mere inipulse. To-day, then, let nie press your
haiid as man and as Jew and pray that you be long preserved to me.
This ought to be ad inea/i xlianah, but my Hebrew is weak.
" Alex Marmorek sends nie a bad piece of news. He is not certaiu
that you will attend the Congress. I won't try to persuade you,
because surely you will do your best to attend. . . . From the
oratorical poilit of view i/ou are the Congress. No necd t-o pretend
niodesty. I believe that my band is the one diat guides it, but
yours is tlie voice tliut is heard by Europe. At first the Congresa
was something of a sliow, and I am not sure that we have left this
stago beilind us. Hence any diminution in spiritual valuö and
eloquence would mean a decrease of it« importance. Wlio will speak
of the general State of the Jewish people if not you?
Nordau attendetl the Congress of 1899 only on the first
day, as the revision of the Dreyfus trial at Renncs was then
beginn! ng, and he was obliged as correspondent of the
Vossische ZeifiDig to covcr the event. He was not only
convinced of the innocence of Dreyfus, but he had evidence
in support of it, which unfortunately could not be used. A
few weeks after the condemnation and degradation of the
martyr to anti-Semitism, Nordau dined at the house ot
Hoehne, counscllor at the German Embassy, his friend and
patient, with Herr von Schwarzkoppen, Military Attache at
the Embassy. The latter said, quite incidentally, that the
German Embassy had never had anything to do with Captain
Dreyfus. Nordau immediately told this to his fellow-corre-
spondents, Herzl and Theodor Wolff, and subsequently also
to Zola, the great champion of Dreyfus. All his friends
urged him to obtain a written confirmation uf vvhat
Schwarzkoppen had said. He therefore made a special trip
to Berlin to see Schwarzkoppen. The latter repeated his
words, but declared that " he dared in no wise to interfere
with the Paris trial. If the judges were to disavow the
validity of his testimony, grave (Hplomatic incidcnts might
arise.
Upon the outbreak of the First World War, Nordau, as
an Austrian subject, was compelled to leave France and lived
in Madrid for five years. There, despite the hardships of
exile, he wrote Morals and the Evolution of Man,,^ besides a
monograph on The Grandees of Spanish Art and other works.
In December, 1919, he came to London, where he stayed for
nine months. He was invited to London by Dr. Weizmann
to co-operate in the work of the Zionist Executive at a very
critical period of Zionist history. The co-operation did not
prove harmonious, as Nordau had very dogmatic views about
the implementation of the Balfour Declaration. In particular
he insisted upon steps being taken immediately for the
transfer "in the space of months " of half-a-million Jews from
Europe to Palestine, a demand that he repeated on several
occasions, but which he made no attempt to show could
possibly be carried out. He had no concrete proposals
regarding the organising of a migration on so vast a scale,
which would have entailed an enormous amount of shipping|
apart from trains, supplies, and more or less suitable
accommodation in Palestine. And as his demand was not
considered seriously, Nordau was profoundly disappointed.
Had his own personal circumstances at the, time been normalj
JANUARY, 1944
THE NEW JUDiEA
65
he would probably have adopted a different attitude, but after
five years of exile and the loss of his home and fortune (which
the l^rench Government had confiscated) it was natural that
he should feel embittered. The letters that he wrote to nis
wife from London do not make pleasant reading, and some
passages could have been omitted without loss. Thanks
to the Intervention of Venizelos with the French authori-
ties, Nordau was at last able to return to Paris in September,
1920. He hoped to redeem his fortune by undertaking- a
lecture tour in America and eventually to settle in Palestine.
But unfortunately illness prevented him from undertaking
the tour, and the last two years of his life were spent in
patient suffering. The writers give a very moving account
of this closing chapter in the life of a man who had once
enjoyed universal fame, and a graphic description of his last
journey, on which they accompanied him, to the land of his
forefathers, to bc buried. Now that twenty-one years have
passed since his death and a different worlcl has arisen, it is
doubtful whether the works on which his fame was originally
established are widely read. But although his name may have
receded from the consciousness of the Gentile world, he has
achieved a more enduring fame, as a leader and spokesman
of his people, in the pages of Jewish history .
Israel Cohen.
SOME MEMORIES OF A PEOPLE
Mhmoirs of Mv Pkople. Edited by Leo W. Schwarz. (The
Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia.)
T^HK Jews have an old and vast literature, cxtending to
thousands of years, scattered in scorcs of languages.
But the literature of the people of the Book is mainly
impersonal. The personal notc is extremely rare. Its
Creators have spoken and written very littlc about themselves,
have Said nothing about their private lives, and very little
about their personal experiences, or about the happenings in
which they played a part. This self-eftaccment is not acci-
dental ; the Subordination of the ego is characteristic of our
. ancients and of Jewish ethics. Spiritual Icaders, moral
teachers and exponents of the law, they were absorbed in
ideas and ideals, and thought it not worthy enough to leave
records about themselves or about passing events in their
lifetime. Their outlook on life, their philosophic and moral
rcflections are incorporated in their works, and if some of
their actions and decisions reflect the happenings of the age
in which they lived, it is in relation to the general and not to
the particular. This impersonal attitude, while it tendcd to
suppress the tendency of egotism, and excluded gossip, left,
however, a serious gap in Jewish literature. The abscnce of
the personal element is a great loss to Jewish history; Jewish
literature would have been immcnsely enriched by personal
records, recollections and autobiographical notes of some of
its great personalities in different ages, countries and
languages.
The excellcnt volume " Memairs of My People," selected
and edited by Leo W. Schwarz, makes one feel more acutely
the incalculable loss through the omissions in this branch of
our literature. However, the fifty-nine selections the author
has assembled in this book show that much more material of
this kind exists than is generally supposed. Mr. Schwarz
asserts that his own research indicates that large numbcrs of
Journals and reminiscences are rotting away in family trunks.
One can only hope that he will continue his labours in this
field and rescue as much as possible of the hidden treasures.
This hugc galaxy of self-portraits, which, as he justly claims,
is the first of its' kind in any language, is taken from records
of only a thousand years — from the first half of the eleventh
Century tili within ^ur own memory. ' He might perhaps have
found more material of self-portraiture, though in very brief
form, a thousand vears earlier, in the various Midrashim.
But this " panorama of a thousand years " does unfold, as
he suggests, a dramatic record of experience of men and
women who form the most civilised branches of the human
' The personal records, histories, letters and diaries repro-
(luced differ in quality and outlook, as they do in time and
in lanlruao-e The account of Ahimaaz ben Paltiel, a poet of
merit on'' his family album, giving details of bis illus-
trious ancestors who had been ministers to potentates ol the
Bv/antine Empire and the Fat.m.d Caliphate wntten at the
bejrinning of the x^levcnth Century, is ol another vyorld than,
life storv told by Aaron IsaaK, tnc nrsi j.-w lu ...v. .. u.
Sweden in ITSO,' will thriUsome, wh.le Mar n. Buber s J
to Hassidism "will hold the attention of others. Ihe fa,
Jewish pugilist Mendoza, born in the East End of London
in 1764, has had a different tale to teil from that of Chayim
Nachman Bialik before he was thirty. But all these memoirs,
collected and translated from Hebrew, Yiddish, Latin, French,
German, Italian and Danish, have a certain unity. They aic
the embodiment of a tradition, as the editor observes, " that
created an unquenchable hunger for life and an undying faith
in goodness." And it is the very purpose of this anthology
of memoirs to show the remarkable diversity of Jewish life,
probably unmatched in any other historical group,
Some of the autobiographical notes, especially of more
recent origin, are fairly familiär. Hebrew readers are
acquainted with Achad Haam's memories of childhood, while
most readers know something of Herzl's memoirs. The Log-
book of a Physician, written in 1166, by Maimonides, one of
the pillars of Judaism, who, among so many other things, was
the physician to Saladin's Vizier in Egypt, is fairly well-
known. A less familiär document is the self-revealing record
of Abraham Aboulafia, the twelfth Century mystic, who tried
to convert Pope Nicholas III to Judaism. The destruction of
Spanish Jewry in 1492 recorded by Don Isaac Abravanel, him-
self one of the exiles, is one of the most poignant and at the
same time courageous documents in Jewish history. This
record of tragic "experiences has a close resemblance to the
ghastly happenings in our time. The Spanish Don, " son of
that prince in Israel, Judah, the son of Samuel ben Joseph
. . . descended from King David," graphically depicts the
terror and lamentation among the Jews that followed after
the decree for the expulsion of all Jews was issucd. In our
days the figures have been magnified from hundrcds of
thousands to millions. But his words reach us across cen-
turies; " Lct us cling unflinchingly to our faith, holding our
heads with pride before the voice of the enemy that taunts
and blasphemes. If they lct us live, we will live, if they kill
US, we will perish. But we will not break our Divine Cove-
nant, nor shall we turn back. ... In this spirit the people,
old and young, women and children, a multitude of 300,000
went forth on one day, unarmed and afoot. I was among
them. . . ."
To check the tears on re-reading this personal recoUection,
one turns to Heine 's account of himself, an account in which
one of the greatest Jewish creative niinds of the eightecnth
Century throws otf the veil of his soul. A masterpiece of self-
portraiture and an intimate description of his parents and
the atmosphere in which he was brought up, " The Stamp
of My Being " awakens curiosity about the poet's grand-
uncle, von Geldern, about whom so many stories were told
and more whispered, which had niade an indelible impression
on the future poet. Much of the curiosity is gratified. For
the " Daybook " of the queer adventurer, Simon von Geldern
(1720) is included in this volume from which one gets a
glimpse of this enigmatic personality, which influenced
Heine's Imagination.
Space precludesfrom referring to many of the other figures
of the remote past and of more recent times who have left
some intimate records. Each and all of the pieces assembled
here teil a story, some very dramatic, all of interest, and
extremely readable. The sources are noted at the end of the
book, which contains close on 600 pages. Not the least
interesting part of the book is the brilliant introduction by
Leo W. Schwarz, to whom readers will be grateful for pre-
senting this treasure, and fo ih« Jewish Publication Society
for producing" it..
J. HODESS.
CURRENT HEBREW LITERATURE
I.
TT is perhaps natural that more has been heard of the
military and industrial achievements of Jewish Palestine
than of its cultural and literary effort during ithe war years.
Yet it is a fact well worth noting that Hebrew^ hterature has
not shrunk under the impaot of war. Defying all obstacles
— and there are many — Hebrew literary production has even
quickened itspace since the beginning of the war.
In the four years of the last Avar Palestine prodüced
seventy Hebrew books and pamphlets. In the first four
years of 'this war it has published 1,600. If the Jewish
Population has, since those days, grown sevenfold, the
number of publications has increased more than twenty times.
With cver-increasing Immigration, and 'the gradual destruc-
tion of Jewish Diaspora life w^hich preceded the present war,
the centre of Hebrew literature has moved from Eastern
Europe to Palestine. Nor is the progress in numbers alone.
The ränge of subjects has widened to cover practically every
human interest. This extension of ränge has followed quite
naturally on the far greater demand, and diversification of
needs, on the part of the Hebrew-reading public. If in
k
66
THE NEW JUD.EA
January, 1944
the last war Paicstine harboured but several thousand
readers of modern Hebrew, to-day their number is probably
in the neighbourhood of a quarter of a million, of whom at
least a half are almost entirely depcndent on Hebrew for
their instruction. Progress has also been made in Um
technical aspect of production, and this has been particu-
larly noticeable. in wartime. Although paper is scarce, and
of poor quality, and labour is short, the general appear-
ance of the books has improved, the binding is good, and
the specially designed dust-jacket has, it seems, come to
stay. The war, moreover, has seen the establishment of
at least two large Publishing enterprises, and some smaller
ones. Am Oved (" Working Nation") is the Publishing
house of the Histadruth, and the youngest among its mani-
fold institutions. Less than two years hav^e passed since its
inception, but it has already made more than a good begin-
ning. Sifriyath Poalim (" Workers' Library ") is another
publica! ion society — under the a^gis of Hashomer Hatzair.
Older Publishing houses, like Dvir and Mitzpah, have been
less to the fore, and Styhel seems to have entirely faded
away. The following survey is by no means exhaustivc. It
is based on material and books which have reached us,
despitc tlifhcult Communications.
H.
A factor ul' influence in ihc literary lield to-dav is
Mossiiil Biiilik, the Institute founded by the Zionist Con-
gress for the promotion of Hebrew letters. For many years
ihe justilied complaint was levelled at the Zionist Organisa-
tion thal, as the " Jewish State on the Way " which it
claimed to be, it should have concerned itsclf not only
with agriculture, industry and education, but also wjtli
assisting development in the realm of literature and the arts.
An instalmcnt — only a first instalment, one hopes — of this
just demand has been met through the creation of the Bialik
Institute. Mossad Bialik, managed jointly by representa-
tives of the national institutions and the Writers' Union, is
attempting to be true to the spirit of the unforgettable man
atter whom it is named by assuming the responsibiüty for
stimulating and Sponsoring literary prockiclion. It helps
in the publication of serious works, and of literary Journals
of meri't, where their publication is not otherwise finan-
cially assured. In the case of larger works, those of an
encyclopjedic character, for instance, or those of national
iniportance, the Institute carries the whole bürden of plan-
ning and preparation, leaving but the actual publication to
one of the established houses.
A permanent feature of the work of the Institute (pub-
lished through " Dvir ") is Knesseth, an annual colleotion
of littrature and rescarch, (k'dicated to X\\ü memory of H. N.
Bialik. The seventh volume (for the year 5702) has reached
London. It continues to be the most represenlative oross-sec-
tion of the year's vintage in researoh and poetry. If the wine
is not always of the tirst order, it is perhaps because the
vessel is too large. The editors (Jacob (Jahan and F.
Lachover), it seems, feel committed to a certain qudntity,
and this must at times affect the quality of their choice.
In the section of Bialikana, the 'letters of Bialik to Achad
Haam when the latter was editor of Hashilloach, written
between years 1897 and 1899, are a valuable addition
to the letters published previously. They are char-
acterised by the disarming modesty of the young
poet. In the same section, Jacob Fichman, no doubt
the finest Hebrew essayist to-day, treats with loving insight
of Bialik's " ScroU of Fire." B. Ben Shalom analyses the
metres in Bialik's poetry and stresses the little known fact
that Bialik's use of the " tonic " metre (which, based on a
wrong pronunciation and Intonation, prevailed in Hebrew
poetry since the last decade of the 19th Century to the
'twenties of our own) was very much against his better
judgment. Consequently, he switched over to blank verse,
in which since 1905 he wrote a great deal of his best poetry.
It was patterned on Biblical metre, in which the prophets
and Psalmist had written, and which seemed to Bialik still
most closely in accord with the inner rhythm of Hebraic
thought. It was to him also a means of escaping a metnc
pattern which he knew to be doomed in the living reälity
of Hebrew-speakirig Palestine. . t^ v
In other sections of Knesseth we find two essays by D. Z.
Baneth and I. Heinemann on Judah Halevi's philosophy.
Professor Baneth's lucid study, tracing the relations between
the teaching of Halevi and the Arab philosopher Ghazali,
is chiefly valuable for concentrating not on the similarities, a
task often undertaken, but on the differences between the
Jewish and Arab philosopher. An article by A. Parnes
discusses the place of the Divine Name in Ibn Gabirol
poetry. Professor Kaminka writes of the history and char-
acteristics of the Septuagint. J. J,
" Mohammed the Legislator," and Z.
Rivlin deals with
Karl with " Priests
and Levites in Biblical Times." Dr. S. Rawidowicz
publishes some of Zunz's notes written in the margin of
"More Nebhukhe Hazman," the philosophical work of
Nachman Krochmal.
The helles lettres section is rather uneven, and contains
little that is of more than ephemeral value. Fichman's
Italian journey is charming, and I. Shenberg contributes an
extremely fine short story. The more ambitious works fail.
" Solomon and Sulamith," a drama by Jacob Cahan, the
famous poet, suffers from its monotonously exalted poetic
diction. As a result, none of the dramatis personce are able
to develop any real character of their own. David
Shimonovitz, one of our best poets, is represented by a long
dramatic poem called " Armilus the Wicked." Based on
a legend of the Midrash, it makes an attempt to describe
the essence of Hitlerism. If some of its philosophical dis-
courses are interesting, it fails to grip.
Of several works of merit, initiated and published under
the legis of Mossad Bialik, a few may be mentioned. One
of them is Sefer Hayishtiv, a kind of documentary encyclo-
piedia of Jewish Palestine and its topography. The first
volume, edited by the late Prof. Samuel Klein, has appeared
some time ago, and it is to be hoped that this valuable
enterprise will be continued. What Sejer Hayishuv did
for ihe history of Jewish Palestine, Sefer Hnzionuth , a
historical anthology of the Zionist idea, of which two
volumes appeared edited by B. Z. Duenaburg and by Samuel
V'avneeli, respectively, is endeavouring to do for Zionist his-
tory. A more recenl publication is Midreshe (reullali, a.collec-
tion of apocalyptic literature from the time of the final edition
of the Babylonian Talmud until the sixteenth Century. This
book has been edited, introduced and annotated by Dr.
Judah Ibn Shmuel (Kaufman). Among future publications
are Mishmith haZohar, an abridgement of the magnutn
opus of the Kabbalah, the Zohar, in a Hebrew translation
by Dr. S. A. Horodetsky and F. Lachover; of Toledoth
haEmunah haYisrcelithy by Dr. Yecheskel Kaufman, a
history of Jewish religion until the end of the Jewish
Commonwealth, in three volumes, of which one volume
has appeared so far. HaPsycliologia heVamenu, by Dr.
N. Turov, a survey of trends in contemporary psychology,
is another important contribution to Hebrew scientific litera-
ture, and so is Khazariah, by Ab. N. Pollak, the fruit of
thorough research into the history of that legendary, but
nevertheless real, Jewish State which sprang up on the shores
of the Black Sea over a thousand years ago. The author has
much to say that is novel. He puts forward the dato of the
destruction of the Khazar State from the tenth to the
thirteenth Century, and sheds some new light on the origins
of Polish-Lithuanian Jewry.
III.
Am Oved, the publishing house of the Histadruth, pursues
a lofty educational programme. It benefits by the guidance
and Inspiration of Berl Katznelson, which is, to say the
least, a guarantee against narrow-minded sectarianism and
dogmatism.
One notes, with particular satisfaction, the cultivation of
the original novel. The first two volumes of a new novel by
A. A. Kabak have appeared so far (they have not reached
us), and are to be followed by several more. It is designed to
describe the road travelled by a Jewish family since the
early part of the last Century to the present time. Another
historical novel, BaOfeq (" On the Horizon "), by Judah
Burla, the first volunre of which has reached us, is also
designed on a broad canvas. It centres on the figure of
Rabbi Judah Alkalay, one of the great pioneers of Zionism
before Herzl. This volume pictures Palestine at the begin-
ning of the last Century, and describes ithe Spiritual progress.
of young Alkalay, the Talmud Student in old Jerusalem,
who becomes the impas,^ioned fighter for Jewish national
redemption. The novel has not a few faults of construc-
tion and characterisation ; some of its figures are rather
vague. Yet the story is told with zest and charm, and we
are carried away by the author's pleasant voice, which is
heard throughout, diverting our attention from shortcomings
or gaps.
Another slim volume of Am Oved is entitled Leeth
\ittah (** Meanwhile "), and contains three new short stories
by Devorah Baron, probably the greatest Hebrew short-
story writer of the day. Hampered by constant illness, she
produces little. But almost everything she writes belongs
to the choicest treasures of Hebrew prose. Her writing is
illumined by deep human compassion, and goes down to the
foundations of life itself . Her heroes are those to whom fate
.^.,^^gj«,*)^iqir*i'-j^M'''inir»t- •■
l«**W*;'~***«»-*'***ji^t*>,^4^*n..ii»".#'*«*.
January, 1944
THE NEW JUD^A
67
ot
and
has boen most unkind. Her style is precise. and a master^
piecc in the art of Omission.
Oiher noteworthy titles of Am Oved are a " History
jews m Christian Spain," bv Professor I. Baer, a».
;' ^l".' r"*^ .f, movement of Sabbatai Zevi änd his disciples
by Prof. G. Sholem.
The Am Oved youth library included an attractively pro-
duced yolume, " Memoirs of a Hebrew Zoologist," by I.
Aharoni, the noted Palestinian Zoologist; a book by Moshe
Stavski, the short-story writer, on Arab life in Southern Palcs-
tinc; one by A. I. Braver on Eastern Jewish communities; as
well as translations from Selma Lagerlöf, Admiral Bird,-
Paul de Kruif, J. B. S. Haidane, R. Talbot, and others. A
special series of pocket-sized booklets (called Mm Hamoqed
"" ' ^"^"^ °^ ^^^^ -^y^ ") '^ devoted to documents of our
time. The present war, and the separate, infinitely more
savage war against the Jewish people within it, are its main
themes. Bracha Habass, a brilliant reporter and writer,
has been responsible for four of them. They are collections
of documents and letters from the Ghetto, a description
of üttle-known Jewish communities of the East, and the
Odyssey of twelve Jewish war refugees who reached the
shores of the Homcland.
Am Oved has undertaken another true pioneering task in
coUecting some of the scattered writings of the Palestine
Labour Movement, and in translating those which are of
enduring interest in the werk of Jewish socialists abroad.
Of the latter series, a collection of memoirs by that fine poet
and socialist publicist, the late Abraham Lessin, appeared
under the name " Zikhronoth vaChavayoth." Berl
Katznelson compiled it and wrote a long introduction on
Lessin and his period — which is, in itself, a piece of spirited
writing, and a valuable contribution to the history of the
Jewish Labour Movement.
Ephraim Broido.
THE SECOND " METZUDAH/'
T^HE very publication of the second Hebrew miscellany
" Metzudilh " (Ararat Publishing Society, 51, Hatton
(iarden, London) is an event in Anglo-Jewry. All centres
of Hebrew literature having been destroyed, Great Britain
is now the last " fortress " (Metzudah) of Hebrew in
Europe. The establishment of such a Hebrew fortress is an
achicvement for which Dr. Simon Rawidowicz, the editor,
deserves the highest credit.
The gratificalion earned by Dr. Rawidowicz for his zeal
in furthering Hebrew and Jewish learning cannot blind us
to the regrettable, ill-humoured article with which the second
" Metzudah " opens. The bürden of his homily is the
** oneness " of men, the oneness of Israel, and the principle
that the Jews, wherever they live, do so as of right and not
on suiYerence. Elementary, incontestable truisms which the
writer does not merely consolidate, but he tries to
oreate the Impression that these principles are challenged
by Zionists. He is out to demolish the misguided opponents.
These opponents do not exist. But he hunts for allusions
and references in obscure quarters and in bygone days as
evidence that the bugbear is there and proceeds to torture
it mercilessly. He has his own brand of Zionism — a super-
Zionism, of course — but only Bundists (no wonder he pays
homage to them) employ effectively methods of such extrava-
gance and unfair insinuatiöns against the Zionists. It is
not worth while following the ill-conceived, tortuous argu-
mentation covering forty-odd pages, since it rests on false
premises. Aggressive in tone and unreal in substance, the
injudicious article need not have appeared in a volume like
" Metzudah," especially after it had already seen light in
instalments in the New York weekly " Hadoar."
Otherwise, " Metzudah," which is much larger than the
first number, containing close on 300 pages, has quite a
number of excellent studies and essays by eminent scholars
and writers. Dr. S. Krauss writes learnedly on the place and
meaning of Zion and its relation to Jerusalem. Professor
Marmorstein dwells on the ideas of Redemption current
among the creators of the Aggadah in Palestine and in Baby-
lonia among the Amoraim, at the close of the Talmud. Dr.
E. Mueller writes on the Book of Creation (Sefer Yetsirah),
a book better known to non-Jews than to Jews of this
generation. L Wartski writes on the meaning of
the term " Dibre Kibushim," while Dr. C. Roth
reproduces from a manuscript an Elegy on the York
Martyrs of 1190. N. Wieder speculates on the volume
of Judah Ibn Shabbatai, a satirical Hebrew poet in Spain,
which was publicly burnt. Dr. S. Rawidowicz has an
interestino- study on Maimonides' concept of " knowledge "
as used in Mishna Torah. He contends that the term was
used in the sense of faith rather than intellectual conscious-
ness, and find» ample support for this Interpretation. If a
layman may venture an opinion, his contention is also proved
by the quotation from Proverbs that marks the opening
section of the " Book of Knowledge."
Leon Simon's essay on Achad Haam and Traditional
Judaism throws an interesting light on the attitude of the
exponent of Jewish nationalism towards religious observance.
There are also interesting articles on Smolenskin from the
pen of Dr. J. Heller; from Dr. A. Steinberg on Tribes of
Israel, in which he discusses aspects of Jewish unity ; ihe
significance of Saadyah Gaon's teachings for our. time, from
I. Epstein; and readable reminiscences from I. D. Markon,
the only light touch in the volume. A. Lifschitz's article on
young Hebrew prose writers is rather sketchy, as are the
other literary articles by L, Koenig, L. Fuchs and L. V.
Snowman. The Rev. James Parkes, on the Jews in England,
deals with sorne of the causes for increased anti-Semitism ;
while two comprehensive articles on the Jews of America
are contributed by D. Weinryb and Dr. A. Tartakower.
Dr. F. Kobler gives a comprehensive review of the achieve-
ments of Jewish refugees in Britain covering the period
1933-43. There are many reviews of books, including one
from Frederick F. Bruce, written in Hebrew. The volume
concludes with appreciations of some of the notable figures
that died recently, including Lord Wedgwood, from S.
Goldschmidt; "Tribes of Israel," from Dr. A. Steinberg.
Dr. E. Yapou writes on the importance of the Jewish nation
being included within the framework of the United Nations,
but his criticism is directed to the wrong address.
There is no lack of variety in the second " Metzudah,"
though it is somewhat overburdened, lacking in lighter and
nn)re colourful matter bv way of relief.
J. H.
PALESTINE : QUESTIONS IN PARLIAMENT
Januar ;i IQtli, 1944.
Danger of Inflation.
Mr. Pkthick-Lawrknce askecl the Secretary of State for the Colonies
in tlie Hnuse of Commoiis to-day what steps are being taken by the
Government to combat inflation in Palestine?
Colonel Stanley : Consideiable efforts have been made by the Gov3rn-
iiient of Palestine to combat inflation. They inclnde the control of
prices and distribution, rationing and subsidisation of essential com-
niodities, and mea.sures to absorb surplus purciiasing power by sub-
stantially increased direct and indirect taxatioii and by savings
lanipaigns. The inflationary tendencies arise largely from circumstances
wliicli are outside the control of the Palestine Government, such aa
large inilitary expenditure, a shortage of commodities and increased
shipping costs. Nevertheless, the official cost-of living figure has been
bi'ought down from 248 in Jinie, 1943, to 230 in Deceniber.
Mr. Pethick-IjAWUEnce : üoes the right hon. and gallant Gentleman
realise that whatever may be the official cost of living, a good deal
of money does go in black market transactions, where the cost is very
much heavier?
Colonel Stanley : Of course. we tiy to stop this as much as possible.
and I am not at all complacent about these figures, but if the right
hon. Gentleman will compare them with the figures of surrounding
countries in the Middle East, I think he will find the comparison
favourable to them.
Disokders in Eamat Hakovesh and Tel Aviv.
Captain Ramsay, who is detained, in a written question, asked the
Colonial Secretary whether he will report to the House on the present
State of health of the 11 British constables injured by the Jewish mobs
during the search for deserters from the Polish Arniy, at Ramat
Hakovesh, on or about November 16th, and what rate of compensation
is to be paid to these constables?
Colonel Stanley : Of the 12 British police casualties, only one was
sufficiently serious to be admitted to hospftal. All had recovered and
resumed duty by November 27th. As regards the last pari of the
QuQStion, compensation is payable only in the event of discharge from
the force as the result of injuries received in the course of duty. In
the present case the question does not arise.
Captain Ramsay asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether
he can give the House any details concerning the hauling down of the
Union Jack in Tel Aviv and its replacement by the Jewish flag on
November 20th by a mob, which also endeavoured to destroy the
district commissioner"s office; and what action has been taken in.
regard to the offenders?
Colonel Stanley : Arisiug out of the search of the Jewish settlement
at Ramat Hakovesh, protest meetings were held in Tel Aviv on
November 20th. When the meetings broke up, a crowd of several
thousand streng proceeded to the District Offices, where they were met
by a streng force of police. Stones were thrown, the crowd rushed
the building, smashed Windows, broke into the ground floor and sefc
fire to it; the Union Jack was removed and the Zionist flag hoisted.
Police reinforcements who arrived were heavily attacked and stoned,
but succeeded in Clearing the vicinity of the building, and with the
aid of British military reinfojcements dispersed the crowd.
Eight persona were arrested and charged with offences under the
Palestine Criminal Code and the Palestine Police Ordinance. Investi-
gations have not yet been completed, and the charges are sti 1 pending.
I
■■ ""^^^r^^röl^" v'Ä
68
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7li^ ^s6A<ecH MAr^ß^iAu- ^To^is^^r ^Kiseuo iini-c^'^^
Zionist Review,
March 24, 1944
PALESTIIVE IN PICCADILLY-See page 5
ZIONIST REVIEW
Friday, March 24th, 1944
Adar 29th, 5704
Vol. IV. No. 12
A JVftekly Survey of Jewish Äßaks
{I\ew Series)
IRegistered at tht G.P.O. ^.
OS a nenspi^er}
A new tragedy
H UNGARY has become part of Nazi-occupied
Europe. Horthy's Fascist regime has been re-
placed by a füll Nazi administration. These switi
evenls have been followed up by complete military
occupation of Rumania and Bulgaria. What is be-
hind Hitler's new move ? Germany is anxious to
safeguard her position in the Balkans against thc
smashing Soviet offensive. Hungary and Rumania
have been trying desperately to find a way out of
the war. The dissatisfaction of the people has been
growing for some time. Hitler knows that in the
present State of Europe it is dangerous for him to
leave a Strategie key point in the hands of a satellitc
Power. The evients in the Balkans are a sign of
the enemy's fears for the future. Hitler has aroused
the hatred of new millions of people against the
Nazi oppressors — a process which will ultimately
lead to a terrible disaster for Germany.
From the Jewish point of view, Germany's
march into the Balkans is a calamity of great
magnitude. There are about a million Jews in
Hungary, among them thousands of refugees from
Poland and other countries. There has been dis-
crimination and persecution galore, but no di-
rect threat of physical annihilation. Jewish and
Zionist activity has been carried on and im-
portant work done on behalf of Jews in
Poland and Slovakia, who looked on Hungary as
the only door to the free world which was not en-
tirely closed. Hundreds of thousands of Jews are
now in grave danger and the remnants of the Jew-
ish Population in a number of European countries
have been robbed of the slight chance of salvation.
As to Rumania, the horrible Situation of the
Jews there has become evcn worse. The Times
published this week some significant facts about
Jewish suffering under the Antoncscu regime. Be-
fore Äe war there were 970,000 Jews in Rumania ;
some 150,000 of them were taken over by Hungary
in 1940. There are, it is estimated 300,000 Jews
missing — namely, 160,000 from Bukovina and
140,000 from Bessarabia. Most of them have
either died from hunger or were annihilated.
Thousands were killed by Rumanian " Legion-
naires " and Nazis ; they were collected in boats
and later drowned. About 170,000 Jews were sent
to Transdniestria. Their plight does not bear des-
cription. They were literally without clothing,
many absolutely naked and without food. The ob-
vious aim of the deportations was murder.
Many Jewish and non-Jewish organisations
warned the free world that the fate of the Jews in
the Balkan countries would be tragic, indeed, if Steps
were not taken to save them from the Nazis.
Unhappily these prophecies are now being ful-
filled. Something can still be done even at the
eleventh hour. A Joint warning by the United
Nations to the satellite countries may have some
effect j the quislings know that the victorious Red
Army is on the march and will soon reach the
borders of Hungary and Bulgaria. It must be
made clear to the peoples of the Balkan countries
that on the day of reckoning their treatment of the
Jewish Population will be remembered. Continuous
warnings by the broadcasting stations of the
United Nations can play an important role in sav-
ing the lives of innocent men, women and child-
On page two, readers will find an arücle,
" Voice from the Abyss," by Mr. Anselm Reiss.
The author is a a prominent leader of Polish
Jewry, who has come from Palestine on behalf of
the "Committee for Relief and Rescue" which re-
presents all scctions of the Yishuv. Mr. Reiss
speaks with a füll knowledge of the facts. He
was one of those who helped to organise contact
with the Jews on the Continent and to direct the
great work of rescue. The bürden of his argument
is that even to-day there are possibilities of help-
ing Hitler's viciims. " Experience has taught the
Rescue Committee in Palestine," he writes " that
opportunities missed today do not recur tomorrow."
Let everyone remember that after Dunkirk we
were not so far away from the horrors of Nazi
occupation. If this had come to pass and we were
facing imminent death, should we not have ex-
pected all the help that was humanly possible from
those who could give it ? The whole question is
a test of human solidarity.
Home or Commonwealth?
IN the course of his speech at the United
Palestine Appeal meeting last week Dr.
Chaim Weizmann made two interesting
observations.
It was contended in some circles, he said,
that Zionists had changed their policy and
that they now spoke of a Jewish Common-
wealth instead of a Jewish National Home.
He saw no reason why they should not change
their policy, after having advanced and made
progress. But actually there was no difference
between the term 'Jewish National Home' and
the term 'Jewish Commonwealth or State'.
The White Paper of 1922, not a too-
enthusiastic Zionist document but a sober State-
ment of the meaning of the Jewish National
Home, said that a Community would be built
in Palestine which would grow not only by
its natural increase but by Immigration to be
regulated by the absorptive capacity of the
country. "If the absorptive capacity of the
country had been interpreted in the spirit in
which it was meant," Dr. Weizmann declared,
"we could have brought into Palestine about
70,000 Jews a year — as was the case in one
year — we could have bought as much land as
possible, and as long as there are Jews on the
land and land for the Jews, it must inevitably
lead to a Jewish majority in the country, and
therefore to a Jewish State. That is logical,
and, therefore, there is no difference beween
the two terms. It is merely a quibble to create
differences in principles. It means the same
thing."
Dr. Weizmann compared the colonisation
efforts of the British Government after the
last war when ex-soldiers were settled in
Canada and Australia, with Jewish Settlements
in Palestine. OfRcial flgures clearly showed
that per capita expenditure on the former
experiment had been much higher than that
of Jewish settlement, although English colon-
ists had been received with open arms and
were gladly provided with land, while Jews
had to overcome innumerable difflculties, be-
sides paying for the land. The values created
in Palestine in the cultural, intellectual and
economic spheres, translated into terms of
money, were three or four times as high as
the sums invested. Jewish colonisation in
Palestine had been more successful than any
other such scheme in the world because they
had been guided by a great idea, a very cid
idea, but still fresh and inspiring.
br. Stephen S, Wise
THE Zionist Movement in this country ex-
tends heartiest congratulations and best
wishes to Dr. Stephen S. Wise on his 70th
birthday. He has played a i-cmarkable part
in the history of the Zionist Movement. One
of the pioneers of Jewish national revival, hia
name is a symbol to millions of Jews through-
out the world. A great ilgure in American
Zionism, the President and active leader of the
World Jewish Congress, Dr. Stephen Wise is
a courageous flghter, whose life is an Inspira-
tion to all those who cherish the Ideals of
freedom and justice for Jew and non-Jew
alike. Many cables of congratulations were
sent to Dr. Wise from England, among otliers
from the Arcl.bishop of Canterbury, the Chljf
Rabbi, Prof. Brodetsky, Lady lleading, L:.a
Melchett, Mr. Simon Marks, and Mr. A. L.
Easterman on behalf of the European Division
of the World Jewish Congress.
Mischievous Statement
"CIXTY thousand refugees here are 'Germans
^First' — Lord Bennett". This sensatlonal head-»
line appeared in the London "Evening News" ou
Friday. The former Prime Minister of Canada
made a violent attack on the German refu-
gees, saying that "If ever they are faced with
an issue that in plain terms means Britain
versus Germany, they would take the German
point of View."
Does not Lord Bennett know that the over>
whelming majority of German refugees in this
country are Jews, the flrst victims of Hitler'»
savagery? Does not he know that even at the
beginning of 1942 nearly 90 per cent. of the
ablc-bodied men and women among the Ger-
man refugees were engaged either in military
or civilan occupations mostly connected with
the war? About 6,000 of them are in the
Pioneer Corps; 700 are hospital nurses;
1,000 have been absorbed in medioal work?
Many Jewish scientists from Germany have
made a valuable contribution to the war-effort.
Mr. Winston Churchill declared in the House
of Commons on August 20, 1940: "Since the
Germans drove the Jews out and lorwered their
technical Standards, our science is deflnitely
ahead of theirs."
It is amazing that a man of Lord Bennett's
Standing should make such irresponsible State-
ments, the more so when one recalls that in
a speech in London on April 22, 1943, he
declared: "The Jews had suffered persecution
ever since the days of Pharoah but they had
gone on because they had never lost faith."
Successful play
RARELY has a Yiddish play received so warm
a welcome as that accorded to the "King of
Lampedusa " which will reach its looth Performance
next week. Its success is due to the fact that it
expresses Jewish aspirations so well. The " King
of Lampedusa " is a Zionist play which strikingly
portrays the yeamings of the Jew for a Home-
land. Certain features of the Performance, such
as the use of Yiddish interspersed with English
words, are open to criticism. The play, however,
is well worth seeing. Persons, who in the ordinary
way do not attend Jewish gatherings are being at-
tracted by it. Zionist Societies, we suggest, should
take advantage of this fact and arrange special
showings.
\
\
X
\
f!
Zionist Review, March 24, 1944
Voiee from the Abyss
"\A/E write in the blaod of tens of thousands
^» of Jewish martyrs that is now again
flowing." Such are the opening words of the
letter (dated November 15, 1943) from the
Jewish National Committee, the body repre-
senting the remnants of the Jewish population
left in Poland. It calls to every one of us in
the free countries and to all who are fighting
for liberty and justice. "In the instant before
death the remnants of Polish Jewry cry out
to the World for help. . . . Let this, our last
appeal, the voice from the abyss, reach the
eare of the whole world."
These three sentences are taken from a long
letter from those who have set themselves the
aim not merely to save their own lives but to
save those of the survivors who can still be
rescued, and, flrst and foremost, the honour of
the Jewish people. It is almost impertinent to
attempt anv comment. No words of ours can
be more effective than their words, and especi-
ally their deeds. Starving, tormented, aban-
doned by all, without weapons, without the
most elementary notions of military science,
they found the strength to defy the mighty
enemy; for months now they have been fight-
ing in Warsaw, Cracow, Bialystok, Bendzin.
They organised a revolt of the Jews awaiting
death in the camp of Treblinka. To-day, as
the Jewish Fighting Organisation, they pre-
^pare revolts in the ghettoes, transform every
house into a stronghold; to-morrow, as the
"Fighting Hechalutz," they blow up bridges
and railways, attack military posts, and burn
military stores. When things get too hot they
go into concealment in the woods, only to
emerge again for new attacks on the blood-
thirsty and ruthless enemy. Cut off from the
whole world they carry on their ceaseless
struggle; isolated, too, from a large part of
Jewry. They draw their strength from the
moral and ideological values "which have
entered into our bloodstream; it is thanks to
those values that the Impulse to resistance and
fighting came from our camp, the camp of
Working Palestine." Such is their moral
•trength — but what about cur moral debt?
WaU of isolation
Palestine broke through the wall of isolation
by founding, at the end of 1942, the "Committoc
for Relief and Rescue". Other sections of the
Jewish people, however, are still far from
fulfilling this sacred duty. There is no point
in describing the sccnes of horror through
which our people in Poland and other Nazi-held
terrltories are living. Transient pity is not
i'equired; the urgent need of the hour is
methodical, consistent, devoted rescue work.
We must save those Jews who can still be
saved from the grip of the Nazi extermination
machine.
The fact of the arrival in Palestine of a
small number of people rescued proves that
that rescue is still possible. It is our humani-
tarian and Jewish duty to seize upon every
opening created by the tireless efforts of the
Rescue Committee to save more of our people.
Let US remember that scores of thousands of
Jews are held in captivity behind the walls of
ccncentration and labour camps. Their very
life depends on whether foodstuffs can be sent
to them, for their German torturers allow them
to live only so long as they are capable of
performing the hard labour expected of them;
to fall sick, or become too weak to work, is
tantamount to sealing their own death Warrant.
Surely it is our most insistent duty to keep
them in health? We are happy at the arrival
in Palestine of ÖOO out of the 2,000 Jews who
had been internod at Ferramonte in Italy. Lot
hy Anselm Reiss
US remember that were it not for the "Rescue
Committee" in Palestine, which sent them food
purcels, they might perhaps not have lived to
see the hour of liberation. There are many
more such "Ferranmontese", and it is up to us
to help them until they too are freed.
It is unfortunately not possible to enumerate
in print the various forms of relief and rescue
work in which the Committee is engaged.
Such an' exposition would have convincingly
illustrated the vital necessity and the existing
opportunities for these activities.
The sands are running out
So little time is left in which to fulfll our
sacred task. The sands are running out. A
few weeks ago, Mr. John Parley, head of the
American Refugee Board, observed that we
only had months at our disposal. Yet what
have we done since then?
Of the millions of Jews in the Occupied terrl-
tories only a few hundred thousand are left
alive; and the niuws of the German Moloch
grind on. P^vcry day that v/e let pasti v/ithout
trying to help, burdons us with the responsi-
bility for new victims. Kxperieuce has taught
the "Rescua Comniittco" in Palestine that
opportunities mi.s.scd to-day do not recur
to-morrow. The enemy is still atrong; with
devilish consistency he pursue^ his campaign
against the Jews. Hi.s technical achievements
are harnessed to the same evil purpose. Every
ounce of our strengLh v/ill be needed to defeat
his plans for extermination.
A Rabbi from Slovakia, who was among
those rescued from the Nazis and brought to
Palestine said that on the enslaved Continent
they distinguished two categories of Jewish
victims. The flrst feil a prey to Hitler and
hunger; but the sccond perished only because
there was no money to pay for their rescue.
It is grim that we should be unable to save
those of the flrst category; but is is unthink-
able that the second category should die
because of our failure to help.
New York mass meeting appeals to Mr. Churchill
"FÜLFIL THE BALFOUR DECLARATION"
OVER 22,000 people crowded Madison Square
Garden on Tuesday night to voice Ameri-
can Jewry's demand that the Palestine White
Paper be inunediately abrogated and the gates
of Palestine opened wide for Jewish inunigra-
tion and settlement "to the end that the Jews
may reconstitute Palestine as a free and demo-
cratic Jewish Commonwealth". The meeting
expressed confidence in Mr. Churchill's "loyal
adliei-ence to the principles of the Balfour
Declaration". Rabbi Stepheu S. Wise and Dr.
Abba llUlel Silver, Senators Robert F. Wagner,
Robert A. Taft and Alben W. Barkley, Miss
Dorothy Thompson and Mr. Matthew Woll,
outstanding American Labour leader, were the
principal Speakers at the meeting.
The Palestine Chief Rabbinate has pro-
claimed the 23rd March — on the eve of the
month of Nissan — as a day of fast and prayers
for European Jewry.
Mr. David Ben-Gurion, in a Statement to the
J.T.A. in Jerusalem, declared that in his view
the Biltmore programme absolutely rules out
the possibility of a partition of Palestine.
Mrs. Goldie Meyerson has been appointed
by the Executive Committee of the Histadrüth
to act as delegate to the forthcoming Congress
in London of the International Federation of
Trade Unions.
The flrst all-Palestine Conference of the
Labour Organisation Brith Poale Eretz Israel,
which is afliliated to the Histadrüth Haovdim
and embraces approximately 3,000 Arab workers,
was opened in Tel Aviv this week. The Con-
ference, which is attended by Arab repre-
sentatives of many branches of the Organisa-
tion ranging from Tiberias to the Dead Sea,
is mainly devoted to clarifying ways and means
to organise trade unions. The Arab delegates
bitterly complained that the Labour Depart-
ment of the Palestine Government is hamper-
ing the development of the Joint Arab-Jewish
Organisation.
The activities of the Representation of
Polish Jewry in the fleld of relief to and the
rescue of the remnants of the Jewish popula-
tion in Poland were described by Dr. I.
Schwarzbart, member of the Polish National
Council, Mr. Anselm Reiss, member of the
Presidency of the Representation of Polish
Jewry in Tel Aviv, and Dr. Arieh Tartakower,
Chairman of the American Division of the
Representation, at a press Conference in
London. Quoting from letters received from
members of the Jewish Fighting Movement in
Poland, the Speakers gavc an impressive
picture of the heroic spirit that animates Jew-
ish youth in Poland in their desperate struggle
and their hopes for national revival in Pales-
tine. They spoke of the efforts made in the
Polish National Council to bring about new
measures for the rescue of Jews on an inter-
national Scale and in Poland itself and ex-
pressed the view that the time. has come for a
new warning to be issued to the German
people by the Allied Governments. Mr. Reiss
described the great rescue work done by
Palestine Jewry.
A bus carrying Jewish guests from the
southernmost Jewish colony of Ruchama was
attacked by Arabs in the neighbouring village
of Barrara. Hanna Weiner, aged 22, was
seriously wounded when stones were thrown
at the passengers. She lost an eye.
In view of the news concerning Hungary, the
President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews,
called an emergency meeting of reprcsentatives of
the Board and all intcrested Jewish organisations.
The Chief Rabbi, Jewish members of the Polish
National Council and the Czechoslovak State
Council, Jewish leaders from Palestine now in
England and representatives of the National Com-
mittee for Rescue from Nazi Terror were also in-
vited. It was decided to approach His Majesty's
Government and other proposed Steps were ap-
proved for immediate action.
Rabbi Dr. Israel Goldstein haa returned to
the United States after a month'a «tay In Great
Britaln.
iSotas jroni London
What about the Arabs?
By Mrs. Edga
THIS is a familiär question — and the one
' which is oftenest put when Palestine
is under discussian. No Zionist should com-
plain of that, for tlie answer to it is pai t of
the very foundation of the case for the Jewish
National Home and its develoment into a Jew-
ish State. Arab Opposition to this claim is the
most important obstacle in the way of its ful-
filment, now that Jewry is practically united
behind it, and the Jews in Palestine have
proved their ability to make the country a
centre of economic prosperity in the Middle
East, and can show a record of unwavering
loyalty to the Allied cause. The conscience of
the World is stirred over the Jewish problem,
and this makes it all the more necessary for
those who proffer a Solution to be rcady to
prove that it is basod upon justice to all con-
cerned. Therefore "what about the Arabs?"
is a right and proper question; provided that
it includes another — "what about the Jews?"
Neither question can be ansv/ered separately;
both must be met. Whichever way our sympa-
thies incline, we have to accept the impartial
judgment of the Royal Commission on Pales-
tine, that here is "fundamentally a conflict of
right with right".
It is time that conflict was resolved. An
end ought to be put to the uncertainties that
embitter Palestinian life, and give many
opportunities to agitators and gangsters. But
it is even more imijortant that the settlement
should be demonstrably just, than that it
The Mizrachi Federation of Great Britain
& Ireland
Woburn House, Upper Woburn Place,
London, W.C.l. EUSton 3331/2.
ÄNNUÄL CONFERENCE
SUNDAY, 26th MARCH,
f at the Royal Hotel, Woburn Place, London,
W.C.l.
OPENING SESSION: 10.30 a.m. (sharp)
Chairman: S. E. Sldan, Esq.
Reports - Resolutions - Discussion.
POLITICAL SESSION: 2.30 p.m.
Chairman: A. Bernstein, Esq.
Speakers:
The Very Bev. The Chief Rabbi,
Dr. J. H. Hertz, C.H.
Dr. Clmim Weizmann.
Rabbi J. L. Fishman.
FUNDS SESSION: 5 p.m.
Chairman: A. Margulies, Esq.
ANGLO- JEWRY SESSION:
Presidential address by:
Rabbi I. J. Unterman.
Speakers:
Rabbi Dr. A. Altman.
Rabbi Dr. I. Weinstock.
Prof. S. Brodetsity.
Resolutions - Discussion.
MONDAY, 27th March,
at the Rose Hertz Hall, Woburn House,
London, W.C.l.
Moming: Meetings of Conunissions.
Post- War Reconstruction: 3 p.m.
Youth & Education: 5 p.m.
K DUGÜALE.
should be made at once. Since the outbreak
of war the Mandatory Power has adminlstered
Palestine according to ita own ideas of expedi-
ency. Nearly flve years have passed since it
was last obliged to render a public account
cf its .stowardshi^) to the Mandates Commis-
sion of the League, and, perhaps, many people
have forgotten that alrnost the last act of
that vigilant and impartial body was to throw
grave doubt upon the legality of the White
Paper of 1939. Nevertheless public opinion
has veercd away from the programme there
laid down, of Strangulation of Jewish develop-
ment in Palestine. The Parliament which
agreed to it with misgiving in the appease-
ment period would not,' I think, endorse any-
thing llke it today. For now it is clearly seen
to cö-rry no germ of peace, not even of an
unjust peace. iBut it is one thing to discard
a policy, another to know what to put in its
place. Interest in Palestine increases with
understanding of its importance in the whole
Middle Eastern settlement; and so, happily,
does the desire for knowled^e among the
people of this country.
*
*
ALL SESSIONS OPEN.
B. Mindel, Gen. Secretary.
AT a good moment therfore a pamphlet has
been published by the Poale Zion (67
Great Russell Street) called "Jews, Arabs, and
the Middle East" by Ephraim Broido. It is
an excellent introduction to the subject, giving
the essential minimum of historical facts of
Population, and other statistics. The Jewish
attitude towards the Arabs is stated thus:
The Jewish movement... endorses the right
of the Arabs to the fullness of political
development in all Arab lands. It chal-
1 enges, it is true, the right of the Arabs of
Palestine to exclusive political predomin-
ance in that country and asserts for itself
the right to alter the present power-
rclations on grounds of the peculiar his-
torical Position of the Jewish people. But
it fully rQcognises that the Palestinian
Arabs are entitled to fi'ee national develop-
ment as a Community. Reared in revolt
against spiritual oppression and assimila-
tion, Zionism has a deep respect for the
background and values of others. The Jews
have no desire to "assimilate" the Arabs.
They do not set out to create a new "Pales-
tinian" nation, but rather to bind two
national communities, each preserving its
historical identity, in common citizenship
and equality of rights. Though with this
difference, that for the Arab Community the
centre of gravity in the national sense
would naturally lie beyond the border,
whereas for the Jews Palestine «would
remain the basis of their reconstituted
nationhood.
I have quoted this passage in füll because
I am convinced it represents the vast mass of
Jewish public opinion in Palestine, and out-
side. This in itself is a fact of the utmost
importance when the future of the country is
under consideration. I wish that the Arab
View of Jewish rights under Arab rule could
be made available in some publication, as
honestly and straightforwardly written as Mr.
Broido's pamphlet, so that British readers
might make their own comparison between the
two, But it can of course be argued that if
a Jewish State were set up these admirable
sentiments might be less honoured in practice
than in theory, and that no guarantees have
ever yet proved a complete safeguard for
minority rights. The proof of every pudding
is in the eating, but in this case the Palestine
Jews are not unjustifled in expecting to be
taken at their word. The record of their deal-
ings with their Arab neighbours contains little
or nothing of which they need be ashamed;
and during the four years of the Arab rebellion
they maintained a level of restraint and for-
Zionist Review, March 24, 1944 $
bearance of which any people might b« proud.
Jewish leadership in Palestine consistently «et
its face against retaliation for Arab outrages
in word or deed, and its success was due only
to the Support of Jewish public opinion behind
it. The task of the Administration during that
long period of danger and extreme tenaion
was immeasurably lightened by th© disciplined
calm of the immense majority of the Jewish
Population, though neither the British offl-
cials in Jerusalem, nor the Government in
London, have ever seen flt to make adequate
public acknowledgment of the fact. On the
contrary, thev now foater and encourage the
belief that Jews and Arabs are equally eager
for opportunity to fly at each other's throats.
It would be tempting to pursue this topic
of the attitude of the Palestine Administration
towards Jews and Arabs respectively, and to
enumerate some of the ways in which it has
hindered, instead of helping, co-operation be-
tween the two peoples, but this would take up
too much Space. Mr. Broido gives one or two
examples, notably in his chapter on Arab-
Jewish Trade Union Co-operation. But the
main interest of his pamphlet, at any rate for
the readers who, through it, approach the sub-
ject for the first time, will be on its constructlve,
rather than its critical side. I quote once more.
FoUowlng on the statement that "whereas
Arab nationalism is exclusive, the Jewiah
movement of regeneration is not," Mr. Broido
goea on to ask: "Has a race an exclusive right
to all the land it happena to live in, even if
the bulk of Ita terrltoriea is unoccupied, and
one of these lands, occupied by a mere fraction
of ita numbers, means everything to another
people?" This is the question which digs at
the root of the conflict of right with right
which is perplexing so many honest people
today. Put in this form, it will at least cnable
them to look at the Palestine problem as what
it is — namely, as part of a much bigger whole.
Two per cent. of the Arab race live in Pales-
tine. Half a dozen Arab States, all crylng
out for development and technical skill, Sur-
round the tiny country. Where is the nienace
in a Jewish State thus situated? Assuredly
not to the Arabs. Where are the beneflt.s?
Assuredly not only to the Jews!
These are considorations which everybody
interested in peace through justice must turn
over for himsolf and arrive at his own conclu-
sions. The great thing now is to speed up the
process, and to that cnd let all of us, when
we argue the Zionist case, not only welcome,
but forcstall the question: "What about the
Arabs?" There is no need to be afraid of it.
1000.000
UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL,
75, Great Russell St., London, W.C.l.
f
I 4
f:
•^k-
" f
I
Zionist Review, March 21, 1944
Lessons and Prospects
pALESTINE Jewry recently observed the sixtieth
• anniversary of the first Aliyah. A Statistical
survey which appeared on that occasion * sought to
take stock of what has been accomplished during the
period 1882 — 1942. The first thing which every
Jew is most anxious 10 be certain about is the
question : Have we achieved a balanced social,
economic distribution in Palestine ? The answer is
an unhesitating affirmative, not weakened by the
fact that industry has lately got the upper band
over agriculture. A preponderantly industrial, or
for that matter agricultural society, does not become
unhealthy by being what it is, so long as the bal-
ance between the various types of producers and
consumers within the whole is not peculiarly uneven,
The distribution of all gainfully employed in the
Yishuv was in
1939
1942
Agriculture
37,000
32,000
Industry
36,000
49,000
Trade
2 3 '000
23,000
Professions
20,000
16,500
Ofiicials
19,000
23,000
Buildings, Works
14,000
10,000
Various Service»
14,000
17,600
Finance
10,000
7,300
Transport
9,000
7,400
Miscellaneous
10,000
4>300
Armed forccs
20,800
Military works
13,500
192,000
224,400
(132,000
bcing labourers)
\
War and peaoe
THE war has brought citrus exports and the build-
ing industry to a standstill, but has doubied the
produce of mixed agriculture from £1,524,000 in
1936 to £3,000,000 in 1942 ; increased the indus-
trial Output from £9,109,000 to £25,000,000 and
has greatly altered the distribution of industry :
while in 1936 the first in the scale was food with
25%, the second being textiles with 16%, then
Chemicals with 10%, in 1942 metal took the place
of food — 25%, being foUowed by textiles — 20%,
food — 16%, etc.
It has been argued that the disappearance of
war conditicns and the army purchases will make
it impossible for Palestine industry to compete with
foreign mass production and that the retum of
the men from the Forces will gravely complicate
the switch-over from war to peace economy. This
gloomy view, which may prima facie seem plaus-
ible entirely ignores the dynamism of a continued
and intensified Jewish eflfort. There is bound to be
a revival of the citrus industry, and a large im-
migration will be followed by mass building, and
by an infiux of capital in search of new invest-
ments. It has been found that a further 1,750,000
dunams can easily be irrigated ; while the hope of
a rehabilitation of the vast desolate spaces of the
Negeb seems greater than ever. The progress of
scientific agriculture may be expected to make
smaller and smaller the minimum allotment re-
quired for a Single freehold and the advance in
the field of chemical Substitutes together with an
intensified exploitation of water and electric power
will simplify many problems arising out of Pales-
tine's poverty in natural resources. The Middle
East Supply Coimcil created by tlie British autho-
rities during the war has done a good deal of
spade work towards the economic integration of
the Middle East as a whole, while the shifting of
the centre of gravity of the world supply of oil to
that area opens unforseen possibilities- In all
this the most reassuring factor remains the power
of adaptation the Yishuv has repeatedly shown in
the hardest ordeals.
The Arab backffround
PALESTINE already occupies an exceptional Po-
sition in the Near East. Its citrus export consti-
tuted in 1937-8 22.7% of the world export. Haifa
by
J. L. Flaiszor
has become the second largest port — after Alexan-
dria— on the Eastem shores of the Mcditerranean.
In foreign trade per head Palestine is ahcad of all
its neighbours, — import £14.2, export £3.4 — while
Syria, Lebanon, show £2.3 and £0.9, Transjordania
3.1 and 0.7, Egypt 2.1 and 2.3, Iraq 2.0 and 1.4.
That the Jewish effort in Palestine has been an in-
tensc Stimulus precipitating Arab development is
now a commonplace fact. The non-Jewish population
of the country has risen from 529,000 in 191 8 lo
1,070,000 in 1942. Arab citrus groves occupied in
1922 an area of 10,000' in 1940 of 156,300 dun-
ams, their vegetable gardens covered in 193 1
15,100, in 1940 — 193,300 dunams, etc.
How does the economic power of the two sec-
tions of population compare ? The Jews are nearly
(Oont on Pa«e 0, fo<lt of csol. 1)
^4
New Dear^ for Jewish Youth
* J. Seetnon, 60 years of Palestine building
{Hebrew), T ei- Aviv, 1943.
IBECAME attached to a girls' club in the
East End a few months ago, when various
of the Settlements had a drive on to raise
funds for the Youth Aliyah. In order to give
some signiflcance to the pennies the youngsters
were putting into the coUectlon tin, on the days
when they didn't put their pennies into the Red
Gross receptacle, I was asked to speak to the
Play Centre children on the work of the Youth
Aliyah. It is not easy to know just what words
make an Impression on children whose ages
ränge from six to 10 years, and so it was with
some diffidence that I tried to describe the lifo
from which they wei-e helping to extricate
Jewish children like themselves. I told them
how the German people looked on the Jewish
children as quite different from themselves;
how they mocked at them, and chased them,
and would not let them go where other children
went. When I had flnished, the children began
to file out of the room. Only one, a little girl
of about eight, stayed quietly behind until all
the others had gone. Then she came over to
me, and looking at me with dark solemn eyes,
she whispered: "Ma'am, some of the Christian
people here look on us in the same way."
My blood chilled in my veins as I realised
that this Jewish child in England had been
making mental comparisons with the lot of the
Jfiwish children in Germany! I feit that the
bewilderment and mental torture of this eight-
years-old child were a terrible indictment
against the Community — whether the Gentile or
the Jewish Community, or both, I am not sure,
But flxing the blame ig not the important
thing. The important thing, it seems to nie, is
to devise some method to protect Jewish chil-
dren from growing up with a sense of guilt and
shame. A feeling that there must be scmething
wrong with being a Jew, and so the important
thing for a Jew is to change his name, and
try to burrow deep into the body of the country,
in which he lives and thus try and hide every
trace of Jewishness. And if that does not
quieten the uneasiness and the fear, then to
attack and beat out at everything that points
to Jewishness and Judaism.
But it isn't enough to All the aching void, to
convinee Jewish children that there is nothing
shameful in being a Jew. One must, alas, gct
back to even simpler principles. One must
explain "What is Jewishness". .
These girls were encouraged to put on a
concert to raise their quota for Youth Aliyah.
That seemed to me an excellent opportunity to
link them tip with some constructive aspect of
Jewish life, and I suggested that they might
have a programme in keeping with the object
of their fund-raising, and introduce some
Hebrew songs such as the Youth Aliyah boys
and girls sing in Palestine. There was an
uproar at my Suggestion. One said "We don't
want any foreign songs". One said "We want
to keep religion out of this". Another said her
mother always began to cry when she heard
those songs. I protested that many Hebrew
songs were very cheerful and jelly. Yes, they
said, they knew those funny songs, and they
didn't want any. So I let the matter drop, and
they went ahead arranging a cabaret scene as
plunned. Later, as a surprise treat for me,
by Anita Engle
they did include a "foreign" song. It was "A
Yiddishe Mamma," the title of which is the only
thing Jewish about it. They thought this was
what I had meant.
I mention the incidcnts at this particular club
because happen to have come across them
recently. But this barrenness does not exist
only in children. Nor does it exist only in
the East End, nor exclusively among non-
Zionists. So few of us feel consciously that
there is something positive about being a Jew.
That it is not a negative thing which is a
freak of birth, and if there are certain prin-
ciples attached to it, they refer to a remote
period, and have no application to our daily
lives.
The principles and virtues that humanity has
accepted as its goal are Jewish principles and
Jewish virtues. Why should we not know and
accept them as our birthright?
Why should it be generally accepted that
loving kindness and neighbooirlincss are
Christian virtues; and concern for the under-
dog is the discovery of the Socialists; and a
sense of justice and fair play are purely local
devclopmcnts originating in a few Islands aftcr
1056, while aggressiveness, and acquisitiveness
and bad manners are "typically Jewish"?
Why should our children not be brought up
in the knowledge that truth, and justice, tran-
quility and meekness, and optimism are all
"typically Jewish", for they are the injunctions
handed down to us over thousands of years in
our Book of Laws? Why should not our chil-
dren know these injunctions from infancy, and
know their source? Know that the Mosaic Law
enjoins tender treatment for animals and birds,
as well as all living things. That self-control is
"Jewish", for "He that is slow to anger is
better than the mighty; and he that ruleth
his spirit rather than he that taketh a city".
If a man lacks meekness, he is an inferior man.
That truth is particularly "Jewish", for our
people have always believed that "lying lips
are the abomination of God".
Then when a Jewish child hears someane
say that black marketeering, or ostentatious-
ness, or dishonesty are "typically Jewish" he
can reply with calm assurance, "Oh no, they
are non-Jewish. The law of my people forbids
them."
Zionist Review, March 24, 1944
Deputies endorse agreements wilh Congress and AJ.A.
ELECTION" SUB-COMMITTEE REPORT
THE Board of Doputios' meeting on Sunday
linder thc chainiianship of I'rof. S.
Brodetsky, unanimously approved the revised
agreements for co-operation with thc Anglo-
Jewish Association and the European Division
of the World Jewish Congress. A letter from
the A.J.A. announcing that it will recommend
to its Council to accept the agroement if
passed by the Board, and a statement by Mr.
A. L. Eosterman on behalf of the European
Division of the World Jewish Congress declar-
ing that it accepts tho agrecment "wholo-
hcartedly and sincerely", were greeted with
satisfaction. Lord Nathan, Counc. Moss and
several other Speakers paid tribute to Prof.
Brodetsky for the successful outcome of
difTicult negotiations.
Prof. Brodetsky said that it was one of the
most urgent tasks to establish as much Co-
operation as possible with bodies doing
important work. Many artiflcial complications
had been ci-eated during the last few months,
and it was necessary to do away with these
complications and to proceed with the actual
work. Both agreements provide for consulta-
tion and the exchange of information to be
treated as confldential unless otherwise agx'eed.
Each pai-ty retains freedom of action. In addi-
tian, the agreement with the Anglo-Jewish
Association provides for arrangements in re-
gard to the "considcration of post-war Prob-
lems and policy whereby proposals made by
either side shall be the subject of consultation
\
Palestine in Piccadilly
A PANORAMA of Jewish Palestinian life
'^ has been opened in Piccadilly Circus. Within
sound of the roar of London's traffic one can cap-
ture something of the spirit of Tel Aviv, the only
all Jewish city in the world. Within a few yards
of Eros one can see vivid reproductions of fount-
ains playing in Tel Aviv's beautiful Squares and
boulevards. The panel photographs and modeis
are so vivid that one can almost hear the clang of
hammers in Jewish Workshops — beating out a sym-
phony of triumph over the desert, triumph over
disillusionment in the face of every disaster, triumph
over despair, ignorance and prejudice.
The exhibition " Jewish Palestine at War " was
opened on Tuesday, and is open daily from lo a.m.
to 6 p.m. and on Sundays from ii a.m. to 6 p.m.
It is under the auspices of the British Association
for the Jewish National Home and the Chairman,
Brig. Gen. Sir Wyndham Decdes *was among thc
first visitors. It is anticipated that 100,000 peoplc
will see the exhibition.
For the first time they will be seeing something
of thc contribution Jewish Palestine has made to
the AUies war effort. Palestinian Jewish soldiers,
Palestinian Jewish airmen and sailors, Palestinian
ATS and WAAFS.
Zionists should be proud of this exhibition. It
crystallises all that has been achieved. It inspires
hope for the future. It cannot fail to give the
non-Jew food for thought.
I was at the Exhibition when the first visitors
walked in, an American soldier, a group of build-
ers labourers, some office girls, business men,
schoolchildren.
Most of them secmed dazed. This was some-
thing new, something they had not comprehended
before. They paused before a cut-out model show-
ing the places where Palestinian Jews had fought
and died, from Dunkirk to Bardia, El Alamein to
Tunis, Crete, Greece and elsewhere.
They paused before the picture of Brig. Gen-
eral Kisch, Engincer in Chief of the 8th Army,
and the smallcr inset picture of his soldier's grave.
One man's remark was in itself a revelation.
He said " I didn't know Kisch was a Jew."
He didn't know. So few people know anything
about Jewish Palestine, and the achievemcnts of
Palestine Jewry. This exhibition will help dispel
that ignorance.
A Biblical Quotation above two huge cut out
modeis of Jewish dock workers is singularly appro-
priate ;
" And I will put my spirit into you and ye shall
live,
and I will place you in your own land."
In your own land . . . It is a phrase to be pon-
dered on, it is a phrase to remember. In your own
land . . .
Here is a land that the Jews have built for them-
selvcs from the harren deserts and the malarial
swamps. Here the Jew is proud and here the Jew-
ish children can laugh.
One sees the gleaming white houses of the Com-
munity Settlements, Jewish girls tilling the land,
Jewish fishcrmen of Galilee, Jewish scientists and
doctors in their own laboratories, orange groves and
vineyards where there was once desolation. One
sees Jewish soldiers marching away to war. One
sees Tel Aviv — and Tel Aviv as it was 22 years
ago, nothing more than barren sand dunes. One
sees Kingsway in Haifa — reclaimed from the sea.
And as surely as that street in Haifa was re-
claimed from the sea so Palestine is today reclaiming
thousands of Jewish sons and daughters from mis-
ery and degradation.
Churchill's words .are appropriate : " The Jew
bore the brunt of the Nazis' first onslaught upon
the citadels of freedom and human dignity. He has
not allowed it to break his spirit, he has never lost
the will to rcsist."
This exhibition at Piccadilly Circus typifies that
will to resist. It is a vivid cameo of what has been
achieved against almost insuperable odds.
It should inspire every Zionist to greater ef-
forts. It should be an object lesson to the disin-
terested Jew as well as to the indifferent and all too
often antagonistic non-Jew.
A. J. La B.
in the preliminary stage before decisions are
reached."
Mr. A. L. Easterman said that during many
months of negotiations, there was on the part
of the World Jewish Congress a sincere desire
to arrive at an agreement. The working of
the agreement would depend on sincerity and
good will on both sides.
Prof. Brodetsky then presented the report of
the Executive Committee. Referring to the
Defence Appeal, he stated that a Sub-
Cammitte, consisting of Lord Nathan, Mr.
Gordon Liverman, J.P., Mr. L. Bakstansky and
Mr. P. Horowitz, has been appointed to con-
sider the question of the establishment of an
Appeals Committee and its personnel. Mr.
Bakstansky complained that little had been
done to bring the Appeal to the notice of the
public. It was due to the lack of an Appeal
Committee and special machinery for the
Appeal that so far only £50,000 had been
received in cash and £10,000 in pledges.
Board's Constitution
During the afternoon session a lively debate
developed around the report of the Constitu-
tion Sub-Committee set up last October to
provide an authoritative Interpretation of the
clauses of the Board's Constitution dealing with
the conduct of elections of Deputies and to
make recommendations to ensure that elec-
tions shall be conducted strictly in accordance
with the Constitution.
Mr. Norman Jacobs, in the absence of Mr.
Gordon Liverman, presented the report of the
Jewish Defence Committee. Prof. Brodetsky
presented the report of the Foreign Affairs
Committee. In the absence of Mr. Easterman
the President submitted the report of the
Palestine Committee.
Mr. H. A. Goodman and Dr. P. Riebenfeld
complained that the report does not give a füll
\ picture of the Situation. Mr. M. Hooberman
\ asked what the Board is doing to help Pales-
tine Jewry in its great work of rescue. Prof.
Brodetsky replied that the Board deals with
political questions and does not engage in
relief. Dr. S. Levenberg declared that the
Anglo-Jewish Community has failed to do its
duty at a moment of great tragedy for the
Jewish people. The division between political
matters and relief is purely artiflcial. Prof.
Brodetsky wound up the discussion.
NORTH LONDON
COMMUNAL CONFERENCE
on
Sunday, 26th March, 1944, at 3 p.m.
at Zion House, 75, Cazenove Road, N.16
"For a Jewish Commonwealth in Palestine"
Prof. SCLIG BRODETSKY, M.A., Ph.D.
and
HANNEN SWAFFER, Esq.
will address the Conference
Miss HENRIETTA SZOLD t Iks to a
group of Youth Aliyah children
Admission by Ticket only. Apply to the
Secretary, "Zion House".
Societies wishing to be .represented at the
Conference should apply to the Secretary
"Zion House".
/
Zionist Review, March 24, 1944
THE
ANGLO-PALESTINE BANK Ltd.
Incorporated 1902
STAFFORD HOUSE, 20, KING
WILLIAM STREET, LONDON, E.C.4
General Management • TEL AVIV
Branches:
Tel-Aviv, Jaffa, Jerusalem, Haifa,
Tiberias, Safad, Fetak Tikvah,
Hedera, Hadar Ilacarmel, Behovoth.
Afflliations: The General Mortgage Bank
of Falestine Limited, Tel-Aviv, The
A.P.B. Trust Company Limited, Tel-Aviv.
UNDERTAKES EVERY
DESCRIPTION OF BANKING
SERVICE FOR BUSINESS
WITH PALESTINE
UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL
PUBLIC MEETING
at the Synagogue Hall, Norrice Lea,
Hampstcad Garden Suburb, N.2
on Wednesday, 291h March, at 7.45 p.m.
Speakers: Sir I-eon Simon, Dr. Dov Biegun
In the Chair: Professor Samson Wright,
MD., F.R.C.P.
Come and bring your frienda.
SAYES
COUPONS
gives you the nevei-to-
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somcihing new. It is
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STOCKED BY ALL GOOD FASHION HOUSES
The Reader's Point of View
CHIEF BABBI'S APPEAL
To the Editor, "Zionist Review".
SIRj — As in past years I am appealing to the
Anglo-Jewish Community to receive, during the
forthcoming Passover, Jewish children and young
pcople who are refugees in this country. To many
of them living in non-Jewish surroundings, this is
their only opportunity to spend a few days in a
Jewish home. Past years have shown how deeply
this affects them. In some cases, such reunion
with Jews on a sacred occasion has been the im-
petus to a sincere return to Judaism. I am con-
fident that offers of hospitality will exceed the de-
mand. This is as it should be. For the Organizers
mustbe in a position to provide a home for any
and every one who may desire to take advantage of
the off er, as well as to help Organizations requir-
ing hospitality for Jewish members of the Forces.
Offers of hospitality should be made to Dr. H.
Poppers, Room 75, Bloomsbury House, Blooms-
bury Street, London, W.C.i
(sgd.) L H. HERTZ,
Chief Rabbi.
Office of the Chief Rabbi,
4, Creechurch Place, Aldgate, London, E.C.3
"SOKOLOW BOOK"
SIR, — Mr. Rowson's remarks in his review of
the "Sokolow Book" in your issue of
February 18, in connection with the transla-
tion of Herzl's "Altneuland" by Sokolow which
he called "Tel Aviv," "thereby providing the
name for the flrst all-Jewish City," are
inaccurate. The name "Tel Aviv" existed
about 2,500 years ago and was used to describe
one of the flrst two Jewish Settlements in
Babylon. (See Ezekiel 3, 15). The other was
named Tel Chorsa. It is very probable that
modern Tel Aviv has taken its name from this
flrst Jewish settlement in the Diaspora.
S. HALPERN,
Hon. See., Dalston Zionist Society.
London, E.8.
BOOKS FOR THE BLIND
SIR,— We have been informed that Mr. Leopold
Dubov, Founder and Editor of the
"Jewish Braille Review" of New York, has
recently put into Braille type an abridged
Version of the Prayer Book, primarily for use
of blinded members of the Forces. I shall be
grateful if your readers will let me know the
names and addresses of any blinded men who
might be interested to receive a copy.
A. GORDON,
Hon. Secretary, Association of
Jewish Ex-Servicemen.
Woburn House, W.Cl.
BELIEF WOBK
SIRj — With reference to the correspondence which
appeared in your previous issues relating to the
above, may I take this opportunity of informing
your readers that the United Jewish Relief Appeal
Committee (33, Soho Sq., W.i) has been engaged in
this activity since the beginning of November 1942,
when the first allocation was made for this purposc.
This rescue work, which also involves the sending
of food parcels and medical supplies to the Jews in
the Internment Camps, forms the crux of our relief
activities.
A. M. KAIZER,
General Sccrciary,
United Jewish Relief Appeal.
33, Soho Square, W.i.
LESSONS AND PROSPECTS
[_from page 4
a third of the population, but they pay 70% of all
governmcnt taxation, and 80% of all municipal
dues, not to mention tlie Jewish Funds. 80% of the
industry of the country is Jewish, the Jews are a
preponderant majoriiy in the town population,
63% of all the buildings builL in our period wero
built by them. The Jews producc 55/6' of all eggs
and 75% of all milk. Jewish superiority in education,
technical skill and in organisational experience needs
no emphasis.
This economic discrepancy between the two
peoples has a political significancc of the first mag-
nitude. The political set-up of a country is deter-
mind not merely by the number of voters, but
rather by the distribuiion of economic power and
control between the various groups. It would,
from this point of view, be very hard to prophesy
the success of-any attcmpt to surrender the Jewish
numcrical minority — cconomically and culiurally
the decisive factor — to a numerical Arab majority
which is quitc unprepared and unfit to control the
complex and far advanced civilisation creatcd by
the Yishuv. The dcvelopment of the c(mntry as a
whole 'is pcrpetuated and advanced mainly by the
ever renewed dynamism of Jewish Immigration and
cnterprise. Its continuance means the Infusion of
an invigorating dement into the Near Eastern area,
whereas any attempt to stop it would mean re-
trogression. Before us is, however, the greai task
of overcoming the problem of a dual economic Sys-
tem in the country, whose perpetuation may seri-
ously impede the formation of a national economy
of the Jewish Commonwealth. The elevation of the
Arab Standard of life is thus imperative not only
as a humanitarian and democratic measure, but as
an economic necessity. Besides, expanding Jewish
industry urgently requires the market which h
higher Arab Standard of living can provide.
National and private enterprise
pALESTINE is being built by a combination of
■ national effort and private enterprise. The
latter ihvested £8o,poo,ooo, while the former has
spent £20,000,000, not counting the £10,000,000
spent on education, social Services etc. Not less
than 40% of all Investments in agriculture have
been made by the national effort ; 134 cf the 269
Settlements are wholly or partly founded on national
land. The town is clcarly the doniain et private
initiative, whereas the country is built by a na-
tional planned effort. One of ihc formidablc tasks
facing the Jewish State will be prcciscly the co-
ordination of private enterprise with the collcctivc
and planned elemenis of the national economy. It
is important to stress that our avcrage private en-
trepreneur, the small capitalist from Ccntral-
Eastern Europe, will probably have disappeared by
the end of the war.
Our endeavour and achicvcments in Palesiinc
must not be considercd only in terms of quan-
tities, but also in terms of values. There always
was, and still is, a struggle between two schools of
thought, the bonc of contcntion being the dilemma :
" Is Palestine to be a country of the elect, of the
carefully selected chalutzim, or a refugee for all
who must escape persecution, where all trust is be-
ing in the objective laws of selection and adapta-
tion ? Stark, inexorable realities have forced upon
US the second alternative and it would indeed be
cruel even to contemplate resisting it. Life has
plnyed havoc with the romantic vision of a Pales-
tine, where every man lives under his fig tree and
his vine or in an agricultural kvutzah. The urban-
isation of the country, its capitalist development
togcther with mass production are advancing at a
rapid pace. Who would deny that a society built
entircly on the profit motive, on impersonal mecha-
nical forces would dilute that salt which gives a
unique savour to all our great endeavour : Chalut-
zism ? It is therefore gratifying to know that dur-
ing the last decade chalutzism has been constantly
rejuvenated by new deeds of valour, to mention only
the kvuzoth-fortresses erected during the disturb-
ances, the exploits of the Jewish units in the war
and a new and very encouraging wave of chalut-
zism among the indigenous youth of Palestine.
UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL
Zionist Review, March 24, 1944
"Contributions to thc Jewish National Fund
and Keren Ilayesod cannot be regardcd niorely
as economic contributions. They are political
factors of the greatest momcntum," said Rabbi
Dr. Israel Goldstein in bis address at a
Lunchcon givon in bis honour by tho Man-
chester Zionist Central Council, at the Mamlock
Centre. Dr. P. I. Wigoder presided and a vote
of thanks was proposed by Mr. S. Davies. As
a result of Dr. Goldstein's visit to Manchester
a sum of £10,000 was raised.
A special meeting of leading Zionist and
communal workers w^as held at Zion House,
Liverpool, to hear Dr. Goldstein. Mr. S. Samuels,
Chairman of the Liverpool U.P.A. Committee,
was in the chair. Dr. Goldstein spoke about
the measures taken by American Zonists to
enlist Support for their cause. Rev. B.
Cherrick, Chief Organiser of the U.P.A., dealt
with the detailed Programme of the Appeal.
Rabbi I. J. Unterman plcdged Liverpool's
wholehearted support in the campaign. The
target of £30,000 for Liverpool was unanimously
adopted.
Hampstcad Garden Suburb. A target of
£20,000 was decided upon at a meeting con-
vened by the Zionist Society, J.N.F. Commis-
sion and Federation of Women Zionists. Mr.
M. Kramer was in the chair.
Edgrware. A Joint gathering of representa-
tives of the Edgware Z.S., the local J.N.F.
Commission and Edgware Women's Zionist
Society discussed ways and means of reaching
the target of £10,000. The utmost support
was promised and a pro tem committee was
elected pending the formation of a large
executive.
West London. Members of the newly-formed
West London J.N.F. Commission and other
Zionist representatives in the district met at
the invitation of Mr. & Mrs. Brod. Practical
preparations were made for obtaining a mini-
mum target of £10,000.
Golders Green. At a Mizrachi meeting which
was attended by Dr. J. Litvin, it was decided
to intensify Mizrachi activities in Golders
Green and to call upon all members of the
Synagogue to do their utmost for the success
of the Appeal.
WITHIN UTE MOVEMENT
DR. EMIL SHMORAK addressed a well-
attended meeting of Jewish industrialists
on industrial post-war possibilities in Pales-
tine. The meeting, held at Holborn Restaurant,
London, was presided over by Mr. L. Istorik.
Dr. Shmorak said that it was estimated that
since the last war Jewish Investments in Pales-
tine had amounted to £120,000,000, of which sum
£20,000,000 had' come through national Channels
— the Keren Hayesod, the Jewish National
Fund, Hadassah, Hebrew University, etc. —
while £100,000,000 had been invested by private
individuals. He pointed out that since the last
war almost the entire private capital in Pales-
tine had come from the European countries.
Anglo-Jewry, while contributing generously to
the national fund, had hardly invested any
private capital in Palestine. The same applied
to the American Jewish Community, and in
View of the position of the European countries
after the war, this attitude had to be funda-
mentally changed. There were about two
thousand Jewish factories in Palestine, of
which 587 had been established since the out-
break of war, excluding handicraft Workshops,
•of which they had now more than flve thou-
sand. He particularly referred to the newly-
e.stablished diamond industry, with 34 factories,
employing over 4,000 workers. Though there
were no favourable conditions for the estab-
lishment of heavy industry owing to lack of
coal and iron in thq country, there were, how-
ever, the rieh supplies of oil and potasb,
vvThich offered great possibilities for industrial
expansion. There were also good prospects
for light metal factories producing precision
Instruments, using little metal but needing
highly skilled work.
Palestine should be established as a Jewish
Commonwealth witliin the framework of the
British Commonwealth of Nations, stated
resolutions unanimously adopted at a Con-
ference of all the Jewish organisations of
Sheffield.
Mr. Isidore Lewis said similar resolutions
would be adopted by Jewry throughout the
country. Rabbi Barnet I. Cohen moved the
resolutions, which demanded the creation of
Palestine as the Jewish Commonwealth.
Dr. H. P. Brody said they must be free to
determine their own future just as much as any
other nation and they could only be that by
establishing a Jewish state. After the resolu-
tions had been supported by Rabbi Dr. S. Fisch,
Mr. Joseph Newman, president of the Sheffield
Hebrew Congregation, Mr. H. Bloomfield,
Central Congregation, and Mr. Harry Benson,
of Sheffield Ex-Servicemen'g Society of the
British Legion, they were carried unanimously.
Dr. H. Edelsten, of Leeds, said it was no use
hoping to conduct Immigration into Palestine
on the picemeal lines formerly thought of.
They had to prepare for moving some two
million people from Europe.
Mr. S. Krauss, President of the Sheffield
Zionist Association, declared in the course of
his political Statement that they had learnt
not to forget that it was Great Britain that
offered the Jews Uganda in 1903, that it was
Great Britain that gave the Balfour Declara-
tion in 1917 and they confldently hoped it would
be Great Britain that would help to create in
Palestine a Jewish Commonwealth.
The Federation of Women Zionists is play-
ing a most important part in the present
vigorous Zionist activity in the Birmingham
area. The women's societies have contributed
greatly to the remarkable increase in mem-
bership. Mrs. Kissman has just completed a
membership drive, which included a number
of drawing-room meetings arranged by the
older societies, and the formation of several
new groups. The Birmingham Daughters of
Zion, one of these new groups, has been created
in Order to satisfy the need for a society suit-
able for young women unable to meet in the
afternoons. Although the Professional &
Businesswomen's Group has proved so success-
ful in London, this is the flrst Provincial group
of a similar kind. The Society was inaugur-
ated at a meeting presided over "by Mrs.
Frank Gould, and addressed by Mrs. Kissman.
The Chairman Is Mrs. R. Goodman; Honorary
Secretary, Mrs. E. Joseph, 7 Hampton Court,
George Street, Birmingham, 15.
In the past year the older Birmingham F.W.Z.
Societies have doubled their membership, and
the Edgbaston group has now found it neces-
sary to found an auxiliary in Moseley. In the
course of their membership drive, the
Birmingham Society under the chairmanship
of Mrs. S. A, Cohen, were the first to arrange
drawing-room recitals of Yiddish and Hebrew
songs by^ Maurice Bannister.
The first Annual General Meeting of the Geulah
Zionist Society was held at the Sol Cohen Memo-
rial Hall, Hendon, on Sunday. Prof. A. Marmor-
stein, presided and delivered a scholarly address on
the subject of Jewish Settlements in History. Mr.
Janus Cohen greeted the meeting on behalf of the
Zionist Federation. The Chairman, Mr. J . Licht-
stein, in his report pointed to the fact that within
one year, without the assistance of an organiser, the
Geulah membership had risen to over 200.
" ARARAT "
PUBLISHING SOCIETY, LTD.
iingD'?! PID'? ,w'm nrmm^ mi?
D'-iBiD 28 .-naT^r, n-.aitt'n'? »nn'pD'i'
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51, Hatten Garden, London, E.C.l.
.znip^'^ii? 12/6 (inös? 200) mn y^^pn n^n»
London Yiddish Folk Theatre,
"Grand Palais," Comniereial Road, E.l.
Tel.: BIS. 2646
(Buscs: 15, 23, 40. Trolleybus: 665, 667.
Underground: Aldgate East and Aldgate Met.)
Daily, at 6.45 p.m. (Excopt Fridays) and
Matinces every Thuisday, Saturday and
Sunday at 3 p.m.
"THE KING OF LAMPEDUSA"
A musical Comedy in 3 Acts and a Prologue
by
S. J. Charendorf.
Produced by M. Zelniker. Music by
Fhil Bernstein.
From Monday 27th of March, to Monday,
April 3rd, 1941
JUBILEE-WEEK
of the 100 Lh Performance of
"The King of Lampedusa"
OUTER NORTH AND NORTH-VVEST
LONDON
COMMUiNAL CONFERENCE
on Sunday, 26th March, 1944, at 3 p.m.
at the Golders Green Synagogue, Dunstan
Road, N.W.ll, at 3 p.m.
BERL LOCKER, Esq.
will address the Conference.
Gustav Mahler's "Song of the Barth"
GALA CONCERT
in aid of the J.N.F. Charitable Trust
THE NATIONAL SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA
Conductor: Sydney Beer
on 23rd April, 1944, at 6.30 p.m.
at the
STOLL THEATRE, Kingsway, W.C.2 •
Tickets: from 3/6d. - £3.3.0.
BOOK YOUR SEATS NOW
65, Southarapton Row, London, W.C.l.
Telephone: MUSeum 6111/15.
FOR BOOKS IN PROFUSION
Come to
TRUSLOVE & HANSON,
14a Cliflford Street, W.l.
(off Bond-st.)
LONDON'S BRIGHTEST BOOKSHOP.
Only 3 minutes from Piccadilly.
(REGent 6493-4)
8
Zionist Review, March 24, 1944
Make a Note of These
Saturday, March 25th.
N.W. London Torah va'Avodah, Walm Lane
Synagogue, N.W.2. Gershon Hirsch: "Zionist
outlook at the present time". 4.30 p.m.
N. London Torah va'Avodah, 75 Cazenove
Road, N.16. Miss Miriam Notthman. 4 p.m.
Bar Kochba, 73 Compayne Gardens, N.W.6.
Lecture by Prof. S. Brodetsky followed by "The
Maccabi Parade". 8 p.m.
Mishmar Habonim, 57 Eton Ave., N.W.3.
"Christian Youth Movement". Speaker: The
Rev. Charles Vernon. 7.30 p.m.
A.P. Club. Reception to Rabbi J. L. Fishman,
Mr. Moshe Shertok and Dr. Emil Schmorak.
Chairman: Mr. Barnett Janner. 8.30 p.m.
Institute for Jewish Learaing, St. Peter's
Vicarage, Belsize Square, N.W.3. Mrs. Malkah
Locker on "Some Sources of Jewish Folk
Songs. 5 p.m.
Sunday, March 36th.
Bar Kochba, 73 Compayne Gardens, N.W.6.
Maccabi Union Conference, 10 a.m. All Star
Concert, Winter Garden Theatre, 5 p.m.
Mishmar Habonim, 57 Eton Avenue, N.W.3.
Third Symphony Concert on Records, in aid
of the J.N.F. 7.30 -.m.
A.P. Club. Lecture by Sir Leon Simon, C.B.:
"Philosophy at the Hebrew University".
Chairman: Dr. S. Brodetsky. 8 p.m.
Gerrards Cross & Dlstrict Z.S. Public Meet-
ing at the Bull Hotel, Gerrards Cross.
Speaker: Prof. Samson Wright, on "British
Jewry's part in Post-War Reconstruction".
Chairman: S. S. Perry, Esq. 3 p.m.
S.W. London Z.S. Public Meeting at the
Synagogue Hall, 104 Bolinsbroke Grove, S.W.14
(nr. Clapham Junction). Speaker: Rev. B.
Cherrick, M.A., on "Jewish Fate & Future". 3.0.
N.W. Poale Zion, 57 Eton Avenue, N.W.3.
Poale Zion Youth "At Home". 7 p.m.
Mizrachi. Annual Conference. (See Advt.)
W. Central Z.S. Grand Meeting & Film
Show at the A.P. Club, 43/44 Gt. Windmill
Street, W.l, at 2.30 p.m. Mr. A. Reiss from
ESSENCE OF
DRESS-SENSE
««ii®^^'-
HERSHELLF MODeLS .ire jold by the better
t>iihion hoijicj throuqhout the country.
Tel Aviv and Mr. P Horowitz will address the
meeting. Film: "A Oay in Dagania".
Herlia. Dance. Paddington Social Club, 11
Paddington Green, VV.2. 7-10.30 p.m.
Monday, March 37th.
Maccabi Ai»sociati< »n 73 Compayne Gardens,
N.W.6. Jewish Problems Study Group. Mr.
A. Schper, B.A.: Emancipation and the
Struggle for Homeland. 8 p.m.
Tuesday March 28th.
Theodor Herzl Society, 57 Eton Ave., N.W.3.
Dr. P. Riebenfeld: "Trans- Jordan". 8 p.m.
A.P. Club, Hebrew Speaking Circle. Lecture
by Stephen Kraus: "Contribution of Jewish
Scholars to the Study of Psychology". 8 p.m.
Zion House — Education Conunittee, 75
Cazenove Road, N.16. Lecture by Prof. S.
Brodetsky on "Ziorist Education". 8 p.m.
Hashachar, Cricklöwood Yoiuig Z.S. "Chem-
ical Development in Palestine", Mr. E.
Sopher, at 9 Gonüar Mansions, Mill Lane,
N.W.6. 8 p.m.
Wednesday, March 29th.
A.P. Club. Members' Brains Trust. 8 p.m.
N.W. Poale Zion, 57 Eton Ave N.W.3. Mr.
Maurice Rosette: Political Panorama. 7 p.m.
Institute for Jewish Leaming, St. Peter's
Vicarage, Belsize Square, N.W.3. Prof. D.
Diringer on "Political, social, economic and
cultural conditions of Ancient Israel. 7.30.
GEORGE RESTAURANT,
124 Southampton Row, London, W.C.l
LUNCHEONS, TEAS AND DINNERS.
Excellent Continental cuisine
Delicious Pastries
Menü and ä la carte
Catering for Meetings
Holborn 8012
REPAIRS
ALL SYSTEMS
RADIO
urrn^P^r H. M. LEWENT
42 MARKET PLACE, N.W. 11
SPE 0582
E. KALLIR.
Continental Delikatessen,
Pastries,' "Anfio-Swiss" chocolates,
Continental bread, spices.
9, Swiss Terrace, London, N.W.6.
Phone: ^Rlmrose 4431
NO sUßfftfrurE
BRER BRAND
CLEANS. DUSTS
AND RECONDinONS
FOX CHEMiCAL*ENGiNEERIN6 WORKS 1^»
L O N D O N
^iEr /TAT YOC//^ rrHEA^/^r
GRO/^BR OR fRO/i/M0N6ER
MO sussrmtTe
Thurtsday, March SOth.
A.r. Club. A Special Performance "The
King of Lampedusa" at "'Jrand Palais,"
Commercial Road, El, in aid of the Palestinian
Jewish Prisoners of V.'ar B\ind. 6.30 p.m.
N.W. London Zion House. All Societies.
Literary evening in the Library. Dr. Flaiszer:
"Currents in Modern Hebrew Literature". 7.0.
Hendon Z.S. Hendon Synagogue, Raleigh
Close, N.W.4. Music Bee with H. J. Glickoff,
Esq. 8 p.m.
Sunday, April 2nd.
Bar Kochba London, 57 Eton Ave., N.W.3.
Classical Concert, 7 p.m. Members 1/6.
Friends 3/-.
SITUATIONS VAGANT
THE Zionist Föderation of Great Britain and
Ireland has room on its senior staff for
intelligent men and women with energy and
initiative. Applications should be by letter to
the General Secretary, 75, Great Russell Street,
London, W.C.l, and should state salary
required.
SANTOB PAPER, LTD.
45 St. Pancras Way, London, N.W.l.
Maniifacturers of Hygienic Paper.
WATGHES & GLOCKS REPAIBBD
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J. HOROWITZ,
repreaented by Karl Faiek (formerly
Leipzig)
3 Sldnner's Lane, Queen Street, Lenden,
E.C.4. Phone: CBNtral 3406.
GOOD NEWS FOR
HOUSEWIVES ....
M
AKE your wartime diet more appetising,
varied, health-giving, without spendln^
coupons! Simply keep always handy a jar ef
Chieftain 'Savouree' to use as an appetising
spread for Sandwiches or toast; for enriching
and flavouring soups, stews, vegetable dishes,
etc.; for putting meaty zest into Allings for
savoury roUs, pies or puddings.
Chieftain 'Savouree' combines the nourishing
(protein) value of flnest Meat Extraet with the
Vitamins and mineral
salts' of Yeast and
Vegetable extracts. A
small teaspoonful in IT^ÖXä/^^ ""I "'■
a breakfast-cup of boil- IcJ^Wrfsfl ^1
ing water makes a deli-
cious, sustaining Hot
Drink. Teil your Grocer
it must be Chieftain
'Savouree.' \ m '-'
For helpful new "How-to-use
leaflet send id. stamp to: —
«CHIEFTAIN WORKS,
London, S.W.15.
Published by the Zionist Federation of Great
Britain and Ireland, 75 Great Russell Street,
London, W.C.l. Printed by The Narod Press
(T.U.), 129-131 Cavell Street, London, E.l.
Zionist Review,
June 9, 1944
JEWISH VAL01JR IN ITALY-see page 2
ZIONIST REVIEW
Friday, June 9th, 1944
Sivan 18th, 5704
Vol. IV. No. 23
(New Series)
A Weekly Survey of Jewish Affairs
iRegistered at the G.P.O. .j-
as a netvspaperl "*•
The Battle of Europe
Jeremiah L-LI.
. . . A sound of battle is in the land, and of great destruction.
How is the hammer of the whole earth cut asunder and broken !
how is Babylon become a desolation among the nations !
I have laid a snare for thee, and' thou art also taken, 0 Babylon,
and thou wast not aware: thou art found, and also caught, because
thou hast striven against the Lord.
The Lord hath opened his armoury, and hath brought forth the
weapons of his Indignation : for this is the work of the Lord God of
hosts in the land of the Chaldeans.
Come against her f rom the utmost border, open her storehouses :
cast her up as heaps, and destroy her utterly: let nothing of her
be lef t.
Slay all her buUocks; let them go down to the slaughter: woe
unto them ! for their day is come, the time of their Visitation.
The voice of them that flee and escape out of the land of Babylon,
to declare in Zion the vengeance of the Lord our God, the vengeance
of his temple.
Call together the archers against Babylon: all ye that bend the
bow, camp against it round about; let none thereof escape: recom-
pense her according to her work; according to all that she hath done,
do unto her; for she hath been proud against the Lord, against the
Holy One of Israel.
* # #
And the most proud shall stumble and fall, and none shall raise
him up: and I will kindle a hre in his cities, and it shall devour all
round about him.
Thus saith the Lord of hosts; The children of Israel and the
children of Judah were oppressed together: and all that took them
captives held them fast; they refused to let them go.
Their Redeemer is strong; the Lord of hosts is his name: he
shall throughly plead their cause, that he may give rest to the land,
and disquiet the inhabitants of Babylon.
A sword is upon the Chaldeans, saith the Lord, and upon the
inhabitants of Babylon, and upon her princes, and upon her wisc men.
A sword is upon the liars; and they shall dote : a sword is upon
her mighty men; and they shall be dismayed.
Flee out of the midst of Babylon, and deliver every man his soul :
be not cut oflF in her iniquity; for this is the time of the Lord's
vengeance ; he will render unto her a recompence.
Babylon hath been a golden cup in the Lord's hand, that made
all the earth dmnken : the nations have drunken of her wine; thereforc
the nations are mad.
Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed: howl for her; take
balm for her pain, if so be she may be healed.
We would have healed Babylon, but she is not healed: forsake
her, and let us go every one into his own country: for her judgment
reacheth imto heaven, and is lifted up even to the skies.
Behold, I am against thee, O destroying mountain, saith the
Lord, which destroyest all the earth: and I will Stretch out miae
hand upon thee, and roll thee down from the rocks, and will make
thee a bumt mountain.
* * »
And I will punish Bei in Babylon, and I will bring forth out of
his mouth that which he hath swallowed up: and the nations shall
not flow together any more unto him: yea, the wall of Babylon
shall fall.
# * #
As Babylon hath caused the slain of Israel to fall, «o at Babylon
shall fall the slain of all the earth.
«1» * *
Wherefore, behold, the days come, saith the Lord, that I will
do judgment upon her graven Images: and througih all her land the
wounded shall groan.
Though Babylon should mount up to heaven, and though she
should fortify the height of her strength, yet from me shall spoilers
come unto her, saith the Lord.
A sound of a cry cometh from Babylon, and great destruction
from the land of the Chaldeans:
Because the Lord hath spoiled Babylon, and destroyed out of her
that great voice; when her waves do roar like great waters, a noise
of their voice is uttered :
Because the spoiler is come upon her, even upon Babylon, and
her mighty men are taken, every one of their bows is broken : for the
Lord God of recompences shall surely requite.
And I will make drunk her princes, and her wise men, her
captains, and her rulers, and her mighty men: and they shall sleep
a perpetual sleep, and not wake, saith the King, whose name is the
Lord of hosts.
Thus saith the Lord of hosts; The broad walls of Babylon shall
be utterly broken, and her high gates shall be bumed with fire; and
the people shall labour in vain, and the folk in the fire, and they shall
be weary. . . .
BOND ST. LONDON
W*'*^W0f^^:^
M
^
LOOK
FOR THESE LABELS
Th« nam« BERKERTEX, be it on a
dressdesigned by the eminent designer
NORMAN HARTNELL; or on outer wear
for the Junior Miss ; or carried by the
world-famous " Renown " Chiidren's
Wear, is your guarantee of style and
quality that is supreme in its class.
/
BERKERTEX: BLENHEIM STREETs BOND STREET: LONDON, W.l. ENGLAND
2
Zionist Review, June 9, 1944
The time factor
AMOVING appeal to the democratic Powers to
make a determined effort to save the remnants
of the Jewish people in Europe was voiced at a
large rally of representatives of Palestine Jewry held
in Jerusalem on Tuesday. The gathering was con-
vened in connection with the Day of Fast and
Mouming for the victims of the Nazi extermina-
tion campaign.
The Invasion of Europe opens up new possibili-
ties for the rescue ot Jews who fervently await the
day of salvation. The time-factor is of decisive
importance. Everything possible must be done to
impress the urgency of the matter upon those who
are in a position to help. It would be tragic in-|
deed if those who have survived until now shoul
R
Eretz Israel shows the way
\^ \ by Anselm Reiss
ICENT items of information in the Palestinian y lic pre-occupation with this theme. An Arab, whose
newspapers, though without direct bearing on
the war, are of vital interest to us, for they throw
a garish light upon the condition of our people, so
desperately struggling for its life.
"At II a.m. on April 4," writes 'Davor,' 240
Jews who had managed to leave Roumania on
name is given, stopped an employee of the Jewish
transport co-operative 'Egged' on the Jerusalem-
Tel Aviv highway and handed him a note saying:
"Take this pound to save Jews. If I had more l
would surely have given you more."
perish on the eye of liberatior
Fair
THE well-known British tradition" of fair-play is
often conspicuous by its absence in the
columns of the Jewish Chronicle these days. In its
campaign against the World Jewish Congress this
Journal has indulged in misrepresentation and the
unfair presentation of facts. That a Jewish news-
paper ^ould make it its business to undermine an
Institution with so fine a record of work on behalf
of the Jewish people is nothing less than shocking.
Our contemporary is of course entitled to put its
views in a vigorous manner but its cheap gibes at
the W.J.C. will find no support at all among those
who know anything of the facts.
The Jewish Chronicle hates the World Jewish
Congress. Probably it is aware that some people
do not like the Anglo-Jewish Association, Does
this mean that there must be perpetual strife in the
Community at a time of grave danger for the Jew-
ish people ? Serious discussion is both welcome
and useful but it must be based on fair play.
1 . ^i DJ • / '^ €nji 1'i.i • j • n ihe Yisnuv is convmced that the rescue of Tew<?
board the Bulganan ship 'Mahka' arrtved tn Pa- Jf-^rr. fh« tVi-^ct ^f »^t»^^;.,L; I- ^^ , i^^^
7-,„»;^ ■ -r L ^,^LL j ^ • • L • Irrom tne tnreat of extermmation lis a moral dutv
lestme via Turkey; 240 broken despainng bemgs, |xv.;o ^^^r^,^ .v ^^«^;*,v 1 . |X«"-^---" • %
-,:/j j j L .u u .u / j I ^f L / • j Mhis rescue is conditional upon *«ie Provision of
sttll dazed by the honors they had left behtnd. 1 i„-„o „„«,0 «f r«-^„«^« . <:„;i„-i^*^ .,. -j lu
77rn»„ nJi fhnt th^., hn^ tr. fJ fh... .Lr.n.. fU. I ^^fp 1""^? of Hioncy j failurc to providc them en-
tails the loss of such favourable opportunities to
save Jews as may present themselves; many thou-
sands who might have been saved are thus left to
perish. A heavy bürden of responsibility falls upon
those living in freedom and security, who still do
nothing to help along the work of rescue.
From all that they had to teil there emerges the
question : When, at long last, shall we do what is
necessary to save those still in the clutches of the
bloodthirsty murderers ?"
sh on the eye ot üDeration, // . « 7/, JUi ,£" ^P,"^ '^th, we read in the Palestinian Press
i\ ik-in n tl N. ^ \ ff^iM'fiHJ^TjrW^^^^ J^^^ arnved in Haifa by rail via Syria, ac-
/ V 'r^v1^>^H|'f|^.^fs' '' W' ^. Yfplfipanied by 12 Palestine policemen ; they inclu-
ir-piay i'^UAy^tr^ ^ ^ ded a group of members of the youth Organisation
w-n, .« 1 «•.... .._ t... r f . , . 'Dror.' These young people proudly displayed
their flag, which they had preserved right through
the years of terror and oppression ; braving death,
they had faithfully guarded this symbol of their
love for the Land of Israel and joyfully handed it
over to comrades who had long preceded them and
were now waiting to welcome them.
In a letter dated May I4th, Isaac Gruenbaum,
chairman of the Palestine Committee for Rescue
and Relief, wrote:
"You have already heard that we have been for-
tunate enough to save some 1,400 Jews from
Roumania atid same 500 more from Greece. We
are going on with this work, which calls for the
immediate expenditure of vast sums."
One who escaped from Hitler's 'fortress' to a
neutral country early in 1944 has written :
"Many thousands might have been saved with
comparative ease, including many who by now have]
perished, had there been people to take an interest
in them."
Every Jewish house, writes 'Davar' of April 4,
will be visited within the next three days by an
emissary who will call for the family's contribution
to the Rescue Fund. Everyone will be asked to
SIMON MARKS KNIGHTED
lend a band in the work of rescue. Once again every / \pnly by Jli£_qverw
The Yishuv is acutely aware of the fact that the
extent of rescue activities depends entirely upon the
Jews themselves. None will deny the value of the
help rendered by non-Jews, and our people are
grateful for all that they do. The American Ref-
ugee Board has already secured certain results, and
so has the British Government, though they
scarcely touch the fringe of the tremendous need.
We are anxiously awaiting the rescue activities of
the new Relief Council of the Polish Government.
But there are many things that will not be done
unless we do them ourselves. Of course there are
innumerable difliculties and obstacles 10 overcome.
But these can be no reason for withholding one's
assistance in the work of rescue. There must be
no hesitation. Lives that can be saved must be
saved. We must hasten to render succour to our
martyred people lying under the threat of annihila-
tion.
European, and especially Polish, Jewry has given
proof of heroism, of profound national conscious-
ness, of pride, courage and readiness to fight for its
existence, however terrible the circumstances. There
have been wonderful examples of mutual aid and
I common struggle. [Theirjienusill-was defeated not
^
might of the Nazis but
Jewish individual in Palestine will be required rn / ;^ik2_7-^y -I^*'— ^"^'"srCPf? of iV "ilUfjJ'^''-'""'''^
contribute; the minimum is five Shillings. This Words of sympStby-aTenöf enough ; what these tor-
emergency Icvy is expected to producc about I mented people desperately need is the means to de
£300,000. The Jewish Press reflccts the burning/ fend themselves, to organise their own rescue
desire to help and the profound appreciation of the
sacred nature of this task which pervades the public
life of the Yishuv. As we read, we rcalise that
no Jew in Palestine is able to rest unless he does
his share in the work of rescue and unless he has
persuaded others to do likcwise This motif is
sounded throughout the Palestinian Press.
The following story illustrates the extent of pub-
They must be encouraged by the knowledge that
they are not left to their fate, that their brothers
and sisters outside shrink from no sacrifice which
will help to lighten their lot.
What Palestine has done and is now doing must
be surpassed by other sections of the Jewish people.
None must stand aside. British Jewry, must take
up its share of the bürden.
Polish Jews in Italian fighting
OUTSTANDING ACTS OF VALOUR
Addressing the Z.F. Conference
IT was announced in the King's Birthday
Honours' List, published on Wednesday even-
ing, that Mr. Simon Marks, chairman and
raanaglng director of Marks & Spencer, Ltd.,
has been knighted.
A well-known flgure in Anglo-Jewry, Mr.
Marks is a Vice-President of the Zionist
Federation and President of the United
Palestine Appeal.
The courage and heroism displayed by Polish
Jewish soldiers during the flght for Monte
Casino is praised in a message from the war
correspondent of the Polish Telegraphic Agency
on the Italian front. Two Jewish cadet-offlcers
have been decorated with the order "Virtuti
Militari", the Polish equivalent of the Victoria
Cross. Lieut. Dr. Graber, President of the
Polish Maccabi, feil in action.
There are seven Jews in the Polish Commando
detachments fighting in Italy. They are all
young boys who have just inatriculated and
came from England as volunteers. Cadet-OfHcer
J. holds several decorations, including the
Virtuti Militari, and two others were decorated
by General Sosnkowski with the Cross of
Valour. A special page In Polish history will
be reserved for the Jewish Doctors durtng the
I flght for Monte Cassino. Many of them worked
J at advanced dressing stations. The Com-
mander of an advanced surgical unit, Lieutenant
Dr. M., was wounded there whilst Captain K.,
Lieutenant S., and other medical ofQcers at the
advanced dress Station did all they could to save
the lives of soldlers. Forty-year-old Sergeant
Elias Szapiro was instructor at the Sniper's
School, and twenty-year-old Private Pastor, the
brother of the well-known Polish woman-
swinuner, was his pupil. Both feil at Monte
Cassino. Lanoe-Corporal Szloma Lipszyz,
Private Chuna Sztybel, forty-five-year-old
Private Hersz Zygman, Private Marek Szapiro
and twenty other Polish Jewish soldiers al.no
feil in that battle.
Palestine Exhlbltion In Binnlngham
The Palestine exhibition which is now being
shown in a main street in Birmingham, was opened
on Monday by Prof. H. G. Wood. The Rev. Dr.
A. Cohen presided. Palestine films are being
shown at the Exhibition, which has already been visi-
ted by a large number of people.
)
Notes from the North
Zionist Review, June 9, 1944
3
By Mrs. Edgar Dugdale.
THE General Assembly of the Church of
• Scotland has just been in session in Edin-
burgh. Thia is an annual event in the national
life which has no ecclesiaatical parallel south
of the Border. It brings the King's High Com-
missioner into residence in the Palace of
Holyroodhouse, whence he issues in state to
on the body and mind of Scotland which are not
yet healed, and the re-population of the High-
lands remains one of the great taska for
national statesmanship. Nevertheless the
descendants of some of these broken-hearted
exiles provide some of the flnest elementa in
the Canadian stock to-day. Nor are they lost
drive up the Royal Mile and take his part in to Scotland. Many a Lowland farm and
the opening of the Assembly. Side by aide, and Highland croft has welcomed home boys
Step by Step, he and the Moderator pace together in Canadian (or, it may be, American) uni-
up the Hall, neither before nor after the other, forms, of tlieir own blood and name, and
thereby symbolising the relations between traeed in them the features of sons or brothers,
Church and State, established in stormy cen- unseen perhaps for thirty years. The hiatory
turies when the history of Scotland, internal of Scotland remaina baund up with the hiatory
and external, can only be fully underatood
through the hiatory of her Church. Theae
memories bite deep into the traditions of a
people — I remember, for inatance, how, when I
waa a very amall child, my Highland nursemaid
pointed out on a moorland road some clumps
of crimaon moaa, which, ahe asaured me, were
"the blood of the martyrs who died for the
Covenant". I have never forgotten the Im-
preasion made by her words. A nation so
brought up, and so addicted to theological dis-
cuaaion (I know of only one other which can
rlval them in that exercise) would not quickly
ceaae to be intereated in the accounts rendercd
of the work of its national Church. Normally
there are further reasons why Edinburgh ahould
be füll of people at "Assembly time". In years
of peace the representative of the Sovereign
entertaina royally in the ancient Palace, and
the capital city ia füll of the gentry and the
clergy of the realm, their wivea and daughters,
and the lay membera of every Presbytery from
John o' Groats to Berwick Bounda, drawn from
the remoteat parishes of the Highlands and
Islands, as well as from the great town
charges, which have produced (and are pro-
ducing) preachers as famous as the churches
with which their names are aasociated. And
few Scottish persona, whether actively engaged
in church work or not, would fall to scan the
reports of Assembly debates that All every
Scottiah newapaper. And very interesting lively
reading they are, as even the English would
diacover if anything could stir them, or their
press, out of their profound lack of curiosity
about all thinga Scottish. I waa never more
Struck by thia then when I recently arrived in
Edinburgh to find everybody taking sides on
the buming question of the admission of women
to Church Elderahip. But, returning aouth
before the vote in the Aaaembly was taken
which haa opened the way to this far-reaching
revolution in practice and ideas I had to get
hold of a Scottiah newapaper before I could
make out what had happened. Conversely
however, I found the London columna of the
"Scotaman" and the "Glasgow Herald" quite
aufflciently informative about the goinga-on in
London during my abaence — even the Test
Match at Lords. But I had better refrain from
giving further examplea of contraata in national
mentality which might give rise to the idea
that I resume my interrupted contributiona to
thia Journal in order to propagate any doe-
trinea of racial auperiority. The purpoae of
this article is not to draw comparisona, or even
to emphaaiae the fact that to understand the
character of any nation you have to see it at
home, attending to its own affaira, according to
its own faahion.
NEXT to the Jewa, the Scota are probably
the most diaperaed of peoplea. For hun-
dreds of years their young men have gone out
in search of fortune or adventure, and the
tragedy of the masa-emigrationa from the
Highlanda, under pressure of economic circum-
stances, Is still almost within the recollection
of living men. Those forced uprootings of
families from the homeland left wounds
of her Galuth — and afforda proof (for those who
still need to seek it) that when a nation'a roota
are flrmly set in its own soll, the life-blood
circulates to the further extremities and flows
back again to strengthen the heart.
The Scots are a small people, but they are
more world-conscioua, and better Informed on
world affaira, than many larger onea. The
Church and Nation Committee of the CJeneral
Aaaembly this year presented a Report on the
Rescue and Relief of Jewish victima from
Nazi Terror which made the very points most
requiring to be stressed, aa far as the record
of the British Government's effort is concerned.
Unimpressed by the statistics so often presented
by Ministers to the House of Commons, and
there so complacently accepted, about the num-
bers of refugees admitted to this country, the
Report declared the test to be mainly utilitarian,
and said that a higher Standard than this is
required of a Christian nation. It was against
auch a background of public opinion that a big
meeting waa convened in the historic Talbooth
Hall on "Jewish Refugees, their rescue and
future". The principal Speaker waa to have
been Misa Rathbone, M.P. An accident, unfor-
tunately prevented her from travelling, and I
attempted to All her place. Perhapa a word or
two about my experience at this, and other,
meetings, and in conversations which I had on
Jewish topics, may not come amiss to others
who refuse to accept the word "too late" where
the fate of the remnant of European Jewry ia
concerned. The public has at last opened its
mind to believe in mass-murders of Jews, organ-
ised by the Nazis, and even to form some faint
idea of how. But though it is realised that
Germana kill Jewa, too little Is known about
the efforta of the Jewa to defend themaelves
and to kill Germana. The story of the last stand
in the Waraaw Ghetto remaina news to many.
The rescue campaign is still being stimulated
mainly by pity. Let us who know the facta
infuse into it the high octane fuel of admiration
for heroic deeda.
^1
JEWISH REFUGEES IN BUSSIA
Agency parcel scheme
Extensive developments in the parcels scheme
for Jewish refugeea at preaent in Ruaaia, inltP
ated by the Jewish Agency which later enllsteÄ
the active co-operation of the American Joint
Distribution Committee, were described by Mr.
Charles Passman, representative of the Joint,
and by Mr. Moshe Shapiro, on behalf of the
Jewish Agency, at a presa Conference held
on Wednesday at the offlce of Dr. J. L. Magnes,
President of the Hebrew University, on Mount
Scopua. The diapatch of parcela, which began
in August, 1942, haa increased from 350 to 10,000
monthly, and now, by June, 1944, totale over
41,000. The parcela have gone to 20,000
refugee familiea whose addreaaea have so far
been available.
It is estimated that there are now 400,000
Jewish refugees in Russia. Of these 250,000 are
from Poland, out of the 400,000 who had origTn-
ally flod to Russia from Poland during the early
daya of the war. The remainder are Jews from
the Baltic countries, and they also include 60,000
Jews who, after having been deported to Trana-
nistria, were, according to reliable reports,
saved and remained in the liberated Ukraine.
Then there are also 14,000 Jews from
Czernowitz.
For the flrst time since its inceptlon the
Beirut radio transmitted a Programme in
Hebrew. The Programme included Paleatlne
aonga and music.
A park in honour of President Edouard
Benos ia to be planted by the American Achuza
scttlement at Gan Yavne, near Rehovoth, to
mark his sixtieth birthday.
Mr. Archibald J. Freiman, Honorary Presi'-*
of the Zionist Organisation of Canada a
many years leader of the Canadian Z
Movement, died suddenly while attendli»
synagoguo eervice in Ottawa. He was 64 yt
old.
'ii'li"'ii<''l''ii''i''<'ii"lMr't''<ri"ir'ii*^''T-nr'i'-ii"r'Trii"fl''t"irTi'"«''i'ir'i''ii"i''i'-vni"«''T'^r'W'T'Tri'''i'"^
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE
AFTER THE WAR
Small and medium-sized businesses in all branches of industry and
trade must have every opportunity of contributing, by their enterprise
and initiative, towards the nation's economic well-being after the war.
They must be given füll support in dcveloping British trade at home
or in overseas markets.
Changes due to war conditions call for a far-sighted policy conceming
the financial aid they may need. This Bank, through its branch
managers, will therefore be prepared to consider enquiries from
promising undertakings, whether old or new, conducted under good
management. It will base its consideration of each proposal as much
upon the prospective borrower's integrity and business capacity as
upon his material resources.
MIDLAND BANK LIMITED
|.i..n...ih,.i,,in...ii,,.HiMn.,,n,j,Hii,Hii.,.ii...n...n,.,ii,.,ii,.,ii..,ii...iiiji,.,ii..,ii.,ii.,.iL.ii..,ii.,,ii.,.ii..,u.ji.,,ii.,.ii,,,n...ii ii.Hii.ji,nnmii..,iin.ii.jivji.Mii,..ii,jin,iL.ii,ji,Mn,ji,Mn,Mi,.,ii,nii.on,,jh.,ni,,ii,,,ii,,,iiMii,,aiH.ii.aH,.,gn,n,MO,.iL„i,A «.■.■..&
Zionist Review, June 9, 1944
/
POST-WAR ANGLO-JEWRY
kjOT without Bome Opposition the Board of
■^ Deputlea has appolnted a sub-Committee to
conslder what matters should occupy its atten-
tion in the post-war reconstruction of Anglo-
Jewry. There are some who hold that the post-
war Problems of Anglo-Jcwry will be the
post-war Problems of all British Citizens. Why
then a special inquiry? Thia is not very con-
vlncing. The mere exlstence — and for a long
Span of years — of the Board indicates a belief,
truly well-founded, that there are specifically
Jowiah Interests and problems. Others, again,
oay that for every conceivable Jewish interest
there exlsta an appropriate Jewish Institution.
Why therefore should the Board meddle? This
objectlon Springs from those who would like
the activities of the Board to be limited to the
bare minimum. Perhaps they would not feel
thia quite so flrmly if the Board had not in
^reoent years changed Its character, ceased to
be the preserve of the "shtadlonim," and
become a democratlc and representatlve as-
sembly. Nevertheless, here is a view which
should be examined.
So long as Anglo-Jewry was controlled by a
few publlc-spirited families, it had a certain
^nity. The sphere of Its interests was restricted,
Ita Problems were few and manageable, thcy
were handled by specific institutions, and there
was an unquestloned leadership. This Constitu-
tion has suffered a sea-change, but the need for
unlty has not disappeared. Only It has become
more difflcult to achieve, and the problems have
become more complicated. But a distinction
should be observed. Outside the realm of
foreign affairs the Board is not organised for
eixecutive tasks, and that being the case it
■hould not seek them. It should not let ambi-
tion tempt it into paths which are not its own.
What then is the fleld in which to give to
Anglo-Jewry the unity it needs?
If we look at the many institutions with
which Anglo-Jewry is endowed, we find each
pursuing its function in relative Isolation from
the others. None of them is equipped to see
the picture as a whole; none of them, indeed,
conceives such a survey to be its duty. For
that they are not to be criticlsed. They were
Harry Sacher
not created to be other than they are, and if
they are performing their special work well,
they deserve well of the Community. But a
general survey, a comprehensive review of our
communal needs and purposes is a necessity,
and no more appropriate moment could be
Imagined than when a Great War is effecting
eomething like a revolution. Does there exist
any body in Anglo-Jewry which, other than the
Board of Deputies, could make the attempt?
Admittedly it is not ideal, but it is the best,
indeed, the only one we possess,
As I conceive it, such a survey would have
two main objectives — it would teil us what are
our needs, and how adequately or inadequately
we are equipped as a Community to satisfy
them, and it would help to generate the public
opinion which would spur us to the task of
satisfying them. I shall not venture to pre-
vo You KNow::.
UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION PQuNDS UrJITED PALESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION POUN
DS UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION POUNDS UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION PO
,* I rcTiN ir * nnp A i rr\ri r\t^\r >^\\ i \r\>, i nrsx im r\r i ik iiTrrv DAirrT-iKir a r\r\r a i r
OR ONE MILLION
FORONEMILLI
EALFORONE M
APPEAL FOR ON
■fNE APPEAL FOR
iSTINE APPEAL F
^LESTINE APPEA
b PALESTINE AP
ITED PALESTINE
UNITED PALESTI
FÜR ONE MILLION POUNDS UNITED PAL
ESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION POUNDS UNITED PAL[STI^■E APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION POUNDS UNITED'
PALESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION POUNDS UNUE^ PALESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION POUNDS UNIT
ED PALESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION POUNii;*'^*IIir''"'"<U-FSTlNE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION POUNDS U
UNDS UNITED Pi'
POUNDS UNITEC
ON POUNDS UN
ILLION POUNDS
E MILLION POUN
ONE MU.LION PC
OR ONE MILLION
LFDRONE MILLI
PEAL FOR ONE N
APPEAL FOR ONI
NE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION POUNDS UNiTED PALESTiNE APPtAl
. . . that since the riso of Hitler, Palestine has
absorbed more Jewish imnii^rants than any other
country, not exciudins; the U.S.A. and Great Britain,
and that Palestine's share was 47 per cent. of the entire
mig^ration? After the War masses of Jews from all
parts of the shattered Contincnt will knock at the doors
of Palestine. Help prepare Palestine now.
NITED PALESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLIO
S UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE M
NDS UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL FOR ON
OUNDS UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL FOR
N POUNDS UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL
LION POUNDS UNITED PALESTINE APPE
MILLION POUNDS UNITED PALESTINE A
NE MILLION POUNDS UNITED PALESTINE
R ONE MILLION POUNDS UNITED PALESTIN
FOR ONE MILLION POUNDS UNITED PALESTIN
AL FOR ONE MILLION POUNDS UNITED EALESTIN
PPEAL FOR ONE MILLION POUNDV^jSjALESTIN'
E APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION ?gQ^^^^ PALES
TINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLI
LESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILO
IM
ESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION POUND
LESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION POU
PALESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLION P
ED PALESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MILLIO
ITED PALESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE MIL
UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL FOR ONE
NDS UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL FOR O
POUNDS UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL FO
LION POUNDS UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL
MILLION POUNDS UNITED PALESTINE APPE
E MILLION POUNDS UNITED PALESTINE A
ILLION POUNDS UNITED PALESTIN
E MILLION POUNDS UNITED PALES
MILLION POUNDS UNITED PA
JE MILLION POUNDS UNITED
■SEND YOUR CONT RIBUTION -TODAY. - TÖ THE .
UNITED l>AtESTIN£AI>PEAL-75jGTRÜSSt^
judge the flndings of such an inquiry
AssuredJy it will direct attention to economic
and social problems, organisational defects
and excesses; but these though important are
perhaps not the root of the matter. The funda-
mental issue, which will in some measures al-
ways be with us, is the spiritual health of the
Community. To say that is to say that Jewish
education is our central communal problem
To judge from a recent discussion in the Board
there is a disposition to regard Jewish educa-
tion as a sort of preserve, a kind of property
of existing organisatlons, and to resent a
general interest in it as an intrusion. This
surely, is an unfortunate attitude. Unless there
is an active public concern about Jewish educa-
tion there cannot be a vital Jewish education.
It will not do merely to ask the Jewish public
to find the money. Much more important is it
to ask US to find the idea.s and to concern our-
selves with the work. If we succeed in that
the money will come and will be fruitfully em-
ployed. If we do not, the money will not come,
and the little that does may not be fruitfully
employed.
It may be said that Jewish education must
necessarily reflect a conception of Judaism, and
if there is no agreement on that how can there
be agreement as to the education? But this is
to mis-state the case. The aim is not to impose
upon a many-sided Community a Single fsystem.
Let there be as many varieties as there are
schools of thought, but let there be a genuine
interest in and an active concern for each. If
Jewish education, whatever the particular shape
it may take, be a living reality then we are
much more likely to approximate to unity of
spirit. It is not interest in Judaism but in-
difference to Judaism which sunders. We can
meet by diverse paths if we move along them.
There v/ill be no meeting unless we travcl.
American Labour and Palestine
PLEA TO GREAT BRITAIN
An appeal to Great Britain to keep her pledge
to the Jews by establishing a Jewish National
Home in Palestine was made by Mr. William
Green, President of the American Federation
of Labour, addressing the Convention of the
International Garment Workers' Union in
Boston.
Mr. Green strongly condemned the Wliitc
Paper policy and declared that the American
Labour Movement was embittered and dis-
appointed at England's treatment of the Pales-
tine problem. "Our hearts bleed when we read
of the atrocities committed by the Nazis
against the Jews, and we conslder the closing
of the doors of Palestine as a great crime,"
he Said. "At the peace Conference the Ameri-
can Federation of Labour will use its
entire power and influence for securing a per-
manent National Home for the Jews in Pales-
tine. Although England retreated from her
promise to the Jewish nation, we believe
Palestine must be a free and independent
country. To achieve this we shall flght
for the abolition of all restrictions on Jewish
Immigration into Palestine."
The Convention invited Mr. Israel Mere-
minsky, representatlve of the Histadruth, to
participate in its work as a honorary guest on
behalf of Palestine Jewish Labour.
The Comniittee of the Gewerkshaften Cam-
paign, the financial Instrument of American
Jewish Labour for the support of the institu-
tions of the General Federation of Jewish
Labour in Palestine, has announced that it has
just remitted by cable the sum of 250,000 dollars
to Palestine. This is the largest remittance
evcr made by the Committee.
Campaign by Distortion
THERE can be no doubt that one of the main
factors contributing to the tragedy of un-
preparedness in the Democracies which led to
this War, was the confusion of public opinion
due to the deteriorating Standards of those pro-
fessing to guide the people in relation to public
affairs. The Jewish people themselves have
complained with bitterness of the misrepresen-
tations of their causes by non-Jewish exponents
of public opinion and ascribe many Jewish
tragedies to the cynical disregard for truth in
regard to Jewish life and affairs. One would
have expected that Jews so often the victims
pt malicious distortion, would observe the
Standards of truth in relation to public
affairs. In this country, particularly, we are
ccnstantly being adjured to observe the high
Standards of British life and it is right that
Jews should observe them.
Let US see, however, how those who purport
to guide Jewish opinion in this country, them-
selves carry out the Standards which they
profess to follow. There is a periodical in this
country called the "Jewish Chronicle". It
emblazons on its front page the words "the
Organ of British Jewry" — which might sug-
gest that it is the official exponent of the views
of the British-Jewish Community, whereas it is,
in fact, a private commercial enterprise, carried
on for the private proflt of its Directors and
shareholders, who are not particularly con-
splcuous for the active participation in the
responsibilities of Jewish public life. There is,
of course, nothing wrong in that. Anyone has
the rlght to express his private opinions and
to publish them, and the privately-owned
"Jewish Chronicle" is no exception. Democratic
freedom of expression presupposes, however,
that those who produce public periodicals
should observe strictly the Standards of truth
and exhibit a sense of responsibility, not
to speak of fairplay. These are the least of the
Standards of British public opinion.
"Heresy hunt"
Consider for a moment how the "Jewish Chron-
icle", self-styled "Organ of British Jewry", carries
out its duties as an exponent of Jewish affairs.
This periodical has for the past two years con-
ducted a virulent heresy-hunt against the World
Jewish Congress which it has pursued with
venomous abuse and misrepresentation un-
parallel in Jewish life and, indeed, in all
Journalistic controversy. The reasons for the
"Jewish Chronicle's" malevolent hostility to this
important Organisation bear all the evidences
of a secret grudge. No abuse has been too
violent, no calumny too base, to be hurled
against the World Jewish Congress, by the self-
nominated "Organ of British Jewry". Let us
cxamine the latest effort of the "Jewish
Chronicle" to observe the decencies of British
public life.
Under the headline "The Right Address!" the
paper, in its last issue, publishes the following
Paragraph: —
"Extract from a message dispatched this
week by the Executive of the Vaad Leumi,
Jerusalem:
'The rights and interests of the Jewish
•nation as a whole are represented by the
by
A, L. Easterman
Jewish Agency incorporating the World
Zionist Organisation.
A warning must be addressed to all serious-
minded people not to let themselves be
misled and confused by freak bodies assum-
ing high-sounding tltles and enunciating
policies for which no one but their un-
representative authors are responsible.'
And amongst the addressecs was the President
of the World Jewish Congress, New York! "
No reference to W.J.C.
The readers of the "Jewish Chronicle" will
assume what the Editor intends them to
assume — that the Vaad Leumi, the representa-
tive Institution of Paleatine Jewry, has ad-
ministered a rebuke to and a criticism of the
World Jewish Congress and its distinguished
President, Dr. Stephen Wise, who, as the
readers of the "Zionist Review" will know, is
one of the most distinguished Jews of this
genei'ation and one of the great leaders in
Zionism. I know of no more malicious distor-
tion than the paragraph I have quoted textu-
ally. The Intention of the "Jewish Chronicle"
is to suggest, and to impress upon its readers,
that the statement of the Vaad Leumi is in-
tended as a repudiation of the World Jewish
Congress. The statement had, in fact, no
reference whatsoever to the Congress, but in
fact refers to a small and impudent group of
young men [an extreme faction of the Revi-
sionist Party— Ed. Z.R.] who recently set them-
selves up In Washington as a Jewish authority,
calling itself "The Hebrew Committee of
National Liberation". This egregious body has
been roundly denounced and repudiated by the
Jewish Agency for Palestine which addressed
a warning against it to the Jews of America,
through their two most important organisa-
tions — the Zionist Organisation of America, and
the American Section of the World Jewish
Congress.
The "Jewish Chronicle" has omitted the first
and relevant paragraph of the statement issued
*' Teach yonrself Arabie "
Teach Yourself Arabie, by A. S. Tritton. 295
pp. (including key), Price 3/-.
THERE is no need, in these columns, to point
out the paramount importance of knowing the
language and culture of our Arab neighbours, and
especially now it would be very desirable that many
Zionists, after having perfected their Hebrew,
should take up this fascinating, if not too easy,
language. Quite apart from our direct contacts,
the international importance of Arabie is con-
stantly growing.
Learning Arabie has up tili now been a diffieult
and expensive undertaking. Text-books were writ-
ten for the scholar or specialist, and unsuitable
for self-instruction, and teachers are scaree. Now
the Professor of Arabie in the University of Lon-
don has produced this pleasant and eheap Httle
book. In bright, simple style it gives all that the
larger books contain, and in addition many use-
ful hints on idiom and style not found there. Tho
exereises are equally bright and enlivcned by the
inclusion of many of the pithy proverbs in which
the Arabs excel. The Arabie print is beautifully
clcar, though one misses, in a book for seif instruc-
tion, any guide to Arabie handwriting. In a later
edition, too, the voeabularies might be arranged
either alphabetically or in the order in which the
words appear in the exereises, and restrieted to
words actually needed for the exereises.
The book teaehes literary Arabie, i.e. the writ-
ten language v/hieh has remained essentially the
same sinee the Middle Ages, and teaehes mainly
words that are equally eurrent in older and in
modern Arabie, so that afterwards the Student ean
proceed to either if he wishes. The transition to
newspaper style will be found simple. It is also
best to begin by learning this type of Arabie if
one's main aim is to leam to speak ; eolloquial
Arabie dialeets are for learning purposes best treat-
ed as simplifications of the literary language.
C. RABIN.
Zionist Review, June 9, 1944
_ ^
from Jerusalem. The füll text of thia stA —
is as foUows: —
"The appearance in the United States
body Styling itself the Hebrew Committet
National Liberation must be branded as i
upscrupulous piece of political charlatanisnno,
Its contention that Palestine Jewry is not
free to speak through the elected representa-
tives of its parties is preposterous. The over-
whelming majority of the Palestine Jewish
Community is democratically organised and
represented by its constitutionally established
Organs, which are the Elected Assembly
(Assepath Hanivcharim) and the National
Council (Vaad Leumi). These bodies have
füll freedom to voice the feelings and poli-
tical aspirations of Palestine Jews and have
done so repeatedly in outspoken terms in
Opposition to the present official policy.
The rights and interests of the Jewish people
as a whole in regard to Palestine are repre-
sented by the Jewish Agency incorporating
the World Zionist Organisation. A warning
must be addressed to all serious-mindcd'
(Cont. on Page 7, foot cd. 3)
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I are ciassed amongst
tlie soundest and best
of investments today.
Preparations for nnany
innmediate and postwar
developments are pro-
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füll information.
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PROPEMffiS
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tafoiTDatioB
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TELEPHONE:TEMple Bar79l4-5
e
Zionist Review, June 9, 1044
l
«t
I
United Habonim Movement
ENTHUSIASTIC YOUTH RALLY
HABONIM and Mlshmar Habonim celebrated
their "Ichud" (amalgamation) at a large
rally held at the Queen Mary Hall, Great Russell
Street, London, on Sunday afternoon. Hun-
C-'ids of membera from London, the Provincea
and the "Hachshara" training centres filled the
large hall. The Chairman, Jack Brass, after
expresBing his pleasure at the achievement of
unity between these two movements, the one
conaisting of English-born and the other of
Continental youth, paid tribute to the late
Maj. Gen. Charles Orde Wingate. M. Margalis,
P. Schieider and J. C. Gilbert (Ba-Koach of
Habonim), speaking on behalf of Merkaz
Habonim and the movement as a whole, ex-
pressed their great satisfaction that after long
fiegotiations the "Ichud" had become a fact. It
was mentioned that the United Movement
iwuld now have six Kibbutzei Hachshara.
Call to youth
Mr. Bert Locker, who was the main Speaker,
uttered a stirring and passionate call to Jewish
youth. After reviewing the tragio position of
ive Jewish people at the present time and
^ting the difflculties in our political struggle,
he expressed his belief that there were still
many thousands of Jews left in Europe who
would come out into the open when the enemy
Itad been destroyed. He recalled the epic story
»f the great struggle of the Chalutzim in the
mderground movement and of their participa-
cton in the defence of the Warsaw Ghetto.
Many of the survivors, he said, would be anxious
to Bettle in Palestine after the war, but this
would not be a normal settlement as they would
have to be nursed back to health and to normal
human conditlons. It was therefcre all the
more important that Jewish youth who were
fortunate enough to live in free countries should
join the Chalutzic ranks in order to provide
the manpower to continue in a normal way
the wark that had been begun by previous
generatians of Chalutzim.
A Symbol
Mr. Locker concluded by saying that although
this celebration was overshadowed by disunity
In the Labour movement in Palestine, he hoped
that as in their time the waves of the Second
and Third Aliyah had been the main factors
in establishing one unity after another, at a
time when Labour the world over was con-
tinuously Splitting, so the new Aliyah after the
war could contribute greatly to the re-
establishment of unity which was now so
gravely endangered. "Your celebration is a
Symbol," Mr. Locker said, "and I hope that its
message of unity, at a time of the gravest
danger for the very existence of the Jewish
people, will resound all over the Jewish world."
After an interval, a film was shown depicting
the activities of Habonim in England, particu-
larly its Hostels for evacuated children,
summer camps and Kibbutzei Hachshara. The
film included a section showing the Inaugura-
tion ceremony of the Anglo-Baltic Kibbutz at
Naame. The rally concluded with a humorous
Sketch on the theme of "Ichud" presented by
Chavura Achdut, of N.W. London Habonim.
The Habonim choir, under the direction of A.
Cohen, sang Hebrew songs.
OVERHEARD . . .
FoT centuries Palestine hos been
a desert; now they want to make
it flow with "milk and honey".
What impudencel Who vxmts
prosperity?
The Future of Yiddisk
BECEPTION TO I. MANGEB
THE Position of Jewish literature was dis-
cussed at a literary gathering convened by
the Manger Committee on the 43rd birthday of
the poet last week. BIr. J. Leftwich presided.
Itzik Manger said that he had no Intention of
celebrating his birthday at such a time, but he
wanted to use this opportunity to exchange
Views on Jewish literature. Since the tragedy
of European Jewry he feit as if he were "the
last of poets" in Israel, mourning the tragedy
of our people without any light for the future
of Yiddish literature. Palestine Jewry was
Hebrew speaking. American and British Jewry
did not provide an atmosphere for Yiddish
literature to thrive.
In the discussion that followed Mr. B.
Margulies pointed out that Manger'a works
had been translated into Hebrew and had had
great success in Palestine.
Dr. E. Scherer declared: "We must go on fight-
ing for the future. In the Warsaw Ghetto they
fought to the last man. So now do the remain-
ing Jews in Poland." Dr. I. Schwarzbart said:
"Jewish history teaches us that, however
great the calamity, our people as a whole can
survive and hope for better times as long as
the roots of our tree are sound. Palestine is
today a source of strength to our people." The
writer A. M. Fuchs and Dr. E. Olshvanger al§o
spoke.
"The Everlasting Nay"
"The Everlasting Nay", by Herbert Frieden-
thal (Press-Offlcer of the Jewish National Fund),
which has just been published by M. L.
Cailingold, gives a description of the last
hours of Salomon Maimon, the eighteenth-
century vagrant philosopher and critlc of Kant.
The author shows Maimon re-living in a vision
the disillusionments and humiliations of his
adventurous life in the search of truth.
The Rev. B. Cherrick in the preface points
out that Maimon's tragic life "might well
serve as an emblem for the generation that
was to follow him, the generation whose
descendants today are amongst the wanderers
of the world, those who forsook Judaism with-
out being accepted into the life after which
they strove."
A Supplement contains excerpts from Maimon's
writings. The illustrations are by Walter Herz.
\
PALESTINE APPEAL
Zionist Review, June 9, 1944
"IMMIGRATION WILL GO ON"
Address to London gathering
"Prof. Samson Wright, who presided at a
meeting of Continental Physicians and Denti^ts
at Grosvenor House, under the auspices of the
United Palestine Appeal, read a letter from
Lady Louis Mountbatten expressing sympathy
with the object of the meeting and regrettin^
her unavoidable absence.
Mr. Michael Foot said that his interest in
Palestine began in 1934 when he paid a visit to
that couhtry. He would always remember as
perhaps the most remarkable experience of hia
life the emotion, enthusiasm and faith which
he saw among the people on the ship arriving
at Haifa. When touring Palestine, he was able
to see how this emotion, enthusiasm and faith
did not run to waste but was translated into
concrete achievements. He saw the great
modern city of Tel Aviv, and the collective
farms, the latter being perhaps the most
original social experiment now carried out in
the whole world. He did not believe that any
British Government would ever dare to say
that no more Jews were to go to Palestine. He
feit certain that when the European war was
concluded, a plan would be produced for Pales-
tine which would certainly allow Immigration
to go on at an increasing rate. Thousands,
perhaps millions of others were eager to go to
the land where they could live securely and
freely. It was the only place at present open
to Jewish immigrants.
Lady Reading, after thanking Mr. Foot,
stressed the need to provide for the refugees
now arriving in Palestine from Europe in the
most pitiful condition. The meeting raised
£2,000.
£300.000 RAISED
The United Palestine Appeal has passed
the £300,000 mark. 106 public meetings,
drawing-room meetings, and committee meet-
ings have so far been held in London under
its auspices, and many more are planned in
the near future.
The Appeal has also been launched, witn
great succcess in the Provinces; Newcastle has
already reached its target.
■MICHAEL FOOT
Secretary. Dr. M. Fisher, Messrs. Mann,
Wheeler, Raphael, Steinberg, Mrs. Fisher, Mrs.
Calisher, are members of the Committee.
Another drawing-room meeting, arranged by
Mr. & Mrs. I. Assuschkewitz and Mr. & Mrs. I.
Cohen, raised £200 for the U.P.A.
Under the auspices of the St. John's Wood,
Malda Vale, Hampstead U.P.A. Committee, a
meeting was held at 19 Langlands Gardens (by
courtesy of Mr. & Mrs. H. Reif), Mr. Osierman
and Mr. Fleischman took the chair: Lady Low
told the audience aibout the work of the Youth
Aliyah now incorporated in the U.P.A. and Mr.
Aaron Wright gave a most inspiring address.
Over £500 was raised.
A Joint South-London U.P.A. Committee has
been established comprising the following Com-
mittees and Societies: Brixton U.P.A. Com-
Committee; Brixton Women's Zionist Society;
South- West London U.P.A. Committee; Croydon
U.P.A. Committee; Wimbledon Women's Zionist
Society.
Mr. Aaron Wright addressed a drawing-room
meeting which was arranged for the U.P.A. by
Mr. & Mrs, M. Golker and Mr. & Mrs. S.
Fishman at 6 Jessam Avenue, E.5. Dr. G. Schiff
was in the chair. In his address, Mr. Wright
reviewed the Position of Jewry all over the
World and especially dwelt on anti-Semitism.
Dr. J. Litvin made the appeal. £250 in cash was
raised.
A Palmers Green and Dlstrict U.P.A. Com-
mittee was set up at a recent meeting of
prominent members of the Palmers Green and
Dlstrict Hebrew Community with Dr. M.
Fisher in the chair. Dr. J. Litvin addressed
the gathering. Mr. A. Manders was elected
Chairman; Mr. A. Calisher, Vice-Chairman ; Mr.
Kaye, Hon. Treasurer; and Mrs. Radges, Hon.
Last week the Edgware Women's Zionist
Society ran two consecutive functions and
faised the total sum of £136 to be devoted
entirely to the United Palestine Appeal. A
social afternoon held recently at the home
of Mr. & Mrs. Waxman, was very successful.
The hard work on the part of the Chairman,
Mrs. J. Wolfin, and Committee in collecting
goods from members, rendered the Rumraage
Säle very profitable.
Under the Joint Chairmanship of Messrs. F.
Nettler, J.P., and Jack Karter, the U.P.A. work
in Glasgow goes on daily. Rabbi Kopul Rosen,
M.A., one of the Hon. Presidents, has done ex-
cellent work in addressing many gatherings.
Messrs. A. Links and J. Woolfson, Jr. (Con-
venors of Finance Committee), together with
Mr. J. Levy, Hon. Organiser, have adopted the
method of intimate gatherings under the
auspices of various individual hosts. Drawing-
room meetings have proved most successful. A
large cross-section of the Community, non-
Zionists as well as Zionists, have been success-
fully contacted and substantial contributions
received, the total amount being to date £11,000
in cash, which the Joint Hon. Treasurers,
Messrs. J. Hamson, J.P., and J. Sagman, are
proceeding to covenant wherever possible.
Owing to the splendid team work, Glasgow Is
well on the way towards reaching its target
of £25,000.
It was unanimously decided at the Annueü
General Meeting of the Southport Hebrew
Congregation to support the United Palestine
Appeal.
WITHIN THE MOVEMENT
The Education Department of the Federation
of Women Zionists announces that a training-
course on Modern Palestine has been arranged.
The following lectures will take place at
North West London Zion House, 57 Eton
Avenue, N.W.3: —
Monday, July Srd, 10.80—11.80. J. Hodess:
What is Zionism? (a) History of, (b) Theory,
(c) Arguments against. 11.80—12.80. M.
Abrahami: The Geographical Position of Pales-
tine and its signiflcance. 2 — 3 p.m. B. Rosen-
thal: Waves of Immigration and speeial charac-
Thursday, July 6th, 10.8(^11.80. B. Cherrick:
Methods of colonization (J.N.F., K.H., etc.).
11.80 — 12.80. Miss Gudansky: Social Services
and Health in General. 2—8 p.m, N. Jackson:
Social strueture of Palestine.
Monday, July lOth, 10.80—11.80. G. Gaspi:
Education in Palestine. 11.80—12.80. Fay Grove:
Women's work in Palestine. 2 — 8 p.m. Gershon
Hirsch: Political aspects of Palestine.
Thursday, July 18th, 10.80—11.80. E. Broldo:
Relationship between Jew and Arab.
11.80—12.80. Israel Cohen: Fore-runners of
Herzl. 2—3 p.m. Dr. 8. Levenberg: Position of
the Jews in the world.
The fee for the whole course will be 10/6d.
Speaking at a Membership Meeting and Film
Show arranged by the Amersham Zionist
Society together with the Amersham Women
Zionist Society, the Rev. A. Baum announced
that the membership of the Zionist Federation
had reached 22,420 and the London membership
had reached 9,189. Mr. J. Toeman, who pre-
sided, underlined the importance of the mem-
bership Campaign and praised the great work
which had been done in Palestine since the last
war. Some 150 people, including a substantial
number of non-Jews, were present and the fllms
"Hadassah's Health Work in Palestine" and
"A Day in Dagania" were shown.
The Dalston Zionist Society has a member-
ship of 246. This Society arranges a Ladies'
Afternoon once a fortnight. The Society has
recently been addressed by Mr. L. Belkin on
"Historical Personalities in Zionism" and Mr.
S Gulman on "Jerusalem". The membership
of the North London Zionist Society, the oldest
Zionist Society In the dlstrict, has reached 156.
Under the auspices of the West Central
Zionist Society, a meeting was held last
week at the home of Mr. and Mrs.
Rajbonbach. It was organised by Mr. Wolkind
and M. R. Bruner was in the chair. About
40 persons were present, mostly young people.
Mr. S. W. Gold, who addressed the meeting, em-
phasised the tragic position of European Jewry
today and pointed out how much worse thelr
plight would be if it were not for Palestine,
giving refuge and assistance. A West Central
Youth Section was formed. The following
oflflcers were then elected: — Hon. President, Mr.
S. W. Gold; Chairman, Mr. W. Stern; Vice-
Chairman, Miss M. Krawskoresky; Secretary,
Mr. W. Rojbonbach; Committee, Messrs. R.
Begner and L. Mandel, Misses. S. Begner and
R. Twarsky.
Miss Grossman, Organiser of the St. John's
Wood and Maida Vale Zionist Society, an-
nounces that the membership of the Society
has reached 732.
Campaign by Distortion [from p. 5]
people not to let themselves be misled and
confused by freak bodies assuming high-
sounding titles and enunciating pollcies for
which none but their unrepresentative authors
are responsible."
It will be noted that in misquoting the second
part of the statement, the "Organ of British
Jewry" omitted the words "In regard to
Palestine". This distortion has created a com-
pletely false Impression of the purport of the
message and the Jewish Agency's Intention in
issuing it.
I have experienced few more disgraceful
exhibitions of journalistic foul-play. The Jewish
Community must be alarmed at the low level
to which its Press has sunk. We are told, time
without number, that the essential thing for
the Jews in these tragic days is unity and
harmony. The "Jewish Chronicle" Itself has
many times played this tune. Its notes, how-
ever, have been stridently discordant The Jew-
ish public in Great Britaln must ask itself how
unity and harmony can be achieved when the
periodical which pretends to represent its views
exhibits an irresponsibility which amounta to
Hefker.
The Highams Park and Chlngford J.N.F.
Commlssion
T£A REGEPTION
Sunday, llth June, 1944, at 4 p.m.
at the Synagogue Hall, Marlborough Boad, B.4.
Speaker: Mr. Leopold Sehen.
Chairman: Dr. H. Blair.
Golden Book Presentation.
/
8
Zionist Review, June 9. 1944
Make a Note of These
Saturday, June lOth.
Deth Zlon, Absa House, Commercial Rd., E.l.
Oneg Shabbat at 3 p.m. A prominent Speaker,
Mr. Fund will preside.
Habonim Chavurah Achduth, 57 Eton Ave.,
N.W.3. Symposium: "Transformation". 7.30.
Sunday, June llth.
Hlghams Park & Chingford J.N.F. Conunls-
■ion, Synagogue Hall, Marlborough Read, E.4.
Speaker: Mr. L. Sehen. Chairman: Dr. H.
Blair. 4 p.m.
N.W. London Poale Zion, 57 Eton Ave., N.W.3.
Gramophone Recital of Hebrew Songs and
YiddiBh. 7.30 p.m.
Habonim Chavurah Achduth, 57 Eton Ave.,
N.W.3. Draw of the "Naame-sweep". 7 p.m.
Bar Kochba. Ramble to the Aquadrom.
Meet 9.30 a.m. at Golders Green Bus Stop 183.
Station.
AJP. Club. Lecture by Mr. J. Chuter-Ede,
M.P.: "New Opportunities in Education".
Chairman: Mr. Barnett Janner. 8 p.m.
Tuesday, June 13th.
Hashachar, Cricklewood Y.Z.S. Readings
from Bialik, etc. Cricklewood Synagogue,
Walm Lane, N.W.2. 8 p.m.
Theodor Herzl Society, 57 Eton Ave., N.W.3.
Meeting of the Board of the Th. S. 8* p.m.
AP. Club. "Current Events". Chairman:
Mr. S. Coleman. 8 p.m.
Wednesday, June 14th.
N.W. London Poale Zion, 57 Eton Ave., N.W.3.
Meeting of the Branch. Discussion on mem-
bership oampaign in N.W. London. 7.30 p.m.
AP. Club. Lecture by Mr. Moshe Abraham!:
"Our Economic Planning". 8 p.m.
Institute for Jewlsh Leaming, St. Peter's
Vicarage, Belsize Sq., N.W.3. Dr. A. Steinberg
on "Human Relations in Jewish Ethics". 8.30.
Hendon Z.S., 226 Hendon Way, N.W.4. Living
Newspaper. Edited by Janus Cohen, B.A., with
L. C. Hildebrand, B. Braham, and Miss Anita
Engel.
Thursday, June 15th.
St. John's Wood & Maida Vale Z.8., 35 Abbey
Road, N.W.8. Reception to Rev. B. Cherrick,
B.A. No collection. Büffet. 8.15 p.m.
WANTED
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37, Bedford Street, Strand, London, W.C.2
VIENNA RESTAURANT & CAFE,
289, Finchley Road, London, N.W.S.
Phone: HAMpstead 5391
First-class Continental cuisine, daily
fresh; Home-made Cakes, Finest
Vienna Coffee.
Open daily from 9 a.m. until 11 p.m.
FÜR COAT RESTYLING
Well-known firm of manufacturing
FURRIERS
undertakes remodelling of für coats.
Estimates free. First-class work.
Quick Service.
PAUL HAVINE, LTD.,
351, Oxford Street, London, W.l.
Phone: MATfair 2493
E. KALLIR.
Continental Delikatessen,
Open all day Thursdays
Closed Saturdays from 1 p.m.
9, Swiss Terrace, London, N.W.S.
Phone: PRImrose 4431
With Victory comes
Peace . . . and
GOLD CUP JAFFAJUCE
WATGHES & OLOGKS REPAIRED
Balance Mlieels a Speciality. — A. C.
Marks, 106a, Finchley Road, London,
N.W.3.
fdtSmojdast MENS WEAR
110 CHARING CROSS RA
(next to pkcenix theatre) w.c.i
kondot 1-46 Commercial Road. E.l
UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL
ALL STAR CONCERT
under the patronage of
Lord Nathan of Churt, Sir Austen Hudson,
Bart., M.P., and The Rt. Hon. Viscountess
Simon, D.B.E.
On Sunday, June 18th, 1944, at 3 p.m.
at the London Goliseum, St. Martin's Lane,
W.C.2
VIC OLIVER
and Issy Bonn, Hai Monty and Johnnie Claes
and His B.B.C. Claepigeons
Tickets fit>m 8/6d. to £8.3.0. Obtainable from:
Miss H. Baum, 65, Southampton Row, London,
W.C.I (MUSeum 6111/5) ; Chappell's Box Offlee,
50, New Bond Street, W.l (MAYfair 6700) ; Keith
Prowse's Box Office, 159, New Bond Street, W.l
(REGent 600O); all Ticket Agencies, and (on
day of Concert only) Coliseum Theatre,
St. Martin's Lane, W.C.2, and from all members
of tb" "^--'^'- T Dndon J.N.F. Commission.
Habonim, N.W. London Peleg
NAAME NESHEF
to celebrate the settling of the flrst English
Kibbutz in Palestine.
Raffle Draw, Sketch, Choir, etc.
Refreshments.
Sunday, llth June, 7.30 p.m.
Dunstan Road Sjmagogue, N.W.ll.
Admission 6d.
Ilford Jewish National Fund Commission,
Synagogue Hall, Beehive Lane, Ilford.
PALESTINE FILM SHOW
on Sunday, June llth, 1944, at 2.30 for 3 p.m.
The Rev. B. Cherricic, M.A.,
will speak during the interval.
The Jewish Fund for Soviet Russia
Afflliaited to Mrs. Churchill's Red Cross
Aid-to-Russia Fund
(Registered under War Charities Act 1940)
EAST LONDON AREA COMMITTEE
Present
A BALL AND BÜFFET
at Grosvenor House, Park Lane, W.
Thursday, June 22nd, 1944.
Patroness: The Marcliioness of Beading.
Hostess: Lady Stral>olgi.
Dancing 7.30 pjn. to 1 a.m. to Plill Green and
his Füll Broadcasting Dance Orchestra
and
Jolinny Claes and liis B.B.C. Claepigeons.
CABARET.
TOMBOLA.
Tickets 80/-
Tickets obtainable from: H. Freeman Bros.
(Millinery Supplies) Ltd., 41, Gt. Marlborough
St., W.l, Tel. Gerrard 7203; Mr. H. Diamond,
28, Mildenhall Road, Clapton, E.5. Tel. Amherst
1291; Levy's Music Shop, Aldgate High St., E.l,
and Selling Centres throughout London.
Published by the Zionist Föderation of Great
Britain and Ireland, 75 Great Russell Street,
London, W.C.I. Printed by The Narod Press
(T.U.). 129-131 Gavell Street, Lenden, B.I.
^
ESSber ir.944 Cciitral British Fund : £1,000,000 Appeal-pa^e 6
ZIOMST REVIEW
Friday, Deceniber 29th, 1944
Tebeth I3th, 5705
{New Series)
Vol. IV. No. 52
A WeeMly Survey of Jewish Affairs
IRegistered at the O.P.O.
as a n
M
Dream and reality
I
T has niöw been made clear in Melbourne that
the scheme for Jewish group settlement in
the Kimberley district can be definitely written
off and that there is no immediate prospect of
the Australian Government reconsidering their
decision. In a recent Galiup Poll in Australia
the following question was put to a wide cross
section of 2,000 men and women: "Would
you agree to a Jewish settlement in North
Australia?" The füll results were published
in the MelhoMtte Herald: In favour 37%,
opposed to it 47%, undecided 16%.
Another territorialist dream has come to an
end, Schemes for large-scale Jewish colonisa-
tion outside Palestine are put forward
from time to time. A Jewish writer in the
United States has compiled a list of 37 terri-
tories, suggested for Jewish settlement. To
some people the proposals seemed worthy of
serious consideration. Sooner or later, insur-
moun table obstacles were encountered or it
was agreed that the plans were impracticable
and could hardly touch the fringe of the prob-
lem. Australia is an under-populated country.
According to reliable reports it needs some
thirty million new settlers. Even so, the scheme
for organised Jewish oolonisation was found
unacceptable. We hope that this will be a
lesson to all those who are wasting their time
looking out for "new territories" for the Jewish
people.
Individuais may change their homeland,
nations do not. This applies with particular
force to the most ancient people on earth,
which has prayed in exile through the ages for
the peace of Jerusalem. The choice of the
country for the Jews was made by history once
and for all. It cannot be undone. The
country is — Palesüne, Eretz Israel.
Punishing friends
THE heavy sentences impo«ed recently in
Palestine on Jewish pioneers found in
possession of arms for the purposes of self-
defence have aroused grave apprehensions in
the Yishuv. Last week Abraham Eisenberg,
a Student of the Haifa Technical Institute,
aged 23, was sentenced to ten years' imprison-
ment by the Military Court. The young man
was arrested during an excursion, when
explosives were found in a bag, ownership of
which he denied. It was established that the
accused had no connection with any of the
terrorist groups. Sentences imposed on Arabs
in similar cases are invariably much lightcr.
Addressing a meeting of the "Assefath
Hanivcharim" one Deputy expressed the
general feeling of the Assembly when he
declared: "The recent sentences undermine
confidence. At a time when we are co-
opeiating with the authorities in uprooting the
terrorist gangs, they scek to demonstrate that
there is no diff erence between weapons intcnded
for defence and weapons designed for attack.
This is the reality in which we are living, the
reality of the White Paper."
The Vaad Leumi has unanimously decided
to send a delegation to the High Commissioner
in Order to obtain a clarification of the Posi-
tion. Mr. Elahu Golomb, the Labour leader
described at the meeting the attitude of Pales-
tine Jewry in the following words: "The
Palestine Government must realise that such
sentences create an intolerable Situation. The
Yishuv will never give up its right to self-
dcfence and will never acquiesce in being
treated even worse than terrorists."
Proud record
ACCORDING to a report by the Bureau of War
Records established by the U.S. Jewish Wei-
fare Board, the number of Jews serving in the
American Forces would make more than twenty-
five divisions. At least one-third of the Jewish
physicians have enlisted; fifty per cent. of the
American Rabbis have volunteered for military duty
as chaplains. Thirty-four per cent. of the Jewish
male refugee population of the United States are
bearing arms for their adopted country. 512
American Jewish f amilies have given a total of
1,791 sons to the armed forces; 150/ these families
have 98 sons in the Services. More than 3,000
men in uniform have rcceived citations for valour,
often posthumously; 37 of them hold an aggregate
of 403 such awards. This is a record of which
American Jewry can be justly proud.
Puzzle for the Community
LJAS the "Jewish Chronicle" a policy? If 10,
■' what is it? We are prompted to ask these
questions out of a sense of bewilderment, shared,
we are convinced, by many in the Community, at
our contemporary's easy adaptations for the sake
of temporary convenience. The paper Claims that
it is for "a Jewish State in the classic boundaries
of Palestine"; it often attacks the Jev/ish Agency
and Dr. Weizmann for their moderation. At the
same time it gives its wholehearted support to the
Anglo-Jewish Association, which refuses to have
anything to do with the demand for a Jewish State
:md accuses the Zionist Movement of putting
forward impracticable demands. The "Jewish
Chronicle" Stands for unity, but it encourages
the A.J.A. to break the united front of the
Community; it Supports the Revisionists in their
attempts to break up the Zionist Organisation.
Our contemporary is for national discipline. This
does not prevent it from lending a hand to every
irresponsible individual or group that tries to dis-
crcdit responsible Jewish bodies such as the
Jewish Agency, the Board of Deputies, the World
Jewish Congress and their leaders. Every news-
paper is free to criticise. But there is a differenc
between freedom and licence.
ISew appeasers
\A/E note with interest the moral encouragement
▼ ▼ which the "New Zionist Organisation" is
giving to the A.J.A. opponents of the Jewish State
policy. The new Revisionist tendency to appease
the non-Zionist and anti-Zionist sections in Jewry
has been clearly visible recently in the U.S.A.
and this country. The N.Z.O. strives to be
"respectable" and hopes by substantial ideological
concessions in the Diaspora to win support among
the assimilationists. We wonder how Jabotinsky
would have feit to-day if he could watch the
somersaults of some of his "disciples". We are
witnessing the complete moral decline of the
Revisionist sect which has never had anything con-
structive to offer to Jewish thought and the up-
building of Palestine.
Women^s Educational Course
THE Educational Course organised by the
' Federation of Women Zionists (advertised in
to-day's issue) is a splendid undertaking. The
feu»"^'-
OUTE RWE AR
f^' O R
MiTES. MISSES. MAIOS.
AND MATRO
\
Zionist Review, December 29, 1944
constructive work carried out by the Zionist
women has always been a source of admiration to
the whole Movement. It was feit, however, that
the educational and political side of the work lagged
behind. The new venture is a serious attempt to
enlighten the members of the F.W.Z. and their
friends on problems that are of vital importance
for a real understanding of Zionism. We trust that
women Zionists in London will use the oppor-
tunity ofiEered to them by their Educational Com-
mittee, which works under the able leadership of
Mrs. Rose Battsek, Mrs. Janus Cohen and Mrs. W.
Tarlo. The Provinces will, no doubt, organise
their own lectures.
Youth publication
^ONGRATULATIONS to "Habonim" on the
^^ publication of their organ "Binyan" in printed
form. Two numbers have appeared up to date.
Their Contents are a valuable source of Information
for the senior members of the Organisation. The
vigorous spirit of Labour Palestine is feit both in
the editorial columns and in the articles. A par-
ticularly useful section are letters written from the
Continent by chaverim in the Forces. More
literary and educational material will, no doubt,
be included in forthcoming numbers. "Binyan" is
a fine achievement. It is bound to strengthen the
Habonim movement, which has already left its mark
on Anglo-Jewry.
HARRY DAGrT
Sir Leon Simon Wrltes:
IkiR. Harry Dagut, whose death at the age
of 57, w€ regtet to announce, was the
youngest son of the late Rabbi M. B. Dagutskl,
of Manchester. After being educated at Man-
chester Grammar School and Merton College,
Oxford, he took up teachlng as a profession,
and taught successively in Secondary Schools
at Cheltenham and Blackpool and at Cam-
bridge. For the last fifteen years of his life he
was House Master of Hillel House, the Jewish
house of the last-named school. Fi*om his uni-
versity years onwards he was prominently as-
sociated with the Jewish Student movement.
He had been President of the Inter-Jewish Uni-
versity Federation, and on more than one oc-
casion he and Mrs. Dagut acted as host and
hostess at its Summer School. His Jewish
sympathies and interests were absolutely with-
out limit, and he gave generously and unspar-
ingly of his time and energy to every Jewish
cause, whether Zionist, communal or Philan-
thropie. He held a uniqüe position in the
Cambridge Jewish Community, which he placed
under an incaiculable debt by his unfailing
readiness to bear a major share of every com-
munal bürden. A good Hebrew and Jewish
Scholar as well as a classical scholar and a
lover and inspiring teacher of English liter-
ature, he achieved a genuine fusion of Jew-
ish and general culture, and his genial humour
and inexhaustible goodness of nature endeared
him to everybody with whom he came in con-
tact. He was universally populär, and his loss
will be mourned not only by a large circle of
close friends, but also by the still larger num-
ber of those who, as pupils or students, came
under the influence of his lovable and many-
sided Personality. He leaves a widow, a son
and a daughter.
Vaad Leumi : New Leadership
DISTRIBUTION OF OFFICES
MR. Isaac Ben-Zvi was re-elected President of
the Jewish National Council of Palestine at
a plenary session of the Vaad Leumi on Monday.
Mr. David Remez was elected Chairman of the
Executive. The various Departments were distri-
buted in the following manner: Rabbi Ostrovsky
will be in Charge of communal affairs; Mr. Shlomo
Zalman Shragai was appointed head of the Depart-
ment of Press and Propaganda; Dr. George
Landauer was entrusted with the care of new immi-
grants; Dr. Abraham Katznelson was re-elected
head of the Health Department and Dr. Soloveit-
chik head of the Education Department; Mr. Eliahu
Golomb will act as rapporteur on questions of
mobilisation and Dr. M. Kleinbaum as rapporteur
on security questions. The othcr members of the
Executive have been put in charge of various minor
Offices. It is reported that the Conference of the
Histadruth, which has been convened for January
I4th, will make no difficulties in releasing Mr.
Remez, at least partly, from his present obligations
so as to enable him to fulfil his new function. The
feeling prevails that the Executive of the Vaad
Leumi will become the leading Institution of the
Yishuv.
■♦—
Bulgarian Jews^ Plight
MR. BEN-GURION'S REPORT
AHARROWING account of the position of
Bulgarian Jews was given by Mr. David
Ben Gurion, who returned from Sofia, at a
largely attended press Conference in Tel Aviv.
Bulgarian Jewry, Mr. Ben Gurion said, suffered
severely, but it had survived. The only possible
salvation, however, was their speedy and Whole-
sale transfer to Palestine. They were economic-
ally ruined, destitute, poverty-stricken beyond
any possible description. For the vast majority
there was na hope that their stolen or conflscated
property would be restored, despite the good
intentions of the Bulgarian Government. From
this point of view, Mr. Ben Gurion observed,
the Jews of Bulgaria furnished a typical ex-
ample for the remainder of the liberated Jew-
ish communities. He emphasized that although
a coalition of all democratic parties governed
the country as a whole, Communists largely
controlled Jewish public affairs and showed
themselves assimilationists. Nevertheless, Bul-
garian Jews were almost entirely Zionist. A
united Zionist Federation and a Hechalutz Or-
ganisation had been established and were al-
ready at work. Not a single Hebrew book had
remained throughout Bulgaria, all having been
burnt during the period of persecution. He
stressed the friendly attitute of the Govern-
ment and all sections of the Bulgarian public.
Immigration from Bulgaria was meeting with
difficulties. Never before had he seen such an
intense longing for Palestine.
The audience was deeply moved by Mr. Ben
Gurion's description of his visit to the dingy,
pauperised slum quarters in which the Jews
of Sofia are living. Two, and even four, families
were crowded into one room. All were going
barefoot, even in the depths of winter. There
was the mark of death on the faces of children;
despair was bleakly staring from all expres-
sions. Bulgarian Jews, he emphasized, were
facing complete physical and spiritual disin-
tegration unless they were quickly brought in-
to Palestine. Mr. Ben Gurion gave an account
of the relief efforts of the Jewish Agency for
Bulgarian Jews. He said that several thousand
pairs of boots would shortly be sent from Pa-
lestine to Bulgarian children as well as medi-
cines and other commodities.
U.S. Senators' Support for Palestine Resolution
WASHINGTON STATEMENT
Twelve of the eighteen Members of the Sen-
ate Foreign Relations Committee in the United
States, which deferred the Palestine Resolu-
tion at the request of the State Department
issucd a statement to the effect that "although
the Senate Committee, at the request of the
State Department, has postponed action for the
time being on the Palestine Resolution, it
wishes to record its own personal approval of
the Resolution calling for the free entry of
colonisation so that the Jewish people may as
soon as practicable reconstitute Palestine as
Jews into Palestine and füll opportunity for
a free and democratic Commonwealth".
American 'Tmergency Conference"
DB. N. BAROU'S IMPBESSIONS
Dr. N. Barou, Hon. Secretary of the World
Jewish Congress (British Section), who had the
rare experience of flying direct from Montreal to
London, is the first member of the British Delega-
iton to the W.J.C. Emergency Conference to return
to this country. The Conference — in which the
•Jevv'ries of many countries were represented by
Delegations which arrived in the United States
specially for this purpcse — has clearly demonstrated
that there are great and dynamic forces in Jewish
life and that there is unity of progressive thought
and purpose, he said. The Institute of Jewish
Affairs has published four books covering all the
important aspects of the work of the Conference
which greatly facilitated the deliberations. The
resolutions of the Conference covered every aspect
of the work confronting organised Jewry. The
Conference decidcd to give every assistance to the
United Nations War Crimcs Commission and to
supply them with all the available material. The
first Step towards practical collaboration in this
respect between the World Jewish Congress, the
Vaad-Leumi and Soviet Jewry, was taken two
weeks ago when the Consul-General of the Soviet
Union in the U.S.A. delivered to the Joint Com-
mittee prcparing the Black Book of crimes against
the Jews the fir^t instalment of the original material
which arrived from Moscow. The Conference
found it necessary to cmphasise that under present
conditions all relief work is directly bound up with
pohtical work and there is no possibility of con-
ducting this work effectively without the dosest
co-ordination between all Jewish organisations con-
cerned. The Conference passed a special resolution
on Palestine, associating itself with the Programme
of the Jewish Agency for Palestine and its Claims
for the establishment of Palestine as a Jewish
Commonwealth.
^i—
Two Arab soldiers serving in the Palestine
Pioneers Corps, were convicted by the Jerusa-
lem Military Court for the illegal possession of
fire-arms and explosives. An Arab villager of
the Plaifa district received two year's imprison-
mont for possessing a revolver and forty-eight
bullets.
The planting of a "Chalutzoth Forest" was
announced on behalf of the Palestine Working
Mother's Association during a visit of their re-
presentatives at Kibbutz Doroth, in Southern
Palestine.
Zionist Review, December 29, 1944
PARIS AXD BRVSSELS
IT is astounding what a difference there is between
* hearing or reading, and actual contact One had
heard and read so much of the terror and torture
under the Naj^is that in some ways one's sensibili-
ties had become blunted, one's reactions less acute,
but at the first impact with those who had them-
selves lived through and experienced these terrors,
a sword pierced one's side. I arrived in Paris,
from the air transport centre. I went in search of
our Office; up six flights of stairs I toiled, as no
lifts are working: I opened a door and was at
once in familiär surroundings, in the unmistakable
atmosphere of a Jewish Assistance Committee; a
man came forward to meet me; he proved to be a
Polish Jew who had saved himself from deportation
by jumping from the train as it passed the out-
skirts of Paris. His wife was carried on, he knows
not wherc. So this man was one of those of whom
I had read so of ten — I could hardly believe it ! I
seemed all at once to hold the fringe of the Jewish
tragedy between my fingers and my heart con-
tracted within me.
First Contact
My first contact with reality, but not by any
means my last. There was the white-haired
French lady who sat opposite me at lunch in a
fashionable hctel, wearing onc of the new French
hats, the quintcssence of a Parisienne: quite calmly
shc talked of her work with the Resistance, of how
she had hiddcn, had worked knowing only the one
above her and the one below her, taking Jewish
children to sccurity in the country, providing false
papers, etc. There was the charming abbe who all
agreed I must see bccause of his wonderful work
in saving the children: quietly he told his story.
"It was only our duty," he said. "We heard tlie
Germans werc Coming to round up the Jewish chil-
dren, we had to disperse and hide them with all
possible speed." Some of his colleagues had been
taken by the Gestapo; he himself had had a price
on his head. He did not wish to speak of himself
but of the poor girl who had been shot as she
guided a band of children over the frontier into
Switzerland.
I remember the young mother I met; she had
moved from house to house with her year-old baby.
never sleeping under the same roof for more than
ten days during the last two years; and, most
Piercing of all memories, the eyes of the daughter
of the Chief Rabbi of Warsaw: dark eyes shining
from a pale face of the utmost beauty, eyes filled
with unspcakable tragedy, eyes that had penetrated
the depth and height of human nature. Once you
have passed over the strip of water that separates
Lady Keading
who has just retiinied from a vlsit to France
and Belgium
this land from the Continent, about 15-20 minutes
flying time, you enter a world of men and women
who have lived face to face with the oppressors;
everyone you meet has some member of his family
deported to forccd labour or concentration camps;
the memory of their trials is burnt into their minds :
they will not forget.
Paris, as a town, is her old beautiful seif, she is
not scarred or battle-worn like London, but life is
far from normal, no transport but the metro, no
fucl, no milk, and the cost of living fabulously high.
The Jews who have been in hiding are returning
to Claim their homes and businesses and resume
their possessions. Under the law they have the
right to repossession, but law is a lengthy process;
Claims have to be established before magistrates,
present occupants appeal against decisions, etc. Or
they return to find the allied army troops in occu-
pation of what were vacant prcmises, or French
families from bombed out towns. 1 1 is not so
simple to Start life again and meanwhile they are
in great need of assistance. There are some who
do not want to start over again in France but are
determined to try to get to Palestine. The Zionist
societies have managed to survive and are re-starting
work; they are hungry for news of Palestine, for
Zionist literature, for every kind of Information.
In Brüssels they are even more thirsty for news,
and I was almost overwhelmed with the greeting I
received and the multitudes of questions hurled at
me. I attended a meeting at which all sections of
Zionists were represented; they are all united now
in a general Federation. We sang "Hatikvah" and
songs of the Emek and they told me that in the
very same room they had been assembled to hear
the command of the Germans that the Jews should
form a committee to work under their direction and
that not one Zionist had been found who had
agreed to comply. It is difficult to understand over
here how cut off from all news they have been for
the last four years; how at times they have feit
themselves almost abandoned as no word came
through to them. They did not realise our diffi-
culties, even now, of getting permission to travel,
the postal delays and restrictions of the censorship.
It seemed as if I was a being from another and
happier world who came amongst them. Both in
Brüssels and in Paris there is a lack of under-
standing of our own difiiculties and hardships; they
seemed to think we were in a land overflowing with
good things and that nothing could be easier than
for US to send them clothing, shoes and food. I
had to explain our position, our shortages and
above all transport shortage. There is no doubt
a very great need for clothing; I was asked for it
on all hands, and for boots and shoes. The chil-
dren especially need clothing, some cannot re-start
school as they have none to go in. The organisa-
tions that cared for the children during the occupa-
tion have done a wonderful piece of work. Every
child is known personally to one of the workers and
has been visited and watched over all through the
occupation; there is a great desire to re-unite the
children with their parents or relatives, but many
of these have no home to which their children can
come or no means of supporting them; other
parents are deported and the committees feel they
have a sacred trust to care for their children until
their ultimate fate is known. Homes are being
established by the Jewish communities to care for
the children meantime and funds are urgently
needed to get these going.
Many and great are the problems to be faced,
but they are being faced encrgetically and courage-
ously; hclp is needed and quickly for the next few
months will undoubtedly be very hard.
Before and After ...
LITTLE has yet been said of the remarkable
contribution that was made by the Jews in
France, and more particularly, by the Zionists,
to the Resistance Movement. Much of this In-
formation must, necessarily, continue to be clouded
in secrccy until aftcr the War, but one of the
amazing things that can now be told is that there
was a "Jewish Armv," known and recocnised by
the simple term "l'Armee Juive" (which was
an integral part of the F.F.I.), whose members
wore a blue-white fiash on their Shoulders
with the "Croix de Lorraine" beneath. This Jew-
ish Army, — organised under the double danger of
arrest, execution or deportation, — was proud to
have assiened to it a special place in the task of
freeing France from Nazi thraldom. Most cf the
leaders of the "Jewish Army" came from the
ranks of Younc Zionists and from an association
known as "Eclaireurs Israelites" — another youth
Organisation comorising Zionists as well as non-
Zionists. The record of their activitics reads as
cxcitingiv as anv thnller. Among the achievements
of the Young Zionists, together with the "Eclai-
reurs Israelites" was the blowing-up of an ammuni-
tion train and the capture of Castres, a town near
Toulouse, where the Commander of the German
earrison was, together with 3^000 soldiers, com-
nelled to surrender to the Jewish Armv— led by
a voung Lieutenant carrying a blue-white flag.
But even more amazing then these stories of hero-
ism, is the information that Zionist work conti-
nucd during the whole pcriod of the occupation.
The first Zionist Conference under the occu-
pation took place in Lyons in 1941 and was at-
tended by delegates from all over the country.
This Conference was organised by the Zionist Or-
ganisation of France, working in the unoccupied
Zone. The Zionist gathering decided to carry on
its work imder four categories: — i. Hachsharah.
2. Culture. 3. Emigration. 4. Financial support
for needy Zionists. Hebrew courses were arranged,
and as it was impossible to obtain printer's tvpe,
one book, "Chayenu" was produced in stencilled
form for which there was so great a demand that
it ran into several editions.
Emerging from the nightmare of German occu-
pation, Zionism in France todav is being reborn
and the groups of the various Parties are recom-
mencinfj their activities. There are grouns of Gen-
eral Zionists, Poale-Zion and Left Poale-Zion,
Mizrachi, Hashomer Hatzair and the Young Zion-
ist Movement — the Poale-Zion being the strongest
eroup, which also publishes its own paper. All
Parties are now in the process of forming a co-
ordinating committee and it is proposed, as soon
as Communications are imnroved, to hold a Con-
ference of all Zionist sections thron qhout France;
organised sections already exist in Grenoble, Tou-
louse, Rouen, Lyons.
In the accompanying: articie
Maurice Mitzman
describes the Zionist Movement in France under
the German occupation and discusses some of
the Problems faclng it today
Fund-raising has not yet been organised on any
large scale, akhough one sees everywhere the fami-
liär J.N.F. box. Dr. Fischer, the Director of the
K.K.L. is one of the most active forces in all spheres
of Jewish life, and is now in the United States,
being one of the delegates from France to the
Emergency Conference of the World Jewish Con-
grcss. N. Hermann, the General Secretary of the
Keren Hayesod, has been deported, but Dr.
Weill-Halle, the Chairman of the Keren Hayesod
in France before the War, is back in Paris and is
starting to gather around him a new Committee,
and Madame Pearl Katz — who will be remem-
bered with affection by the Zionists of this coun-
try for the work she did on behalf of WIZO. Her
husband is now a high official of the Provisional
Government of France. A Hechalutz Organisa-
tion is now being formed and will devote itself to
organising Hachsharah. I was privileged to at-
tend the Third Reunion of the WIZO. They are
lamentably small in number, but are hopeful that
many of their members are still alive and will re-
turn to Paris. They, together with all Zionist
(Continued on page 7, col. S)
Zionist Review, December 29, 1944
HISTORIC NEED
ZIONISM was not created as a result of the
Nazi Invasion of Europe, and it will not
have fulflUed Its mlssion by providing a new
home for the Nazi victims. The unique Jewish
Problem, which Zionism analyses, whose poten-
tialities it prognosticates, and for which it
offera a practica! Solution, is not restricted to
any land er to specific social conditions.
Zionism offers a general analysla and prognosis
which, in principle, raay be applied to all coun-
tries where Jews live.
When we speak of conditions capable of
causing a need for Palestine, we cannot think
only in terms of such a position as the Nazis
created for the Jews in Europe. In fact, Zion-
ism, in its gloomiest prognosis, did not con-
ceive of the possibility of so inhuman a fate.
Now, however, the Hitler treatment of the Jews
has begam to make people feel that there can
be no greater prospect of happiness for a Jew
than merely to be let live, But the bulk of
Jewish emigration for the past Century was
not a flight from Hitler slaughter; yet it was
caused by real needs and objective compulsions.
The samo Rort of need may very well appear
in other parts of the Diaspora. In fact, it
already ej^ists in certain countrles outside
Europe. Turkey was not occupied by the Nazis,
but in recent times it has become practlcally
Imposriblo for the Turkish Jews to remain
there. There have been no important changes
in the Turkish law, which formally still guaran-
tees cqual rights for all Citizens of the country;
but it i^i perfectly clear that Turkey is deter-
mined to get rid of the remainder of its ethnic
and religioua minorities. Let no one console
himself with the thought that the Jewish Situa-
tion Is no worse than that of the Greeks or
Armonlans: they, too, by all the signs, will
have to find some place to emigrate after the
war— the Greeks probably to liberated Greece,
and the Armenians to Soviet Armenia. It is
quite cpparent that the Situation of substantial
Jewish communities in Arabic-speaking North
Africa, in Iraq, and particularly in Yemen, as
well as in the non-Arab Moslem country of
Iran, has also been deteriorating. It is true,
of course, that these are countries where out-
side Powers can easily be called upon to see to
it that Jews are treated "equitably". But the
social tension betv/een Jew and non-Jew in
by Chaim Greenberg
(New York)
such places is so acute that, regardless of
governmental assurances given under inter-
national pressure, the Jewish Situation will
long be unbalanced. Nationalism is on the in-
crease in thoae countries and is taking an ever
more chauvinistic turn. As a result, the Jews,
with their distinctive mode of living, their
special economic functions, and their "afflnity"
for western culture and civilisation, are more
and' more regarded as a foreign element.
Thus, even today, the number of probable
candidates for settlement in Palestine is much
greater than the number of Jews w^ho will
survive in Europe. Only a prophet, capable of
foreseeing whether or not other countries will
be visited b^'^ social catastrophes for generations
to come, could possibly give us assurance that
similar zones of trouble will not appear, in the
course of time. From its very beginning
Zionism never concerned itself solely with
providing a place to receive Jews emigrating
under the pressure of acute anti-Semitism.
From the days of Herzl its aim was formulated
as "A Jewish State for those Jews in various
countries who cannnot or de not wish to be
assimilated." This formulation underscored a
dynamic process in Jewish life, arising not only
from the need of a refuge for the persecuted
(Continiod at foot col. 3)
SUSTA1NED
EFFORT
Changed conditions have, for
many people, resulted in longer
hours and harder work. Not
infrequently the extra effort
demanded causes headaches and
muscular aches and pains. Those
responsible for the health of
workers in war factories have
been quick to recognise the
merits of ' ANADIN ' in allevia-
ting pain and distress. In-
valuable also in the treatment
of rheumatism, neuralgia, neuri-
tis and the common cold.
1/5 & 2/10 (ine. Tax)
AN ADI M
FOR THE RELIEF OF PAIN
Weizmann Presentation Committee
(Hon. President : The Rt. Hon. Lord Melchett)
Tribute to Chaim Weizmann
THIRD LIST
ON the occasion of bis 70th birthday, Dr.
CheAm Woizmann has been inscribed in the
Golden Book of the Jewish National Fund by:
Mr. Frank Austin, Mr. Kurt Battssk, Mr. Victor
V. Behar, Prof. Norman Bentwich, Mr. Cecll
Cohen, Mr. Bachmil Goldenberg, Mr. B. Lan-
dau, Alderman F. Lawrence, Mrs. L. Moochnik,
Mr. M. Morris, Mr. A. Perlmutt, Mr. A. Pottlit-
zer, Mr. J. Samuels, Mrs. J. Samuels, Lady L.
Sassoon, Mr. J. Edv/ard SiefT, Mr. Paul Singer,
Sir Louis Sterling, Lady Sterling
"Jewish Brigade Group" volunteers in Tel Aviv.
JEWISH NATIONAL FUND,
65, Southampton Row, London, W.C.l.
ZIONIST EXTENSION COURSES
ZIONIST Federation of Gt. Britain and Iro-
land. Zionist Extension Courses time tnblo
for the next week: Sunday, Decf^mbor .31st,
3 p.m. Mr, M. Rosotto on "Biographical Skotohos
of Zionist Leadcrs", at the Montaj^ruo Road
Syn^'R'ogun, E.8. (North London Zionist Society
ond Dalston Zionist Society). Wcdncsday, Janu-
arv 3rd, 8 p.m. Dr. N. Morris on "Jewi.sh Edu-
ration in Palestine'', at the North London Zion
HousR, 75, Cazenove Road, N.16. (North London
Zion House); Wodnesday, January 3rd, 8 p m.
Tho Bev. B. Cberrick on " Jowish Colo-
nisation in Palestine ", at the Hampstoad
Garden Suburb Synagofjue Hall, Norrice Loa,
N.2 (Finchley Zionist Society and Hampstead
Garden Suburb Zionist Society).
(From colimm 2)
and impovorished but also from the nood for
a congenial cnvironment in v/hich Jews would
find it possible to exprcss themaelve.q more
spontaneously and more creatively. It in a.s
va.lid today as it was in 1896; in fact it is
probably more appropriate to our Situation
than ever before.
We come therefore to this conclusion. There
is no reason to consider our potential immi-
prrants, particularl-r with respect to Palestine,
as consisting- solely of the econcmically
uprooted from war ravaged Europe. Tho
Palestine problem must be considered not from
the point of view of a deflnte number of Jcw-
ip'h war victims, but from the point of view of
a whole people, possessing the will to establi.sh
a National Home for itself. Thinking in thcsc
terms, it is quite impossible to deflne today
how many individuals will, in the future, find
themselves in need of Palestine, whether for
economic, political, or "psychological" reasons.
Zionist Review, December 29, 1944
LEST WE FORGET
• • •
AFEW days ago, one of the German vil-
lains, Dr. Ley, wrate: —
"Perhaps we have been too decent and our
enemies laugh at us for trying to educate
people by appeals to reason instead of resort-
ing to cruel and ruthless methods. Perhaps we
ourselves regret our proverbial German good
nature !"
So the ovens of Majdanek, Sabibor and Trem-
blinka represent re-education by appeals to
reason. So Panary, Trostinetz and Babiyar are
evidences of German good nature! They will
have to be hanged twice for what they have
done and for what they have said. The end is
now drawing near. The curtain has already
risen on the last act of the tragedy. The vil-
lains are struggling in vain,— they will not es-
cape judgment. How long is it since the Ger-
mans wero on the Volga and in the Caucasus ?
Now we are in East Prussia and in the sub-
urbs of Budapest. In these great days I want
to speak of retribution. I feel as if I had long
ago ceased speaking for myself and have be-
come the mouthpiece of the dcad. I have the
feeling that millions of innocently slain are
directing my pen.
Here are some of the inscriptions found on
the walls of a pi'ison in Byelostok: — "I was
burnt in Belsk — iPodlaski"; "My whole family
has perished," "I was the last Jew in the prison
of Hofman Henach," "I am going to my death
with my head lifted high," "I greet my friends,
the Okun brothers and the Puznanskis.
Avenge my death. July 18, 1944".
"We are going to our death calmly. We are
defenceless. Avenge us. Resident of Byelostok,
Samolsky, nee Joel".
"The last day of our life. Avenge us! Resi-
dents of Byelostok: — Abram Botehkovsky, Ber
Botchkovsky, Yankel Stelmakh. Residents of
Grodno: — Kirshenbuim, Kulkin, the three bro-
thers Liptzes, Prussak and Meyer".
Here are inscriptions in the Kovel Synago-
gue, where Jews were imprisoned before being
executed: —
"Moshe and Tunik are taking leave of all.
September 15. 1943. Last of the Mohicans, Bri-
zcli and Troibichev".
"Ähre Leib, Ben Itzkhok, Tzvi Lieberman of
Brest, Esther, the daughter of the famed Rabbi
Tsvi Morgenstern of Kotzk, were seized on the
day of Rosh Hashonoh; they died ten days
later. Please teil the Rabbi of Brest of my
death, so that he may say 'Kadish Prous'."
TRAINING COURSE
FEDERATION OF WOMEN ZIONISTS un-
der the auspices of the F.W.Z. Education
Department. TRAINING COURSE on Modern
Palestlne at North West London Zion House,
57, Eton Avenue, Swiss Cottage, N.W.3. Monday,
8th January, 1.45-2.45 What is Zionism? (a)
History; (b) Theory; (c) Arguments against—
J. Hodess. 3.0-4.0 The Geographica! Position of
Palestine and its Signiflcance— M. Abrahami.
Thursday, llth January: 1.45-2.45 Methods of
Colonisation (J.N.F., K.H., etc.)— Rev. B. Cher-
rick. 3.0-4.0 Waves of Immigration and Special
Characteristics— B, Rosenthal. Monday, 15th
January: 1.45-2.45 Industrial Development— Miss
B. Gudansky. 3.0-4.0 Social Structure of Pales-
tine — N. Jackson. Thursday, 18th January:
1.45-2.45 Education in Palestine— G. Caspi. 3.0-
4.0 Women's Work in Palestine — Mrs. Fay
Grove. Monday, 22nd January: 1.45-2.45 Rela-
tionship between Jew and Arab— E. Broido. 3.0-
4.0 Fore-Runnera of Herzl— Israel Cohen. Thurs-
day, 25th January: 1.45-2.45 Position of the
Jews in the world— S. Levenberg. 3.0-4.0 Poli-
tical Aspects of Palestine— G. Hirsch. Tea can
be obtained on the premises. Fee for the whole
course, 10/6d. Enrol Now.
"Whoever comes after us, de not forget! In
our death will be the spilled blood of our sons,
pure like the waters of Lake Kinereth. We
demand revenge. Yehuda Shekhter".
"Let our innocent blood fall on all Germans.
May they be smitten by thunder. Revenge and
revenge. Srul Weinstein, August 28, 1942".
"Earth, do not conceal our blood! Sun avenge
us! Thursday, 14 EUul. Bluma and Jacob".
by Ilya Ehrenburg
The famous Soviet-Jswish writer
"Benzion Sher is going to his death, he does
not know why".
"Quiet. Murderers are Coming . . . At the
sound of voices all our hearts beat faster . . .
and hearts cease beating. God take us into
your eternity! May the murderers pay with
their blood! I want the last children of the
people to tear them to pieces. Another hour,
another minute. Farewell beautiful world
which I have never seen! Fanya Arbeiter and
whole family".
"Rosa Henechove is dying. I foujrht. I wanted
to live, but it is hard. I ara .^orry for my Nius-
enka, I should have liked to have lived for
her".
"Those who come after us, do not forget our
pure souls. Revenge! Kahan and Gewand".
When grief is great there is no wall between
peoples. The grief of the Jew is the grief of
the Russian, just as the grief of the Russian is
the grief of the Jew. I receive many letters
from the front. Often Russian officers and men
angrily teil me about innocently slain Jews in
Byelo-russia, Lithuania and Poland. They ex-
claim: "We shall avenge them". And Jews,
telling of burnt villages in Byelo-russia, of mur-
dered Russian comrades, of hanged Poles, ex-
claim: "We shall not forget this".
Our holiday will be no holiday, our victory
will be no victory if the criminals are not pun-
ished aecording to their deserts. We have faith
in the goodness of man and in the doom of the
villains. We are on Gr^rman soll. Judgment has
begun. There never has been, and never will
be, a greater triumph of human conscience than
the United Nations entering Berlin.
ii
By The Waters of Babylon " *
MR. Stephen Lister in his novel "By the
Waters ot Babylon" manages to conceal
his " medicine " which is the disease of anti-
Semitism within the pill of an original and ab-
sorbing story — in which, for a change, "we
see Gentiles through the eyes of a Jew". The
novel centres round the character of a Jew
born in the Mellah, or Ghetto, of Fez and of
his son, and is cast mainly in the exotic setting
of the Atlas mountains.
"The Jews always look for pity, as a fool
looks for gold where there is none" Salomon
wams his son Yusef ; "Make yourself neces-
sary to a Gentile, then you will need no man's
pity". Leaving the miserable Mellah Yuzef
ben Salomon from being treated with suspicion
because he is a Jew, becomes the trusted ad-
viser of the Kaid of a Berber tribe, and grows
rieh and prosperous with his own lands and
flocks. During his struggles ho suffered the
blows and Insults of the Gentiles, and is re-
solved that his son, David, shall not likewise
suffer, so he brings him up to forget he was
born a Jew, by sending him to an English pub-
lic school, and is happy in the thought that his
son is now an Englishman. But David is un-
happy at school and still flnds it "very un-
pleasant to be a Jew". He falls in love with the
daughter of an English baronet who on seeing
his intended son-in-law exclaims: "Good God !
The bloody man's a sheeny!" David realises
that he has "become as English as a Chi-
nese or a Hottentot!" and his father's hopes
that his son has "thrown off the chains of our
race" are stillborn. David drifts back to Mor-
rocco, and there with the aid of an American
Jewish engineer and Jewish refugees from
Austria brings new life to a harren valley. They
name it "Zion (sie) Valley", but the local Ber-
bers call it the "Jews' Valley."
The old Kaid dies and the new Kaid who
succeeds him is jealous, envious and covetous
of the Jew's power. The inevitable happens.
The Jew, welcomed at flrst for the talent and
industry he brings, now has to flce for his life.
Yuzef appeals to his high-placed French friends
to whom he was once indispensable — but they
don't need him now and refuse to lift a flnger
to save him and his possessions. "The Jew's
Utility is at an end, discard him like an old
shoe", says Yuzef bitterly, as with his knife
"he cut the pink ribbon of the Legion of Ho-
nour from his lapel." Thus the old-new story
is repeatcd; the inherited prejudice of antl-
Semitism rears its ugly head bringing the
by
David Freeman
(Manchester)
* "By the Waters of Babylon" By Stephen Lister
(Peter Davies, pp. 230, 8/6d.)
father to a violent end and the son to a con-
dition of disillusionment and spiritual desola-
tion. Mr. Lister puts David on a ship bound for
America and ends on a note of interrogation:
"Where is it going to end ? . . . Posterity will
know the ans wer", he sums up; but does not
say what the answer is to be. Whether de-
liberate or not he can hardly be satisfled at
leaving David to continue his life of cynical
indifference ad inflnitum.
It is therefore to be notod with regret that in
this othorwise understanding book the only re-
ference to Palestine is where David talks to
eminent Jews in London about his "Valley Uto^
pia" (sie) and flnds that those interested "had
Palestine in their minds rather than Morrocco".
This would suggest that Mr. Lister is very hazy
about the national aspirations of thie Jewish
people, which is a pity. Closcr acquaintance
would have helped h^m to find the Solution to
David's dilemma. The moral is not to make
oneself necessary to a Gentile (as so many in-
dividual Jews have done in the past), but to
make ourselves as a people independent. In
other words, the creation of a Jewish State or
Commonwealth will enable the Jews to be the
arbiters of their own fate.
Although it suggests no romedy, the book ex-
poses with acid wit the folly and futility of
anti-Scmitism; it contains many passages re-
vealing much insight and understanding of the
hapless Situation of the Jews; the characters
are clearly" delineated; and altogether it is a
flne study in novel form of the problem of the
Jew in the world today.
/
I) '
Zionist Review, December 29, 1944
Personalities in Jewish History
SAUL
by Dr. Joseph Heller
ABOUT half a Century after the victory at Meg-
gido over the Canaanites, the Israelite tribes
in Palestine clashed with a new, much morc dan-
gerous enemy. The Philistines, a sea-roving people
which had migrated from Crete and the coast-
lands of Asia Minor settled at the beginning of
the I2th Century B.C.E., on the south-west mari-
time piain of Canaan and established there a
confederation of five city-states which became a
formidable mihtary power (the name Palestine
takes its origin from this people). The first phase of
the struggle against the invaders ended with a
disastcr for Israel (battle at Aphek, in the Sharon
piain). They came under the heel of the Philis-
tines, the country was completely disarmed and
even the smiths were deported. The catastrophc
awoke a dcep religious and national aspiration :
"The house of Israel yearned after the Lord" and
also longed for political unification and a strong
central government, — they wanted to have a king
"like all the nations".
The Champion of Spiritual and religious refor-
mation was the old "man of God", Samuel, son
of Elkanah, who strove as a priest, "seer" and
udgc for the restoration of the Mosaic law in all
its purity and whose house in Ramah became in
a sense a centrs of national unity. He reco3;niscd,
although reluctantly, that the time of patriarchal
tribal Organisation under the leadership of terapo-
rary "deliverers" had passed and that the estab-
lishment of a permanent kingdom — although in
principle a deviation from the original idea of
theocracy, based on the Sinai covenant— had be-
come a political necessity. He himself inaugur-
ated the kingdom. Saul, son of Kish, of the small
tribe of Benjamin, was chosen at Gilgal by the
people and the priest as the first King of Israel
(about 1030 B.C.E.).
Saul was the son of a distinguished peasant
family: a goodly mighty "man of valour", a cour-
ageous soldier and gifted Commander, "from his
Shoulders and upwards higher than any of the
people." He was modcst and unassuming, with an
energetic impulsive will, an ecstatic and unstable
mind, extremely passionate both in love and hate.
This simple man of the people was given the great
task of delivering Israel and unifying it m the
Service of God. He began well. With a troup
of warriors of his own tribe he broke the yoke of
the Philistines. A successful raid against the des-
ert tribes of the Amalekites, the fiercest cncmies
of Israel, secured the southern boundaries of Can-
aan and firmly linked the tribe of Judah in the
south of the country with the new kingdom. Saul
thus established a unified Jewish State embracing
both, hitherto separated pm-ts of the nation
(Ephraim and Judah).
Saul's triumph was short-lived. Having reached
the climax of his power he became self-willed and
self-assertive. He dissociated himself from Samuel
by disregarding in his policy the authority of the
revered priest and prophet. The rupture between
the Spiritual and the political leader of the people
had grievous consequences. It enhanced the deve-
lopment of morbid feelings and ideas in Saul's
mind : "an evil spirit from the Lord troubled
him." The evil was aggravated by a conflict be-
tween the jealous King and his successful son-in-
law and armour-bearer David. Fits of melancholy,
remorse and fear of persecution corroded his
energy. His enemies, the Philistines, availed them-
selves of his weakness. In the Valley of Jezreel
— where the Israelites had won their victory in the
time of Deborah — a decisive battle was fought
again, into which Saul went with a heavy heart,
dreading the worst (see I, Sam., 28). The Israelites
were heavily defeated at mount Gilboa (about
(Gontinued at foot col. 2)
CENTRAL BRITISH FUND
£1,000,000 APPEAL
FOR RELIEF AND REH ABIUTA TION
THE Council of the Central British Fund for
Jewish Relief and Rehabilitation has been
studying with intense anxiety the plight of the
Jswish popiüations on the Continent of Europe.
The vas^tness of the problem of rehabilitating
the European populations is such that it can
be assumed only by Governments, and it is not
the province of the Council to undertake such
yplief as is the responsibility of inter-govem-
mental bodies, or to provide those Services
w hich it is the duty of Governments to provide
within their respective territories. But the
Council of the Central British Fund is oon-
vinced that British Jewry would wish to take
its part with the other Jewish organisations in
relieving, as far as resource» permit, distress
amongst Jewish communities on the Continent
of Europe, by satisfying specific Jewish needs
and by rebuilding Jewish communal lifo. The
children, a larga number of whom are orphans,
have a specially urgent claim on us. The
Central British Fund is already flnancing the
work of the Jewish Committee for Relief
Abroad which is preparing teams of workers
to assist the populations on the spot.
The Council of the Fund has deeided to
launch an Appeal for One Million Pounds early
in 1945 and fsels sure that British Jewry will
inake the most generous response.
Newcastle Supports Depaties
"Unauthorissd Interference" Repudiated
AT a specially convened Meeting of the New-
castle Jewish Repräsentative Council, Mr.
Lionel Jacobson presiding, and after a füll and
free discussion, the following resolution was
passed, all members present voting in favour,
with one abstention.
This Meeting hereby endofes the Palestine
Resolutions of the British Board of Deputies
and repudiates the views and contemplated ac-
tion of the Anglo-Jewish Association. It asso-
ciates itself with the universal demand of Jew-
ry for the establishment of a Jewish Common-
wealth in Palestine and the vesting of the con-
trol of immigration in the hands of the Jewish
Agency for Palestine; It calls upon the Anglo-
Jewish Association not to imperil the future of
Jewry by its unauthorised interference in the
negotiations between the Jewish Agency and
the British Government.
The resolution was moved by Mr. S. Phillips,
H.A. (President of the Jesmond Hebrew Con-
gi'egation) and seconded by Mr. S. Goldberg
(Member of the Board of Deputies for the
Leazes Park Road Synagogue) and supported
by Mr. G. Cowan (Hon. Secretary of the Jew-
ish Representative Council), Mr. M. Wilkie
(Trcasurer of Leazes Park Road Synagogue),
Mr. A. N. Birk (President of Newcastle Jewish
Board of Guardians), Mr. P. Josephs (Hon.
Secretary of Leazes Park Road Synagogue), Mr.
A. Weiner (Treasurer of Ravensworth Terrace
Synagogue), Rabbi E. S. Rabinowitz, B.A. and
others,
On the proposal of Mr. M. Wilkie and Mr.
P. Josephs, it was resolved that the Jewish
Representative Council inscribe the name of
Dr. Wcizmann in the Golden Book of the
J.N.F., and that all Organisations afflliated to
the Council be asked to do likewise. The pro-
position was unanimously accepted.
(From coliunn 1)
loio). Saul himself feil upon his sword to avoid
being killed by the Philistines. His hfe work was
destroyed.
The tragic destiny of the first Jewish King
was, as it were, a foreboding of the destinies of
the Jewish State in antiquity. The Problems of
political unity and of the co-ordination between
the secular and the Spiritual leadership, which
Saul failed to solve, remained crucial Problems in
the history of the Jewish State. Saul's attempt
was not, however, in vain: the idea of kingdom
survived and the people retained a loving°and
grateful memory of its King and hero. Its feel-
ings are best expressed in the moving lamenta-
tion of David (II. Sam. I, 17-25).
At Random . . .
THE years of Mr. Philip Guedalla's presi-
dency of the Zionist Federation were
amongst its most interesting. His presiden-
tial addresses were, as one might expect, liter-
ary gems and they were eagerly awaited at the
tv/o Conferences in which he participated. He
spoke with studied irony and I remember well
one Conference at v/hich he dealt with an at-
tack upon his leadership which appeared in the
Jewish Chronicle in the form of a letter with a
"nom de plume''. "And with regard to the
gentloman with the Latin signature" he drawled
"which so seldom denotes a classical cducation"...
Shades of "Ignotus".
if ifi ^
IHAVE just read a beautiful tribute to the
late Mrs. Eder in a South African Zionist
Journal from the pen of Mrs. Lily Tobias. This
talentod writer was well known in South Wales
where she belonged to a respected Zionist
family. She published one or two volumes of
Short stories which dealt with Jewish lifo in
the mining Valleys and frequently contributed
to periodicals on Jewish questions. Her brother
is Mr. Isaac Shepherd, an active London Zion-
i.st. Her husband, Mr. P. V. Tobias, a South
African Jew and a fine Jewish scholar, settled
in Palestine where he directed the Palestine
brauch of the family's glass manufacturing
concern. He niet his death by an Arab assasin's
bullet during the riots.
* 4: *
IT Is an old "maggidisher" custom to invent
■ an imaginary person of incidcnt in order to
illustrate or drive hörne a point. Recently a
Zionist Speaker was asked why the Zionist
Organisation did not come to terms with the
Revisionists. He replied as follows: "There
was a branch of Marks and Spencer which was
situatcd in a street market. A minor sales-
man who had left after a dispute set up a
stall in front of the premises and displayed the
sign "formerly of Marks & Spencer". A visit-
ing inspector asked why this nuisance had not
been removed even if it meant the re-instate-
ment of the man. "I have tried"— he was rue-
fully told— "but his terms are not acceptable.
He demands a seat on the Board of directors
on equal terms with Sir Simon Marks".
* * *
piGURES recently published on the birth
• rate of Palestine are not too encouraging.
The average size of the family throughout Pa-
lestine does not exceed two, and although the
Yemenite, Sephardi and Orthodox groups rise
to six per family, the general average remains
low. The leaders of Palestine have at times
drawn attention to this problem one of them
saying "this is the only form of immigration
which the administration could not check".
RUTH
i
■a'«|ivrT.^rt' '„■ 'rrfnv&mi, ; ■ /.■-,-^jTW|Mi»^i«ii;«aai«b*V»Ka<-rni« ^ .
i»
WITHIN THE MOVEMENT
Zionist Review, December 29, 1944
The membership of the Zionist Federation
nas this week reached the figure of 25,281.
A Bring and Buy Säle was recently held at
the residence of Mrs. D. Dreisin, 4, Green
Lane, N.W.4. The function realised £70 in aid
}^t U.P.A. Mrs. Hanff .sang Russian song3
and Mrs. Thieberger played Paderewski and
Chopin. About 50 members were present.
On Saturday evening 16th December, a very
successful Mlavah Malkah was arranged ander
the auspices of the Hebrew Arts Department of
the Zionist Federation by its Hon. Director Mr.
S. Kissilevsky at the North London Zion
House. The Rcv. Dr. Melinek presided. Grace
was recited by Rev. J. Kussevitsky of the Dal-
ston Synagogue. Addresses were delivered by
Mr. Aaron Wright and Mr. Janus Cohen. The
hall was fllled to capacity and all enjoyed a
delightful and inspiring evening.
Hampstead Women's Zionist Society will hold
fortnightly meetings on Tuesdays, The flrst
meeting was held at the home af Dr. Celina
PLAN NOW TO BUILD ON
YOUR LAND
in PALESTINE
Turn your holdlngs in Palestine
into good account by participat-
ing in the Post-war building
Programme.
PALESTINE WILL NEED
MORE HOUSES
MORE FLATS
MORE OFFICES
MORE FACTORIES
MORE WAREHOUSES
The L.P.I. will gladly put you in
touch with :
FIRST CLASS ARCHITECTS
RELIABLE CONTRACTORS
MORTGAGE FACILITIES
and will, if desired, offer helpfui
suggestions to meet the needs of
individual requirements.
LONDON PALESTINE
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WALTER HOUSE. BEDFORD STREET
STRAND, LON DON. W.C.2.
Bankers : Anglo-Palestine Bank Ltd. London.
Telephone: TEMple Bar 7914-5
Sokolow, the Chairman. The Hon. Secretary is
Miss M. Bromberg, 14, Glebe Crescent, Hendon,
N.W.4.
Rabbi Dr. E. Neufeld presided at the second
lecture in the series being delivered at the
North London Zion House by Dr. Nathan Mor-
ris on "Jewish Education in Palestine".
Mr. Maurice Goodman addressed the St.
John's Wood Zionist Society recently on "A
Political Survey of Palestine".
A Committee meeting of the Clapton Zionist
Society responded with 25 Guineas to an ap-
peal signed by Mr. Barnett Janner, Prof. S.
Brodetsky, Mr. Berl Locker and Sir Leon Simon
for funds with which to build a new Beth
Chalutz to replace the house destroyed in a
rccent flying bomb disaster.
A Chanukah Celebration was organised by the
Dalston Zionist Society at the Montague Road
Synagogue. The Rev. A. Gotlieb addressed the
meeting, expressing the support of the great
mass of Jewry for the Palestine policy of the
Board of Deputies.
N.W. London Women's Zionist Society. The
"Bring and Buy" Säle was held at 16 Lymington
Road by the courtesy of Mrs. E. Snowman, the
President. All the members worked very hard
to make the function a succesa. About £80 was
realised.
Macclesfleld. The local WIZO Branch held
a "Bring and Buy" Säle in aid of Refugee
women and children to assist them to re-estab-
lish themselves in Palestine. The opening was
performed by Councillor Mrs. A. Grey, who was
introduced by the Chairman, Mrs. B. Isaacs. A
vote of thanks to the opener was proposed by
Lieutenant Hamburger.
Golders Green Zionist Society. The Society
has started to arrange members' discussion
evenings. J. Felsenstein spoke an "Why I am
a Jew — a comparison of Jewish and Christian
outlooks". The meeting was very well attended
and the discussion lively. The Society is also
arranging neighbours' meetings. One took
place recently at Rev. Taschlitsky's house and
it was addressed by Mr. M. Yuval.
Guard Yourself
Against Influenza
The safest way to protect yourself
against Influenza is to gargle with
Kamillosan.
A teaspoonful of this Extract of
Camomile to half a tumbler of warm
water makes a pleasant gargle that kills
the incipient germs.
Kamillosan is the äntiseptic healer.
It soothes and restores delicate, inflamed
membranes. Thus, it is excellent for
sore throats.
Get a bottle to-day and keep it always
handy.
Kamillosan
ACTIVE EXTRACT OF CAMOMILE
From all chemists, 2/10 and 4/9 the bottle.
Kamillosan Ointment, 1/8 the tube.
Sole Manufacturers:
Camden Chemical Co. Ltd., Northington St.,
London, W.C.i.
Before and After . • •
(FROM PAGE 3)
Clements, are most actively engaged in regrouping
themselves and hope, very soon, to recommence
their activities and even to collect funds. All
were pitifully anxious to receive news from the
outside World from which they had been cut off
for so long. Most of the organisations are with-
out olfices or furniture, and Mark Jarblum's office
in the Avenue de la Grande Armee, which he has
managed to reoccupy, is completely bare. The
•Joint have lent offices in the Rue de Teheran to
the J.N.F. and the WIZO.
The main concern of all Zionist workers in
France — as indeed with all Jewish organisations —
is the question of the children. There are between
8 — I2j0oo children scattered all over France —
some could quickly be prepared for Youth Alyiah,
and 2,ooo certificates for Palestine have been
granted to France. There are many children
who have relatives in Palestine and who might be
prepared for emigration to Erez Israel, but no
shipping facilities were yet available in France
and they wculd have to be taken via Spain and
Portugal — which would entail very great expense.
A Committee representing all Clements — Zionist
and non-Zionist — has been set up to study the
whole question of the children, concerning whom
the French Government has adopted a most sym-
pathetic attitude.
They were all most interested in the Jewish
Army. Large numbers of foreign and stateless
Jews are anxious to join, and should recruitment
become possible, much willing and excellent mater-
ial could be found here.
I wish that it were possible for me to convey
the feeling of exaltation which I experienced on
making personal contact with the Jews of France,
and of the warmth of the welcome which they ac-
corded me — one of the first from the outside
World to Visit them since the days of their terrible
suffcring under the yoke of Nazism. I have the
firm Impression that the Jewish Community of
France — and particularly the Zionists — all realise
that, emerging from the horrors of years of trial
and humiliation, they have now the opportunity
to build for themselves a new life in which they
will benefit from their bitter experiences of the
past and be able to remedy many past mistakes —
to unite in forming a Community in which self-
respect, dignity and human decency will reign
once more.
SHEETS
Pillow Gases
BLANKETS and all other
HOUSEHOLD LINENS
At reasonahle Prices.
H. MAPLE & CO. Ltd.,
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110 CHARIM6 CROSS RA
<WEXT TO PHOENIX THEATRE) W.C.I
kündQJbl46Commercial Road. E.l
/ *
8
Zionist Review, December 29, 1944
l\
i«l
Make a Note of These
Satui'day, December 30th, 1944
North London Poale Zion. Grand Variety
dance to celebrate the 70th Birthday of Dr.
Weizmann at the Marcus Samuel Hall, Egerton
Rd , N.13., irom 7.80 to 11.
Monday, January Ist, 1945
Imitituio l'or Jewish Leaniiiig, St. Peter's Vic-
arage, Belsize Sq., N.W. 3. Dr. M. Eschelbacher
on "Introduction to Taimudic Law", at 7 p.m.
Tuesday, January 2nä, 1945
Institute for Jewish Learning, St. Peter's Vic-
arage.Belsize Sq., N.W.3. Di*. E. Baumgartel on
"Palestinian Soll as a Source of Historical
Icnowledge", at 7 p.m.
Theodor Herzl Society, 57, Eton Ave., N.W.3.
"The Problem of the Forthcoming Annual Con-
ference of the Zionist Federation". Address by
Mr. Janus Cohen, B.A., (Hon. See. E.Z.F.). Elec-
tion of delegates— for members only. 7.30 p.m.
Wednesday, January 3rd, 1945
Institute for Jewish Learning, St. Peter's
Vicarage, Belsize Sq., N.W.3. Dr. F. Salomonski
on "Moses' Imap,«' in Art". 7 p.m.
Thursday, January 4th, 1945
St. John's Wood, Maida Vale Zionist Socidty,
33/35, Abbey Read, N.W.8. Lecture at 8 p.m.
Public Demonstration
"PALESTINE— Land of Promise". — Jewish
■ women pay their tribute to Dr. Chaim
Weizmann on the occasion of his 70th birthday.
Public Demonstration convencd by the London
Women's Mizrachi Societies sponsored by the
Golders Green Ladies Mizrachi in conjunction
with the Jewish National Fund on Sunday, 7th
January, 1945, at 2.30 p.m. (doors open 2.15
p.m.), at the Conway Hall, Red Lion Square,
W.C.l. Speakers Dr. Ernst Bergman, Jordan
Valley authority— "Another 4,000,000 people in
Palestine?"; Mrs. Edgar Dugdale: Dr. Chaim
Weizmann — "The spokesman of the Jewish
people". Admission free.
ESSENCE OF
DRESS-SENSE
l.uhion fiousLJ fhrouqhout thf country
MARRIAGE
THE marriage is announced of Betty, daugh-
ter of Mr. and Mrs. D. Cohen of 71, Clarence
Avenue, Northampton, to Vernon, son of the
late Mr. and Mrs, S. Herzberg, of 110, Balmoral
Read, Northampton, on 3l8t December, 2 p.m.,
at the Finchley District Synagogue, Kinloss
Gardena, Finchley, N.W. All Chaverim heartily
invited.
With Victory comes
Peace . . . and
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Publishedby the Zionist Föderation of GreatBrltaln and Ireland, 75 Great Russell Street.
London. W.C.l. Printed by The Narod Press, (T.U.), 129-131 CJavell Street, London, E.I.
^iS^^- ARAB LEAGVE AND THE NATIONAL BLOME-page 2
ZIOMST REVIEW
Frlday, March 16th, 1945
Adar 24th, 5705
Vol. V. No. 11
{New Series)
A WeMy Survey of Jeudsh Affairs
iRegittered at the G.P.O. ^ .
as a nswspaptr]
Welcome Chaim Weizmann
ÖRITISH Zionists extend a heany welcome
to Dr. and Mrs. Chaim Weizmann, who
arrived in London on Sundav. They greet Mr.
Joseph Linton who accompanied the President
of the Jewish Agency on his visit to Palestine.
The Movement has awaited Dr. Weiz-
mann's arrival with great impatience. It
eagerly looks forward to the intensification of
the Agency's political activities in this country
and to their leadei's message about the Yishuv.
Dr. Weizmann is the President of the Zionist
Federation. British Zionists have always been
proud to count him as one of their own.
Dr. Weizmann's presence in this country
gives them a feeling of greater confidence and
faith in the future; it adds to their determina-
tion to be worthy of the great respcnsibilities
which history has put upon their Shoulders.
Lack of guidance
NEWS comes from Palestine about the im-
pressive week of mourning for the millions
of Jews who have perished on the continent of
Europe. A curfew was voluntarily imposed
by the Yishuv to emphasise the demand to open
the gates of Palestine for the survivors! The
Moscow Jewish Community has informed Chief
Rabbi Herzog about the arrangementa made
throughout the Soviet Union for observing a
day of fast and mourning. Similar arrange-
ments were made in the U.S.A., France and a
number of countries in the Middle East.
What about iBritish Jewry? No indication
was given to the Jewish public. It is surpriaing
that the Jewish authoi'ities, especially the
religious leaders in this country, have not
responded to the call of Jerusalem.
Fundamentals and methods
THE flrst Session of the Histadruth Council,
elected at the recent Conference, closed in
Tel Aviv on Friday in the throea of an organi-
sational crisis. The Labour Unity Movement
(formerly Faction B. of Mapai), "Hashomer
Hatzair" and the "Left Poale Zion" urged the
immediate proclamation by the Council of new
elections to the separate institutions of the
Histadruth on the basis of party lists. The
Palestine Jewish Labour Party (Mapai), which
was supported by the Labour wing of the
"Aliyah Hadasha," "Haovod Hazioni" (General
Zionist Workera) and "Haoved Haditi" (reli-
gious workers) proposed elections to be held
within the next six months on the basis of
co-operation between all the factions according
to the individual needs of each Institution.
When this proposal was adopted the Opposition
group abstained from the elections to the
Executive Connmittees of the Histadruth. Their
places were left open and it is hoped that the
difRculty will be overcome in the near future.
It is not easy for people in this country to
follow the controversies within the Histadruth,
which arise from time to time. It is, how-
ever, important to stress the point that all
members of the Histadruth — without any ex-
ception — are united in their demand for a
large-scale Jewish Immigration; the overwhelm-
ing majority of the Histadruth is behind the
Jewish State programme. The differences of
opinion are on Organisation, problems of poli-
tical strategy within the Yishuv and the Inter-
pretation of the Socialist programme in rela-
tion to general Labour policy. Among the
recent issues which have been widely dis-
cussed among Palestine Labour are the prob-
lem of the Hechalutz and the forms of trade
Union Organisation. At the time when the
majority Stands for the idea of a "General
Hechalutz" (without factions), especially in the
backward countries, the minority Claims free-
dom of education and ideological enlightenment
for every section within the Labour Movement.
There are also various views as to whether the
Hechalutz should be under. the supervision of
the Histadruth or the Jewish Agency. As to
Problems of oi;ganisation, the majority approved
the plan of national trade unions for workers
in various flelds of economic endeavour. The
idea behind the now scheme is that it will give
a greater opportunity to members to deal with
the practical problems of their respective occu-
pations; the Executive of the Histadruth will
have, of course, its final word on all questions
of major policy. The minority is of the opinion
that the new plan may lead to Separatist
tendencies and weaken the moral, political and
economic force of the Labour Movement.
Differences of opinion within the Histadruth
are of a rather complicated character; they are
rooted to some extent in the reality of tho
Yishuv. There can be no question, however,
that the overwhelming majority of £he Jewisl\
Labour Movement is united on fundamental?,
of Zionist policy.
" The Story of a failure "
"THE Story of a Failure " is the title of an
' article published in the "Dvar Hechalutz",
organ of the British Pioneer Movement for Pales-
tine. We commend it to the attention of the lead-
ers of Anglo-Jewry. Mr. R. E. Melitz, the writer,
discusses the work of the " Jewish Committee fcr
Relief Abroad " and shows why the result is terribly
disappointing.
The Committee has sent tv/o teams to the Middl •
East — both destined for relief-work in the Balkans;
the members wear a distinguishing badge, bearin
the words "Jewish Relief Unit" in English an?
Hebrew and showing a Magen David, The firs*^
team left this country in January 1944; until tb ■
end of last year they had scen Jews only occasionall -
but had ncver done any relief-work for then-.
Recently they arrived in Italy and after a perioit
BOND ST. LONDON
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BERKERTEX t BLE.NHEIM STREETt BOND STREET: LONDON, W.l. ENGLAND
Zionist Review, March 16, 1945
of waiting they were lent to the American Joint Dis-
tribution Committee: their final goal, howcver, is
Yugoslavia, where there are almost no Jews left.
The second team of five voluntary relief-workers
left a few months ago; they are still in Egypt —
far away from Jewish people in dire need of help.
Two teams may go within the next few months to
Belgium and Holland — without any assurance that
they will work among Jews. What are the reasons
for such meagre results? The scheme, it will be
remembered, was enthusiastically launched at a
crowded Conference attended by representatives of
Anglo-Jewish organisations on January 24, 1943.
The author of the article thinks that the main
trouble is that the "Jewish Committee for Relief
Abroad" has no political backing. It ignores the re-
presentative organ of the Community which was re-
sponsible for its establishmentj the Committee acts
on its own, without Consulting the Foreign Affairs
Committee of the Board of Deputies. Its concep-
tion of Relief is charityi it has neither policy nor
Vision. The result is failure, This at a time, when
hundred of thousand of Jews in liberated countries
badly need assistance from Anglo-Jewry.
''''Revelations^^
"THE truth about Palestine'' is the new sensa-
I tional subject chosen by the Revisionists In
this country for their Propaganda; as usualsome
of their "revelations" are untruths; some are
halfTtruths. The N.Z.O. is helped in its work
by Mr. Max Seligman, a Tel Aviv lawyer. He
delivered a lecture at the Anglo-Palestinian
Club, in the course of which he tried to parade
as a modern Zola and made aome grave accusa-
tions against the Palestine authorities and the
Jewish Agency.
British Zionists are well-acquainted wlth the
unfriendly attitude of certain circles of the
Administration towards the Yishuv; they know
about the depressing atmosphere of the White
Paper. The shocking practice of the Palestine
censorship' was flrst revealed in the "Zionist
Review" as long ago as January 30, 1942.
Reference has been made in our columns to the
distrust by Palestine Jewry of some oircles of
the police. The attention of the public was
drawn by us on a number of occasions to the
tragic background of the terrorist acts in
Palestine. Mr. Seligman is pushing at an open
door when he seeks to convince Jews in this
country that some features in the activities of
the Palestine Administration are reprehensible
to all lovers of justice and fair-play.
As to his complaint about the maltreatment
of those suspected of terrorist activities, it is
difflicult to ascertain in London whether the
facts mentioned in his lecture can be substan-
tiated. We are rather inclined to think that
he is spoiling his case by exaggeration. But the
charges are grave; it would help to clear the
air, if the Palestine Government or the Colonial
Offlee wcmld offer an explanation.
Mr. Seligmans' attack against the Jew-
ish Agency is of a most vicious character.
His Statement that the offlcial Zionist bodies
are guilty of a policy of deliberate suppression
of truth about Palestine is both mischievous
and nonsensical. He is right in one thing. The
leaders of the Yishuv and the Zionist Movement
as a whole are anxious to suppress the terror;
they have stated this in unmistakable terms.
The Jewish Agency has publicly offered its
help to the authorities. The terrorist bands
are a moral and political danger to the Jewish
people; they must be made ineffective.
Instead of making wild statements about the
Jewish Agency, Mr. Seligman could have told
his audience wjth greater truthfulness of
the organ isational decline, the moral and poli-
tical bankruptcy of his N.Z.O. friends in Pales-
tine and throughout the Diaspora.
Arab League and the National Home
" NEW STATESMAN " ARTICLE
In the course of an article the "New
Statesman and Nation" wrote last week:
"IT will be claimed for the new Arab League
I that it establishes the independence of these
States, which will be stronger as a Single bloc
than they were as rivaj units, If the feuds and
jealousies that divided their dynasties are really
at an end, this is in a measure true. But neither
singly nor as a group have they on a realistic
reckoning the resources that give a meaning
to that misleading word 'independence.' The
most advanced of them has taken only the flrst
rudimentary steps in industrial development:
none of them has or can create a heavy in-
dustry: none of them could make a tank or
an airplane. Rightly or wrongly, then, the
World will see in this Arab League an outwork
of the British Empire, and we must not expect
the Prench, who still insist on their position, of
'special privilege' in Syria, to view its formation
with much enthusiasm. The attitude of the
Russians and Americans, will be influenced by
their anxiety about oil, of which Saudi Arabia
is now believed to be an even richer source
than Irak. How this new League will affect
the Jewish National Home cannot be clearly
foreseen, but the association with it of the
Palestinian Arabs justifies some anxiety. This
difflcult and passionately disputed question will
have to be faced in the very near future. The
worst approach to it lies through the jungle
of Mid-Eastern politics. There is, however,
another way of approaching it. These Arab
States are at present a group of backward poli-
tical Units, ruled by a reactionary and rather
rapacious feudal caste. Their populations are
dismally poor and they are in numbers, wealth
and civilisation far behind the levels they
reached in antlquity. . . . Nazi brutality has
made it more than ever incumbent on us tö
provide a fair opportunity for the survivlng
Jews. Palestine should be open to all Jews
who desire to emigrate there and whom the
country can absorb. But to neglect the needs
of the Arab population in it and round it, while
we do this, would be as unjust as it would be
impolitic. The key to the future, here as else-
where in the Middle East, is Irrigation.
Engineers have worked out for the Jordan
Valley a plan inspired by the Tennessee Valley
which promises prosperity to the Arabs, while
it would bring within the bounds of possibility
a Jewish iinmigration that might approach a
maximum of five millions. There is not room
on the land, needless to say, for so many, but
cheap power would bring the chance for a big
industrial development. If, however, all the
beneflts of this scheme are to be realised, it
must not be conflned to Palestine, and still leaa
must it be limited to the fraction of a parti-
tioned Palestine which some students of this
question would offer to the Jews."
"WHITE PAPER IS DEAD"
■—"Manchester Guardian"
In the course of an editorlal the "Manchester
Guardian," wrote on Wednesday:
"IT is now certain that no decision on Palestine
I was taken during the talks in Egypt which
followed the Crimean Conference, and it is
probable that no decision can be expected untll
after Germany's defeat. That perhaps is reason-
able, though the Government should realise that
a Solution cannot much longer be postponed.
Moreover, it is becoming increasingly clear that
when it comes the Solution must provide, in
some form or other, for a Jewish State In
Palestine — a Jewish State In which (as Mrs.
Dugdale points out in a letter on this page)
the Arabs would have füll rights. There are,
however, certain things which could and should
be done now. The most important is to remove
the restrictions on Jewish Immigration Into
Palestine which were imposed by the White
Paper and which are now hamperlng the re-
settlement of Europe. In the liberated coun-
tries of Eastem Europe, In Rumania, Bulgaria
and Hungary, there are still many Jews, refu-
gees from Nazi persecution, who, though no
longer in danger, are still unwanted, without
homes, possessions, or prospects. Few, if any,
wish to remaln In Europe after their terrible
experiences no matter how democratic the new
reglmes may appear. These people should be
allowed to enter Palestine at once. It is true
that this would mean cancelling the White
Paper, but is that so serious? The White
Paper has long been dead. Its offlcial burial
would be only an act of decency which would
do more than anything eise to put a stop to
Jewish unrest in Palestine."
Cairo " compromise Solution ''
"NEW YORK TIMES" REPORT
A SOLUTION of the Palestine problem by
establishing numerical parity between
Jews and Moslems was proposed at the recent
Conference of the Arab Foreign Ministers in
Cairo, says a report from the Jerusalem corre-
spondent of the "New York Times." According
to this proposal, the Jewish population should
be allowed to reach one million so as to equal
the number of Moslems in the country with
150,000 Christian Arabs holding the balance of
power. The correspondent quotes Palestine
Arab observers as stating that the Arabs prob-
DR. CHAIM WEIZMANN
WILL SPEAK
At the Annual Meeting of the Friends of the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem at the
Royal Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly,
W.l, on Wednesday, 21st March, 1945, at
5 p.m.
Chairman: Lord Samuel.
Tickets through the Secretary, 18, Manchester
Square, W.l. Welbeck 7354.
ably would accept the proposal with the pro-
viso that the Mandate be turned over to the
United Nations authority to be established at
the San Francisco Conference. The Zionists,
the correspondent adds, are not expected to
approve the plan since it would impose on the
Jews the Status of a permanent minorty. They
will insist on unconditional and unlimited Jew-
ish immigration in order to enable the Jews to
regain political statehood.
United Jewish Labour Committee Bescue Fund
A CONFERENCE
will be held
on Monday, 18th March, 1945, at 2.80 p.m.,
ait the Bonnlngton Hotel, Southampton Bow,
W.C.I.
A report on past activities will be given and
future plans dlscussed.
All Jewish Labour Organisations are invited
to send delegates.
WITHIDl THE MOVEMENT
P.A.T.W.A. PROGRESS
XHERE was a large attendance at the general
■ members' meeting held in London on March
4th by the Professional and Technical Workers'
Aliyah. The meeting lasted all day. Opening
the morning session, the chairman, Mr. Walter
Ettinghausen, submitted a progress report and
Btated that the P.A.T.W.A. now had 120 mem-
bers, two of whom were serving with the Jew-
ish Brigade Group. New applications for
membership were being received steadily week
by week. Valuable contacts had been made
and maintained with the Jewish Agency and
the Histadruth in Palestine, with representa-
tives of the Yishuv who had visited England,
and with groups and individuals In U.S.A. and
South Africa who were pursuing similar aims.
P.A.T.W.A., he stressed, was independent of aJl
party politics, but might yet become a poUtical
factor in the struggle to keep open the doors
of Palestine to Jewish immlgratlon. Mr.
Nathan Goldenberg opened the session devoted
to relations with other bodies, notably the Jew-
ish Agency, the Zionist Federation, Hechalutz
and the recently formed "Haoved". All mem-
bers agreed on the need for the dosest possible
co-oi>eration between organisations Interested
In aliyah, and a general hope was expressed
that It would soon be possible to make deflnite
arrangements about the extent and the methods
of Joint work with "Haoved". Members looked
forward to the creation, perhaps by the Zionist
Federation, of a central Organisation to plan
and stimulate the aliyah of Zionists from this
oountry.
During the afternoon, members met In
separate professional groups, discussing the
Problems and prospects of their own special
occupations, and the general discussion was
resumed in the evening, after a short session
conducted in Hebrew. Stress was laid on the
Important part that could be played by co-
operatlve enterprlse which members were
planning while still in this country, and several
concrete schemes were Instanced. as well as
from the Hebrew University and many profes-
sional and industrial associatlons In Palestine.
Members had attended from all parts of the
country and devoted themselves Intently to dis-
cussing the Problems of aliyah, flnally ex-
presslng the hope that the Zionist bodies in
Great Britain would soon Sponsor aliyah on a
far wider plan than any Single group had
been able to do hitherto. P.A.T.W.A., It was
agreed, while a planeerlng group In its own
fleld, could never undertake to organIse any-
thing like a country-wide movement for aliyah.
The flrst meeting of the newly-elected Syna-
gogue Council of the Zionist Federation took
place on Monday. Mr. Paul Goodman was In
the chair. Dr. J. LItvIn reported on the
preparations for the forthcoming N.W. London
Zionist Synagogue Conference and on the work
In the provinces. Rabbi Dr. Neufeld pointed
out the necessity of Coming out In the open
with a Programme of revivlng and strengthen-
Ing of synagogue life In Great Britain. It was
decided also to compose a manifest© In Ylddish
and in English to be displayed In all Syna-
gogues in East and North London, stressing
the urgency of Zionist work In the Synagogues.
Mr. Bakstansky in SheflGield
kyjR. Lavy Bakstansky, General Secretary of the
■▼■ Zionist Federation, paid a visit to Sheffield
during the week-end. On Saturday night he met
the Executive of the Sheffield Zionist Association
to discuss the forthcoming United Palestine Appeal.
On Sunday morning Mr. Bakstansky addressed a
well attended meeting of the Committee of the
Sheffield Zionist Association presided over by Mr.
A. Krausz. On Sunday, afternoon, he addressed a
crowded public meeting under the auspices of the
Jewish Forum. Mr. Isidor Lewis presided ; he
was supported by Rabbi Cohen. The meeting was
representative of all sections of the Sheffield Com-
munity. In the course of his address on "Anglo-
Jewry and Zionism," Mr. Bakstansky said: "In
a recent speech Mr. Leonard Stein declared that
he does not understand the meaning of the demand
for a Jewish State. If by this enquiry he meant the
method for the implementing of the Jewish Com-
monwealth Programme, then I would draw his at-
tention to the recent speeches of Dr. Weizmann
and Mr. Shertok in Palestine, when they oflfered
an official definition of the policy of the Jewish
Agency consisting of three stages: — That at the end
of the war the United Nations should declare their
determination that Palestine should be established
as a Jewish State or Commonwealth. That during
a Short transition period the Jewish Agency should
be vested with the control of immigration and co-
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97.Cornmercial Road. London. E.i.
phor,e BIS. 1816-7
Ionisation so as to expedite the creation of a Jew-
ish majority, and the emergence of the Jewish
State at the end of the transition period".
"The demand for a large-scale Jewish immigra-
tion," Mr. Bakstansky said, "is perfectly futile un-
less you produce a concrete policy for its achieve-
ment. The policy of hush-hush and nebulous evas-
iveness has been completely discredited, and what we
need now even more than unity and peace in the
country is clarity of thought and a clear definition
of the policy which alone can solve the problem
of Jewish homelessness by providing for a large-
scale immigration into Palestine. Once, the Jewish
State policy is adopted I cannot conceive of any-
thing more natural than that the first act in the
devolution of functions of Government should be
the vesting of the control of immigration and colo-
nisation in the hands of the Jewish Agency as a
bridge for the transition from the mandatory regime
to the regime of the Jewish State," Mr. Bakstansky
said in conclusion.
Under the direction of Mr. Sldney KIssilevsky,
the Hebrew Arts Department of the Zionist
Federation, in conjunction with the Hampstead
Garden Suburb Zionist Society, organised a
Purim celebration in the Synagogue Hall. The
Programme was entitled "The Voice of Israel
among the Nations" and was Introduced by
Mrs. Janus Cohen. Mr. L S. Hirn directed the
Show. '
The Newcastle Zionist Association had a
members' meeting at the Royal Station Hotel.
Mr. M. Raymond Woolf, Mr. Sam Goldberg, and
Mr. Sam Phillips addressed the memtoers, glving
füll reports of the Conference of the J.N.F., the
Board of Deputies and the Zionist Federation.
Mr. L. Myers took the chair, and votes of
thanks were accorded to the Speakers and Mr.
P. Morris and Mr. Allsover.
Jews and Miedicin©. Professor Samson Wright
lectured recently to the Golders Green Zionist
Society on "Jews and Medicine" and gave ex-
amples of biblical precepts which have proved
niedlcally valuable through the ages.
Zionist Review, March 16, 1945
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The American Seene
(From Page 5)
of the United Palestine Appeal and the Joint
Distribution Committee among certain Zionist
groups. They feit that for a mess of pottagc
the Zionists had permitted themselves to
acquiesce In bureaucratic method of fund-
ralslng, which Involved camouflaging the Zionist
Position as to the real nature of the Jewish
plight. They feit moreover that it was by no
means certain that even greater financlal resulta
might not be obtalned by contrary method, of
each Organisation pressing its own vIewpoInt
and Its own interests. They were of the opinion
that through such a procedure It would be pos-
sible to reach and stimulate larger portions of
the Jewish Community here, Instead of relying
so much upon the donations of the wealthy few.
However, the "mess of pottage" was so greatly
needed In Palestine, the donations of the wealthy
Jew were so Impressive and so generally
reliable, and the prospects of arousing the par-
ticipatlon of the masses was so often viewed
with scepticism even by Zionist experts on fund-
raislng, that arrangements have been mado
from year to year to continue the Joint effort
and to accept all the consequences.
These agteements have not been arrlved at
without difflculty. Last year there was even
a time during which It was announced that
there would be separate appeals of the U.P.A.
and the J.D.C. It was only the pressure of
local fund-raising organisations which restored
a Joint campaign. Today the Zionist objec-
tions to the divislon of funds proposed by tho
J.D.C. are based upon the experlence of the last
year, which showed that the original quota
decided upon had to be substantially revised in
favour of the needs of Palestine — by an alloca-
tion committee In which there was not a singlc
Zionist member.
8 Zionist Review, March 16, 1945
Make a Note of These
Saturday March 17th.
Institute for Jewisli Learning St. Peter's
Vicarago, Belsize Square, N.W.3. Dr. L. V.
Snowman: "Outline of Classic Hebrew Poetry."
5 p.m.
B«th-Zion, 46 Coininercial Rd., E.l. Speaker:
Dr. Annie Samuelsdorff (of Palestine). Songs:
Habonini. Chairman; F. Fund, Esq. 3 p.m.
The Young Poale Zion aiid The Yoimg Zionist
Society of North and East London invites you
to a Grand Dance and Tombola at the Marcus
Samuel Hall, Egerton Road, N.16. 8 p.m.
Habonini, North West London Zion House,
57 Eton Avenue, N.Vv^.3. "The Pit-Life of a
Miner.'' 8 p.m.
Sunday, 18tJi March.
Association of Jewish Refugees,
Branch, Orange Tree, 45 Kew Road,
Mrs. Edith Horrnstadt-Oeltingen
Mrs. Alice SchaolYcr (Songs), Miss
(Piano). 6.30 pm.
Anglo-rale.stiniaii Club, 43/44 Gt. Windmill
Street, W.l. Reception to the Jewish Relief
Unit prior to their departuro to the Continent.
Chairman: Barnett Janner. 8 p.m.
Bar Koc'hba (N.W. London Zion House).
Memorial for Henry Sternheim, followed by the
5th Annual Meeting. 2.30 p.m. sharp.
Habonim (N.W. I^ondon Zion House). Neahef.
7.30 p.m.
N.W. London Zion House. "The Jewish State
in Palestine." Prof. Brodctsky. G.15 p.m.
llenri-?tta IrvveJl Group, 080 Finchley Rd. Dr.
Annie Samuolsdorli: "I^ife in Palestine Today."
4 p.m.
Manchester Zionist Association, Mamlock
House, 142 Bury Old Road. "A Journalist Looks
at Palestine," by Arthur Kay. 3.30 p.m.
Monday, March 19th.
Association of Jewish Refugees, Golders
Green Synagogue, 41 Dunstan Rd., N.W. 11. Dr.
H. Capcll: "Palestine at the Gross Röads."
Richmond
Richmond.
(Recitals),
Toni Sachs
ESSENCE OF
DRESS-SENSE
HERSHELLt MODELS dre jold by fho heMor
fjihion houici throuqhout the country.
Musical Recitals. Dr. F. Berend (Piano), Mr.
Paul Blumenfeld (Cello i. 7 p.m.
Institute for Jewish Learning. Dr. H. Cohn:
"International Relations according to the
Talmud", 7 p.m. Dr. J. I. Teicher: "Messianism
in Jewish Mediäval Philosophy". 8 p.m.
South Manchester Zir.nist Society, Country
Club, 22 Palatine Rd. "A Journalist Looks at
Palestine." Mr. Arthur Kay. 8 p.m.
Tuesday, March 20th.
London Council, Torah Va^avodah (Anglo-
Palestinian Club). Mrs. Ruth Royde, B.A., on
"The Jewish Woman at Home." 7.30 p.m.
N. London Zion House, 75 Cazenove Rd., N.16.
Lecture by Prof. Samson Wright, M.D. Subject:
"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem." Chair-
man: Rabbi Dr. E. Neufeld. 8 p.m.
Institute for Jewish Learning. Dr. A. Stein-
berg: "Jewish Ethics in the Philosophy of
Nietzsche, Dostoevsky and Maritain." 8 p.m.
Tlieodor Herzl S. (N.W. London Zion House).
"A Political Survey," by the Rev. A. Baum. 7.30.
Wednesday, March 2Ist.
A.P. Club. Lecture by M. Katz, Arranged
by the Hebrew Speakirg Circle. 8 p.m.
Institute for Jewish Learning. Dr. F.
Kobler's lecture cancelled owing to illness.
N.W. London Toale Zion (N.W. London Zion
House)." Problems and Tasks of World Jewry."
Address by Mr. A. L. Easterman, M.A. on his
impressions in America, 7.30 p.m.
Thursday, March 32nd.
A.P. Ciub. Lecture by Capt. Raphael Powell:
"No Fixed Abode." Chairman: P. Horowitz. 8.0.
MEETING
ZIONIST Central Council of Manchester and
Salford. "A Visit to America," a Meeting
at the Holy Law Synagogue, Bury Old Road,
when Mr. Norman M. Jacobs, B.Com., will talk
about his recent visit to the United States.
Thursday, March 22nd, at 8 p.m. No appeal.
AU cordially invited.
SITUATION VACANT
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ZIONIST
A Weekly Survey of Jewish Affairs
Vol. V. No. 13 (NewSeries)
FRIDAY, MARCH 30th, 1945
NISSAN 16th, 5705
[Re^istered at the G.P.O. ^,
Remove the obstacles !
IMMIGRATION mto Palestine for the first
two months of 1945 dropped below the
monthly average for 1944, which was 1,250.
Unless the various obstacles are removed,
there is the danger that in the course of
the next few months we shall not even
reach the figure of 1,500 per month, which
is the quota approved in theory by the
Palestine Administration. Whatever the
difficulties of transport and exit visas, it is
clear that the main obstacle lies in the poli-
tical field. According to official estimates,
there remained 12,000 certificates in hand —
the rest under the White Paper — at the end
of February. This will, according to the
present practice, last for another eight
months ; even if the quota for one month is
not filled, the total for the ensuing months
may not exceed 2,000. There is some sus-
picion in Palestine that artificial difficulties
are being put in the way of Jewish Immigra-
tion to win time before a political decision
has to be taken. It is inconceivable that
the survivors of the Nazi massacres, who
Glamour for admission to their National
Home, should still be uncertain about their
fate. British public opinion must be made
aware of the tragic position of Jews in
the liberated territories. The number of
immigrants who are allowed to enter Pales-
tine is the real test of the world sympathy
for Hitler's first victims.
Jewish Brigade in aclion
GREETINGS to the men of the Jewish
Brigade Group as the standard-bearers of
the Jewish people are extended in a Joint
Statement issued in Jerusalem on Sunday by
the Jewish Agency and the Vaad Lcunii follow-
ing the ofRcial announcement that the Brigade
has gone into battle.
"The Jewish Brigade Group has gone into
battle," the statement reads. "Hundreds of
thousands of Jewish soldiers have been fighting
for the past six ycars as anonymous individuals
in the ranks of all the Allied armies. Tens of
thousands of Jev/ish volunteers from Palestine
serving in the British Army, the R.A.F., the
Royal Navy, the A.T.S. and the W.A.A.F. have
taken part in the canipaigns in Africa, Asia
and Europe without achieving national recogni-
tion or specific publicity. Today for the first
General Smuts on
the Jewish Problem
— See page 2
time in this war the world has been oflacially
ininrmed that a Je.vish Fighting Force organ-
isod as a national unIt has entered the firing-
line, bearing the name of the Jewish people
and carrying Zion's colours. Jewry throughout
the world is heart and sioul with the men who
today entered the front-line to avenge the blood
shed by the enemy and to redeem cur honour
which he has trodden in the dust" the statement
cojitinues. "The Yishuv sends to its sons its
htartfelt prayers. It knows that they will
uphold its honour and will acquit themselves
of their task with courage and bravery, The
men of the Jewish Brigade are our reprosenta-
tives on the battle-front of the Jewish people.
Their service involves an Obligation. The
messagG that oomes to us in Palestine from
the men who today entered the firing-line is a
Clarion call to others to join them in the great
strugglo against the hangmen of our people."
The statement coacludes with an ardent
appeal to the youth to fall in and to break
down the last barrier standing between Pales-
tine Jewry and the remnants of their martyred
brethren in Europe.
PostScript to Cairo
ELIAHU Hakim and Eliahu Ben Zouri — the
two boys — executed in Cairo last week for
the murder of Loi-d Moyne, faced death bravely;
it is reported from Cairo that they went to the
galloavs chanting Jewish hymns. They con-
sidered themselves martyrs for a great cause.
The tragedy lies in the fact that these mis-
guided youths, who committed a crime, oon-
demned by Jews throughout the world on moral
and political grounds, could have been peaceful
Pioneers in the Land of Israel. They could
have foimd the path of constructive achieve-
ment instcad of endangering the future of their
people and wasting their young lives in the
way they did. Hakim and Ben Zouri feil vic-
tims to a porverted political philosophy, which
has nothing to do with Judaism and the
movement of Jewish national revival. Their
method of fighting injustices to the Yishuv by
emulating the Arab terrorists of 1938-9 will
never be condoned by the Jewish people. The
way of Zionism is the way of Chalutziuth, of
state-building and spiritual growth.
Mr, James de Rothschild
CONGRATULATIONS to Mr. James de
Rothfrchild, Liberal Member for Ely, on
his appDlntment as Parliamentary-Secretary to
the Ministry of Supply. Son of the famous
Baron Edmund de Rothschild, the father of
Jewish colonisation in Palestine, he served in
the Middlo East during the last war and closely
oo-operated w^ith the Zionist Commission under
Dr. Weizmann's leadership. As an expert on
Colonial problems, Mr. De Rothschild took a
prominent part in a number of House of Com-
mons debo.tes on Palestine, where he spoke with
knowlodge and vigour in support of Zionism.
He made a dcep Impression on M.P.s when he
spoke as a J^^w on the tragedy of his people,
after Mr. Edon's Declaration on December 17th,
1942; the Ilciise of Commons stood in silence
to demonstrate its sympathy with martyred
Israel.
A place of honour
THE British people mourn the death of a
great national figure — Earl Lloyd-George.
Jewry has a special reason to cherish the
memory of the deceased statesman. It was the
British Cabinet, under his leadership, which
gave the world the Balfour Declaration. Earl
Lloyd-George remained faithful to the idea of
a National Home; he championed the cause of
Zionism on many occasions. His broadoast on
May 23rd, 1939, condemning the White Paper
aa an act of betrayal, will long be remembered.
He put on record his views on the future of
Palestine in a letter to Mr. S, Landman, former
Secretary of the Zionist Organisation, thanking
him for the cougratulations extended to him on
the occasiön of his eightieth birthday. "I look
t,oo
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back with particular satisfaction to the recog-
nitiion af Jewish nationhood and the acceptance
of the Mandate for the Holy Land by His
Majeaty's Government during my Premiership,"
he wrote. "I am confldent that our cauntry can
never go iback on its plcdged wcrd to the Jew-
ish people. The revolting treatment of the
Jews by the Nazia haa made any other Solution
than a Jewish State in Palestine unthinkaible."
The name of Earl Lloyd George will find a
place of honour in Jewish history.
Thiis wrote Earl Lloyd-George . . .
THE folLowing tribute to Dr. Weizmann is con-
tained in Earl Lloyd-George's Foreword to
the "Weizmann-Book" which will appear shortly
under the editorship of Mr. Paul Goodman. It
was written on the 20th November, 1944:
"Dr. Chaim Weizmann Is one of those men
whom I count it an honour to reckon among
my friends. A brilliant scientist, a great Jew-
ish statesman, he is also outstanding for the
nobility of his character, his flne-hearted devo-
tion of his life. . . . Now, on his seventieth
birthday, I join with the great multitude in
wishing him peace. I am proud of our associa-
tion and of the historic declaration resulting
from it. I am grateful for a friendship which
time has not faded. May he still through many
years to oome sce tho fnait of his life's work
growing and prospering, and find happiness in
its fulfllnient."
Through Gentile Eyes
ZIONIST REVIEW— March 30, 1945
«»-
66
By What Kight?"
"Manche-Ci^r Guardian" on the Arab League
COMMENTING on the new League of Arab
States, the "Manchester Guardian" declared
in an editorial on Monday:
"It is perhaps unfartunate that the Charter
should include as an appendix a highly tenden-
cious Statement on Paler^tine. This declares that
though Palestine is not yet independent ('the
externa! appearance of this independcnce re-
maining concealed for certain reasons') 'this
should not hinder Palestine from partiCipating
in the League's activities.' An Arab delegate
will thereforo 'represent' Palestine in the
League. P>ut Palestine is neither an Arab State
nor a Jev/ish State. It is a territory mandateä
by the League of Nation« to the British Govern-
ment, which i.=? responsible for its adniinistra-
tion and its fcreign relations. By what right,
therefore, can an Arab speak for Palestine in
the Arab League? And, one is tempted to add,
by what right was a Palestinian Arab (a gentle-
man who on a previous occasion represented
tho notorious pro-German Mufti of Jerusalem)
able to attend the Conference which led to the
signature of the Charter and the formation of
the League? Presumably Musa ol Alami must
have gone to Cairo with the knowledge and
approval of the British Administration, and it
may indeed havo been difficult to refuse this
request. But howevor much the Foreign Offlee
may welcome the Arab League, the Colontr»!
Office will surely find it difficult to swallow the
Palestine appendix. It would be reassuring to
know that the Government does not accept its
legality. One can be quite sure that if the
Mandates Commission of the League were still
in being this would not be passcd ovcr without
riue.stion. As it is, pointed questions may be
asked at the San FrancL-sco Conference, where
the future of the mandates will be discussed."
Mr. Beri-Gnrion in an acrident
Mr. David Ben-Gurion was involved in a taxi
accident on Sunday morning while on his way
to see Dr. Weizmann. Mr. Ben-Gurion suffered
from shock ibut fortunately oscapcd injury. He
is now feeling much better, but will remain one
or two days in hospital and then prcceed to a
nursing home for a few days' rest.
The "Little Man"
By Mrs. Eo€AR Ducdale.
THIS "Reviov/" goes early to print this week
and I have only time hurriedly to jot down
a few of the thoughta that fllled my mind when
I heard on the wireless the announcement that
Earl Lloyd George was dead, follov/ed by the
intensely interesting appreciations of him given
by Dr. Thomas Jones and General Smuts. To
.such -appreciations I can add nothing, but I
should like to rocord here a few reminiscences,
purely personal, which I associate with the
name of "L.G,", or— naore accurately— with the
name of the "Little Man"— for it was thus that
Lord Balfour .always affectionately referred to
him during the last war, when the personal
liking which had for some time subsisted be-
tween them had grown into an intimacy greater
than is alwaya the case botween colleagues. It
was cemented by a very great admiration for
each other's gifts, all the greater perhaps be-
cause in so many ways they v/ere so unlike one
another. But both of them were among the
greatest Pvarliamentarians of their day and
generation, and to appreciate the füll meaning
of that it must be i-emembered that "A.J.B."
first made his mark in the House by crossing
swords with Mr. Gladstone, and learned his
deadly skil! in debate in combat against the
Irishman who had been schooled by Parnell,
and that Ll.G. as a young man challenged
.Toseph Chamborlain at the height of his fight-
ing strength. In the Parliamentary sphere it
was an age of giants — '^nd to be a giant in
thnse days a man hac' to be very "tough". T
remembor one day being with A.J.B. in the
lobbv of the House of Commens. It was the
first time he had been in that part of the build-
ing sinc^ ho became a Peer and T asked him
whether h" feit any regrets: he lauglied a little
and said: "Perhaps— but they teil mo it's rather
liko shootinq: at .<^itting pheasants in thore now.
No fun at all." Vetcrans traincd in that school
v/ore rrood crities of porformaneo. I noted with
interest that Dr. Tom .Tones (th^n whom few
living men are as competent to judge) described
lil.G. as perhaps the greatest debater of his time.
T.l.G. himself once used these very words to me
about Lord Balfour. "Greater than Parnell?"
T asked him. "Ah." he said "I don't know--I
never sat in the House with Parnell — I don't
know how A.J.B. fared against him; but he was
magniflcent — ^he could do anything" and Mr.
Lloyd George accompanied the words with a
movement of the band and fingers which some-
how expressed the idea of power and mastery,
more eloquent than any words. It was that
power of using gestures which I think showed
best in un-Englishness of Ll.G.
THIS was one of tho two ocoaslons when, aftor
Lord Balfotir's death, he allowed me to
come to seo him to talk about my uncle. An
incidcnt is worth recording — he left tho
luncheon table early, with apologies, saying ho
was making an important speech latcr in tho
day, and must rest and prepare. I may have
shown some surprise, for he said, "Do you ovor
speak in public, and are you not norvous before-
hand?*' I replied, "Not as badly as I used
to be," "Bev/are," he said, "you ought to be like
a cat on bot ^bricks. Something has got to go
out of you before it can got anywhere eise" — or
words to that effect. And he vanished into the
garden.
I never had much conservation with him
about Palestine, v/hich I now greatly reglet.
But I knew his views very well, and had to
use my opportunities to ask him about other
matters upon which only he could throw light.
I have however often heard Lord Balfour talk
about Mr. Lloyd George's attitude on tlie Bal-
four Declaration when it was in the making. "It
iai such an advantage always to know your
Bible." I rem.ember him saying once: " 'Dan and
©eershoba' mcan something to the Little Man,
v.''hich is more than they did to all our
colleagues."
General Smuts said in his broadcast that wo
owe our victory in the first World War moro
to Lloyd George than to any other individual,
I know Lord Balfour would have endorsed that;
indeed, I have heard him say the same. Sonio
ten years ago "^ osked a man who had had
uniquo opportunities of secing at close quartor-
nearly all the statesmen who guided thi.s
country from 1914 onwards who was tho
greatost man he had evcr known. He replied
that, taking the years from J91G to 1918 bv
themsolves IJoyd George was not only tho
Fjrcatest, but incomparably the greatest. "Beforo
that, and after that." he went on, "it might b'^
a quostion for discussion, but in those years b<>
stood bv himself above all others.''
General Smuis Support for the National Home
IN a Statement made in the House of Assembly
at Capetown, General Smuts on the ever of his
departiire for San Francisco said: "I have been
asked whether steps will be talven at San
Fi'ancisco to prevent the minority question from
assumlng such dimensions as it has in our
g^eneration. Take the most striking minority
question of today — the Jewish Question. I look
upon it as the most serious minority question
and this is one of the reasons why I am what
I may call a Palestinian all these days. I should
like to see tiie Jewish people have their own
national home to which those of their people
who are unwelcome in other countries may so.
It seems that the natural Solution here is the
cid historic home of the Jewish people. Why
should they not have it back and' have a country
to which they could go? In many parts of the
World they are not welcome; they are not un-
welcome in South Africa and they are not
imweicome with peoples with a largs human
outlook prepared to give and take. But with
many peoples who are perfectly intolerant and
inhuman in regard to the Jewish qusstion it
has become urgent and an agony on both sides.
Therefore, for long years I have been a streng
iidvocate of the national home in ordsr that in
sonio form a .Solution may be found of this
most tevriWe of all minority questions. What
will become of it? Who knows? We are
pledg«d to oertain things. Whether they will
be carried out time alone will show. I am not
speaking for the British Government. Tho
British Government ' is in a very difflcult Posi-
tion and sweating blood over this question."
A transport of 899 Jewish refugees from Italy
arrived on Sunday in Haifa. The transport con-
sists of 381 men, 322 women and 196 children.
including 19 infants, 43 children of the ago of
8, and 134 aged between 8 and 16.
A three-day Conference of the Jewish Labour
Party Poale Zion was opened in Bucharest in
the presence of 61 delegates from all over the
country.
.mST-
Z ION IST REVIEW— March 30, 1945
RVMOURS AND FACTIS
"THE "New York Times" report, based on a
' mesaage from its Jerusalem oorrespondent,
that the Arab Foreign .Ministers in Cairo had
decided on a compromise whereby Jews would
be allowed to immigrate into Palestine until
they achieved numerical parity with the Mos-
lems there, with the Christian Arabs holding
the balance as between these two equal sections
of the Population, was received with great
caution in Jerusalem, and gave rise to but little
excitement. Those here who know the position,
cast doubt on the authorlty of the source of
this Story, and the flrst reaction on the part of
many was that either the entire report was
designed merely to impart greater weight to the
Views of Dr. Magnes, or that the "New York
Times" correspondent was trying to emulate
the success of the U.P.'s sensational report of
the establishment of a Jewish-Christian State.
Since the Jerusalem correspondent of the "New
York Times" is known to be close to Dr.
Magnes, there were some who regarded the
whole incident as a manoeuvre with a deflnite
tactical purpose. In view of this Situation, I
took the opportun ity of discussing the matter
personally with the "New York Times" corre-
spondent, but the latter denied the Interpreta-
tion that had been placed upon bis message.
He stated that he had not seen Dr. Magnes for
several weeks. It would appear, therefore, that
the story had reached him from Arab circles
in Cairo. The Arab papers, however, have issued
a complete denial of the whole story and ad-
vised the "New York Times" correspondent to
read the Protocol of the Arab Conference at
Alexandria, if he really wants to know the truth
of Arab opinion on the Zionist question. The
correspondent himself, as I have pointed out,
relies on Information received from Arab circles,
and it may thus well be that the whole inci-
dent represents an attempt, not lightly to be
dismissed, on the part of some Arabs to launch
a trial balloon with the purpose of seeing what
the reaction would be. For the fact is that
there may be some Arabs who understand that
even from their own point of viow it is im-
possible for theni to leave the Situation as it is,
without making some proposal from their side
for a Solution.
In view of the "New York Times" report it
was most appropriate that the Executive of the
Jewish Agency considered it necessary to renew
its consideration of its Araib policy. I say
"renew" advisedly, because the principles of
Zionisms' attitude to the Arab question have
already been clearly stated on every conceivable
opportunity. Only a few weeks ago, one of the
"Palestine Post's" readers in Trans-Jordan sent
a letter to that paper asking what the position
of the Arabs would be in a Jewish State.
Various Arab circles in Trans-Jordan were
quick to point out that the question had not
been posed by an Arab. for there was, they
argued, not a Single Arab who would even allow
himself for a moment to contemplate the possi-
bility of the establishment of a Jewish State.
The fact was that the question had been put
by an English resident in Trans-Jordan. In all
events, an authoritative answer was given to
the question on behalf of the Jewish Agency,
an answer which was entirely in accordance
with the traditional policy of Zionism in this
matter. It was stated that in a Jewish Com-
monwealth Arab residents of Palestine would
enjoy füll equality ibefore the law as Citizens,
without discrimination. In the new examina-
tion of the problem by the Jewish Agency, this
attitude has merely been conflrmed once again
in an unambiguous form.
WEDNESDAY, the 15th March, was observed
by the Yishuv as a day of fast and com-
plete cessation from work. The solemn com-
munion of the Yishuv with the memory of the
millions of Jewish dead in Europe was accom-
panied by a vigforous expression of the demand
that the remnants of martyred Jewry be per-
mitted to find a home in Palestine. The mark-
ing of national calamity in the Yishuv or in
the Diaspora by the proclamation of days of
fast, mourning and prayer, has become a
regulär feature of the Yishuv's Mfe, particu-
larly during the war period, and from time to
I. Klinov
our Jerusalem correspondent
time one can hear criticism of this form of
expressing the nation's reactions to events of
outstanding importance. In particular there
are those who argue that, if the day of mourn-
ing becomes too frequent an occurrence, it will
lose its signiflcance. Various circles in the
Yishuv, and particularly those most affected,
re-inforoe these arguments by an appeal to the
economic losses incurred by stopping the econ-
omic life of the country for a whole day. They
point out that in no great country is it the
custom to paralyse the entire life of the nation
for a whole day no matter how great the na-
tional calamity which has occurred; even on
the death of the leading men of the State, shops
are not closed, nor are even the cinemas re-
quired to suspend their Performances. And the
fact is that the practice of closing business
premises when an important man dies has now
been abandoned in the Yishuv, too. In view
of these considerations, the proclamation of so
many days of mourning, which appear for the
most part to serve as a purely extemal expres-
silon of public feeling, has been seriously
questioned in various quarters, and when the
Va'ad Leumi and the Chief Rabbinate pro-
claimed an entire week of mourning for Euro-
pean Jewry, there was no certainty whatsoever
that it would, indeed, be observed to the füllest
extent. The fact is, indeed, that it was the last
day, which was observed as a Day of Fast and
of self-imposed curfew, which revealed the
measure of the Yishuv's solidarity with
Diaspora Jewry, to an extent not witnessed
before. It was ^ striking demonstration of the
Yishuv's determination to help the remnants
to attain the right to Immigration, and above
all, it was an expression of the Yishuv's
capacity to unite for a common cause, the
signiflcance of which cannot be underestimated.
For these reasons, it may be said that the Day
of Fast was a source of consolation and of
strength to us all.
The Mayoralty of Jerusalem
HIGH COMMISSIONER'S SCHEME
IT was ofFicially anncunced in Jerusalem that the
High Commissioner has decided to appoint a
Moslem Councillor to the seat vacated by the
death of Mustapha Bey Khalidi, and also to ap-
point two additional Councillors who will be Bri-
tish, in Order to afford rcpresentation of the inter-
ests of the Mandatory Power in the Holy City.
The District Commissioner is to invite the Muni-
cipal Council to agree to the adoption of a System
of triple rotation. The Mayoralty is to be filled
in turn for each successive yearly period by a Mos-
lem, Jewish and Christian Councillor, the Christian
Mayor not of necessity being a Palestinian. Such
an arrangement is to be enforced until a further
stage in the development of local self-govemment
has been reached. The questions as to the order in
which each Community is to provide a Mayer and
the selection of a Mayor from the Christian com-
munities are to be decided by future negotiations.
While some small satisfaction might be derived
from the facr of the eligibility of a Jewish represen-
tative for the Jerusalem Mayoralty — a position
which Jews have so far held only temporary —
the general tenor of the reaction in authoritativ< '
Jewish circles is one of keen disappointment. It i
pointed out that formin^ a two-third majority c
the city's population, the Jews are entitled to ti
Mayoralty as a permanency. The introduction I
the District Commissioner of the argument of ti.w
holiness of Jerusalem to the three faiths is deplored
as it can only vitiate the issue which is one merely
of municipal self-govemment. Such an argument,
it is pointed out, would be understandable only if
applied to the old city only containing the Holy
Places, but not to the large modern town of Jeru-
salem outside the walls. It is asserted that in the
development of municipal self-government a year's
term of office is too short to enable a Mayor tt
develop any initiative and resume real responsi-
bility for the management of aflfairs, which would,
under the proposed arrangement, inevitably fall
under the control of the British Town Clerk.
Agency Planning Committee
100 EXPERTS AT WORK
■T*HE Central Planning Committee appointed by
the Executive of the Jewish Agency fifteen
months ago has already mobilized a hundred ex-
perts who have completed 125 reports of great
value, including a report on irrigation and on the
absorption of Immigration, it was stated by Mr.
Eliezer Kaplan, Treasurer of the Jewish Agency,
when addressing journalists at the Tel Aviv Press
Club where a farewell reception was held in his
honour prior to his departure for America. The
Committee consists of Messrs. Ben Gurion, Hoofien,
Shmorak and himself, with the permanent collabor-
ation of Mr. Arieh Shenkar representing commerce
and industry, and Dr. A. Granovsky, in connec-
tion with problems of land and water. Sub-Com-
mittees have been appointed for industry, commerce,
Communications, ports, urban development, hous-
ing, deflation problems, etc., and many additional
specialists are collaborating in the various fields.
He referred to the two American economic missions
which recently left Palestine and stated that the
Jewish Agency had furnished them with valuable
data.
Dealing with the problem of financing plans for
the future, Mr. Kaplan said that there were three
main sourccs ; firstly, the Jewish Agency was insist-
ing on the right to demand reparations for the Jew-
ish people as such, apart from the Claims of indivi-
dual Jews; secondly, the Jewish Agency hoped to
secure international help, both financial and in
machinery and equipment; and thirdly, there was
Jewish national and private capital. As for the
plans for immigration and settlement, Mr. Kaplan
emphasized that the most urgent problem concerned
the absorption of a million Jews as quickly as
possible.
Isaac Leib Peretz
by Dr. J. Heller
XHE exceptional part which Peretz played in our
' national literature can be, perhaps, best under-
stood when we compare him with its eider classic —
the "grandfather" Mendele Mocher Sefarim. Both
writers have many features in common: they were
primarily imbued by the rationalistic utilitarianism
of the Haskala (Enlightenment); they started with
early contributions to the Hebrew literature and
then — partly influenced by the democratic ("popul-
ist") tendencies then prevailing in the Russian in-
tellectual circles, tumed to Yiddish, the spoken lan-
guage of the masses; they were inspired in their
creative activity by a deep love for the piain man
of the people, for the poor, downtrodden Jews in
the "Pale of Settlement" of Tsarist Russia. There
are, however, important differences. Mendele re-
mained his whole life a "Maskil" of the old type,
faithful to the ideas which he had formed in his
youth. He was a great portraitist and miniaturist,
a cool-headed, acute observer of the Jewish life in
Poland and the Ukraine, and he strove for its im-
provements on democratic-liberal, educational and
cultural lines. He never ventured beyond the nar-
row boundaries of the Jewish ghetto; he humor-
istically criticised its externa! ugliness but admired
its inner spiritual nobility. Peretz belonged to the
later, post-Haskala generation. Deeply stirred by
the tragic contradictions inherent in the social and
politicai Situation of the Jewish people, he gave up
the shallow optimism of the Haskala and realised
the necessity of heroic, revolutionary changes. He
was a realist and romantic at once: he saw all the
misery and the chaotic disorder of modern civil-
isation, but also its striving towards a higher order.
As a romantic he loved tbe Jewish past and its
Spiritual power, but as an artist with a strong re-
alistic sense, he feit that this past was unescapably
•loomed.
Peretz immensely enriched Jewish literature,
>th in Yiddish and Hebrew: hc decpened its psy-
' ilogical insight and widened its kutnan horizon.
\ discovered, behind the general characteristics
(Continued at foot of cxA. 2)
\e
iV ==============
ZIONIST REVIEW—March 30, 1945
ii
Three Gifts^^ in Whitechapel
IT is customary in this age to measure movements
■ by the dry and soulless yardsticks of politics and
economics. There is a danger that Zionists of
this generation may forget that their movement was
more than an escape from persecution and that we
are reviving a people whose life in the diaspora has
had both its lights and shades. To-day, in Pales-
tine the ancient Hebrew language is blossoming and
a great new poetry and literature is now being born.
But through the long diaspora, the soul of the Jew-
ish people was expressed through the Yiddish lan-
guage and it was rieh and colourful. The Jew in
exile in the new western countries of dispersion has
as yet created few traditions and it would be well
for him to hark back to the Yiddish era. In it
will be mirrored, the faith of the Jew, the etemal
optimism, the yearnings, the joys and sorrows.
In the Hast End of London, to-day, a band of
cnthusiasts are trying to recapture this story. Led
by an ardent benefactor they have gathered to-
gether, men and women from every quarter of the
World. Factory and office workers in the day time,
this venture brings them little reward. Some have
even had to leam the language at the same time
as they rehearsed the parts and the result is a gal-
lant effort. They set themselves the task of rescu-
ing the Yiddish theatre from the morass of maud-
lin sentiment and vulgär comic opera into which it
had sunk and chose ambitiously Peretz's "Three
Gifts" as their. first effort.
Consumed as I am by a dcsire to help this brave
troupe, warm as is my wish to encourage, I should
not be true to myself if I did not admit that the
production has its faults. Faults, there are, but
the spirit of Peretz's message has not been lost.
Even in the scene before the Judgment seat this
band of actors have managed to retain a remark-
able reverence born of their own enthusiasm. The
Scene of the Chassidic house mirrors with amaz-
ing faithfulness this rieh epoch of Jewish life
without a knowledge of which no book leaming can
bring acquaintance with the story of the Jewish
people.
Zionists must see this play. It carries a great
Zionist message. Peretz wanted to show the golden
thread of faith and sacrifice "al kiddush Hashem"
which has preserved our people. No curriculum
of Zionist education is complete which does not
include a glimpse into these imponderabilia in the
Jewish life and character. The Yiddish players
have done their work well, they have even woven
into the narrative another two of Peretz's classics —
"Bontzc Schweig" and "Even Higher" so that the
lesson becomes even more complete.
I am told, and I hope this is true, that this is
but the beginning of a series of classics which
the troupe proposes to attempt. The measure of
their süccess and the rise in the quality of the play-
ing will depend on the support which they receive
from the Jewish public. I conceive it to be the
duty of Zionist societies to be in the forefront of
this support. It will be mutually advantageous for
the Zionist rank and file who can leam much from
these plays — of a generation rieh in Jewish experi-
ence who preserved the spark which our movement
has kindled into a flame.
MAURICE ROSETTE.
(FROM OOL. 1)
of the East-European Jew, the Jewish individual.
He was in fact, first to discem not only distinct
types of Jews, but also diflferentiated Single souls
with a deep and füll emotional life of their own.
He revealed to us the internal struggles and errings,
the yearnings and hopes of poor and often lonely
human beings, who have inherited the riches of
the Jewish spiritual history but have no sound
basis of existence and are confined within the wall
of an artificial social enclosure.
There is congenial affinity between the poet's
striving towards the higher regions of Mind and
the faith of the religious mystic. Peretz, the roman-
tic seeker of beauty, was the first to give a poet-
ical interpretation of Hassidism — the populär trend
of Jewish mysticism. This was a new, powerful
(Continued on Page 6 ool. 3)
CENTRAL BRITISH FUND FOR JEWISH RELIEF AND REHABILITATION
APPEAL
It is now flve years since an appeal was made to Anglo-
Jewry on behalf of the persecuted Jews of Europa, who have
been throughout those years suibjected to the füll fury of the Nazi
campaign of spoliation, torture and murder.
Exhausted by privation, shattered by mental and physical
strain, the survivors amongst them in the liberated countries,
many of whom have played a gallant part in the Resistance
Movements, have now emerged from hiding and are in great
need of help to enable them to begin to resiune their normal
family and religious lives.
Many of these survivors owe their Uvea to the courage, help
and sympathy of Christian friends. But their difflculties are
enormous, their homes and businesses conflscated, their syna-
gogues and communal institutions destroyed, their health and
strength undermined, their f amilies and friends deported or
perished.
The Problems of their relief and rehabilitÄtion are such that
responsibility must be assumed by the Govemments concerned
or by inter-governmental agencies established flor the purpose.
There are fields, however, which Govemments or inter-
governmental agencies cannot be expected to cover, and the
Council of the Central British Fund is convinced that British
Jewry will be eager to make its contribution, together with
Jewish organisations in other countries, towards supp'orting, as
far as resources allow, such schemes of rehabilitation and recon-
struction likely to produce permanent results as will help Jewish
communitiea on the Continent to satisfy their speciflcally Jewish
needs and to rebuild their communal life.
The children have a particularly pressing claim upon
our aid.
It may also be necessary to keep some funds in hand to
meet unforseen demands in connection with refugees in this
country.
But although urgent applicati'ons for help are already being
received, the Council has at present practically no funds. We,
therefore, make this Appeal for One Million Pounds in the con-
fldent expectation that Jewry in Britain, which has been spared
a like fate, will respond promptly and generously to the call.
The need Is immense: the duty of each and every one of us
is piain: the moment is now.
SAMUEL.
J. H. HERTZ (Chief Rabbi).
SIMON MARKS.
ANTHONY G. DE ROTHSCHILD.
Contributions should be sent to«ithei^-
Messrs. N. M. Botliscliild & Sons, New Court, St. Swithlns Lane, E.C.4; or
The Central British Fund for Jewish Relief & Rehabilitation, Wobum House, Upper Wobum Place, London, W.C.l.
Please mark envelopes APPEAL.
V
W
ZIONIST REVIEW— March 30, 1945
BITTER EXPERIENCE
CIR,— It is a great pity that the founders of
^ the "Jewish Fellowship" have learned noth-
ing f rom the tragic experience of the "Germans
of the Jewish Persuasion" and "Frenchmen of
the Jewish Persuasion". One oould even go
further back into our history; many of cur
predecessors in the Hellenistic woiid and
in Medieval Spain believed also, that they
had earned füll admission among the people in
whose midst thoy lived. Bitter experiences
showed clearly what a wide gulf separated them
from the non-Jev/s.
The most important feature in the social life
of the Jews sincc the eighteenth Century has
been a gradual weakening of their ethnic
Womogeneity and o^f their sense of unity which
followed with assimllation to the cultural life
of their non- Jewish environment. That process
has its history; it started in Western and
Centi-al Europe much carlier than it started in
Eastern Europe. The remedy came only
through the v/ide ramification of Jewish life
across many countries on different cultural
levels and this has preserved the life of the
main stem of Jewry which, while branches died,
continually brought forth new shoots.
Zionism has brought new life into the Jewish
Community. On the one band it builds a State
for the Jewi.sh people placing them on an equal
dignified and secured footing as other nations,
and on the other band by appealing for a Joint
effort and by changing the frozen ritual of
Galuth Jewish cultuxe into a living creative
and constantly moving civilisation, has revived
a sense of Jewish unity and offers new values
to the Jewish poaplc. What the "Fellowship"
d'oes is to preach theories which have no prac-
tical basis in lifo; theories which mislcd many
Jews in various countries and in various
centurics.
Dr. E. NEUFELD.
London, N.W.2.
LEEDS MEETING
SIR, — I wish to omphasise most cmphatically
that Rov. Lehrman used the expression
referred to in my letter to you. The meeting,
which was called for a Mombership Drive, prob-
ably feit as I did,* and I noticed that the
Stewards who went round after the meeting
trying to record names of new members, did
not obtain one single name. This, most prob-
ably, was the answer to Rabbi Lehrman and
the other Speakers.
"FAIR PLAY."
Leeds.
P.Z. Executive Meeting
PROBLEMS of relief and Immigration into
Palestine formed the centre of discussion
at the monthly meeting of the National Execu-
tive of Poale Zion which took place in London
on Sunday. Dr. S. Levenberg presided. The
meating was attended by 35 members repre-
.^enting the London and provincial branches of
the Party. Mr. A. Reiss, representative of the
"Vaad Hatzalah" in Palostine, reF>orted on his
recont visit to America. I!e took an active part
in the GQwork?.haften Campaign undortaken by
the Jewish workcrs of the U.S.A. to help the
Histadruth. This Campaign, which last year
raised the sum of IJ million dollars, has set
itself a target of two million dollaiTs this year.
Mr. F. Lichtenstein, representative of the
Jewish Agency in the Iberian Peninsula, re-
ported on the organisiation of aliyah from Spain
and Portugal and North Africa. The great
difficulty, in organising emigration, he said, was
that of obtaining certificates and providing
means of transport. He was of the opinion
that a special Immigration department of the
Jewish Agency should be established in London,
to supervise and direct all activities connected
with aliyah. A lively discussion followed.
Mr. I. Jesierski, Chairman of the Organisation
Committee, reported on the progress of the
Party in London and the provinces. The exist-
ing Branches have grown in strength and have
intensified their activities, and steps are being
taken for the extension of Poale Zion work in
the East End of London and the formation of
new branches in Hampstead Garden Suburb,
Wcmbley, and clsewhere. The Party Bulletin
5s being published in English and a Yiddish
Bulletin is in preparation. Messrs. P. Schleider,
O. Sinck and E. Diischinsky reported on the
work of the Zionist Youth Movements and
Hechalutz.
SYNÄGOGUE COUNCIL PASSOYER APPEAL
IN the course of a Passover Appeal to mem-
bers of the Community, the Zionist Federa-
tion Synagbgue Council of East and North
London states: —
"In this fateful hour when the future of
humanity is being decided and the destiny of
our tortured Jewish people is in the balance
we deem it our sacred duty to appeal to our
brethren in these days of the Festival of Libera-
tion to unite, to forget all differences, to put
aside all divisions. The blood of the millions of
our martyred brethren cries to us from the
earth, the stones of hundreds of thousands of
ruined Jewish homes, Synagiogues and Yeshivoth
appeal to us. Every one of us can, in his own
small or large way, help to achieve our sacred
and age-long aspiration. Join the organisa-
tions which are devoted to the upbuilding of
our Holy Land and induce your friends, neigh-
bours and acquaintances to do likewise. Make
your voices heard and so doing we shall be
entitled to hope triat the Almighty will not
forget His chosen people and in His mercy He
will convert this time of testing and trouble
for Israel into a period of deliverance."
North London Zion Kduse. During recent
months the activities in the House have in-
creased, and many interesting functions have
taken place. The series of lectures by Dr.
Nathan Morris entitled "Jewish Education in
Palestine" continues to be very populär. Re-
cently the Rev. H. Mayerowitsch lectured on
"Music in the life of the Jew." Prof. S.
Brodetsky spoke on "The Zionists' task of
today" to a house filled to capacity. Prof.
Samson Wright lectured on "The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem". Rabbi Dr. E. Neufeld,
w^ho presided, announced the formation of a
committee of Friends of the Hebrew University
to meet in the House. Regulär weekly features
in the House are the Hebrew Classes, where
the attendances have been maintained through-
out the season. The growth of many of the
Youth groups in the House are attributed to
the fact that every encouragement is given to
them by the senior bodies.
FARM CITY ASSOCIATION
The second General Meeting of the Palestine
Farm City Association Limited was held at
Woburn House, London. Mr. Fred Nettler, J.P.,
presided. He stated that 666 members had
been enrolled. A delegation was about to pro-
ceed to Palestine. Mr. Aaron Wright intro-
duced Mr. Dov Patishi of Palestine and Mr. A.
Links, Hon. Treasurer, reported that the
inoome of the Association during the flrst year
iof its existence had been £1,379 14s. Od., being
derived exclusiively from memibership fees. Mr.
L. M. Neumann reported that in preparation
for the development of the First Farm City
over £13,000 had already been deposited by
about 100 participants. A further report on
activities was given by Mr. E. Raffles of Man-
chester. During the proceedings, Mr. Aaron
Wright presented a Golden Book Certificate to
Mr. Nettler.
In addition to a Council of 52, the following
Executive Committee werc elected: — Mr. Fred
Nettler, J.P., President; Mr. A. Van den Bergh
and Mr. E. Raffles, Vice-Presidents; Mr. A.
Links, Hon. Treasurer; Mr. L. M. Neumann,
Hon. Trca3urer Deposit Accounts.
The London Palestine Investment Company
held a reception on Monday at Gunter's
Restaurant to welcome Mr. S. Z. Abramov, a
Director of the Company in Palestine, who
arrived recently on,a short visit to this country.
(Contlniied at foot of col. 3)
An intereating Exhibition was held at the
Joseph Mamlock House, Manchester. Entitled,
"See American Jewry through ifs Publications,"
it consisted of material brought from America
by Mr. Norman M. Jacobs, who gave a com-
mentary to a very interested audience.
A Speakers' Competition was held at the
St. John's Wood and Maida Vale Zionist
Society. The meeting was well attended, and
there were six candidates who took part in
the competition. The judge was Mr. M. Cohen.
The competition was won by Mr. David
Seligmann, who spoke on "Are the Jews a
Fighting Race?"
ISAAC LEIB PERETZ
(FROM PAGK 4)
fermcnt, introduccd into Jewish literature. The
one-sidedncss of the Enlightenmcnt was ovcrcome.
The gap bctwcen the mystical fiction of the masses
and the inteücctualism of the Haskala movement
was bridged; Pcretz showed the way for their mut-
iial undorst:mding; he showed — by artistic mcans —
that there is a common psychological ground for
*both antagonists: the sublime bclief in a spiritual
ideal as the ultimate reason and purpose of the
earthly human existence.
Peretz was an astonishingly manj'-sided creative
Personality. Somc of his dramas and short stories
have a symbolic strain, in others the realistic at-
titude prevails. His symboHsm brought the Jew-
ish literature into dose contact with the trends of
development in modern European poetry. It was a
suitablc mcans of expression for the romantic and
mystical elements in the poet's mind. His realistic
works reflect the social problems of Jewish life :
the struggle between the workers and their masters,
the sufferings of the poor and the injustice cf the
capitalistic ordcr. The wriier was with the Jewish
working-men in their struggle: ""his eye rested
lovingly on their flaming flag; his car did not tire
listening to their mighty song". But he feared the
narrow-minded dogmatism of the then largest Jew-
ish socialist party (the "Bund"); his sympathy was
not confincd v/ithin the limits of a party Programme.
His socialism was of a broader kind: it was based
on a lofty view of the ultimate destination of Man
and on the hopc for a füll, iiarmonious dcvclop-
ment of the individual within a just society.
Major H. A. Leon, J.P., presided. Mr. Abramov
gave a description of the conditions prevailing
in Palestine today which was very optimistic.
The two black spots in the picture are the
very- high cost of living— due to the cessation
of Imports — and the really acute shortage of
housing. — — .^^__
Geulah. The dance of the Geulah Zionist
Society at the Brent Bridge Hotel was very
well attended. Van Stratten's PVcadilly Hotel
Orchestra played. Mr. P. Cohen conducted a
successful auction.
ZIONIST REVIEW— March 30, 1945
6
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IN WAR-TIME
Invakiable in times of peace,
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wliore ' Time off ' must be reduced
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well-balanced and medically
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keeping workcrs free from colds,
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and pains. 'ANADIN' can be
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FOR THE !aELi EF OF PAI N
^rtisttc
fe>-^=i
Vortraitiire
MAKE A NOTE OF THESE
Saturday, March Slst.
N.W. liondon Zion House, 57 Eton Ave.,
N.W.3. North-West London Poale Zion. A
Third Seder. 7.30 p.m.
Both Zion, "Absa House," 46 Commercial Rd.,
E.l. Speaker: Mr. A. Sonenshein. Songs: Rev.
Pustonsky. Chairman: F. Fund, Esq. 3 p.m.
Sunday, April Ist.
B'Noth Zion Association, 75 Cazenove Rd.,
ZIONIST EXTENSION COURSES
ZIONIST Federation of Great Britain and
Ireland. Zionist Extension Courses time
table for the next week: — Tuesday, April lOth, at
7 p.m.: Mr. Maurics Rosette on "Biographical
Sketches of Zionist Leaders," at the Shacklewell
Lanc Synagogue, Stoke Newington, N.16 (North
London Zionist Society and Dalston Zionist
Society). Wednesday, April llth, at 8 p.m.:
Dr. Nathan Morris on "Jewish Education in
Palestine", at the North London Zion House,
75, Cazenove Road, N.16 (North London Zion
House.
SPEAKERS' CONTEST
ZIONIST Federation of Great feritain and
Ireland. Speakers* Contest. The following
Society Contests have been arranged and will
take place ae announced below. A member of
the Panel of Judges will be present at each
Contest: — 'Hampstead Garden Sut)urb Zionist
Society: Tuesday, April lOth, at 8 p.m.; Notting
Hill Zionist Society: Sunday, April 15th, at
3.30 p.m.; Dalston Zionist Society: Sunday,
April 15th, at 4 p.m.; Clapton Zionist Society:
Tuesdfiy, April 17th, at 8 p.m.; Stamford Hill
Zionist Society: Wednesday, April 25th, at
8 p.m.; West Central Zionist Society: (Date will
be announced later) ; Golders Green Zionist
Society: (Ditto); Manchester Zionist Associa-
tion: Wednesday, April 18th.
NEW Yiddish Theatre, Folkhouse, Adler
Street (Commercial Road), E.l. Tel. Bis.
1320. Sunday & Monday Matinee and evening
and nightly "The Three Gifts" by J. L. Peretz
(6 scenes) dramatised by A. Meiseis; Music by
Ch. Wolfstal; produced by E. Feldmar, S.
Kohen. Tickets also by telephone.
iiiiiiliiiilllilii
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Sw^iss Cottage, London, N.W.3.
Phone: PRImrose 4619
N.16. Public Meeting. Speaker: Dr. Annie
Samuelsdorff (justarrived from Palestine). 3 p.m.
Association of Jewish Joumaiists and Authors.
The "Third Seder", Living Newspaper, at Absa
House, 46 Commercial Rd., E.l, at 3 p.m.
Editor: A. M. Kaizer. Contributors: S. Gold-
smith, J. Fraenkel, A. I. Lisky, Moishe Oyved,
Ben A. Sochachevsky and E. Sosnowitz.
Entrance free.
"THIRD SEDER"
FEDERATION of Zionist Youth. "Third
Seder" Guest: Professor Brodetsky, on
Monday, April 2nd, 1945, at N.W. London Zion
House, 57, Eton Avenue, N.W.3, 6.30 p.m.
Admission 4/-. Reservations apply See. F.Z.Y.,
67, Gt. Russell Street, W.C.l. Holborn 3805.
SHEETS
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BLANKETS and all other
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Published by the Zionist Federation of Great
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London, W.C.l. Printed by The Narod Press,
(T.U.), 129-131 Cavell Street, London, E.I.
ZIONIST REVIEW
A Weekly Survey of Jewish Affairs
Vol. V. No. 38 {New Series)
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 21st, 1945
TISHRI 14th, 5706
[Registered at the G.P.O.
as a newspaper]
3d
Disquieting rumours
THIS |ias been a week of rumours about White Paper and declares that the demands
Palestine. On Sunday the "Observer" for free immigration under Jewish control
reported that an announcement by the and the establishment of a Jewish State
British Government on Jewish immigration are unacceptable. It recommends that the
and British policy in general is expected future Palestine policy should be based on
shortly. On Monday the "Daily Express" the White Paper to be amended for the time
stated that the authorities have accepted being by permitting a maximum of 1,500
the principle of uninterrupted Jewish immi- \ Jewish immigrants to enter the country
gration into Palestine until a definite policy ^er month. The restrictive land regula-
is laid down for the future. On Tuesday tions are also to remain in force with some
slight changes of the delimitation of the
the Diplomatie Correspondent of the "News
Chronicle" wrote that there is no truth in
the Suggestion that there is to be un-
restricted Jewish immigration into Pales-
tine. The whole problem is being discussed
by the Cabinet, and until a decision has
been taken at top level things will go on
as at present, which in eflfect means that
Jews may emigrate to Palestine as laid
down in the White Paper of 1939. On Wed-
nesday the "Yorkshire Post's" London
correspondent wired that Mr. Attlee will
make a statement — soon after the re-
assembly of Parliament, due on October
9th — on the Government's policy towards
Palestine.
for the time being at any rate to stick to
the policy enunciated in the White Paper,
which envisaged Jewish immigration on a
quota basis," the paper added. "At the
same time the Government hope to have
discussions with the United States and
other interested Powers on the whole future
Zionist
Emergeney
Conference
■See page 2
present three zones. Fihally, the report
says, there is to be set up a Legislative
Council whose authority is to be limited to
internal affairs, while matters of foreign
TTe^Govemmenrhave deiided 'poHcy, defence and security will continue
to rest with the British Government. As
a compensation for limited immigration the
Jews are to be offered more than one-third
of the seats in the Legislative Council.
From this spate of rumours the follow-
ing picture emerges. For reasons best
known to themselves the British Govern-
of Palestine, particularly in regard to the ■ ment have decided to postpone for the time
country's future as a national home for the | being the final settlement of the future of
Jewish people." A Reuter message from^ '• Palestine. How long it will take to frame
London stated this week that a^ sub-, \the new policy no one can say: this can
\ committee of the British Cabinet appointed \only be a matter of speculation. Perhaps
bylhe Prime Minister to draft a new Pales- the Government are anxious to settle first
tine policy has completed its report. The (;he problem of India, as Mr. Emanuel
sub-committee, the message states, rejects l^hinwell indicated some time ago, and to
the Jewish demands for the abolition of the i^ach an understanding with the other
Powers about the future of the Mediter-
ranean zone and North Africa. It is not
excluded that they desire to solve the Pales-
tine difficulty as part of a general settle-
ment in the Middle East. Whatever the
Government's reasons may be, we think
that they are wrong in following the line of
the Coalition Government by urging the
Jewish people to have patience. The inten-
tion of the Government is to have peace in
Palestine, but in fact they encourage Arab
extremist leaders and are taxing Jewish
patience to a breaking point. The results
of such a "wait and see" policy may be a
shock for the British people and a disaster
for Jewry.
It appears that the Government are now
engaged in framing an Interim policy for
Palestine — a temporary measure to meet
the present difficulty. No details are avail-
able from official sources, but it would be
'wrong in the present circumstances to dis-
biiss Press reports altogether. If the
Jatter should prove substantially correct,
then the authorities must reckon with a
Very strong Opposition from Jewish and
hon-Jewish quarters, that are faithful to
the pledges of a National Home. The an-
nouncement of an Interim policy for Pales-
tine, which will leave the principles of the
White Paper intact, will be considered
everywhere as a Submission to reactionary
forces in the Middle East and will be a
severe blow to the prestige of the Labour
Government throughout the world, especi-
ally in the United States.
Before it is too late, we beg the leaders
of the present Government to remember
their own pledges; surely the Labour
Party cannot ignore the moral issue
which lies at the root of the treat-
ment meted out to martyred Israel.
We beg the Government not to ©verrate
Arab intransigence and not to under-
estimate the strength of the Yishuv. We
beg them not to tiisregard the sympathies
BOND ST. LONDON
J!!t*cÄ>'i^
-K
M
LOOK
FOR THESE LABELS
Thtt nama BERKERTEX, be it on a
dress designed by the eminent designer
NORMAN HARTNELL; oron outer wear
for the Junior Miss ; or carried by the
world-famous " Renown " Children's
Wear, is your guarantee of style and
quality that is supreme in its class.
BERKERTEX: BLENHEIM STREETt BOND STREETt LONDON, W.l. ENGLAND
of the Jewish people throughout the world,
for whom Palestine is a question. of life
and death. Whatever expediency may
dictate to-day, history has proved that in
the long run appeasement of evil forces,
broken pledges and the letting down of just
causes do not pay. We urge the authori-
ties to think again and to think hard before
they decide to make an announcement,
which may have grave repercussions for all
concerned.
THE BELSEN TRIAL
A. L Easterman's cable to " Z.R/'
ON thls Jewish Day of Atonement and Day
of Judgment, and in the very heart of
Germany, among the ruins of the devUish
Nazis' State, retribution for "one of the
blaclcest crime» in all history" began. This is
the trial of 46 beasts in hunuui form who at
the infamous murder and torture camps of
Belsen and Auschwitz caused the deaths of
hundreds of thousands of innocent Jewish men,
women and children and untold numbers of
non-Jewish nationals of countrie» overrun by
bestial German hordes durlng the war, and
encompassed their deaths by diabolical and
deliberate means, inconceivable to a normal
hmnan mind.
On a raised dals which forma the seat of
Judgment and immedlately behind the military
Judges Sit the representatives of those Allled
Nations whose people were vlctims of Belsen
and Auschwitz. Two representatives are
marked respectively with large cards, in black
printed letters, bearing: their names— Czecho-
slovalda - Poland - France - Holland Soviet
Russla - Greece - Luxemburg -Yugoslavia and
"World Jewish Congress." Thus recognitlon
has been given for all to wltness— that the
Jewish people have a place among the nations
and that they have a rightful seat with other
great and small nations at the Seat of
Judgment when the violators of the law of
humanity are brought to justice to answer for
their crimes and to sufTer the pen^ties for
their inlquities. It is at long last also a recog-
nltion that the crimes committed by Nazi
Germany against the Jews of Europe bear their
own dlstinctive signifleance in character, in
purpose and in extent. Technically my col<
leaguea of the Allied Nations and I, who
represent the World Jewish Congress, are desig-
nated "observers"; in actual historic content
we form the international tribunal which sits
in Judgment on the perpetrators of savageries
committed against our people, acts which have
befouled civilised nuuikind.
British Justice is remarkable for faimess to
accused and allows the defenders every facility
to take advantage of legal nlceties in favour
of the accused. Hut, regarding the enormlty of
the crimes charged, thls procedure seemed to
carry faimess and Justice to absurdlty. From
the Jewish polnt of view there was a grievous
disappolntment about the complete absence
from Indictment of the sllghtest Suggestion of
the öolossal crime against the Jews, resulting
in the annlihilation of six mlUlon souls. The
word "Jew" was not meiitloned onoe in the
prellmlnary formal proceedings.
ZIONIST REVIEW—S eptemher 21. 1945
^'Where do we go
' J.T.A. reports that the Jewish aspect of the
tragedy is expected to come Into füll light in
the couTse of the hearlng of 82 witnesse» for
the prosecution who include ten Jewish women.
A number of the 140 aiildavits submltted to the
court have been written by Jews. Among the
observers attendlng the trial as guests of the
British military authoritles is Norman Bent-
wich, öf the "Committee for the Jews in
Germany."
ONE by one, the Palestinian delegatea to the
London Zionist Conference are beginning
to return, flrst among them being a number of
members of the Executive of the Jewish
Agency. There Is no need to polnt out how
expectantly they were awalted. The amount
of political Information publlshed In the press
is so small, and the desire to know what the
attltude of the new Government towards us
really is, so strong, thaJt every scrap of news
on thls subjeot Is eagerly snapped up. People
want to know what the plans of the new
Government are and whether our political
leaders have succeeded in contacting tiie new
Cabinet and with what resulte. It Is no
wonder, therefore, that the ipresa and the
leaders of various groups were quick to eubject
the returnlng delegates to a Are of questions
in an endeavour to find out what had gone on
"toehind the scenes" in London. Durlng ithe
flrst week after the return of the members of
the Executive, no fewer than three press Con-
ferences were held. If one endeavoura to eum
up one's impressions of the Information com-
municated, one would have to eay that we
were told that we must again walt patlently.
I think It would also be true to say that from
different members of the Executive we heard
slightly different estimates as to what the
future is likely ito hold in störe for us.
Internal questions
Meanwhlle, rather surprisingly, attention is
being concentrated in Palestine, cui indeed hap-
pened at the London Conference itaelf, to in-
ternal questions. When Rabbi J. L. Fishman
returned, he announced that he had not re-
tracted hla resignation from the Executive, even
though in the meantime the Executive had been
expanded with the agreement of the Mizrachi
and the London Conference had decided on a
deflnite political line. What reason dld Rabbi
Fishman give for bis decision? At hls flrst
meeting with the press, he sharply criticised
the Position prevailing in the London ofilces
of the Executive, and he aroused a good deal '
of surprise by stating that since Weizmann
had left the Conference before the adoption of
the political resolutions, it could not be certain
whether Weizmann was really prepared to
foUow the line adopted. Durlng the course of
hls remarks, Rabbi Fishman also let slip the
following Statement: "Until my frlends return
from London, I do not know who it was who
appointed Dr. Barth to the Executive as the
Mizrachi repreaentative." Among other thinga,
Rabbi Fishman told us about the negotiations
which had been conducted Ibetween the Mizrachi
and the Revisionista in regard to the return
of the latter to the Zionist Organisation. In
thls connection, Rabbi Fishman commented
that the Revisionist Situation was yet another
reason which prompted him to leave the
Executive. He had been promised, he said, on
from here?"
several occaaions that the Revisionista would
be invited to negotiations, but thia had not
been done.
Rabbi Fishman's statement to the presa
caused no little comment. It cannot be doubted
that many here would like to see the Internal
conflict In the movement brought to an end
once and for all by the return of the Revision-
ista to the World Zionist Organisation. At the
same time, one must ask oneself what the
Isaiah Kliuov
our JerusaUm C0rrespondent
Revisionist movement really is today. Rabbi
Fishman knows füll well that the Revlsionists
have no decisive importance numerically or In
any other respect. On the other band, our
cause has auffered endless trouble from the
activitiea of the Irgun Zval Leuml and the
Stern gang. Since the murder of Lord Moyne,
there have been repeated acta of terror in the
Ylshuv, and it Is clear that It la the terror
question which ia today a vital Issue. Will It
make much difference if the small "clvillan"
Revisionist movement were today to return to
the Zionist Organisation? Clearly, it would be
desirable that the Revisionista should return,
but it ahould be clear from the outset that the
Revisionist movement is not in a positlon to
liquldate the Irgun Zval Leuml and the Stern
gang. It is not eaay therefore to understand
why Rabbi Fishman ia so particularly con-
cerned with the return of the Revisionista.
One may ask also whether the attltude of the
Executive today in any respect differs from
what it has been durlng the many yeara In
which Rabbi Fishman haa been serving In the
Coalitlon Executive. After all, when the
Mizrachi flrst entered the Executive, the Revl-
sionists were already outside the Zionist Organi-
sation.
In theae circumstancea, it waa dlfllcult not to
prevent the Impression arising among tho
public that the real cause of Rabbi Fishman's
attltude Is to be sought not In the reasons offl-
cially given, but is actually to be traced to
differences of apinion Inslde the Mizrachi
camp itaelf in relation to which of Its members
should occupy its new seat on the Executive.
It Is still hoped in many quartera that thls
matter will be aettled inaide the Mizrachi, and
that we shall after all be spared new upsets.
Zionist Emergency Conference
Z.F. ANNOUNCEMENT
le following communlque has been Issued
by the Zionist Föderation of Great Britaln and
Ireland: —
In view of the seriousness of the political
Situation, a Special Emergency Conference of
the Zionist Föderation has been convened to
take place at the Conway Hall, Red Lion
Square, London, W.0.1, next Monday at 6 pjn.,
when addresses will be dellvered by Dr. Chaim
WefEmann, President of the Jewish Agency
for Palestine, and other members of the Jewish
Agency Executive. Mr. Bamett Janner, M.P.,
will preside, and an opportunlty will be afforded
for a dlscussion. The Conference will be
strlctly private, and a oomprehenslve com-
munlque will be published immedlately after
its conclusion.
HAIFA ARMS TRIAL
Twenty Jewish students from Tel Aviv,
among them two girls, and all under 20, ap-
peared before a British Military court in Haifa
on Tuesday, on flve charges under Palestine'»
1036 Emergency Begulations.
Defence counsel objected to the prisoners
being brought into court with their hands and
feet chained, since that was the practice only
when the death penalty has been imposed.
ZIONIST REVIEW— Seplember 21, 1948
V
X.
Palestine: Truman's Letter to Attlee
X
President Truman has sent a personal letter
to the British Prime Minister, Mr. Clement R.
Attlee, aslcing tliat approxlmately 100,000 Jews
now in camps in Germany be allowed to enter
Palestine immediately. This was revealed by
the President at the White House to Senator
Guy M. Gillette last Monday, authorising him
to make the news public. In making the an-
nouncement, Senator Gillette added that Presi-
dent Truman also stated that Mr. James F.
Byrnes, Secretary of State, is now conducting
negotiations with the British Government in
London conceming tlie future of Palestine.
The American Zionist Emergency Council has
issued a etatement welcoming the news that
President Truman has asked Great Britain to
admit 100,000 Jews to Palestine. At the same
time the Statement points out that this request
has long been presented to the British Govern-
ment l^y the Jewish Agency for Palestine. It
emphasises that the measure, even if consum-
mated, doea not represent a Solution of the
Jewish Problem which can be solved only by
the eötablishment of Palestine as a Jewish
State.
Decision on Palestine soon ?
A Beuter'g report from London, asserting
that a Statement by the British Government on
its Palestine policy is expectod to l>e issued soon
after the conclusion of the Conference of the
Foreign Ministers, has been widely published
in the American press. The report adds that
the Secretary of State for the Coionies, Mr.
George Hall, informed the leaders of the Jewish
Agency that the Government had not yet de-
cided its future Palestine policy. Ho empha-
slsed, however, that a deciHion would not he
postponed any longer than necessary.
There is no immediate Intention of Issulng
a Statement of policy on Palestine, authoritative
quarters in Liondon told the Jewish Tele-
graphic Agency w^hen asked about the renewed
rumours regarding this matter. This, of course,
does not preclude that some decision will be
taken or sta^tements issued in a more distant
future, it was added.
Jewish Agency Stateaient
The Jewish Agency issued the foilowing
Statement:
"Numerous reports have recently reached
Palestine concernlng the Government'» Inten-
tions regarding the future of Palestine. The
Jewish Agency in Jerusalem is reliably in-
formed that no decision whatsoever has yet
been taken by the Government on this ques-
tlon. The Jewish Agency in London is in close
conununication with the Government and will
continue to do its utmost to secure a favourable
decision whicli, it is hoped, will not be long
delayed. In the meantime, the public should
regard with reserve any Information not eman-
atlng from authentic Jewish sources or from
the Government Itself. The Jewish Agency
will do its l>est to keep the public informed
on any important developments."
841 immigrants arrived in Haifa last week
on board the Portuguese steamer "Lima." The
new arrivals were refugees from Switzerland
and UNRBA camps In North Africa, and some
of them were formerly inmates of the Bergen-
ISelsen concentration camp. Mr. Eliahu Dobkin
and Mr. Moshe Shapiro, of the Jewish Agency,
and a large crowd awaited the immigrants at
the port. Among the newoomers were 130
Chalutzim from all politlcal groups and 76 chil-
dren. A party of 86 inunigrants, who were
formerly at the concentration camp In Bergen-
Belsen, arrived on Monday from an UNRRA
camp in Alglers. The inunigrants who arrived
in Palestine on board the British steamer
"Mataroa," and who are about to leave the
Atlilith clearance camip, include a party of 87
members of "Kibbutz Buchenwald," consistlng
of Chalutzim of all groups, includlng Agudah
Israel and Hashomer Hatzair. They organlsed
themselves into this "Klbbutz" while they were
still Immured in the concentration camp of
Buchenwald and wish to settle jointly under
the Slogan "Unity".
Mr. Itzchak Grinbaum, head of the Pales-
tine "Vaad Hatzalah'' (Rescue Committee).
With the arrival of the immigrants on board
the "Lima" all certiflcates in possession of the
Jewish Agency for Western and Central Europe
ÄSTONISHING VERDICT
An edltorial in Monday's "Davar," the Labour
daily, comments upon the sentence of three
years which was passed by the Jerusalem Mili-
tary Court on an Arab brigand, Hamad Zawata,
who was convlcted for the possession of a rlile,
a revolver, 216 rounds of anununitlon and three
grenades. The article states: "This Arab was
notorious as a murderer even before the dls-
turbances of 1986. Durlng the disturbances he
led a gang and became infamous as a highway
robber, partlcipating later in the Raslücl All
revolt in Iraq. He was accused of numerous
murders, includlng those of two British con-
stables near Nablus in May 1948, and a Jewish
auxiliary poUceman In June 1948. The pollce
had ofFered a reward of £600 to anyone
capturing him; yet he was sentenced to three
years imprisonment, wliile Jewish youths, aged
between 17 and 20, were given seven years for
the Pression of arms used for tralning. It is
not surprising," the article concludes, "that the
verdict has aroused astonislunent."
have been disposed of, all holders of certiflcates
having reached Palestine. Unless a new quota
is granted by the Government, Immigration will
become virtually susiiended.
/
\' I Gome as a Chalotz "
Foilowing his arrival in Haifa, David Frank-
furter, who in 1936 killed the Nazi leader,
Wilhelm Gustloff, and who is tall, blond and
good-looking, now aged 36, told pressmen: "On
this great day In my life my heart overflows.
I have come as a simple, modest Chalutz and
with the desire to participate in the upbuilding
of the country to the utmost of my physical
capacity. I want to join a klbbutz here." Mr.
Frankfurter said that before shooting Gustloff
he had intended to assassinate Goebbels whilst
ithe latter was staying in Geneva, but he l^d
been unable to reach ihim. He had then decided
upon Gustloff, who was the local Nazi chief in
Switzerland and who virtually had more power
and influence than the Germaji Ambassador.
He was engaged on establishing a spy System
and a flfth column throughout Switzerland.
United Palestine Appeal
VICTORVVtABnblJ^J JllLU
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wtCiwI 9TMY
ANBWM&ME-
4/f£WLIfi €AN
BB Wims IN
PAieSTtNE
€/Y£/
SEND YOU8 CONTRIBUTIONS TG
UNITED PALESTINE APPEAL
37 GT. RUSSELL ST., LONDON, V/.C.l
ZIONIST REVIEW— September 21, 1945
The National Budget
THE total nett income of the Keren Hayesod
from voluntary contributioiis siiice its in-
ception until June 30th 1945, was £P13,542,000,
of which £P.12,231,000 applied to the ordinary
budgot, while £P.1,311,000 were especially ear-
marked donations. The remaiiiing income of
the Keren Hayesod and the Jewish Agency
during the same period from grants, Services,
and collections on account of loans, amounted
to £P.5,122,000. Of the total Keren Hayesod
income of £P.13,542,000, the sum of £P.7,356,000,
or 54.3%, were coUected up to the time of the
outbrealc of the Second World War, and
£P.6,I66,000, or 45.7%, was received during the
period of the war, from October, 1939 to June,
1945. The sharo of United States Jewry in
Keren Hayesod income from ordinary contribu-
tions came to G2,3% of the total during the
period of the war, as compared with 46.6% of
the total in the pre-war period. The share of
South African Jewry was 10.9% of the total.
Latin American Jewish communities increased
thelr contributions to the Keren Hayesod from
2,6% up to the outbreak of the war to 5%
during the war years. The contribution of
European Jewry (excluding Great Britain)
dropped from 25.8% of the total before the
war to 2.4% during the war. At the same time
Falestine Jewrj's part in Keren Hayesod
income increased from 2.3% before the war to
6.3% in the period of the war.
Twenty-five years
During the twenty-flve years of the Keren
Hayosod's existence, is expended and invested
an aggregate £P.19, 130,000, of which £P.12,559,000,
or 65.7%, were accounted for by "Immigration
and Settlement" (assisting and training of
immigrants, agricultural settlement, housing
and public works, and trade and industry) and
£P.6,571,0O0, or 34.3% by "National Organisation
and Public Services" (education and cultural
activities, health and social Services, political
work and security). An analysis of the details
of expendituro and Investments by Keren
Hayesod and the Jewish Agency during the
thrco periods mentioned al)ove shows that the
grants towards education were progressively
decreased from 1930 onwards with the transfer
of responsibility for education to the Jewish
Community In Palostine itself (through the
National Council — Vaad LeumI). On the other
hand, from 1936 (the flrst year of the disturb-
ances) expenditure on political work and
socurity increased so rapidly that it soon
became evident that the funds of the ordinary
budget would not sufflce to cover the needs of
the Zionist enterprise in an emergency. To
co-ordinate the mobilisation of funds, a scheme
of Joint campaigns (of the Keren Hayesod and
the Jewish National Fund) was introduced in
He asks for Certificates . . .
Mr. E. Dobkin talks to a Representative
of a Jewish tribe in the Arabian Desert.
the United States and Canada, and in 1939 it
was decided In principle to distribute the in-
come from these Joint campaigns as follows:
one-third for Keren Hayesod, one-third for the
Jewish National Fund, and one-third for the
"Bitzaron" (Consolidation) eifert intended to
Cover special expenditure arising out of specific
current circumstances.
The general character of Keren Hayesod's
expenditure and Investments is indicated by the
by
A. CJUitzer
Treasurer of the Keren Hayesod
(Jerusalem) .
fact that the Keren Hayesod invested £P.5,891,000
imtil the end of September, 1944 (end of the
Jewish calendar year) in pennanenet a^isets.
Ordiiuiry income from contributions (excluding
donations to Keren Hayesod for specific pur-
poses) amounted by the end of September, 1944,
to £P.10,936,000. Thus no less than 57% of the
proceeds of the Keren Hayesod's ordinary con-
tributions were invested from the outset in
permanent assets. The Balance sheet of the
Keren Hayesod at the end of September, 1944,
Shows assets of £P.3,739,00O, but this amount
is obtained aftcr deducting various reserves,
cancellation on .account of loans to agriculture,
collections, etc.
These facts and flgures refer to the scope of
Keren Hayesod's own activities over a period
of a quarter of a Century when limited means
were placed at its disposal. But the Stimulus
of its economic efforts in rural and urban nreas
enabied the Keren Hayesod to raise additional
funds on the international financial market.
As it is known, the Keren Hayesod received
large loans from Lloyds Bank of London. The
assets created and now being further accumu-
lated by the Keren Hajesod, together with the
Jewish National Fimd, are intended to serve as
a solid basis for a future large international
loan. Furthermore, the Keren Hayesod gavo
the fillip and incentive to private initiative in
various forms, both through direct participation
in basic undertakings and by providing guaran-
tees in the fleld of trade and industry. Thus
commercial and pioneering interest» have Ix-en
supplemented and synthesised by the Keren
Hayesod.
Yishuv's contribution
The economic and organisational capacity of
the Jewish Community of Palestine developed
side by the side with the activities of the
Zionist movement and its funds. The total in-
come raised in all countries during the flve
war years by the various national funds and
Institution» (Keren Hayesod, Jewish National
Fund, Hadassah Medical Organisation, the
Ilebrew University and others) aggregat^nl
£P.12,668,000. To this, the Jewish Community
of Palestine contributed £P.795,000, but in addi-
tion it raised for its own emergency funds
(Kofer Hayishuv, Emergency Tax, and War
Needs and Rescue Funds) a sum of £P.1,926,000.
From these vohmtarily raised funds the Jew-
ish Community of Palestine has been able to
provide for some of the most urgent public
needs which in other countries have iieen sup-
plied by the Government, such a» the care of
soldiers' families, soldlers' welfare, rescue
needs, etc. The total raised by Jewish Pales-
tine during the war years both for the central
institutions and its emergency funds amounted
to £P.2,721,000, representing 18.6% of the aggre-
gate contributions made available during the
war years for the National Home from all
sources (£P.14,594,000).
Thus Jewish Palestine has become during
the war jieriod one of the most important
factors in the structure of the Zionist budget
for the reconstruction of Palestine. Fully con-
scioiLs of Its responsibility for the rescue of
the remnant of Israel and the construction of
a permanent homeland for the Jewish people,
it will undoubtedly continue to play its part,
It is from Palestine that the call will go forth
to the Diaspora to gird itself for the consolidur
tiou of the effort of reconstruction, to extend
Jewish settlement and to build a home for the
survivors of the holocaust.
ERETZ ISRAEL PAVES THE WAY
£2,300,000 raised
Over £2,300,000 was raised by the Yishuv servicemen into civil life, and the Palestine
during the past three years. This sum went Government is showing good-will towards this
towards the Yishuv's war needs and the Rescue end.
Fund, stated Dr. Aaron Barth, Chairman of the -
Fund, when addressing a press Conference in
Tel-Aviv on Wednesday. The Fund intends
raising £2,000,000 this year, £700,000 of its re-
sources having been spent upon rescue and
Wailing Wall incident
Becord crowds jammcd the alleys and
passages leading to the Western Wall and the
relief for European Jews. Rescue activities enclosures for the Neila Service on the Dav
which were undertaken by Palcstinian para- of Atonement, including many of the recent
chutists who were dropped Into enemy coun- »rrivals from concentration cämps in Europe.
trics in order to aid the Jews there, were made Touching scenes were witnessed among the
possible through the Fimd. Other aJlocations ^^reat concourse of worshippers filing past the
were made for the care of Jewish soldlers and Wall. Several youths successfully ^ blew the
thelr families, and also for ex-servicemen. Shofar and sang Hatikvah, flouting the
Western Wall Regulations enacted in 1930.
ronn nnn t ^„«, a m^i * • »* _• • i«x British police w^ere unable to reach the
£200,000 Loan to Tel- Aviv Municipality: offenders because of the dense inter>ening
The Palestme Government has agreed to throngs of people, and for the first time for
graut a long-term loan of £200,000 to the Tel- some years no arrests were made for breaoh
Aviv Municipality to be used for the construc- of the Regulations.
tion of houses for ex-servicemen. The Govem-
ment is also prepared to provide temporary
accommodation, at its own expense, for one
thousand more ex-servicemen. Dr. Bernard
Joseph, of the Political Department of the
Explosion in Jerusalem
Five violent explosions, caused by powerfully
charged bombs distributing Irgun Zvai
Jewish Agency, stated, at a press Conference, i^umi pamphlets, exploded in the centre of
that füll co-operation ex.sts between the Pales- Jerusalem, and two others went off near the
tine Government and the Jewish Agency Offices of the «Palestine Post." Nine persons
In connection with the re-absorption of ex- were injured, two of them serlously.
ZIONIST REVIEW— September 21, 1945
This Might Have Happened To Yon • • •
A correspondent Just back from Germany
writes:
THESE remarks deal principally with the
Situation of Displaced Persona in general,
and Jewish Displaced Persons in particular, in
the Britsh zone of occupation in Germany. In
several instances I was informed about condi-
tions in the American zone.
Aecommodation
The housing conditiona of the Displaced Per-
sons in Germany generally are very bad. In
most cases they are housed in former "Kasernen,"
army barracks, and sometimes even in former
prisoners of war barracks. Rooms are nearly
always overcrowded; sleeping aecommodation
generally consists of wooden bunks (two beds
ane on top of the other) and very often two
people share a bed. Very often men and women
live in the aiame barracks. The proximity of
young people — ^the average age of Displaced
Persons is about twenty-two years, the majority
of them between the ages of flfteen and
twenty-four, mostly females — does not conduce
a condition of morality and decency. The Dis-
placed Persons are in most cases always in-
active. They spend long days and evenings
Walking round the enclosure of an assembly
centre, barracks or "Käsern," doing absolutely
nothing. This total lack of physical activity
gives rise to all kinds of physiological and
sexual abnormalities.
Food
The appetite of the Displaced Persons is
rather good. It has to be borne in mind that
the majority of them have been sick with
typhus, and it is well-known that post-typhus
cases have very large appetites. They receive
an average of 2,200 calories per day. Physicians ^
and dieticians pretend that this is an adequate
ration for inactive people, but the Displaced
Persons cannot subsist on statistics; they must
have food; and food does not consist of a num-
ber of calories, but of proteins, vitamins, etc.
As a matter of fact, they receive very little pro-
teins in their food. It is, therefore, not sur-
prising that they very often "organise" food,
which they cook on camp flres or bonflres in
and around the barracks. — In most cases the
Germans are much better fed than the Dis-
laced persons. At any rate, the Germans are
always better housed. It is not unusual to hear
thiscomment from the Displaced Persons: "The
Germans are better off. We have been liber-
ated but they have been freed. They have
magniflcent houses everywhere, where cities
and villages have not been destroyed." (Most of
the Displaced Persons centres are outside the
cities in areas where private houses have not
been destroyed by bombardment). "They have
three-storey buildings with only flve or six per-
sons occupying the one building. They have
more food than we have. They can move
freely, whereas we are guarded in the enclosure
of the barracks by armed soldiers and M.P.s;
surrounded by barbed wire. Yes, we were
liberated, and the Germans are nioving around."
The general Situation is creating a staite of
mind in which rioting and unrest may be ex-
". . . Thig pledge of a home of refuge,
of an a«ylum, was not made to the Jews
In Falestine but to the Jews outside
Palestine, to that vast, unhappy mass of
scattered, persecuted, wandering Jews
whose intense, unehanging, unconquer-
able desire has been for a National
Home. . . ." — Winston Churchill in the
Debate on the White Paper, May, 19S9.
pected during the next winter if appropriate
measures are not taken immediately.
Non-Ropatriable and Stateless Displaced
Persons
Several hundred thousand Displaced Persons
of various naitionalities — no matter what mea-
sures are taken, and none have been taken so
far — will be found to belong to the category of
non-repatriable and stateless people. This is
to be expected among 95 per cent. of the sixty
to eighty thousand Jews who are now in Ger-
many in the British and American zones.
Anti-Semitism
Anti-Semitism is widespreäd. There is evid-
ence of open unrest against the Jews through
the Displaced Persons' assembly centres in
Germany. There have been many cases of
beating Jews in Celle, Neustadt, Brunswick,
Hanover, Kiel and in many other places. To
mention only one example, at Brunswick there
were forty girls who were forced to do all
I the menial Jobs. A number of them were raped
! by the Polish Displaced Persons in that centre.
■ One often hears in assembly centres such
Slogans as "We want a democratic Poland
without Jews," or "There was not enough Are
'■ to burn them all." In Hanover, on about the
lOth August a number of Polish Displaced Per-
sons, who had just arrived, had to be accom-
modated in barracks where Jews were living;
that evening the Poles got drunk and beat up
,the Jews. At about flve in the morning, mili-
tary police and Unrra offlcials succeeded in re-
establishing order. All the Jews want to go
to Palestine or to any other country in the
Western hemisphere, which would be willing
to receive them. In most cases when they
express the wish to go to any other country
they always add "or Palestine," as they are
aware that there are very few countries which
want to receive them. They no longer desire
to stay in Germany. They do not want to stay
in a country where every road, every highway,
practically every place is drenched with Jewish
blood; they are all in dire despair over their
hopeless Situation, aand they feel that very
little is being done to remedy the Situation.
What can be done?
While the Jewish Displaced Persons in par-
ticular, will not accept anything in Germany
which is of a permanent character, there is a
possibility of arranging a temporary Pro-
gramme, which will solve many of the difflcul-
tiea confronting the Displaced Persons. The
possibilities for vocational training are very
great, and do not necessitate any flnancial or
technical effort< A great number of Work-
shops and excellent habitation barracks near
these Workshops (still contalning all kinds of
maohinery, in perfect condition) exist through-
out Germany. Innumerable numbers of Dis-
placed Persons could be trained there profes-
sionally, and so become valuable workers.
There are a great many R.E.M.E.s, airflelds,
Ordinance depots and military gar'ages in both
the American and Britsh zones. There are also
a great number of offlces, tailorshops, laundries,
shoe-repair shops, etc. (iermans are at present
employed in those places. They are paid and
receive special rations, which are far superior
to the rations received by the Displaced Per-
sons. Allied Displaced Persons and only allied
Displaced Persons should be employed in these
places. The younger ones could be taught a
trade. At the same time, this would solve their
psychological Problems. At Ahlen, neär Hanover,
at Wilhelminnenhohe, near Hamburg, at
Gehringshof, near Fulda, there are existing
farms and agricultural training schools, whioh,
before the war, or before Hitler's rise to power,
belonged to the Jewish Community in Germany.
There were also professional or trade schools,
which belonged to the Jewish community in
Germany, at München, Nuremberg, Frankfurt,
Cologne, Hamburg and Mannheim. These places
must be turned over to the Jewish Displaced
Persons in Germany, where they will be trained
in various handicrafts and in agriculture — a
necessity if they are to go to Palestine, which
remains the only radical Solution for the Jew-
ish "Displaced Persons" — the tragic victims of
man's inhumanity to man.
MESSAGE TO
ANGLO- JEWISH YOUTH
THE foUowing declaration was adopted unani-
mously at a gathering of the English-
speaking membei^s of the Jewish Brigade, held
on September 15th.
"We want you to know of cur pride in the
privilege of serving in the Fighting Force of
our own People, under our own name and flag,
while we remember that we were, as a Jewish
formation, the representatives of more than a
million Jewish soldiers fighting under the
various flags of the Allied Armies. We have
been especially stirred and fortifled by the
heroic efforts in Nazi-dominated Europe of the
Jewish Partisans, the Ghetto Rebeis, and the
Jewish Underground Movements— all those
whose hopes and Inspiration lay in the inex-
haustible strength and future of Jewish Eretz
Israel, building a national Home for its sur-
viving brothers in Europe. It is this Yishuv
which has contributed, to the destruction of
the enemy — its sons — happy representatives of
. a virile community in the making.
"On the other side, we have all seen the ter-
rible effects of the last years on the Jewries
of Europe. The great historical communities
of Lithuania, Poland and Central Europe have
ceased to exist and the surviving remnants have
flnished with this Continent — they are deter-
mined to leave the lands of immemorial op-
pression for a new life in Eretz Israel. But we
are faced with the intolerable conditions still
existing for the Jewish survivors of Europe.
We have seen thousands of them still fenced in
in the camps, surrounded by memories of
terror, with inadequate food, clothing, and
shelter, sitill feeling oppressed and lost. Our
heart cries out for them; we cannot contain
ourselves any longer at their plight.
"Appreciating the problems with which Jewry
is now faced, we call on free English-speaking
Youth to align itself with the cause which is
the only one keeping the Remnants of Israel
alive. Align yourself with us who are demand-
ing the right of free entry into Palestine, for
we have seen with our own eyes what has hap-
pened and what will always happen, unless we
act and act now. We call upon you to decide
now on your participation in the upbuilding of
Eretz Israel, which has already clearly demon-
strated that we have the potentialities in of
creating a positive healthy community, success-
ful in agriculture, industry and the arts, and
re-creating Jewish spiritual and religious life.
We call on you, English-speaking Touth of the
World, to recognise and remember your
responsibilities to your People, and the reality
of its needs — ^to join with all the forward-
looking Jews, in the great and sacred work of
establishing the Jewish Homeland as a sanc-
tuary for our brothers in Europe, for ourselves,
and for our children."
A World To Remember
ZIONIST REVIEW— September 21, 1946
The foUowing^ artlcle, analyztng the works
of same of Jewry's greatest writera appeared
originally in the "Workman's CIrcle Call" (New
York). —The Editor.
MENDELE, Peretz and Sholem Alelchem
are the three "pillars" of modern Yiddish
literature. Mendele Mocher Seforim (Sholem
Jacob Abramawitch) was born in 1883 and died
in 1917. The Jewish world that he depicted
was flrm and stähle; it was held together by
tradition, rooted in centuries of collective ex-
perience. Some of it was good and some of
it was had, and Mendele resorted to satire to
expose what was bad in it. Mendele was not
so much concerned with individual men and
women, with their private sorrows and joys,
aa with the csommunity, with kahal, and, on a
higher level, with knesseth yisrael.
Yitzchok Leibush Peretz was born In 1851
and died in 1915. As he began to write, Jewish
life was breaking out of ita mlllenial
mould; it was taking on a social and spirltual
mobility. This was partly due to external clr-
cumstances; the massacres of 1881 and of the
early twentieth Century, the dissolution of the
Jewish townlet "economy" in the wake of the
emancipation of the serfs and the introduction
of the Industrial Revolution into Russia. But
it was also due to factors fermenting witMn
the Jewish Community, to new movements and
forces which came into being as an inner
answer to these external clrcumstances. These
forces were primarily social and national, and,
although new in form, direction and ideology,
derived their strength and Inspiration from the
cumulative Jewish heritage and martyrdom,
courage and devotion to a rellgious ideal ex-
prcssing itself historically in the quest for
justice and loving-kindness. It is symbolio and
instructive that the flrst Zionist Congresa and
the flrst Conference of the socialiat Bund — the
initial manifestations of an organised national
and social consciousness — were held In the
same year.
Peretz witnessed this, and — although In his
early writings there is also discernible a straln
of satire — turned to romanticism. He turned
to romanticism not aq a truancy from the
compulsiona of life, not as a retreat from the
coeroive present; he went to the ,past to dls-
cover the sourcea of the strength and Inspira-
tion of his generation. He made the legend
of yesterday his themo eo that it might light
up the reality of today — the Jewish scene In
its contemporary conflguration.
Sholem Aleichlm (Sholem Rabinowltch) was
born in 1859 and died in 1916. His own Jewish
world was not only socially and spirltually
mobile; it was physically mobile too. Indeed,
it was loslng its boundaries; Mendele'a stability
was gone. The townsfolk were leaving for the
larger Russian eitles and there was already In
füll prooess that vast migration that brought
some two mlUion Jews to America.
Mendele gave utteranoe to his love of his
people by chastising them, by the scorn of hia
irony, by urging them to get rid of the syco-
phanta, the communal expoiters, the oppressors
of the "little people," by opening up their
Windows and doors so that the sun of know-
ledge and secular learning mlght shine In, and,
flnally, after his disappolntment In the limited
objectives of the haskalah, by asklng them to
drink of the füll and ever-lastlng fountalns of
Jewish knowledge and wisdom. Peretz gave
them a wonderful gift; he chose, out of their
past, the moat glorious and precioua moments;
he selected, from among those who preceded
them, the sweetest and saintliest of men, and
endowed them with life again, and with mean-
ing, for his generation. What was Sholem
Alelchem to do? The satlrist had chastized and
the romanticiat had cherished, and now he was
seeing this oommunity In dissolution. Waa he
to weep and to lament? Was he to sing with
the ancient prophet — "We have hung our harps
upon the willow-trees"? Or, perhaps, waa he
to yield to an easy optlmlsm and to cry out:
"The klng Is dead; long live the klng"?
Sholem Alelchem, thank God, deolded not to
weep over that whlch must be, nor to mock It
and laugh at it, nor to disregard it and to make
li£:ht of it; he decided to aee it not as the
satirist with dldactlc eyea, nor &a the romantl-
Contd. page 7, col. 8
BOOKS
HEBREW MEDICAL JOURNAL
THE Hebrew Medical Journal (Harofe Haivri)
published in New York is now in its i8th
year, and the first volume for 1945, dedicated to
the late Henrietta Szold, has reached us. The
production, paper and printing of this Journal stand
comparison with the best American technicäl Jour-
nals, and will be envied by most editors in England.
Most articles are printed in both Hebrew and Eng-
lish and are freely and beautifully illustrated. The
cditor, Moses Einhorn, has endeavoured to provide
articles on medical subjects of specific Jewish and
Palestine interest. The current issue includes an ap-
preciation of Miss Szold's contribution to the health
of Palestine, brief biographies of Jewish physicians
who were pioneers in Zionism, articles on Hebrew
Medical Terminology, and a section of a detaiied
English-Hebrew Medical Dictionary (Albuminuria
to Aneurysm). The joumal is generally supported
by leading medical advertisers. We await further
issues with relish.
It is of interest to compare this Journal with
Harefuah, the organ of the Palestine Jewish
Medical Association. Harefuah should emulate
Harofe Haivri in at least one important respect. It
should publish its more significant articles in both
Hebrew and English, in füll, rather than provide
the exiguous English summaries it gives at present.
ELI DAVIS.
• » »
"BETURN TO BARTH"
In "Down Oxford Street" Ralph L. Finn
introduced a type of literature halfway be-
tween a novel and a ahort story— a series of
stories placed In a common frame and playing
the same theme In different acales. In his
latest book "Return to Earth" (Hutchinson
& Co) he continues with this type of flction.
The theme Ig the Ekist End. Jews and
Christians, a colourful mixture of East-Enders
meet durlng the doodle-bug tlme in a cellar In
Simon Alley and this shelter become the centre
of their little and very vivld coramunlty. Pro-
jected on this narrow sptaoe are their joya and
sorrows, their love and hatred, life and death,
anti-Semltlsm and fraternlty. It is a human
book, füll of humour and sometlmes very
touching; for Instance, when, after a dlrect hlt
at the next corner had oaused casualties, this
Rabbi aays Kaddish to that oongregaüon of
Jews and (rcntiles.
H. P.
• • •
"WILLESDEN SYNAGOGUE REVIEW"
A SPECIAL feature of the "Willesden Synagogue
'^ Review", published on the eve of " Rosh
Hashanah" contains selections from old and new
Jewish literature. The "Review" includes articles
by Dr. I. Epstein on "Cosmos or Chaos". Mr.
Neville Laski on the Community; Mr. I. Finestein
on "University students and the Synagogue"; Dr.
W, Zander on the Hebrew University and Sir
Leon Simon on "The Renascence of Hebrew Cul-
ture in Palestine"; Mr. Gordon Liverman on Jew-
ish Defence; Miss Joyce Kadish on "The Need
for AHyah". There is a great deal of information
about local activities. The Editor is the Rev. M.
Spira, B.A.
PEOPLE AND
=_EVENTS_
AMONG the many New- Year Messages re-
ceived by the Zionist Review the one
which pleased me most was from the Belsen Jew-
ish (Community. It was signed: Jack Brass. He
is a leading member of the British Habonim, who
is on a relief mission in Germany. An en-
thusiastic worker, with special knowledge of
children's psychology, he editcd with distinction
the magazine Haboneh. He is now, I understand,
doing excellent work in helping to rehabilitate the
former inmates of the German concentration camps.
• • •
IHEAR that Mr. Joe Levy, former Secrctary of
the Glasgow Zionist Organisation, is contem-
plating a visit to Palestine. Since his arrival in
London a few months ago he made many friends
in local Zionist circles. I have even heard it said
that he spends the whole day at Great Russell
Street . . . Mr. Levy is a staunch Zionist, who hates
compromise with assimilation. There is much he
will find in Palestine which is worth careful study.
• • «
AMONG the refugees from Europe, who have
left their mark on the intellcctual life of
American Jewry is Mr. Jacob Robinson. A dis-
tinguished writer on legal problems, an expert on
minorities' rights, he was at one time closely con-
nected with the Ministry for External Affairs in
his native Lithuania. After the Great War he took
an active part in the Zionist Movement.
In the U.S.A. he has become the Director of
the Institute for Jewish Affairs established under
the Joint auspices of the American Jewish Congresa
and the World Jewish C^ngress; in recent years
the Institute published a number of usefui pub-
lications on Jewish post-war problems. Dr. Robin-
son is expected in London shortly.
• • •
I ALMOST fainted when I came to the end of
my prayers on Monday evening. But the reason
was not the fast which I endured quite well. I
discovered to my amazement that the traditional
words /D'^B^IT'3 nKan i\W*7 (next year In
Jerusalem) have been omitted in the Prayer Book
of the United Synagogue which I used. As these
words are the climax of the traditional .n^''Vl
Service, I wonder how members of the United
Syoägogues, the majority of whom are probably
Zionists, have allowed this shocking censorship
which is an insult to nationally-conscious and or-
thodox Jewry.
• • •
I WONDER why the "Central British Fund",
' which is being supported by all sections of the
Community advertises its Appeal exclusively in
the "Jewish Chronicle" and the "A.J.A. Review"?
No newspaper is in need of advertisements these
days. But it is wrong that a communal appeal,
which needs the support of every Jew, should dis-
criminate between the various organs of the Jewish
Press.
• • •
THE Youth Department of the Zionist Organisa-
■ tion in Jerusalem did well to publish the Eng-
lish translation of the stories of Yehuda Yaari.
The name of the booklet is "Prisoners of Hope."
Yehuda Yaari came to Palestine from Galicia,
Poland, in 1920. In the stories which have been
collected in this volume, Yaari has captured the
spirit of this period with its combination of ideal-
ism and of the privations of a pioneering life. He
saw the btrth of Gedud Ha'Avodah ("Labour Batal-
lion") which organised the newly-arrived chalut-
zim and which gave rise to the growth of the
large collective Settlements.
The booklet has a special British interest: the
foreward is written by Mr. Abe Herman, and
some of the stories were translated by Mr. Israel
Sehen, son of the Dircctc» of the Jewish National
Fund te this csountry. ADA.
ZIONIST REVIEW—September 21, 1945
THE STUDENTS' MOVEMENT
by Leon Brotmacher
THE Unlvereltles Zlonlst CJouncll (U.Z.C.) Is
' an adviBory body attached to the Inter-
Unlverslty Jewlsh Pederatlon (I.U.J.F.), Its
ohalrman beln^ a member of the executlve of
the latter body. U.Z.C. acts through Zlonlst
convenera in eaoh Unlverslty Society.
The Council feela that little can be galned by
attemptlng to wln over non-Zionlst students,
whoee oplnlons have, for the moat pari, harden-
ed. It haa, therefore, almed In the maln at
Increaalng knowledge among Zlonlst students,
and foaterlng a splrlt of unlty and co-operatlon
among members of dlfferent partlea, from
General Zlonlst to Poale Zion, from Baohad to
Hashomer Hatzair. To thls end, the formatlon
of study groups In each soolety is belng en-
couraged, and arrangements made for the dls-
trlbutlon of Zlonlst Uterature, a special library
bein^g In course of preparatlon. Dr. Hillers
correspondence course In the history and theory
of Zlonism has been made available to socle-
ties, €is have a number of Zlonlst fllms.
The Inter-Unlverslty Federation has a page
in tho "Young Zlonlst," and has published
artloles on the Trans-Jordan queation, Zlonism
and rellgion, the Jewlsh State Idea, and many
other subjeöts.
U.Z.C. worka in close co-operation with the
Jewlsh Agency, who provide Uterature, and
arrange for a panel of visiting Speakers. Mr.
Gershon Hirsch has visited the Reading,
Durham, and Manchester Societies. The work
of P.A.T.W.A. has been publlclsed, and a num-
ber of students have become members. The
Council deoided to participate in the Golden
Book Tribute to Dr. Weizmann on the ocoaslon
of bis seventieth blrthday. Considerable Sup-
port has been received. An I.U.J.F. delegate
was present at the last Z.P. Conference.
The actlvities of U.Z.C. are steadily Increasing
in number, and its importance is being in-
creasingly recognised in Zionist olrcles. Per-
sons wanting further Information should com-
municate with the Chairman, Mr. J. Sacks, 9,
Stainbeck Lane, Leeds, 7.
Z.F. MEMBERSHIP-28,624
The Total Memberahlp of the Zlonlst Federa-
tion ho» thls week reached the flgure of 28,624.
The Annual General Meeting of the Edgbaston
Women Zionlsts was held recently at the
reaidenoe of Mrs. H. Sllverstone, 64, Harbome
Road, Edgbaston, when Mrs. Valerie Gould,
Chairman of the Society, presided over a large
gatherlng of members. She stated that the
Society had a paid membership of 145; eleven
cultural meetings had been held durlng the
year. The Treasurer, Mrs. K. Strauss, pre-
sented a balance-sheet whlch showed that £250
had been sent to London. The Executive and
Committee were unanlmously re-elected.
A very successful Dance, arranged by the
Wolverhampton J.N.F. Commisslon, was held
in the Wulfrun Hall, Wolverhampton. The
money raised amounted to some £200 and thia
amount will be donated to the U.P.A.
The meeting was crowded and many hun-
dreda of people had to be turned away. It ia
therefore proposed to hold a second meeting.
Mr. S. Adler-Rudel, who was in the chair, wel-
comed Dr. Baeck as the great leader of Con-
tinental Jewry who went through much suffer-
Ing for bis convictlons. Dr. Georg Landauer
from Palestlne joined in the welcome.
Gttla Performance for "Youth AUyah." Mr.
J. Pomeroy has offered to glve a Gala Perform-
ance of "A Night in Venice" in aid of Chlldren
and YOuth Aliyah, giving the whole of the box
Office recelpta to the movement for the rehabili-
tation in Palestlne of destitute Jewlsh chlldren.
The gala Performance will take place at the
Cambridge Theatre on Monday, September 24th,
at 6.45 p.m.
"The Aseret Yemel Teshuva" (Ten daya of
Penltence) have been for aome years the tlme
when the Zionist Youth Movement of Brltain
have ciarried out a drlve to plant trees in Eretz
Israel. The signlfloance of the new young tree
bound up with the idea of the New Year haa
been of great educatlonal value to the Move-
ments and haa also had the practlcal results of
ralsing considerable sums of money for the
Jewlsh National Fund. House to house drlves
have taken place in all the maln Jewlsh centres
of Great Brltain. The objeot of thls was to
bring before the ordinary Jewlsh householder
the necessity of being part of the great move-
ment for the plantln^ of trees at the time of
the New Year. The trees that are raised by
thls effort will be planted in the Children'a
Forest, the Chlldren's Wood In the Forest of
Freedom, and the Bnei Akivah Forest.
The Chief Rabbl'a Religloua Emergency
Council ia aending three Mobile Synagogue
Ambulancea (numl>er8 10, 12 and 13 of the
series) to Poland. The flrst vehlcle was loaded
Into a boat on Friday, the 14th September, 1945.
It is the flrst Jewlsh rellef supply dlrect to
Poland and it containa 12 tona of food, clothing
and religioua requisitea. Poliah delegatea from
Warsaw stressed that the vehiclea themselves
would fulfll an urgent need because of the total
lack of transport in Poland. A delegate of the
Chief Rabbi's Council who will carry out a
rellef misaion in Poland ia travelllng with the
vehlcle.
Lt. Ool. C. V. T. Colea, speaklng on the occa-
Bion of a Concert held at the Embassy Theatre,
by the Ex-Servicemen's (non-Brltish) Assockip
tlon, said that tJie refugees from Nazi oppression
who had lost everything, relatives and homes,
found themselves out of the Army now, and no
Provision waa made to help them. These men
and women, approximately 6,000 to 6,000, asked
for no reward but to be aJlowed to live In the
country of their cholce and to be loyal and
resipected oitizene.
The Association of Jewlsh Refugees held a
receptlon meeting at the Embassy Theatre,
Swiss Cottage, In honour of Rabbi Leo Baeok.
Mr. Arthur Kay, of the Waldorf Hotel,
Aldwych, commenting on the picture of the
Tel-Avlv atationmaster which appe^ired recently
in the "Zionist Review," writee;
The scene iia the Tel- Aviv rallway Station,
and both flgures in the picture are familiär to
thousanda of service men who have been
stationed In Palestlne or have spent their leave
there durlng the war. The stationmaster was
one of the hardest-worked individuala in the
country and spared no effort to make British
Service men aa. oomfortable as he could'.with
the limited resources at hla dlspoaal. * The
Indian haa been atationed in Tel-Avlv for quite
a long period aa R.T.O. (Railwäy Tranapont
Offleer) and to my knowledge, reölprocated the
good work of the Jewish atationmaster towarda
non-Jewish troopa by doing hia best, not only
for hia own men, but alao for the numerous
Palestinian service men who had used the
Station. Also, as a point of interest, thls R.T.O.
has learnt Quite fiiuent Hebrew.
A World To Remember
(FROM PAGE 6)
eist with enchanted eyes, but as the humorist.
Sholem Aleichem deoided to look at this world
aa one who accepts it with a gentle and sad
smile and then sees it with all ita little and
large sorrowa and joys and asplrations and
passiona sub specie aeternetatis, sees it in the
Yerushalayim shel matah (the celeatial Jeru-
saleim), and seea it not in some special and
exultant experienoe, in some special and esoteric
Individual, but in the simple folk, the common
folk, the workaday folk in their simple, com-
mon and workaday world. It was thus that
Sholem Aleichem was able to call himself
Sholem Aleichem, to take as hia pseudonym the
daily greeting used in the home, in the syna-
gogue and in the market-place by common folk
as they meet each other, smile at each other,
do business with each other, and even quarre!
with each other. It rings so right and it
seema so aimple. How could it have been
otherwise? Sholem Aleichem was Sholem
Aleichem.
Little of that world is now left, and there is
nothing one can do against the attrition of time
and the dialeotlc of historical change. But
surely some values are timeless and some
truths are permanent and their oareer need not
be cut Short in the climate of a new social
and hiatorioal context. And so the pity is not
that the world of Mendele, and Peretz and,
above all, of Sholem Aleichem has vanished;
the pity is that the memory of that world is
vanishing and the knowledge of its meaning,
its wisdom, its vision, its lore and — let us add
quickly— ita language. A generation haa arisen
without knowledge, and therefore without love,
of thls world, of the thinga it lived by and the
language it lived with. It was Spinoza wiio
taught ua that thinga muat not be wept over
and must not be laughed over but must be
understood. The great sage was only partly
right. Thinga muat be, by all means, under-
atood, but they can be underatood only after
they have been laughed over and wept over*
A generation haa arisen which doea not even
know the language of this world, the language
which ia not merely an aggregate of worda
to be found in a dictionary but the llving heart
and the thinking mind of our parents and
grandparents and oontains lacrymae rerum, the
tears that are in things and in the heart.
Educators and teachers and writers and even
rabbis have arisen to whom bis lore and this
language are llen and remote. Can we recon-
struct our life, can we build anew ajnd ag^ain
if we know not what the construction of yester-
day's life was, if the archltecture of our
parents' home is unknown to ua? At any rate
can we do it with piety, with intelligence?
RapidljK— and
,. , .^. . Itgiveslasting
relief, without depressing af ter-eflfects, and is
widely used in Government factories. Head-
aches, muscular aches and " twmges " and
colds are soon ended with ' ANADIN '
Owinpf to priority calls your local cheinist may
occasionally be temporarily out of stock.
Further supplies will, however, be made
avallabte tohim to the füllest possibte extent.
1/B & 2/10 (Inc. Tax).
FOR THE RELIEF OF PAIN
Teuepmones BISmopsgate 1927 - 6427 • 5B02
ZIONIST REVIEW— September 21, 1945
LONDONEC-2
272, CAMOEN ROAD 17. FOLGATE STREET
CAMDEN TOWN. N.W.I BISHOPSGATE. E.l
GULIi.« 4JJ0 WShopi««. miMViWl
It will not he long before-
SOLD CUP JAFFAJUCE
will he on sale again.
CITRUS PRODUCTS CO. LTD.
E. KALLIR.
Continental Delikatessen,
9, SwIm Terraoe, London, N.W.6.
Phone: PRImrose 4431
Open all day Thursdays.
Closed Saturdays after 1 p.m.
ESSENCE OF
DRESS-SENSE
HERSHELLE MODELS are jold by the betfer
fajhion houses throughout the country.
MAKE A NOTE OF THESE
Saturday, September 22nd.
Jacob Ehrlich Z.S., St. Peter's Vicarago,
Belsize Square, N.W.3. Oneg Shabbath. F. R.
Bienenfeld: "The European Conference of the
World Jewish Congress." 5 p.m.
Swiday, September 23rd.
Anglo-PalestinJan Club, 43/44 Gt. Windmill
St., W.l. Exhibition of Sculpture by Mr. Olam
Nemon. Opening by Mrs. R. Sieff. 8 p.m.
Monday, September 34th.
Maccabi, 73 Compayne Gdns., N.W.6. Jewish
Problems Study Group. 8 p.m.
North London Poale Zion, North London Zion
House, 75 Cazenove Rd., N.16. Speaker: Dr. S.
Levenberg— "Report on World Zionist Con-
ference." 7.45 p.m.
West London Poale Zion, 27 Palace Court,
W.2. Speaker: Capt. H. M. Winawer— "Report
on Europe." 7.45 p.m.
East London Poale Zion« Workers' Circle,
Alle St., E.l. Dr. L. Zelmanovitz— "Position of
World Jewry." 7 p.m.
Tuesday, September 25th.
Hashacher Y.Z.S., Cricklewood Synagogue,
Walm Lane, N.W.2. Members and friends
invited. 8 p.m.
The Zionist Federation of Great Britaln and
Ireland.
Divisional Speakers' Contest — London.
Tuesday, 2nd October, 1945, at 8 p.m.
North London Zion Housb, 75, Cazenove Boad,
N.16. Entrants! Mrs. D. Gran (Clapton Zionist
Society); Mr. H. Weissberg (Croydon Zionist
Society); Mr. E. Chanan (Dalston Zionist
Society); Councillor A. Levy (Stamford Hill &
Distriot Zionist Society, senior grade); Gunner
B. Schwartz (Stamford Hill & District Zionist
Society, junior grade).
Tuesday, 9th October, 1945, at 8 p.m. Josef
Freedman Hall, Golders Green Synagogue,
Dunstan Boad, N.W.ll. Entrants: Mr. Ph.
Cohen (Geulah Zionist Society); Mr. M. Harris
(Golders Green Zionist Society, senior grade);
Miss D. Pearlman (Golders Green Zionist
Society, junior grade); Mr. M. Jeffery (Hamp-
stead Garden Suburb Zionist Society); Mr. M.
J. Cowan (Hendon Zionist Society).
B
PUBLIC MEETING
ACHAD, Woburn House, Upper Woburn
Place, W.C.l. "The Position of the Jews
in Europe." Reports by Arieh Handler (just
returned from Sweden), Bev. S. Marcovitch, B.A.
(just returned from relief work in Europe), on
Wednesday,. September 26th, 1945, At 7.30 p.m.,
at Friends House, Euston Boad, W.C.l All
interested are cordially invited.
Edgware Z.S., Communal Hall, Mowbray Rd.
Address by Dr. L. Zelmanovits on "The World
Zionist Conference" and the "World Jewish
Congress." 8 p.m.
Highgate Z.S., Highgate Synagogue, 88
Archway Rd., N.19. Address by Mr. N. Golden-
berg an "Zionist Current Affairs." 8 p.m.
Notting HUI Z.S., 5 Arundel Gdns., W.U.
Lecture by P. Horowitz on "The World Zionist
Conference." 8 p.m.
A.P. Club. We discuss "Great Britain and
the Jews." 8 ip.m. Arranged by the Discussion
Group.
Theodor Herzl Z.S., N.W. London Zion House.
Living Newspaper. 7.30 p.m.
Wednesday, September 26th.
A.P. Club. Hebrew Brains Trust. 8 p.m.
N.W. Poale Zion, N.W. London Zion House.
Speaker: John Parker, M.P.— "The General
Election and After." 7.45 p.m.
Dalston Poale Zion, 14a Graham Rd., E.8.
Mr. S. Halpern— "Problems of Organisation."
7.45 p.m.
Thursday, September 27th.
A.P. Club. :Reception to Mr. Justice Gad
Prumkin, C.B.. Chairman: Mr. Barnett Janner,
M.P. 8 p.m.
Poale Zion. Public Meeting, Lansbury
Memorial Home, 8 Wellington Way, E.3.
Gershon Hirsch — "Jewish Labour: Our Task
To-day." 7,30 p.m.
St. John's Wood & Maida Vale Z.S., 34/35,
Abbey Rd., N.W.8. Simchat Torah Dance. 8 p.m.
ESSAY COMPETITIONS
ZIONIST Federation of Great Britain and
Ireland. Essay Competltions. In response
to requests made to the Education Department,
the closing date of the Essay Competltions haa
been postponed until October 30th, 1945. Füll
partdculars can be obtained from the Education
Department, 57, Gt. Russell St., London, W.C.l.
DANCE
A SIMCHAT Torah Dance arranged by the
Young People's Committee of the Jewish
National Fund, at the Brent Bridge Hotel,
Hendon, N.W.4, on Thursday, September 27th,
1945, 7-10.30 p.m. Cabaret. Admission 7/6d.
WE wish to draw the attention of our
customers to the fact that we shall
be closed on the foUowing days:—
Monday 24th September
Friday 28th „
We take this opportunity of wishing relatives,
friends and customers a very happy and
prosperous New Year.
L. ZIGMOND,
97, COMMERCIAL RD., LONDON, E.l.
st^«^
vi.
%/ie itc^if»»^ 0ufu//
•^5'
jm.
Charts, temps, washings, meals ; No, 18 seems
brighter ; No. 30 is coughing ; a dressing for No. 5 ;
No. 20's stitches. No wonder Nurse has a Splitting
head ! But she Iceeps smiling — she doesn't worr/ —
In two minutes she'll soothe away her headache with
a cup of tea and a little pink tablet.
5 Tablets 34d. 10 Tablets 7d.
O//
^ SO0T^£S PA/N AWAY
KORAY
mm
Published by the Zionist Federation of Gt. Briuin and Ireland, 73 Ot. Russell WXI.i. Printed by The Narod Press (T.U.), 129-131 CaveU St., London, E.i
Zionist Review, April 7, 1944
ARAB UNITY
As the war in Europa heads towards its
'^ final Btage, a development of the greatest
signiflcanoe ia taking place in the Middle East.
The Arab Statea, clustered round one of the
principal trafflo junctiona of the world, are
aeeking for a formula which will enable them
to act together as a politlcal and economic unit
without harming the vested interests of each
of them. If they succeed, a new great power
will have been created. At present these coun-
triea have a total populatlon of thirty mlllions,
but their birthrates are among the highcst in
the World. They are mostly poor and un-
developed but they have great potentialities.
Their newly-discovered wealth of oil lends
them added Strategie importance. The policy
of such an Arab unit can help to make or
unmake world peaoe. For us Jews, with our
homeland embedded in that area, its attitude
may become one of the decisive factora in our
atruggle for survival.
In Order to understand what is happening in
the Arab world, it is necessary tp know some-
thlng of the hlstorical background. It is simply
not a fact that the once proud Arab nation,
after having been kept down for centuries by
Turka and Europeans, is now struggling for
its independence. The Arab nation of today is
not fuUy identical with the Arabs of history;
it ia in fact at the moment only in the process
of becoming a nation. When we speak of
Araba, we may be referring to one of three
distinct hlstorical entities.
The Arabian Feninsula
Originally, "Arabs" meant the nomadic in-
habitanta of the Arabian peninsula, Between
650-750 A.D. theae people, inspired by the
Moslem rellgion, conquered a huge belt of
countries atretching from Central Asla to
Spain. In this empire only full-blooded Arabs
had any rights; everybody eise was merely a
slave of the State. In 750, this State was over-
thrown and replaced by a Moslem empire, in
which Moslems of all races had equal rights,
members of other religions being second-rank
Citizens, but enjoying internal autonomy.
Within this supra-national State, the racial
Arabs soon lost all importance, but they
bequeathed to it their language and whatever
intellectual culture they possessed. Arabic was
the language of State and rellgion. Turks,
Persians, Greeks, and Egyptians expressed their
— often anti-Arab — ideas in Arabic and in Arab
literary forms, and they achieved considerable
auccess with them. The great Arab civilisation,
so important in the intellectual development of
humanity, was the work of these foreigners
who wrote Arabic. But in the 14th to 15th
centuries that civilisation decayed. The Otto-
man Turks created a new Moslem empire,
Islam spread to new countries, but Arabic only
continued as a dead language, like medieeval
Latin.
In the countries outside the Arabian penin-
sula, Arabic speech was at flrst conflned to the
eitles. The pcasants went on speaking their
old languages throughout the period of the
Moslem empire. In some countries, like Persia
and Turkey, the language of the countryside
flnally prevailed; in others, the Arab countries
of today, the towns gradually arabicised the
countryside, helped by the steady influx of
Bedouins from the peninsula who settled
among the peasants. It was a very slow pro-
cess. In Egypt, the arabicization of the
country was only completed in the 17th Century,
in Iraq and North Africa it is still far from
oomplete. The Arabic Speakers of today are
only to a small part Arabs by race. The
Christians, Jews, etc. among them were never
Arabs by culture either; during the golden age
of Arab civilization they had their own distinct
cultures. Nor can it be strictly said that they
speak Arabic. Their spoken dialects are aa
different from the Arabic of literature as
French is from Latin, and as different from
each other as French is from Italian or
Rumanian. But among all of them only the
Christian Maltese have raised their dialect ta
the Status of a literary language. In all other
Arabic-speaking countries, from Iraq to
Morocco, the literary Arabic of the Middle Ages
is considered the national written language.
IN the Moslem empire of the Ottomans the
idea of a nation did not exist. Arabic
Speakers were grouped together with Turkish
Speakers as the Moslem "Millet" or national
group, and we have few indicationa that the
Speakers of Arabic were aware of any essential
Chalm Rabin
difference, especially as the Turks also fre-
quently uscd Arabic as their literary language.
Only in the nineteenth Century, with the spread
of literary Arabic education among the middle
class in Syria and Egypt, did the growing
bitterneos of that middle class against the
Turkish and Turko-Egyptian bureaucracy seek
its expression in stressing its Arab character.
The Arab nationalism, at flrst purely cultural,
was largely cultivated by the Christian part of
the populatlon (who as we said were not Arabs
at all), because they saw In it a means of
getting together on equal terms with their
Moslem fellow-countrymen. Right from the
beginning, Arab nationalism found a rival in
local Egyptian, Syrian, etc. nationalisms which
went back in their romantic idealisation to the
glorious past of these countries before the Arab
Invasion. Egypt, especially, which was inde-
pendent of the Turks before 1805, developed a
very streng local nationalism that even today
rallies the most progressive spirits of the
country.
little progress
ON the whole, the fomiation of an Arab
nation made little progresa until the last
war. The sympathies of Arabs in that war
were in the main with Moslem Turkey. King
Hussein of the Hejaz, who flnally joined the
Allies, had in view mainly the aggrandizement
of his own dynasty, but he saw that he could
serve that best by making common cause with
the Pan-Arabs. Thus it came that the Hejaz,
which had tili then remained outside the Arab
cultural revival, was the only flghter for the
political aspirations of the Arabs.
The Husseini family was cheated of its hopes
in the post-war settlement. Instead of the
empire they dreamt of, they obtained only Iraq
and Transjordan, and eventually they lost their
homeland, the Hejaz, to another Arab dynasty.
But the Arab nation got everything it could
want, even though not immediately. Their
right to self-government was recognised, but
they were put under a mandatory regime to
enable them to learn the methoda of self-
government and to develop an educated class
that could accept responbilities. Today all Arab
countries in Asia are fully self-governing and
either politically independent or about to be so.
Large non-Arab minorities have been placed at
the mercy of the Arab States. Now the separate
Arab States are striving to unite in some form
or other and in this they have the blessing of
England and America. Indeed, only one un-
fulfllled ambition has been left to the Arabs;
to incorporate Palestine into the area they
control.
In view of the oomplete freedom of action
enjoyed by the major Arab States— it has gone
so f9,r that up tili now all of them have kept
out of the war — it Is rather signiflcant that the
present negotlationa do not aim at füll unlflca-
tion. The Prime Ministers of Iraq and Egypt
visualise rather the formation of a new State,
or closely-knit federation, embracing Syria, the
Lebanon, Palestine and Transjordan, and the
co-operation of such a State with Iraq, Egypt
and Saudi Arabia in a more loosely-knit league
"with common Ideals, language, and a policy
of mutual assistance", i.e. relatlons auch aa have
existed between the Arab Statea for the last
ten years or more. This vague formula seema
to indicate that the factors separating the Arab
States today are at least aa potent as those
that draw them together. The latter are mainly
cultural and sentimental, the former economic
and social. It is at present impoasible tc say
whether co-operation will be close enough to
level the important differences in social develop-
ment and economic interests, or whether theae
differences will prevail, and ultimately lead to
the establishment of a number of oompletely
separate Arabic-speaking nations similar to the
English-speaking nationa. Either stato of
affairs can offer the common people of thoa«
countries opportunities for a happy and
free life.
APART from the Ideals of Arab resurrection,
the Sponsors of the present negotlationa
are no doubt moved by two further thoughta:
the desire to appear in a streng poaition at th«
Pcace Conference (voiced recently by the
Prime Minister of Egypt), and the wiah to
create a powerful united front againat the
minorities in the different countries, among
them also the Jews in Palestine. It ia thia ele-
ment of power politica in the efforta for Arab
unity which needa watching.
There are few things that could be more help-
ful to US Jews than a progressive aympatheÜo
Arab unit, few things that could be more
destructive than an Arab federation founded
on reaction and hatred.
Palestine A.T.S. study the news
Zionist Review, April 7, 1944
V
Edueation in Palestine
1^
ALTHOUGH ther« is no compulsory educa-
tion in Palestine, the Jewish communlty
has taken upon Itself the task of trying to
provide achoollng for all who need it. Despite
the fact that it is constantly beset by flnancial
difflculties, it has succeeded in maintaining a
ramifled System of schools. In the year 1942/43
there were 483 schools under the aegis of the
Jewish Community in the educational system,
administered and supervised by the Vaad
Leumi. In these schools 66,739 chlldren were
receiving their education and the maintenance
costs were almost LP.800,OOO. A further 30,000
children were taught in. schools not eubject to
the control of the Vaad Leumi. About a
quarter of these studied in elementary and reli-
gious schools (Talmudei Torah and Yeshivoth)
uia'ntained by the ultra-orthodox Agudath
Israel Organisation, which on principle refuses
to identify itself with the organised Jewish
Community. Most of them, however, study in
schools maintained by individuals and societies
which remain outside the general school
System for purely organisational reasons.
Education begins at a tender age. Mothers
in the new Palestine are often unable to devote
much time to the home. In the country they
have to help on the farm, and in town many
of them have to work in order to help In the
upkeep of the household. This they are able
to do largely owing to the existence of kinder-
gartens, where their chlldren are in safe hands
for several houra a day. It Is only two genera-
tions since Hebrew was first spoken as a llving
language by kindergarten chlldren; and it was
through these children that Hebrew Struck
auch strong roots and became the mother-
tongue of hundreds of thousands of people.
The method employed in Hebrew kindcrgartena
la that of indivldual freedom. The child
chooses whatever form of work or play it likes.
The teacher offers guidance in drawing,
modelling, handwork, pasting, gardening and
games. During the year 1942/43 there were 233
kindergartens with 8,485 children, the mainten-
ance of which cost approximately LP.80,000.
This amount was found without any help what-
\ ever from the Zionist funda or the Government.
Th«» IIcb,rew primary school in Palestine con-
slsts of eight classes. Its currlculum does not
differ very wldely from that of schools of the
same type in other countries, except that here
the Hebrew language occupies the place ac-
corded to the national language elsewhere.
Slmilarly, Jewish hiatory takes preoedence over
that of any other nation, and ia taught
against the background of general history. In
geography, too, special attention ia paid to
FILM SHOW
In aid of the Bachad Fellowship
at the
Orpheum, Golders Green. N.W.ll
Finchley Road
The famous Jewish Comedierme Molly Picon
in one of the last Jewish films, made
in WarsoeiVy
■' M A M E L E "
(Little Mother). English Sub-Titlaa
Sunday, ICth April, at 8.S0 p.m.
(Doors open 3 p.m.)
Pricea of admission: 2/6, S/6, 5/6, 10/6,
obtai nable from Orpheunl Theatre, Golders
Green, Finchley Road, N.W.ll, and Bachad
Fellowship, Woburn House, Upper Woburn
Place, W.C.l. EUS. 3331.
RESERVE YOUR SEATS NOW.
Palestine and the neighbouring countries.
Nature study ia also adapted to the flora and
fauna of Palestine. In the lower classes Sorip-
ture ia taught in the form of Bible ßtories for
chlldren, adapted by Biallk (these, incidentally,
preserve the original language), while in the
middle and upper classes the actual text is
studied. Aa a result of the methoda by which
the Bible is taught in Hebrew schools, the chil-
dren come to appreciate its beauty and sanc-
Jhis survey of the Palesthie educational
System has been compiled on the basis of
material supplied by the Vaad Leumi
Education Department.
tity, and it means a great deal to them in later
life. In the schools for the children of religious
parents, the Talmud is given a prominent place
in the scheme of studies. In the four upper
classes of primary schools English is taught,
and in aome schools Arabic is taught in the
last two classea. In addltlon to classroom
atudiea, Instruction in given in work of a prac-
tical nature, such as gardening, partlcularly in
schools situated in the country. In some
schools instruction is given in dry farming,
beekeeping, poultry farming, etc. In the towns,
Grafts are taught: caipentry, metal work, book-
blndiing, etc. for boys; and sewlng, handwork,
cooking and domestlc sclence for girls. The
number of pupils in the 215 Hebrew primary
sohoola controlled by the Vaad Leumi in 1942/43
waa 49,181. The amount expended upon
primary education during the year was approxi-
mately LP. 420,000, in which the Jewish Agency
participated with LP.40,000 (9.5% and the
Government with LP.65,000 (15.5%). Three-
quarters of the total amount had to be found
by the Yishuv itself.
Hebrew secondary schools in Palestine are
slmilar in structure to those of Central Europe.
The period of study is 12 years, of which the
flrst four are spent in the junior achool. In
the secondary school proper there are eight
classes, the flrst four of which cover the aame
ground as the primary school. The maln aub-
jects taught in the Hebrew secondary school
are Hebrew language and literature in all its
aspects; classical languages are not taught, but
English is taught as the flrst foreign language
from the flfth form and upwards, and there is
the alternative of either French or Arabic as the
second. General aubjects, like mathematica,
physics, nature study, geography and hiatory,
are taught als in secondary schools elsewhere,
except for ccrtain adaptationa to Palestinian
conditions. For the last two years the studies
take on a more specialised character, and are
divided into two categories: literary (in which
greater attention is given to hiatory, Palestin-
ology and literature), and scientific (in which
mathematica, physics and chemistry play a
prominent part). School-leavlng examlnations
are uniform, and are conducted by the Educa-
tion department of the Vaad Leumi in
conjunction with the Hebrew University.
Possession of a school-leavlng certificate en-
titles the holder to enter the Hebrew University
or the Hebrew Technical Institute without
having to undergo an entrance examination.
In many countries secondary education ia free
aa well as primary. In Palestine, however,
even primary education has mostly to be paid
for by the parents. During the war certain
innovations have been introduced into school
life, Chief among which is the Organisation of
the Seniors of secondary schools for work in
the Settlements. Thig not only helps to solve
the urgent problem of shortage of manpower
in the Settlements, but ia in itaelf of consider-
able educational importance.
With regard to training in agriculture, a
great deal has been achieved by the Agricul-
tural School at Mlkveh Israel, establlshed as
long ago as 1870 by Carl Netter, the representa-
tive of the Alliance Israelite Universelle. The
graduates of this school have turned out to be
excellent farmers, and have proved able in-
structors for new immigrants. The children's
village of Ben Shemen established by the
"Juedische Waisenhilfe Gesellschaft" of Berlin,
waa designed to educate children for agricul-
ture. Another Institution along similar lines ia
Meir Shefeya, founded by Junior Hadassah.
The Farmers' Föderation erected a well-
equipped agricultural secondary school at
Pardess Hanna. Much has been done with
regard to the training of girls for agriculture
by the Women's International Zionist Organisa-
tion and the Council of Women Workers in
their girls' training farma, especially in the
Girls' Agricultural School at Nahalal. The
Government erected a modern agricultural
school on Mount Tabor out of an endowment
by the well-known Jewish philanthropist, the
late Sir Elle Kadoorie. Nevertheless, these
institutions are inadequate to supply the con-
siderable need for training the new generation
in agriculture.
But the Position with regard to vocational
training in branches other than agriculture is
far worse. There are very few trade schools.
In Tel Aviv there is a school for metal work
and carpentry which bears the name of Max
Pine (a leader of the Jewish labour movement
in the U.S.A.); a Technical High School has
been established as an adjunct to the Hebrew
Technical Institute at Haifa; while a similar
Institution has been established by immigrants
from Germany at Yagur, principally for edu-
cating German Immigrant youth. At the
beginning of the current school year a new
trade school for boys waa opened in Jerusalem.
The responslbility for its maintenance has been
assumed by the General Federatlon of Jewish
Labour and friends in America. In some of
these institutions a high fee for tuition is asked,
so that not all youngsters anxious to learn a
trade are able to do so.
In order to ensure a supply of teachers for
primary schools and kindergartens the Educa-
tion Department haa established several semin-
aries.
STOLL. THEATRE, KINGSWAY, W.C.2.
Sunday, April 23rd, 1944,
at 6.30 p.m.
GALA CONCERT
in aid of the J.N.F. Charitable Trust
under the auspices of the Maida Vale, St. John'a
Wood and Willesden J.N.F. Commissions
THE NATIONAL SYMPHONY ORCIIESTRÄ
Conductor:
Sydney Beer
Soloista:
Shulamith Shafir, Mary Jarred, Peter Pear»
PROGRAMME
Overturo: The Magic Flute .... Mozart
Concerto in A. Major Mozart
Song of the Earth Gustav Mahler
Tickctn: £3.8.0., £2.2.0., £1.1.0., 15/-, 10/6., 7/6,
5/-, 3/6.
Bcxes: (4 seats) 12 gns., 10 gns., 8 gns.,
6 gns., 4 gns.
To be obtained from: The Hon. Secretary, 65
Southampton Row, V/.C.l (MUSeum 6111/15);
P. J. Grazin, Esq., 235 Chamberlayne Road,
N.W.IO (WILlesden 0450) ; Chappell's Box Office,
50 New Bond Street, W.l. (MA.Yfair 7600);
Keith Prowse's Box Oflice, 159 New Bond
Street, W.l (REGent 6000) and all branches.
All Ticket Agencies, and (on day of Concert
only) Stell Theatre Kingsway, W.C.2 (HOLborn
3703).
/
Zionist Review, April 7, 1944
The Danger Signal
pECENT events in Palestine are a danger
1^ Signal for ua and the Government. We
need not dwell on British Palestine policy.
Rather should we ask: How would others have
feit If their relatives and friends, their parents,
wives and children were tortured and massa-
cred and any attempt at rescue frustrated? A
policy whlch closes the only door of escape to
millions of persecuted people stands condemned.
Even if the opening of the gates of Palestine
had Involved certain risks — more imagined than
real — a great, proud and valiant nation ought
not to have sacriflced, through considerations
of expediency, that very cause of humanity for
whlch it is fighting. The maintenance in Pales-
tine of the discredited policy of appeasement;
the discrimination against the Jews in ta.vcnir
of the Arabs in spite of the loyalty and sacri-
flces of the Jews and the lack of both on the
part of the Arabs; the attempt to deprive the
Jews in their National Home of any means
of defence against the undeniable threat of
Arab attacks — these and other incidents have
created among the Jews a feeling of abandon-
ment and profound despair.
Arbitrary Interpretation
We refuse to believe that it is British policy
to denounce lawlessness in international rela-
tion and, at the same time, repudiate or
nuUify by arbitrary Interpretation the most
solemn international act ever made in favour
of a people. We trust, on the contrary, that
Britain, in the light of the experiences of this
war, will return to that policy which was in-
tended to lead to the establishment of the
Jewlsh State, an event which, in the words of
the Prime Minister, "would be in harmony with
the truest interests of the British Empire."
We believe that a streng and modern Jewish
State would be a better guarantee for the safe-
guard of British interests than co-operation
wlth the Arab States who have given ample
proof of their flexible Interpretation of loyalty.
Loyalty is an innate disposition; if there is no
loyalty neithcr subsidles nor other advantages
will procuro it. Middle East politics, we are
told, are detcrmined to a large extent by the
one great factor, oil. Yet, it was not the Arabs
but a group of Jewish volunteers who during
the Rashid Ali revolt, with heroic self-sacriflce
helped to save the Mosul oilflelds from destruc-
tion. If Great Britain needs a relia)3le partner
in the Middle East it is impossible to attain
this aim with the present policy. It may be a
very subtle policy; but it takes too much for
granted and lays an unbearable .strain upon
the Jewish people. Human endurance has its
limits.
by Ernst Frankenstein
(Author of "Justice for my People")
The Editor is not nccessarily in agreement
with all the views expressed in this articie.
Yet, if the British policy has been wrong, our
own policy is not free from blame. We Jews
are bad politicians. History has burdened us
with the doubtful gift of understanding the
mentality of our fellow-men. • We see their dißi-
culties and are too easily inclined to respect
them instead of using every means for the pur-
suit of our own aims. For more than twenty
years we always understood British difRculties
and were prepared to meet them, while the
few British statesmen who saw our own
difficultics, only too often told us with expres-
sions of profoundest sympathy that for some
very respectable and cogent reason they were
unable to help us.
Lost opportunities
We faiied to see and grasp our opportunities.
After the flrst world war mankind longed for
peace and was open to spiritual appeal. Did
anyone rise to Claim spiritual leadership for the
descendants of the Prophets? Did anyone
point to the profoundly symbolic inter-depen-
dence of the Jewish restoration and the coming
to pass of Isaiah's prophecy of universal peace?
We were meek and timid. No one spoke in the
name of the oldest and proudest aristocracy, an
aristocracy of achievement and suffering? We
feit weak in a world of petty power politics
and did not rcalise that Divine and human
covenants, moral and legal Claims and our
unique position were formidable weapons in
the hands of those who knew how to wield
them.
We did not even try to speak the language
of the power politicians, to formulate great,
realistic and constructive plans which might
have fltted the Jewish State into one of the
existing political Systems. We relied on the
great Powers who at a certain moment had
needed us. But the promised price, the gradual
transformation of Palestine into a Jewish
State, was not paid. We received, not without
haggling, the flrst instalment, the Balfour
Declaration, while the second, the Mandate, was
halved and further fulfllment refused. But in-
stead of drawing the obvious conclusionc „e
went on relying on the flction of the benevolence
of the Powers.
New mcthod»
These and other mistakes were aggravated by
our inability to keep sufflciently in touch with
youth. Our ideology, revolutionary flfty years
ago, was conserved rather than developed, It
no longer appcals to a generation which tries
to find new answers to the fundamental ques-
tions of human life. No one imagined that it
might be the task of the Jews to take the lead,
to inspire youth with a new spiritual ideal.
While the older generation still preaches the
ideals and illusions of the past, the dis-
appointod youth turns to radical movements
inside and outside Judaism.
We need a change in politics and ideology.
We need men who like our ancestors are able
to turn political disaster into a mighty spiritual
Impulse. We need men who like Herzl unite
political roalism with the constructive Imagina-
tion of the dreamer. We need, above all, tht
spirit of fighting youth, of daring and entej^^
priso. Revolutionary times call for revoll
tianary measures.
Otir Organisation created in times of pe^
is inadequate to cope with the world conflaf
(Continued on Page 11, col. S)
Jewish Contribution to Civilisation
who sang the song of songs. It is despicable
to pillory a nation which poasesses such
remarkable talents in art and science," andj
Robert Louis Stevenson said: "What a stränge I
idea to think me a Jew-hater! Isaiah andJ
Daniel and Heine are good enough for me, an(
I leave more unsaid."
SOME Jew/shVavants in Germany considered
tho awareness of Jewish cultural greatness,
as the most effective remedy against anti-
Semitism. This led them to originate the so-
called "Jewish Science", Anti-Semitlsm, they
thought, would disappear if non-Jews appre-
ciated the sublimity of Jewish cultural values,
and also if Jews penetrated and showed their
mettlQ in the universal spheres of philosophy,
science and literature. At present, Jewish con-
tributions to civilisation are still considered an
important plank in Jewish Defence, and books
and Pamphlets on this theme are often
published. We agree that the honour of our
people demands that this should be made , -^ . ., , , „
known, especially nowadays, when the Nazis ' .^°"^"f%*" «°^^ ^^^.^«' .^^P^?i^"y ^J^""^^
assert the 'Tacial inferiority" of the Jews. By \ ^if hly talented and creative individuals,2mow-
all means let mankind know the debt it owes to
by A. Solomons
(Editor of the "Manchester Jewish Gazette").
Jewish cultural creativeness, but whether this
knowledge is really a eure for anti-Semitism
is open to grave doubts.
It is true that some famous people became
pro-Jewish, because they appreciated Jewish
cultural creativeness. Goethe, for instance,
said "The aversion which I feit against the
Jews in my early youth was more of a timidity
before the mysterious. Only later when I
became acquainted with many talented and
refined men of this race, respect was added to
the admiration which I entertained for this
people, that created the Bible and for the poet
ledge of Jewish genius is effective against
anti-Semitism. On the other band, there is
plenty of evidence to prove that, generally
speaking, the exact opposite is the case.
Spanish Jewry, before the expulsion, reached
the zenith of cultural eminence. The same is
true of German Jewry, and yet Germany, so
far from being thankful, is the originator and
spearhead of modei anti-Semitism, and guilty
of unparalleled out es against our people!
Havelock Ellis in book "Questions of Our
Day" actually states * anti-Semitism is due
to the originality anc* nodernity of Jewish
cultural creativeness. M ■»neism, or hatred of
the new, is according to Ellis the cause of
anti-Semitism. "Looking broadly at the
matter," he says, "even with but a small know-
ledge of human nature it is easy to account for
anti-Semitism. The four thinkers to whom
above all others we owe the development of the
imodern spirit have bcon Jews: Mai—, Bergson,
/Freud and Einstein." "^
"■ WHllö accordins^-touHavelock Ellis, hatred of
the new is the cause of anti-Semitism, the
German writer Carl Vogt states that it is
plainly due to jealousy. "It is," he says, "the
hatred of the incompetent for the con:%)etent."
This was also the opinion of Mark Twain, and
Lord Vansittart in "The lesson of my life" says:
"The Bible is füll of the finest poetry in the
world. The jealous Germans are anti-Semitic
partly because they cannot bear the reflection
that the Jewish contribution to art has perhaps
been greater than theirs."
It may indeed be true that the Germans who
are comparatively late-comers in the sphere of
cultural values, are suffering from a parvenu
mentality, and are jealous of the Jews, whose
cultural creativeness dates back to the dawn
of history.
Of course, if the Jews were culturally sterile,
they would be blamed, but even so they land
themselves in trouble if they are culturally
creative. The Jew in the diaspora is blamed
whatever he does.
Zionist Review, April 7, 1944
ON the flrst Seder night, about midnight,
German soldiera entered the Ghetto and
began throwlng a cördon around a street from
which they were able to take away Jews as In
previoua mass-deportations. The Nazis arrived
in Bix tanks. On reaching the main street the
Gcrmans were met by an intense fusillade on
all Bldes when the Ghetto flghters opened Are
on their tanks. The Nazis tried to flee, but
they did not leave the Ghetto alive and died in
the flamea of their own exploded tanks. It was
then that the signal was given for the general
üprising in the Ghetto. Jewish homes were
»"^vered with proclamations and announcements
of the uprislng in which "the Jews will flght to
the last drop of blood." The leaderg went out
Into the streets and organised the flght. Every
able-bodied man and woman was given weapons.
The youth took up positions as sentinels on the
streets. The larger houses were converted into
fort« where large groups of flghters were con-
centrated. Every street was assigned a com-
mand and equipped with an arsenal. The
flghters took up positions at the gates and
Windows of the buildings, with weapons in their
hands. On the same night trenches were dug
on the streets for a battle with the enemy and
eellars were dug for shelter, The whole Ghetto
was made Into one large fortress and every
house into a citadel. The children were
charged with the grave taak of acting as mes-
Bengers among the flghters in different streets.
They were also to bring food to the flghters.
The children performed their part in the üp-
rising at the peril of their lives, often under a
rmin of buUets. The old people, men and women
whose number in the Ghetto was small, took
over the work in the kitchens of preparing food
for the flghters. Everything was fully organ-
ised on the flrst night.
^ARLT in the morning a special detachment
fc" or the flghters surrounded the German
Workshops where Jews were employed, and the
G«rman arsenals. From these the Jews took
the German uniforms which Jewish workers
had been flnishing or repairing. In the morn-
ing the banners of revolt were hung out from
the Windows, the blue-and-white waving side by
■ide with the Polish colours. The German and
Llthuanian Police who used to escort the
Jews to their daily labour, this time came to
the Ghetto, but did not leave it. The Ghetto
appeared deserted and desolate, and no human
being was to be seen on the streets. Everyone
was in some building ready for battle. The
German soldiers who came in as usual to
•upervise the Jewish workers in the German
Workshops, were not given a chance to leave.
Soon all Warsaw knew that the Ghetto had
proclalmed a general uprislng.
At noon on the flrst day of Passover the
Ghetto became a battlefleld. Motorized mili-
tary detachments, fully armed, appeared on the
streets of Warsaw headed for the gate of the
Ghetto, ten tanks leading the procession. A
cordon was thrown around the non-Jewish
aection by Military forces who brought up
machlne-guns. By noontime the flrst shots
were heard and soon there was an enormous
fusillade. Thick flames and smoke shot up
from the Ghetto and flres broke out on both
aldes. The battle lasted far into the night. The
Germans were now convinced that they were
faced by an organised rebellion of the whole
Ghetto which was ready to flght to the last
drop of blood. They were flred on from every
house in the Ghetto they tried to approach.
The next day It became known throughout
Warsaw that the German arsenals had been
aeized and blown up and that dozens of Gestapo
agents had fallen into the hands of the Jews.
On the third night the six thousand young Jew-
ish workers of the so-called "Small Ghetto"
who worked for the German army, joined the
revolt. Their position in comparison with that
of the 40,000 in the large Ghetto was a privi-
leged one and thoy were in no danger of
The epic battle of the Warsaw Ghettoi
began on Seder night exactly tivelve months]
ago. It ivent on for forty-two days and nights,
ending the week before Shemioth. 40,000
Jems, still left in the Ghetto after the whole-
sale deporatiom and massaaes, went out to
fight the enemy with weapons in their hands.
Similar battles took place in other parts of
Poland. When the free world leamed of the
happenings it stood amazed at the dauntless
heroism of these Jewish men, women and
children.
The accompanying — an eye-ioitness account
by a Jezo who escaped to a neutral country—
is taken from the American Jezvish Press.
deportation. But when they leamed of the
uprislng, they set Are to their "Small Ghetto"
and went over to the flghters.
It soon became known that Instructions had
come from Berlin to destroy the Ghetto com-
pletely. Large detachments of Storm Troopers
arrived from Galicia and the German forces in
Warsaw were increased. The next morning the
Germans opened the great battle. The Ghetto
was surrounded on all sides by tanks and
cannon which subjected it to enormous Are.
The Germans were determined to bombard the
Ghetto until it surrendered. In this, however,
thoy falled. The German tanks and cannon
were showered by bullets and bombs from the
houses and streets of the Ghetto. The special
suicide squads of the Jews broke through the
lines and wrought ruin among the enemy.
Disguised in German uniforms they crawled
under the German tanks and blew them up
with band grenades, losing their own lives in
the Are which killed the Germans. The German
oommand then issued an order to have the
whole Ghetto blown up by incendiary bombs.
A night of Inferno then descended on the
Ghetto. All night incendiary bombs rained on
it and Ares broke out in many places. Houses
came crashing down and among their ruins
were heard the cries of wounded men, women
and children. Many brave Aghters perished
among those ruins. In the morning the Ghetto
stood in a sea of flames. The survivors, num-
bering some 30,000 began reorganising for
defence. The houses on the outskirts were
vacated and the arms taken to the centre of
the Ghetto. Also the food which could still be
saved was taken away. Special squads of the
Aghters fortifled themselves again in the re-
maining buildings. When the enemy agaln
attacked in the morning, he was confronted by
stiff and desperate resistance at every step,
near every building.
On the f orty-second day of **• ^ uprislng there
was only one four-storey building left in the
centre of the Ghetto over wlüch the blue-and-
white flag waved. For eight hours a battle
raged over that house and by midnight the
Germans had captiued it. Every floor, every
Step was hotly contested. When all defender»
at the gates feil, tht Germans entered the build-
^ ing, encounterlng the fleroe resistance of those
on the ground floor. When the flrst floor was
taken, the eecond floor was contested just as
desporately, and so on from floor to floor. The
blue-and-white banner held by a young chalutz
was carried by the survivors from floor to floor.
Late at night it fluttered from the top storey
where a desperate struggle vras still going on.
When the shooting was over a crash was heard.
The young chalutz hurled hims^f down wrapped
in the blue-and-white flag which he had guarded
for forty-two days and nights. The flag was
red with the blood of the martyr, the last
flghter of the Ghetto, who ended his life in this
heroic manner. The nert morning the Germans
"triumphantly" announced that the Ghetto of
Warsaw no longer existed. Thousands of Ger-
man soldiers paid for that ''victory" with their
lives. The heroes of the Ghetto fonght and
died Uke salntly martyrs.
KADDISH
by Charles Reziiikoff
"Upon Israel and upon the Rabbis, and upon
their disciples and upon all the disciples of
their disciples, and upon all who engage in
the study of the Torah in this place and in
every place, unto them and unto you be abun-
dant peace, grace, lovingkitiiness, mercy, long
life, ample sustenance and salvation, from
their Father who is in Heaven. And say ye
Amen." — Kaddish de Rahbanan, translated
by R. Travers Herford.
Upon Israel and upon the rabbis
and upon the disciples and upon all the
disciples of their disciples
and upon all who study the Torah in this
place and in every place,
to them and to you
peace ;
upon Israel and upon all who mcet with un-
friendly glances, sticks and stones and
names —
on posters, in newspapers, or in books to last,
chalked on asphalt or in acid on glass,
shouted from a thousand thousand Windows
by radio ;
who are pushed • out of class-rooms and
rushing trains,
whom the hundred hands of a mob strike,
and whom jailers strike with bunches of keys,
, with revolver butts ;
to them and to you
in this place and in every place
safety ;
upon Israel and upon all who live
as the sparrows of the street»
under the comices of the houses of others,
and as rabbits
in the fields of strangers
on the grace of the seasons
and what the gleaners leave in the corners ;
you children of the wind —
birds
that feed on the tree of knowledge
in this place and in every place,
to them and to you
a living ;
upon Israel
and upon their children and upon all the
children of their children
in this place and in every place,
to them and to you
life.
^■'
/^ T/S-Y
F/^/}^i^ Ko-BUß. COLLECTtO/^i
?/2^
'^l^ 126S^A/ec^ M^02XAU-" <>nNeß 'l^l\n:bUi4LS Ut^hfT^^ wH-ms
1
I could teil
you
rnyseif.I had
big hotel in
a very bad
the laoontains
a lüt ;^boat
time in France, Pirst I was v/orking in a _^ .._ .
1[3-16 VvOrking hours without T)ay. Food was very bad. Aftor this
I was interned for 10 montiis in the camps Agde and Kinesalttea.
Conditions at the latter were even worse than in Gyrsi, the camn
you are reading so mäch aboat. Puring day time hun;?;er and cold-
at ni^ht mice and rats above cur heads. The barracks we .vv.re
livin^ in Tvere a handred ti^nes worse than pigsties, The clim.' te
so öad one could hardly bear i i; and we were treatei so tmfuliy
y >u can hprdly realize. I would like to h-'->ve it known ovar all the
vyorid , ^jhouting tili my cry v;ill be heard -^nd these poor unhapoy
people I left behind will be saved. If.en are dymg liKe rlies.
chidren are all sufferirig frora tuherculoüis. Tbere are almoöt no
laedicines. Althou^-;h I am gü h©ppy to be in this beautiful country
together v/ith my children I can't enjoy it before thoae unhanny
miserable peonle v/ili b^ rel^ased. America was sendin^^^; such a
lot of f oüd , there would havo been no need- but we did not ^jot
it. Our ^':u*'r<ia were thrivinp; ot; it. Our food consi^^xed of somi
,1 ^..'
^rey wacer called coffee for brea'vfast- soup made out of bitter
srtinach leaves for lunoh. Instoad of other ingre.Uants stones,
sand and v.ortns. (:\nother soup was nade of ) The saine v^as
,^iven for di/mer.
about the aiz^- of
cherries for each
we got choese,
had been sent for us
mouldy, hard and the
were very hangry, v;e
Agde one
At
jne
of
a> am
ü'.
tiines onl;, sjup and a small oiece of ::.eat,
lump of i^u^:f)T» (Once we (iOt c benies, 2 1/2
us) Twice a week I/4 pint of v^ine. bometifües
about the size of a lorap of sugar, the clijese
Half a 00 und of bread daJJLly, but vvhat bread,
rats h.»d alrendy bü^^n over it. iilthoui h ve
siiri 'ly could not toach sorne of the food. in
ni. ht all people in the b?irracks yuddenly started
The doctor diagnosed poii.:oning by bad moat. One hour
,. _. ^ ,- ,^ r. , buraing, — ' -^ - ^,„
voniitin_ _
lator the kitchen v^as found buriing, probnbly s^^t on flro by the
Cook and the guards. You can't inagi e the panic that i'tarted.
ünlortunatuly our barracks v; !re saved. There \V'?s no plaintiff,
no guilty, no judge.
'iou would hardly believe in /hat a State I .arrived in
U.S. after having suffared L-uch a lot through hunger cold and
heart attac s, which made me er" ror nightd.
u) AiA c iJ^U^._
aUc; Yi ri.
---v / , ,/v . y.. *r- /. . »-TA* ^
l-^-H
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yntTTf^ ^ //J"/ Tiopixoii :jq^ oq. j:espi.pT3 raoji
'h^ ^^'*-^^'y'^.Jj y^y soüi pira pooiiuooo:© jnttq.Jif •jq,*
y^^jfi^ ^^M' /^^^ooq ST3H oq oroa STOQ- SufJi^a '
A <../'■
^^-u^
•ifM3Drj nojLi
i\[ITn"^.-0 SMOSO HDSS^
I'OVA *HOCIM01 *iE2lLLS ITSSgn^J'
• T«
q.tj OMILaaH HOl
«•rorjEi'^nr ^r:
SupiJcon oau oqn soij:q.unoo joqi^o u
•uomo:.! oq. d:i:i{suoziq.to|
ü sf X3a q-TJuq. joTloq oqq. jo ?
•TTT'^POoS puB
eossTSTO puo sgobj *suoifq.i3u ugöm^
•sj
♦poori
srioYai 1^0 liV!
-f *
Mr S.Marianne G u t m a n n to Mr>M äh 1 e r
R.R.l« Royal Oak, Victoria,
Dear Mr^Mahler,
my
an
Ic is such a very long time \ve had any nev.s from you and I fear.that
last letter got lost - I think I wrote it in March.So I try to-day
airgraph,which you will get anyway, "e are missing your very interes-
ting and kind letters and we would very much like to Icnow how you are.
I hope you l3oth donU work too hard. But I suppose everyl>ody does it ova*
there,else the war news would' t "be as good ,as it is, I think it is
amazing how things changed in the last 10 months and I do hope with all
my heart the war in Surope will be over by the end of this year.Many
people could be saved, v/hose life must be hell now and worse than hell.I
am thinlcing of many dear ones and of thousandsmwhora I do not know.And
some times I just cannot v/ait any longer»
We have very little news from Europa. My sister-in-law is the only
one who writes regulär, but I fear only a small part of her lettere arriie
It is always a great event to get one of her dear letters, füll with inte-
resting news. I am glad to say she is well and not lonely.Some relatives
of her husband are staying with her. She spend the winter in Gunten Thuno:
see and the summer in Gletsch.The other day Konrad came to see her.He
arrives for good in Lausanne, some months ago.He must have had rather
exciting experiences and is very glad to be now in these wonderful sur-
roundings and enjoy his life again. Lorle is with her family in Holland
and so far quite well - thank God. And my husbands eldest granddaughter
Mria is engaged to Victor Sprosec. Can you imagine Carl with his future
daughter-in-law! I cani
V/e are both very well and very busy.^ husband enjoys his fanner lilfe
gets up at 6 o'clock and Starts work before anybody eise, "^e is a spelnÄ*
did chickenqp man,takes the greatest interest in his work and the hens
just love him. I am doing house work in the mornings and help with the
Chickens in the afternoon. We have around öOOO chickens on the place and
only two lizzabcxzxxkxfe^ Chinese handsto help us for the chickens and the
farm. One of them was ill in hospital for 8 weeks, we three left had to
do all the work. It was a busy time. Just at this time Baroness Ciarice
icothschild with her charming daughters and baron Louis arrived for a
week.It was a great pleasure to see them and to remember old times* We
were together so much as the chickens allowed it. V/very body was deli
ted nd interested to meet the faraily ,whose name is here quite as welP'
known as in Europe.
Kindest regards to you both sincerely yours
Marianne Gutmaim.
hope so much to see you soon after victory, This is a lovely country,
f
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, ,mmf I- .•^j*j«in' •W»"'**!'!rr«««»>
;-W?W l|p.^^l»«jM«l||li*..l.'>
MESSAGE FROM YEHUDI MENUHIN
Ji^SpMj.
WrooAm^.^t
%Ua^4^
The proceeds of this Concert will he devoted to the
jollowing purposes of the Congress House Trust
Fund and the Womens* Appeal Committee for
Jewish Women and Children: —
SEARCH DEPARTMENT
for tracing Jewish survivors of the Nazi
Tyranny and putting theni in toiich with
anxious enquiring relatives all over the world.
GUTTURAL
RECONSTRUCTION WORK
by assisting in the rebuilding of Jewish
coniniLinities.
HELP in the replacement
of destroyed Jewish Libraries in Europe.
HELP in the rehabilitation
and settlement in Palestine of the sur\'i\'ing
women and children victinis of Nazi terror.
Under the auspices of
THE WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS
and
THE WOMENS' APPEAL COMMITTEE
FOR JEWISH WOMEN Sc CHILDREN
Qy4 Concert
YEHUDI MENUHl
TRIBUTE
to the
MEMORY OF JEWISH MARTYR<
of Nazi Oppression.
ROYAL ALBERT HAI
(Manager: C. S. Taylor)
Wednesday, July lli
at 7 p.m.
Special Programme opening nith the ''KoiUish
orchestrated hy Yehudi Menuhin.
To The Joint Chairmen,
Yehudi Menuhin Concert, 4, Bloomsbury Place, W.C.l
Please reserve as follows :—
Loggia Boxes
Grand Tier Boxes
I By
arrangement
Under the Patronage of
His Excellency the American Ambassad<
Grand Tier Seats
..Loggia Seats
Stalls
£5.5.0
£3.3.0
£2.2.0
£1.1.0
10.6
£1.1.0
President - - . Mrs. Rebecca D. l
Vice-Presidents - The Marchioness of Rea«
Lady Fitzgerald, Lady Sassoon, Miss Har
Cohen, C.B.E., Mrs. H. Sacher, S. Gestetner, I
Alec Nathan, Esq., A. Wix, Esq.
Joint Chairmen Miss Ciarica Davidson, Mrs. R. Sh
Joint Treasurers
Mrs. Neville Blond, Mr. Ben Rubens
Joint Secretaries
Mr. Camille Honig, Mr. Maurice Mitzi
To 'i'he THEODOR HSRZL SOCIETY.
I cannot agree with aiiy Chanukah Celebration,
except in lighting the candles. In a period
like this, which never has been in aewish.
history dince iibraham, there is the only way,
also to the youth to behave as if we are in
the first week after we have lost one of our
parents.
Enclosed you will find a half Crown stamp-book
as a small contribution, the only I can afford.
Sincerely yours.
E. Berliner.
10, Heath View, '
Gordon Hous e Rd,
s.
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London S W 5
" r>ne 21,proslnco 1939,
Csl.polovemu -nugatvu Svazu Makkabl
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Slysol jaem o Vasom vitezstvi a tgsim so
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CO?Y LETTER fron HELGA G» MELCHIOR (llon, 3ec, of T.K»F,
•Gopenha^en) •
Dear Urs, C-rubt/io3er,
Old ilauGGonsgatan 5,
'■■alino.
i'.a:r 19-bh, 1944.
(Receivod Jniie 4th, 1944) •
Ovo? consttait intarchan/Ae of lettors sto-o'oecl vei»7 suddonlv
over four years aßo...MS 70 u iico'* i»e:,.ienber your cor.niii-btee v;ere
rnoat aiixious tc aend a delegate to Deiinark, . .a3.id v/e were equally
anxious to prevent her 00:11113 o\.-ino ^o tho political sittiation;
\;hat a good thino ^^he stayod at lior-.iel Sinoe April 9th 1940 ovcD
Society v;a3 uiiable to carry out any 'IZO \.^orl:j vre decided to use
Up all ovir funds bofore tlio Oernmis ^i ould confisoate thon, and
W0 boußht up clothos for diatribution aviorit; our destituto Gornan
refugees. Mra, Oppenhein continuod her Aliyah Office but all
social activities had to closo dorm, a.3 v;as the caae with the
other J. 3D cieties and clubs» On April 9th v/o v;ore all prepared
to share the fate of tho V/IZO ooj-.ij-iittee of Pra{2;u0 and elsev/here,
and destroyed any docunents v/hioh \;e did not wish to fall into
German hands; but as you laiov; tho Jü\;3 of Den^-iarl: -./ere left /-
uni'iolested tili last Atitum, whon tho blov; foll suddenly, though '
fortunatelir, rnost of us v/oro givon v/arnin^ in tino to go into
hiding beforo the actvial ra^.zia. I do not laiow if an^r of the other
mor-ibers of T.K.P# have 'v/ritten to you, so I \7ill give you a brief
acoount of ;;hat happenod to our coj-t-iitteo, Mrs. OppenheyL:!, her
husband, youngost son ^aid daurhtor v.-ere caught v/hen trying to
63capo-they v/ero first internod in Ilorsorod concentration camp,
v/horo I havo boon told, thoy v;oro :iarvo Ileus ly piucky and kopt up
the spirits of thoir follov; SLifforers-they wero togethor v/ith our
Chief Rabbi, Dr« Fi^iodojor and his 3on...all lator doportod to
Theresionstadt car.n in J"ilh;:^on. I hoard today that Therosienstadt
cainp has now boon ovacuatod, , ,}-.ion :\dj1 v/onon sont to difforont camps,
'riG daro not think of che noxt diostination in thoir tragic journoy.
T.Tr»
i'ü ♦
I'^iedojor is in 3tookhol];:.i -./orlcing for the rofugoosj hör
only daughter oscapod to ;3\7odon on April 9th 1940 v/ith her Geri-ian
refugeo fianc6, narr i od in Stoc]diolivi and v/ont to Manilla; Mrs, F»
has heard freu her sinco tho Ja
o!.->
anoso
occu^Dation of tho
Phillipinos; sho v/as thon \7cll, '"rs* Grün, our 'Troasuror, has
also boon hit vory hard; her only siator v/as doported fron Forway,
and nevor hoard of again; hör two sons last hoarci of in
Thoreslenstadt •
3h 0
10
v;orl:ing for tho K^iC.L. in Stockholm ♦
All the othor ooimnittoo j:ienbors aro in 3\/edon \;ith their far.iilies,
I was fortunate in boing ablote srivö :.-iy viothor, aftor having
spont six v/oeks in S\/cdon as "ca:-ip coLTinandont '' ; by then the "Flight
ai
across tho Sound" v/as so v;g11 organisod that sho could travol by
ar.ibulanco, strotchor, ai-ibulanco fron Goponhagon to Hali-no, without
a Single hitch| v/o first cov.iors had to rough it in ovorcrov;dod
fishing boatsj Our boautiful gardon v/hich usod to provido
floivers. for WIZO is nov; füll of Gor/ian boys.^about 80-100 of them
havo beon billotod in our housel Sinoo coning to i3v/oden I havo
had tho opportunity of roadin^; local J, papors and havo also seon
sane copios of "Tho Now Judoa^« , .aad gathor that -JIZO has boon
ablo to oontinuo tho good v/ork in spito of advorso circuinstancos.
'V
IZO,
With Zion's groGtin. s to you and tho othor ladies of the
Yours V, sincorol^^, •
HELGA G. liBLCKIOR
(Hon.Seö'j of T»K,E, Goponhagen)»
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WORLD JEwkH CONCRESS
BRITISH SECTION»
President :
The Marchioness of Reading.
Vice- President! :
The Rl. Hon. Lord Melchelt.
Philip Guedalla.
Mrs. I. M. Sieir.
Chiiirma7i ;
S. S. Silverman, M.P.
Vice-Chairmett :
The Rev. Dr. A. Cohen, M.A.
Norman Jacobs, B.Com.
Fred Nettler, J.P..
Joint Treasurers :
Alec Nathan^
Ben Rubenstein.
Hun. Secretiities :
N. Barou, Ph.O. (Econ).
A. L. EüSlerrnan, M.A., LI. 6.
RepreseutLilivc oii World l-xeciitive ;
The Rev. M. L. Perlzweig, M.A.
t
CONCRESS HOUSE
55, NEW CAVENDISH STREET
LONDON, W.1
Telephone .- Welbeck 1314
(Ihrce lines)
NEW YORK
330 Wesr 42nd Stree».
GEMEVA
37 Quai Wilson.
BUENOS AIRES
Tucuman 2218.
JERUSALEM
Vaad Leumi, P.O.B. 47t.
MONTREAL
2040 Bleury Street.
TORONTO, ONT.
150 Beverley Street,
MEXICO, D.F.
Tacuba 15 Allos.
SYDI>IEY, N.S.W.
G.P.O. Box 1869. K.
lISßON
Avenidj Liberdade 179.
24 th May, 1944.
Dear Sir,
SOVIET JEWRY MD THB WORLD JEWI3H C0NGRSS3
We have pleasure in informing you of the text of a
coinmunicatlon from the Jewish Anti-Pascist Conunittee of Moscow
to the Executive of the World Jewish Gongress in New York, in
conneotion v;ith the forthcoraing Emergency Conference of the
V/orld Jewish Congress.
*-■/
**.a«*
i
ft
>^'-
.•^^
Yours sincerely.
A, L. Easterman,
¥'
»
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^" i'
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Text of a message signed by Professor Solom^ Mikhoels,
Pres fBlnf ■•"öf "'t'Iie Jew i sh An t i - Fas Gi"sT'*8orm'iu Cli öe*^"^
in Moscow.
"By reason of the immense tasks confronting us in conneotion
with the victorious offensive of the Red Arniy to liberate Soviet
territories from the Nazi invaders, we are not able, at the present
aomenti . to send a delegation of Soviet Jewry to your Conference.
"Our attitude to the fate of our people has been clearly
expressed by the speeches in America of our delegates,
Prof. 3olomon Mikhoels and Col. Itzik Pfeffer, and in the
manifesto issued by the Conference of the representatives of
the Jewish people and by the third general meeting of the Jewish
Anti-Pascist Committee in Soviet Russia. We have stressed our
task in the fight against the devilish enemy of all freedom-
loving peoples, and the murderers of the Jewish people,
"We feel sure that your Conference will be a new step in
the mobilisation of all forces and possibilities of the Jewish
people in order to hasten the downfall of our coraraon enemy and
to create favourable oonditions for the future development of
the physical and spiritual forces of our people and for the
development of our age-old culture^^ It will thus ensure a great
future for our *pl6pt15-l^"äir^*^^gun^ of the world.
"We hope that ^.9^^^^ fighting collaboration in time of War will
be co]341nued_5a4iiä...davei5p^^^ We wish you
the fuile'st"'""succ6ss in your 'pVödti'c'tIv'2'woj^l^^^
The World Jewish Congress Executive in New York, in reply,
informed the Jewish An ti- Pas eist Committee and the Moscow Jewish
Comiiiunity that as the Emergency Conference has now been postponed
tili the end of August, it is hoped that by that time Soviet
Jewry will have the possibility of sending a delegation to the
Conference in Now York.
— __. ,• i.-^««V'
((
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P'raijdeie
A .b'ree Man's Life
j^:/ Aipheus ^lornas Mason
.iMew York
The vikiri^ Press 1946
p. 16 : "I airead;y Icüve our new countr;> so muci.," he wrote
Fr(.deriica m Januar^ 1.849, " that I rejoice when I can sing its praises/J.
I havegoUen hoid of a booxc which contains the meseages of all the
fresidents. ThiJ:- weck I have been reading of the progrcee made iü
Tashington^s aay , and I feit as proud and happ;y about it as thoughi it
had JBUBKjax all been rr^ ovvn doing, as theugh the statistics sh )wed rro' own
;yeari>' baiance shett. AfteDA'ardE I iaugheö at ui^self, but there is
Eornethilg in it. Jt is the triuraph of the rights of man which emerges
and in which we rejoice, I feei u)^ patrlotism growing ever^ dav , becausc
every day T iearn to know tfie splendid of this countr;/ better/
( Josephine C, Goldraarl, -?iLgrims of ^48, TTew Haven; Yaie
Universit:y -^resr- , 1900, p.292 )
456-7: "The propblems, . ,are serious,^ of course," -^ra^deis
wrote his wife, July iBoxl , (1919), '»but no more than we anticipated;
and^na^^maxfi^'^^x ofi course, they will bc soived, if only tht "^ritish and
we bear constantly in mind, that it is a queetion not of v/hether, but
of how and when, Paiestine s}iall become in fact thu »^ewish HofieianB^;
that the irrdducible minimum is a Paiestine large enougn, with the
water, land, and ports requisite to a self-supporting and reamonabiy
r e if -s u f f i c i en t c omriuni ty .
"The most peröading impresi ion of the East is the dreariness,
in comparison, of our American cotoiiization in all save the virtues.
In those, America and GreaL Britain excel; andaiox one feels const^ntly
their superiority in moral merir and physical clec.nliiiess , but why our
lack of beauty and joyousness wlicn iife xjb. here ixxxjoc here is so füll
of? And why shpuid ^Vestern women havemade such lajnan table failure in
utiiizing the colors and the flowing with which man here majces every
moment intersting and evcry scene a picture... Tf onlj drescmc^kers
anü miliiners and their fashions could be completely exterminated
there wouid be hopel'*
457: ^n July 10 he wrote Nr,s Brandeis from Jerusalem:
^7/e have be^n in PÜestine for.y-eight hours,,..It is a v/onderful
country , a wonderful city.,.,It is a miniature Caiiforniai but a
California endowed wit:: al L the interest which the history of man
can contribute and the deepest emotions which can stir a people.
The age-long longing - the love is all explicabie nov/. It has also
the great advantage over California of being smaii. The marvelous
cortrasteof nature are in close juxtaposi tion, Not only the mind but
the yyemay grasp them withln a Single picture. And the marvelous
quaiity of the air bringe considerahle distances intä it, V/hat I saw
of California and the Grans Ganyon seemed lese beautiful than the
View from the Mount of Olives upon the Dead Sea and the c )untry bexond.
And yet all say th4t^ Northern Paiestine is far more beautiful - a.nd
that in this extra dry season ...e are seeing the country at its wo rat,
It was a j oy from the moment we rcached it at Rafa,,..Th e v/ay iä long,
the path difficult,* he concluded, "but the struggle is worth-while.
it is indeed a Holy Land.*
Bra'udeis 2)
457: In a letter to his wife, August 8, he sumined up his views
as to the future: "'Vhat I have seen and heard strenghtened greati;/ ra;y
conoriction that Vääettine can and must bucome the Jewieh hoäeiand as
promised in the Balfour Deciaration. The problems and the difficulties
are serious and numerous - even more so than I had anticipated; bot there
is none which will not he solved and overcime hj/ the indorai table spirit
of the Jevvw here and everywhwxBv. . "
458: Early in 1920 news came from Palestine of the ftrrt Arab
demonetrations againet »^ews and »^ewish immigration. . . .B. was alter to the
danger and intervened eif ec tively , preventing the loes of a large pmrt
of Northern Palestine to Syria. In a cable to Weizmann on Fetouary 16,
he Said:
'*PLease conve:y Prime Minister Lloyd ^eorge i'ollowing mesrage farorm
myself and all those associated wi th me in the Zionist Organisation of
Arnerica; . . ,My aseociates of the Zionist Organisation of .raeri.a cable me
fiom Paris that in Conferenvi on Turlcish Treaty, Prance now insists upon
terms of Syices-Picoz agreement. If this contention of Prench should prevail
it would defeat füll realization of promise of J^ewish home for fykes-Picot
agreement divides country in complete disregard historic boundarles and
necessity, ^'ational northern and eastern boundaries indispensable to
selfesustainin^; commünity and economic developraent of country on North,
Palestine must include Litany river watershed of Hermon on East rnust include
Piain of Jaulan Hauran. If Balfour Deciaration subscri.ed to by France as
well other Allieä and Associated Poers is to be made affectove these
boundaries must be couceded to Palestine, Lers than this would procLuce
m utilattdn jromised Ildme, Balfour Deciaration was public promise by your
Government and subscrilsed hjt to by Allied Power, I venture to suggest
that in your assuming just settlement boundaries in Palestine s tatemen
Christian Nations keep this solemn promise to Israel. ••
( Jacob Oe Haas, Louis D. Brandeis, A Biographic- 1 Sketch, with
Spec al Reference to His Contibutions to Jewish and Zionist Ilistory,
New York, Blocj Publishing Co,, 1929.
J.M,N. Jeffries, Palestine, The Reaity,, London Longraans , Green
Sc Co. , 1959.
RobertSzold, Louis Dembitz Brandeis, Hadasaah -^^ewdletter, Decl941-
Jan. 1942
The New Palestine, November 16, 1957 Editorial
R.J. Feiwel, No Ease in ^ion, Knopf, New ^orl 1959
Brandeis on ^ionism, ZOa 1942,
Sobes/enlnp'en
3Cth July, 103c
To tliose
a;3v:5enibled at tht? Knesisio Mekiiiiio.
Dför Priend^
Owiug to lllaetis, it ha.s unf ortujih,tely not been posslble
for mt^ to travel ti:> M»irlenbad.
I hHKii-i therefore to oont^Mit niyi^elf wlt}i greetlnf; yo'i trom
aftir, wishint^ ^''on suceeir'tj in ^''our dt^liberut inns. Ma^?" yoit, with
t] e AI rilv-^hty ' s help, flnu vrfiys whlsl.! v^all 1 ead Isiniel out of tl;f'
<?r i r1 t^uil eonfiU3lon r.-)f tlii::"^ ^ipe whil^ mi titratl hp" her yorrows,
It is 'mdenlabl;:.' oir ■^^reyent iluty to nia>re i-^tremiou!? effn-ts?
to ma int Hin thp,- ibnJnBr^ to us, i?o Important poi5ition in Rr^t/
YljrPoel. But, the very thin^G ^••^e '^re jnf.'t nov; ejipeVit^noin*^ Mi
tl
■i « I
-»f'
:)vintr
^'^'.r
mu
:> L.
open our ^r^es to th-r^ need for tlie prf>li''airua.ry
ff©ni5ilT]tiiBoni!9 3r6?Mtion of condt tlons Ti>^p"l^' to f'^i^ranteo to the
^A t cO. e J t^ v i id? ]"i p e <") ]:^1 e w]
i n
i t li H R L 1 th erto been v./ i. th ou t , n'id wh h t
1
L nat: not, luifortunat ely , strlven to attain
nn^r dev/eloT>mPo|
to<''»irMlt3 puri "i Option , and tliR rednction to a ninJ.num of
pot^ntiaT CH".ise^3 of fricrtion vifitli tlie Gr^ntilef?.
S'j ch neoe'isar^;' presondlt 1. ons are:
exten:^1 ve af;ri cnlturalisation ,
large -iseale colon Isfition , no matter wh^re,
coneent ration of the Jewiyh neonle i.rito a true
Knet3:3es Yissroel,- an >( ATI Israel CoTK'-rer^at: Ion , -
•^ \i n d e r a n o y^p a n 1 s e d a ri d g r h d e d g p 1 r 1 1 u a 1
le
auer^iiii 0
And riüw, üüce moii-e, God bless you that you nay not
lose yoariselvös in side is.sues, in wishful Ihinkinj:;, in thn
ua.v
- and direct your Vision towards the whole, towai'Cis
reality and eternit
V
Yo
UPS sincerei,
lUithan El. rn bäum.
/4f -^Z*?^
F^/iMi i^joßLe^ (U?LLeclrTo^i
7/it
iKMbtMtt'.^K AV>.JULMWSM<a
»1'^V*MaiMj|b[i^WfUtfAUM*W.-|n*Aw
/
\
7\2Z T.^^^A'^ai M^r^i^Mu -Tamphl^-ts < OfFfOx»^ l'^S^-n^s
The Jewish Gase Against
the Palestine White Paper
DOCUMENTS SUBMITTED TO THE
PERMANENT MANDATES COMMISSION
OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
I. Dr, Chaim Weizmann's Letter
II. Memorandum on the Legal
Aspects of the White Paper
PUBLISHED BY THE JEWISH AGENCY FOR PALESTINE,
77 Great Russell Street, London,, W.C.l.
June, 1939.
((
The Balfour Declaration," said General Smuts in 1930, "has
become the foundation of a great policy of international justice."
For more than twenty years, the obligations undertaken by Great
Britain in the Balfour Declaration, subsequently embodied in the
international Mandate for Palestine, have Seen accepted by succes-
sive Bridsh Govemments as a solemn trust; the object of that trust
was the re-establishment of the Jewish people in their ancient home-
land. These obligadons, while acknowledged in words, are in fact
repudiated by the White Paper of May, 1939. The true charaaer
and meaning of that White Paper, is analysed in the two Memoranda
submitted by the Jewish Agency to the Permanent Mandates Com-
mission of the League of Nadons and reprinted in this pamphlet.
Dr. Weizmann's Letter to the
Permanent Mandates Commission
3 Ist May, 1939.
His Excellency the High Commissioner for Palestine,
Government House, JERUSALEM.
Your Excellency,
On behalf of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, I have the honour
to address you on the subject of the Statement of Policy (Cmd.
6019) issued by His Majesty's Government on May 17thj 1939, and
to request that the accompanying representations may be forwarded
to the Permanent Mandates Commission for consideration at their next
Session in June, 1939.
2. The Executive of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, in a
Statement published on May 17th, 1939, summed up the new policy
of His Majesty's Government as " denying to the Jewish people the
right to reconstitute their National Home in Palestine." This Virtual
repudiation of the promise contained in His Majesty's Govemment's
historic declaration of November 1917 has caused profound dismay
among Jews in Palestine and throughout the Diaspora. The need of
the Jewish people for a Home was never more acute than today, and
its denial at this time is particularly harsh. In their Opposition to the
new policy, the Jews are fortified by the support of many distinguished
leaders of public opinion in various parts of the world, including Great
Britain itself, to whom the new policy appears as a breach of faith.
The promise made by His Majesty's Government to the Jewish people
in 1917 was subsequently endorsed by all civilised nations, and forms
the basis of the Mandate for Palestine conferred upon His Majesty's
Government by the League of Nations; the Jews accordingly look
to the League, in which ultimate control over Palestine is vested,
to uphold their intemationally recognised rights.
3. The policy laid down in the White Paper of May, 1939,
proposes first, by permitting Jewish Immigration after the lapse of
five years only if the Arabs of Palestine acquiesce in it, to relegate the
Jews in Palestine to the position of a permanent minority; secondly to
prohibit Jewish settlement altogether in certain parts of Palestine,
and to restrict it in other parts; thirdly, to terminate the Mandate
and to convert Palestine into an independent State, thereby placing
the Jewish National Home under the domination of the Arab majority.
The White Paper in effect abrogates the recognition, expressed in
the Balfour Declaration and the Mandate, of the special Status of
the Jewish people as a whole in relation to Palestine, and takes into
account, as far as Jewish rights and interests are concemed, only
those Jews already established in Palestine. Taken as a whole, the
new policy is in direct contradiction to the whole trend and purpose
of the Palestine Mandate. More particularly, it ignores the Preamble
to the Mandate, and is in conflict with various specific injimctions
contained in its Articles.
4. The Preamble to the Palestine Mandate bases the whole
structiu-e of the Mandatory regime which has been devised for Pal-
estine on the Balfour Declaration. After quoting the Declaration in
füll, the Preamble continues:
" recognirion has thereby been given to the historical connection
of the Jewish people with Palestine, and to the grounds for
reconstituting their national home in that coimtry."
It is submitted that every expression in this sentence is of material
importance. The historical connection of the Jewish people with
Palestine is accepted as the guiding principle of that country's desti-
nies. That connection is obviously the possession of the entire Jewish
people. In addition to this historical connection, other grounds are
recognised for reconstituting the National Home in Palestine— a phrase
which undoubtedly refers to the need and the will of Jews today to
re-establish themselves as a people in Palestine. The National Home
of the Jewish people in Palestine is a home which is to be " reconsti-
tuted"— a term implying a restoration of the Jews to the position
occupied by them in the past. Paragraph 2 of the White Paper,
which purports to enumerate the obligations of the Mandatory under
the Mandate, takes no account of these basic principles; in the political
System outlined in the White Paper, their vital Import and far-
reaching implications are whoUy disregarded. The fundamental Pro-
vision regarding the placing of the country "under such political,
administrative and economic conditions as will secure the establish-
ment of the Jewish National Home," which is quoted in paragraph
2 of the White Paper, is, in the Mandate itself, accompanied by the
words " as laid down in the Preamble." It is precisely diese words
which establish the nexus between the practical measures to be taken
for the Promotion of the Jewish National Home, and the historic right
upon which that Home is based. There is tiius no reference to that
nexus in the White Paper.
5. Other injunctions of the Mandate imposing positive obli-
gations upon the Mandatory are likewise omitted from the summary
in paragraph 2 of the White Paper — notably the recognition of the
Hebrew language as an official language of the country, and the
recognition of the Jewish Agency as a body representing the Jewish
people, and authorised to advise and co-operate with the Government
in all matters aflFecting the interests of the Jewish National Home.
The latter Omission accords with the whole trend of the new policy
to whittle down the Status of the Jewish people by limiting Jewish
rights in regard to Palestine to those of the existing Jewish popula-
tion of the country. The White Paper goes even further, for, while
containing no Provision whatsoever for consultation with the repre-
sentatives of the Jewish people, it docs provide that in determining
the form of Palestine's fumre Government, parties are to be con-
sulted who have, under the terms of the Mandate, no locus standi
whatsoever in relation to that country — ^namely, representatives of
the neighbouring Arab States. The consultation with the Jewish
Agency enjoined by the Mandate is replaced by a one-sided consul-
tation with the Arab States.
6. Approaching first the constitutional problem, His Majesty's
Government find it necessary to declare (paragraph 4 of the White
Paper) that "it is not part of their policy that Palestine should
become a Jewish State." They point out that " they would, indeed,
regard it as contrary to their obligations to the Arabs under the
Mandate, as well as the assurances which have been given to the
Arab people in the past, that the Arab population of Palestine should
be made the subjects of a Jewish State against their will." The
Jewish Agency would here observe that their reading of the Mandate
has not disclosed to them any such Obligation to the Arabs, nor are
they aware of any assurances given to the Arabs to this effect, and
communicated at the dme eidier to the Jewish Agency or to the
League of Nations. On the o±er band, it will be recalled that the
Palestine Royal Commission after an exhaustive analysis of the subject,
came to the conclusion that, when the Balfour Declaration was issued,
"His Majesty's Government evidently realised that a Jewish State
might in course of time be established, but it was not in a position
to say that this would happen, still less to bring it about of its own
motion." Even with regard to the White Paper of 1922, which the
present Statement of Policy invokes in this connection, the Royal
Commission said that " there is nothing in it to prohibit the ultimate
establishment of a Jewish State," and added that Mr. Churchill,
the author of the 1922 White Paper, had himself told the Commission
in evidence "that no such prohibition was intended." But however
this controversy with regard to past intentions be resolved, the mat-
erial point for the future is that, having assured the Arabs that they
will never be "made the subjects of a Jewish State against their
will," His Majesty's Government proceed to formulate a policy which,
in die event of its realisation, must have the effect of making the
Jewish population of Palestine the subjects of an Arab State against
their will. It is true that the White Paper throughout refers to the
State which it is proposed to set up in Palesdne as an " independent
Palestine State," by which is meant " a State in which the two peoples
of Palestine, Arabs and Jews, share authority in govemment in such
a way that the essential interests of each are secured." But if a
State in which the Arabs are assured for all time of a two-thirds
majority, and the Jews condemned for all time to a one-third minority,
need not be an Arab State, but can be so organised as to become a
" Palestine State," then clearly a State with a Jewish majority could
equally be so organised. Conversely, if His Majesty's Govemment
are so concemed lest Palestine as a whole should become a Jewish
State (which can only mean a State with a Jewish majority, — and
possibly a bare majority at that), as to find it necessary to give the
Arabs an explicit assurance against such an eventuality, on the White
Paper's own showing they must admit that a State in which the
Arabs will permanently outoumber the Jews by two to one may
properly be regarded, for all practical purposes, as an Arab State.
His Majesty's Govemment attempt to meet this diflSculty by laying
it down that the Constitution of the future Palestine State shall
include "adequate Provision ... for the special position in Palestine
of the Jewish National Home." But, whatever the provision thus
devised, its observance in an independent State must, in the last
resort, depend upon the will of the majority; it cannot in itself be
a safeguard against the exercise of that will. Experience of minority
guarantees has made abundantly clear the inadequacy of any con-
stitutional safeguards where the majority in power chooses to disregard
them.
/'
7. Two grounds are given in the Statement of Policy (para-
eraph's) for the grant, under these conditions, of independence to
Palestine. The first is that the Mandatory is charged with securing
"the development of self-goveming institutions." The second is
that it would be " contrary to the whole spirit of the Mandate System "
if the Population of Palestine remained " for ever under mandatory
tutelage." With regard to the first of these grounds, it is significant
that, from the historical point of view, the Obligation to establish
self-goveming institutions was not inserted into Article 2 of the Man-
date as a pledge to the Arabs, which should counterbalance the open-
ing Provision of the same Article enjoining the creation of such con-
ditions as would secure the establishment of the Jewish National
Home. On the contrary (as explained in the Jewish Agency's mem-
orandum to the Palestine Royal Conmiission, where the subject is
fully dealt with), far from being designed to lay down two conflicting,
or mutually restrictive, provisions, the reference to self-goveming in-
stimtions was inserted as a direa corollary of the provisions regarding
the Jewish National Home. The original Version of Article 2 sug-
gested by the Zionist Organisation provided for the placing of Pal-
estine under such conditions " as will secure the establishment there
of the Jewish National Home, and ultimately render possible the
creation of an autonomous Commonwealth," etc. The framers of the
Mandate modified the reference to an " autonomous conmionwealth "
by substituting that to "self-goveming institutions." But even if
Article 2 be constraed strictly according to its actual terms, without
reference to its history, it is important to realize, first, that since
the article falls to be read as one consistent whole, the provision
regarding self-goveming institutions cannot be so constraed as to in-
validate the preceding provision conceming the Jewish National Home;
and secondly, that all the article provides for is the development of
self-goveming institutions (in the plural) within Palestine, and not the
conversion of Palestine into an independent State.
8. As to the second ground, exception must be taken to the
facility with which the White Paper draws a specific conclusion as
regards Palestine from "the whole spirit of the Mandate System."
It cannot be sufficiently emphasised that the Palestine Mandate was
intended to be, and was actually framed as, a Mandate sui generis.
Its sister Mandates for Syria and Iraq had the avowed object of
paving the way for the independence of those countries. They were
not designed to serve any such unique purpose as the promotion, in
the countries to which they applied, of a national home for the original
Population of those countries, long exiled, but now anxious to retum.
Thus, Article 1 of the draft Mandate for Mesopotamia (Iraq) provided
for " the progressive development of Mesopotamia as an independent
State." Similarly, Article 1 of the Mandate for Syria and the Leba-
non requires measures to be framed " propres ä faciliter le developpe-
ment progressif de la Syrie et du Liban comme ^tats independants."
In contradistinction to these two documents, the Palestine Mandate
contains no "independence clause." To urge this fundamental dis-
tinction is not to claim that the Palestine Mandate must continue for
ever. Between its continuing for ever, and its termination at the
cnd of ten years or so, there is a wide gulf. Nor must the termina-
8
tion of the Mandate necessarily assume the form indicated in the
White Paper. According to the findings of the Royal Commission,
" the primary purpose of the Mandate, as expressed in its Preamble
and its Articles, is the establishment of the Jewish National Home." It
is therefore reasonable to argue that the Palestine Mandate cannot pro-
perly be terminated until the Jewish National Home is firmly estab-
lished, and that if an emergency arises calling for an early termination
of the Mandate, it should be succeeded by such a regime as would
secure the fulfilment of that purpose in the future. If the Jewish
Agency be asked what, in its view, is the test as to whether the
Jewish National Home has been established, its answer would be that
the Jewish National Home can only be regarded as established when
its growth and development can securely continue without the assist-
ance of the Mandatory. This was, indeed, the approach of the
Royal Commission to the problem of the termination of the Mandate,
when it sought a Solution along the lines of the establishment of two
independent States. His Majesty's Govemment, in accepting the
Royal Commission*s recommendations, showed its understanding of
the necessity for securing the fulfilment of the original purpose of the
Balfour Declaration and the Mandate, and for providing for the
further growth of the National Home, by indicating the following
three advantages of the scheme from that point of view:
(i) The Jewish National Home would be freed from the
possibility of ever being subjected to Arab mle;
(ii) The Jews would cease to lead a minority life;
(iii) The Jewish National Home would become a Jewish
State with füll control over Immigration.
The present scheme nuUifies all these objectives. It subjects the
Jewish National Home to Arab rale; it perpetuates the Jewish mino-
rity Position; it places Jewish Immigration at the mercy of the Arabs.
In Short, it envisages the termination of the Mandate by jettisoning
its primary purpose.
9. As already indicated, the White Paper proposes (in Parts
II and III) drastically to curtail the growth of the National Home
in regard both to Immigration and to setdement on the land. As
to Immigration, arbitrary limits are prescribed over a period of five
years, and thereafter continuation of Immigration is made depend-
ent upon Arab goodwill, which is äquivalent to decreeing its complete
stoppage. The following reasons are advanced in justification of
this fundamental departure from the theory and practice of the
Palestine Mandate: first, with regard to the imposition of arbitrary
limitations upon immigration, His Majsty's Govemment reject the
contention "that the Mandate requires them, for all time and in all
circumstances, to facilitate the immigration of Jews into Palestine
subject only to considerations of the country's economic absorptive
capacity;" secondly, with regard to the complete stoppage of immi-
gration, His Majesty's Govemment assert that they do not find " any-
thing in the Mandate or in subsequent Statements of policy, to Sup-
port the view that the establishment of a Jewish National Home in
Palestine cannot be effected unless inmiigration is allowed to continue
indefinitely."
P
10. To take thc second asscrtion first, His Majesty's Government
themselves, after quoting the Obligation "to facilitate Jewish Immi-
gration under suitable conditions " proceed to State that " the extent
to which Jewish immigration into Palestine is to be permitted is no-
where defined in the Mandate," and seek to justify the restriction,
and even the stoppage, of Jewish immigration on this groimd. But
the absence of any limiting Provision in the Mandate as to the extent
to which Jewish immigration is to be permitted would appear to lead
to just the opposite condusion, namely that the Mandatory Govern-
ment has no right to put an arbitrary end to Jewish immigration.
The Preamble to the Mandate, in giving recognition to the historical
connection of the Jewish people with Palestine, and the grounds for
reconstituting there their National Home, dearly implies a recognition
of the continuing right of the Jews to immigrate into Palestine.
Article 6 of the Mandate enjoins upon the Mandatory the duty to
facilitate this immigration " while ensuring that the rights and position
of other sections of the population are not prejudiced." The latter
proviso indicates the only consideration by which Jewish immigration
into Palestine is to be limited under the Mandate. Subject to the obser-
vance of this condition, it remains the duty of the Mandatory to facili-
tate Jewish immigration so long as there are Jews who desire to enter,
and so long as Palestine is in a position to absorb them. Whether
this would result in Jewish immigration continuing indefinitely, it is
impossible to say, and the question is in faa of no practical impor-
tance. What is of decisive importance, however, is the intention of
His Majesty's Government to curtail Jewish inmiigration inmiediately,
and to put an end to it altogether after a short period of years, when
it is clear that the conditions of Jewish life outside mjdce its con-
tinuance necessary, and the development of Palestine makes it possible.
11. The Jewish Agency submits that it is of the essence of
the conception of the National Home that it should be a place to
which Jews can come back, provided that objective considerations
permit their retum. A " National Home for the Jewish people " loses
its meaning the moment that the entry of Jews is forbidden save with
the permission of the Arabs. The test of the Jewish National Home
must therefore be the efFective possibility for any Jew who is able to
settle in it without causing injury to others, to do so as a matter of
right. The emphasis placed by the White Paper of 1922 on the fact
that the Jews are in Palestine "as of right" obviously extends to
their right of entry. This is fully recognised by the insistence in that
White Paper that "for the fulfilment of this policy it is necessary
that the Jewish Community in Palestine should be able to increase
its numbers by immigration." But the present Statement of Policy,
while apparently admitting that the present Jews of Palestine are
there as of right, proceeds immediately to deny the right of entry
to Jews who are not yet there. It thereby undermmes the basis of
the right of the existing Jewish population, and shatters the whole
conception of the Jewish National Home.
12. As to the contention of His Majesty's Government that
they do not regard Aemselves as required by the Mandate in all
circumstances and for aU time to facilitate Jewish immigration, sub-
10
jea only to considerations of the country's economic absorptive ca-
pacity, it amounts to a denial of the logical conclusions flowing
from a basic premise which has been accepted. The fixing of an
arbitrary limit on Jewish immigration would derogate from the recog-
nition of the historic right of the Jewish people in Palestine, which
lies at the root of the Palestine Mandate. On the other band, in
facilitating Jewish immigration, the Mandatory has to see to it that
the mterests of other sections of the population do not suffer. The
only immigration policy sadsfying both these requirements is dearly
a policy regulating immigration in accordance with the country's
economic absorptive capacity. This gives the Jews a rational frame-
work, free from arbitrary interference, for the exercise of their his-
toric right, and ensures to them, for the purpose of absorbing further
immigrants, the fruits of their cfiForts in extending the country's
absorptive capacity. At the same time, it gives to the Arabs an
absolute assurance that Jewish inmiigrants will not be allowed to
establish themselves at their expense. In fact it gives this assurance
to all the existine inhabitants of the country. These are the reasons
why the economic absorptive capacity principle was laid down in
1922 by the Mandatory Government itself, endorsed by the Council
of the League of Nations in 1930, and reaffirmed by His Majesty's
Government in the Prime Minister's letter of February, 1931, and
on subsequent occasions. When, in 1937, the Mandatory Government
found it necessary to depart from this policy — according to its own
explanation, for reasons connected with the carrying out of the par-
tirion scheme recommended by the Palestine Royal Commission — the
Mandates Commission " drew attention to this departure from the
principle sanctioned by the League of Nations that immigration is
to be proportionate to the country's economic absorptive capadty."
It seems clear that this principle, and the negation of it, caimot both
be correct interpretations of the immigration provisions of the Man-
date. In effect, to tamper with the prindple of economic absorptive
capacity is to tamper with the position of the Jews In Palestine " as
of right."
13. Whatever construction may be put on the Obligation to
"facilitate Jewish immigration under suitable conditions," it can by
no means be reconciled with the grant of authority to the Arab popu-
lation to decide whether Jewish immigration is to continue or not.
The negation of the principle that the Jews are in Palestine "as
of right," involved even in the departure from the absorptive capadty
principle, would thereby become absolute. When His Majesty's Gov-
ernment assumed control of Palestine as Mandatory, modern Jewish
immigration into that country had been proceeding for about four
decades. This immigration was in itself but the most recent link
in the long chain of attempts made by Jews of all countries and in
all generations to retum to their ancestral home. His Majest3^s
Government gave express recognition to the historical processes at
work when it issued the Balfour Dedaration as a dedaration "of
sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations," and when it drafted the
Mandate and its Preamble. The Mandate was conferred upon His
Majesty's Government on the understanding that they would facilitate
Jewish inmiigration. By proclaiming their intention of bringing Jew-
11
ish immigration to an abrupt end, His Majestys Government not
only S an express and vital injunction of the Mandate, but take
rsfep contrary to the very essence of the Mandate as a whole. Instead
of being in their hands the instrument whereby a process antecedent
to the Mandate should be accelerated it becomes ^ means of arrestin^
that process altogether-as it were of tiirmng back the whee of his-
o?y. Moreoverrto arrest this process in deference to the wiU of the
Arabs would mean to change the whole aspect of Palesüne from a
country in which the Jewish National Home is to be established mto
a country where the Arab majority is to rule supreme.
14 The Palestine Mandate can be searched in vain for any-
thing remotely suggesting that such powers have been conferred upon
His Majesty's Government. The voluminous mterpretative hterature
to be found in His Majesty's Govemment's own Statements of pohcy,
and in the minutes and reports of the Permanent Mandates Com-
mission, relating to the obligations contained m the Balfour Dec-
laration and the Mandate towards the non- Jewish population of Pal-
estine, does not contain the slightest Suggestion that the Arab
Community of Palestine is to be assured of its majority position, let
alone of a majority of specific dimensions. His Majesty's Goyermnent
indeed admit that "to stop all further Jewish immigration mto Pal-
estine forthwith would be unjust to the Jewish National Home. 1 hey
do not explain, however, why, in their view, a stoppage unjust today
would become just at the end of five years, after the Jewish population
has reached, according to their calculations, one-third of the total.
His Majesty's Government further assert, without staüng any rea-
sons for the assertion, that "when the immigration over five years which
is now contemplated has taken place, they will not be justified m
facilitating, nor will they be under any Obligation to facilitate, the tur-
ther development of the Jewish National Home by Immigration, regard-
less of the wishes of the Arab population." Why an Obligation binding
today will suddenly cease to be binding at the end of five years, and why
the wishes of the Arab population, which can be disregarded today,
must become the supreme arbiter at the end of the same penod,
again remains unexplained. Seeing that the Mandate is to continue,
in accordance with the White Paper, at least for another five years
after the proposed stoppage of Jewish immigration, it is not clear
how, even on purely legal grounds, it is proposed to justify an arrange-
ment by which one of the fundamental obligations imposed by the
Mandate must remain inoperative during the life-time of the Mandate.
15. The practical reason given in paragraph 13 of the White
Paper for this liquidation of mandatory obligations is that their
continued Operation would necessitate the use of force, to which His
Majesty's Government object; they will relinquish rather than enforce
mandatory obligations. But His Majesty's Government can hardly
have overlooked the fact that this conclusion represents the triumph
of force. In the light of the experience of the last three years, it
must appear to the Arab terrorists as a premium on their campaign
of violence, and to the Jews as a penalty on their self-restraint. Fur-
ther, if the exercise of such force as may be indispensable for the
discharge of mandatory obligations appeais to His Majesty's Gov-
12
ernment to be so objectionable that those obligations have to be
abandoned, they will no doubt be aware of the far-reaching implica-
tions of this attitude as regards their whole position in Palestine. As
British authority is founded on the Mandate conferred upon and
accepted by Great Britain on the basis of certain obligations, the
repudiation of those obligations deprives British rule in Palestine of
its moral justification. Even so, as continued British rule in Palestine
is challenged by Arab leaders, it will involve the use of force. Force,
has, moreover, been used to prevent Jews entering Palestine; it may
have to be used on an even greater scale in the future if the policy
outlined in the White Paper is to be carried out in füll. If it is the
case that the use of force is inescapable, whatever course His Majesty's
Government propose to steer, the Jewish Agency would submit that
it is the justice of the obligations undertaken and the injustice resulting
from their abrogation, that should decide the issue, and the Agency
cannot agree that what was just when the Balfour Declaration and
the Mandate were issued, has become unjust today. Developments in
the Jewish world, and in the Arab world since that time have both
contributed only to enhance the justice of the Jewish cause, as was
clearly realised by the Permanent Mandates Commission when they
stated, in their Report for 1937 :
" It should also be remembered that the coUective sufferings
of Jews and Arabs are not comparable, since vast Spaces in the
Near East, formerly the abode of numerous popularions and
the home of a brilliant civilisation, are open to the former, where-
as the world is increasingly being closed to settlement by the
latter."
16. The growth and development of the Jewish National Home
depend not only upon numerical increase, but in equal measure
upon the extension of its area of land, primarily land for agricultural
settlement. Having provided in Part II for the numerical crystallisa-
tion of the Jewish National Home, the Statement of Policy proceeds,
in Part III, to decree its territorial crystallisation. The High Com-
missioner for Palestine is to be given " general powers to prohibit and
regulate transfers of land," these powers to date from the publication
of the Statement of Policy. The exact nature and extent of these
powers is not stated in the White Paper, but from the proposals
made by His Majesty's Government to the Jewish Delegation at the
end of the Palestine Conferences, to which the present Statement
of Policy is supposed generally to adhere, it was leamt that the in-
tention was completely to close parts of Palestine to Jewish settie-
ment, and to subject it to severe restrictions in other parts. The
Jewish Agency views with grave alarm the prospect of the application
of such a policy. It would, in the first place, curtail the territorial
scope of the Jewish National Home, which has already been cut
down by the closing of Trans Jordan to Jewish settlement. Secondly,
it would amount to a reversal of the Obligation imposed upon the
Mandatory by Article 6 of the Mandate to "encourage close settle-
ment by Jews on the land," and would jeopardise the growth and
economic stability of the National Home. Thirdly, it would necessi-
tate the introduction into the legislation of Palestine of measures
13
based upon racial discrimination as between Jews and non-Jews, thus
constituting an infringement of Article 15 of the Mandate, which
provides that " no discrimination of any kind shall be made between
the inhabitants of Palestine on the ground of race, religion or lan-
° guage." Fourthly, by denying to the Arabs legitimate opportunities
of selling part of their land in order to invest the proceeds in the
development of the remainder, and by withholding from Jewish de-
velopment even areas of " uncukivable " land which may be included
in the parts of the country where Jewish settlement is to be prohibited,
it would seriously hamper the agricultural development of the country
as a whole.
17. The Statement of Policy invokes the "reports of several
expert commissions " as having indicated that " owing to the natural
growth of the Arab popuiation, and the steady sale in recent years
of Arab land to jews, there is now in certain areas no room for
further transfers of Arab land, while in some other areas such transfers
of land must be restriaed if Arab cultivators are to maintain their
Standard of life, and a considerable landless Arab popuiation is not
soon to be created." Without accepting these conclusions, the Jewish
Agency at the Palestine Conferences signified its readiness to discuss
with His Majesty's Government, on their merits, the problems of the
effea of Jewish colonisation upon the Arab peasant class, and the
availability of land in various parts of Palestine for further Jewish
settlement. No such discussion has, however, taken place. Nor has
the Government so far acceded to the Jewish Agency's request that
the data which served as the basis for the Govemment's far-reaching
conclusions in the matter of land, should be communicated to it for
examination and comment. The Jewish Agency would recall that the
detailed official enquiry conducted into the question of "displaced
Arabs" in 1932, with which the Jewish Agency was associatcd,
completely disproved the thesis that Jewish settlement on the land
has resulted in any considerable dispossession of the Arab farming
popuiation. In the circumstances, and in view of the whole trend
of the Palestine Conferences, and the tenor of the present Statement
of Policy, the Jewish Agency is forced to the conclusion that just
as the drastic changes proposed in Immigration policy were dictated —
as has been freely admitted in the White Paper— by purely political
considerations, so the proposal to relegate the Jews to a Pale of
Settlement in the country of the National Home has a political, and
not an economic objea.
18. On behalf of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, I beg to
lodge the strongest possible protest against the policy contained in
the White Paper of May, 1939, and to express the hope that, con-
stituting as it does a complete reversal of the original policy authorised
by the League of Nations in the Palestine Mandate, it will not be
endorsed by the competent organs of the League.
I have the honour to remain,
Your Exccllency's obedient Servant,
CH. WEIZMANN
77, Great Russell Street, President,
London, W.Cl. Jevnsh Agency for Palestine.
14
Memorandum on the Legal Aspects
of the White Paper
1. At the recent Palestine Conferences in London the Jewish
and Arab Delegations respectively were invited to express their views
on certain suggestions laid before them by His Majesty's Goverimient.
After the conclusion of the Conferences, consultations took place
between His Majesty's Government and representatives of Arab in-
terests, and His Majesty's Government have now announced their
intentions in a White Paper,^ which supersedes the Statement of
Policy of July 1937^* and Substitutes proposals of an entirely different
Order. The object of this memorandum is to examine these proposals
in the light of the Palestine Mandate, it being assumed that there
will be no dissent from the proposition that the Mandatory Power,
having been entrusted with the administration of Palestine on behalf
of the League of Nations,^ is authorised to take such measures, and
such measures only, as can be shown to be consistent with the Mandate
according to its true intent and purpose. Since the Mandate in-
corporates the Balfour Declaration, the Declaration must also be
taken into account. It is further assumed to be common ground
that the Declaration and xhe Mandate must be fairly construed,
without resort to sophistical glosses or verbal jugglery, in conformity
with the principle that international engagements must be interpreted
and carried out in good faith. His Majesty's Government have on
many occasions made clear their determination (which could, indeed,
be taken for granted) to discharge their mandatory obligations not
only in the letter but in the spirit.
2. The question to be considered is whether the proposals now
made are consistent with the terms upon which His Majesty's Govern-
ment undertook to administer Palestine on behalf of the League. As
between His Majesty's Government and the League, nothing can
tum on any undertakings given by His Majesty's Government to
third parties without the knowledge of the League and not disclosed
to it before the Mandate was confirmed. This remark is relevant
to the passage in the White Paper* in which His Majesty's Govern-
ment, after drawing attention to "their obligations to the Arabs
under the Mandate," refer, in addition, to "assurances which have
been given to the Arab people in the past," thus distinguishing those
1 Cmd. 6019.
2 Cmd. 5513.
3 See Preamble to Mandate : " Whereas His Britannic Majesty's Gov-
ernment has accepted the Mandate in respect of Palestine and undertaken
to exercise it on behalf of the League of Nations in conformity with the
following provisions ..."
* para. 4, page 4.
15
assurances from their mandatory obljgations. Unless the Council of
the League, in confirming the Mandate, can be shown to have been
invited to take note of these assurances, it is not clear how they can
be introduced into a discussion of the new proposals in relation to
the terms on which His Majesty's Government were entrusted with
the Mandate. It is, therefore, material to enquire what assurances
are meant. They are not specified in the White Paper, and it is
necessary to tum for enlightenment to the speech in which the White
Paper was explained to the House of Commons by the Secretary of
State for the Colonies. Having stated that promises touching Palestine
were made by His Majesty's Government during the World War
to the Arabs as well as to the Jews,^ Mr. MacDonald went on to
make it clear that he was not speaking of the McMahon Corres-
pondence, which was once more declared to have no application to
Palestine, but of a message conveyed in January 1918 by Commander
Hogarth, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, to the Sharif of
Mecca.^ Since there is no Suggestion in Mr. MacDonald's speech
that there were any other assurances to the Arabs worth mentioning
in this connection, it seems clear that in speaking in general terms
of "the assurances which have been given to the Arab people in
the past," the White Paper must in fact be referring to Commander
Hogarth's message, which Mr. MacDonald summarised as f ollows : ^
" He [Commander Hogarth] explained very frankly that
His Majesty's Government looked with favour upon a retum
of Jews to Palestine, and that His Majesty's Government were
determined that no obstacle should be put in the way of this
retum. But Commander Hogarth was instmcted to say also,
and he did say, that this would be allowed only in so far as it
was compatible with the economic and political freedom of the
existing population. He also added, on instmctions, that the
British Government were determined that no people in Palestine
should be subject to another."
3. The construction now placed by His Majesty's Govemment
upon the contents of the Hogarth Message may require to be borae
in mind in interpreting the new proposals as they affect the Jews.
But in considering whether these proposals are consistent with the
terms on which His Majesty's Government were entrusted with the
Mandate, the Hogarth Message, whatever construction His Majesty's
Government may think fit to put upon it, can clearly not be invoked
as embodying obligations towards the Arabs. Unlike the Balfour
Declaration, to which His Majesty's Govemment were at pains to
give inmiediate publicity ±roughout the world, the Hogarth Message
played no part whatever in the international discussions regarding
the future of Palestine which took place after the close of the War.
It was not until the message was excavated after the lapse of twenty
years that it first occurred to His Majesty's Govemment to mention
5 House of Commons, May 22nd, 1939, Official Report, Col. 1948.
6 ib. col. 195 1. The text of the Hogarth Message is printed in Cmd.
5964, where the date is given as January 4th, 1918.
^ House of Commons, May 22nd, 1939, Col. 195 1.
16
it in relation to the shaping of British policy in Palestine. Even
now, His Majesty's Govemment seem themselves to be doubtful as
to what significance is really to be attached to the message, for, in
replying to a question on the subject in the course of the recent
debate in the House of Commons, Sir Thomas Inskip, speaking for
the Govemment, observed that "it [the Hogarth message] is not
of sufiicient importance for my Rt. Hon. Friend and myself to spend
much time on it."^ How deep an Impression was made by "this
solemn pledge to the Arabs " upon the minds of the Arabs them-
selves, may be judged from the fact that not the slightest allusion
is made to it by the Palestine Arab Delegation in presenting its case
to His Majesty's Govemment in the lengthy Communications repro-
duced in the White Paper of 1922.® It seems clear that the Delegation
had never heard of the Hogarth message. What is more important
for the present purpose is that neither had the League of Nations ever
heard of it. The League Council confirmed the Mandate without
being given the slightest reason to suppose that His Majesty's Govern-
ment considered themselves to be under obligations towards the
Arabs other than and in excess of those contained either in the
Mandate itself or in the authoritative Statement of British Policy
in Palestine^** communicated to the League of Nations immediately
before the Mandate was confirmed. Hence, for the purpose of
determining whether the new proposals are consistent with the Man-
'date, the reference in the White Paper to the "assurances which
have been given to the Arab people " (meaning, as would now appear,
assurances given to them without the knowledge either of the Jews
or of the League of Nations), as distinct from His Majesty's Govera-
ment's " obligations to the Arabs under the Mandate," is either
irrelevant or superfluous. If it is suggested that the " assurances "
add something not contained in the " obligations," they can have no
effect as between His Majesty's Govemment as Mandatory and the
League as the body on whose behalf the Mandate is exercised. If
this is not suggested, the position is the same as though the "assur-
ances" had not been mentioned.
4. Before the new proposals are more closely approached, it
will be convenient at this stage to draw attention to a passage in
the White Paper which might, if left without comment, give rise to
misunderstanding. In the opening sentences of Part I of the White
Paper, which deals with constitutional questions,. His Majesty's
Govemment State that
" they do not wish to contest the view, which was expressed
by the Royal Commission, that the Zionist leaders at the time
of the issue of the Balfour Declaration, recognised that an
ultimate Jewish State was not precluded by the terms of the
Declaration."^^
By what can only be an oversight, the White Paper omits to make
it clear that it was not only the Zionist leaders who, in the view of the
8 House of Commons, May 23rd, 1939, Official Report, Col. 2194.
9 Cmd. 1700.
10 See Cmd. 1708.
11 Cmd. 6019, para. 4, page 3.
17
Royal Commission, "recognised" that a Jewish State was "not
precluded." The reference in the White Paper is to a passage at
pages 24-25 of the Peel Report." The Royal Commission first quote
Mr. Lloyd George, whose evidence is reproduced as f oUows :
" The idea was, and this was the Interpretation put upon
it at the time, that a Jewish State was not to be set up
immediately by the Peace Treaty, without reference to the
wishes of the majority of the inhabitants. On the other hand,
it was contemplated that, when the time arrived for according
representative institutions to Palestine, if the Jews had mean-
while responded to the opportimity afforded them by the idea
of a national home and had become a definite majority of the
inhabitants, then Palestine would thus become a Jewish Common-
wealth."
The Report then proceeds: —
" His Majesty's Government evidently realised that a Jewish
State might in course of time be established, but it was not in
a Position to say that this would happen, still less to bring it
about of its own motion. The Zionist leaders for their part
recognised that an ultimate Jewish State was not precluded by
the terms of the Declaration, and so it was understood elsewhere.
* I am persuaded,* said President Wilson on the 3rd March,
1919, * that the Allied Nations, with the füllest concurrence of
our own Government and people, are agreed that in Palestine
shall be laid the foundations of a Jewish Commonwealth.' "
Then follow references to speeches or writings in the same strain by
General Smuts, Lord Cecil, Lord Samuel and Mr. Winston Churchill.
It will be Seen that the authors of the White Paper have inadvertently
omitted to notice that the reference in the Peel Report to the Zionist
leaders is both preceded and followed by references to eminent British
and other statesmen to whom substantially the same views are
attributed. It may be added that, as to Lord Balfour himself, Lord
Harlech," addressing the Permanent Mandates Commission as
Accredited British Representative in 1937, stated that " the establish-
ment of an independent sovereign Jewish State... certainly was the
conception in Lord Balfour's mind — it was challenged by others at
the time — ^and «the Balfour Declaration was the reflection of that
conception so far as it could then be carried.""
5. By what appears to be a similar oversight, the White Paper
States" that a passage which it quotes from the 1922 Statement of
Policy "might be held" to imply that Palestine was not to be
converted into a Jewish State, but omits to add that, referring to the
definition of the Jewish National Home in the same Statement of
Policy — a definition emphatically described in the White Paper^^ as
12 Cmd. 5479, Chapter II, paras. 20-21.
13 Then Mr. Ormsby-Gore.
" XXXII P.M.C., page 180.
15 Para. 4, page 4.
18 Cmd. 6019, para. 6, page 4.
«
I
r
authoritative and comprehensive " — the Royal Commission remarks*^
that " there is nothing in it to prohibit the ultimate establishment of
a Jewish State, and Mr. ChurchilP^ has told us in evidence that no
such Prohibition was intended."
6. His Majesty's Government are at pains to make it clear
that whatever may have been contemplated by Mr. Lloyd George or
Lord Balfour in 1917 or by Mr. Churchill in 1922, they would regard
themselves as unfaithful to their obligations towards the Arabs under
the Mandate if they allowed Palestine to become a Jewish State. The
emphasis with which they repudiate that conception suggests that
they are under the Impression that, if the Jewish State can once be
got out of the way, the road is clear for their own proposals. This
appears to involve a complete non sequitur. The same may be
said of the contention that Palestine ought not to be kept " for
ever under mandatory tutelage," and the similar contention advanced
with reference to Immigration, that the Mandate cannot be supposed
to require that Jewish Immigration shall be "allowed to continue
indefinitely." It is not the case — and His Majesty's Government do
not seriously attempt to show that it is — that either Jewish Immigra-
tion must continue " indefinitely," or it must be restricted for five
years to an annual average of not more (and possibly less) than
15,000, and then, in effect, be brought to an end. It is not the case that,
if Palestine is not to become a Jewish State either the Mandate must
go on " for ever," or an undivided Palestine must within ten years
be made into an independent State with a guaranteed Arab majority
of at least two to one. By selecting certain alternatives for rejection,
His Majesty's Government do not make it superfluous to enquire
whether their own policy is consistent with their mandatory obliga-
tions. That policy requires to be justified on its merits, and the
test to be applied is whether it is calculated to give effect to the
true intent and purpose of the Mandate which His Majesty's Govern-
ment have undertaken to carry out both in the letter and the spirit.
The Palestine Royal Commission affirms in its Report that " unques-
tionably the primary purpose of the Mandate, as expressed in its
preamble and its Articles, is to promote the establishment of the
Jewish National Home."^® That preamble and those Articles were
framed by the British Government itself. Unless the unanimous view
of the Royal Commission is to be brushed aside, there can be no
doubt as to the footing on which the Mandate was accepted by
Great Britain. The question is, then, whether the proposals now
made are consistent with the provisions of the Mandate, fairly con-
strued in the light of their primary purpose as authoritatively defined.
7. It will be convenient to begin with the proposals relating
to immigration, since the arbitrary restriction of Jewish Immigration,
and its subsequent suppression unless sanctioned by the Arabs, are
indispensable preliminaries to the object ultimately in view, viz: —
1' Cmd. 5479, Chapter II, paras. 38-39, pp.32-33.
18 Mr. Churchill was Secretary of State for the Colonies at the time
of the publication of the 1922 Statement of Policy.
1» Cmd. 5479, Chapter II, para. 42, page 39.
18
19
the creation of an independent State in which the Ambs will be
permanently assured of preponderance. It may be observed in passing
that, while the Arabs are intended to be guaranteed, in any event, a
majority of two to one, the immigration restrictions are so devised
that their preponderance may be still greater. On the one band, there
is no certainty that Jewish immigration will even be allowed to reach
the prescribed maximum of 75,000 for the five years' period leading
up to the Coming into force of the Arab veto. As to 50,000 of the
75,000, admission will be granted or refused according to the economic
absorptive capacity of the country at the time, as it may happen
to be estimated by the High Commissioner, who is to be assisted
in Coming to a decision by Arab as well as Jewish representatives,
and who will, moreover, be in a position to reduce the absorptive
capacity by the exercise of his discretionary powers with regard to
the acquisition of land. As to the 25,000 refugees, making up the
balance of the 75,000, it will rest with the High Commissioner to
decide, with the assistance of his advisers, who will include, as time
goes on, an increasing proportion of Arabs, whether adequate main-
tenance can be considered to be ensured, it being only to the extent
to which that question is answered in the affirmative that the refugees
will be admissible. On the other band, the numerus clausus to be
enforced against Jews during the five years' period will have no
application to Arabs, nor will there be anything to prevent Arabs
from outside from being admitted to fiU, in their entirety, whatever
openings for Immigrant labour may arise after Jewish immigration
has become subject to Arab veto. It foUows that the Arabs may
well have, in the end, a preponderance considerably exceeding their
guaranteed majority of two to one.
8. This being the effect of the proposals, the question to be
answered is whether they can fairly be held to be consistent with the
Mandate, due regard being had to its " primary purpose "2" viz : —
to promote the establishment of the Jewish National Home — to the
Royal Commission's finding (from which His Majesty's Government
has indicated no dissent) that "Jewish immigration is not merely
sanctioned, but required, by solemn international agreements,"" and
to the British Govemment's assertion in 1922 that the immigration
of Jews is among the "integral and indispensable factors in the
execution of the Charge laid upon the mandatory of establishing in
Palestine a national home for the Jewish people;"" it will be observed
that it is not said that the stoppage of Jewish immigration is, or
may become, an integral and indispensable factor in the Charge laid
upon the Mandatory of Converting Palestine into a predominantly
Arab independent State. In considering whether the present pro-
posals can be reconciled with the Mandate, there are three distinct
points to be discussed, viz : —
(1) Discrimination against Jewish as distinct from other immi-
gration; the restrictions described in paragraph 14 of the
!! Sf.^.^^P^''* °^ *^^ ^°y^^ Commission, cited above, p.y.
21 Ibid. Chapter IV, para. 76, p.147. '
22 Cmd. 1708, p.4.
20
White Paper being expressly stated to relate to Jewish
Immigration.^^
(2) The arbitrary restriction of immigration during the five
year period.
(3) The emergence of an Arab veto at the close of that period.
9. Article 15 of the Mandate requires that no person shall be
excluded from Palestine on the sole ground of his religious belief.
It can never have occurred to the framers of the Mandate that a
person might be sought to be excluded from Palestine on the sole
ground that he was a Jew. Such, however, would be the effect of
the present proposals in any case in which admission was refused to
a Jew as such, on the ground that the Jewish quota was exhausted,
or, after the five years' period, by reason of the Arab veto. Lct it
be supposed, for example, that after the close of the five years' period,
an individual possessing ample means desires to settle in Palestine.
The quesüon will immediately arise whether he is a Jew. How that
question is to be decided is not clear. It can plainly not be decided
by reference to the applicant's religious belief, for if it depended
upon his religious belief whether the Arab veto was applicable or not,
it would be difficult to reconcile the proceedings with Article 15 of
the Mandate, which requires that no person shall be excluded from
Palestine on the sole ground of his religious belief. It will, therefore,
be necessary to decide whether the applicant is to be classified as a
Jew otherwise than by reference to his religious belief — a question on
which the au±orities administering the immigration laws (who may
by this time be Arab authorities) will have the guidance of well-
known contemporary precedents. If the applicant is held to be a
Jew, his admission will only be permissible if it is found that " the
Arabs " are " prepared to acquiesce." If, on the other band, he is
held not to be a Jew, the Arab veto will not affect him, and the
ordinary regulations will apply. An immigration law which, both
during and after the five years' period, will impose restrictions upon
Jews as such may or may not be capable of being framed without
violating the letter of the Mandate, but will, in any case, be clearly
inconsistent with its spirit. Jewish immigration is singled out in
Article 6 of the Mandate as the immigration to be facilitated. It
is now proposed to be singled out as the immigration to be subjected
to special restrictions, and evenmally to an Arab veto, from which
immigration of other types is apparently to be exempt,
10. The discrimination aggravates the offence and accentuates
the indignity. But even if formal discrimination were avoided, the
proposals, considered by reference to their real purpose and substantial
effect, would remain irreconcilable either with die spirit or — on a
fair construction — the letter of the Mandate. Reasons will be given
in due course for the view, supported by high authority, that, if the
Mandate be fairly construed in the light of all the relevant cir-
cumstances, the only principle on which immigration can properly
23 Cmd. 6019, para. 14(1) and (3), pp.io-ii.
21
be regulated will be found to be that of economic absorptive capacity,
or, in o±er words, that immigrants ought to be admitted up to, though
not beyond, the economic capacity of the country to absorb them.
But the proposals now made go far beyond the repudiation of that
principle. Not only is its application to be qualified during the next
five years by the introduction of a fixed upper limit, but once that
period has expired, it is to have no application at all, political and
not economic considerations being thenceforth required to be treated
as having decisive and exclusive weight. More than that, on the
expiration of the five years' period, no further discretion is to be
exercised by the Mandatory authorities, but it is thenceforth to be
left to the Arab section of the population to decide for itself whether
its " rights and position " would be " prejudiced " by further Jewish
Immigration, and, if so, to veto it. These an'angements are to take
effect halfway through the ten years* period provisionally fixed by
the White Paper for the continuance of the Mandate. The Mandate
will, therefore, still be in force, and with it the provisions of Article 6.
The question which arises is, then, whether such arrangements as have
just been described can be said to represent a bona fide compliance
with those provisions. In construing Article 6, due weight must
be given to the distinction drawn in the terminology of the Mandate
between the Mandatory and the Administration of Palestine — a.
distinction well brought out by Article 15, and further illustrated by
other Articles, as for example, Article 11. The choice of words is
not fortuitous. The scheme of the Mandate is to propound the main
principles in terms of injunctions to the Mandatory, while assigning
certain specific duties to the Administration of Palestine. The duty
imposed upon the Administration by Article 6 must therefore be
taken to be a duty imposed upon it for the purpose of enabling the
Mandatory to carry out the main objects of the Mandate, as defined
in Article 2, and further indicated in the Preamble. It is to be
noted that the provisions of Article 6 do impose a duty. They do
not merely authorise the Administration to permit Immigration; they
require the Administration to facilitate it. The duty is an active
duty — it constitutes, as it was put by His Majesty's Government in
1931," a "positive Obligation," and such it remains so long as the
Mandate is in force. In carrying out that Obligation, the Administra-
tion is at the same time to ensure that the " rights and posirion "
of " other sections of the population " are not prejudiced, but on no
reasonable construction of Article 6, looking at it, as it must be looked
at, in the light of ±e Mandate as a whole, can this be taken to
authorise — much less require — the Administration to bring Immigra-
tion to an end on the sole ground that " other sections of the popula-
tion " are opposed to it. The duty thus imposed upon the Admini-
stration is not one which can properly be discharged by the announce-
ment of a decision to take the Orders of the Arabs as to the extent
(if any) to which Immigration is to be permitted after a fixed future
date. To say that, the Mandate being ex hypothesi still in force,
2* Mr. Ramsay MacDonald's letter to Dr. Weizmann, February 13,
i93i> Paragraph 7, printed in Hansard, February 13, 1931, Vol. 248,
cols. 751-757.
22
this represents a bona fide compliance with the requirements of
Article 6, giving füll weight to its true intent and purpose, amounts
to saying that äere is no real difference between facilitating immi-
gration and putting a stop to it. Much has been made in various
Statements of what has been described as the double undertaking
contained in the Mandate — ^the two sets of obligations which, it is
customary to emphasise, are of equal weight. It might have been
thought that an example of what is meant is to be found in Article 6,
which couples a positive Obligation to the Jews with a qualifying
proviso for the benefit of " other sections of the population." If
there is any substance in the doctrine of equal weight, it is not dear
why it should be supposed that, once another five years have elapsed,
Article 6 of the Mandate, which will still be in force, can be applied
on the footing that the undertaking to the Jews need be given no
weight at all.
11. The views expressed above are not without authoritative
Support. In a Statement of Policy on Palestine^' published in 1930,
the British Government then in office proposed restrictions on immi-
gration which, though severe, feil far short of those foreshadowed
in the recent White Paper. On that occasion, English lawyers of
the highest eminence^^ expressed the considered opinion that those
restrictions " clearly involve the prohibition — or, as the White Paper
calls it, the * Suspension *— of all that Jewish Immigration and settle-
ment which Article 6 of the Mandate expressly directs the Mandatory
to facilitate and encourage." Their conclusion was that " the White
Paper*^ appears to us to involve a departure from the obligations of
the Mandate." If this was their view of the White Paper of 1930,
it is not difficult to infer what their comments would have been if
the proposals before them had been those now announced.
12. The contentions advanced by His Majesty's Government
in justification of their immigration policy'^ may at this point be
considered in their bearing on the question of the Arab veto. After
quoting Article 6 of the Mandate, His Majesty's Government proceed
to point out that " beyond this, the extent to which Jewish immi-
gration into Palestine is to be permitted is nowhere defined in the
Mandate." But, general as are the terms in which Article 6 is expressed,
on one point it is clear — ^Jewish immigration is to be " facilitated."
Because the scale on which Jewish immigrants are in practice to
be introduced is not precisely indicated, it is clearly not arguable
that, that being so, the Mandatory is under no Obligation to admit
any immigrants at all, and, far from facilitating Jewish immigration,
is free to prohibit it. Next comes a reference to the test of economic
absorptive capacity, on which the White Paper observes that " His
Majesty's Government do not read ei±er the Statement of Policy
of 1922 or the letter of 1931 as implying that the Mandate requires
25 Cmd. 3692.
26 See letter from Lord Hailsham and Sir John Simon, Tßu Times,
November 4, 1930.
27 i.e. The White Paper of 1930.
28 See Paragraph 12 of the White Paper, Cmd. 6019, pp.8-9.
23
them, for all time and in all circumstances, to facilitate the Immigra-
tion of Jews into Palestine subject only to consideration of the
country's economic absorptive capacity." What is, however, required
to be shown, m order to justify the Arab veto, is that the Mandate
does entitle His Majesty's Government to lay it down that after the
lapse of another five years Jewish Immigration shall "for all time
and m all circumstances " be prohibited, subject only to any wishes
to the contrary which may be expressed by the Arabs. Next foUows
a rejecüon of the view that the establishment of a Jewish National
Home cannot be effected unless Jewish Immigration is allowed to
contmue " mdefinitely." On this it may be observed that the question
now at issue is not whether Jewish Immigration must continue in-
definitely, but whether, so long as the Mandate is in force, His
Majesty s Government are free to disregard the injunction that Jewish
Immigration shall be facilitated. Finally, His Majesty's Government
draw attention to the consequences which, in their opinion, will
tollow if Immigration is continued up to the economic absorptive
capacity of the coimtry, regardless of aU other considerations." If
this IS intended as a justification of the Arab veto, it is left to be
inferred, but no attempt is made to demonstrate, that either Jewish
Immigration must be kept up to the füll limits of economic absorptive
capacity regardless of all other considerations, or eise that, regardless
of all other considerations, an Arab demand for the total cessation
of Jewish immigraoon must, so long as it is maintained, be regarded
as conclusive. ^
13. It remmns to mention certain points, which, though not
raised m the White Paper itself, played a prominem part in its
exposition by the Secretary and Under-Secretary of State for the
Colonies in the House of Commons and the House of Lords res-
pectively It was urged by Mr. MacDonald^« that a continuance
of Jewish Immigration beyond the limit now proposed to be set would
prejudice the rights and position of other sections of the population "
within the meamng of Article 6 of the Mandate. In construing
nf ih a' t^ weight must be given to the fact that it speaks not
of the Arabs or of the non-Jewish inhabitants collectively but of
other sections of the population " in the plural. The choice of
Zc th'^^u- J ^^""^ ^'^" fortuitous and suggests that the draftsman
t^ A K ^ separate groups of the population rather than of
P 1- 3? u f l "^^"l^- ^^°'^ ^^° f^ä"^ed tiie 1922 Statement of
Pohcyao had the draft Mandate before them, and it may reasonab?y
^r/r.T'T'? '^l' ?' ^'''^' "°*^^ ^^^^i°"« of the population"
are reflected m the language of that Statement in laying it down
that the immigrams are not " to deprive any section of the presem
dÄ°H "' f ^'^' 7P%";^nt.;; Be that as it may, Mr. MacDonaTd
voLh V K 'u^^"'^ ^^"^ "g^t^ " ^^'•e considered to be in-
yolved. Even if the reference be assumed to be to the Arab popuS-
tion as a whole, its "rights» could hardly be said to include the
nght to retam a crushing numerical preponderancelstül kss w^^^^^^
30 Cm7i;oo^°"^"^°"'' ^'^ "'' ^939, Official Report, Col. 1955.
24
the context is considered, the right to decide for itself whether Jewish
immigrants should be admitted or not. The point may be made
that it is a question not only of " rights " but of " position." But
the Word "position," fairly construed in its context, cannot bear
the weight which must be put upon it if it is to yield the desired
result. In the French text of Article 6 the word " position " appears
as " Situation," and in ordinary usage the French word " Situation "
connotes financial or economic position. That " position " is to be
interpreted in an economic sense is suggested by the relevant passages
in the Statement of Policy of 1922, which, without indicating any
other testSj explains that " Immigration cannot be so great in volume
as to exceed whatever may be the economic capacity of the country
to absorb new arrivals," and that " it is essential to ensure that the
immigrants should not be a bürden on the people of Palestine as a
whole, and that they should not deprive any section of the present
population of their employment." The passages in the White Paper
relating to Immigration, which must clearly have been drafted in
the light of and with reference to the provisions of the Mandate,
Support the view that it is the economic position of " other sections
of the population " which is referred to in Article 6. There is, indeed,
in another part of the 1922 Statement of Policy an assurance to the
Arabs that His Majesty's Government have never contemplated " the
disappearance or the Subordination of the Arabic population, language
or culture in Palestine," nor do they contemplate "that Palestine
as a whole should be converted into a Jewish National Home.""
But the very fact that assurances in these terms were so specifically
given in 1922 is of itself a reason against reading into Article 6 of
the Mandate assurances of a different and much more sweeping
character. In the 1922 Statement of Policy, His Majesty's Govern-
ment were publicly declaring their intentions on the eve of the con-
firmation of the Mandate. If it was part of their duties under the
Mandate, as ±ey understood it, to guarantee the Arabs not only
equality of Status, but a heavy and perpetual preponderance in num-
bers, the language they selected was singularly inadequate to convey
this conception. It was more particularly incumbent upon them to
keep nothing back because, in order " to remove any misunderstand-
ings that may have arisen,"^^ they invited the Zionist Organisation
to intimate its acceptance of the policy set forth in the Statement.
It is inconceivable that they would have done so with the knowledge
that its silence on a point of the highest importance made it in-
complete and misleading.
14. There is another line of argument which, though not
mentioned in the White Paper itself, was favoured by the Government
spokesmen in Parliament. Article 6 of the Mandate requires the
Administration of Palestine, while ensuring that the rights and posi-
tion of other sections of the population are not prejudiced, to
" facilitate Jewish Immigration under suitable conditions." From
the words " under suitable conditions " it was sought to extract a
31 Cmd. 1700, p.i8.
32 Cmd. 1700, p.17.
25
restriction independent of, and additional to, that contained in ±e
words " while ensuring that the rights and position of other sections
of the Population are not prejudiced." It was contended,^^ in effect,
that the real meaning of the injunction to facilitate immigration
under suitable conditions was that the Mandatory was to facilitate
immigration to the extent, and only to the extent, to which the
conditions were suitable, and that whether conditions were suitable
or not was for the Mandatory to decide as it thought fit. It is to
be observed that this construction of Article 6 is clearly an after-
thought on the part of His Majesty's Government. The White Paper
of 1930^* States that " the Obligation contained in Article 6 to facilitate
Jewish immigration and to encourage close settlement by Jews on
the land is qualified by the requirement to ensure that the rights
and Position of other sections of the population are not prejudiced."
There is no Suggestion of any other qualification. It clearly never
occurred to the authors of the 1930 White Paper that a further,
and much more extensive, because much more vaguer, qualification
was contained in the words "under suitable conditions." Again,
Mr. Ramsay MacDonald's letter of 1931 states that "in the one
aspect, His Majesty's Government have to be mindful of their obliga-
tions to facilitate Jewish immigration under suitable conditions and
to encourage close settlement by Jews on the land; in the other
aspect they have to be equally mindful of their duty to ensure that
no prejudice results to the rights and position of the non-Jewish
Community. "^^ It will be seen that the Obligation to the non-Jewish
Community is set against the Obligation to the Jews "to facilitate
Jewish immigration under suitable conditions," with no Suggestion
that the words " under suitable conditions " connote an Obligation,
not towards the Jews, but towards the Arabs. It is evident that
both those who framed the White Paper of 1930 and Mr. Ramsay
MacDonald in 1931 took it for granted that the words "facilitate
Jewish immigration under suitable conditions" were to be read as
a whole, and that, the qualiücations having been disposed of by the
words " while ensuring ... are not prejudiced," Article 6 then passes
to the positive Obligation. This construction seems clearly to be
correct. Article 6 does not say — though it could easily have been
said had it been meant — that Jewish immigration is to be permitted
subject to such conditions as the Mandatory may think fit to impose,
or that it is to be permitted to such extent (if any) as the Mandatory
may think suitable. A duty to " facilitate Jewish immigration under
suitable conditions " is a duty to facilitate Jewish immigration coupled
with a duty to see that the immigrants come in under suitable con-
ditions, as, for example, by making administrative arrangements
ensuring that the flow of immigration is orderly and that the inmii-
grants are properly selected. On no fair construction of the Mandate,
read as a whole, is it possible to torture the words "under suitable
33 See Mr. Malcolm MacDonald's speech in the House of Commons,
May 22, 1939, Official Report, Cols. 1954-1955, and Lord Dufferin's
speech in the House of Lords, May 23, 1939, Official Report, Col. 86.
3* Cmd. 3692.
«» See Paragraph 15 of the letter, Hansard, February 13, 1931, Vol.
248, cols. 751-757-
26
conditions" in Article 6 into a justification for subjecting Jewish
immigration to an Arab veto.
15. For the purpose of enquiring whether the Arab veto can
be justified in the light of the Mandate by what has been said by
His Majesty's Government in defence of ±eir immigration policy,
it has not been necessary to enter closely into the questions raised
in Part II of the White Paper with regard to the principle of economic
absorptive capacity. Even if all that is said on the subject were
admitted, the Arab veto would still require, for its justification, more
cogent arguments than any which His Majesty's Government have
been able to advance. But in fact no such admission is made. On
the contrary, there are ample grounds, both in reason and in authority,
for the view that the principle of economic absorptive capacity is
implicit in the Mandate, and that on no other principle can the
duty to facilitate Jewish immigration be properly discharged.
16. So far as can be ascertained, the expression " economic
absorptive capacity" was first used in an ofiicial Statement in a
speech in the House of Lords by the Duke of Sutherland, speaking
for the Government, on February 14, 1922.^^ The Government had
been asked a question with regard to "the introduction into the
country [Palestine] of more than 20,000 aliens against the wishes
of more than 90 per cent. of the people, and in violation of enemy^^
law." The Government's reply was as follows: —
"As regards immigration, the obligations imposed on His
Majesty's Government by the conditions under which Palestine
was entrusted to them made it necessary for them to initiate
a policy of stricdy controlled and selected Jewish immigration
up to the economic absorptive capacity of the country."
It will be observed that the words are " up to the economic absorptive
capacity." No doubt can exist as to what was meant when it is
remembered that what the Government had been invited to explain
was why so many immigrants had been admitted. Thus, as early
as February, 1922, when economic absorptive capacity was first
mentioned in an official Statement in connection with immigration,
it was mentioned in language which impUed that it was regarded
as providing a criterion, and not merely as fixing an upper limit.
17. In the Statement of Policy contained in the White Paper
of 1922 the material passage is that which lays it down that " Jewish
immigration cannot be so great in volume as to exceed whatever
may be the economic capacity of the country at the time to absorb
new arrivals."^^ Attempts have been made to extract support for
the proposals now put forward from the words " cannot be so great
as to exceed."^® It has been pointed out that all that is actually
8« House of Lords, February 14, 1922, Official Report, Col. 149.
37 i.e. Ottoman.
38 Cmd. 1700, p.19.
39 See, for example, Mr. MacDonald's speech in the House of Commons,
May 22, 1939, Official Report, Col. 1954.
27
announced is a restriction, the infercnce sought to bc drawn bemg
that, while the 1922 Statement of Policy strengthens the negative
Obligations contained in the qualifying proviso to Article 6 of the
Mandate, it leaves His Majesty's Government free to give effect
to the positive Obligation in such manner and to such extent as they
may think fit. The passage relating to economic absorptive capacity
in the White Paper of 1922 does announce a restriction, but its real
significance cannot be appreciated by looking at the restrictive words
in the abstract and without reference to the circumstances in which
they were used. When the Balfour Declaration was published, the
Impression made upon the mind of the average Zionist was that
Palestine was to be thrown open to Jews as freely as England is open
to home-coming Englishmen, or at the least, that there was to be
mass Immigration controlled and organised by the Jews themselves.
These expectations were cut down by the announcement that Immi-
gration could not be permitted to exceed the economic capacity of
the country to absorb new arrivals. In making it clcar that that
limit must be respected, His Majesty's Government were, indeed,
imposing a restriction, but a restriction which cannot be properly
understood without considering its antecedents and background. Let
it be supposed that a person who was under the Impression that he
was to receive ten pounds is told that he is not to have more than
five. He would have some reason for feeling aggrieved if, on asking
for the five pounds, he were told that no such sum had been promised
him — ^he had merely been informed that he was not to have ten.
18. But the Jewish case is, in fact, much stronger than this.
On June 3rd, 1922, a copy of the 1922 Statement of Policy was
sent by the Colonial Office to the Zionist Organisation with a request
for a formal assurance that it accepted the policy.'*" In giving this
assurance on June 18th, 1922, the Zionist Organisation commented
as foUows on that part of the Statement which related to Immigra-
tion:— *^
"The Executive further observe ±at His Majesty's
Government acknowledge . . . that it is necessary that the
Jews shall be able to increase their numbers in Palestine by
Immigration, and understand from the Statement of Policy
that the volume of such Immigration is to be determined by the
economic capacity of the country from time to time to absorb
new arrivals."
This was plainly intended to exclude the possibility of the passage
in question being constnied as merely imposing an Upper limit. The
Zionist Executive were at pains to make it clear that what they
understood the Statement to mean was that Jewish Immigration was
to proceed up to, though not beyond, the limit fixed by economic
absorptive capacity. This letter did not elicit any indication of
dissent on the part of His Majesty's Government. The assurance
which the Zionist Organisation had been invited to give had been
*<> Cmd. 1700, No. 5, p.17.
*i Ibid. No. 7, pp.28-29.
28
asked for, as explained in the Colonial Office letter of June 3rd,
1922,*^ with a view to the removal of misunderstandings. It is clcar
that misunderstandings would have been created rather than removed
if, on one of the main points touched upon in the Statement of
Policy, His Majesty's Government and the Zionist Organisation had
been at variance in their construction of the Statement. If His
Majesty's Government did not agree with the construction placed
by the Zionist Executive on the passage relating to immigration,
they might reasonably have been expected to make this clear. Shordy
before die confirmation of the Mandate, copies of the Statement
of Policy, the Colonial Office letter of June 3rd, 1922, and the Zionist
Organisation's reply of June 18th, were sent by His Majesty's Govern-
ment to ±e Secretary General of the League of Nations for the
information of the Council.*^ This was plainly an invitation to the
Council to take note of these documents in confirming the Mandate.
The Council was entitied to treat the Statement of Policy as an
authoritative exposition of the principles which His Majesty's Govern-
ment proposed to apply in giving effect to the Mandate so far as it
related to the Jewish National Home. In the absence of any indica-
tion to the contrary, the Council was also entitied to assume that
the construction placed by the Zionist Organisation upon what was
Said in the Statement on the subject of absorptive capacity was
accepted by His Majesty's Government as correct. Let it be sup-
posed that A sends a document to B with a request for his assent.
On one vital point the document is not free from ambiguity. B, in
assenting, explains the construction which he places on the document.
A makes no comment. He then sends the document and the cor-
respondence to C, still without comment. For a period of years,
A, B, and C all act in harmony with B's construction. It would
hardly be suggested that, either as between A and B, or as between
A and C, it would still be open to A to insist that B's construction,
though left uncontradicted at the time, and subsequently acted upon
by all parties for a period of years, must be set aside in favour of
precisely the construction which B had quite plainly intended to
exclude.
19. That the economic absorptive capacity principle was for
a long period of years applied in practice in the sense of the Zionist
Organisation's letter of June 18th, 1922, is a fact which is not in
dispute, though the White Paper appears to under-estimate its rele-
vance. But, quite apart from this, there is ample authority for the
view that the construaion contended for by the Jewish Agency is
correct. There is first the authority of British Ministers. In 19
for example, more than ten years after the publication of the White
Paper, and the confirmation of the Mandate, the then Colonial Sec-
retary (Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister) stated in the House of Commons : —
" It has always been the policy followed by the Mandatory
Power — and no other policy could possibly he pursued in Pales-
tine in carrying out the idea of a national home — that the
*2 Ibid. No. 5, p.17.
^3 Cmd. 1708, coimnunication dated July i, 1922.
29
economic conditions of the country must govem the number
of immigrants."**
In the light of the opening words of this Statement, there can be
no doubt as to what was meant by the expression "govem." But
of greater significance are the more considered Statements made on
behalf of His Majesty's Government at the Seventeenth (Extra-
ordinary) Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission in 1930,
when the Accredited British Representative was the then Under-
Secretary of State for the Colonies, Dr. Drummond SWels. Speaking
of immigration policy, Dr. Shiels said that
"there had been no want of guiding principle. The guid-
ing principle had been specifically stated in the Command Paper
of 1922, where the principle was laid down that immigration
into Palesdne must be effected according to the economic capa-
city of the country to absorb new immigrants. That was a
very definite guiding principle."*"^
The proposition that immigration must not exceed economic absorp-
tive capacity, interpreted in a purely restrictive sense, would plainly
not answer to the description of " a very definite guiding principle,"
since it would merely fix a point beyond which immigration must
not go, without affording any positive guidance as to how many
immigrants were in fact to be brought in. When Dr. Shiels said that
the White Paper of 1922 laid down the very definite guiding principle
that immigration must be effected " according to the economic capa-
city of the country to absorb new immigrants," the principle to which
he was alluding was clearly that immigration was to be permitted
up to, but not beyond, the point at which the country was economically
capable of absorbing it. A simiiar inference is to be drawn from
Dr. Shiels* remark, at a later stage of the proceedings,*« that the
Jewish Agency
"had always accepted the Provision laid down in 1922
that the number of immigrants was to be according to the
economic capacity of the country to absorb them."
Dr. Shiels can have been in no doubt as to the nature of the principle
which had, in fact, been accepted by the Jewish Agency and had in
practice formed the basis of all its dealings with the Palestine Govern-
ment on the subject of immigration. It is true that Dr. Shiels was
stating the eflfect of the White Paper of 1922, and was not referring
to any express provision of the Mandate, but reasons have already
been given for the view that the 1922 White Paper is binding on
His Majesty's Government in relation to the construction of the
Mandate, on which it was designed to serve as an authoritative com-
mentary. As late as January, 1936, the High Commissioner, in
summarising the reply of the Secretary of State for the Colonies to
a memorandum from Arab leaders, said:
" The guiding principle as regards the admission of inmii-
!t S?Jl\^„°(Ä"^"°"5' -^P"! 3rci, 1933, Official Report, Col. 1419.
*•' XVII P.M.C., page 54.
*6 XVII P.M.C., page 82.
30
grants is a policy of economic ahsorptive capacity, and His
Majesty's Government contemplate no departure from that
principle."*^
20. The economic absorptive capacity principle, as thus inter-
preted, was approved by the Permanent Mandates Commission, which
in its Report to the Council on the work of its Seventeenth Session,
stated that
" The Commission views with approval the Mandatory
Power's Intention of keeping Jewish immigration proportionate
to the country's capacity of economic absorption, as clearly inti-
mated in the White Paper of 1922.""
The Report was approved by the Council of the League,*' which
must therefore be taken to have endorsed the views expressed by the
Mandates Commission on the subject of immigration. Another
passage from the same Report, but on a different subject, is quoted
in the 1930 Statement of Policy,°" with the conmient that "it is
a source of satisfaction to them [His Majesty's Government] that it
has been rendered authoritative by the approval of the Council of
the League of Nations." The Council's approval was given at the
same time and in the same manner as it was given to that part of
the same Report which dealt with immigration. The recent White
Paper'* refers to "resolutions of the Permanent Mandates Com-
mission," but refrains from adding that they have been rendered
authoritative by the approval of the Council of the League.
21. The principles governing immigration into Palestine were
further discussed by the Permanent Mandates Commission at its
32nd Session (1937). The Chairman's remarks leave no doubt as
to what the Commission meant to convey by its observations on the
subject in its 1930 Report : —
"The Chairman...recalled that in 1930 the Council, on
the advice of the Mandates Commission, had accepted the
principle put forward by the Mandatory Power itself — ^namely
that Jewish immigration should be authorised to the extent
allowed by the country's capacity of economic absorption."^*
The discussion on this occasion arose from the decision taken by
His Majesty's Government to fix an arbitrary quota for Jewish immi-
gration, pending a decision on the question of partition." The
Commission made the foUowing observations in its report to the
Council : — "
The Commission does not question that the Mandatory
((
*'' Official Communique of the Palestine Government, January 30th,
1936.
*8 XVII P.M.C., page 142.
40 League of Nations Official Journal, Nov. 1930, page 1292.
«0 Cmd. 3692, Paragraph 8, page 11.
»1 Cmd, 6019, Paragraph 12, pp.8-9.
52 XXXII P.M.C., page 112.
53 See Cmd. 5513, paragraph 6.
6* XXXII P.M.C., page 233.
31
Power, responsible as it is for the maintenance of order in the
territory, may on occasion find it advisable to take such a step,
and is competent to de so, as an exceptional and provisional
measure; it feels, however, bound to draw attention to this
departure from the principle, sanctioned by the League Council,
that immigration is to be proportionate to the country's economic
absorptive capacity."
In September, 1937, a resolution taking note of this Report was
adopted by the Council.'"' In a later resolution on the question of
partition, the Council took occasion to recall " the assurances given...
by the Representative of the United Kingdom on the subject of
inunigration " — ^the allusion being to Mr. Eden's assurance that the
imposition of the arbitrary quota was to be regarded as a " purely
temporary measure designed to meet temporary and exceptional con-
ditions. If, as the Commission said, it were a departure from a
principle sanctioned by the Council on a former occasion^ Mr. Eden's
coUeagues on the Council would, he was sure^ appreciate the special
circumstances in which that decision had been taken."^^ It is clear
that both the Mandates Conmiission and the Council viewed with
misgiving even the temporary Substitution of an arbitrary quota for
the principle of economic absorptive capacity. What is now announced
is not a temporary departure from the principle but its total
repudiation.
22. Article 6 of the Mandate, which requires the Administration
of Palestine to facilitate Jewish immigration, requires it also to en-
courage close settlement by Jews on the land, special reference being
made to State lands and waste lands not required for public pur-
poses. Just as the White Paper proposes to bring Jewish immigration
to an end, so also it proposes to obstruct the acquisition of land for
Jewish settlement by restrictions which, though vaguely described,
are clearly intended to be sweeping. Any measures interfering with
sales by Arabs as such, or with purchases by Jews as such, would,
in so far as they affected inhabitants of Palestine, infringe the prin-
ciple of non-discrimination implicit in Articles 2 and 15 of the
Mandate. But even if in form discrimination is avoided, what is
clearly intended is a drastic reduction of the area available for Jewish
settlement. His Majesty's Government refer, in defence of ±eir
policy, to " the reports of several expert Commissions," but the
Commissions which have visited Palestine of recent years were not
primarily composed of agricultural experts qualified to express an
authoritative opinion on the matters with which Part III of the
White Paper is concemed. Much clearer evidence than any which
has yet been produced would be required to show that the far-reaching
restrictions which are evidendy contemplated are genuinely required
to ensure that the rights and position of the Arab rural population
shall not be prejudiced, within the meaning of Article 6 of the Man-
date. It is to be observed that the duty of ensuring that the rights
and Position of other sections of the population shall not be prejudiced
" See Minutes of Ninety-Eighth Session, para. 3037.
" ib. p.i6.
32
J
is coupled in Article 6 with a positive Obligation, not only to facilitate
the immigration of Jews, but to encourage close setdement by Jews
on the land. The White Paper contains nothing to suggest that
His Majesty's Government propose to take any steps to carry out
this Obligation, or indeed, that they recognise its existence.
23. Attention was drawn in the preceding paragraph to the
reference in Part III of the White Paper to " the reports of several
expert Commissions " with regard to land settlement and agriculture.
But there are other matters on which both the Royal Commission
and the Woodhead Commission were qualified to speak with much
greater authority, and if His Majesty's Government rely unreservedly
upon their Reports in Part III of the White Paper, their views are
clearly enritied to at least equal weight in relation to the matters
discussed in Part I. The foregoing excerpts may, therefore, be
apposite :
"At any given moment there must be either an Arab or
a Jewish majority in Palestine, and the Government of an
independent Palestine, freed from the Mandate, would have
to be either an Arab or a Jewish Government." (Royal Com-
mission Report, p. 362.)
"The worst possible form of settiement would be one
which left both Jews and Arabs in any part of Palestine un-
certain whether in a few years' time either of them may not
be subjected against their will to the political dominance of
the other." ( Partition Commission Report, p. 103.)
" If the projected measure of self-govemment was to have
any reality, if it meant any real increase of Arab power or
influence in legislarion and administration, then the Jews be-
lieved — and in our opinion the belief was justified — that such
power or influence would be used against the interests of the
Jewish National Home." (Royal Commission Report, pp. 359-
360.)
24. The reports of the " expert Commissions " relied upon in
Part III of the White Paper will be found, properly understood, to
oflfer the plainest warnings against proposals of the nature outlined
in Part I. The essence of these proposals is that, at the end of a
transitional period, Palestine shall become an independent State, in
which, by means of the artificial restriction and eventual stoppage
of Jewish immigration, the Arabs are to be assured of a preponderance
of at least two to one. During the transitional period, the majority
stams of the Arabs is to be reflected in a two to one representation
among the heads of Departments — ^a clear indication of the principles
on which the Constitution of the independent State may be expected
to be framed. It is by these means that His Majesty's Government
propose to carry out their Obligation under the Mandate to create
such political, administrative and economic conditions as will secure
the establishment of the Jewish National Home.
25. In Paragraph 4 of the White Paper His Majesty's Govem-
33
ment State that " they would regard it as contrary to their obligations
to the Arabs under the Mandate, as well as to the assurances which
have been given to the Arab people in the past, that the Arab
Population of Palestine should be made the subjects of a Jewish State
against their will." It is difficult to understand how His Majesty's
Govenunent can have persuaded themselves that it would not be
contrary to their obligations to the Jews under the Mandate, and
to the assurances given to the Jewish people in the past, that the
Jewish Population of Palestine should be made the subjects of an
Arab State against their will. It is no answer to say that the State
will not be an Arab State but a Palestinian State. It is not names
that matter, but realities. The authority of the Royal Commission
has already been quoted for the proposition that " at any given moment
there must be either an Arab or a Jewish majority in Palestine, and
the Government of an independent Palestine, freed from the Mandate,
would have to be either an Arab or a Jewish Government." It can
make little diflference to the Jews whether the State into which they
are forced is an Arab State so described or a " Palestinian " State
widi an Arab Government. "Forced" is the correct expression,
for it has been made clear that the independent State is to be formed,
and the Jews included in it, with or without Jewish consent." It
is true that it is stated to be the desire of His Majesty's Government
that the independent State " should be one in which Arabs and Jews
share in govenunent in such a way as to ensure that the essential
interests of each Community are safeguarded."^« There was some
talk of safeguards in the Parliamentary Debate, but, pressed for more
precise information, Mr. MacDonald could only State vaguely that
** those are matters for consideration when the time arrives.""* Here
again it may be apposite to quote the Royal Commission:
" We are not questioning the sincerity or the humanity of
the Mufti's intentions or those of his colleagues; but we cannot
forget what recently happened, despite treaty provisions and
expiicit assurances, to the Assyrian minority in Iraq; nor can
we forget that the hatred of the Arab politician for the National
Home has never been concealed."®"
25. But it is not only a question of security; it is a question
of Status. Mr. MacDonald, though unable to be more specific on
the question of safeguards, declared that " the whole spirit of this
arrangement...is that the interests of the minority and majority in
Palestme shall be adequately secured."" The Status of a minority
m the nominal enjoyment of minority rights is not the Status which
was contemplated for the Jews when His Majesty's Government pro-
mised diem to facilitate the establishment in Palestine of a National
Home for the Jewish people, or when that promise was subsequently
mcorporated m the Mandate. Addressing the Permanent Mandates
Kommission as the Accredited British Representative in 1937, Lord
68 r^n"?"'^ ""^ Lords, May 23, 1939, Official Report, Cols. 104-105.
ö» Cmd. 6019, Paragraph 10, p.6.
60 ?S,Tc^L^rT'?''^^**5' "' '939, Official Report, Col. 1961.
60 Cmd. 5479, Chapter V, par. 58, p.141. ^
House of Ck)mmon8, May 22, 1939, Col. 1962.
34
Hariech^^ stated, widi reference to the Jews, that "he agreed...that
the fundamental question was that of Status... From the Jewish point
of view, Status was all important."^^ In the White Paper of 1937"
His Majesty's Government point out, as one of the advantages of
the partition scheme, that " the Jews would at last cease to live a
* minority life,' and the primary objective of Zionism would thus be
attained." It is now proposed to fulfil the British Govemment's
" declaration of sympathy with Zionist aspirations " by imposing upon
the Jews in Palestine precisely the Status of which Zionism is designed
to relieve them.
26. It is characteristic of the spirit in which the constitutional
proposals are conceived that they tacitly brush aside the connection,
repeatedly acknowledged by British statesmen in the past and express-
ly recognised in the preamble to the Mandate, between Palestine and
the Jewish people as a whole. The symbol of that connection, the
Jewish Agency, is studiously ignored. The "appropriate body" to
be set up under paragraph 10 (6) of the White Paper for the purpose
of reviewing the constitutional Situation is to be representative of
"the people of Palestine." The Jewish Agency is not mentioned
and seems clearly intended to be excluded, notwithstanding that in
the White Paper of May, 1930,^^ the question of self-govemment was
described by His Majesty's Government as "one which deeply con-
cems the Jewish Agency." As though to make it clear that the Arab
people as a whole is henceforth to be brought into the affairs of
Palestine, and the Jewish people as a whole kept out, the White Paper
proceeds to announce that if, at the end of ten years, His Majesty's
Government should desire to postpone the creation of the independent
State, they will first consult with representatives of the people of
Palestine, the Council of the League of Kations, and the neighbouring
Arab States, and that if they should still think that postponement is
unavoidable, the Arab States will be included among the parties to
be consulted as to plans for the future. The Jewish Agency, with
all ±at it Stands for, recedes from the scene, and in its place are
brought forward the Arab Kings. It was not in this spirit nor with
these intentions that the British Government published the Balfour
Declaration and accepted the Mandate.
London,
1.6.39.
02 Then Mr. Ormsby-Gore.
03 XXXII P.M.C. p. 180.
c* Cmd. 5513, para. 7.
c"' Cmd. 3582, para. 7, page 9.
35
Printed by The Narod Press, (T.U.), 129-131 Cavell Street, London.
A Monthly Magazine issxied imder the auspices of the Durhan Jewish Cluh and devoted
to the interests of 'hlatal Jewry.
SIVAN. 3702
VOL. XX No. 9.
MAY. 1942
EDITORIAL
JEWRY AND LIBERALISM
JT is a pity that pressure of events precludes
much serious thought being given to the
fundamentals involved in any real reorien-
tation of social and political life. There is
a minority, very small, that has considered
the real implications of a better world order,
but it is unfortunately far from being repre-
sentative of public opinion. Actually, we
strongly doubt whether there is any public
opinion in this respect, beyond a vaguely-
held belief that somehow things are ^ going
to be different " after this war. Most of us,
Jew and Gentile, have very ha2;y ideas of
what we want the world to be like. We
want " democracy/' or we want Liberalism,
but our interpretation of these terms is
usually very narrow.
The Jew in South Africa, in particular,
should know just what he means by
** Liberalism." In recent years the word
has attained the Status of a magic formula
for all the ills that ail us as a Community.
Once such a political outlook has been
achieved, it is believed, the Jew will be able
to breathe freely. We are apt to be naive;
we too often assume as labeis, that may be
put on and off at will, philosophies that are
in themselves a way of life, a complete
mental outlook. In fact, it is very probable
that, as far as the great majority of South
African Jews are concerned, true Liberalism
goes much further than they would be pre-
pared to commit themselves.
Human nature being what it is, the
average man is inclined to interpret
democracy purely in the light of bis own
inconvenience. Certainly in South Africa
there are comparatively few who subscribe
to the doctrine of equality of opportunity.
That would necesitate equal opportunity for
the non-European. Even presuming that
we omit the vexed question of political
opportunity, there remain such avenues of
equality as education and trade. The most
enthusiastic demccrat, for example, sees no
anomaly in his position when he denies an
Asiatic the right to earn a living. Yet that
is merely what the Nationalists propose for
Jews in South Africa. If as a Community we
oppose such action against others as against
ourselves, it will be admitted that up to now
our Opposition has not been very vocal.
The fact of that matter is, of course, that
democracy — the type that presumably the
war is being fought for — cannot be divided
into watertight departments. One cannot
/
HASHOLOM
MAY, 1942.
claim luxurious schools for one's own
children and deny millions of Natives any
schooling at all, and still claim to uphold
demoer acy. That is the type of demoer acy
that crumbles from within, whether the
victims are non-European or Poor Whites.
The Jew cannot expect any succour from a
Liberalism that merely leaves him well
alone; to be of any good to him as a Com-
munity, Liberalism must be vigorous in the
defence of the rights of every section of the
Population, Jew and Gentile, English and
Afrikaner, Indian and Native. And, need-
less to say, the Jew must take his part in
promoting Liberalism if he thinks it is of
value to him. As things are, we fear the
Nationalists are paying us an undeserved
compliment in attacking Jews as being
apostles of Liberalism.
COUNCILLOR GOLDMAN.
" Hasholom " offers its heartiest con-
gratulations to Mr. Julius Goldman on his
election as a Durban City Councillor. The
President of the Durban Jewish Club, he
already has an excellent record of public
Service, both in and beyond the Jewish
Community. His efforts on behalf of various
war funds entitle him to the thanks of
Durban, and we feel sure that in his new
sphere he will aquit himself with dignity
and to the benefit of Durban.
We have often stressed the necessity of
Jews taking their fair share of public seryice,
and it is now a considerable time since any
of our Community served on the Durban
City Council. It is gratifying to know that
so large a percentage of the non-Jews who
polled thought the President of the Jewish
Club a fitting man to represent the im-
portant interests of Ward 1 in Municipal
affairs.
All our Community wish Mr. Goldman a
long and successful period of office.
iurban K^mtali CO^lub
HON. PRESIDENT:
Senator the Hon. F. C. Hollander, J.P.
HON. VICE-PRESIDENTS:
Mr. Sol Moshal; Mr. H. Brown; Mr. C. Lyons.
COUNCIL:
President : Mr. J. Goldman. Vice-President : Mr. E. S,
Henochsberg, K.C. Messrs. N. E. Abrahams, H. Blu-
menfeld, W. Cranko, H. Lipinski, H. L. Magid, H.
Moss-Morris, M. Wolpert.
EXECUTIVE:
Chairman: Mr. C. R. Fridjhon. Vice-Chairman, Mr.
M. Solomon. Messrs. M. Cohen, J. Elias, H. D.
Freed, I. J. Greenberg, B. Hyams, D. Kentridge, L.
Levey, A. Miller, I. Smith, S. D. Smolensky, A. Stiller
and M. Woolfson.
" HASHOLOM."— Chairman and Editor, Arnold
Miller; Sub-Editors, Mr. J. Kentridge, Miss A,
Miller ; Hon. Secretary, Miss M. Smo.
SUB-SECTIONS:
FINANCE COMMITTEE.-Chairman, Mr. L. Levey;
Vice-Chairman, Mr. L Smith.
CULTURE.— Chairman, S. N. Tomkin; Hon. Secre-
tary, Mrs. L Goldberg.
ENTERTAINMENTS.— Chairman, Mr. D. Kentridge;
Hon. Secretary, Miss L Cohen.
DRAMATIC— Chairman, Mr. H. D. Freed; Hon.
Secretary, Mrs. L Kaliski.
MUSIC. — Chairman, Mr. A. Stiller; Musical Director,
Mr. D. Cohen.
BILLIARDS.— Chairman, Mr. A. Levy.
SQUASH.— Chairman, Mr. S. M. Rubin; Hon. Treas.,
Mr. D. Sklarchik; Hon. Secretary, Miss L. Leibo-
witz.
BOWLS. — Chairman. Mr. J. Feitelberg; Vice-Chair-
man, Mr. B. Futerman; Vice-Presidcnts, Messrs.
H. Patz and M. Fielding; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. S.
Israel; Captain, Mr. J. Lynes; Vice-Captain, Mr. I.
V. Katz ; Secretary, Mr. Alec Foreman.
STAGE COMMITTEE.-Chairman, Mr. Harold
Freed.
CANTEEN.— Hon. President, Mrs. Victor Robinson;
Chairman. Mr. Sol Moshal; Vice-Chairmen, Mrs.
Harry Lipinski, Mr. Max Wolpert ; Convener of
Women Workers, Mrs. I. Smith; Hon. Treasurers,
Mr. J. Goldman, Mr. Harry Brown; Hon. Secre-
tary, Mrs. A. Stiller.
TENNIS.— Chairman, Mr. M. Woolfson; Vice-Chair-
man, Mr. J. Sklarchik; Hon. Treasurer, Mrs. B.
Shotland; Hon. Secretary, Miss E. Bernstein.
HASHOLOM
UA\, VM2.
HOW PESACH WAS CELEBRATED
UP NORTH
Service Held in a Wadi
■PHl'^ followinj^- account of l'esach as ()l)scrve(l
" up North " was writtcn hy Staff -Ser-
geant Adelson, of Kriigersdorp :
On Wednesday at four o'clock in the aftcr-
noon, the Padre, Capt. Weinstein, held a Ser-
vice which was attended hy rouj^hly 100
officers and men of the Pirit^ade. This service
was held close to an advanced (h-essini^- Station
in a sheltered wadi ; the s])ot where we were
wonld l)e siniilar to the small ridjLi'e overlookini^-
onr liouse. A niakeshift puli)it was niade froni
two hoxes, and covered with a ])iece of cloth.
and on to]) of these were ])hiced two candle-
sticks with candk's. The service in all took
roui^hly one and a half honrs. T shall never
forj^-et the settinj^ nor the service as lons^' as
] live. Half-way thronf^h the service the
l'adre ])icked on a youni;- corporal. whose nanie
I do not know, and he " asked the four (|ues-
tions." This was answered hy the con^rei^a-
tion in the traditional style.
At this sta<ic the ^ervice was adjourned. and
the Shanios. I./C"pl. Harry .Sini^er. tojLiTther
with the assistance of other menihers of the
con.t^reiLiation, handed ont hard-l)oiled ej^i^s and
onions in i)lace of " Charoshesh." Mat/.o, wine,
nnts and raisins. ])runes and dates. Durinjn' the
]^cri()d that we were hnsy eatinj^ niany old
ac(|naintances were renewed. After the eatinj^'
the conoret^ation once a.i;"ain assemhled. and
the l'adre explained at lenj^ths the sijL^nificance
of Pesach. With the conchision of the service
" Adon Oloni " was sun«^ to a very snap])y
tnne. and we all wended our way homewards
to our resi)ective canips. This, T nii,<;ht teil
von, was the 1)ej2:innin,<>- of our festivities.
On our return to camp I was mct hy the
President of our little mess, who extended his
hand and wishcd nie " Good Vom Tov." I
might niention that this fellow is non-Jewish.
We then sat down to mess, comprising of four
Je WS and 12 non-Jewish men. After mess our
Quartermaster, Capt. Edmeades, arrived. and
he was asked by the President, S/Sgt. Smith,
to propose the health of the Jewish members
of the P»attalion. This he did in a very elo-
(|uent manner. He then suggested that the
following night, heing tlie Second Seder, w.'
invite the l'adre over for sup])er and once
again celehrate. This was done, and once
again Ca])!, l^dmeades was called upon to say
a few words. and the Padre re])lied. In h's
Speech Capt. Weinstein explained to us the
meaning of I^esach, and also dwelt somewhat
lengthily on the jewish contrihution towards
this war.
froni the
Scottish.
During the evening we had visitors
Carhineers and the Transva^d
(Coiitiniii'd Oll PiKjc 8.)
couxxTPPOR JUTJUS gold:\ian.
It ivas ivifJi tJic (jrcatcst plcasurc tJiat Durban
Jcwry notcd the succcss in a Municipal hy-
clcction of a Jc7<.'ish cand'idatc. The President
of the Durban Jezvish Club was returned at the
head oj the poll in Ward 1 on April 29th.
HASlIOLONf
MA\ . PM_
IBEBI
are turning
in and Lime
Clubman is as good as
impoitwd gin.
Clubman is smoofher,
blends befter wifh fonic
wafer, lime juice, vermouth
and bifters.
Although Clubman's quality
is equal to "impoifed," W
costs mjch Icss.
1 1-26 j s -I
ingei
NO WORRIES
ABOUT THE FUTURE The New Sfreamline L C Smifh
IF YOÜ . . .
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J.B.S. offers higfiest current rates of interest on
Fixed Deposits and Permanent Shares, with "gilt-
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on tfie daily balance and may be opened witfi
only 5/-. Call in and talk it over.
JOHANNESBURG
BUILDING SOCIETY
Stability Bullding, 310 Smith Street.
Natal Office Appliances Co.
38 Field Street - Durban
Hasholom
l\.\\, ml
SOUTH AFRICAN JEWISH WAR APPEAL
Report of the Special Conimittee
At tlie last monthly mccting^ of the South
African Jewisli Pioard of Dcputies. held at
Johane.shurs;-, j^Tcat intcrest was shown in the
report of the Si)ecia] Conimittee charged with
ft)rnnilatin,i4- a schcnie for the launchini^- of the
South African Jewisii War A])i)eal. A iively
discussion also took place on the suhject of
National Service. Air. (]. X. Lazarus, Chair-
nian of the l'^xecutive Council of the Board,
l^resided at the nieeting.
Mr. Cecil Lyons e\i)lained the schenie that
had heen fornuilated hy the Special Connnittee
set up hy the i*^xecutive Council for the
launchin^- of the South .African Jewish War
Appeal. The re])()rt, said Mr. Lyons, had not
yet been considered hy the Executive Council.
It had heen sent to the Lrovincial Connnittee
of the Board for their comnients, and the
l^xecutive Council would exaniine it in the
light of the opinions expressed hy Deputies
and l)y the Provincial Connnittees.
The connnittee took as their hasis the
pro])()sals of the Board accepted (with an
aniendnient) hy the Conference held on March
LSth. Their re])ort conteni])Iates that the
l'^und shall he controlled hy a National Coni-
mittee, soine of the menihers to he ai)pointed
1)v the i'-xecnlive Council and Provincial Coni-
mittee of the P)oard, and others hy the
J'rovincial Connnittees ui the Inmd.
The Provincial Connnittees of the lumd are
to he hrou^ht into heinj;- hy the l'rovincial
Connnittees of the l)oard. It is intended that
Deputies shall ])lay an important role in the
election of niemhers of the Transvaal Coni-
mittee of the Fund.
With the ohject of enlistin^- the widest
possihle co-operation of all sections and in-
(lividual memhers of the Community, local
connnittees are to he estahlished in all the
small centres throui^fhout the Union to
function under the supervision of the respective
Provincial Connnittees of the Fund.
Mr. Lvons gave an assurance that ade(|uatc
attention \vt)uld he given to the cases of
soldiers and their de]:)endents. Lle indicated
the ])roposed time-table for the various steps
in hrin<i-in^" the l*\md into hein^\ culminatinj^
in the actual launchin^' when the Board's
J)iennial Cons^ress meets on Aui^ust 2nd and
3rd. Ple feit sure that the connnunity should
he ahle to niake an outstandin«^' fniancial
success of the appeal.
In the course of the discussion, Mr. J.
Jackson said the Board niust teil the jewish
puhlic in clear and unmistakahle lanj^uaj^'e that
the Inmd would include assi>tance to Jewish
soldiers. Mr. Kwasny expressed the view that
the launching of the Inmd had heen too lon<>-
delayed already. One or two I3eputies uri^cd
that there should he puhlic elections of the
memhers of the various connnittees of the
h\ind, hut Mr. Lyons pointed out how iin-
practicahle this was. Otlier Deputies expressed
their conlidence in the ]*'xeculive Council, and
urj^ed theni " to j^et on with the joh."
Ah\ Lyons, replyin«;- to the dehate. said that
he was very sati.-iied with the resi)Oiise that
niorninj^^ to the scheine a> outlined. lle em-
])hasised that the P)oard stood hy all its pledj^'es
with res^ard to disclKU\i;e(l soldiers.
In tlio ahseiict' tlirouuli iridispc^itioii of Mr. Imrry
Landau, ("hairnrcin df llir War l^crvici' C'inir.cil. Mr.
J. lIcrsMv rcp'irtcd on tlic work of the Council.
ColoiK'I W crrlmulli r, Dircctor of Rcciuit'uK, and
memhers of "nis sla ff, nu't nunihers of the h".xecutive
and War Service Councils of ihc JJoard on Alarcli
25tli. Colone! W'erdmuller expressed liis ai)i)rcciation
of the War Service Comicil's work and ,uave informa-
tion on thi- r.eed for .ureater efforts on the part of all
sections of the popiilation. He ])art;cularly stressecl
the need for more recruits for tlie Wonien's Auxiliary
h'orces in order to relieve mcn for comhatar.t duties.
In accjrdance with his policy of appointins^' off'icers
(Irawii from various sections of the jjopulation to
stiniulate recruitins^' amont;- the respective sections,
Colone! Werdmuüer luis appointeil Captain H. Screbo
(a former Alayor of \'olksrust) to he an itinerant
officer on liis personal stalT, esi)ecial!y cliarged with
the duty of stinuilating jewish recruitint;-.
Tlie Council has appointed a Propaganda Sub-
Committee. whosc dnty it is to utilise all su.'table
pul)Iicity media in order to make the comnuinity
"national Service minded." A Conference has bcen
held with rcpresentatives of the jewisli Press, aiul
their dose co-opcration is assured.
tlASHOLOM
6
MA^■. 1942.
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8
HASHOLOM
MAY, 1942.
APPALLING MORTALITY OF
POLISH JEWS
(»f thc app.'ilHiio- iiiortalily in
irc piihlished in ihe l')ullctin of
JJl^TAIl.S
l'oland
International News. The Journal states :
" In the l^^.astern occnpietl conntries. tlie
sources for Warsaw are the only ones wliich
throu- lioht on the course of death-rates. as
of birth-rates. hut the sn^-j^estions alTorded hy
this evidence are terrihle in the extreme.
\ccordin5.j- to the oflicial fi^ures j^i\en In- the
' Xowy Kurier W'arszawski ' (a (iennan-
controlled i)aper) for july. 1^)41. the non-
jewish deaths in Warsaw in that nionth
eorrespond to an aniiual rate hetween 12.0
and 16.5 per 1,000. the result dependin^- on
which estimate is taken of the non-Jewish
Population. The Jewish death-rate. calculated
in the samc way. was hetween 8.3.0 and 103. .S
l)er 1.000. while the total death-rate for the
whole conununity was hetween 31.3 and 42.1
per 1.000. The ])re-war crude death-rate in
Warsaw was as low as 10 or 11 per 1.000,
niainlv hecause of the continuous innni"ration
of country people iu the prime of life to the
city. and in spite of s])ecific <leath-rates for
particular aj^es which were high hy Western
Standards.
"The ahove calculated rates for the popu-
lation as a wht)le and for the Jewish poj)ula-
tion in July, 1941, are, however, ai)pal]ing hy
contrast with any modern figures at all. The
crude death-rate for Calcutta — the highest for
any modern city — is less than 30; the terrihle
records of the ICnglish manufacturing cities in
the 1840's and of London in the second (|uarter
of the l(Sth Century seldom contain rates
higher than 40 per 1,000. The Warsaw Jews
ap])ear to have heen decreasing in the sunuuer
of 1941, hy sheer excess of deaths over hirths,
at a rate of 7\ to 94 per cent. ])er annum."
The ** Xowy Kurjer Warszawski " g^ives the
niunher of non-Jewish hirths in Warsaw in
july. 1941. as 1,062. and Jewish hirths 267.
The paper estiniated the Jewish population of
the citv at 400.000 to 500.000 at that time.
An Address hy MR. O. K. WINTHR ION. DURBAN WOMEN'S ZIONISF LEAGUE
0\ May 5th Mr. C). K. WiiUcrtDii. Inspcctor of
v^ohools for Xatal. addrossed tlie Ciiltiirc Si'clion
on " Tlic l'".(hicatii)ii of a Dcnioorat." It was a most
ilhmiiiiat!ii,n Icctuii' i-;)vcn"n,tj- t'ducaiion and ils wido
and idral aspci-t. in hriri", hv advooatcd an fduoation
so widc" an(l so thonui'jli lliat wln-n (inc's scliool
Icarninj^' was ovcr tlu- al)^^l•l)lion of knowlcd^c for a
spfoilic trainin.u' nv pr.' fcssinn wonld hv an casy matU'r.
Ile did not advocal.' special iscd sul)it"cts luitil tlic
wln)lc j^ciural cducatinn liad hccn C()nii)l('tcd. so tliat
i'vcn if the stntK'nt rnr'slu'd willi bis (.'duoation wlicn
lic k'ft sch:)ol. hv wonld still hv ahlc to oITlt Iiis
contrihntion to dem icracy and hc ahlc to takc advan-
t'i^c of all tlic advanccs that dcmocracy offcrcd liim.
He advocatcd a inininium educat'oii ai>e of IM. Ile
emphasised tliat tlie prodnction tlirout^h educatioii of
triic d(m;;crats could never l)c efl'octed until tlie
teaclier.s were tliemselvcs dcmocrats and siiited for the
profession of teaching, as a ,t>reat many were not.
It was a most iriterestin.^- and ahsorhintj- lecture. tlic
only p:ty l;eint>' tliat so few people took advantage of
the opportuiiity of liearing it. Hr. V. Klenernian was
in the chair and (lnl\- thanked the loeturer.
H NO\'l''h fuiiction was lield hy the ahove Lcague
** at the residence of Mrs. C. I.urie on .'Vpril 28th.
Mrs. Hrooniher.y reported that while in Johanneshuri?
she liad atteiide(' a Ccnincil meeting, and hrought hack
a mcssa.'ic of praisc for the work of our i.ca'iuc and
snccinl tlianks to Mrs. Fielding and her workcrs for
tluir nnf^iiiiiceiit ctTort in the packing and dcspatching
of uarments and comforts (the last lot consisting of
,i.77<S g.irmciils). Mrs. Hroomhcrg said that we mnst
inakc an evcn greatcr cff;)rt this year for the Kereii
Hayesod canipaign. Mrs. Dchorah Katzen was Coming
down to assist. vShe told the mcmhcrs that thcy
were welcome to participate in the Lag Boamcr and
Shevnas celehrations which were heilig sponsorcd hy
the Zinnist \'outh.
Miss Blumen fehl then reviewed the much-discussed
hook. " The Xazarcnc," hy Sliolom Asch. In conclu-
sion Miss Blumcnfeld said that tiine alone wonld teil
whether the autbor was justified in spcnding 28 ycars
of his life in sceking data for this stupeiidous bock,
the suhject of which was the hirth. life and death of
('li:-ist.
(Coiitiiincd Oll Page 8.)
HASHOLOM
MAN'. 1942.
(Coiitiiiitcd froiii I\i(je 7.)
Mrs. Tt)bias's hook was thcn rafilecl and won hy
Mrs. Torf, and a £5 notc rafM(.'d and won l)y C. King.
Mrs. Broonihcrg rcportcd tliat slie liad receivcd two
inscriptions from Mrs. Clianani and one from Mrs. A.
Kaplan. Shc referrcd the mcmhcrs to an editorial in
tlie " Hasholüm " which dcplorcd thc trcatmcnt of
youtli, and pointed out that the Zionist Keague was thc
only one which .strctchcd out a hclping hand to tliom.
After a very Ihie tea, Mrs. Freednian addressed us
in her usual ehxiucnt manncr. Her suhject was the
importance of the Keren Hayesod, which, she said,
was the life of Palcstine, and which, from the year
of its hirth in 192Ü. had shown a glowin^' exaniple
of achievenicnt and jjrogress. Airs. l'Veedman pointed
out tliat the inore difficult the tinies the more we must
do for the support of the Keren llayesod, as notliint'"
could crush tlie soul of man, and that whatcver
happened we must j4(> on, as the Spiritual hope and
victory that J'alestiiie gave could not he destroycd.
Mrs. Kaliski tlieii reviewed the " Man of the Äloun-
tain," hy Zorah Ihirston, and the " Sasoon Dynasty,"
hy Cecil Roth. l^oth these reviews were well done,
and we must congratulate Mrs. Kaliski, especially for
her Iiumorous handling of the " Man of the Mountain."
W'liile on the suhject of hooks, Mrs. Broomherg
advised the nieetin^ that llead Ofiicc had a special
hook departniLiit, and referred to the very line work,
"The L'ndefcated," hy vSolomon (ioldman.
At thc dose of the afternoon Mrs. Cialgut proposed
a vote of thaiiks to the Speakers.
(CoiiliiiHcd from Page 3.)
The followinj^:' niorning- anolhcr .scrvicc was
held at the Sccond Division lines for a small
jxirty of abotit 35. This was tindertaken l)y
oiir Pach-e on account of Ca])t. \'e.<orskv
havini>' to conchict Services over a verv wide
area. I attended this Service, where onco
ain-ain T niet sonie very o'd ac(|uainlances.
Abotit three weeks a^o thc l'ach-e did a trip
of 1,000 niiles in order to niake the necessary
arran,^ements for Alatzo, wine, etc. On Tties-
(kiy he was once again on his way to collect
all the goods that had been sent up. This
entailed a very tiresonie jotirney of roui^hly
140 niiles. W'ednesday niorning, " I^rev
Pesach," was spent issuing the Aiatzos, etc.,
tu the various units in onr Division. The
issue was two nien to a 1k)x of Matzo and
four nien to a bottle of wine. This, too, en-
tailed considerable work. This having been
done, eggs had to be boiled for the service in
the afternoon. Salt water did not have to be
])repared. for the water that we are issued
with is salty enough. In all these laboiirs the
Padre was very ably assisted by L/Cpl. l.ennie
Wild, his driver, and L/Cp]. llarry .Singer, the
aforenientioned Shanios.
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IfASIlOLOM
MA^^ VH2.
(•
N THE FOYER
Independent Observations by ''The Bellgirl "
SEE WEEKLY CIRCULARS FOR FUTURE FUNCTIONS
•••«
Qsve Yoiir Glamour, Girls!
T^ON'T l)e pcrturbcd, iny male rcadcrs— thc
Bell-Girl proniises you this is not i^oinj^'
lo 1)0 turiied into a Wonien's Page — she has
lU) aspiratioiis of usurphii;- thc rolc ()f thc
" Aunt Isobcl " of c()nlciiii)i)rary niai^-azincs. . .
This Paragraph is about iiicn — ihosc brave
bovs in bluc wbo are in our local niilitary
hospitals. Thcv havc sent nie an S O S for
(ilaniour. Thcy assure nie that they du fully
a])])reciate the visils niade to ihcni by ibe dear
old ladies wlio are niost generous witli tlicn-
o-ifls of books. ei^arettes and comforts; Inil,
after tlieir exiieriences " up Nortb " with
months away froni " brii^ht youn.«^- ihint^s."
thcy liad hoiK'd coniineinent to hospital would
brin.^- baek sonie of tbc s])irit of yoiitli they
bavt'' missed so nuich. (i<> to it, i^irls— liiere
is notbini^- difticult abnut visitini^- our lads in
the hospitals: you will find theni ready to
laii.i^h and joke'witli you. Make your week-
cikT worth wbile hy poppini;- in to tlie wards
lor a few ininntes' and leavinj;- hehiivd a few
:nen m
ade briiibter bv vour visit.
Aren't We All?
The Ik'll-Girl has dccided on a sloi^an for
thc Clul). llcre it is: " WK ALL." It is not
reallv ori^dnal. The writer in. an American
nuii^ä/.ine very ai)tly snt^j^ested that
' " I " represents only onc i)ersoii.
" WE " may niean only onc or a fe\v
pcrsons.
So that our slo^an "Wl'^ ALL" nieans everv
ineml)er of thc Club, and " we all " will do all
we all call, not only in our own little war efifort
at the Cantecn. but in South Africa's unitcd
war effort— froin now on it is \\T^: ALL. and
nothing can or will stop us.
Eleven Years Old.
W'hcn I fouiul the Secretary ])hieking flowers
froni the Moi^-en David shaped llowcr bed
which adjoins the Piowlers' Delit^ht. I ciK|uired
whether the iloral speciniens were bein«;" sent
ti) tlie ilorticultural Society as bein^i^- the first
blossonis froin this bed. Didn't I know thc
date?, she replied. " L>ut why should yoti
reniember wlien iio otlier ineinher has 'phoned
to wish the Club " iiiany hap])y returns of its
eleventh birtlulay"? The flowers were for the
Club oflice desk — it was May -Ith. on which
day cach _\ear a vase of flowers slaiids uiider
tlie ])ieliire of the Club's opeiiiiig function on
Max- 4th. ]^)M. The Hell-Ciirl s])ent sonie tinie
that iiiornini;' lookiiii^- at the faces that ])eer
down fr(tni the i)hol()!L;"raph of a function which
siircly niade hislory in Durban: alas. it is
alrcady beconiing a photograph of menibers
wlio are no niore in our iiiidst. LIer tliou<>"hts
wandered to that band of inen who conceived
the idea of thc Club, and slowly her niind
travelled in retros]iect over the 11 years that
have passed. Siirely those nien were endowed
with prescience— to havc planned a building
which could have m'iven such com fort and
hap]n*iiess not only to its menibers, but to the
niany thousands of soldiers. to whoni it has
1)ccomc thcir Clnb. She theii be<j;'aii to wonder
about the origin of the word " Club "—the
cncyclop.'edia considered this an iniportant
Word — it dcvoted four pages to it, concluding:
"The Word 'club.' in its modern sense, is an
association U) promote good-fellowsbip and
social intercourse." Well, if the war has
taug-ht US nothing" eise, at least we do know
that our Clul) is now a Club.
{Contimicd on Fagc 12.)
HA^HOLOM
10
MAV, 1942.
c
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Will reade<-s kindly note that all items appearing on this
page are contributed and " Hasholom " is, therefore, not
responsible for any omissions. Post items oi interest to
P.O. Box 2198 or 'Phone 21683.
Hcartiest conj^ratiilations to Mr. and Alr.s.
M. Hart on thc hirth of a dauf^htcr.
Our sinccre condolenccs arc cxtendcd to thc
parcnt.s of Valerie Tobias, whose untinicly
death took place early this nionth.
\Ve extend onr congratnlations to those
Jewish youn.^' men who received their de<^rees
this nionth at the Natal L'niversity College.
Jt is with deep reiL^ret that \ve learn that
two Club members, Harry Sevel and Sonny
Geffen, were not anion«^- the survivors of
H.M.S. Dorsetshire, and are presnmed niissin«^-.
Our sinccre synipathy is extended to the
relatives of these brave men.
News has been receixed that Capt. Marcus
Oshry has been nientioned in dispatches. und
our sinccre conji^ratulations are extended to
hini. Capt. Oshry has been sjjendin,"- a nionth's
leave froni Abyssinia in Durban.
Our sinccre condolenccs are extended to Mr.
I). Kentridj^c, whose father died reccnlly in
Iohanncsl)ur<>-.
Conoratulations to Lilith Leibowitx and
S/S.i^t. Jack Klass, who were niarried on Mav
6th.
Welcome homc to Capt. M. Perlman, who
has returned on leave from *' up North." W'e
are also ])Ieased to have in our midst A/Cpl.
Jack J^^sher. who is also on leave from Käst
Africa.
Our C()n<^ratulativ)ns to Afr. T. Gcshen on bis
recent election as President of the Council of
Xatal Jewry; also to Messrs. H. Bown and W.
Cranko. the V'ice-Presidents.
W'e extend our sinccre congratulations to
Capt. and Afrs. Sani. Ernst on the birtli of a
son,
Hearty congratulations to Linda Leigh, whose
eiigagement to Philip Stern, of Dordrecht. was
aiinounced this nionth.
W'e are liai5])y to sce Capt. I. Goldberg in
Durban on leave from East Africa.
It is with deep regret that we learn of the
death of Mr. M. Gadin, and extend our sincere
condolenccs to Mrs. Gadin and familv.
HASHOLOM
11
MAY, 1942.
DURBAN JEWISH CLUB.
SECTIONAL NOTES
Another Busy Month in the Canteen
TUE month of April was a hard oiie, but füll of
encouragcment. The workers had vcry little
opportunity to rest after their strenuous eflforts of
Marcli, when a record number of men were servcd.
The total for April was vcry nearly the same — in
excess i)f 17.000— but the workers arc very much en-
couragcd by the very obvious appreciation of their
work shown by all and sundry.
A few days ago, Mr. Robert Shapiro, of Glencoe,
walked into the Canteen accompanied by bis wife.
()n seeing the work being done, he volunteered to pay
for the bot water dish washing installation, totalling
i\2S. Another visitor to the Canteen was Mr. M.
Spilkin, of Port Elizabeth, who was so impressed with
our eflforts that he promised to send a monthly dona-
tion of £50 on behalf of a group of friends. Mr. L.
\V. Moshal. of Johannesburg, on hearing of the work
being done by the Canteen, kindly scnt a chec|ue of
£100. \Ve need many more generous donors of this
kind. At the rate at which the Canteen is now
spendiiig, we need very much more money. The total
retpiired for the parcels has not yet bcen raised either.
Sufficicnt cigarettcs arc not Coming in to mect our
nceds. All are appcaled to. who have not yet subscribcd
to the Canteen or to the Parcels Fund, to do so
immediately.
As apart from the ordinary work of the Canteen,
the outstanding event of the month was the general
meeting of workers. It speaks well for the interest
shown l)y tiie workers. and particularly by the women.
when it is realised that out of a total strength of 300
nearly 200 attended. A very useful discussion took
place, and the suggcstlons offered will doubtless help
towards the smoother ruiuiing of the Canteen.
Duriiig the month the Canteen was called upon to
catcr csiiecially for 80 Jcwish Czech volunteers who
arrived from Mauritius. These young men belonged
to the Jewish refugees who endeavoured to enter
Palcstine and were refused permission to do so and
were eventually transferred to an internment camp in
Mauritius, b'ourtcen nionths ago they endeavoured to
jüin the Army, and at last succeeded in doing so.
being given permission to join the Czech l'"orces in
the Middle Hast. The Canteen provided thcm with
free meals for two days and also gave them 60 odd
parcels which were left over from the lot prepared for
nui^ boys up Nortli. It is impossible to descril)e the
apprecaition of thesc men, nor is th;s the right time
and place to indicate either their sufferings or the
stories they had to teil. The following is a verbaitm
copy of a letter we received from the leader of these
men : —
" Dear Brethren,— Eeaving Durban, I'd like to say a
sinccrely good-bye. We have been immensely happy
in your town. We feit really very good, almost as at
home. I thank you on behalf of all our boys, and
I'd like to express once more that you have done for
US a very nice work. I heg of you to continue in
your work for the delivery of our friends in Mauritius.
Finally I'll assure you. we'll remain true sons of
Torsei and do our duty wherever we may be.
The best of luck. health and peace to all of you,
dear brethren.
Yours very truly.
ERVIN PARKAS."
Many letters have been received from all parts of
the World, including one fn)m Mr. Basil Henriques,
of The Bernard Baron St. George's Jewish Settlement,
which reads as f ollows : —
" Dear Sir, — Nat Kissin's letter in the enclosed is
typical of the many I get from fellows passing through
Durban. They ALL speak of the marvellous hos-
pitality shown to them at the Jewish Club. On behalf
of my own boys I want to thank you and the Com-
mittee from the bottom of my heart for your kindness
to them. I am so sorry not to have visited the Club
when I was in Durban on New \'ear's Day, 1938. If
it would interest you I will send " Fratres " out to
ycni whencver it is issued.
Yours trulv,
BASIL HENRIQUES."
.•\nother letter that would be of interest to members
is the following": —
" Rabbi Freedman and Members of the Durban
Jewish Club. — \'csterday evening. thanks to you, the
Jewish personnel aboard this ship celebrated the lirst
night of Passover. and I was asked to write you a
few words showing our sincere appreciation in what
you did to make this possible. In times like this, when
we are all separated from those we love, being able
to be togetlier last night did much to case the feeling
in our hearts. I feel also that I must couple with
this a note to the ladies of the Club. The way ytm
welcomed us, not only into the Club, but into your
homes as well, 1 can only say from the bottom of my
heart * Thank you all for the wonderfui time you
gave US.' and will finish with saying that. please God.
we mav one dav all meet again in happier circum-
stances.' at tlie i)URBAX JKWTSH CLUB."
Space does not perniit us to publish many of the
other letters received. Tliese, however. may be seen
on the Ckib notice board.
It will be ol!3erved that one of these letters is
particularly addressefl to the Rabbi and the Club, and
this opportunity should be taken to record our appre-
ciation to the Rabbi, who is always at the disposal
of the Canteen whenever called upon. The Canteen
also would like to impress on the members of the
Community generally somcthing which it is afraid is
very oftcn overlooked. The Canteen could never be
as populär as it is or function in the manner it does
if it were not for the fact that it had the whole of the
wonderfui facilities of the Club at its disposal. The
loss of these facilities is doubtless very keenly feit on
HASIIOLOM 12
occasioii by its memhcrs, and the governing bodics of
thc Chil) are ahvays rcady to co-opcrate in every pos-
sible way witb tbc Cantccn workcrs. Wbilst it is truc
tbe Canteen is doiiig woiulerful work, it sbould reaHse
it is oiily able to do so bccause of tbc Cbib, to tbe
nicmbcrs of wbicb and tbe governing bodics sincere
apprcciation and tbanks are (bic.
As we go to prcss, tbc foUowing furtbcr Icttcr bas
bcen rcccived from Mr. Robert Sbapiro:
" Dear Sir, — Witb rcfcrencc to tlic work vvliicli is
bcing done by tbe Durban Jevvisb Cbib Canteen, wbicb
I bave personally vvitnessed and approve in tbat you
are catering for troops from tbe four (juarters of tbe
globe, I bave colleeted tbe sum of £7ü 10s. 9d. from
tlie traders on tbe coat mines in tbis district, and I
enck)se berewitb tbe cbeque for tbis sum to assist you
in your efforts and in apprcciation of tbc good work
done by tbe Club."
MAY, 1942.
Dramatic
Bowls
OUR players will be sorry to bear tbat tbe Durban
and District Bowling Association bas dccided to
abandon tbe Crawford Sbield Inter-club Rinks Cbam-
pionsbip for tbe duration of tbe war. Tbis is a wise
decision, as it was found impossible to get füll musters
of rinks owing to tbe exigencies of war work.
Tbis Omission bas enabled us to speed up tbe Club
Singles Cbampionsbips. Some notable defeats bave
bappened, especially J. Feitelberg and W. Manne, wbo
were beatcn in fairly good play by S. Eagle and S. W.
Brewcr — tbe defeatists being former Club cbampions.
Well done, " Pop " Hagle and Brewer !
Tbree rounds of tbe Rinks Cbampionsbips bave
been played, tbe victors being I. V. Katz's, W. Manne's
and J. Feitelberg's rinks.
Our greens bave been well fdled — tbe bowling vastly
improved, and tbe improvement of tbe playing surface
of tbe green is beyond recognition — due to our Vice-
captain, I. V. Katz. His painstaking attention and
unsellisb work is obvious to all players.
Our members bave subscribed £25 towards a fund
Started by the Durban and District Association for
laying down a green for tbe convalescent soldiers at
the Springfield Military Hospital. Whilst tbe amount
is appreciatcd, it compares vcry unfavourably witb
wbat otber small clubs bave done. Tbis is to be re-
gretted.
We regrct tbat our Mr. Issy Smith is a patient at
tbe Sanatorium, and hope to see his enthusiastic
Personality on the green again soon. All wish him a
speedy recovery.
We must congratulate Mr. Julie Goldman on bis
becoming one of our city's representatives on tbe
Council. Hope he will make a point of reserving his
week-ends for bowling — especially after his notable
" Singles " win.
We bave had many visitors during the montb under
review — tbree rinks from tbe Borough Market, led by
tbe Market Master, Mr. Davidson (they lost two and
won one). Military teams bave paid us several Visits
and tboroughlv enjoyed themselves.
The Inter-clüb Singles (called "Tbe Delville Wood"
Competition) is now under weigh, and only 26 of our
players bave entered. Being a charity match (2/6 per
man), many more might have competed, and they
could Scratch if unable to play, knowing their 2/6
would be subscribed to charity.
The grounds surroundings the green is a picture
of fairyland, due to tbe energies of Mr. Jack Elias.
TUE recent spectacular siiccess of the
Sectioii's last production of " The \\ onien "
led HS to the decision to nieet the demands of
many who were not fortnnate eiioiij^h to scc
the Performance and those who were, hiit who
wish to see further repeats.
The news therefore has hecn rcleased by the
Censor that Anne l^^recd will once niore re-call
her huge cast of womcn. re-(h-ill theni and re-
stage theni. We feel that those eaj^er play-
goers who have re(juested this coniehack will
he just as delighted as at the earlier Per-
formances.
The Dramatic Section has had its annual
general meeting and election. We had ho])ed
to see a larger attcndance of all you interested
ones. However. we are not downhearted, and
will offer as ^ood a bill of fare as ever before.
The energetic Chairman. Harold Freed, is
again in office, and so also is Bella Kaliski as
Secretary, together with a stalwart comniittee.
Those members who have new ideas and
spare time and energy are urged to conie
forward. The Dramatic Section is ahvays
open to welcome new talent.
IN THE FOYER
(Confiiiucii from Pcu/c 9.)
Councillor Julie.
Ikdl-Girl was met on the door step of the
Clul) on the day following the by-elections by
a well-known Club official : This CO. K)oked
more than unduly worried — hut it transjiired
that the worry was the result of good news.
The Club's President, our friend Julie Gold-
man, had topped the poll at the City Council
by-election. He worried only because he did
not know how to address his President at the
next meeting of the august body of Club
Council. Was he to preface his r'emarks hv
"Mr. Councillor President," or "Mr. President
Councillor"? Tt is a ticklish problem, hut the
Jiell-Girl has not been permitted to oft"er a
prize for the best Solution. She does. however.
want to offer sincere congratulations to the
Club's President and to say " Good show— ^Fr.
Cotmcillor Goldman." It was a pluckv fight :
we are happy to know you won the day "and
hope other members will follow your example
in future by assuming their share of civic
responsibility.
* * *
The modern connnencement of a fairy storv :
" Once upon a time in the days of White Breäd
and Chopped Herring, when father was sipping
his French Brandy . "
HASHOLOM
MAY, 1942.
Royal & Regent Dairies
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LIMOSIN
BRANDY
J. •. * W.. LTD.
Kt.i'axMi^ :.
Monthly Ivows an:^ Di'iry of tho
Froe Oermrin Ler.guo of Culturo
In Grept Brltain. Organis'^.tion
of h nt i -Na z i - F of uge o s ,
t
Ütfi
HitbeiXungsblr.tt des Freien
Duut sehen Kulturbundes In Eng-
In.nd. 36a, Upper Pnrk Rond,
London, K.Vi.5., • PRI 6710
I
Pcvor d' o. j -:.hr 1940 endcijt, .rill der
Kulturbund in dor vom 16, biwS 22, Do-
z.e>nbor oi:.ntt findenden KULTTJRBUND-v^/EIH-
FACHTüWOCnji; noch '..inmal süinon Mitglie-
d. rn, dr.n d-jut schon Befugen 3 in ihrer
uos.'-mtheit und unseren englischen Freun-
den
ri" f.z>
:e:.
v;lr leisten.
Daü
f I R
J-'hr hat uny viel ochvderlgkeiten ge-
br.'. cht. Viele unserer besten Mitp.rbei-
tor vAirden interniert. Aber die SchT^-ie- ^
rig!<:(;lten h^.ben für u.'-s nur bedeutet: — *-r^'
neue .-uf gaben und verstärkten f^rbeits- py
einsata, um sie zu lesen.
In der \V'--ihnachts^."70che sollen unsere
Freunde sehen, da .es unsere ivulturarbeit
sich in vVettbewerb der Sektionen standig
fortentvji ekelt. Die ochsuusplt 1er und -<^
Maler, die jissenacha.ftlcr und Schrift-
steller, die Musiker und Bildhauer setzen
ihr Bestes daran, um unseren Iviitgliedern
und Freunden FREIE DEUTSCHE KULTUR zu bie-
ten. '.Vir ?;erdon oinen grossen vVeihnaf^Jrtd^
b'^saar vr-r-- nst' Iten, Musik und Vertrage,
schauspielerische D-'rbietungen, /Ausstel-
lungen der bildenden Kunst, ein-. Buchmesse
und der Verkauf von kunstgei^erblichen Ar-
beiten zu Gunsten der Internierten werden
die vielfältige und intensive Arbeit des
Kulturbundes zeigen. Wenn-unsere Freunde
aus den Internl-^rung^li^orn zurückkommen,
dann öollen sio uns "'s? gen: Gu.f hf-bt Ihr
gcarbelt^et und besonders gut war Eure
Vi/ eih^" ;^H:*:sv,'0 che I
„^rrtM^i^ :.
\
Monthly Nows anr^ Di'iry of tho
Free Germrin Ler.guo of Culturo
In GrGP.t Britain. Oi^ganis.-^.tion
of /intl-Nazl-Fefugeos ,
l^lovi^wber 1940
Mitteilungsblr.tt des Freien
Dout scher. Kulturbundes in Eng-
land. 36a, jpper Prirk Ror.d,
London, N.>i.5., • PRI 6710
Pc-vor d' .^ Jahr 1940 endet, .:ill der
Kulturbund in der vom 16, bis 22, De-
zember o-battflndenden KT.ILTTJRBUND-WEIH-
FACHTüvVOCHji noch einmal seinen Mitglie-
d..rn, dr.n deutschen Refugees in ihrer
(j0.s;imtheit und nnsor.jn englischen Freun-
den
.•T
iTB!:
v;lr leisten. Das
J •■■ hr ha t u n ü vi ol o chwi e r i gk e i t en g e-
br-.'vCht, Vleio un.'-jorer besten Mi t anbei -
t o r YAi rd en int c.rni o r t , Abe r di o S ch^-i e-
rigyjc.lten haben für U'-s nur bedeutet: — *-r^I2^!r
neue .-uf gaben ur.d verstärkten iirbeits- ly^ '
einsatz, um sie zu lesen.
In der W-ihnac.hts^"^oche sollen unsere
Freunde sehen, da:j3 unsere ivulturarbeit
sich im vVettb'^werb der Sektionen ständig
fortentv/i ekelt. Die Schauspieler und
Maler, die ;"yissens.oha.-rtler und Schrift-
steller, die Musiker und Bildhauer setzen
ihr Bestes daran, um unseren Mitgliedern
und Freunden FRLilE DEFTSCH'i:; KULTUR zu bie-
ten. V.'ir rrerden olnen .-rossen ^Veihnaoht^
b'^saar v^-r- nst' Iton. MuLiik und Vortr'ige,
3ch,".uspieleri3che D-'rbietungen, /Ausstel-
lungen der bildenden Kunst, ein-. Buchmesse
und'aer Verkauf von kunstgewerblichen j-iV-
beiten zu (iunsten der Interni^erten werden
die vielfältige und intensive Arbeit des
Kulturbundes zeigen . Wenn,- unsere Freunde
fius den Internl-^^run^l^^orn zurückkommen,
dann sollen sio uns "^.s; gen: Gu.^ ha.bt Ihr
goarbelt^^t und besonders gut war Eure
Vv'e i hw v^hifc ^^v.'o c he l
J
uia4 tPpI
tJber diesüs Themn öpriich v.m oonn^ibend,
den 9, XI. Dr. E.H, Lieyar. Seinem
interessf^.nten Vortrag folfto eine
anregende r/lskussion,
Es Ist di^.s :..lel jeder Freiheitsbowegung, Ungleichheiten "bzu-
aöhnffen, Unordnung, Dishnrnionle und Unterdrückung zu beseitigen.
Die Zersplitterung- der Creselisch-f t soll übGrvmnden, jene mensch-
liche Ocm.inschp.rt v.iederherj-estellt worden, die durch d.'iS "Jbor-
wiogen individueller Inturcs^^en verloren re.^-j;/ ngon w^ir, jiin grosses, "^ ('
üln ethisches Ziol. ' ' y
Jede iv.-.hrhaft grosse Kunst will atwas g?inz cihnliches, ;S1ö will
die Ungleichheit und Ungerechtigkeit, d^.s Leiden unter dem Zurtand
der Vielt ausdrücken, v/io sie den Kunstieir^ um^.:ibt. Doch v/111 sie
mehr: sie v-ill ein im':'.r^inäres Reich der Lösung ?:ller gesellschaf t-
llchsn Sp-\nnungen und Leiden echeffon; ein heich der Harmonie, im
Gegensatz zur Disho.rmonie der Rc!.lit.".t .
Musik, diejenige Kunst, die »:im unrnittelbr. raten r.uf dr.s liefühl
wirkt, h'-'.t eine solche Zielsetzung ^.n rus::"esprochensten, Beetho-
vens Kunst spricht Leiden und K'.-.r-ipf eus, nber sie va^ist auch den
Ausweg, r?-3 Urmotlv Eeothovenscher Musik isst "Durch Uacht zum
Lt,cht**; die me^istcn seiner grcssten Schcprungen drucken diesen
Gedanken nus - bis zur 9 , 3yraphoni :• , in der e^r gc.nz bevAisst df^s
"Sfld umjschlungen Millionen" ?in den Jchluss stellt. - oo liegt os
In -der M^.tur des virklich grossen. KUnstl::rs, sich Freiheit sides-Löik
und« -bev/egungen zuzuwenden,
Beethovens Zeit konnte noch tidnen gressen !vlusiker entfl?--*mraen,
r^uf solchem k"instlerlschen vvege und mit solchem Pathos einen i-xus-
weg nus den ''Vidersprilchen der gesellschaftlichen Situation aufzu-
zeigen, Sp^üter trat der rom?\ntische ''Esc-^pismus" «n die Stelle
der k^impf arischen, ki'-.ssi sehen Ku.nst, d^:.s nicht in der Erkämpfung.
eines revolutionären /xusv/' ges, sondern im i^rtri'umen von weltfer-
nen Ph'^.nt'^.. siereichen dr.s k^iis tierische Heil s.'-.h. Erst moderne
Komponisten, y.de Berlioz, nahmen v'ieder eine Jvktivere Hfltung ein:
•-dieser Pnmzose sc}iwute sich nicht, gerade d^is Fratzenhafte, Orau-"
aig.c des modernen K'pitr.lismus in seinen Werken zu zeigen, die
fillerdings einer gegenüber Beethovens Zuit erheblich verkmmpftapon.
geaellschciftlichen L^ge entstammen. Solche Werke schlugen die
Jlote des Proteats r.n, 'des ^'J ' j.ccuse'' gegen den Irrsinn ihrer Zeit,
Viele Komponisten sind in diesem Sinne RevalutionMre, ohne alch
dessen eigentlich klr^r bevAisst zu worden. Als Kinder ihrer Zelt
m"^isßGn sie n^tT^endlgerrveise die otremungen und Widersprüche ihrer
Zolt r;usdr"i"icken, sei es in diese;!* odor jener Yovm, bemisst oder
unbewusst. In der neuest-en_J2.eit (die gesellschaftliche Krise Ist
Inzwischen zum Hexens.ebb'^ th ir>ev;orden) m/.-hi^tn sich die Fälle, in
dcnon Komponisten nicht drbei atehon bleiben, in ihrer Kunst und
durch Ihre Kunst die FreibciltßlLdee zu intorpr::tieren, sondern
Musik unmittcdbar in den Dionat ßolcher politischen Frelheltsbe-
\
J
v/Ggungün zu stüllon, das h«ol^«t in don Dlonat der rropaganda, Iri
gGwissom Yir.Qso habon diu Melker in dor Vorgangonholt getan; so
P.J« üossuc zur-Soit der ff^i'Ä'aösi sehen Rcvolbtlon. so r.uch der
aosollschr.ftskritiker OffGabf^'Ch. Doch erst der größsto Muaiker
der Arl?n::ltarb3wogung, Hanns Bisler, später Alan B^^sh, stellten
sich ganz rücklkiltles in ih>ön V/orkoB der f reihcitlichon Propagan-
da zur Verfügung.
Hier borührGü sich am slöhtbarston die fortschrittliche Kunst
dor Indivi(fu3n und 6jl8 freiheitliche Massenlie«?,, wie es grosse
Bewegungen aller Zeiten un§ .Llin^er Viegleitete. Die verfolgten
Christen in den Katak(mben Roms, die rebellischen Bauern des aus-
gehenden Mitt6lalt;ors, die Kämpfer der reformierten Niedo-rlar^e
gegen Herzog Alba, dio englischen Levellers, Cie Bastillesttirmer
und Kommunarden des teueren JParis, unzählige soziale und nationale
Befreiungsbev/egUTigen deP neuest on Zeit - sie alle hatten ihre
Hymnen, Kampfges ^änge, oppttlledcr un^ im arschweisen.
In diesen Liedern tritt zum allgemein ot'hischen d'is psycholo-
gische Moment. Massengecang erzeugt in d' n (jemütern bedrückter
und käimpf en(?.6r Menschen, ein Vorgefühl eben jener Freiheit, die
sie ersehnen und erstreben. Der harte, pulsierende Rhytmus, das
aufreizende Ansteigen und Fallen einer Melodie, Aie Textdcklama-
tlon, (äie einzelne li/(=^rte oder Sätze herausstellt als v/ürden jio
von einer Blendlaterne beschienen, vermögen Massen in leiden-
schaftliche unö kampfbereite Stimmung zu versetzen. Dahei ist
die Bindung an den Text wesentlich. Die leidenschaftliche Melo-
die allein wird oft von den Feinsten dos Fortschritts missbraucht:
sie v/ird mit reaktion:4ren Texten versehen, und ihifc Schlngkraft
und Ursprüngllohkeit wirkt sich gegen die Verfechter 6er Froi-
heitsi 6eo r,us.
Doch wir6 .':indererseit3 Musik gerade wegen dieser ihrer sohoin-
baren Mehrdeutigkeit un4 Harmlosigkeit zum Mittel freiheitlicher
Propaganf^a, Wiederholt hat in neuer Zeit der Gesang eines Psalms
mit ganz vager progressiver Bedeutung revolutionierend gev/irktj,
wo immer der Druolr der Reaktion direkte Propaganda nicht 2uliess,
In der Holle des Konzentrationslagers erschien ein so vorsichtig
formuliertes Ließ vv'ie die "Mporsoldaten'' ausserordentlich gewagt ♦
In indivi^ualsohppfungen wie im Massengesang ist Musik die
Kunst der Revolution,
F. LAFITTE: "The Internmcnt of Aliens",
Ein junger Engländer, von dem v/ir weiter nichts wissen, als
dass er, wie er selbst sagt, ein guter Europäer sein v/ill, hat
uns 4ic erste erschfjpf en^o Df\rstellung 4er Int ornierungBf rage
gogel)en. In ,4er Serie dor Pinguin-Üücher ist eine Arbeit er-
schienen: "The Internment of Aliens" vpn F.Lafitto in der der
ganze Fragen-Komplex genau, wahr, gerecht iin4 human behandelt
wird* Bald werden aohntausende wissen, wr-.s bis jetzt nur ein
prar Dutzend Menschen in England wissen, rir bitten alle unsere
Freunfle, 4as Buch zu lesen und weiter zu empfehlen, Hir tun
das auf die Gefahr hin, uns ein wenig mit dem wohlverdienten Lob
zu bedecken, das uns auf Seite 57 des Buches gespendet Virird,
Ehre, wGm Ehre gebührt - und f5ie grösstc Ehre und f^as grösstc
Verdi engt liegen auf dor Seito solcher englischer Freunde der
Freiheit und der f rciheitliöl^nden Refugees,
Hans Flesch«
V^-^'
-p
23, Xi,,.
P^l VT
■ y '■ ***
«;■• ■ •., v
^0 ,,X1
5 5, y..ii
« .?
öonnabend S,15 p.m,: Im Rahmen unserer Vortragsreihe ''Der
moderne Film" spricht Dr, Iiudwig Bra^-
über ''Musik und Film'',
Sonntag 2,15 p.m,: wALTSR HUDD liest DICKEK3,,
F'f'O-lt&g 2,1b p»m, : Vortrag: Dr, J^Kuczynski; ''Heitereö und
Ernstes aus der Frühgeschichte der
bürgerlichen (iesellscha.ft'' ,
öonnabond 2.15 pcm,: Im Rahmon unserer Vortragsreihe "Dcj'^
moderno Film" spricht Dr, Ma.x Brenne/
* ' ' über "ProbJemo der Filmproduktion '^,,
l.XII», Sonntag llo30 a,m,; Grosse' internierten-Veranötaltung als
Abschluss der '''rfveihnachtshilf svi/oche*' ,
Mitwirkende: Marie Hlounova, (iisa
Liedtke, Betty Löwen, Toni Sachs,
Martin Miller.
Donnerstag 2.15 p.m^: F, Lafitte^ der Autor des Pinguinbaches
'^The Internment of Aliens'' spricht j
7«XIIe^ Sonnabend 2,15 p.m.; .Zum ersten Male: '-Bastien und Baatienne'',
Singspiel von iV,A, Mozart« Leitung
Dr. Fritz Berend,
Sonntag 2.15 p.m.; ANaLO-OEm/IAN PERFORMANCE for the benofit
of tl-e victims of air warfare in Hampstead.
Music, recitations, ballet, vi/i ch tho
collaboration of vi/iilter rllJDD, Anton i'vA.L-
BROOK, Franz OSBORNE, Alice SCHOFFSR,
- ■ Hanne IvIITSCH, Ilsabe DIECK, Betty LÜEv'/EN^
Hans FL.iSOH.
Zusammenkunft unserer interniert gewesenen
Mitglieder, Buntes Programm ^
KONZERT:' /Verke von Debussy und Max Kowalski,
"^ " Mitwirkende: Lore Neumark, Toni Sachs, Fritz
Berend, Max Kowalski, Ernst ITrbach,
15, XII 4^ Sonntag 2,15 p.m, : jirste i'viederholung? '"Bastien und Bastienne".
J-5(1on Mittwoch: . 3 p,m, : Frauennachmittag mit buntem Programme.
8 e XXI <>
5?oXII,; Montag 2,15 p.m,
14, XII,, Sonnabend 2.15.
V
Sunday, lOth Nov. saw another OONCERT OF CHAMBER IvIUSIC with Alan
Bnsh^ Max Hostal and Sela Trau-Rostal^ Exclusively modern worka
{Bush, Bloch^ Kodaly) were performed in our hall. The throe great
ortlsts were at their best« BusL's piece for cello and piano was
played twice» - A very large audienoe had been attracted^
Hampstead and Highgate Express, NoVol5th; "V/o humbly demand more Con-
cor ts from the League of Culture, They would always be assured of an
nmplG audience, the internees could do v\^ith more money collect ed for
them, and thoae who wish to learn to love modern music would be en-
abled to cxpand their musical educatlon
(f
i
i
Joe estag l[D TOLSTOIS
Der rrosae mialtebe ; chter, Leo Tolstoi
ttarb um 20. roinmber 1^10.
Zu selnein And«nk#i brlnfrön v;ir elntn klir*
z#n Abschnitt nu3 l^iaxim uorki 3 "Ertl«l«mng#n''
Leo Tolstoi itt totl
Ich he.he ein Tele^xanm erhalttn. Mit g«ii« gewöhnliohea
Worten sagt esiülrlst tot.««
Kb hat rrlch ins isrz getroffen, loh hiibe l&ut gev/elnt fO^
Zorn U!id Welirout. öetst, hf-lb v/t-^.hnwltügp denic# ich tn ihn, wl#
ich Ihn /••öicnnnt und gesehon habe, -qniilvoll va^lazigt ^s mioh,
zu sprechen mit ihm. Ich stelle Ihn mir vor Im »i>arg«t W liegt
wie ein rrlatter citein auf dem Grunde eiiioa Flusaes, und eloher-
lioh spielt in seinem grauen Barte verstohlen sein rätseUrnftee,
weltentrüc[^tes L^'cheln.' oeine tu-^nde sind nun ruhig gefaltet -
sie hr.bon Ihr schv;eres, hartes .«erk vollbracht i
Ich gedenke seiner scharfen, alles durch und duroh sehenden
Augen, der her.e^ngen seiner P'inger, die dauomd etvms eu0 Luft
j formen ßch.iencn, seiner werte, seiner Scherze, seine? b'ülPieeh
oerben Li oblings&ivs drücke, seines etvas unbestimmten Orgtne«
Und ich r^ehe, v.i;-)viel Leben d?. eser liaa^ in sich hatte, wie un*
menschlicl" klu^, wie - umheiijilich er war.
ÖLnynol liabe ich ihji geseb^n, wie ihn vielleicht nie ein anderer
Menaeh sr^h. Ich -(ytrig die IIMsto entlang zu ihn nach Güspra, Un-
tertielb der Jussupowschen B<3 Sitzung bemerkte ich am Strande, &»!•
aehcffl cien Steinen, seine kleine, eckige Gestalt, in einem glUian,
aerkn-'-'llten, schle^chten Rock, mit zerdrlckteri Hut, Sr saae da,
die Uf«ngen in die Hände gesfitztj zwisc^.en seinen Fingern flatter-
ten ffllbem die Haere seinos bartoa, j£r schaute in die F etile,
aufa Iv^eer hinaus. Schmeichelnd plataeherten zu seinen Finden
gpilnllohe Vvogon, als orz-ihlton alo den alten Zauberer von siOh«
Der HlmTT^l vvar bewölkt; üb-jr die Stt;lne glitten ^Ikena chatten,
und mit CiQ.n Steinen or«chlon d^r Alte bald hell, bald dunkel.
Auf d(^in p^rosscn, riesigen i.^teinon leg soharfrlechendda aee^raai
pra Tage vorher war starke Bf^ndung goT'roaon« Auch er kam ini» lOa
wie ein uralter, lebendig gev/ordöner Ötoln, der allen Anfang und
Jedea HIride kennt und dariiber nac^iflOt, vann und wie daa üMe aeia
wird aller Steine, aller Grase* der .i^de, des Motireawaaaerflt dea
Menaehen und aller Welt, vom ätein bla zur Sonne, CTnd dae Moeif
iat ein Toll s^^iner Seele; allea riageum ist von ihm und atui iha#
Die sinnende Rogloslgkeit dea (Jreieea hatte etwas Seheriaehea^
Sauhoplachee, das ins Dunkel tief unter ihm schaute und foraonto
hoch oben in der blauen Looro- • ala ob er, sein geballter Vnil^e,
die toogon n^fo und wieder zuruolcatoeao, dem Zug der Wolken und
3ehatton beföhle, der die Steine wcekte und sich regen hieaa* ÜBd
in plötzlicxVer Verzückung f'Ahlt© ieh, - wenn or aufstanden mit der
Hand winkt , wUrde dar. Moer au Olae erstarren, die Steine würden
sich bewe/" and leut ruf en^ ellee ringsum wiirde lebendig werdeft«
Stiaaie ha> Jtnd, jed s auf aeine Art, sprechen: von aloot ^^^ InM,
wider ihn. cht mit orten kiuna ich schildern, was ieh datnula
ompfandj, Jubal war In molnor Soolo u«d Oi?euaön, - dann flosa
Rlles zusafrjnon zu dorn aoligun Oedunküni
*Ioh bin nicht vcrv/aist auf i^rden, aolango diosor Mann lebt
h5.nl üdeni" ...
Jote Steinbocks "a v n p o 'a o r v; r r^ t h'*
Am 12 0 Kovembor be^nrn die neu orgjmiale'-^to 3 chrirtü teil op-
a')kt,±on mit ihren hr:J.bmnnat liehen Zusamaonkuarheno Hans Flosch
ref uriGi^te über dib "einzige iTouoifncheiniir-ß dcof ongllsch-amcrika-
nisoh'::n Litcivitur^. dio aoit Auübrich des Xrio/j;-.:.« orachüttofnde
Bi^dGutun^? or-langt hf.tc" EJJi'i lonh'':,i'\G .Diskusülon schloas sich an©
'Jolin Steinbecka Buch bohMidelf doh" 'ov»ig(>n Krlcg^ »ien Kriog der
-"-Klasijen- den t^usendj; ihrigen Biirgorkriog fcwl'-johon arm cnd roichg
Die (beschichte der VöTolnlf;iön Staaten iat dio u3Schicht.o der
V'findeTrung dos v/elSöon Mnnnc;^ vcn Ost niioht'Voato ^ 'i.r konnori dioso
Goachlchto r-ua der '.tild ^Vest Homantik an?:>o:c»o?.' Jugond,-. aus dorj F5.1"-
man wie "Covopod ■•'•■•.ggon'' o ■' . ' '
Die; "Gr-peö of ''iv^th' b.h:indeln cit\3 tri.i:±sc.jp.e S?.ityr.';piGl doj»
Na abwand erung^ Sio r>ind dor Pefugoo-Rom/in k-it oxochon,- 'Die
Prj. rnj Ij. -3 Joad v/ird von ihrer karglich'-n Scholle Itm ilt^'t Okloharrif!. .
vorbriobeno Der Bodon i:3t vorarmt, dia Banken vv^Iloji dio nieni^ch-
liw'-ihc: Arboitskrnri: der "shro'-e-cropports''' durch die wirtachaf tlicnon
Methoden d'js Traktors Grr,of;s:jn,, Die Pruern ßind an dio Eanicen Vül^-
3chxi.ldütp di;' Banken boöli/ien Bod^n und K'<plt!.l^ die sliare-croppojps
müssön wogo Dia F; millo Joal v;and^rt mit 'Z.e^nta.Uü6nd hinderen Fa-
mlllon in clnom wackllohen LasV-uto -.uä ihrer. 1-L:;imat, auf der
Ro'yitG CSr, durch Te;xa»s ind I^^3U-Me.xiko und Arizona nac-h doK v;.-'3tQnp-,
in ärx3 gelobte Lanä 0.' liforniono Gros sv*;to# /stirbt ^ vj-roGemattei»
wird wahnsinnig; oin pr av» ?.u3.der Fanili..; ;f Tillen ^r)j«*c»ie Familie
yclbst er3:-\:lc>h1; durcii die ^vüüte ^ndilch Gal.if ornien/- Hier v.'arto23i
niehts rls' iinttäuschung und Gr.'.^u3arnko:it und die •iu-^iriikni^^p el der
kalifornischon Polizei auf sie, 'Ohne et' 7.iV..vvi3i3en, ^«Verden ^iio zu
Strcikbr-ochern, finden nnt':^rkurift in olnepi "F.egiorungs-L'!\-]:er'' qgi*
Bundes re,7icrung; find-.n Zivilist. tinn; Bt^trug,. aber •k^^tl.no Arbeit^
Sic kominon zum Baumv/ollpf l''.ckon dit^rif dann koriunt der vj.nt er- ;. Tora
JoaJ criuihir.^t einen Polizicton in der Fotv/eirir^ inuas fllf.'hen. den
Roat doP F-rrdlie verlassen a'ir in olner- Scheune,,' in b'ingom IVfjtrtonp
bis das Ro.aanv.'etter und cl:>r Winter vorbei ai'nd; hnffoinrl. versi»./_^6n4
DnH Buch Riob und diö Üdj;«öoe haben %a St;u5.nbocks V''e:*.-k paton go-
otandvin^. Lio Helden d^r Litorr.tux* clnd die. Uegbereitcr änd--di<3
Qua rtior:!ia eher ihrer i^laasco v^ohei' cdo Holden knminon, von do:t*t
komniori bald dio Hassen. I>^.a Erinnor I':g In den Händen dex^ homori'-'.
36hon Für-sten^, d-.nn haben es iCarl Mf?or und Y/orther auf i;tü;;rl.'C:ron ".-»'"
und, nun Klbt es das B'.irgex^tum an die Ünt eindrückt e\i ab,
D-^a I;uch .l*?-!: clno ^irrnung f'h* unüo Glauben Y:ir doch niaht^ dads
wir davonrennen können, wonn es una endüoh einmal frxü.dkl; beim •'' .
j-inGX»ikanlaohon Konsul ein Visum '^rstritten zu habeiio -Der Kamnf
geht woltox-'o Tii^ ii^-t g i n o .fe'ront - vnm Fasifil': ids aur polnlöchoa
Oronssoo iX^ih?llb Qoll^jn wir» nicht mutlos S'4ln:, Unaero ßundeagp-
nosson j^Jind üböx^all,, wo os gegen Untetdrodiier und Bürokräften geht
und wo ^Ic Diehtei* leben, die una dUi neuen Heiden aelgo» '*-
u « •
♦
'I
•1
i-3
vv
En^,lan(? im Zeitalter d^d^* bürgerlichen Pv^Xo^m»
■«B<Kt««<rit1*|»>
4
(Vortrag von Prof. A, Mousel im Kulturbund am 19. X, 1940)
In der zweiten Hälfto des 18, und 2u Beginn dos 19, Jahrhun-
derts spielten sich in imgland diejenigen Vorgänge ab, die v;ir
unter (^em Flamen "industrielle Devolution'' zusammenfassen und die
aus einer vorv/iegend ländlichen eine vorwiegend städtische, aus ,,
einer vorv/iegend agrarischen eine vorv/iegend industrielle Jes ell-
schaft machten» ingland vairde das Land, das in der industriellen
^evoluti(?n allen andern Ländern voranging, weil gerade hier eine
Reihe von besonders g Einstigen Vorbedingungen zusammentrafen:
der ( schr\n damals) ausserordentliche Reichtum der aristokratisoh-
plutokra tischen Oberschicht, die einzigartige politische Macht-
stellung, die sich ngland in jahrhundertelangen Kriegen gegen
die jeweils stärkste Kontinentalmacht erob^c^rt hatte, das Fohlen ■
einer auf bäuerlicher Schollenpflichtigkeit beruhenden gebundenen
'■ grarverfassung. die relativ geringe Strenge der gewerblich-ziinft- y
1 er Ischen Regulierungen,! die Freiheit des 'Güterverkehrs innerhalb
JrossbritannienS; das verhältnlsm'-ssig hohe Mass rn bürgerlicher
und politischer Freiheit und an religiöser Toleranz, dessen sich
jinglan^ seit den beiden Revolutionen des 17, oahrhundert erfreute.
Die industrielle I-evolutinn begann mit der Mechanisierung 4eX>
Baumwollindustrie, zunächst der " eberei und dann dei> dpinnerein,
Darauf folgte - nach der .Erfindung der Dampfmaschine '- die Umge-
staltung der 'i;isenindustrie, diu nun nicht mehr das Holz oder die
Braunkohle, sondern die Jteinkohle als Brennmaterial benutzte;
dies führte zu einer sehr starken Steigerung des Kohlebergbaus und
der i-isenproduktion. 1825 überquert daa erste Dampfschiff den at-
lantischen Ozuan; 1825 wird die erste .^Eisenbahnlinie zwischen
Stockton und Di^rlington eröffnet.
Vor d^ r industriellen Revolution spielte sich der Verkehr innei*---«-^^
halb Englands auf "den Flüssen, dwi Kanälen und auf den Landstrassen
ab, Pferd und 'agen konnten nur 3ine geringe Anzahl von i^ersonon
und geringe Gütermengen befördern und ausserdem war diese Art des
Verkehrs ebenso langsam wie unsicher. 1754 wird für die ''Flying
Coach* zwischen r-Ianchester und London in folgender charakteristischer-
Vi/ eise Reklame gemacht: ''However inijrodible it yiay apxjoar this.-coa^h
v/ill aotually ^ barring accidents) arrive in London 4 days and a
half after leaving Manchester. ''
Die Produktions- und Handelsstatistik spiegelt die iürgebnisse
der industriellen Revolution deutlich wieder. Im Jahre 1764 im- ,- '
portierte England für £ 4 MllI, Baumwolle, ir Johr^ 1833 für £ 300-- — ''
Mill, Die Produktion von Stabel3on ßtieg von 25,000 .tons im Jahre
1720 auf 68,000 tons im Jahre 1788 un<ll auf 1,340,000 tons im Jalire
1840.
diG in jenem spezifischen Doppelsinne 'M^rei " :-iind, d,h, sie sind
rechtlich betrachtet weder Sklaven nocli Leib ;>igi;nc ^ und sie sind
auch ökonomisch frel^ d.h. sie boaitzen kv.in^. Produktionsmittel
und sind deshalb au.f den Verkauf ihrer Arbeitskraft als einzige
ciii nl-comme ns qu e} 1 e ange wi es en .
Diese wichtigen neuen Jesellschaf tskiassen v/aron politisch nicht
repräsentiert: zvi/ischen 1688 (dem Jahre der "gloripus revolution")
und 1832 (dem Jahre der bürgerlichen Vi-ahlreform) war 3ingland eine
Art Adelsrepublik mit monarchischer epitze, Fachdem die industrielle
'<lttelklassü durch die unter stärkstem Pvlas sendruck erzvmngene ■uahl-
roform in do^ Kreis f3,or politisch .Herrschenden aufgenommen v;ar, be-
gann fjie die ^ 'elt nach ihr-em Bilde zu gestalten: der wichtigste
Schritt uf diesem ■■■ege war die- Abschaffung der Kornzölle, die Ein-
führung des Freihandels ira Jal-ire 1846, Mit dem l'ebergang inglan^s
zum Freihandel begannen die goldenen 5 Jahrzehnte Äer industriellen
:f\':ittelklas3o: die Zeit, in der England die industrielle l-erkstätte
der ^^elt war, die Zeit, in der es nöben dem eigentlichen Bürgertum
eine verbürgerlichte Aristokratie und eine verbürgurlichte Arbeiter-
schaft besass.
V
p
Kinder nach
TT
u
b e r s e e
Die Kinderkominisslon des Freien Deutschen Kulturbundes hat sich
bomiüht, l'vege zu finden, die in diesem Lan^e lebenden Refugeekinder
nach Übersee und vornehmlich nach iJ.:j,A zu ovaicuj eren und sie so
vor den Bombardements und sonstigen Kriep;sbegleiterscheinungen in
Sicherheit zu bringen. .^^s 'wurde zusamm.en mit den "'ihrigen Kefugee-
organisfitianon ein besonderes Comralttee gebildet, das unter dem
Protektorat folgender englischer Persenlichkelten arbeitet:
Tho Duchoss of Atholl Mr. ü^Bo Friei:.-tley
Mrs, Lucy B. Backhouse
Mr. Vernon Bartlett
Urs, Co r b e 1 1 ^A s hXrv
Mrs. E.V, Parker
Mrs. Lorn?c Phlpps
.':>plke;
■i^'i • X fi
?/T
lar , J,. he otrauss, iv"„i',
Dame Sybll Thorndike
Miss Monlca vihately
In U.S.A ist >jine besondere Vertretung gebildet, die unter. I>el—
tung und Protektorat folgender Persönlichlceiten steht:
Professor Walter Faut'enstrauch
Professor Frans Boas • • ;'
Professor Margaret Schlauch
Martha Dodd
Rev, Jolm Haynes Holmes
Blshop lildward L, Parsons
Desgleichen bestehen Vertr-^tungem In Canada und Austr-alien.
Alle Bitern oder f'lr Kinder ve r an j^/ortll che Personen, die an.,der
Evakuieruni*; ihrer Kinder interesslerf sind, bitten wir, sich-schrlft
lieh i:.n uns zu v/ enden oder »u uns zu|kommen« Das Kinderbüro ist
täglich von 11-5 Uhr geöffnet (56 iJp|ex" Pnrk Hoad, NW3) .
Wir v/ollen dabei bemerken ^ dass aljch unter den gegenwärtigen er-
schwerten Bedingungen die Evakuie-run^s arbeit für Befugeekinder fort-
gesetzt wird, dass ol^yh-^also-alle in.te-rei;sJ..urt-6ja^und<^mitgliedor
an uns v/enden mögen«
eo
iy,cLe^io(!'il^9^'^i>f
I
(i<^^ F.lj.K.ß.
:M
l
|40^^/^'/^'^'^'
m
9
./\C:s Cihserer /\rbeit'.
Am I.November sandte die Sozialkommission ihr DRITTES MEMOMNDUM
ZUR INTERNIERUNGSFRAGE an eine Reine von fuehrenden englischen Per-
soenlichkeiten. In diesem Memorandum setzen wir uns erneut ein fuer
die Entlassung jener Internierten, die erwiesenermassen i-iefu^ees
sind .
Als Sofortmassnahmen werden vor£;::eschlagen: Beschleunigung des Ent-
lassungs5)rozesses ; weiteste Auslegung des Par.20 ( "Persons of emi-
nent distinction v.'ho have made outstanding contribution to Art,
Science, Learning or Letters.); Schaffung einer neuen Kategorie
f u r Opfer des Antisemitismus; sofortige Massnahmen, urn die in
Canada und Australien internierten iiefugees vor den Konsequenzen
zu schuetzen,die mooglicherweise a is ihrem jo,'';enwae:ttigen Status
als Kriegsgefangene erwachsen.- Schliesslich schlaegt das Memorandum
eine Reihe von Verbesserun^,':en fuer aie La,;^;er vor, vor allem die
Schaffung von Air~Raid-Schutz , Selbstverwaltung (besonders bei den
Frauen) und ausreichende Instandsetzung der Lager fuer den ^/ifinter.
Zum MEMORANDUM UEBER DIE Ff^AUENLAGER und den darin ,::emachten Vor-
schlaegen gingen eine Reihe weiterer Zuschriften ein, die unsere
Vorschlaege begruesssen und zusagen, dass sich verschiedene Stel-
len um die Verbesserung der Bedingungen in diesen Camps bemuehen.
Das CENTRAL DEPARTMENT FOR INTERNE^D REFUGEES, Bloomsburjr Houso, hat
uns in Anerkennung der Arbeit, die der F.D.K.B. bisher furr die In-
ternierten geleistet h- t , aufgefordert einen Vertreter in seine mo-
natlichen Meetings zu entsenden.
iiVeiter ist der Kulturbund vertreten im FRIENDLY ALIENS PROTECTION
COMMITTEE (Chairman Dr.Mallon), von dem bereits eine Reihe von Pca-
YeQun^y;en zur Verbesserung der La^;e der Internierten ausgingen.
Eine besondere Aufgabe stellt uns DER NEUE PAR.20 IM 3 .WiTHITEPAPER.
Ider Kulturbund als die anerkannte Berufsvertretung der deutschen
Refugee-Kuenstler hat natuerlich bei den Freilassungsantraogen auf-
grund ieses Paragraphen wichtige Hilfe zu leisten. Wir bemuehen
uns auch darum, dass den Schauspielern, die bisher unter diesem
neuen Paragraphen nicht genannt sind, gleiche Moeglichkeiten ge-
geben werden.
V/ir hatten eine AUSSPRACHE MIT MR.COVE, SEKRETAER DES COMMITTEES
FOR THE DEVICLCPMENT OF REl'UGEE IInIDUSTRIES ueber Faelle , die unter
Kategorie 6 und 7 des vifhitepapers fallen (Persons who occupied key
positions in Industries engaged in v\/ork of national importance) .
Mr.Cove ist bereit, fuer Faelle, die wir unterbreiten "prospective
employers" zu suchen. In Frage kommen zunaechst Metallarbeiter, Klemp-
ner etc. , Lederarbeiter ( Guertel, Kunstgewerbe ), Reissverschlussmacher
u.aehnl. Bitte senden Sie uns die noetigen Unterlf.gen ein fuer
Faelle, denen wir auf diese ii/eise helfen koennten.
n
r vor kurzem uAsert BerafuriKsstollc f\
Als wir vor kurzem uAsert Beratungsstollc fuer Opfer des Luft-
krieges einrichteten {©s handelt sich in der Hauptsache um
deutsche und oesterreichische Eraigraatön, die in Hampstead und
Um/^ebuni^ wohnen) tr-iten wir auch an den Mayor von H^impstead
heran, um ihn fuer unseren Plan zu interessieren und ihn um soino
/geneigte Mitarbeit zu bitten, ülr bekamen bereits nach drei Tagen
einen Brief, in dem es heisst:
"...,'V/e will have much pleasure in bringing to the noticfj of
the vi?^ri6us officials of the Town Hall who are dealin^ with
the question of rcfugees."
'/i/ir freuen uns aehr , dass es uns f;-elungen ist, eine Zusaramenaroeit
m t üicser wIcLtii^en Stolle zu erreichen. ^Ifir hoffen, dass Sie '
,a,usgiebigen Gebrauch von unserer Beratungsstelle machen werden«
7
yot/vffeh.3i(ku^sM Fragen. <
'»Vi^^rking Refugee Women"
^läiirses: Jeden Dienstag, 3 Uhr , Westbourne Terr.132
SamstHg,5 Uhr, 56a, Upper Park Rd . ,
^.chneiderinnert:' jeden Sonntag, 14, Poland Stieet.
■^:^^^;^^^^achmi.t tag mit buntem Pro^amrft'r
i^aen Mittwoch, 56a, Upper Park Rd;,
j^den Sonntag, l''-3> Finchley Rd o
3 Uhr Nachm.
« ■ ■! I ■ ■■ ■■' ' ■■> " f ' r ■
ti^ die ^i^tet'h.iefU'i.
D^IÄBPttef'btotf e.^-®^^''^ seine praktische Hilfsarbeit fuer die In--
4t,äcnij:^ Lebensmittel werden eingekauft, Pakete werden
ingek^
.t
C^tr^f^ ^-ii^f\,die Post getragen, Kleider spenden werden abge-
iWitf aftßxÖiiP .^'''^Vß gesand-t..- Das Einkaufen ist scnwierig go-
vM^QJ^ liffi^ iffi^l^^^^^ '^^"^ ^^ ®i^ ungemut-^tliches Brummen in der
rlAÄt, ji=Ö^ltei^°^ ^®^ vielen fj^eiwilligen Helfer, die sich fuer
..^^.^ A&&iä .zur Verfuegung' gestellt habe:^^, wuerde es einfallen, ;
\^^^mig'(^er' Internxerten^akete zu unterbrechen. v/Hr YttLBAi^xi^
ÜH^^^^^^^?^^^"^®"- ■^^^^•'^^® warten darauf. Manche der intertiier-r
It^ ^^a^jrir^M- ,'und Frauen, denen wir mit unseren Paketen so geyn^
""--"- ~^4;g^ehle7ide Kamerads^Jhaft zeigen wollen, kennen wir nicht.
'i, -Ääben wir einmal- damals als es- noch nicht so unan-
,,der Luft brummte r hei einer Veranstaltung dea. Kultur-
ben ihnen gesessen. »"Bitte bor^^-en-Sie- mir doch eiJimal
^ "pgraiTiin'» hat vielleicht unser Nachbar damals zu uns gesagt.
y^GOfhe"*» antworteten wir JioeXlich und das war alles, was man
damals- -vDri:--tias--v.erriLangte. H-ute- v»/JLrd^mehr ,..;/iBl-Jiiehr~'Vün un» ve3>-
■ •iiiMm<f
- 3
i
f
Und wle__wird unsere HiliX In den Internlerungsl;
.gern
;enommen
K-ter^J^' 42
"<3-
üncharl Intörnment Camp* 51,10 »40
"Gestürn bekam ich Euer Kleiderpaket vom 23.10. Ich h
4 Freunde
.y
feiui^^eteilt »
.^ienn ich hier im Camp an die Zeit
la D e e s an
au—
rueckdenke , die ich in London mit Ihnen verlebte, so ist mir
jetzt CO recht zi^i Bewusstsein .v^:ekommen, wie schoen unri ;:ross
alles wird, wenn man das kleine, taegliche Muehen teharrlich
fortsetzt. Ohne die zaehe taegliche Arbeit vieler von Ihnen fuoi"
den Kulturbund vjaeren viele von uns ohne Eure Hilfe. Ich will
nicht sagen, sie macht das Leben, das Einerlei hier ortrae,p:liGher-
etwas mehr: sie macht uns stolz und ruhig. So viele sirjd vve^: und
das Leben im Kulturbund ^ eht weiter..."
Frauen-Internment~Camp,Port Er in, 28.10.40.
"I am so happy tha t you have sont me two parcels and sh 2/6; whioh
gave me the possibility to buy some fruits and ;-.ome other good
food. I arn sb ti.ankful for the very nice and warm blanke t and I
am very interested to knov;/ vvho h.s knitted tais v.onderful bl^miet.
I never will forget :ill what you have done for me r . . '*
Softon Internment Camp »Douglas , 4.11.40
Tiear f ricnds , it w-i-ls mj greatest pleasure to receive your x>^^<^<^-
from 23rd Oct. ,cont-.ining warm clothes. I can't say how ^jratöful
I am especially because it turned cjold sudjdcnly and I needed them
'^QX'^ badly... W.y pleasure is even greater as I could see that wc
are not forgotten outside in the big vvorld."
Camp A, , Canada.
"Aus Zeitungen und Briefen erfaehrt man, wie stark die Bom^barde-
ments auf London sind. Es ist prachtvoll, dass Ihr trotzdem und-
in ganz grossem Masse die Arbeit zur Unters tue t'zung der Inter-
Zeitung
g^le-ij>tei;^
nierten und ihrer Ang^hoerigerL. durchi'uehrt . Aus oinor
des Kulturbundes vom September kann man die Arbeit y
wird, gut ermessen. " /
(
Dieser Leitung liegt ej.n Aufruf bei, der vom Kultrurl>und zusammen
mit tschechischen und oesterraichischen Flue<jhtlingsorganlsaticnen
herausgegeben wurde, Bitte elfen Sie dabei, dass dieser Aufruf
eine starke Verbreitung findet, Geben Sie ihn weiter an ihre
englischen Bekannten- Sprecnen ^'^^ mit ihnen und bitten Sie, dass
■/V
tmm UfiB ilpendön U^/börtnittGit. All^ih internier lon fiolugees Soll
feine ^dihmiohtnfi^äudo bei-eitot vJk^tdon - C:<V ori :-rio uns 'Natetliri Und
Adi'feö§ör3 Xhi^oäf intüi'liiol-töii .E^rcjürt^le '-^n , dM^nit wij? !jie mit Qinm
1j \A/''^ Q ^ lA'U
iOi/\ßh,
Köitöil fünr p me b'^grönüti/ Cfrur]-- von otudoiitün, His>^en^Qlm.ftX^rnf
KuonrU:.j uJTi und rnind. BtGns 2ö Jahro in En£:l?Änd unöaoö^igen i^0ygO'=' -
mn Vü^i^icht, Aü"Ä]vUf?nfto oi-ioilt rriUündli..i:i oaer 3o riftlioh (^O^öH
lingc^njurlA^ von ioj-to) diu joziaikonirüiBjion 'icü F.^.K*B.
da HS
tuTDor
■tfia«^Mai«a|i
ßlTirBYTÖTü undTärötr; ^m intGrvi'.orto , :.in i:>ich in Euß-laii
IX Pfund) an Xnter/ilöyt^t!. in CfenkiClH und Auir'-r'.u > un sind portofreii
wenn öio tU.e liobc-rboi.rift t^r-^^- .^nj "prijorors orwvir post"* Briof© '
Möh Üanad^ und Au^traili.on snlLe':n in Luteini^ciirift /ijeschriübün
gein- VurmiriiCn mu(>äicftn voll 'ingt-^oucn v;Grci(.!n; un* Verwüoasluugön
^u v&y^meidon*
i'^JI.tau fußivliaiv'icu^t naoh AU^^^trulicn und Ci'n«-i,cia. l^anh Auatr^lian
\ BCliUüJlsto Va;rhindunc,^) ah 'l/G 1/^2 Oiä. jko!iibina.ürte- Land -, beö--,
flu^'post ah 1/5 1/? 02, nach Camada sh l/? per uz. Der Brief
^ird t.)L'.achir^ni£:t , wenn uuf den Urnj^clilji^]: pH3'/ririeben Vi/jrd "Viö
I^orth y-ioluntio Aii' bt^rvioo"^,
\yenn Sie i'ucir Ihre Au>^/Uloe^^i/j:(^.'n oder Fr' undn im La^^er strloken
otcVrari.
'üfcnn oio d-..;roh ^Bombardpyntg. Soliaden erla t.':^'^n/und Eigontuir ^yarlo^.,.
:v6n_ ha ^lOV^,^ £o onnerr'bTo eihe'n i;'..W'i^:,oen' JoniI"d iTne r s a t z e r hart'Si i' von
Zvva nllcrliinr'^ vorlacufig nur der dritte i'eil aus,<j;ezahlt Vv'lrd,
Die bchadorK'rs'jitLiforni rnuss sofort . ausfei'uellt -und bei der Town
Hall abrf^i/TObcn v^orden.
Entlar-^Kmo Internier fco .. Bitte molden Sie sich bei der SoziaHcom^,.
üiisÄion ;\e3~F:i.Viv/J". wenn oieaaus dem Camp entlp.s-se'mvord-en sind^^
T'^ilen LMf \in:\ ?:;u,ch .Namen and Acirf^ssen '^^on Freunden mit, die ent^
lasi:5en wurd.-. n.
f
.'n
C '^ ' V -i
-^ -*
/i . » ■ • ' if-inll/'^o ri 1 n t e r n i e r t ^ n
[^.•rH
tiMi."j.en :v;.eii ^.ra ;:;;• at^^'* ? 0.e:n ^ L;ezomber--uia__2-,-Ji5
im iiau3G--des ^jaltiu-fuudeh ; ?6i.^. ; Upper Park Rd» N»y^5~"
.Kuenstler; die aelpÄt; Int^rnierrt •v/arej].^_Aorßen,....fuey
ein ^utes i-TOgramm., " . ■ ■
111 ■■! nmmmm
111— ^^npaw
■ »!<'l»fffl>f)^^|[j»yi^^rf»«'«»'*"«'.l-g-.J-«'*'i~ ;_*i'<»'~>»»»»-----~-;:a=r-.-- »>■•-■«. »..J^.
i
I
f
THE CONTINHiNTAL. CH:5MI3TS
Apotheke
Pharma ole Frcin9alse
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IT F .}?. I G H T PI A N 0
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Phone? L-iEüdv/ell 9371,
J g W B L B ,«[,
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Wir schicicen für »llo Jur.olon* Zusenoun^-ren ( by Rc.ilat.Fost )
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I
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Wir unterhalten 3inc ''rosse A^s^nnl
von Soconahand JUWELEN crlosonor ^ntvllliitt.
REPARATURE K von Ju' ölen, Silber und Uhren
aller Art
ciirch ersti<lj:»3Sl e Fnchnrooitcr,
1
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Phono: MAYfnlr t)0'fc6.
Publifiheu by the Preo Gorran L6n';Uo of Culture In
aroAt BrAtain^ ai;fj,.U or Pap« Rond, Loncion,H.W,a.
Prono: PRInrof« ».710«
A L PI NB CLUB
DO KAU LAND.
NEWS
WCh(y;l
5th year
New York.N.I* Septeml^cr 25 ^ 1939.
No.. 4 •
C 0 1\T S I D H R I F G 0? H S 0? .3 M P 0 E A R Y
EUROPEAN S I 03 U A T I 0 N
tho adniaistration fOTind it msossary to pulolish tMr (^azott^v in che
Enf^li^li la:-guage • O^lio therofore necoßnary •'/ranGlations whoroin \7e
a:icou:.i':orod "big difficultlt^s excu:'v; th,: cl^^ay which occtir-d. , •
No roon will be ^iven to -coi-itica.;. articl.>s oi ui-y kir.d •
»
A Donaulend Outinp; In The Corclillervö
•;.- of Chilo
by Roberto Iloskia, ßan-ilago ■'
The 0:.^i:sRrupP'.; Chile dor Jur^endv/a idorgruppo
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JToi^ody t"ries it and tliis Sunday mo3?Mn€ ■too.'^
Paso 2
A.V.D* llews*
3 / 1939 /
^.
we wro tfio only mouatainoors in the T^ys, suspiciously vratched b.^
the Chileaas »who on a S\inday from oarly-in *I^g^£fl£?i?S. «*g ^S^^^i^
the night- flft- in tho rcstaurants and drink ; whtt-else Is a b\inüa^
a?he big Cordillere cluhs are thld^der deutsche, Ausflugsyerein (_§•«-
tion or DOeAV ) .th© "Ski Glut) de Chile" and the "Cluß Andino" .The
SÄi^U?«^fr^^sli!&f gnSrU^^^flgjtS^ ?l^gKdr?o?^gog§5Ä? %kl'
5!wo of them caa be reached by car and have olways big crowds.Tho .
reach Chileans bxiilt nico houses for thomselves .up there and enooy
the Sport in a w&y of thair own.Two skiinginstruotors / an Austrlan
^^efgU^SäP^d S^|w|||^||nito^lo|5^^1x|l|^th.^C^iloan8 getting rid
, -,-. j-L. ^.'^^^P isthe sitttati'on here#Eut stop enwappod .
in nll ahose thoughts we almost missed the place of our desrinationf
Las Condos» a small village Trith old and dlrty houses and of CGur.mo
a lot"of inns ,but wondorfnlly eituated on the slopes .And we '
tat
aro
_ ^_ ^ . MapocEovalley _^
a small mountainvalley originates and there t^<^ real
bogin-Longside the river we walk oc tho b ' " "
the skiing paradise of Farel-lones.I knew :
landmember grnmbles somethlng like :"daina j.u.v
thero" and " alleVeil we could get a hitch (4) " and as
dve-iturc raa;;
this sen-
t.:ncv was uttered, in Spanish suädenly a nice car 9tpp8„ßnd- the
:enrlenian.on the wheel ,a priest offers us a^liit-(^) «He is 6n i
Suddenly we get into opon spacp and see right in front ofus tho
WäSS 9igliL::C§»Äillere.In neny hairpin cuirves the road leads on a
Btcop« yi^o sooon and pretty soon we are in Parellones .This last
parTc oa tho way rcnindecL me vory nuch of the Slocknerstrasse.
^1. ^4 Farellones is a^real yillaße wlth all its^ priyat
houncs, ,tho-big hostel of the Skiclub do ChÜG and its llttlo neun-*
trdri c.iurchtabout 150 cars are parked up here and a short distanco
av/cy v; ^ iri:^A thoir pwners on a little ilat hill .owercrowdod and icy
Thoy prp.ctice the stem and that ,what they call siiing.
, ^By Chance I net a friend of nino here. Ho lent no
wx« pj]j:i3^ai:d f in^Jy af ter a period of 2% years I have tho opportu- '
nuic!:l:
iy
0 d
t8v3°mioB
es
so
'x'he
ca:?
.lidcd •
rotui^n .Our Visit tp the^skiing heavcn pf the rich^S{)Lntia[;oc>ais, is
mv./i r.^-. bringe us back to the plnco .whore.wo want -co leavo th-^
eaßi
road.iTov; our "real activity'boßlnk i It most cürtäi:ily xjas
UP by car because the sun maKes climbing on tliose steep slo^
up no
or
1•^ /"•• (5
"ÜO go
v/orsc
norc
wo riv; proparod for.F\irthornorg thero are no footpathos an:^-
r>j rnd ^na geht", .. • . ."na steigt" and "na flucht" ...
decide to contiiiuo our blossed acuivi-
wo
until on top of tho"Mugül"
ties on noxt Sunday.
Fron thiß peak v;e
High Cordillore's white glantsa
';:trong middaybeat gives a wrong inprcssioii .Alror.dy
Gtarts gottinG vory cold« V/o dooido to put sono spood in/ our
and old .ind approved A.V.Dc habit; and ovor olor-ant rubtle
.^soc Farollp::.03 an,d araLip..
But v;o can^t s-jay nord e2."c
or
Th^
th
„t d
11 "'..rc
,V70
Of A.V^i)
:iir lioD
's
O > /
To
r> "> O
1.»- \^
suddonly do\vi-
agam
it
sc :nt
Ids
in las Ccndos
« ±:1 .
d
II
düopvvr til
art:;cl iron«
celc'brate this auspicious day^thc charter noeting
Chile brauche wo ont ^r
it to a conclusion: " Klass
an mr
von
ajid
war»s,ab:>r
ovor a
hottlc of b^--^
■o'o—
::.nvald nicht zu redor. • !
!!
der Schattb.^rg
1^
ö U
(1
± J
(2)pi
ho':itol
clod
xi
SchutshiitTe'
gohrönt
C5)
"huo
li
P arb 0 , F ärhui. ;::
n — -
ift, hitch dino'^Fahr-
^el G genhe i t ',' b e s . o o i n
'i'T r."nr> ' r\
7 1939 / 4 •
A.V.D. ITewe
Tcf^o 3.
J E U I S H M 0 U IT IT A 1 IT B 2 S S' • '
*by Drt Goorc ^» 13 or6n::'ji:i, Paris.
Dr .GEORG ?• EEIIGMAITIT particip?,tocl 'on
tliü for Dc^.auDp-^d as docisivo gcurral noet'yrs
of th" LOüAV. as nonbor of tho S;^ctio- ""
Isartra nr^d v/as ono of tho chiof dof anders of
_ naziy y- _
Union* int rriational Des Aösociatioi":s^Aipi'niGt^^ß.
Tliis articlo is, an ^:rbract of Iiis noj-l:: Juden äia
Bor^ . originalli^ writteii for Eerg^und Hlri luid
for tHtd Jüdische Rovuo in Proha. Eoth ne-s-
fapors woro förbiddon by tho -GESTAPO • V/o thrjiL:
...r. Eergnaii for placlng this article to ov.r disparjal«
Tlio oditor, -
At t!io g:u*. of Augiisi; 1938 tiio U:i:lon irJ:crnatior?.alc.
.1^ pBalj.feko
Vieima-.- It was
^ „ - even aft.-r
JeWß.tTho rc£?ult of thic policy
neu: corild ^o in for it.
bCi
cli:
acc:2isLL-.
( 42?5ri ) and v/ho is "w^llnknov/n thronöi Ms work dn tlie Alpenvereins-
boo::: Dio Srstei r^inr: de:.- Ostnlp-n.. ( 1893/4 )
In 1389 Goorg Lövrenbcxh tor-^^thor v;itli a guido went
acr^^'S^^' t^-- ■ L-^sßlcnv.n ?^d all 10 pv-^a].:3 of the Monte Rosa grociT) in oric
dayi^-i extraordinary perfornance^ on both ,tho i^aster's ai:.a the
;:^uide^o side»
l^aso 4
A«V«D» FcwßÄ
3 / iq
:;'51
in GosäusQ »Einsrvf Hordwand in tho ]3olon:i'-e^ -ITcrdw^^md der Lalnc'
wand in the -Kain? ndel ^all of 't;hon ncn-vT difficult 'asc^iisioiiia.Eu-i; 1
no^-b iDrillisait pepfornanca pa^oba'oly was tho fi::-Gt acO'jnsion of •':L .
^^^mblc 3ou:::h Wall of th^i»»6rand Pio d: la Meijo" 1::- tlie Daupi;dn6"
Alps»\7::lholn L^-lm^^r ' a nc^vor v^^.rj philosemitio bio-^rpph wrlt-^a i::.
ad;;r werk " ^ho conqiiest .of tl..^ Alps " : " The acCc!r*.Glo:-.s of th:. ]S:;yur
b'^ot.iü-s in t::* DauDhlneo Alp« w^ro tl'^r finost ov^r perfonned tli-:?-
und C':j:}'t be cqualed by anyttiinR tlie JjTjTiohßxisllcli or Italia:!^ hoYc
accosipliG.ied oliorcj«
, . . , Lator dur:".ng 4>lü vrar as k.u.i^. officcr May^^r obtair :^''
iilg^ dücor^.tions throuch h±s hardy entor^;)rises in tli..? notLiüains«!-:; w:.:!
•;.ev «^ 3^ b;: ffrg^bton in tlic histouy cf tlie war In th
One of tho first skier in Vicnna v;as tlu n'owish
Giigino.>r Rudof Gomp-irs ( lo89/90) v/hosG propaG^n^^^ tJio Arlbei\;^' owog
G foocl doal of Iris rcnown«
Tho •■:'::cliision of thj • je\7s fron t.b.e Austria::! br^inclies
of th^ DOeAV aftor th;> war resul'ijod in th- foimdation of tli.:. " S;..c
ti '
( To i:hosc^ we v.dll dodicate our noxt articlo )
ADor.aul>'":aadoutinr!: in the Cbrdillorcs d2\d. Jewlsh moun'tu.adLöfi'orc aro tnu-s-
IrA^^d. bj PeterC, Bon.:dict, Hönpr.toad.N*Y. U.S.A.
I IT V I T A T I 0 IT
T 0
THE FIRST
DO IT AULA FD EXCURSIOII
on ITorth Anerican Soil»
( New York Branch )
•?or th; first tiiie? afb::r esi intornission of IVi years a
f;rf>vi2 of fprner A.V.D n^^nbers is r;oinK to meet asain a:id to
in?:
^^ ^^^_ ._..._. ^^ ^'
V ^/r 0. 4 t 'is '"plane d"to*rc^rth^^ memorial in the
Boar Mountains via Apalachdan Ol rail.
Please como all ,as we have a few vory inportant t^-^nrs
to dlSCUGSr - "" ^
^ - Por the ^.Y* Branch
Dr. Loo Schlesinger John H. Beck
( Menb:v^ of th^ ^rocutive ( Jurlo-n Lo-e^n^^
Peter C, Eenadict
( Now York Brar'Ch
<i
/ 1939 />
A«7»I>t Htm
Pa^e 5
■MMi
HiamH
1P.'*J.
E X
0 u r «^i •.»
October 1 st :ReuBioxt o^tiag to tt% THi ■iliiiPiii j Mb IUI MD 1 ^t
&»20 a«m« iTal. oorstr «fu?ii!li4#teiTt ^ m 42&a etreeii.
ExpenBe:$ ItZS.^^j w31> hebaok 9.p#a» latelitüEquipnent: :
feste Hall)sch\ih«\»i«»4c^- '^-- x^..^^
Oct, 15 th.
Later
Guide!* Peter '• Benedict«
outinfj-s v/ill be-iarranged fop on Oct Ist and 15 tii
0 u r f 0
1 1
owlng E.ditio^.
-^. 1 öt
N u m "b e r 5
v/ia appear on ffev« 1 st 1939» Wo want the Cooperation of all o± you
•»Ä aas you not to "be peevod if one of your lettürs has not beon
prlxitea or answorod yet • If it is possible for you to writo your
r^portf in Englieh or havo them translated please do so «You will
1)0 oaaiin^^ cur task quite a bit »Please sond all messaces to the
»OC2öQ"^iY0 niain Offices in each country.
united otates of Amerioa:
Manager of the Junior Leaguo of former A.V.D.:jqi,- tt.Ec'c>.
'41 W 89 th Street •iTo^7 York City . ( Don»t forgot to urito
the ono in tlif^ v^iym.i ^'^^^ • ) Call:SCh^ler 4-9^79
Main Qffi^- £or "g.r. ,.N «J.. Pctor C. Bvm^'dict^c/o JanYey.215,
Pi^ont stropt,.Iiempstead.Lon3 Island. IT. I. Call:
Mai:
HEmpstea.d 4-463.
>ain Office fpr all oth-r states: George Ecck.Pi Lambda Phi
Housö. 10 , Langdon. i-ladisoniV/is .
P.QPubliccL de Co lombia: Lilly El eior. Apart ado aoreo 596 .I.Ied^llin.
Ro'^ublica de Chile^^ Roberto tieskiä:'^3lI'^Avonida''ios Loones. Santiago •
Eh^landt Trude Frischnann c/o V/.E.Gill Esq. SydonhainhouGc.Ab-i-::forcl
near Loeds •Yorks«
Eranco:
All
S-""-
chlo;sinsor 2 7 rue du Jontror.ior.
Margit Morav/eta: c/o •
iTeuilly sur Seinoi
OTHEPu EUHOPEEIT COUFTRIES: Writo to John H, Beck directly I
Palostino: Kurt,&Fredl Eabinov/itz. EennainJ-n of -Tudelactr. 2:^. Je-
rusalOEi •
Chino: Eritz Ilubor. Pob' 748. Shan[aiai. . ^ .^^ ,^ , ,, ^. ^, , .^^
Australia: Hanni KornGr:c/o Mothet Patrick, ^t.Mary's Hall .Parkville
Melbourne. Victoria, /i/r^^- ^, ..... . . M^- i c:4.>
Mail jonr reports in U.S*_/;. by Oeti 25 th, in ,ooiithan:rica by ^Oe-o . 15tli,
ia 3uror)0 b- Owf 15 th.^ in all otker coi^.ntriv^c at oncoL
^ ^ Edition ITo .5^ v;ill appcar Di
Edition.
'ec. l| w ac Glil/istmas-TJe^v Y:v^.r
pt of
you for-
nust IrnoAT^
Ri i
T
I M P 0 R _
You know things are alv/ays beconi
do'^^m to tho question of nonney. B
As the syston v/e \7orked v;ith unti
many of you to docided to changc
afford it to suscribe for 7 editi
( sond it by monnoy ordor, laan^ac d
Ir: Postanweisung ) .Those who prüf
coupdnß por odition should keep
th: other who is not in a Position
bad about it and we \'i±ll oe only
y-^iOY^ ho will pay hx'=5 du^>« täiieit' n.o
IT T
1^1 0
Q' S
zI't; v-jry d.-;licato ,^7hor it como
ut this tiiae w::- havj to -be blu
1 now
it. '''^^
TFT .-■ P«
blunt •
not v^ry con-^ytniont for
'" all thosü who can
±ji • .,''j üöii all Tjiioüü w:io ean
ons at a pric^' pf Ir US, Dollar
o post j international, in^jornai
lOna-
sona
3 international roply
on doing so. If thori? is on:3 or
to pay w* ask him not to fo2il
to gl ad to send -hini v. cor/y as v;c
ooo-ii i\e ho is <'xblo to •
Fa^t:.€ i
A*V«D« Vows
5 / 1939 / i^;
Mini öratziagor« s ^^ ^ ^
wEo • xaaaoead the »»Y • laaln Office for the la«t firp month is öovIäL
now to tho VeiS't;<9m*^tato0* So wo rogret very ttucn tnat sao Is not^i;^]
ablo^any aoro to eoatinuo- thla woxte« Ve thoak her very auch-for hör
eorvloof ehe aade for the IrTtD« and wiah her a very lucky
future In the Weet^m States l
PL13AS1S DOBTO? POIG BT TO anttounce any
OlIAilGB OP YOVBJADRBSS IMMIDIATLY Ilf
BLOCK
L S I T B R S I
BfHt!ti8^l
M intemetloa
tor of our nembera ia enoloeod to oxd
~^ — T-got it All reoi
xo John Tm Beo£«
reply ooiKpon
only
l'Vli it
Tho ToliowinE «toeaee« arp still alae lag tKiirt leraes, JolfltJfdin- *
robf rlaas SuCak ,B7i flacher »folioe KrauSi Kurt Schviytsort^a Kiff •
IT Ol IC B I There arg no nore ooplos of our Ist and 2nd odi-Jjlon
available and we regrot to disappoint so aany requea^
^ :
BOITT JOEGBT TO V/RITB Y-GUH NAMB AHB
A B R B 8 S on all your lottors« Should an]r of those^ lottere,
S^osaed^ tojono of our officoa como oäck. so write dlroctlj to
nain of rlco New T o r fc • ( Potor 0 • Boafc'dlct )
?0 T^I C E, TO OTO IßlMSpS
^rom Biigland io only 1)& d /
^orolnn oountrius I So -äff i^
xou savo your noxmoy I i !
IßiyspS Ur B Va lab B i Poetaso to tho^TOA
ounoe and not 211 aa tho raro for othor .
on your V.B letters only the Inlandratol
Bo eure to write the nunb^ra ciio and eeven in* rieht woy«
Th.ia is onot !]?his is sovon : -w^
- - - ■ - ■- _ f
P H 0
6röotini(;8 to Hanjii
? R I 5) IT 1) (DO P R IS N D
o r n e r fLilly and Gerty B 1 o i o r
and ?rit3 Grijir-^ald fron Hann Prossburg.
u caii't ßot in 7oiir comitry bui; in iSurope
iw-^-T o' - — --- — witilr Margit K o
To Fötor A s c h n G r : Thsunfes for
1% you noed nnytirin 3 yoi ^ ,
lUjaae t\'t_±n vov.cii witlr Margit K o v (\ w ti t s •
Thanli you a^ain for ovorythiiig yonrrs
MO".^^
f • t *
4i<lWV) .
S.T A :i,P COLLEOTORS CDogot in.ufeouch
I ask all
V7itli no in ordür to - oxcüanGo stagpö* Thoso v/ho cirncvS 'colloct hiit
r.jciovü i^iariy s*canps will do rio^ a big favor ^ so-xU-^p thoii to -v-.
^ / 1939 / 4.
AtV.!). IT e v/s»
Pac^o 7
I'll bo happy to uake ^ood for tho postagc ratoö.
. • Kurt üodcJs ,^ ^
W.- r:ll
qui
Wo •
sei:
so
i-a
ca-j
• -'-
vTi-^jtit to See eacli othor asaiiii don't
; ;..\ v/hilo Lintill tlds will "b.3 possiblot
■Jally öliould do sonjt'iinäa'boui' it-« So g
^us snapshoots ( n::gativ^..s of siuo I8:x2
ox6, or 6x9 cn ) or yourself ^your hono
jovx nov/ surroMMdin'^s» And pleaso sex^"^
w.>
.V3 th'..r;n all IIov. 20 th • Gp ri
. i:i :/our n3:^^t letter to iis. Pleaso .-'d
.z very inportant. il^ you v/:?nu your :*L;,3ga
i'j in yoiir le-';tor? orlierv/ise thej? V7ill
we ? l^fcU it; will bo s-*-ill
In tlio moaiitine vy\} t.:.5,nli
leaeo all. all of you ,
H- Hin ( Löica) f3x4 ciif
s ,your workiiig idIo.OjS
then a0 ^aoon as possiblo...' 4
gilt to work aiid iicludo
0 n t f 0 r g 3 t I
tivos "bacl:, pleaso indi- '
bo kopt in th'j arc'Aiv«
!!!! 1 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!''!!!!!!! 1 ! 1 n !!!!!!!!!!!! l
Shouid anyono of you got out of contaot
v;it!i US ov3r a lonsor period and shculd ho not -
DJ abl.> to reach anyone of our -off ic -Sipleaso writo to
PETER C.ESITSDIGT. c/o Janvüy,2l3 Front str-ot
H,?nr.stjad. Lang Island .N.Y. U.S,A..-
PLSASE PUT THIS ADRSSS IN
IT 0 T E B 0 0 K R I G II T A W A Y I !
Ori_— ,-^,.-^.^^r.•-r-^r•^r•^r•'r-;^V'"'■■■^'■'^^"V••';'■S^■''"V"■''■"'r•^/■\^■'^■V•~^'■■^r —
- Y 0 U R
f f T
LETTERS PRO
0 U R AT E
R
0 II I IT A : Fritz Hubor.C Trai-slation Fri-tfe Gutneinn )
Hpnliow usod to be a part of the Ii-'-tornational Settl^nont of Shc::'\iai.
(Tapr\:\OGO occupie?. it ,a yvir.r an lialtf ago^and t:\o figlrjing d^d
loa\''o ovor nucii noro th:n rtiins •lTovmda5''s unusual tra2:.S]
n\
Mor'::s
plc:".ßa:Lt if.
, Ouat half an liour bofo??;. .you'liav; bojn sitting in
roon of a lu^rury linor.witli tho jjhoioo of 97 diff •.•e:;:'b
r an opulent dinnor.Eu-c in th»: niddlo of this d:.briö
onnittoo with tho collaboration of tho rofugeos has
CO "-12736 0 fov an op
th.^ locöl connittoo with tho collaboratio:-
r i'uri->^-)s r^)nodol thoir si
thü .:' :\no as anothor part
•US s provea t;o o:: vory succ:;ss5
-arc' of lionlr^-jv; as Littln Leopold
is robuilt ae Üttle (Pokyo. Tho
rof ugeo s
hoU- •
rcbuilding
"^ul.-Tho
stadt^ iMCt
Jowisfi.
*i';f :■ is concentrated upon throö ßt^'/^ts^ wJi^ro ybu don't Jieo a
:lo Chinese and fors^^t Sha:aßhai altogc^thart^^Dhöro arc all sorts
" lat
c»
!^r..at crowd of abl , and ^Sto^ peopl3, aadjsjoiao of th^a wero ablo
Pa^o 8
A«V«D» Nows«
5 / 1939 /
incroasiiig
..est living.
hear tiao
cnorneous
cplony
^'1iovj?isonnugl3c",'~or Visit''"' the"WeiS8e8"Rös8l!''lÄhorr*€£^ cnorneo
pcu^aaa of tno Worfgangeoe hidc-s tbe roall^stio backgrouiid oi
Daporod houses »Ihv^re are two Geroan nowspapers < one iß nvot ono^i)
aad oesidos tn© aaay stores you find aany m^ufactorios ,v/Moli TDre-
duoe 0oap,soda-wator,sajisa6ös ©tciThe f aot that no visa is rc- ^
qu:.rod for Shanghai aakoe tho colony Inoroase rcpidiy •Ulien I
carij ::oro a f ow öonth ago» thoro wöro not aoro thian 1700..rofus es
^d nohody^ boliovedpa tha allogpd oonötruction ojrsliolt^rs for,
i^.on» Nowadays thoir ntinoer is about 10 •000 and naJco a living »But
-f^iw??*.^ 52-^^^^®£??*tJ aa^glad to livj in tho Intfirnational
aettlercnt ibocauae thia is tho only possihility toySScoa- a rccl
».'.an^vii^an. But «oaetinos I want to dream of the parist I I oit dov.-n
tn thO-,Wois«os gcsBl . , Order a Wionor flchnitael vSxA AtÄOfr the
vl3T7 of the ^olf gangeeo
PALBSTINXi
o^vdly BXiy of you_ aad only a oaali peroentago of Jutl Sovwy havo
a anattoring^ of tho lifo in a KihhuztOJhis Institution v/hioh is
uniane in tSis yorld roquippß such a chango of your \fholo outlook
on rifc that only a very saall part suocoodS in going this road»
»orhapa tho onl7 one «which is not antirly ll9peIos8 for us
'om^ I kno\r pnly two iypes of aga ^who likc this^type Qf 3.ifo:Tbtoii
"omora
axuL thoso who zToa*tlio beginning woro oduc
typg Ol
ucatod
to tarJco
thie lif<?.thoIr idoai.All others j^jncjudfcg ae^ are ©xceptione. It
^ae.tf^ö advonfriro pfbulldins iip t^e tasks'.and strueslöS' in
addiJlon to the British colony office's contrary attilude towarde
tho Jowßj that filled no yith entueiasne. It ia ania^ine how firxa
\'r<) liVi^ fiero without gotting 6ny aoanoy , how hlghTfio culttiral
Standard is ( Radio trocords, ospooially liozaxt ana Beethovo^-,our
OTTi ox^hostra. big llbraryt theatori aovies and leoturos )hQS7
nico fhospitaDlo Snd holpful nost of the people aroi so cntinSLy
diff:>:?9at fron the " Kaffeehausjudo" bitterly hated*by tho noun-
taineors» The plaoe is situatod on a * hili X . onldst orango plantations
izing
►lerM
and fron tho t&p we con see the ooean« Buteven aore ana
th nultiplici*^ of work that is done heret kltch&ni cobbler's
carpontc^rs and locksnith^s Workshop • work on tractors, carst
wagons« atftbles ( 130 cows,7000 chicSon,*) daiiy itroe nursory^
is
tho 2?cot uostly italian. Thoy call ne'" "Klettorhans" and I foll llko
a Icinr: withont kingdon.
i^ut now I will ooll you the r;roat.>st ovont I
cvcr orporioncGd : the cstablislinoiit of a n.Jw kibbua I livod to
See a;fo\7 v/eel:s
piain a fov: thin
nroTTid fron the Al
to pr'ovont a caiicolatiGii by tlio f^ovornonente As it
tlirH" tho discovoring of such an enterprise would causj distur-
ba-^c3s by Arabs as well as En^lish. nilitary units , evci^ything
l^^ad to be dono over night» Three days in advanco wc-gct ord —
to finish 3 v/oodon housos i diningroon, ]:itc.uGn cind a liur^o
tQ'jor and. tho double wallnd,,ha*^riaadc«^ '^ig^ ^5-*^' S'^^^Si.^'^2
i^illed v/ith gravel • ^ ilOu.K^a iran ü tjü ^d aours v/ithout
was
cauS'
1^1-a1
ihelfe
watch-
inter-
i"
uptipn . ".^e fixed everything ^ so ^ that it could_ oasily , bp
aiid
kofs »half of them
whore • a:^.'*o cot all ^ _ _„ ^
joinüd US becatise It is consiaered a
such an occasion« In 5 hours we loade
"Rc
Ut
wor-
togother aftor tho -Transport t And ono aftö-rnoon we about
ir;-:7rci . iTnT f nf th^m, arned^with pistols„a;id guns drove to j^ex,
tiatcrials toßotner» Vol\ant.eers fron evorywhore
tuoia
roat honor to help at
50 trucks with cur things
.S39 / 4
AflV^Do l\fows'
Paf^e 9
■o
1^ «Mi I»« «ilii
■■■nw^n JKTi iii^aiai'.i
'Ott !'<>•,' "J.
.111 c^rj
d7/nanos, electric -anits
grcLVol, bai-'böd wiro aiid so on
^i^^^xorv. «,lioid3 3:ad desor
-j-v
0 .L <j
So Although we dj7ovo vory .siowly ono truci:
r:.vpc. ,-üne baralcades an
uii^'Mied-o A lot of Arabs stood
;no croat nunbor of arns
?S2^ ^^ ? lipurs tcrii^^^-iMTn our way a(Tain and whon we
•'-^'^■"" '^ ^^-e triple barbed wire fence v/ei^e already
around aivd ßold- nelons .aiid
c;ra-
o V-,
raous
^ro finished
4-1
SO
9 i-no uov/or
en3d -üo inpross then o At 12 ^oon tlie
eloctric plant and tlio soarch
vms a solonii
aiad tiie • Gi^avol filled in tho wall . It
nonoir^;^ whon tho blue and v/hite colorsd flag v/as hoisted '^i^p thc; '"tov/or
oon after tliat wo v/on
oaok lione .» tired b"wit gl ad whon vm
-p.^^tr v.^-,nv.r. ^mj^^, j^^yj Jowish settlcnont
way since 1936. But -" -"
f/ tiSS^-^^^M^f ?^'^ "^"-'^i- v^'orl: of a few hour.s
/ "l^erba- ,t>io ^:-9 "cli place founded in thia .vv^j o^-x^^- ^>^-. ^ccw ....,.; ..^
F on :i„L"oi' -Gh.- prohibition-laid down in tb.o V^'hito "Sock., tho first an
ßvrer -co u-ie colony Office^« iiinigratiota rostrictionoo- .„
tna 1
j.^-Su
(
<t
'■«i*»-
'■■;^^^..t -!::•.
ßWICJ^EIlLANDj V7ilhv>ln Krunholis« Eanol ( .CDransl-tion by Hans Alkaley )
Mrry b.: öon: of . ycü have wondored v;hy I did not report . conoth-lng
t to givo you
Do?5.r Donaulandfriends,
.ürry b.: öon: of , ycü have wondored v;hy I did not report
about ho .Bli'I; thorc wer., sono rcasonn f or that aJid lö wojn
r27-iVYort how« .
h
Ox tho DUCG
On rxy v/ay back I had th . pleaciirc to sce tho rcc optici
emd Ghanberlain in I.-\inich - and th.,n .1 was in Vioima .-. .
to :^:ot-i'i':n by oiiy evoiit^ a:id would ra"Ghor try. anythinG ho ßaid?'' V/ell
if -'ou havo enou^^h coiiraQ;e • and don^t ni::d t^i^cing a lot of chancos,
rc ahead aiid ^\i^'g t?jrv. tlio train 170 Basel ", ■-
h'X. hc told ne. vWhat ho war- thinking about „--It sonnded a littlo
tl"*; i::iorodlblo but I had nade v.-ü riiy nind to.-.taj'o" oxly chances -
I w:.-nt by a worknan';^ train ,.. at- 3-:^i^0. a>in*.. to Easol tc a-
^BadiGchor Bahnhof '■■ . This ßtc^:i;ion as::w^Xl',-5^jG:" fhe -i*ail^ ar^
t:-o
i:-"r-/ tack I hcard theo y8llingt-'^Stop-\;}--f..ai:u::gS^i7--:i;-^%..-"-Hcld hin''
hu": th )ro I wfes o?i the othor ;:iide of •■thv^.-.fe^'^iO ^v L ,?a!v^S! ,3:"u.nnins and
It was pitchdark .nobody was to bo scj^n*.. I crossod
•^-^1 -^ b-rid(::3 acrot^r; the Ehein^Hct d iiioldier on duty and- saw tank t£?aps
Pn(::^ 10
A#YtD« ITovo
5 / 1939 /
üV up on tlio L^ad of tho teidßO • Baacl i;:; nor.,r tho Csi^maa bordor
no. v^, iit. i-iational Situation v;a« clang'-^rouo •
. All of a fiuddon Z tiaara the hoavy stepo of a S«A«nai:f
jurajd arouad^ «aad braethi^'d oaalor aßaiiJ it uao t flt7l« policcnn::
anc Ib \/'.ö not a dMc*m» I v;a8 In B\9it2orl&nd,
a
•ciffio I JM tp lA ospollcd ;7lt2iin a toM hoiirs but fortuuatly^l ooul
'^fS^'^ P^^ ^^L^'^'., ?^^^ a dofamatlon^^or in;>- nasl-la:?dlÄd7 • So I gib
etill '2.jt:^ - thäiik öod oi» uafortunatly ?
... .^ ijLött fursoon ix. a cair^. for rofuRooe and I Imv
oass:, o;* aöoiit 400j:>aTleätß# I an vc»» ouajr aa r r,n alao.ln c
Unscxwuriisöicurao for URflörg^^and padiouq^ü cuid I Jaavo a lot p
tLo_i:i u^ii Auötrlan Oolf-Alä OoBaittae* All this' Svvlps no a.lot boo nco
:ud tlmo to atort thi^ui^ about ii^y'Svlf* But ^7till
I dO'J^ fjJutt timo to ötort t
1 ^avo an attaclr/of homoaicfinpaa— T am lcnraSß*f or'^tho'iüß?. Äld
Dovauli'udtina • • • • • Unf cp v^inatly thcro oro. nö
__ ., ___ ;c:;r;
Isitdd by Ha;ia Book
^h- n
et
for Sic to flialco
170. 9ad;> .a
Sori
?aors" . lfi:£u? thc* bordotf *t5orö^l«„a.
Ba:3v< ;-iov.e^ Tpsrxtorgr wnion r.fmiad8 ao «ulrays of tS > 7lgnor^^^d*^Eut
you liÄyo to «1.0.7 all thc »raya Ifryou ^vantTt» ^adcö aa o:^eur8io;i *n:cc
ae Btsol is alt^oatod at a point irti Ts; t?ho bordar lir.cs of^ ootinw os
pO!
n?iOv«
tha O^^^'u.n öiao^ _^, . ._
otbov aide pf tlkr^Hhlni» bott<
WvT^iriG 2?i3?t:3 of Gorkan vniiioxm
on'i - iSu^ Gvjrn >u>imi^ y^u egnjtind,
•blio a?ound that asaln^caw'PXKJ-api
Vho BxrlBB peoplo
r t^oy t?o ÄOt Qllo;7od^to trap a vhol
ro
na^Q^r^an o^ioa
«plaa ÄftTö ooöci
0 n^vc^r ilk:d !?i
oa and^oonotlnoa
I
Msonod •
nazo
o** '^nd lC2io*7 cfto::» tho
or riflo praotlalng. Ol
aaount of_ drilla t^th bh>>
ov ryo
t!ioa l^a to praotiso a ooit^taln.
0 aad aa ov>rybogy hio h^a 0)m rlflo
ovgry
ä hsäid«
lan find
IJ^Ä^jS a r.ff
-. . aad toll ;ir aadü ovoröoat nako
no o'.-Otptaona« «
I oould toll you quito a f t) .t,^ tjiinsa but I an afi*aid
n too long* SoQd o*;iior tino # Vitn a oonally
" Girtlaal ^
ay *-;jpori; fs^ti
IIBSHUSÄLANDSt iarjaa.< lüaußi ) Bimbaua^Don HaaG« ^ a?rrLnalat»xl by
Hoiis Allcatay ) *^
poar Donauländlor, As thor^ ie nobody of us in Holland it in rxr taak to
to toll you 51 ^ ^ — " " - - _ -^
Ar/' rao rouix is oxuy nin^ De „ , „ ,__, „_ _ ,^
r.^nv eituatlo:itC'3pocially^as that SLoatM to göt accugtanod to onigratio
c«d l5.fo in forölg?^ oountry.,
^ Pim I livk ,._ _^ „ _
( toa^thu:;? wlth a^ paronts ) and wua deine ?ll the
twD roiailloö BlrpJbaurat And of ooviTBg t 1 njv>i* had
aquoint.^l vrlth tnj cußtoU;3 and pooplo ai I hardly '
'3 nontha with rcr imcio i:: SchovoiinGon
deine ?11 the housöworl: for "ijJio
loft tho honj
t
;ut.
ui^ing
Lquoi^it.^l
Only si:ic;.; wo hav .^ our omi lodging I got in touch v/i':!!
■'jic -'-rid ontsidü of my hon-^ and I KS"!;r;.rtod to loarn vl\o liinf^iar^;^ -
."•:id -'jiiat is nou orxfyj at cdl , L)OcauS'''rtliough it sona--ti:i3S ßou:id3
/^ia'J,':'-? -jo Goi^nari there 1:3 a lot of a di?f.;renco botweou tho tv;o
ianruar^G« ^he raason ,wliy I could noo rv-t usod to tlij pooplo » ivhy I
f; / 1?39 / l^.
Ai'V.D.Hows
tC w« {a *v >«• J> 9
£?^"J m aucthor' countrf ? I havo to livo in i;h.ö üriiG3?ation for
tiio tiaö böiuc^ md I hSTsTo to bear honosicknoss but I ^on^t v/cuat
to [::«,vo iir Aur^tria niiu I nover v/ill •
^, A:id. bosidos t;:-ro..is t'-o. loni;;ini; for noxmtains v^icli
I na^:ni^?lly cor: not finc'. m tno "i:vjth.r"laiidfl»rou can noo r-.a-üin^ v
no-I; "occciuso I don't toov; it , but boctiusö 1 hSva to hare a dlploaa
v/aaw
CXI
u
0
>'.^f.i iT
aininj at.But If I chall teil fou ^ho
to hr.r^-pen that cna:.;v'7-^o
all of 7üu
i;
yW-
tV,.j
? H iL IT 0 lü
na2?r7 ^/oias ( trc:islation Fritz Gutnann )
,--J9. öop? 39 th,l55? I. cü:i In Pcu-iJ^.lTo'i
31^00 J3opl ^- , - — ^__
;i vioiia^a |btrb they pinc!iod 220 in Prague ,v;:riich v/ac not half aß fti2ija;>^
It looVs • I should lilCc? to conparo n- -«—•----••«- — — ?-»-^- 4.1.^^.
t tliat I havrj hcen in prioon
,v;?riich v/ac not half aß ruii^;'
inprcssions v/ith thoö^j
Ki tlio »noa-
wort
bo-
nlk
v; t(
:ri:i^^
IJJl.
Vory cordiallT yours
^-^t'Zr?
Pa^o 12
A.V.D. ITöWß
5 / 1939 / 4J
150 S^itzorlond. vr^j word pinched by the Sv/iss frontior guards
Btanpad the v/ora RSJECIBBÜ i our paosportfe ••• (Dlie German sec
poliic- cano and throatonol i\a witli a concentration oari^^ .This vory
y wiio
secrot
in
'^x^.r^ sid=^
.S taac
h'^-^li-
n a losQon
11 find no^on JIio ,
id tho porter," er.äi
throu:
clo
not
thj AI
_ . .n nail »»-»^^o n- uxu. ^yu «.w^v^ui^ü d pwiiu^ xi-y^i u-i;;ii« ^Uü J-ir _
Y/as not possible for her to obtain a pernit to stay in Sv/it2:.rlana aiid
Bh' ^yo^ '^'y.&s in (Janker of bigins s?^t back.to Cror^jaiiy- ,so v;.:; nad j up
vioro
Bh' jyen was in dancer of beins s?at back.to Gor^jany- »so v;.:; n,
QUi' sii-Ads to SO to France, wo coald not fetay in Paris-, w^ ovo:. ,
•ColcL t i3ro to leave Pranc3,but wo could straighaen out -this nattor in
Q. cn.all to\7^:i in the country x h^i
äiid 60 to taice ny final
ovon narriaso- licences
npw. But wo are not ='''''
allo
n
lany gree
Viij United States in Septecibsr or Octob vr"»
^reetintja to you all
_ mcirriöd
ar visas for
Fi
t \/w^,
A
Mapgit Mprawetz ( ITouilly s / Seine) ( Translation I'ritz Gutnuan j
I *iößitato to v/rite you a lotter, lest you bocono jealous. Do you Iriö;
Jhorg I an ? In Chazaonix, right under.thö Mont Elanc . It is wouder--
lUl n:^re,ana I have not eoor. a nountam for noarly 2 years • Ch£iÄonix
dcty
vo havo i" v.5ry qu
ly foreignersj no
KOUiitains or in t
r croßsod a glacior yo-j.btii
not nicci of mo to do^^cj-^itbo
mucli apre • if w^ were all
Vnon , ^^* '^^\^\ raaiiy v/ould ennoy tliom mucli aore , if w^ wero all
•^Oi^j-^aor. Eut I hopv? , timt wa shall clmb mountains again , all of us
i;; do:;s not matte-:* v/hor^,ii ';li3y aro nountams o:aly#
Oordially
1939 / 4.
■•■•■fa«! r-M'^ -^*-'
AtV.D* Sdi7s
Pagv? 13.
»■ '■>!
■•^-•iWakaAi
«i^M
rU'3i30
1
?oopl';:.^wnic]i whon we had had so much joyful and nico hours* It
gg about« You m:
IS nowspapör witli all
Y fc- Sit f^v?i"SiV<^^^fathorland and I^o».tt thaiilc you onoueli cordic.
ooplo. '^ ^ "^ ' ^'^'^ proparing for m and most of jlio othoi*
poop
no-oi'ljaiji
• ^^^""Z^^^Z ""^ **^ Si^^ Oto. K^st i;o do so aEd i^woiild iho
i!^i^J2^'}J^^t-'J^^^^^^^^ "t^öyo is^ a so ^vciti^g diff rronco.ffa hiid not
v?ii ??:^ ???^^-^?:^ ^'^^W Oliv r mountain. His tight is about 200ia ;
^ou o^....i ri,ii_ hor:> a ^oupl-: of Mgh ways and ono n:;norial of war »
ds^lnstpaa, of usualy aapsr You can p:.;1;
ipu a:^3o
will
noarly
s£--' -DiLCCirrL.' car
:i:id v^■
oorroctly ,jliat u;s soj Th.> 3ack has chtoigod ?toylf in a
^^ r 3hor^:3 in greo' flannels.thö boots in.snndalös#. .♦• AndÄißo
ChAns d :^liQ ropo ( S.il ) »ftli^ hooks , vdjh th^a wa tri od <io ^h-^oti
up oui- «lias^rln» .Thero is now only & small oai-'ayiot < Kindoi^v^ßen )
for :)ur child in which on 3 H^ins .. iö loolrii-^g, formisd with ®?<^at ojtoito-
monX anci cturaosity «First wo pass^^d th. b^öoh • Sfüro was plan'*;^ Of
d:
ry p*^ö"*
soon# 'f/o^pu!; in
Cr o sK I 1 spe yo^ij o^^- '
w:;Il .you liav7 ^öad
ylf in a bagfi;!!- l:a-
SS««««« And aXßp. h^jus
cpsvUSifXiriX:/'
el uro OS , trü^i.o v/liicli nöbodj will cut ,iiigli ^Tacö
hj.vu 'jo cut it«Fui'*th3rn'.>r3 a wjt Sund aa llk'V ou'?
froni 3ho old Vienna-wood. Af *;or all.wliat fin"; sa-^jll , v/hat oliaaw.u lAf
v/ards ^o wjro sitting on this f ine •nyadov; and ö2^.ooyod tli.- '^rcoallxit
viow« H -inai v;aj5 ...ntnusiastic about sooing i^''l.> ::'ailv7ay53i:;atiött fOia
ho yias v ry rauch :.:\t -iv^rj -.:-d in t]^o lncrodio3,a oirj ti'aTriCt Oi'-^h:
sui'iini'j th:»re wew a i'trong \73.nd, lots of D,;opl(?|0arßf a marfollpUö
viov; T-.l ospocially a "renconbre" vrith a cnapming i^ounp; dog^,v/llü dld
not i3 3Bn to lilco oliildrtni. Wc d:)GC-ndod to th;^ ö9h93? sidü (
"C^3?-
, ^_ _.. . _ _- .„ -_ . _ Ott
v^5-?ry sorry to say that I don*t knov; th- compa^'^3 diroctions )• OhO
V7ay v;aj3 v.;ry nicö« and - -^ « -
on v/hiO'.i ho^'ds of co^vs
onpty of pc'oplo. H-3 ^-lÄQod • by . '. pastu'-^oß
,of ßh-aops and af horsos grazed« It was p:'ac.;
inai
t-x.^jr^ü
ful
w:-v-^
tod ap diötxiiÄUiöll
canie to -a r>ta f ar-
a fcate I •BU'i: tno
Wö C
norhousj whoro was a-vrooden " Gatter " inr^toad of a gcite l »DiVC 'wAo
way did not load throu^^h tli. farm of course! i'hat v/ould b.^ i-raposölolo
i:-:-. England« Th^m we r:ach3d a Valley thjr • ia a -lico v/at ;.'pÄ??l: tKo
foiioo or hodg3 _ai*rQund. it. The "nountain" moadows pass diroctly ovvir
to soj t'-ioro "^ marvollou
0 in a incrjdible varietyj biit wo
In onü? liiio and v • ry serious thj
ev^ry noise^^iinsi
They. stars^; into tlio lok^
fortu-
and
y ^M^o
1:? it Starts raining övoryl^ödy füiöos*" in tho" ähsStors o:ce';:ptod thon;
• vpy tako tho umbrella and koop sitting. A« a ;^ . . .
eatio52 there wer
ov<^' -t of tho day
of Stainn-^lk.'n»
youns
remain
^- ^ special son-
S7;ans en-;. a blossouing cactus.ßu'a thj chicf
a small wo od, a noadov/, u. siopo and a-^i-^'^^-"^^^!
YoUj
r6.
T'-^udo Frisclimann •: Aborford noar L.jods
My-groatost ocouranc.;i of
I
oL
• ( Translatio;ä jC:*l\[dni -Stoisöiä:!.:
thia montli was Scojr'boz^ougl-.iTot
Paßo 14
A.VoD« Fews
5 / 1939 / iS
»■ I ■1^' ^Tf"
only that it ia one of
ful woathor aM I was
'<> «^9
Än^
places jtlio
jtliat v/'3 had a wondor«
I could S'DOi".'.d
_ Uayo nover sesa in my lif^*» guoIi a wor}d.3rful place t I nean Jiia-j üzmc;
«f lUlC
9>ho cont
»pond my
lono Sk'dijsch, Pyrf ord- Surray C Translation Jolin H. BccI: )
"».r
o
Häusol,-ny schoolfallow fro:.i Piagai cane with m-^a^^ether Eer-'^- is Icyl:
n^av no jx\St no'v: r.nd ßnoros . Bo w!i of i:s Lav-^ äff iaavits and vr^ c'.r:;c
only w:?j."i;i'jLg fo:? OLir ci,;.ota/:unbcr:3 and tlic:n v73 ^.vent to joiii cur gymiaGtic
.;4 o\'-'r
*^-^ r'-;*f^*>
u
u
r:I
E 1) S
"2
ii.
0} E
j
S
f c 'j? a f c!\7 nonth«
0
-■n
M
2 I C A
V
C-.
/
ii'-i^
'i "!
•f».
F:-.rr;t; of, all I 03Cfcond src;.5l;in;::J -^^o rM.i nr rj-^r-'ncir? :L*i u..
v^j.iui nica paople and an fejling i;h':'.i; I rcaj.ly rv;;; doin-:: 30..
Lons Islaacl is,allr:ls^it bu- I do2i!-L*
-It
Ij»
'vV
Lonrs Islaaa is^allris^ri; buu I donft tMnl: ;vi:ia;:, 2 ro^-v^ ;0^'o.^.ru;v y-ju
wilX JStiill find mo ':i;iiera. liy idoa 2.n gomc i^or-G-Hireso -jo tva3nin-;-jo.i
rl.
Jrod Giitnann» Mansfiold^Oliio
ßince half a-ycar * I an living in a enfill Mi
Olilo, a::xL Äoro is'no-j veJ?y miic'i to t 11 aliiovit:«
lAbiiaivr^s , spl:lt v.-p in 23 diffopent religiou
6 bxg
and
gURS
n •"*'■■>
. / .0 \J \ ^ ■-
'~OV;n^
■r».-
• v^ ^ >^^ y
Gura
y«
/ 19B9 / ^■.
A^V*Ü. 1T.TO
Pag. 15.
"■***"*■"—' "■ ■»iifc.'v...M>.x .
* -«e.;r^-AuB«%.4
Yoryv cordiaily' ypurs""" "^' 'A.<y^
( Fred tliat's thoj call me herc )
Hc-nc Book« ITov; York City.
■,,' V.: o
w.r.U.j.J -j„c,,;>*^ o..'.. —wc?! ■-'.■. 1..;. 1
.•'O •::•:. 17.-) ;->:..-' •' r. .ryr^CL
•. 1 •-. r - V, ;*,• '■ i *!• •- 'f •. ■•• r'f " f" ^. '*\ *^ % • " -t ■•
Iian.\j iirviucd Kado aD.d u.- to li::;:ciii Wa nr>:^n-b ■t;lior:5 a v^;ry nicj dciy,^
Hr.:mo did no'v chc.:-:^'; • She 1;:^ lik^v sh^ warj and n iSpOoO'iv/oiiirin 3ho ;7aß
poforo too.,.,» 'Tlij not!*b r-i?iarl:abl d 1% lie2? flat 10 a etovci I
came in oui> counory
!^ago 16
AfVoD» News
5 / 1939/
DrtLco V/inter. ITow York
DfK.v "Doiiaul ana,G ].eiitG I "
:is not nocc
C o:o John, as thoy call
^"v :is not r.jOOB3o:^yj uc b't"re:oS pariii ciliar^ , tliat tlie chaiige of air
£^akes mo very lia.-;3-c/« Not/ jüu ^11 knov; my iiow • aßross and I nope to ■
iSot a lot of lei;t)ors «
thor vory soo'.i»
L xrL^h you c'ul good liicl: aiid that we will bo all togo- '
/
1939 / 4*
A.V.D. ifows.
Pa^e 17
^^^^r^-lc'^i y^^ ^ y^ö aßtoni3h3d nysolf that it worked n::d I could
4,^r::::v:.,-J-.-i- 4.^sc;>:;rdaa I^could ?io1; pjot a dofinitivo Cpiumoian visti , cd-
cf t-iüso days' ,__rishi7"'on tho Aoquator. A thrilling idoa," isn't it ?
, '-1- aa;i7prlLin£^ as taylor nov/, ri^hi; horo iii Bof-otcü.
^i an my oto Ijosa.aiid busiriöpa irj -.r.j:i;-';y good., .^o , ny äjar f.i^ijnds,
1 concj.uav} 117 lottor by v/ishing ;t.ou lol-s oi iuck J •
Zart Wodak, Boj^^ota, • ^'^ i
A f 3'7 wordlrs about Coloi^ibia'. ■ ^
Polüsibiiities in r^on/ral aro quitj good» I knov;
::u\d ex^)erio.tic>/d_, üpecialiots»
Crirl?L3 7/ill find a j^roat fiold for fas-uions a::^ vjho
vorv chiok and sp::^nd big anounts for thir. pur-
'1 i ■
. . "'• .?
:u;:.aÄi;-. a-^:.:
l!} •'-.' i-T» <J 4
T::i..: C'/lonbia;v.c a;^; iiostl/ y:.':r'j fi'i'iandly to ^AS fo- '
; »s
^>iv'; of Iftie dasein-;; oi uii
J- -■. .1. u. V ...!.(„<. O-- v
iv^-::.i[^;ra::i.";;Ä -vad tn^ iraport^d nob^'oo 32,avo^' ^)nG^;:^:?d a poonla-^ioii o^;*
i\::ov:c V?:'^ :::;':. :cdd broed£^ a-:.d abo-u"; ,41 % 'wlil'^a^^c
'.Tiio oa-)itcU- Kor-:--:-a C a^i-itudo :::bOO:!i ) il<^ aui-JO a big
i;- -v.- ■ v:rrrh ^, v^or^ul aTJio:^ of l^OOcOOO . Bis ^^odoru br^i.;.:! •:!,;: and bu-
^•■■' ■V'.or^- r;U^-'lui-ir;-;^ -Jop^jth.::- v/itl:. old 2 s'cq::;/ LouilJOG »„,fu.o.:. iio^se ,
••■■■■■■■■ ■•-^"^ c n:;:.: nav-Jy co.a-br-3-i;.-3 . ?itorOi-?ct'-^:' paros. nai-ve^lou^] oo-^'^agos
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TliJa-bG- rind coi^c-rt; lifo i^C'o s\..:l.ll pj:'aa'j7 prixiij;iv ,
••:■■^- v.o-^-la-o profcra tho moviecs na:-.ni,.v- a:a:K':dooti pi.'ruur'^n t a lqv •
o:ao ciinat is to;^:/-" an::\;nble ,au ?TQ::laE^ uiiir^ spr^.^r?, ,
";-^:-'-cr-a-j,v ^;:;ftrjp^r;?ad by tbo vain":pc;-^iGd.:;:a.) ^;;o;\n:^7;cv p:.;?o:2SS aino^t
/. .•";^>- -/^^Tn^ -T'^.'-: her SC'*"' cc-t^rlns rieb sou3-ce;^ of odl ^o:ce and pla^amun
■'■•;, c-ry.:) ts^.o ooiLiJ-trY 1^^ rlcb. iuid li^.^a si^aa-vioii af^5 i-'piai^^^:) vo '^hc Uo^oA«
V4.„ acL.-
.nt;ry :l
'lo j.in'oortanco a!..d h;i\
Vosno 18
A.V.D. ]T::-.;fcj
5 / 1939 / 4.
*■** ■atwtfc.—i»«
I lifclJilWM
tncu* pomapri vri.ll bc^tt'or ' roiiina you of nie is going to follov/.
oii&d-.''j^i usuall7"";!7ear nothins . Whon thoy r;;ach that a^o tl'.oy got a
JTo::: iiMi to find a poüition, but not 30 for woinen« Only v^ry :i^^w öro" '
:f;?söio:is are available^To:? vforvin a:id for off J.co \7ork pßcplo ratlii^r
nativo 3 "0 e c aus 0 t ■. :•. :?:
xUl fiy lüvo a:id gooJl" luol^ I
louris
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5 / 1939 / 4
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Pa;'9 20
5 / 1939 /
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» 0 JI ♦ * f © S d B t i '
TOUR ITBW ADRBS.S IS B2SPECTBD TO
B B A N H 0 ü N C B D US
AT 0 IT 0 B I l'
OR BY^a?YP2J-
vT n. I 0» B 1 ir
BLOOKLBTCBßS
W R I T E H
I
Tha Alpino Club
DONAULAND
v;as foundod in 1921 • The idea was to fi{^-t for J;he oqua?.it7 of
cXl p^joplo V7lio goas 6rito th:- nountains . to saparatj policies
dissolved it at once aftoj? ta^ Anschluss,-
- -Jo havo not aclaioledgjd this diesolution»
WBGO 0!T FIGKTIITG POR TH3 LIBERTY
OUR MOUITTAIITS \ POR RESTORATIOIT
0 P .0 U R C L U B l'
0 ?
lilj^ccry
But you, you-havö to ^oin this fißl-t. Do it by, colla- '
.t this papor I Sond your roport for the noxt orix-:ipns -I
boration at this päpbr l Sond yoür rop.^. — -p..,^4- i
You fas-aon hy doing so t'ia conxiöCtion, you h^lp so in our rj.g:ii; i
ä
AJ^
\
Under thc auspiccs of
THE WORLD JEWISH CONGRESS
AND
THE WOMENS APPEAL COMMITTEE
FOR JEWISH WOMEN & CHILDREN
qA Concert
YEHUDI MENUHIN'S
TRIBUTE
to the Memory of jevvish Martyrs of
NAZI OPPRESSION
ROYAL ALBERT HALL
(Manaiicr : C. S, Taylor)
Wednesday, July llth
at 7 p.
m.
President - - - Mrs. Rebecca D. Sieff
Vice-Presidcnts - The Marchioness of Reading
S. Gestetner, Esq., Alcc Nathan, Esq., A, Wix, Esq.
Joint Chairmen Miss Ciarica Davidson, Mrs. R. Shaerf
Joint Treasurers
Mrs. Neville Blond, Mr. Ben Rubenstein
Joint Secretaries
Mr. Camille Honig, Mr. Maurice Mitzman
MESSAGE FROM YEHUDI MENUHIN
The jyroceeds of this Concert will be dcvoted to the
foUowing purposes of the Congress Hotise Trust
Fund and the Womem' Appeal Committee for
Jenish Wo/nen and Children: —
SEARCH DEPARTMENT
for tracing Jcvvish survivors of the Nazi
Tyranny and putting thcni in touch with
anxioLiscnquiring relati\'es all over the world.
CULTURAL
RECONSTRUCTION WORK
by assisting in the rebiiilding of Jewish
commimities.
HELP in the replacement
of destroyed Jewish Libraries in EiirojX'.
HELP in the rehabilitation
and settlement in Palestine of the SLir\ i\in"
women and children victims of Nazi terror.
To The Joint Chairmen,
Yehudi Menuhin Concert, 4, Bloomsbury Place, W.C.1
Please reserve as foUows :—
Loggia Boxes
Grand Tier Boxes
Grand Tier Seats
Loggia Seats
Stalls
Arena
Second Tier Seats
Balcony
i
Gallery
By arrangement
£5.5.0
£3.3.0
£2.2.0
£1.1.0)
10.6)
£1.1.0
'■'].
5.0)
2.0
FRANZ KOBLER
JUDISCHE
CESCHKHTE
IN BRIEFEN
AUS OST UND WEST
DAS ZEITALTER DER
EMANZIPATION
Die vom Verfasser an der Gesdildite der deutsdien Juden mit
Erfolg erprobte Darstellungsart wird in diesem neuen, wesentlich
umfangreidieren Band auf die allgemeine jüdisdie Gesdiidite der
neueren Zeit angewendet. Der richtig gewählte, planvoll neben den
anderen gereihte und erläuterte Brief bildet nunmehr das Mittel, um
die inneren Zusammenhänge und Wandlungen des gesamtjüdischen
Geschichtsschicksals zu veranschaulichen. Durch kunstvolle Ver-
knüpfung hunderter, aus zahllosen Sammlungen, Monographien und
Zeitschriften zusammengetragener, aber auch vieler erstmalig ver-
öffentlichter Briefe wird ein einzigartiger Spiegel geschaffen, in dem
das tausendfältige, auf einem großen Teil der Erde zu gleicher Zeit
sich abspielende Geschehen in plastischer Klarheit sichtbar wird.
Deutsdie und aus vielen Sprachen, insbesondere auch aus dem
Hebräischen und Jiddischen, ins Deutsdie übertragene Briefe sind
hier zum erstenmal dem Leser zugänglich gemacht und vermitteln
durch synoptisdie Zusammenfassung und einen anschaulich gestal-
teten Text ein unvergleichlich lebendiges Bild der äußeren und
inneren Geschehnisse.
Der Band umfaßt Briefe aus dem Zeitalter der Emanzipation, von
den in das letzte Jahrzehnt des i8. Jahrhunderts fallenden Anfängen
bis gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts. Der Gestaltwandel der jüdi-
schen Welt innerhalb dieser hundert Jahre umfassenden Periode
wird in seinem inneren Werden siditbar. Die religiösen Kämpfe
der Reformer mit den Trägern der Überlieferung, die Vermählung
des Judentums mit den Kulturen der europäischen Völker, das Er-
starken des Volksbewußtseins und das Wiederaufleben der hebräi-
schen Spradie, die Neusdiöpfung des jiddischen Schrifttums, der
ganze, über die gesamte Diaspora sich erstreckende Prozeß der Assimi-
lation und ihrer Gegenbewegung — diese rätselhafte Polarität des
von tausend Gefahren umtosten, unzerstörbaren jüdischen Daseins
offenbart sich in einer Fülle erschütternder Bekenntnisse, die in ge-
heimnisvoller "Weise zu einer unlösbaren Einheit verschmelzen.
Ein festgefügter, klar gegliederter Rahmen läßt trotz der Fülle des
Stoffes die einzelnen Gestalten und Begebenheiten deutlich hervor-
treten. Den Weg der rechtlichen Neuordnung beleuchtet eine Brief-
reihe, die von den denkwürdigen Adressen George Washingtons an
die jüdischen Gemeinden Nordamerikas bis zur diplomatischen Kor-
respondenz in Sachen der rumänisdien Juden reicht. Im jüdisdien
Bezirk steht der einsame Erneuerer der hebräisdien Dichtkunst und
glühende Bekenner des jüdischen Offenbarungsglaubens, Samuel David
Laizzatto, den anpassungsfreudigen deutschen Reformern gegenüber,
die Vertreter der östlichen Aufklärung, der Haskala, allen voran der
„galizisdie Sokrates" Nadiman Krochmal und der geniale Historiker
S. L. Rapoport, werden durch einzigartige persönliche und gelehrte
Briefe charakterisiert. In biblischem Stil verfaßte Briefe gläubiger
Rabbinen reihen sich der Korrespondenz der neuhebräisclien Dichter
M. J. Lebenssohn und J. L. Gordon an, während zugleich die Ent-
faltung der jiddischen Literatur in Briefen ihrer Ahnen Salomon
Ettinger und Mendele Modier Sforim sichtbar wird.
Parallel damit verfolgt das Buch die Vorgänge im Westen und
im Orient. Die abenteuerlidie Gründung der Judenstadt Ararat, die
Damaskus-Affäre und die großen, durch die orientalische Frage aus-
gelösten Ereignisse erstehen in fesselnden Briefen, die ersten Reise-
briefe aus dem ncueaitdeckten Palästina entrollen ein farbiges Bild des
langsam erwachenden Landes. Der Patriarch der Epoche, Moses
Montefiore, und Adolph Cremieux, der Anwalt der Judenheit, er-
sdieinen in plastischen Briefgemälden neben dem Lenker des briti-
schen Reiches, Benjamin Disraeli, der Nestor der Wissenschaft des
Judentums, Leopold Zunz, neben deren jungem Vorkämpfer David
Kaufmann. Dichter und Denker, Gelehrte und Künstler sind durch
ausgewählte Briefe vertreten: Dostojewski schreibt an den „jüdi-
schen Raskolnikoff" Abraham Kowner, Ridiard Wagner an Josef
Rubinstein, Ibsen an Georg Brandes. Briefe der Tragödin Rachel
und bahnbrechender jüdisdier Bildner und Musiker, wie Pissarro,
Israels, Antokolski, Meyerbeer und Goldmark, schließen sich an.
Daneben wechseln die Briefe von George Eliot, der Dichterin des
prophetischen „Daniel Deronda", mit jenen des Wiedererweckers der
hebräischen Literatur, Perez Smolenskin, aib.
So führt das Buch, dessen Reichtum durch die angeführten Bei-
spiele nur angedeutet werden konnte, bis zur Dämmerung der Ge-
schichtswende, die sich in den ersten Erscheinungen der jüdischen
Renaissance, aber auch in den aufwühlenden Katastrophen der ersten
achtziger Jahre ankündigt.
Diese mit keiner anderen Darstellungsweisc vergleichbare Geschichte
in Briefen ist nicht nur ein erregendes, erschütterndes Gemälde der
Vergangenheit, nicht nur ein Schlüssel zum Verständnis der stürmi-
schen Gegenwart. Die darin das Wort ergreifenden Gestalten werden
vielmehr durch die Unmittelbarkeit des Ausdrudts, mit der sie den
heute Lebenden gegenübertreten, selber zu mithandelnden Personen
und Mitkämpfern in dem großen Gesdiiditsdrama, das sich in dem
jetzigen Augenblick der jüdisdien Gesdiichte abspielt.
Umfang 512 Seiten. Leinen S 14. — o. W., kartoniert S. 10. — o. W.
Vorher erschien:
JUDEN UND JUDENTUM IN DEUTSCHEN
BRIEFEN AUS DREI JAHRHUNDERTEN
Herausgegeben und erläutert von Franz K o b 1 e r
Zweite, durchgesehene Auflage Umfang 416 Seiten
An Hanid des interessantesten, bisher ungesammelten Brlefmaterials
wird der Gang der jüdischen Gesdiidite im Bereich des deutschen
Sprachgebietes zu übersiditlidier und bedeutungsvoller Einheit zu-
sammengeschlossen.
Pressestimmen zu obigem Werk
Ein monumentales Mosaikgemälde, ersdiütternd und aufwühlend, aufsdiluß-
reidi und anregend, Gesdiidite in lebendigster Form . . . Ein historisdicr
Roman in Briefen, wie er von keinem Historiker und keinem Dichter
fesselnder gestaltet werden kann.
„Jüdisdie Allgemeine Zeitung", Berlin
Ein großartiges Buch . . .
Joachim Prinz in der „Jüdisdien Rundsdiau", Berlin
Diese Darstellungen sind in ihrem gedrängten Reichtum des Stoffes, in
ihrer Gedankenfülle und ihrem Stil wahre Kabinettstüdte der Gesdiidits-
sdireibung. Es ist unmöglidi, aus der Fülle des Materials die Buntheit per-
sönlidier Beziehungen, geistesgesdiiditlidi folgenreidier Freundschaften und
Verhältnisse im einzelnen zu (besprechen. Ersdiütternd, beinahe unglaublidi
die seelische Nähe der großen Geister auf beiden Seiten.
„Neue Freie Presse", Wien
Ein Budi, das zweifellos zu den Documents humains zu zählen ist.
„Der Wiener Tag "
Eine Kulturtat ersten Ranges . . .
„Der jüdisdie Weg", Wien
Ein großartiges Budi. Es ist das Buch des Jahres.
„Israelitisches Wodicnblatt für die Schweiz **
Die Reichhaltigkeit des Stoffes ist überwältigend.
„Jüdische Pressezentrale", Zürich
Dieses Buch kann nicht genug gelesen werden . . .
„Blätter für die jüdisdie Frau", Prag
Ein fruditbares Quellenwerk zur Erkenntnis jüdisdier Geistesgesdiichte im
Bereich der deutschen Sprache — ein Kompendium der Gegenwart im
Vergangenen.
„Selbstwchr", Prag
Vorbildlidi dargestellte Tragödie der deutschen Assimilation.
„Berichte zur Kultur- und Zeitgesdiidite", Wien
Wir empfehlen dieses Buch ohne jede Einschränkung.
„Vaterland", Amsterdam
In Vorbereitung:
Werden und Gestalt der Gegenwart
Jüdische Geschichte in Briefen aus Ost und West
Zweiter Band
SATURN-VERLAG / WIEN
Repr'mted from ''Time & Tide"' of Januar y \Oth, 1942.
CHRISTMAS IN PALESTINE
«URSmi OORDA **" — "'"
n-nm ii^uncUoii d üi« pMOmlü
i '*Sitr«um Cord» (Ii£t 1^
your hmxta}" kf tli« metMig» th«
worid need« ai Üiii m«!«!!, «nd
»ihr llftTMMd
aad luffeiiiig
fl^fe^ ^•^HJH.jji» aatioos m & y
well retpond
*^e Uft th«m HP unto tiie Lord.'
the
Word peace
Por one day the hearU of men
all over the worid go forth oit
a pilgrimage to Bethlehem, and
tender feetioge spring even in
hardencd Uvea. It ia only on«
day in the ye§r, fcKit oo that one
day CMMiHHMMfeflHrilPliflMMi
yMHM ^^^ perfume of it ia
«af ted all down the calendar. On
that one day, just becaufu* there
was no room in the Inn ninetccB
ccntttries ago, men and women
all over the world make room for
the Chttd.
»«lAuiMHMlMiii
HiiH
m
IM^on the World, in penitence
and humiiity. will tum again to
Jerusalem and Bethlehem, mak-
ing room for the Invisihle Kin^.
then that world which ia now a
elaught<*rliouse will b? tranHlurm-
ed into a Fraterniiy. The tyrant
an dthc pcreccutor will thcn t)e
no morc. Sursiuu C'orda»
Ol „Wil ■■■■■—
m^l^mmm
SM
4m
hlk
»m.
ie Story of Bethlehem
kindles the flame of hops ooc«
more in a grey worid. As litera^
ture tt ia moat bi|iutifui. The
song the Angela i^la the aoag
the world necda : "Glory and Go<t
in the highest and on Earth
Peace tmmmmttgood will.
m
m'^..
IN 1 940 THE beginning of the Jewish Feast of Lights (Chanukah),
coincided with Christmas Day, a rare occurrence. The Editor of
the Palestine Post, although himself a Jew, asked Dr Norman
Maclean, then living in Jerusalem, to write the leading article for
the day. Above is a reproduction of the article after the
Censor had done with it. Query: did he know that an ex-
Moderator of the Church of Scotland, and Chaplain to The King,
was its author?
The text, as deciphered from under the pencil of our self-
constituted expert in theology, is printed on the right (including
Printers' errors).
What are the functions and legitimate powers of the Palestine
Censor? Are they, as one might reasonably expect, confined to
suppressing information of value to the enemy, and anything
which might disturb internal peace in the country? But this
appears to be a British version of the Index Expurgatorius, which
results even in a new version of the Gloria. Dr Maclean obviously
translated from the Latin "Gloria in excelsis Deo, et in terra pax
hominibus bonae voluntatis"; there are two English versions-
the authorized and the revised ; and now there is a third, supplied
by the Palestine Administration. Why should the exclusion of
men who are not of good will be so offensive to them? That it is
so, is cvidenced by the deletion of the next sentence— "The
Angels did not prociaim peace to gangsters, robbers and mass
murderers"— and the paragraph which follows, including the
sentence "Bethlehem will conquer Berchtesgaden".
If any underlying idea can be traced in the Censor's excisions, it
seems to be to suppress the connexion between Christianity and
Judaism. This connexion is asserted by all the Christian Churches,
w'hile the Nazis deny it by suppression and perversion of evid-
ence. Is Bethlehem not to conquer Berchtesgaden?
Sursum Corda
[The words in italics are those deleted by the Censor.]
THE INJUNCTION of the psalmlst "Sursum Corda" (Lift up your
hearts) is the message the world needs at this season, and the voices
of the harassed and suffering nations may well respond : "We lift
them unto the Lord." This year thefestixal of Christmas and that of
Chanukah fall on the same day — and thejoy of the one will flow into
the other. This is a world ofwonder and mystery, in which the threads
oflife are so closely interwoven that were it not for the Jewish festival
there wouldnever have been a Christian festival^ for the one is the child
ofthe other. It would be in very truth a grey and dark world were there
no joyous festival. It was the saying of a wise Frenchman that if God
did not exist we should have had to invent Him^ and certainly if
Christmas had not come into existence, we should have had to invent
it. For there is an overflow of kindness and of happiness in the world
at the Christmas festival without which we would have been poor and
desolate indeed. For one day the hearts of men all over the world go
forth on a pilgrimage to Bethlehem, and tender feeUngs spring even
in hardened lives. It is only one day in the year, but on that one day
Christians are really Christians and the perfume of it is wafted all
down the calendar. On that one day, just because there was no room
in the inn nineteen centuries ago, men and women all over the world
make room for the Child. It is that little footnote in which it is
explained why the mother was shut out that gives the story wings.
''Where there is heart room there is house room." It was not really the
want ofroom, it was because the wayworn dusty travellers were poor.
They were ofthe disinherited. Ifthey couldhave shown a well furnished
purse there would have been enough. It is theprophecy ofall the Coming
centuries. Today humanity makes room for every foul Instrument of
mass murder andgreed but for the plea that men must love one another
for that there is no room. The web of history is all woven of the
pattern.
Andyet the story of Bethlehem kindles the flame of hope once more
in a grey world. As literature it is most beautiful. The song the
Angels sing is the song the world needs : "Glory and God in the
highest and on Earth Peace to men of good will" (such is the
translation).
The Angels did not prociaim peace to gangsters, robbers and mass
murderers. If the heresy of the pacifists were true, the gangsters and
murderers would be the only safe people in the world. The world of the
pacifist without justice or judgment would be an ethical chaos. And the
angels are never the heralds of chaos.
But the heart leaps at the word peace. Only it must not be an im-
moral peace. When the project for Perpetual Peace was submitted to
Cardinal Fleury the Cardinal observed laconically: ''It is admirable
savefor one Omission: Ifind in it no Provision for sending missionaries
to convert the heart ofprinces". It is totalitär ians, who today must be
changedfrom the Instruments oftorture and tyranny into men ofgood-
will ere peace can come. Thejoyful message of Judaism and Christian-
ity alike is that God can do so. All the peoples have heard the voice of
the Eternal saying, "/ am coming: we will work it out taget her". And
it will be ever so. Bethlehem will conquer Berchtesgaden. In that great
hope Christians and Jews can rejoice together. The Jews no less than
the Christians. For it is the Jews who have given the world a universal
reUgion. They gave the world the priceless gift of monotheism, that
through Bethlehem has gone until the ends of the earth. It is no
exaggeration to say that there is nobody in the world today for whom
life is not different because of Jerusalem and Bethlehem. Jew and
Christian alike can marvel today at the unfolding mystery lit up by a
great radiance. The Shepherds came to Bethlehem and wondered. And
that is the best the human intellect can yet achieve.
Wise men, all ways of knowledge past
To the Shepherds'' wonder come at last.
When the world, in penitence and humiiity, will turn again to
Jerusalem and Bethlehem, making room for the Invisible King, then
that world which is now a slaughterhouse will be transformed into a
Fraternity. The tyrant and the persecutor will then be no more.
Sursum Corda.
Reprintedfrom The Times, June 18, 1940
AN AIRMAN TO HIS
MOTHER
THE FICHT WITH EVIL
' MY EARTHLY MISSION IS FULFILLED
>l
Among the personal belongings of a young R.A.F.
pilot in a Bomber Squadron who was recently
reported " Missing, believed killed," was a letter
to his mother — to be sent to her if he were killed.
" This letter was perhaps the most amazing one
I have ever read ; simple and direct in its wording
but splendid and uplifting in its outlook," says the
young officer's Station Commander. *' It was in-
evitable that I should read it — in fact he must have
intended this, for it was left open in order that I
might be certain that no prohibited Information was,
disclosed.
" I sent the letter to the bereaved mother, and
asked her whether I might pubHsh it anonymously,
as I feel its contents may bring comfort to other
mothers, and that every one in our country may
feel proud to read of the sentiments which support
* an average airman ' in the execution of his present
arduous duties. I have received the mother's
permission, and I hope this letter may be read by
the greatest possible number of our countrymen at
home and abroad."
TEXT OF THE LETTER
Dearest Mother,— Though I fecl no premonition at
all, events are moving rapidly, and I have instructed
that this letter be forwarded to you should I fall to
return from one cf the raids which we shali shortly be
called upon to undertake. You must hope on for a
month, but at the end of that time you must acccpt the
fact that I have handed niy task over to the extremely
capable hands of my comrades of the Royal Air Force,
as so many splendid fellovvs have already done.
First, it will comfort you to know that my role in
this war has been of the greatest importance. Our
patrols far out over the North Sea have helped to keep
the trade routes clear for our convoys and supply ships,
and on one occasion our Information was instrumental
in saving the lives of the men in a crippled lighthouse
relief ship. Though it will be difficult for you, you will
disappoint me if you do not at least try to accept the
facts dispassionately, for I shall have done my duty to
the utmost of my ability. No man can do more, and no
one calling himself a man could do less.
I have always admired your amazing courage in the
face of continual setbacks ; in the way you have given
me as good an education and background as anyone
in the country ; and always kept up appearances without
ever losing faith in the future. My death would not
mean that your struggle has been in vain. Far from it.
It means that your sacrifice is as great as mine. Those
who serve England must expect nothing from her ; we
debase ourselves if we regard our country as merely a
place in which to eat and sleep.
History resounds with illustrious names who have
given all, yet their sacrifice has resulted in the British
Empire, where there is a measure of peace, justice, and
freedom for all, and where a higher Standard of civiliza-
tion has evolved, and is still evolving, than anywhere
eise. But this is not only concerning our own land.
To~day we are faced with the greatest organized challenge
to Christianity and civilization that the world has ever
Seen, and 1 count myself lucky and honoured to be the
right age and fully trained to throw my füll weight into
the Scale. For this I have to thank you. Yet there is
more work for you to do. The home front will still have
to stand united for years after the war is won. For all
that can be said against it, I still maintain that this war
is a very good thing ; every individual is having the
Chance to give and dare all for his principle like the
martyrs of old. However long the time may be, one
thing can never be altered — I shall have lived and died
an Englishman. Nothing eise matters one jot nor can
anything ever change it.
You must not grieve for me, for if you really believe
in religion and all that it entails that would be hypocrisy.
I have no fear of death ; only a queer elation. ... I
would have it no other way. The universe is so vast and
so ageless that the life of one man can only be justified
by the measure of his sacrifice. We are sent to this
World to acquire a personality and a character to take
with US that can never be taken from us. Those who
just eat and sleep, prosper and procreate, are no better
than animals if all their lives they are at peace.
I firmly and absolutely believe that evil things are sent
into the world to try us ; they are sent deliberately by
our Creator to test our metal because He knows what
is good for us. The Bible is füll of cases where the easy
way out has been discarded for moral principles.
I count myself fortunate in that I have seen the whole
country and known men of every calling. But with the
final test of war I consider my character fully developed.
Thus at my early age my earthly mission is already
fulfilled and I am prepared to die with just one regret,
and one only — that I could not devote myself to making
your declining years more happy by being with you ;
but you will live in peace and freedom and 1 shall have
directly contributed to that, so here again my life will
not have been in vain.
Your loving Son,
Germany No. 2 (1939)
PAPERS
concerning the
Treatment of German Nationais
in Germany
1938-1939
Presented by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
to Parliamc/it by Command of His Majesty
LONDON
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE
To bc purchased directly from H.M. STATIONERY OFFICE at the following addrcsses
York House, Kingsway, London, W.C.2 ; 120 George Street, Edinburgh 2 ;
26 York Street, Manchester i ; i St. Andrew't Crescent, Cardifif ;
80 Chichester Street, Belfast ;
or through any bookseller
■ 1939
Price 3/ net
Cmd. 6120
No.
CONTENTS.
liitiodiuttion
1 Sir N. Hcnderson (Berlin) to Viscount Halifax. March 3. 1938 ...
Imprisonment of Dr. Niomöller.
2 Sir N. Henderson (Berlin) to Viscount Halifax, March 7. 1938 ...
Atmosphere following Dr. NiemöUer's trial.
3 Sir N. Henderson (Berlin) to Viscount Halifax, May 25. 1938,
enclosing a lettor f rem a Germnn mother
4 Con8ul-GeneralGaiuer(Vionna)toVi8countHalifax,OctoberlO,1938
Demonstration against Cardinal Archbishop Innitzer.
5 Statements communicatod to the Foreign Office on October 28, 1938
Prisoners' statemonts.
0 Consul-General Gainer (Vienna) to Viscount Halüax, Novom
bor 11, 1938
• • • • • •
Page
3
UVI IM., tt,^^
Anti-Jewish demonstrations following the death of Herr vom
Rath
7 Consul-General Bell (Cologne) to Sir Q. Ogilvie-Forbos (Berlin),
November 14, 1938
Anti-Jewish manifestations in Cologne.
8 Sir G. Ogilvic-Forbes (Berlin) to Viscount 1 1 alifax, December 15, 1938
Anti-Jewish persecution; Buchenwald camp, &c.
«.) Consul-General Carvell(Munich)to Viscount Halifax, Jauuary 5, 1939
Treatment of Jewish prisoners at Dachau camp
10 Consul Shepherd (Dresden) to Sü- G. Ogilvio-Forbes (Berlin),
February 2, 1939 •••
Conditions in the camp at Buchenwald.
11 Statement ot a tormer pri.soner at the concentration camp at
Buchenwa'd (eonimunicated to th(5 Foreign Office on February
18 liU^9) «- •• ••
7
15
17
20
24
20
27
Papers concerning the Treatment of German
Nation ALS in Germany, 1938-1939.
Introduction.
Before the war and ever since its outbreak the German Govern-
ment have almost daily put out Propaganda accusing Great Britain
of atroeities in South Africa forty years ago. A press message from
Durban of the 27th September, 1939, states : — •
" The Nazis now employ a woman announcer who teils grim
stories of alleged atroeities committed by the British in the Boer
War. Afrikaaners are urged to revolt and are pathetically asked
whether they intend to submit to the rule of those who put
powdered glass in the food of their children in concentration
camps during the Boer War. Many otlier outrageous falsehoods
are told in an effort to stir up passions. Fantastic stories are also
circulated of brutal treatment of Germans by the AUies in the
present war."
In view of this shameless propaganda, which is wholly devoid
of any foundation, His Majesty's (Government think it opportune to
publish some of the reports they have received of the treatment
accorded in Germany itself to German national«. In 1933 members
of the Opposition parties were arrested wholesale and consigned to
concentration camps where they were subjected to the most
barbarous treatment. Flogging and torture were the order of the
day, and it was common knowledge in Germany that the National
Socialist movement was taking terrible vengeance on those who had
the temeritj^ to oppose it.
During this period the violence and brutality of the Nazis did not
s]3are foreigners. His Majesty's Ambassador at Berlin, in a despatcli
of the 29tii November, 1933, reported that he had learnt from the
Czecho-Slovak Legation that since the advent of tlie new regime
there had been 344 cases of attacks on or arrests of Czecho-Slovak
Citizens. British subjfects, including a member of the staff of His
Majesty's Embassy, were wantonly assaulted in tlie streets by
uniformed S.A. men on dut3^ Other victims of the S.A. included
a foreign Consul-General, w4io was severely injured by a number of
uniformed men who left a marching column in order to attack him.
The attitude then adopted by the German Government was that
they regretted and would put an end to excesses against foreigners,
but regarded them as unavoidable in the first ardour of revolutionary
fervour.
[20070]
c"-
This plea cannot be put forward to excuse events which occuired
five vearl after the advent to power of the National Socialist party
It is^ evident from the published documents, which cover only the
period from 1938 onw^rds, that neither the consohdat on of the
[^glme nor the passage of thne have in any way mitigated its
'^' Se documents were not written for publication, and indeed
so long as there was the slightest prospect of reaching any settlement
with the Oerman Government it would have been wrong to do
anvthing to embitter relations between the two countries. Even
after the outbreak of war His Majesty's Government feit reluctant
to take action which might have the efPect of inspirmg hatred. But
the attitude of the German Government and the unscrupulous
Propaganda which they are spreading compels His Majesty s
Government to publish these documents so that public opinion both
here and abroad may be able to judge for itself. The German
Government has complained of the maltreatment of German
minorities in foreign countries and of the '' Macedonian conditions
reigning there. Itwill be seen from the published papers that under
the present r^;gime the conditions in Germany itself and the
treatment accorded to Germans are reminiscent not of Macedonia
but of the darkest ages in the history of man.
No. 1.
Sir N. Hetiderson to Viscount Halifax.
My Lord, Berlin, March 3, 1938.
I HAVE the honour to inform you that according to an official
communique of the 3rd March judgment in the trial of Dr. Martin
Niemöller, which began on the 7th February, was delivered on the
2nd March. Dr. Niemöller has been sentenced to seven months'
confinement in a fortress (" Festungshaft "), and fines totalling
2,000 reichsmarks for endangering the peace, misuse of the pulpit
and incitement to disregard the laws of the German Government.
Non-payment of the fine will entail a further term of imprisonment
of three months.
2. This is the only mention of the case which has yet appeared
in the press, and all persons who have been present at the trial have
been placed under an oath of secrecy.
3. In the ordinary way Dr. Niemöller would have been released
on payment of the fine ; but I learn that Dr. Niemöller was taken
into protective custody by the secret police primarily because he had
made it clear during his trial that he intended to continue his
activities. It was feared, therefore, that he would lay himself open
to a new charge, similar to the last, within a short time.
4. I am informed that Dr. Niemöller has not been transferred
to a concentration camp but is being detained for the present in a
Berlin prison.
I have, &c.
NEVILE HENDERSON.
No. 2.
Sir N. Hejiderson to Viscount Halifax.
(Telegraphic.) Berlin, March 7, 1938.
There is an uneasy feeling in the air here, and every kind of
rumour is circulating in Berlin, such as that General von Fritsch has
been shot, that mass-arrests have been made, that a big political trial
is impending, &c. I have no confirmation of any of these rumours
and have no reason to believe in their truth except in so far as it is
a fact that Herr Hitler is in a highly nervous and excitable state. I
gathered the impression during my conversation with him on the
3rd March that he was dissatisfied with result of Niemöller trial. The
man, he declared, was a traitor and those who sympathised with him
would accordingly find themselves in a concentration camp.
England, he added angrily, could not criticise for it was Englishmen
who had invented concentration camps. Niemöller enjoys mnch
[200791 c* 2
6
sympathy in many quarters and officers in uniform liave attended
Services for him. It is possible that there have been arrests of
persons known to be his supporters.
No. 3.
Sir N. Henderson to Viscount Halifax.
üear Secretary of State, Berlin May 25, 1938
I HAVE received a letter on the Church question, in which the
^^Titer asks that you should be apprised of her views.
As the letter is of some interest as reflecting the attitude ot many
CJerman parents, I am enclosing a translation in case you have time
to look at it Avlien these alarums are over.
Yours ever,
NEVILE HENDERSON.
Enclosure in No. 3.
(Translation.)
Your Excellency, ^^«2/ 21, 1938.
In the following letter I am undertaking somethmg which I myself
feel to be a very (hflöcult task : —
1. I appeal to a foreign Power for help in a matter which is the
private concern of the German people.
2. I write without mentioning my name
Anonymous letters should by rights be consigned to the Avaste-
paper basket, but since you are aware of the state of affairs in
Germany as regards the censorship of letters, moral compulsion,
concentration camps, and so on, I hope that you will lend a willing
ear to this appeal in spite of its anonymity.
The object of my petition is that England, the country which is
still the strengest in Europe, and which is trying to preserve its
Clu'istian character, ^\^l] make all future negotiations with Germany
eonditional upon tlie cessation of hostility towards Christianity in
Germany
The fii-st oondition upon wliicli the end of this conflict depends
would be the release of our imprisoned pastors, especially the pastor
Martin Niemöller, whose lot must be a source of the greatest bitterness
to all fair-minded people
But almost more impoilant still, it seems to me, is the demand
that the systematic alienation of our youth from Christ shall be
stopped.
We parents must surrender our 10-year-old children to the control
of the Hitler Youth, the League of German Girls, and later on the
Labour Service. Our exceptionally gifted boys must attend the Adolf
Hitler Schools and afterwards pass on to the National Socialist Schools
of Political Training (" Ordensburgen "), there to be prepared for
future leadership in the State and the party. In all these institutions
a great deal that is excellent, and which we parents welcome with joy
and gratitude, is offered to youth. But they one and all serve as well
to exert upon our youth an influence hostile to Christianity ! Perhaps
it may be possible to forward this letter, which expresses every
Christian mother's way of thinking, despite its anonymity to your
revered Queen. She, as a Christian and a mother, will understand
our anxiety for our children.
It is not, however, quite correct to say, as I have done above,
that the question at issue is the private concern of the German people ;
for, if in the heart of Europe a rising generation is brought up not
only in indifference to Christianity but all too often in hatred of it, the
future will be fraught with disaster not only for Germany but for
Europe. At the present time the ancient Christian traditions of
grandparents and parents have a restraining influence still — but woe
to Germany, and woe to Europe, when these traditions shall have
passed away !
Your Excellency, many German mothers would be grateful to you
from the bottom of their hearts if you could bring these lines to the
notioe of your Foreign Minister, Lord Hahfax, who has been brought
up in the spirit of Christianity, and, if at all possible, of your Christian
Royal couple as weU. We hope for England 's help in our hard fight
against the forces hostile to Christianity which are threatening our
pastors and our youth.
A German Mother,
WHO IS OF ONE MIND WITH VERY
MANY Christian parents.
No. 4.
Consul-General Gainer to Viscount Halifax.
His Majesty's Consul-General at Vienna presents his compUments
to His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and
has the honour to transmit to him a copy of his despatch to His
Majesty's Ambassador, Berlin, dated the lOth October, respecting the
CathoHc and anti-Catholic demonstrations in Vienna.
Vienna, October 10, 1938.
[200791
c* 3
8
Enclosure in No. 4.
Consul-General Gainer to Sir N. Henderson.
gj^ Vienna, October 10, 1938.
'l HAVE the honour to report that a sermon was Preached on
Friday evening, the 7th instant, in the Cathedral Church of
St. Stephen in Vienna by Cardmal Archbishop Innitzer. After the
sermon a large group of young persons demonstrated outside the
cardinal's palace shouting " Heil, Christus ! Heil, Imutzer !
The cardinal appeared several times upon the baloony et the palace
and received the greetings of the demonstrators. .-. .
2. This is the first occasion since the Anschluss that äny kmd ot
public Catholic demonstration has taken place in Vienna, and, as was
to be anticipated, a counter-demonstration was pronaptly organised.
This counter-demonstration, however, assumed so violent an aspect
that a very serious Situation has resulted.
3. On Saturday evening, the 8th instant, at about 7 «30 p.m.,
groups of young men belonging to the S.A. and H.J., but not in
party uniform, began to arrive in the Stephansplatz in parties of five,
armed with ladders and bludgeons. The ladders were planted against
the cardinal's palace and the lads entered the first floor of the building
after smashing in all the Windows. Once inside, they destroyed every
religious picture to be seen, leaving other pictures untouched, smashed
the busts of several Popes, stole valuable chaUces and three episcopal
rings, and coUected the rohes, and even the personal wardrobe, of
the cardinal, which they threw into the courtyard with several articles
of furniture and set fire to them. The cardinal fled to an attic,
protected by bis servants, and remained undiscovered. A priest of
the cardinal's household who endeavoured to restrain the attackers
was mishandled and an attempt was made to throw him out of a
Avindow. He was badly cut about the hands and arms by broken
glass. A similar attack was made upon the residence and oflficers of
the dean of the cathedral, and a priest there was actually thrown out
of the window and both his legs were broken.
4. The police were telephoned for seven times from the palaco
and aiTived three-quarters of an hour after the first telephone call.
On their arrival, the leader of the mob blew a whistle, the attackers
formed a column and marched off the square in procession,
unmolested and undetained by the police, whose efforts were confined
to Controlling an angry crowd which had gathered. The fire brigade
was summoned to put out the bonfire and an ambulance was sent to
collect the injured priests and members of the cardinal's household.
The S.A. are to-day in occupation of the palace, where the cardinal
remains, and no one is allowed to enter. The leader of the assault
was a 16-year-old boy.
5. The above facts were given to me by a priest who to-day
visited the deanery and took stock of the damage done.
9
6. It is reported that the Papal Nuncio arrived at Vienna from
BerHn yesterday to enquire into the matter, but has not been given
access to the cardinal.
7. A meeting of all the parish priests in Vienna has been
summoned for 5 o'clock this afternoon, and it is expected that Instruc-
tions will be given to read a letter of protest in all the parish churches
next Sunday.
8. Strong protests have been made to Gauleiter Bürckel, who
has conveyed his regrets to the cardinal and has promised that
energetie action will be taken against those responsible, but this will
merely lead to further difficulties for Herr Bürckel with the local
party organisations.
I have, &c.
D. St. CLAIR GAINER.
No. 5.
Statements communicated to the Foreign Office on October 28, 1938.
by a Charity Organisation working in Oermany.
(a) Statement by Jemsh ex-Prisoner; Äugitst 1938.
(Translation.)
Herb X, a well to do Jewish business man, was for six weeks
in the concentration camp at Buchenwald. In order to preserve
a semblance of legality, police records are searched through and
the slightest bad mark against a Jew, sometimes a trifling ofFence
of forty years ago, is made the excuse for the arrest.
Herr X said that the working hours were sixteen per day, Sundays
and week-days ahke. During these hours it was forbidden to drink,
even in the hottest weather. The food in itself was not bad, but
quite insufficient. Weak coffee at dawn and a half litre of soup at
midday ; bread allowance for the whole day 250 gramms. (Men who
had any money could sometimes buy Condensed milk, &c., from the
canteen.) While he was there the work of Jewish prisoners was
doubled, and their rations halved. The work, of course, consists in
moving heavy stones, often far beyond the strength of even a normal
well-fed man. The Jews were sneeringly told by their guards that
they were only experiencing the same treatment as their forefathers
in Egypt, and that Pharoah had not gone half far enough.
The men were kept standing at attention for many hours on
end. Floggings were very frequent, for such small offences as
drinking water during working hours. The usual punishment was
twenty-five strokes given alternately by two guards. This often
produced unconsciousness, but the Jews were told that the Führer
had himself given orders that the Jews might receive up to sixty
strokes.
[20079]
n* 4
10
Herr X was in a group of 480 men who had only one tap
at which to wash and drink for a quarter of an hour on gettmg up.
Later even this was stopped. During the six weeks he was in the
camp Herr X saw neither soap nor tooth-brush.
There were about 8,000 men in the camp when he was there
but it was rumoured that the number was shortly to be increased
to 20,000. There were 1,500 Jews and 800 Ernste Bibelforscher
(International Bible Students). The rest were politicals, so-called
criminals and gypsies. Each man wore a badge-Jews yellow with
the Star of David, Bible Students violet, &c. The Communists
and others who were prisoners of long standing, acted as sub
"warders." Jewish prisoners wrote and received letters twice
a month. The Bible Students were allowed no communication
with the outside world, but on the other band, their rations were
not cut down. Herr X spoke with the highest respect of these men
Their courage and religious faith were remarkable, and they professed
themselves ready to suffer to the uttermost what they feit God had
ordained for them.
Deaths took place daüy in the camp. (Theü- relatives were often
first informed of this by a call from an official who said they could
have the ashes on payment of 3 marks.) Herr X— a man in the
sixties— had a complete collapse after his release, and was three
weeks m bed. Another man was taken to the City Hospital with
such high fever that he was not expected to Hve, and another, released
at the same time, was in such a state of nerves that he could not
cross a road.
Herr X made the statement, which was fully contümed on enquiry
that no Jewish prisoner is ever released unless he can produce
evidence that he is able to leave Germany. There appears to be
no release from this System of deliberate torture of mind and body
but death. Herr X entreats that some way may be foimd by which
these men could be released en bloc and placed in some kind of
humane concentration camp in another country while their ultimate
destination and fate was being decided. He realises that such a
proposal is quite beyond the scope of any private Refugee Committees,
and needs international planning, but he begs that it may at least
receive careful and sympathetic consideration.
(b) Statement by a Jewish-Christian Prisoner.
(Translation.)
Herr Z had a small business in Germany (with three employees).
Arrested in June 1938 in a " round-up " in the streets of Berlin
without any cause or pretext. No order of arrest (and later no papers
of discharge). Brought to the Alexander Place prison ; put in cell
where there were thirty-two men, too small for it to be possible to
lie down. Took it in turns to sit down during the night. One bücket
n
for sanitary purposes. (Awful stench.) Stayed two days there.
Previously in the police quarters everyone had been asked for their
life history, and forced to sign their approval of being put into
" protective custody." All belongings taken away. About 3,000
prisoners collected from fifteen different police quarters, Transporta-
tion in lorries to Station, and put in special trains with no mention
of the final destination. Prohibition to talk. Arrived 6 «30 a.m.
at Weimar. Reception by S.S. men with insults and blows : '' Jew-
dogs, blackguards, now we have got you ! " &c. Some 3-4 per cent.
Aryans and a few gypsies. Taken away in lorries under Camp
Commandant Schneider. One-and-a-half hours to Buchenwald.
Awfiil condition of camp. Filth and mud up to the knees in place«.
Many trees had been cut down but stumps left. Almost impossible
to walk. A man with heart trouble who cannot walk is dragged
along by the feet by other prisoners (S.S. men do not touch Jews).
The flesh is tom from his face. He is so disfigured as to be
unrecognisable. (Other examples similar to this.) Three hundred
and fifty of the new arrivals lodged in the basement of the barracks.
(In the whole camp there were about 10,000 men, 100 straw sacks
and no other furnishings.) Three men to each straw sack in four
rows. Obliged to lie on our sides; and crosswise over sack so as
to make room ; packed like sardines ; lying on the back forbidden or
blows given with a club (" Knüppel "). The men directly in charge
are older prisoners. The " Black Superiors," themselves '' pro-
fessional criminals," sleep with us. Their word is absolute law.
On our arrival a roU-call lasting for hours with address by the
commandant, who has given all Instructions for our " reception."
Camp-orders : this is no prison or place of correction ; here there
are other methods. Any attempt at escape or attack (mere talking
or gesticulation can be taken as such) is stopped by the 1,000-volt
charged wire. Every sentry is to use his rifle without warning if
anyone moves in his direction. Every bullet costs 12 pfennigs, and
that is just what a Jew is worth, neither more nor less. All this
interlarded with words of abuse — " Jewish swine," " the Chosen
People, God 's People, Jewish muck, dirty swine," &c. (but after
a few days one gets used to it). The commandant 's representative
calls the roll and appoints the officers. The first days are occupied
with roll-calls, clothes distribution (mihtary boots, trousers and coat,
but no underclothing). The things are worn over the naked body.
Everyone shivers with cold. Buchenwald hes high. After ten days
we get underclothes.
Time-table : 3-30 a.m., get up (bed about 10 p.m.), very bad air ;
smell appalling ; water drips down the tiny cellar Windows. Form
ranks at 4 «30. Coffee distribution at 4 «45 on the Square where the
gallows stand and the blocks (for flogging). Before the time of this
report, the body of the murderer of an S.S. man hung there. The
hangman is a professional criminal who has now become a
" Veteran." Ordinary German salute strictly forbidden in the camp.
The salute nieans standing to attention with the cap off, while
12
commands are repeated. 5-30 a.m., end of roll-call; until then
stand stiffly to attention. Those who have reported sick now come
forward, are separated off and inspected by the commandant. He
at once treats the " fit " with his riding whip, in their face, in the
tH-esence of the others ; " Jews do not faU iU." The commandant
decides by sight who is " ripe " for the doctor. These number 6
or 7 per cent. ; the others have to go back into the labom- gang. No
differentiation of the sick in the labour gang; they are helped on
by kicks and riding whip. The doctor deolares the sick as either
" ill " or " fit " ; in the latter case they are punished in the evening
for " hes." In the end no Jews were accepted as sick ; there coukl
only be "well or dead." In the roll-call many are unable to
continue standing; they have to be forcibly held up by their
companions in misfortune, so that they can be seen from the front,
even those who are completely coUapsed; the ranks must be
complete. The work consists of stone-breaking a quarter of an hour
away from the road which is be built. It is outside the camp, but
within the charged wu:es. Attempts at flight occur, but all end with
shooting. Many end their sufFerings by feigning flight in order to
be shot down. Everywhere sentries are posted around. A colony
of " cripples," men with wooden legs, ruptures (sometimes if their
belts are lost the ruptures break out again), are obhged to carry
massive stones at the will of the guard. They included old men
of 70 who were utterly unequal to the work. In one instance a
guard prodded with his bayonet a man who was ill and who kept on
collapsing. After this had happened repeatedly, the man rushed to
the wire to put an end to himself, and was shot down. The quarter
of an hour's stretch to the road is done twelve to fifteen times in the
morning and eight times in the aftenioon by those who are really
able to work ; the " cripples " do half this. Every four men of the
former have to deal with a barrow loaded up with great boulders, and
often have to do it running. Woe to anyone who trips ! Anyone
who is unfit gets blows from the club by the overseer, and after liim
the guards with the butts of their rifles foUow suit. All parties are
thorough in their inflicting of punishment for fear of their own
superiors. Any drinking of water is expressly forbidden. For false
reporting of being sick, for " lies," or being " work shy " the
penalty is the whip. At 11*30 comes the midday pause (although
sometimes work is enforced tili 7 o'clock without food). 12 • 30, work
resumed tili 3-30. 4 p.m., roll-call. This generally lasts tili 5-30;
for many of the " Jew people " tili 10. How " Non-Aryans " are
distinguished from Jews is not clear. Woe to the non-Aryan who by
mistake gets among the Aryans. Jews have to wear the " David
Gross " with the sign : red for *' professional criminal," black for the
" work shy," lilac for the " Bible bug." One is compelled to sign
oneself as a " professional criminal," and it goes on the card index.
(On the other side of the card one 's real profession is stated.) Woe
to him who refuses to sign the Statement ! Yellow is the sign for a
Jew and has to be added to the other.
13
The floggings take place at the afternoon roll-call, the individuals
having to step forward. The penalties are read out (being fixed
beforehand). Normal punishment is twenty-five strokes on the seat,
carried out by two guards standing on each side with riding whips.
The prisoner is lashed to a board. If he cries out the strokes are
increased up to thirty-five. The guards use all their force, sometimes
springing into the air so as to bring the arm down with increased
momentum. Few days pass without cases of flogging, and the
number may be from two to ten. After the flogging the men have
to stand to attention with face to the wall to the end of the roll-call.
Then the sanitary oöicer comes round and puts ointment on tlie
wounds.
The other punishment is hanging up 3 metres from the ground
by the arms, which are violently beut back for the purpose. This is
done by express Orders from the commandant given through a
microphone. Special men are employed to carry out these punish-
ments and they do nothing eise. The hanging lasts for ten to twelve
hours and is in public. Another form of it is to have the arms round
the trunk of the tree with wrists handcuffed. The feet are off the
ground, but it is regarded as milder punishment and the S.S. men
can inflict it at any time.
In the evening there is no sort of free time but things are easier.
There may be examinations by the State Police but no mishandling ;
once in fourteen days a letter home, if it has not been forbidden.
But, of course, it is impossible to say anything about the real circum-
stances and the famihes know nothing of it. Herr Z. was only in
the camp fourteen days,but he gives the f ollowing individual instances
happening in this short period : A man who had been condemned to
stand with his eyes to the wall, at the end of three hours or so — as
is inevitable — began to droop slightly thinking he was unobserved.
But a rigid position is demanded all the time. A guard saw that the
prisoner was not standing properly. He seized the prisoner and beat
his head repeatedly against the stone wall (the stones were rough
with Sharp edges). The blood gushed out and streamed down the
wall. Then renewed fury seized the guard : " You swine to make
that mess on the wall ! " Now he threw him on the ground and beat
him mercilessly. Herr Z. thought the man would surely be dead,
but he survived.
An even worse case was that of a middle-aged man who received
an affectionate letter from his wife. He was an educated man of a
sensitive type and unable always to maintain the degree of self-
control and out ward hardness which is demanded. He gave way to
a moan. For this he was tied up to a tree and left fourteen hours.
He became unconscious. Two guards passed : " Ahah ! he is aheady
dead ! " They loose him and throw Ms body on the ground. Then
they jump on to his body and stamp on him in their heavy boots.
He moves sUghtly. " Ahah ! he is not quite dead ! " Herr Z. had
to pass on, but next time he saw the man his breast and face were
a mass of clotted blood, his eyes swoUen and purple. Moreover, he
14
had gone mad. At the roll call he had to be helped up by a man on
each side. But bis head hung forward and he made spasmodio
convulsive movements. At night he suddenly started up screaming
wildly, and tried to run away over the bodies of the men lying packed
together. The order was then given that in future the two men lying
next to him at night were to be responsible for bis keeping quiet, and
if he screamed again they would themselves get twenty-five lashes.
The S.S. men employed in the camp were mostly very young men
of 17 to 20 who had been specially " trained " for the purpose. But
they were abeady so brutaUsed and sadistic that it was a constant
wonder to Herr Z. how it could have been brought about (and what
would their mothers think?). They seemed to revel in inflicting
torture. One instance of it was the tickhng of a prisoner's face with
a straw, and then when the face twitched giving him a terrific blow.
The sadistic amusements of the guard shows itself, e.gr., in their
treatment of an old man, a lawyer by profession, whose Jewish
features were rather specially niarked. He was made to stand like a
Statue on the top of a wall for six to eight hours on end as a
" monument." All the passers by laughed heartily at this good joke.
On another occasion a guard asked him whether he was feeling the
heat, and when the lawyer assented, ten buckets of water were
poured over bis head. Herr Z. himself fared relatively well in the
camp. He attributes this to prayer by which he was able to overcome
fear. It requires much physical strength and nerve power to carry
out briskly all the exorbitant demands that are made upon one, and
to get through the heavy labour and other physical ordeals without
faltering or flinching. Signs of weakness evidently excite the sadistic
instincts of the guards. Thus when a man was on the ground at
their feet they would habitually kick him in the face. Herr Z. used
to pray and beseech God to let the victims die, as one bout of torture
simply led on to another one. It would have been so much simpler
and more merciful to shoot them than to allow a hfe, which for all
practical purposes had already been destroyed, to drag on to the
prolonged infinite agony of the victim.
The camp held 10,000 prisoners, about half of them Jews (and
«ome " Bible Seekers "). There were many deaths daily.
Herr Z. was only fourteen days in the camp. He was one of a
small number who were released because all arrangements were ready
for their emigration. For any prisoner, however, who bore scars
release was impossible.
They were strictly threatened that if a word was said as to what
they had seen or experienced in the camp they woald immediately
be put back. Herr Z. had asked leave to stay a few weeks before
leaving the country in order to finish selling his possessions. It was
made clear to him, however, that he would be rearrested. A German
pastor pleaded his case with theEnghsh Consul at the port and Herr Z.
received his visa to leave the comitfy at once. The sale of his car
had paid for his ticket to South America. But his business had to
15
be closed down and the 100 per cent. tax on all possessions bought
ßince 1933 prevented him taldng away most of his belongings
(expensive professional Instruments, &c.). He finally came away with
just 10 marks in cash.
Herr Z. had fought through the war. But life in the trenches
compared to that in a concentration camp, was a " Sanatorium."
No. 6.
Consul-General Gainer to Viscount Halifax.
His Majesty's Consul-General at Vienna presents his compli-
ments to His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs, and has the honour to transmit to him a copy of his despatch
to His Majesty's Charge d'Affaires, Berlin, dated the llth November,
1938, respeeting the anti-Jewish demonstrations in Austria following
the death of Herr vom Rath, secretary of the German Embassy at
Paris.
Vienna, November 11, 1938.
Enclosure in No. 6.
Consul-Oeneral Oainer to Sir 0. OgUvie-Forbes.
Sir, Vienna, Nove7nber 11, 1938.
I HAVE the honour to report that the anti-Jewish demonstrations
in Vienna, the occasion of which was the murder of Herr vom Rath,
secretary to the Gterman Embassy in Paris, assumed very alarming
proportions on the night of the 9th instant and during the whole of
the lOth instant.
2. The action was undertaken by the Austrian S.A., most of
whom were in füll uniform, and the police had obviously received
Instructions not to intervene. A very large number of shops and
houses owned or occupied by Jews were wrecked and numerous arrests
took place. Yesterday morning Jewish prayer houses and synagogues
were set on fire in considerable numbers ; the Völkischer Beobachter,
indeed, gives particulars of no less than nineteen synagogues which
were completely destroyed by fire. Another in the Leopoldgasse was
destroyed by a bomb, which did considerable damage to near-lying
buildings. All the fire brigades of Vienna were fully employed, as
at one time there seemed to be grave danger of a serious and wide-
spread conflagration involving large sections of the city.
3. The press openly rejoices at these manifestations and con-
gratulates the people on the fact that the Jews " can now no longer
hatch plots against the State under cover of religious Services."
4. In addition to this orgy of destruction, all Jewish shops were
forced to close and may not yet reopen. In many cases plate-glass
16
and other Windows were broken and tlie sliops were openly looted by
the mob. Gauleiter Bürckel endeavoured to give some appearance
of legality to this anti-Jewish action by issuing instructions that
houses occupied by Jews shoukl be searched for weapons and illegal
literature. In the course of the search numerous arrests were made.
5. The immediate conseqiience of these demonstrations was that
hundreds of Jews formed even larger queiies than usiial outside this
consulate-general and that of the United States. On the 9th instant
already at 6-30 p.m. a large number of Jews lined iip outside this
consulate-general prepared to wait all night until the Passport Office
opened the next morning. They were dispersed by the police that
evening and three times again before 8* 30 a.m. on the lOth and every
Jewish man was taken into arrest, only the women and children
being left. At the United States Consulate-General the S.A. began
l^eating the crowds with rope-ends until the United States Consul-
General, unable to bear the spectacle, insisted on police Intervention,
which was eventually granted.
6. The Vienna correspondent of The Times was {irrest ed by the
S.A. as he was taking notes of the demonstrations in the Leopold-
gasse and was taken to the police Station. On revealing his identity
to the police, he received an apology and was allowed to go. Ten
niinutes later he was again arrested and again released. He
informed me that on his arrival at the police Station he observed a
number of Jews cowering in corners, so terrified that they were
unable even to remember their names, while an old Jew with white
hair and beard was lying on the floor being brutally kicked by an
S.A. man while the regulär police looked on.
7. This morning the pubhc manifestations have ceased, but
arrests continue to be made. The Jewish population is terrified and
I am besieged with applications for help and by persona wishing to
relate their experiences. I fear that several British subjects have
suffered damage, and individual reports on these capes will be
transmitted as soon as füll particulars are available.
8. Last night Vienna presented an extraordinary spectacle, with
fires raging all over the city and Jew^s w^ere being hustled along the
streets, cursed at and assaulted by crowds of hooligans whose pride
it is to belong to one of the greatest and most civilised nations of the
World .
9. The anti-Jewish demonstrations w^ere not confined to Vienna.
Thus a synagogue at Linz was burnt to the ground ; the synagogue
at Salzburg was wrecked and its contents thrown into the street ;
Jewish Shops were also looted. At Hallein and at Bad Gastein the
Jewish hoteis and pensions were sacked, including the Hotel Bristol,
the Kurhaus Cäciha, a further Kurhaus and a large villa owned by
a Jew.
I have, &c.
D. St. CLAIR GAINER.
17
No. 7.
Consid-General Bell to Sir G. Ogilvie-Forhes {Berlin).
British Consulate-General,
Sir, Cologne, November 14, 1938.
With reference to my telegram of the llth instant, reporting
anti-Jewish manifestations in Cologne, I have the honour to state
that additional reports indicate these to have been very thorough and
systematic throughout my consular district. In Cologne itself, there
have been suicides of Gerraan Jews actually known to me, though
tliis unfortunately is nothing new in my experience. Four hundred
Jews have been taken into '* preventive arrest " ostensibly for their
own protection. I hear, however, that they are unlikely to be set
free until they have been financially bled. The Jewish synagogue in
Cologne has been daniaged by fire, and it is said that the local fire
brigade took no action save to prevent the spread of the flames to
neighbouring houses. The Jews are in a desperate plight. The offices
of the consulate-general have been overrun with them, and though
I do the best I can with a small staff it is frequently necessary to
close the door.s to the public to enable us to attend to tliose alrcadv'
in the office. One German Jewess pestered a member of the staft to
take her husband into his small flat over the night of the llth. Tlie
man actually anived at the door with his pyjamas. There is nervous-
ness amongst middle-olass Germans, who in general disapprove.
They dare not, however, voiee theü* disapproval. One German
woman who voiced her disapproval in a tram car which runs past my
house was arrested at the first stop by Nazi guards. The industrialists
say that they have no infiuence with the party, wdio have made such
a point of racial purity that the Führer must carry his theories to
their logical conclusion. Everyone agrees, however, that last week's
events have considerably complicated international relations.
Personally, I have been more shocked by the coldblooded and
calculated manner in which action was taken than by anythmg eise
about the recent events. Yet I am inclined to think that the Führei-
knows his Germans. Amongst the masses of Germans who have
nothing at stake there is observable a certain amount of
"Schadenfreude" ("Joy in Mischief "). Our German cook, for
instance, observed to me a few days ago that it was high time a
certain neighbouring Jew was " washed up." In short, an abnormal
Situation exists in Cologne, as it does in the rest of my consular
district. In Düsseldorf and elsewhere reports indicate that anti-
Jewish measures have been even more drastic than in Cologne.
2. No attacks have, as far as I know, been made on British
subjects of Jewish race. There are one or two ex-service men of the
Jewish persuasion who are normally resident in my district. I have
the Impression that they have either left Cologne or are keeping oli'
the streets.
3. A complaint and demand for protection of property was
received on the lOth instant from a Herr Schwarz, who holds a power
18
ol attorney for the firm of Klein wort and Co., Fenchurch Street,
London, owners of three houses in Cologne occupied by German Jews
whose Windows had been broken. The local police were immediately
informed. They promised to safeguard the properties. Herr Schwarz
was asked to furnish details in writing. I should be glad to have
instructions as to the general attitude to be adopted to such claims.
4. I venture to transmit herewith translations of two anonynious
letters which I have reeeived to-day, one from a person who describes
himself as a " Beamter," the other from a person who describes
himself as a judge. I make it a rule to ignore anonymous letters,
but the writers have so well stated the views of many Germans that I
think them worth transmission.
I have, &c.
J. £. BELL.
Enclosure 1 in No. 7.
(Translation.)
To the Herr Generalkonsul, Cologne, November 12, 1938.
I FEEL the urge to present to you a true report of the recent riots,
plunderings and destruction of Jewish businesses, dwellings and
incendiarisms of synagogues.
TJie German folk have had nothing wliatever to do ivith these riots
a7id incendiarism.
Since the incitements of the party members had not had the least
effect on the man in the street, there came from the police wireless
on the morning of the lOth November, 1938, at 0-45 a.m. (a quarter
to 1 in the morning) the following Orders : —
(1) At 4 A.M. the synagogues and chapels of the Jews were ordered
to be set on fire.
(2) At 6 A.M. the destruction and looting of shops and houses was
ordered to begin in the city.
(3) At 8 A.M. the same was to happen in the suburbs.
(4) All action was ordered to cease at 1 p.m. midday of the
lOth November, 1938.
Whilst the " angrj'^ and excited folk," as the newspapers so well
expressed it, stül slept and had no idea of these Orders, the police
suppUed all available young and newly enlisted S.A. men,
strengthened by a mob of riff-rafF, with axes, housebreaking tools and
ladders at the poHce headquarters. A list of the names and addresses
of all Jewish shops and flats was furnished, and the mob proceeded to
do their work under the leadership of S.A. men.
The police had strict Orders to remain neutral. At 8 o'clock in
the morning of the lOth November, 1938, revolting fights amongst
this mob over the booty were still to be witnessed, e.g., one of the
i'obbers was carrying away eight suits of stolen clothing which he was
refusing to share with liis dear German comrades. In Cologne alone
seventeen shops have been so far completely looted.
\
19
The Population of Cologne had absolutely nothing to do with this
murderous arson and condemns it, as does also the whole German
nation. These actions were ordered by the Government in Berlin.
A certain police commissioner who intervened to save a shop from
looting, has been placed on leave and relieved of his functions.
Please take Information amongst the Cologne people, and you will
convince yourself that the German nation had nothing to do with
these orimes and disassociates itself from this action of their
Government.
(Signed) EHST BEAMTER.
Enclosure 2 in No. 7.
Translation of a Copy of the Original sent to the Reichsminister
f(yr Justice.
The events of the lOth instant, with their anti-social crimes, such
as incendiarism, looting, bodily violence, robbery and miu-der, in all
towns and villages of Germany cause German judges to heg you for
guidance in the forthcoming legal processes.
Since these crimes against the social order have been staged by
the Government itself, it would be advisable to quash all legal pro-
ceedings arising therefrom, since the public knows very well that no
judge dare dispense justice without exposing himself to severe reprisals
for his acting according to his conscience. More than 50 per cent. of
the judges under your Jurisdiction must do violence to their conscience,
since the events which have happened are such as to make one
ashamed of being German. Such ideas could only come from the
narrow, criminal brains of a Hitler, Hess, Goebbels, Rosenberg, &c.,
and must carry the conviction abroad that they are the same
incendiaries who formerly set fire to the Reichstag, and who were
responsible for the deeds of the 30th June, 1934. It would be better
if you recommended all German judges to retire. It cannot be
expected that German judges shoiüd do hangmen's work.
The events of the lOth instant have unmistakably and clearly
proven to all the world that a judiciary no longer exists in Germany.
You, Herr Reichsminister Dr. Gtirtner, are also responsible for
what has happened, and you may depend upon it that we will bring
you to book perhaps quicker than you think. Make sure of your own
retreat by giving all right-thinking judges an opportunity to liquidate
their Services in a humane manner and by bringing the true Situation
before your friend Hitler, for the verdict that will be pronounced by
aU honest judges on you and your bandit friends will be death,
(Signed) JUDEX.
20
No. 8.
Sir G. Ogilvie-Forbes to Viscount Halifax.
His Majesty's Charge d'Affaires at Berlin presents his
coinpliments to His Majesty's Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs, and has the honour to transmit to him a copy of a
(lespatch from His Majesty's Consul-General, Frankfort-on-Main,
dated the 14th December, respecting anti-Jewish persecution.
Berlin, December 15, 1938.
Enclosure in No. 8.
Ccmmä-General Smallbones to Sir G. Ogilvie-Forbes.
Sir, Franhfort-on-Main, December 14, 1938.
Whilb the Ger man Government has somewhat half-heartedly put
it about that the action against the Jews, the burning of the
synagogues, the smashing of shops and private residences, the assaults
and looting were the work of the populace, incensed by the death
of HeiT vom Rath, it will be difficult to disclaim responsibility for
the systematic treatment on a large seale by S.S. and regulär police
of the persons arrested. I therefore venture to report on the treatment
of some of those who were arrested. I am afraid this despatch will
make unpleasant reading, but I eonsider it my duty to call a spade
a spade. Those who have been released from the camps have been
threatened with dire conseqiiences if they divulge what happened
there. The facts which I am reporting have been related by a
great number of people independently of each other and they could
not all invent the same lies, at the same time, about the same
events.
2. I have served in Germany for some eight years. I have
known the Germans, when I was stationed at Munich, in the hoiir
of their humihation after the war, and I have been at this post
•since 1932. I flattered myself that T understood the German
character, and I have worked for an Anglo-German understanding
to the best of my ability. Recent events have revealed to me a
facet of the German character which I had not suspected. They
seemed to me to have no cruelty in their make-up. They are
habitually khid to animals, to children, to the aged and infirm.
The explanation of this outbreak of sadistic cruelty may be that
sexual perversion, and in particular homo-sexuality, are very
prevalent in Germany. It seems to me that mass sexual perversity
may offer an explanation for this otherwise inexplicable outbreak. I
am persuaded that, if the Government of Germany depended on the
suflFrage of the people, those in power and responsible for these
outrages would be swept away by a storm of Indignation if not put
up against a wall and shot.
'
21
3. The following is a recital of what happened to a Jew who
was m the trenches during the war, who had a good business'here
and who is a well-educated man. His statements correspond iii
detail with what has been told to us by other persons who went
through the same experience : He was rung up by the secret police
on the llth ultimo and ordered to stay at home. He was fetched
at 3 P.M. He asked for permission to take a change of linen and
some warm underwear with him. This was refused, but he was
told to bring some money. He was taken to the nearest police
Station and was kept there until a sufficient number had collected
to fill a motor lorry. He was then driven to the Exhibition HaU
a large building used for fairs and also for political meetings. It
holds on such occasions well over 20,000 people. Outside the
building a large crowd had gathered, which hurled abuse and invecti ve
at each convoy as it arrived. (Mr. Dowden passed there twice on
the day in question and observed that the crowd consisted chiefly
of youths and women. He was under the Impression that the women
did not have their heart in the demonstration, and that they had
been ordered to attend, in the same way as their menfolk had been
ordered to bait the Jews and to work destruction.) Once inside
the hall my Informant was made to turn out his pockets, and their
Contents, including his handkerchief, were put into an envelope, and
he was told that he would get his property back on his release.' He
was then made to line up with the others, some of whom had been
there since the night before without sleep, food or water to drink.
The S.S. and police now had sport with their charges. They
made them kneel down, cross their hands behind their backs anJl
lean forward until they touched the ground with their foreheads.
Those who could not perform this feat were assisted by the guards,
who kicked them in the back of the neck. Others were made t()
run round the building. Some were sick. The guards removed the
vomit by taking the culprit by the scruff of the neck and wiping it
a\way with his face and hair.
5. About 5 P.M. motor lorries manned by S.S. men drove uj)
and the prisoners were driven into them with blows and kicks. They
were taken across the town to a suburban railway Station. Wheii
unloaded they had to go down some steps leading into a dark viaduct
giving access to the platform. The guards rained blows and kicks
on all they could reach. When in the viaduct they were halted
and ordered to face the walls. They thought they were about to
be shot and some became hysterical. The guards passed up and
down behind them kicking and beating them. Some men in mufti
joined in this sport. They were then entrained for Buchenwald,
near Weimar. During the journey, which took several hours, the
guards passed up and down knocking out teeth, bashing in heads
and doling out black eyes. At Weimar they were detrained and
forced with blows and kicks into over-crowded lorries. During the
lorry journey they were told to keep their heads between their knees
and in that position they were belaboured with sticks.
22
6. On arrival at the camp they were driven with kicks and
blows into a wire enclosure. (This was charged with an electric
ourrent and many were badly burnt who tried to escape. This
conies from other sources.) They were then addressed by the
Commander of the camp, who told them what he thought about
the Jews. Then every man had his hair cropped and his moustache
ch])ped off. They had great sport with the rabbis whose reUgious
tenets de not allow them to have their beards touched with the
scissors. My Informant, who was one of a party of about 500, was
assigned to shed No. 1, the one nearest the gate. It was about
200 feet by 80 and about 2,500 people were forced into it. This
on the face of it appears impossible. The explanation is that there
were tiers of bunks in the shed reaching to the ceiiing, in each of
which three men had to lie. (A friend of mine had to sleep for
sixteen iiights in one of these bunks between two cattle-drovers.
They had to lie sideways and when they wished to turn over in
Order to relax, they had to do so in unison.)
7 . The camp at Buchenwald was at that time under construction
and this added to the discomforts. No water was laid on and there
were no latrines. The prisoners were given no water to drink the
first day and never any water for washing. (My friend above referred
to went for sixteen days without washing except when he collected
some rain water.) On the second day my informant was given a
drink of hot water, fiavoured to represent cofiFee, and some bread.
The prisoners by then were half crazy with thirst and hunger.
8. Diuing the first night guards came in and picked out men
at random and took them outside to be flogged. Fixed on the ground
were two footplates to which the man's feet were strapped. He was
then bent over a pole and his head was secured between two
horizontal bars. Men were given up to fifty strokes, except in the
case of promiscuous flogging inflicted for sport, and each guard was
only allowed to inflict ten lashes lest his strength gave out. (Flogging
was ordeied for trifling offences such as not jumping to attention
(juickly or not obeying an order. A rabbi was flogged because he
refused to sign his name on the Sabbath. He was then threatened
with a second flogging. His spirit was too weak and he signed.)
»Some died stretched between the poles. Those who survived were
kicked back into the shed. In the day-time the floggmgs took place
in pubhc as a warning to the others. Some went mad. They were
then chained up and a sack tied round their heads to stifle their
shouts.
9. Duiüig the fii'st night men were not allowed to leave the shed
to reheve nature. They used their hats.*
10. My informant has false teeth and suffers from pyorrhcea.
He appHed for an extra glass of water a day to clean his teeth and
rinse his mouth. The lack of water and his thirst were so great that
he drank this water after using it.
* Six lines have been omitted licie owing to the unprintable character of
the further dctails given.
23
11. One other case has to be related : a former Prussian officer
was ordered to kneel down and say : "I am a dirty Jew and a traitor
to my country." He refused and he was beaten until he did as he
was told.
12. Among the prisoners were famous surgeons and doctors and
they worked miracles of skill and devotion. They even performed
Operations in urgent cases. The rabbis also proved tiiemselves worthy
of their calling. One rabbi when offered his release cleclined to leave
the camp before the last of his flock. I have heard of no instances
that any of the guards showed any signs of Christian charity or
common humanity.
13. When the prisoners were released they were first examined
by the camp doctor and none with open wounds were allowed to
depart. The others were shaved and then reported to the political
officers, who warned them that if they divulged anything they had
Seen in the camp, they would do so at their peril. He added that
the party would be able to strike them down even after they left
Germany and wherever they might be. They were then handed back
what was left of their belongings. Most articles of value had,
however, disappeared and the money they had had on them was
sadly reduced in amount. They were told that to complain meant
acousing the S.S. of theft and that such an accusation would be
punished with a flogging. As a final insult they had to contribute to
the Winter Hilfs Werk (" Collection for the Winter Help ") of the
party. Nearly every person released has had to sign an undertaking
to leave Germany Avithin a specified time, usüally from four to six
weeks, under pain of being again interned. In most cases they have
signed an impossible undertaking.
14. When the recent action started few knew wliat imprisonment
meant. A number, however, committed suicide, others hid in the
woods, some went to a friendly doctor and had their stoniachs opened
so as to be in hospital. One man in Stuttgart whom I know considers
that he has had a lucky escape. He was roused at 4 • 30 on the fatef ul
day and his wife answered the bell. When she saw the S.S. guards
she becanie hysterical. He went to her assistance. He was knocked
down and kicked in the mouth. He lost some ten teeth and had his
jaw broken. He bravely denianded to see the order for his arrest.
The guards went to fetch this, and in the meantüne he was able to
gain admittance to a hospital with his broken jaw.
15. I hear from many sides that another drive against the Jews
is imminent in January, and the 16th of that month is given as the
date of the proposed fresh action. It is anticipated that on this
occasion also Jewish women will be placedinthe concentration camps.
Jews have been warned by their friends, who claim to have inside
Information, to get out of Germany before that date. At Obeniode,
near Dieburg, in the Darmstadt district, a concentration camp, I
learn, is being built by the " Arbeitsdienst " to liouse some of the
victims of the contemplated drive.
16. As far as it is possible to niitigate the plight of the Jews in
Germany, I venture to think that the policy indicated at present is
1
24
not ' women and children first," but men first; they are in the
concentration camps and in imminent danger of death, and they are
the Potential bread-winners. If they die the problem of dealing with
their families will be all the more formidable.
17. I gather that some of the Quakers wish to put up an
Organisation in Germany to feed and clothe non-Aryans, and that
they contemplate gradual evacuation spread over a number of years.
Unless the German Government agrees to such a scheme it is difficult
to calculate what percentage of these people will survive their enf oreed
stay in Germany. Lord Forrester, who has been here also on behalf
of the Quakers, seems to contemplate the creation of camps outside
of Germany, where the emigrants would be trained before being
transplanted to their future homes. This would probably reduce the
wastage of life.
18. I regret that I have to submit that the Information contained
in this despatch may be treated as confidential. The facts if broadcast
and if not already known would probably rouse world opinion to a
higher pitch of Indignation. But the rulers of Germany appear at
present to be contemptuous of world opinion. The only likely
reaction would be to try and ferret out my informants for individual
punishment or to inflict collective punishment if they cannot be f ound.
Also if my name were mentioned it might lead to an incident. It
might, however, be useful to bring the facts reported to the
confidential notice of those Governments which contemplate doing
something towards the Solution of this problem.
I have, &c.
R. T. SMALLBONES.
No. 9.
ConsMl-General Carvell to Viscount Halifax.
My Lord, Mtinich, January 5, 1939.
I HAVE the honour to report that, notwithstanding the threats of
dire penalties which would fall on those released from the concentra-
tion camp at Dachau if they did not keep silence about their
treatment, sufficient Information has leaked out to enable some
account to be given of the treatment extended to Jewish prisoners
3ince the 9th November last.
2. The Dachau Camp appears to have been the place of
concentration for all Jews arrested in South and West Germany as
far as Neuss and in Austria. According to some estimates, the
tnaximum number of Jews in confinement was 14,000. Some
200-300 were released daily during December, and it is thought that
above 5,000 still remain in custody. It is understood that all over
65 years of age and all ex-service men who served at the front have
now been released. Boys of 17 from the Jewish seminary at
Würzburg and professional men between the ages of 50 and 60 are
still without hope of early release.
25
3. Apparently the first day of captivity was one of indescribable
horror, since no released prisoner has been able or willing to speak
about it. It may be imagined that the prisoners, herded together
like cattle in a stockyard, were tortured by the fear of the
slaughterhouse.
4. On entering the camp every prisoner had liis head shaved,
and was given a coarse linen prison suit with a " Star of David "
stamped in yellow upon it. It seems that no other clothing was
provided, even after the onset of extreme winter weather. Under-
clothing could, however, be bought at the canteen at a ])rice. Two
hundred to 300 persons were crowded together in huts originally built
for sixty to eighty persons. Some prisoners appear to have slept on
the bare boards, but most had straw. At first each person had only
one thin blanket, but now some have two. The food is of the
roughest kind, and the Jews receive only half the quantities allowed
to the Aryan prisoners. Six persons eat out of the same dish. Hot
drinks, cheese, and also butter may be bought at prohibitive prices
at the canteen. Each prisoner is allowed to receive 15 marks a week
pocket money from his family. The delay in distributing this money
was such that among those in the sixth week of confipement some
had only received their second week's allowance.
5. The prisoners are awakened at 5 a.m. each day. They are
paraded at 6 a.m., and are often kept on parade for five or six hours
on end without being allowed to leave the ranks for any purpose.
They are made to do a great deal of marching and physical exercises.
and are kept standing to attention in their thin suits an^wering
repeated roll-calls. Generally speaking, prisoners are on their feet
almost continuously from 5 a.m. until 7 p.m., and being unaccustomed
to heavy military boots the majority sufFer from sore »nd festering
feet.
6. Accounts of brutal treatment at the hands of the guards are
too consistent to have been mere fabrications. Prisoners have been
bufFeted, kioked, and even beaten and bastinadoed with steel birches.
Some guards never speak to prisoners without hitting them across the
mouth with the back of the band. The medical attendant^s are
particularly callous in their disregard for prisoners recjuiring medical
attention. Sixty sufFerers from frost-bite were dismissed without
treatment on being told that their aflfliction would eventually eure
itself.
7. The day of release is a veritable ordeal. The prisoners about
to be hberated are paraded in the open at 5 a.m., and are kept
standing stripped to the waist until about 10 a.m., when the chief
medical offioer inspects them for evidences of iU-treatment. After the
inspection a stream of ice-cold water from a hose-pipe is turned on
them. Before leaving the camp they are addressed by.the com-
mandant, who advises them to leave Germany as soon as possible.
since should they return to the camp they would never be released.
They are also warned that if they should spread " atrocity stories "'
abroad it would not be to the advantage of their co-religionists
2ß
remaining in Germany. They are then required to sign a document
stating that they have not been ill-treated, have acquired no infectioiis
disease, and have received all their personal effects intact. They are
then free to walk to the Station and pay their own fares to their
homes. Many are unable to walk and some have been carried to the
Station uneonscious.
8. It is not known how many have died in camp or shortly after
reaching their homes, but there must have been many. The names
of ten Munich Jews who died at Dachau between the 9th and the
25th November are known.
9. The foregoing account has been based on a series of isolated
scraps of üiformation, and so, while there is no reason to doubt that
the incidents described actually happened, the account should not be
read to mean that the treatment meted out w^as throughout so bad as
it would appear. Some of those released have said that their treat-
ment was "not so bad," and that the camp was efficiently managed.
It is probable that the treatment of prisoners varied considerably with
the oharacter of individual guards.
I have, &c.
J. E.
M. CARVELL.
No. 10.
Consul Shepherd to Sir 0. Ogilvie-Forbes (Berlin).
Sir, Dresden, February 2, 1939.
I ha\t: the honour to transmit for information notes made of con-
versations regarding conditions in the concentration camp at Buchen-
wald with German Jews who were sent there after the murder of
Herr vom Rath on the lOth November.
I have, &c.
F. M. SHEPHERD.
Enclosure in No. 10.
Memorandum.
Jeioish Persecution.
Herr H.E.B.. who is an apparently respectable für merchant in
Leipzig, told me that after the murder of vom Rath in Paris his shop
\v'indows were broken, and that when he went home members of the
Secret Police were waiting for him outside his house and told him to
go Tvith them. His wife protested, but the police said it would be all
right and that Herr B. would be back that evening. He was taken to
the railway Station, and he said that : " I cannot teil you how they
treated us there." He was taken to a concentration camp (Buchen-
wald, near Weimar) where there were about 10,000 Jews confined in
wooden barracks fitted with narrow bunks, into which they had to
crawl. They were given no coverings and were unable to wash or
27
have a change of ulothing, so Herr B. said, during a whole month in
which he was confined there. For foiu-teen days his wife did not
know where he was or what had happened to him. There were ui the
camp men of all ages up to 78, including professors and other leading
Jewish men. Herr B. was allowed out because it was noticed that he
wore an emblem showing that he had fought in the war. He was
fortunate in being released before the sudden cold spell, and he teils
me that many people died of cold after it began. The camp of 10,000
where he was confined was a small one compared with that devoted to
Austrian Jews which exists m the neighbourhood. The men in his
camp came from many parts of Germany, including Franldort and
Hamburg. In addition to his confinement in the concentration camp
he has, of course, been presented with a demand for an amount of
20 per Cent, of the estimated value of his entire property as a fine for
the vom Rath murder.
Concentration Camps.
Herr H. V. was in the Buchenwald camp for three weeks under
very severe conditions. There was not even enough water to drink,
and there were only twenty lavatories for 10,000 men. He saw many
beaten, and saw one arrive at the camp dead. On his release he was
told that, if he spoke about his experience, he and his family would
be imprisoned for life, and if he spoke of it after he had gone abroad,
he was told that there were " Vertrauensleute " who would finish
(" erledigen ") him off. The men in charge were young S.S. men
and a few of the regulär Weimar PoHce. Conditions were incredible,
and they had no change of clothing or washing faciÜties.
Herr V. said that to the people in charge of this camp there were
two classes of people, alive or dead, and that no consideration was
paid to people who were old or sick.
On the other hand, I lieard from a Jewish doctor, who was also in
the camp, that he was employed in looking after people who were ill or
who had been injured. This doctor had seen people beaten with
barbed-wire birches, and his particular occupation was to see that his
patients, as far as possible, were healed of the scars caused by their
ill-treatment. He knew of sixty-seven deaths, and thouglit there were
until recently about 350 in the Buchenwald camp.
British Consulate, Dresden,
February 2, 1939.
No. 11.
Statement of a Former Prisoner at the
at Buchenwald. — {Communicated to the
February 18, 1939.)
(Translation.)
In present-day Germany no word strikes greater
people's hearts than the name of Buchenwald. Only a
Concentration Camp
Foreign Office on
terror in
few miles
28
from Goethe's Weimar, situated in the midst of a pleasant beech
forest, ringed round with barbed-wire fences, guarded by S.S.
detaehments and machine guns, lies the new City of Sorrow, the
concentration camp of Buchenwald.
I was arrested at my home in Berlin at 5 o'clock in the morning
of the 13th June, 1938, taken to police headquarters, and there
informed that, as a Jew with a previous *' criminal record," I was
now under preventive detention and would in due course be sent to
a concentration camp. In the over-crowded police prison to which
I was first taken I recognised many acquaintances among the other
j)risoners, who were for the most part reputable people, business men
and university teachers. Former convictions, the excuse for all the
arrests, often dated back to a decade or more, and related to such
crimes as breaches of traffic regulations, or childishly unimportant
escapades of one kind or another.
More and more prisoners were brought in tili the police officials
themselves were at a loss to find room for the stream of new arrivals.
In the course of these two days, the 13th June or 14th June, every
male Jew with any sort of police record was arrested. Some of the
j)risoners were over 70 years of age and were brought to gaol from
the almshouses where they were living.
In Berlin the number of arrests reached about 4,000; for the
whole country the figure was probably between 10,000 and 15,000.
These prisoners were all sent to concentration camps, Dachau,
Sachsenhausen and Buchenwald. At police headquarters each
j^risoner wa« informed that he could expect his release only if and
when he should have procured, somehow or other, documents
])ermitting him to leave the country. It is therefore apparent that
the arrests were a piu-ely political measure, and that this typically
Nazi device had been decided upon with a Single view to hurrying
along the tide of Jewish emigration, which, in the Nazi view, was
flowing too slowly. Nevertheless, the carrying out of the arrests was
entrusted to the ordinary criminal police, and not, as might have
been expected, to the Gestapo. Hence, the Berlin newspapers
reported merely that a " number of Jewish criminals have been taken
into preventive cnstody."
During the night of the 14th June 2,000 of us were transported
from prison to the concentration camp. Before leaving the prison
we were examined by an extremely youthful doctor, who passed
everyone as physically fit for the rigours of concentration camp life,
including the septuagenarians and a tubercular prisoner who was
continually spitting blood.
The Anhalt Station, from which we left Berlin, was closed to the
public at 2 a.m., the time of our departure, and a streng force of police
witli rifles in readiness Mas on guard. At about 6 o'clock in the
jnorning on the 15th June we arrived at Weimar, to find a
■ Death's Head " detachment of the S.S. waiting for us at the
railway Station. We hardly reached the platform before a hail of
kicks and bloMs from fist and rifle butt drove us along to the subwaj'^
29
leading out to the road. Here we were greeted by the then Super-
intendent of the camp, Rödl, in the following terms : —
" Among you are some who have aheady been m gaol. VVhat
you tasted there is nothing to what you're going to get here.
You're coming inside a concentration camp, and that means
you're coming into hell. Any attempt at opposing the authority
of S.S. guards and you'U be shot out of hand. We've only got
two kinds of punishment in this camp, the lash and the death
penalty."
The entrance to the camp was guarded by machine-gun posts,
and over the gate itself was written the slogan : My Country Right
or Wrong ! Every prisoner entered the camp by " running the
gauntlet " between two rows of guards. More kicks and blows.
Immediately after this reception, which is more or less usual in
all concentration camps, our heads were shaved, as is done with all
dangerous criminals. Next our civilian clothes had to be given up
in exchange for convict uniform. The dress of every prisoner is
marked with a special symbol. Political prisoners wear a red stripe,
bible students a lilac stripe, the so-called " work-dodgers " cany a
black stripe.
Our loose convict jackets were marked with the Star of David irj
black on a yellow patch : this indicated " work-shy Jew" It is
worth mentioning that most of us were indej)endent business men,
and the rest workers who had been forced out of their ordinary
employment. Our group also included a dentist and several lawyers.
Each of US was given a number, sewn into our prison clothes, and
henceforward these impersonal numbers were substituted for our
names.
After the preHminaries just described, we were led off to our new
quarters. While the 6,000 Aryan prisoners were housed in wooden
barracks each holding about 140, we were quite literally packed into
a number of cattle sheds, 500 in each shed. The sheds contained no
tables or chairs. Not even beds. At night we dossed down on the
bare floor, unable to stretch out and rest owing to the lack of space
Each prisoner received two thin (and often torn) blankets. There
were no arrangements for washing. Not one of us was able to wash
during the first week. Afterwards, eight wash-basins were provided
for each group of 500. Water had to be fetched from a pump ten
minutes' journey away. What was most difficult to bear, however,
was the fact that, in accordance with Orders given by the S.S., a
group of professional criminals was introduced into each shed and
charged with the task of " maintaining order." These criminals
also under detention in the camp, were set over us as " n.c.o.s,"
and were given füll authority to punish the other prisoners. The
criminal in füll charge of our shed was a particularly brutal
specimen, who continually and shamefuUy mishandled us.
We were all too much afraid to try and protect ourselves from
these inhuman brutes, as answering back would have been treated
30
as mutiny and punished by death. A peculiarly horrible incident
sticks in niy memory. One of the older prisoners had, during the
day, wliile we were at work, been so knocked about by the S.S.
guards that, at night, in the slied, he kept up a continuoiis moaning.
The brüte in charge of the shed hit this man in the face repeatedly,
teUing him to stop tlie noise. By morning the old man was dead.
During the first two days in the camp we were given no food
whatever. In spite ofthat we were exercised hard enough. A whole
week was occupied in attending to the various formahties connected
with om* entering the camp ; only afterwards were we assigned to
regulär work Among these formahties was the signing of a
declaration that we had been taken into preventive custody because
\\e were Jewish '* shirkers," unwiUing to work. It was printed on
the form that this admission was made voluntarily by the person
signing One of the prisoners, a lawyer from Breslau, refused to
sign the form This unhappy man was visited with every punish-
ment in the repertory of our captors. He steadily maintained his
refusal to sign the documents. After the fourth day of his torture,
already a dying man, his body bruised and broken, only half-
conscious, he signed his name. I must now describe some of the
punishments inflicted upon us by the S.S. Even slight offences —
drinking some M'ater during working hours — ^were punished with loss
of midday meal and with having to stand to attention for four hours
during the short " free period " normally allowed on Sinidays. But
the main punishment was the lash. A public flogging was given for
minor offences, for instance, if a prisoner was caught smoking at
work. At the end of the afternoon roU-call, the numbers of the
prisoners sentenced to be flogged were read out — there would be
several every day — and the men were led out and bound fast to the
whipping-block. The usual punishment, twenty-five strokes with a
raw hide whip on the buttocks, was carried out by two hefty S.S.
guards, taking turns with the whip. A third S.S. man held the
victim's jaws together to stifle any cries. Some of the older prisonera,
unable to work fast, were flogged in this inhuman way for laziness.
After the flogging the victim was made to take do\vn his trousers and
display his bloody stripes to an S.S. man, \^'hose business it was to
judge whether the lash had been strongly enough laid on.
Twenty-five strokes was the favourite punishment at Buchenwald, but
there were others. The " sweat-box " for example. It often
happened that the prisoner was aheady dead before the " sweat-box "
was opened to release him.
Another punishment was that known as " tree-binding," and the
guards showed great inventiveness in developing the possibilities of
this torture. If only a sUght offence had been committed, the
prisoners would be bound to the tree in such a way that they stood
facing it, and as if embracing it, their hands pinioned together. The
Straps that bound them would be pulled so tight that they could
barely move. The guards would now play " merry-go-round " with
tliem, that is. thev would foroe them to make their wav round and
31
round the tree. If they could not move quickly enough it was usual
to help them by kicking their ankles.
This was only the less severe form of " tree-binding." Another
form of the same punishment often ended fatally. The victim would
be strapped to the tree, facmg outwards, his arms pulled back and
round the tree trunk and then bound together. The thighs and feet,
the latter only just touching the ground, would also be tied,
sufficiently tight to stop the circulation of the blood. The prisoner
would be left hanging in this position for hours at a time. It must
not be thought that these barbaric tortures were exceptional. At
Buchenwald these things were of daily occurrence.
A week after our arrival we were set to regulär A^ork. Our
working day in the concentration camp of Buchenwald was regulated
as follows : we were awakened at 3-30 in the morning, roU-ctill
followed from 4 «30 to 5-30, then were marched off to work, which
started a little before 6. We worked without a break until noon. At
midday there was a half-hour's pause to drink the acorn-coffee that
was given us. Work recommenced at 12 • 30 and continued tili 3-45.
From 4 o'clock tili 5 • 30 a second roll-call was taken, followed by the
public floggings decreed for the day. Between 5-30 and 6 we ate
our main meal of the day, and then worked again tili 8, when supper
was had. The day ended at 9 o'clock. On Sundays we were made
to work from 6 o'clock in the morning until 4 o'clock in the afternoon.
No festivals were observed in the camp, not even (as I was told by
prisoners of longer standüig) that of Christmas. We were on our feet
seventeen and a half hours a day, rain or shine, This time-table
applied to the older as well as the younger prisoners ; the sick, in so
far as they were able to stand on their feet, as well as the healthy.
Dressed in our convict clothes of " Substitute cloth " we were forced
out into every kind of weather from storm and heavy rain to the
burning heat of summer.
Now as to my first day at hard labour — a day which I will never
be able to forget as long as I Uve. Several of the older prisoners in
our working party died in the stone quarry on that blazing hot June
day. After the morning roll-call we had been divided into labour
groups each a hundred streng. To each group a foreman was
assigned, chosen almost invariably from the habitual criminals, wliose
right it was to knock us about as he thought fit. We were accom-
panied by an S.S. detachment of guards, not one of whom could
have been more than 18 years old. They were nevertheless quite
competent at manhandling and beating us Our column, which
included several prisoners over 65, marched oflF, or rather we were
hounded along by the S.S. men, all of whom were armed with clubs,
tili we reached the stone quarry where we were to work. Eighty out
of our hundred had never done manual labour before. i"fevertheless
we were expected to carry stone blocks so heavy that the effort of
lif ting them would have seemed considerable even to a navvy in good
training. Many of the stones were so heavy that it took several men
to lift the block on to the Shoulders of the man who w as to carry it.
32
Ihese stoiies liad to be carried to the site of a new road, a little over
a müe away, which was being built by " convict " labour. The way
leading to the new road was fairly steep, and on the last third of the
journey we were helped along by kicks and blows from the rifle butts
of the S.S. men stationed along the route. The elderly prisoners,
who found it physically impossible to fulfil their tasks, came off worst.
From the road we went back to the quarry to pick up a fresh load,
and then the process would be repeated. The sun rose higher in the
heavens, and the day got hotter and hotter, the fast-travelling S.S.
ears raised clouds of white dust on the road (it was closed to all but
■ official " traffic). Close to the quarry was a spring, bubbhng with
fresh, clear water. Prisoners who tried to approach the spring for a
drink were driven away by the S.S. guards. By afternoon thirty out
of our original hundred had collapsed, some of them with sunstroke,
and not even the brutal onslaughts of the guards were able to bring
them back on to their feet to resume work. We had to carry them
back in the end to the camp hospital. AU but two that had died.
In addition to our work in the quarry, we also had to carry tree
trunks from one place to another. No more than eight men were
allowed to tackle even the heaviest load. Along the route S.S. men
were stationed at intervals. We were continuously under Observation.
The shout, always accompanied by blows on head and Shoulders from
the clubs of the guards and kicks from their jackboots, " Move along,
blast you, get along "—still rings in my ears. It occasionally
happened that a more than usually energetic S.S. man would order
US to do knee-bending exercises while we were carrying our load. This
was not without danger, for if one or more of us collapsed the heavy
trunk was liable to crush the others.
One day, before we were marched off to work, an announcement
was made. We were told that " the Jews had been throwing away
their bread ration.*' A measure was therefore to be taken to which
no parallel existed, not even the annals of the Dachau concentration
camp. Heneeforward we were to receive half a litre of soup (all the
others received a litre) and 250 grammes of bread (compared with the
normal ration of 625 grammes). An unending regime of hard labour
was demanded of us, and at the same time our food rations were fixed
at the following amounts : a quarter of a litre of acorn-coffee in the
morning, half-htre of soup at midday, and 250 grammes of bread with
a smear of margarine and a little brawn in the evening. For three
successive Sundays, though we were, of course, required to work as
usual, we received no food at all.
Relatives were allowed to send money to us from our homes.
Parcels of food, however, were forbidden as " everything could be
bought in the camp." We will see in a moment how this system
worked in reality. For the families of the poorer prisoners, every
Pfennig sent to the camp represented a real sacrifice. By reason of
the mass arrests, it happened that many households had been deprived
of their chief breadwinner. A number of instances are also known to
me personally in which the Public Assistance Authority refused to
33
allow or continue relief to a family the head of which was in piison.
Those who actually received monej^ were far from being able
adequately to Supplement their meagre rations. Part of the sum sent
would be withheld to pay railway fares in the event of the prisoner's
release. This regulation was especially hard on the poorer prisoners.
as the whole of a small sum would be " set aside " for this purpose.
If more money was sent, it was doled out in weekly instalments of
5 marks. This sum, it is true, could be spent at the prison canteen,
where very high prices were charged. The canteen was extrernel\'
badly stocked. It was always impossible to buy bread there, and it
often happened that the only thing on sale would be lemonade
powder. In addition, it must be remembered that we had to buy and
pay for soap, tooth paste and the like, out of our own money.
In Buchenwald the number of deaths, both of Jews and of Aryans,
was far greater than in any of the other camps. The Aryan death
roll was at least one a day. Out of the 2,000 Jewish prisoners that
arrived on the 15th June, eighty died in the first four weeks and
thirty more in the fifth week. The authorities did all in their power
to hush up these figures, and the Committee of the Berlin Jewish
Community was officially informed of only thirty-nine out of the
110 deaths.
How did it happen that these men died ? A famous phrase^
" shot whüe attempting to escape " — must supply the answer. Here
I must give evidence that, at least during the period of my detention,
there was no single case of a prisoner being shot in the course of
a genuine attempt at an escape.
The camp is surrounded by a wire fence, electrically charged at
night. At intervals there are look-out posts with machine guns,
manned by S.S. detachments. The prisoners are forbidden to
approach the wire. If they do, the S.S. are instructed to fire on
them. Newly arrived prisoners were often Ignorant of this regulation,
and the S.S. men, bored at their enforced idleness on look-out duty,
often amused themselves by calling a prisoner over to the fence.
New prisoners would obey the order, and, as soon as they approached,
the S.S. machine gun would open fire. This form of " joke " was
quite frequently indulged in. Every now and again, some prisoner,
driven half insane and unable to bear the hellish conditions of the
concentration camp any longer, would run like mad towards the
fence. The S.S. invariably opened fire, and at once, although they
were obviously aware that their victim was crazed, and not trying
to break out of the camp.
But most of the prisoners who die at Buchenwald die in the
stone quarry. Round the quarry a chain of S.S. posts were also
established which it was death to approach. It frequently happened
that one of the older or weaker prisoners would be ordered to carry
a stone block which it was physically impossible for him to manage.
even though he exerted every ounce of his limited strength. The
S.S. guard would try again and again to force the prisoner to carry
his load. Naturally the nnlia])])y man would fall behind his
34
companions. After a short while those who had filed past him
would hear a shot. The prisoner had been driven out of the line
by the guard and over to the S.S. post, who had shot another victim
'* while attempting to escape." One particularly tragic story deserves
to be told. Among the Jewish prisoners was a youngster, 22 years
of age, called Erich Löwenberg. He had been cantor in a synagogue,
had married young, and bis wife was expecting a child two months
later. Erich Löwenberg — it happened about the 15th July, 1938 —
was driven by an S.S. guard on to the highway near the quarry
and forced in front of a heavy lorry driven by another S.S. man.
An hour and a half later the young man was dead.
The physical maltreatment normally experienced by prisoners
sometimes led to apoplexy and death. Cause of death would then
be stated by the doctor as " weak heart." Coffins were made by
the prisoners themselves in the carpenter's shop. The bodies were
usually taken to Weimar crematorium and burnt. Relatives would
receive offiiial notification of the prisoner 's death by open nnfranked
l)ostcard from the office of the Camp Commandant.
Many also died because of the lack of medical service in the
camp. In the early weeks the ambulance helpers were strictly
forbidden to give medicine to the Jews, a ruhng which was also
responsible for its quota of deaths. Later it also quite often happened
that the doctor in charge of the hospital refused to accept Jewish
patients. One case is known to me of the doctor throwing out a
sick man, declaring that he was faking bis Symptoms : the man
was dead within two hours.
In the sheds at night we had no means of helping a dying
eompanion. We could not even lay our hands on a glass of water,
much less obtain anv medicine. We were also unable to leave the
shed and go for medical assistance, for the S.S. guards were instructed
to o])en machine gun fire on anyone seen leaving the building at
night.
Four weeks after our arrival a hospital shed was opened for the
Jews. This had to be paid for by the Jews themselves. It lacked
even the most rudimentary equipment. There were no thermo-
meters. Not even a Chamber pot.
And >,'et in this hell one came across human beings. There were
S.S. men. a very small minority, who did not maltreat us. Some
of the S.S. explained to us that they could do nothing about
conditions in the camp. They received their Orders from " higher
up." This higher authority was Herr Standartenführer Kock,
infamoiis as the perpetrator of nameless brutalities at the Kolumbia-
haus in Berlin, and at the cami)s of Esterwege and Sachsenhausen,
now in charge of the Buchenwald camp. How many deaths of
defenceless prisoners has this man on his conscience ?
There were also some among the foremen who, at the risk of
tlieir own hves, attempted to help us. Some of them were denounced
as " Jew-lovers " by other prisoners, and publicly flogged. Our
worst time followed the arrival of a detachment of young Austrian
35
S.S., who were sent to Buchenwald from Wöllersdorf. The tortures
inflicted upon us by those men are beyond the power of any pen to
describe.
How is the population of a concentration camp in present-day
Germany brought together ? From what Clements is tho camp made
up ? In Buchenwald there were 8,000 of us, 2,000 Jews and 6,000
non-Jew^s. It is now proposed to extend the camjD and make it, with
a population of 25,000, the largest in Germany.
Our 8,000 prisoners included first of all the " politicals " (as, foi
example, the Communist members of the Reichstag : Neubauer,
Saefkow, Woitinski and others), many of whom have been in various
concentration camps ever since 1 933. Another prisoner was the well-
known Berlin defence lawyer, Hans Litten. His leg was broken in
the stone quarry at Buchenwald recently. It had not completely
healed from an earlier wound. In addition to the genuine political
prisoners, there were many poor devils at Buchenwald accused of
having spoken abusively of the sacred person of the Führer. Most
of these were sent to the concentration camp (under positive arrest)
after the expiration of their prison sentences. The period of deten-
tion in these cases is left indeterminate.
One of the hellish features of concentration camp imprisonment
is precisely this nerve-shattering uncertainty. Protective arrest may
mean detention for three months. It may easily mean detention for
three years. No rule, no law, determines the lengtli of the sentence.
After the " political," the category of the so-calied " work-shy '*
is the largest. Anyone who imagines that this group has anything
to do with tramps and vagabonds is grossly deceived. An example.
A business employee lost his position and applied for unemploj'ment
relief. One fine day he was informed at the Labour Exchange that
he could obtain employment as a navvy on the new motor roads.
This man, who was looking for a commercial post, turned down the
oflFer. The Labour Exchange then reported him to the Gestapo as
being ** work-shy," and he was arrested and sent to a concentiation
camp. Technical workers leaving low-paid employment to seek
higher wages often meet with the sarae fate.
The next group were the " Bibelforscher," a religious sect taking
its doctrine from the Bible and having a considerable membership
in every part of the country, but proscribed by the Gestapo since
its members refuse mih'tary service; these unhappy people were
almost as badly treated as the Jews.
The fourth category consisted of the homo-sexuals, or at least of
those against whom the Gestapo thought fit to bring charges of
homo-sexuality. To charge those it dislikes with this offence is a
favourite tactic of the secret police. At the time I was there
Buchenwald contained no representative of this group.
The last class of prisoners were the professional criminals. From
their ranks, as I have said, our " overseers " were drawn, Those of
them who were set in authority over us were allowed to manhandle
US as much as they wanted to. Many of them tried to curry favour
36
with the S.S. by maltreating us or by making us " exeroise " on
Sundays during the rest period or forcing the older prisoners to roll
back and forth in the wet mud.
When it happened that a prisoner was actually to be released, he
had first to siibmit to a medical examination, to see if his body still
earried the mark of the lash, or was in any way briiised. A prisoner
Avho still bore tracea of his beatings was not allowed to leave until
every mark was healed. In this way the authorities attempted to
prevent any knowledge of the physical maltreatment of prisoners
reaching the outside world. That these preliminary and precautionary
measurcs are at all successful is to be doubted. The truth slowly
seeps through the barriers.
At the time of my release — I was one of the very few who left the
coneentration camp with out having obtained a visa for abroad — I was
warned by a liigh S.S. official that even a wh isper concerning my life
in the coneentration camp would be punished by death. The actual
words of tho S.S. leader are worth recording. " National socialism,"
he Said, " has no reason to fear the truth. But it will not tolerate
the spreading of fantastic atrocity stories."
After my release I received notice that I had to quit the country
within five weeks, and that I should not be allowed to re-enter it.
During those five weeks I would be under police supervision, and
\VOuld have to report daily, first at the Berlin police headquarters, and
then later in my own district. The first time I reported at the police
headquarters, something happened that seems to me typical of
present conditions in Germany. When I arrived I found myself
surrounded by a group of officials of the regulär force, who eagerly
questioned me about Buchenwald. Remembering the threats that
had accompanied my departure from the coneentration camp, I at
first refused to answer. They showed me their identity documents to
allay my suspicions, and again urged me to teil them what conditions
in Buchenwald were really Hke. They would see that no härm came
to me. Then I told them of the tliings I had seen. They were so
shocked that they could not help interrupting me. Such conditions,
they Said, were revolting and a scandal. Frick and Himmler were
responsible. No one eise. They were at pains to impress upon me
that they had no control whatsoever over the coneentration camps,
where, in fact, the S.S. had supreme and exclusive authority.
I have myself lived and experienced the things that are here
related about Buchenwald. I was in the camp for six weeks only, and
my account can therefore lay no claim to completeness. I know
from trustworthy sources that the majority of thosc who were arrested
in June at the sarae time that I was are still prisoners, and that the
death- roll among them still mounts.
\
'J'2''Annkk. Prix : if) l'r. Dkcfmhuk io.HS, .Tanvier-Fevrier 1930
■- ' '-- -'■ ■ I I I . ■ ■ .1—1-1 mmmmm^^^^^.,-.
lEcho de la Grande Nouvelle
PUBLICATION TRIMESTRIELLE
du D"^ GREMILLON (Mariave)
A SAINT-GERVASY (Card)
ABONNEMENT : 5o fr. PAR AN
RABACHERIES SANS FIN
Xe Mysterieux humanimal
Epitre ä un aveugle volontaire (1)
Ils Olli des yeux poiir ne point voir,
(los orcillcs pour ne rien cnfendre,
cl unc iTilolUgeiu'c pour hetifier.
Moll eil er Mailtc,
Siir Ics (»li^incs de riioiiiiiic aucuiio ccilihidr. loiit osl siispe<.l.
(!(' (pic lacoiilcnl aiiiliropolosuis, sii\aiils, philosoplies, Ih^olo-
iii(Mis, ()(•( iillislcs, lli(k)s()|)h('s, lobendes, iiu'diiiiiis, spiiilcs, niys-
li(tii('s. ( lii('li('ns-( rolitis osl sujct u caulion. osl conune rien.
V011I0/-VOUS a\()ir qiiolqiios procisions ? Adrossoz-vous au psy-
rholo^iic o[)islouK)l()gisto.
(hio llioinmc ail a|)parii snr co m'lolK^ il y a dos inilliers ou
(1) .losiis apporlo a lous los lioininos la Euinieie. II est lui-
iiieino collo Euinioro, cl, lous forinoiu los yeux. Nous venons d'oii
faire roxpoiioiuo avcc un bravc lype. Coni])osaiit un livre sur los
diflV'ionls cullos; il nous doiuando de Uli doniier rn quelques
pagos iioiro o])inion, ol, malj^nc sa [Moinossc, refusa de publier
nolio ropoiiso. Scs Icrlours soront l)ien inroinios... Nolro oxpo-
lionco no s'arrotc poini a oo ras parliculier. Depuis plus de 5o
ans, la ronsplralion du silence osl, or^aniseo par los ratholiques
aulour de la Ronovalion : docirine essentielle aux origines du
cbrislianisme cl qui scra roprise par los Apotres-des-derniers-
lemps.
:
326
(los millions (raniK'cs, pcii iniporle. II osl (orlaiii (|iic rc inaiii-
iiiileie vi son iiiloUinojice disciiisivc. ixu rtro. aiiiniaicsiiiio, niil
poiir inalrice Ja vasc. C'est iiiic |)miiieiv ([iicslicui aiijoiiKl 'hui
ivsoliic doliriilivcnicjil. Sans aiinin doiilc, rsl plus i/iaudiosc
la dt"iixi('Mi(", d('l)alluo avvv, lirMi-, Aprrlr, IxMisc, la ,pi<-slion
■ des hotes (prabiiio rotlr ifilcll;,üoiu:(. : Ir uraiK, l'.Mr,., I,. liluv,
i'jnriai, l'elenicl, rübsolii... He. \ .aiisr d,. (cllcs incrNcilIcs. ,ö
birnane fu| dumnonl, iraiic par naluialislrs v[ pcnscjis : « a^()l^
ton de siii^o », « (>nriir de la jialiirc ». « moitsliv » diirnl-ils.
Ahordons canvindil, avec clarl,', iVaucliisc, l.)va(il('. ,c siijrl
passionnanl, pall.dliqur, v,'rilal)le dia.iie ,la„s l.s cspri!^ (\ov(V
MaoleiÜFick !) ■ • .
Kn ce Cusinos, ou |,,„| (»s: drlcrniinr. rii,.uiiiio a-i-il ,-]i lui
;:" l»''"<-MH^ lil^'o, liois nahnv ? \-l-i| ]. dmil (riuNocpuT uuv
Iil)crle inal.'iiHle cu u.oral,., ,.| uwuw ]vs dcuv a la r„is ?
Dq.iiis ,;h> ans, la Kran.-., ni iK.l.uausIr sc sa.rilio a la 'doiic
d immorh'h principes, m riionncm- ,rune ly]\n^\o sainl.'' • 1 i
hone ! Kgalile ! Fralorniio ! don( ,.||, io,,nrr la lor.nalinn <mi To-
P'it lumiain. IVndanl Ja nin.,,,, i„|enKdr du dn.ir res mlil.'s
oMinipotcmcs soulln.Tul le comhallanl, lui assinrrmi r(-nd.,.u-
siasnic el Ic tiionipi.o avcc Ic n.nrours d'auiirs p, uplos.
II est impossihje de iiicr (m. noliv pavs la puissan.r de <v
"^o' : I^li^KirrE ! d-ou derivcd, lous los au;res ; .(, pour U.uul
o'U (.ITon IcMü- vie ,.700 n.illv adoralciirs. II .sl inipossihlo de
•"^■>'o" de. n.ysleriseM,. lil.r, a.J.ilre. a n.oinsdelre ..n so.io-
lofeMie, un saxünl, „„ pliilcsopl,, ,,„ „„ 1 1, <'.,,!.. ..i,,i. .-est-a-din.
iiri lioniinc inlclIeciuelltMiieni inipiol),«.
l/I.on.n.e esl-il libiv ? On.uis la niauvais. nrA.-e, j„i„le a
I aberralK.n dos (:o^ri,,,,,„s inlenogc's. a La lihcrir csl. un mv.<;
A'/v ). (Malehrancl.e). J.a lih.rl,'. est mnc puissanca /m'.s/r/vV,,;.,,
((.ard.nal f.ep.c.er, ]„ ],„ aionok mMsn.,,,,, p. :{,:5^ • i.'jjh,,,,,' ,.,,
/m/c'mo„//Y/We (KanI) ; inconcccahle (llanullon) ; ininlcllinihl,
(Muan M.ll) ; //,co/*/ja/,s.va/>/, (\unusle Comic, Jleiberl Speuee,)-
inovlicabU: (Uoiiouvier) ; indcfinissabJe fBernsoi,)
Aujourd'hui, sans boulTonnor. i| esl in.possiblö de soulenir
r^^llc proposil.on : u Lc librc a.bitrc n'esi pas aufrc rl.ose „uo
Ic pouYOir de choisir : liberum arl)ilri,nn nil osi aliud nuam vis
olecl.va „. (Sl Thomas d'Aquin). Celle definiCon c,u idulol eello
laulolog.e nous procu.c la liheMe n.a(cri,.]Ie, la sponlanoiui
v.lale, et cclle liberte-lä toiis les animaux la possedenl Mon'
chien a h pouvoir de choisir onlrc une croiUc de pain cl un
12
327 —
iiiorceau de viande, mon cheval entrc une hotte de paille el un
hon picolin. (leite liherte-la ne peul-etre que rinstrunient d'une
lilJerle superieure. La liberte niaierielle est la servanle d'un Afai-
trc : le Libre Moral, le plus eclalanl des soleils : TAuiour. I/A;-
moui' est le seul libre absolu definissable.
i/Aniour est LIBRK de raisonnenient : « On n'ainie poinl par
raison ; LIBRK d'inlerels ; on n'ainie i)oint pour de l'argent,
pour des honneurs, pour ia salisfaclion d'un appetit ou d'un
besoin, lut-il genital ; LJBIU'- de contrainle :, l'Aniour no se
conimande i)as ; LIBIVK d'eireur : l'Amour est la Verite du he-
ros el du saint bravant la lusillade ou s'elan(;ant au niartyre )
LIBBK de lulle : ILVniour esl « prince de iJaix » ; « D^sir^ des
nalions », « (Jernie de JusCk c » ; LIBBE de res|)ace, du temps,
de la conlingence : TAniour esl infini, elernel, absolu, etc. ;
LIBRE de loul : lAniour esl incondilionne, A SE, CAUSA SUI.
11 y a en nous une Intelligence-Lumiere, une personne Libre,
Morale, ayant conscience de TAniour-Don, et pouvant y consen-
tir ; et, celle personnc, \olontairenient sacrificielle (2) n'est cer-
lainenient pas noire personne intellectuelle, nolre intellect dis-
cursil", delerniine, borne, aninialesque, par cxcellence coiiserva-
teur, el disant avcc Renan : « Le verilable vaincu dans la lultfc
pour la vie est celui qui la perd », Or, le Libre Moral, piir une
bouche sublime, piocianie : « Celui qui veut sauver sa vie la
l>erdra ». Le Libre esl rAmour-Sacril'ice-Incarne, depuis 20 sie-
cles, al'l'iciu' sur une croix, et auquel nul n'offre un verre d'oau.
Noici donc dcux libertes ronlradictoires : lune j'hem), l'aulre
noNNK ; et, pour concilier res deux plaideurs en notre for inti-
me, nee essairenient, on doit ä cliacjin accorder son du. Le juge
sera la Raison, nolre 3" personne.
L'hoMMiie est seniblable a Dieu : un en (rois personnes. La
IVaison est une inlelligence eclairee, lihcrcc, fecondee, renduo
(IREATRICE par la lumiere du Coeur.
II esl de loute evidence, en elfel, que rinlelligence CUEE
Vetre, le l'ait de rien, L'absiracleur prend un objet, lui enIHe
loutes ses qualites et s'ecrie : a Voici l'elre ! » Or, un objet de-
pourvu de proprietes, resle introuvable dans la nature ; il n'a
Jamals exisle, 11 n'existera Jamals : 11 est absurde, Impr.^f.ible.
Ell^-meme, rinlelligence, nous declare : Rien n'est en mol qui
(2) Le v(5ritable sens de l'Amour se ügunc dans le sacrilu e el
dans la mort ». (P. J. Proudhon).
- 32« -
11 all passu a Iravcrs Ics seiis : MI csL im inlclk'clii ([iiiii prius
l'uerit in sensu. Cu pJiilosoplicmc, ircn deplaise a l.cibiii/, dcil-
elre iiulisculable, inlaiigiblc.
Les seiis soiiL k's icnulns üiiNcrles de riiilclligcnfü s(ir Ic
iiionde cxlerieur. Jls iious ccrliriciil : aiiciiii cl,o jrcsl Signale
en nos cijiq apjaieils enronisiniirs. Dans la iialuic, il n'v a'
poml d'el res, juais des übjcis. J/c'//f csl mic noiioii iVivjin'scii-
table, uiic ponsec-saiis-iiiiaye, uiic iivalicji, d csl lad de licn.
Auisi, l'hUflligencc iiuus Irojiipe cii alTirmaiil (priuiicjuc mai-
Ircssedu lo^is, st-ulo, olle soll cajiablc de cieer TcV/r. Klle iie ] a
jaiiuiis Ml, sc'iiii, palpe, ciileiidu, saNuure ; ur, eile dil le ,-,,n-
nailre. C'est lui pieiidcc mcjistnige, e| voici |e second.
rrelendie ducouvrif \'clrc,iku\s la jialiiie csi jum seideiiieiil
ubsiirdc, iiiais illogiqiie. La iiialieiv elant divisible a rijd'iin, los
ailiibuls de roJ)jel soni, ij.nuinbrables. Um iie peiil dune depouil-
Icr Tobjel de loules ses (fualiies poiir bmler : « \,,ici Vclrc ! >,
J)eii.vieiiic iiiensoiige, aussi elair cpie le premier.
L'inlellinence iiient, iine liüisieme l'ois, en alTiiiiianL IW/v
IJBliE ; car (nous l'avons sii plus baiil), son iini)uissaiKe el si
iiiauvaise volome a.deliiiir le bibio sojil llagradles. IViidaiil des
sieclcs rinlelligcncc, dilc cbrelienne, a livre le T/ibre a (!,■.
conirovcrses faslidieuses iidcn.uiiables, aboulissant au doule,
piiis a la negation.
11 faul conclure : l'elrr lihie, daiis le Cos.ik.s, n'exisle |.,Mtil.
]/ctrc inlolleciuel esl iin Iriple mensongc ; el, siir cet clrr. bs
I)bil()soj)lics edÜieiil leiirs s\;-rMiies eii ()(■( idenl ; el, d;\aril .cl
ctre-ln s'aplalisseiil, Ic l'ioni daris la poussiere, les tbeolo-i. .^^
el leuis Iroupoaux.
ba j)ersonnc qiii cn loul li.)hii,u> demalerialise lobjel p.Mir
creer l'elre iic peul donc niii(iu(Miienf se nonimer iTdoiru:(ii,(.
diseiirsive, delerininec, boiiiee, aniinalesque ; el celie-ri n^sau-
rail en exclure iine aiilre. idmIs collaborer avec eile. .\ 1;, bi
rnierc de rAinou, demajeiiali^aieiir, Vclrc esl rabii(|,liie par riri-
lelligence. Oii l'i.ilmnise ; el, ei. celle poleinule, la -aj,.,!,, (i,,s
iiiacbines iniellocliielles, liansveibeiee. ,n |,,„|(, Tnairniricetice
brillc d'uii indicible eclal.
Kclaireo par le ccur, rinlellirronre Iravallle. Kilo n'(>s| p,..
seulc au logis. Seulc, eile iic saurail absiraire. Celle oiu'ralion
coiilre iialurc jic peut etrc oflecluee par luio fille de la nature
Tssue de la iiiali^To, l'iniclligenrc n'a p;,s le droit, seiile. saus
HC. contredlre :
BornSe, de parier d'infiai,
iE
I
I
~ 329 —
Drlcrtuinec de pos(>r Ic bibre,
CAtnstruUe de cltoscs sensibles alomiciues, d'ifivcnter Velre, e|
surloul, lo JK-aiil igiionle, absurde, eii ])rcsencc de la splendeur
des clioses : belle/a del mundo (Leonaid de Vinci).
La loi de riiilellif,'cnco esl de diviser ou de multiplier ; cl,
dans ses operalious, il lui est inlerdil, de s'arreter au neani, a
zero, a rien, pas plus cpi'a ]'elre. I/ananke sthenai d'Arislote, dit
M. Leon Brunsebvlcg est iiifafdile. « A des univers si grandij
soieiit-ils, disiiil Pasicur (,')) on p( ul Imijours ajouler d'aut.res
univers, el, indel'iniuienl, leg uiulliplier. De iiierne pour diviser.
b'aloiie ii'osi ])as ifisecabie. La iiialiere esl releriiel divisible.
be principe d' indef eiUninalion boi-ne rinlclligence, mais non la
inaliere. A la suiie de Pasral, a ceilc beure, Ic savant medile sous
le signe de rinriidlesiuial (/|).
(.')) Discours de leceplion a rAcadeinie biaiu;aise.
(^1) Verifiee par ics progres b)udroyanls de l'aloudslicpie. cellc
v(^rile de la science moderne (et ancienne) concilie cvobilion el
crealion ; rar, entre evoluer el creer (faire de rien), il n'y a ])oiii|
eoniradiciiou, commc le croienf quelques elourdis refusaiil d'aj)-
piolbudir Ic iuhn. Zero n'e^visle pas daus la nature. Tl siege scii-
lemenl a la voule craiueniu' d'im manimilere, un seul. Zero est
la limile arbilraire (pi'inii)ose a binfinilesimvil l'iddaliste absolii,
affiriiiaul quc Ic tuoiidc exlerieiir n'exisle pas. Je le cree, dibil.
r'esi ma leprescnlalioii. ln\ersemenl, le malerialisle pourra soii-
lenir la realil(^ du f^osinos. Le roinblc du mensonge pour l'intcl-
ligenco sera de nier le poids d'uii mondo infini ei qui l'eri-aHc.
(( Tu u'es rieu (le\aiil iiioi. Iia1bulie-l-elle. Je suis libre I Tu es
deleiuiiiie ! » Oui, iiiais. soiidain, la moit aneantit ce fanfaron.
Kn \eriie, la iii;diere elatil relernel divisible, sa division laiss(>
loujours Uli residu, unc rraclioii, im rcsle r.Meyerson)., qui esl le
lien de la pu'ssanrc a r\mour, du monde a Dien. Ce lien jus-
lifie la tbese ntalcrialiste ; il prouve la lealitc relatlA^e de Lob-
jel ; ce lien esl inacccssible a loul(> in.lelligence creee, falte de
rien ; el, avani sa liiiiile, (de Dien seul coiirme). avant zero, rc
lieiv a pour uoins : TJn-AbdIiple. Fnergie-lnertie, Continu-Dis-
eoutinu, Espacc-Temps, Anlinoiiiie cosniique, Dyade de Pylba-
gore, alome-nibil oii ericore ITdenlique, la Conslanle universelle,
ou, jadis, Pan- Prolee, el, aujourd'bui, Grand nrchitecte, Fac-
loUiiu de PAinour. .. Oui, 1' \mour-Sacrifice, le Libre : Dieu !
divisc sa pulssancc a l'infini, raloudse, et le savant conslale le
— 330 —
De toule eternil^, rinfiniment petil construil rinfiniment
grand. II rcpreseiUe la Science Une et Inconnue. Avec cc grand
architecte, ce factoium de rAmoiir, il esl pueril d'invo([iier le li-
nalisme (5), et, ä son opposite, le liasaid (6). Deifior rintelli-
gence, la volonlö, rinconscieiil, rimnianoni, l'instinct, la forme,
etc., choses determinees, rlioses cosiiii([ues, spirilo-inateriellcs,
atomes psychiques, est insense. J-ü luniierc du cceur, la Vraie l.u-
miere resplendit en deliors et au dcssus de rintelleclualisine
(( fausse lunii^re » (7) : a Le cauir a ses misons que la raison
ne connail i)as ». Sa luniiere esl itolre cerlilude. « On ne deiiion-
Ire pas que la luinicre brille ». (lertiludi^ I Orliludc ! Pleiirs de
joie I (
Seul, de loutes les autres bcles, Ti llleden, llioimiie re^ut V
<( Souffle de Dieu » (<S). Noiis avons une ame susrepliblo do
comiiienceiiicnls absolus libre, iiiorale, capable d'aiiioui- roiis-
cient et consenti, et cet amour iiief fable, acle pur, nons pouvons
le refuser.
Au coniraire, rAniour-sacril'ice est IMPOSK aux aiilres ani-
iiiaux. La loi universelle n'est jias lulle, iriiplicpianl liaine, mais
sacrificc ressortissarit a l'Aniour. L'agneau ne lull(> jininl ave^: L'
le loup ; ranlilope avec le lion, la souris avec lo rliat. niais
quolient de celte divisii)n, de celt(> niobilisation : l'^Tloino-nilrl
Un
ITnfini-Neant : ^ o I Le Pliysicien constate la radialioiil,
Infini
l'entropie, la cbule de ])Olenliel, la degradation do Tencr-
gie, loutes ])roprieles de la nialiere-espiit, inlelligence cosiuiipie
infinie, dont la nolre est une parcelle infirne.
(5) Ed. Jansskns : Etnclcs de Psychologie <imnialc. f/linlinrl
d'apres W Mc Dougai-l, Edileurs Desclee et de Riouvver io38.
(()) Des naluralistes s'apitoieni sur des animaux mal fornics,
disenl-ils. Cf. Pabaud ; Evolulion des cspdccs. — Mi-zrcuNiKoiF ;
Etudes sur la nalnre humninc. — Auguslo T.i m:::,'.: : QuclquoH
Imvanx cornidementaircs rclaiifs ä la propanalioi, de la tubcrcu-
i(>:i5. — Jean Rost\m> : Hisloirc des idccs^lniusforniifttcft.
(7) Fausso luinierc =-- niystique, rnetapsycbio. Tiielagnoniir.
Cf. l)r Pi\oN : Lc \ icux Hisloiiri, Octobro lo.'VS.
(8) (( Vous etes dieux. Vous etes lous lils du Tres Haut » (Psau-
nie Si-Sa (1 Jean X 35). Dieux par le ccrur et non par TinlelU-
gencenc-e. Les philo.sopbes divinisenl rintelligonrc : « Fl erjtis
siput (iü }),
— 331 —
sonl sacrÜu's. Poiiil do roiiibal eniro la poulo cl lc rcnard, la
f^renouillo et la roiiioiivio, lo passereau et ["eporvicr, la fournii
Ol lc Luiianoir. rahlcllc oi lo hroclicl, k mouclio et rbirondello,
lc buprosle et le coicoris, lo plagiolepsis pygmoosa et le carnpa-
iioles lignipcidus, olc, iiiais une inniiolation, rituelle pour
ainsi dire. Dos os|)ores sont ])ar la naiuro ulilisoes a en nourrir
d'aulros ; nrais, daiis cbaifuo cspoco logne la paix. Los loups no.
so niangcnl point onlre eux, niais rhoiiimc est uii loup ])oiir
riioniiiie : bonio lioiiiini liipus, cliiistianus cbrisliano lupior,
sacerdos sacordoli lu])issiunis, et la feninic est une proic poiii
le pliallus-[i-deux-pallcs.
— Opondaiii los inalcs lultont enirc eux pour la possrssion dos
fomellos. P'lalons, boucs, boliers, dainis, lauroaux, gorilles, coqs,
oiarics lutlont cnlro eux. — Oiii. el, |)ar la solection, ils amolio-
ront l'ospoce ; or, riniruaniiiial pralicpjc une seleclion a ro-
boiirs. Par la guorre civilc ou dlrangc^re riioiuiiio dolruil, anc^an-
I it. les plus robusles, les plus g(^n(5reux, los plus nobles, les
meilleurs du genre luimain. llonto et siupidilo !
La loi du niondo vivant n'est poini la baiaille. mais le sarii-
fioo du l'aiblo au fort, do lindividu h h co11ooli\ilo. do l'inlorot
parlirulior a rinioiel p-oiioral afin (Torfranisor la paix univer-
selle dans cba(|uo ospoo-o. La lorre alimento le vogelal qui sorl :\
raniiiial ; ol, la bole so sacrifio a son osp^r(> ; olle so niontio la
sor\anl(> lidMe, iri'e|)iorbal)l(\ iMdoJ'oclibI(\ lieroicpio do son
osptVo. Par contro, de loulos los ospoces aniinalrs F'luHiiaine,
soule. s'enlredövoro. L'bonniio rofusc de sorvir lo Cosuios. Non
sorviaiii !
Et son aulopbagio osl im fall invarial)lo. conirolo par Texpe-
rioMoo. (•'esl-a-dir(\ cu langago scionliriquo une LOT. ot celto
LOI, rHisloirc ronirgistro, la colobro dopuis un lenq^s inime-
niorial.
JiTlat-Pioslilulion-OTieiio osl un pbononiono oxccplionnol. vx-
Iraordinaiie, conire-nahire ot conlro Dioii. Oui, TEial-Meurtrier
osl uno T-01 violatil la T,oi T^niv(M-sollo. Iransgressant lo Docalo-
guo, (Mucifian! lo nieu- \rnonr-T;iim!oro ; ot, qiiand lo rovrilu-
lioTinaire jollo-a-bas roilo vioillo inasuro. son viro aussitol, la ro-
ronslrnit... sur le sablö. A'w DoJi^iims (vdijicnvöril doninni, qiiis
fiiisüjichif .^ I/F.lat-lTomicide ost la rroaljon d'uno iniolligenro ro-
bollo au r(our. Depuis les tonips probis'.oriqiios ot logondairos.
l'Elat inaiiirosle uno rovob/» ol uno Inro ; il esl la prouvo d'uno
faule originelle, svmbolisoe dans la Cionose. L'Elat-Proslilution-
— 332 —
Guerre est le syndicat des ticcs supiöiiies qui soni de cnlloqiior
aux: g^nitoires — au Heu de Ic sancliricr — le Noiii de ])icu :
l'Amour ! Le co"it na rien de coiniiiiiu avec r\iuour. Faire la
bßle-ä-deux-dos n'est pas « faire l'Ainoiir », exprcssion favorito
du rriflle pour scduire riiigeiuic, la Viorge. (iopiiler, vidcr im
enionctoire (vesieules semiualcs), c'csl acconiplir une l'oncliou
physiologique, materielle, {leleimijiee, impulsive, aniorale (9). An
contraire, TAmour est iin ade libie, iminalericl, ascxue, moral.
I/Etal-Proslilution-GueiTe est reffet d'une Justice antoiiiati-
que. 11 est la galerc ou l'liumanimal csi condamne au Iravail
foree jusqu'ä la morl incluse, puliefianle. L'Enjanl produßw (\v-
denche lui-uteuie cetle Justice iuiuuuienle cosmi(pio. II lire le
cordon de la douclie et se i)laiul d'etre asper-^e. La hrrbis egnrcc
obture la I.umiere et pleure dans lombre. l/bomiiie ])arle de
Droits, dlnimnrtels h'mcipt>.s. Oui. mais au lieu de änni, ü y a
un penilencier, une priso»), une erf^aslule : rKlal-Pn^slilutinn-
(iuerre, Ecole de saciifice obligaioiie. V.w allcndanl la r.i'iK.va-
tion, le Droil est le Iravers de rimmaniid.
Ab ! comment l'Ki^lise-Klat aiirail-clle pu ne ])as s'associer a
rEtat-propriet<iire, oriLrauisnic de lutle, el se piiver de pouvoirs
roerritifs eiimiancbes de bras seculieis ? Conuuc^m pouAail-elle
ne |)as suivre la LOl de l'Elat, puiscpie lApAlie ne r()m|)iH p;,s
Jösus, puis(iue, legalemenl, la raison d'Etal esl ((.nliainle a nu-
00 La Loi l niveiselle (ramoui-sactifice,* imposee a la vie riia-
tdiielle, se verifi.e dans les rapporls sexuels.'Lc coTt pour riionnne
est a la fois un sacrifice el une volupie : m\ sacrilice : il a donne
le plus pur de son sanir, uiie semence, im infinx de radJ,ilions
exigeant un repos du Systeme nciNeux : le somiiiejl ivpaiah-nr.
Pour la femme, la d^floialion esl une ('pic.ive. uiie doub-ur
une deceplion, suivie de neuf inois de servil ude cju.' iermine h
d^livrancc el le bonbeur iiu-narrable de la Mf-re. K„ pn'sen. r
d'un cnfant de Dieu : la plus belle de loir .; :,;; rn'aijnns a la-
quelle, par la vie. aucune ceuvre d'arliwj,. „ Vsl comparabli" h
genilrice est lieur use. Le plus ^rand pl.isir cl„-/ eile apn.n.M
non pas avani, mais apres le sacrilVr. !,• luu.lirur du i„rdc el
d(« 'a femelle esl 11,' au don. Toujours. n!,. = souffranre = ini
nmlalion = joie. \^cc les animauv ordinaires fleu, coniporle
nieni 1 indique), laltruisnu- prime l'ejjoysme. Leur elal dVspril
individuel, normal (J. H. Fabre en avaii eu rinluilion). est IVu-
pborie par abneoaijcn en faveur de l'espece.
■Ar
I
t
— 333 —
cifier le Verbe Elernel disant : « Aimez vos ennemis ! » Comment
l'Apotrc des Gentils pouvaii-il faiie autremcnl que dire (et, a sa
suile, 256 papes reis) : « La Sociele est un ordre etabb par
Dieu ». Assassin d'Elienne, peie iiitellecluel de norid^rcuses he-
resies, le trop fameux; Paul de Tarse et son objurj^ue (IMeiie le
tbesauriseur), el leurs epigones, jauiais ne virenl « le ])rii)ce de
ce nionde » auleur de LElai-Pioslilulion -Guerre. J/obnubilalion
de l'Apötre a ecoeurc Paul Glaudel (Gf. Epilre aux; Uomains MJI
i-io).
L'Eglise-Elai dureia jus([u'a la Kenoval ion. Le Hon Pasicur
ramenera le Iroupeau a son Heu d'origine, a la Palrie llumaine,
le seul milieu auquel Ibomme libre pussc sadapler-, verger de-
licieux, ou la nourrilure saine, abondanle, aiissi commune quo
l'air ou l'eau, abolira la propricie a la fois iiiirc des lullcs el
aninialrice du travail.
11 y a un pacifisnie liadilionnel, (spoir des Palriarcbes, allendu
par \loTse,les Juges, les Hois,les Proj>ir!es,j f(( be par Pieii\" So)
et, pendani les buil ])iemiers siecles du clirisl ianisiiie, ctiscigiu'
par les [)lus grands Peres de ILglise ; el. on nous le dissinud(\
Les papes-rois-in(juisi|oriau\ iw hrulcionj pas ce ({ue jxiidanl
(b's ceiilaines d'annees, ils adorcrenl : le rem|)oi«'l el tton la Wv-
ncnaliou. L'Lglise-Elal ne chang/ra pas sa raison «jue foriiiulc
•ainsi son offici(d DocPmu" : (( On jx'Ul. saiis in.juslicc, ]>ojir olK'ir
a Dieu, luer un bonnne meine iiinoccnl ». 'Sl Thomas d'Arpiin,
in Somme Theologique, 1"' de la •2" Pailie, (Jiieslion ().'|, Aili-
cle V). Mors, (jue peut eire l'aNenjr du calholjrisme ? Mekloub I
L'Eglise-Etal seia acca|)aree par rAnlecbrisi : a Pioiiie perdra
la foi, et (le\i(>ndra le siege de rAnlecbrisi... hoiiu» paTciinc dis-
parailra ». (Paroles de l'Espril-Sain!, Merc Universelle, cii larmes
et en alarmes, liaiee de fleurs. veliie de Lumiere idiis brillante
([ue le soleil, apparue le i(). 1\. iS'iT» au soiiiinel dune Al(>e
Gandide, a la Salelle, au sein de son Peiiple, « Peiiplc (\v Dieu ».
conformemenl a Jean, Wl, 7-1.5, v\ a Millhien \\1, '\',\.
Le Secrel de la Salelle es; a double delenle. Apres axoir. saus
exceplion, maiidit les « minisires de Jesus » (aussi bieii les mys-
li(pies (|ue les sa'nis iri), adoimes a la .Simonie Majeiii"(\ nio-
nelisani rEucliaiislie ; apres axoir lanc(' a Ions les membies du
(10) (( Nous allendons. selon sa Promesse, d;^s cieiix nouveaux
el une leite noiixelle, oTi la Justice babilera ». TU Pieri<> IH. ]?>).
(\i) Gf, Mallbieu, Ml, -u-'a?,.
' — 334 —
(•li'rg(' cillnilicjiio, du li.iui ,11 |,,is de |,i lii('i;iivlii(', rcK,. <;il(»|{,>
liyjKTliiiiiiv'iiiic, siirii;i(iiic|!c : .< Cld.Kjni > diiiijuii cd' ! » \r S.iiri!-
K.sfj/'il .s'ndr.'sx' (lijccliiriisciiii'iil ,111 m >;nnt l'ric )i 'i'>). Oiii |r
J*ei'e de Jesus (i.'lj cii ^.ki Mc.vs.i-r, di'iii.ilii ,1 in.iiMliciil cn nirnie
Icmps I'Kglise-Eial, ju.s(jii';\ ili.iji,. .i,. r,jM,ii\,iiii,di|., I.iiiliic ,J„
iiiyslicisiiic clif/ Ics sjiiiilcs. di.dciii liaiil I iiiiiNrisil d rin.d cm-
liiclysnie. Alois, ('clalcia |,i l'.in.usii, n-pKudira l^ l;ri),,va|(.|ir,
l'nnce de l'aix, JeMis-lici de\a;d ä jainais n-nc, snr ,(. ^dol.c a
noiiveu.i einpaiüdise. „ |,a liii iv|,iMdi,i,a I, rniMMie,,, .iiirni ,', "
(Ongeiie). J/hiimaniiiial icc.nn [,Ma lllrdcn, ,r,.f, l'(.\p,j|sM |;,
pmslifiKioji de rAmcdr. {.Enjanl i,rn,li,jnc icvena 1,. Prie, lä
Moro, le Fils. I.a hn'bis iyarce irln.ijv.n, |,. B,,„ |',,^|,.„,. |.-|' |.,
Jonisalom ^oUNelle sera |a Cilr Knhnr ,,.,e rl.erchei.i .k xai,, l,!,
''vohil.onm.ires. Kl. sur |a T.m. hn.ni.e. se nHillipli..runl les
onlants ,1 Al.raha.n. plus n.unhn.u ,p,<, |,, ,,i.l.s .le la „,er ou
les elodcs du cieP
;-7'™.N:l.\ -:il-.n,,.,l„|i:.,v.M„rois,-.,o,-;
noi absolu ,., I,b,.,, „„ |„,„ |,„„ inslaun, s,„.|A,Mour. Do,m,ios
H.lla„,.. ,|o I A,M„„r u',,. I.. ,.."l.hn,r ,1:, |,il,r,. ,l„ s,nvoi,- on ,1,.
Diou CM .\„„„„, \,.nl,-. \„i,, \i„, I. .,„ ,.
"""il'M^'s .!'■'■ b l.u.Mim. Inill,. „ \ ,,,, , „^ , '" ''' '
l>KM, c.si Ana,,,,- „•.„„»,. I..r„.,„,„„:, I, ,„i,„;„ :,.,.,„„■,
H"HU • onsuHo, iniHli,,,,,,, ,„„,,,,.|l,.. ,l,-,„ ,„i„A. ,|i. ,J.
h",<u:. ,,n„„al,.s,|,„.. ;„|„.e „„,,nnl,, av,.- .nk.,,,!,.,,,',' '
.ni.To Inr,«'e : I,. O.Mn-l'cisonno ''
_Xous^,K„n,.ns ,lo,„. .,,,„,„„„;, ;, ;,„„ ,„„,., ,,^_ ,,,„„„,„„,„.
(^i^i) « Dien seid esi mini v ,.
^i-i) ColMi ,|„i ,1,. «,„ „m(„v,„,n,ii 1;, \i,,.,„ \,,,i„
->.^l.-'-. n.ais.I. lon,,.,;; J:'7'';''''':;"''M-H^
Ol < CM,,,,,, ,!,„„, si,\„j,,„|i„,,,„|,,,,,^,^^
•"•'■iiKnl irine
'■'• pil;iii;:ei> ,.,,
'<' ^('iilc \ei;i,'
i"if)Ossi])lc a appiel,ei)der • r .
afin de la manifostcr '"(M,d)I,> pnissaiire
~ 335 —
d 'Vistote, (( b(X3uf de l'Ecole » : « Nous ne savons pas ce quc
Dien EST ; inais, seulenierit, ce qu'il ii'esl pas ». (St Thomas
d'Aquin). Thcologlens, pliilosophcs, savants, sociologues, litle-
rateurs, sont les « l'leaux de hi Verile ». Des iiiiposlcuis ? Non !
Pis I Des Jnconscients.
0 Bergson ! ö Chevalier ! 6 Blondel ! voiis diles Dien esl
amour ; or ranioiir tel quo vous rerileiule/. n'esl pas lihro, niais
deleriiiine. II s'introduit daiis les niysliques ; il est uri eüanger
qui les possede ; il a des relations avec la cicaiuie ; inais, il n'esl
point, en l'homme, unc j)ersünne indepeiidanlo. Oiii, rAmour,
le liibie, est Uieii; et vous rel'usez d'elie des dicuj- (iT)). Alois, lo
iiiystique est absorbe par iin simulaleur de Dien. Coiiii)li(e cfcs
hiqiiisiteurs,. le inysiique l'a appcle, pmvocpie cel egregore. II
est venu, sernblable ä im l'rere, uii IVere iulelleclue].
li'Ainour niysti([ue n'esl pas la miaie Lunmehi;, niais la a fausse
Unni^re », La Vraic bniiiöre a iiiis eu lout homnio son iinage
reelle, et vous l'avez cachce, ö iiiinistres de Jesus ! T.a Vraie
Luniierc, rayon lel'rangc du SoRmI de Jusliee, est ja conscieiK v
luorale individuelle, el le prince de la Iheologie. le rartlinal
Billol, rabhoire. Kn la soi-disani chrelicMd«', rinlelligence dis-
(Ui'sive, delerininee, boruee, aniiiialescpie. seiile. a voix au clia-
pilie. Le calholiiiue la divinise par un reHel divin : liinien illii-
iiiiiians ! lunien illuininalum ! « luiiiiere exolicpie ! » .
Falle de rien, creee, reite inielligence. nous venons de le voir,
ignore le libie, l'essence de Dieu ; nonnaleinent athee, eile se-
rail seule crealrice,- seule niailresse du logis ! llypolheso aiissi
invraiseniblable ([u'ignonnnieuse ! Les calholicjuos soni les ]>lus
paralogisles des sj)iritualisles ; et les spirilualislc^s (les plus a la
niode) sonl les plus sols des homines. Ils divinisenl rinlelli-
gence delerininee, lui accordenl la personnalile ; or. le Lihre
seul, personnalise.
liinfinitude inlellerluclle esl le Maiiie-.Iac (pies de rAmour:
rinliniinent pctit, repetons-le. de loule (Meinile conshuii linfi-
nimenl grand : rinfinilesinial esl roninij)resenl, ronmi|»ol:'nl,
roinniscient du iiionde exierieiir ; et. le iiioiuh^ adore cel rlrc
delermine, etre-non-elre, zero.
Stiiltoruin numerus esl infinilus I
Qui nie donne l'idee d'inl'ini ? disail Keiiaii. l.a belisf liii-
rnaine !
(iT)) « Vous eles dieiix. Vous etes lous fils du Tres-Ilau( ».
rPsaume 81 -Sa c[ Jean X 35).
f..
J :
-1 in — —
Dopiiis des iiiilh'iiaiics, (Icviiiil l.i |utIo iiiiiNci'scIlc Ar l;i H;ii-
s»tii, (Ml |)i'('sriicc (Irs ii\ iliv.ilions cadiKincs. saus irl.iclic. pinNo-
qimnl diaiiics, Ira^rdics. loiiirdir^. doil-oii liic nii |ilciiicr .''
Noire plaiielc csl-cllc iin (( liopilal de loii^ n (Ndllaiio. « l.a \ic
disail Sliakesjioart', csl iiiic hisloiic i<iii!.',> par im Imi » (i(i).
Erasiiio Taisiil VElocjc tlc la l'olic.
L'Ainonr-Sanirice-Iiifaiiir \iriil piMii iimis iciidic la l»ai-
soi), cl jl csl loiijoiii's cl (( a iKxni'aii cniiir'K' ». (Salellc).
Le .luir Jesus scia comjjiis [)ai des .Itiifs ^culs : Ics \|m\| icsdcs-
deriiiei's-l('in|)s (|iii iiislaiiicroiit huil siir le (diiisl. l.a (liaiidc
SviUliese ;' iiti Jiiil' xul poiiNail Tai i ()iii|ilii' : l(^ Juil' .li'^iis. (( Sa-
lus ev Judacis ! »
-Monsieur cl (ilicr Mailic, (|ue xoiis soye/ ou iioii lilx'ir dv \(»-
Ire l'oi, il iiiipoile peu a la Ni'tilr. ,]v iic lais pas de (»msrlytisino.
Je ?U" hoiinc aiiciJii crajic. ,1c n'allcnlc ä auciin ccivcau. Moii
hoidieur est d'exliihcr, sai)s plus, iiiic luiiiiece (juc poileiil mos
scinblables. Proiiver (|iic |c joui- liiii esl uiie soltisc. T,a l)ellc Iii-
inierc d'un asirc iiici vciJIciix : r\iii(iin cclairc rinlellij^fencr du
|)auvre d'osprit, du sauxajjv c| du ( ixilisc. niauiniifcrcs s'inlllu-
laiil, laisoniiablos, polirupics. Ils U(Ui| pas licMiiti dr mon aiiic
(livino. lnvinciJ»lcnu'iil cnoui'c dans rimpiisilcur (Ui Ic Iclj.
ciiislo, la coii^cinicc doil ciiv (»li('i(\ rcspcclcc. l/\nM.ur juslil'ic
loul. Alna c| lac (piod \'m. l'cn>c/ c| lallcs (•(.inii-.c \,.us Tciilcn-
dre/... avec l'Aiuour, U)uj(.uis. I,cs .(Uixci lisscins s(uil dv^ im-
|)U(lcnis, loul coMNcrli es; un seiiii. (iardc/ M.ir,, r,,,. fai r„i
la l'oi.
La loi esl pourv^yeii^c de doulos. sriii|)u1c<. niNsicrcs ; fau-
Iricc d'inlolcranecs cl laiialisiins ; uiahiessc dVin nis cl (j|i,,r.
•IC
»i.
reurs. Toule Toi clirclienne nu paTciui,. cv| |;,I,i|,.. |,,iii..uis pic
a se pordre ou a elrc lecoiupiise ; la lulle a\cc la lui. p,,i,r j,, \\
ronlrc la l'oi (l'aulosiinoosii,,!,) vs\ alisiirdc. .Scujc a iinc \a-
leiir la Ceilimdc |ar le l>ieu.Aiii.iiii-I.uiiiin c. Cciiimdc iiidcfcr.
lildo, iMe])ianlal)lc, inlVaiioil)!^. supciiiiicllccliicllc.
Mon cljor Mailiv, avc/-vous ••oinpiis I,. l),„|,.,ir Cnrcl si (cn-
lativc, son avenliirc ;> 1] li^nl a roi.nalliv ri.iinianimn] ;"el pli,.
(|ne jainais, co iiiaminircre cs| « un in,., in,,, „ M„ rioyaiic-
Monsieur, smlics.sc non.pas au papc lli..i„i,p,c. ,„,i, r, r\„„„„.'
Sarrd-ice-Tncarnc ,< Sans inoi, dil.ij. .v<,us „c pouN<v li.Mi ,, ; cn
(ir.) Cile par Vi-naud, Picsidenl de j.-, Soricic des ..^ns de
lellros (Manil'esic d'OcIobic i(|.*^.S).
„■>,■:
' .T
(V,
d'aulrcs leiiiics : Moi soul, .Icsiis puis oi(dieslicr riinnicnse syiii-
pliüJiie do rAmour.
Ji'Aiuour-Saciirice-Incai-iic, Ic Lihre, dcl'ic loiii syncrctisnio,
moquani les inyllioniaiies el (( l«'s (doaques d'inipurclr » (Salellc),
jes pliilosopliies el les llicülofiieiis, lös savaiils et les .sociologues,
elc.
JiC liihre, la pense'e l/ibie, esl nia seulc leliyion. Elle esi afl'i-
clieo sur uiic ( roix: |)ar le Dieu-.Soulfranl. lV)ur Taii, riiilinie .^oiil'-
l'rance esl releinelle l^ealiludc. « Ecdiii ipii iTcsl [»as a\ec moi,
esl colli ro nioj » (.lesus). '
Qui j)()les| capcre raj)ial, inlidlificie inUdlii^al. a .Icsiis sora en
aj^''orn(> jiisiiu'a la fin du mondo ». (Pascal).
« 11 n'y a jaiuais eii ({u'un cluelien, el il esl iiuul sui- uno
croiv )). (\iolzsrlie).
Propos sur l'Amour
A un linguiste Philologue et materialiste
(( l'ais-nioi jouir ou je le lue ! » (.\lauricc liarres in (!aliicrs).
Mon eher .\n\i,
On peiil elrc h la l'ois un epicuricn, un slon icii el un Iioiuiik'
raisoniiahic ; cai', ces .'i personncs \ivcnl cd luiiis el oni des
(lidils : Ics droils de riionnnc au plaisir par la jouis'^ancc de la
\ic malerielle, voluplueuse, au honhciir par la souriraiicc de !a
Nie niorale, diviiie. a la paiv par rciüenie de cos deiix lionunes
rn ( onlradidion, iidassabics plaideurs. be seul mal ou Ic nial-
lieur esl rigiiorancc du nom de Dien (pii e>l \niour.
Sans l'Aniour, neccssaireinenl Irinc, la psyclioloj^ic de l'liu-
maniiiial (\oir plus liaul) resic un niyslore. \ous i^norons
l'Amour. Kn nous lulleiil dciiv amours inverses : lun dexoi-aiil.
liomicide, Tauh-e doiialenr, sarrifi<;i(d. Celle renuiie ne croira
ehe aimec ([uc si on lui concede loul : leinps, aifieiil. occupa-
lions, intclligcncc. A la salisradion de Ions ses capiices. eile
rccoiinallra uolro ainour ; mais, eile, vous aimera-l-cdl«j i' Kll(>
\ous nit^piisera pliilol ; car, vous iie lui Tcssemhloz ]tas ; volr(^
ra(;oii d'aimer esl a l'opposile de la siennc ; eile esl egoTsle,
NOUS clcs allruisle.
— Ccpcndant, nous nous aimons. T)evant la naiurc, cn pre-
scnce d'unc anivre d'arl, nous avoiis los memes rearlions ; nous
h. '
!,„„„„„„ .:,r,ro„l ,..». ioui.=..ns de „o. ...m, sen>. 1 ... .1
f,,nrne e^t-ell. nuo /onee. ou bic... cncoro. .ttrnd-.llc U /u
.eh.. n>xi...a-t..-llc ,as de vous plu. quo vous ^'^ P«. -
fou.uir : h: th- sere/-vous point las de ses a».du.tes ; .t. alcis,
devanl votr. f.oideur ne reucont.era-t-elle jk-mU an.ant plu^
.arable«; Ca ^Vst derollo im^rnedia])lenK-nl ... - Mais d...« u..
hon plaisant il tallait donn. , une ornq.ation ä volre len-nie .
von. d. vir/ la n..d.v nuTe. - n celU)atairc i.npavide . rol.i.a.s-
..x-sou. Ir iM-e do . l.air ? Voi.i Ic condde : la nilr-end1eurs re
pugne a la n.aternitr. Voule/-Nnus ehe .lelmiu' el n.en.. .x.k.
laites lui des enlants.
II V ,■. Uli aincur .pii pniid rt u'esl jauiais assoUAi. II > > im
aninur -pii donne et .i-aiit dii l.oid.eur qu'il esl t..ujoui> | i-t a
offrir ä la divine beaul.' uu an v^.'nir Iriomi.lial ; .ar. Ir .^vru.' .ie
1 liOMime esl si boaule. el la beauto do la feinuie esl soll .i^riii-. •
liiL-lli^^eiKe el beaul.' onl la iiien-c ori^^ine spirilo-ii. »I.'riellc.
Ir. nu'Uies aüra. lioiis, h- meine rayoimeinciil. les lueni-,- ;.riini-
!,'> t.-mporelles. i'plu'uieies. drternnnecs. Nraniiioins, il eM nri
ainniir \n.i au-dessus de Ions Irs auties. libro. ('feiuel. iiil'ni.
ali<olu..en bealitude »'[«moui.
11 apparlien!. iiion clier aiiii. a \o\yv lioisiiiiu' amoiir de i'on-
, ilier \os deux amoius aiUa|.M)uisles. II sul'fil a cbaciiii d'cuv
d'afrr)ider iine mesurc laisoniiablc
i/bonuiie esl seiublablc a Dicu, un cii trois persounes. el tpii
II. • l(,' <ou(;oil pa> aiiisi. iic saura jauiais r(>iii:iiit' de rAiiiour.
la ^i.ulc ^'erilt' (pii libric. diviuise, pcrsoMiialise. '( /•.'/ W'rilos U-
Ijcidbit «'(>.< )).
I/Anioui- esl Dit'u. Aiiioiir esl lainiirrc. Dien esl e\idenl. So
disftiil. seule, iiiailressc au loi^is, seulc crralrice de W'frc. seule
adorant lelio aniuialeiir des langues, riulellij^unco s'adore. A
fcla rieu delounanl. Aoiiiialeuicnl alliee, celte bonne-a-loul-
lairc esl soiis riunueiicc (l'uu inkkimm.k (lu't'llc no ])eul coni-
prendre. ui scnlir : el. aucpiel il lui esl iiiipossible de resisler.
tf-
— 339 —
Ti moins de rea^Mr ujiouvaulableuienl : uier Ic Cd'iii-l^iMSfuiiic
(V. [)lus iiaul : le Mvsnhuia \ iium\mmm,).
0 liing^iiisle ! 0 Philoloj^ue ! depuis uu leuips iuinienioiial,
rinlelligciice laisse eii suspeus, eu Ulige, le problenic du savoir,
1(! piobleinc des uiots, du Jiom (.oininun, des subslanlifs, du ver«
1)0 el de loutes Ics ])ailies du discours.
Le labt iealeur de laugue uüus repoudra ([u'il lui sul't'it de par-
ier, el (ju'il u'a pas besoin de savoir [louripioi il parle, el quo les
aiiiiuaux d'ailleursJ oi»L aussj leur laiigage. II ne iious convraia-
rra. Bien peu seront de son ayis. Celle reponsc est uue defaile,
Uli e( bappaloire. La genese des lernies, vocables, mols dont iisc
le linguisle on s'insouciaTil de leur piovenance, d'autics s'en
sonl preoceupes loujours el jiarloul ; el, leur in([uielude est legi-
time, (^e n'est pornt par lindiflerence, ou l'artifire, ou le silen-
ce, ([u'on eludera teile ([ueslion : O philologues ! 6 linguistes !
pounpioi noiinnez-vous rcprcscnldtioii cv ([ui est irrepresonla-
ble ;' e.vempjc : le cbieii. Je puls nie represenler Azor, mon cliien,
av<'c sa forme, son peiage, sa Noix, son odeur, etc.. mais le cliieiil
Pouniuoi teile diflereuce enoiiue, abvssale, enlre Timage sen-
sorielle represeiilable el riiiiage verbale it iej)reseiilal)le;' OuV.>^l-
ce (pi'une iii',age iri'epresenlable, siiioii uue pensee saus imagc.''
Lue |)aieillc ])ensee, boiniis par Jiiuel et l'Kcole de Wurl/houig.
l'ul-eJIe creusee, aiquolondie i'
üu peut penser sans tboses lepresenlables et ce plientuiieiie
]>rodigieux, iiiaiiiresiement est eiicore conlre naturc. On a beau
se dire materialisle, Timage verbale irouble, iinpresionne, d'au-
tanl plus (pie, nialgre les animauv spiriles. savanis, exirarleurs
de racines eubicpies, la prt'scnce d'images verbales dans le ccr-
veau de la belc rcslc a demonirer.
Nomina, nu.mina, disaienl les Ancieiis. Aulour de la pcnsee-
sans-image, pouripioi faire la consfiiralion du sileJico i' Inteller-
luellemenl, est-ce [)robe, loyal ? N'esl-il pas lurpide, standa-
leux, d'associer des mols .^aus sa\oir d'oi'i ils sorlenl ? On jouo
sur des vorables ; el. re jeu s'opere avec des lermes non definis.
On donne aux mols des sens a n'eu plus l'inir. Ainsj, Selon M.
Julien Benda faisani la ( rilique du Bergsonisme, (riiilosopliie de
la mobilile), le mol Intuition esl piis en six arceplions diverses
]>ar le plus illustre des pbilosopbcs de Vetrc. Qu'est la durec,
Celan vital, sinon Catome-nibil declare libre. Qu'est le dien do
l'cxpeiience uiystique, sinon le dieu de la Justice-Amour, un
dieu ayant l'elal d'esprjt des sainls, complices des Inquisiteurs
.'^■. '
— 342
— 343
par une [»enurie de Librc (Anioiir-Sacrilice coiiscicnt ol ..onseiiri).
il fallt quc se declenclie la guerrc alin dv \oh- losplciulir Ic bi-
ros.,>inoii, pas de heros. C'esl lionleux 1
Dans la pivprit'te-organisee. iiulividucllo cl ium r..iuuiimo,
animatiiio du IraAail el lueiv de liilles, dans rKtat-l'rosliliition-
C.Licrre IDl coiilre naliire, nniis sonuius soiimis a la .liislu^e au-
toinalique-iuimaruiUe-iosini(iiu\ a la Ni'iiiesis. On parle alors
de rat um, de pruvidencc : on iinoquc le dieu-vniuJt'ur-bataillenr.
lo dieu-des-arniees ; oii chaiile des Tc Dcum... l.a brebis egaree
tira le cordon de la doiR-ho. ci <e plaignU deirc aspcrgee... Tns-
riils par riiiiinitesiiual, iios acies repeiviilenl eii ouragan, pa-
rasites daiis rripidibre total. Kn vt'rile. la Sc'enre de ratoiiie-
nihil est une jusliei' ilisli ibulive. implacablc. sanpiiiiiaire. (pie
nous di-clcm-hons. Kl 1 i yneric titnt a la genese du nml. <( l.a
gueiie a la gu. nc ». n),on ('.her Ami. sera elTica(^e le joiir ou
riiuinanimal voudra bim pioclamer Dien un iiiot Ic plus leel
dv tous Ks iiiols : l'AiiK.in. Ic l.ibie. Maitre de l'rlie. du iiranl.
\H-vv de iios iiiiag.'S-\cibale>. (trat cur du langagc I
A quelques autres athees ou idolätres (1)
« LboMimc est blue, el il est dans les fers »
[J.-,]. Hous>eau).
(( Le politiipic, ("esi la fatalilc. » (Napoleon).
V.n veiile. i^ue savons-nous ? De Talome psychique justicicr.
idOe-l'oicc. que nous manuiiviuns inconsciemment en qualite
lAuinuil libre. diNin, la seiomc ( st inlinie, unk el inconnue. Elle
iu>u> ccbapp.'. >ous somnies icduils a des liypollieses vci'ifiablcs
]tar Icxperienee, el que nous appclons lois. F.n soiinuo. Tintel-
ligence du Cosmos n'est pas un dien conscient libre ; il est le
deleiJiiinc. alimonlant nos sciences plurales au\ previsious i-e-
niaiq'uabks et ]>rogressives, cn aslrononiie j)liysi([ue. chiniie. liis-
toiie naturelle ; mais l'liistoire fulure do rElal-Proslitiilion-
(i) MM. .1. SvuLiL^^, Inaii Kstlm;, B. G. Olim:, Ixohii.i.mid, Jolui
tleUri MvcKAv. IxIgrf.c. Eugen Ur.i.r.is, E. AR^^v^(). Directeur rl
Collaborateurs de VEu-Ddiors, 2?., Cite Sl Joseph, Orleans ([.oi-
fet).
n'
r
••>
Oiuerre nous est carhee, Lorsqu'jl s'agii de prevoir les ^v6ne-
mcnts eiiregislres dans Einconscieni par nos pöres, par nous-
mömes, par nos enfanls, nolre esprit est dans la Tenebre ; les
propheties, dans l'ordre de la Justice cosinique inexorable, sont
rares. Anciens ou -actucls, ancestraux ou modernes, nos actes par
lalonie sont imprinies, laissaiit des traces indelebiles et imper-
reptibles sauf aux metagnonies, mysticpies, niMiums ; et, ces
gens-lä sont des marionnelles. Qui tire les ficelles :> Discri-
minations ardues. mais pas impossibles.
Or, nous dit M. J. Sari.iüs, il nous est inlerdit de renionter le
ronrs du lenips, a les phenomenes sont irreversibles (3).
— Oui, eliule de polentiel, degradation de l'energie, enlropie,
ne sont autres que la puissanre divisee a l'infini, aloniisee. « II
eat inlcnUi au pheiwm^nc phyuifjue (Je restaurer son etat initial..
Les coiuiitious de l'iileiitite elant sujcttes ä varier conlinnellC'
ment, la realiti est mouvante et fluide. » (J. Sarlius).
— Oui, l'agent iniellectuci, mystique, dont la pr^sence Se t6-
vele au malhemalicien par un invariant, une constante, est
ratonie-niliil, la seule inconnue, le seu! idenlique, le seul puis-
sant, le seul savant, l'ubiquisle presidanl a la force intraalonii-
que inviolable encore aujourd'hui dans ses arcanes. Le grand ar-
chitecle, l'infini-neant, Eenorgie inertie, rini-multiple, Tatonic-
niliil, ä la linüte (de l'Amour seul connue) esl le rien, rien dans
l'espril liuniain, et, dans la nalure, un residu, le lien de la puis-
sance a la seule absolue Healitd : l'Amour. C'est pourquoi, M.
Inan Esteve peut dire (3) : « Tont est rien. Todos es nada. In-
cessammcnt se modifie tont cc que nolre souvenir seul prolon-
(je... L'enniii tcl est bien (Ic D"" E. Tardieu nous l'a demontre)
/(• coeur cnigninti<iue de l'Etre... Le plus iiifime de nous est un
dieu qui s'ennuie da monient qu'il s'isolc ». (1. Esteve).
— Mais, mon eher Confr^re, on peut au rnilieu des foules vf-
\re en un desert, et jubiler de cerlitude. Mon eher Mattre, les
animaux ordinai.res sont oplimistes, saluent la vie, la reprodul-
sent aver entrain, parcc que dans leur esprit n'est poiut eet
hole indesirable, sans coiilre-poids : l'etre-n^ant. (V. plus haut
Ek mystkhieux uumanimal).
(3) J. Saulius : Llllusion de (Veternel retour, in En Deliors
Aoüt-Septembre, kjSS. Faisons observer ici que, d'aprfes les der-
nieres decouvertes en physiologie, « la realite vivante est un r^«
seau d'actions reversibles » (Professeur H. .T. Jordan) Cf. Sieete
Medical du 1 5 IX 1938).
—':'..
t!l
!| .
(!!
I'i
- 344 —
(( Eapace c1 lr?nps, dil Kaiil, soiil cn doiis ;i priori ; rl, c'csl
dans ces espl'O's de nioulcs de iKdre csiiril <iiic itoiis roidotis Ics
csfJüccs, Ics ti'inj)s [xtrticnlicrs ». '15. (i. Oi.im;) f'|).
— EspacG, leiiips, noiiibrcs cl loiilos Its cal(V'>rics, iiion. rljer
t-amürado, soiil i'abri(iu('es pai' riiilc4li<^tii((' iiiali'rirllc. aloiiii-
(luo. i'clairee, llbcrec, Ircoiidec, rciiduf nraliicc pur \v cdMir.
Sans lui, conunont pouiTJoiis-iious paclcr d'cfrc iiilnii. rl« riicl.
absolu, iin-lndivisible, lii)ri' !' Coiiiimiil aiiiioiis-iKUis Ic rroiil
piesence dt' la bellcza dc4 mundo, (rimaLiiiicr (cllc idi'c : !'■ lion
(/pro, ii('aiit) ? fV. plus baut Ij; mysikiu!,! \ nmummvii.
*
M. lU)g('r lioMi.i.uu» a ('ciil (,')) : (( ^'o/'f/Zf/x. /(; nihilisli'. jirclciul
(fiie n'cn ii'cxisti', in rcxpcriencr ijin es/ In iicijafioii dt' /"iVnii:. n/
I'ethe, Uli absolii-eU'rii.cJ. purcc f/(/'/7 cjclid loiilcs Ics condi-
tions de rejcperiencc ».
Adniiiablo I (lorgias a li'''s bicu vu, parb', discuuiu ; rt'pcn-
dani, vous avcz raison, uiou ( licr Caniaradc. (b' Ic ( (•iidaumci'. d
Mt'lzscbe aussi. S'ils a\aitnl coiuiu Toi-igino (b' Irin' cl (bi M«'aiil
ils cus.sent ovib' uiic critur grossicre. bciii lorl fiil ch nc jxdut
s»'parer la puissance (Ic ii'ondc) de TAuiour iDicu) ; jls dcviaicnt
niettre oniie Diou cl la puissancc! aloniist'c uu abuiu». Knlrc Dicu
cl le mondo est lelcriifl divisibb', ol, a utic iiniilc de Dicu sv^ul
connuc : le neanl. F.nirc le l-ibre et le drbiniine. eiihv Dieii ( I,
le Cosjuos, cn!rc Telre pers>onnel absolii e| lelic iiiipersoinicl
relalir, il y a eoiilradidion. (ieuv cpii parirjii dincrn- (de iioii
biil de rieji) oublient de juslifier U- rieu.
Coinbien profonde est aoIio peusee, n Mailrc. loiscpie \()us
ditcs a Iboninie : « 7'// as cree Dien arcc nn inul doni Ui porh'c
<k'passe ta propre pensce ! » c"e>l-a-dire la pr()|ii\. iiitellii!eiu-e.
Je cueille encuro cellc s.'iiteiK'e jjrecieus- poui' uiie aiilhidoüie :
(( Im ou le monde fiiiil riuunaidle a pcine cummence ».
Autreiiieni dil : la, oi:i n'esi plus le delcmiin«'. ap])arail la I.i-
(3) Inan Estkm-: : ]aiiis rrapos, in Idt Ihlmrs. juilici i,,3S, p.
/ /■
(A) B. G. ÜLivt; : Espace et Temps, in Kn l)el„,rs l\ i„.ls
2,
(5) En Dekors, Avril 1937, n° 3o;-), p. 1,3. noHir.i.uvi. : L'c'r-
rem de Nietische. Le prejuge inteUectuel 011 riwwma ividimc de
tiii-meme.
■m
'.>
— 345 —
berlc (jui est le principal, ressentiel de rbumanimal ; pour
Elle, il a loujours <ond)altu jusqu'a la luoit. Fax oetcrna. (V.
Snpra Es; mvst(':uii;i x iruMVNiMAr,).
*
hEDlE A E. ARMAND.
(( // n.'y a rien aii-dcssus de Mol, ni Elai, ni Eglise, r^i Peuple,
ui Sociefö ». (Max St inier) (0)
— Je crols bien. Je suis l'ünique. Je suis au-dessus de toul.
Je suis dien. E'bomnu^ esl dien (7), bors nalure, libre par son
coLHu-, i)ar son ca-ur seulenient, et non par son inlelligence de-
lerndnee, normalement athde. Tniagc rt'cllc de l'Amour, per-
sonno divine, rbommc esl senildable a Dieu, Par le ccpur-lu-
iniere tous les lionwn.es. sont cgaux, et Ions ineganx par l'inlel-
ligcnce. Liberte, Egalil^, Fraternite ? Prijicipes Tminorlels ? Oui,
dons de rAmonr-Lumiöre ineffable indicible. Dire : je vous
«ime est indiscret. Amour est acte pur, et non parolc. Pur de
raisonncmont, pur d'intöröt, pur de conliaintc, etc., tel est
r Amour.
*
■* *
O TxKinno ! (8) oceultisme et uiyslicjue sont deux aspects de ce
delcrniine : la Justice autonialique, immanente, cosmique.
() uiystiqucs ! o saiiils ! avec vos inacerations, vos rnorlifica-
lions, n'etcs-vo4is poinl ridicules. Et, si vous ne connaissez pas
Eesseru^» de Dieu (0) ; si vous brulez loutes vives vos ouailles
abelies, leur prechant que le coiumencenieni de la sagesse n'est
point r Amour, inais la crainle de Dicu, il faut en public vous
Ibueller, o cloaques d'impurcte !
liC caniarade Txighfc ni'enfbousiasme avec un article splen-
dide sur l'intellectuel. Ce clier Mailrc, abborre la menlalite oc-
cultisle qu'il op])Ose a la nientalile scienlifique. Or, pour un nia-
(0) En Dehors, Sepleiubre, i()3(S, p. j);"). Jobn Henry Mackay :
l/(envre de Max Stirner.
(7) (( A'^ous eles dieux. Vous eles tous fils du Tres-IIaut ».
(Psaume 81-82 et Jean X 35).
(<S) En Diuious, Avril i()37, ]i. i'\?t9.. ]\un\Ki: : Mcutalite occul-
tisfe et inentalite scienlifiqne.
(()) Nous ne savons ce que Dieu est, mais seulenienl ce qu'il
n'est pas ». (St Thomas d'Aquin).
■ i
.1
J,-l
— 346 —
theiuaticien, logislicien (v. conlrovcrsc Berlrand Russell Coutii-
rat), qu'y a-t-il de ])liis occiiUe (fuo zero, rien, neant, de plus
nivsterieux que l'etrc, de plus caclie (jtie l'un-indivisiblo sans le-
quel deux plus deuv ne feraienl jaiuuis qtialre. Qui a desocculte
un et zdro ?
Ah ! ceites, j'applaudis a loiii ronipio a ccltc conrhision ;
« C'Qsi par rapparition da l'homm*', n'ayant (lautres lois (pic
sa raison et son bon scns (juc sc resoiidroiil ioiis Ics conflUs xo-
ciaux )).
Oui, mais, en allendanl, cherclioiis la liaison. Ksl-elle la scul >
inlclligence niatiere, servaiile cnipoisonueuse, nieuilrierp, mal
tresse en mon for inlerieur a re\<lusion du inailre, IVu'Oiit
qu'elle proslitue, Insulte, delrune, in( arcere cl Iruride.
\ M. Eugene l'>i:r,f;is (10), mon clier Mailie. vous deiiiandoz
(( jusijiies () (jiianil y, \onl durer « Ic tlcsusfic de la civilisalion cl
Vagonic de la cuUure ». lVi'mellt'/-iii()i d'aflirmor ceri, con-
forme a l'espril srienlif'Kpjc : il \ a iine I,()l. c 'est-a-dire. un
fai.t in\ariable. ( ontiole pour rexjM'rience : il y a riibrriMe F.tal-
Proslilulion-Cuene, illustre pai rilisloiiv. Jamais il n'a (^osse de
regner depuis un lemps immemorial ; et, jusqu'ä ce que le Ideo-
logien, le philosophe, lo soeiologue, Ic sa\anl. hrel" l'elite des
liumanimaux se decido a doiiner un sens a la liherle iiiorale.
criterum et direclive de lAbsohi, il durei^i. On parle heaueoup
des liommes-de-l)oniie-volonlt': mais. sait-oii re (pi'esi 1« \o-
lonte ? Vouloir : r'est aimer. Ainier : c'cst se. lib(?rer, se per-
sonnaliser, se deilier : cesl penser sans Images, agir en silence,
donner sans recevoir, l'Aniour est acte pur.
Qu'est-ce quc l'idee. si par TAmour on n'a point resolu le
Probleme dcVefrc ? Qu'est-ce que Taclion, si on refuse de dis-
cerner l'acte pur. « // doii y avoir. dites-vous. concordnncc rcdh'
organiquc entrc l'idee et Vacie ».
Parfaif ! mais, en quoi consisle Vadcrqimtio rci et inldlcctus'^
Qu'est-ce que res .■' quesi intellectus ? Prio-^. ! . pMlosopbo. de
^ouloIr bien elucider res deuv lermes. ri.l.V ,.| ,ulr) sans pan
logismes. sans coi.m.verscs inlerminal.l.s. .-onduisanl fatal'e-
ment. au sceptuisnie. ;,„ dilcllanlisme. ;,„ nil,i|is,M,> ', ]i,.b -1
Im. bonne fois. exigeons de messieurs les docies, (pfils .oionl
rlaiis. probes, loyaux. universels, unanimes.
(lo) Eugene UE.r.ss : Cultur, cl Civilisation. in Pl-^ l),„ons
lA. 1938, p. 81.
'—347—^
Ö linguiste ])liilologue, le mot est Ic point nevralgique, le
iioli me längere de cette dolenie en loul b.onune : l'intelligence-
nialiero, bornee, delciiniiiee, disciirsi\e, animalcsque, beredit-ni-
re, taree, nornialcment atbt'ic, parcelle de l'intelligence cosmi-
C[ue. De celle malade, eleriieVIc simulatiico. uiytliornane, mysti-
([ue, encline a la paranoTa, toujours i)refc a clioir dans la Schizo-
phrenie, sans liAve cyclotbyme, lueuse de civil isations, le
proces est amu^anl, facile. La loi de l'intelligence est simple. Tl
faul (Mre un gösse indecrollable poui' ne pas voir, comprendre,
luoclamer celle loi : la divisibilile ä l'infini par iine ser\ante
bornee.
Sans rAinonr-Sacririce dr^nnalerialisaleur, ineri'ai)le, rinlelli-
"•ence neanlique ne depouillerail |)oinl robjet de ses qualites
pour nous offrir l'etrc-non-etie-delermine ; eile n'aurait pas
(lecouvert le libre arbitre, et meine n'aurail pu le soup(;onncr
l>ans ses audaces absurdes, dans ses illogismes, ses outrecni-
dances, sa feile et t^m(?raire infatuation. eile s'est sentie soute-
nue par l'incidible Amour qui est le vi^ritable etre, la seulif^ Rea-
lite absolue expörimentablc ; car, seul, l'Amour procurc la,
(( vrnie joie )), le l)onheur innll(^rab(e, c^lernel sur ce globe.
Mais qui veut faire l'cxperiencc de l'Amour .^ Personne. Tl
est preff^rable de le colloquer dans les genitolres. On fera la
bete-a-deux-dos, et on dira : Nous allons « faire l'Amour ».
Uakuhons : le co'it n'a rien de commun avec l'Amour ineffa-
])1(>, immateriel, asexue. Le coYt est delernnne, amoral ; EAmöur
est le Libre,- le Moral. 11 ne faut pas diviniser le phallus
(paYens) ou le diaboliser (chrcliens).
O ehre! icns-cr('l ins, ouaillcs decerebrees au crane bourre, ra-
Iholiques absurdes, panurgiens, aulruchards, leporides, misera-
ble troupeau ! CoYte/ sans inquietude, phobies, tourments, scru-
pulcs ! CoYlez a loisir, en loutes posilions, a^ec n'imporle qui,
avec n'importe quoi ! Coilez Ic jour, la nuit, sans arrßt, jus-
(fu'a ru()luro de vos alleres (Cerebrales ou caidiaques ! CoYtez
jusqu'a extinction de chaleur naturelle, mais ne parlez pas d'elre
uioral ou iunnoral, et qu'aucun de vous ne dise : « Je fais
l'Amour » !
L'Amour est l'Essence de l'Etre, le Noni meme de Dieu. Ne
le melangez pas sans pudcur aux parties sexuelles.
Les animaux n'ont pvas besoin de connailre l'Amour pour se
reproduire avec entrarn. La sexualile ressortit exclusivement a
la vie materielle et non a la vie morale.
Il ■ .i
l' W-t
/
^
I
IM'
- 34» -
L'intelligence, disait Lullier, csl la « proslifuoo du diablc ».
— Non ! Mais eile est libidinouse, inaleiiolle. atht^e noiiM<T-
lement, Ueconnaissons-la teile qii'elle esl, ne lui reproclioiis
pas sa nature. Donnons-liii salisfaclion, rommc Tanimal aver
inesure, tout en la distinguani de rAmour, du Libro, qu'ollr ii(>
sauiait connaltre, iii«is (onlredire, Prions-li\ de no |>lns deji-
gurer, salir, insulter, cnicilier rAmour.
Le proces de rintelligence ([ui s'inlilule raison ne s'adressr
point ä son delerminjsme, mais a son refus de prorlanier le seris
du Libi'e.
Tncriniiner rinlellioesce, pour lous l(s iiilelbriuels, tlin)l(,.
giens, pliilosophes?. savants. sociolo/^'ues. sciait une d«'faite saiis
precident, une del'aile de leui oi>?u('il. de Icur liy|)orrisie, um»
d^faite de rElat-Prostitulion-Guene. uiie < alaslroph«» iirt^.para-
ble de la civilisation.
Co pioces est facile, diMiiissant. lu'rrssaiiv ;i |.i p,,ix ||
s'iiupose. II est sans appel ui lassation.
Le proces de rintelligemv (pii sinliludo raison lait ronm.e-
nr la certilude et perdr. la foi. rh^Mv a.,v (nwupeurs du P.m. plr
0 fc, diose labile, de nulle vajeur ! () foi pouivc.veuse de
doutcs (i), de scrupules, de niysleros, de luylhes et de rnysli-
ques ! 0 foi fautrice dintolerance el dlKnoniinies ! O foi mai-
tresse d'erreurs et d'abonunalion 1 ! u e., une a r..usse luniier- ..
« Seule est aimable la « Vraie Luiniefe ;:. I ; hell,. l.iniii.Me sans
tain. On nc deniontre pas ipie la luinivr bri !•> iMi ii;..!ihe la
Verite toute nue, la certilude de rViimi' |.iir.
Certilude ! Ccrliludo ! Plcurs de joie !
(i) Apres les epr.Mnes de |;
' ''" <le sa \i,. !•:,!,,
avai! les memes doules nue loü Zv" ^'r :'"""'' '''"^"^^
^«'^•i':<'MonDieu,apr4,o!:r. ;Vi'r;'"'''"^'^
con.Mteul ^ous n.e irailez ' „ foui. VTV ''"""" ''"""' '"'
revoquanl IKdii de V.m/ t '*'''*" '''" '^'^" '■•'••*' ^'
onl
i-
l;i
ri
349
Qu'est-ce que le Communisme
Epitre ä M, Andre Ribard ( 1 )
L'idee de libeile a laut de dynauiisuie....
(Andre Ribard, in Uistoire dUm Peuplc, p. 187).
Mon eher Mattre,
Ennemi de cetlc LOI : VEiat-Proslilulion-iUierrc ; defenseur
du Pacifisnie Tradilionnel ; absohuueni rertain dun rommu-
nisnie int^luctable et futur, j'estiuie, avec vous, qu'uric Eiberle
Nouvelle (3) doit fonder la cite de l'aveuir. Assureujcut, il y a
une liberte bourgeoise ({ui s'oppose a la liberte <'oniuiunis!e.
Entre res deux libertes, il y « coniradirlion. (ielle-ci est le don-
dc-soi-meme, celle-lä n'est (|ue lo poiwoir-dc-choisir ou de jouir.
Et ces deux libertes sont cn lutte dans la sociele, et, surtoul,
dans l'individu ; et, celte lutte constitiie ]li(imc> duplex, riioui-
me decbire depuis Taube des ages, el cpic personnc n'a pu rac-
coiiunoder.
Avec volre pennissioii, je presenterai les belles ]>lnases ou
vous critiquez la liberte materielle, et glorifie/ le « verilable »
librc arbitre.
P. •a\\;^ : (( Leu Fran<;ais iliscut comainmt'nt quc la Francc csl
le pays de la liberte, II leur semblc (pie <*<• sott lii queUpie mo-
nopole natarel, comme la Grece iiivenla la benulc aiiliqne, iWii-
gletcrre le piidding et VKspagne les courses de taureanx... De
(luelle liberte s'agit-il ? P. 287 : « Les honimes pour qui s'en
vont perir l'eparyne, le Iravail, la patiente methode de fnnt de
Frangais doiit les malus restent vides, ces hxmwiesdä seids peti-
vent parier de liberte. fJbres, ils le soiit di)s lenr naissanee lors-
(pi'ils trouvenl devant eiix les chendns loul Iraces de la clnsse
au. pouvoir. Libres^ ils le sont .4tot (pVenricliis par le Systeme, ils
s'iiicorporent a son action. Libres. ils le sont lorsqu'ils deehni-
uenf les campagnes de presse, (icheteid les joiirfunix et coiJroleiil
ßtre chr^tien
-•""^<'^".ite Ed. Druniont croY'df
(i) Andre Uuukd : Le Peiiple au Pouvoir. Edilions Sociales
Inlernalionales, o.'x, rue Uacine, J'aris i().)7.
(a) V. plus haut. TEpilic a M. Piein; Güyraud .• Lc myste-
rienx humanimal.
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■ > .'. ;/.(!■» ' l'l 'H,r iii.iur.' iii-c.inin.
• fi .',.•( :.' T ''• / ' • 'lUjfliltjitf'' !},.■
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• :.• ,..■.>>■,' Uli' •' iiHi^^t' ,' tfit I.
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'■•'•■ ) /'/; ;<'ti'.niirii ii*^rrnu7i t
■■ : ■ ' •> I !(>/'! tf i\si Ifiin 'i"»tr.-» in«»
• ■■•' rpj-rti'jlr.. ilans Ml i'ojHi*nr;( n
■ •■ • • II • '""^^ t'-Mt.' liii inv;ii], i r»MnH
. ' '- '( P. )>i ( LiL ::riu>' ".öl"",'
'''''.., :\',i'z ,*'••,•#> if Jtr,' Uli,', •'xi'jt'nj'.'
"■ i nv- '"li.ff.if'.'niz^r . ..'irs' 't:'4if]T:'-<
' '.. '.'■> '■y.ri^ptirrn. if.'rim'i' f.' L'^n^
'{'•■ '^''- '^- /'- ■lü- f''nu.,^ ',' ',:#rr..' w,f
\ '..T'-r»-- Vf. r\l- l.si V ■■>'••.» :!< .i
■- > '.r ■■:'•< <\'["\'r\ [ •\',:,'r- '^t-\j f.
-'•■•• i . • IL
>■ ^ l.i'l ',
;. ,M ,1.-;
' ■ 'I I ' '-' ' ',^-7 i-AI- »
l> ; I
l-:-
J.- . rjXdil .;■'■■, J"'.'".ir T; "■,".> A*^ A •'■-■ ■'.
tratujormaiion sociale ». Faisons « l'apolheose de la vraie li-
berle... /l que/ t/e(/re de perjcclion, de tels Jiommes, [les oudai-
niks], ne condairont-ils point cette ltbkrte h lorsqu'on voll
« se succhier dans les salles da Kremlin les meilleai's poiir Vu-
tilisation en U.R. S.S. de la tcchni(iue . slahlumovi.Hes, Iractoris-
tcs, conductears et mecaniciens, hrigcidicrs cf presidenls de
holkiioz, producteuis de lad, ingeiiieurs, technicicns da tcr-
tHe, delegaes des nepahliqaes caltivant Ic coton, la bcttvrarc.
Des milliers de travaillears procedent ainsi () l Organisation de
leur iravail et acMvent dans an geste decisif de liberte, la de-
mocratisation integrale prevue por In tievolalion socialiste.
P. 30:j : (( [.e jour oü la soeiete toat entii^re pouna sadministrer
par des congres de cc genre oa les meillears liomincs procede-
ronf ä radministration des ehoses, on pourra dire cc jour-h)
qa'apres eti'e passes de, la liberte bonrgeoisc h la libcrle des
tiavadleurs, les hc^nmes anront vrainient acconipli iidee de In
LiBKRTii. Aassi justement (pie l on pourra fuuier de l'honiine
la socictc pourra pretendre alors a la ubkuti': iiummnk » (Vndrel
JUbard p. 209).
— Oui, mais (ju'esl cetle Liberlt' supt'iicdrc, suprc^iiic. su-
blime, iminatori('lb\ sacrilHMcHe, bors n;iluii'. divinc, sinun la
vraio la soulo leligion. Lonine a laison, loiilo aiilrc irlij^ion est
(( opiuin da peaplc ». Qu'ollo ivjjno siir rocridcnl ralboli-
qiie ou daiis linde des brabines, en Cbine, an .lapon avec lo tao,
le liouddba ou le sbinio, loule aulre relif^^ion (jue le Libie Mo-
ral (Anioin'-Sa( rifiee) esl une idolalrie. X'est-co poini emonvanl,
palpitani, ^'landiose, sacre. nierveilleuv. ([u 'apres la France
(( Penple Dieu » (Voir epilres precedentcs) le penple russe soll
le ]»lus religieux de Fcecuniene.
Pour que lexperience du roniniunisnie soll parl'ail, je \eux
bien avec vous mon cber Mailre, eliniiner « de la parlicipidion
a la vie de VEtat les alienes^ les prelres, les a/jrüvi.s responsa-
bles da tsarisme et ceux (pil vivent da Iravail d'autnii » (p. 3;)).
Devani la reliprion de l'albee (Ji) je veux bien parlafrer vohc ad-
niiralion. P. aaS : « Qacnul on lui offre de clwisir eiürc iath-
mosphere dtoujfante dun sanciuaire ou dix siecles de scrvilude
letreigncnl... ei la feie d'un j)euple libre, riiomnic ii'hesite
(()) Dieu par son cieur, Iboinnie est albee }iai' son inlelliLMiice
materielle, determinee, bornce, aniinalesque (voir F,pil!:s j)re-
cedentes).
i! ' ■ if
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f
:|
poinl n numlcr irrs Ic ^huh: 1 ///>/, June a/>/vs / anlrc. sr Jrr-
meronl /r. .'i/''^''^' ''l''''- '"'"''' '/'"' ''''' ''"''''"""' ''/""""" '^
nouueaüx s'cn iront timssir Ir lim .l'nnr Innmuulc uu Imrüil.
epriscdc fuiilcs ccs clm.cs <iiii l<>nl Ui rir /'/'/>' helle ,-/ snns c<\<sr
plus libf'c -- '//•/. co/!/)(//s.s'a//cc <7 ciilliuc...
P. '|i : (( La scuh' pricre. (lilcs-voiis. <iiir l'hnniiDc Si/rialisfr
se pcrmcttc, s'a<lrc!<sc n .<c.< icssnuirrs proprem, rom'rs <iii.r Inins-
jignrations de hi vie enlleelire - priere nii.r pnissance^ ile l'alr,
du silencc cl de hi iinil, ponr re(jeiu'rer lindiriihi . le niieiix li-
berer de ce qui ii'eal pdi^ Ini. repnrer rnnjmiisine, r(ip(dser pony
le somweil ei sid)sliluer, eniin. nur /»/•/(•res if}ij)iiissnnfes ii un
Dieu, In priere loiile pui^!<'Uile de riio'inme n liii-menie ».
'Pres bi(Mi I I.Ik'iiiiii'c (■>! dien, inais pouvoz-voiis jirK'jmlii
Dien ? ()ue l'iiil('s-\(iii> de riKuniiic ;iii\ rio\;uiccs iiinlliplrs.
adoiani .f('lio\ith, D.iis Sal);iolli, Mlali. \ iclinon. Toiitalcs, 0|-.
muz. AliriiiiHii, Kali. .Iiipilcr. \l.irs. ^('llll^. Odin, WOlan, .losiis-
(ilirist, clc, etc. ■' (Mic lallt >-\(iiis des dioiix « los mcillfuis aii-
\iliaires de la niarc't liaiissrc » ;' Coinbicii daiis l'Hist(»iro roiiip-
lez-voiis de socielrs saus Dicii. saus cullrs, saus snrnatiirol .'*
II n'y cn a pas. Force d"i»l)('ii' ;\ la l.oi de rRlat-Prostitution-
Guerrc, l'lioniino, un joui' a oscillatil cnlrc la ddiiicur ol Tcii-
11 ui » se revoltera.
Les ('poiisailles du inoiijik ,t\(. la l.ilt.iit' di\ine nc smil poiiil
elernt'lles. mais ('itlirinrics. I.lioninu'. Ic nieillciir, nc |KMst'\er('-
ra jainais. Soii ('(piili])r(. os| itislahlc. II csl tonslinil pour la
(hiile. (l'esi iinc aiiie divinc cn un « s.u' de nicrdc » (i). In jour
ou l'aulre, ]ihil<\| (pic vnus \w ]v jiciisc/. lOudarnik, nion eher
Mailre, larhcra la Liheric Moralc pour l.i lihcrh' nialcriello, suc-
combant an. desir iinpcrieuv de rccdÜicr la \icillo niasuro on la
proprietc individuelle (st rcspectee.
Par son c«eur^ riioniino csl librr. ,11,,,. anarcliish«, se fou-
lanl de rKlai-Proslilulion-Cucrn. ,p,i ..„„pi,. |,. Dici- \ni..iir-lai-
niiere e( viole la boi du Cosnio. v. Ipilr.s pr.Vcdeiiles) b oii-
darnik, conirne Ics aulrcs linnnnc, ... M„d.lal»lcs rcllcrbira
niurniurani : Vanl-il n.icux Th. .xpl./H,' p,,, un palr.-n .pie par
I Etat ; car, cn souinic, nial-M' Ics di-nuis de Slalinc ol sos
appels au lra\ail crui c^i dil-il « -irr/i./ ,i i • i-i
•1 i" '•', "II IL <- .tn.iiK (|,. MJoirc. (1 bonnonr ol
d heroYsn.e ., fp. „) ,!,,, ;., ,,'.,„,„„ .„„,,,,, ^^^^^ „„biner.
L hoinn.e n a.n.c pas Iravaillc, .urloul pour aulrui. Sne,- se fa-
(i) « Saccus nicrda.' » (.S| l'.crnard).
— 353 —
liguer, elre soumis a resclavaj^e el au spieen pour le conirnini,
c'est le mouvenieul d'uu inslanl, bei e| süperbe, acconipli dans
renlbousiasnie ; ^a ne sauraji elre elernel, pas plus que 1o
reginio sec inipose a loul un peuple. L'houinie liehe en force»
Aoul bien peiner pour le l'aible, rimpuissant, et par son labeur
e\iler le pauperisinc ; inais, coiubien de lemps plaira-t-il ä cot
boiunie vigoureux, inlolligenl, beau, de se sacrit'ier a rint'iiine,
au laid, a ridiol, Qui a sontle l'inconslance, le deu-iiaenient, la
xeulerie, laboulie dj rhoinine double, Irinite roiupue. .laniais il
ny eul de sainis (Ions coniplices des inquisileurs), et les niys-
[iques nc furenl jainais que des myslifies, proie e\idenlc, iiie-
luclable de rijbernieiisch, lulur, anlechrislal. L'avenir est au
coinniunisine, mais a une condition : riiouiine et son gföbe se-
lont Iransfornies. Alors, seuleinenl, pourra elre supj)riiiiec ccUe
coiUradicÜoii : la i'uoi'unVrji aiiiiiialri<e a la l'ois du travail et
niere des lulles (v. Kpilres precedenles).
En rhonneur de ]a France
(( Vinsi, ai-jc essaye de relracer l'hisloire d'un j)euple
qui a puissainnienl coniribue au progres de riiornine ».
(Andre Hibard in La France, llisloire d'un peuple, p. 30i).
II' KPlTHi: A ANDIU-: HIIUKL) (i)
Müll eher Mailre,
Je suis aux anges apres la leclure de vt)lre livre adniirahle ex-
[»riniani les plus nobles aspiraiions dune anie genereuse.
Le connnuniste veul que lous les honiines soient egaux, c'esl-
a-dire librcs de ne pas elre exploiles ; mais, inlellectuellenienl,
les bonimes ne sont pas egaux. II n'y a des gens plus spiriluels
el compreliensifs, plus l'orls el plus beaux cpie luoi, votre Ires
bundjle servitcur ; el, a ces invenleurs, ces heros, cos pen-
scurs, je dois l'anielioralion sociale el de gouxernenient de cet
organisme appele Elal ; el, cel organismo a des niembres, des
pieds, des inains, il a des organcs : une lele, un \enlre, un eslo-
iiiac qui n'ont pas lous la ineme l'onclion ; los uns Iravaillent
niaiiuellemenl, d'auties cerebralemenl ; peu digerenl, bc^ucoup
pr^parent k digeslion ; certains jouissent pendant que ceux-
(0 Andre Kibard : La France, llisloire dun Peuple, Editions
Sociales Internationales, aA, rue Racine, Paris 1937-38.
1;'
M
X I
'I
ii
'■•lt.
V
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— 354 --
la manceuvrent. Et rot o.ganis.no non soulemont pralique la
DIVISION el line^alile dii travail, laais est ei. i.lttk avec d autres
o.-ani<mes qui desirent TaLsorber. ]assi...iler, Texploiter. pre-
Ukam le pillagf au tmvail : car, Ic l.avail esl une souffrance
v[ riioniine abliorre la douleur. h l'atiguf. la ..on^'o. la tarlic,
^escla^age.
J.a lutle inleihumame est un faii constant verifie per l expo-
licüce. c'esl-a-dire. en langage scientifique une LOI ; el, cette
loi de lutte entre hiüuaininaux est illustree par l'Hisloire ; e^
cette lutte est rontre naturc (V. supra).
Toutes les betes, lioimis riiomme, sont soiiinises a une loi
universelle : lAiaour-Sacrifire ; seul Ihuinaninial refuse de la
l.ialiquer et seul il est libie d'y ecliapper. Dans le Cosmos ofi
loiit est deterniine rhoiiime fait une exception nivsterieuse ; car,
la liberte est un inystere. Tlieologicns et philosophes sont una-
niiiies a raffiriner. .< La liberte est un inystere » (Malebianche).
« La liberte est une puissance mysterieuse » ^Cardinal Lepicier
in U monde invisiblc p. SaS). La liberte est irulemoutrable
iKant) ; inconccmblc <narniIlon) ; iiiintelligibU' (Stuart Mill) ;
inconnaissablr ; Auguste Conite. Herbert Spencer) ; incxfdicahlf
(llenouvier) ; inJejinissabk ißergson).
Pliilosopbes, theologiens. sociologues, stivants, litterateurs,
ont sur la liberte buniaine, iimrale, dinnoiubrables. f-asLidieuses,
iiiterininables discussions ; et. finalement, iinpuissants a la
definir se voient rouverts de ridicule, et contraints de la in\s-
teriser ou de la nier.
Oui, le i)robleiiie du libre arbilre est Ic plus grave, le plus
Inigiipie el justpi ä nos jours il parut insoluble, sauf par Jesus
et i)ar le conuiiunisine. Quest-ce que la liberte ? Qui ine doii-
nera le sens du Libre > La liberte n'est-elle pas en antinoinie
ave( legalite. i'lus on veul degalile et plus il laut enlever a l'in-
dividu la liberle dexploiter aulrui par ses dons superieurs :
föne, beaute. inlelligence. Kien n'est egal dans la nature, un
grain de sable. une feuille. uu inicrobe ne sont pas egaux a
leui cojigenere. Kl paiiiii les buinanimaux aucun individu |)ar
son Corps, son inlelligence n"est sernblable a un autre {•?.), toul
i'ai L'infiniiuent petit, de loute eternile. construil riufiiiiinenl
grand ; le lenips, l'espace, le nornbre, lintelligence materielle
unimale, lout lapparenl loul le phenonienal, tout le spirituel
intelligible. Le cosmos est l'auivre de l'^lernel mobile, TiMernel
divisible. ratome-nibil. Lui seul est Lidentique, legal.
-- 355 —
en ayani le iii^nie deslin : vivre et momir ; el, lous ont fuiiu,
toiis veulcnt nianger, Loire, doriuir, coiter, en ouvrant le moins
possible ; car, riiumanimal, repelons-le, n'ainie point travail-
Icr. En vain, ä ce sujet, lui bourrcra-t-on le crano. La bete ordi-
naire, banale, vulgaire, la plus pelite bestiolc est heurcuse du
labeiir et nous en donne Lexeiiiple. La fournii ne conipte pas
ses heuies de travail, donne a sa sieur a manger, lui ol'fro ses
provisions de bouche. Au conlraire, riiumanimal, a son freie,
iie donne pas le surplus de ses produclions ; mais, le detruit
j)Oiir inainlcnir Linegalile dans la richesse.
L'Klal devrait s'opiKJser a ( etlc liberte de la propriele (jus uli
el abuli), a ceilc liberte d'aneantir les produits de la lerre : le
hie, le cafe, les cereales, les fruits, le lait, les animaux donies-
liques, etc. L'lvlat devrail donc imposcr l'egalito au delriment
de la liberte. L'antinomie enlie le Libre et l'Egal jusqu'ici pa-
rut socialeinenl irreduclible. La liberte bourgeoise est liorrible,
je le sais ; or, la Liberte Morale ful loujours en horrcur äu niani-
Jiiit'erc qui s'inlilulc raisonnable. Elle lui repu^ne franchemcnt
loujours et partout, jusqua l'beure oüi le (ibrisl apparul, le libre
■arbilre s'il etail pralique, n'etait pas nontnie, n'avait pas de nom.
Les Stoi'ciens furent les seuls a j)arlcr du To ei)ireuiin. ür, de-
puis ao siecles les peuples sont plus ou moins impregnes de
Libre Moral ; et, jusqu'au deuxiöme Avcnenient, quoi qu'cn
penseiil les evolutionnaires, sevira la liberle materielle (3).
L'bonime de la liberle materielle scra donc tyrannise par
IKtat Egalilaire qui vcut la suppression de la propriele indivi-
duelle et la cominunaute des biens. Lo plus robuste, le i)lus ge-
nial, le plus inagnifi(pic speciinen du genre buniain et le j)lus
deslierite de la nalure devronl donc souffrir pour coiiserver la
])roi)riele collccli\e. Paysan-ouvrier tvavaillcra pour cclui qui est
<liaigo de garanlir son labeur, de j)roleg"er sa vie : le .militaihl: ;
iravaillcra pour nourrir celui cpii dirige ses meinbres avec uno
inlelligence superieure : le tkciinicikn ; Iravaillcfa pour enlrete-
uir, delViidre la tele, le luve de rorganisine : riNOKMKUu ([ui
lui-ineine Iravaillcin pour le clief supreme de l'Etal, le futuif
(3) Toule evolutioii, lout progres inoral, sera paralyse aussi
longlemps quc le niaminifere qui s'intitule politiqiie, violera
la Loi d'Evolution vivanlc ou d'Ainour-Sacrifice iiniversel. Ln
(( fermcnt rdvoluiionnaire de lEvangile » est neulralise par
rEglise-Etat « crucifianl a nou\eau » Jesus-Uoi.
I'
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:
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l.e cüiuuiunismo. je lo rcssasso.
oplime ou la iioiinilurc M>im'. aiissi ( oiimiuiie, aussi floomiaiu.'
que
I ,>...> tni iiitrchrislal r«'|)ai lilfiii' des
hii'Us con.st>iiitti;»l)l(~s.
^.l,a.•lums : l/Klal e.l uu o.,a-nHn." d. lutle ronlre natu,.
„ ,onlre le Di.u \mour-Sa. rili.. -In.ar...^ .sus, Ic L.bro vra.,
„oral, alTuUe sur un. cruix. a qui par Vn.our r..>u I anh
noinio sociale. raHla,oni.nu- cnl.v \c hb.r ...ah'r.H e 1 egal
cÜNin I/Ai.umr ou \v Mbiv nciis dciine lo strivt de 1 Kfzal ei.
k.ul honnue. el .,ue nous poiivons, el devons extdnonsor : le
rovau.ue de Dien : noi.v rnur. seide el verilnbU" pmpne.e. seul
Iresor c^ui nous seil vnmmuu : pieire daii-le du coiiiiminisine
possible (piaiid riunnaiiiiual et sa planMe seroni IraiisIcTines (\).
s'c'lablira er. un milieu
oboiulai)l(
l'eau el l'air. abolira, iiidiNiduelles ou .(.lleclivrs. loiKes les
proprioles, nieres de ronvoitises. de lultes, lulles de classes.
lutles rivilcs. billes des iialions el surlout lultes en notre for iu-
terieur. Alois, sculemcnl. sera supprimt' le <i luaU'rialisnie liis-
r()ru[ue n. i)ar(e ([ue Ihoinnir sera clran^M'. Hl nos immniabi-
mur ! L'Homme Sourcau appaiailia lolal. integral, raisonnable,
non i)oiiU pareil, niais sciublable a Dieu : un en Irois pnsoii-
ncs.
Oui, inoii (ber Mailic. je suis eduinunuste. et plus comniu-
nisle (pie vous aver le l'acil'isiiie Iraditionnel (V. Epilres jUTce-
denles). Moii coninuinisinc tient ((Muplede la structure de
riioninie de son inlelliiKMK c albrc et (\o sou e«eui' divili. Moii
comniunisMic reconnail robligalion de doriner leur du a rlia-
(un de («'S dcux pcrsoinies im()uq)alibles, ronlradictoiios : lin-
lejligcnrc el le ('o-ur. Moii coniuiunisnio cfuiiprend la necessil«'
de l)ie'i-ATnoui-l/ibi(-laimiei(\ l'alaleii'eiil ttjne. Mon conuini-
nisnie constale la 1-01 universelle du (.osnios : rAinour-Siuii-
l'ice inq)Ose a lous les \i\anls ; el cpie, st'ul. tiansgresse riiuma-
niuuil. Mon coinnuinisnie pioi lanie. scienlÜMiueiuenl. ce fall
jnvariahle coniiole par l'exjK'riencH', eniegistre. relebre par l'llis-
toire : rKtal-Pmsliluli(.ii-(;uei i;'. (pii nous ic'gira, iuqdauiblc,
jusqu'a la Henovalion. jusiiu'au relour de rilonune au inilicu
convenablc, le seid aiKpiel puisse sadajiler un dieu. pour (pii
lout Iravail est uiie indignite, un alTionl, un desbonneur, un
cliälimont,
(h) « \ous alloiidons Selon sa Proinesse des .ieux nouvoau.i
el uno Icnr mmvelh' oü la Justice iiabileia ... (II Pioire TIT, i.S).
.ai
'■m
'■^53
^
i
—- 357 —
Kn \ejlu de la .luslice aulonialique. iiiiiuancnte, rosniifpie de-
«•lencbee journelleinenl , -a louj inslani, par sa l'olie, riiuiiiani-
nial gesira daiis \v p.enilencier, a l'eci.le de sacrü'ico obligaloiTe.
incarceie daus une (( sociele close » : ri'^lal-IM'oslilulion-Ciueii'e..
jus([ii'a ce cpi'il consenle ä saisir celle N'erile : rAiiiour na
lien de coniinun axec le cdYI, rVnioue le jioni de DicMi, doli
eli'e sanctil'ie iV. Kpllres preceilenles). Ayons un peu de ]iu-'
dv'ur. Sans li\ pociisie ; sacliotis Torigine de la pudeur.
Epitre aux H6breux
Salus ev .ludaeis (Jean).
l/a\enii' des .luil's esl süperbe. I!n allendani la (lile ]"'uUirr,
Isiai'l a loujouis icinj.li le niotide inlame de ses lanienlvitlons,
loul en le depouillanl (|)(iur le [.uigerj de « rexrrenieiil de Sa-
lau )).
Nous a\ons souniis a un (iiaiul llald)in nolre apologic des
.luil's paiiie dans ])lusieurs nuni('i(»s de \'Kch() tlc In Graiulc
iS'ovvvlh' ; el, en deu\ lellres ([ue voi<i, cel eminent ser\ileur de
Dieu nous a lail le giand ln.nneur de reclü'ier cpiehpu'S [)i'op()S
(pii ne \ieiuienl pa^ de nous el ipTil (b'claie eiroiies.
Pbi:\iii:i;i: LKTiiii; di ciiand is\hBi\ (o
\:i jnHU'l Kj.'IS.
Mon cJicr Ami,
Je ronshtlc urci: pj<tisir (jiw roiis iir m'(nil)lir: [xis; el , iitoi,
coniniciil i)iiis-jf vous ouhlicr :' <)n ii'u [xis souvcul le honhi'ur
de rcnroulrcr uuc diuc usxoifjre. de diriii. l o.s hrochurc.'^ ([uc
rous (U'cz cu lu. drliralf alh'nliou de ui'cuvoycr inc uiüiilrciU
loul le clu'Diiii puvcouvu depuis Ic Icmps Ininhu'n, o/V, d(uis volre
hopilal de Musiuwu. v<uis coiunicncicz n roiix iiilcrro(jer, <) inlrr-
nxjer li's l-'criluri's. d iulcrrogcr eure, paslcur. nihbiii, d vous en-
lliousiasnicr pour les rcvehilions de la Suh'llc : el. d uous don-
ucr Icclurc des iirviuicics fcuillcs de volre pvcniicr ouvrage.
(( O vous (jui rcchcrcJie: Dieu, nc vous Jasscz pas ! » Vous avcz
suivl cc Couscil dlsuh'. El (jur. faul-il pour rcclwrcher Dieu, le
(i) M. Henri T-evy, Giand babbin a Tbionvillc (Moselb;),
<,ll f'
iül
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/n.nvr:-. Ihnunc nn l'n MI er.},,, csl hirn, rr u>'r Ir Sr.
^,,,,„,,, ,lc Ini : ricn ^lur h pratniu, J. a jusUcr,
ramour ,1c la charilc. iwnrhcr humhlrmcnl avrr hm Dien .
iMichi'e 1/ N» l/hniuililc. Inninur. la rhantc i'l hl svif <Ic j,,,.
licc iuju^ /.'.s' po^^c'ic: : cl. ruu, arnncc: s/zr Ir chcmin <lc la
in'ricction iinih mnsL'il Wtwün. Im mic <h' Ihowmc intcUiycnt
l,nd rm- h's luiulcnr, ccicsic.. I.r sc,:^ dn divin rous tnumwnlr.
rous iJOssciJc fnul riilicr, d rn,/s alle: .Ir („'rfcctinn n, pcrjcciion
Ouel p/m'.s/V il'a.^si^ln- m/ ,UTch>pi>rnirni luirnionirnx <lc rulrr
/K'/i.s'tV' /r/f^/V//sv. a /••K- r/7o/'/s (vr.s' mliy propic n'ucncration
i'.citc mji'nrralion. von^ la cnnccn-: sni/s /.»n/h- '/.' <( lirnnni
liun 1. ; /'( rciilrcc dr l'hotnme rc(jcncn' sur nnc tcrrc nouvcUr.
pour relrouccr la l'alric ancr^lralc .7 hiiiiKiinc. (Juc ccUc pfn-
sre ni'fsl famHicrc ! '.'•■>■/ /'"' Ir /'""' ''<' f<i inrdicatioii iiw^sia
iii(lüi' de nos prophch-s. ./,• nr cmia pas (jih' voiis l'nyv: puit^c,-
(laits h-s l\vaii(jilcs. l'.oiaiiir _/V coiiifircnds >pir roiis vnus adrcs-
sic: aaxJiüfs cn mcHnitt cn Ictc de ms ('pitroi : Chcr CorcUjinn-
nairc : <ih ! je nc i'cn.r /m/s r^^^aycr dr vuiis convcrtir. J'ai sur
les concerlisscuis cl /ex cnnvcrtis Ics nu'iiu's (>pinii)ns (pic reih'
(pie vous cxpriiucz si ^ourent dai)s (-""s /'t7/«'.s' pmjcs. MaiK je rvu.i
laut shnplcmcid disculcr arcc roiix (pichpifs opinions (pic ro(/s
projcsacz sur rAiicicn Tcstaifirnt, Ir Judn'isfitc, (pii d ttioii huiu
hic avis, iie f^oid pas justcs ni jiislijiccs.
Le Dicu. Anutur est hihlitpir. cl l'amDur de Dien csl un si'idi
nicnt bivn jnij. ]l(ns (numt de loinmeuccr la discnssion n /o/i'T
dcblayons im pcu le leriain. Je suis doulonreusctncnt r.jrpris de
l'emploi (///(■ roi/.s jiuh's de 1' irpression Dens sebaof . Ccrtcs. se
baot siunijie <u-inees. Mais n,' rnye: roiis pas ipie St Jerome (jui
eonuaissait Ihebren a fond, nmi-seulenient la liihh\ niais aussi
les MidincJüni^ i/VjT;/rxc (dle(j<)ri(pu: des riiarisiens) , n'aurad
pns pu traduire ee lernte, c/ rous ne vous ctes pas ddnande
ponrquoi il s'esi eonlenlc de hvnscrire ee tucd liebreu :' Mais,
e'rst ponr empcelier eru.r <pii i,c soni jnis faniiliarises aree h'
hnicjage bibli(iue. d^ eoinnwllrr In brvne, les eaniresens rpic /<>'
savauls ehretiens n'ont pas inan(pie de faire <}unnt{. d la lietiais^
sance, ils ont rceoninicncc d etadier I'h6bren.
\ GUS n'etcs pas eou pöble 'le ee eouhrseua qui est uii ecritable
blasphcnic. Vuus pouvez alUujuer les predieateurs chrStiens, sin
(jumrement Bossuet, <pii imuxpie si souvent Ic Dien des Armees
Malgrc cela, Adonai scbaut ne signifie pas le Dien qni est n /"
tele d'iine armee, pourvuc de niUrnillcuses de lanLs et d-avions
Prcnons le pas^afic Je pIns r<>„nu le Sanctus : Kndoeh hndoeh.
— 359 —
Kadoeh, Adoinii sebiiol : Sanelns, S(nielus, Sanelns est Doiniiins
sebaot. Dans eel liynine e.rallant la sainlete inef fable de Dien,
rous rnyez Dien enionre dune arnn'e de findassins, d'drtillenrs.
d'aviatenrs, sans oublier les (i.li.D. Xon ! C'esI a mourir de rive
demnl nne feile niascarade si e.lle n elait blasphenialoire. /IJo.
na'i sebaot, le Tres-S(n'nt. esl bien enolure d'unc arnice : niais,
e'est I' armee des anges, la tniliee eeleslre. Ce sont les sebaot des
Ophaiwn, Arehiin. Keroubim, Seraphim, (unjes et arelianges.
D'(ulleurs elunpie fois (pie les i'rophetes parlent d'Adonu'i sebaot,
ils e.raltent sa suintele, s(\n anionr, sa miserieorde...
(( \l(us (n-rirons an. grand reproehe (pic je rous fais. \'ous dites
(pie le Dien-Amonr esl ineonnir dans la liible, que ee suid, les
Krangiles qal ont reeeh' le Dien- \tnour. l'ous reeon.naissez que
le m(d Aimer a, dans loules les langii.es, nn sciis eoluptueuj:.
(fni, (huts loules les langues, sinij en hebreu. Ahaua, amour,
designe nn senlimenf mond, pur, divin. En hebreu : faire
riiiiioiir n'a pas ih sens. ])au.s tontes les langnes, vous ('les obli-
(/(' de (U'finir le niol aiiiu'i' applique d Dien, si vous nc voule:
pas vous e.rposer d la mesavrninre de Fram^ois Xai'ier i) ipii les
Japonu's rireiil <ni nv:. <piand il leur p(U'la d'n'wwvr Dien. I'.n
liebreu. Aliava n'ev'xpie anciiiw iih'e sensuelle.
(i'll serail o/\(V/.;' d'insislcr sur ee p'u'nl. la Hilde nous reeom-
munde sans eesse d'aimer Dieu. Les Evangiles n\ail fait qu'inii-
ler et snivre nos Prophi-Ies. Jesus lui-meme n'a-t-il pas dit : Je
ne suis pas venu alxdir la l.oi. mais raeeomplir h). Et. eertes.
sur ee siijel. il n'a rien iniiove (,'>i. pas plus ddilleurs (pie sur
r \mour du l'ere Celesle poiir ses enfants. C est lä wie doctrine
(pie nas Proph(''t>'s oiil f)r(-chi'i\ proelamre. ehibh'e. inrnhpu'e au
eo'iir des hoinmes... »
(■i) C.'vsl i'iilendii. mais ii<»iis lisoiis aiissi dans Ic Sernum sur
hl montagne : « \ uns sa\r/ hi<ii (fn'il a rtt' dil : a umI poui' (cil v\
(Iciil [)oiir dciil )) Mais, tnoi, j(> vous dis de nc pas irsjslof an
inc'chanl ; si (|n(](|u'un Ic ria|)|)c sni la jouc d?()I(c, prcsonlo Ini
Tanln^ ». (\lat!liicu Y .■v'^-3()).
(.')! Pardon I .h'sns a jjiomauc hois inols dcl'iaiil loiit syncrc-
lisnic ; (( \ons savcz ))icn (piil a cic dil, : (( Tu aimoias Ion pm-
chain cl fii liairas Ion eimcnii ». Nfais. moi je vous dis :
« AIMKZ \()S EWKMIS, lailcs du l)i(Mi a ccux qni voih liais-
sciil, cl pricz pour ccux c[ui vous pciscculcnl. cl vous calnn^
nicnl )). (Matlhicu V, fi:\-\fO-
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— 360 —
|,i, iiKiii clici- \ini. v<"i> iii'.illi'M"''' M'ii'ii^niiciil p.iivc (pi,.
je icriisc de ( Tdiic (lu'iiii l>i('ii-\ ii- ;iil (l(Hiii(' ,-i Mir.iliaiii l'on
die (l'i'ijoiii'cr suii üls :
(( ./(• HC ci)}>i[)rcii<ls jKis. /;/"/.< /''. /'">' '/" '""'. ''''//'<' obKlindtidi,
() [xirlcr. () /)/'f>/)o,s- (//; sucrificc il haue, du Dicn-Moluch, .)liii^
votis ^(irc: inyl l>icti (jiic Uicn <i ilcniuinlc <) \hnili(im de Inj sa-
rrifii-r ls(uic iiii'n\\n>nH'id i'our ('pronrcr sa jui, sa constdiicr, soit
(unour, soll dcsinlcrcfiscmcnl. Ccl aclc </<• foi, ri'llc sotiDiissidii
lolalc a 1(1 voUmic ih'rinc, cd anioiir (iiii ru jitsijti'aa sacrijict',
(III (Ion /(>/(//. ci'llc nninifcstatioti (rdinoiir-sucrijicc (jnc ro(/s
pri'chc:, c.nülc:, (jlorific:. (loniir: i'n cnv/j/^/c, ralxichc: (romnn-
("o/zs /(• (///es r()ii:<-nn't)ic) , et (jiii (iiirnil du ciüruincr voira udhc-
sion, faire Icvcr cu ro/zs des aclious de |//vicc. voiis In ('ilipciidc:,
rcnu-ic:. In rouc: uii iii(''in'is des cioydids. jdiilc pi-ut-clrc (/(■
/'a/'o//' coinprific : ('<//•. eile V(ud () \l>r(üi(mi c/ 1) sex dcscru-
(l(U(ls hl hciu'diciion de Dicu n.
(-'esl la pieiivc, iiioii ( lnr aiiii. (juc Ic Dicii de rViicicn Tcs-
(anioiii ne pciisc pas ((»iimic ccliii de rKvair^jIc ; cai-, dans I.n( .
je lis : (( Oiiand Vdiis aiiicz l'ail loiil ce (pi'oii voiis a comiiiandi'
dilc's-vous eiicore ccci : (( .1,. suis iin sci\il(iir iiuitilc »
(l.iic XVir, 10).
\<>V(jiis : Ksl-<-o (pi,. ramoiir sc ((HiiiiiaTidc ? l.o Diou- Aiiiniii
► iic prisc pas r..lu'iss,'in(;f. II v,iii rlic aiiiir iior» par inlrrct,
(cnaiiilc des clialiiiiculs. drsir de rn otiiiH'iiscs). niais paivc (iii'il
csl soinoralncinonl aiiiiahic Kl plus loin nous Ncrn.iis p.uii-
quoi). JH' Dicu \Tii()Ur ui'sl pas uu niailtv. niais un aiiii. uii
jK'iV aussi Ol ccllc palcinilc (ÜNiiic, nmii ,||,-r airii. vous lappli-
calcs eil Uli occasion inemoiahlc.
Vous (-Utes !(. hrillai.i hoiuicur, panni Icis 1,-s C.iands IVal.-
l»itis. dV'lro (li.-isi pour olTicicr dcNanI ],. luoiiuiiionl aux m.uK
des Daiclanrllos ; et, sur Ic naviro dcvani ral.in.,. .,u so.ul.ra je
Bo.ivcl vous priaies pour inus l.s luoils. V„|,v nVi| .-sl adn.i-
rahU' d cinolion. de paliiolisnu-.
« ''•'•'■'''^ <' l<i haulcur de hi lunu; mnr(,unnl renudaccnu-nl
'!" <: ''-"'•^■/ " ^'onh'' cn anil ,,,:, arcc los -..nn hdnunes de son
cjupurjc, 1e ladla (.s.r /..;„,./ j, ucicüjuais) sloppa. Clan(,fe Fur-
rcrc nousdecnvit l'agonie du Bouv(d. />,//,. ,o//-, serriicur uni-
<inc amuomcr a bord du Tadla, .s-'a.a.,. vcrs Ja coupee. et pn,-
non,a nnecoartc priere : a El Male rahanum acher beyareha
ticfech cal hai veroiiah cnl be.<i<!nr irh ii^i 1 1 . , ,
. uicLi piein de misericorde qui (t en.<^)
— 361 —
daus Ics niains Värne de toiil vivnnt^ le soufjle de toul morlel...
.\'est-ce pas le Vere uniquc, le Dien nnupie qui i'ous gl crec ».
(!elliv dorlrinc roiisolanle de iiolre filiation divine vous per-
Miil (( d'nnir daih^ uiie irK^.me Jervente priere nos camarades des
(innees de ierre et de wer toinhea si loin de la Merc Patrie pour
la gloire el la fjraiideur de InFrancc et de recoinmander leurs
(inies (\ la niiserieorde infinie de noU'e P^re qui est aux cieux.
(( (Juand j'cus prononce le mot Amen, Chnide Varrere ajoula :
Au noni da Pere, da Fils et da Saint-Esprit. Ainsi soit-il ! Et
toiis les assistanls se signi'rent pieusenient ».
Bravo ! mon rhor Ami, Vive la France ! Vive le Dieu des To
Deurn, le Dicu iiiinioral des patriotes ! (/|).
Ah ! cerles, fissuremeiit, le Dieu Amour rcspeclc le Deralof(uo,
siiion il se ronlredirait. Le Decalogue esl un absolu. Lo Dieii-
Aniour nc se denientira jamais. Au Paradis terrostre, on ne
(uera plus. Plus loin, nous expliquerons ces ronlradictions ci\i-
([ues par la loi de rEfat-Prostitution-riuerrc el par rAinour-
Dieu juslificateur universel.
Vos nombreuses citalions, prou\anl rexisltiue de TAniour-
Sacrificc dans l'Ancien Testament, m'ont ravi et le marlyie
d'Akiba (cpie je connaissais) doil-elre, a Iravers lous les siecles,
I ohjet d'une grandiose conunenioralion, niais le dien des sainls,
des niy'^tiques el des mailyis n'est pas le Dieu-Amour, le Dien
sur lequel 011 peul, on doil, loul instaurer (Nous verrons cela
plus loin).
A ous diles : II n'y a rien de nouvean sous le soleil : « Eii ha-
dach Intinl hachaniech ».
I*ardon ! Tl y a Ic Dieu-Auiour.
Avec vous. je boudis indigne, je luirle d'effrol. de romnnse-
?alion, de douleur, en prosenre du niartyre d'fsrael. el je niaii-
dis lignoblc el irdernal silence d'une presse sans rcrur.
(( Depuis Van 135 (de lere chrelienne) jusqu'a nos jours, 011 n
niassaere les Jiiifs. De i<)i<) d 19^1, 150.000 pei'irent en Russie.
Consullez les journauj' de Vepoipie, ils n'en pnrJent pos. Depuis
loiKjtenips les Juifs soid luibiais au massaere : tel sen)J)lr <iri di-
ele le raisonnement inconseient ou peut-elre couscicid de l(\
presse. Les Juifs ont ete fnt's, torlures, brules, noyes, elranijles.
subirent toutes les morls. Qa'ont-ils faits ? si ce nest prier, se
(/i) Kl la Paliic esl iiiic T.oT itiNinrlMe^ un 1)()('.MK inlaniiible.
(,)ui polest caperc capial (V. plus loin).
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Jrjnciilcr, iiirt^ijnrr ih'rii. ,<///i/*//V/' Jnirs Jiniiricdii.r : ,■/. (fumol
1(1 foiirnicnh' rlnil /<//>■>•,'(•. iiuntiil li'< hTlinn nnrrcs. las '/<• /;/,■/•.
nrn'ldicnl Ic //m/sx'/c/t. /cn Jiiii< l'unihiil hii'ii ilc li's auoir j_,,,\
scrrt' de In inorl : ils i riihTcnnciil /('>• ii.<<'i.<>:iii.< de nc /('s arnir
jxls c.rli'i'liiiin's . I iin filrliiiii'n I I i'ili) l(' .■•n hl im <■ t'.iriw jtJc dr /((,//-
fi'sisldnrf Uli null, ä l<i /'/"/, 7/i'(', l (ini'nir <iiirilici- cniisi'iiliini
c'l ronst'iili [iiir loiil im p/npli' [loiir Ir l\iidnihli hiirlicm. Icc;-
roiis (h'jn K'ili'clii sur (T [imiid miniclc d' \m"iii--Sii(Tilir,- ;' iini
(fii' hnivl . srinhhthli' n nn ii'inmii <ni milidi d. ,. Innjis^ tiil i,u .<;//_
vi vre () /')/;/(■>■ /,•>■ jiiT.<<'ridiiin.< tjiii .<,■ .<i>iil •ilnJinrs sur Inj dijii<
K' i'oiirmd (/(■ soll hishiirt-, ifii Isriic! jiiihli- smis dcimsr cimlr,
1(1 riolciicc. ^iiii.< dri\-ii.<iiir hTi, sIr,' jxiin- rixnisrr ,•/ ///<■/;;,. /,/,,/,
(/('/• .<(! ('(iiis('. 'iii'lsidi'l .;>■>■(;////■ ^niK ,•.•>■>■,• ,•/ ,/,• jinrh ,ii I . ii,- in,ii-
raiil ojiiiosi'r ü /'iV/.// dur il,\< coidcanx. mi ihinihdinih'nl d,.<
linrhi-rs (jiir */,■>• ni'dits >/;/i/»/(.//, /,,<, ,■/. niij rris dr Iniinr dr
niorf.. n\i.r dfiiwls <iii imi>;<dr>r ,•/ ,"; /,/ ///,■//,•, ,/,//• /,, rinml ploiii
hl de sc.< /</•/.■/■.■>•. dr .sv> ,<///»/>//,•.;//. ,/;>. ,/,• ,sr,s- 'Imn riddli >ns .
iddi(J(' dr rhaiilrr /,•>■ h.iinmirs dr .svy h, ,iirrrmi.r pmir rrlnif iinr
n J'<'.rlrrinindli(di cnmfdrlr^ (ind.mri fnildr rnirr h's jaiblrs.
<l»,' /<" rrnuhxrdii dr .himh d(ud hi d,„irrii.r. /,■>■ oy ,;/>•,,/,.< ,/,',„,•'
""•/•'•/(/ /,. 1,1(1, dr ,r, prrsrnilrm;, r!rr rl siihsislr, r'rsi h) nur
rn'i'vr (lur Dirii r.rhlr. r'r,! „n inirarlr (jur V,.lrr tJirnrlr dr
l \ni(dirSiirii}i,'r priil >•/•,// rrj,J!,jnrr,
Ir l'lns hr! r.rrniidr dr l\;ni,rl,r du imhüsnir sur Ir. amr.
drsrs iidrlrs. ,,„„. ,,/ /„„,„; ,,,, /,,^ dr^rrnd'inls drs Muinin.^
':'",';:■"'!'■■■ ''-■^/"'•W- /.■//.■ .^M// nirrUmm, Idir a d.dinr
" ' '■■^'!;'' '/'■''•'/"'■. '' rruli.r rnimiinr Ir, idiis iUu,ln'.. rrrrs •
■''Z '■''>'^"^'"""- "riiirnr. s./M „.,„,//,. Tcrlnllirn .de.
'^' ''"l""'ryl:--l'rnin (■(■,drldrm.rrrsi.,n. n.,ml-.dlr fm,
<ir soll tdirislianisme ?
VW/,;-/,,.,,,.,,,-..,,,,,;,:,/,. ,,,, I.nl. „r, .;. 1 l,:n,... ,.„
';""";■"•, ",""'~"''" "■''■"•'-'■'-■- i-r ir. ,..„m. .1.. h'us.
>'/r. .-roiis rdiiiinriil lr< /,;//< ,1 ■ , ■
I „,>., II \ ■■''■'■■"■ '-".W,-.//^.. /.-Ml,,,,,,, U,,,.|i:r
'./' I ' il ( 1 ( <Cli I ■ fiii 1 1 ■ II I
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— 3^3 —
dant deux niois, ces massacrears, encore louL deyuälanis di/i
i<anij innoccnt, Juicid iionrris paf k> ble jiiij. Voilä cominent
[srael se veiigc de scs tortionHairas : Afalpi CheJiaiaoii hana'i
Jicin. Meme les poyromistes sont enfants de Dien...
« La oü on reconnait la traditioii juive, c'est dans la declara-
lioii rdcenle da Grand Rabbiii de Palestine : « f>i Ics Ävabds
ine tnent, je voafi defeiids de vcnger ma morl ». Amow-^acri'
fice. Aulre cxeniplc (l'Aiiioui-Sarririco u natnrcJlcwent pris che:
les Jaifs, et, iiotureUeiiieiU, inconna de vuns, qaoiquc sc pas-
sani eil cc moment. » — Paidoa ! Ic l'ail invraisoinblablo, niais
vrai, des Marranos n'cuperds du Poitii.i,Ml n'efait pas inconnii
de volrc tres liumblo sciviteur (5) ; et, d'acrord avor vous, jf
prorlamc : la foi juive est iiuoniparablo.
.lo suis hcureiix, mon eher Vini, rpiüvec nioi vous roiislalir/
l'inexistence (avant l'erc rbrelionne) du niol Ubre arbi're ; el,
vous avcz raison d'ajouler : rcxercice d'uu arte n'a pas besoin
d'un mof, surtoul quand il s'agit de l'arle pur, lneffal)lo :
I 'yVmour-Libre-Dieu.
Vous me faites un dernier leproche : M. de \ lies a l'ail buii
ritalions fausses, el: je les ai repioduile«. Mea (Milpa ! Fl vous
Idiuinez a'nsi volre belle jfllre, süperbe temoignafi^e de votre
}.Maiule sympalliie pour un liomme de bonnc volont(^ :
(( Se-men vcnlllcz pas de inni) bovardacje ; inah. .<?? ?)of/<? ^•
Ironvcz insipide, ny voycz que la preuve de Vinferel qnc jti
parle a vos idees.
AmicaUment. Ave Mariavc.
Volre devoue ami ».
DEVMFME JJITTHK DU GRASD RABBIS
29 Aoul i()3S.
Mon eher Ami,
Je vous remercie de volre eiivoi. Je stds en train de lü'c le
Pliilosoplie Supreme. Quand, dans ma derniere lettre, je vous
ai dit : h Volre doelrine siir la Renovation est juive : el, comnir
teile, forme une des bases essentielles de votre sysleme, volre
esprit est impreijne de la doelrine fondamentale du hidaUnw ».
je ne me sids pas trompe. Les lextes ({ue vous eltez sur ee siijcl
sont pres(ni'entierement puises dans noire vieille Bible, el ne
(.')) J'ai connu de Barrios par Samedi el la Terre Retronvee
periodi(|ues juit's auxcjuels je suis abonne.
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prclciil ä (iiicuiu; cqiiivoquc. ics lalcs ///rs des EcüiKjih'!^ de-
inaudciil ä clrc c.rpliqucs, cl rcä-pliralion (juc raus cti domicz
est rcjftce pav HujUsc cnlliollqiui : In d<Hitriiie de In Hciwvalion
est etouffcc. J'i'lüis doiu: i'.iriixid>lc. cn ircoiuiaissaiil daits er
sYstdjiw, iinc doclriiic vsscnlicllcnicnl jiiirr. DalUeurs. hoiilrl,
ddiis IVu'is (;ai)ilalc des llrliiiidiis, iic dil pns dulrc chosi'. (jikiikI
il assüjnc au Jinhihmc so// rnic dnns la rcnocalion rcliijicusr
de rilnmniiili'. II amslulc (jitc /'/•>i//{S(' " Intp appuyc siir la
j)lu'OS(> : « ]]()ii laydiiDic //'es/ pas de cc im nid c ». cl (juc In.
rcligi'oii de rdrcnir doil f^incurporcr n In doilrinc jiiiiw ilii Mcs-
sümistnc, de In rcijcncvidion de 1' liiininiiile pnr Ic reyiie de Dien
dans cc monde ».
Knsiiitc. iiioi) rlicr \iiii. \()IN .iliordc/ Im (iiieslioii de dt'iiv
laiix noloitos : Proloeoles. lellre.^ des rnhhiiiK dWrIes. \i-jr ]h-
soin de voiis diic (|ii('. Mir ccs siiiicivliciics. je p;ul;i?c noIic jii-
f,'-enion| cl \()lr(> iiidiniiaiioii. ainsi cxpriiiirs :
(( Reiße (jenernje, snns e.icepliini mieune. Ions les le.rles. voit-
scillniil ////./■ Jiiifs (If. hier les ehrelietis, soitl des jnux. joiujes
de loiile pieee. Je eoiis en <d (Icja do\ime quelques eueniples
dnits nm derniere lellre. lU'fleehisse:. exnt)iinc:, vous sere: eili-
Avec nwn eordial Cdialom ».
0 \{'iiei(' (ir.iiid Hahhiii, alxddoiis iiiaiiilcnimi k\ (iuolidii du
J)i(Mi Aiiioiir. Kllc NU che giavc. \ve^ yiave.
Voiis nie doiincz Ic lilic d,. k c\\ev ami ». cl j'm suis l'icr,
(1 je \ais (Ji avoir bcsuiii. Noiisallc/ oiiVc des Imiitcius ((1). Mais,
de ioiil (•(«•iir. je suis \(.liv aiiii cl cchii d'fsracl. Je suis Ic srul
lioiiiiiK' eil riaiKc ((( iVuplc de Dicu )) iiilciimairc) Ic seid (|iii.
ayaul .onipiis riicbraisinc. ,d| f.Vil uiic apologie sinrcrc. ad.'-
(|ualc. de vos \crlus ail rc.onnu Icur irniiKri-c valcur. Micn\
onrorc (|iir M. \inic {»allinc, j'o.s|i,no a\.,ir >,,i>i voliv Dien.
sa nivsli(|uo, scs dcssriiis cl Vdliv niorvciilcnv avcnir.
riicr (-! Nie! ami. volrc ramiliarilc, j, j,. ,,-.pMo." ^u\^n^un■v
^'•''""''•""'"' ^'' •"• ""■' '• /"iN.. \.M1S Vn.K p;,Nc/ UM pcMI U.a
•■'• "MC <'\.(isc : j,. ,„, r.,is ,,,s ,h. hr..M'|>liMii,.. Je ii,„.ilir
11 Imiiicre. c| <f od hc d(
('dir
"' '""'oiilre Pils ipi,. la lunncre hiille.
rvrius.Ncner.l pn,„ l.s \pol .cs-dcs-deinicrs Icnms ,,mi
N.v.oni dai.s In.is sie. Ie> et >e,nn| des juifs dcsahuses de Tai.-
lerlnist, suincanl Je Clirisl.
- 365 — .
tele avoc beaucoup d'cspril, en vos 28 pages denses quo j'ai de-
clnffices avcc soin, avec piete, en m'y prcnani a plusieurs re-
prises ; rar, volle enilure est en paltes de mouche : lels devaienl
elro les grimoiies, jadis, dun eabalisle lamuldique. A nion
lour !
Aous insislez beaucoup sur le niaiJyie de la Juiveiie qui, a
Iravcrs 20 siecles de soi-disanl clirelienle, fut epouvantable.
\oila volle lionneur inconiporal)le, o Juifs, nies Freie?. I ei le-
iiiarquons : avanl le cbristianisnie ridicule et deploiable de
J'ieric, de l'aul, Assyriens Romains, elc, lous les tenanis du
liel'ker, socieles diles civilisalioiis, vous onl peisccute.
l*ouiquoi ?.
^ol|•e biil est elair. \ous voulez cliaiiiic r Ic iiioiide. cl delruire
rKlal-Proslilulion-Guerie, opprobre, inl'amie de rboiiini' de-
cliu ; et. vous asez raison ; iirais, par ipioi le reiiiplacer ?
Avec Nous Oll aller ? Ou iioiis (•(mduise/-\()us !' Sans erreu»'
vous etes les iiiailies du monde. les seigiUMirs de la l'ai\ ou
de la guerre. Avanl daboiilir a rileden. lomhcrons-noiis a\er,
\(>us de (Iharybde en Scylla ■' parce (pie vous ii'aurez ])U 1 e-
coiinailre Ic visa/ire de Jesus ! Le goy. Ic gcnlil, le due'/cii
abeli.- J)rehis lujnrec. enfanl prodiyue, ouailK' decerclMce. iO( cu-
vrii de cracbals. de sang cl d'imnioiidices en lous j.'(nres in-
noiumablcs, \'IIomn]e de donleur, le Dicu-souffranl rAinonr-
Sacririce-Inranie, fiilur ^^essie Temporcl.
All ! si les Juil's irelaielil poiiil appeles a sauver ]c monde par
les \polies-(lcs-(lerniers-lcmps, seuls, capables de coniprendre
cl de suivrc im Juil" : Jesus, leouvrant rilcdcii. il raudrail
a voller (ju'ils soni plus coupables <iuc les |)rinces de l'Kglisc ca-
lliolicpie, nous menani avec la raison d'r'.glise-F.lai au lyran le
plus efrroyable : rAnleclirisl.
(( IMince de jKiiv », le Messie Temporcl a e\e crucÜ'ii: |>ar les
cliretiens. Le l\'uifisnie Tradilionnel a cle. par eu\. ignoblc-
ment enscveli ; lous les chreliens-crelins meritent d'etre, au
Dernier Jour, engloulis. Amioncialeur de la Pa\. Desire des
nalions. Germe de Justice. I'mmanuel, Messie. l'u'novalem. Jc-
sus-roi devail, aussilol apres sa resurrcciion. fdes cellc gcncra-
lion). revenir gouveriier eternellemenL. ici-bas. Ilioinmc enfin
iMisomiable, sur im globe a nouveau cmpaiadise ; el, les pre-
ndeis clireljens Pierre tliesaurisseur et Paul assassin l'oiU « cru-
fifie a nouveau ». T>e Fds de l'Amoiir, Jesus a ele suspendu im
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jour an bois d'infamie par les Juifs (7); ^'l ^^^'P^'i^ ^''^f f '^^^^^'
'les ouailles chref.rnnes deccrvcleos, K'S goym, los C.iMitils, lo crii-
cil'ieril lous les jovirs (8).
Prives du Messio Teini>orel par V\•y^'^r |.apalc-n.valislc-.-lali-
ciue ijuiuisilüi-iale, Ics Juifs sonl eXcusal)Ks tie a'avoir plus a oF-
jiii- au n.onde que la paix du surhonnuc ; ils sont oxcusablos de
pii'parer les voics de celui qui, ralaloineut, (h.il accapaicr, u.o-
nopoliscr. IK/^dise-Elat ; rl, s'ils n avaicnl pas cetio cxcusc, lis
auraicnl la responsal)ilile d'effroyablos iiiallieurs.
Ai-jc besoiii, uiun eher Grand Ral)l)in. d'airunirr la laillilc
ineludablc de'la Cbretieule doni 1«^ doctcur ofi'i.ciol osl lo Imp
lauicux Thomas d'Vquiii avcc son horriblc raison. d'Eglise-
Klal (i)), raison qu'il osl impossiblo a un (•atholi({uo de rejclor
sous peiiio d'cncourii' rexconununiialion. ou de faire figure
dlierelicpio conscienl ou inconscionl^ T/Anlt'cinisl u'aura qu a
inij)oser raboininable forinulo lliouiique pour doniincr k tola-
lile du globc conmie le firent au nioycn age cn Europe les
fjiands papos Iheocrates ; deniain loecuniene sera dvangi^lise ;
el, ])ar l'Ango de rrxole. jouira d'une nouvelle pax romann.
\ cel avenir peu deleclable, lien d'clonivant. Dejiuis un
feinps inimoiriorial rEial-Proslilulion-duorrc est un pbenonieiie
invariable, ronirole par l'expeiienrc. cosf-a-dire, une I/)! ;
lelle osl. en cffel. pour le savanl la definilion de la EOT en lou-
los scionces expcrinieniales. Des qu'une i^evolulion a jele bas la
vioille masure elaliquo. riioinnie la reconsiruit aussilol sur les
Tuernes bascs : sumuiutn jus sumiita injuria, si vis pareni j^aia
l)ellun», dixide ol iiupora, fiat Civilas poreal .Tiislilla, salus po-
puli suprciiia lex csto. ])ro]"nietas jus uli et abuli. etc. Et cc?»
aphorisnics de la Cile Auti([ue sonl illustres par l'IIistoire. T/E-
tat-Prostitulion-Guerrc, voila le fait invariable. exp<^rimental.
(7) Jesus a cle nioins crucifie par los .luifs ([ue i)ar la raison
d'Ktal, obligee de niellre a iiiorl le Veibe Elernel disant : « \i-
niez vos ennemis I ».
('.sy I/E^dise-Elat autorisee par Paul i'la soriete est un ordre
elabli i)ar D:eii Cf. Ep. auv Romains), la Siniorjie Majeure dos
luerrantis, nionelisant l'Eucbaristie. sont autant de niicifi-
xions.
(()) « On peul, Sans injusti<e, ])our obeir a Dieu, tuer un
homme nienie innoccnt ». (St Thomas d'\((uin, Sonjine Theolo-
gique i*"^ de la 2'"* Partie, Question (j'i, arliclc V).
— 367 —
Ni dans la Thorah, ni depuis le Novoau Testament, le Deca-
logue n'esl absei u. Sans relache, noiis le voyöiis transgrcsse par
Moise et par les papes-rois. Le Droit Naturel, dit l'Ange de
rhxole est le respect de la vie humaine ; mais, Dien peut ehaii-
ger le Droit Naturel : « On peul, pour obeir a Dieu, sans injus-
tice, tuer un homine möme innocent ». (Sl Thomas d^'Aquin,
Soni. Theol. 1'° de la 2'"° Partie, Question (Vi, Arl. \). Moise et
le papc ont un Dieu necessaire a une sooielo qui ne peut «imer
ses ennetnis, mais, l^galement, est contrainte ä les äneantir...
Repetons-le : St-Paul el 250 papes rois nous affirmcnt qu'une
pareille societe est un ordre etabli par Diou. (Cf. Ki»itre aux
boniains, ATll, i-io). Uabachons : on de lelles institulions so-
ciales, obligatoirement, l'autem' de ce \erbe Eternel : « Ainie/
vos ennemis ». sera crucifie par l;i raison d'Elat (jui est la lo-
giijue d'une inlelligonce rebelle au cccur. Depuis dos niillenai-
res. depuis la [)rehistoire, a l'aube des agcs el dans l'elat acluel
de la raison humaine adultt^röe. il esl inrpossible q«ie Eennomi
de rElat-Proslilution-Guene, le « pere des objecteurs de cons-
cience » puisse revenir gouverjier Ihunianinial crealoru' d'une
societe violani la Eoi Naturelle, brisant avec NFoYse' los taldes de
la Loi el moquanl lEvangile du l)ieu-\mour-r.umiere.
1,' \nlecliiisl n'auia qu'a leiubc la main ptuir rece\oir I'Ik'^-
lilage de l'Eglise-Etat ; el. pour monier sur le siege de l"*ieiro il
avancera siuq)leniont le pied. Le (i Eils (h^ perdilion » ne peul
elre (piun ANprcnuisT precedant le Cbrisl ßon Pasteur (jui ainie
rhomrne jusqu'a niourir pour lui. k le Bon Pasleiir donrii- sa
Nie a son troupeau. il « entre par la porle dans la bergerie. el
ne lescakde ])oinl connne les volours et les brigands » rE\än-
giles), diclalcur, aulocrates, ou papes-rois.
ba Vraik Ecmikre esl celle de lAmour, celle du Sacrifice.
Jesus est 1' Amour-Sacrifice-Tncarni''. Il esl le seul Dieu (|ui a
loul donne. De toute eteinile Dieu a di\ise a l'infini. alonijse.
])our la mobiliser, sa puissancc ineffable (et c'est lo nionde) ;
II ne lui reste plus rien qu(> le rien ; Il es| le depouille total, le
(( Pauvro Absoln » Aclion a dislanre. tolemecanicpie. intelligen-
te materielle, delermin(M\ impersonnelle. athee : voila le ros-
tnos en presence du Eibie-Vuiour-Sacrifict» en p.rsonne. Dieu
soul'franl. le Dieu Arnour-Eumi^re j(»uit de noire honlieur. Poui-
le Vrai Dieu. linfine »-oMffrancr esl relernollc bentitnde. Voila
fiouiijuoi Dieu est ainiablo ; on ne saiiinit Irop le repeh't'.
(!' Dieu non sanguinaire. non jaloiix. non vindiralif, seul esl
adorable, Poin- Eni l'Ainour et non la crainto esl le commen-
\m:
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— 368 —
conioiU de l;i sagessc. El noiis connaissniis, inon clicr riiaiul
r.al)l)iu, ]v \()Mi (1«> <•(• l'icii (fiii |Mr Vinoiii-Sacriricc voiiliil so^
ti.U'IUo a iioiro porlrt', loiiilici' sniis mos scns, s(> rofulic xisiMc,
louchable, «udibli', s'incaiiuM ; (<' V»iii n'rsl plus coiiiiiio duns
l'Ancion Testamenl rednit a qualro lillio mysU'iiciisrs. il nc
noiis osl plus intordil de lo pi'onoiirrf. >nijs soinnios ii)\il('s cii
ands a ronnaitrc co Xoiii \doral)I(', a ik^ pas Ic ptosliliicr, a iic
poini le collocpier aii\ parlics soxiiollis. Faiio la luMo-a-dcuv-dos
n'cst pas (( faire rAniour ». T>o coTl est chose delerininee, iik»-
lerielle, aniirialesqiie. aiiioiale. l'.Vnioiir seid esl libre, immale-
liel, asexiie. moial. 1/ Amour esl la ]'rm Imx dont k>iil liomme
j>ossede cn lui l"iiiia?e reelle : rayoii refraiipe de la lainu(''re lii-
creec. Soul, a l'Uedcu. de \o\\< les aiilres iiiaminileres. riiuina-
ninial le^ul (( i.i; sori rr.i: di; i)ii:i » '1) Voiri la Vraie T.umieie :
(( Dieu est Aiiiour )) (Beipson) .
l,a (( Jaiisse liünicrc » esl cello de Ja nnslicpie, nous montraut
iin dieu cache, parlial. h piivilrqes, a piedeslinalions, epousant
MOS elals (rcspiit. 110! ic inlrllrclnalisine. Par la iiiyslique seront,
iasriiies, pipe^s, luystilirs, cDiidiiin's, les rhi(^liens-rr<^tins. rann-
nises 011 iion. !)(> loiis Iciiips, lc> saiiils furenl romplires des in-
(fuisileuis. \ii (lucmadcro, h l,i clxinise s(»urre(\ a la voglia, auv
iii-jiace. an miirus s|riilii> d >li icü^sinms. h la gaiotle el auv
esirapades, les sainis pK'li'irreiil des liruineuis. dos •'».ulels cl le
iidle de (lidic, daiis les Iiasilicpies, les calln'dralrs. les e^dises.
elevees j)ai' la eüeiilele lies ])apps-r(us. leius adniiraleuis, lluiri-
feraires, acolytes, sycophaiili^s, adoraleurs.
La (( raiiss(> Itiiuieie » < sl cellc des ielii;ic»ns d'Ktal el des pnll-
lirpies, (( giandt'uis de cliaif ». d Irdjiines armees ». condueleurs
de niasses in>sliipies aimaiil iiiiniv se iiienliia elles-nieiiics quo
S(>un»ettre leur iulcllineiicc au cvui.
II \ a une Justice auloinalicpic. iiMiiiancide. cosinitiue, pour
assisler ces espeeesda, ces pliai isi: iis. rares d<> viprres, Irublions
inoncurs de louihes. Celle Ju»li( e est decleiicliee par eux. Elle
es.t Icur deral([iie.
Les uiystiques soulieMiiciii les edil'iccs (pic les polenlals eii
tous genres batisseni sur le sa])le. d |,.|ir diru es| « lo iiieilleur
auxiliaire de la marecliaussec » ; Idir dien esl le soulcneur de
VKghi^ ealbolifpie el des pomoiis coercilirs, eiiiniaiiibes de
(1) (( Vous eles dieux. Voiis eles h.us l'ils du Tres-lTatil. »
(Psaume 81 -8a et Jean \, 35).
— 369 ~
•blas seculiers. Aux: iiiysliquos s'appliqiiei-ojit, .mi (Irand Joui',
(es paroles de Jesus, le seid adversaire aullienlique du hefker
adule par les piinces clercs an laiques : « Beaucoiip nie dironi,
ee jouida : « Seigneiir, Seigneur n'esl-ce pas en ton noni ([iie
nous avons propbelise i' eii Ion noui quo nous avons chasse les
deuions ? en Ion noni (pie nous avons Iah beaucoup de prodi-
gcs i* » Alois, je leur diiai hautenient : « Je ne vous ai jainais
eonnus. IU'tircz-\ous de uioi, \oiis, les oiivriers d'iiiicpiite. »
(Matlhieu, VN, r.>.-y/S).
J.e dieu des niysliqnes, avec soin, nous cacbc le sens et 1«
• gloire du Libre, sur lecpiel on peut toiil inslaurer ; le Jieu des
mvsllques avec lous les intellectuels leluse de proclaiiiei li ii-
l)erle laorale ; et lu declare mysleiieusc. « La liberle esl inj niyti-
ti'i'c (Malebrauclie). La liberlr. est une a piiissanee niystt''rieu-
se » (dardinal Lei)i(Mei'. in. Li; Mondi; Jnmsimli:, p. .')m3). La li-
berte esl indciiionlrdblc (Kaiil) ; iinnU'lli(jihl('. (Stuart Mill) ;
inconci'cdhlc (llainillon) ; incoiuiaiasahle (Aiigusle dornte, Her-
bert Spencer) ; iiicj'i>licahlc (Keuoiivier) ; iiidefiinssabJc (Berg-
son). Or, LAmour seid esl a la l'ois infiui, eleinel, absolii, Liimr,
persoanel (1).
I^e dieu des Miysti(jU('s esl iin elic delcrmine, abstiail, le lii-
plc nu'iisongc dune inlellig(M)ce larre. (!<' dieu na pas plus de
Naleur (|ue les aiilies dieiiv elalicjucs. aiil()|)liages, Ixdiicisles :
iMolocIi, Bralinia, \ i» lioii, Si\a, Kali, le (liand Ksprii des Iro-
(piois, des lliir(^!iSj des Sioiix, des \zle([ii('S, des Jncas, des py-
niees, Salurne, Zagreus, Jupilcr, Mineixe, Merciire, Mars, \eniis,
Rouddlia, Aliali, Teulales, Thor, Odin, Wolan, Colt-niil-uns,
Quel/alcoalt, Ornuiz, Hu, Aliiiinan, Manoii, Tliol, Horus, Osiris,
Agni, Milbra, -Cybele, Ceres, Atys, le dieu des in-pace, des \e-
glia, des a.itodafes, des garoltes el des ([ueiuaderos ; le dieu des
Te Dcuin, des Syllabuzons et des « Cloaqucs d'iinpurete ». II
y a des millions de cos dieuxda, pour ainsi dire autanl que d'in
dividus ; « rhacun a son pelit leligion » (Princesse V-«lalinei.
Nous soniines obliges par la logicpie et par la Hible a leur ad
joindre Jebovali, labve, Adonai, l'Klernel, le dieu au iioin 1.;
(|ui dans le desert fuient Iruc idrs sur Lordre de Mo'ise les niil-
liers dTsra^liles adoratcurs du veaii dOr.
« Dent pour denl, (eil pour ceil », le lalion, le raliini, le |K)li-
tique, n'ont pas cesse de nous regir. L'honiinc de la cb.i'e exis-
■ i lii
(i) Gelte thesc est, a profusion, developpee dans les E.G.N'.
1037-38.
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— 370 --
le loujoiirs. II 11 "a pas ('h' rrgenc're par im acte iiia^iciuo ' 1.' Ijip.
leiiic (]('s Moiiirissoiis Naj^issaiil soiis Icaii ilii iH-nilicr. La iv-
(li'Miplioii, U'llc qiit" rciisi'itincnl l«'s a Cloaqucs (rimpiiiclr >..
ii't'sl pas Uli myslert', niais iiii iimiiünclict'. Qifesl-ce (|u'im Viiv.
livraiil Süll Fils a la rnorl ? tiii Molodi paieil au diou dV!)-,.
liani ? Aon ! Piic, plus barbair, {)|iis ahsurdi-. Li> Vhvi\ luaul soii
Fils, se suicide ; car. (pii « Noil Ic Vbiv, voil lo Fils » (..lean).
Par les Souveraiiis Foiililos • l'oiilil'ov Maxiiuns) la Kf'dont,])-
lioii supplanic Ic Bon i'asicur, Ic Messie Tcniporcl. lU'iiovalciu'
de la piaiiclc cl surloul i\c riuiiiianinial, Jesus nous doiina
rc.vcin])lc du sacriricc. Pour iious libcrci-, il al'ficlia Ic i/ilirc siii
uuc croix.. Pour uuus raiüciiv>r a rilcdcii, il imuis iiippclhi (pi(>
Ic royaunic de Dit'ii es! cn huii Imniuic, <■! ({uil nous apparlicnl
de revlerioriser.
i/liunianit)ial niyslcricux v, plus haut) nc scra poinl rciuivr
par ia luysliqtic aiiln In isiajc ou pajJalc-Kivalislc. II n'v a ([u'niic
i'cü^ion (|ui est. iioii pas la « faiissc linnicrc » des sainis. inai-
la \ raic ianuicrc : IVuiour iioiis r(>liaril au Peic par uiie iuiajjo
reelle de 1" \uiour : Ic (io'ur.
Aniour- d'alxJid, Aiunin' ;i\,uil loul. Auioin- illuuiinaiil iii\>
leres, euij^nies, aiiliiioniies ; Ainour res(il\an| Ic |)robleiiic du
savoir, de riiilelliijenc;'. de Irlrc, du iieanl. ,\v, nc ((lunais
qu'une :-cli«iioti : r\l)snlii Pilxih' : j'AiiK.iir, m'cessaiieujcuf
Irine.
L \iile(lnisl seia Ic [jrincc des ni>sli([ucs ; el. lous les niv>-
litpies chanleroiil l.i lui tpiil iniposera (( hccif n. l;i l'oi iiiMiIrcv-
se d'crreurs el (flKiricuis. iauliicc (riiildlcraliccs cl de l'aiialis-
nies. pour\oveusc de doire--. ni\»lrres. sciiipules a\er (1 1,') prc>-
<'riplions. Kl lous ccux (pii muioiiI Im loj atiircinishilc scrMiit
iiiarcpiös du clnffro de |,i Bete.
.Ican (Aporalypse) avail donne a Pi(>ric un nunn'ro. i/lu-nrc
esl venuc de le verilier : irniplarous, daus \irarins filii Dci. les
lellrcs par ieurs valeurs nuriicriqucs, cl nous Irouvons OC^Ck
\ \ C ar Ms 1' T L 1 1 Hol
.) -f 1 T 1 00 4 I -t r» r -f :)o 4- , f , f,^^(^ ^. y
Tous ccuv {pii rduscnMil de se laissor laloiiei er nombre sur
le l'ront 011 sur les iiiains, Ic « Singo de Dieu » Icur suppriiriP
la carte d' Vliuiontalion. les laisso mourir (1(> jaini ou los lail
supplicier.
Los ApAlrcs-dcs-dcrnicrs-lcnips seronL cn uiajorile, Juils.
— 371 — •
1/4/4.000 (Cf. Apocalypsc) pusillus giex, au sein de niillioiis d'aii-
•lechrislüux. L'iiunieiisc Iroupeau des Genlils adorera FAntc,
clirisLj beiiissaiit du liaul de la scdia geslaloria, daiis la basili-
que Sl Pierre, les l'oules prosternees.
La periüde anleciirislale csl uiie l'atalile, uiie cüJisequcnce, un
curollaire de lEglisc-Elal ; et, ce grand diaine que vivra bien-
tot rinnnanite, le Message de 1 Esprit, Grande JNouvellc, Me-
gaiigile, Sccrel de la Saletle, va nous le (lecrire avcc prdcisioii,
cn un langage adniirablenienl bibliquc ou resunnc la voix des
Proplietes. Lii cel avenir rapproclie, doni parlout eclatent les
prodronies, « rAniour dfs plaisirs chanwls sera repaiudii par
touli' la Icrrc... Les licax aainls soni daus la conaplion ; beau-^
coup de coavenis iie sont plus les niaisons <le Dieu, mais lof
pdlurages d' \smodec el des sieus. »
« Ce sera pcudaiil ce len}ps que iiailra l'anteehrist^ d/une rc-
<( liyicuse liebra'ique^ d'uue fausse vieryc qui anra commuiiica-
(( tion acec le rieux serpenl, le tuailre de, ihnpurcle ; sou pcre
<( sera Ev. ; eu. tiaissaul, il eoniira des blasphetues, il aura des
(( dcnls ; cn un moi, ce sera le diable incarnc ; il poussera des
(( eris effrayanls, il iera des prodiyes, il ne se nourrira que
« d'impurcles. II aura des freres qui, quoiqiLils ne soieut pas
(( comnie Uli des denions incarnes, serout des eiifanls de mal ;
(( ä VÄ ans, ils sc feronl reinariiuer par h'urs caillantes cicloires
(( qu'ils remporterout ; bientot, ils seroiü ehacuii a la tele des
(( annces, assisics par des legions de l'enfer.
(( l.es Saisons seront cJiangees, la lerre ne produira <jue de
(( de niauvais friiHs, les aslres perdront Ieurs moiivenienis rc-
(( ijuUers, la lanc ne refletera qaune faible himierc roiKjedlrc;
(( l'eaii el Ic feu. tlonncronl (ui (jlobc de la lerrc des mouvenients
(( CQnvulsifs et d'horribles treniblcn^enh de lerrc, (jui jeront
(( cngloulir des monlagncs, des villcs etc.
(( liume perdra la joi el deviendra le siege de V anteehri sl .
« l,es denions de fair avec Vanlcchrisl feronl de grands pro-
(( diges sur la lerre et dans les airs, et les honinies se pereerli-
(( ronl de plus cn plus. Dien aura soin de ses fideles servilen rs
(( ei des honinies de bonne volonte : V Evangilc sera preclie par-
(( tont, tous les pcuplcs cl toutes les nations auront connaissan-
« ce de la vinU !
(( .Fadresse un pressant appel ä la lerre : j'appelle les vrais
({ disciples du Dieu vivand et regnant dans les cieux ; j'appelle
« les vrais imitaleiirs du Christ fait honime, le seu,l et vrai S(ni-
i !.{[«'
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- 372 —
, ,eur de, hnnwu's : fapn^lW mcs c.njanif^, mrs vrais dcvols,
,( cenT qui sc sont i/o/./n'.s a nwi pour qnc je U's ccmdimc ,\
a man üivin Fih, vcw quc je iHvfc ponr ainsi dire dans mcs
(( bras cciix qui onl rcV// (/,- man cspril : cnfin, j'appcllc los
<( [poircs des dcrnicrs Icmps, Ics jidclcs disciplcs de Jesus-
(( Christ qui onl vecu duns tin. mepris du monde et d'eiix-me-
«( mes, dans Ja pauvrete et dans lluimiliti:', d<ms le nu'pri-^ ci
u dans Ic silence, dans l'oraison et dans la morlification, d,uis
(( /«, chastete et dans l'ani(a> accc Uiea, dans la soujjranrc et
(( inconnas du nwnde. U est lentps qn'ils sorleid et ricnncni
(( eclaircr la lerre. Alte:, et ni(>ntre:-vous conime wcs enfanis
« eiieris ; je suis acec vous et en nuis. puanui (jue votre Jui
(( soil la Inmierc qai nuis eel<ure dans ees joars <le nialheiirs.
(( (Jae cotre :('le vons.rendc eomnie des ajjanies jitur la illoiie cl
(( ihonnear de Jesas-Cin-isl . (:<)ml)alte:. cnjantr de laniieic.
(( vous, pclit n()t}il)rc (pii y roye: : car r<tiei Ic tcnips des lenips,
(( la fin des fins.
(( l/lüjlisr sera eclipsec, Ic intuidc sera il(n)s la conslernation.
{( Mais vuila luioch cl l-'Aic reniplis de l'Ksprit de Dien : ils /xr-
(( chcront aree la jorce de hica. et Ics honmu's de banne roUm-
(( /(' eroiront cn Dieu, cl heaiwoiip it'dnies seront consolccs : //>•
(( feroni de «jrands j)r<><)ics par la vertu du Sainl-Hspril ef ron.
(( dainneront Ics erreurs di(d)oli(jues de l'antechrist.
(( Malheur <ai.r hal)ilanls de la lerre ! II y '////•.". 'res f/z/cz/vs
« sanijlanics el des f(U})iiics : des pcstes et des maladies conhi-
(( (jieuses : il y aiwa des plaies d'anc (jrele e.jjroyablc d'ani-
a n\(Ui.r : dt's lonncrres (jui ebnudcront iles villes ; des tren\-
« tdcnienls de lerre qui enqloaliront des ])ays ; o/i enlendio
,( des voi.v ilans Ics airs : les li^)nin)cs se hallronf la tele conlre
« //•(' les murailles : ils iq)peller(»nt la Diort , el. dun- aulre cnle
\ la inort fem h'ur sappliec : le s(ui(i eouJcru de tous cnlcs. (Jui
(( poarra vainere, >■/ />/<■// /(,. dinu'nae le teinps de repreurc :'
« P<u' le sanq, les larnics el les j>rieres ilcs jnstes. Uieii sc /"/>'-
(( sera Jleehir : Hnoeh el Elie scront uns a niorl : Honie payen-
(( ne disparaiira : le Jen du Ciel totnberu el eonsuniera tmis ril-
(( les ; toul runivers sera jrappc de lerreur, el beaueoui) sc hus
(( scront sednire parce qu'ih n'ont pas adore le vrai Christ ri-
« vant parmi eux. 11 est lentps ; /(- soleil s'obscurcit ; la Joi
(( seale vivra.
aVoiei Ic temps : rahinie s'ouvrc. Voici le roi. des rois des
(( tenet)res. ] oici la hele avee ses sujets, sc disant le sanveur da
■— 373 —
(( monde. U s'elevcra (u^'e onjueil dans les airs pour aller jus-
(( <pi\ui Ciel : il sera etouffe par Ic souffle de saini Miehel Ar-
(( eluuHje. II lon\t)era, el hi lerre <pii, depuis trois jours sera en
« de eontinin'lh's evolulions, ouvrira son sein plein de feu : il
(( sera plonye pour jan}ais twce tous les siens dans les i/ouffres
« eternels de ienjcr. Ator.s l'cau et le jeu purijieronf la. terre
(( el eonsunieront loutes les (eueres de iorgueil des hoinnies,
(( ('/ toul sera renouvele : Dien sera scrri et (jlorific ».
Aprt's Ics Pi(»|)licl('s (Iciir lns|tiiMl('iii), lo Koiiali' iious indujuc
Ic rcloiir de riioiiiiii'.' h son licii (roii^iiic : rUrdcli. « TOI '1
Si:H\ IIKNOI \ KU': ». (lil-il. ;i lii Siildlc. a (Iciix pasfoii-
icaiix (I .i). Stir la Iciic iioiixcilc. Ics iiionla^iics scrolil abaiss-ocs
cl Ics ahliiics soiilcvrs. Alois, rcpaiail roiil l'Mlaiilidc. la r.cmii-
ric. Ic pays de \lii. occiiix's par Ics oi('aiis allanli(pic, indicii. pa-
t iri([iic (iS).
("iloiic a la \lci(" liiivciscllc ( Kspiil-Saiiil) doni rEspiil JiiiC
csl maiiircslc (\. |)liis loin). \\\\v suivcia du calaclysmc ses en-
laiils. des .hiils. pour Ics lasscudjlci-, Ics ol'IVir a soll Fils Jesus,
Uli .liiir. (pii Ics coiiduira au .lardiii de dcliccs cnl'iii rccouvrt',
rcouNcrl apres des uiillicrs daiinecs de souirraiiccs cl de catas-
Iroplics. (hicilc Iccoii I (hicllc esperancc I (Juclle joic I Jubiloiis
d'csjx)!!' CM repclaiil avee, l*i(Mre : « Noiis allcndons, selon Sa
J'roiuessc. des cicux iiouvcaiu el iiiic Icrrc nouvcllc ou la Jus-
licc liabilera ». iji l'icrrc MI i'6).
C.hanlotis llosannali I Kl ([iic iu>s \llcluias rclcntisscnt auv
Dicilles des lils d" Ahraliam. (pii, seuls, soiil appeics a rcpeupici'
le jilohc. plus noiiihrcux ipic Ics s'd.)lcs de la rucr ou les cloiles
du ciel.
Vurai-je l'ail iiii « disc-oiiis auv sourds » ;' Noii, puiscpic Ics
\poli('s-d( s-dcinicis-lciiips coiiipicndrons dans 3oi ans, 3oi +
')()()() — (i.ooo.
Alors, sc Icvcra laurore tlu 7" ,jour ainsj rcclainc au « Pcu-
plc de Dien » iiilcriiiiairc. a la Salcllc, par Ic Dieu-Amour-Ku-
micic (( plus (( ])rillanl (|ue Ic soleil « ; Je vous al donne six
joiu's pour trarailler. Je nie suis reserve le scplieine. On ne veul
pus tue raeei)rdcr, e'esi ee (pii appesantit l<uit le bras de nion
l'ils )). \oila, iiion cliei- Habhiii, des parolcs bicii juives nous
rcporlant a l'aubc des a^cs, o\o([uaiil l'HcdiMi. la (iciicse cl lous
les imilheurs de IK-xpiilse.
{i:i) Melanie, 1 '1 ans ; Maxiiiiin, 11 ans.
(i3) R^RB\RI^ : La danse sur le ]'olcan, Kdilions Adyar. i()38.
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\iiisi la Wvvo rnivciscllc iv. Caltalc) la IV IN-isoiiiic de |,i
Saiiilr 'J'riiiiU' a hicn rcspril jiiil' ( i atliiioniicl. I'".ll(' csl hicti, pjns
juivc ({111' i'.alli()li(|n<'. \.!ii sriiiciiK'iil, clic a|i|iarail im SaiiMMÜ,
Ic K) sc'piciiibre iS'ili, iiials cii iikmik^ I<"ii|)s (|iic Ic lepos du 7"
iiiilleiiaiic, ollo i('(IaiiK' Tohsci Naiicc du Saiiicdi. Saiis aiicnn
doiile, rculrt',' li'ioiiiplialc siii- la (crrc iioiMcllc sc IVia iiii Sa-
iiii'di il IUI d;'S aiiui\('rsaii('< de la Salcllc ([iii, iioiis le \erioiis
plus loiii, SDiil di'ja laiiiniv.
Mais voici iiii coiiiblt' de jiiiM'iic.
Roaiicdiij) de .liiils iii<lrull-, iikhi <lii'r (iiaiid llahb'n, rdiisi-
dori'iil v\ adoplciil \v l'dh'r ("oiiiiiic la j)riri'(' icli^ieiiso univor-
scllc. Kii eli'el. olle est Juivc par ( ac'IIcmcc. \ (»iiIcz-noiis I'cIu-
dicr avci- iiii pauvro d'cspiil. xolrc Urs liuiiibic cl Idiil d('\()ii('
srrvileur.
(( Vo//-(' l'crc (jiii ('s7 tni.r cicii.r fjiic l'( i\ \l)\l soil sanrlili('...
(hicl csl cv Noiii !' \lia\a. Viiioiir I
(( <Juc La ri)Ionli' .s")// faih' siir In Icnc coDinii' an cid... »
(Jucsl-cc (|Ui' Mtiilii'i pdur Dicii ."* sinoii aiiiicr. s(> doiiiicr.
sc sacril'it r, cn cpidinaiil la sii|iiriiic ht'aliliidc. \Oidoii' csl l(
hoiihciir divin. Ndiis sfuiuiics diciix (i.'i), iiiais ofi soiU Ics
lloinnics-dc-bomic voloiih' ■'
X'ouloir (pic la voloiili' de Dien soil failc .sv//' hi Irrrr. iTcsl-cc
|)()iiil ])rtVliri' la lu'iinvMlio^i :' (Mic la Noloiili' soil l'ail/ dti cid.
nesl-cc poini arrinncr nolic iiiiiiKulalilc ?
" Quc Ion rdjnc ai rivc... »
Siir la Icrrc. hicii (m!;'I1(Iii. I'iicoic la docliiiic (b's Palriai-
clics, (ir MoTsc. dcs Junes, I'khs c' Proplirp s, a u iKinraiil , allen
dant la l'u'iinvalinii. \v icldiir a rilt'dni. iinlic bcivcau, i'olic
bcrcail.
i'assdit^ siir la (Iciiiaiidc du piii) i|U(i|idlc!i d Ic pardoii (Ip-
(•riVnscs. c/csl rappaicii (riiii,. Juslicc aiil()iiiali(|uc. (■"csl adiir^
pailoiil cl Idiijoiiis. ('c-l ((tiiipn'li.nsjblc. u\;\[s vtiici bcninrnir.
Kl uc DOS iiidiicas in Iculalioiiciii...
l-cs ciciiiis du caiiiorKisnic. cii iMaiicc. I iadiii<ciil aiiisi : Kl
HC iioiis laissiv pas surciMidici h |,i Iciilal ioii. Celle liadiicliori
csl uiic liahisdii. (.ar, de lnuj ('\ id/ii,c. luuis dcMnis liic : l^l
iic Tious indiii! ])i> cii Iciilalidii... (Jiid c>| d,,],,' ,(• Vvw ? sJiidii
Ic Rondi, l'Kspril Cn'aicur de lous les hieiu malt'ricls ipii
IIOIIS soiil ofi'crls roiiinic aiilaiil d'appals... .N'csl-cc poinl cii
(i'i) « Vous cics dicux. Vdus clcs Ions fils du Trcs-llaul )),
(Psauiiic Si-8:^ cl Jean, \, ?)")).
I
<)►*-
<"rc Ic lionah qui •, nir-dcn roinplil, de son soufflr i,n niain-
""'<''•'■, "" scub poui le diviniscr, nioniiiijser ?.. Nous vor-
n.iis plus loi.i ,|uc r\,n,,iir übeiv cL persoiiDalisc Imis fois
r- \iu<mr csl ihV.ssaireiiiciii iiij.e : ociimaleur et crealeur. J ,
Iniiilc ii'csi pas im jiiNsIcre, niais .le Iculcs les linnicres Ja j.lijs
cclalaiile. .Noiis y leviciidrons.
bc lioiiali esi la 'J'rdisicmc JNTsotme de la Tics Sainle Tii-
"ilc, la hcaule Inliuie, bl.iiudle, lAuioiir du Pero cl du Fils
cxprimaiil I,. Rica c! le \ lai. la- ll,>uali. cs| 1„ \|^,,. Univcrscilo
• liic le Premier lidiume cdiilemplail cl adorail au Jaidiu de ilv-
^""■^^' ^'' '•'"" l'^c »'"I jaloiise... be liouah csl Ic Vbie de Jesus,
bc Hoinih rniirrit ,1c xd// mnhrc iiiie Vierte Juivc : uii uauIc IuI
leidiule : eile eiilaiila. l lU' Juive dcviiil liiere par une diviiie
opeialidu.
bc lioiKth csl |(. diopirc (Ic iiiedialeur) tlu Perc cl du Fils, a
iravers Icpiel esl rcriaclec la bimiiere Inciee doiit noire Arne
div;iie csl Uli rayoii. be Roiuih csl le IV-re de Ions les cruis,
iiuages reelles de l'Amour.
bc lidiiali dil : Nous el.s dieux 1 l'saimie ,Si -S.> ,.| Jean. \. :;:>).
'**^''daii dil : \ ous clcs toiuiiie dieuv.
be Saiui l'.sjiril divijuse le ( (cur.
i-c Maliii deilie riulelliuciice-iiialicrc
iN'csbce pas le \
ICH
\ Scrpcnl. le l'erc du inensonge. le pl
US
beaii des aiii.!-es. (pii scduisil bvc donl il eu| Caiu. a \ nus ave/
pour peie blioiiiicide » (Jean NIM Vi)-
'■'. 1'' '•■"■<' liuuiaiii(\ a(lullci('n par Icicoonie eii la prrscuuie
dJ
U J'.VC
Iiii r.'i^V'iieiV'e par \l\riaiii menaiil au nioiule Ics I'
i'crcs
de Jesus. II esl ceilr.iii (pjc depuis beie ( lirel i(>nnc, bbonuiie a
une (•onscieiKo pbis claire du lihre cl du moral. be « priiice de
'<' >"ii)nde )). |(. j)erc inlidlecliiel de I T.lal rrdsliliili(»ji-(uierrc
n est pas ciicorc« dehone, riiais il es| blessi'
Icslalion ronlre la i^loiiUcal idii <le la (iiK
a mort. Nolre pro-
iiv d.")) corilrc cellc
dociriiie Force ----- Droit , a duie (pjalre aus ( k.h 'i-i*»'-'^) : <'b «'est
n aiiiiivcrsaiiv de r\p|iaritifm du llouali a la Salcllc. 19 sc))-
a u
leiiihic i(|iS, (|ii(> 1,' n('||,'.,.aj MJcidty vaiiiipieiir des Turcs ciitn
a Jerusalem, be sinnisiiie c>| coiisacic [)ar la Salcllc.. de meine
(pie la cliulc ilii 'reniporel csl une ^icl()il•c de rFs}>rit. celebrcc
a Uli aulre aiuiiversaire de la Salcllc. ("/est le 19 scplembre
,(15) (( ba Ciueire est dOiii-iiic divine » üosepb de ^[aislrc. P
J. Proudbon, Tlaidinal de Cabriores).
4
'p
'!l , I
— 376 — •
iS;*) (lue le (ioJieral riadf.rna enloiico a coiips de boulols la
/>o?7a pia (lö).
C'esi le u) seplciiibie io'kS quc la France el rAiiglelene traiis-
iiiirent a Plague k'urs piopositions pour evitcr la gucnc {\ pro-
|)()S de la Trheioslovaqiiie. Auloiir de ceüe date fatidicpie (n)
septembre) soni les vicloires (r;)! ViiM'"^) tlans la lulle coiilre
rinvasion. \ Ions les anniveisaires de la Salelle, oii Imiiverail
iine leyün de cliose roiiinie par les eveneinenis.
Mais je laariele ; el, ne \oiidrais pas qiie voiis nie crussiez
rapable d'asliice el de sollise. Je le rcpele : Je ne lais iias de
pros^lylisiiie. Je moiilre le Dieii-Amour-fAiiiiiere ; el, « on ne
deiiioiilre pas cpie la Liiiiiieic biille » ; rAaiiiinc/ les laisons
miaves ile la |ierle de iiia l'oi calliolique pour coiupierir la Cerli-
liide (pii esl juise ; ear iiioii Dien esl im Jiiil". riionneiir de la
Jiiiverie. Le dieu des |)iiiloso|)lu's el du llieolojüfieii esl une iii-
venlioii de rinlelligeiue lebellc au cceur. Voic i sa genese. Voici:
CüMMKVr l'.ST \K LE DIEU DE E\ ClllTE : E'ETEH^KL
Le Viai Dieu doil dire : » J'ainie, donc je
suis » el non pas ironi([uenieiil : « Je suis
celui qui suis ». (17).
Moll eher Ami el \eneie (uand Uabbin.
Maintenanl, seulemeiil. je ]»iiis eonclure : depuis la dtV>liirure
de riiomme, apies rexpulsioii de l'Ueden, il y a loujours eii
deux grands courants opjioses daiis le inondc des os|>rils : Ce-
lui de rinlelligenc e prosliluanl lAniour, et celui du creur pro-
Icslaiil conlie celle ignoniinie.
Nous allons a nouveau le deiiioiilrer. (V. supra lo -nyslerieux
(i()) Nc sera-re poinl um ip seplembre piocliain (juc le Va-
lican sera mis a sac par les Italiens ? Mors, le Temporel,
grace aux Allemands, sera lecupere. Le pape, a son retour d'A-
vignon, montera sur le irone du loi d'Italie. Nc faul-il pas
(pie lEglise-Elal, un jour n^curnenique, seit captee, accajiaree,
monopolisee par le l'utur papo-roi antechrislal ? Alors seulc-
menl « Ronie paienne disi)arailra ». (Salelte).
(17) « Je pense donc je suis », disaient les (larlesiens ; el,
leurs fils inlellectuels, les Idealist es, identifiaienl Velrc et l'in-
telllgence. Or, Ic cogito, ce famcux philosoplieme, n'est qu'unc
leplique de TEgo sum qui sum,
— 377 —
humaiiinial) Värc intellecluel esl une supercherie et toutes les
sperulations sur eel ötre, avec leurs paralogismes, conslituenl
le lalras des pliilosophies el religions occidentales : autant de
vesaiiiies. II n'y a pas d'etres dans la nalure, il n'y a que des
objets. J/etre esl le triple luensonge d'une intelligence de-
pouillanl Fobjel de scs attribuls pour s'ecrier : « Voici Vetic ! »
Or, l'objet sans qualiles n'exisle pas ; il exisle d'autant moins
que scs proprieles sonI innombrables, vont a rinflnl, et qu'll
est impossible de les enumerer ; et, a forliori, de les enlever a
l'objet. II y a loujours un reslc a la divisioii de l'objet. un reste
intordisant la promulgalion de TcV/r. L'objet n'est Jamals zero,
el le teste esl im i.ikn qui relie l'objet a son aiileur. Le resle em-
pcclie l'objet d'6tre libre ; re reste lo delerinine. \on seuloment
]'etrc esl pose arbilrairemenl, mais, il n'esi ])oin| libre. En efl'el,
rintelligence qui, par un arte conire nalure, demalerialise Eobjol,
esl impuissante a d^finir le libre (nous Lavons vu plus haut) '
non-seulement, eile est discursive, deterniinee, born^c par le
principe d'inditermination, mais sa loi est de divisor ou de
nrultiplier ä Tinfini et sans arrßt (ä moins d't^trc illogique).
Le i)hiloso]>he aura beau, en se prosUrnanL chanter l'antienne
de l'c^lre, iul'ini, eternel, absolu, cel elre abslrail n'a, dans la na-
lure aiirune realile ; mais de plus, n'est pas ltbrk ; ret efrc est
un receplacle vide ; et, c'est, en vain, qu'on le remplira de tou-
tes Sülles d'attribuls porles a reminence. La primaute de ]'efro
n'est pas auire que la primaute d'une inlclligence bornc^e. dis-
cursive, delerminee, animalesque, nialerielle, alliee normale, so
disani seule niallresse du logis, et s'adornant d'une facultc crea-
Irice.
IVous \oici arrixe dcvaiil le noeiid de loiile intelligence hu-
maine. Devons-nous le t rancher avec les inlelleclualisles d(> l.>
Gentilit^ ou le denouer avec un Juif : rAiiiour-Sacrifice-Tncainc.^
Franchement, est-ce ]'etrc (Iripje niensongo intellecluel) (pii
cree le Dieu-Aniour, ou esl-ce le Dieu Amoiir qui cree \'etre ?
Enrore un coup, ]'elrc esl-il libre ou bien l'Amour ? L'('/rc
intellecluel a-t-il pu definir la Liberle Moralo :* Non ! L'Amour
seul le peut. L'Amour, seul, esl libre : LIBRE de raisonnenienl :
«On n'aime point par raison ». Echappanl au discursif, ou de-
libere, rAmour esl, en oulre LIBRE de tont inler^t : on n'aime
point pour de l'argent, ni ])oiir des bonneurs. ni pour la salis-
faction d'un appdtit ou d'iin bosoin, fut-il genital ; LIBRE de
toulc contraintc : l'Amour nc se coinmande poinl ; LIRRE der-
■m
I I ',
iiii
;i I
I
1,1
i'i'i
IM
vi'
»'l!
f
rl f ■ '
- 378 -
iTur : rAiiKuir osL la YvnU] du Iioids cM du saiiil bravaul la l"u-
silladc ou s'elaii(;a]i( au niarlyrc ; LIHliK do lullr : l'Aniour osl
(( rriiicc de paiv », (( J)esiit' des .Nalioiis », a Gernio de Justice »;
MBKE de cliani^emenl : l'Vuiour esl iininuable, iiil'aillible :
JdliUE de fail)lesse : rAniour esl ()iiini|H.leii| ; LlBl'»!-" de la
luoil : rAiuour esl inunaleriel el deiualei i;t!i>al(Mir. Taii seul
contre iialure. lui soul el uou l'inlelli{,a'iur .minialc-. yieuf abs-
Iraire, depouiller l'()l)j<i de l(»ules ses ([ualihV. l/\iiioui' esi 1,1-
BUK du louips, de bespacc. de la coiitinijcni ( : seul a la l'ois, i)
esl iul'ini. rleiiicl. ahsulu. lihic e| indirisihlc. II esl je seul i ^
(pii lious peruielle de diie ■>. f :>. =-- '\. Sans etuidÜKUi. indeixn
(lauf, liors leu^icuai;»' du Cd^-ums. rVuiciir. seul, dans Tordii^
iiioial, est sa pictjttc cause ((;ms\ sim) ; seid, evisic j»ai' lui-
uu^ui(> (\ si;). luc.ier. simH. il n'esi pa^ fai! de rieji. il esl le uiaJ-
li'e du i'ieu. laii seul pciil diic .tu uihihIc a\cc Ic s()lipsiv|(> ;
(( Tu u'es n\\:\ de\atil uKti I .l( sui> 1,11)1(1', I Tu es ilelci iriiui' I
I/Auiour, seul, est itcisonud ; cai. !c /.//»/e. x'ul, lil!''ic d
porsouiialisc. l/'mdividii ol im cii». udile dOiüMUes foruiaiil iin
loul aulonoMic. disliucl, ui;iis soiuni^ :\ l'audiiance. I/in(li\idu
u'est (pi'uu asp(( I de l,i \ ic l nixcrsellc. il n 'esl |)as iiidivis.
Doue de iiioil-vic, d "inei I ic-('ncr;:ic. nt.iliric-iulclli^'eacc. auio-
rale. \,\ \)v\v ii'csl |ia< unr |icis(uuie. c'tsl-a-dii e. nu elic iniuia-
leiicl. iiicoiidilionnc'. luus l(> delerniinisuio, uji dien.
Ainsi. iiMiii cle.i ;uni. Ni'ik'm' (ii.nid ll.d»l)iu. seul üi.n.il. pcr-
SdUiU'l. (I('pass,inl IdiUc l('t:ii|iic inlill''cliit'l|i', '\. supra Ic /)>}.<■
Icriciij: liinudDininh r\mour < sl IdHUI'. <!■• !(,t,i ■ lu-niMc. 1.1-
UIU', alisolu id. |(iis(pie llKolouiciis (1 ()liiInMi(ili(s I V. pliisliauli
alTiruietil ipic Ic l/dtrc est un ui\slcir. iU menlcul. Nbui eher
Vuii, c'esi hicii < uleudti. il \\'\ ;i |i,i> d Ci i( nr, im seul rlic esl
i.iBHK el ei-;nS().\M:i, ; r\iii,,ni'. I.ni siiil imoiimiIj^uc le : Ao//
<h-ci<l('s. cu \]i)\i< djiboKl (|S|. Ol r\iii,.iii 11,. pciil sc coiilre-t
diie cu prcscrivaiil I,. mcuilrc. I.'Vhsolii d,. „ Tu nc tueia>
pas » esl un dooinc ,,,1 hicn Dicii iTcxi.sIc |ias. dii bicii U(iii>
soniiues la |)ioi(' diiu Ti(iiii(nur (|ui pcui ('lic ihmis-iiiciim'. I.c
Dien de MoVsc el (!,■ SI -Tic Miias d'Vtprm i sl la la hi icalidii (Tunc
inlcllif^-cncc iiirijal.üiiaiic. ri(''\ iciivc. di'liiaiirc, laiee. Soii Dieu
esl uric iddlc, ini- idi'opla >lie, un ('•^{•('^(iic. ini ji^cni de la .lu>-
li'\ aulorriali(|Ue dcclcnclirc par dous. C.c Dien cn siiiiili. |)i('-
|idse ;i ridlic assistfuicc par Ic Dicii- Viiioiir. lai^-diiiU' a Tiuslar
^iN) Nous ii'a\dus pa.s hcsoiii du Sinai. La Hc\cla1i(Ui esl iiih'
lieure avaiil d'elie exlerieure.
— 379 —
de nulle inlellin<>nc(<. rnihij de Udlre inlclIecliiarLsiiie, cc Dleu
n(»us ^•c)uveiiie avec la loyicpic iiilcllecluelle ». Ce diable (cpii esl
Jious uienie) esl Jo^^^icien el uiotpie la logique du ca'ur.
Ell iiiveslissant de lous les alliibuls divins \'etre qu'ils ont
decouverl el au iioiii duquel ils luen!. !c eher d'Egrlise, Ic con-
diicteur de Teiiple, le cliel' d'Elal, mciilenl. En adoiaui cct
(Hrc, sa cieation, rinlelligence s'adoie. Gela lui sufl'it. Son 6lrc
niafi([ue de Tcssentiel : la liberle ; et, cela ne ine sulTil pas. En
disaiil ([u'eii Dieu l'Essencc esl idenlicpic a \'cln'. c'cst-a-dire,
en eseamolaiil rEs.sencc, le lljeoloiiein iiienl ; el, avec cyiiisnte.
conire Jean, airuine snn uiensonnc : « Xous iic savons pas ce
ipie Dien i:sr, luais seuleinen! re ([u'il n'est pas ». (Sl Tlioriias
d' \([uiu).
L"KsseiiC(> de \'rlfc esl r\nidur. I/Vinour esl le crcaleuc de
Teile. Erlaire pai- laii, linleHij^-cnce, croyani annuler Eobjel.
I'ail i'e/rt' de rien. (l'est un elrc crce par eile, fabricpic par eile,
niois avec uu assistari!, grace a une lurniere : le (!<i.mu' I
L'Aniour doil avoir le |)i'in!al siU' l'c/rc. NC niellons plus la
cliarnic avanl les bteufs, ni la niaison a Ten \ eis. ni l'inlelli-
^enre aniinale. delerminee, tual(^rielle allie<\ avani le cirur li-
l)i(\ divin. l/cV/c n'esi rien saus rAinoiir. \insi, r\nioui' ciee
\'rlrc inicllectuci, libere, eclaire. lecoiide, personnalis<», rend
crcatricp el raisonnabl(> nn!)(> inlellifrenre.
Oui. r \nidur es| cn'aleur ; el. il esl gcneialeur. T/\niour en-
ii'endie 1' \mour de loiih» elernile. j'ere el Eils, de tonte eternitc.
divisenl a TinTini leiir ircTfablc |)u;ssance. raloinisent, la nio-
billseui, alin de la 11 anil'slcr. Mais, du sacrilice infini de la puis-
siuire aldiiiiipie sj)ir-'lo-iiiatcrieII(>, par liberalion el personnalisa-
lion, resplcndit, i]o loiile elernile, la Ilaute «'leinelle. infinie,
ahsolue, exprimaiil !c Hicn e! le Vrai. Ea Mcre Universelle. EA-
niour du Perc et du Eils. le RdikiIi cduiplete le cycle de
l'Aniour. E'Espiil-Sainl ulili^e pour ses crealious la uialiere pri-
nie. I'aldino-nibil ; el. de U)u\r eler)iife, Einfininient petit,
consiruil rinrininieiU nrand Oui. a la fois tieneralenr el rrea-
leur, EAnioiir esl neressaireuienl Irine.
11 n'y a pas Irnis dieiiv. mais un Ainoui'. un el seul. liberanl
el ]»ersonu;disant Irois l'dis. ba Trinite n'csi pas uu uiyslere,
niiiis de toutes les luinieres la plus eclalanle.
T,ors(pi(« Bcrosoji dil : DI IT KST AMOUP», a-l-il touj instaurc
sur l'Ainonr ;' N011 ! iiiais, sui- la ilnrcc, l'elan vital, l'intuilion
de Vetrc inicllectuci, idcnticpic au non-ctre ; car, le residu de
t \
:' i
'<« \
1. I
ll
r'
>:!
I)' .
IM
1^1
M'
— 380 -
l'objcl diviso, W'ire ii't'sl pas libic, cL memo, a ujU' liinilc (tlo
r.Vmour seul comuiv) rsl egal a zero.
Kesumons : Je dien de loiiles les |)|iil(ts(»i)lii('s occideiilales.
l'cfre esl le graiid anliilecle. le raiMoltiiii de lAirKtiir. ratonu^-
nihil. Plus loNal, i)lus l'raiic. lOiicMl ;i\(r le Yrdanla eliiciibre
ses ranlaisies siir le iieaiil. Au loiid. idealisiiie. realisme, pan-
llieisme, Jnlellociualismc ((msliliieni l'elal iiieiilal do reternel
|)ai"eu. Nous iraNdiis Jamals v\v ^liiisliaiiisrs. (( II u'y u jainais
eil (|u"im chrelieu e| il esl iiioil siir uiie cidix ». (N'iel/.sclie'i.
Seide, un jour, poiina (Idiiiiiier I iiiU'ilccItieJ, le vaiiicie, lecia-
ser, la Tliorah, noiis re\elaui le soi iii.i: de Dien, iniagc reolle
de rAmoui', ravoii rel'iani;e de la Luieiere [iii ree. (|U(^ la Meie
ljniversell(\ IKspiil- \monr a nii'-deu iiilioduisil diuis le corps
<rim mammil'ere poiir riiom'miser. II iiotis resle a coiislahM',
ilieiir, iiilroniser eelle anic di\iiie. (( ce lovauiiie de Dleu ».
Peidue a l'lli'deii, seia K'laUlie, (piaiid iioiin le Noiidroiis, la
coiieilialricc» du (.-(eiu' e( de riulelliücnc«« : la ISVfSON, Vccrou-
pis, Jesus (>sl venu nous relever ; niais .lesns es| Idbjel tic la
pari des .luifs dune aniniadNeision generale ; el conniU'nt
pouri'aieul-ils laimer. le (onnailic !' (l'esi au noni de .lesus
(pio l'urenl hi'Tdj's vil's le> niairalies. (l'esl au JKmi de .h'sus (pie.
(lepuis •>() siecles. Isiai'l e>| peisi-cnN'. .I('siis. par les ('.litf'lieiis-
fr'elins esl loujouts ciiiiirit'. inoil. enseveli. .h'sus esi ((niinie
s'il ii'('lail pas \enu. C.ependanl. il nc nniil pis ce « IMiilosoplie
Snpienie » (Spino/a) .li'sus ( sl la n Nuie. la \ ie. la [aiiiiiere. Iß
\ erile ».
Dien s'incaine parre (pi'il esl \m(»ur-Sa( ririce. 11 se uiel ä
tiolre jioilee, l()nd)e sous nos seiis. s(> Tail cliair ; <'l. sur une
croiv, apres (C cii : u Mon Dien condiien In um- ülor'il'ies I »i (ip)
(i()) (iliarles Laneelin (in la llrincdnidlion . clic/ l)ur\ille. a
l'aris) scrule la derii'ere parole de .Jesus en ( mix : « Kli lania sa-
baclliani ! » Klle ne sijiuifie pas fdil-ih : (( Mon Dien, poiir-
(pioi m'as-lu abaudonne » Ire (pii en Ik'Iu 11 ciil ('le : » Kli TTa-
y,aballia-ni, .ni.ais : (( \lon Dien, condiim In nie iilorÜ'ies » !
priere d'ai lions de i;ia( <• de Ions les r,ss('n:ens. \l . j.ancelin esl
l(dlemen| sni' d«' cell,, \ersion (pie, poin |:i cerürier. il lail ap-
p i •' a Ions les lu'brafsanls de bonne foi )i.
V a-1-JI donc. mon eher Habbin. des liehraisanis <le nian\aise
iVti. re| n^^naiil a reconnalhv ctMc a Mon Dien, coinbieti In 11:^
i^lorilies. une i>arole di^qu' du Dieu-\niour se saniriani voloii-
laireuK-iil,
■4
- 381 -
Son ca'iir esl rompu |»ar l'Amour, la Soul'lVaiico, la Boatilude.
A^ainqueur de la morl, lAmour sans boines desiie l'union to-
tale, corporelle, spiriluelle, jnorale sui' ce globc avcc son imago.
JiC Fils de Dleu aime les l'ils du Tres-Ilaut, les dieuv-hommcs.
(]elle logiqiie de lAiimur esl loiii d'elre comprise par le « rlao-
([ue d'imj)urele » le prehe dessale, le < I(mc moneliseur de l'Ku-
cliarislie. Quant au lanpie bumaiMmal, rigolani de voir prati-
(frer la Simoriie Majeure, il s'entpresse de niellre 1' Vniour lui
Service, iion de l'Argenl, niais du (►liallus. Pour le biaquemarl-
ambidaiil seduiie sa comiiagne. leNeidicr, eii associaiil le coYI
el TAmour, esl un jeu. be i>enis-a-(leii\-palles « {'rotte son lard y
\id(> ses emonc loires genitaux, el dis : « ,((> lais l'Amour ». Si
ce freie de Jesus (■<(>) reflecbissail , s'il n'elail poiiil abruli, ob-
nubile. abeli, pai' des millenaiies de lurpilude ec(d('siasli(iue, en
ce momeiilda, il apprendrail a comiailre l'origiih' de la pu-
deur. il n'oserail piononcei' le Noin de Dien, le mot supreme :
Aniour, Aliava (pii doil regenerer rinntnue dnlni. T/liomme
normal, noUNeaii. lolal. reconslilue. sera semblable a IVmour,
iniage de 1' \mom' : un en Irois personnes. I/Iiomni;' acluel n'esi
(pi'mie Irinile rompue a I 'Heden. Kiicore une l'ois. si l'ileden
n'a\a;l pas (^\isle. il Tandrait l'inveider. Si Ucni e \ero. e bene
lro\a|o. I'ncore nue l'ois. mon eher ami el xein're (irand llabbin:
\i\e Mo'i'se I \i\e la C.enese ! \ive la Thorali ! \ ive la Ponlalen-
(pie I ba legeud(\ ici, sans conlesle, esl plus NT'aie (pie bliis-
loire el (pie la Pi eliisloire. Sans les Jiiifs riinniaiiil(' iie poiirrail
('Ire sauv('e. « Salus e\ Judaeis I »> 'JeaiO.
Il('las I Ib'las I Ib'las ! je m"('g()sille au inilieu (l(>s l'oiiles couf-
me en un (h'-serl. Les liommes de la cbnP onl d(>s \en\ pour ne
poini Noir. des oreilles pour ne rien enlendre. une inlelligeiice
pour (li\aguer. Je lee me lasserai pas de Ix'iigler a\ec le Juil" de
Jos('''pbe : \billieiir a lsia('l I l'arconrani les nies de J('rnsalem,
assi('g('e par Tiliis. 011 enleiidil ses mallienrs a nous ! Malheur
a \ous ! Malheur a voiis I el. le dernier jour. il Imrla : Malheur
a iiioi I banc('e par lescala.pulles romaiiies nue pierre ('norme lui
('ciasa la l(*le. Je ne cesserai pas de rediic : D(>pnis h' premier
\\('nemenl du Philosophe Su|iirme. le monde esl inipK'giu' de
la Homu' Noinelje. ba pale hmnaine ( sl en b'rmenlalion I (doir(>
\\ Jamals aiix Kcrlliires Jnda'üpies el Sabal rlces. el homieui- a
\ous. mon ( lier ami el C.rand babbin. (pii ne m'a\ez |>a^ jug(' in-
c^o) (( Vons (Mes dienx. Voiis ('les Ions i'ils du Tivs llaiH ».
iPsamne .*Si-N'^ el Jean \ .'>r>).
• m
,(
'Ä ;
h .
V i
I ' ,1 ■
VW
- 382 -^ .
(li^iiir de porlcr utic ln-iii('!(^ (|iii (^sl cii Imil Ikhiiiiic, cI <lii"il sr-
rail ;il)siii(I(' (riiiiposcr. (( Oii iiv (l^noiil ic |kis (|1I:' la liiiniric
Juillc »; Oll HC driiioiiliv ni iic disiulc !;• i )irii^ \iiiMiir, oi) Ic
inontro.
Poiir Ici'iniiici'. je voiis piic ii)sl;iiiiiiniil de iiiv' |)ard()iiiicr
l'horroiir (|Uo j'('pr(in\(^ dcvanl.los iddlcs. (|ii(ll(S (|ir(ll('s sdicid.
FACUScz-iiioi, je Aoiis (11 idiijnro, de d'ic : Ic l^icii du papc o>l
Ic llioiiic (filc (a'llii de Moisc.
Lc papo, dirc/'-MMr-;, adiih'l !;i Tiinih' cii Di'. 11 cl iimiis la ic-
])Oiissons. Olli, iiiai- Ic p;ipr l'ail im iiiNsIrit' de rcllc Tiinil(',
rl Ic itiyslcic iii:is(p!c. aiinlliilc la l.iiiniri'c. ^;' Sdii; licii iiiii-
Triiiilc voilc(\ iiiic I'.^mHic di' Micii mi'Ii'c, iiiiv J/dKiic Noilcc. 1111
Aiiiour siir Ic(|iicl eil iriii^laiin |»av hail. iiiic i.iiiiiicrc S(Uis \o
hoisscaii. iiiic Ni'iiP' (".laiidio-i' iii\i-il)l(' a loiis. luic ( !crliliidc
hal'oiK'c. Kill cl(' Iciii : l;i S\ii!lii'r-c ( In ('liciiiic iiiiiiicitsc cl nmi
cloiiircc. Co l'liarc ('iMiijiiil aii iiiüiru (\r^ pciiplo dc\;iil elrc
la rclis''oii du Dien- \iiioiii ; cl, edle Mcivcillc iic sVsl Jamals
rcaliscc. iiiais clail pussililr. La ( oiici vnir. niiionlcr Ic tciiips,
ii'csl i^as iiiic iilnpic, mal- mir > ( cliinMic )) (r\cii()ii> icr).
I,a TiiiiiU' du pip'.' 11''^! (pi'un iikiI xidc : riilu> xccis. liliiius
siliere, sirepii ll^ >\ ILii) 1! um. WHid^ ! \\(»i'(N I \\ oids 1 Nerba,
Norcs prctclcrcaipic iiiliil l.r |»a|ic aiiia Ixau a!l';riiier sa l'oi Pii
la Tiinih'. \v p'ip;' e>l iikiIKiIIk'IxIi.. I.r pipc aiiin hcaii parier du
l'crc, du \'"\]s e! du .^^aiiil l'.-pril. cii r^^olcra. \\ec .^a Tiinih' (<\\<-
ciire Ic p;ip(^ ii.( priil iiioiilnr l;i Tiinih' laimicr(\ >,iiis IrouMcr
les cspiiN, i(iii!\ sxr sou a\ eiiLileiiieiil , di'^.i riVcIcr. arh'niM' sa
cliclilele. [)(• volle f'\'{\ iiimii tdirr liihliiu. iiicme (ililiiial oii de
^•aider ic ^ileiici' Nu! 11'.; je dii'il '. dmiiniv mAv' ^-er\ihur. mi
Idii), iiul na !c droil de ■-( aiida I !>r rniiaillc cii iiiniilraiit la T.ii-
iiiicrr. 1,1' Dien de MüTm' Ic l>i(ii du papi', cii lai-^Mii de la l.ni
de riTal-l'r()srHiiliMii-(',ueiic. dcil clic adoir jiis(iiia la Ih'im-
vatiftn.
Villi, (her \mj cl Ai'iK'n' (ii;md üihhiii. \\n\\<. snmincs <\ii
liiciit;' a\is siir la l(',L!alil,' de ims dcu\ eulle-<. N 'ein pcclioiis ]ier-
soiMic de cidirc a ll'.'ei iiel. le Dicu des philos« »pliies cl des
roliiiidiis de l'circ. \diaraV. Iali\cli, |)<iis >el>a(illi. .f('ii(i\ali, s'im-
posc a iiolrc aiiidUi ; iiiais, ccla ric vcul pis dirc (jiTil S(»il 1^'
Dien- ViiKMir. Ic Dicu de riirdcn rclioiiM', 011 011 iic In la plus.
383
Aux enfants de l'action frangaise
G'imdcaiiins iiiiliir diini jinciies siiiiius.
Nons lisoiis (laus \'\. \\ du 'i'i Tjclojuc i(>,">S ccj 1// jour ]c
joiir ■:
LA riH':nL()(;ii': wnswri':
<( \lais tioii, hl vir actiicUc n'vsl jids /r/.s7r. // y a (•nrurc //c
yo,vc//.r inomruls. :\<^tin rn tlrnojis im <iu P<iili social fraii(^-(iis. scc-
lioii de Martii'illi', rf a soii hiillcliii, /'lli.i iti: i'i< \m,:\isi;, ou srhilc
iitir [irosc loiif ii faif ili'"<()i)iliuif<'.
Ij's nK'ssiciirs ijiii /<- icHificnl foul iiicursidn souilninc thii):< In
lln''<)lti(/ii'. I Diis ilirc: (jih' In mnlirri' >'sl iirarc cl iw /»/•<•'/(? /)a.s
a hdtlinrr. /)t'//'o//i/.M':-ro;/.s-. Ils onl Inniri' Ic nioycii ilc icmirc
jihi'fsdiil Uli siijcl si'rcrc. C'csi du i/ranil arl,
't'hcnic ilii <lisc()iirs : Ic /c.s/h'c/ de l<i luTsoniic liiniininc. tja,
Oll s'y iillcadtiil im /»ci/.
I /(•/((/• ('.oiisiii, niiiiisliw de Ii n^l 1 iiclinn piddmiic sniis Lanis-
l'liilipi>(\ lirnll im joiir sn nioidrc de sa [rxdic cl Dinnuiiriill :
(( — I ccllc h('iii'C-ci, /()//.s' Ics collciiiciis de l-'nincc joiil la nic-
nic di>iscrl(ili()n Inline ». l lliciirc oii iiniis somiiics, c'csl ii tjiii
dcidiiicfd le rcrhc : « ./c rcsjx'ch' In (li'rsDiiiic Inininiiic... il tic
/('.s'/M'c/c jins hl jicfsniiih' liiiiiuiinc. , rcspcclc: In pcrsaii/ic hii-
niniiic...
Lcs cIci'Cs dl' \l . de Ln li'iciiiie sc smil /)//.< nn liarnil, Premier
Icmfis : (( \o(/.s' n-snccliiiis In jicrsoniii' hiimniiu ». Mniiirns nf-
ficlic ixnir Indilc iicrsdiinc << im lel nici>ris » (jii'ils l'enc(\ienl d:i e
11 llome. Ils le dcimnccid Cdiiimc siiiipriiunn.l a d'iiii Irnil (h-
pliiinc. le duijiiic ehrclicn de ie[j(dHc des niiies ». enscinnc jmi
ciiKjl sicelcs de cirilisnlion chrelii'iiiu\
Diablc !...
(Ju'ad-H fnd. ec )l(iiiirns :'
II n c.rjiriiiic ccllc idcc nl>i)iiiiiinl>le ijiie In Icfc ihdl c<i.>im(iii-
dci\ tioii /c.s" [lieds,
I HC idcc. irailh ms. ijiii iic li'i n]^\uiiliciil j.ns cn />ro/i/<'. i'.cr-
Iniii [loclc. u.onmic Jenn de Ln Foiilnine t 1 ) doni ii occiipc /'*
Iniilciiil <ic(idcmi(\iic. ccrirail jndis la Jnhic des nicinhres cl de
m 's'
(i) \\anl le Kahnlisle, (»ri cntciidil a lutiiic, siir le Moni Sarrc
r\|»()loyuo de Mcnciiius \grippa.
.11 «
i
i 'V
H
- 384 -
/•(\s/o/nY/c ci appliqua VapolDijuc. n Ja (jvnniJcur royale iVou clui-
cim firc l'aliiucnl. .SV///S doulc, La Foiüainc ti'i'fait pa^ im Tho-
/nrt.s (VÄquin ; wais iioux n'duiions jxts fhürc riu'rcxir dans er
jnorceaa Oe hon se/tx.
Dans Vn'nvrc de Manrras, /j^js davnnt'Kjc. Rcclnincr nnc fcfc
(pii comnuurdc, seniil-cc doiiQ anlUJicnUujiquc ?
'Vof/s (nirionx coiilu saiair notrc ciiir, dinianchc, an sortir de
Ui ma^i^c. \ons Uli anrions dcniande :
— Monsieur Ic eure, <pu gouvcrnr volrc paroissc ?
— Moi-nunue, nton cliey enfanl.
— Ponrqnoi pas le sacrislain ?
— Qiicsf-rc que rof/s inc racoidc: la ?
— Esf-cc que le sdcrislaiu iir roiis v<ud pux :' \'(>us vous in-
suiyc: conire ioule la cieilisalion elwetienne ! ] ous nc respeclez
pas la personne hunmine '. (Jue failes-vous da doijme chretien de
VeijalHe des dmes ?
En vaiu, nurions-nous innxpu' raulorile iheologiqne de M. de
La l{oc<pie ei les /cj/cs- nKuseillais. M. le eure, nous tdt(U}t le
/>oj//.s, nous aurail eonseille de prendrc uu repos de six tuois....
()u hieii. eonip(dissaiil n nos niisere. il uous aurail e.vpli(pi(^
<pie legalile des anies der(ud Dieu n'a rien a roir nvce l'iueqa-
lile des eonililioiis c/ des aplilades : <pie rEqlise elle-nietne es!
mic soc'k'Ii'^ iiK'jr.ilc ; (fue Jesus-dlirisl n'a janiais ])rrr}u' I.i j i-
lousio d'une ögalile (:irmu'ii(|ii(' ; <pie. s'il ;i rcIcNt' l«'s liuiiil)l('s.
(•(• n'a pas vlv poiii' Iciir iiis|)ir('r Ic scnl iiiicnl <riiiic dijuiiilr in-
(lt'[)('n(lanlt' cl rclxHc a rcilx'issaiicc.
Lcs inois snuliijnes ne !«>nt pas de M(Uirras, niais de Pie \.
M . de La R()e(]ue ei scs dixeiples (Uironf la ressource de repon-
dre, ednmie fit auh'ej(>i<i M . CaueL (pie Pic \ ehut maurrassien.
Mais le (jrand poidife n'arail fall (pie iraduire la peitsee eoiis-
tanle de l'lujlise : ses predeeesseurs el sueeessenrs n'oid pas dit
(Uilre cJiose (pie lui.
(l'esl C eeoJe de M . de La lUuupic <pii csi luicalrice. K[ de quelle
eurieuse n\<n\iere ! \u noni de Veg<dile des dmes, il jinulrn dore-
naeaid nieihe le saerisiain a la plaee du eure, un })edean a la
place du pape, le planlon de serviee d la plaee du eolonel. A has
la tele el uiiwid Ics pieds! Moyenuanl cpioi. roiis aurez le droit
de reeller en Ioule surele de eonseienee : «. Je respecte la per-
sonne hrnnaine... nous respectons la personne hununne... Mof/s
- 385 -
avons inslaure ici-tjas le regne du, rcspecl de la lier^önne hu-
niaine... i> (2).
0 libertc, que de crinies on eomniet en ton noni ! s'eeriait
Mme HoUnid. O personne Iiunnu'ne, ipie de sottisea...
II y a lanl de sottises ennuyeuses .'... Du ipoins, celle de Mar-
•.(';//(• (St drole. Gaudcaimis igitur. Hions, mes freres !.. — .V 1'.
0 brave aiiünynic d'A. \\ (Mannas 011 im aulio) vous avc/ rai-
son ; jiinis, (|nan(l nous (.lecidcrez vous a nionlrer la Yerile louto
IHK' : rElal-ProsliUiliori-CiUcnc, organisnic de Inltc, ctmlic na-
lurc, socieU' coidic Dieu.
All ! Celles oui, la l'alii(> esl uiie lA)l in\incibie, im DOd.MK
iniiangiblc. Oui, la Projjiicle-Oiganisce, mere des luües el en
memo leiiips aiiimahicc du liaxail, csl la plus belle mani-
leslalion, la pieuvc cclalanle dune inlelligence, laree originel-
leinenl, rebelje au C(cnr. Oui rKlal-Proslilulion-Oiiene esl un
l'aii invariable, conliolc par lexpei ience, c'est-a-dire. en \o-
cahulaiie de savaiil, uiie bOJ. Oui, IKlal csl im plicnomeiie en-
le^'islre, illuslie, jiar lllisloire depuis un |einj>s iiimienioiial.
Oui, MOS insli;iili()iis sociales represenlent la maison balie siir le
sable, DU, si vous |>refere/ la galerc ou riionime esl condamne
au liavail l'orcc juscpi'a la moil inclusc el pulierianlc. Oui. iKlal
esl uiic ecole de saciil'ice obligaloiie, un pcnilciicier. I/Klal
esl rdfel, raciion [)einianenle dune juslicc aulonialicpic. im-
nianenle, rosnii(pie, dcciencbee pai- la l)rehis eg(uee, par I'cm-
f(nd prodigue.
(lelle enorme \erile, oseie/.-vous janiais la proclamoi' !' I'.l, rc-
l'usanl de la dire, volle (ouardise, \olie mensonge par oniis-
sion, volle impiobile inlell(>< luelle 011 M»lrc inconscicm c nc sonl-
ils pas risibles.
(( Gaudeamus igilur. bions mes IVeres !... » (\. F.).
(■;!) Apprendrez-voiis janiais, 6 Gosses d'A. F., a ( onnailic l.t
personne bumaine el le Dieu-Amour ?
Uf
f'
Kl i
lü
II
— i86
I V
L'Amour seul et Tun indivisible
Epitre ä M. Enzo Lolli
\l(iii clicr Miiili'c,
.Wn l)t'aiic(iii|) ;i(liiiii(' Ic li\i.' (pir \"»iis iii'a\('/ l'ail l.i (iracc
de iireii\()Nt'i' i i^i .
\t)ic-i \v r<('iii' de noIic |ii'iis('r : l'.llc d ;>-l illij'iic I 'iiiiiiiaiiciicc v\
la Iraii^cfiidaiKi' ili\iiirs ; cl. daiiv im miIiIiiiic rlaii. opric lein
SN iidirsc. ,Il' ((iiisoiiiic a\t'i' \(il IT drsir d 'iiiiirical ion : iiiais. je iic
cr'iMs pas IHK' !<■ piolilriiu' de hicii. |iiiiss(' rlrc i('s(dii cii dclmis
de rAiiKtiir IV. (iliis iiaiil /,(• tuys'i-i ii'ii.r liiminninKil).
Dans Milri' l'i('ra(V •]>. \\ i xoiis dil(< : u N c ikhis rh)hii(Hi.<
jids (iti'ari'r Hnjcl d siiiloiil \li'l:clii\ ciniiniciiCi' iin iioiircdii
inoiidi' ildiis Icijm'l Irioniiilic In jo'cc. la /v'm/c/m'c. l'ulih'... ccs
Irois It'rii'is... /(•>• ri(i'('.< rniciirs /;mi/(//('s, oti^ hnil att luoitts.
In nn'^iifc tic hmlcs Ics i'nlciirs d.
.Ic suis de \(i|i<' a\i-. I.n jiti'siiii c du S( andalr de uns idi'olit-
i^ics (l('iin)( rarK|ii(S, (dii ii|ilii((S. d<''<a(lcid<s, il csl li'iii|js de Xd'i
v'ii I l'.lal-()i;uaiii^iii(-d('diil|(', liii lail illiislii'. ciiicüisi rr (>a c IHis-
loirc, iiiic l/d. (•'(•sl-a-diic, im iilii'iioiiirnc iiiNaiiahIc, ((tiilioh'
|)ar r('\|»( riciicc.
Olli u lU'ijt'l i'l \ ii'l :sclif Ic (Iciiiicr siirlonl cl il'uni' nuiiiini'
assoiirdissdulc onl nliirnic L- coniDiciircinciil diinc noiivcllc
crc iiKiiKiurcc jxir ct'i.r : iiivi'rsion des i'(dfins, r( nrcrsciuctil de hl
niondc doniiiiduh', clc. cic. 1:1. 7 n'y n [xts de (iiioi s'clonncr
(lue /r///',s disciph's. cdnitnc hnis /es [irosclylcs d iinc noiirrllc foi .
fioit'id parrcmis n des c.rccs. n (/(•>■ i'nlhotisidslncs, a des faiuilis-
nu's iiu'nic (jdi jcrunl snurirc im jotir ». tp. \\ i.
Moll (Ik'i- Mailic. I VloiiiKiiKiii do (iiiaillcs iiiciillcs (Hi l'ai-
d(Mii' des nn)|)li,\l('s s;iaiciil iik )iiis ij i and, cl Iciii s J4('inissriii(iils
(»11 Iciirs .slo^aiis iiii)iiis ainiis. sil.s axaiciil ap|>ris la raison (TK-
(i) Kn/.o L(M.i,i .- Lirrddidlion de In ric d de hl peiiscc. Ira-
duitdo rilalicn i)ar Caiiiilli. Lolli v\ Mine D. de Nosiiic. die/ \I-
can, Paris i().'>S.
- 3H7 -
i-lis('d-:ia!, roriniilrc pai' !,. doctciir olTiciel dos paiK^s-rois : u On
i'ia r, dil r\iii<U' de IK.dIc, s\.\s injuStici;, pülu ohkik a J)ii;l.
11 EH i \ ii<ni\ii; MKMi.; innock.nt „. (Si Thoiiias d'Aipiiii, in Soiiiiiu-
Th('()l()L;i([uc, !"■ do la ■>" Pailic, (hii'stioii (j'i, Arl. \).
iji liansiiiulaiil la sciilc \iaic \al("iir : Ic Droit Jialarel, Ic res-
I"''' de da \ic liiiiifaiii;', Niel/sclic n'esi; (pi'uu disciple de St
Tlioiiias d'upiin. Mejdilianl, ia lorce au dioil, seloii la xolonlc
d'iin Dien ridicidc jnscjua J'absurdc. Je doclcur ari^cli([uc jiis-
lilic rJllal-i'ioslihjlion-Cuerr;', ei, niriiie, ou(rej)a8S(! Ic hon
seiis. M('(Oiiiiallre 1e droil de rinnuiejii csl le coniblc de Tia-
i"^'t' ; <■', lii <-ilt'' Anlitpie n - losa |)oiiil, se coiileidaiil de diie :
SmiiMiiiiii jus, siiiiiiiia injuria. I.a sa.^esse des mtions a lou-
jours sauveiiarde Ir dioil j la \ie de liiuiocenl, in.liis daiis Ic
Dt'calo^ue. Apres Nielzsclu. soiijK'soiis ilegcl.
A\ec soll liialisiiie iliese-ajililliest,' — s}iillicse, che — iion-elio
r- devenir. ilegcl ( sl iiiaiL;nili(juc, a (^onddion (rcxplicpicr coiii-
iMciil la iirijalion dien, /('lo, iieaiilj et \'elre Iriplc iiieiisonL'T')
\iiirenl lianici- Ic i rane d'iiii iiiannnil'cre, sorti du linion coiifiiM'
loiilrs lesaiihcs l>elcs. (\. snpia Ic iiiNsIciiciiv liiiiiiaiiiiiial).
Mais, Jaissons Ih'^^cj, .Nicl/'<clic « res colosses de l'idce » :
saliioiis. en |>assanl. Ic | irodi^icnv .'spino/a. ndiiiiranl .Jesus lo
l'iiu.osoi'iu: .'M püKMi: : Suniiniim i^hilosophnm deltie a Tcliir-
nliaiis) : e|, («'xenoiis a resseiilielle ciiij^uic : Dieii h la l'ois Irntis-'
eendtud cl iinninneid .
« // // y (I /»(/.s' dcii.r eoiiciididiis opjxisct's ineomixil ihh's eidrc
elhs I iiiiiiiaiiciice cl ! ransceiidaiicc | . cl (ini (•(iraelcriseid /e.s- /??r/^
l(diles de rnces (inhKjonisIcs... II s'tKjil de deii.v coiiccplioiis com-
l)leiiienl(iire.<, Didnrclles d resjnil lumiain, coninn' ilciix pidnri-
les de l'esiiril Dteiih'. ei (jin xe eonlreluihincenl de direrses ina-
nieres... » (|-ji/o Dolli. p. :>7i).
(' Ld I rdiisct ndd.ict' siir i h)>nudiciice 11' csl pas cl ne doli fxts
ehe prise ponr nne ciiielUdliaii ou mie lenldLire de eoneilidlion
enire deii.v e.rifjeiiees (jni sein »leid (udillieliques. fJ'c.s/ phdol
nne syiilliese : d . eoiniue lel'e. eile ii'dUeniie 11 i la Irdiiscenddiicc
ni rintmdiienct' jns<iu'(ni poini de h's eonfondre (Ums iine senle
(jrisdille : inids. n\i eoidrnire. eile h's e.mspcre presfjne.,, n (l'n/o
l-olli, p. MvV).
— l^arfaii ! ( !liei(lion.-> a coiiiiiiciidrc comiiicnl le divin pciil.
a la fois, elre en luoi et en deluns de iiioi ; elre dans le inonde
el en d(diois du moiule ; el, Aoiei volle priere a Dien : « /)/('(/,
pnr eapiil. qni ixdis indnis il'eii hant im pelit refhd de Ton \nie
immorielle, Toi qul vis dans (oiUes Ics dnies Imnudncs, y eorn
!>i
■i '
\f>
flu
:'■"■•«
i ■
•liv
»
!!■ \
! i
;tr
?<
i.r;
Pf
3
',V-
r
■'I '
,v
I
— 3^8 —
pr.'.s' /f; /j/»/s hunihlc, dans Unitcs Ics vics Jcs (ininunw af <Jes j)l(tn-
les, cl nu'inc dans toiilc In niddcrc physitiiic, Toi Ic sc/// l'iuütjuc
Dicu, noiis t'invocociuons ». (,|-'.nzo Lolli, p. m8i).
Volle iiiiiniuicncc joiit', mciii eher \lallrc\ a tiiio cüiulilion ;
i^Miorci' avcc h's (»Ins ^Taiuls |)hil(is(>|)lu's rcsst'Mcc de Dien, aiiisi
((ii'il appei'l (P. ^)7.H) : « l.orsiju'oii pavla de In ronccplion de
Dicu, o/> sc nipporlf hmjomK au conccpf (jiw l'oii pctd faire de
Sa fa(;on de .s'c manifesfer n l'etjavd de rhotmne el de tonte In
creution en (jenenü, et jtinuus u ee <]ii'll est, e'est-a-dire^ ii So^
Ks^iHNCK (///(• toides les fdulosoiihies et lautes les reliyioiis de tous
les tenips el de tous /c.s- fxiys oid ele unaninies i) deeturer ut)solu-
n\enl iiutecessitile u In eonii>res('nsi()ii huin<iine. » i^l'.n/o l.olli).
Olli, l'EssKNci: de Dicu delieiil le >('(ii'l de r\l)S(tliie Neiih'.
I".sl-elle ininlelli^ihle. iiK (iiniais<,il»le. iii((iiiiprelieiisil)le. iiK dii-
(■«'\al)le. iiideiiKmlrahle. liiexprK ahle. iiidt''rinissal)le !' (\ . siijua
Ic )lYslerieu.r llumatiiiiKil ) .' Ne pciil-(tii(». au coiil lairc. arriniiei
(pie Celle Kssknci:, de idule» le-, luinieres. est la plus liilünianle :
r \i)ic»tu- I
l/\ii!(iui' esl liaiiscendaiil el iiiiuiaiieiil dahs riioinnie par uiie
iniaf^c i'eclle ([ui le liansxnheic, riluniine, raNou (('rranf;;' <lc la
Luiilici-e Incieee. Jims I 'eiii^rciiaj^-e des clioses. lihre. r\lM(iui
I raiisceiide le hjoc jiiidimiien »uiahle du di'leiiniuisiiie cosMii(pie,
soui'ce iiii'xliausliliie de ums si iences expi'iJMienlales. I,"\uinui'
csj tiansceiidanl. iniinaiieiil . daiis Ic ni<nid(\ par la l(»i de la
\ le nialeiielle uiiiNciscMe : T \iii(im-Saciil'ice impo^'K a lous les
aniiiiaux ; cl. Ilioniuie seul la xiolc 'CT. siipia 1<> MVSTKHir.rx
III MAMMM,).
Ahm clicr Mailfc, riM<()Mipi(''lieiisi()ii de ri-'.ssiiNci-: de Dicu ho-
norc-l-clle Dien ? Noii ! Iiiditine de iaii, (die iiicoipprclicnsioii
\a ((»nlre sa lioiili', sa .liisrnc ; eile csl liosli|e a Sa \ erile. cimc-
iiiie de sa liiandcur. Sans sc disipialilier iiilell(>clnelleinei»l el
iiioralcirienl. sans perdic la Haisc'i. el . inenic, I«' lilrc d'lioiniiic.
csl-il possil)le d,' rernnr les venx (le\aiil la helle laiiiiicie d'\-
monr qui esl Dicu. le l,ihre. ariiche sur niie croiv i* Sans intira-
lilude, |i<'nl-oii lui leliisei' le \erre d"ean rcclaiiic dcpui.s viii^f.
siucios ;'
All I si Dicu elail ri!iieii.iie-lMeil ie. 11 nriiii-in'aid . raloiiie ps\-
cliiqnc, liiiPdlif^cnce ( (»sinicjuc infinic. riiniiianciirc el la Irans-
ccndancc auiaienl une s>iillies(\ inais lailc cn exchiaiil Ic lihrc.
(lUi soiil pcisonnalisc, el cpio, scnl, lAinour represonlc eii dehors
cl an dessus tie loule iiivslicpic ou inyslification id. Keho de hi
(irande \ovrclle, jiiin. juillel. aoni nßH : OiTcsl-cc cpic la Mysli-
qiie ;>)
389
^rc
Ion eher Maitic, xous ave/ iais,.ii. eiilre riininaiionce et, la
liausccndaiK'e pas d o|,p,,sili<.i., pas dim ompatihilile ol je e.,n-.
soiiiic avec vcus : Celles lAicour, le Pihre Dicu est a la
l'ois iiuiuanent et liansceiidaiit ; || vs\ a la luis eii i„„i, cl. eii
dt'hois d(» iiK.i. ,!,. N,,„s .Icicande seuleiuciil. la |ici inission'dc voir
'^"'•"" <'" h.ul h HM' el iK.ii d.ins le Cosinos. he nioiide iiiaivhc
•ouiuie si Dicu irexistail pas.
La Revelation
Epitre ä M. Andre Godard
iMoji eher Maitre.
Ma rcpüiKse au livie lenipli de splendeur n) que vous avcz cu
i ohhgeaji.e dv ni'env.uer se honve tonl enlierc dans cet Edio
«Ic la (imndc ^ouveI|.^ ,le vous pric, en oulrc, Inin.bleiucnl de no
pas II. e leiiii lioueui des (piel,{„es criticpics snivaiiles. jailes au
non. du (, Dien SiulTranl )., |)i<„ ,|,,i, lu.us avaiit olferl lonic,
sa |)Uissan.c de inonde), est ahsohimenl ainiable. raidoimez-UH.i
do nc poinl adurer le Dicu de tous les calholicpies.
Mon eher Maitre, avoc T,e.ui Dandet vous eins un honimc de
Toi el inoi, noIiv lies indicnc scivileiir, j"ai penlu la f,,i
ponr coii([uciir la Ckmtitm.i;. Avh' Hello. J3acon. Frcdcric
Basliat, Ciaudo J^crnard, Rufl'on. Clicvreuil, Pasicur, Branly, Sl
Alphüiisedc Lignori, Arislolo, Victor JIngo, J.-.l. P.onsscan, Bcii-
laniin Conslant, Ga>llie, Foidimind Brunei iere, vons croyez an
Dieu-riUelligenre, inoi pauvio d'cspril, iihttre, je n'\ crois plns.
\ons adniiivz lapologeliipie de .Maislic, Donald e| Ballanclie.
nioi l'ididl. j'en sonris. Dan< / Tncarnalion, la 'rrinile. la Crea-
lion. vous voyo/ des niyslere> , or, \e « roxannic de Dien » nu>
monlrc en ces dogmcs (reclalanlos luinieres. Vous aduurcz St
Thomas d'Aqnin. je ]e lionnis. Cc dorlpur offlriel de rKglise-
Elat n'esl pas, a mon avis I \nge, uiais le denioii de l'Ecole.
\ons avez un cullc pour S. Pierre, pour St l^iid : je les prcnds
pour cc (piils sonl : le preini(>i' Clie[ de l'Eglise ralholifpje esl
un marchand de poisson, Iriple renegal, amalenr de proprieles;
l'Apölre des Gcntils esl l'assassin d'Etienne. Vous nonorcz les
(i) Andre Godard : L' Universelle Redcmption, chez Perrin, Pa-
ris igSS.
y^'-ü
||j|K
'V
1 '!l 1(1 t
IM
"■•( »
i.
::^ !
'1
— 390 —
mysliqiios. Je nc Icur accoide aucuno aiilrc valciir ou fonction
(fue de soulenii' !e social, lignoblc social ; el, Icuis presUgcs nie
repugnent. '
Mais, je svmpalhlsc aver la giaiidcur de volrc ]irnsee, lorsqiie,
(iepouillanl Ics pheiiomencs rcligieiiv de Iciirs crediilites, vous
vnye/ lo >alul (11 loiil hoiiiine de bon voiiloir ainiant, sc'donnant,
aijssi bleu le samage qiii jciuie souvre les vcincs en riionneur
de son felichc que Ic niarlyre, Ic bt'ros, le saint qui nicurcnt
en adorant 1111 C(eur de cliair. Je suis rcilain que la nienic T.n-
niieie endjrasse loiil lioinine ; el. (( 011 Jie denioiitre pas que la
lumiere biilb' ». Vussi nraniuse-j- des ( ouvoilissours : pauvies
Ivpes indiscrvts. indt'i'kais, inipudcnls. Iroinpeurs, inconscienls,
>aiis vcigt)giie, iid'alurs. uuliccuidauls ; el, je nie diverlis avec
les coiiveilis : Ir bon (loppt'. le brave lluysnians. e( auUifV
giands beneis, inüniuicnl plus intelligenis que volrc horrible de-
tracieur dlioiniues de loi : a Je plniii:^ Hello inouranl dccoüiagr
daiis sa Bretagne, HU>y rcvnlle par In niiserc, le gratid poi'te iia-
tnrisle el chrelien ] ielor l'arie ihml pei!^oi\ne iie sail le noni »;
ji' ni'apiloie sur les Iribulaliuns du Pt"'re (iraliy suspecle poiir
ses aiidaces. Je liL^ul,' di van! les proscs poniiieuscs, apologelicjues
de tibaleaubiiand el ((Hi^oils : cardinal de Polignoc, conile de
Maisirc, l'rre Oibilan, l'rrc Sccci, Mobibaebcr, Migne ; el, je
preleic les jaiisenisles au\ j('-uiles. Pascal a Escobar ; el, la sol-
lisc des niodernisles, inq)eruieables a l'exjH'ricncc, a l'esprit
scieniilique, (pi ils soicnl iniuianeiilislcs ou sociaux, iirecocurc..
Je niels IMalon el Arislolc dans um coffie, eaisse ou sac, ainsi
([ue lous les pbil()Soj)bes de \'elre. avec cclte eliqueüc : inlellec-
luels, liagilc.
Li' nüracle, dcrogalion par Diru a ses lols, est pour volrc scr-
^ileur aussi stupide (pie par Ic Dieu 'Jlioniiciuc la liansgrcssion
du Decal()gu(' Uli', nidinas d A([uiii Soni. Tlieol. V" de la 2" Par-
lic. Qucslion d'i, ail. V). ll('resiaiV^,.«c je suis, avec Jesus, « tou-
jüUis crucifie », a loujours on agonie » ; j'ai le front de pro-J
clanier un vrai niiracle, un prodigc siirnalurcl, elonnant, un
seul : le souli'le, la lumiere divins quo le Perc, a l'Uedcn, intro-
duisil dans un nianiniilere, loules les aulres beles e\cei>tees. (^ei-
le lumiere de Dien misc par Dieu en un vasc de fienle s'oppose
a rintelligence, la boule\erse, et renorgucillil jusqu'a I'insanib'.
Ce miracle unique est au dessus de la comprehcnsion des philo-
sophes el du llieologien callioliqucs. Cctlc Iheophanlc en un
(( siic de merde » {'.>.) est Ic clicf-d'ocuvre de rAmour.
'':i^:
(•i) Je suis un sac de merde, disait St Bernard : Saccus nicrdte.
— 391 —
All ! robnubilalion esl grande de nos apolies dcssales. « La
iheoloyie niorale^ diles-vous, (p. (i:») hnpfii>e le monstri.; issii d'un
lioiniue el d'nne giieiwn. mrns iioii riiiverac, en vertu du pn'neipe
ipie le pouroir {iener<deur rhiiJe dans le pere ».
Noyons ! Ou'esl-ce ([Uv le perc de cliair a cole du Pere Celeste
([ui eniicbil lenraiil (l'unc aiiie divino : u Yous n'avcz ([u'un
l*ere, et il esl dans les cieux » (Kvangiles). Voyons ! Qu'est-ce
(jue ce \io.\sTJu:, niylliologiipic ('liicubralidii du cerveau d'un
«lere eil delire ;'
All ! 1( iii' aiiciie est ('norme. Kn voici uiie aufre : il prelendent
e\pli(|ui"r j)ar la /o/z/JC (immah'i icllc) la Presence P.eelle dn (:ori)s
de Jesus dans rKucliarislie ! II serail si simpl(> dy voir le corji.s
riiiidiquc, astral. s{)iriluel, p^Ncliicpic. (pii, a|)rt\s la resurrcclion
Sc luauüVsla, sc lualerialisa. •a|)parut ou s'cclip.^a au cenacle,
de\aiil les discipics d l'.muiaiis, a r\scension. Le corps spirituel
esl Ic subsiral du Corps visiblc ; il esl fail d'inie maliere gene-
ratrlce de loules |(>s roriiics. CCsl lui ([ui (\s| en cause dans les
posscssjoiis angcliiph's ou d('m(»niaques ; dans les Iransfigura-
lions..il de\icnl au < icl Ic i;(ir[)s gjoricux. ; aiiv enfers, le eoips
des su[)pli(ics. l/crreur gros>icrc moiisIrucUM' de loules l<!s mc-
tapbysiqnc l'u! de preudre pour Dieu \e facloliiui de TAmour,
le giaud aicbileclr, rinl'iuiP'simal. ra.ueiil par le((ue| pytbies.
nirdiums. sib\lles, my^liqucs, opcK m des luah'rialisalions. Leurs
l'anlasuiagories soiil de loiis les h nq)s. l.eurs oraeles sont-ils di-
vins ;* Temeraire (pii ralTirme...
Pour(pi<ii. uion ( lier \l.iilie, allei en dcliors de la Cenese, que-
rir la r«e\elali(Ui Primilive. Kilo , st dans la I^iblc et pns ailleurs.
Celle Revelaliou evlraitidiiiairc' de raiiimal bounuise deil'ie j)ar
un «^ouirie di\iu. cel .'lomuic seud)lable a Dieu : un en Irols pcr-
sonnes e>l la ^eule iiecf^ssaire ; el. eile ne Iai.>sc de Iraees nulle
pari, (pioi qu'on dise, memt "■ns dans Plalon.
Mon (lier .Mailie, a jtropos de la S.iiule Trinilc, Tpage (»<>) vous
ocrivez : u fji deiinniinalion des //'o/s l'er.<i)nne.< ntaseiilinc dans
l'fnde, feminine en dreee, esl snns iniporlance. Ce que j'ai appe-
le. Vheresie niYlhi<pu; eonsisl-e a nias<'iiliniser los denx prem'ieres
et t) feniiniser la //'o/.s'/e/uc. lei. de, hi Triade assyrieimc d^coti-
lenl les innnsirueuscs erreurs de la Cnhale et de la Gnose, ahoii-
lissanf-ä l'annonce de la fidin'e incarnalion da Saini-Esprit en
anc femtne. Sataniipie nieconnaissanee de VlnsexuaHte divine el
du par csprit ; degradation da concepl da. Principe de Vanioar
et de Videe d'un Uegne terminal du. Paraclef. »
Mon eher Maitre, dons l'ordre divin ou de rimmalf^riol ascxue,
1 1
li
' I
I*
I 1 ■ (■
^'
'I ^)! ,
— 092 —
l'aire 1c lien icssoiill au Vvvo au Fils ; ot. laiio avor lo ricn,
rreer, apparfunl a la Mriv, Amour du Peio et du Fils, Reaulr
inriiiu", abFolue, ('Imicllc. cxpriuiaul Ic Bicii cl lo \ lai. De Iculo
olernile, pour la iiiaiiilcsler, l'i'ir c\ Fils diviseul a Finfini, nlo-
iniscnl Unir incfl'ablc puissaiirc" (<iralic)n de la iiiaFiorc priino) ;
cl de loul;- ctciiiiU' i'volurul Irs crralioiis sccondcs ayanl jxtiir
Mailrc, \c Fujuali coiiNaiil l'al)iiii(\ orijanisaiil Falüiiie-nihil.
Flnliiii-rSraiU d'Viii soilcul saus ccssc el sutcessivcnuMil les luoii-
des. S'ij y u la une heresio, je suis lieielitjur.
Admcitiv l'uptinic imfl {\). \1V) » c'csl Icnh'r Dien ». — Alors,
le « l)ieu SoullVanl » csl liei-eliquo.
Sic Tlicicsc, dilcs-vous, (p. t).S). Iiounc Jesus cxigcani. —
f/Auioui qui v\\ixv n'csl pis l'Auiour, Dlcu nv dil pas : Aiinc-
uioi ! cl uioins cncdic : McuMific-loi ! IVAuutui' csl -aclc i^ur.
solilalrc, silencieux, e\:cui[)laire.
P. 9.0H : (( Apres Ic Clirir^l, rr<ii Dicii cl cnii Iwntnir, fliomnic
csl le plus in.coinprchctisiblr des clics. » Tncouiprclicnsiblc, oui,
(piand l'inlcHigcnr<' a li pK'Iculion de loul e\pli(pier, d'cfre
sculc uiailressc du loiii-, (rexcluic le (iirur-l'fisouue.
]'. 9 IC : i .\( s succcssciirs rcnonl-ils, plus hcurcux quc nons,
s'hislanr'.T ''1,11.- la dcfailc de Salan, le Jlcipie lemiinnl du Con-
.'< ]f,:e'u :' Quelles virliKililes cvürnjclitpics le linjne <lii Paraclel
(ictivcm'l-il ? Sons rj>icllc joinw rcüliscrad-il Ic Iriompixc de
V. Amour ? »
O Callioliques ! Jesus csl venu et voiis Favez a a nouvcau
crucifie. » FEspril-Saiiil xi-^ila son Peu|)le. Ic « IVuplc (U-
Dieu ». la {''lanco, Ic 11,1 sepleiidMC \><'\(\; cl. Ic |ia])c Fic \T inii
a FIndex; ]v Message de la (iiaiidc daiuc eu pI(MU'S, le Sccicl d(^
la Salelte,
Qu'cst-cc qu'une Ficdemplion ou la belle Taunierc cFAuioiir, de-
puis des siccics gil sous Ic boiss'^rn^M du Tcnq)()rel cl du Sa'ml-
Orrice ? Je ne nie laisscrai j)oiiil de repcici- : uiic Ficdeiiq)li()n
oinellaul la Renoval ion csl, rallaciouse ; falalenienl olle cvoluc,
glisse, devale vers le niyslicisnie anleelirislal. « Dlcu scul esl
Saint». Eux-memcs, Ics sainis, se jugeront cl sc condamiicioid.
Les inysli(jucs au .lour de la (( riiand(> Subs^innalion » diront :
(( SeigiiCLir ! Scigncur I n'csl-cc i>as cn Ion noni nuc nous
avoiis proplielise ■' cn loa iioiii ([uc nous avons cbasse les de-
nions ;' en Ion noni quc nous avons l'ait beaucoup de prodigcs h)
Alors, je leiir dirai bautcnienl : « Je ne vous ai jamais connus.
Pvetircz-vous de nioi, vous, les ouvricrs d'iniquilc. » (Mallliieu
Vit, 21-23).
- 393 -
Poui([uoi, inon clier Mailii«, un ascele, ignoianl Luui de Jesus,
aurall-il luoins de valcur -([uc Ic Vicaire mcuie du Christ, un
Sl J'ie \, aiiiaicur dv (pieniadcros, veglia et garottcs ?
Tl y a une Justice auloniali([uc. T^e dcstin est indbictable. Mal-
lieur auv « ri()aqu(>s d'impurclc » I T,es inalcdirlions du Sainl-
F.spi-il, bal'oue a la Saletic, sont iirevocables, inexorables, ini-
placables ; cl, jusles, les calaniiles, les malbeurs, dcrlcnrhcs par
des i)icvariraleurs dont les forfailures ' inrorrigibles pendant
vingl sieclos (( ciucifierenl a ncMiveau Jesus ».
(iloirc auv Apolrcs-des-derniers-lemps. aux clus d'Tsrael rjui
ccbappcroni a lullinie ra'aclysiuc ( t se niullijdioiont sur la lenc
nouvellc I A'iennc le Mcssic Tcniporel. Yoila le vi'M'ilablc Mcssin-
nisine. « \eni", Domine Jesu^ v:'ni ! Salus e\ Judaeis ! » (Jean).
Epitre au Mytbomane
Frcre cn lA.S.T. (i)
Vous ni'eiivoyez la brorbure de Heniy Fibcigc pour avnir
luon avls. siu' sa niylli(unaiiic (0- Fb bien ! le voici : T;a rrifi-
([uc du genrc de Chrisliani^nie ('(fuc sVITorce de soutcnir le jiape-
roi cl s(>s arolyles) s'eri'ondic ? Fiberge tiro sur un fantöme. I,e
Cbrisl |»apal-ioyali>lc-in([uisil()rial n'a jamais exisic. Fes sei- di-
-anl vicaiics de Jesus-Cbrisl, successeurs d'apolres dcssaics.
sous prclexlc d'adoKM' 1« Dicu-Amour-Fumicrc, Ic crucinenl di'-
pu's \ingl siccies ; ( l Jc'^us a cxisle pour des raisons aulres (pi:'
(•dies rabarbccs avcc cnqiluise.
Jesus 11 "a jauiais clu rompiis, ni par Pieir(\ ni par Paul, ni pai
au.iin disciple, ni par les Peres, ni par les Dorleurs de FFglise,
i par •>:)ii individus inlilules « sainis percs » rbefs de FFglise-
Flal-lorlionnaire. ni par leurs coinplices, mysliqucs canonlscs.
par lui appclcs sainis. reniplissant de leurs noms les ralcndriers;
C n.oiiis enr.HV par Fouaille dererebice iFa ele compris le Di*^;.
n
(,) \.S.T. = xAmour-Sacrifice-Tncarne.
(9.) lleniv Finr.uOK Fa le^^end(> de .Tesus-Mcssie. Ib'rulali.^n des
conlercnces Faites h N-D. de P.uis du 0 niars au i3 avril i.,3o
p.,r Ic }\ V Pinard de la P,iuillaye sur Jcsus-Messic. Fdit;on du
P»r-nr« de FTF,unne, i.. ruc Fontaine. Ri.^vres (Seine-et-0,scV
F-a'ileiu- sonlicn! cclle tbese aclucUemcnt a la mode : Jösus n a
[)as existe.
'(i|:l:IH''
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- 39^ -
SoutTiant, l.i « \ictimo saus laclu' ». Ir B(in l'astcur (jui doniie
sa vio a söii iroupeati Jrsiis dcvaiu lamciior an boivail, a son licii
(rorigiiio, la a bvvh'is c'gaioc, l'oiilaiU prodigiir » ; oiii, n'oiif
ricn saisi de .Irsus los Clirc'liciis abelis au cianc bouir6, Ics (^liir-
lioiis-oretins, el, a foilioii, riiitellccIiK'l saus l'oi Iroiivaiil. iniii-
Ic'Iligiblc ]a Bonne Parole ; i'Kvangilo iionnaJonient absnrdc
pour l'inlolligcnro, scra poiir Ic cfrnr Ikiijimiis diviii. I'.n M'rilr,
riionimc Nouvcaii inlrgVal, lolal, (jiic )(>|»i ('sciilc .losus, l/d»rc-
Ainoiir, doni l'iniagc ircllc csl cn loiil lioiiiiiii' cl, divinisc loiil
lioniiiic. Jesus, ribuiiuie NOrinal, es( dcpiiis vinjjil sieclrs, |>ar-
raitenicnl inconiiu. Ses adoraieurs ijicituscienls, aussi bleu ([ue
ses avougles conieiupleuis, I 'iguoi'eiil. P(»ui(iiioi i'
L'honnne <'sl Ic siege de deux lois conltiidicloiros. et Jesus ost
la Nicliine de Icur conriil, II cu iiiourul, il y a bi»'nlo| :k)(io ans.
cl le nn)nd<V roiniiie si Jt-siis irc'liiil pas \emi. resle paTen. (( II
n'y a janiais «'U (ju'nn ("litelii^n. el il es| inoil sui iino rfoix »
(.NiolpscIitO.
Aiissi le Piofesseiir Couclioud. le Diicleiir Drews, le lillera-
leur, poetc. draiiialuigc, Kdouard Dujiiidin. |);miel Masse, llen-
/•y Jiiberge el lulli ipiaiili, peiiveiil a Tefni deriguior la peison-
ne de Jesus. ])('u\enl deuionlici le nixllie de Ji'sus. peu\eid an-
nibilor Jesus, cel,! na .lucuiie iuiporlance.
II iniporle, av.inl loul, de conipiendre (fue (die pliinrle iiifi-
nie dans l'irdinilude dos univeis n 'a (pi'une valeur, ne doil con-
nailre (ju'une valour : le Moud. l-e Libre, seul, viiul (ous los
niondes onsenible. II inip(nl(\ d'abord. do savoir ([ue fo plobu-
le tnaldfi(pi(\ ou nous nous deballons, (^sl uii rniliou indigne du
diou-lionime. Tauiiiis jieisonno ne s'yadaplera. C.'esl iiupossible.
I/Klal-Prosiilulion-Ciuoiiv esl iitu' loi : el, pour l.i sup|)riiiiei-.
le seul rnoyon serail, de Jie pas viol(>r la loi iini\eiselle evolulive;
Ol, on la violo ; lo soul nioyen seiail d'exleriorisec Ic « royaiiiiie
de Diou » ([ui esl on nous, el on nie re e lONauuu^ » : lo ca'in'-
pcrsonno.
T/F.l;il-I'mslilulion-Guorie esl TeriVl dun,' jn lice aulonialicpio
(lecloncbee |)ai' nous. I);ins l'oiubie d'iine caNciiie, nous rnuis
ofiMedexorons. Toni- iinn-lioier noire eid'er. il ur^v de nous coii-
nailre, d'iivoir en nous la l'aix. In l;,iison.
.le>us-.\b'Ssie-Teni|)i.rel. seul, donne la ,!er du uiyslerieux bu-
rnari'inal (Y. plus liaul). Ibuinis Jesus, personne n'a delini la
lUiison Ininiainc. Faire resplendir riioninn^ raisonnable jusipi'ici
nVipparlirnI (|u"a Jesus, u Priiwc de Pai\ ». C'esI ^ * ' '"
(0. (l'esi son brevei (re\isl(
-395-
Hisloircs, cakMnbredaincs, faribolcs, balivpTncs ou bobaids
sor\is ])ar Binard de la Poullayc, alin de nous donner Ic change
sur lo lolc dun Mossie Celeste cl non Tcmporcl, sont stupides,
conircdiscnt l'Ancicn el Ic Nouvcau Tcstannent. 11 importe do
I>i;oclanrer la Benovation, dinslanrer un social nouvcau (V. Epi-
ire ci-dessus au Grand Rabbin). Pour la Cite Futurc Jösiis est
le Maitre, le parangon de tous les politiques, et je fais mienne
collo conclusion de Henry Täbcigo : « Si vous ^les des laches a
([ui 11 laut un niailrc, soil, restez-la. Mais si vous avez quel(]ue
consciencc de volrc force, dressez-vous ! » (p. Ci).
Cboisir entrc lo Cbrisi et l'AnttVbrisl, onlre rAmour libre et
l'aniour iiupose, ramoui niystiquo ou m(^.diuinnique (V. supra
lettre au Grand Babbin), voila le sens de ce drcsscz-voiis ; el.
tous sc drcsscront pour rilbernicnsch.
une (triyinali
nee, sa carh« de \isile
Epitre ä une Femme-de-bonne-Volonte
Cb^ire Madame,
Je vous suis inlinimonl roconnaissant d'avoir bion voulu o\-
posor uies idees au Gongres Spirite, dont ranimaleur est Pdlus-
lie Dortour es-sciences Le Cloinonl de Saint Marrq. Vous nVecri-
vez : (( J'atlends avec une vive iinpaticnre la brocliurc ou vous
nous pronicltez de dire co que \ons penspz du spirilisme ».
Gbere Madame, apres avöir lu le « mystcrioux bunianinial »
(V. plus baut) vous vorroz clairenirnl l'erreur dos pliilosopbios
et dos religions do WVic Ce sonl des incnsongos inlcllccluels,
des iinposlures irreflerliics, paralogisrnos inrnrables. oulrerui-
danres inlaluecs, proToniles, endurcios, sclerosos invraisondjla-
bles.
Sur le spirilisme n»on opinion esl la mcnie (|ue sur Ic mys-
licisme. Que l'bomme soil possedc par re (lu'on appcllc Dien (^n
par re ([U^'on appelle Salan, il n'est plus libre. Or, l'boumie doit
adorcr ou blaspbemer on l.uile connaissance. II n'y 'a de uioral.
de libre, d'amour que si Ton n'est pas counnande. su^^gere,
commc ilans la « nuit obscuro dos ronlen.plalifs comn.e dans
l'extase des mystagagues, conune dans la transc niediuninitpu ;
a bas l'inconscienl ! on doit olre cons<:icnt en plcine lumierc
de riiomnic en veille et d^lib^ration.
I/Amour-Sarrifirc esl la Loi [universelle iniposc^e aux belos ;
or nous ne sou.mes pas dos bcics, nous soniines libros de violer
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cette loi. Le niamiiiiferc qui s'intitule raisonnablc lail exccp-
lion. De loules les cspeccs aniinales rhumainc seule s'ciitred(^-
Aore (i).
Au dcssus <1(' Vetrc incoiiiiij, aniiiiaUiir de loules los reli-
gions, Jesus pose lo inailic de ]'e[rr, rViiioiir. ]/clrc ne dil pas
soll noni. ui-ais ii'ouiqiirincnl : u Je suis ccliii (pii suis », (V.
•("i-dessus Lethe au Giand llahhiji). \u do^ii- de cel t'//v-la, je
place le Dien (|ui iihiiiI (rViiioiir. La \\\\\: !.i mikuk du fxenr.
rayou 'lelrangt' de la Liiinit'ic luciere. iii:a:iv reelle du Dieii-
Amour-LuinirTc, mIiIuht«' I;i u t'aussc luniiric » «le rinlelUficurc
iii\sti(|ue, rli('ic aij\ iiirdiiiiiis cl ;iu\ s.iiiits. An .lugeniciil (Icr-
nier, Jesus la coiulaiiiiii' .liiisi : n Imüik nii|) nie djioiil cc joui-
la : Seigiieiir, Scigiicur, uCsl-ce p;is eii Inii innii cpic iious avous
])roplielise ? vu Ion iioiii (pie iious iixoUs cliasse les (L'inons ?
<'ii Ion uoni '([\iv noiis mons lail l»t'aU(t)U|) de prodi^cs ."' »
Alois, je leuf dirai liaulcnicnl : " Ji: m; noi s m .iwiais c.onms.
JIkthuiz-voi s i>k mcm. noi s. iis 01 \Kii:ns h'inkji rn': ». (Mallliieu
\ II 9.\-->',')). \()us, l(^s ((dtmiics de ri'uTisc-Klal . Vdus, les coni-
Afl 3i-'<'>). \'ous. h's (.oldiics de ri'.iilisc-Klal, xons, les cont-
jilices des Tiitjuisilcnis, xoiis (pii A In j:ai(illc. a la \(L;lia. a la
chemise souri(M\ an ([ucniadeio. pirn'iaics d-zs nonncnrs sni
des anlels : le cnllc de l>nlie.
Le Dien \tn(tnr nc ronPiail pas de (niv il('i.'i('s. ni de itn'dcsli-
nrs. Sa Lnmiric illumiiic \c sanvai^'c d le ii\ilis('. l'asc rl^ indnn
anlaul (pie le l'rlichislc du SaiN ('-('.( cnr ; cl, Lanl. Lassassifi
(rKtienne, 1«' ])ei(' iulcllcclncl de LKglise-Klal el d'anlres In-rr-
sies, Ti'a 'anrun droit siir ,l('sii<. Pierre r\ l'ani sc soni ^lave-
nienl dispntcs. nc valcnl pas niicn\ l'nn (pic Lanlre ; cl . i^
nrain. ave<' le ealliolicisinc. I'mm im'cnc scia spirilc : Cunsi'-
(piencc (Lnn niysticisnn' iniililc dcxani la urande linniere du
lihi'o irnmalcriel. liors ualure. iminorlel. quc peTsonnilic Ic
(■(cni- Ininiain. (Cl". ri-do-us f.c niysfericii.r liiinKuiimal).
(}) T/Llal-Provlilnlinn (iucrrc e^l nii | In iKnneiie coiislanl.
Nciilic |)ar rcxpi'rieiice. ilhivhi' par rHi-li.irc. curridxirc par
rinslabiliie du sm iai. la laducilc d,. iio-- cIn ilisalions. la ina-
lire de Jinlre iul(Hin<.ii,-,.. Mi.||,./ ,i,.,,y Imninio cn prcsenee. ils
pduiraienl s"ajincr. sc sa( rilicr 1'ini a r:iNlrc. \i\rc cn |»iii\. ils
nc laidcioni <j:i\vu' a sc hallrc. Canses de lulle : la rctniiic. Lar-
^enl. riiicornpalihililc dhuni<ui. la diNiTocnic d'opinion^ po-
liri(pies, pliiJosopliicpics. lillcraire. arlislitpies. le iM'diuin vi-
l'UC, cic.
— 397
Epitre ä M. Edouard Saby
Frero eii l'A, S. f.
Vous in'ave/ fait Ic grand honneur de m'envoycr votre livre
udniirable :
L'ASCENSION IIUMAIM-: {l ) ,
Oll je lis cellc nierveilleuse pri^re : Seif>iicur « je suis un prelre
sans eglise ; uion templo est eii nioi, inais je ne puis y penetror.
Seigneur ! Me ne laisse pas i)lus longlenips etranger ä mon
ame ; je voudiais tellenient eiitrer dans mon eglise, et prior I
J'ainio la Libertc, Scigneur, et, si je suis encore dans nia pri-
son, du nioius j aspiie a en sortuv ». (Kdouard Saby, p. -icn-^io-A).
Freie, nous soinines incarceres dans un corps de lienlo qui est
dans unc ergaslule borrible : « La Sociele, rinquipition, lleaux
de la Yerile ». (Pascal). Qui oseiä dire (pie rKlal-Proslilulion-
(luerre n'est pas une prison pluriiiiiilenairc ; et, au suiplus, un
pbenoiuene invariable, rontröle par l'experienre, r/esl-a-dirc,
en langage d'homme de science, une LOI ; loi conlre nature et
(■(inire 1(> Dieu-Amour ; loi enregisiree par riTisloire ; loi inbi-
baiit loul ]irogies moral, paralysarij rexolulion normale vers
la r.ile Future ; loi s'opposani a la Henovalion, au Parilisme
Tradilionnel (:>.) ; loi inanirestanl el |)roTivant une taxe inteller-
luelle, beredilaire. inuneinoriale ; loi conlre une Raison que le
Libre, seul, ]ieul introniscr.
Fnir ce pbenoniene ? Sorlir de cille prison ? Sevader ?
(hiand ? (".omnieiil ? (t). 0 mon cber \lailie. dilcsde inoi I N'oir
riiomnic semldable a Dien un en Irois personnes, n'esl-ce poiiit
la scule Solution possible du ])iol)lenic du savoir ? Fsl-re ipie
l'\niour n'esi pas necessairement trine : gcneratcur e| crea-
leur ?
(i) Fdouard Saby : \/A.sccnsion Humalnp, Fdilions de l'Kcole
Addeisle, 10, rue Henri Ducbene, Paris XV.
{'?.) (if. Fpilre au (Iuam) Rap.bin, v. plus baut.
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398
Epitre ä M. Marcel Jouhandeau
Mon clicr Dcisle,
Est-cc FAMOUR ([ui coniiuande l'cV/r, 011 Vcirc cpii coni-
mande 1' AMOl R ? Loi[uel des deiix est dreatoui' oii rrealiire ?
(v. plus liaut, Le Myslcriciix hiiinaninial).
O magniliqiio Poelc, illiisire mallu'malicieii, volle Algebrc
tles.valeurii moralcs que M. Claude Maiiiiac (i) declare houle-
Aersanlc, est d'unc psyrliologie exliaordiiiaire au lehoui?. du
mental de nos saints ofl'iriels possedes, mininiises par l'exlase.
Je suis enlliousiasiiie par lels propos claiioniianl la certiludo
de la divine el rliasle Preseiu:e de rmiiian eslible royaume
de Dieu en loul, lionmio : » // ny a, cii drliora de Dien et de
moi, auciine realilc pour inoi. II n'y a, en dehors de Dien,
auciin etre pour moi ». {Mgcbrc de.s valeiirs morales, p. lo'i)-
Je reconnais que j'ainic ') cc signe que je suin dMivre de tont.
Aalonr de moi, /es ohjvis, Irs (irhrrs, Ics miirnUlea, la terre, Ic
ciel s'effaccnt, contmr de simples apparcnces et j'cntre dnns nnc
miii simjiilierc cl silcncieuse oii m'nrcncilU', comme uu nstrc
price, hl seulc n'alitc ])ossihlc dhonnnis pour moi ». (M. .1.)
— Oui, r\ni(»ur iiieffablc daiis le silence et la solitude iueni(>
eu pleine foule, nous comMc de joie. Oui, riinan-e de lAmour,
le rayon refiange de la l.uuiieie Tiicreee. nofre ((euf inuuat;^-
liel. inipolluable, iions lie au Soleil Palernel.
Pour l'Amour ([ui ainie l'Amoui', « Uius les aulres elres sont
des fanloines ». DevanI cel Aiiioui-, loules persounes, liouunes
ou feriunes, s'evanouisscut ; a uioins, 'ajiMilerai-je de voir en
elles, conime en moi, le dieu. « Vous eles dicux. Vous etes tous
l'ils du 'iVes-lIaui ». fPsaumc 8i-S'^ et Jean X 35).
AFon eher Maitre, vous eles lel leinen t ronvainru de volre
ame divine « de soii exislonre, de sa prodifrieuse rirhesse in-
time )) ipic la calomnie ou le ridiciilo nc penvent que vous
(( precipiter dans la ferveur dVMie seul » avec eile, d'elre loul
pour eile, « personnc absolue et parfaitc ».
(( Etre soi nieme esl « un 6faf aussi violrtit que In jolie, el
aussi peu acceplable pour les aulres ». Mais, la foule dul-elle
(1) Claude .Mai;riac : Inlroduelion ,) une Myslique de /'/wj-
fer, che/. Crasscl, Paris, 1938.
— Sog-
en ebre scandalisee, il nc faut rien sacrifier de sa vdritö. « Vani-
quc n'est comprehensible qu'ä soi... Tu es ä toi seul nnc
societe infinie, wie grande nalion, une religion... Oü tu es roi,
r^gne ». (De rAbjection). L'äme est « le seul tresor formida-
blc n... « Rien ne m'est plus eher que d'elre nioi pour l'eter-
nite : motif permanent de regarder Dieu eu faee ». (Alg^bre de^
valeurs, (p. 226) (2).
Et Yoici iiion ravissenient el ina desolalion : « J.e camble //'n-
t-il pas ete mis ä la grandcur de Ihomme, quxiud on a defini
Vimprudenee que le createur n commis a l'origine du mondc
en me faisant libre ? Depuis que Dieu m'a fait libre, je dis que
Dieu a besoin de moi.., Si Dieu m'a eree immortel et libre, il
'in'a delegue pour VHernite une pari de la souuerainete de sa^
pnissanee... Voilä que je suis indispensable a Dien... Saus mon
adhesion, il y aura, () j(tmais, dnns Vordre da monde, une rup-
ture, quelque chosc de mnnque. f.e ciel est partnge entre Dieu et
moi ; et, ee n'est que ce que Dieu nppelle Paradis qui est son
Kufer : el , ee qua Dieu nppelle Eujer qui esl mon Paradis, mon
orgueil... (Tcv/ n moi qu apjiartieut le deruier mot ». (Alg^ble
des valeurs morales, p. 2i4).
Dieu eUuit par esseuee tout puissiuil pcut loujours, s'il le reut,
iulerreuir ilnus le desliu de Ihomme. S'il ue le fnit jnniais, il
n'est pns loid puissiml. .\e /<•<)/-// Jnit qu'une Jois, rhonumi
n'est j)as libre (3).
— l\ir{|on, ri'.ssencc de Dieu n'csl point la |>uissaii((\ n'esl
jioini la nialiere-espril, inais le [ibrc ; et. seul, Paniour es| libie
(\ . j)lus baut, Le myslerieu.v humauinud). Qui n'aiine pas.
n'esl poin! libre ; el. roiupl iKiuilibre des univers. donl la loi
esl amour obligaloiie.
L'Amour (Dieu). de loule elcrnile, dixlse sa |)uissan({> a l'in-
fini, ratomise : c'esl le Monde. De loule elernile, linfininicnl
pelil consliiuil rinfinimenl giand ; laloiue-nibil esl le farlo-
tuiii de Dieu aneiinlissani par Amour sou ineffablv' dynainisme
pour le delertniner. !•.' inanircsler. Le Dieu-Vmou)' doiine au
monde sa loule puissaiu e. Dieu est le depouille lolal ; il na
plus rien (fue le rien ; el, en oulre, il fail l'bomnie libre. sem-
blable a Lui. ( "est-a-dire. s-usreplibU- de coniinenc ernenis abso-
lus. rapable de ruiner l'ceuvre du Pere. Or, parre que Dieu re-
medierail au\ iiialla(.()ns d'uu rollaboraleur de volonle niau-
[u) er. Claude Mauriac, p. qC), loc. rit,
(3) Cf. Mauriac, p. loO, |oc. cit.
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vaisp, infernale, sabolour insano, Diou allenicrail a nohv libcrlo
nioralo, a noirc amoiir ? Erreiir !
L'hoinnie est librc d'ainior, cs( lil)io (r«Mio libic ; riiomiiio
peut refuser son amour conslriicloiir ; la libcrlr iiiairr olle |)(mjI
nc pas se meürc au scrvirc de la liboiU' nroiab'. .NOn si:hvi\m I
Che/ rhumanlmal, il faul dislingiior la Hborte niak'riolb» de
la liborte niorale (V. sui)ra /.c inystciicnx liitmanimal). Knhv
res dcux libertes, il y a anlinoniie, ronliadirlion, comme cnlro
un et zero ; a sa limite la libcrlo nialeiicllo peiil olie infiiii-
neant, mais janiais illusion totale ; il y a toujoiirs iin i'esidu,
un lien,
Chez l'aniinal ordinaire aiicunc disjonclion enlic Ics dnix
semblanls de liberle : spontaneite de la vic niali'rielle d'unö
part, et, de Taulie, inslinrt represenlant la loi universelle d'A-
mour-Sarrinee imposee a la bete : seivanle l'idele, iireprorba-
ble, indefeclible, beroV([iio de ses seml)lal)les. De loiiles les es-
peces animales, riniinaine, seide, s'entredevore. Seul, l'liomine
a conscience du Libre Moral : rAinour ! seul, il peui bair ;
seul, il luttc Sans raison ; rebelle a 1 'Amour donaleiir, sacrifi-
ciel.
Si, pour le Dieu-Aiiiour-Sacrifire, riiifinie soiiffraiin^ est l'r-
lernelle bealiliide, roiniueiil pouvoir, sans iniiialitudo. \vn\i- co
disroiirs : « Dien cal anioiircnx iJc moi : .s/ je liil i'cfii:<(' tiion
fimour, Dicu picurc ilauf; Ja joir <h' no// Paradix c(ynimr siir im
rocJicr IUI. La iiicUmcoUc, (juc je jn'ii.r Iiii ilnmicr. esl Icrrihic :
foiis Ics ADfjCü HC Ir ro/jso/cn/. pffs de nioi.., Toiile nia (iranrfrnr
es/ (/r(/).s- ce don (fue Dien m'n faif de ponvnir le ]i(ü'r Iniijourü. »
En ^inso d'excuse. oii pcu! rrpniulrr : drleniiiiir. malrrirür.
bornee. oiöee, failo de ricn. aniiual('S(|iie, pa reelle infiino de l'iii-
telli^'eiire rosiniffiie iiifinie. (b'leniiinre. noiiiialenient im|).'r-
sonnelle et albee. rinlellijTfenre disnirsivc abboire le cn'ur divin.
Ces deux personnafjrs inlelliiienre ci ruMii-. on loiil boinnie,
joiient le röle de Satan log-cien et de l'Amonr en rroiv.
Et voiri la derniere aventurp de M. Ciodeau. T/amnin- doni il
poursuivait un jeune bomme 'i) raceulp au suiride. Or. t\o snf-
fisait-il pas i)our eviler reite tenlalive banalp et ridirub- de liii
dire : « T/Amour n'a r'en de conirnun a\er le roTt. Fair<^ la
bele-h-deu\-dos. n'est pas faire Vnmoiir ; TAniour est ininia-
teriel, asexur, bors nature, libre, uioral ; et vidan^er nos
vesicules seminales (quel qu'en soil le mnde) est un a(t(> inalerieT.
d^termine. pbysiolop'ique. aussi atüoral que relui de vidor
(/i) Cf. Claude Mauriar, loc. cit,, p. 229.
— 401 —
le globc veslral. Mellre dans les parlies sexuelles le Noni de
Dieu, 1 'Amour. coninic lantiquo ou moderne paicn ; y niettre
le diablc coiniue les idiols de la casuislique, esl une aberration
causee par le lefus d'approfondir l'essence de Vetre : le libre.
Vülre singuliöio el geniale jjsyebologie, mon eher Maitre, ni'a
einu jirororulement ; eile prouvc, unc l'ois de plus, les ravages
de la jdiilüsopbie de \'cli'6 inlellectuel, lliomique et sans nom.
« Xous ne savons pas ce ([ue Dieu esl ; iiiais, seulement, cc qu'il
n'esl pas ». (Si Tbouias d'Aquin).
A\ant de vous dire adieu, irioii cber Alailre, pcrmetlez-nioi de
vous feiiciler d'avoir conciuis enl'in de haute luttc le Prix Las-
serre. La Nation recompense volrc ardeur ä la poursuite du
Yrai. Poete et Philoso[)lh' genial vous avcz senli en vous clamer
au secours le Ca-ur-Personiie, parloul el loujours erucifie par les
bomnies-de-niauvaise-volonte.
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PALESTINE
ZIONIST REVIEW— October 26, 1945
6
LEGEND AND FACT
Tmth about the McMahon " Pledge to the Arabs''
NO pledges were made to the Palestine Arabs
in 1915. An undertaldng was given to tho
Sherif of Mecca that His Majesty's Government
would recognise and support the independence
of the Arabs within certain territorial limits,
which specifically excluded the distriots of
Mersina and Alexandretta, and the portions of
Syria lying to the vvest of the districts of
Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo. It was
also stipulated that the undertaking applied only
to those portions of the torritories concerned
in which Great Britain was free to act without
detriment to the interests of her Allies. His
Majesty's Government have always regarded,
and continue to regard Palestine as excluded
by these provisos from the seope of their
undertaking. This is clear from the fact, to
which the hon. Member i*efers, tliat in the fol-
lowing year they concluded an agreement with
the French and Bussian Government» ander
which Palestine was to receive special treat-
ment.
So far as I am aware, the first Suggestion
that Palestine was induded in the area within
which His Majesty's Government promised to
recognise and support the independence of the
Arabs was made by the Emir Felsal, now King
of Iraq, at a conversation held in the Foreign
Office on 20th January, 1921, more than flve
years after the conciusion of the correspondence
on w^hich tlie claim was based. On that occa-
sion the point of view of His Majesty's Govern-
ment was explained to the Emir, who ex-
pressed himself as prepared to accept the
Statement that it had been the Intention of
His Majesty's Government to exclude Palestine.
When I assumed responsibility for Middle
Eastern Affairs I went carefidly into the corre-
spondence referred to, and my reading of It
is the same as that of the Foreign Offlee, as
was recently stated in the Declaration of
British Policy in Palestine, which has been
publlshed and laid I>efore the House. I am
qiiite satisfied that it was as fully the Inten-
tion of His Majesty's Government to exclude
Palestine from the area of Arab independence
as it was to exclude the more northern coastal
tracts of Syria.
Secretary of State for the Colonies Mr.
Winston Churchill, House of Commons,
July 11, 1922 (H.C. Offlcial Report, July
11, 1922, col. 1032/34).
The Zionist Federation of Great Britain
and Ireland.
NORTH WEST LONDON
REGIONAL CONFERENCE
Sunday, October 28th, 1945, at 10 a.m.
at
The Zion House, 57, Eton Avenue,
N.W.3.
AGENDA:
ORGANISATION & PROPAGANDA
SESSION: 10 a.m. to 1.15 p.m. Chairman:
B. Green, Esq., Member of the Executive
of the Zionist Federation. 1. Address by
M. Cohen, Esq., LL..B., Vice-Chairm.an of
the Org'anisation Comimittee of the
Zionist Federation. 2. Debate. Interval
for Lunch 1.15-2.30 p.m.
POLITICAL SESSION: 2.30 p.m. to
5.30 p.m. Chairman: Councillor E.
Snowman, Member of the Executive of
the Zionist Federation. 1. Address by
Maurice Rosette, Esq., Information Dept,
Jewish Agency. 2. Debate.
. . . When the preüminary neg^otiations took
place leading up to the Balfour Declaration —
and it v/as at least a year after the first
adunibration of a desire on tho part of the
Allied Governinents to make some approach to
the Jewish pcople had first been thoug^ht of —
I remember myself serving in the Arab Bureau
helping to edit a thing calied the "Arab
Official
Pronouncements
Bidletin" in the autumn of 1916, puttingr into
that "Bulletin" Information regarding Jewish
colonies and Jewish aspirations in Palestine;
and all through the early days of 1917 His
Majesty's Government and the other Govem-
ments were liecoming increasingly aware of
this factor in the Near Eastern problem, and
the Balfour Declaration, which was not issued
until November, 1917, was the result of pro-
longed weeks of controversy — I say that
advisedly — in this country, l)ecause some people
put forward views vigorously opposed to It,
after negotiations with France and Italy, and
after, as the Commission bring out for the
first time, President Wilson was consulted as
to its precise terms. It was a most deliberate
act. ... It was not only Sir Mark Sykes but-
others brought to the attention of the Govern-
ment the fact that undertakings of a general
character had been given to the Arabs, and
the McMahon correspondence was fully in the
mind of His Majesty's and the Allied Govem-
ments when the Balfour Declaration was made.
I say M was opposed, but let me nlake it clear
that the Cabinet as a whole were absolutely
determined, and the idea that this was a par-
ticular nostrum of Lord Balfour or any other
individual is quite out of the question. . . .
I vvant it clearly and flnally undestood that
His Majesty's Government, neither then nor
now, can or will admit that Palestine west of
the Jordan was included in the pledge g:iven
to the Sherif, and that they have always in
mind that special considerations must obtain
in regard to the future govemment of the
Holy Land. The unique character of Palestine
was recognised by the Arab Delegates to the
Peace Conference. It is recognised all over
the World.
Secretary of State for the Colonies Mr.
Ormsby-Gore, House of Commons, July
21, 1937 (H.C. Official Report, July 21,
1937, col. 2249/50).
STATEMENTS BY BRITISH
NEGOTIATORS
SIR HENRY McMAHON
Sir, — Many references have been made in
the Palestine Royal Commission Report and in
the course of tlie recent debates in both Houses
of Parliament to the "McMahon Pledge,"
especiaJly to that portion of the pledge which
concerns Palestine and of which one Inter-
pretation has been claimed by the Jews and
another by the Arabs. In has been suggested
to me that continued silence on the part of
the giver of that pledge may itself be mis-
understood. I feel, therefore, calied upon to
make some statement on the siibject, but I will
confine myself in doing so to the point now at
issue— i.e., whether that portion of Syria now
knovvn as Palestine was or was not intended
to be included in the territories in virhich the
independence of the Arabs was guaranteed in
my pledge.
I feel it my duty to State, and I do so
deflnitely and emphatically, that it was not in-
tended by me in giving this pledge to King
Hussein to include Palestine in the area in
which Arab independence was promised. I
also had every reason to believe at the time
that the fact that Palestine was not included
in my pledge was well understood by King
Hussein.
Yours faithfully,
A. HENRY McMAHON.
3, Wilton Place, S.W.l.
July 22.
(Letter to "The Times," July 23, 1937).
SIR GILBERT CLAYTON, then Chief Secretary
of the Palestine Govemment, in a note to the
High Commissioner, SIR HERBERT SAMUEL,
12th April, 1923.
I was In daily touch with Sir Henry McMahon
throughout the negotiations with King Hussein,
and made the preliminary drafts of all the
letters. I can bear out the statement that it
was never the Intention that Palestine should
be included in the general pledge given to the
Sherif, The introductory words of Sir Henry's
letter was thought at the time, perhaps errone-
ously, clearly to cover the point. It was, I
think, obvious that the peculiar interests
involved in Palestine precluded any deflnite
pledges in regard to its future at so early a
stage.
Quoted by Lord Samuel, House of Lords,
2(>th July, 1937 (H.L. Official Report, July
20, 1937, col. 629).
LORD CHANCELLOR
"He [the Lord Chancellor] holds that the
correspondence as a whole and particularly
the reservation in respect of French interests
in Sir Henry McMahon's letter of the 24th
October, 1915, not only did exclude Palestine,
but should have been understood to do so,
having in view the unique position of
Palestine."
Statement by Lord Chancellor, March
16th, 1939, Cmd. 5974, p. 46.
Chaim Weizmann
Tribute
IN HONOUR OF HIS SEVENTIETH
BIRTHDAY
Edited by P^ul Goodman
with Foreword by the Rt. Hon.
The Earl Lloyd-George, Ü.M.
and Preface by
The Rt. Hon. L. S. Amery, P.C., M.P.
318 Pages. 8 Illustrations. 10/6d.
Published by Messrs. Victor GoUanczLtd.
Obtainatole at all book-shops, and from
the Zionist Federation, 75, Great Russell
Street, London, W.C.l.
ZIONIST REVIEW^October 26, 1945
THE NUREMBERG TRIAL
5,700,000 JEWS WERE DONE TO DEATH
United Nations' Indictment
PERS£CUTION on political, racial and reli-
gious grounds is one of the charges made
against the 24 leading Nazis to be tried before
the International Military Tribunal set up
jointly by the American, French, British and
U.S.S.B. Govenunents. The indictment was
presented to the flrst Session of the tribunal,
which opened in Berlin on 18th October. The
anti-Jewish crimes are outlined in a sub-section
of a chapter of the indictment dealing with
"Crimes against Humanity" with which all the
accused, exoepting Krupp von Bohlen, the
former Minister Hjalmar Schacht, and Admirals
Baeder and Doenitz, are charged individually.
The indictment of Julius Streicher refers
specifically to "incitement to the persecution of
the Jews," and anti-Jewish measures are
mentioned also in the individual indictments
of the former Nazi youth leader, Baidur von
Schirach, and Hans Fritzsche, head of the Nazi
press and radio Services. The indictment
makes it clear that the accused will be held
responsible also for crimes committed against
German Jewry before the outbreak of the war.
Land for the Homeless
J.N.F. PLANS
Out of a total of 340,000 dunams of land
which the Jewisli National Fimd has acquired
sinco tiie iniposition of the land restrictions
regulations in 1940, 250,000 dunams were pur-
chased from Arabs and 70,000 dunams from
Jewish ownerfjhip which threatcned to fall into
non-,Jcwish possession, whilc 65,000 dunams
were acquired from Jcwish hands for housing
GV for the completion of viUaffc area«. The
above flgures were quoted by Dr. A. Granovsky
at a press Conference held in Tel-Aviv on the
eve of his departure for America.
Dr. Granovsky dwelt on the imperative
necessity to repcal the White Paper and
described preliminary steps taken to associate
private capital with the Jewish National Fund
work of land redemption, under which any one
contributing a sum of £250 recelved a leasehold
right for two dunams for a small farm house-
hold ncar a town. Ho stated that 1,400 such
shares had already been sold in Great Britain,
yielding a sum of £350,000. A new proposal
was that a contributor would receive a site
near a town on which he would undertake to
build a house. Dr. Granovsky expressed the
hope that these schemes would evoke populär
response among British and American Jewries.
He stated that the budgetary estimates of the
Jewish National Fund for the Jewish calendar
year 5706 was £7,500,000. Referring to the
Arab UMMA Land Fund, Dr. Granovsky
declared that it had hitherto collected £80,000
and had bought 5,000 dunams of land. He
alleged that the Fund used methods of intimi-
dation and ooercion and that there had been
cases of murder of Arabs who participated in
land transactions with Jews.
Increased Income
BRITISH FUND
The income of the Jewish National Fund
for Great Britain and Ireland for the past
flnancial year, reached the record sum of
approximately £220,000. Although not all par-
ticulars are yet available, the so-called
"ordinary" income of the Fund shows a tre-
mendous rise. Income from boxes has in-
creased to £18,568 as against £15,654 in the
previous year, and the average yield per box
in London has risen from 13/7d. to 16/2d.
"Jews were systematically persecuted since
1933," the indictment points out. "They were
deprived of their liberty, thrown into concen-
tration camps where they were murdered and
ill-treated. Their property was conflscated.
Hundreds of thousands of Jews were so treated
before the Ist September, 1939." After that
date, the indictment states, the persecution of
the Jews was doubied and millions of Jews
from Germany and from the occupied westem
countries were sent to the Fast for extermina^
tion.
November, 1938
The indictment speaks of the anti-Jewish
demonstrations staged in November, 1938, all
over Germany by orders of the Chief of the
Gestapo, when Jewish property was destroyed,
30,000 Jews were arrested and sent to concen-
tration camps and their property conflscated.
It points out that among the victims of murder
and iU-treatment of civilian populations in
occupied territories— offences specifled under
the chapter "War Crimes" — there have been
millions of Jews,
Instances of mass shootings of Jews are also
given in the indictment, including the shooting
of 6,300 Jews in an anti-tank ditch at
Mineraliye Vodi, of 60,000 Jews on an Island
in the Dvina, near Riga, of 20,000 at Lutsk,
3?,000 at Samy, anfl 60,000 at Kiev and
D nie propetro vsk.
"Thousands of Jews v/ere gassed weekly by
means of gas-wagons which broke down from
overwork," the indictment says. It further
mentions that "as the Germans retreated before
the Soviet Army they externiinated Jews rather
than allow them to be liberated. Many con-
centration camps and ghettos were set up in
which Jews were incarcerated and tortured,
starved, subjected to merciless atrocities, and
finally exterminated."
Reviewing crimes perpetrated in various
occupied countries in westem and eastern
Europe, the indictment mentions the round-ups
and dcportation of Jews from France, the mass
extermination in Madjanek and Auschwitz, and
the Wholesale murder perpetrated in the Lwow
and other ghettos. 31,000 Jews, including
13,000 brought from Hungary, were shot in the
Kamenetz-Podolsk region.
Persecution of Jews as State Policy
Outlining the conspiracy for acqulring
totalitarian control of Germany, the Indictment
says that "implementing their 'master-race'
policy, the conspirators joined in a progranmie
of relentiess persecution of the Jews, designed
to exterminate them. Annihilation of the Jews
l)ecame an offlciai state policy, carried out both
by official action and by incitements to mob
and individual violence. The conspirators
openly avowed their purpose. For example,
the defendant Bosenberg stated: 'Anti-Semitism
is the unifying dement of the reconstructlon
of Germany.' On another occasion he also
stated: 'Germany will regard the Jewish ques-
tion as solved only after the very last Jew
has left the greater Grerman living space. . . .
Europe will have its Jewish question solved
only after the very last Jew has left the
Continent.' The defendant Ley said: IVe swear
we are not going to abandon the struggle until
the last Jew in £urope has been exterminated
and is actually dead. It is not enough to
isolate the Jewish enemy of mankind — ^the Jew
has got to be exterminated.' On another occar
sion he also declared: 'The second German
secret weapon is anti-Semitism because if it is
consistenly pursued by Germany, 'it will be-
come a universal problem which all nations
will be forced to consider.' The defendant
Streicher declared: 'The sun will not shine on
the nations of the earth until the last Jew is
dead.'
"These avowals and incitements," the indict-
ment points out, "were typical of the declara-
tions of the Nazi conspirators throughout the
course of their conspiracy. The programme of
action against the Jews included disfranchise-
ment, stigmatization, denial of civil rights,
subjecting their persons and property to
violence, deportation, enslavement, enforced
labour, starvation, murder and mass exter-
mination. The extent to which the conspirators
succeeded in their purpose can only be esti-
mated, but the annihilation was substantially
complete in many localities of Europe. Of the
9,600,000 Jews who lived in the part of
Europe under Nazi domination, it is conserva-
tively estimated that 5,700,000 have disappeared,
most of them deliberately put to death by the
Nazi conspirators. Only remnants of the
Jewish Population of Europe remain."
The Grimmest Winter . . .
You can help to make it less grim for your brethren in Europe by
sending warm underwear, overcoats, dresses, suits, gloves, boots and
shoes to any of the organisations taking part in the Joint Clothing
Campaign.
CENTRAL DEPOTS AT:
Association of Jewish
Refugees,
1 Broadhurst Gardens,
London, N.W.6.
Chief Babbi's Beligious
Fmergency Council,
86 Amhurst Park,
London, N.16.
Federation of Jewish
Relief Organisations,
33 Soho Square,
London, W.l.
ALL GOODS SENT SHOULD BE CLEAN AND IN WEARABLE (KONDITION
JEWISH COMMITTEE FOR RELIEF ABROAD, JOINT CLOTHING CAMPAIGN.
Zionist Review, April 7, 1944
d
In Every Generation
Thts/story front the pen of the famotis German-
femsh toriter is taken front Leo Schtvm-tz's An-
thology of Jetvish Literature.
DABEI ABRAHAM sat in the large dining-
^ room of hls house surrounded by relationa,
diaciples, and many other gueats, to celebrate
the great feast of Passover Eve. Everything
in the room sparkled with an unusual brllliance.
Over the table spread the gaily embroidered
8llk cloth, whose gold frlnges touched the floor;
the small platea with the symbollo food ehone
in a oomfortable home-like way, as did the tall
wine goblets, adorned with emboased imagea
of eacred legende. The men aat In their black
cloaka and black broad-brimmed hats, with
white collara. The women, in wonderful glltter-
ing garmenta of Lombard stuffa, wore on their
heada and necka Ornaments of gold and pearla,
while the ailver Sabbath lamp poured forth its
pleasant light on the amiling facea of parents
and children, happy in their piety. On the
purple velvet cuahions of a chair, higher than
the othera, and reclining as the Law enjoins,
sat Rabbi Abraham, and read and chanted the
Haggada, while the mixed assembly joined with
him, or answered at the appointed places. The
rabbi, too, wore the prescribed black festival
garment, his nobly-formed but somewhat severe
featurea had a milder expreasion than usual,
hls lipa smiled out of the dark brown beard as
though they wished to teil pleasant things,
while hia eyes seemed to be flUed with happy
remembrance and anticipation. Beautiful Sara,
who sat on a raised chair with a velvet cushion
beaide her husband, wore, as hostesa, none of
her ornamental only white linen enveloped her
Blender form and gentle face. Her face was
touchingly beautiful, even as all Jewiah beauty
is of a peculiarly moving kind; for the con-
sciouaness of the deep wretchedness, the bitter
scorn, and the unhappy circumstances amid
which her kindred and frienda dwelt, give to
their lovely featurea a depth of sorrow and an
ever-watchful apprehension of love that Invari-
ably bewltches our hearta. So on this evening
sat the lovely Sara, looking into the eyea of
her husband, yet glancing now and then at the
beautiful parchment edition of the Haggada
which lay before her, bound in gold and velvet.
It was an old heirloom, with aged wine staina
on it, which had come down from the days of
her grandfather. In it were many boldly and
brightly-coloured pictures, which she had often,
as a llttle girl, looked at so eagerly on
Paasover evenlngs, and which represented all
kinds of Biblical stories; — how Abraham with
a hammer smashed the Idols of his father;
how the angels came to visit him; how Moses
ßlew the Egyptians; how Pharoah sat in state
on his throne; how the frogs gave him no
peace even at table; how he — the Lord be
praised! — was drowned while the children of
Israel walked cautiously through the Red Sea;
how they stood open-mouthed before Mount
Sinai with their sheep, cows, and oxen; how
pious King David played the harp; and, flnally,
how Jerusalem, with Its towers and minarets,
ahone in the splendour of the setting sun.
THB «eoond wine-oup had been fllled, the facea
and voices of the guests grew merrier, and
tha rabbi, as he took a cake of unleavened
bread and raise it, and with a happy greeting
read the foUowlng words from the Haggada:
"Behold! This is the food which our fathers ate
in B&ypt' ^^ everyone who is hungry come
ond eat! Let everyone who is sorrowful come
and share the joys of our Passover! In this
year wo oelebrete it here, but next year in the
land of Israel. This year we celebrate it in
aervitude, but next year as free men! "
Then the hall door opened, and there entered
two tall, pale men, wrapped in very broad
cloaks. "Peace be with yoii," said one of them.
"We are fellow-Jews on a journey, and would
like to keep Passover with you! " And the
rabbi replied promptly and kindly: "Peace be
with you. Sit down near me! " The two
strangers sat down at the table, and the rabbi
by
Heinrich Heine
continued to read. While the Company repeated
the responses he often whispered an endearing
word to his wife. Playing on the old saying
that on this evening a father of a Jewish
family regards himself as a king, he said to
her, "Rejoice, O my Queen! " But she replied,
smiling sadly, "The Prince is missing," mean-
ing by that a son, who, as a passage in the
Haggada requires, shall ask his father, with a
flxed formula of words, the meaning of the
festival. The rabbi said nothing, but only
pointed with hia finger to a picture on the
opened pages of the Haggada. It was quaintly
and touchingly drawn, showing hov/ the three
angels came to Abraham to announce that he
would have a son by his wife Sara, who, mean-
while, urged by feminine curiosity, is listening
slyly to it all behind the door of the tent. This
little sign brought a crimson blush to the
cheeks of the beautiful woman. She looked
down, and then glanced lovingly at her
husband, who was now chanting the wonderful
story how Rabbi Joshua, Rabbi Eliczer, Rabbi
Azaria, Rabbi Akiba, and Rabbi Tarphon sat
reclining in Bne Brak, and conversed all night
long of the Exodus from Egypt tili their
disciples came to teil them it was daylight, and
that the morning prayer was being read in the
synagogue.
As the beautiful Sara, with devotion in her
eyes, listened to her husband, she saw his face
suddenly assume an agonized expression, his
cheeks and Ups grow deadly pale, and his eyes
gleam with a cold stare as though they had
turned to ice. Almost at the same moment,
however, he became as calni and cheerful as
before, his cheeks and lips grew red again, his
eyes sparkled with cheer, and it seemed as if a
mad merry mood, stränge to his nature, had
seized him. Sara was frightened as she had
never been in all her life and a cold shudder
came over her, less because of the momentary
signs of blank despair which she had seen in
her husband's face than because of the subse-
quent joyousness which now changed to
rollicking merriment. The rabbi cocked his
skull cap comically from ear to ear, then pulled
and twisted his beard clownishly, sang the
Haggada texts like tavern ditties. In the
enumeration of the Egyptian plagues, where it
is customary to dip the forefinger in the füll
wine goblets to cast the drops of wine to the
floor, he sprinkled the young girls near him with
the red wine and there was great wailing over
spoiled collars, and ringing laughter. Sara be-
came more and more mystifled at the convulsive
but apparently forced merriment of her hus-
band, and seized with nameless fears, she
stared at the buzzing swarm of gaily glittering
guests who comfortably spread and rocked
themselves back and forth nibbling the crisp
Passover cakes, drinking wine, gossiping, or
singing aloud, füll of joy and merriment.
Then came the time for supper. Everyone
i'ose to wash his hands. Sara brought in a
large silver basin, richly adorned with embossed
gold flgure.s, and held it before each of tha
guests, while water was poured over his hands.
While she held it before the rabbi, he gave her
a significant look, and quietly slipped out of the
door. Sara followed him. He seized her band,
and in the greatest haste hurried her through
the dark lanes.of Bacharach, out of the clty
gate to the highway which leada along th«
Rhino to Bingen.
IT was one of those calm and starry nighti in
spring which inspire the soul with uncanny
feelings. There was something of the churoh-
yard in the flowers, the birds sang peevishiy
and as if vexing themselves, the moon cast
spiteful yellow stripes of light over the dark
stream as it flowed and murmured ita muaio;
the lofty massos of the Rhino cllffa looked
dimly like quivering giants' heada. The watch-
man on the tower of Castle Strableck blew A
melancholy tune, and with it rang In jarring
rivalry the funeial bell of Saint Wemer*«
church. Sara carried the silver ewer in her
right band, while the rabbi graaped her left.
She could feel his ice-cold flngers and th«
trembling of his arm, but still she accompanied
him in silence, perhaps because she was accus-
tomed to obey blindly and unqueationlngly;
perhaps, too, because her lips were mute with
fear and anxiety.
Below the Sonneck Castle, opposite Lorch,
about the place where the hamlet of Lower
Rheinbach now Stands, there rises a oliff which
arches out over the Rhine bank. The rabbi
ascended It with hia wife, peered around on
every side, and gazed at the stars. Trembling
and shivering, as with the pain of death, Sara
looked at his pale face, which seemed spectre-
like in the moon-rays, and seemed to expreas by
ttirns, pain, terror, piety, and rage. But when
the. rabbi suddenly snatched from her hands
the silver ewer and threw it far away into the
Rhine, she could no longer endure the agony
of uncertainty, and crying out "Shaddail Be
merciful! " threw herseif at hia feet, and
begged him to solve the dark enigma.
U NABLE at flrst to speak from exoitement,
the rabbi moved his lips without utterlng
a sound. At last he cried, "Do you see the
Angel of Death? There below he hovers over
Bacharach. But we have escaped bis sword.
Praised be God! " And in a voice still trembling
with excitement he told her that while he was
happily singing the Haggada he glanced by
Chance under the table, and saw at his feet the
bloody corpse of a little child. "Then I noticed,"
continued the rabbi, "that our two guests were
not of the Community of Israel, but of the con-
gregation of the godlesa, who had plotted to
bring that corpse craftily into the house so as
to accuse us of child-murder, and stir up ths
people to plunder and murder us. Had I glven
the merest sign that I saw through that flendish
plot, I should simply have hastened our destruc-
tion; only by craft did I preserve our lives.
Praised be God! Do not fear, my lovely Sara.
Our relations and frienda will also be saved. It
was only my blood for which they thirsted. I
have escaped them, and they will be satisfled
with my silver and gold. Come with me, Sara,
to another land. We will leave our evll fortune
behind us, and that it may not follow us I have
thrown to it the silver ewer, the last of my
possessions, as an offering. The God of our
fathers will not forsake ua! "
:\
ii
10
Zionist Review, April 7, 1944
Labour Party's Support for Jewish Homeland
(Conference continued from Page 4)
possible to oonceive that anyone, especially the
Jews in the free countries, could withhold the
assistance which might still save some human
lives. Hundreds and thousanda of people could
still be rescued and it was their responsibility to
awake the Jewish Community of this country
to the moral and humane duty which rested
upon it.
Dr. I. Schwartzbart
Dr. I. Schwarzbart appealed to the Jewish
Community and especially to the Zionist Move-
ment to end its static approach to this ques-
tion and to realise that their only answer to
the repeated calls for help. could only be
speedy and urgent action.
An emergency resolution in the foUowing
terms was unanimously adopted: "The Con-
ference calls upon the Jewish Community of
this country and indeed of all free countries, to
follow the lead of Palestine Jewry and adopt
appropriate urgent steps and to take part in
the sacrifices necessary to make use of all
possibilities still open for the work of rescue.'
Mr. Berl Locker
Berl Locker, winding up the political debate,
, assured the delegates that everything would be
done by the Executive of the Party to see that
th Zionist Movement of this country should
face up to its responsibilities in the rescue of
Jews from Nazi Europe.
Those who demanded urgent action on behalf
of the work of rescue, heard from time to
time that Palestine came first. To those people he
would say that their paramount duty was to save
Jews from extermination. There was no higher duty
which a Jew had to fulfil at the present time ; this
was the view of the Yishuv in Palestine which he
fully shared.
As to the bi-national State, it was a wonderful
formula, but it had one disadvantage : it was un-
workable, Mr. Locker declared. Referring to Jew-
ish-Arab relations, hc said that the Tel Aviv munici-
pality did not consist entirely of Labour people,
they had tried to make the Arabs there feel at
home. They had wanted to give them better
health Services, better education; they had tried to
make them equal Citizens with every other Citizen
in Tel Aviv. But who had said no? The Pales-
tine Government ? Why ? Because they worried a
lot about the unity of the Arab educational Sys-
tem. " We want in Erez Israel to be free to decide
our fate, and first of all, free to take in every Jew
who looks for a home whether he needs it or
whether he wants it. Anyone who is against that
is against füll Zionism," Mr. Locker declared.
Commenting on the terrorist acts in Palestine, he
pointed out that all responsible organs and in-
stitutions of the Yishuv had been unanimous in
condemnation of these acts. "We must join our
voice with those in the Yishuv in condemning
the lunatic terrorists who are dishonouring and
besmirching our righteous cause," he said.
He then ref erred to the f act that the Jews are
not represented on U.N.R.R.A., the Inter-Govern-
mental Committiee for Refugees and on other
bodies, which dealt with problems which affect the
vital interests of the Jewish people.
Messages
At the beginning of the proceedings Mr. N.
Jackson read a number of messages. Among
them, were greetings from J. S. Middleton,
Secretary of the British Labour Party, Prof.
H. J. Laski, Lord Strabolgi, Mr. P, C. Watkins,
Passover Thoughts ^shabtai rowson
This is the bread of affliction which our fore-
fathers ate in the land of Egypt. Let all who
are hungry come arid eat; let all zvho are in need
come and partake of our Passover. Haggada.
BEFORE the war I had believed that of all
our holy days Passover was the most Inti-
mate, the most Jewish. For it symbolises our
very existence as a nation more than any
other event commemorated in our calendar.
There was some justiflcation for this belief.
The whole ceremonial the family gatherings,
the intense national sentiment that permeated
every line of the prayers, particularly of the
Seder, all emphasise the festival's Jewishness
and the whole affair is symbolic of the sacri-
fices demanded by life of every Jew and Jewess.
When we read even before the war that this
is the bread of affliction which our forefathers
ate in the land of Egypt, we could feel that we
were eating it also, and that future generations
when reading this self-same prayer would think
back on our generation as that which ate the
bread of affliction in this modern land of Egypt,
and sing Hallel for the new national deliverance
vouchsafed our people. For Passover unites all
Jews of every generation, past, present, and
future in that great association which we call
Jewry.
But I have found that through the war
Passover has not only a Jewish-National but a
universal character. Pessach spells freedom,
and freedom cannot exist on earth unless and
until all men are free. Pessach is freedom.
Our forefathers ate the bread of affliction, but
we invite all men who are hungry to join with
US and partake of our freedom. But what
means this freedom? There are two kinds of
freedom, of the individual man and of the indi-
vidual nation. While it is true that nations
can be free and their individuals enslaved, the
reverse is impossible. An individual can only
enjoy real freedom if the nation to which he
belongs and which regards him as its son is
really free. Mankind, the universe, will only
be free when all nations as well as all Indi-
viduais are free, free from want, free from
persecution, free to express their innate indi-
viduality and qualitles as they will, free to live
their own lives without any restrictions save
those as are imposed by the proper recognition
of the right of other individuals to the same
freedom. That is what we are all fighting for
now. That is what Jews have stood for, have
fought and suffered for since those miserable
days of every generation when our forefathers
ate of the bread of affliction in the land of
bondage. . . .
Many people, both in and out of the armed
forces, will once again be unable to celebrate
the festival in all its traditional glory. But all
can celebrate in their hearts and minds. All
can remember past Seder nights around the
family table, and in so doing all can realise
that it is not only the Jews who are enslaved
to the modern Pharoah. It is not only to them
that Passover brings its message of hope and
certairi deliverance. We here and all our com-
rades of our own and our Allies' forces — aye
and the enemy's as well — are just as much
enslaved to his fanatical madness as all the
wretched inhabitants of the German Reich.
The whole world is waiting for the retribution
that will surely come. We Jews do not stand
alone, lonely and forsaken though we may feel.
We are not the only ones for whom there will
be no festival this spring.
Freedom is not deserved or won by suffering.
It is not deserved by individuals or nations
which Sit and wait for it to come, and are pre-
pared to go on sitting and waiting however
long it tarries. It must be fought for
M.P., Mr. R. Sorensen, M.P., Mr. John Parker,
M.P., Mr. Ben Riley, M.P., Mr. H. Beaumont,
M.P., Mr. A. J. Dobbs former chairman of the
Labour Party, Mr. Geo. Dallas, chairman
of the Labour Party International Sub-
Committee, from M. Camille Huysmans, Pros.
of the Labour and Socialist International, from
J. N. Albarda, Socialist member of the Dutch
Government, and Paolo Treves of the Italian
Socialist Party.
Mr. J. S. Middleton wrote in the course of his
message:
"May I take this, my last opportünity, of send-
ing you offlcial greetings on behalf of the party
and good wishes for a successful Conference.
To-day our people in the Party stand with you
in your Claim for a Jewish Homeland in Pales-
tine, as many of us did when the Balfour
Declaration was first enunciated. It may be—
I trust it will be so— that the Party can do
much to shape events favourably for the
achievement of your long cherished vision. In
any case you and your comrades in Poale Zion
have a great task to undertake, and whenever
it may be necessary I have no doubt you will
find a ready response from your friends in the
Labour Party. Personally, I shall always be
glad to recall the many flne friendshipa I have
made among your Community and, wherever
my future may lie, I shall value their con-
fldence and trust that I may always be con-
sidered a friend of the Zionist cause."
Prof Harold J. Laski wrote: "May I send
your Conference my warm good wishes for its
future work. On no other Clement does it
seem to me that the future welfare of Jews
depends. And no other Organisation in the
Jewish people seems to me so fully to have
realised that great ideal which the prophet Arnos
urged upon our predecessors."
Lord Strabolgi wrote: "The Labour Party in
Britain is fortunately sound with regard to our
policy in Palestine, and it is to be hoped that
pressure will be brought to bear through the
party on the Labour Ministers in the War
Cabinet to see that the dishonourable policy of
the White Paper is reversed and that we do
not compromise with Faselst anti-Semites in
Africa or Asia Minor."
Besolutions
"Following the victorles of the United
Nations, Jewish Labour in common with the
Socialist Movement throughout the world, will
strive for the realisation of an Order of justice
and human decency^an Order of economic,
social and political democracy, and of equal
rights and freedom for all peoples," stated
a resolution adopted by the Conference.
The demands raised in the Biltmore Pro-
gramme were embodied in the resolution
which urged the complete abrogation of
the White Paper, recalling that from the very
beginning the British Labour Movement has
vigorously protested against the provisions of
the White Paper as a "set-back to the pro-
pressive forces among both Arabs and Jews".
The Conference sent a message of solidarity to
the Yishuv, praising its achievements in the
economic, social and political fleld and its self-
restraint in the face of provocatlon. It ex-
pressed abhorrence and condemnation of the
recent acts of terrorism and demanded vigorous
action to stop the dangerous activity of U've-
ponsible Clements. Further resolutions appeal
to the United Nations to hasten the rescue of
the Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe, demand the
establishment of a Jewish Fighting Force to
participate in the liberation of Europe and urge
füll consideration of the special needs of the
Jewish Population in post-war relief and recon-
struction. The Conference sent a message of
respect and aflfection to Mr. J. S. Middleton on
his impending retirement from the secretary
ship of the British Labour Party.
The Reader's Point of View
Zionist Review, April 7, 1944
11
TEL-AVIV
STT? "^^ *^® Editor, "Zionist Review".
iK,--Mr. S. Halpern had good intentions
when he stated in his letter of the 24th
March that the town Tel-Aviv took its name
irpm the flrst Jewish Settlement in the
^laspora of Babylon. He contradicts Mr.
Kowson's remarks with such authority that
leaders might accept this romantic hypothesis
unquestionably.
History teils another story. The sixty fami-
nes who founded the Jewish suburb on the
outskirts of Jaffa ealled it to start with
Achoozat Bait (Homestead). Later on the in-
nabitants wanted to hanour Herzl's memory
by calling thoir suburb Herzlia. However, as
Uie flrst Hebrew High School was ealled
Herzlia Gymnasia the Community decided that
for the sake of distinguishing between the
school and the suburb it would serve best to
call it after Herzl's famous book "Tel-Aviv".
M. S. BEN GIL,
A son of one of the founders of Tel-Aviv.
13 Quex Read, West Hampstead, N.W.6.
BESCUE WORK
To the Editor, "Zionist Review".
CIR, — Please allow me to correct the reply of
^ Mr. Richtiger to my letter regarding the
Fund for the Rescue of Jews from Europe. I
did not say that there is no such Fund, and it
did not matter that neither I nor a member
of the Executive of the Zionist Federation to
whom I referred in my letter, did not know
the address to which monoy can be sent. But
it is significant as a proof of how little the
Jewish public knows about the Fund, and he-
cause of insufRcient Propaganda and Publicity,
and owing to the confinement of the Fund
Committee and its Publicity to workers groups,
it collected only £6,000, instead of maybe
£100,000. What I intended by my letter was to
draw attention to this Fund in connection with
the specch of Mr. Shertok, and to suggest to
the Committee of the Fund to enlarge its-
activity by making tho rescue work the busi-
ness of cvcry Jew in this country, irrespective
of party alle}?;iancc or social position. If this
exchango of IcLtors in your valuable paper will
result in a bigger sum of money for the Rescue
Fund, then tlio piirpose for which my letter was
writton will bo acl^cvod. LEON MERKIN.
62, Arthur Court, Queensway, W.2.
Mrs. Churchill receives represeiilatives of the Jewish Fund for Soviet Russia
(Women's Division), among them Mrs. Rebecca D. Sieff and Mrs. Benzion Halper.
WITHIN THE MOVEMENT
The Exhibition depicting Jewish Palestine's
war effort, which was held at Boots' chemist
Shop, Piccadilly Circus, aroused great
great interest. Thousands of people visited the
Exhibition, which will shortly be shown at
Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Birmingham,
Glasgow and Edinburgh.
A Public Meeting was hcld under the auspices
of the Gerrards Gross & District Zionist Society
at the Bull Hotel, Gerrards Gross. Prof. Samson
Wright addressed a numerous and interested au-
dience on "British Jewry's part in post-war recon-
struction." Mr. S. S. Perry presided. A resolution
was passed supporting the creation of a Jewish
Commonwealth in Palestine to be integrated into
the British Commonwealth of Nations.
A public meeting was held under the auspices
of the Amersham Women's Zionist Society and
the South Bucks Zionist Society. Mr. L. Sehen,
a Director of the United Palestine Appeal,
spoke on "Palestine to-day". In the course
of his remarks the Speaker said the Yishuv
consisted of the best Clements of cur people,
whose one aim was to build up a National
Home for the Jewish people. After questions
were answered, the meeting closed with a
vote of thanks by the Chairman, Mr. J. Toeman,
to the Speaker.
In Order to co-ordinate all F.W.Z. acti-
vities in ^^^ Birmingham area, it was
decided during Mrs. Kissman's vlsit to set
up a Midland Regional Council. At a
meeting held recently at the Birming-
ham Jewish Centre, the idea was fuUy dis-
cussed, and the Committee of the Council
elected. President, Mrs. S. A. Cohen; Chair-
man, Mrs. Frank Gould; Honorary Secretary,
Miss Eva Joseph, 7 Hampton Court, George
Road, Birmingham, 15; Publicity, Mrs. R.
Ackerman and Mrs. J. Pinner. The Council
will include representatives from Coventry,
Worcester, Cheltenham and all four Birming-
ham women's Societies. It has also been
agreed that the women members of the mixed
Z.F. Society in Birmingham will be represented
on the Council. The activities of the Council
will be inaugurated on May 3rd, when Lady
Reading will address a mass meeting
of women. The idea of the Regional
Council is a new one in the work of the
Federation of Women Zionists, but there is
no doubt that it is going to prove a great
Stimulus, promoting closer cx)nnections be-
tween the smaller local groups and the centre
of the regions, where longer-established socie-
ties can give them the beneflt of their
knowledge and experience.
The Federation of Zionist Youth invite all
their London Societies, Associate Members and
Forces friends to join them in a Third Seder
to be held at 57 Eton Avenue, Swiss Cottage,
on Wednesday, April 12th, at 6.45 p.m.
(Continued overleaf)
Private enterprise in Palestine
RECEPTION FOR DR. SCHMORAK
A reception for Dr. Emil Schmorak, head of
the Jewish Agency Department for Trade and
Industry, was given under the auspices of the
Palestine Investment Company Limited. Mr.
J. Ross presided. Dr. Israel Feldman said that
the Jews did not wait for the blessings of
economists when they turned to build their
home in Palestine, and yet it turned out to be
a great success even from this point of view.
British business, which is renowned for sound-
ness, has found it profitable to invest in Pales-
tine.
Dr. Schmorak gave an account of the strik-
ing progress of Palestine industry before and
since the war, and emphasised that there is
no danger of Inflation in Palestine because
every pound deposited in Palestine has been
re-deposited in Great Britain, and thus the
value of Palestine currency is the same as the
value of English currency. At the same time,
these deposits — eighty million pounds from a
small country— are a great contribution to the
war effort. Prices went up only because of
lack of supplies, but as soon as these are avail-
able prices will c'ertainly be levelled out with
the rest of the Sterling area. The Zionist funds
are of the utmost importance but at the same
time one must remember that out of the 120
million pounds already invested in Palestine
there is only twenty million of national capital
and hundred million in private Investments.
We shall need much more of these private In-
vestments which must now come from the
English-speaking world.
A vote of thanks to the Speaker was pro-
posed by Alderman Frederick Lawrence, J.P.
Mr. M. Abrahami, in seconding the vote of
thanks, said that plans for new Investments in
Palestine amounting to five million pounds are
being prepared. He himself knew of over a
thousand individuals who have acquired sub-
stantial interests in Palestine and will exten-
sively develop them after the war. An
Anglo-Palestinian Year Book is to be pub-
lished shortly.
THE DANGER SIGNAL
(From Page 7)
tion. It has to be put on a new basis and ex-
panded. Whatever we want can be done subject
to later ratification by the Congress. It is an
hour of national emergency. Everyone has to
rally. It is our flrst task therefore to utilise
those mighty though perhaps untried forces.
A new policy has to be shaped, new methods
to be employed. We have to devise for the flrst
time a Jewish inner policy, and, thus, end tha
strife in our own ranks; it must be a policy of
tolerance and understanding. We have to
organise the people not merly as a Zionist Or-
ganisation but as a real people which embraces
the most different and divergent opinions. Ws
have to imbue this people with a new concep-
tion of Judaism which should permeate our
whole existence. We should turn to the real
values of life and lead the world in the flght
against that materialism which caused the
downfall of Europe and endangers our own
existence and the future of mankind. W«
should proclalm the attitude of Judaism to-
wards the great problems of our time and onco
again show ourselves the worthy descendants
of the Prophets. Other peoples may build on
eunning and brüte force. Our force is the
spirit, and only through spiritual regeneration
can we regain the strength to take our place
among the nations of the world. That we
forgot this, that we tried to re-build our land
without renouncing the fleshpots of Egypt,
is the real cause of our political disaster.
We have lost more than a battle; we have
lost a campaign. There is no time for re-
crimination or despair. We need leadership,
courage and determination. The danger Signal
has been given. It is time to act.
4fZ li%^
Fi^mi Koai^^ C^uccTio «(
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Letter of Arthur Kloeetler* Vew Statesman cuid
iration, Aug. 16, 1947
Promiee and ;ulfilaent.p.59
Letter to a parent of a äritieh Soldier in|
Palestine^
*Try to put youreelf in the place of a jew
of your own age on the Jetty of Haifa, 8houting[
and waving to a relatire - your son for
inetance * on the deck of one of thoee ehips.
He ifl not pexmitted to land; the ehip lifte
anchor tp take its ddomed hyeterical load back
to where it oame from» The figure of your hoy
growB emaller; a few yeare later you hear that
he wae gaesed in Oswieczin* If , inetead of
Smith, your name were Schmutoitz, it mlght havel
happened to you, Something on the eame linee
happened, aapng othere, to a man whom I met
in Palestine two yeare ago; he told me that
hie mother and three hro here had been killed
*by Gexman eadiem and the british Whute Paper,
Hie name ie Hathan 7riedman*Tellin, and he ie
the head of the eo-oal ed 8tem-6ang«*
An Open Letter to Mr. Bevin
Doar Mr. Bevin,
I am writing tliis letter on belialf of tlie Palestine
Laboiir Movement, whom I liave the honour to
represent on the Executive of the Jewish Agency for
Palestine.
This may be an iinortbodox way of approaching a
Foreign Secretary. But the ideas you expressed on
the Jewish problem in the name of H.M. Government
and tlic» plans which arc based on them are now
public property. These ideas and plans, as tliey
stand today, are bound to create a crisis in the rela-
tions betvveen Great Britain and the Jewish people,
for whom, and not for whom alone, they are fraught
with grave danger. In tliese oircumstances we feel
justified, and indeed bound, to join issue with you
immediately.
In reply to a question in the House of (^ommons
after your Statement on November 13th you said :
"I will stake my political future on solving this
problem." We fully appreciate the sincerity and
courage of this pledge. All the more do we feel
obliged to challenge the very premises from which
you Start, in the hope that botli you and your
colleagues in the Labour Government are still open
to argument. We ask in advance for your forbear-
ance if we liave to use liard words. It is the fate
and future of our people which are at stake.
In the introductory paragraph of the Statement
you spoke of the "Jewish (Community," avoiding the
use of the term "Jewish people," and you described
the problem as having arisen as a result of Nazi
persecution. As tliough Hitler ha<l created the
Jewish problem, which is as old as the Jewish dis-
persion ! Are you really not aware that anti-Semitism
and persecution of the Jewish peo|)le have existed in
almost every country ever since the Jews becanie
homeless? That Hitler and bis satellites only used
anti-Semitism in its cruellest and most inhuman
forms as a means of fostering their own political
ends? Did not Hitler himself say : "Anti-Semitism
is my best weapon"?
Oblivious of all this, you reduce the Jewish
problem to one of accommodating the displaced Jews
of Europe, and you envisage Palestine merely as
"making a contribution" by receiving a proportion
of them. You utterly ignore the insecurity of the
Jewish })opulation in so many Arab and Moslem
countries, and you do this despite the pogroms in
Baghdad in 1941, in Cairo, Alexandria and elsewhere
in Egypt, and in Tripolitania just a fortnight or so
ago; despite the semi-slavery impose«! for generations
past upon the Jews of the Yemen; despite what
happened to the Jewish minority in Turkey during
the war. Turning to the Western world, you seem
to forget the precarious position of tlie Jews in a
country like the Argentinc, and the existence of
anti-Semitism eveii in democralic countries, not
excluding Great Britain and the United States. You
do not appear to expect any Jews outside Europe to
be in need of a honie at any future <lato.
With regard to the Euroj)ean survivors you
declare : "We cannot accept tho view iliat the Jews
siiould be driven out of Europe." But surely the
question is not whether the Jews should be driven
out of Europe but whether they should be allowed
to go to Palestine. As the spokesman of the Labour
Party Executive said at the Blackpool (Conference in
May this year :
"This Party has laid it down and repeated it so
rccently as last April . , . that this time, having regard
to the unspeakable horrors that have been perpetrated
upon the Jews of Germany and other occupied coun-
tries in Europe, it is morally wrong and politically
indefensible to impose obstacles to the entry into Pales-
tine now of any Jews who desire to go there . . . We
are sometimes told that not all Jews desire to go to
Palestine. Well, it is for them to make up their mind
as to whether or not they desire to go. What we have
declared at this stage, however, is that if they desire
to go to Palestine we should not stand in their way,
but, on the contrary, we should facilitate their going
by the .provision of various kinds of economic assist-
ance in various forms for the development of the
Land of Promise and Hope in a world which, for the
Jews, has been blackened to an extent which none
of US who are not Jews can begin to appreciate or to
understand."
The Labour Party Executive and the Blackpool
(Conference were not as optimistic as you if we are
to judge by your Statement to the press that Europe
would settle <lown to normality within a couple of
years. Nor are most of the Jews. They have not
forgotten what was their lot in the two decades
between Versailles and Mimicli, despite paper guar-
antees of equal rights and even of minority rights.
Why shoidd they believe that now, after the terrible
moral devastation spreatl by Hitler, things will be
different? Are the Jews not victims of hatred and
sporadic pogroms even now? Without casting doubt
on the good will of the new governments in Europe,
the fact remains that they are unable effectively to
stop tiiese outrages. What guarantee is there that
things will be different in the near future?
Still, it is certainly true that some Jews may prefcr
to stay in their countries of origin or to return to
them. Others may wish to go to countries other tlian
Palestine. Would it not be simplest (a) to make
known to all concerned their riglit to live again in
their old countries, (b) to open the doors of Pales-
tine, (c) to invite other countries to State what
numbers and what categories of Jewish imniigrants
they are prepared to admit, and then let the Jews
ciioose wliere they prefer to go? This would be the
only really free ciioice. Instead, you propose a
Gommittee of Inquiry to find out which of them
"wish or will be compelled by their conditions to
migrate to Palestine or other countries outside
Europe." What a waste of time, when time is so
vital in the face of these people's plight! Moreover,
what a mockery of freedom of choice, when the
people concerned know that the doors of Palestine
are virtually closed and other countries have recently
shown so little inclination to modify their immigra-
tion policy in favour of the Jews. Are we expected
to forget the abortive Conferences of Evian (1938),
Washington (1939), Bermuda (1943)? Or the meagre
result of the activities of the much publicised
"Tntcrgovernmental Comniittee for Refugees"?
The Palestine aspect of the Anglo-American Com-
mittee of Inqiiiry would be more welcome if it
meant a scientific inquiry into the possibilities of
economic development, with a view to the absorption
of a large immigration and the well-being of the
present population, both Jewish and Arab. But we
note with uneasiness that the 8ame body is to con-
duct the inquiries in Europe and in Palestine, and
its restrictive tendencies with regard to immigration
seem to be indicated by yoiir Statement that "Pales-
tine, while it may be able to make a coiitribution,
does not by itself provide sufficient opportunity for
grappling with the whole problem" even of displaced
Jews in Europe.
How do you know that, Mr. Bevin? And if yoii
know it, why inquire? Are you not prejudicing the
Undings of the Committee of Inquiry before it is
even appointed?
You include "political" conditions aniong tlie
objects of the proposed inquiry, but in your State-
ment to the Press you narrow the field by saying that
Arabs cannot be asked to take the whole bürden of
Jewish immigration. In your view Palestine is put
on a par with any other country as regards Jewish
immigrants, and the Arabs are its rightful masters
upon whom the Jewish immigrants are a bürden.
I ask you : Does not all this indicate that the
Committee of Inquiry is encouraged to find in
Europe a minimum number of Jews wanting or com-
pelled to go to Palestine, and to find in Palestine the
minimum possibilities of absorbing Jewish settlers?
Can we under such circumstances be expected to
have confidence in the outcome of the inquiry?
Furthermore. have you considered that even if the
Committee of Inquiry works with the utmost expedi-
tion, at least several months — comprising the winter
months — must elapse before it is able to report?
And that some time must elapse before H.M. Govern-
ment can formulate even their interim plans? What
is to bappen in the meantime to Jewish immigration?
Your Statement says that "H.M. Government
cannot divest themselves of their duties and responsi-
bilities under the Mandate while the Mandate
continues." Surely, then, the first duty of H.M.
Government is to abolish the White Paper of 1939,
which was rejected by the Permanent Mandates
Commission of the League of Nations as incompatible
with the Mandate and condemned by the whole of
the Labour Party at the time of its introduction as
a violation of the solemn pledges contained in the
Balfour Declaration and the Mandate.
Were we not justified in our expectation that a
Labour Government, whatever its ultimate long-term
policy, would as a first step do away with the ill-
famed White Paper and return to the real fulfilment
of the duties and responsibilities assumed in the
Mandate? But you do just the opposite. You
profess to implement the Mandate, which obliges
vou "to facilitate Jewish immigration," but you act
in accordance with the illegal White Paper in limit-
ing Jewish immigration to ihe miserable figure of
1,500 per month in accordance with recent practice,
and tliis only — again according to the White Paper —
after consultation with the Arabs.
Your answer to that is "dual Obligation". Wo
challenge your Statement that there is a "lack of
any clear definition of this dual Obligation" to the
Jews and Arabs respectively. The Royal Commission
on Palestine in 1937, after a painstaking enquiry,
clearly stated :
"Unquestionably, however, the primary purpose of
the Mandate, as expressed in its preatnble and its
articles, is to promote the establishment of the Jewish
National Home."
It is not lack of a definition that has caused all
the trouble in Palestine but— as repeatedly stated
by British Labour spokesmen in Parliament and
elsewhere— the failure of Government to discharge
its obligations under the Mandate, a failure whicli
culminated in the White Paper of May 1939.
Next to the stranglehold on immigration, tlie
main constrictive effect of the Wliite Paper
policy is found in the Land Regulations of
February, 1940, which restricted the right of Jews
to acquire land or landed property in any form
(including renting a room) to the towns and 5 per
cent of the countryside. Here is what Mr. Philii)
Noel-Baker said, as spokesman of the Labour Party
in the House of Commons, on March 6tli, 1940, ahout
these Land Regulations :
"They bring to the Jews of Palestine the evils of
dispersion which they chiefly hate— barred doors, legal
discrimination on raoial and religious grounds, and
permanent minority status. It was to escape those
things that the Jews dreamed for centuries of a
national home. It was to permit them to escape that
we made the mandate."
These words give in a nutsliell the effect of the W hite
Paper and its Land Regulations, and it was on tliis
score that the Labour Party moved a vote of censure
on the Government of the day.
Your Statement ignores the very existence of tliese
Land Regulations. The Jewish people in Palestine
patiently put up with this infringement of their civil
equality as long as the war lasted. Can it reasonably
be expected that they sliould acquiesce in it now that
the war is over?
Your policy now emerges clearly : instead of
securing for the Jewish people the free opportunity
of concentrating in Palestine those wlio cannot
remain where they are and thereby helping the Jew-
ish people to overcome its position of a permanent
minority everywhere, the Statement aims at persuad-
ing Jews to remain in European countries where they
have undergone sufferings unprecedented in history,
or to disperse them still further, thereby creating
new centres of potential anti-Semitisni.
Is this the exaggerated view-point of a Zionist
"extremist?" About parts of your argument you do
not seem to be quite so confident yourself. In your
talk with the Press, as reported in the News
Chronicle of November 14, after paying a tribute to
"a people with such genius" and expressing your
hope that "the Jews niight become the best con-
tributors to the reconstruction of Europe," you
begged the Jews to remember that there might be a
danger of an anti-Semitic reaction if they "tried to
get too much to the head of the queue." Isn't this
precisely the reproach levelled at the Jews whenever
they have become "the best contributors"? Can you,
Mr. Bevin, show us where to find the border-line
between being the best contributors and getting too
much to the head of the queue?
As to Jewish immigration into other countries,
"Scrutator" of the Siinday Times said on November
18tli in an article strongly supporting your policy :
"The Committee, if it is wise, may spread its net
v/idely; for experience suggests that in settling Jews
tT°"l^^"^^'^\*^^ ^^y *° ^^^i<J anti-Semitism is to
keep the proportion of Jews to local population always
below a certain percentage." aiwajra
You are not, of course, responsible for this Sug-
gestion. But it seenis to be the development of yoiir
thesis to its logical conclusion.
Is it, then, so Iiopelessly unreasonable on our part
to insist that the Solution of our problem is not to
be sought in further dispersion, but in Palestine as
a real national home where we can rebuild our
nation and arouse no suspicion of trying to get too
much to the liead of the queue?
True, you do not explicitly deny us a national
home. You only refuse us a national State which,
you say, neither the Government nor the Labour
Party have ever promised us. May we deal with
these points in turn?
Here is what Mr. Tom Williams said in the House
of Commons on May 22, 1939, in the debate on the
White Paper :
". . . It all depends on the kind of home one has
in mind. If one thinks in terms of the home
envisaged by Lord Balfour, obviously immigration
muat continue. If one thinks on the lines of the right
hon, Gentleman, the Member for Epping (Mr.
Churchill), of some 3,000,000 or 4,000,000 Jews making
their home there, immigration will have to go on for
a long time indeed. If one thinks in terms of a home
where a happy, free, and contented people are work-
ing out their destiny, that would be a king of a home;
but the White Paper seems to think in terms of a
ramshackle Council house — what has been described
as a territorial ghetto'— and which is not theirs to
occupy, but where they are to be, like a lodger, in a
Position to be turned out at any moment. If the
White Paper is correct, the same sort of reasonable
immigration could have stopped five or flfteen years
ago, and the same sort of justification could have
been given for it as has been given to-day."
What kind of a home have vom in mind, Mr.
Bevin? Would it be unfair to say that in your
Statement you are much nearer the conception of
Mr. Malcolm MacDonald than to that of Tom
Williams?
As far as the promise of a State is concerned, it is
technically true that the Balfour Declaration and
the Mandate did not contain such a promise. But
the Royal Commission on Palestine, having been
"permitted to examine the records which bear upon
the question," and after hearing the evidence of the
Prime Minister of the day, Mr. Lloyd George,
concluded :
"Thus His Majesty's Government evidently realised
that a Jewish State might in course of time be estab-
lished, but it was not in a position to say that this
would happen, still less to bring it about by its own
motion. The Zionist leaders, for their part, recognised
that an ultimate Jewish State was not precluded by
the terms of the Declaration, and so it was understood
elsewhere."
The report then goes on to quote the utterances
of General Smuts (1919), Lord Robert Cecil
(1919), Sir Herbert [now Lord] Samuel (1919),
and Mr. Churchill (1920), all of them members of
tlie W ar (^abinet at tlie time of the Balfour Declara-
tion, and of President Wilson (1919), who all
envisaged a Jewish State or Commonwealth emerging
in the course of time.
\\ hat about the Labour Party? They have dealt
with the twin problem of the Jewish people and of
Palestine at almost every Annual Conference. The
War Aims Memorandum of the Labour Party and
the Trades Union Congrcss of Decemher 1917 formu-
lated the following programme on tlie Jewish
problem :
"The British LaJbour movement demands for the
Jews in all countries the same elementary rights of
tolerance, freedom of residence and trade, and equal
citizenship that ought to be extended to all the inhabi-
tants of every nation.
It furthermore expresses the opinion that Palestine
should be set free from the harsh and oppressive
government of the Turk, in order that this country
may form a Free State, under international guarantee,
to which such of the Jewish people as desire to do
so may return, and may work out their salvation free
from interference by those of allen race or religion."
This is a clear demand for a Jewish State. And,
incidentally, the authors of that resolution evidently
did not think that this would entail the expulsion
of the Jews from Europe.
As the second world war was drawing to its close,
the National Executive, in their Statement on Post-
War International Settlement which was introduced
by Mr. Attlee and unanimously adopted by the
Conference, declared on the subject of Palestine:
"Here we have halted half-way, irresolute between
conflicting policies. But there is surely neither hope
nor meaning in a 'Jewish National Home* unless we
are prepared to let Jews, if they wish, enter this tiny
land in such numbers as to become a majority. There
was a strong case for this tefore ithe war. There is
an irresistible case now, after the unspeakable atroci-
ties of the cold and calculated German Nazi plan to
kill all Jews in Europe. Here, too, in Palestine surely
is a case, on human grounds and to promote a stable
settlement, for transfer of population. Let the Arabs
be encouraged to move out as the Jews move in. Let
them be compensated handsomely for their land and
let their settlement elsewhere be carefully organised
and generously flnanced. The Arabs have many wide
territories of their own; they must not claim to
exclude the Jews from this small area of Palestine,
less than the size of Wales. Indeed, we should re-
examine also the possibiKty of extending the present
Palestinian boundaries, by agreement with Egypt,
Syria, or Trans-Jordan. Moreover, we should seek to
win the füll sympathy and support both of the
American and Russian Governments for the execution
of this Palestinian policy."
This Statement was submitted to the Party mem-
bership as far back as April 1944, eight montlis
before the Annual Conference (which had been post-
poned from May to December). It was thoroughly
discussed, and attempts were even made (among
others, by Mr. R. Stokes, M.P.) to get it altered. It
cannot therefore be dismissed as a result of what you
are reported to have described to your press Con-
ference as "the enthusiasm of a Labour Party
Conference."
It may not be irrelevant to point out that the
Suggestion concerning a voluntary transfer of Arabs
into other territories did not emanate from Jewish
quarters but was purely the expression of the Execu-
tive's eagerness to ensure the swift creation of a
Jewish majority.
Subsequently, at the Blackpool Conference of May
1945, on the eve of the General Election by which
Labour expected to achieve a majority and to take
over sole responsibility for the government of Great
Britain, Dr. Dalton, interpreting the December State-
ment in an address partly quoted above, said that
the British Government should seek the support of
the American and Soviel Governments "to see
whether we cannot get that common support for a
policy which will give us a happy, a free and pros-
perous Jewish State in Palestine."
This whole argument about State and Home is
I
indeed, froiii tlie point of view of a long-term policy,
merely toying with words. Even the White Paper
of 1922, whicli introduced the principle of allowing
Jewish imniigratioii iip to the economic absorptive
capacity of the country, did not — as Mr. Churchill
himself, the author of that White Paper, told the
Royal Conimission — precliide the ultimate rise of a
Jewish State, a view which the Comniission fully
shared. For if immigration according to absorptive
capacity leads to a Jewish majority, and if the
niajority can decide the form of the State, tlien
clearly the possibility of a Jewish State is not
precluded.
But what of the Arabs?
At your press Conference you said (according to
Tho Times report on November 14) :
"The tragedy of the Balfour Declaration was that
it was unilateral. Neither its British authors nor its
American and British supporters, had taken account
of the Arabs."
The Balfour Declaration was not the only
proniise given by H.M. Government in the last
war concerniiig the territorial disposal of parts of
the Ottoman empire. Another far-reaching promise
was given to the Arabs. The two together formed
one compreheiisive settlement : Arab independence in
all tliose territories excepting Palestine, and a Jewish
National Home in Palestine. As to the Balfour
Declaration as such, in relation to the Arabs, the
following facts are relevant :
Mr. Lloyd George, the Prime Minister of the day,
stated that as far back as January 1916 — almost
two years before the Balfour Declaration — Slierif
Hussein (who was ihen considered the legitimate
representative of the Arabs and tlieir aspirations)
was officially informed of the British (iovernment's
intentions regarding Palestine.
"The Araib leadcrs IKing Hussein and Emir Feisal]
did not offer any objections to the Declaration, so long
as the rights of tlie Arabs in Palestine were respected
. . . There was a twofold undertaking given to them,
that the establishment of a Jewish National Home
would not in any way, firstly, affect the civil and reli-
gious rights of the general population of Palestine;
secondly, would not diminish the general prosperity
of that population. These were the only pledges we
gave to the Arabs."
{The Truth about the Peace Treaiies, Vol. II,
pp. 1140-1142).
And indeed, wheti the Balfour Declaration was
issued, no protest was lieard froni any leading Arab.
The very contrary was the case. On Janiuiry 3, 1919,
tlie Emir Feisal concluded an agreemoiit with Dr.
Weizmann which was expressly based on the Balfour
Declaration and in effect recoguised Palestine as a
Jewish State; it even contained the stipulation that
"Arab and Jewish duly accredited agents sliall he
established and niaintained in the respective terri-
tories." True, Feisal made a reservation to the effect
that lie would he responsible for carrying out this
agreement only if the Arabs received all that he had
demanded of the British. As this condition was not
fulfilled at that time (through no fault of the Jews),
the agreement cannot he said to be legal ly binding.
But hy now practically all the Arab aspirations of
1919 have heen realised. In fact, in bis Statement to
the Peace Conference on February 6, 1919, Feisal
expressly excluded Palestine from the territories for
which he wanted Arab independence. Among the
members of bis delegation were General Nuri Said,
many times Prime Minister of Iraq, and Auni Bey
Abdul Hadi, the Palestine Arab leader.
The separate Syrian delegation also accepted the
Zionist claim to Palestine; they only asked that an
"autonomous Palestine" should be federated with
Syria. They definitely admitted the possibility of a
Jewish majority in Palestine, in which case "they
[the Jews] will be the rulers." Among the members
of that delegation was Jamil Mardam Bey, the
pre.sent Foreign Secretary of Syria.
We do not intend to imply that there is no Arab
Opposition to Zionism, or that there is no case for it.
But we firmly believe that the balance of justice is
on our side. For the Arab nation, Palestine is only
a sniall fraction of the vast territories at its exclusive
disposal. Arabia, Iraq, Syria, the Lebanon, North
Africa — all these countries, most of them undeveloped
and underpopulated, all of them suffering from
feudal exploitation, mass poverly and illiteracy —
wliat immense opportunities they offer for the
development of the Arab people and for the ambi-
tions of a truly democratic and progressive Arab
nationalism!
Is Palestine a vital necessitv for the life aml
development of the Arab nation? "There are wide
doniinions in which the Arabs can live in safety and
happiness^ — not so the Jews . . . it would indeed be
criniinal to snatch from the Jewish race the last hope
of liaving even a tiny territory that they may call
their own." (Sir Stafford Oipps, Tribüne, October
21, 1938.)
W hy do the leaders of Arab nationalism not under-
stand this simple truth? ^ hy is Arab nationalism so
primitive and egoistic? Because its spokesmen and
leaders come from the reactionary classes who — to
(|uote a recent article supporting your Statement, by
a Special (iOrrespondent of Tho 7'im<'s--"oppose
Zionism not so much because they fear Jewish
domination as because they fear Arab emancipation."
Have you thouglit of that aspect, Mr. Bevin? Have
you heard of the Arab League's demand for the
return to Palestine of the Mufti of Jerusalem, Hitler's
bosom friend? Just a day or two ago the Arab
parties in Palestine, under pressure from Mr. Jamil
Mardam, Syrian Foreign Secretary, agreed to form
an Arab Higher Committee. Five of its thirteen
members are to be ofTicial members of the Mufti's
Party, two liis unofficial followers. And the Mufti
himself was elected in bis absence President of the
Committee. Are these the forcos with wliose Co-
operation you hope to huild democracy in the
Middle Fast?
This policy has already led to tragic developments
in Palestine. The bunt for Jews who have escaped
from Europe is on. May I appeal to you, at this
late hour, to reconsider the whole prohlem in the
light of the facts I have set out in this letter?
Yours sincerely,
BERL LOCKER.
Published by the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland, 75 Great Russell Street, W.C.i, and printed by The Narod Press
(T.U.), 129-131 Cavell Street, London, E.i.
PROMISES AND
AFTERTHOUGHTS
NOTES ON CERTAIN WHITE PAPERS
RELATING TO THE PALESTINE CONFERENCES.
by
LEONARD STEIN
PUBUSHED BY THE JeWISH AGENCY FOR PaLESTINE,
77, Great Russell Street,
London, W.C.l.
May, 1939.
FOREWORD
The memorandum which follows deals with the " Report of a
G)mmittce set up to consider certain corrcspondence between Sir
Henry McMahon and the Sharif of Mecca in 1915-16 " (Cmd. 5974),
and with certain other White Papers issued in connection with the
recent Palestine Conferences. Some of the documentary material
used in the memorandum may be found in the collection of documents
issued last month by the Jewish Agency under the title " Documents
relating to the McMahon Correspondence," and the memorandum
may usefully be read in conjunction with that publication.
The principal conclusions which will be found to emerge from
the argument are as follows : —
(0 The White Paper (Cmd. 5974) shows that, in the light of
a close examination of the füll text of Sir Henry McMahon's
correspondence with the Sharif of Mecca, the British mem-
bers of the British-Arab Conmiittee remained entirely un-
convinced by the arguments advanced in support of the
Arab contention that Sir Henry McMahon's undertakings
extended to Palestine.
(it) There is, in fact, ample evidence to show, not only that, on
the British side, it was never intended to include Palestine
within the scope of the McMahon undertakings, but that on
the Arab side Palestine was not bona fide believed to be
included, and the Suggestion that it was a mere afterthought.
(fii) The British-Arab Committee whose report is contained in
Cmd. 5974 was set up for one purpose, and one purpose
only, viz. to consider the McMahon Correspondence, but,
excecding its terms of reference, it proceeded to embark on
±e discussion of documents other than the McMahon Cor-
respondence— documents closely a£fecting Jewish rights and
interests — including even the Balfour Declaration. The
Jewish Delegation to the Palestine Conferences was not
consulted and was ofifered no opportunity of expressing its
H
Views.
These documents were used to weaken, so far as possible,
the force of the cwiclusion reached by Üie British represcnt-
atives with regard to the scope of the McMahon undertaking,
though the findings of the Committee are expressed in
elusive and ambiguous language which will be found, on
analysis, to have no dcfinite meaning.
London,
7.5.39.
" Eminent people, in and out of
Government circles, are still loudly
maintaining — in some cases quite
genuinely — that Palestine was in
fact excluded by Sir Henry Mc-
Mahon from the area of Arab in-
dependence . . . It is only because
the füll text has not hitherto been
available in any other languagc
other than Arabic that such an un-
tenable contention could with im-
punity be advanced."
" The Arab Awakening," by
G. Antonius (London 1938)
pp. 179-180.
" He [the Lord Chancellor] holds
that the correspondence as a whole
and particularly the reservation in
respect of French interests in Sir
Henry McMahon's letter of the 24th
October, 191 5, not only did ex-
clude Palestine, but should have
been understood to do so, having
in view the unique position of
Palestine."
Statement by the Lord
Chancellor, March i6th,
1939, Cmd. 5974, p. 46.
I.
1. In connection with the Palestine Conferences, a White Paper*
has been published containing, in an authoritative English translation,
the füll text of the exchange of letters in 1915-1916 betwcen Sir
Henry McMahon, then British High Commissioner in Egypt, and
the Sheriflf of Mecca, afterwards King Hussein of the Hedjaz. A
later White Paper** contains a Report on the McMahon Correspond-
ence by a Committee consisting of representatives of His Majesty's
Government and members of the Arab Delegation to the Palestine
Conferences, together with Statements of the British and Arab views
respectively. The Committee was set up for the purpose of enquiring
into the merits of the Arab contention that Palestine was included
in the scope of the undertaking given by the British Government,
through Sir Henry McMahon, in 1915 — two years before the date of
the Balfour Declaration — to recognise and support the independence
of the Arabs. This contention was advanced with the object of
discrediting ±e Balfour Declaration by showing that the promise to
the Jews involved a breach of a promise already made to the Arabs.
Though Jewish interests were thus involved, the Jewish Delegation
to the Palestine Conferences was not invited to take part in the
discussion of the Correspondence, and was offered no opportunity of
submitting its views.
2. The assertion that independence had been promised to the
Palestine Arabs before a National Home in Palestine was promised
to the Jews has for some years played a leading part in anti-Zionist
Propaganda. It has been rcpeated so oftcn, and with such assurance,
that in some quarters it has come to be believed. The importance
attached to it on the Arab sidc is shown by the amplitude with
which the argument is elaborated by a recent and authoritative ex-
ponent of the Arab case, who dismisses the opposite view of the
McMahon correspondence with the Observation that " it is only because
**
Cmd.5759 (1939).
Cmd.5974 (1939)-
the füll text has not hitherto been available in any language other
than Ärabic that such an untenable contention could with impunity
be advanced."* The füll text is now available in English, and with
that text before them, the British members of the Committee, headed
by the Lord Chancellor, rejected the Arab Interpretation.
"Both the Arab and the United Kingdom representatives
have tried (as they hope with success) to understand the point
of view of the other party, but they have been unable to reach
agreement upon an interpretation of the Correspondence."**
In other words, the United Kingdom representatives did not agree
with the Arab contention that the McMahon imdertaking extended
to Palestine. On the contrary, "they maintain that on a proper
construction of the correspondence Palestine was in fact excluded."***
They add that " they agree that the language in which its exclusion
was expressed was not so specific and unmistakable as it was thought
to be at the time."**** It will be observed that, from the proposition
with which the British representatives State that they agree, it follows,
by necessary implication, that the language by which Palestine was
excluded was thought at the time to be specific and unmistakable.
If the language used was thought at the time to point unmistakably
to the exclusion of Palestine, there can be no doubt as to what was
intended. As to the true construction of what was actually said, the
British view is expressed in explicit and unqualified terms in the
f ollowing Statement by the Lord Chancellor :
"He [the Lord Chancellor] holds that the correspondence
as a whole, and particularly the reservation in respect of French
interests in Sir Henry McMahon's Ictter of the 24th October,
1915, not only did exclude Palestine, but should have been
understood to do so, having in view the unique position of
Palestine."!
3. Attention will be drawn in a moment to certain features of
the correspondence which make it difficult to understand how it could
ever have been expected that the Arab contention, when put to the
test, would prevail. But in case there should be any misapprehcnsion
on the subject, there is one point which should first be made clear.
The McMahon Correspondence deals with the negotiations leading
up to the Arab Revolt. There was no Arab revolt in Palestine. The
Palestine Arabs rendered no service to the Allicd cause, and con-
* G. Antonius, " The Arab Awakening," pp. 179-180. Mr. Antonius
was Secrctary-Gencral of the Arab Delegations to the Palestine
Conferences.
** Cmd.5974, Report, para.16, p.io.
*** Ib. para.18, p.io.
t Cmd.5974, Statement by the Lord Chancellor, paragraph 9, page 46.
Both this Statement and the Report of the Committee are dated
March i6h, 1939.
tributed nothing to tiieir own liberation.* The undertaking given
by Great Britain to die Sharif was not one on the faith of which,
as interpreted by themselves, the Palestine Arabs took action. They
remained completely passive. This is mentioned, not as a reproach,
but as a relevant Statement of fact— relevant because it might other-
wise be supposed that a claim deserving some degree of sympathy
had been rejected on narrow legal grounds.
4. The White Paper** deals fuUy witii the construction of the
passage in Sir Henry McMahon's letter of October 24th, 1915***
on which the Arab case has always tumed. The passage in question
is as follows:
"The two districts of Mersina and Alexandretta and por-
tions of Syria lying to the west of the districts of Damascus,
Homs, Hama and Aleppo, caimot be said to be purely Arab,
and should be excluded from the limits demandcd.
With the above modification, and without prejudice to our
existing treaties with Arab Chiefs, wc accept those limits.
As for those regions lying within those frontiers wherein
Great Britain is free to act without detriment to the interests
of her ally, France, I am empowered in the name of the Govern-
ment of Great Britain to give the following assurances, and make
the following reply to your letter: —
(1) Subject to the above modifications, Great Britain is
prepared to recognise and support the independence of the Arabs
in all the regions within the limits demanded by the Sharif of
Mecca."
Sir Henry McMahon goes on to State that " (2) Great Britain will
guarantee the Holy Places against all extemal aggression, and will
recognise their inviolability."
6. It is unquestionably true, as a matter of geography, that
Palestine was within "die limits demanded by the Sharif." Those
who are familiär with the controversy will remember that in the
presentation of the Arab case, attention has always been concentrated
on the question of the meaning to be placed upon the words " portions
of Syria lying to the west of ±e districts of Damascus, Homs, Hama
and Aleppo." Elaborate arguments have been advanced to show that,
as a matter of construction, the area so described could not be taken
* " The Palestinians confined themselves to deserting in large numbers
to the British, who fed and clothed and paid for the maintenance
of many thousands of such prisoners of war, few indeed of whom
could be induced to obtain their liberty by serving in the Sherifian
Army."— PhiHp Graves: "The Land of Three Faiths " (London,
1923)» P-II3- "The Arabs of Palestine, who might have been
helpful in many ways, were quiescent and cowering." — D. Lloyd
George, "The Truth about the Peace Treaties" (London, 1938),
VoL IL, pp. 1026-7.
** Cmd.5974.
•** Printed in Cmd. 5957 at pages 7-9.
to include Palestine, which was consequently not excluded by Sir
Henry McMahon from the scope of the British undertaking.* The
weakness of this contention is that, even if corrcct, it falls to cover
the groiind. Let it be assumed, for the sake of argument, that the
words "portions of Syria...Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo"
are not sufficient clearly to exclude Palestine. Even if this be so, it
by no means concludes the matter. Another reservation was inserted
by Sir Henry McMahon; the British undertaking was to apply only
to " those regions lying within those frontiers wherein Great Britain
is free to act without detriment to the interests of her ally, France."
No one could be in any doubt as to the importance attached by
France to the traditional rights and interests in Palestine. If the
interests of France were to be safeguarded, as it was expressly
stated that they were, it is inconceivable either that Sir Henry
McMahon should have handed over Palestine to the Arabs, or that
the Sharif should have supposed him to be doing so. The White
Paper records as foUows the view expressed, on behalf of His
Majesty's Government, by the Lord Chancellor, in a Statement to
tht British- Arab Committee:
" The pledge did not extend to any territory in which Great
Britain was not free to act without regard to French interests
on the date on which the letter was despatched, i.e. on October
24th, 1915...Now if there is anything which is certain in this
controvcrsy it is that Great Britain was not free in October
1915 to act in Palestine without regard to the interests of
France."**
It is relevant in this connection to consider the implications of that
part of the McMahon undertaking in which it is stated that " Great
Britain will guarantee the Holy Places against all extemal aggression."
If Palestine were included in the area to which the undertaking
refers, the Holy Places in question would clearly include the Palestine
Holy Places. But it is inconceivable that, having made an express
reservation with reference to the interests of France, Sir Henry
McMahon should have proceeded, in the next breath, to make Great
Britain the guardian of the Palestine Holy Places — a position which,
so far as the Christian Holy Places were conccmed, had been tra-
ditionally claimed by France.*** It may be replied that Sir Henry
* cf. the Statement to the British-Arab Committee by the Adviser to
the Arab representatives, Sir Michael McDonnell (formerly Chief
Justice of Palestine), Cmd. 5974, pp.30 ff.
** Statement by the Lord Chancellor, February 24th, 1939, paragraphs
31, 33, Cmd, 5974, p.27. cf. G. Antonius, " The Arab Awakening '*
p.246: "The special provisions made [in the Sykes-Picot Agreement
of May, 191 6] for the Brown (Palestine) area were the outcome of
a conflict of aims between the three Powers. France had expressed
her desire to have the whole of Syria (including Palestine) placed in
her sphere." Ib. p. 265 : " Another difBculty [in the way of the
Balfour Declaration] lay in the reluctance of the French Government
to give up their pretensions with regard to Palestine."
*♦♦ '"nie Holy Places had been in the hands of the French since the
fifteenth Century. The Vatican had always recognised that fact, and
every French Government, even those who had broken with Rome,
had accepted that responsibility." Statement by M. Cambon, 1920,
D. Lloyd George, " The Truth about the Peace Treaties," Vol. II,
p.1163.
6
McMahon was referring to the Moslem and not the Christian Holy
Places; but if so, the inference will still be that Palestine is not
included in the undertaking, for it is impossible to suppose that Sir
Henry McMahon would have promised that Great Britain would
guarantee the Moslem Holy Places, while unconditionally handing
over Palestine to the Sharif with no Suggestion of any guarantee
by anyone for the Christian Holy Places. On this point the Lord
Chancellor, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, observed, in a
Statement to the British-Arab Committee, that
«
It is surely reasonable to believe that the Sharif of Mecca,
who showed such legitimate concem for the Moslem Holy Places
of the Hedjaz, must have understood the strength of Christian
sentiment on this point, and realised that no British ofhcial could
possibly undertake to assign Palestine to another Moslem State
without making the most express reservation with regard to the
Christian Holy Places."*
7. The argument has been advanced on the Arab side that,
even if Palestine was originally excluded as an area in which French
interests had to be considered, this reservation ceased to have any
force as soon as it was decided that Palestine should not come
within the French sphere of influence.** But Sir Henry McMahon
did not promise, with regard to the areas in which French interests
were involved, that if they did not fall to France, they would be
included in the area of Arab independence. What he did was to
exclude from the undertaking those areas in which Great Britain
was, at the date of his letter of October 24th, 1915, not free to act
without detriment to French interests. As was pointed out to the
British-Arab Committee,***
" In the opinion of the Lord Chancellor, any subsequent
developments which may at later dates have modified the extent
of the area in which Great Britain was free to act without
detriment to French interests are irrelevant to a consideration
of the extent of the area to which the pledge applied on October
24th, 1915, and which has continued to apply ever since."
Let it, however, be assumed, for the sake of argument, that had it
been intimated by France that the inclusion of Palestine in the area
of Arab independence would not be detrimental to her interests,
Great Britain would no longer have had any valid reason for
excluding it. The question is purely academic, since no such Situation
arose. When the future of Palestine came to be decided, France
consentcd to waive her Claims in favour of Great Britain, but nothing
is more certain than that she would not have consented to waive
thcm in favour of the Arabs. That being so, it is beside the point
that Palestine went, in the event, not to France, but to Great Britain.
* Statement by the Lord Chancellor, February 24th, 1939, paragraph
8, Cmd.5974, p.22.
*♦ G. Antonius, " The Arab Awakening," p.179.
*♦♦ ib. Paragraph 32; Cmd.5974, p.27.
The decisive fact is that France would never have consented to its
being handed over to the Ärabs.
8. The Arab contention which has just been considered is all
the more surprising when it is looked at side by side with the Arab
Version of the events leading up to the renunciation by France of her
Claims on Palestine in favour of Great Britain. Speaking of the
preliminaries to the Balfour Declaration, Mr. G. Antonius^ the Sec-
retary-General of the Arab Delegations to the Palestine Conferences,
States, in his work " The Arab Awakening,"* that
"the first Step was for the British Government to satisfy
themselves that, in the event of their making a declaration in
favour of Zionist aspirations, the Zionists would welcome and
work for the establishment of British rule in Palestine."
Mr. Antonius goes on to say that
" when the issue was discussed in exploratory conversations
between British statesmen and Zionist leaders, the latter, taking
the hint, decided with alacrity to eliminate France altogether
from their scheme, and to plump for an exclusively British
Palestine."
Finally, he states that early in 1917 the Zionist leaders gave a formal
assurance
"that they were irrevocably opposed to any intemational-
isation of the Holy Land, even under an Anglo-French condomin-
ium; and that, provided Great Britain would support them in
their national aspirations, they would henceforth work for the
establishment of a British protectorate in Palestine."**
If this is what the Arabs believe, it is all the more singular that they
should contend that, once France had renounced her interest in Pal-
estine in favour of Great Britain, the British Govemment's duty was
to band it over to the Arabs. There is something either peculiarly
irrational or peculiarly cynical in the Suggestion that, having used the
Balfour Declaration as a means of securing Jewish support for the
inclusion of Palestine within the British sphere, the British Govern-
ment, once it had achieved this object, ought then to have explained
to the Jews that, in point of fact, Palestine feil to be included in the
area of Arab independence.
9. Sufficient reference has been made to the grounds on which
the British members of the Briush-Arab Committee, with the füll
text of the correspondence and an exhausdve Statement of the Arab
case before them, reached the conclusion that Palestine was not with-
in the scope of Sir Henry McMahon's undertaking to the Sharif.
The discussion centred round the language used by Sir Henry
McMahon in his letter of October 24th, 1915, and the question was
considered on both sides primarily as one of the construcrion of a
document. Even on this plane ±e Arab case failed to impress the
* pp.262-3.
** ib. p.263.
10
I
British representatives. But the letters exchanged between Sir Henry
McMahon and the Sharif are, in reality, not legal but politicäl
documents, and, quite apart from what may be described as the more
dialectical aspects of the controversy, the real substance of the under-
taking may profitably be considered in the light of the replies to the
following questions: —
(1) Was Palestine meant to be included in the British
undertaking?
(2) Was there on the Arab side a bona fide belief that it
was included?
If it is honestly desired to ascertain whether the claim advanced
by the Arabs has any merits, these questions are clearly material.
10. On the British side, there is ample evidence from persons
who played an important part in British relations with the Arabs
that Palestine was not meant to be included in the McMahon under-
taking:—
(a) The leading wimess is Sir Henry McMahon himself.
In a letter quoted by Mr. Philip Graves in his " Land of Three
Faiths,"* Sir Henry McMahon wrote in 1922 "that it was as
fully his Intention to exclude Palestine as it was to exclude the
more northem coastal areas of Syria. He did not make use of
the Jordan to define the limits of the southem area because he
did not know whether, at some later stage of the negotiations
with the Grand Sharif, a more suitable frontier might be found
Hast of the river."
(b) Much more recentiy, Sir Henry McMahon has repeated
his testimony in the following letter to The Times of the 23rd
July, 1937:
" Many references have been made in the Palestine Royal
Commission Report and in the course of the recent debates in
both Houses of Parliament to the "McMahon Pledge," es-
pecially to that portion of the pledge which conceras Palestine,
and of which one Interpretation has been claimed by the Jews
and another by the Arabs.
It has been suggested to me that continued silence on the
part of the giver of that pledge may itself be misunderstood.
I feel, therefore, called upon to make some statement on
the subject, but I will confine myself in doing so to the point
now at issue, i.e. whether that portion of Syria now known
as Palestine was or was not intended to be included in the
territories in which the independence of the Arabs was guaran-
teed in my pledge.
I feel it my duty to State, and I do so definitely and
* London, 1923, pp.53-54'
11
emphatically, that it was not intended by me in giving tWs
pledge to King Hussein to include Palestine in the area in
which Arab independence was promised.
I had also every reason to believe at the time that the fact
that Palestine was not included in my pledge was well under-
stood by King Hussein."
(c) Sir Gilbert Clayton was closely associated with Sir
Henry McMahon in the negotiations with the Sharif. On the
12th April, 1923, when he was Chief Secretary to the Govern-
ment of Palestine, he gave Lord Samuel, then High Com-
missioner, the foUowing note* in reply to an enquiry as to the
scope of the McMahon pledge : —
" I was in daily touch with Sir Henry McMahon throughout
the negotiations with King Hussein, and made the preliminary
drafts of all the letters. I can bear out the Statement that
it was never the Intention that Palestine should be included
in the general pledge given to the Sharif. The introductory
words of Sir Henry's letter were thought at the time, perhaps
erroneously, clearly to cover the point. It was, I think, obvious
that the peculiar interests involved in Palestine precluded any
definite pledges in regard to its future at so early a stage."
(d) Colonel C. E. Vickery** was sent from Cairo in 1920
on an oflicial mission for the purpose of inspecting the original
Arabic text of the letter as actually received by the Sharif. In
a letter published in The Times of the 2 Ist February, 1939, he
writes:
" I read the letter through very slowly. . .it was quite evident
that Palestine was not included in the proposals to the
King."***
11. So much for the testimony of British experts in Arab affairs
with intimate knowledge of the transactions in question. The British
Government, as is well known, has consistently maintained, in every
official Statement which has been made on the subject, that Palestine
was not included in the McMahon undertaking. It has been sug-
gested by exponents of the Arab case**** that the British Govem-
ment's refusal in the past to publish the füll text of the McMahon
Correspondence shows that it knew that it had something to conceal.
«üc
***
Quoted by Lord Samuel, House of Lords, 20th July, 1937, Official
Report, C0I.629.
" Next day Vickery arrived. He . . . had leamed Arabic both literary
and coUoquial, so well that he would quit us of all need for an
Interpreter. "—T. E. Lawrence: "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom,'*
p.144.
i.e. the Sharif, who had now become King of the Hedjaz.
See, for example, G. Antonius, "The Arab Awakening," p.i8o.
12
In dealing with this subject in a debate on Palestine on the Ist March,
1923,* the then Colonial Secretary, the Duke of Devonshire, stated
in the House of Lords that the publication of the correspondence
would be inadvisable for the reason that
" it is impossible to clear the correspondence of references
to a number of subjects which are quite apart from the con-
troversy which we are discussing this aftemoon, and the publica-
tion of those references to other subjects would, I am confident —
and this is also the opinion of my advisers— be detrimental to
the public interest."
It has been asserted that " what the British Government had in mind
when they invoked the 'public interest* as their justification for
refusing to publish the McMahon Correspondence, remains a
mystery."** Now that the füll text has become available, it
may be conjectured that one possible key to the " mystery " may be
found in the references to British support for an Arab Caliphate in
the Sharif's letter of the 14th July, 1915*** and Sir Henry McMahon's
letter of the 30th August, 1915.**** It may be added that the
attempt to draw inferences favourable to the Arabs from the British
Govemment's refusal to publish the correspondence seems somewhat
pointless, when it is remembered that the passage relied upon by the
Arabs in Sir Henry McMahon's letter of the 24th October, 1915,
was in fact reproduced by the British Government as long ago as
1925 in a memorandum printed for all to read in the Minutes of
the Permanent Mandates Commission.f No one has ever sug-
gested that there is any other part of the correspondence which is of
material assistance to the Arab case in relation to Palestine. The
fact is, therefore, that, so far from being suppressed, the passage on
which the whole Arab case tums has been on public record for the
past fourteen years.
12. It now remains to enquire whether, on the Arab side, there
was a bona fide belief that the McMahon pledge included Palestine.
On this point there is some British evidence which may conveniently
be considered first: —
(a) Sir Henry McMahon, in the letter written by him in
1922,:]: is quoted by Mr. Philip Graves§ as staring " that he
does not remember having ever heard anything from King
Hussein that gave the Impression that the latter did not under-
stand Palestine to be excluded from an independent Arabia."
(b) Reference has aheady been made to Sir Henry
McMahon's letter in The Times of July 23rd, 1937. On the
point here under considerarion he writes :
t
§
House of Lords' Official Report, March ist, 1923, col.233.
G. Antonius, " The Arab Awakening," p.i 80.
Cmd.5937, p.3.
ib. p.4.
Minutes of the Permanent Mandates Commission, Seventh Session
(1925), p.174.
See above, page 11.
" Land of Three Faiths," p.54.
13
" I had every reason to believe at the time that the fact
that Palestine was not included in my pledge was well under-
stood by King Hussein."
(c) In a letter published in The Times of February 2 Ist,
1939, Colonel Vickery, who visited King Hussein on Instructions
from Cairo in 1920, states, as has already been seen, that he
inspected the original pledge as actually received by the Sharif,
and that " it was quite evident that Palestine was not included
in the proposals to the King." He then goes on :
"I can say most definitely that the whole of the King's
demands were centred round Syria, and only round Syria.
Time after time he referred to that vineyard, to the exclusion
of any other claim or interest. He stated most emphatically
that he did not concem himsclf at all with Palestine, and had
no desire to have suzerainty over it for himself or his suc-
ii
cessors.
(d) The foUowing is a relevant extract from Mr. Lloyd
George*s account of the discussions between the British Govern-
ment and the Sharif :
" The Arabs' special concem was for Iraq and Syria. They
knew that no one contemplated that foreign troops should
occupy any part of Arabia. It was too arid a country to
make it worth the while of any ravenous Power to occupy as
a permanent position. Palestine did not seem to give them
much anxiety. For reasons which were quite obvious to them,
they realised that there were genuine international interests
in Palestine which placed it in a totally different category.
Moreover, the Palestinian Arabs were not of the samc class
as the men of their race who dwelt in Iraq, Syria and
Arabia."*
(e) Speaking in the House of Commons on July llth,
1922,** the Secretary of State for the Colonics, Mr. Winston
Churchill, said:
" So far as I am aware, the first Suggestion that Palestine
was included in the area within which His Majesty's Govern-
ment promised to recognise and support the independence of
the Arabs was made by the Emir Feisal, now King of Iraq,
at a conversation held in the Foreign Office on 20th January,
1921, more than five years after the conclusion of the cor-
respondence on which the claim was based. On that occasion,
the point of view of His Majesty's Government was explained
to the Emir, who expressed himself as prepared to accept the
Statement that it has been the intention of His Majesty's Gov-
ernment to exclude Palestine."
13. lAs Mr. Churchill pointed out, in the speech just quoted,
"no pledges were given to the Palestine Arabs in 1915."*** What-
• " The Truth about the Peace Treaties " (London, 1938), Vol. II, pp.
1032-33.
*♦ House of Commons' Official Report, July iith, 1922, col.1033-4.
*♦♦ ib. C0I.1032,
14
I
t
ever undertakings were given by Sir Henry McMahon were given to
the Sharif, who was represented at the Peace Conference by his son,
the Emir (later King) Feisal. It is, therefore, material to enquire
how the Emir Feisal approached the peace settlement, in so far as
it related to Palestine. It will be seen from what foUows that, so
far from demanding that the Balfour Declaration should be tom up
and Palestine included in the area of Arab independence, the Emir
expressed sympathy with Zionist aspirations and freely admitted that
Palestine must be reserved for special treatment.
14. The Emir's first published Statement on the subject is con-
tained in an interview given to Reuter's Agency in London on Decem-
ber llth, 1918. The foUowing appeared in The Times of December
12th, 1918:
"The Emir Feisal, in a Statement made yesterday to a
representative of Reuter's Agency, said, on ±e subject of Zionist
aspirations in regard to Palestine :
" The two main branches of the Semitic family, Arabs and
Jews, understand one another, and I hope that as a result of
interchange of ideas at the Peace Conference, which will be
guided by Ideals of self-determination and nationality, each
nation will make definite progress towards the realisation of its
aspirations. Arabs are not jealous of Zionist Jews, and intend
to give them fair play, and the Zionist Jews have assured the
Nationalist Arabs of their intention to see that they too have
fair play in their respective areas. Turkish intrigue in Palestine
has raised jealousy between the Jewish colonists and the local
peasants, but the mutual understanding of the aims of Arabs
and Jews will at once clear away the last trace of this former
bitterness, which indeed had already practically disappeared even
before the war by the work of the Arab Secret Revolutionary
Committee, which in Syria and elsewhere laid the foundations
of the Arab military successesof the past two years."
14. The Arab Claims were set forth by the Emir in a mem-
orandum circulated to the members . of the Peace Conference on
January Ist, 1919. After describing the national aspirations of the
Arabs, and claiming independence for the Arabic-speaking countries
generally, the memorandum proceeds as f ollows :
" In Palestine the enormous majority of the people are
Arabs. The Jews are very close to the Arabs in blood, and there
is no conflict of character between the two races. In principles
we are absolutely at one. Nevertheless, the Arabs cannot assume
the responsibility of holding level the scales in the clash of races
and religions that have, in this one province, so often involved
the World in difficulties. They would wish for ±e effective
superposition of a great trustee, so long as a representative local
administration commended itself by actively promoting the ma-
terial prosperity of the country."*
David Hunter Miller :
pp.297-299.
My Diary of the Peace Conference," Vol. IV,
15
15. On January 3rd, 1919, the Emir and Dr. Weizmann met
in London and signed a formal Agreement, of which the first Article
reads :
"The Arab State and Palestine in all their relations and
undertakings shall be controUcd by the most cordial goodwill
and understanding, and to this end Arab and JeAvish duly accre-
dited agents shall be established and maintained in the respective
territories."*
16. On February 6th, 1919, the Arab case was laid by the
Emir before the Council of Five. The official note of the meeting
States that the Emir referred to Palestine as follows:
" Palestine, for its universal character, he left on one side
for the mutual consideration of all parties interested. With this
exception, he asked for the independence of the Arabic areas
enumerated in his memorandum."**
Among those recorded as present at this meeting as members of the
Arab delegation are Nuri Said (now Nuri Pasha) and Auni Bey Abdul
Hadi, who were members of the Arab Delegation (the latter as a
representative of Palestine) at the recent Palestine Conferences.***
17. On March Ist, 1919, the Emir wrote as follows to Mr.
(now U.S. Supreme Court Justice) Felix Frankfurter, a leading mem-
ber of the Zionist Delegation to the Peace Conference :
"I want to take this opportunity of my first contact with
American Zionists to teil you what I have so often been able
to say to Dr. Weizmann both in Arabia and in Europe.
We feel that the Arabs and Jews are cousins in race, have
suffered similar oppressions at the hands of Powers stronger than
themselves, and by a happy coincidence, have been able to take
the first Steps towards the attainment of their national ideals
together.
The Arabs, especially the educated among us, look with the
deepest sympathy on the Zionist Movement. Our Deputation
here in Paris is fuUy acquainted with the proposals submitted
yesterday by the Zionist Organisation to the Peace Conference,
and we regard them as moderate and proper. We will do our
best, so far as we are concemed, to help them through; we will
wish the Jews a hearty welcome home.
* David Hunter Miller, I.e. Vol. III, pp. 188-189; The Times, June
loth, 1936.
** David Hunter Miller, I.e. Vol. IV, p.226j D. Lloyd George: "The
Truth about the Peace Treaties," Vol. II, pp. 1155-56.
*** The embarrassment caused to advocates of the Arab claim to Pal-
estine by the attitude of the Arab Delegation at the Peace Conference
may be inferred from the fact that Mr. G. Antonius, in his work
"The Arab Awakening," omits all reference to the mention of
Palestine in Feisal's Statement to the Council of Five, and passes
over in silenee Feisal's memorandum of January ist, 19 19.
:16
1
\
With the Chiefs of your Movement, especially with Dr.
Weizmann, we have had, and continue to have, the dosest rela-
tions. He has been a great helper of our cause, and I hope
the Arabs may soon be in a position to make the Jews some
retum for their kindness. We are working together for a re-
formed and revived Near East, and our two Movements complete
one another. The Jewish Movement is national and not
Imperialist. Our Movement is national and not Imperialist, and
there is room in Syria for us both. Indeed, I think that neither
can be a real success without the other.
People less informed and less responsible than our leaders
and yours, ignoring the need for co-operation of the Arabs and
the Zionists, have been trying to exploit the local differences
that must necessarily arise in Palestine in the early stages of our
movement. Some of them have, I am afraid, misrepresented
your aims to the Arab peasantry and our aims to the Jewish
peasantry, with the result that interested parties have been en-
abled to make capital out of what they call our diflferences.
I wish to give you my firm conviction that these differences
are not on questions of principle, but on matters of detail such
as must inevitably occur in every contact with neighbouring
peoples, and are easily dissipated by mutual goodwill. Indeed,
nearly all of them will disappear with fuUer knowledge.
I look forward, and my people with me look forward, to
a future in which we will help you and you will help us, so
that the countries in which we are mutually interested may once
again take their place in the Community of civilised peoples of
the World."
18. From the Emir's whole course of conduct at the Peace
Conference it is clear that it never occurred to him to lay claim ro
Palestine as part of the territory in which Great Britain had bound
herseif to recognise the independence of the Arabs. Reference has
already been made to the Agreement concluded between the Emir
and Dr. Weizmann on January 3rd, 1919. More than two years
later the Emir, in an interview published in the Ddly Mail of March
30th, 1921, stated that " As for the Zionist question, I arrived at an
tinderstanding satisfactory to us both, with Dr. Weizmann, and I
am ready to carry it out. It has already been seen that Mr. Churchill,
speaking as Colonial Secretary, informed the House of Commons
in 1922 that, so far as he was aware, " the first Suggestion that
Palestine was included in the area within which His Majesty*s
Government promised to recognise and support the independence
of the Arabs was made by the Emir Feisal...on the 20th of January,
1921, more than five years after the conclusion of the correspondence
on which the claim was based."* The claim was clearly a mere
afterthought.
19. Whether there was on the Arab side a bona fide belief thai
the McMahon imdertaking included Palestine can be further tested
* House of Commons' Official Report, July iith, 1922, col.1033-4.
17
by looking at the Report of the King-Crane Commission appointed by
President Wilson during the Peace Conference to investigate the
Situation in the Near East. It has been recently stated by an authori-
tative exponent of the Arab casef that "the King-Crane Report...
is the only source to which the historian can tum for a disinterested
and wholly objective analysis of the State of feeling in Arab political
circles in the period immediately following the War." If this be
so, it is all the more significant that the King-Crane Report, though
it deals fuUy with the views of the Palestine Arabs, never so much
as mentions the McMahon Correspondence in connection with Pal-
estine. Nowhere in the Report is there a word to suggest that it had
ever been represented to the Commission that the Palestine Arabs
were entided to invoke the McMahon undertaking as supporting their
Claims. It seems clear that it had not yet occurred to anyone to
contend that the undertaking extended to Palestine.
20- That contention is wholly without merits. Even if nothing
mattered but the precise form of words employed by Sir Henry
McMahon, the Arab case would still be unimpressive; the White
Paper* shows that after hearing the füllest possible exposition of the
Arab arguments, the British representatives remained imshaken in the
view that the language used in the letter relied upon, reasonably con-
strued, is of itself quite sufficient to exclude Palestine. But in dealing
with documents of this character, it is clearly material to enquire what
was intended by the writer and what was understood by the recipient.
There is overwhelming evidence to show, not only that Sir Henry
McMahon had no Intention of including Palestine, but that on the
Arab sidc it was never bona fide believed to be included.
21. The view expressed above is bome out by the message
delivered to King Hussein by Commander D. G. Hognrth, on behalf
of the British Government, in January, 1918. The Hogarth message
is extensively commented upon, but not reproduced, in a recent State-
ment of ±e Arab case.** All that ±e reader is told as to the actual
Contents of the message is that it was " an explicit assurance that
'Jewish settlement in Palestine would only be allowed in so far as
would be consistent with the political and economic freedom of the
Arab population.* "*** It may be observed in passing that an assur-
ance by the British Government as to the extent to which Jewish
setdement " would be allowed " is, on the face of it, inconsistent with
the theory that it had already been agreed in 1915 that Palestine
should be included in the area of Arab independence. But that
theory is still more completely discredited by the actual text of the
Hogarth message, which has now been made public.**** Paragraph
1 does not mention Palestine, and merely assures King Hussein, in
general terms, that the Entente Powers are in sympathy with Arab
national aspirations. Tuming to Palestine in paragraph 2, the message
begins by stating that " so far as Palestine is concemed, we are de-
t G. Antonius: "The Arab Awakening," p.296.
* Cmd.5974.
** G. Antonius, " The Arab Awakening," pp.267-8, 390-91, 396.
*** ib. p.268.
**** Cmd.5964 (1939), PP.3 ffi Cmd.5974 (1939), pp.48 ff. . -
f
termined that no people shall be subjected to another " — a principle
which will no doubt be bome in mind by His Majesty's Government,
in its füll implications, in any proposals which may be made for the
future govemment of Palestine. Paragraph 2 then proceeds to State
the intentions of the Entente Powers with regard to the safeguarding
of the Holy Places. The third and final paragraph of the message
is as f oUows :
"3. Since the Jewish opinion of the world is in favour
of a retum of Jews to Palestine, and inasmuch as this opinion
must remain a constant factor, and further, as His Majesty's
Govemment view with favour the realisation of this aspiration,
His Majesty's Govemment are determined that, in so far as
is compatible with the freedom of the existing population, both
economic and political, no obstacle should be put in the way
of the realisation of this ideal.
In this connexion the friendship of world Jewry to the Arab
cause is equivalent to support in all States where Jews have a
political influence. The leaders of the movement are determined
to bring about the success of Zionism by friendship and Co-
operation with the Arabs, and such an offer is not one to be
lightly thrown aside."
22. Far from supporting the contention that Palestine had
been included by Sir Henry McMahon in the area of Arab indepen-
dence, the Hogarth message is clearly framed on the footing that
Palestine is not to be at the free disposal of the Arabs. Palestine
is not treated as a territory in which the Arabs, being at liberty 10
do as they please, are requested to make concessions in favour of
Jewish Immigration. Paragraph (3) does not ask a favour of the
Sharif; it records a decision by the British Govemment — "His
Majesty's Govemment are determined. . ." The language of paragraph
(3) would clearly have been inappropriate, and calculated to have
an irritating rather than a conciliatory effect, had it really been the
case that more than two years earlier the Sharif had been told that
Palestine was to be, or to form part of, an independent Arab State.
Nor is it merely a question of providing hospitality in Palestine for a
certain number of unfortunate individuals. The message speaks of
a "retum" of Jews to Palestine; it refers to "this aspiration" and
to the "realisation of this ideal," and it introduces in the last sen-
tence an express allusion to Zionism — a movement which, as was
tolerably well known, aimed at the establishment in Palestine of a
national home for the Jewish people. What the Hogarth message
seems clearly to be saying in paragraph (3) is that the British Govem-
ment has decided that the Zionists are to have an opportunity of
realising their aspirations in Palestine, though on such terms as will
not involve the economic or political domination of the Arabs by the
Jews. Those who invoke particular expressions in the Hogarth mes-
sage must accept the piain implications of the message as a whole,
and if they do, it is not open to them to contend in the same breath
that Palestine had been included by Sir Henry McMahon in the area
of Arab independence.
1^
19
Documents other than the McMahon Correspondence.
II.
23. The Committee whose report to the British and Arab
Delegations to the Palestine Conference is contained in the White
Paper (Cmd. 5974) was a Committee of British and Arab represent-
atives* (the Jewish delcgation not being brought into the discussion)
"sct up to consider certain correspondence, commoniy called the
* McMahon-Hussein Correspondence ' which took place in 1915 and
1916 between Sir Henry McMahon, at that time His Majesty's High
Commissioner in Cairo, and ±e Sharif of Mecca, afterwards King
Hussein of the Hedjaz and to fumish a report to the Conference
upon this Correspondence."** Paragraph 3 of the Report states
that, in addition to the McMahon Correspondence, the committee
considered "certain subsequent events and documents which either
the Arab representatives or the United Kingdom representatives
thought might shed light upon the meaning and intention of the
Correspondence.*
i»
24. The documents so considered are mentioned in paragraph
19, where it is stated that "the attention of the Committee was
drawn, inter cdia to the so-called * Sykes-Picot Agreement,' the
* Balfour Declaration,* the * Hogarth Message,* the * Declaration to
the Seven,* certain assurances given by General Sir Edmund (later
Viscount) AUenby when commanding the Allied Forces in Syria and
Palestine, and the Anglo-French Declaration of the 7th November,
1918." The text of the last four documents is annexed to the Report
and will be commented upon later. That the list is not necessarily
complete seems to be indicated by the words " inter dia" so that it
is impossible to be certain that the whole of the documents brought
to the notice of the Committee have been disclosed or can be identi-
üed. The Jewish Delegation had, as already stated, no opportunity
of contributing to the discussion, though questions closely affecting
**
The British representatives were headed by the Lord Chancellor, who
explained his position in the matter as foUows (Report, paragraph 3,
Cmd.5974, p.4):—
" At the outset of the proceedings of the Committee, the Lord
Chancellor explained that he was not present in any judicial capa-
city, and that he made no claim to dedde, as a judge, whether
the views of His Majesty's Govenunent in the United Kingdom
upon the questions at issue, or the views of the Arabs were right:
he was present as the representative of His Majesty's Government
only, with the sole function of expoimding and advocating their
views upon these questions."
Cmd.5974, paragraph i, p.3.
20
Jewish interests were at issue, and among the documents whose con-
struction was discussed was the Balfour Declaration.*
25. The Committee's terms of reference were to consider and
report upon the McMahon Correspondence, or, in other words, to
examme the Correspondence with a view to determining whether
Palestine was or was not within the scope of Sir Henry McMahon's
undertakings to the Sharif. On this point, as already seen, the British
representatives came definitely to the conclusion that the Arab con-
tention was ill-founded; " they maintain that on a proper construction
of the correspondence, Palestine was in fact excluded."** The
documents subsequent to the McMahon letters are stated in paragraph
3 of the Report to have been introduced for the purpose of seeing
whether they threw light upon the meaning and intention of the
correspondence; indeed, it is obvious that this was the only purpose
for which they could be relevant to the matter in hand, the Committee
having been set up to deal with one question and one question only,
viz. the scope of the McMahon undertakings. So clearly was this
the case that in a memorandum dated February 23rd, 1939, and
printed in the White Paper, the Arab representatives acknowledge
that certain transactions to which they have alluded " may be held
to fall outside the scope of the present Committee's investigations,
which is understood to cover only the examination of the text of the
McMahon Correspondence."*** Nevertheless, while disagreeing as
to the effect of the McMahon Correspondence, the British and Arab
representatives succeeded in creating the impression that they agreed
as to the effect of the documents introduced for the purpose of throw-
ing light on its construction. This resuh is achieved by the concluding
paragraph— paragraph 22— of the Report, which reads as follows: —
"It is beyond the scope of the Committee to express an
opinion upon the proper interpretation of the various Statements
mentioned in paragraph 19, and such an opinion could not in
any case be properly expressed unless consideration had also
been given to a number of other Statements made during and
after the War. In the opinion of the Committee it is, however,
evident from these Statements that His Majesty's Government
were not free to dispose of Palestine without regard for the
wishes and interests of the inhabitants of Palestine, and that these
Statements must all be taken into account in any attempt to
estimate the responsibilities which— upon any Interpretation of
the Correspondence— His Majesty's Government have mc^rred
towards those inhabitants as a result of the Correspondence.
26. Before going further, it wiU be convenient at this point to
clear the ground by surveying "the various Statements menttoned
in Paragraph 19" and relied upon by the Committee for the con-
clusions contained in paragraph 22. Of the six documents mentioned
in Paragraph 19, the first in order of date is the Sykes-Picot Agree-
ment of May, 1916. This was a secret agreement between Great
See Cmd.5974j PP-29j 43-44j 47-48.
Report, paragraph 18, Cmd.5974, p.io.
Cmd.5974, P-17- ^ _,
Report, paragraph 22; Cmd.5974, p.n.
Britain and France. It has been denounced on the Arab side as
" a startling piece of double-dealing "* and is clearly incapable of
being invoked in support of Arab Claims upon His Majesty's Govern-
ment of the nature suggested in paragraph 22 of the Report. Next
comes the Balfour Declaration of November 2nd, 1917. No reference
is made by the Committee to the British Statement of Policy of 1922,
in which the meaning of the Balfour Declaration, as understood by
His Majesty's Government, was authoritatively explained on the
eve of the confirmation of the Mandate. Of the four remaining
documents, all of them subsequent to the Balfour Declaration, only
one — the Hogarth Message — ^is so much as mentioned, and that
only once, and in a single sentence,** in the elaborate memoranda
by both sides reproduced in the recent White Paper. It may be
added, as a matter of interest, that not one of them is mentioned
by the Palestine Arab Delegation in presenting its case to His
Majesty's Government in the lengthy Communications reproduced in
the White Paper of 1922.*** The significance of these documents,
as estimated in paragraph 22 of the Report, would seem to have
escaped its attention.
27. The four documents may now be considered seriatim:
(i) The Anglo-French Declaration of November 7th, 1918****
— It will be observed, on referring to the text, that the Declaration
expressly mentions Syria and Mesopotamia, but rather pointedly
avoids any similar mention of Palestine. But, quite apart from this,
it seems possible that the British signatories to the Report may have
overlooked what was said on the subject of the Anglo-French Dec-
laration by Lord Halifax (then Mr. E. Wood), speaking in the House
of Commons as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, on
July 25th, 1921:— t
" I would remind my Hon. Friend that the Declaration
of a National Home for the Jews in Palestine was made in
November 1917, i.e. just a year before the Joint Declaration
to which I have just referred [i.e. the Anglo-French Declara-
tion]. It is obvious, therefore, that nothing contained in the
latter can be regarded as abrogating in any way the earlier
pledge."
Lord Halifax's observations are clearly pertinent, if the purpose of
paragraph 22 of the Report is to cut down the effect of the Balfour
Declaration to the disadvantage of the Jews.
(ii) Lord Allenby's assurance to the Emir Feisal {Octoher,
1918):}: — Lord AUenby does not mention Palestine, and the White
*,
**
***
****
t
t
G. Antonius, " The Arab Awakening," p.248.
See Cmd. 5974, p.44.
Cmd.1700.
Text in Cnid.5974, Annex I, pp.50-51.
Official Report, C0I.35.
Text in Cmd.5974, Annex H, p,50.
22
Paper gives no reason for thinking that he had it in mind. The
date of the despatch in which he reported to His Majesty's Govern-
ment that he had made a communication to the Emir Feisal in the
terms set forth in the White Paper is given as October 17th, 1918.
This was soon after the occupation of Damascus (October Ist, 1918),
and a few days after the occupation of Beirut (October 8th, 1918).
The White Paper omits to State what elicited the assurance or in
what circumstances it was given, but in the absence of evidence to
the contrary it may reasonably be surmised that its real purpose was
to allay Feisal's anxieties with regard to the future of Syria. The
Statement was in any case not addressed to the Palestine Arabs but to
the Emir Feisal, who is asked by Lord Allenby to await the final
settlement at the Peace Conference. Feisal's attitude at the Peace
Conference, in dealing with the future of Palestine, has already
been fuUy discussed.* It is difficult to see how this document can
be supposed to have any real bearing on the findings in paragraph
22 of the British-<Arab Committee's Report.
(iii) ''The Declaration to the Seven" (June, 1918)**— "The
Seven " are the persons disrespectfully described by Lawrence as " an
unauthorised committee of seven gothamites in Cairo."*** The
Declaration opens with the words "His Majesty's Government have
considered the memorial of the Seven with the greatest care." Since
the Declaration was clearly elicited by the memorial, it would have
been in accordance with the normal practice to print both documents,
it being obvious that the real significance of an answer may be ma-
terially affected by the nature and terms of the question. In this
case, howevcr, the White Paper omits to reproduce the memorial
to which His Majesty's Government are replying. For some reason
or other, the memorial is also omitted from the documents reproduced
by Mr. G. Antonius, Secretary-General of the Arab Delegations, in
his book "The Arab Awakening." His accoimt of the background
to the memorial would appear to indicate that what caused the mem-
orialists parricular concem was the belief that the Sharif intended,
if the War were won, to place the Arab countries under Administra-
tions set up by himself and controUed from Mecca.f The memorial-
ists' desire for anonymity is attributed by Mr. Antonius to "fear
lest Hussein might have taken umbrage at the comparison which
they had drawn between the Hedjaz and the Northern Arab countries
to the detriment of the latter."t Had it been possible to show that
what was really under discussion was the future of Palestine in the
light of the Balfour Declaration, it is difficult to understand why
neither the British- Arab Committee in their Report, nor Mr. Antonius
in stating the Arab case on his own account, should have troubled
to bring out that f act.
* See above, pages 15 and 16.
** Text in Cmd.5974, Annex G, pp.49-50'
*♦♦ " The Seven Pillars of Wisdom," p.555.
+ " The Arab Awakening," pp.270-271.
i ib. p.271.
23
However that may be, the Declaration to the Seven, whatever
may have been its background, must be read in the light of the fact
that, in November, 1917, His Majesty's Government had formally
undertaken with the utmost Publicity, to facilitate the establishment
in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. They cannot
have intended, nor can any reasonable and intelligent person have
supposed ±at they intended, to abrogate or cut down the Balfour
Declaration by a Statement delivered more than six months later,
through the medium of a British Intelligence Ofiicer,t to Lawrence's
" unauthorised Committee of seven gothamites in Cairo." No such
construction can be placed upon the " Declaration to the Seven "
without a violation of the principle laid down by Lord Halifax in
1921, when, in a speech already quoted, he said, with reference tö
the Anglo-French Declaration of November 1918, that
" It is obvious that nothing contained in the latter can be
regarded as abrogating in any way the earlier pledge."*
(iv) "The Hogarth Message'' {January 9th, 1918)**— The
Hogarth Message has already been mentioned as showing, both by
its general purport and its actual terms, that His Majesty's Govern-
ment assumed that Palestine was not within the scope of the McMahon
undertaking, and took it for granted that this was understood by
the Sharif . The Hogarth Message is, however, among the documents
mentioned by the British-Arab Committee as having led them to
the conclusions set forth in paragraph 22 of their Report. After
stating that "the Jewish opinion of the world is in favour of a
retum of Jews to Palestine" the message says plainly that "His
Majesty's Government are determined that...no obstacle should be
put in the way of the realisation of this ideal," but subject to the
qualification contained in the words " in so far as is compatible wi±
the freedom of the existing population, both economic and political."
As has already been suggested,*** what the Message seems clearly to
be saying is that His Majesty's Government are resolved that the
Zionist Movement (which is expressly mentioned in the final para-
graph) is to have an opportunity of realising its ideals, but on the
footing that there is to be no domination of the Arabs by the Jews —
a principle affirmed by the Zionist Organisation at its first post-War
Congress**** and in harmony with the Declaration in paragraph 2
t " The Arab Awakening," p.271 : " It was delivered with some for-
mality by one of the senior members of the Intelligence Service,
Mr. Walrond by name, to the authors of the memorial, at a meeting
specially convened at Army Headquarters for the purpose. The
Arab leaders present were also informed that a copy . . . had been
communicated to King Husain."
* House of Commons' Official Report, July 25th, 1921, C0I.45 (see
above).
** Text in Cmd.5974, Annex F.
*** See above, paragraph 21, pages 18 and 19.
**** See resolution of the Xllth Zionist Congress, 192 1, quoted in the
1922 White Paper, Cmd.1700, page 18.
-24
of the Message that "so far as Palestine is concemed, we are deter-
mined that no people shall be subject to another." But the Message,
so mterpreted, contains nothing to justify the implications of äe
Committee s findmgs in paragraph 22 of their Report. It is difficult
to believe that, having published the Balfour Declaration in 1917,
His Majesty's Government almost immediately sought to qualify it
by a pnvate assurance to the Sharif that, whatever hopes might have
been pubhcly held out to the Jews, the views of the Palestine Arabs
would be decisive.
28. Reviewing, in 1922, the developments of the five years
which had elapsed since the Balfour Declaration was published, Com-
mander Hogarth spoke of Dr. Weizmann as having " accepted, like
a statesman, the depreciated currency which we have found the best
we can oflFer to-day."* The Hogarth Message, together with the
other documents just discussed, is now being used in an attempt by
the British-Arab Conmiittee to depreciate it still further. Taking
these documents together, it remains to consider them in the light of
one further Declaration to which the British-Arab Committee make
no reference— the Statement of British Policy in Palestine contained
in the White Paper of 1922. His Majesty's Government administer
Palestine under a Mandate. They received the Mandate on ±e
basis of an undertaking that they would give effect to the Balfour
Declaration. How ±ey themsclves interpreted the Declaration was
explained in the Statement of Policy. That Statement was published
on the eve of the confirmation of the Mandate and formally com-
municated to the Council of the League of Nations.** It may there-
fore fairly be said to be the basis on which, on the initiative of His
Majesty's Government themselves, it was agreed that the Mandate
should be entrusted to Great Britain. That being so, it is pertinent
to enquire whether it is possible to find in the Statement of Policy
authority for the propositions now laid down by the British-Arab
Committee in paragraph 22 of their Report. If so, it is surprising
that the Committee should have seen no advantage in pointing to
a plam acknowledgment by His Majesty's Government, in a formal
public Statement, of the obligations attributed to them in the Report,
and should have preferred to rely on documents of the Order of the
Hogarth Message and the Declaration to the Seven. If, on the other
hand, the 1922 Statement of Policy did not fuUy disclose the obliga-
tions which His Majesty's Government conceived themselves to have
incurred towards the Palestine Arabs, material facts were being with-
held, not only from the Zionist Organisation, but also from the League
of Nations. As shown by the correspondence printed in the White
Paper of 1922, the Zionist Organisation was invited to believe that
the Statement was a comprehensive and definitive explanation of the
intentions of His Majesty's Government. The League, to which the
Statement was communicated, was by necessary implication invited
* Introduction to Philip Graves' "Land of Three Faiths," (London,
1923), p.6.
** See Cmd.iyoS, (1922).
25
to entertain the same belief, and to confirm the Mandate on the
footing that it would be executed in conformity with the Statement.
If a question is raised as to the conditions on which His Majesty's
Government were "free to dispose of Palestine," it may be per-
missible to enquire whether, seventeen years after the confirmation
of the Mandate, they arc free to discover that they have obligations
in relation to Palestine of which neither the League nor the Jews,
nor (apparently) His Majesty's Government themselves, were aware
in 1922. If, on the other band, it is not suggested that anything
is changed by the documents now disclosed — if the position remains
precisely as defined by the Statement of 1922 — then it is difficult
to understand for what purpose those documents are now invoked
by the British-Arab Committee, or what meaning is to be attachcd
to Paragraph 22 of its Report.
29. We may now retum to the actual text of paragraph 22.
It will be observed that the Committee begin by laying down two
propositions :
(i) " It is beyond the scope of the Conmiittee to cxpress an
opinion upon the proper Interpretation of the various Statements
mentioned in paragraph 19." Having regard to the Committee*s
terms of reference, this is obviously true.
(ii) "Such an opinion could not in any case be properly
expressed unless consideration had also been given to a number
of other Statements madc during and after the War." It is left
to be conjectured what these " other Statements " are, but it is
clearly implied that consideration had not in fact been given to
them.
30. Having begun by giving two reasons, either of which might
be supposed to be conclusive, for not expressing an opinion as to the
effect of the Statements mentioned in paragraph 19, the Committee
then proceed to express an opinion. " In the opinion of ±e Com-
mittee it is, however, evident from these Statements"* — ^and then
come the foUowing propositions: —
(i) "That His Majesty's Government were not free to dis-
pose of Palestine without regard for the wishes and interests of
the inhabitants of Palestine."
(ii) " That these Statements must all* be taken into account
in any attempt to estimate the responsibilitics which — ^upon any
By "these Statements" are presumably meant the Statements mentioned
in paragraph 19. The "other Statements" referred to as having been
made during and after the War seem to be excluded by the words
"unless consideration had also been given," which appear to imply
that it had not in fact been given. The exact meaning of the word
"all," in the words "these Statements must all be taken into ac-
count," is not quite clear.
*
Interpretation of the Correspondence— His Majesty's Govern-
ment have incurred towards those inhabitants as a result of the
Correspondence."
3 1 . These two propositions are distinct, but they are so expressed
in the Report that the distinction is blurred. Looking at the sentence
as a whole, and looking at it in the light of the words " upon any
Interpretation of the correspondence," and " as a result of the corres-
pondence," a reader who did not stop to analyse it closely might be
forgiven for supposing: —
(i) That what was being interpreted was the Correspondence;
(ii) That the Committee were of opinion that the result
of the Correspondence was to impose upon His Majesty's Gov-
ernment certain responsibilities towards the inhabitants of Pal-
estine;
(iii) That the Committee were further of opinion that those
responsibilities govcmed the conditions under which His Majesty's
Government were free to " dispose of " Palestine.
Such a reader might naturally infer that, in the opinion of the Com-
mittee (for thcre would otherwise be little point in its observations),
His Majesty's Government had in fact disposed of Palestine in a
manner inconsistent with the responsibilities incurred by them as a
result of the Correspondence, which Correspondence — it might occur
to him — ^was prior in time to the Balfour Declaration. A reader on
whom the Report made this Impression would be in error. What is
actually affirmcd by the Conmiittee in paragraph 22 is not — as will
be Seen in a moment — ^what they might at first sight be supposed to
be affirming. The Committee must undoubtedly have been anxious
to express ±emselves as unambiguously as possible, but it may be
regretted that it did not occur to them that the language which they
selected might be open to misconstruction.
32. It will be convenient to begin by considering the second
of the Committee's two propositions, viz. that
" it is evident from these Statements . . . that these Statements
must all be taken into account in any attempt to estimate the
responsibilities which — ^upon any Interpretation of the Corres-
pondence— ^His Majesty's Government have incurred towards
those inhabitants as a result of the Correspondence."
33. The words which here call for attention are the concluding
words of paragraph 22 — " as a result of the Correspondence." The
British representatives having stated that in their considered opinion,
the undertakings contained in the correspondence had no application
to Palestine,* it is at first sight difficult to imderstand how it is pos-
"They maintain that on a proper construction of the Correspon-
dence, Palestine was in fact excluded." — ^Report, paragraph 17: Cmd.
5974, p.io.
426
27
iible, so far as they are conceraed, to speak of any responsibilities
as having been incurred by His Majesty's Government towards the
inhabitants of Palestine " as a result of the Correspondence." Strictly
construed, indeed, paragraph 22 does not express the view that any
such responsibilities have in fact been incurred; all that it actually
says is that certain Statements subsequent to the McMahon letters
"must all be taken into account in any attempt to estimate the
rseponsibilities which — ^upon any Interpretation of the Correspondence
— His Majesty's Government have incurred towards those inhabitants
(i.e. the inhabitants of Palestine) as a result of the Correspondence."
This is, strictly speaking, only a Statement as to how the enquiry
ought to be conducted, and not as to its outcome. But the Impression
naturally created by the language of paragraph 22 is that responsi-
bilities in relation to Palestine are in fact considered by the British
as well as the Arab members of the Committee to have been incurred
by His Majesty's Government " as a result of the Correspondence,'*
and this impression is not satisfactorily disposed of by pointing to a
verbal loop-hole.
34. On the other hand, the British delegates, having stated in
paragraph 18 that they are clearly of opinion that Palestine was
outside the scope of the McMahon undertakings, cannot be supposed
to 'oe admitting in paragraph 22 that there were, after all, some
responsibilities resulting from the Correspondence which devolved
upon His Majesty's Government in relation to Palestine. An explana-
tion which at first sight seems attractive is that one "result of the
Correspondence " is considered to have been the Coming into existencc
of the " subsequent documents " mentioned in paragraph 19, or some
of tnem, and that anything relatmg to Palestine which cah, in tue
opinion of the Committee, be deduced from such documents can be
Said to be " a result of the Correspondence," even though the British
representatives maintain that the correspondence itself, and the
undertakings contained in it, had no application to Palestine. To
this, however, it seems to be a conclusive answer that it would be
meaningless to say that from certain Statements it is evident that these
Statements must be taken into account in estimating the responsibilities
incurred by reason of those Statements themselves.
35. There appears, in fact, to be no satisfactory explanation
of the words " as a result of the Correspondence," if the British rep-
resentatives are not to be supposed to be contradicting what they
have just said in paragraph 18. It seems clear that, whatever the
responsibilities considered by the Committee to have been incurred by
His Majesty's Government towards the inhabitants of Palestine, they
cannot have been incurred " as a result of the Correspondence " in the
sense in which that expression would naturally be understood, since the
British representatives have already stated that they are satisfied that
the Correspondence had no application to Palestine. If, on the other
hand, the reference is, in reality, to responsibilities considered to have
been incurred as a result of the " subsequent Statements/' it is material
to recall that those Statements are subsequent, not only to the
26
McMahon Correspondence, but also to the Balfour Declaration.*
Speaking of one of these Statements — ^the Anglo-French Declaration
of November 7th, 1918**— Lord Halifax (then Mr. E. Wood, Under-
Secretary of State for the Colonies reminded the House of Commons,
in a Speech already quoted, that
" the Declaration of a National Home for the Jews in Palestine
was made in November 1917, just a year before the Joint
Declaration to which I have just referred," and that it was
"obvious that nothing contained in the latter can be regarded
as abrogating in any way the earlier pledge."***
Lord Halifax's observations are relevant as throwing light on
the issues raised by the words " as a result of the Correspondence."
36. Once the emptiness of these words is appreciated, it will
be Seen that all that remains of the last part of paragraph 22 is the
proposition that it is evident from various Statements (in each case
subsequent to the Balfour Declaration) that those Statements must be
taken into account in estimating the responsibilities incurred by His
Majesty's Government towards the inhabitants of Palestine. How-
ever true it may be, this Observation is not only irrelevant to the
Committee's terms of reference, but is in itself uninformative. To
find something which, though equally irrelevant to the terms of
reference, is a little more tangible, it is necessary to tum to the first
of the two propositions in paragraph 22, viz. that
" It is evident from these Statements that His Majesty's Gov-
ernment were not free to dispose of Palestine without regard
to the wishes and interests of the inhabitants of Palestine."
37. It will be observed that the words are " were not free " —
not " are not free." Though the Lord Chancellor remarks in one of
his Statements that what matters to-day is the existing State of
aflfairs,! the Committee are not affirming that His Majesty's Gov-
ernment are not now free to " dispose of " Palestine without regard
for the wishes and interests of the inhabitants — including the 430,000
Jews, most of them brought to Palestine on the faith of British as-
surances, who to-day form 30 per cent. of the population. The
Committee are speaking of the past. But to say that there was some-
thing which His Majesty's Government were not free to do would be
pointless if the reference were to something which they are not
considered to have done. There is, therefore, a vague Suggestion of
* Except for the Balfour Declaration itself and the Sykes-Picot Agree-
ment (which is clearly irrelevant in this connection), all the Statements
mentioned in paragraph 19 of the Report are later than the Balfour
Declaration, — see above, pages 20-22.
** Printed in Cmd.5974, Annex I, pp.50-51.
*** House of Commons' Ofiicial Report, July 25th, 192 1, C0I.35.
t Cmd.5974, P'29: Statement by the Lord Chancellor dated February
24th, 1939, paragraph 44.
29
something improper having bccn donc by His Majesty's Government
in "disposing of" Palestine, though there is no indication of the
practical inferences (if any) intended to be drawn. But it is a vague
Suggestion and no more. The guarded language used by the Com-
mittce Covers a number of ambiguities, with the result that here
again it is necessary to distinguish between what is actually affirmed
in the Report and what is left to be read into it. When the Com-
mittee assert that His Majesty's Government were bound to have
" regard for " certain considerations, do they er do they not mean
that His Majesty's Government were bound to have "regard for"
those considerations alone, to the exclusion of all others? Is it the
view of the Committce that in " disposing of " Palestine His Majestjr's
Government in fact did something which they were not free to do,
and if so what was it? Did His Majesty's Government " dispose of *'
Palestine at all? On all these points the Report is equivocal. The
language of paragraph 22, strictly construed, is language which could
be used by persons who were in fact of opinion that His Majesty's
Government did not "dispose," and were never in a position to
" dispose," of Palestine, or again, by persons who thought that His
Majesty's Government did " dispose " of Palestine, but not without
regard for " the wishes and interests of the inhabitants." What is
really intended to be conveyed must remain a matter of conjecture,
but the impression which might well be left upon the ordinary reader
is that:
(i) The Committee are of opinion that at some point of
time in the past Palestine was at the disposal of His Majesty's
Government, and was in fact disposed of by them.
(ii) The Committee are further of opinion that His Majesty's
Government "disposed of " Palestine without regard for the
wishes and interests of the inhabitants, and thus did something
which they were not free to do by reason of the Statements
mentioned in paragraph 19 of the Report.
38. As will be seen in due course, His Majesty's Government
cannot properly be said to have " disposed of " Palestine at all. At
the hands of the Principal AUied Powers, and subsequently of the
Council of the League of Nations, Great Britain received authority
to administer Palestine on behalf of the League under a Mandate
which incorporated the Balfour Declaration. But, leaving this point
aside for the moment, it is now proposed to consider whether, in
taking such decisions as they were competent to take with regard
to the future of Palestine, His Majesty's Government can properly
be said to have acted " without regard for the wishes and interests
of the inhabitants."
39. As to the interests of the inhabitants, it may be that what
happened in the event was considered by the Committee to be ir-
relevant. If not, they would appear to have given no weight to what
30
,i
is said in the Report of the Palestine Royal Commission* as to " the
general beneficent effect of Jewish inmiigration on Arab weif are."
As to the wishes of the inhabitants (i.e. the persons inhabiting Pales-
tine at the time when it was " disposed of " by His Majesty's Govern-
ment), the Report — as already pointed out--does not make It clear
whether, in the opinion of the Committee, it was the duty of His
Majesty's Government not only to take the wishes of the inhabitants
into account, but to treat them as final, to the exclusion of all other
considerations. If the Conmiittee do not go to this length, the
point of their observations is a littie difficult to perceive. The views
of that section of the population which was opposed to the prin-
ciples embodied in the Mandate were fuUy represented to and con-
sidered by His Majesty's Government before British policy in Pales-
tine was authoritatively defined in the White Paper of June, 1922.**
The discussions with the Palestine Arab Delegation recorded at
length in the White Paper provide ample evidence that His Majesty's
Government not only gave the Delegation an attentive hearing, but
offered assurances and made proposals which showed that its rep-
resentations had been taken into account. The proposals included
an offer (which was refused) of a partially elected Legislative Council
as an immediate first step towards the establishment of self-goveraing
institutions. The Delegation was assured that the creation of a wholiy
Jewish Palestine was no part of the purpose of the Balfour Delegation
as interpreted by His Majesty's Govemment, and that they had at
no time contemplated the Subordination of the Arab population, or
of the Arabic language or culture.f The Govemment's proposals were
rejected by the Delegation, and its assurances dismissed as inadequate.
The Delegation stated plainly that it would be satisfied with nothing
less than the repudiation by His Majesty's Govemment of their
undertakings with regard to the establishment of the Jewish National
Home.ij: The White Paper fails to make it clear whether the Com-
mittee take the view that, in refusing that demand, His Majesty's
Govemment acted "without regard for" the wishes of the inhab-
itants of Palestine, and consequently did something which they we:e
not free to do. If this is not what the Committee mean, there is
some difficulty in understanding what they intend to convey.
40. Can it, then, be the case that the Committee are, after
all, of opinion that it was incumbent upon His Majesty's Govemment
to have " regard for " the wishes of the inhabitants to the extent of
complying with those wishes, whatever they might be? If so, the
question arises whether the British signatories of the Report
can have forgotten that in a Statement dated March 16th,
1939 (the date of the Report itself) the Lord Chancellor quotes.
* Cmd.5479 (1937)5 P-I39-
** Cmd.1700.
t Cmd.1700, p.i8,
t See Cmd.1700, pp.2, II.
31
with evident approval, Lord Milner's reminder that Palestine
" is a sacred land to the Arabs, but it is also a sacred land to the
Jews and the Christians," and his conclusion that
(<
The future of Palestine cannot possibly be left to be de-
termined by the temporary impressions and feelings of the Arab
majority in the country of the present day."*
If this view be correct, as the Lord Chancellor seems clearly to
indicate that in his opinion it is, it follows that whatever it may be
supposed that His Majesty's Government ought to have done by
reason of their not being "free to dispose of" Palestine "without
regard for " the wishes of the then inhabitants, they can at all events
have done nothing wrong in declining to treat those wishes as the
test by which the future of Palestine was to be conclusively deter-
mined.
4L It has stiU to be considered whether His Majesty's Govern-
ment can properly be said to have "disposed of" Palestine at all.
The tnith is that His Majesty's Government neither " disposed of "
Palestine nor at any time possessed or claimed authority to do so.
The Lord Chancellor, in a Statement communicated to the British-
Arab Committee, pointed out that
"His Majesty's Government were not in 1915 in a position
to give the sovereignty of Palestine to the Arab people. They
had to consult their Allies and other countries having interests
in that territory, just as they are now obliged to consult the
members of the League of Nations."**
At the close of the War, no less than in 1915, the future of Palestine
was a matter of international concem. There were two stages in
the process by which, as part of the pcace settlement, Palestine came
to be placed under British administration. At both stages it was made
clear by the other parties concemed, and unreservedly acknowledged
by His Majesty's Government, that authority to administer Palestine
was conferred upon Great Britain subject to certain conditions and
with a view to the achievement of certain objects. The first decision
was that of the Principal Allied Powers. The position of His
Majesty's Government has been authoritatively stated as follows:
" His Majesty's Government, when they were entrusted with
the administration of Palestine by the Supreme Council of the
Allies at San Remo, were entrusted with it under certain definite
conditions. They were to administer the country in such a
manner as to implement the Balfour Declaration; that is to
**
See the passage from Lord Milner's speech in the House of Lords,
quoted by the Lord Chancellor in his Statement dated March i6th,
1939, Cmd.5974, p.47.
Statement by the Lord Chancellor, February 24th, 1939, Cmd.5974,
p.28.
32
'
say, while protecting the civil and religious rights of the existing
inhabitants, they were to render possible the estabhshment of
a Jewish National Home."*
"The Mandate is not merely a national Obligation; it is
an international Obligation, and the Balfour Declaration was the
basis on which we accepted from the Principal Allied Powers
the Position of Mandatory Power in Palestine."**
The second stage was reached when the Mandate was confirmed by
the Council of the League of Nations. The responsibilities already
assumed by His Majesty's Government towards the Principal Allied
Powers were now enlarged into an Obligation towards the whole group
of States represented in the League to administer Palestine in con-
formity with the Mandate, which incorporated the Balfour Declara-
tion. As the Lord Chancellor has pointed out,
"The Mandate was given to Great Britain with the ap-
proval of some 52 nations from all parts of the world, and its
existence as an Obligation incumbent upon His Majesty's Govern-
ment which His Majesty's Government cannot themselves alter
is a fact which cannot be ignored."***
42. So far, then, from His Majesty's Government having been
" free to dispose of Palestine," what really happened was that authority
to administer Palestine in a fiduciary capacity was conferred upon
them, first by the Principal Allied Powers, and subsequently by the
Council of the League. That authority was not granted uncondition-
aUy. On the contrary, it was expressly stipulated that His Majesty's
Government should give effect to the Balfour Declaration. So im-
portant a part did die Declaration play in these transactions that
Lord Harlech,t when he appeared before the Permanent Mandates
Commission as the »Accredited British Representative in 1925, was
not exaggerating when he reminded the Commission that
" it was, after all, the Balfour Declaration which was the
reason why the British Government was now administering
Palestine."!
* The Duke of Sutherland, speaking on behalf of His Majesty's Gov-
ernment in the House of Lords, February I4th, 1922, Official Report,
C0I.149.
** The Duke of Devonshire, speaking as Colonial Secretary in the
House of Lords, June 27th, 1923, Official Report, col.673.
*** Statement by the Lord Chancellor, March i6th, 1939, Cmd.5974,
p.29.
t Then Mr. Ormsby-Gore.
t Minutes of the Permanent Mandates Commission, Seventh Session,
p.m.
33
43. The paramount importance attached to the Balfour Declara-
tion by His Majesty's Government is further illustrated by the dip-
lomatic correspondence leading up to the Convention relating to
Pakstine concluded between the British and United States Govcra-
ments in 1924.* It had been proposed in the British draft that
the Preamble to the Convention should include a recital containing
(inter alia) the substance of the Balfour Declaration. The United
States Government suggested that ±is recital should be omitted as
" unessential." In a letter dated October 2nd, 1922, Lord Curzon
proposed, as an alternative, that the Cenvention should recite the
whole Mandate, including the Preamble, and not merely the Articles
of the Mandate, as had originally been intendcd. This proposal was
accepted. The main ground on which it was urged by Lord Curzon
was that
"His Majesty's Government are anxious, if possible, that
the Convention should contain a specific allusion to the policy
of establishing a National Home for the Jewish people in Palcs-
tine, having regard to the interest taken in this policy in the
United States, and the warm support which it has received in
that country, of which the recent resolutions of both Houses of
Congress have afforded striking evidence."
44. These being the circumstanccs in which, with the assent
of the League of Nations and also of the United States, Great
Britain undertook to administer Palestine, there is some difficulty in
understanding what is meant by the reference in paragraph 22 to the
conditions under which His Majesty's Government were "free to
dispose of " Palestine. But it would be unprofitable to pursue the
argtunent further. The more dosely paragraph 22 is analysed, the
more obscure does it become. It might almost be imagined that, the
Arab representatives having failed in their main contention with
reference to the scope of the McMahon undertaking, it was desired
to award them a kind of consolation prize by inserting at the end of
the Report a paragraph which, while gratifying the Arabs and pre-
judicing the Jews, possessed the further advantage of having no
definite meaning.
London,
14.4.39.
Treaty Series, No. 54, 1925 (Cmd.2559, [1926]). For the diplo-
matic correspondence, see " The Mandate for Palestine," United
States Printing Office, Washington, 1927, pp.70, 76, 83, 88, 91, 92.
34
{
inTDö^ ü^:i^ li^bn - m^ipiD Din: -idt«?
ÖT?'?''
"n^'ii'^^in nöptj^n,, ? tynin"?iDiD
K"B^n ,'frD-T'"'K ,inaiV
Zionwr Review Hebrew Supplement, May-June, 1941
'D— '1 7\l^'m1 nitr?
on^sDi "^nn nnn: ^v
.^i^ini ms "tk ,oi^''in
nnn ,rpn oy — oin.'nrD imTin k^i ,im* osr on-'j-'m
mnna nu;yn nSi can. D''önn «ipinm /ixsi» niTöÄ — »th^t
mns ai^T» /ii^aa invö ny .nsiTK-'övo nyh dä d^öm
y^pai mraai pmi ,DiK-n'n tö ^aV' "ipsn »i^tid oViyn "»ami
inn m^ ina ^y o^ai cö"» nyntL^ "inxbi — /Di^''arT yna^
•^XKter Dy /'T'mii?«.» nös mnx» Tm^n o.Tnna ^ytr? ,^pnn
,oi^uT msiidi — D'aauni D'»tt^an3s dm Dnays' dn »iriDnaö
N^i — Dnsö n^ö n^JiB ^^ nns hm mi^'Tns — oi^'»ani jik
'ö*»! rna^ "nnji ]n\n nay Vk /|yj3 "tk ."rpiTn ms nnna
]'3 D.TaK^ nnmiiTttr v"»Kn i^^n «^m^i nn^iaa nnn n^^y
Dnn2iT /HS ini6 ibijiä nmn»;. onnani lan n^i — onnan
Da nann '?ao isnKa inaira .maKmyf imx lö^^pi "nrn^
^^im ms ':a!i oiV*»:.! ''air;i^ ra manan iits^tr^n-rmriiia
yiKa ^nw ram im — imx nn'ri^n *?aa .nnn ]» on-'i^aian
mtih /DiV-'j'? iT^'?yn-''a''a nM-Kf?-Dyi — ;D*'i03nni .]Ti\n
HMi "ria ina ,Dnna-matt^ •'S^k midi om^jm ntn — /^pinVi
— ibao D^iyn' ^a k^ö nN»a ^'?am Dyi da —/an Disy oy*?
aina xf? .iarT:T nnjy ^Ki acr ^'nnn »npnain nen^» mxnHa
,n^inöan nxiai .na nxt «b dät ,rvi m. nriM i6. — nai
»Dbiyn maipnna ,''n'?i di«^ ima nan naiöxai /a^-^v^oa^
yipji^ — n *> u; "»^ ir^ a — K3i /laaw B^nV'r pTn^i nnx npina
miw» mr nynr-i^-nK nm» njiiwn nynr yiir my
■»ju^ nanii — ,nnöiK3 D''nT2?Nnn ru^nirr ir^ina nViü ,D''jt2;a
^« D^anpüöii D''3^in ninnn nainxi n» i'?'»Dnur v.tm^-d^äj;
— Tvxa auHM Dyni .nr»' ^pin inn ms in: ^»i nr» ub'>in
-nm Dnxanaii "tu; Dn^xn"? an m ü ä — n^aai km .la^a
iT'nurön-'''?a— oim nairnr nTiMnaH-D''aTiDö bvcw^ 's^a .d'xä
Do'?!!! i'?'?n rxn .]nnM nni Tß?! is^nni' nVo^ini nnaai on^ur
nanan ^y iitVi ^pini ms mnm^ min-ra-ij? a^'ipn^
♦D^iy^' iicanii;
K^u? nnwn-miiaö tö ^a /Di^-'^D mnyi m:D''a-nyfiß^
oiV'jn viKa mTöHTsn -»iia d:i x^» ^pim m© msTK "»aa pn
''ra-niDinm n:i'?fln-»an nöi — »Dn^möi^na iiyu^V i^a' x^»
^x D^anpnm D'a'?in — DTpn "»öy bm onTiiöi^n vn '?'iaa
Dnmn Dnxöi "raa mnni "»sin •?« ."»tTruKn t^ön ^tr; T»^n-mryö
Dnxm ^aa nnni ^y .tnn\TriK ^» Q^ on^iai — ira''ix
.n*i'n VI» "riJ^ n*?-)!; ai^z; ynav
?iT imnn Vy DnaT nanm -b r^-^ "»ö ? nn'^ x^i i*? a*? "»ö
,Tn vö »nr^bib byy* iVx .inp^Si» nai nn mb n^:»» a^n fx
.mxn^ nsa na
-m xs"» '?x : aäoam '»nn bitw^-ih .a*?^ i"?- nnx n'?Bn ix
.]iTnTix3 a"»!»« 'riTia Timn ^x .d-'^i^it *?y min» tn
.DViy^T M^ — Ti n ü irömp-rya xa ixtz;'
.n^tj^ n^ioax ^y; mmol n'''nt30Mn
V^b m-^^'^ n^'Vy /nyppu^i nnnti'miu^ •'a^k '■\mö
manx Di^ir-mposm. isdö i*»« D^öfmön^ö inxV j 't:;iJKn
nsiTx -»ja "»T» ^yi imc;?»''! mmn nisix •'iV'':i ,nnxp dx
onnn anu^^/iriiüpi m^n> nnicpi mn» naa bm inannm
"inii ms "im ^x ,oi^'jn nna ^x Dr)na-''J2T nsn^x-'öy
,yrh DTjrDT nsu^i n^^yi nmxfr. ^k dx ; yiaön ^x /'?pnn
Din VapV, Dnaxnö-"npa ^v^ naiTx-'öy D^au^ i'j'xd
j ^pim ms /Di'?'an nn':^ ^yi D^sman D'önpn-mnn -»so
nrh KXöa ^^ i^'?n ,nn1üD^^n-o^ "»as^ Dn^niöisy v^^b
-flixnx ^x ixr .Tnm nsyn-maix nsiTxa rn' xfri m x^
.^rmb dm nvn^ : nynannraip^ D'önp«n
Dn^maanp ^yi mmp «i'Din^ /DinrDöT yxa^ ixa iVSt
TM'^Vh ^M D'»aiy t^fXD Dn:uatjn .•»ian,'?i iiüVit^^ msoöi lanu^
nmxö rrmi w^ ,7w\n nn^ns, Dtr^^ — Dsin^, Dnnv ,D^önpn
T''X nntrr ,nmö^^ai ,xiaii x^ it dxut .mam. nsVinn nxöiü
nu^sm IT- nKöflü i^^ — yam vpb^ x^i rxsn^ x^: »ninu
.n^ia njiy^a'n^ ly rina
-aip imxV mnynn nMönün-min»a D'ön^an ^ur. Dan
.mn'?:r^ai maTax-nan /D"»»")? nym nriM nynann
n\TX^-Dy n'a nny nn ni2;aDi nain» .raon iTinxm
yaur ^a ims d''jiim ''xaira ,D'?fiy ^,iz^ mao ir T\vr\ "»a^'a
lirnn-Tina D^nxi D'aSnn» vn Dnanx S'n niöann
nai nni — -bbn D^'xn D-'^üp nai .natrnan-'mxa D^p^öyam
/Di^'jn mry^D mnu^ postir inx^' /inaxn i'öV Dnaia nn\n
•'B^->^i2;i •)jur '''?aa nnur ; ]iu^xi '''?aa pos ,"iöi'?a ."rpTm ms
-D^iy T'ir Di^a .nnx nytt^ «ix Dn^ö*»»» pu'^ Dn«n pos xV
,i^^n Dnsrr D"»'xn' bv Dnaia xfc»^ nvunaxn b^ ni^yi nm^i:;
? mxD !?aj) •'p'?n naa Vc^i it W n'r.iy D'?iyn-nn^i Dnannij;
.n um by\ dibö''Vix;t im nriM x^^ lanT ^xi^ ayi
,D''ttana-DT ,iö1' ibu^ lyaaa nösr td irr n'nnna ,X3 larröö
nasnyi n^^iran ]v ^u^ ,TiiB nys^ x^*? D'y'?DniT"ix min''a
-•»la '»JBa DTiur x^T nnx x^: Döipnn nr tot lanö^-Dy .imöi
lu^y a^>D^ ^""0 .nn ^c; niöit yanxcn a^p-mu^a ,D'iBö''^ixn
\ydh Vy /n^nr naan "»asa d^v nM •'atrir n^anirr pia irmax
^y IT n»an Vtzr m-'Tö ^sxi nsa ]a "'s ^yi f\m — nox d^jit»
D-'Bnöi^'öiT /xainx •'aii •»ao;. v.i m'? dji i*?! .nönxn-nn
Dy in'bi xtt^"»'? D^a,i» i^Si nvann-nvin^T manüöm
•»nöoa /n^iiymÄmi nmö^nm ufnisoai lani nA" dji i^ j iraan
ra ]'»bÄian-nyBTL^n -^liW") /Dnsn ^tr^ nmioa'rKi rx^m^-^
nibi "w^nm b^,r x^M laV nxm x^' i^^x ; o^^tt^iTi namx
,''Dmnü Ta d-'Xöüi D"'Dy» Ta D^a*!,/ n^sa bv i:mnn-nöTa
n-'Xön ^a ^y isa"? "»la na nM x"urn 'n nim'sr nain« —
.'?i*iir^*'^ n^niax-maic iixsünn;
,7r>iv^in nnbsirm; m naxrx^ niiaa iv yiK^i rf?! rn»y! x^
antt^ a-'ix n-'a rf?Bi .ibia D'?iy'? nimnnm innu^ mi^a
-na .nxana : it, ny^a ^b\ D-'xmp "rann v^n ntriana; Dmn-'ia
1ÖW nn .xöm "?• y nbv^:>. ,inVnnai iöc^ hm nr — nxa
Da iiaTi ^m n\T m .nnnx ^y xöit d y r^ay n^yiya
.w^m rm ixr'a'^ ,ixia' D-'ö-'a
'K^-Dy^ nn\n-x'?' m'»an-Ty ,r^*io "»Ta minx moai
Zionist Review Hebreto Supplement, May-June, 1941 Uli?'?''
26 nnijrKi m^
m^ipiD ü^n: ^tr r^n-n^^-iSÄ
iöis;n D " 1 "?' n "> 3i t: n n s o a löons" "D^t:;nn,/
nKiJD .(D*''?u7ii^3 n^irsH' n'?nann nvm iik^ nj«"?
- •» D n 3 Vs,ü,ö b'^nnn Kinn /imi dki npro vä' m *flinöiV//^
pi ,niin 70."?: ina niT'sra ''Dn''on//, h^k-'k n* "rvi däi id^
vmypTJ-amn b)^ Döinurn ai "n an ni % 1 5? jai i:^ hirorrn
111 T:^::ö3ira /n-'i^isai niT'onrr' m.i'?^nai ü^in bii^. inaan-pöisn
iiö^V T-ir^ön, na ,,'?xi^fiV übvn a,^ n"?» vinji nmd'
t6 ♦•»nnsjorr nr ia' n'ranöi b^nm ru^avi .'rm-'nm min
nmt inr nann iu^ö:i la^i oVm ,min-'t2n*Tn lan^tt pos
.yaün-'ynöai •Tnt30\na onöKöi omsoi /On^iir : Vin-narr
cnö naa) o"jn *?T:r t» n yi 1 - •» a n a 0 tö*?^' tr'» nain
imnnsnm n^rnnson irmrmn' Vy (y'jn "inarn iso„2 löD-nsj"'
liiynair^ n« "mx^ k"'Xi,X/'?i '?''nn.i rbin njiira .n-'jnnn
nitida /'nöirii oiViiri na^Ty, — iT-anaai — iiitkih nayn
T'Vnu^ /'nattriur^/, : ^ 1 tz^ n laiyiaur otDisa nns xbnn
ntt^paTT iniTnsa psnoni xb; ."lanvi/, ^u^ n»-mnrönrr f?v
annV, D■'ö^^ ornKDi iTn na^öi dx i6h ,''iü''ai. kxi» rrt»
— "»mKnav : psi^s n'iyi»-T'y, bv ana» ximi — "nTssn/,a
>Tv^ Ty» D"'m'?^ onöxö HTSsni "»^sr ^V' — nmsi xin
wvifs nx ,Di2^ D.T ittrxai bmiiip "»la irnx as» nic nnKDön
r'^ainV lu^sia ny d:i nsion a^nr D'öysVi /DrTT '?5nsi onpix
; an "»JD iTiT» vh>\ T'ai •'js Kty x^i ,üT]^iQ bv^ iTyi "»aa nx
rrnrnNö pSK*?© ■s?n:in v^n» : iiöx^^ •'a^i ds? "»iK ^möxn
"? cxiipn msr '»ja'? üsiröa xia'n k*?! n»*?,! ,n:ö'öi Jin^yixn
^5? ; "'?'?ani nanD^y, Di^a wv\ i6to ^vi piN'701 "»ji nn "ipaö xin
c *» "T 1 ö *? // ia onö*?» rxi nmnn-iiö^n iT'ai n» iV^a^ j^ir;
ntt^xnn HM' iimin nö"? oaina nu^X//) '^ d "» x i n :
n''3y,a niiwn naiivn ^5?i naS nx löur x^t^ ^yi /("rrt'yaa
..nsö^'? D''ymsi D''X")Sy, omna x"?»;! /'?iT:in' c^man
".'pxx"?!} mvi •'ii^xi. ,Daa d-»"?!!;!» D^'?i'?yfi// "....am»
/la^'mm ü"2n iSt — "nT'ssnwai m nnsi i*?! nnaiiyö
^nnn ]a iiaa .n'?ia "rrr'sxn,/ n» "5;,'?a>,; n-'^ts^ nöa. inxur, ly
ision T .(iiyii "'?ii?n„ /"t^ö^,) annx nnso-'xa.pai «innt^ö
i^öir*» x»:inVi .D^ai nnso-'say •»is ^sr n:>^^: nn^n V''nnön.
miizrxnn imsDn^n-ni^ai üüiqv "ima-y/,i ramn /inöxö
na*?»»., /'^inbnn dm /'xpnywxii tvtx/a /'xT'Xp// : 'M'T'sxn>/a
/'D''a"'J5n TT^mtr?! no*',, /'o-^nn ■'^yai ns^y, /'n'a,u^vi dx'o
in'rnnnai trr» /'isTTrxüoixa "rxnur" •'la/, /'«iioiV^sm miTn./
n^rmson ininnsm man"? nns uwj^ Mb's; iso-niTiai u
♦na inxft'B^
nipNr)-n9ii?n
m'''»yi ,aipHö» '?'ÄD n^a^i npai ax d^'^w mi' n"V")n na^i
nriM aipxD'iiöipn .D""in T)m iv\ y^ na m1t»i^ i^sa
.ncorirT-an ^-rmson "■'lys?'^,^ rmaannm n'?^ann-nDipn
-niTK — ima : pim in*''?! — "r^sa Ainm ]nbw. bv\ iiao
/n:nn b^ "inma^/, '»^bö nriM nxT i^xa n^nni:^ — viw
piDn nVniö ,nöx-i5?Trö i"?' nrrn D^smu^ön on-^n ''0*' ^ai
,D'jai5?p. D-'ö^a m ü"2n Siya nxTyiJi "nTssn//-n''an. nn-'a
nVs — i.nriy^iii T\''ibim m'''»y,a n^n^i ai'?npio n^aiD Dir«
'S'V) .1860 mu^ nxna^a 29 ,T'-)ni üa^:^ m /va ovai — psiVs
-nmnM n^iöi'rp'sjxa^i ,o"in-ii5?iai 1 s i a o^'jn -»T-a iip^m
XQf'iö .anjiVa^ — "nrmn,, — iiraa inso-isiKai ,n^^cüxn
bv3 ,xTsu^ ini' 'an: — .T^maxö' nnx .Xj-^Hnpö innsirrö
onsK "1 upT-vax .tyV-)D''x nu^öi n ^^ lai /'mpiövi nhö>.
mar .p^i^D n'?np •'tz^idöi ^^^ (ty'^nn-n"Dpn) anVipiD pnx>
imxa iw^ pnnn??i p"i k"?! iV, nmi nann mmm^ iirrtr^'x
xinuD — lömn nx i"''?y vraün^- däi x^x irn-'Dnn-nxaö
'") .DiTn nnK isnoj' xVt "oiiöwai 110.5^ "irr'an ''T:anöv.n
lia^n nösna iin^ai, ,"ipnö naoa d:i i'^y»- nM pnr onöx
tr^n^ nann .nx^Vö'i yv; ^lan aan» n^n la ^m .nnanm
lÄir;) n^aiü mn: "rty. rax / n 01 '» ^ x i 0 :rr mja laaia
in^.iyjD''? miityNiii D"'i^ai x*?» i^^^y löt:^ x^i o"amr;i ,''i^n
r:in^' nan x^t:^ 's 'ryi nx« ,(^al nnx^i na^^jm iSt /n-'irn&on
ipnö-nBO niaa omöu; o"jii Vur insD-ixiKai ^mllnb
nmpn na,"r d^xsiöi i:ni an^ny^raa ,T'ax Vu^ö n^a^m
\(ü"i : DA Dinn) n^ait: Din: laai axn- : on-'aiy ■'Tai "mnpriu']
npvittD m"i:i"'tt^^iai "nan//^! n^anD Dimi ojaji t^V^ ]a
min iMibb}i D"a pos xV ,p^^bsb imr»T nx n"a-)n njtLra rax
.nai!? i:öö nnni nn\T m-'n*» na^n .nnrr'ia laprrax "»sö
'">^b^%n b^ vmarntz^a m — M^b^ xin x^i — nM «'•rsa
D'ö\'T Dmxan ; nna-'aoaa pxi^sa v^?:m dhV ixx*'u? i'ys.i
vim '»-»ai pr D"j ."D"i'?''s??3i iö*'x„ n^j'riBat:; "rxntzr» nM xV
xVn .la^ 11:^]^ x^, vaxi lapT-paxs .n^airnn-nrnp»» d:\
nTpnn"ix' nxi ,nx"i33 ,ia nny da nö-möatt^ xbx ny
^5? ijaf?i «lov b}<)m< n nimit} /'D^'^irn DnsD..a ivym
x\Ti ,nTn'' mafirn na nmüOM miyin — xaci m'tas
-'iSi'? mprnx nivarr innxn ninj. na;» nsoöi xin — D''ainaa
.(iipT'i'2xi bK^ Vax ^n rnnaxa loani ^u^ "inr^»//» inT'üs
^ X ii ö! t:^ n^ai — laj« 'aTip nyp^n dx i-'^y maa ,ia^i «loi:
^sx D"isö i^ni nboTi;nb losn^iri — ,]VP'ai nT'yna ) n a
.n-'nsns'i n'iöii ,T)'':b^s : nsiTx-nuitt?^
^xiöTT^ '1 nx miy) Tyatt^ niyvön-''ttr:xi D"''?''aij;önö' nöD
.•'onn ivDJö^^ lo'ja-'i D'x^sn-nb''»' bii^ innnxft'' äxti-'t:; »lor
^t3imr — ^Äjxm mxan ,n^flnnu^ "»arx^' m v^n Dini yau^
r")ön nr fjxii — „Tj^isa' n-'xp-'s-'Dnn n'?iyB nx y^^nh. vby.
(main'?t2;n d^üö vVy it:i i^-»«! .-Dnöix tr'i) «lon '?xiöi:7 'i nx
inöfip nx nsa xVi axrr .nsu: ivojön imx^' iiai nx ü^ionb
nx 'Dia isixa tö.'?*' winm o-'acn d"?im /i^anrn«^ 'jsa! dji
nra rmx T-yxn Dini ^nnni nai .imia' ■»sa irojö^'jin-möi^
bm '?^ö T'oiöfii ixDöi imiam n-'aai ina^ti^a y^jih jman
minn vmya ^»'»a i^' niöw nai in nrr» .1x001 ump St:^ ^5?
/'a^aty vnpn//ö: mV^xm na nnx i*? niöy m'jirn maam
lansio aai Vyi naini nr?"'aDntri T\s'>n dut rai nTno nmxö
x'? nir»// ."nyn mannS, liw^ na-'ur'mi t:r-iTön-n''ai '»a^an
/'üb^v>^u) '">r\Mb'> bv nai:n//ai D":n isoa — ''tk -»a np^Ti
vatsn tjrsin nx ^b^si<^ .-»avöT ,mö*?n n-'n "»ö^iyv, .(i907 /x
•rx iö''xnntrr d'vit "d^öxi ixö,. '?sk iiai^a möVna -»nx»»
."•»nn nSn»
innV::^ ^T^maxn^'Ti» Dim: no' xöt^i tr^trin vax ^■'»nnmra
na ,x:iüip^i irm ^naVisaio^i n^n ma» .u^ta-'av^ m*»y^
; vöT» »ra D"ani ^yi riya^ n^ii:^ ,y[tr;in'' m iimn n'» "ry d*»» pr
nx ixmi inatt^a — i>mn^T2;api; möi^öai — isd o^'^yis' naa
- > i:^ ^ T n ,anna^: nain d-'öm omxai .nnnai iVi:ä an
— ''vtnTn/,-nnanöö: naa) .nr-a^iöa '?aipön. noiaa n n n
nov bmm rn^f:^ rxf?a n^a^iü oina,/, : omn xin inny^n
27 rtäwm Mity
tO 1 p 'r "^ Zionist Review Hehrew Supplement, May-June, 1941
'\mi n%T HD imn . r ^ an i '' a i oma ^iKt^ iipinn ^ir
löKörr lanö tonvan 7\i^'s:^\ o": insr;T »Tn trist:;»
niiKr/D ,iVt:; "nat:;'?' nntz;»// np-'j;») ]iD'''?"'sn ."^ipn '^mr\r\
rt3>Jiö Dössrf? liipt:^ " D ' t:? •" K ,, n Dionsa oi nns
mpDBn /msT'ptyi nv'ry höd o^^n St:; ''nYssH//^ n"? vn
c"^nx D-'nn^r d"öt' D''iins;i nöötr "»d Ssti «in .nviti^innm
\T^'m i6' i'rSn dVik — ,mrn3 i"?«-'»«! na-töT iT'?5r i'?y
Dity» ♦ n n 1 b 3 1 VI ^ ß ty n »Vi ,nmöa d"»»'
''nT'Ssn//t:; — "löiS jimi hm ] öi tz^ -j i ö nnt:;' Dt:^ —
-nai invii:;'» omna: nyiaü ? d " a i n ' *' i *? n nn\n
D^jit:; D'Tps^ 1^"?^' nV"'t3n n^arsni nynannt:^ inx^' d> .D'-jnn
r^ia':i jrap-na^t:^'''? qx D''Dn}c myo»'? Di« Kti^möi inwsint:;
•'N'?'p''a i«srT niTi n»a^ i^r inanaöi n'?' SixkS' n^t:;»» n\nt:;
.^'?nÄn nK iT'tvi nöfioi n:ntyjtnn o^isrn-nön^» n'tyRii •'jtrn
; iis?naT!;D ''mr'ssn,, rumn w^ra ntmn "»iöiXiT tr^n^sn »ö,''a)
,D"'ö'> nanKrr x*? ; ^öt» rnyo "m^ssn/. nt:;inni 1930 t\w^
mos? TtnnS nn^"?»«! kV' ; "o'^iai nö*»"»?' .in\i//, xV'ty; Ditra aa
.(niti:;vS *m^flsn>
'^ «1 •» 0 K n * mt:^n-iso riK 0":^ tof» .rain t\w'2
-: 0 D /. nx iikS' x^sin i3 inxii (o^jt:^ t:^:; iik^i kt')
b7\\> b's i3inn:it:;. ,''nr^D// nnso-'xap' r5?i» — " n 2 tw n
ar"»» ''TO^ai ''tV Ka: anai .nama mwai D"»n.a5?n o'xnpn
/nvnynpin npai» nsD» ,tt3'0''S^SaiD nna! D"jn St:^ ins
"t/'V7i ^aa int3''tr;i ^xiö^/, •niöHö :KmnV) rd^n-b^'n ^k\
D''nai5r nnfl:D-''sa'i> "nc'?' Tirri ^Sd "«i''OKn^ .f«i''0Nn>/3
psnorr x^ ."ia>T i^n Tinfiom •'innn itr;iaD'na ? mnsoai
-"»saj? n^rx-'Nai «innt:;» bmm xVx /maS' nna^yni mns'oa
-i5?,ii> oym :aiü''^x s?a''''ö'yiÄ'?»//) d ^ ■' t viii ^ -Dm.T m-iso
xa 13 n*» '?yni /Oiyn tisixiT "ü^'?'5;kit'x "n^aixv/ /'d'diü
n-'iöin '?xiiy'' mSnp •'t^xn» nanrii dsT' rinn-'i -iBD-nt:;pa
: n^öM onma lai n'?:im xm «ix Tiön-'Tnann' ns' ♦nsisai
/Äiianüsatr ""rxity^ai vh'^'^n "»aiö/. ;nan'?i mysn n\ni nana
11' T "^ 1 Ä an^i mnn> mann-Tarö^ oyi niT'T'-nii^p nstjöi
nana rTn ^nriüö dät na inx"? 113^1 laSnty
mtö 'iS'X3 .rnsatw (onan ^xii:?' '?3) "ü^'ryxnT^x oix^Vxy/a
.'?ix*).Traty niTiöai mnsoa T'i5;s"'aitrxT. Qy. ia nain aiy^i
-nx'riß'is /ntti'ra) vaüTi •'n» — n'nnßon; in'nsrß'? "i.t:^K
npm mnflo-nnpa ,ns?tyn-m'?x,t:; /(yaün-my'T» b^ tv^i
,"ThyDn„n mn'? rTn iöxj .vmyspü"^t:;i«nö im D^öM-nan
Sya /Di'rai'''?^'?^ b .»a ynÄfl*?' i^bx: las's?! nxi p "»ß "rj;! nxi
TiT 1^ S'?io ^'»nnn i'?"'Xö ;"D^xfl-i pö^v/i "omyi nxtan//
rrnson b^ n-'öinn-namnS d:i «i'ün /'nVotyn/za nt^^^in
— n-'TyiVn rmßoa n:i nxiö n\n na nu^yan "ry ;nnayn
nvm-ißD m'?nnn nöa na^ö .cj"? iS it x\n nmtooM man
' p T X ö /, : onsD ^yo! 3ipx'öa D'':n na-'n /Dro*? lar x'rty
n:t:;a -nx'? xs^) nai "myaün n^B"iAix''Äni ny:''T' ix ,y^v,
;(''Tiö .ß .0 '?t:r '''?:ijixn nso"? laiy» omn xini ^n^'^nn
nn"?!]! ißD nr,//) " d "? i y d v' "? d "? 1 vi n x a t:^ //
,napna nnnn m3"'Vnai irn^ in^' D''ö^^ naia /'rxii:;'''? nv^wn
n'iiöü 'jißiz; f|itrn' /nxitrn nva: uöö ni:;x lipon % iix rs^
nnöx «i'ü'' ,"ini nni nn"? maii:;n n'mß'''?n. T\^:bth' aS npni
Donßü (""ra iii:;'? Vv n'?x D''ü"'a nn'ry iu;x Dmn\T nVxi:^ ^v
nbaii^n ^ai»/, man Vti; nyn'oa ,a^'öin n:t:?a /la nnx
/''?xnt:;"'a
'Dl "m^g^^n. ^-nidiit? nip^nn
''□■»Votr»// ,Dnan bv Mn aipxaa iiaxn d":"? iV' n\n
,nnßD-'aaim VTü-nmtrV ]it:;x"ii tr^xi ty»*»!!; jmin^'jai
D"in njt:;a tj^'r^nn ]a 'ß W ixi — vaix i"? pß-'O i:mn in'ritr
]aS' Diip ")p"'at:r inx"?) n^:"7iß b^ i^'rißni:»'?: imn ^pVi*?
13313 b'nnn ]X3 .(D''Xßna b^mfb na ,xi:^"iii3 däi ,r'?"iaa
D'tyyai D":i nn1n^^ xtrin, D^3'?in i'?''xi D"nn njt:;öi »nViv
:i.'''?T D^n "rx nnra aipm xtnna /'a^ßiij niöi:?// m-'na
"ißic D"jn nirv: na /'m^ßsn/, Sva , "> p 0 öi •" 1 1 *? 0
xti^j Iß"?' D7ip) .onnx D''^ir33i "'?'X"it:;'' n'^ib nßiX/,3 : viap
.(n3^Tii v^noi xSi /''?öi3n/, nt2;''3T n3:7a ]''ß "^"m m in:i
; "xü'''?5;xit'X// •'a'rißn-ninM iinya da innty», S'-nnn
.xt:;iiia^ nmßDn nn^s3 "i''3tü3 nö'iöT trair, p iö31
nö3 inisyr» ,1^?' m:iin miav nnx irna n^ira d"'öm amxa
D5?t3» mj3'"T//'? nöi'?3 , n 1 3 a T V iö^v i^ir^an'? mn.*'»
D"an n^n t:?t:;in dVix .n"'s^'?:ia ix Tona dx /'n^u^öön
onffi^va .n'''?v3 nx m3pön ir ''n3xVö>, ix "nö3n,. >:ßö
v^nvö i^intyn /'m-'ßsn//'? o-'trp' n3't:?»-''ö^a ,i3 inxV' r^w
D"p 3itri — 3init3Dj'» TVQi Dvm mmn xoa "?» i3''t:;inS
tns K'^öin n:t:;a /'mi3in nx xat:;i// :D^ö3n mix»
''3'?flö nö3 n3vi — Tß'Ä nösai — nno»' •'aisS .x^t:öp-)ßS
"rv imxßn xnn x^tr nxi dSix .ipxa*? ivi ,n"'ö'':ßn n^oii
inx nb'iM D"jn, "rtri nnnoön in^aant:^ on^ix tr^' .ir im
nnDonj'xn ^tr; n'rtn'di — innn» ix — man -»t Vv na
mvDD KTTi nx nnanji nnavn' nnßon ,013"? on xS .mj^ißn
löüiißt:; /"n''ö''2ßn n"'0ii3 voö„ ,i3m-'Ätn :D''nnDön
nx na y>wm cantz; mvoön-ntyinsV' nn^nß' it^öt:; "nT'ßsny,a
.i:nnßD
na^V .ißo-mmi ramm D"jn nrn i^xi ar'üin nitrai
'ÄJKn nßtr^iT T\y\T\,r /"liWTi pns„) anß'D n^öa nnsvf? D:^-ini
,("mön vnxy/ ^npnax'?! Dn^nün nVvnn'?' — r^in — "n-'V
ni't:; nx niißößi •'xainv-ißioß ina nx n'?'''^' ip-'vai
Ä'*?! D'»'»n nrö: y'öin n:t:;a .nn3:vn nnm-'ß;! nnßon
iöip»a /"nTfl^iva '»tz^Kini nTiVi"? D''a,i nx '" p' 0 » ^' 1 1 S 0
Zionist Review Hebreto Supplement, May-June, 1941 Ü 1 1? 'j ^
28 mitrmi T\W
D"jn Kai /DT nm^rrrr fliimnflrr ,T\\yibr\' n'»''nn : "nTny*
.v'?K» ]^'\T\\ a'rni — i^ya ni«-)n ,v^'\ «?:5?, i»?,^» mi iipji
.xm'?' iir\T "rau^n nioi — nir^xTps^K am' ^üi^pm. n^nn
invE?"? — u^öu;» nsiD '?d dkt ,^^ib rrnsDn: nVtt^öi dk
-«in b^ M'> 'S o"jn n\T •»xpiii — ,piu inma d^id» laj« —
,nin-x'?'? nmpfin i"'vn .'lai ü"^T nsön «iioa ^KntP nnso
♦nnso bv möK vanKai löiyi o"iki dxöx i6 in'?nnö
D'Tittm D-'^mann .T^na D''^i5?m ona^ön-'^KT '?v mm
'öiKV-mn"» "rvöö övöd nV r» .iTom iTj^iö nn«T ^u^
-lt:;iöa dk /inönn hk i'?' oin K^i o"m:^ D^jiirmn. nnni
OKI ioiö'?pa DK /'D's?i'?pn -»nnKö/,. vf'Dö» dki. "»öu^t ^lya
Di"?^ naia trh rs — in^ai "rv) Kt^nn inati; •'zyai .vsa
^n^m mnn.T" D^-'n-nviiz^ia nna'xi iny^^n
nura» *?$; k^' 7\im vö D"am laiia vn w^mw höd
.iTTon ^^i6i "]vx nari/, n5n:n
DmavT^nn) nviir pn t» innnai nnxpn ubö imnn Ta^tt
— ,na^a "m:'?Da//a o":"? nnK"ii ]T'x-''aain)a nöi ^u^
•»jsö inKT»! TT D 1 1 "» K ■? liiiiöxi 1^« l*» Hiiirvi nann
(nnis?:au^ö-pöivia) n^öiK^^'a n *?: d n^ n a imiöK /niTön
nnn\n rnrnn ^jb» ,nüsösöi riö^jmsö nvmK^ "»js» inKT'i
DmKö rnn:;«» nöa nin» nnana nr narr .ir,iTT ^iü'X//"?'
dä Dnn na diitö .(oisiai x>^^ i»D"ns kV lanir) D■'a^^
/ n p D 1 •» fl: 11K'''?' /'iT'ss''D:öNiüiK//n "rvp i'a^ ira Dinn
min*' /'•pb:^m7\'„r\"\'miy : la- ni'?nn'? "rna i'?'k i"? kxö ikdi
Di::;» /"'b' '»» '''?' "»JK ]">» DK/, imtiraa' röKn K^ur /innn Tb
"nK/zH ]''a rmn\n .DmoK«! n''aö laxy TTia tyian tkw
r\y^r\ 7\v\vi xii^mö nnK-ii> imK r^ maioiüB» ipin
lö'S? p "»D "rsr «IST .nu^inn. nynjnV ir mT^anna Dsin-»!:;»
-ji6"'D//m •» tt^ 5; D n laiyi "ry d^öm omKai dx D"jn Töym
.'?Kni:^'' pK alt:;'' bv "■'snü
-prn ,VKn^"'-'öi:;a '?s")ni nmK''n-'?ttr. nv^nsön insrsin
c":n^ — Kmö nnnn ^ipa n-'nnV inn b^r\T\rw D'önpn
in «iK i^aa vö — m^iiz; mj^na^» diku'? la ins '?''au?n na
kisä"? in^: mdOMn i-'jyn 70 nann' .myioa' D"jn "rur laV nx
^sin '?yi — r':nn niiyö: "n-i''ssn//ai D"jn Vi:; mipan-nöKöi
-D^ma "rsin '?i:^ iöik:i hk dois» Kinira .rmü-iVn '?sn
nn^nsn-nai '?5^ "rSnn nn "lön Kin ,(1896) ,in:i^a D'-aöön
"!"in "rp niTonn nüyö riK ins kS/Ii; /irian .d ain b^
lr>^ vaK Dtt^ai löu^a T'?%n riK Kip; ik imi nsy "rjn ^sin
K ■? n 7 n n T T "»a niTn nr"?» •»'rai nma; nsu;ai
-itTK n^nn nsnan^ . ^ » m n/' 1 n n k d 5? s n
' 1 p ' K m 7 n '»■ ,Tn' -»"ra mnn nnn'' K^n '?xin: n Kia
,{o"ir] Vty» murnnn) nai '' n -i ü •» •?' 1 d 1 n •» » t a
♦'rKiiT'a n trr T n n i ^' ßi 0 :i»pn' •»:©» Kin iini^m
DV Knp Kin — "!rT 15?^OK7:i DDlö 7JK'?'iy.ü»<B ny^iTK^
nVnx nrn^' bKw^ noaa ^sr d:ü /p d:»K/^ .■»jöirui mTtrÄi
,nanpö ,minKö ; nn^sörr 'rai ^vi n^'saa riK n^rrnö ,nanm
'ra DiK^ii Dmna nöp-'pm mtwt» ,]n3^öi D^an. na^^ö ^manö
-:^jnna) /lai "D''ann nanü^ '?Kni:;'' msisna mryi"' lu^ nai
pntr» K^H/, TiöKxaai oiö^ifl-nsDinafi D":rT n^u;»» it inn
'?sin -imx^nt:^ b"in 7\w:i^ /'m^ssny l?Q;i n"'! ir^n /'"»jk
: r'V j rsip^i'^i .0 /inns?» 7nK n^n nKn»*?'-in'''?u^ ; 1'*?^ nn»
.('» /'fi"'DKn,/i "niK Nnv/i d:« ; "n^mr^» bv ron n^an miv'ra
-inKV — nuTKiH' ''iT'sn oiiWip'? iVnu^ naia k^ö ^0 r»
iK 7xn ixa D7K Dj-'nai /'^anDöwa — nnvöa u^öin buirw
•»arsn Di:iiip?T niTat»'?^ inn^KD dh'^V ijiku; maa ,rnn t»
kVi . n s t m — hki /^-•'TKa^' C'n Ka^ d^tk ♦ntrm«
,n''0i^3 ,n''jft'Tfi3 ,'w^'v^'2 DA Kft'K .n-iia^ai pn k"?*! — ninnK
.jT''?ajKai n^DD^sa /rr-jöiÄa
rmhn b^ "'iwnn m-'aTöD o^an vtsrnrii .V'Viin t\i^i
70« /]iofl^n T17 /bsin 'tut iir^m"' riwm nrrn ,i'?*'pa n'jvsn
nnu;K7 nna^r n«io3K — , " d V i 5; n „ iiyiair^n riK
n2iai:;ni nKöa ''*iOKöi7/^ m»'»» n^'imn nö.ti;^' n"'iK7
.(''D^nvfT/''?' inn^nfl-na^a iVn^' r^y) .nntysT
n r n T n Ti la n u^ nat:;, D's^onK» nVy.»'? D"an n^n' nai
/nV rma mxisn nöaai n'rnxn n'-Dna^^ '?K-«y^ riDja "tu;
'JUD .DV-Dv n^a*?» /H'jnnn nn*?a^» b^ rM^t^nn iK'?ön
vn D'^ff' .ipin-DnV' hk '?K7t:r'ö uivö^ «inüm 7ä3;i nm7
n''t:;KTi ^'>r\ Tvmn «iioa» ^sntrr» D7k;t bv ina^p^ vnuiT»
Kii''u;-mfinn nnsa maiTö'?'-]iaKn ität imn /Onuryn nxön
''Tin nn"'ja^' DnN7J rn^ — inn^'n ^nK-'^ön i^trr
'mann /^p^^ Kmp//n ±^ m Ta\77.i — trr77ön-n''2
-vniöV mn\7 ak i'?''a.in rmsroö-mKn .7\b'>yi:n ipöK
Vi:; m^'flD'iöüH'? Kmpn nK iD-'jan nvmön Trnrru; ,biT\
t:;öu; nV-'Ka iB,n Kin .nBiT'Ka DnüO'Tö-'ö'riKn D':Tn-''VD\7
,\77''DVön nBiT'K// iK ,nBTi'K ^1:m: vb?i^ iniK^ nnma
■»onm "»j^iBn ''VK7i:;''n riK cjam Ka .nmö7i?nm nn-^^Vi "'»''a
byr\ "wmn t\i„ rhyi^nn riK rws ."raTiV di.' dt no-'ja
D^V Va n-'V'jn '?''üm nmNfln-ms'rn» n^^mtir^ .iii^nfloa
.di^-dv •'^na in"? D-'pipT Vin-'^at:; maK^ö
3"Bin navn nVipiD Din:
nK a^mnV narir^ mr\ ♦ a ■' n 7 n — D":n nsB nwai
kVi 'annn "iD^Ä/zn.' Dinnöi ks^it •''?K"it:;\7 ■?!:; in'''K7-pBiN
rn — m»*?! af?V K7pt:;ö 7nr /''rnin dViV//'? rnjr D:ai
^ryi npB : 7ökt ks .'''?K7ffi^^7 bv ij's^ ■'fl'?a d'^ttoö viö
/nwörr D'nyii 37aDn D'?isr ,D'?T5?t7 v\ m-xw tts^ npB ,nK7i
nK7T irs; nps ,Dn^m7xm w^bmn /in^coam mr7i» -»anT
Dn^ 7D''pn) n"7.''p'"r T\y:him ,^m 7>in Kin 037^) 7Äinni:;
-n''a 'min nn'F'?' 7iain pi Kfn — ktt t^ö» niaV» (mn
♦tn7ön
iBTn "n7''a5;v/n it 'ts^ .n7'a^'? Dn DmonD ^iv^ ±n^ vsn
nniK nrf?' nn\7 .DnnnKVu; 71701 'MVaiyn//n niaK D!:rBi
29 r]l^mn nw
^ *) p *J> "» Zionist Review Hehrew Supplement, May-June, 1941
]Tii''sn ns?i:ina wü'tt:?'! riTTön in^*»'?r m^t^/a d:i ,Tönö3
rrn'rnn "7^ D''''T:5n'?ni mn^m "'snpn' •'m/H /'limi nm-'siy.
''vxwöft ^^'^OT»;») rp^bi IHK ,T'''?ii DHö H^,!^ •nnvrmry»^
mi^^^Kn T»n-mjt:^ai «pintr x'?» ny K^n .(x^Än^ /'nöipnn./a
-u^irn rs?öV d:^i ^n-TinBO m:m^i hdt ,7w^r\ niiy; vVy n,»a
"»TD DiTmp-ti»ai ,Tn o^iyni onixa nar^ntr? inöi^jaöi d*»!! .tiiao
n ]) "• p üj ü u
ro o"n^ ,ai pKaian aa'?-)atr;a! r'r^r *nas? — iV' innuni —
«Tn fbiü OKI .nmiön ^3?' l")a x^ rnyu^ rvn nüaiö .ri'ivsn
/nnn '»ji^a "mT»/, tr^K na^'t:?'' nu;> .T'?'sr' riTiön n»anöi n^'?
/mnen ^aV »"»oiöVip m,r .110», nVü'»: x*? i'?t2^ iso n»a nn
.i"?"?;! '?aon ^»-»a t»sö dsts ü^^'srr — '"»tö x''sin^' iVdi^ k^
«Tiin iniKai ,nar'na-min'?^ "»j^ iV^ m:o'i:^ in^a-^'^aa tr^ira
Dvjan nöa "ttt iöi'd'?' m'?''?a d'»»'' nuriyi "r-'nnrr V'x"in m^*?
DnsTßr nnTiö"?! ('iai b^yn pV-'^n) t»»'» an "rso ina nvnnsD,
im"> /^^a,i ]ö Ksr ii?m "rva ''a'?is-''Tirr oick : Q'^wm
HKUO — oVia ^yi /'D^iy«// ^^ mr^in miu^ ,D"amn, nspnö
nm^iana mip) vmanar-iBo manV niiana ox nns^
Dn^i nnar i*?*»» — iTa o^aiina ü":n' •'»'' nai .(nranöi
...! nnayn ijnnso
nun i6i' »n'nAa nnsyn nvun"?' nxyi» — 'inji'?a D-'nay
nnoiöH ixöt ''u^öÄ-'öt^-i yro Diiy.^i nan x^ .i:roaa naia
liy-DTj^n mayn nxai n&ou .naia 't'SüV vn D*'a'»niLr D"öiK'?n
n\niL^ ,]b'>p-nsl^pn2 ai na ^»yi mca rpurnur — "D^iyn,<
DiTTT ^a:?*? nin Vy k^tz^ ysi^n lüy-ns»; ü'W2 man i^i omn
»1K bv :pö in"' OJisiai x^::r ,D'''?unTV inii'?» — ons
11K 1JÖÄ ViTÄ^ xVtt^ rmKna-T'i'ijnm rui^-nsörr imiÄjnn,
,m f inn'?a 1^1 nx^j^r innKn "Tiöy//n nn ,''Tn\n: "iDon-iyiz^ö
in'j k"?-:!^ — IT n^iQ .mayn nm» nör]ot^ mm^ ,mns^
D''iTinKn vmyiaT:;a o"an "«n nK nn» — n'^ryi 110 inöyfr,
♦naiiö maa
ima^xam ^m»^^ln r's'in p^n ixisi:^ o^aiyn my-is
— "»jn» tnm M^öa ma-'na i^k-»X3 p-'o'?' n*'n ttrpa» .nNiöa
V'a) nair^ ^"»^a .la nvi'?!! vn x'?u^ maoa /"la^n yp^noi xVi
x*?"! ,1^11^ "inyi inViy// p^Dsn .ina''pa nspöa urn "r'nnn ;(T'x
•»aÄ ^y aiy*» inni^ii^ iw^in avan natrn oi^a .inmn p^osn.
tt;»ia iyoöV> pian» dä /nrnnso nvjan opm ,iDmD /inso
Diti^ni iry na imi — n-'ömm npnax^ nD\TnP max^ö
n"a) /Dnnxn-nnK ,nair^a ]wm ova ia 1x03 ^y ms
Diütt^a — inm;: nvr nbp nvw^ inx^ii ,cxöa 17 ,"i^^xa
,DnDDi mxDpis ,nnanö xVö un"?!:^! ,iDiö^ipa rnn ntyi-^ni
niöo nmnx^ nxija r'sr na /nmnsn ]''anTy nao» dä^ nrTi''a
xV "»a ijyT ^naiVaur n'napn-n''aa im» "»"inx i:aSnu?a
'»bvrm'' D'riy .d*?:!; o^iy« s*?x — nnap^ wb^ym ijk la^a imx
mn^ löy' .im öd oip^ x^tt o'ny ,'i''S>''^n i"? r^^^ trrTn-p''ny
-psi^s-nnrr'i /m^nnKn mxm W n'>lb^& nnn'» lap -»^x
n-'i^ÄX» ,n'b''awa ,nnfliDi .Tnxa ^y 'idi xT^mraipxö
,ü"in bv^ imxa nTj^a n»??^ no:ia .n^'i^niöi
niTn» ,o"in bm mnn^ 'r^ ^'n-iamn inxf?' ^rurayi
•na^ nx na"'xan nDir nmin nmx — n'?ia nsiTxi n^i^ia
.nsnnm na^nn o"n ^tt imiap' ora
maa ny mpöom n^bmn ]ö ,wn ipa, 110x0a .n± xin
nx na inx^. o"an Tna.n (a"Din ':i' ,njtyn' ibo) "oix'rn tryi
in''! .inxD '?sin inix'n'?i ipDa*»© T'i'? miij^nn nnio*'
n^a// m»^» o'':n Vur n-'^ryni imüa^Vnn Vy iöxö imxüi iiöy"?
•»irxn oiÄJipa n"'a:'iön n^arsn-inö ly /'naVii la"? apy^
"»n^M Tx Tnyi nx "»mia'// : iöix xi.i löpoa .Vnxan fiu^xin
,mön-miay Va "ry» i^ysn nx ^n^ron. .^niivs; x;m nm •'ivs'?
ly /n-'naian xapoön iy nipsom nixnön nmbifi '?a bv^
/'f\b)^^. mr^ nx nm naini ^■'yi'' -»^ix /'n'?xn>n nbö^n
] 1 1 n b „ ins,Da nx ntjin mavsn incsn-npy nx)
; 1901 /'n}:hvrn m^rsm nöim mia^r ry,r — " ] J a 1 1
.(rynn /'mivsn 1 a 1 n „
"»Xß^iiöinxn^n .niiT'sn ^^, msiiya ypm D":n '?'nnn lai
">imiKn Vtt^-n'-''aiüö inx"?' na inxi ,^snn "rur D''Jäxan v'ra
-nsDin Ditr;» nM n-'ona •»jt^xn njnöV imsiosna ,viwiq
'tw«")ö mx^ ff'n nyur nmxöi ."»arsn tT'yiV nysiz^m nia
nsDö an .niiitt^ nv':i'si rnryiai o-^irsn D''DiÄaipa onai^ön
■»aiüö nao' i^r^y^rr nm iy$j:;b"ipsü imx marsV n^rs?^ mtysan
DyöD D"n n'jn x^i) '?x"in nrüs nnx .nyi:nn b^:; T]'>iwm
lyiyö u^ö^tt^ (lan b^ nar nx^yn x"?"? mx inaT-OT' p|x
nDa IM D>öM aniKa: .(ü^Din-vom) i^''pa iios^i i'\ib
.ira omo» n'nwn n^iysm n-'^rsn nyijnn bn; «Tmnnsöö
/Hyiana iiD^^y*? m^yV x"ynn n:^a naT mxp nposn inx^
nan» inx"?' imx nj^ö (x"yin) "'T'tryn "»irsn Di:iaipnira
üxinap imiö^ n'on ^jt's nöy nx d''öm onixa) .nVn:nrj
.(n''onn nan^
— nitjryV nain n'ö'?iyn nön^ön ^iQb^ mannxn D''itt?a'
aiia m:T'xn n^iöynni nranön mnna — nanö nn^snan
vmapya xkv d:i b'>nnn d-'öm omxa .npnöxi nsn^x mxnx
m:u^3 .n'»'?aaxn nb^mn oy nmö-nu^p nsüöi ^sin bii;
nx — cnnam pn .n i"in oy iw — Tiran nönVön
•»ja^a K»nai. Tnsa m^nan inn^sn .nsjVa'-mnxn^i ypipn
tö — nönVön inx??,Ty nv^^a nnn» niTyi nöaa /Hön^ön
in Dpt:; 'D ^y ix /OnavtsiiD, m^iyü p^x^ in maonsan
...Dini nx yT x*?^ 1U7X '?xiiy''a ii^in
— x"Bin Divn — nönVön "»inx iitt^xin ■'jrsrr oi^jipn
liVDiöi imiö ^xx ty'i .n'jrxn nSunn u^xi*?! imx nria
ü'^imi mii'xn iiyunm ^i:^ nn^iys-'Djyö naa ^y ^an^an
npnsxi npnöx mIsitx msix aiia ip-'a .nan'rön inxVir
/iai 'nnoM tip^, nT'a:iöa «innurni n^:nö-n''ai''x n'?iöyn oiyV
löy — pxai n-'jvsn nyn:na nixa •'»'»a rai '?si:r ■'»'»a ra
-mam inz^Si-ninur ^y ,^pErön-''ntr ^y löur oa ,nöy "ryi o":n
Ti IX "inTnÄ'?fl)a-'xu .marsa m:iu;n niy^on ra r^öi^i
ninii rp*'^x'3 isD„a nr xtz^ia ^y iiöxöa ^-^yi) it iniTiÄ^sö
miuryn n>intt nyun '?trr nyao "ai"»nö„ nai nnxa •»xaa^i nau;^
.nnVflö-niÄ'?sa
nan»^ imx n^y« (X"xin ^'»Txa) t"m -»ivm oi^jipn
-»ö .'?xiü"' yixS nmnM m:aioni mirsn mnnonn i<'>m
naT — mipsoai D''DiDMa pu^in, "»irsn oiajipV iVntz;
n'rna nainaa ina n^W' yaix .'?xini imx''n b'^ ixoa ^y na^rV
—n'^iw D""ö''isi D'^iirn o^xan'?! nnin— inix^m •'»'»ai nat .it
375,000-^ 1931 njijra v;si 183,ooo-ö) tihx nxöa aicrn ^ia
nx TTnn (n"xin ,]ixiV) t:"\T ■»jT'xn oi:iiiprT .(1935 n:^a
mwiom n-'j^xn mnnonnn; mx^iz^iVi tör^ii' n'^m mn
-fip ^^"1 b"in b^ -maDn x^tjr:^ inaa ai'?ipiD oimi ,nn.inM
np'?nö^i mi2;»i-inaa oi^aipa imx iiTian la 10a .nioM
."n^iiD^DX// 7]pbnü x??N nxua nnM x^ n'?nna'?öü ,niain'?
x^ nnyrijn'ri nnayn main"? n'^m bii; nViiii inanxi
nnsD'? n^iT^n mann iib^ ."r^ai V^a "n*':it3f?sx'/, nriM
um — '?xiir''3 nnxain^i tiirSi nx^nnV ,nnayni miinyVi
nanüV iroa üyna n^n vf? .nnayn nyi:n.i 'raoV löaur rö"» '?a
jT'jT'xn miayntzra nx .ia inntzrn x^ o"inu^ miayn nynjnn
'Hjnö Vtt i"'mjiVn-i''niya;n'?i nau^p nriM ijtx — i'?ia my^a
1^ D-'x-np xm b'y\^'^\^v^!^2^ ,Dniöni onsion bnp /Onayn,
i
Zionist Review Hebrew Supplement, May-June, 1941 tDli?'?''
30 r\mi)!C\ r\w
n^ni^nnsi ''n-T^n„n-D"3n "^v
/iDi rmn^m ijkü"? mnu^ *?u ,m-igDi in-piug •?]; ,n^migDn
-••jnT] — i"?!!*? ü^on ingiD -^"pnjn ü^int^' "püj DiTimi]
D"]*? Dn2^ipn "pu i?i N*? Tinu"? in^j — ijnTi dh^dhiIT]! m^m
iNiT /'aT?ii?iD üim,/ nnüjtü it nrnngn onDinn *?i} üj ün --d
DNi n^nun nngon ij?nn D^iPumn nt^ niiu^i Dnnm-'uiDi?
^jn"? nn niNT? in^j n'pqj nn .ncDign nn i"u"?i mm*? n^Niij?
ü^i?in-i*? m]^nn nnDi inaiT? ^iüjp ,t? o^nnj?*?! D"jn "pm mu
.HTnui im-i?in-i ijtdt]
r'T]'? imTüJD i-Qin DiDNin min*? nngon ■••ii?in o^^nu//
— /'n^nun nngon ■•n'piua n^i "•niN
nnn inHj?! ju'pn in^jj? ,in"'n-"'n'? it]T? D']n jni] rvn p
.Nn*? 7-'nu'? ünRinn *?üj mv^i mgnnmn
nnrntu it "ni-'n./n m^ ungiu nin — ünnnm r^n ""tiu
D " ] - -i i? n n TN r^Tui .unngi m^N üj^n ^ü-'jg nriDn ,d"]
imnngnn "pu i?^nm xVinn i j? n n ini'PD nnm*? "•int
2nn .niör Kim '?nn ioni .DiöVip.i nyotyri' 'rijr iiion nx
.ixaiöt in:jiö tr^x y^r i^^k •'■ra» ,D^'?a-2nTi D"'T-am vä'» "td
,m'?vnrT "rai nmisni ^d tit T^rii n^pai n»im ppii:; nayflrt
iT'mp'rn '?d nx ä;iö''i lamnsjo T\yw -»am xiVö^ nx «is*»! w)ü
♦n'Vtaö! nmny '?a nxi
^xpTrr mxia- niDo r«^ i5?' canni »vsny» imxn^ n^:^ u^^i
na':^ ntrx ,'?sö tyini n^y ns-' ,iija^a nx,/n nx i^ru?» rrnai
i'rnoai t"t rnnxsi njanxm rmsyno nmm ,rn,w ■'sjr ^döI
tmpai rs' '^^tön n^y« iitk ^a ^y n^ aman ,iör-]3 dintt
^5? TöiyT ,D'''?sü Dnarii i-iai D''ni?''y Dnarroi i"»! /^^m^ rai
ibnx nnoa' aj^n» xm — ,}:iWB V''n-irxDi x^asaa nssörr
r^» 'rj^x vTitira ai'ripio xim r'^» . .nmsai an^'^z^ aiiiai
Kin .iTS Varr .mn xi.i t»"?]!.! n&u^ai d:i ^ax ja^m
.tsit^D Dan miT dät •'Vxii:;'' ^any» :y^x xin .nöi •»aiya
.nüaf? la'rn» "raaT d''1ö"'D o ur» b^Tvti
MTin^ mirTi narnöH' •»ir^jx nx ,r\^ir\> •»an '?3 ni^ ym' xnii
nunnn lirnnsjo ■'jös» ^aa np^ xirr .i^sr am nrbm xirr
n'?DTrnan any^i .itr» ii''xi unn irx lösya xim ,rMm^r\'\
rya ü'an^i xin anrix-i •»'rxiir'' urx xirr vas^' nmnsn nvön'
.''anvö xin nsi^ nv'?xnür»ai /"»^xit^ ^u^
n»ixn "»ansa ,mn'ön' ma''^na, ^a^m nrai »nyni miöi xi,i
löi"? d:i xim }rur'?aT nnsoai ,mnjim n^air^nn mjsn
..n^üa nrvmn r\ir\i\ ,üws mn^ ma^n»» liöi*?! ,nnnKöi
la^N d'?'ix /ina-rai rpiV' i<^n ? ?wö' xin r» ^'SH ,n^Di» xirr
"ii-'XT /■'irsM n^tt^ ,'''?aT2;iöi •'ma-in laii ^a iqdö xnn j n^x»
v^i?' naxf ^n ^ax ,m^i^^^ •'Jöaöi 'ra i'pin^ vti^ xi.i % prm
/finflD.T '?!Vi onsion' '?yi naiH' ans xin ? vm» ddd xini:^
D'anVjn ^y ,m:anni ^yn miT'sn ^v^ ,nöyö ^sn ^xhirr' ^:V!
Dnarr Tiai ,D^ai onso -ip''i xirr ; ti^ix^nr-'^va ^7i n^sx
ixsöJi H'^x 'TDan ;n,a."irr mx^öi nanri mTpn ana ,r\'2nn
,DTTa Dai Dnnai ona^ ,d''?'?st mx Vur [nmsi 'y] any
^Dsr» D'»mn9 oyi cann D''mnö ? mjir' oai mmn mnöxl
mTxiD Dy mom bx D''y'?ip! D-'Xüatti /itayiö o^üVsai oyür»
vsö D"'ytöw iJK D'öyö'?' ,i'?sx ma'r^r^jT lyo^^n nt^ini mvaT»
n:ani D'xa; mm ; *iö. 'rinna' amy^.T •'irnn in"» /Iiök niPV'Si m
.ono rmm ''a''ivi ^ts^ü\ ri*? nKPii? /nimö
n'?'''?srn' an mT .ijjnnsoai iQ'iv aiVipio^ rh^ in m
pirT'ii mnn.n y^n "»»^ /nVawni *'»•» nan '^u^mi^ ms^^m
.naiTOt nröixkn Di'?ni nb^yxh o'ia ni^iir nam ,nmDani ''*?an
in» nnx nnx inöi mnson ''^annjci ^xntrr"''nöDn "»iiaöi D^an
D'mai miw rr*?«»! D''am .OiminitrinöT d»t ^ommynn un
nnxf? iVsr iw^ nrp^tb yn "^xi /mönnii fai an) D-'pimi
xa« i^b^ D^nurm Q"»annön msixnfli b:b ,y\b^p^n ruiön
D'ynaipiT /D''ö^'i&m m^iaa» dk pn x^' nnaß?i nsnai /rrms^^n
Vincun M^i /^i«nur'3 um naio niöni ^iw nixo:» b:h Dnwnyi
msr-nöTT ^a*?! rinza nxx'i Dma»! ^a nx rron.n x^x — nnrai
nnayn mnson! b^ n^'öinn nx ^mxn nntBi iösöki iD'»pntt^
.nsiÄ
msrß^ ^aa maiany. *?''t3m. mnm nan^^a ^a nx nnitt^ anVipio
aiD "»ja /D''ttnn D"'nÄ»'? ai« r^a hb^stj. iiasy xnn .many
kViz? »nnrö r» 73 nnD njpai v*?n nrti D:t tjr» p ^yi .nm*»»
.•raipöD
'Tri"» n&iD /mn"!"»» Wii «ix iniTn:»! »la^öa aii!?ipno xnn Tm
— iTia tV''X .onsio ^^ d^u?- ft i n ö lö^ya xiiT^ —
♦ina Kimr? n''ai .nbnpöi ix\7w \\n .^s» u?mn ,rb^ nyr» xin^
D'y"'pnn "»ypian "wmn "'•naöi/A ,D"'Xf3iu^n OTjam xnai oyi
n^xian "ippnn /nmp"'nxi omxn "»s^x by »niüinn "»am»
nan mnn no-'sn na: mVamN ,'»nöaft'' rrmn m'?a''mi6
"n"'a^ iiTX "Dvnii^ t"^i^w .D"'nnxi maai nnn "»amri onö»
.anpöi nnx n'-nai ipon^i osnrf? in^i x^ .n'raipöni myö^öa
icjanVi "isp'n xi'?öa! nia Dixyi"i Taa i^aai mpoV nsnir; "»ö
rmnx^ npojni p pnnnn^, T''?yi — ,nnx naa i"'yn-na: ^x
nu^sx "»x nn i^jia' .iin^ixa i*?' ^ya» oöinnn^^ ix vj-'y xi^öd
xV .i'^yi rf?n nrx ir nc^xnn /'a'rn ^^^^/ dii:;ö di n\T^
banu^ ina] "ma vb^y\^ xona./ .maaiy-rim x^i ''m^sra^nnm
nnaro. ix nxiapa v^ya r"fT b's*»«! mu^n ]"'na im — [ia
♦Dtz^ "»^3 na
— ,ni^xwm DTiym myispan ^o nx niaö*? uxa i'?"'x
ninnsn ^a nxi — 'iai nrnnox /nvyrrö; »nrnnan ,nvöix^
lain«! ^yi rm w ^aa an^'ipno inV ppTitt^ nvmnson
«lioxfi»! miKn"'?:^ "»ö xxöa iV">xi .d"'P"'SIdö i:x v^ — /iininsoa
,i^yoö-'ö,:r;n ,i"'iit3^'?''si »rmo» »vnöXöi ,ai^ipio "»ana ^a
Diy^' l^an^ vW »"^m Dipa*?* nwan^i /iai nai rnso; ,inpnö
.D'''?ö!X' nixö ^\^ na
ai^ipiio u;"'x.T Dil ai^ipio nsion dx dVixi' ."»"toh xnrT nflom
n^VsT wT^: finnö v^ rnrna ,D"'xft'a nana ,nrTaxö Mb r\mw vr
.mxntt^ni'?! oöiinurn'?i pntrr»
— crm ^spi^ /"»ü^ro ,niiwy v?bmn ^•'naxti ooipn iniXD
bn^ nniönn "»täq^ o-^nym o-'trtzran.n ^a nx — nsioön "»sf?
VT ta nnxi /i'?'U^ tn»« ami ya':y nin ^xi vsix ^npi niaan
B"» iv^' ^a inT nnaönöa xi^zrj Tyn lö; nT ^na tyiana
n yi tj^ a 1 m n x in a a o *» n. yi ^, n n iz;; yi
nnxl naa uninfiio,'?! ai^ipio nixf?ai ^x OMa; la — , n n x
,ian,T raxa "rspi mnwi nu;y, wiii^ ^a nni mnimn ypnx»
nirriyöi n^ia nxantrön mipii2;ttii Ab^ "]^mi; nnsi oia nsTz^// x^n
n^öixVn np''t3ö''^ainBn 'riw "nniöinn,, b^ m /nnsi mnsa
.x»"» xf? ]'»nyi — ojBi ♦n-'airnm n''ö^js'n Aib^
Nin — i"?::^ w^btin nxix .nsioö; r« ?itz^ian^i nsöa t:;^
iö'»y xin — rmyr'T amn . d "'•?'» ni n » i x lösyi
Vy ^^tsHi DinV xi"?: .la-^a ,ni^atrwr ty^x .nöfru^i nm©i'?p''SJKi
Hin ."'naty-'Tyi'? nsi'?'p^sax ii^ö ^ur man m-iaß?' lösyi "»sna
.i^xn
31 ni)mn nm
Ü 1 p *? '' Zionist Review Hebrew Supplement, May-June, 1941
, i
ii '
iXD "TDH ,ixD xm nx.
dViki ,T''n ''ö''3 "ins?! mir nniay r\T\r\ "»d ici nöK
mnnsnnn yn Ss?» nnK*?! ü''ax dk .i"? mt, nn\T kV nnK d:^
Tino Ksvn inn i"?»» n^iö; "»jik rw "löi'rD ,mnnsnni "i^xk
/'löi"?»., r» nrn^; vrs^p in nköi : ipTi m« "r^ lö'srüa: ^"»n^n
T\vr\b DDmu^ DnS'O nu?y onn d''ü''2 — .tr^n^i k^ö tyrri'» r»
-"»Kiöi D''n^x irrma n\m. niDnön "rjr au^*» /'"u^n anaa w^^tni
Q^ipi Drxi an ''& bw annm nyi nwpa bm d^j^öi möipö
onn n''öi"'a ,D''TNmö\T naaoai: nsö»i "»aiÄ' ^sti D^üöi?a >6it
Kim rönn« d^ö' ma p nnK ,m"'D-i:nK''Äa nnin-'ö' oi mrv
,n»ö man vn mr'?.öni ."löim Dvn m'?K^3 poyxinV '?''nnn
ma p nnKii — .pinia onrr'a DV''tT msin vn Tön dVixi
D:ai .VnaV' nvnV ü5?,ö tsvö '?"'nnn' »im /Onn» ^y d*»»'»
' .m'^^üD^^ nxip lösya nityy^i "rinnm, d'^sj'?! "»isS nnson b^
n\T DU?» ,in3T:r iia»! hm '"»^i^ini nö«art/A "»a lö^iy» pi»
: ntrrn nani> .D''ai d^ö'» na^?' la .pna i.mm \\l^?r\\ m rniö
nttTTTin mm ,«1102^1 — .iüd''jiü'''?'s'? m.i Tn» or npaa
nBü»"? d:i mn : niööintr;n'?; H^an'?: na ly nai w^ ,ni^Tnair
.nniBa w^^^v) — ,DniSD ainD*?' "rnnm mitrö^' ,ni:rTn nnn'?.
«liptm 'i\nan mön .mn b's^n "rya ! D'?inii — nm t^kh —
— ! ü'»önöni niivöm — ,mn
Klip ■»n''M '»aKu^ non inixö yrw^ b^^ Kin mm i^xn
pn 1^3»« XQ ]nu;ai"ra^ xf?' .niöm 'rya in^ ,''^x"ia-is inva iV
m3iö« ^^31 '?ft'D DH^i rxur D''ur:xn 1» xim:^ dx "»a ,mön t»
,n\Tur nrx mm ,]i-)udi ^ a -iiwo inu^a bm inix"'Söa
nij"ntyD;T nnsuröi — .niöni p inrs x*?» d'?xk irx
tt^^K D"':nzr Dm ,ix» nx» n^na nnsir^ö x^ii o^'^xiansn
.Dm» nis"''Tn möa i?n vnxö
— .^y,") nK Da KX10 ':x nKtit 7\br\).n nnsu^Än "»^jx ra*i
xin -»a nöK vb'^m^ ''0 '?o'? ävi"?! Knn ia^ inoa x^' dx »it» ^ö
nynr« mii» naa -»a laa^' nnoa xin röxa x^' dxi »"djx^xü*
:i'iwf? DTK Via*» yiT pr -furöa yir '?;:i")rT naai m» *?»:;
nnx DX '?'?a x^snx x^ ,nT\w n» b'^ ni3n!:;an nijrxpöa
^tr^ ISO D:y 11^ aina^i mn rnnn trxn oip' nc^mn' mann
niörn vdö nx di dh*?' nam 571T ]öt nnx dxi /On"»^
Dnrsn n» d:i' Dm'?y noi"» sm^ tm nnx tiv dxi »D^tr^n-^n
b'X] .Txa *?an: ,]X3 m» dx .löxya an'? n^^r nir^x D''t2;mn
Da narra poiy xim ,nanö br\\ iniött^ "»ö Va .niöa ^i^n
ur 1D1X Voa pmur nrx tn^am mm .1100 ^n:; unra
.''isö-'n'?a xin i:n^,ty tzrx Dy nß poy ^ib
myöa irnx'? - "piö •'n'ra irrn.
,nBin^X"ai5?»a omn^ ^:''vai xin a!i'?ii?io Din:a i:;"'x
-''n'?a irrn ,Dn'':o^ D"i:n nx ipm lu^x D*»^ipna iypniy:tt^
♦^^a laiö
'j*»» '?ba Tinn ti^^x ,mrTnn nsipnn oyüa ly-'x u'-js'?
/löra Dr ^ nart' nnx mia nSiöm T^^nnn ]»Tn b^ nyi
ntyx Di'm — nxm n'?öni bv) aiü nniM laiöa lüo^^xnvr
.nay dv xin ixil^» nx XTr*» r'?y
nmif^a D"'snntr,ön' '»ty.xiöi inx laDö "»jxi ai^iipioa
XM nö» .n,imn oyn aipa n'u^smi miioö Sip-nyi
Ditr^ö D'?hxi' /"»msipu^n m niö''xn» Tön x^ vniöpu^nu?
,maiö nVyin p^'siöi. nnia xnn lu^x nx ima xmp •'JX xsia ni
nnix xVöö xim /miön nain xpn i'''?y nVüiön nainn
.Dyü-aiüai tiittoa ^niTv^ixa
♦^trar» x^i 7\r\'Mm nnyi p tjd i^' aiVipio .na
ai*?ipio b^ i^niyTöi niüynö DmniyTt:; Mbt\^ onsio tr^
xisiöV wsN /Dmx pio"? ityfiX Vaxi ;i^trö nüSJö on'riyspi
lu^sM "»x nra laa dVix .Dnnan nixn"? n3ia''nn nmpan nx
in'?iyöi Mm an xint:^ "»h m — nTxf?i .nr nsioa niiz^yf?'
lanytr -»öi däi j piann ^^a» r^s^ ma^"?' ^ov x"? /Iiöö nan
iÄ3r u^ÄöJu^ 'öl .rjsa nxr mir^v'? '?^i' xf?. /Vjsiai x^u;' vVyi
maa i^ u^nm /lö^jr iaT,i
D'yasa unöij^an nwnpa /D-^iüa ,D''Vöa tiTSi xi.i ai'r.ipiD
nn^i Tön nmnsi yr^ trm w b':m ; nÄ*? xin mtrry ,D''an
^rnnrö rprn n^iy; xnn nn /inia xnn^: oysi ^aai ^nn"?! mTn!?i
D5?D ^aa piai h^diöi itsöiüi dtk irr^i ;ai'?aiw larr: nu^iy
^na nny l'xur diit^ö ,nm mr^iyi xnm ^afcc /D^^^yi» onan^
xin npiSi dVix ? t^' tö inii ,|mi xin Diöfc« .vryai «loa^
•»iz^wm "»uTKn irasn nx vi^b nxTur •'^aö npsnn p. npi^a
•imm "ru^
la^i ,mannm nöixn ^aix mrnaai i^öxö ur»» xnrr ai^ipio
D-iöys*? ^ax ; omVsr nöiy ximr onam Dmx ^a nnx nna
^yöö /nVx ^a ^y löiy naT' nrx 10a . .1100 an D^n*»! 10a
— .n"?« ^a"? b'^w nnm ^an*?
^ai: xftjii^ ]''öäi xrn ir da ,an^ipio b^ nnaisrn ins^i ,inört:;i
mix awr xftj' nxa irxöi ?nQi xsöji x^^ nö. .ao^n ijöo^
j "waöH r^» xin »tt^iiT '?nnö xin ? vö^a xip x'? nö ? ^^1D
n^tzn r\^. ^a ^yi a^a ^a '?y i"? xfsö» xnn .nsiöi n"'aiö xin
lani DXI /"p^xTHö// i'öa /inaii ba nön Dnnna .wby, nrw^.
— .instt;a
,n"'ö>ö n'xn x^ ,nVön tz^iö^a ,nna na miNnöi iiisn 7^0
xim ,i3ööi mm^ii nisöip D''b,ön .m- isid "tsk xsönir? 10a
D'^Bia Dmanm ,vn nx nniD pn xin : im» Xüa'"» x"? ip-iya
-Dnaf /Dnön-onön t^b^ D'n:iö Dim ^i^ööi D-isisnöi
D''?is^x mm ,u^tp WTi Tön n:n .nuryni nnöx ,Dnan
. ry üBTTo /TT'n ,nsSi /pna /"»n lam /nx'ip /piim tö Dno
n:n DVflni niyi ,- Xö^ya nx''Vö /iii:^ '?y '?Bii! 111:;"? na imai
niV^im byib^ /maBnurn ,n;i niam /mn nxpnp ,p\naöi "»n iryn
nstt^ 1*?^^ 'niW3.i myj«ra x»öj nbvd nöiy^i ....ono ns^n
,nxtt;ai naüin» nBiz? »mmir nnu» nim^ nm ,"^1^^ mnx
,vn'] ^i^atw ,Tiyi pia n*? wii; ns^
yatrn xf?; t^ym "imn myi// "rir^ pinn möy nx D"'X*iip lax
nx — nböa n^ö xin Mwb:ii laa"? u^öniz;» '»jan — nixiö
liaott^' x^ u'pmyi laa*?' nu^ x^- ; ia ^wk D^öin niarrnn
•»jaN ^y, xftjBnn ntiyn Du^sai i'rVn Dma^ni nmö^ nsBö ua^i
— .Dinan naiaa irry nxnö ^a Vyn ,niaDinöii nnisn ,n''T:ini
,[nmnD 'q] büQ. /Tön thiltö, dx nB nvn^ aiVnpio yrr" nöxai
Ty b-'yn U'xtrr nna nnayn miBoa ma lan 11V nn^i ,asin
,Tmfl ,^niaö tsyöa xin "ip*?' ip/,a^ xin .nr*?. ins r»i däi mV
xiar» -»ö ? mn n» lan' "»ö, .nx nmiöD nBi i'?nnö — ,n
— ? in"?»'! inn no^^
nia-i nn:;BJ niryi irnBioö D^'an m ai^ipio aip m TaVö
.IT nx ''V ini^ iitwnn mm »"»nix däi a-jp' xin ; in
-üniD ViBian ; my nnrn iVur Vaxn nxnp nnn ^x"in niiaa
n^n ivmn *?y Da xte^i [ts* Dy nnönVöa mTdii, V^] nitaix
Ä'"?! D"»m] o"rn nxi idjbd nx TBon xin — ,nTaa niv
'?a '?y "»aai '?ax) x^r^ai niorpin: nxi oVüx nx ,[''pdö''ii'?o
-•'xmia i'x nnf?öttr nm '>ll^n ^-»x «n niiöxa nxm ono iixa
röa xpiTTH ; p7» inoi «lor xim A-'bvi laV ditu^ ^^tx i^nx
."npiö3r. r\y\r\,r : mnöxn n'?ön nx ü'''?Bn'? yT iV^i o^^n
,t3yn VisViSi n^yön ^D-^nn iixtir nma Tön "»nn ,aiVipiD
nx laV nxnn xin .inanV däi lösyV iti n'iO' Va «iio xin
D-'^-'aiöin D*'3mn Dminn b^ nxi D-'ö'nxm nxi onntnan
Da maoi itt^Baa iiao /niDpi iv m^'rya inj«i m;o xnm ? r'rx
.lösyV
Ztonist Review Hebrezv Supplement, May-June, 1941 tDlp'?"'
32 niymr) r\w
ni:;« "n'''?:\j» nstir nnn„ nnain» /'nirrV^rr nn n» na"? ^bv
"nnao:,,'? nyi» k'tiz; y^o» rrnir; ,m'?ipio iniK ..Tsna
]3 nni^i . .. .nn irjna^, nr dic^ö -»mT '^htöxh^ m Km?»
.■»-TirTn Döi'?Dnn 3i'?iino ,"'iT'sn sibipio
in ^33 '?3pöi in"? in» *i3ayrT '"»nxflrr m,T„a ^nrT v^n
.")nn rnaö^ mj^yn nöipm
n^xjT'rürNn n^3 dVit "ini niröa iTiI nurinaur in"»!
nn'rsö'? 13 inK ^öl'^"lnt:^ miinnn nwTKn *?3 .nnnnM
D''ynn-m3''Dö .in''33 d''?is'?di u'>r\yy\'\ nin» ni ^myiim
-''^''t3i''x'? lyiö-mniaur rn n3i2r3 '':i:^ dt» ^33 3i'?vio-n"'33
nn*?Bön Vs »nmtrn '?3 .d'?u^ itt •'»•»s ntnm n^nrpn «tsj^i
D''iT'sn Tö ,D'''öiK^rT ly D"''?'?T3nQii lö ,'in''33i maöiTö vn
'b5?3T [D"'':'?isn D''üD'^irsiDrT n^^rflö] .cb^dhi ''">3n tv
Ü13"»'? pHS*» nit nmn"? d''^i3^ on^M nm« n:s3 .*7ai3/,n
Nim /i"?!:; myioön nm^3n. oy ,rTVi:nm D''^nrT-K^ö ,ns
Kin .rspiTö riK n''a!2r3i ,nnnx niKpns nnxrr. it3 thik
rmiTH mison "ry 3")y3i ktt "iiz;x niannri hk mi iV oir^n
— .TJu;n n:s3 nim /-»^iükü^iö 'ry i» mTonrr W /nunnn
.K T'T ^Myn Töi"?»,! /"»Kii^-mn no:3rT-n''3i "r^ n^tsöit 3-in
rinö X3 nny nw [nnii^nö '?vai] 3ii:7ir'?x Y't nin ."»poi^ris
.n^KU^min .Tx:r'?'ürKn mn"? r"iö ""T» "ry o:3irT nttrio r""«"?
man ümüD niv^ noiii ; ''j'?iDn '?Vi3nön ,D'''i3on n"i n:n
:Tiy min n3D»n n3n "rsr d^ddi: hö-iöt ini6 /'7ai3/,n
,VOTiD^''S "^^ i^'öVi i"i3n /.D.B.D>r ^UT ri?''tD'mK''nrT /po^i:ö
"wv, nii-'Dni ^iKöiPiD in aiVip^io ^ar lann'? i3 nnx rvrw
D'ir^JK ^tz; nnnn-miyo33 tkd 3tLrvn insöii ; re» ^an i6
nü''D-i3'i'iKn '»Tö'?n »D'TVxn — n"?« '?3'?. rnöi .d''1t
.rntr? ,rPTO Tr'irKn :3i'?iriD '?u^ vn •'n3n ,n"'j«?nnn
ins n'?ynaty ,D'i3r-ia pnr ; sn^pa d-'it'X«! :i\nia??' la in«
.mVisa D"'n''xn rniö"? 13
invur^N i?"> x":^ rnm.'f? yiii /'D''öan'? i5n n'3w rrn nr
.irT'a ^x nniHNT n*'s:'r'?'ü:''Krp nx ii3n» nn\T 3i'?i?"id ^il^
3iVipiD np3i m» ,n''arr m3i:;' bm nm3T ir nn\T rrana maa
!?3'? n^jfl nn\T m^xa .Dx-in D*'iTDön ü"»:©!! n'rya ,n^'2an
.omaa n''3-'i3a nn''3a dö'XST D-'^rna vn '?3m ,D''X3n
m^^Tü D31D N"?ü) — i?ON-'n.].n'?ü] htdnt]
■■•Tnn q^ dij^d"? idt dhi ,("i^n7* ""D rnnD "pd "pid ninn^n
"\n^y)ü„ W^n DDiig — 'iDi D^igo-mjni]'? dhüj? niuiRn
m^nn i?^'?N^i .(N"jjin ,D3ü3) ü'jh "piu D^uncün •pnr'? mijPinu]
-Tiiu n« m^nn n^nngon rin nntü .(a /igo niiDi«)
n m n ■? u) n D*]*? n"n"' mnu *?!> nriu'? nHnnu] tdiiT? Ui?'?n
."p^jn iTDNnn qun r'i)*? T^n
,r3nD "?D) "ü^giHig«n Mnmn — i n ci) "• "i g .t "•"ai
.D"]n "Pü] "PHrn-igDi iinNTDn — "? }j n n .n '•inT
ümj"?« niRn nnNTin — tu n ü i *? ü) "•ini
ny nvna — d^ju^ mxa •'js'? "»n "i3o 3i'?ipio oini "»b ,naii
3iVipioa D'a^-3^ irx linxa trr-'x .D''aüp on"?^ irmsx max
iripT ^a^3 iDion ai'?ii?iD ^r\^m Tys na irx ijnxa trr'xi
7nn möMxn nx DaT'Sf k"? Dxn — iix i:"ina D^jvsrr rniai
iripT ipniy t"?»! ? n^cin nsu^ "ry mrt^'ni irn^ya m^i:uT
♦innaa dvit» D"'D:y o-'Süip orn D.Ti3n ,Dnn'?"' int^a
.nnnn ^^y xin ,Djax
•»n xin -»s ii*? naT mt»sxt// iny rix 'i3:n3T3 lamVynsi
lana ''a'3 ,n''jimnn n^'?"'3tyan nBipn3 ,'iiT'D'?n:a niya •»a-'S
rn^a ai^iino ,Drn bv^ 3'i'?ipio nx ijmxn3T .rism '?a3Tip
moVa nrnaiT ^t:; 3i'?ipiD ,TnxD m^yi ^^^ ai^ipio /DnT'sn'
3i'?ipio ?rrT xin iptn ai'?ipio Qxrr n^ry nxnaV xVssna
? irjpT '»a-'a
/'omp^BX/zn ai^ipio .rn ir ipiV .i^tt ai'?ipio nM -ini '?3*?:
naoaa niz^mia 3t2rvn /'mu^fn Tna, f» E3''"T*in'' nV*» nynan
naa yirrr /'mi"'D:«n./ 3im3i D''"'j'?'iBiT "D''S''iD//m on^n
^y miiiy imin -lu;« /O^iyn maix ma3n "rsi maitrr'? nasi
1^ ontyii "nnrnn nn\i// •'3n3i /D-'iair» '?3a im'' nain vd
.Trror ai'?ipio imx — .maiia inx oa3n'?' itrrsic "»xi ^rcs iina
D''3u;i' vn Dß^tt^ ,mb\^ mT'y '?Tir t:;'nan-'n3Q nrT3i«a n'?na
itrrx »TDl?aa ,rx'?iDja D'-nrnttra vm ,3nya^ rmia ra /D''3nya
xinirr ,nunn3trr 3i'?ipio ly^ n'?a'?:in» r\r\'>^z rrmm ? n^VÄma
.on-n D''TinM njiax '?y onx nannai D''3'?a-''n3a ojsn xsr
3urrn ,^"iian'n''a y;ain mna ^3 '?^ i^si nxira — an'?ipiD
apn xim nso'? nnna inoa "m-'ssn/, ir'ra p^tiöt xiaan "^y
,inT'y nx sity aity -'S inraia mii^ai Tnyn ^y mai'rn
nns «10 b'^ 3^» na ^n^nn-t nyi iV*» Vnai ,nn''y55n intyx nx
^p TX1 ,ai'?ipio XTJ'' itt^x ly nar'i 3^^ ,ai'?ip'io *?t:; in^'a
Diyü^ rsnx n''?3u?nrT nsa ai'ripiD,, n*?' nax^ n33i r'?x
33 Tüwm ni^
Ü 1 P 'P ** Zionist Review Hebreto Supplement, May-June, 1941
li
i2ninDD'?i l-iDT«? iimin — D":n-iir p
,D"]n "Püj D'-Jiujn )T]Tyi^ ■ n i r s p td "'s'? (n — mR"?nT]
niDSN ^N ■'RH — -|}jii?nn "pm nrni ninrnn ininngrin "pu
inm ■'i-'Rinm ,it nn^n -"uign iiT? üiRnn ind n"? ,aiT]3
ü O 1 D ■• 1 D'l^n unnEiD intün "pp D^imum D"]n "pm iidti
qN Diin TN i*?!!*? u'Rin D"jn "•min ü^DUinn Di?'?n-'i?ng
■iDi?'?nn ^u] rru '•jg'? ngninn D"jnm}ii? n^iDiT? mn üiüjn
i"n mjcun D"]n "-iriNnT] D^uupnguT] lOR W\] vr .-[iMin
BR .IT ü"j-ngTi?n ux? on D^''DigiD unn ü^irai ,m]nnNn
iTHi — D"jn '?üj ririNn qun r'iJ^i nnu"? i<"iii?n dn niiD""
DiJ^DH in^^n n« lu^Jin"? um i]"]n "pu] ini^ü3 urn
■• n n D *? D n«}Jii"Q nnTPD ,i]nngD-'nnin ingnn inn-ng
IT nnin iinngu "pu n'puin /nh .noiiPiD Dinj
nnin üj ngn^i nnn i]m}i"pi .iTjn-.Tn ^mun int^' ^g'PD
DN .\T]^R D-'n^IüJT] rm liT"?!? ÜTIDTDÜ] "nUin^n JID"? IT
,x}"m nn^ug imm n^mi unnsui urir n« irmnti] niN'pnn
ir-jDn "pm nnnujjn im nun uyv ,ni:iignni 'PNim^ vno
niDnn it] ngn^NTiniT uiitti TPU-'n-nTDn'PT] --in — it
.jpinn iTiü'p nniN nj-'nuii njD'pnu
, D " ] n - 1 T }ji ■• i? in^"? iium w D'-'pun*? r« ,ni im
.miTn nnun NHii?"? .TPüJ "iq-'pd nis-'i?. vm
unsim-T2R 'Pü] in'piu'p Nni?n m d^jdiTp n"n D"]n-niH^i?
iT^Tp^ji iTmn*?n ini-'H-' - n u ■• t] "pu n^nDiT? nnrm mn
rnnn ri iüjj (ühüj^i D"jn idt "pp iitduj-'ü] mn .ü^Jicun
niiP'pnT] iDiD"? ^iNin itiüj D"]n ii^^^p .init nnn rm ig'pnoj
iit:^'? '?tr n^nö "^y
D"nr-Dr ^u^guim ,D^'Pi? nnDicu-onnT ur'h? '•id n^nu
Dill Q]-' .nnngui \W7r\ nniRnn n^iPini um — hdi
Dnn D-'iPuiHi ^NnjiTP riiv inRm D'Rmi h'ptd "PDri "D^'ppgnn«
uniN ii'püj D"cu-iiT]-ü"-Tin'pn nu]"p. "•gn^i "pu /tun ■•id'-i :?u
i?i «■? rjgn nnno Niii? iniN "pm miJiNn or ;n]ü] D^^g'PN
,n'PDüjnn ngio "pd "pu] ün^niT}^'' t\r üj «"pn ,D"jn "■ini dn
D'piN .üun-inm jP'-'PNn .] .n "püj Tp^gm /iDi ü"it] ■•'ptjt] :?ü]
n-'mun un'PDtüm UDii^n-nu^uj iTp^gntu i'p'pn c'p'pto "piun —
,j]W[D mj^nnn ht min in'p m^ .D"jn mn — \Mmn inn
■P'P iP'güT] üijpnn VRW R^R
m^R m^R ,nm'pn-nDnT] "pu intu^ d^iiu ongiD nnD
Tpuj ii[i]'p-'"?ana mjim mgiipnn n D"Jn qx .rnrwjini
iTJiT'N iinni — Dnn iign? hth nijnnNn r^n mmi .wm
ngon-iicD'p "pü] nvnn "pui mn ijitu'p-pnj "pp ir^n n^pini]
"n}j^"pn//m nm'pn-m'PNüjn üt^ptih i'p'pn dj .n'p'PDn iT'iaun
D"]n 'PÜJ vmi] rnniT] nun htd'p^ ,r\MUR nrTPRguN' iidtd
nmign n"}jin ,ü-'jtn7] /miDjn nij^'pnn ngjri// iitint] nnn)
iTP^tü .m'pn n^nngu nj^nan i?i n'p inrn u'p nmmnn ,it
.R'\) njitüNi njniT]?] n^'p'PD-n-'niN'?
.ijirT]-nD niD^n riN D"]n n'p^j nn — i i m "p n
ijjitD'p noND inND n^n-in nm^ n^iPriDn-^Jigü]"? n^i iir
,d"'T]"idt] B^imi nminnji nD'pncu u :"it3Tpd /'nmin-n
n'PDüjnn nuun n^üj^in — ,d^jiu] nm nu'-'Tnu nugujni
a'P'Ni
minüj 'p'PDT] if^TU) nr'pj"iT]-niTnnT] n'-Dnin iTn n:?DT]
nM .(ninü] nriDn) r'n ^uti^*p r^r nmT nn^n ^^:? imN^}JT]i
in^^u u^'pnn'p ui^ .nn R^iri "PDm — n^nnun nm'pa igim igin
D'PiuTim IT "nnri nm'p^n tujr mnm nu "pdi umuy? ,ni
DU« mnm "n 'pd'p ■•i'pjd ^d-'td'piü d-'-'H n^n nvR v'im ^nnn n'p
•pD "pu iinoj'p "pnu mm ,i?^ni) p'pd im« "pn riu^n-nD n« ygj'p
.igjpnnru üiJD "PU ,1203 T^i t^t
n'PD .innT-nJüg'p D'jn rü]) u ü'pidh n^t — iim'pn
T]R (m'pun'p iTn img« 'Rm üiüjn üj ^"pin) — ,n'?un «"pi —
■ugu) iniN TUi'i'P IT nm nDin TP nDgn] .iinn^n inn ""b
R^nmi ü^n^T nnm Tpn — ninrTDn uicd'p n^ i"? N^jnii] ^idb
•n^ni nroj' duu duu n*p[ü m nn^ ;''nnun Niipn n« ijtjt]
VHNn DN ^TiTiT] ■•nap ign-nun iDun n^ "paipm ,ü3171]
DTir D"""! iniN "pu] TD^-jn nn ,ijip:j"p .mjjignn dni "pkioj^
Dn'PÜJl IJ'PCÜ "H^^m
minpa atz;!'' Dsno "ist in ,"«idd -»^ vvi,, : noitj^s' iii:;^^ hdu^
n ty ' X n ns' kixö^ '?id'' •»ji-'K/a : n^niön n'ra'rsa piö min
n"?ön /"»"riz^ d'»'?d'?Di1 D"'H:nn bii;^ nö"'^n'nsrTi mnn^> naisin
D'?i5;n "td k*?»!!! pn ,[rnriö] MasxwV rinum- "n^:i//
^3 KT-n ns^"?» ! rwbfi ? möi» nxr n» . '' n i tz; ■' :^ /,
,iV nDns niTHön ]vynn-nsrani r^w onn«» Vik^ la-r
paö — ly*» iw^mn bi:; nsiö.i nsoö — ^'> möVnn» —
D'övs^ nna ^^an rx — rröanm "»"isö bm D^'»yaön: o^miön
nöT:nö mnD ,nmsa' mns K^m n"'Tö'?nrT ixi n^a'^arirT rrrb^n
laiian u^önirn ,'?u;ö'? Ab^»; .irimiön .TS'''?önD n''J3?Din*i
,«r]DD osK// IX /'o^sn ]ö nt3Tiöi 7]T\b:D„ ;i''Tiö*?nn. n^''?öa y':n
nr"?» "rax ,ns'''?ö it «ik nriM ■'tk — "i'?y:a myöi •'lyu?,, ii«
ciürirT/zi "mö'''?aTis://nö "inv r''y"irr n» nöVim nö^ön
niaiv "^^ intz;» inm Ts;ai Kim» tqd k^ö, onir /'Q^^Va^ri
,ma''n a^"" nm ainan op-'V' .nt ihk*? «loa ri<^ 'ina nniöic
laT v?1^nb vb^ ''la ,n''öi3ip'xni ■'Viö bi:; nmpn ■»anyai oiai
♦IT n^bJi n'?s'n naa : noa i"? ^^^^z^' t'Sö nanö
n'rmso-n'öi>6' mioö oitzr -»Va ^innKf» nna pi
-•»ansö mHipöa ^s'^öh Tino'?' iiri nnsnat r^si ,n?3iip
Dnpa» "»sa 'lua-niöu^ üsröa im "r^ö//i ''n^j-'^ö^/T ,^ipn
.onnnK Dm^n o-'Kiipm w^bp
DKH : an n^Ktzr /Onayn' onsiOii /"»lan n« '?iku?'?. ■'ir nsn
DN1 ? mfliö iK miox nt inna ncn ,'?^33 , .i x •» •? 01 n
nx''^»n '?ty nri na ,Snpa Nia"? mow n ■> n a si rr nr'rian
,iSKö nüiH V^ imoa pT aina"?. niOK DKn — ? n •' n a i n
,üipo lübKi ,'?iKS iK^r b^ Daii'xoa' aina*?. iniöi ,ii^a ii^öu^
IDnM : liTiia-) unö^"» ? D'?ia w^Tb'iä vni:^ ,mn' 1^^p'>^
?T':ir ra Dov tnan"? iöx'» itj? ra' mip iu^k mm
W'b^^i — np'n37fT "ns^'?ö//ni imo Vü D''mflm D''S''sn •'Kiiiy
nrbörT "ns//ö oü'^önai ,najD D^mö nn^ imai Dösya
.ntt^inn ns'''?ön "r\nB,,b u^btiM nn n^i'impn
Dna"T ; D''''yiö D-'niiöai D-^iraa •'•»aina nnn» ]^nü tz?*»
D"'^nai» DiKTiD nin DnTiiapva om» D''tz?T dik ■'lau? d-'ühz^s
^tz; mix D^u?ia'?i ,D''pna»i d''Ssii n^ü'rrz^a D''oaii£3»i
r"?» löK' xf?: n'?K ir»^a .Tiis aw iäb' ^rr'yispö: nrn»iö
Zionist Review Hebrew Supplement, May-June, 1941 tD 1 p ^ "*
34 r\iwm nau^
I
wm TT Kl [Dinn nun
/'nnöVnn nm>, nm "mxipöini ^ksh// m fa» ijj''K tj?inn
/•'ir^ /-i2ii? ,np\n n"?'!:; ,nnn nso» D'''?ZDn'-''öi-)s nx
"yoy-is yr>ns s?'''^i//ai -»trKin^ löxön a^iDtr nai m-'d'?' ,m"in
,rDK"i "riir D^itoa'ii mi m^ryini ''Sin''t:; m in jinni työn^Ä
Tisixn "]i<ü/,ni D''''irN-in: anüHönu;: mn nDp''T ,1"'?iö
•rax /p^TTöi ^^i xn-'y; yn '^^ywr\ mnn^ ■'ßi •?$;' «ikt pBO
.mn"? •'xainvm Tinson manim mn*?' T^iu^m ninn
.Di'rb 1D3 r^^ — rnnrö n^a ninni mrpnöi mpii dkt
/flDTi ^w v^ DK^i .xnpn ly^iT» ^mm ^^ mii^'p im»
,DyüniT -nru^a ^i'?n "rsn^ piö' .nunp iina ny^'? Tnjr xin
Vax .ns'^öi "7^; ü-'üay ivyin "ry t'MH^' snni mm pi x^i:;'!
rT''n nmj "tsü' laa /nVi:? Tnyn- D''oyö. pu^"? nans lans^
mpi Dmiyn» m "»t Vy pi -'s ."laysr mrywia namu^
•»T» Vyi ,D''''iiu;'?ni D"'Äu;iön '?U7 o^Timpn m^nsTni K"npn
D'''?ön .nivasT nno nnrm n^yta ,]ii:;St nam n'?>nö nr
Dimi /'?'?D ynv M'^im nai xiip"? nxa^' mp-'soö irx losya
na'*? D^Vöm u^n^ö p^so'' j6 o'riyai:; nsij;
'?6^iüj''n "H^i^n^n nT'?T]«n ^d
n s ' ■?■ ö '^'iz; nii^Tn ns:öa "ranoöi lüiy -»ix ,r\mrö
ny na::;nni it nmjsp nma ,D^öyn' miiiy"? im"?' mint:^
n X ■> ■? n n kmt /i"?^«! rr'öViyn nön^an ]ötö /larisu;'?
rrn'' ,]''üpnDpi nz2n'?ö-mu; nn nnniy , n ^ k a x n
,D"'piDS"'Nsn an nVx da /lai nai nmn-'^aaT o^ana
^rrpts"?!»» x"?» /D''ö3n-na^ö ik D'X''aa nan» nV^Vn >6 "rax
•»Vai maiiöi nua.i "»ba rir^n la'ria .^ist is'ttö; ;:niaaia\nö
-npsö"?! D'VxT'r:^'? . . . .k:!:;''?^ ^^m a::^x x^x ,m'';T' nnaa
nuriy i'?üa "ra /'rnmxö rinn/zi "nnn// D^triy i:'?ia .coan
/'D*'o:o'npn/, hsitiT nx^önai ."ns*'p:i// ix "nspnn//
"nanö "r'i:; iü^kt,, — /'d^p^xü,,! "maöia^, /'Dna"'jxö//i
"]nsa„T "a''ixn nspnri' bm 7\^mt\>a "apym nnuasi/zT "iapy,/i
"m^s '?t:r omy^ir,,! "inay"in//i "a^ixa nynsn/,i ""iixö/zT
nxTn nirinn nsu^n» iüdüö t:?ö»; du .Dnyapi ona^spT
nyT ns'''?pa rrpaiitt^i na D'''?'nnna o^iiaim D"'2inynir
— .D''u?im Dn*'tt^mi Dms*'Dn ■''ryaö ranTh d:i
mna'? nsn nrixi imx «ipin nnöiönni m^^ "w^ ^^\
? Hiu^iy IT r\h ^iby\n iijäd"?' it m^n' na-'m mpani : "i:in imp*?!
u'na ij-^n ijaiox^ wu^ d-'ö' vn /nxiu n-'ö^iy nön"?» nn\T
nö^ — ^nön"?»/! may .u^n ina /xSt "rax .ir piirVai D^yip,^
D''xn u'riai:; ny^a ,7bm u^-h'^nn wniMSr^ n» aan^ i^öni
nnnx maiön ii"?' r^ni ?ptyani '''?a mpisnnai Di'?ti;a
by iöd"? D''maiö: lim ,miayi mVü' •»"irsV inr mö^xna
?Dnöy iTTpi om Diiy on"? rx^r nnarri n^xm o'^öoni •'t
maiTa"?' D''imjii ^n^jinösn nnyDövi •'^ya'?' d^öh: iix rxn' —
Vt:? nmix"?! /"iu?ar"''?x bv xT'üirfl'? «imi nms' mpT bv:
— ? 'TÄyi ^Äi iai mx''spi 'r.'tri n^ia'n aß;y
» mD*>'a '?y mo'»^ ;n'?s:nn "Ti^it nspnn "ru^' na"»::! n»
'w^ an nu;yD nr Dira miaV' mö'?n nna u?' oyi:: nrxi
nünirsi nma: n *' "> i b x^x! "]try nn»m tyxi dt/, ia i^k^
ns"''?» ^"' Dxn ? aiD naT nr^x ^"»air^a '?npn '?k d^jib iixir
— ?mxnDi: nainai T\Mwb nainai d'^sd onsio
nö Vax /'.Tnn nann Vy/, — "»xin' xin' ix '?Hyöu^''
IX "t:;Ki//n'?i iib^ n» ? "mDpnn//'?'i ii"? n» ?"fl"'Tn//Vi 12"?
V7\ x"?! Ms^'rö/.rr ]^ijk n i a n a oa-ix '?a ip^öyrr x"?
,D^iDiysn Dmx^' D^JiJÄoai miity'ra mx''pai p^süö' iroa
Äir^iön Vd nx iöxösi:^ nay.i ina irra "nr'röri: ''i:ünö„
nxT ,mK-ipörT -^mn nx D'?Dsa — nüiys n^n^a npiVnaa nrn
nox ,"aniy n^nrT//i "nar noK,, d.i .T'^nna pi d^'?^«! ^sns
■tu; nwaa D^is '?d "ry ina t^''^^ jn *» i a y m T\yrbm nx
,nmni nsiö ina v^^ ; i::s"ixä nvyaü mnön ;Dyn' nmp
a 1 a "i Ä iTnm ,]i!:;Vn-^iö''U? ''pin'?i p^1^>lh .rm^b
D"'pis^i D^iiaiö D^öxns : "löxi , n 1 *» n a 1 n 1 s ' "?' 0
•tdö IX /rnrn m:inytn "raö .^yiö ''iJ^:^ "^^ö 'nnso yatiöa
Mtiiy nnM n"?!!:; nx^Ä^ /laT b^ inöxfr nrn mürnn
rn vh un .'?'?aa ;nx''?ön •»uanö'?: nnn Dn:ünön nx aiurn"?
u ^ !y n '' "I a y rr n si ir n "laanöi Xi*?» /nrVöiT •'iixin»
,n''üT'inn nnayrr nsir^m •»aaim ; n 1 1 n n ' i na
,n'>xirT'! — nimp» b"^ T\^n^brb oitr na r«^ /Hp'riaöm nüa%n
n 1 3 nr n *?: 3 ö D"S"''?ö naT •»asxa trön:j;n'?' is^'O'inü;
Dn»xön mötri /'n'?x^//'? on"?: nM r^V "^^ / n i n n x n
Dn D^an — ''omnyn. . . . n'rxtr'?/, ix "D''U7aani. . . . rbwb,,
: -löi"? D"''?^:n ^•'XJinyn jnVn pu^Va /n^iönn "»a ]yp ; ibdö rxi
'x:iny ix '>b:.m isio a^a irynn n'ry^ x*? /'y^xiD nix./
nsu^nu^ •»© Vy nxt:^ ; n^'r^jx^ '"s^non iiX/, n'pöa n"?» onn^
.nö:\*? mpsiö n:rx »pii^V nxp nnpsia xm '?'?a3 n^xamyn
.nyixin nimm /-ipsiö "ran u'rsx pi
/'nnxü''Vns nniVia'-DS/, /'D-'annxn D''ip\mö//ö d*»'?»
"ti^ia^// Tö bai "nrüiTX niö'''?ans//. /'üimp tn ^tzr niia:i//
;D"»^nr'?ö onxpöi a-'^yrrö onxpö d''ät2;iö in "nm^aomn/zi
•'aii-'an xmpnu^ "i"? xö^^^//^^ nVnnaV D'''?apö cna D^tröniröni
Dn^DTö pT am , d n ni V i 0 0 1 d n ■» a 0 dt3ö
n^anö ]*'X nr '']•? xö-iV" "^sx .laao D''y*7i"' on^ n» onix
nau^nö ''3"n'?i n''WM:h yfti^a n^nna"? D'''?apö nirVan
nn:?3iy inx v^vt "lan ^y ainaV Dys •»nryia^a — . 1 2 ■? ur
vyji D"u?a ''paa Doisna^ n-'^öiT "»bx xa /-»u;»! p :^möa
pm .1"? •'nia''t:;n /'xin^// ? "wit^i p nrx/A : mnön D^2''yi "»a
'ö yiv "»iiran xiipn^ '?'?a nioa •»irx "rax ,nin3iz;2 "i3t tx
'Bixn — . . . .! ''D"öi»6/, Dösy"? D"'xnip n'?xi »la^ü nöi xin^
cy H'snxi n''Sin^ir;a ,n'mT'X'» ■'pöy3 Ti:a nsu^n bvj nnvön
,n''^w ^ibm msixn-'öyur nain> im .D"'yiT D'Ät:;iöi niaryn
; nu^np nsp ia lümniy "»isja /'nr"?»«' i"? ixipt:; naivi im
,nöi?a .Vma^ 'nn pn D"»sn an ,nu;npa D-'sn an iw
D •> 1 n X 'ri^ nu;npa Vax , d n^ ■? u^ ntmpa D^sn orx
annx bv nir'raa '?aK /onVur nir'raa n-'xn arx ; D"»sn an
iu;x nnn ^^1T .msnxn-Dy "rx nViyn Tiin ^^1T .D''xn an
. " X a 1 t:^. ö ü ö ö D n // na
nx T»^ Tö noöi ,tnai^3 r'»'isö: ari»?^, «?u^ nxnp a'rixa
XÄTT xi^'jy» "»tTKi nöxöi Vura /'oöf-'D/r Vizr 'rnnn )vV:in
la^*» 13 ni:;x xinn :iinn Vba »nia^Vi iTiTna rixö nMtr
rni myia?an nxV 3"'aoö' on-'niDiia '?y; D^aiDöm o-'jQVtsiai
lu^xna yayjö inxfi nn» 'rbi /'in 10 rn^/ pnyn nx D-'Vapö
pina x"? nsp mrpniu^ im. mip pn ksäj — nöaon mxV
D'iöV'm'Än Va /'oVny my!3>/ : i a ^ a x'?k nöxan
x"? mn^n Tö'?tD'i^^n' pni »ntm Du^n ^its' nx lyn" onsun
Dnin\n .nm D^n ^itb 13^' Vy n'?xtzra ^Vx nasi .yr
n\n nr m na .D'''?:i':iKn onxiaa lun ^Vya orx D''V:\m'T
•[•y>r\ ny Vax .Vriana •»nin"» '?y d^'i^pä' pxi ,nsp ^Vian»
:ityi»n nx D^yrii'» an» naai ,ir'öix^ bv "Dnu-raS, nyi:;»
"oö,^^ü/,a ^m^n imtsn '?ya nsiini nDion^' «nnipn nayn
? naxö u^na rsn
ü;^ /niflü Hösa D''aina ouinyi onsio nina an"» "»im
35 rtl^'\m^ nw
tsip"?
Zionist Review Hehrew Supplement , May-June, 1941
Kx .[rmb i'pona] 20,000 ly ansoö' ?f?sr D*'i?*isi, ,Q'')!Wiin
tv^r» m rS'T in» omn D''öis;fl: a» rni D''xmpi n:ttö hiöt
AT-'m\ mip^ D'KTipi f]"?)« HNO mnsn bi"? : niNiö'? o^Kitp' fa
D.Tra V7\ >^tr'nD /'n^naan// ik "m^vn mima'/, nxr nrrn
.miTTK niiiK^ T)>n la inx^ ''D-'a^aitC//. dä ^rranVö '^ya dä
Tinö,i ,nxp ''ns:o •'yn^/, rn oaait:; ,n''i<iini Kfrr mnK 1111:111
laia pso TK .Dinara ompr' nom' nvapi na^iöi nnnp
D^ivn ^t:^ iVn^n im.tayönn'? ymw^ T\^y^n ma*'D»T r^t:^
na"'ttr'm "mny,nö itmpjni Koi^Änur iti na^o'? oa pVn ^^ /nm
fit ^vi ^aip -»aK m'?a m iöü o^ana vu^av nsisai nrx
Ditr V^'snn «ft» m laja ?ikd ^n:i' msiKii "»öy nsow
^aij? ^awi .D'»yxäifl nanrra in» m axöai nnSi^i ,na^aip
layn isi«ö imjpnnn n*» ^ytj^ , v^i'> n rnon '?y "»iN
nK nspÄn mxiKiVösr naiia m«i mii ns'^ö nnn imt3M!?i
♦laaia iity^"? 7\^rm iiz;iön nan
mniTnon n"» ^sr D''N"npni nn iiu?ö^ in'?iannni ^a
tt^Äö liu^T»"? •'lay;! lu^on mrn.i .i^^'vw id /iDi»-jnnaim
.nsim trn unnrr oy ir»,! nöj«nn '?a»c ? nntt^sit! ''nVai irn
^Tiajrr ns''?ön^ xik lyaa ,ip''S?ni .7\t\'^
lav ini// .n^u^ö' r^ain n'?öb 7\y'\'i r\^^ Va : ^^an m
Dü^mö nniÄjnn .n^möiTr^; hk mp^nV n^tt^ layn "n^ö
iniannV naia pnnö '''?a i^ rwrr "»asö ^mtatt^ xm nr*?»^
n T "1 ö n ^ pi laann^' nnx .i'?i:;-np''flyni mison 1» osr "riy
mnon n» nsurm tk^öö tk /"mipn.i n» 'rmo vaton rK>/
1» .piniö [D-iKan] pritni icö-'mn tot n^öntD nVtti n" ^v
niTÄJiyj npnöK "»ja^ iöö .i:;in.T iiaYrn xiai m.i ppin
D'^D"» "nas.i ani X'^io\ mu ,nü^m» niTn mn d.tVst
DniKöi onö D'ö '»r» ^a pp^"?- oiiu;^ inVtr ,r\i nöy^
aw r'n ''ßöi nnn D'iiT'Tn: d"»».! on^ vm h'$n oia flim:;'?i
^aK »v^nn. ]» dä nsMi aitsni n» üi'rp'? nans: ns^n.
riKir^n nu-ni^iö;^' d-'^sik.! ^aai ,möai Dyüa ''i'?n "ran
^y Din ^ur n.T nsnoi anj» dk — .onai-'i^"' "ry inriMi
TK /amnn i*?"» nnr ms^^» '?ir^ ana^Ä iniiO' mnay ms^Vö
yoBrö iTiiir^ö nx pns'nn lanstyi^ la*? y^:\i x^ d» yir "»ö
oaiDö ipr> onrn o^ainym. rn^nsom ,npTyn unnso
Mb^ .T'nnii-nna'ya nis-^m it .IiTjiöü
"[ü^Nz/H n]n] ü"]^ ''D"'ü]''N,/n D^n*?:?!!]!!! D'r-'iHnn "pu
mniTi r^PTDU^nJin "mT\\ -ri'\\\„ r\y\m\^^■^l tjititn mo
:?!) qN /D^jn rm D^i^^munnu) 'im:\\\ rn nn^j? nnM nj-'m
inTPonDn-iTitü^i 'nun v^ttuh inuin ü]--« v\\ D-'i?iniü] ••3
rm"?iP3i i^nm ,T7]r» "pcü iüJ3]""'T]j'? d"])! nn n3-'nnn
.D-'jnnNn nnnn m"?u]n niP3inn nnN imTi^'ü] "PNiiu^n
D"jn DU n}ju DDun hm n -^ ri3n uhm tuh "püj uith^
üJODiTiiu'Pü] Duun mn ^r mnin — nmtD nriiiT vxinmi
niu — 'PNitu'' Vif^i D''3]um D^(Diüjn-m i'?u3rj rmim
1"? N^n n^nni iTn nn^jn .imi'' ti^w^ dj hd ,i]^m imu
-jituian D"in i? a^auüj mm nniN — nnsun icdn' i it rijn'?
m ,ysin D'NSV m:nö "tu; mnön o^in ,t2;i<T Dia häw 'rKit^*'
— ? miftr iinu^ loa d^'^siö
nayn 'Kiiriyn /p^iiiöii laiiat' '»öjV' ,nM n'?Kii omüni ama
oy myöT^D-mw nnai it n^öai irä^tyn^ '?''nnn^ '{ywir\r\
nmN inp^a /D'JK'SK^-rr'onii nönbünöi vn^^sa — "üjhs^
lUiiaa rT'?y lö'y x"?! tr^-'Ki ,ni:\nm m *':öi .nai:;ö/i nst:?»
fiön»// "»nojaritjra inv» "ü1'üi«Q// *''? "»nu^pa vb ■'JHi /.iiiti'
nojai IT 7biä. DÄT /•'K^na i^apnatj^, iiVkd d*»!?» "»d^i« "noi6ö
Di^na «iK ^ninin xV ba» .nnm yn*» "»layi xiip ^ai mTnö*?
^K D"'y:nirT D'iaiari. ':(i'?T'Sia: laiöai na ^lirrnnb Dn^ny^:;
-'TÖ^i'x D'ia in^Tii nVöii ^k on^a -»a d^^-ptii vti^ay /liöy
/D'n'sn ^tt? nnnV n-^Rnp riray ."»a ly^a am Tiööin
napnn^ ,Dnsion, biy rinn"? ,minrön m:i'?flön: ^y; nnn"?
.d'''?xt:':i laVia .nin» ii« it ]ip b^
nxa u?ia^^ ii^ pi ly^ t^^isin» maT ir» ? "iötit ■»»«t
? mspnnn Vy ynnn^i nnn rsn"?!) nianöi ipiD^i. Tnan"?! inj;
-■'aNn d:^ ]a wt k"?' n^"? ^rr-aa»^ V^idöi k\7\ m •»ip'n dk
— "u'^^'^n,, Di:;a D''janön a^Ka — laai ?D''inK n''a':iä
^tz; ''ip"'n D'ny — /'bitity "»^iök •'öi^ut./ owa Dnxsjiöm
. " n ' n 1 n *» r n /, a o^iy o^uryiö: i^^nnm — ,"'ip''n
♦namjiöT n^max^ö xm /D^-'öikSi li^s» i"?"»!:» nin ^ir naDsn
»KVi^ü-'sn xainn ^laa n» n» niaiy ''n^rrn nnn„ ^ax
D^süiyö omn' ^u^ n ^ ^ ii p i'»"»üxn irma
bv mpirn ix — on-'Ta an'a'?!'? •''rixii /r^S'^ai mn-'^üa
"bü*»'»// xipjn lüiinni t:;'x m'')n /Xaan ^ir^n dis^t ,"iai n^a
x^x ,Djaa Tm xsr ti x*? ,r\i is^i nr Dnöiyi D-'mnöi ,'iT'a
rnv},, "ry "nimxö nnn/, — /np-^nöi mw nnx nii^
XJ^xöanp a,inia ix ,na'?ma nown n^a isna /'nön'?ön
D'-ssii D^:n''Di mn'an ,nna D^siiD:nö o^Vn ,nu;ma
— misjiira D''ypim n^-sina D-'ssinö' ,^m:n nx*? oviaö
? ■>» H» — D''?sanö Dn*'Ta Dn''mD£3ipii D-'Ka^^n ! "napnn./
D'TUT cno bvj nana» nnt:^ xrn däi ?Di:üau; nnnn ^y
? "nimxö nnnS, n^rx D''a''is nw V^'a't^a
n'?sn ^"»a^a .d^h' omn'» nu?^u; /'iöitö^. nia^ "r^au^a
xb »n^nöiXn n^ni»! nnnn mit .d^^d omn^ niu^y /iiaxa
: xji nöipö ia'?sx on-'nna onai x^x ,nnai ns"»"?» im
.omn'» nnyy — n'?n':i nnn .onin'» nw^u^ — mnp nnn
nr ]'x ,nÄn'?7» nyai xas-'u^axa^ nnx r\iw D:;''snV D''xn dk
^T'bm n^sa i:r imxn ]ö, nann .inx laii kVx /'ni/, "rir lan
z-'nra löyisi ,D'''?yifli ,d"':vxi ,d'»'öix^ omn'» m:^^sb bvj
mö*? itrsx Dia — ."nnn,/ on-'öyiäni nai D^si^n /Om»
T^yaib iu» iiyönti^ nnn lai 'ry D^iai:» mnam:;a pins»
ininn ^^nnrnr» .[n''j*?is3 niTon-nai»] iiaoa^K^ T^yam
iai ^y DA iiai''i d'öm idix^ vb'O) lyir^ 1:;"» u^iiy "»xasn
nspnn-x'? "riu^ ma^^nnn ,naam nspnn ,mpiBnm mr^iTn
ni'aö mr' b^ noiam nKsm^ moö-nna nsoi ''D'üpKa//i
. . . .inK '"»ai,/ Vt:; ini"'a'? n^ '"»ai//
d:^i ^n"»M lyi : nimnöi nmöi "»jk! ,i''aTöi "»m ■'Xtan nx
D'sin^iri D'sii"'sa lum'^nb nnayx ''niöTr» Vy •'ö"» "raii /-»napT
mmp*? mir ms^Vöa trönm'? nnn /'o^yan*?/, ,'?ia''aa m1'?xo
'S D^ai D'xnp Mb im — .Dnnx mö^iyöi miT msTra
m. 3 T a *''?ixii n 1 1 ö *? iimx la'amr, nny itr^xia nit2;y
— .iin^iys^i latz^n nM mi .n'ip''nyni vmr^ö
,xip»a n'?ainön nnayn nsu;ai naina mnnyn nnMir^a
15,000 Dviö"? n 1 a b 'MTs^n„V im rmbT\^ mtrja
Zionist Review Hehrew Supplement, May-June, 1941 Ü 1 p ^ ''
36 7[iw)!c\ naty
OrT-^mö rm üTm\ rwm rm onn i7n T\m uT\m\ riK
i^y k"? Dil DÄt2;i 1D3 ]''an'? *?is''' k^i vii^i K^: onV onnT-ön
-rnnDöi 'VTnarm-'roö ,rnm:im vöoni /^pos;' "'s'tköi maa'?
— n^n"?!"! m-'DF Vv npsoiii lyno iitrKm tz^H")
möirnV.1 tinnmi iisi^ii rnKsn"?! rby:s*n vpipHi ai*'ü m^j^ir^
iK ap'y-mDni T^i^ ypip np'?n irK3 d'iTtöiI D''^nnn
nsjinm Dsyfiüi; pövnö' vn^mj- d^ös7d nanm ? nV^ön-Tca
— ;nDDDKn: ,\Tb'T\n nvnr m^Kur ■?$;■ vnöim TTps, ds?
mypnp'? m^y"? höi /D^mpHi D^amni D^nts^ni riK ns?'"?: 'tk''3i
m'?finn '»im nsyfri i^-idi — ,D'''?i'?in onn •'imöa^, mnnaT
rnivöim msyiöiT ,m5r:inn '?d'?i npois Ti'raii ht-öhö nau^'p/nfr
Aniimi T2}'\w nxnnanTöa km '?kiu7''| pK ity» u?''K ii^
nitrsrön ]ö "iii^yÄ nnty' nana nn. d.t'tv m:3 "nrn ,Da^
"niynn D'öys'? hidt'?! nöt:;'?i itz;n ,pxn' naiü^i oairr nxianö
")tz;K »nnn'rxna m^ri''i nnaDa i"iö'n> ii^ki ,du?sj mixn
mxiNir nyi"? inaii -itrx nnx niriDi isix"?' nmiyy'?' na nna"»
irnx r^ IX TKö D'üs?i» 'rnxi .aip: nnsa an"? vn niVxn
irmax rii« "i^x D"''irax /D'sinom o^mn ,D''sixini o^'a'i'rsyn
,Daa^m Qa\n'?m ,D''aTixn d-tm Va nx xVürn döt t^V nnn
•iDi» n^n: ',11^01^1 tt'ix^'? nanx ,rTiDya nn"? nni on"? ]nm
xisö"? löxy "ry bap-» x"? Qnpin.i i» i:;>x — .mpn inn^i
man nrn inriD'"? nnsöm nx [nsipm na''ao] m nü^a
•»xan xV ; na^^aon nysiyn- x"?! rnai? mar xVi ; ]^ö"'aa-ijiö*7X
mxD x"?! -— r''ö; :"s; ünspns x^' ? ii:nn •'isx v^b% axön
aimö// '7a\nn "rty nnnM x"? ^xnma:T ; nmnxn o^aii^n nxöö
"lü bu^ n^mn nysi:;nn x"? D:n ,"Dax'''?x./n x"? «ixi /'iinxjn
nna-in "ra — ,ünsp:iDö '»V't ^nan /pyam '?,nöin vön
myein — /'iino'? d^u^^ö// im 'T'döt Jcn« vniy im''' n^xn
— .irvith i7^^ "iy?aö •'Vai m^an ■''?a »nym ncna mxa iVxd
ma"?» ,nöiT .laiöix ]nan visb' xa naa »'rsnni xa naa
: "l"?» ]mi:;M: "»rv^, — mxnDi ,D'?ivn ]ö n'?üai may '?Hiir"'
? omx nVTÄi nnsü ir ypnpn ^x ? D"'a'?ön ixa niö ^x
'?5nn i'?n ,D'''?i'7n ns la"? h'ttä ii^x yipnpn x'n !a''ixn
— .nnna mx» iiniK nnpu^n nu?x
— a 1 ö -»a XM min mh»^ irmaxi nx ]"! "nz;» nann
^sr ,D!3n b^ ^yi uTnjrfin .oisra'? i-^n d"*nu?
Dmxx: i:a n\n x"? /'nyaaa u^x'rs/, ^b> ^y /""iöt mry»/, '?a
nx D'Ds'?;3T DManö a^öiTöni d''"is'imtz/ o'flisjm o-iaiann
"T'3,'>^ D's?Tap nani* b^ m:iöTsai. nmönrnaa '»Ti^iaxn ]>ön
an iTüö mi n^a Avitib löiy "»iinjxn, rönu^^i ;D^mns
i^n"?!! nxi. iiösy nx unu^ö x^ □'tiIVö; .iiööi oa"?' dm'ttpö
— .f'riBinDai mij^nm npisn» ,n^r'?öi nan« Vu^ nn-iöii^a
'i:a*'XTya by\iT\ii /niosnnna '?Tünö /Dn"?:. larxira ijös? "rTanm
— .n"'aö IX rn» i"? d'':2;s?j^?i oönmi iii:;n "rvi oyo
nxö ,13 mjy"?' r^v '''? nnM n'rxn^ onain ba n''Xön
Diaji x:ir ''n^ni:; o^ma /inxani ov mn't:;a »nnm d''»s?b
HDunn Vyi i o y a a "ip''ya m ip^aroi)« na'»: ■''?! .inMa
■ry ,7mvn ".lanx/zH' Viy '?anm xi^n ivin 'ry /myaxm
aTynn*^., oMoixn 'ry — ,D''t3m'?s''ini Vi:; Da'?-n''ö;Tn wsi
aiyinn^ DM"'nm ,Dn'?' y:^na larrni rxira "d'»''»^!© D^3''':ya
inxa — /Dys "?aa vnxsö .DTiaa"? i,xi DO^a*?' y^i nannwa
7' nnn ommiz;!! a-'a-rj! dji''X yum — /Q^üynön n^'?yi ''laö
.»ixpi' ]ixa mnai a^spim x*?x ,nn"''?y may nw» nainn
nnx HM "")xiü''üDjip„nai "D:x^^X//na mmm- D'?Tyn; "ra
xiai .oypa '■>yw rpn r\± km nysa nnw nimnoi nr.r»p
"TJiönx ]Man b^ laiöixa] n'?x mjM-nniün fa. . . .
a^t:^! "»an ipmn [71 isoöi /•»mnx ü"d ,Tn& ^Ii'^'^üüm n
löyüa MM^ .nöi»n-m'?''sx bv mxsn-rr ,iä^ya :i^^^M xm
-DDP np-'Sö nx» rHu^'mn' üVüi naisa ,nma:i! nmp ,ity»öai
myun ,nanxT "iiz^t" /nböm' dm mraD D^ryi ,njtyi im
x"? ,niriy» x"? m^''xx /nMM"i-n: ^ax nrrV'piü-mpaiSÄ
^n^yaD /H^n^x hi'?^sx .DTp-ni bm< ix /'ün^n nnn» r]vnn»
ur^urrn .üünö! x'?ö-ü")D miönn "ra .yasx-'?aa ma"?» ,nMnan
nmMön mynaön nxm is^ ,u>iy pu^öia nso '?y' i"? au^p
Dnaim dm^ük^ nss:nn '?yi .D'''?n:i' yy nra dmpt» «T'ry^
nwy./» D'»^y!T'> o^'^aba ww ix ^^x r'?a'n'?i ,D'':üpi D''Vna
: nMsns DrT''?x xmpi ona lyij xm n^nma' anu^ai ,"v^nv
VManai insu7a "»pa irx mix.! dxi .(! iöh) "txir"'''Dyt3/,
— .wbiin mtmi rVx^i ^'i^m Snai xm ,!y'^u;M ^tr
— .vjwn aurr — ,nT a'ny bi^ vi^an löMa
,mr7ym imh ,d^diöm-''S' '?'?3ä ,'?n'Ä tna v^
^trma "ra ni^x iz^^xn ,naaiyjn müirsm pnsn nniy
rnxa nmxö la"? 'ö-»:» d*»: "rai:? nnx ]^s^'?' iDni laa^
/D^annxn nMnn '»ju^a ijöy nmpa ijyn mrx — ,bm^'-
,n'?in x^ inpjn na:yn insa iiy nn^ri' tx "nrn d^öm iü'?
möxyn ,mpiöxni d^h'm Dy .mbsi^i n:pT b^^ nn^iDn lyi
,müMnn DTyn ,nsiDan nöipn mssn -ny^T nnn mu?a\n
IMa'ii — Miiiyu^a mainsni D^nsirrni ,yiött^» nnaa.i D-'jmn
! MM HM /"iv^V 7iii?xnn n^'i^üM •'•i
]M nsom "ry ao» xM^a /i"?!«» ^nn^*» D''Äy& mxü
D'B'piiy» ,D"'yasn-'aMöi D''?pni D'ann DMaiöm DM^üirn
/']Xü,, i:iny nx xnp xmi lOün "ryi maanö muais
D-'Xu^un •'Vni "ra ,dmd i:xt:; n» ^ai /'dö''''ü/, D'':ttys'n
"ry aanoT n^''?n itm ht i-'jyT ,'"?x"n:"' rixi d\, "tx d^d^m
: VTöVin nx noaön niiö' bw nmi- niyiyi xm Dixnsi .laüip
• p"»!!» x^ nr baw — «lai na — ? imdt^' hsm» pmön n^a
XMW »nii'pö rna ix't pröi "\ bn^yn o'rüxn nx xan ,]X'T//
D"'yxön DMXp "»a ,nBX"in ^0:2; ^y "rnan obüxn nx n^jüi
ynai nsian» ipM'i /V^yrT oVüxn r*?y yinirn» mxDan ^yty
D"'BiBa M'^w^ ,D'''7xyöi:;'' na-'ir-'a •''?An ybiyi ^:xi ,ra")a 'ry
."rxniy' r"iN ns^ "^y
^Ta*»! ,^üiam Vüa a^ao» ^ani tx /1t naöa n:iM ipimyai
*?s'?x^ D"''?:ia''i ,Dnynü nxs"? D'jiB''^'t:n d"''?m'i ,a-inn^ a^iyn
^y piBi^T XM.^' ,a"iyiaT miö "»aVö ,DM"nx D''Via"'T ,miyD'?
'ia Va D''yrTT'i ; o'rütäa yip^ xnvsw' ym*' ix't, — ,mn^in
— /"^n'Ä'fi D^üKn nx xan ix^T//- : nicnpr? 'riy jwrvti n» nM}7
•»T Vy Ttwbn xMun /nn*»!:^ im» T'in nyöTi;:iu^: "rip na
^y M'?ün'i ,vrm n-'a nnn d'?üxi ix'Ti b^^ mnam inyi^n
TöXö nx '»maii /nxr •»mxi n« .rVyi «iiaan ^'>^^n^ ,nfls*M
iBDi mm •'u^öM Hturttn pi Dn*?! lanu ,iaT •'bi:h^„ iV'tn
min ''u^üM nu?öna ''3 ? yti/M"» ibO' nx ^tm ynöi /'yu^i.T
MDoa pi DMxnn» nMi'riaÄtt? ,'?xii:?^ v"in' nx nyi*? n^ x"?
— . .. .inan bm\ ^mrv iso x^m n>pnyin nBön .yu;M'
n''aaia npnn iiary-'nx nnM vb inan "rtr imiay
^aai MIO Vaa niir:p nan"?»!' nrmay x*?« ,D"':T''?"'a mx» b^
nöa .naM-n'?iy x"?« Mmö p-ip x*?' — .rasy '?aai la*?
,nM''?aiDi niiann ,man^nmi mT-'xaxa nas ,mpm lys
D''»pxi rTanürn''"'flDT mxiim m:i'?m nnöi manx nüat
paKnn noa ! mna MM."im, ^■'h "»oaMi b'^' maanoi mMiiüi
man lu^pn '?u^ iBpTii rtrip oy — ,nTn nnn-]ny ü'xn
Dni'pB Tm'^W' ,nrpM maiann: /ni^yaü m'rpn n-» "^y laio^"
anjn ^yi ,'?Ä^a:n! an-'^ry iBn^'t^i — ,DT'-'t:?p n'V^mxmiyüi
nx iran^f ,T'M nx m-iö-'i Dn-'mpyra 'imx'?^i ,Dnn'?n nn\n
M"iüT • nmi Dyn' wn nx nx^u?'? Ma hm D'-iax-na ! inm^ö
— .lam
*TMK9 o'»itoD''K ,-n^XP'?^» p mnx^'?''» }rrh i"?» hm n»
37 nimta njty
Uli?"?
Zionist Review Hebrew Supplement, May-June, 1941
riDiT? IDT N*? •'lUNin n-'DTnT N^tujm — niTun htid inu
■•n^n) r'pnij-nnTDj^ nnn mg] qiua'Pü]' lu ^düdriit] ün
.(1909 njo]"? inT]}j7n Jinn^nn T-'tünn DijJipn
"D*?iun. 7üJ nm^^in ir'pj'? D"jn "püj h'pn inn^ng '•inin
n^ntD nniTn .inii-T?n "pp d'-it]'? un' (rum mu a*?"!?)
"inüii?« ninjm indti Dinrtu^T^t^n T\mm nnji n*?!"! inTPin
T-iun-fi^^iQ] ^R-W3. .ni]iüj nrniN'p-'Ujm ''nT'U'''?ig
nnnui ir^j-n^Jü] „njr'ppn "pu ni'?'?nnnn T \\tv\\ nminn
•pTDi; D^TDM Dmra .uDm^n "PNim^-nTpnRn nmt^jR-qiPinn niTi])
T\R inu*? aiPD'? niTT] rn ■• n n r i lu j 110];*? D"jn
iT]}j] inig nn vinq td^ n*? npn"?i n^onn n''"iipn nngun
llüJNin DTHN'? T?"?.! IDT DIU! .p"? UHR HJÜ] TjPD Ü^JKUNin
.1^1 N"?D TiTl TPn] —
nmiö mTson nnn .xan inn •':n^i ^«Ji nttöt n'rmn tki
?Dn'S;i:iS?a dk d:i inDtz;*' üy» iiyi k"? dx n.i> '»öi /D''öiTria an
rnraiö,T|?ai ir^m larrma hm ina nt^K ayrr kiiI nn
.vaya inönn iny» ineu^i — ,tn"'xi psi» inni n'irr mK'?»n
Dnnn D\n'?K nn» nuT"? 'rnn nna Kim nas?' nüiiir uii:^ na;n
rap k"? *ii:;k D'»in,5?' t'tji Tyai innaa nx "naöV. irr» laai
? Tiivra nasnö n^n -»a pn"»!! .rrny
T 'Ni DV TK nvp x'?! D^an: vH?\ ! xiiT ]a : nö>p nu^K ty'
,1Dasn — .*nai3 Dyn üöitö ht .naßri mm /iTO oiVn .ns^
"»^K riK Dvni anpa ,u;nfli nn^ ,p"nn nüin ,rmna laia
Dirai nyii: na^i "ry •»a .rrt'KOi d''üsi:;:ö^' iöw nm i*»«*!'
ly D^öXT — .D^aima bom Dna^n "ran ! bn:^ DVsn ,Dyn
xSt "»a .atia dsitö xini D"'iyx^nön üötr» "»a löic'? iia^' oy
D^x"ni? DA ansiDi q:i i"?: rn T'aa x*?^ nn iiy yuv: oyn xin ni
,D'ö^u; D^'n nsu;*! nx nrnn'? ix» maa npiirnm — /D''an
xin mm /ya^ rmmi nx ^'xt ,mn> ^' ix »mx ]^x
DTTV i:n:N ,na'yn mnni na nx d''T2;"'äiö. i:n:x .tn:xa
nay'm") v> p "ry jnnayn nsira w^^in i:nax nmonö nx
,D''üyö IX D''a!i u^"» uiöai ! D.ia imx ti;*» ]a '?y ,nna^ nsr;T
D^Biiü r'x .liynan x"?' y\in mmy mxa itsya'' u^ ^b^
Vy n:üf?n?T ipinai nntx onrn ?"'xi myi d*»:!» v^\ "»B^pa
"»^n i'XTT D"'ann bb\y2 ,D'?iyn' ]»: ^üai"»*!! mayiT' •»nm ü5?on
iVy naa D"'a^y xSi /n''nayni nöixni .Dn*? D"'a''yi üyan
,n':Di vii^ 2y •'^nai ^ ."pn» ann üsu^d na» 13"?^^ ^b 7p'>nbo.
naixa ansian lair» ijanpa dxi .D^isni xai"?' b^v vh rinm
,nx^n ms^'?pn nx n'?ün .yin oasyi q'ö-'u^ö on n:ii »nnsirai
im"?»?» ms^pn ms"''?pii ]ö! k"? ♦n"''?-x^m pyn xin ]"'y"iÄn
♦yiTiTt^yn:^» dx "»a ^ryn nnx* —
"yö^r^ai Twvin .mK^miiioa nmaan i:^' dä xini Dyn-fisi
? amöx onai) naa ix .pnnxni in^rpoö kw! ^^b da oya ^1:;
■tk nayn nx i:Dn:ra ik i'ria xirr .-la^T» ii ^ i. a oymra
-r^i2 i:2'x oyn .nyi ir*» D"'^n:^ii anaipa;^ n^x^i däi .rmnn
vais — . va u? D rT a "»n xin ♦dt' "raa nm i^^ii ,nöiT
ann Kirr nr .11.1 *?aöi iötz;^, D'-nanrn; 'Si "ry. iiymi^ D'>"'ör':fln
.ynoöni noan
! py» "n^iya/ xi \t ,tznnnrp^ny7T ,nTii nayni min nyo
nVn;^ nain *'» Vy -»a /'D'?nyn:/, xiaa n-'ivs.i raiörr nat2;Va,i
nan"? im*'' i^'in» ^öi ? ivx'?' D-'iöxin nanna nflu?n n-'nn'?
«liDx'?T nrny*?' "iriv Tiö^yii yai^iai •'»i ? ämyöii oy mtöni nx
'?a'?' rsipnrmip: r^m. ?anymi niyi nmaiw n''Titr;i"T nx
1 n''»ix'?n miayni b^ m.'s'?n-'?na mriM oViya: ■'lÄiiym 7\m^r\
^y xa^ ^Maö.i ]a;mnii n»«"iöV .risai tiö^^' "'^I''' nrns» ■'ö.i
— ? mannxn nasnöri nnra nna^rn nnson
nx D-'m^ir^ TiöiV lysTT ."?na*i ,«ioo ijöiiai wr\^ .vbn^ ixa
mn kVtj^ lari' iny ixu^a D'?ijn .D''nnm> ,vmxm^nö' man
xw la D'?ix't ,D'jiy;Hin D"'ö"'ai nx onnx^i nM^ m .Dnnx'?
nb'üfn nia^nn nnx n:i mn' nrni laiai ! oyan: : i^öwaa yiap
, D •» t:r yi » 1 dx 'a ^d'"?»! y^^an xV nxr in^n nxi— rnjön^ia
inan ^u^ 'i'?yB» no' ix /"rV^ x'?' .naai ix /Hni nai: xV xin
nojD^ ,'?H"nr^''ö D^jrn nns,u?tt tiu;' "t^ oön-npy^^ np-'ya xin
li2;»a n^siii no^nt:^'!: /H-nmava ^nmannai „Tm^nma mnsix
mnüön "ra^i ninöX«! "ra"?*!, mamn; '?a'? onnx •'T' "ry minn
/•'xmBn maK-ry*?' *py^i"li>t ,m\ r\bn"mM'2\ ,«iioa^i ; D'rnyaiz;
7WW ^T\n : n^xir^n: , tz^ 1. 1 pi n 0 y a. n Vaa nimynn
bm'^^ vnx iTi ''n"'a /■'nöix ir •'n^ai ? ■»nn^' "»a:«
nöran n'?y'^ /«Ttea .iökö' aina>ii n"?' /nisi?> "»a nsio
.HÄn"?.» xn!?"» ,nanö "rlz; rnaöi, n«; .i^s» lü^ön*'! twc •'iirai
iTpsm. im:öix töö xin i"?«:?! "in»n iisty,, /»i^sp' "»a T^''u;t3n
rmiroji vmm iniüöi iiyiai oy i'?ia loön» : o^iyia
oy n^na ip^nVi v^n-pin*?; imx rn^nya nnx lan^ vniöi^m
."rannn i:;:a n'xi^n mnöi ]xö u^' /inm ma-'iym ma^iKn "ra
— .nvö''üBixi nvö'D'B : n^aBnn ^w la niöni la iidö
ra — ,nysiT b^a^ niaa bsi *?» x^Jim D-'a'yai rmi im.öa rx
/araxni .nn-^i lao "ram -»a — .nu;M nma'ya ra nir'ü-'ViBa
liVD! ,nnx nö'traai nyi:; nmxai — .aTaxnn ntn /HD"»:! irn
— .naiai n:i3 xim ,Dnä^ xna"
r^y^z^ /1Pt;t Virr r'?»"'xsm nm^i "»yopa -la*»: nr oyo
inxan b^ lamoi i:mV ."iöiö mmai aßK im ym nn-'iyn
]ö üyiö 1» y-n*" xim .n'mxfli n''nB"i» /nTisnsatz; n''ns")s
nxi .nxTn nsu^a p nai'?, yT x^i ,n^i»i:iii nt^mn nx üyön
mma /•»nBis ma"»!' na im d'?,ixi .'?,'?d ym*» la^x i:;'n^xn
n^nBnxa "»wia rr xV o'^iy'? /'nöia^^ n^an. nx yan^
/'lyiöiyyi// : nnayi-y^n^'xn n'?öa! u^öinu?'' x'^x /'yy^üs^av
Tirnö xirr ,anynm! rv^n /'?iy':im oix^sn' p^ n^a ynörb "»xioi
•'ö'' mnn "rur r^ö a"y"Ti ümsp'j'iB' "ra .ir n"?»! "r^ iTiD''aa
myöiTö onn nnn»nöi nnnxii mmmii mKi3';n "rai DTan
•ra .m man-'?!;?' vb» x^siö i'raMa pixaniya ,"i'?ip-Tn' nx
omnarr nuiönXii ^ir oyiam o^iam ^a ,nn'?^m Diö':n
•riaö ry^ mriM ' x *?! /. n irisb x^jnm .orxi D"':^iön
mir^Äinn nöurn nV^"?::? : yirytii üdt iVia ,D"'öi:?ni a,*? ly iipr
'öiym m"?!? "»rnn "»Vai ,nnx mana' nxBp:in rwipnw n''iyfla
nx"?»;« nöiÄO di'b; x*?, da Vski ,möi npnr di^ xV .o-'ayT
mmn oyan f^om /"ü'iiötr'y:;// .n^mn-'j-n^irs: mjiz^iyöi
•»yöi nai'?a irjanm nsiou^ ,mnn; '?u^ döt imV y'?a:i, t3'?p:i:;
"löD ,mBpn '?,TW mi-asö yiBnöi hjööu? n"?».! .u;y:i-in
f\rwm iiüitt^n nflipn nx dtxö' D'^i'?airi D'ü»n nni:;!:;
— .nnt'?ix"'n
: nöixT D'anxnn' nx ^dibt nnnn! n^u^"?!!? nx pn:» "»jam
-b^ nar T''»na iitk i:;''xn' xin .maxn r^ xini nx b^ löipö
mm yiap .numnan^ i:s-ix maK ,nöixnrmaxb -rnxa /ma
.inöay x"?'. lötmi inys^ imr nx laiy x"?
■•{UNI I-'DTTID tUniU'? -"TD P^j?*? T'Din nJüJD. D"Jn NDtüD
n"? \V\\ iO — ^lüg"?! in "pm im^'-u]] nnn ,n-']i''Hn hdoj"?!
n-'irx iTPiDg"? nni] id vjg"? nng] ,T3mR .inrj. t^"?i) qiü
iDnm vvT'7^ i*? hm iim n'?nnD"?T] ^d'pin .n^riT] nugtun"?]
omra iTii RiRT iiDg*?] in ."D"'itinm njiD,, «nn n"? nminn
D"]D m'R "?m — iniDnü*?! — nroipn imgnnmn"? ü-'nM
ni^ug DU n'']T'2jn nuura ratü "p'pnn ^^? Rin"? i*? d-'^d^cd
,D"j"? lUNi .n^Din ■']T'2ä ■'j^Di i]i|? n^^ b'tü} ,'?}?in nn^^-'n
ü-'T]-'n DniNi nri] "nTSi^n). nnu n\n niu ncuRn mtunn
n-iin-??'? üiRTD iniN*? n"?!; «iTid iditd jin riTin*? -"td n iTh
p"D-'ü] üjinn R'wn mm Jini?n D"]n n"?!! .vnin ngm "prui
.n^]T]-in nnoiD n^migu htii d^RiT? in "nn^gsn« m [üitt? i^
J
Zionist Review Hebrew Supplement, May-June, 1941 t) 1 p *? **
38 T\iw)m nw
nstyn x^^, — m iöik — "m.i:?i:K^i in:
/KDiDH 'rix'rsm iwnn^ nnjni /lü-'an
tnn ,D''?ä«i m;iya: /-yan,! mü^ijn
ni"nai nnm nö^r n^nVxiz;! inrni ni^
lanmn» p 'ryi .nn^y,! km /Dim tvt
tii:rinn na^?^ ison .nnnvn tiu;'?'?
Din^annw K^n (1699) nnxwina osiai:;
-■»Ti^isiKp '7K1ÖT27: n^nKön "r^ "aip^^rn^a
-iriKpii iTDisni rs' nnn-nön"?» .OKnv
riK m^a^ii rr'tsjKüDünsn njnjnm rr»'?
liTz;'?n nsiyji! riKi lympn-'nnDi ivyn
-jini- iT'Sömsnn. •'siVnö ihtk .nnavn
^ j '' 2' a ^: V' 1 // TD"» »pnsi niT ,nnNÄ
u;npn-'a'n3 oiÄinV' (i57i) " n "' -i a y
nnay*i ri2;'?n nrn .nayn mpön»
nm^'?Dn niyö-min nsiyna n^^'-]:^ nn\n
Dnnö3i mim nnny yiTD r^^sn
-■»nnD n'iivrt bv p 1ÜD "i^yü "'nüs
,miyy K'rin nx^afir nu^inn nnx:^
nöo-nisüii nüKTin) 71?:. mz2''K nnK.i
nnnv nmnn "Dnxn. bii; nna-iuri/A i'rw
nDii^Ka nni msix vn k"?' ,pK .f Dixn
nm<i ."rNnü^T nnnvn ri^'*?!*! n2"'n'7i
-lüm nnvo 73 iö3 iJ^ P''JVö innön
D"'S7iT-'n'?a n''nny' D"'Jt3''S' n;30 "^y r\^2
invö Try"?' .o^iiu; T-'anD "»s 'ry —
miü» "riy 'rinn m^iT/, '?yi ns^inn n'''ix-i
naynön "rxiiya it dni T'S? — "^p^l^bü
'niD"?» "ri:^. nwa^u; nnn it nytt^a km d^
a-^n» mNS"in-ii:jD na nm— ,aax-Tn
ini?naa n^ixin anpüyn nx iss»'' —
.xia"? Tny"?! lanün "r^
niT nnn« ituin im«
l-- "PD "\?''7RU 7D1T]/, HNlJin ,ini1
.linu T"]"l .THN-Pn /'T21.
IT«
n*»:!»« •'aiüö, xin tz^ia iu^k nsoön
nx HT'tra n». .nnayin n^^ai:n ^.^
'öojn niD nx inyfT'a xm ]''''usö' nmsa
"»y^üo,, nmxö Kin pim .mti^sm ois
irnsoö» nnnx bs naainni^ "n^sxt
x'?u;i onai.D'?. x??i:; oTiyi — a-'Tysn
riTnan nö:iöi i'x .lannso Vin nnxin^
iV'xa .mnsoa noiö-nnain r^^i n^^ioö
7'K .liD^nnS K^iii ijn»'?'^i x??' xa la^-'x
''n^inön/. n'aT'srT nviinn ■»trxn nx i?n
•rij^ nö,'?w mit:? ni iä^x cmiii "rsTn)
"'ti^it:;'' nüan/za anpinii nnna D'Vn:
n'?a"'a .X nn^snSn- ,naa ax^i : xmin"?)
.(nnnxi r*?'? «^ ']öüi:^i .m ,ü'>mp ,v;
nmnn nnayn miso'?! nnann d:i
n'?üa>, nrn i"?'«! rro'?!:» mü^ö
inau^ -»ö*» ^a ipv; -»xüs. Y'in /'o'u^iya
miBoi min nsann bv' imViö'riJO
'jrsn irsrn"?' m^si' n"i:;yi "ryi ,nnay
DÄ"inöa ,Tnu;öa— nnxÄamai nnaya^
nx:i:inn-mn\n pm^n .•»miB'o npaöai
n:Ty D''y;'?tya it ^y ^^ylu;' "i^nyi "lay/,
n^n'^n nyfi:nö p'?n iian Sy nain ysii^n
nyi:^ t3"öa yp^^ iä'^ r"i« «^^^xa
la^üsn ia nx^ainn "DiöT'üint3xs,/n
.nnxÄJin mir' an
D'aniyn D"'piS' nsoa in»^ö' lan^n
nnayn onnsoi nnx:iJin mn"» nnVina
omii:;» n^^ •Vst:'?' nann ia ynspö —
^V mrp Dana — nnx:\nna D-'nay
nioa navii^xn'? n'>b:^r\n — nöixn-nns
n')wn npDöi x"? n'r'xi naö» .Vün nxün
ana di dx /nnx:ijin nnn"'» nnayn
nx y^aün'?! ns nxübi nnar x"?' n*»»'
msnxa i:nnsD mnnsnn '7y n^mn
.'131 n''a'?is ,n^Di"i
/(1822-1789) ) 1 r •» 1 ^ n Ö ■? ^' V^
' Ä '' a x 1 ^nVaii^nn-nnDoai D"''?n,Änö
aiirvn ,i"t:Tz;"ix''is) ■» "i "» k 0 n im
p^Vx'aw i"?! D"'xmp vnv .{bmii;'' yiK^
nöa nnxÄJin nnn'"? 10p— "nnx:iain '?^;
,nim Dn"''?y .D-'nay d':ü^si wmn
Dnn/, Vya) "isio n^a n pi x'?^ ,XD:in^
■?!:; Vax nVsTT 'rx^na^ ny x"?» ("isid
maiy i^noTö' •»xüs T'in) .-»mu Dpa
nap nasa "ry^y ,D''ana nyiT nrx^ it
"Q-'Tnn// D'nnn tair^sniaa .t '?x^iaÄ ^ij;
.(oaa , 1 : a ■?!:; a-^-iay
nsiüs: nnx:^mn r"»i<^ it ny^ai
-xün-]''?na "ts./'?; nu;y?D^i na'rn^
nx ]ixia nösy '?y n'?ap laiaai ,rpit3
]Z3 nann ,nxxi3am n^sxjn ynn-''min//
Tn"»: — nön:n ]» d:i '''?,ixi — i^jyn
m 1 S' D n /, Vy nanan naia xisa'?
D y n •' T ^ p 1 n ■» 1 K X :' 1' n n
^la^a *':dV iiy . " tti. 1i p' n - "'' a n a
Dnüp insiD Dnx''nKön •»t '?y nnx^ain
— Dnx:^:inm aninM v^ D''^:nn
-•rnani onnan : on^'^a^ b^^ DnyBT:;na
— a"M nxöa — ona D"'ai^ ,DnK:^
]^mnn ytspn /'httd m "'s b'^ d^-'H/a vn
— nönpn nnKwinn nnsona lönir:^:;
D^ioö ^''30 — ^"■''T ni«ön»i /'isDn>/n
maÄ T'^'m, Vün mxaa .^iipn-'anaö
-u;n — n-'mn n''Sö"iisnn niapya —
.nnxmnn nnson b}^ Tin^pn-'>JTO~ nys
'innb T'inn •'öinn d-'öm nnixa lan
nanan nyai:;: nsDn-''natt naaa .nnK^
n-'jnT' "tu; nsa — n •» i a y nö"?
onni:; inx nx.:i2in nan .n-'Xöni
lüiiB '?xi2öy "rt:? nsD nx T"ün nxwa
,n'xiön'?' nnay» naisnn naan Vy
nn'?yö ^y lay /H'-axa'r'oixnüa v'iJ'?i<T
nmö "ini"' nain nnayn iwbn bv
^'">n nixöa:i:r, bir\vP2i myon onM^ö
.niTTini niiuin uij?"?--
•ptü "iDiTim nnmnnn nngu nnn D^png
nmn lu --jm n^n ngii?nn "p^nm^ üd
. n 1 1 .•' .n Tin ~iid ,ui?*? .ü^irnrn
.nnp n"nü] .d^'püjit' ,Dn im^^i n^i^in
löin n^p nmifa nn"?/, xa iiiyn
D"n omxn// Z'nnnM ninö '?y na^n»^
bw n^^^^ vb^ nniVVaa nnnM b^
bii; n:, xVk /iin^a m laVa d^sioi^^bh
Di^xi ,"iBDa D'p^n nyai^' /'bi^sn own
nöa .Döxy i''a^i oa-'a d^-^ioöi o'öinn
ninm i'?''X "D''n'n?!3// •'Vix im onviBö
ii^jB*?. T'ayn'?' ^rrnu^n nnnyn Z'apbn»
'iT'ß n'?K-'K insa ,nn.ipön ]iu7'?a —
nmö7 nx— nn^ao» nnyni onsp o"»!:?
'tanVi ,n^miDöni /'n^ws^^n nnn\n "tu?
,m^x .n^BiDi^'BH nnnM dvü liöriy
'rx-m;'' ,'?4*"itt;"'' n:iöx ,mr nmayri m"?'"?«
mm /T^m nnö ,n"»u?öi ni"?a /D''aym
raipa ninp^yn ni^x!:;ni 101 in — ,nisöT
M'isbii;
V^nb Dna vpü D*'aiöip naTO nöa
ixa laiya ,irö^a '?K"i^''a dix Vt^^ ia^
nxan i's„ .nnaiD aan "»rai DyD-a*iüa
nrna irx — iBon ly^ar^ "onii^yn
iflon nömna «t'Did nniyn /''?'?3a ly,/
— "D^annx./ MBD bm niiip nö''u;"i
oyü bii; onai xiipn xs»*» anau?.,
-nxn//ö D-'üyiö pi /'irraya cy^un
•»T '?y n^aann onminBirur idt "w^im
.on-'^y «i''Din'? nirsK •'xiiiai .nniyn
na7 m^Dö "ry mapn-nain im» in)
-n:an -»ais^ im /Xöäh^ ,1110^1:0 n^ö
man nx oriin'?' 'ixnn i» nM — Qxmp
"^X'")tt?''?i aiü inw,r b^ loiain ; tt^in»
.(niöipö; nöaa nö'?T:;ni iipm. iiyü
•ra ,t3p'?-nani "ry OMaiin» rx d^ix
Abii; üpVn-Dinn nx "^Miv^b y>'>n up^ö
;''nxfli nna^T/za naiy xin ima "ryn
onii? nmp»-naiö ia^, mo» /"iöi'?a
inyni /'nnaü./a Dnioxa^ ^T)b^1b wmi
,^^:.y im b^,, nnünpna ir^^n» ibidi
^rvjy iö^yai:;i ,nann •»monni:? ,pnsai
•^aN .D^aiirn nuryii niy-r naai nöD
nö nx mm x^i:^ n»' '7y pi'?nn^' •?«
nx nmc ^a «t'dv .la naia mniu;
d:i nna n\nn /r'?y D''a*'anni onann
/'Xin
naia — nn .•' .n iiDsnsn! inw nn
">i2b «iDU ny^ nnBF ^y n\T inan. .ia
ia ,nmpön ^sk d-'^isä oa-'xu? inn
.nnnM ^t:; ''»•'jsn nö'?iy'? loia-'
nü^DiTjio niNHin . n 1 "• m n
qDr n^T] mnn du .D"''?ü]n"'i nnnun
D"i? .D^'ptuiT' ,Dn UIN1 DNUin .un*?!?
.Tinu
mr^Miöö inx xnn "»wq «idi"' T'nn
«IX '?ytr? IT ,nnx:i:in nnn^ Tter^ D'»''annn
x*? naipÄ mrsm n^jirpiT nfn'?^iann
39 nntr^Ki ni^
ülp'?
Zionist Review Hehrew Supplement, May-June, 1941
HTrrr nann ^±y\ m^b\ — d^ü^^öh
masT' innV' . " ^ n a y ni i' i o n »
.D''önj« d^ött; nnn ,Tj'?ns'ai d^^^-'K T'Vs;
/ .Dir;-''» mm Dnas nmn "»am
.("mi iTKi D"'ayi iva« d^k vax •»t» /
/'?''nnün -nwön ^m la'rai nnnün nan
-rsn viü^a-'^D /'rVa^, t-k di d» ,w^^
.DDnx "ra D^anyn o^ipinn ,D''''t3
-onau / i*in mrV''si' •'u^ö-nroan
nK"?ö nmKri / ns-'öMa: anna
Dtr^ ^N nyai onrnn-D^üünm / ! döh
•» /'ni:; nnn.i föm / naa^i m'riyn
'?5? i'57X Tiiirö'?' 101» i^tan"? irö'a tt
"na"?iz^ ns?i^>/' ixai ,nansrpi /inn^-'a hlt»
nyfi// : iio da D'?nK /'iiy:in "ryi nb^S/i ik
ntm« / ,D*'S'iü;5; Tiyi ]:i.i ^sjr a^'aK "»ms
-trö^ i'ijr nisiya / .D^aap") na^ niT's
"ina / /TX*» "ra "ry d^x'?d-t't npiD
,D"'iTSö Dn'?*' nyi / ."nnx ns;i'pi:;-'anm
-n^a ns •»js^ laa / xby^ Vs'?sd niy
/'dViv
man m"?!?! m t's?« mii^D "tt^ ^y^
-n^a HB irjöb laDi«— d^'?x'?s»i d^ttbö
snnpn ia^ ,irm!?''-nKa ,nHa "»iBa; /'d"?!;;
Dir "»V D-iKni?// : mpn kVöhöi ny "i;iin
''ifl'?' nny nai / mon vsJ« /D''amön
,"intröD pi i6 n"nn r:B"? nam ,diöx
,i3X u"'ö^a Tyx '?xiir''ö DISO u\ )sb)^
mo// nn .nnsn "tk nBn ]d ü'?öan
Tn*? rrürB HT'x nxpT ia'?a "nayn
Dmo''V man inn lan ^^n .i'r'üina
.nn'?s — Dir an "iirxa —
"11 D X n 'r X „
-na-'n'?' njiy D"'c;ön ixf?»' ici iznini
: p'''?4rDi pni D^n "riir iwK"in iti:;
,x"jnn w^a) " n 1 B. s rr *? x „
.(n"' ]ai n-Ti ")"niränii;a
73 "»B "ry INI — /inU^».! ^IZ; VTIT'
lia?? T''xiyD n"?» D-'ö^a d;i- ,1^"?' "»ism
"iD"»] ijxiTu^'nx v^ /TiöiiöD .mr:iif?
D-'xmpn Snp d'?ix — ti^Hin iti:;3i
-Ton i"?' naiy xV ,n'nöK iV iiau^"'
i?'''?x'»3 ^t:;' im"i-"iüB •»a ; n n '' n b n
.xin
"imBXy/ö «iiyfr p"''?irai p'-mn naa
m'rxiz^T IT ,ii»ö IT npnn naai /nawxnni
ID ^B 'ry nxT .^''nn»n-D''»nn' nwöni
: naxj x"iyn niüra' iV^xai «t'tx mir^ön
,"»5röwii rm^öT x^i mp ri» I^^ö
n:i n:tn! p-i ^D^av pi
,nnaivn rms*? niö> •»ö isdö ,''in
^D*»::"! nW' /nx d:ii tx ,n:ai:; •'Ds? -b
-h^y^^ iT'aai lö' ,n'aa
,D''Spn i'ro "las ^myöin i'?d: laai
,'?r\^'>r\ mss ,iaiiz; a;i Di'rty
♦•»im i"?!? X3 •''rn'X
"ri^nx DVöi na,ai'?'-'T'na'i n»pii xmt
IX a'''?iVin'?' nnaa r^<ti; /Hüivb na' näpji
♦KiTpn nx 'sb^ ris fii« X'*?' ^t)^*?
x^K nfiiipn nx nx:2iö na^x iti nawx
'na ,''p'?x '?tz;i nnnnir^a iimBnntrni im
x*? Dya *\)m ,\\ nyijxi nxa 'rxhi:;'
miB •'»"'ai »T'ixiaa' x'?i r^M x*?: nyös
,nmanmi nmrTsr man na — ,Dnanx
? nsTHÄ ^'^ HDiy; /ii'?!^' □•'ii^j-n^nj; ix
r"iBa naTDT n»''vni naa*?' n"?«^»!:^ —
nirpu; ,"niT/A nmx x"?! xm ,n>mn'n'nx
"na::inn„ is^a nyin "rj; m'rvn"?' iioa^
'?pTyan"'Tn:; niTnrT: .'?:id n^a^
V^D n^a^. nmaöiin^ Di'?iyn nau^m /Vis"?
"niT nanx// /iio hid .ia^' kiiT "»ix-'B —
-piDpHi «ixt:? V^nty*»» nina rai nanx —
imv'J» /imau;'»'aöi im-nnty x"?' T'ü
n'jrmjm n^a'riB npraxB ran. ,n''nmDün
r« — /liö» nD:n "n^yaü// ,n"'ann-n
nn^niw it da ir^ia iu;xö laTttV' /Q"?.!»
n^s^'?a .^npa nyiiT-'n'ra mnx n^s^*?:
''miT/, lanx /D'^TDn-'ia ,vr'ii^ nrnn"»
x'?! lanK' /nan mn^oDai aa'r-nyxa
mnnty^ i'?'?flnm "mnT// lanx ,iBnü
nnyat nya inp''ai ,Dna paii^' na:nü
-lax nx nysV Tiriym »"»ann "nsn^a nnx
nx "ixn Dn^maxi ? Vaion-'Diöy' Dn^n
x^i — iiym. 157T /On'ia "r^n^ nnsn
i'?a!D ; snnTa imi x'?' ,inT;:i x'?' , issp
.n'?apn:i Dn"?Bnu^ 'in'''?sm — i^y i»'''?ym
nan"?» x'?,'? ,ub^i lüipö^ 'ryi xa '?am
n-'JNnB np^j'':xfln .n'rav» D':ai ma>^
'p'?x^ niun r"iS' 'H'?!!^ mau^n nüiu?'?
a«'^ lö*?! 'n .Dii;'! nsi iraa t^ö ,miünn
xin i^'tran nx nnp*» x"? i:aiy naT '7:;d
d:^ nnM ^xd^rs nxiy; v^^ d'ö^ x^t
l''?ifl DX rn -»x-n) nm»Dü n^r'?:^
nns lyna n^x la"?. nnB it"?' .(n^rxo^ xts^"?!
/'nnT nanx//a nxa
□ "•Tiü] .•■•i?üaiui]'?g n]
T"T] .Ü3"n ^il]*?^! .on^üj . D ^ n 1 1 N
nöix — "ntz^nnn D'riyn nBntr mxV
x^a» "»JK// — inBo nwa n^ysn nmu^ön
yynm^ /Dnnx nTi^-nns nrnna
n'?nan nna^m nnnaa d"»!!!:? D'-iöTa
naTx^ ''n^'?B x^' .n'':^iBn n'rian ^'tz;
'\'p^ "tax mo y'rai •»nü^aaii? ny^ra ,ia^
n'?N DmnB oyi a,*?a -»na^n mon ds?
•»^öSr '?aö ''T^^^ "»urian nr .''üipV''a
XI wö^ .nni nma •»»vi •'nnp'?^
•»ix^ V,yi npnxn rvö nVxi d^üviöi onan
nsnra nayn "rnpii 'aBa yfoin^' mai ts?»
IT n5?i:x nyBina n^n^ •'Vixi .it nsint:
D'^JöTii ^aai. D-'Xinn. '?aa^' ,Vö:d Diiy»
/n^i:ia nnayni nn^s'^n !?v nnna x*?
x^n m on^u^-r^np '?w n>np''ya imar
n''t3^nQi«-n''mnBD x^a , n -»^ m ü o •' n
IT n Hl x n navin nsoni xn .nsns
D'''?nnv d-'Jb'?' — ,xiV''ia mx^' x^^^
m.»!a Dnn'?! napoiaa m»a nvDT ''xü'»'?!
'is'? — nai mnB'omi nmnm. f?Hnty'' ^5?
.n'üD^ai-'tr^aan n''DinV xü^"?) ms^o
,1"?'!:^ m:mai "ntz^vn xV/zi. nu^y,, mix»
-mxn 'rvi ,1^5711 pn» dt^^tx^' ^y möiyn
IX /Dntt' mm Dnx 'aa mir^flji mx'2i»
XX1Ö1 nnx fx .i^x"?' i"?' D'xn: an^ maa
■?"[:? mnmBnn ,D't:nB Vu;' n;i'?fln iViJx
-i:önj. "ra m .mivTn-nawT D''''n-'s?,üp
r:s^^. T'ön mwü' xm /onain-'ünB'?' in
mjoa Dpii xm nmx ,nö:'?t:^n nao^n nx
ID rya^t .nüiu^Vi nnxnn n'?ia''ai nan
nrny. x"?"? nnvai Dn\nani D''üit:?fln
miBoai:; "mö'''?ainB//n rx' dx"i ♦döis?"'
nn ,nnva maaiD^ni "mar'?y//n ]»
-t:?öni iixnran ^»»n-mxn ,imxn-nm
.pinon nx ix x"?»» bx>
^:n nirx nci mnnnxn D^^ira
may^i •'ms^oni i'?ia:(j nx a^nnn^
-am nv''n\n-ninj« töinn "rx n'?''aijnö
nanx//i .nan» nnbxnai — /n'?"''?s;n
■'h'i< nnn' •«n '?« iimx no-'^a» it "nnT
nnwön bm- lai^m imbiö-r")» 'H's
mn:"* n-ia •'"»n'? : pVT nn^"?^ ,ix ; nBoani
"..D"nn m:iy n'r^nna»// mr'rn nnx
nmx Vit n''*'n-'xjn "ry Dn»*? ux i:ööü
nx DA^ nain» na mnai nomB^i n''Di'?aix
mn"' n''a Xi"? .ntt^nnn nnayn iimnBO
irxir? "rn;. in^a oa xVk /fxa na'?a, nnx
nnxn n-'an lai .nxu-'jbiB ^nnarp
■rfliX/ IX ,inajaty n-'an naa an^n»
rw^^ /VaxV an nys Dnn /'nntyna
D'^rnn^ön nn^yn •'Ton'? "r^vim Vir»//
.Via:^ rins' '?a^' n-'ysn ^'^'s^ nx '?"'xn^
,n»xa vnB ^T^a^' xöiy D''iyu'in iix D"'ny
n^axnB"?' inanx ^a u^' n»n:tr Diiy»
•»iXBi 'pDiip ]Xö "^^ ona ,"nprjxs//n
"711; nnanx ^at ,maa my xm rww-v
"Ta*? ,iT naaiiyi narxj ,n''j^iB nrm-na
rnnüDixn xasn nmayö ys^ on^onn
K'?n .nniaa*? i'?aT' xV D^an d^ö xm ^ix
•»isn ,maai nt:?r i'?iai:? pB nx u-'xn
DT>3 T''i'?pnö xsT» ,D^n'?x'?1 mna^
nny '?a oyi n:»ii^' nnx^^ — ^DniBan
'B^ "Xün ^y//n nx D^öyB n»a 'rxni:?''
.r^^sxw ,n''anyi ,n'?aip»n xn^a xs'^xn
,Disi D'ji:nn ,n'?BnöiTy'— nniöi idiö
nTa m o^amx D"''?pni di^d) "rpmi
(? nanxn-D'riya nnp» ^'' diVb ? nnpaa
n'aa''?,-nn'i:; nnx nnxöi n-'jxnfla —
d:; xSm .xni:m '^r[^>r\\ Dra irsa-'nn
niaiö x\nu; n^'axnB n:iB ■'bö uyöu
nn^afe lo'ian'? ,n'ax T\'>iri rnB oy mnab
D*nnx ni2;''3iB-'ni''si /iai 'iai an^x-Dr"?
nanx-nanVu; D^au^ii n':xnBi vns ra
nsonn nöTz? '?'?aaTZ? -»b "7^ «iki — n'?n:i
nxn na /'my^ax, 'rtr nö-m» "ry
.ir» la^xua r^' '?^ IT nanx-nin''nü
n'?"'an:ya nspöa D-'axaixö i3x na''B'?i
lanpa nVaö mn^n ninamra ,nnnBnD it
ny^B x^"?! — n-'nniDön iBn^-nvirp nx
n^i^iBn npa-iixBrn ;"nn"'n!:;^ "»öi/za noA
ynB*? n^u^yj la"?! nanp nsoöntr
-'n'?a>r ,npinn /'nnT/, na mxnB
na n^nViB nvn n^n» nxpi» ,"nm:;Bx
n^'di naBHJ xV nanxn-nan'?tr .nnn
— /iiiyiyn. IX ia''ip nir^xa /"rixu^a mpT'
.nirnnn üBin-nmn "»»an 1:1m'' nirxai
-isn 'y:mb^ inaimx^i iTia nx iz^aia v"is
^ainn /Djiüxn) i»ip» x"?»» ,D:in •>:"?
a'?in nx nt2;n'?' mD:\n ]ü no^i nnai nmx
-iönn-u?''X vis^' lirii na n\ni:^ "]ny/,n
.'TiXnu;"'» Dnx ima /r'raö xinrn ,(? nn
\
Zionist Review Hebreto Supplement, May-June, 1941
tDlp"?
40 mwKn naty
♦ ♦
TT T T • ~ "
DTPüJ .[ü
T**~ •■:~T ••
: VkIb^i i^isnö a'?n
153» .ni'raö nmn
T •• • T • 2 T -t
?'?aria D''':iiTBn o-'n^n
•133)? nt w-jT? kV ^nn^n
T : * - : - T •'
T • ** T ™ •
TT ~ T T : ~ -
?inn "?» nlwa^ö iiKian
TT 5 " "5
j'^Kljn iDiB/n «ipn
•• - T - tIt-;
inan 3-30)3 Yy,nr]
inNUJ ^Nicü^ viN."?!]] n^grnm [üiTDiTmin inTm nun
nnmuji nDio]— imui'pnnT] iniN nnntu n^ iti .niDn^nn niT]-'
.ni ■'ürg nnu:? iTpiu mn Diinu imi?nNnnn — rnnünn ^n
,TiW'n "?D DRJN r-'TDUJT] ,D"nn "pm üiTmn^i qm nihüjd
NV inDi m^ — nniD"?!!? min "Ptu ijt?^ i?iüj it ir-iunn n\?2R
.'niN-'}?]]'? nnun*
n^D ;iTs^^j ,ü]uuinm3 n"Din njtun i^i] — dtpüj .w
/D*?!!)!! n:?n* : u^-si]?! d-'djidt] n^ü] nn .yir"? ysin njojn
D^niun D^iiitunn in*? "Dig^un in mm mrißi nn üj^
nn-nrnnn imuj on ^^^ü] ,i?^"?N^n-"^cu-n\, ■•in^ Di?üi
1B D^'PJjn? --ID HT -"^Dig^Un U VR ü"?1N ."D^]li?^ü?^*?i?„
.D^jimn lurg-'jiüa ni^m nimm nü*?annn i?ü] i^n^-jin^uj
nb)^i'Dmbb TMS 'iflV D^itt^ n)!53
— naonsön riTv^^n u^Kia. dx Dayi na
iMJ*» njö)»' — b^n^ lyiip, :irö'?' nncau^
man .o^aiiyn onpim onsio nöa
masrn^ n^aan laa^n K"p''i n^rDc^n 'rsa
.Ji^)»-r^j"nn n'öTpx rs?»'? nasnV ü:^
nö-l)3T .HTi nw Di'rn na ni'TDn nön"?».!
niö'?n^i noflns"? i^srs ai naiö iTihk^
'"y iDuur i?ni''-T'ja ivbyn Tnn ]iaöa
"i'ys 31 ^^^)^ it njinaa; .r^i .üd mn
TTiÄ)»-!!!»"!!?»! .naSi "ru^ möK va^^a
iiasn ^'na m'?''5?fla f\nnii;n W'iwn
iriD^sna .n^arsn nyijna nn^ai »mriM
D^iK .nö'iDö n^öis^i rT'üfliya no^fsna
Da masm ]ö' ^id x"? nt nan)3-DS'in
m!?iwa inöHö^ .üyian nx üsm^
.("]T'X nyiT/, rinpa loaiD njjiyn
naiD i^5?s an"? m-'D». rna3?n' nnson
D^nV "tost, n"?» ^sty "»»"»aiz; "rsr rnnT»»
/ " T 1 n.» a ,. rnpnöKa nas^ tiht
nawxiii ina.^' m laa n*?' ni x^sinur
-p n^K .H'iu^iT inaiy^ oi'r^a oaan
aiD lö^jyi nmi'?' xin -»iwi^ w^vsfi^n
'j''S?a xin lai — miai. «ina , "i > y x
D"»nay;T D^aanm ansion ^np
vaip iMä x"'sin'?i Dn)3i5r npnöxa
n^5?x-an Vn^ o^ya^n ^arbi ■'yiö-nnso
min pT «y ib' ur'»ty'^ nain •»nnaw'?! ■»n-'^n
^STi ai'':i)!5i 'n mn"» a*?' oai k^» n^am
•»anm .D^»yaT ^kiu^'3 ,nyTj;n mVKi:;
löi"?»^ m'?,T27^ •»)3XS)^. mirn b^M
Dnmanön '?xiu^''-''ö3n Dura I2;^:^;^^
■»)s .i^ar-Dr^ ms"''?«»' mana n^'?aao
miurya oa Knm xsia mnaft' naT"»! in'
,naiü^' i'?ia o'riyn Vjn t'tvi nixan D'airn
imn "»ISO lannsD^ p'as;n'? tdi'i
.nanan:
i^u}i nn
.lan npnöNa Dnm'?)3m Dnasr;! nana
D'S/i2i:rn-'?aT' m "ixs-ana n»-iöT "»as^'
r "' a 1 J 1 ^. ü D ■' ■> n "noflnsn' bn;
nnayn nnsoa invem .(i^ys an)
m:i\t /Ton' nMiT b's; D'»masn ,T'nai
■ri:; nan)3a «Tnm i2;iTn-n'nira Ditr»
Itz;'"! unn r3 "im. nurii lai ixsö, .mm
m i'a ,nnsoi min r3i /min^a
rn^w.i nn^inS/ inpn)a .nvöm'ri
inmn .an i-'iy imisr ("n'?Trri//a') "inyi
niö.^nn ipH"? ns" ^ur ifniü''^ö' caaiaa
nmiparr-nniüOMn laiT m .naVnm
"iiiü'?na oniW// nsoa da ü'''?an
-nxi? nna .nno la "niö'rn.n nsp/zan
nura^ T'S?» an xn'' kS nr ftsi na^m
rin*?in„ :D'anO' nntrsr, la nso manV
,(D"'aiai '»iiz^ ia.öö löomsi ins nv) 'Ona'r'nn ■
ni •? m. •»
♦n^üma^D n'?au?nV *?Kni:;'n '?t)3 i-»«
'n''a DN : D""ns-Tn an la^V^airö» o-'m
c-KXT''? Da la^ar ,DaüN .nrsn'Kaoxi nn
lammpa nx lary. K^tr, D^iraN"? :nT '?'?dö
rr'a-nnin nxa na^raa laia k?k D^anpn
moansn Kin nnü inx .fin-nöam
naa nb nr ^b Mth^v ,o'np ^ki?3U?
! D'ö"' manK^i 'n^ na .nw ly^m o^ya-i:;
'a) nn^ajin t"?-» xin tr^^ir^M Taiwan
-msö nnsjiy» la /(I8.2.I866 ,i"Din mx
pioy^' ^•'nnni:; nw» .nSnn^' nao
-nxix nx n'tt^yni ibn bai^ naana
nann n'?ai2?na xin i^üxö .lamann
,;i'S?.*7)3 msnnai nur-' "raiya „npDsyi
'?XN riaia^iya nann ''ix)a la'"-»!:;: an ip\na
myixpö n)33 ^v D'a^na-ra inina
np''s;ia ,'?Knu7' n)3an mu^ai D'aitrn
i'?srflö : nia^nn npnai ^Nnir^ •'»'» •»nana
xr) "ni»Vnni nrai)3-rp/, ,ia'öa nnr^n
nia^a D^aia niy^ura n^aanaa nm^
ma^a ,D''3na •'atra nnayai ,1910-12
n'Dam 10x5;'? nana ypip (1921-27
-DWya ns)!3a D^anx D-^n nan)3!^:
nmn rain D'ai:^ miu;v .navn yn,ön
lanV nar ia ,Ka''ia D^aanV u^man n^aa
nmna n^püm D^aan ^u^ nn, irnnVi
i)3Dis nat:r a^ya^ i»?' mxVö*?' .nöanai
,ni2D,'?i *?ai''-nDo m-'^iai VTö,Vn
.noia'V mar ,1"^ ^xiötz^ 'SJinsn nanya
npinn dst na-tm "^isb ■'n^:isau;a
.D'^arr nat^ u^nipiön» ni ''üip^^z-ir^a nxsin nnnxm "|)3na: imn^,, ni-'aata niaü»
nms? .naiiyxn'?' im naonsjnai ü"bnn naiitr» ir .niDani n>aK m a n )ä n "üip^\/*?i naiüa nvr^m ai'?ii?io' na'''?s^ Y't
.imin nx nra nb t:i^ "t3ii?*'v,n
: XM ''Dip'?vn ^"aitr^a DnsiD mb^Jih naiinan — D^y^Dsi Dnan)3^'
The Editor, "Yalkut", 77 Great Russell St., London, W.C.
WiiX? ,T\im ,^mw nm 129-131 /psnn] .■• "pcd idisti
Zionist Review Pebruary 23, 1945
Welcome to Prof. Brodetsky
jlfutwe of Mauritius Refugees
LONDON GATHERING
ALAHGE audience gathered at the Conway
Hall on Monday to welcome Prof.
Brodetsky back from his Visit to the United
States. Mr. Norman Jacobs took the chair in
the absence of Mr. Barnett Janner through
illness and he opened the meeting by calling
upon all Zionists to give Prof. Brodetsky a
hearty "shalom" on his safe return.
Mr. Bert Locker referred to the Chairman's
remarks about his achievement in bringing
about the passing of the reaolution on Palestine
and the Jewish Situation by the International
Trades Union Conference; it was the result of
the work of years but in particular the result
of the achievements of the Yishuv itself. It
was a very good thing that the leadership of
British Jewry was in the hands of a Zionist
like Prof. Brodetsky, he said, because, as the
Citizens of the mandatory power, British Jews
had a responaibility and duty much greater
than their numbers would indicate.
Mr. 8. S. Hamnuersley, M.P., said he feit it a
great privilege to join in the words of welcome
to Prof. Brodetsky. One prejudice in Parlia-
mentary opinion was that Jewish and Arab
interests were opposed but the truth was that
the Palestine Arabs did not voicc any Opposi-
tion at the time of the conclusion of the peace
treaties in 1919. The second fallacy was that
the British owe a debt to the Arabs for the
part they played in the revolt against the
Turks. But here again, that debt had been
amply repaid by the creation of a number of
independent Arab states and the payment of
large sums of money. Britain needed Palestine
now more than she ever did and Jewish and
British interests marched side by side.
Prof. Brodetsky declared that he brought
greetings from Rev. Goldbloom, who was doing
wonderful work for the J.N.P. in Canada. He
complimented Mr. Locker for his share in one
of the most important things which had hap-
pened to the Zionist movement — ^the Resolution
passed by the International Trades Union Con-
ference. He then paid a warm tribute to Mr.
Hammersley for his work on behalf of Zion.
"I have no hesitation in declaring that the
overwhelming majority of American Jews stand
in favour of the policy of a Jewish State,"
Prof. Brodetsky declared.
Mr. Janus Cohen, Honorary Secretary of the
Zionist Federation, thanked the Speakers.
East End Synagogue Council formed
The Synagogue Council of the Zionist Federa-
tion had its flrst Public Conference at Absa
House, 46, Commercial Road, E.l. Over 100
delegates were present representing forty East
and North London Synagogues. Mr. Paul
Goodman was in the chair, and Messrs. Norman
Jacobs, Janus Cohen, Harry Myers, A. Kay
and Dr. J. Litvin addressed the Conference,
which opened with a Memorial Prayer for the
late Miss Henrietta Szold, recited by the Rev.
A. Gottlieb.
In the discusslon which ensued, all the
Speakers expressed their satisfaction with the
revival of the Synagogue work of the Zionist
Federation and promised their füll support to
the Movement.
MEETINGS
ZIONIST Federation of Great Britain and
Ireland. The Rev. A. M. Baum, M.A., will
speak on "Political Prospect 1945" on Sunday,
February 25th, 1945, at 4 p.m., to the Theodor
Herzl Society (Hampstead Garden Suburb
Group), 680, Finchley Road, N.W.ll, and on
Wednesday, Feibruary 28th, 1945, at 8 p.m., to
the Stamford Hill Zionist Society, at North
London Zion House, 75, Cazenove Road, N.16.
HOUSE OF COMMONS' STATEMENT
«
The Jewish internees in Mauritius will be
admitted to Palestine. This announcement was
made by the Secretary of State for the Colonies,
Col. Oliver Stanley, in a written reply to Miss
Eleanor Rathbone and Mr. John Martin in the
House of Commons on Wednesday. He added:
I can however, make no promise as to when
that will be, as the difflcultiea of flnding trans-
port for them are formidable and delay may
be inevitable.
Oompensation to "Patria" victims refused
Declaring that if the survivors of the
"Patria" disaster are today in distress it was
"a terrible indictment on their own Community
in Palestine," the Secretary of State for the ^ ^
Colonies, Col. Oliver Stanley, in the House of Isaving Jewish women
Commons on Wednesday refused to grant com
pensation to the victims. The question was
raised on a motion of adjournment by Mr.
T. E. Harvey, who said that many of the
"Patria'' people were now destitute. Mr. S. S.
Silverman said that if they had respected the
laws of Palestine and the White Paper and
remained where they were, they would all be
dead in Hitler's concentration oamps.
to be allowed to proceed to Palestine and
denounces the plan to send 1,670 Jews who
have been released from G^rman camps and
are now in Switzerland, to U.N.R.R.A. camps
in Algeria instead of to Palestine.
)MiH. Sieff at the White House
Afrs. Rebecca Sieff, Chairman of the London
wJZO""fijtß©utive^^ho Is at present In New
York, where she attended the War Emergency
Conference of the W.J.C. — had tea with Mrs.
Rooscvelt at the White House last week. She
discussed with Mrs. Rooaevelt problems of Jew-
ish refugees and told her of the heroic role
played by WIZO women in Europe under Nazi
domination disrcgarding personal dangers in
and children from
/deportation and death.
Independent üf .A Campalgn In America
The United Jewish Appeal for Refugees,
Overseas Needs and Palestine, which had func-
tioned since 1939 as the fund-raislng agency for
the United Palestine Appeal, the Joint Distribu-
tion Committee and the National Refugee
Service, has been dissolved for 1945. The United
Palestine Appeal and the Joint Distribution
Committee will conduct independent campaigns.
BCemorandum to Lord Halifax
A Joint committee representing the American
Jewish Conference, the American Zionist Emer-
gency Council and the Jewish Agency, visited i RemnantB of Czechorfovak Jewry
the British Ambassador, Lord Halifax, on I Only very few Jews are left in Elastem
Friday and submitted to him a memorandum | Slovakia, according to a telegraphio report
urging the iBritish Government to open the 1 received by the Czechoslovak Government In
gates of Palestine in order to admit large num- 1 London from Minister Frantisek Nemec,
bers of Jews from liberated European oountries. / Government Delegate In the liberated terri-
Lord Halifax promised to transmit the plea to | tories. Nemec, who Is now In Kosice, reports
the Foreign Offlee "with the recommendation .' that 300 people are all that are l^ft of the Jew-
that it should be given the most urgent sympa- ish community, which before the war numbered
thetic consideration." The delegatlon was
composed of Dr. Stephen S. Wise, Mr. Haylm
Greenberg, Dr. Nahum Goldmann, Rabbi Dr.
Israel Goldstein and Mr. Louis Lipsky. The.
memorandum points out that large numbers of
impoverished Rumanian Jews are clamourlng
15,000 souls. The Jewish community of Kosice
has been reorganised and is very active; at a
special meetlng a resolution was adopted ex-
pressing thanks to Mr. Brnest Frischer, and
to Dr: L. Zelmanovits, for their devoted work
in the interest of Czechoslovak Jewry.
Palestine Delegation to U.S.Ä. and England ?
Dr. Weizmann has conferred with the Execu-
tive of the Vaad Leumi on the questions of
sending a delegation of the Yishuv to London
and America. Later Dr. Weizmann paid a vlslt
to Chief Rabbi Dr. Isaac Herzog, with whom
he discussed the general Situation of Jewry all
over the world as well as the all-important
Problem of achieving unity within the Yishuv
at the present critical juncture. Dr. Weiz-
mann's Conference with the Chief Rabbi lasted
one hour.
Mr. Remez reported, "were transmitted to the Gov-
ernment in London."
The Vaad Leumi Session adopted a budget for
educational purposes of £340,000. The Jewish
Agency was urged to contribute to it £120,000, in-
stead of £75,000 as last year, while the Govern-
ment is requested to grant a sum of £152,000,
£22,000 of which as a special allocation for meet-
ing teachers' salaries. A Resolution was adopted
charging the Executive to continue their efforts to
secure a fundamental change in the financial policy
of the Government towards the Jewish educational
System.
Mr. David Remez reported on two In-
terviews he had with the High Commissionet
Lord Gort on behalf of the Executive. In the
first interview he discussed with Lord Gort the
sentences by the Military Court on Jews found in
illegal possession of arms though only for purposes
of self-defence. In the second interview the Vaad
Leumi delegation had urged the immediate open-
ing of the gates of Palestine to all those needing
admission and willing to enter. "Our Statements",
NORTH MtDDLESEX COBOIUNAI.
CONFEBENCIG
TTHE North Middlesex Communal Conference
comprising twenty-flve Jewish organlsations
such as Synagogues, Frlendly Societies, Youth
Societies and Zionist Societies in E<dgware,
Finchley, Golders Green, Hampstead Garden
Suburb, Hendon and Highgate, took place on
Sunday. 150 delegates were present. CounclUor
C. Barclay presided.
Prof. Samson Wilght said that all Jewish
bodies agreed that a large-scale Immigration of
Jews into Palestine was necessary. The proper
machinery must be provided to Implement thia
demand.
The next Speaker, Mr. M. Rosette, said that
to divorce the demand for Jewish Immigration
into Palestine from a grand plan was hypocrisy.
Dr. Basll Baird moved and Mr. J. Lichtstein
eeconded the resolution that the Conference
approves of the Palestine Statement of the
Board of Deputies,
Beception to Hlstadruth Delegates
A receptlon to the HIstadruth delegates at
the International Trade Union Conference held
in London will take place under the auspices
of the Poale Zion at 57, Eton Avenue, N.W.3,
on Monday, February 26, at 7.30 p.m.
I
Scrolls of Fire
hy ELIEZER WHARTMAN
T HAS BECOME FASHIONABLE TO PICTURE THE
young generation of Israelis, especially the sabra, in
Koestlerian terms, i.e., an "arse slapping" race of
peasants, a curious Compound of the boy-scout and the
"man with the hoe." The idea has somehow got around
that the long desired retiirn to the soil and the restora-
tion of normalcy to the Jewish people (the fighting of
the upside-down social pyramid) has produced an un-
thinking, uncritical, unintellectual breed unmoved by
the pcrpctual, restless drive that has characterized
througliout the centuries our people's search for eternal
valiies. The sabra is commonly represented as throwing
off complctely anything connected with the past, any-
thing that smelled of the Galut (Diaspora) and in its
place creating new, primitive values which, because of
their lack of complexity, he was able to grasp and
believe in.
A unique volume has recently come off the press in
Israel which gives the lie to this glib portrayal of the
new Jew. Out of the horror and suffering of the War
of Liberation has come a book which provides the
clearest and most authentic picture yet to emerge of the
type of man and woman who walked through the
Valley of the Shadow during the struggle for Israel's
independence. That book, Gvilei Esh (Scrolls of Fire),
a massive work of 767 pages in imperial octavo, is a
literally true reflection of the soul of the young genera-
tion of Israel — for it was written by them. Bebveen the
Covers of the book are letters, snatches of diaries,
memoirs, etchings, musical compositions, poems, scien-
tific treatises, and literary and historical criticisms of
three hundred soldiers, men and women, who feil in
action. These are items which were scribbled on odd
scraps of paper, on pages torn from loose-leaf note-
books; they were jotted down in closely guarded diaries
and in letters hastily penned in dugouts, trenches and
ruins while the writer was waiting for the next assault.
What makes the work particularly revealing is the fact
that almost none of the material was intended for
publication.
Many of its 260 poems would merit professional
publication. Filled with the flash and fire of youth, with
its soaring hopes and shattering doubts, the poetry
shows the commingling of such widely diflPerent influ-
ences as Chaim Nachman Bialik and Walt Whitman.
A similar commingling of disparate styles can be found
in the musical compositions, which ränge from populär
songs to involved preludes. "Heard melodies are sweet,"
writes the poet, "but those unheard are sweeter." For
the Yishuv, deprived of four talented composers who,
had they lived, would have delighted the country with
their songs, the melodies must remain unheard; but the
country must now rest content with a show of promised
greatness that was never allowed to flower. The country
suffered severe literary losses as well. The essays, for
example — many written by youngsters in their teens —
reveal a surprising maturity. They ränge from such
subjects as "Spinoza in the Light of the Twentieth Cen-
tury" to "English Poetry Between the Two World
Wars." Here a dissertation on Kant Stands next to a
research work on fauna; and a little further along a
young mathematician's diagrams follow upon an analy-
sis of the sources of the Song of Songs. And for many
of the nineteen artists, the first exhibition of their
works appears in this posthumous tribute; they were
never permitted to see their first shows or read their
first critical reviews.
These relics have been painstakingly collected and
arranged by Reuven Avinoam (Grossman), an Ameri-
can-born Hebrew poet and teacher, who was charged
by Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion to assemble the
book as the nation's memorial to its dead. Mr. Avinoam,
who himself lost a son, labored four years gleaning
his selections from among the papers which wives, par-
ents and sweethearts found hidden in drawers, knap-
sacks and among the personal effects of their lost
loved ones.
Mr. Whartman is an American who jought in Israel
during the War of Liberation and wrote for a soldiers'
news paper for the Haganah. He knew personally many
of the sabra heroes described in this article.
THE AMERICAN ZIONIST
! i
I I
1 !
AND NOW that the volume has finally seen the light
w of day, the reader catches himself turning the
pages incredulously as he watches a generation bare its
soul. This was a generation which sought to measure
itself against the yardstick of history; which was aware
that upon it rested the hopes and prayers of a hundred
previous generations which had drawn painful breath
in ten thousand ghettos in scores of lands; a generation
which knew that though the price would be costly, the
goal had to be won. The long sob of Jewish history
had in their lifetime become a piercing shriek. And at
length, after two thousand years of dispersion, the
wheel had come füll circle and, once again, Jews
battling on their home soii fought for liberty for them-
selves and their people.
There are some who are inclined to believe that it
was a miracle which brought Israel into being. A part
of that miracle, however, begins to become explicable
when one reads Scrolls of Fire, for in learning the
innermost thoughts of those who feil, there comes a
glimmer of the true nature of the "supernatural " event.
That the Yishuv was there at the precise moment to
carry out the redemption may well be regarded as
miraculous, but the Instruments of salvation were, in the
last analysis, flesh and blood. The fact that Jews, for
the first time in two millenia, were fighting their own
war and not someone eise's, is a theme constantly re-
curring throughout the book.
"How many of us have fallen on foreign battlefields,"
writes young Nahum Zarhi, a sabra who died leading
an attack upon invading Egyptian forces. "How many
Jews have met death at the hands of fellow Jews in a
thousand different wars! . . . Once more Amalek and
Asshur align themselves against us. Once again Jews
are falling in defense of a besieged Jerusalem, or de-
f ending the Galilee and the Negev. . . . How subtle and
sweet the link which binds you to the period when
fellow Jews avenged themselves upon the Philistines,
cleansed the Greek-defiled altars and stood to the
last at Masada!" "Sometimes," he added, "it seems as
if it were only yesterday. . . . A small, stiflF-necked
people, valiant in spirit once again raises the banner of
rebellion against slavery and shall assuredly triumph!"
The fact that they were reestablishing a people on its
own soil was, in their eyes, a religious act, an assertion
of faith. For them the Bible was a living, pulsing story
which had temporarily been halted in its telling, but
which could now be resumed. And although most of
the sabras were not as articulate about God as avowed
believers, they were engaged heart and soul in His
work. Despite the fact that many of the youngsters
regarded themselves as apikorsim, their reverence for
Israel's past and their desire to see the days of old
itsi*;'ä>^-<mA»£
renewed in their time revealed them to be unconsciously
— they would have laughed had you told them so —
steeped in tradition. One writes of the exhilaration
which swept over him as he celebrated the Seder Service
in the war-torn Negev, and another, standing before
his last battle, writes in a letter to his parents during
the festival of Chanukah: "... here I am looking at
another menorah [an army one], the sister of the one in
our home and in the homes of hundreds of thousands
of Jews throughout the world — I'm looking at it and
praying. I'm surprised at myself, a fellow of my age
weeping and being carried away by sentiment."
FEW BELIEVED that beneath the rough bravado of the
sabra there were waters which ran deep. His search
for eternal values was also shared by a number of
Americans who made their way to the Holy Land to
engage in the historic mission of creating a Third
Jewish Commonwealth. One of them, Baruch Linsky
of Chicago, lived in the same dormitory with the present
writer when both of us were students at the Hebrew
University. During World War II Baruch served aboard
a blockade-runner which smuggled refugees into Pales-
tine from France and Italy. On one of his runs he
was captured by the British and interned in Cyprus.
After a three-month imprisonment, he entered Palestine
and enrolled in the Hebrew University. Shortly after-
8
JUNE 5, 1953
wards he joined the Haganah and was later killed in
an air raid. I venture to say that his soul-searching, as
revealed in a letter to a friend, is shared by many
College students today: "Marx," he wrote, "was lost
to me and Freud rattled me completely, but behind them
I found Moses [and the Jewish people] who had never
known death. I became aware that the knowledge
which I had acquired from Marx and Freud only
served to point out where lay the real source of salva-
tion, and so I came to Jerusalem to redeem my soul. ..."
No soldier wants to die and the sabra was no excep-
tion. He did not go into battle, as some would have
US believe, careless and cocksure, with bugles blowing
and flags flying, ready to lay down his life with
"Hatikvah" on his lips. He wanted to live as much as
anyone eise, and, like many soldiers, developed a fatal-
istic attitude to war. Here a mixture of optimism and
fatalism finds expression in a letter sent by twenty-one
year old Nahum Shoshani, whose body was never re-
covered after a Jewish assault on Mount Castel over-
looking the Jerusalem road:
"Hope buoys us up. It surrounds each one with the
idea that he will not fall, even though each one realizes
that he might, that the chances are good that he will.
The bullet itself is impartial; it doesn't distinguish be-
tween targets. One has your name on it, and yet you run
toward it, running like those who once offered up
sacrifices in ancient days. Your consciousness asks: why
this flight, this flight toward death.? You have no answer
and none is needed. Only one idea sustains you: if you
keep going you will be able to keep your head under
fire; and yet you know that no matter what, each one's
bullet is already labelled. ..."
This fatalism was not shared by everyone who feil.
Some, like Moshe Solomon, fought it, knowing füll
well that the odds were running out on them with each
successive battle, for there there was no rotation, no
reserves, no point System, no air cover and no artillery
Support. A man fought until the end. If he was lucky,
he survived. Moshe, who, had he lived, would have
been an expert on Near Eastern affairs, summed up a
point of view which many of the young fighters enter-
tained. He wrote this letter two days before his friend,
Noam Grossman, whom he mentions, feil and shortly
before he, too, was killed in action while trying to
breach the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem:
"I believe that one must never reconcile himself to
the idea of being killed, for that is the road to disaster.
One should not write a will, for by writing it, you
accept the idea of death. One must constantly struggle
against this nightmare This, I believe, is the source
of the evil: that we have learned to die as heroes. What
purpose is there in that.? . . . When we entered Wadi
Djoss [a battle site near the Hebrew University] the
words of Rupert Brooke's poem drummed in my ears:
'If I should die, think only this of me. . . .' But during
the exchange of fire 1 kept repeating to myself over and
over the words which Dad told me: 'Nonsense, you
won't die. You weren't born to die young.' And with
this assurance I moved forward despite the fire . . .
Noam [Grossman] too, told me after the battle: 'I
saw there wasn't any point in being afraid. The ones
who don't keep going are the ones who get hurt. When
fire is directed at you, keep moving. Act as though
you're not under fire. Carry out the Operation and don't
pay attention to the buUets around you, and then you'U
succeed.' And thus Noam succeeded. . . ."
The spectacle of so many of Israel's finest falling on
a hundred battlefields while an unmoved world looked
passively on, was enough to shatter anyone's faith in
the idea of a universal conscience. Slowly the suffering,
the bloodshed and the utter weariness changed many
of the men into hard, cynical skeptics — optimistic as
to the outcome, yet disillusioned with a world whose
heart had turned to ashes. As they saw their friends fall
one by one, a vast feeling of bitterness swept over them.
One great drive stimulated them — vengeance. For here,
a bare two years after the close of a war in which over
six million of their people had perished, again the
youth of that people was being called upon to make the
supreme sacrifice before a virtually disinterested world.
Noam Grossman, son of the Compiler of Scrolls of
Fire, was born in Brooklyn. At an early age he was
THE AMERICAN ZIONIST
I
brought to Palestine and later he entered the Hebrew
University, where he excelled in historical criticism.
His career never came to füll flower, for he was cut
down at the age of twenty while on a mission in the
Judean hills. In a letter home he describes his feelings
after learning of the tragic death of the thirty-five
comrades who were ambushed while going to the de-
fense of K'far Etzion:
"I had the good fortune to know them all, and now,
while writing to you, they pass before me, one by one,
each with his smile, each with his own distinctive ges-
tures. We'U never know what happened. No one re-
mained to teil the story. . .
"To US who remain, life means only revenge! To
avenge the blood of the fallen; to destroy, to shatter and
not to show merqr — these are the thoughts that occupy
me every day.
"When you begin to think about the thing more
detachedly (if possible!) you say to yourself: 'This is
war and war isn't a life Insurance Company. There are
those who must fall.' But the fact doesn't register on
you if you knew the men one by one, if you had sat
together with them, clapped them on the Shoulder and
drunk with them on the day that the State was dedared.
I can see myself entering the restaurant in Jerusalem
where we used to meet, but no one will be there to say
hello. . . . But we can console ourselves that at least
they died for something, for something precious."
One of the most heart-rending documents to come
out of the war is Noam's will, the last message which
his parents received. It was found among his things
after his death. Upon the envelope was written: "To
be opened only after my death."
.ft^'HT'^^-' ^ ■■' ^^ > •• •■ .
. ^f ■'•<••• s* V <. < .-y
f''
"LAST WILL AND TESTAMENT
"This will is written in haste without time to say
goodbye.
1. Bury me in the Nahlat Yitzhak cemetery in
Tel Aviv
2. Do not print any tributes to me in the news-
papers
3. My salary and any money due me is to be
turned over to my family to establish a fund
with which to buy rifles for the Haganah
4. My personal effects are to be forwarded to my
family
5. Do not mourn for me; I did only that which
I was called upon to do."
THE FACT that these youths were destroying life left
its mark. Even the prophet Jeremiah once sadly had
to acknowledge that it was necessary to "break and de-
stroy" before one could "build and plant." Killing came
hard to these youngsters. How hard can be seen in this
portion of a letter sent by one of Noam's friends,
Yonah Levin, who feil on that ill-fated journey of the
thirty-five:
"And now," he writes to his fiancee, "sitting here on
the Sabbath in the cool shade of the pine trees through
which I can see the sunbeams searching their way
through the clouds, with patches of clear sky riding
10
JUNE 5, 1953
■V".
overhead, I am suddenly brought up with a Start: I am
not worthy to marvel at the completeness of Creation!
Behold, even tomorrow I go forth to destroy, to kill
and to slaughter. And though it be to safeguard this
life and create a new and better one, still the bitter fact
remains that I destroy. . . "
Greater courage, perhaps, than that displayed by the
fighters was that shown by the parents. They knew
that freedom didn't come cheaply and that the blood
of their children would be spilled in the fields which
they themselves had cleared and tilled. Their bravery
was not lost upon the sons and daughters who went
into battle fortified by the courage shown by those at
home.
Yehudah Solomon, a member of the Palmach, feil
in the Galilee at the age of twenty. Here he recalls in
a letter to his fiancee, Hannah, the warm glow of pride
he feit after receiving a letter from home. It was later
Hannah's sad task to write to Yehudah's parents in-
forming them of his death. She penned the letter
shortly before she, too, feil. Yehudah writes:
"I received a letter yesterday from my parents. How
much strength they need, to encourage us who are
going into battle! Sometimes it seems to me that their
bravery is greater than ours. Not one trace of worry
or fear appeared in their letter. I can picture to myself
how many tears they shed in secret, and how many
times a day they bite their nails to hold back the bitter
cry of anguish that every parent must want to utter
who is in danger of losing a son or daughter every
second of the day."
"Mother of Macabbees" Ben-Gurion called Mrs. Re-
becca Guber who lost her two sons Ephraim and Zvi.
She herseif, though a mother of four children, volun-
teered to serve in the British Army. Shortly after
^•"^
"^ «.^;
Ephraim entered the Haganah, Zvi also volunteered,
listing his age as seventeen though he was a füll year
younger. Three months after Ephraim feil, Zvi too was
killed in action. The two brothers were buried side by
side, and not far from their grave a new settlement has
been built and named The Village of the Brothers. Zvi
dedicated these lines to Ephraim's grave, next to which
he was shortly to lie:
"ON YOUR GRAVE, MY BROTHER EPHRAIM
"Sweet brother, I cannot yet believe that you, in
whose paths I have trod since birth, are no longer with
me. A better and stronger man you were than I, and
why, therefore, did I not fall instead of you.? . . . I try
to stifle between clenched teeth a cry of pain and clench
my fists to keep the tears from falling. Father! I can
still hear you entreating: 'Only leave two places on
both sides of his grave for Mother and me . . .*
"Mother, de not weep. Our dear one still lives. He
lives in the zest for life of his comrades in our home-
land. He lives in the shining-eyed children, those who
have sprouted in this land which has been satisfied
with his blood. He lives in the blooming of the spring
flowers and the tender green shoots of our fields. He
lives and pulses in everything that has life and flowers
under these skies of ours. . .
"Can a bullet destroy the valiant heart and pure soul,
the quizzical smile, the light-hearted jests, the longings,
hopes and love in a heart of twenty.? No. The soul
never dies! Who knows — ^perhaps it blooms in the
Summer butterfly or in the bee that sups the nectar from
the flower.? And perhaps Mother Barth feeds upon it
THE AMERICAN ZIONIST
11
'" I
! I
when it has come back tp her bosom and returns it to
US in the blades of grass and in the roots of the trees.
And the soul that once peeped out of the depths of
spafkling eyes now smiles out of the bell of the flower.
"Mother, do now weep! If he has fallen, see, I
remain and will try to carry his load on my Shoulders.
And if it should be that I, too, fall in the struggle, why
then you still have many more sons left. For know,
Mother, that each lad who goes forth into the night
on watch, into the blackness and the hidden terror;
each youth who with his body stops up the breach in
the wall; each young man who trods the pitted, treach-
erous, road; each soldier who enters the jaws of death
with an exuberant song of youth and f aith — he is your
son, Mother. . .
"Oh brother, I swcar this to you: My heart shall be
the lamp of your soul, and I will treasure your memory
within me as my dearest possession. In the path where
you found death, there too will I go, though it be with
heartache and pain and despite the clear presentiment
that it will be my last road. . .
"In the holiness of pain and the holiness of my love
for you I swear this; in the holiness of all that makes
life worth living and death worth while. . ."
SwiFTBR WERE they than eagles . . . lovely and
pleasant in their lives and in their death were not
dividcd. One of the most poignant letters to come to
light was that writtcn by Chicago-born Avraham Kritz-
man, who came to Palcstine as a child in 1921. Avraham
feil in the War of Liberation, alone, hurling band gre-
nades to protect the withdrawal of his friends. He left
a wife and two young daughters. Here, three days
before the cnd, he writes to his wife:
"I know: When I die, for you I shall continue to
live. No one will take me from your faithful and tender
heart. But if you meet a comrade who will understand
your sorrow, and you love him a bit and your love
brings forth a new life and a son is born to you — ^give
him and let him carry my name and let him be my
continuation.
"And if it comes to pass that he does not under-
stand— leave him without pain and let the child be our
son alone. . .
"And when it comes to pass that a new settlement is
built here, come and plant poppies in this place: they
grow so beautifuUy here and thrive so well! And let
this be the place of my grave. . .
"And perhaps you will err and your flowers will not
be planted on my grave but on that of one of my com-
rades nearby. Well . . . another wife will think of her
husband as she plants flowers on mine.
"No one will be overlooked. Because we lay dose
to each other in this spot and there is no Space here
to divide a man and his friend. . ."
One reads the pages and his eyes blur. Was this the
Avramchick that one knew as the quiet gardener from
Holon.^ And this the Yossi who was always ready
with a wise-crack and a slap on the back.^ And this
Yankele with the wink and the practical joke.^
THESE THEN are the faces and souls of those who
died so that we might live, who by their deaths
gave the Jewish people life. This was the true character
of those who for us and for unborn generations went
through fire and water in Israel's finest hour. Their
place among the hallowed immortals of the Jewish
people is secure and we walk today in the shadow of
their memories. The glorious chapter that they wrote
upon the pages of Jewish history is a majestic append-
age to the Bible.
"The saga of the War of Liberation," David Ben-
Gurion writes in a preface to the book, "has not yet
been written in its entirety, nor will it be written for
some time. . . . Yet even after all the Information has
been gathered, classified and printed, and the whole
magnificent diapter has finally been unfolded, there
will remain still untold one element which the historian
will never be able to set forth within the framework
of a factual narrative — and that will perhaps be the
essential element: the moral and Spiritual fiber of the
troops.
"Only through the words of the men themselves,
what they went through and wrote about, feelings ex-
pressed only to themselves and their close friends —
feelings which, in the main, were never intended for
the public eye — only through these shining words can
we catch a glimpse of the glorious spirit by virtue of
which we stood fast and triumphed."
As one turns the final leaf, the words of Hannah
Senesh, the heroic parachutist, come to mind. Like her,
these young men and women leaped into the night, and
like her, they left a burning lamp behind:
"There are stars whose light reaches the earth only
after they themselves have disintegrated and are no
more. And there are men whose scintillating memory
lights the World after they have passed from it. These
lights, which shine in the darkest night, are those which
illumine for us the path. . ."
12 JUNE 5, 1953
I V^-« f1>-*;Ov^a»V>,.l
Ott-
iltt
ith
•elt
?he
reo
ing
öf
re
be-
eal
ioQ
tlc-
the
in-
ttei-
the
ith
?er
)al
lal
fee:
he
lt.
is-
»rd
*m-
ib-
it
e;
d
n
d
II
r
e
4-
le
g
h
o
'^Ü^ Qreftt äild Oood Friend*
— this is Jij^w President Weiz-
mann add^ßsed Ring George
in thö l6ttäf' of ci-edence pre-
sented by Mr. Mordecai EliasH
at i3\icKinili{im Palace last
Tuesday (june 6.)
The äddressee's titlfe te given
as "His MÄjesty Geo]%6 tue
Sixth, öf Oreat Brltain, Ireland
and the British Dominions be-
yond the Seas King, etc., etc.,
etc.,"— the thre^ e«ort€mÄ Stand-
ing for about 30 addiüonal
titles, mostiy of the Klng*s mili-
tary and honorary commands,
which it woiU4 take well over
20 lines to reproduce here. The
letter iä füll reads:
My Qreat and Oood Friend,
Holding in esteem the rela-
tkms of friendship and mutvua
underatandin^ that h^ve been
creaied behoeisn YüUrJtieälm and
the Statte ^1 itma and "belng
desiroM tö sitrengthen and de-
veVop the9e friendlp titatidiis, 1,
in Med^Äwi»^'^ *'»« ijower«
vested in me "bv law, luive de-
dfi^ tp ßppQtM Mr. MuTdecai
MUash tö ivalde near Your Ma-
jesty 09 knwp ^xtraordinary
andMinUtterX^leaipQtientiartt.
•'l'ibecharaeter and abiUtles of
jtrr. £l|c# i0a<I me to beUeve
that ^ M fttlfü tue missUm
with vüMch he is cHürifed in
suche Tntmner asto merH Yqur
Majestifs trust and approbation
and prove himsaf worthy of the
confidenoe I place in him.
/ ttverefore request Your Ma-
jltei«!^ Ä reorii» our Minister fa-
imrvwii.and togive credence to
aUiluit )^ smn have the hon-
mr to qq^nmnioate to Your
Majesiy im ihe partof the Gov-
ernment of Israel.
MdJl l express to Your Wa-
jesta my sentiments of hiffh
esteem and send You my best
riti^ke^ your toetl-being and
fl^ j^I'^MlffW and prösp^rit$ of
ytnttOopd Priend — slgned:
GHaB» ^0I?I923«ANN-- cbuhtier-
si^M : M0)^Hß SHaBBTT,
Tti^l^r fe a two-sheet fol4-'
er iianlAiMK^h^ OA top with tlie
|i%rin&.>lt beäts tht
njipröss:
CHven and
Israel, " '""'
Ön ihe 2»th dayof Jyar, 5700:
the 2ath May, 1640 ^Ifiscrib-
ed in the First Book of Proto-
col ünder Number;J^
The aboye olBacial tratislfl^ion
was presented kqr JM^. l^^euErib
a oompanion-text to me brlg^nal
Hebrew dociunent. From its veiy
filmst day, the Miniatiy of fqt-
eign Affairs has had tpjb^ple
with the Problem of ^fixiding
Hebrew equivalents tolk-host of
terms, titles and coiirteous
phrases that make up the flow-
ery style of diplomatie asid pro-
tocol language.
N«w Term» :
At f irst, new terms were eoln-
ed irregularly, as the tkd& arose.
but by now the work j^ beding
done systematically. iCi:. Sha-
rettt an acknowledged master of
Hebrew, took a hand himself in
the beginning, and noi a- few
linguistic innovations äre cre-
dited to hini. Another llebraist
from the ranks of the Govern-
ment, tiie Minister of Copimuni-
cations, Mr. David Benkez, also
helped to "transqpoit" äpme di-
plomatie terms intjO !|^dpr^.
It has been relatively simple to
turn the high-sounding rank of
Envoy Extraprdimu^ and MOnis-
ter Plenipotentiary into,. "Shali-
ach Meyuhad Ve'TUsi/ Muss-
makh," but some ingienlousness
was needed to arrlve dit "Ktav
Smikhut" (Ordination) for exe-
quatur, the letter whercKth a f or-
eign consul's authority is con-
f irmed by the receiving country.
Incidentally, while "d^plomat"
has apparently been täAcen over
into Hebrew, I ünderstand that
the Word "(Konsul" and its de-j
rivations mig^t be replaced if a
sultable equivalent is found.
BAR
it-
<
i
}!i0^'l
Through Gentile Eyes
Memoirs of a Modern Pioneer
By Mrs. Edgar Dugdale.
TmS is the sub-titl€ of the book afoout David
Eder, edited by J. B. Hobman, just pub-
lished by Gollancz, It could not be more
appropriately named. Dr. Eder was a vanguard
flgure In all the three main causes to which he
devoted his life — Socialism, Psycho-Analysls and
Zionism, and this was so true of him tempera-
mentally that It seems almost more than a
ooincidence that all these movements should
still have been gathering their flrst strength in
hls own time. In Psycho-Analysls indeed he
must count among the explorers ; the dozen lines
of Foreword which Sigmund Freud contributed
to the book before his own death speak of Eder
as "the flrst and for a time the only doctor to
practise the new therapy in England" and
dedare that the writer was proud to count him
among his pupils.
A life in whioh so many threads of interest
have to be shown separately and also harmon-
ised, could hardly be adequately written by only
one person; the Editor has provided a frame-
w.ork of narrative and comment, and added
three chapters by very great authorities: Dr.
Harry Roberts, Dr. Edward Glover and Mr.
Lieonard Stein, dealing with David Eder's work
and Personality In the sphere where each is
eminently qualifled to speak. The result is far
more than a collection of contributions ; it is a
book K>f absorbing Interest. If there is any
criticism to be made it should perhaps rather ^
be a regrret that Eder's transition to complete 1939 White Paper
Zionism from the Territorial Ism of his cousin
Israel Zangwill and the I.T.O. is nowhere traced
with the same care as In Dr. Glover's account
of his development from an ordinary medical
practitioner into an exponent of the füll
Freudian conceptlon of mental disease and its
treatment. Dr. Eder's ways of thought were
djmamic at every period of his seventy years
of life (1866-1936)— in such a mlnd the moment,
and the process, of (so to speak) changing
gear, Is immensely Instructive. It may have
been the fading of his earlier dreams of a world
where distinctions of race, creed, and class
would lose signiflcance, which prepared him to
accept Dr. Weizmann's Invitation to go to
Palestine with the Zionist Commission In 1918.
We are only told that onoe there, he "found
himself so flrmly gripped by Zionism that it
held him captive all the rest of his llf?." In-
tending to stay three months in Palestine he
remained three or four years, acting as Chief
representative of Zionist Interests with the
British authorities until the formal conflrma-
tlon of the Mandate opened a new stage of
political work, when for various reasons, malnly
personal, he decided to return to London.
predominant partner" in a future Palestinian
Commonwealth; he explained more fully what
he meant in a private Memorandum, envisaging
a federated State of the Middle East. "Now
where comes in Jewish predominance, an in-
tegral part of this Vision? It means a pre-
dominantly Jewish culture and civilisation
which will stamp Palestine . . . and give it
signiflcance to the outside world. . . . The
Moslem pre-dominant in Iraq and Damascus,
the Christian in the Lebanon, the Jew in Pales-
tine, but everywhere the Moslem, Christian,
and Jew llving under like conditions of poli-
tical, rellgious and social liberty." And this
Vision of the future could not, he thought, be
realised simply by mutual tolerance or passive
good-will. Active cohoperation must be the aim,
but never through throwing dust in Arab eyes
about what the Jews were really working to
attain in Palestine. There is an honesty and
clearness of thinking in all this; very refreshing
by contrast with the roseate mists which
envelop some of the ideas now put forward for
a "bi-national State." The picture of David
Eder is of a man who always knew where he
stood, and would permit no misapprehension
on the point. Mr. Hobman's Introductory
Sketch contains this striking passage:
. . . his curious mixture of Inner essential
power and surface modesty had a touch of
Zionist Review, March 16, 1945
genius in it. He may have been humble, but
he was never meek. There was something so
starkly authoritative in his aura that he was
recognised at once, whether by British offi-
cials in Palestine, patients, waiters or house-
hold servants, as a man who could not be
trifled with, tricked or overlooked. I am told
that this was specially conspicuous In his
handling of soldiers and Arabs in Palestine.
pDER never laid down his work for Zionism;
t it was still in his thoughts, says Mr. Stein,
when he lay dying in 1936. But after his four
years in Palestine he feit the call to return
to London and carry on his work as a psycho-
therapist. Dr. Edward Glover's appreclation of
him in this sphere is a brilliant study, of more
than biographical value. Several types of
people will feel drawn to read this notable
book— all will agree, when they flnish it, that
the misfortune would have been great had It
not been written. David Eder was a shining
light in the lives of many people, but his
biography may exercise greatest influence on
those who knew him not. The time is at hand
when carnage need no longer occupy the fore-
ground of our thoughts, and a rising generation
may carry on Service to their fellows in flelds
opened by the work and research of such lovers
of humanity as Dr. Eder. And doubtless in many
others, provided the pioneering spirit contlnues
to burn in younger hearts with aa steady and
devouring a flame as it did in this wise and
sober^minded man.
Mr. Basil Henriques still undecided . . .
THE «FELLOWSfflP" SCANDAL
MANY readers, who like myself, have thought
of Dr. Eder primarily in connection with his
Services to Zionism, will no doubt study every
line of Mr. Steln's ohapter on this part of his
career, and be carried along by the narrative
of things they knew before, things they had
half forgötten, and things they never knew,
woven Into a connected whole. For that very
reason I will only say about this part of the
book that it is good to be reminded how early
some of the problems raised by Jewish Immi-
gration, by Arab sensibilitles, and by British
handling of both races, began to appear; it is
good also to be reminded of how none of these
difilculties daunted the Jews, and how soon the
pollcy which is now that of the Jewish Agency
took shape In the minds of the leaders In those
daya.
In 1922, Dr. Eder, giving evidence before a
Commission of Enquiry Into the Palestine dis-
turbances of 1921, spoke of the Jews as "the
Opposition to the Idea of a Jewish State in
Palestine and an attitude of vacillation towards
the White Paper, was expressed on behalf of the
"Jewish Fellowship" by Mr. Basil Henriques,
J.P., at a meeting of the Parliamentary Middle
Eastern Committee held at the House of
Commons under the chairmanship of Major-
General Sir Edward Spears, M.P., the "Z.R."
is informed by a Jewish correspondent. Mr.
Henriques and Sir Brunei Cohen had been
invited to attend the meeting. A small number
of Members of Parliament were present. They
would seek the largest possible Immigration
into Palestine without conflicting with the
Arabs, Mr. Henriques said.
Mr. S. S. Hammersley, M.P., pointed out that
what Mr. Henriques said was already contained
in the White Päper which makes Jewish Immi-
gration into Palestine conditional on Arab
consent and precludes the establishment of a
Jewish State. Would the Fellowship make It
clear whether or not they were In favour of
the White Paper? Mr. Henriques replied that
they had not yet come to a decision on this
matter.
The Chairman suggested that the Fellowship
should form their considered view on the White
Paper and submit it to the Middle Eastern
Committee. (It will be recalled that Col.
Gluckstein, M.P., one of the leaders . of the
"Fellowship," voted for the White Paper in the
House of Commons on May 23rd, 1939.)
Challenge to A.J.A. leadership
r[IRTY-THREE members of the Anglo-
Jewish Association have publicly expressed,
on the initiative of Flight-Lieut. S. W. D.
Rowson, their "profound disagreement" with
the A.J.A. Statement on Palestine submitted
to H.M. Government; the step was decided
upon at a special general meeting of the Asso-
ciation on DecembSr 9th, 1944, by a small
majority of 24 to 13. In the course of the
memorandum submitted last week to the Secre-
tary of State for the Colonies the thirty-three
members declare:
"We flrmly believe that the only settlement
which will ensure a lasting Solution of the
Problem of the homelessness of the Jewish
people and remove the mistrust and insecurity
stressed by the Royal Commission of 1937 Is
the establishment of Palestine as a Jewish
State. We trust therefore that in considering
its policy for the future of Palestine H.M.
Grovernment will pay due consideration to the
Views expressed in this .memorandum which
are in keeping with the expressed views and
desires of the Jews of Great Britain as formu-
lated by the Board of Deputies of British Jews,
the representative body of the Jewish Com-
munity of this country, and of the great
majority of the Jewish people throughout the
World, as expressed by the Jewish Agency for
Palestine."
The following members of the A.J.A. have
signed the Memorandum:
Rabbi I. J. Unterman (Liverpool, Member of
the Council of the A.J.A.); P. W. Balsham, S.
BriU; Max Brostoff; John Ellis; P. S. Eillis;
David Fox (Honorary Secretary, Leeds Jewish
Representative Council); Henry Freedman; J.
Gillinson; William Goldstein (Member of the
Council of the A.J.A.) ; Alter M. Hurwitz (Vice-
President of the Jewish Representative Council
of Leeds); Lionel Jacobson (Chairman of the
Newcastle Jewish Representative Council);
Dr. L. Kirsch (London); I. N. Lat>ofski; S.
Labofski; Mark Labovitch (President, Leeds
Jewish Representative Council); S. H. Lyons;
Herbert Michaelis; Sidney Morris; Louis
Xatlrnn; Max Natlian; D. Nathan; D. Newton;
Joseph Porton; H. Bosenthal; L. Rubin; M.
Silman; Beulten Sihnan (Treasurer, Leeds
Branch of the A.J.A.); George Stross; Carl
Sumrie; Louis E. Wigoder; Dr. P. J. Wigoder;
S. W. D. Rowson.
Zionist Review, March 16, 1945
Palestine: Health and Medieal l^erviees
IN 1944 the Yishuv spent a total of £P 1,600,000
on its health needs, which was borne by a number
of institutions. The budget of Kupath Cholim
(Workers' Sick Benefit Fund) for 1944 was over
£P 1,000,000. This institution now caters for
225,000 persons, representing 40% of the Jewish
Population of Palesüne. If we add to these the
persons whose medieal needs are met by smaller
institutions of the same kind, we shall find that
the sick funds today care for more than half the
Population of the Yishuv. The Va'ad Leumi and
the local authorities maintain a series of medieal
institutions which were originally founded by Ha-
dassah and later transferred to the organised insti-
tutions of the Yishuv. To these must be added the
projects of the Anti-Tuberculosis League, and the
insane asylum in Jerusalem. The cost of the main-
tenance of all these institutions must be estimated
at about £P 300,000 per annum. Last, but not
least, comes the Hadassah Medieal Organisation,
which maintains the Rothschild-Hadassah-University
Hospital in Jerusalem, the tuberculosis hospital in
Safed and the preventive medieal Services. Its an-
nual budget exceeds £P 250,000.
The Government's contribution towards the
ZIONIST EXTENSION GOURSES
ZIONIST Federation of Great Britain and
Ireland. Zionist Extension Courses time
table for next week: — Sunday, March 18th,
3 p.m.: Mr. B. Rosenthal on "Social and
Economic Development of Palcstine — The Life
and Work of the Chalutzim*', at Absa House,
46, Commercial Road, E.l (Beth Zion Zionist
Society). Sunday, March 18th, 6.15 p.m.:
Professor S. Brodetsky on "The Jewish State
in Palestine", at North-West London Zion House,
57, Eton Avenue, N.W.3 (North-West London
Zion House.* Monday, March 19th, 8 p.m.: Mr.
Gcrshon Hirsch on "The Evolution of Modern
Palestine", at the Wemtoley Synagogue Com-
munal Hall, Forty Avenue, Wembley (Wembley
District Zionist Society). Tuesday, March 20th,
8 p.m.: The Rev. B. Cherrick on "Jewish
Colonisation in Palestine", at Hampstead
Garden Suburb Synagogue Hall, Norrlce Lea,
N.2 (Zionist Societies in Finchley and the
Hampstead Garden Suburb).
JEWISH SOLDIERS' SERVICES
of the
CHIEF RABBI'S RELIGIOUS EMERGENCTT
COUNCIL
DO NOT FORGET
OUR FIGHTING
BRETHREN !
Send your Donation immediately to: The
Secretary» Jewish Soldiers' Services, c/o Offlee
of the Senior Jewish Chaplaln to H.M. Forces,
Wobum House, Upper Wobum Place, London,
W.C.1.
maintenance of these Services consists of two
amounts: a grant of £P 15,000 to the Municipal
Hospital of Tel Aviv, a sum which constitutes
about 10% of its annual budget; and a grant of
£P 8,000 to the Vaad Leumi for school hygiene,
and the treatment of infants and tubercular pa-
tients. Together these amounts do not add up to
as much as ii% of our annual expenditure on medi-
eal Services. Shall we be able to go on maintaining
our network of medieal Services in the Virtual ab-
by
Abraham Katznelson
(Head of the Vaad Leiuni Health Department)
sence of help from the Government? The answer
to this question is provided by the following facts.
"Kupath Cholim" is faced with a deficit of more
than £P 250,000. This deficit remains after all the
internal sources of income, in the form of fees, pay-
ments by patients, etc., have been exploited to the
utmost. The Jewish Community Hospital of Haifa
is going to end the year with a deficit of £P 10,000,
The hospital is unable to maintain a department for
internal diseases owing to lack of means, and it
imposes upon its patients payments that they are
unable to bear. A similar attitude is being taketi
by other hospitals, too, and they are tending in in-
creasing measure to be divested of their social char-
acter. A very conservative estimate, based upon
two decades of experience, shows that the number
of hospital beds required by the Yishuv (excluding
infectious diseases, tuberculosis and mental diseases)
is roughly four per 1,000 population. The shor-
tage of hospital beds has become most acute in
the areas of close Jewish settlement, namely, the
urban areas of Tel Aviv and Haifa, and the rural
districts of Judea and the Sharon. The proportion-
ate number of beds in those areas is between i and
2 per 1,000, and the hospitalisation Situation there
can, without exaggeration, be designated as dis-
astrous. The total number of Jewish hospital cases
in 1943 was 41,652, of which 39,716 (or 95.4%)
were admitted to Jewish hospitals; 1,760 (or 4.2%)
to Government hospitals, and 176 (or 0.4%) to
mission hospitals. Apart from the infectious wards,
the Government hospitals in effect cater almost
exclusively for the non-Jewish population. During
1943 the number of patients admitted to Govern-
ment hospitals was 18,133, of whom 1,760 (or
9.7%) were Jews. The overwhelming majority of
Jewish patients admitted were infectious cases sent
to them for want of any alternative. How insigni-
ficant the number of Jews admitted to the general
Government hospitals is may be gauged by the
fact that in Jerusalem, a city with a two-thirds
Jewish population, the total of 3,534 cases admitted
to the Government hospital included only 172 Jew-
ish cases of 4.9% of the total. And even those were
for the most part members of the police force and
Government Service.
The Yishuv's demands can be summarised as
f ollows :
That the Government recognise the hospitals
maintained by Jewish public bodies and approved
by the Government health Department as State-
aided institutions ; That the Government health
Department decide upon the number of beds re-
quired for the hospitalisation of the Jewish po-
pulation in each district; that the authorities par-
ticipate in the maintenance of the Yishuv's public
hospitals to the extent of 50% of the cost of their
upkeep. These arrangements should not apply to
the hospitalisation of infectious, tubercular or men-
tal cases, the responsibility for which should be
bome by the Government.
Yishuv's bürden of taxation
OFHCIAL FIGURES
Offlcial stati8tlc3 confirm for the flrst time
that the Yishuv is carrylng the main bürden
of the income tax, as is shown in the publica-
tion of flgures for the year which ended 3tat
March, 1943. The flgures show that 4,947 tax
payers of the Arab population, which totals
1,061,400, pald a sum of £285,840, while 17,627
Jews out of the total Jewish population of
493,000 as it was then estimated, paid a sum
of £684,362. 28,400 described as "others" (in-
cluding Jewish share-holding companies) contri-
buted £64,126. The total Government revenue
out of income tax in the year under review
amounted to £1,037,328. Tel Aviv takes flrst
place with 41 i per cent. of the total contribu-
tions. The per capita contFibutions work out
at 260 mils per Arab and 1,390 mils per Jew,
and 2,280 mils for the "others." The Jewish
total of income tax paid during the current
year amounted to considerably more because
the aggregate revenues of the Government have
since doubled.
A Joint memorandum protesting against the
proposals for new and increased taxation con-
templated by the Grovernment was submitted to
the Financial Secretary of the Palestine
Government by a delegation representing the
Jewish Manufacturers Association and the
Chambers of Commerce. In the memorandum
it is declared that the flnancial policy of the
Government is systematically reducing the
cauntry's capacity to absorb new Immigration
and that the taxes collected from the Jews are
not spent on the needs of the Yishuv or for the
general requirements of the country. The
Arabs, it learnt, are also protesting against the
contemplated new taxation.
Plans for demobilised volunteers
JEWISH AGENCY SCHEME
More than 22,000 Jewish volunteers for the
Forces from Tel Aviv will have no Jobs when
they return after their demobilisation. Plans
are now being made by the Jewish national in-
stitutions to facilitate their rehabilitation,
according to a statement made by Mi*. Joseph
Gurion head of the Jewish Agency's service-
men's Rehabilitation Committee. Some 3,000
soldiers wanted to settle on the land together
with their families, besides 7,000 who had been
farmers prior to their enlistment. Thirty
groups had been organised among the various
Palestinlan military units for the eventual
formation of Klbbutzim ^nd Kvutzoth, while
many others had applied individually for land
settlement. Hundreds of thousands of dunams
of land would be required for the settlement of
three thousand families. It is hoped that the
Government will allocate State domains for the
settlement of ex-soldiers. For the remaining
eight or nine thousand soldiei's seeking urban
rehabilitation, the Histadruth, the employment
exchanges and the Manufacturers Association
had agreed to give priority of employment.
Some twenty-flve groups had been formed in
army units for the promotion of post-war enter-
prises, including for a new trade of motor
driving on bus routes.
Zionist Review, March 16, 1945
THE AMERICAX SCEl^E
THE way to Jewish unity in the United States
is far from smooth. More than one observer
has already noted that the Jewish Community
ig divided into two parts, variously estimated:
a considerable proportion maintains no par-
ticular connection with the Jewish organisa-
tions,; but undaubtedly a majority is afflliated
with one or another form of Jewish Community
life. If anything, this part is much over-
organised: It is not uncommon in small towns
for the same persons to be members of three
or four of the major organisations of American
Jewry, sometimes regardless of the differences
that obtain between them. The extreme Or-
ganisation of American Jewry is not accom-
panied by adequate co-ordination, let alone
unity, of its several operating parts. In a very
general way, one may distinguish between two
types of organisations in the United States: the
flrst, organisations with "political" purposes,
drawing their membership from adherents to
the various ideologies: the second, what may
be called "service" organisations. Examples of
the flrst type are the various Zionist organisa-
tions, and examples of the second are the
several bodies for Philanthropie work, educa-
tion, and what in this country is bashfully
called civic "protective activities," that is, com-
bating anti-Semitism. The distinction is ob-
viously an artiflcial one, but when I make it
here it is not arbitrary, because attempts at
unifying or co-ordinating the various organisa-
tions of American Jewry have often been
directed either toward the "political" or the
"Service" sector. Only rarely has an attempt
at unity in both been undertaken.
It must be admitted that considering the
great size, relatively speaking, of American
Jewry and the extreme heterogeneity of its
components, a good deal of solid accomplish-
ment, whether for good or evil, in both sectors
is behind us. Certainly American Jewry has
no such simple and flexible structure as so well
serves smaller communities, like the Canadian
Jewish Congress in our sister Jewry to the
north, for example. But it must be remembered
that in the political fleld such an imposing
structure, whatever its flaws and shortcomings,
as the Jewish Agency for Palestine is to a con-
Guard Yourself
Against Influenza
The safest way to protect yourself
against Influenza is to gargle with
Kamillosan.
A teaspoonful of this Extract of
Camomile to half a tumbler of warm
water makes a pleasant gargle that kills
the incipient germs.
Kamillosan is the antiseptic healer.
It soothes and restores delicate, inflamed
membranes. Thus, it is cxcellent for
sore throats.
Get a bottle to-day and keep it always
handy.
Kamillosan
ACTIVE EXTRACT OF CAMOMILE
From all chemists, 2/10 and 4/9 the bottle.
Kamillosan Ointment, 1/8 the tube,
Sole Manufacturers :
Camden Chemical Co. Ltd., Northington St.,
London, W.C.i.
sidei-able extent the result of an understanding
achieved between various segments of American
Jewry. Moreover, the American Jewish Con-
gress of the last World War, representing all
American Jews, and the American Jewish Con-
ference to-day, representing the vast majority,
also indicated that unity has become an
habitual pattern of action for American Jewry
in moments of political emergency. If there
are also vast vagrant Impulses which refuse to
Ben Halpern
(Our New York Correspondent)
submit to the habit of unity, the distinct odour
of disfavour which now accompanies the Ameri-
can Jewish Committee and the Jewish Labour
Committee, let alone the American Council for
Judaism Inc., shows that the social conscience
of the organised part of American Jewry revolts
against such insubordinate Clements.
It is really rather stränge that it should be
the American Jewish Committee and its en-
tourage which has been put in the position of
the rebel. The Committee, although it devotes
considerable attention to professedly political
work, is very strongly interested in the service
sector of Jewish Organisation. It maintains
one of the Chief civic protective apparatuses
which aasiduously counsels Jewish communi-
ties in the way in which they should go to earn
the favour of the Gentiles. In the "overseas"
fleld its leaders have become the guiding spirits
and almost exclusive mentors of the American
Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. The
Committee also maintains a. strong connection
with the leadership of the Council of Weifare
Funds and Federations, a body sorving the
various löcal fund-raising agencies of American
Jewry. It is within thcso fiolds that it has most
often protested, not least of all by people
closely connected with the American Jewish
Committee, that the chief noed of our brethren
in the United States is unity. And even after
the committee feil into the position of dissidence
with regard to the political over-all body of the
Jews in this country (protesting at the same
timo that it was all for unity, but only upon a
platform to which Jewish organisations could
unanimously subscribo) it was possible to
believe that unity might be maintained in the
more technical and supposedly neutral zones of
relief and other Services. Unity in this fleld
has always been especially supported on
grounds of pure efflcicncy. It was feit that a
unifled campaign could raiso more money from
American Jews at less expense than a series
of separate and competing campaigns. Whether
this is true or not, there have been successive
unifled campaigns for many years now and the
totals of populär contributions have mounted
steadily. Moreover, the people of the Joint
Distribution Committee, that is to say the
American Jewish Committee, have had the
satisfaction that Propaganda used in such cam-
paigns was under a certain control: a tacit
understanding and .sometimes not meroly tacit)
had to be reachcd which generally involved
appeallng to Jews on the basis of Slogans which
every Organisation could subscribe to, rather
than approaching them with the frank demands
of particular viewpoints as to the needs of the
Jewish people. This fact has always caused a
certain dissatisfaction with the Joint campaign
(Cent, on Page 7, col. 3)
GHETTO CAMPS FOR PRISONERS OF WAR
Reports conflrming that the Germans are
discriminating against Jewish ofRcers and men
of the Polish Forces falling into their hands,
have been received by the Polish Government
and were discussed at two Cabinet meetings.
Jews are being segregated from their Christian
fellow-soldiers and put into special ghetto en-
closures. The Government has decided to take
action against this violation of the Geneva Con-
vention of 1929 in conjunction with the British
and American Governments. The matter was
taken up by the Polish Cabinet following the
Submission of a memorandum on the subject
by Dr. I. Schwarzbart.
A delegation of the London Polish Jewish
Rescue Committee, consisting of Rabbi Babad
and Messrs. Sherer and Lachs, are visiting
Switzerland at present. Mr, Harry Goodman,
of the London Agudath Israel, who came to
Switzerland two weeks ago for similar pur-
poses, addressed public meetings in Zürich and
Lucerne on Jewish tasks in the post-war world.
Professor Burckhardt, President of the Inter-
national Red Gross Committee, left Geneva for
Germany in order to acquaint himself with
German proposals regarding Jewish and other
interneo3.
After a Suspension of three months Jewish
emigration from (Bulgaria to Palestine has nov/
been resumed with the arrival in Turkey of
158 members of Youth Aliyah and four accom-
panying families. This was made possible
through the assistance of the British mission
in Sofia. Palcor learns that the delay hitherto
was caused more by technical difficulties con-
nected with the attitude of the Immigration
authorities in Palestine arising out of the
monthly limit imposed than by the local posi-
tion in Bulgaria.
The return of scattered Jewish children to
their homes or Jewish institutions will be ac-
celerated by a special committee representing
various organisations of Italian Jewry.
Jewish refugees from Poland, Lithuania,
Latvia and other liberated territories in Eastern
Europe who are living in Tashkent and the
surrounding districts have been asked by the
Soviet authorities to prepare for returning to
their former homes in the near future, accord-
ing to telegrams received in Tel Aviv by rela-
tives of Jewish refugees in Asiatic Russia.
SPEAKERS' CONTEST
ZIONIST Federation of Great Britain and
Ireland. Speakers' Contest. The following
Society Contests have been arranged and will
take place as announced below. A member of
the Panel of Judges will be present at each
Contest: — Finsbury Park Zionist Society: Wed-
nesday, March 21st, 1945, at 8 p.m.; St. John's
Wood and Maida Vale Zionist Society: Thurs-
day, March 22nd, at 8 p.m.; Notting Hill Zionist
Society: Sunday, March 25th, at 3.30 p.m.;
Geulah Zionist Society: Sunday, March 25th, at
3.30 p.m.; Hampstead Garden Suburb Zionist
Society: Tuesday, April lOth, at 3 p.m.; Dalston
Zionist Society: Sunday, April 15th, at 4 p.m.;
Clapton Zionist Society: Tuesday, A^ril 17th, at
8 p.m ; West Central Zionist Society: (Date will
be announced later) ; Birmingham Zionist
Society: Sunday, March 17th, at 7 p.m.; Chelten-
ham Zionist Society: Sunday, March 25th, at
7 p.m.; Manchester Zionist Association: Wed-
nesday, April 27th, at 7 p.m.
I
6
Zionist Review, March 16, 1945
ReceptioB to Prof. Roth
Hebrew University plans
THE achievements of the Hebrew University were
the main points of the talk given by Prof.
Leon Roth at a reception held in his honour at
i8, Manchester Square on Monday. Sir Leon
Simon presided. He welcomed Prof. Roth who is
on his way home from America.
Prof. Roth Said that the changes in the Univer-
sity have been so great in the past few years that
most people who have not seen it very recently
would not recognise it as it is today. Many new
buildings have sprung up and there is now an im-
pressive group of different departments on the top
of Mount Scopus. It is intended to create a real
University City with its own gardens and lawns.
The University is controUed by an international
Board of Governors but this Board has been un-
able to meet since the outbreak of war, and the
University has therefore been thrown back on
its own resources. It has provided techni-
cal help and skill for the armed forces of the
Allies and the successes it has achieved on these
lines have greatly increased its self-confidence.
Before the war there were 1200 undergraduate stu-
dents and 75 graduates. The numbers have gone
down owing to voluntary enlistment to 600 under-
graduates and about 35 graduates. But the frame-
work is still there and improvements are being con-
sidered. Above all, Palestine needs civil seryants
who have been trained in finance and administra-
tion and it is hoped very soon to set up a Depart-
ment of Economics and Administration. It also
needs young doctors. The great majority of refugee
doctors are not young men and there are very few
people to take their places. The Friends of the
Hebrew University in America are to co-operate
with Hadassah to find the means to establish an
undergraduate medical faculty, and men will be
wanted from England and America to run this
department. A new Science building is urgently re-
quired as the present facilities are terribly small
and Canada has promised to try to raise £50,000
for this. Other projects for which it is hoped that
Support will be forthcoming are Halls of Residence
for the students. It is essential to arrange travel-
ling scholarships and fellowships which will send
students into other environments to prevent them
from becoming stale.
Prof. Samson Wright thanked Professor Roth for
his interesting talk and promised that the "Friends
of the Hebrew University" in England will do their
best to help in developing that most remarkable side
of the Jewish creative effort in Palestine.
Bar Kochba mentber killed In Acti<»i
The Bar Kochba London deeply mourns the
death of one of its founders and its former
Sports Director, Private Henry Sternheim, who
was killed in action on 15th February at the
Burma front. Maccabi Sternheim, who joined
the Maccabi Movement in Leipzig at the agre of
six, was a well-known sportsman who won a
number of championships. His great sports-
manship and his hard flght for Zionism, his
unselflsh devotion to the Maccabi, made him
the beloved friend of all his comrades. On
Sunday 18th March at 2.30 p.m. the members
of the Bar Kochba meet at their Centre, 57,
Eton Avenue, N.W.3, to hold a Memorial for
'Hase Sternheim.'
The Reader's Point of View
__^______ Letters to the Editor --^--_-__—
The P.Z.Y. recently held a very successful
dance at the Bonnlngton Hotel, W.C.l. A large
number of servicemen and women were present,
including a soldier, bearing the Palestine flash
on his uniform, as well as a sailor who had only
just returned from Eretz Israel. The dance
had a real Zionist atmosphere. At one tlme,
there were three large circles dancing the Hora,
and everyone joined in slnging Hebrew songs.
LET US PLAN SYNAGOGUES FOB EUROPE
SIR,— A large number of synagogues in Europa
will be found destroyed. In (Jermany,
Austria, Poland, Rumania and Yugoslavia all
synagogues have been burnt down by the Nazis.
In Bohemia and Moravia only the synagogues
of Prague still stand. In spite of all the terrible
destruction and murder by Hitler and his
puppets there will again be Jewish communi-
ties in Europe— they will be few and small in
numbers but, wherever a Community will
arise, it will want its own synagogue. This
wish will be strenger than ever, because each
Community will desire a symbol of its survival
and resurrection. One of our Jewish demands
should be: let those who have destroyed our
synagogues be responsible for their rebuilding.
German money must be made available for this
purpose — not only money from Germany herseif
but also from all those local Germans in
Austria, Czecloslovakia and Poland who have
helped destroying them. Such a demand, put
forward with all due emphasis, will be heard.
To US, as to the world, this scheme should have
a symbolic meaning. But whatever Solution the
flnancial side of the question of the rebuilding
of synagogues may find, it will still remain a
noble duty of that part of world Jewry that
has been saved the horrors of Nazi persecution
to contribute. And here arlses the question:
What should the new synagogues be like? Let
US make them better than they were hitherto;
they should be more artistically concelved,
nobler in style, more expressive of their
purpose.
ERNEST FRISHER.
100 Oakwood Court, W.14.
STBIKING FACTS
SIR, — I beg to refer to your editorlal in the
last issue of "Z.R." where you glve some
flgures illustrating the progress of Palestine as
compared with other Mlddle-Eastern countries.
You rightly conclude your remarks by saying
that the real enemies of the Arab masses are
starvation and disease. In this connection I
should like to point to some very striking
flgures which I have complled on the basis of
Government statistics which clearly show the
infiuence of Jewish Palestine on the Arab
Population In that country.
InfantUe MortaUty 1937 1943
Palestine: Jews 57 44
Moslems in Palestine 179 113
Egypt: 203 196
Trans-Jordan 203 —
The rapldly diminlshing flgure for Infant
mortality for Moslems In Palestine as com-
pared with the almoöt static flgure In the case
of Egypt and the high Infant mortality rate in
the neighbourlng Trans-Jordan speak for
themselves.
A. P. MICHAELIS.
3 Vicarage Rd., Henley-on-Thames, Oxon.
FEDEBATION OF SYNAGOGUES
SIR,— I notice from the current issue of your
Journal that you are tendering congratula-
tions to Mr. Aaron Wright upon his election as
President of the Föderation of Synagogues and
you continue by givlng the votes that were
cast for him, as also those that were cast for
Major Homa. I feel that you might have
ohecked your flgures before inserting them in
your Journal. Actually the vote was 153 for
Mr. Wright and 83 for Major Homa. I should
be glad If you could make this known to your
readers. I feel sure that all will joln In wish-
ing Mr. Wright the very best of luck in the
arduous task that he is undertaking and I feel
sure that he will add honour to himself and
the Community at large.
JACK GOLDBERG.
19 Bryan Avenue, Wlllesden, N.W.IO.
[The flgures were given to us over the 'phonc
by the offlce of the Föderation of Synagogues;
the same flgures were published in the Jewish
Telegraph Ic Agency Bulletin on Frlday the
2nd of March. — ^Ed. Z.R.]
AN URGENT BEQUEST
SIR,— An urgent request has been recelved by
US from the Government Authoritles to
make available all our coUected food for imme-
dlate shipment to Europe. A meeting has been
held between the Youth Societies Bachad, Ben
Zakkai, Beth Jacob, B'nei Aklvah, Ezra Noar
Agudatl, Torah Va'Avodah and Zeire Agudas
Israel— and it was decided to pool all the re-
sources, and a big drive should be made on March
18th and March 25th. The Youth Organisations
have undertaken to Visit all householders on
these two Sundays, and everybody Is asked
to contribute every food packet available.
ALIOZET,
Assist. Secretary, Chief Rabbi's
Religious Emergency Council.
86 Amhurst Park, London, N.16.
WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL DAY
Palestine message applauded
One of the highlighta at last week's celebra-
tion of "International Womens' Day" held at
the Albert Hall under the chairmanship of Lady
Megan Lloyd George, M.P., was the impresslve
report on the war effort of the Jewish women
of Palestine given by Dr. Annie Samuelsdorff,
member of the Wizo Executivis. Emphasising
that Palestine's war-effort Is on a purely volun-
tary basis, the Speaker described how it was
organised among the Jewish women by a
Council formed by all Jewish women's bodles.
"The flrst step towards mobilisation," she sald,
"was the participation of the Women's Council
in the registration of all men and women quali-
fled for the Army or auxiliary services. The
appeal met with an outstanding response.
45,000 women between the ages of 18 and 45
registered. Thousands were recruited for the
Home Guard, the Piro Services, preparation of
hospital material, emergency feeding and
evacuation of air-raid victims. Thousands of
women joined the First Aid Courses of the Red
Corps which did most valuable services during
the period of the air-raids. It was, however,
only in December, 1941, that our women's eager
desire for active military service was fulfilled,
and the Palestine A.T.S. were formed. Within
three months 3,000 women had enllsted.
Dr. A. Kubowitzki in London
Dr. A. Leon Kubowitzki, a Labour Zionist
leader and member^ of the Executive of the
World Jewish Congress, has arrived In London
from Brüssels before proceeding to New York.
He has just completed bis mission to England,
Belglum, France and Switzerland In connection
with the rescue of Jews still In occupied lands
and the rehabilltatlon of the Jews In the
liberated territorles.
Dr F. R. Bienenfeld, member of the Execu-
tive of the British Section of the World Jewish
Congress, has left for New York. Dr. L.
Zelmanovlts, of the Relief and Rehablitation
David's Shield and received tralning as nurses Department, and Mr. B. Rubensteln, Treasurer
and drivers. Wizo organised a women driver's of the British Section, have left for Stockholm.
\ y
Zionist Review, October 8, 1943
First Journey to the Holy Land
f/^\
rARLY in 1891, Ussishkin married Esther
C Palai of Ekaterinoslav, with whom he
lived happily for fifty years. For his honey-
moon he chose to take his bride to the Land
of Israel. It was something unusual in those
days, and led the Hebrew writer, A. L.
Lcvinsky, to writo his remarkable Utopian
"Journey to the Land of Israel in the year
2040." He spent seven weeks in Palestine and
passed through the length and breadth
thereof; which was by no means an easy feat
under the conditions of tho time, when the
country had no railways and scarcely as much
as a road. During his journey he kept a diary
in Russian, which he published in 1894; a
Hebrew translation of this diary, entitled
"Journey to the Land of Israel" was published
in "Seier Ussishkin". . . .
This Pamphlet is füll of vision, scope, and
Zionist romanticism which does not disregard
the realities but adds something to them by
strengthening faith in the possibilities of the
ultimate realisation, and the consciausness
that littlo things are only a stage on the way
to great things. . . . Thus he wrltes, for ex-
ample, about his flrst Visit to the Western
Wall:
"There was a crowd of worshippers in front
of it. All of them were reciting the afternoon
prayers. But I did not pray. In my spirits 1
was gazing at the life which was to be found
here two thousand years ago, and I described
to myself what was happening then at this
place and at this season, the Eve of Passover.
Then, too, Jews Üocked hither from the ends
of the carth. Yonder on Mount Moriah, where
tlic Moslem Mosque now Stands, then rose our
Tempie. This wall was already in existence,
but instead of being a remnant of the past
was pait of a living whole. Then as well a
vast concourse was to be found here, but
instead of weeping at their prayers, they ro-
joiced and praised their God. . . . No . I shall
leave thcso weepers and shall return another
time when nobody Stands here, and then these
groy stonei will speak to me in another
tongue."
SAD THOUGHTS
HE was very orthodox in those days, but
neverthcless did not pray beside the Wall
when his unorthodox frieuds did so. And he,
the man most engaged in publiclife, the public
Speaker who was always working to influence
the Masses, sought Isolation at the moment
when flrst he visited the sacred vestige of the
past; he wished to be alone with the silent
stones and his sad thoughts. And so he
behaved throughout his life.
From time to time he would visit the Wall
alone and commune with it. When I came to
Jerusalem in 1920, for the purpose of settling
here, my flrst visit wa« to Ussishkin. It was
a cold and wet evening during the Jerusalem
winter. But we left the gathering of writers
and communal workers who had come to
Ussishkin's home to converse with the guest,
and at ten in the evening, in the cold and the
dark, we went down to the Wall. There we
Bat, Ussishkin and another man and myself,
for about half an hour in the small open space
in front of the Wall, each deep in his thoughts,
not one opening his mouth or saying a word
to the other. . . . And in the same dumb silence
we rose and returned through the dark night
along the paths and through the dead narrow
streets of the Jerusalem of those days, to
Ussishkin's home. . . .
That was the strengest impression of the
Wall which we both experienced. I always
»ememper that visit, and Ussishkin also told
me that he could not forget it. The darkness,
the silence and the loneliness — how greatly
they beneflt the orphanhood of the Holy Wall.
Before Ussishkin left Jerusalem he came to
take his leave of the Wall, and he writes: "I
was lucky. I found nobody beside the "W^all.
And I stood there alone, together with my
thoughts and impressions. There is a populär
belief that anybody who takes a chip of stono
from the Wall will know no rest in any place
or at any time until he comes and returns the
The second aniüversary of tha
death of
M. M. Ussishkin
occurs on Monday. The accom-
panying is an cxtract from a
biography of the Zionist Icadcr
by DR. JOSEPH KLAUSNER
recently published in Palestine.
Chip to its place. But it seems to me that any-
body who has stood beside the Wall and has
seen it once in his life will know no rest in his
soul until he returns once more."
And sure enough Ussishkin returned hcro a
second time and a third time, and afterwardn
on numberless occasions. . . .
ANCIENT HEBOES
THERE is another part of his diary which
particularly deserves to be quoted here.
He had gone in Company to the Valley of
Jehoshopat and had reached the Pillar of
Absalom. He saw the spot from which the
Romans had besieged Jerusalem at the time
of destruction of the Tempie. And once agaiu
he wrote:
"Here I moved some distance from the
others and sank into my thoughts. Before my
eyes passed the flgures of our ancicnt hcroes,
who gave their lives to protect our Tempie.
In the eyes of the spirit I saw passing before
me those great men Simon bar Giora and
Johanan of Gischala, who sald that it was
better to lose everything than to continue a
miserable existence in subjection to Rome.
Where are you, where are you, oh heroes?
You have perished, and with you haa perished
our heroic spirit. V/e have become shrewd
and practica!: Now v/o say: Übt bette ibi patria
(Where things are good, there ia tlie Fathor-
land); we shall return to our land only when
conditions are satisfactory there for us. Oh,
for shame! "
Ussishkin, one of the leading practical men
of our movement, could rise above the prac-
tical men of the familiär astute type and could
osteem those heroes and fighting statcsmen
who did not believe in the principle "it is
better to be a living dog than a dead lion",
but on the contrary held that "life is not the
most important thing in life"; the thought of
all those who today are fighting against
tyranny and aggresslon, and who are prepared
to risk everything for the sake of freedom.
But Ussishkin saw in the Land of Israel not
the greatness and pride of the past. Hv
also saw tho pettinesa and contemptlbllity of
the present, the personal consideratlons, and
the speculators who were chafferlng with th«
great Ideals of the nation. Nevertheless when
Ahad Haam published his essay "Truth from
the Land of Israel" in "Hamelitz" in the summcr
of 1891, Ussishkin countered him with another
essay entitled "Without Excessive Pessimiem!"
in which he showed that the Situation wae not
quite as black as Ahad Haam described it.
Ussishkin declared that he had not exp»(cted
to sce much that was satiafactory when he
v/ent to the Land of Israel, and therpfore
whatevor he found in order there iriadei.tim
rejolce and gave him reason to hop'o that this
difflcult beginning would find a catisfactory
continuatlon and glorious outcome. Hence
Ussishkin's optiniism was the result of hia
realistic view of the Situation in the Land ojT
Israel. . . .
Call to British Jewrji
We turn to yoii« cur bretliren in Great Britain, who observe the Torah and
Mitzvot, with tiio i*equest tliat by mean.s of Mochlckot Hacharedlm you should increaso
your elTorts towards Geulath Haaretz and redoublo your contributions to the Je^vish
National Fund, which maj' thu» be enabied to redcem new and larger areas of land
for tlie settlement of rcligious Jews who havo escapod tho sword and the terror. Thoreby
you will fulfll the great MitzTah of re-settling Eretz Israel and delivering our peoplKV:
and so hasten the redemption and salvation of our people that has been cut off from
its land.
(Sgd.) Itzhak Izaac Halevy Herzog, Chief BabbI of Palestine.
Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel, Bishon-lc-Zion, Cliief Rabbi of Palesün«.
Moshe Avigdor Amiel, Clüef Rabbi of Tel-Aviv.
Yaacov Moshe Toledano, Chief Rabbi of Tel-AvlT.
Israel Friedmann (Husyatiner Rabbi).
Ch. M. Braunroth (At Beth Din Tel-Aviv).
Supported by the Chief Rabbi, The Very Rer. Dr. J. H. Hertz, and 54 leadingr
Dayanim, Babbanim and Ministers in Great Britain.
We appeal to you with the klnd consent of tlie Very Reverend the Chief Babbi»
Dr. J. H. Hertz, to give generously on Yom Kippur to the Jcwish National Fund which
is redeeming land in Palestine for the aettlement of our hom^ess brethren whose hour
of llberation is approaching.
All donations and nedaiim given in Synagoguos to the Jewlsh National Fund will
go to the Machleket Hacharedlm. With these funds, land is acquired in Eretz Israel
on wliich religlous Settlements or religious institutions and Yeshivot are founded.
Let US be guided by the lofty principle: "The redemption of the Holy Land bj
the Holy People on the Holy Day".
AABON WBIGHT, President Jewish National Fund.
S. E. SKLAN, Chairman Mizrachi.
ALEXANDER MARGULIES, Chairman Machleket Hacharedlltt.
"■!.
l
i
Zionist Review, October 3, 1943
The Reader s Point of View ifllto?
"A POLICY FOR YOUTII"
SIR, — Whilst in entiie agreement with the
analysis of the youth movement in Mr. White's
article, I would like to carry its conclusions
one Step further. The acknowledged policy of
the Zionist Youth Associations at the momont
is to lead up to Hachsharah and Aliyah and
generally to put quality flrst. Such a policy
does not seem to be in the best Jewish national
interest at present, for the foUowing reasona.
Mass immigration into Palestine, if at all
possible after the war, will certainly be in th«
first place from the Continent: If the youth
movement there faces realltiea it muit see that
the place of most young Jews will remaln for
long years in England. To prepare the few
who can go for llfe in Palestine, In vocational,
poUtical and social respects does not therefore
serve the needs of the majority. What Is
required for the majority is that overy Jewish
child and adolescent In this country should
become a nationally consclous Jew, knowing
where he Stands in hls relatlons to hls own and
other peoplea. In the normal way, much of
this task should be fulflUed by a network of
Ü£,wish educational establlshments. Since this
is absent for practical purposes, Its duties have
to be takcn over by the youth movement.
How a policy aiming at a youth movement
for the masses should be carried into effect Is
too Wide a problem to be discussed hero. But
essential preparatory moves would be:
Party lines must be temporarily relegated to
the background; the various movements should
have combined recruiting and co-ordination of
activities; and the Z.F. must do far more than
In the past to support the youth movement.
*^ 1 Yours, etc.,
■-^ E. J. MAYER.
27 Lyttelto^ Road, London, N.2.
SIR,_The Zionist Federatlon Is composed
today, to an appreciable extent, of men and
women who see In Zionism not only the Solu-
tion of the problem of the Jews In Poland but
the Solution of the problem of Anglo-Jewry.
The hundreds of Engllsh-born Jewish youth
on ' Hachsharah, the thousands of Jews
In Britain who are serlously thinking of
going to Palestine, the immense success of
the membership drive, the openlng of Zion
Houses, all point In this direction. And for
Jewish youth there Is that serlous questlon of
flndlng " employment after the war. Today
Zionism no longer means convincing others to
go to Palestine. At present more wish to go
than can. The questlon Is how and under
wb'»i-icjrcumstance3.
^" «f is here that chalutziut, ploneering, comea
toieifj Whatever may be said agalnst Chaver
t^filiite's article In the "Zionist Review", It has
' l least one merit. It Is outspoken and does
■^fttt hesltate openly to attack the Chalutzlc
futh organisatlons. The fact that they have
ßi'l grown and expanded, whilst the F.Z.Y. haa
■^'lontracted, Is symptomatic In itself. Zionism
L a mass movement which originated from the
Ibnormal posItion of the Jewish people. The
fcctual and potentlal threat of antl-Semitism In
Öreat Britain Is not a phantom in the minds
of mlsguided Chalutzim, but stark reallty.
Zionism can become a mass movement only
when it expresses the needs of the Jewish
ma ses of England. , , t • u k«„-
We are told that an appeal to Jewish boys
and girls to devote thelr lives to ploneering in
Palestine, will fall on harren soll, and is not
based on their needs or desires. Admittedly,
It is not based on their desires, but is it really
not based on their needs?
We are admonished "to have a more realistic
approach to the needs of the youth move-
ments." If my thesia is accepted, and I Claim
that it is today being generally accepted, that
Zionism and Eretz Yisroel correspond to the
needs of Jewish youth in England, then I sub-
mit this "more realistic approach" must be
applied to Palestine. Chalutziut is not a
romantic conception of return to nature. Nor
is it a form of Propaganda which one can dis-
cuss in a drawing-room with his friends, and
consider as suitable or not suitable for the
mentality of the youth of Anglo-Jewry. Just
as the political struggle for the opening of the
gates of Palestine is an absolute pre-requisite
for the development of the Yishuv, so the
ability to crtate a force of thousands of Jew-
ish men and women to act as pioneers in
Palestine, is an equally absolute political
necessity
Weizmanns' remarks are well known: "You
don't have to be mad to go to Palestine, but
it helps." The Chalutzlc forces are growing
today and Unding increasing support from that
Jewish youth which the F.Z.Y. failed to impress
in the past. There is no reason to suppose
that the sons of daughters of Anglo-Jewry will
not be as "mad" as their brethren in Poland
and Germany were, and will one day reap the
fruits of their "madness" in Eretz Yisroel.
Yours, etc.,
ALEX RUBNER.
Wiggle House, Wiggle Lane, Redhill, Surrey.
THE CÜLTURAL ASPECT
SIR,— One important item as a co-ordinating
factor in Anglo-Jewish Cultural Relatlons
was omitted in Cecll Roth's article "Co-ordina-
tlon: An urgent job".
It Is true that mention was made of the
Exhibition of Hebrew Books held at the
Anglo-Palestinian Club. Dr. Roth must also
be aware of the A.P.C. Book Service, which
has not only promoted the sale of "Metsudah",
"Yalkut", Dr. C. Rabln's "Everyday Hebrew",
"Justice for My People", "The Great Hatred",
and many other books of Jewish Interest among
its members and throughout England, but has
made special arrangements to Increase the
sales of many publications by obtaining
favourable terms for the members of the
Anglo-Palestinian Club and their friends. Dr.
Roth will recoUect the special A.P.C. Edition
of hls booklet "Jews In Defence of Great
Britain." He may be aware of the A.P.C.
Edition just published of "The Jews, The War,
and After" by P. Horowitz. He may not know
that the A.P.C. Is making special arrangements
to supply through the A.P.C. Book Service the
new editions of "The Jewish Contribution to
Civilisation" and "A short History of the
Jewish People" by Cecil Roth. The A.P.C.
Book Service has been the only means of
introducing Jewish Educational Publications,
through a special offer, to the general public,
and has served rcaders as far as Eire and
abroad. "The Jewish National Home", the
Balfour Declaration book, will be available on
special terms through the Book Service. In
addition the Anglo-Palestinian Club has initi-
ated discussions on every new book of Jewish
interest which is being published.
I think Dr. Roth will agree that the A.P.C.
through its Book Service has given a lead in
the Co-ordination of Jewish Cultural Relatlons
and although inaugurated to serve its 1,500
members, can be the basis of promoting Jewish
literature in the Community. At least it is an
example which should not have been omitted
in his article.
The A.P.C. hope in the near future to Insti-
tute an A.P.C. Book Service Subscribers
Scheme which will enable it to print its own
publications and publish special A.P.C. editions
of books having a Jewish interest. Surely this
is a step towards co-ordination, Dr. Roth?
In fact, Dr. Roth, as President of the Jewish
Historical Society, has the remedy in his own
hands. The Jewish Historical Society can
enlarge Its scope by the publlcation of special
editions of any book of Jewish Interest. The
Society can increase its membership on this
basis, and I am sure every Jewish Institution
will be prepared to lend its support to such a
venture. A. GORDON,
Secretary, Anglo-Palestinian Club.
43-44 Gt. WindmiU St., Piccadilly, W.l.
[Dr. Cecil Roth writes: I am happily aware
of the fact that the Anglo-Palestinian Club is
one of the Great Exceptions to my Jeremiads
about the Anglo^■JewIsh Community.]
AN APPEAL
SIR, — The following Hebrew Lesson Books
are urgently required for use In Hebrew
Classes now running. They are "Aleh", Parts
1 and 2; "Hamatchil", Parts 1 and 2; and
"Lashon Vasepher", Part 3. Any reader with
any of these books is earnestly requested to
get in touch with me. I will be very grateful
of an opportunity of buying these books for
distribution among Hebrew Students.
ZADIK BEHAR.
67 Gt. Russell Street, W.C.l.
At Random . . .
JEWI3H listeners had a fleld-day provided
by the B3.C. on Sunday. It began with
the dignified broadcast of Dr. Israel Goldstein
from New York. Though speaking as the
President of the Synagogue Council of America,
the noble sentiments which came through the
air in his deep sonorous voice soon showed
that he Is also the President of the Zionist
Organisation of America and a consclous and
proud National Jew.
But the high-light of the day was the Post-
Script to the 6 o'clock news when Dr. L.
Rabbinowitz, late senior Jewish Chaplain in
the Middle East recounted stories of the valour
of the Palestinian Jewish Units, stories of
devotion and heroism that sent a thrill of pride
through the Jewish listener. How belated, but
how welcome!
# * *
IWAS present this week at a lecture given
by a well-known Zionist to a Jewish Organi-
sation.
As I listened to the questions which
followed the lecture, I wondered at the varlety
of Problems that were troubling the audience.
"Was Palestine large enough? " asked one.
"Could a small people survive ? " asked
another. "What guarantees would we have
that Palestine's Industries would find a
market? " anxiously enquired a third. I was
reminded of a neat reply given some year« ago
by a famous Jewish orator to an audience In
New York who were demanding guarantees
that there could be no flaw in his claim that
Palestine could be rebuilt. With growing im-
patience he listened to the doubting Thomases
and their querulous fears. Finally he burst
out: "Gentlemen, you don't want a Zionist
Society, you want an Insurance Company."
■^. BÜTH.
m
-JtlttSMBavi'A*?^»'''^''^*''*" *
■#»*«*i((M*.*-,
)»awjim«t»« T3if'"i 1.1.'«..»
Q\
WITHIN THE MOVEMENT
Mr. S. Phillips, President of the Newcastle
1 ionist Association, writes:
The Newcastle Jewish Community learnt
ith deep regret of the death of their former
Ullow-townsman, Mr. B. Birk . During his
t^sidence in Newcastle he played a prominent
Ifert in all communal activities. He was on
Wie Council of the Leazes Park Road Syna-
Pague and was for many yearg President of
"le Board of Guardians and was made Honorary
Jite President of the Institution in recognition
Q hls Services. But his main activities wero
«1 behalf of Zionism and Palestine.
"He was my coUeague on the Newcastle Zion-
Oit Association and the Jewish National Fund
"hd the Keren Hayesod Committee. He gave
ptenerously to all Zionist Funds and his house
">as always open for Zionist gatherings and
Wisitors. He was particularly Interested in the
«tebrew Unlversity of Jerusalem to which he
a equeathed the sum of £1,000.
* In spite of taking up residence in London
*is interest in Newcastle affairs continued.
^lis death will be deeply mourned by all who
"^'^ere associated with him, and sincere sym-
tOathy Is extended to all the members of his
'^amily.
to
th
r^, Dr. H. Edelsten, Chairman of the Leeds
ji)|ionist Information Committee, addressed The
jg^wish Students' Association on "Educatlon
ticpr Living"; the Henrietta Szold group of the
tiiji/omen Zionists on "Zionist Personalities";
l^tid Habonim on "The Political Struggle:
ns^&^bonim's part."
it
^ At a recent meetlng of the Manchester J.N.F.
ommission, the chairman, Mr. E. Raffles,
^^ported on the good progress achieved by the
ommission during the last half-year. Since
the arrival of Dr. J. Maitlis in Manchester at
the end of March last, the ordinary income
of the J.N.F. increased considerably. So far
over 700 J.N.F. boxes have been placed and
quite a cansiderable number of old boxes
revived.
Mr. Janus Cohen, Hon. Secretary of the
Zionist Föderation, visited Cheltenham and
addressed the local Zionist Society on "Pales-
tine and the Jewish Future", with Mr. Julius
Cohen in the chair. Mr. Isaac Cohen was
elected President of the Society, Dr. Beer Vice-
President and Treasurer, and Miss Litt, 14
Cambray Place, Hon. Secretary.
A Glagow Branch of the Jewish State Party
was formed recently. Mr. Crivan was elected
Chairman and Dr. E. Frankel Vice-Chairman.
The Association of Jewish Refugees wishes
to make it clear that it is in no way connected
with the endeavours to establish. a Free
German Movement in this country.
The fact that British and American Jewish
relief agencies are to join in a combined effort
was welcomed by the Chief Rabbi, Dr. J. H.
Hertz, when he läunched the new campaign for
£100,000 proclaimed by the United Jewish Relief
Appeal in London. In reviewing the activities
of the organisations associated with the Appeal,
Dr. Hertz said that during the last twelve
months close on £45,000 was expended in addi-
tion to relief in kind. Relief has been ex-
tended to Polish and other Jewish refugees in
Russia, flnancial assistance was given to refu-
gees in Teheran, and 970 refugees, including
716 orphan children, were transferred to
Palestine.
VHE COMMONWEALTH PROGRAMME
W^' Stephen S. Wise, who submitted the petl-
.on to him in Paris, replied as foUows:
\ "I have before this expressed my personal
"approval of the declaration of the British
• Government regarding the aspirations and
historic Claims of the Jewish people in regard
to Palestine. I am, moreover, persuaded that
[from page 4
just at the conclusion of the Peace Conference,
and only a few months before the San Remo
Conference which awarded to Great Britain
the administration of Palestine under the
Palestine Mandate.
The Royal Commission Agreed
l 'the AUied Nations, with the füllest con- The Palestine Royal Commission summed up
' .currence of our Government and people are the opinions of the British statesmen and
J agreed that In Palestine shall be laid the
foundation of a Jewish Commonwealth."
Note the reference to the Jewish Common-
wealth.
; Lloyd
George, who headed the British
'overnment at the time the Balfour Declara-
on was issued, made it clear in Statements
3ued by him, and in his memoirs, "The Truth
')out the Peace Treatles", that what the
fjamers of the Declaration had in mind was
■^e ultimate establishment of the Jewish
I .rmmonwealth.
[Even Mr. Herbert (now Lord) Samuel stated
r a Speech on November 2nd, 1919, in the
pndon Opera House, upon the celebration of
I e second anniversary of the Balfour Declara-
fjn, that
I "The policy propounded before the Peace
[^Conference, to which the Zionist leaders
funshakably adhere, is the promotion to the
ffullest degree that the conditions of the
iSsountry allow, of Jewish Immigration and of
Oewish land settlement, the concession to
Ijewish authorities of many of the great
I public works of which the country Stands so
tSreatly in need, the active promotion of Jew-
'^ish cultural development and the füllest
neasure of local self-government. In order
'ohat with the minimum of delay the country
iiay become a purely self-govemlng Com-
|«nonwealth under the auspices of an e«tab-
liihed Jewish majority.» ,^ ^ . ,^.
rhis Statement is most signiflcant because it
s mad« so soon after the Balfour Declaration,
British public opinion as to the meaning and
intent of the Balfour Declaration as follows:
"Lord Robert Cecil in 1917, Sir Herbert
Samuel in 1919 and Mr. Winston Churchill
in 1920, spoke or wrote in terms that could
only mean that they contemplated the
Zionist Review, October 8, 1943 7
eventual establishment of a Jewish state.
Leading British newspapers were equally
explicit in their comments on the Declara-
tion."
It is no accident, therefore, that in stating
their peace aims Zionists now speak clearly
and unequivocally about the development of
Palestine as the Jewish Commonwealth.
Zionists in this respect are merely restating
anew their historic aims.
The White Paper
An immedlate Zionist objective is, of course,
the abrogation of the White Paper of 1939. We
have never recognised the validity of the White
Paper. We have the authority of the Man-
dates Commission of the League of Nations,
and of Mr. Churchill himself, for our conten-
tion that the White Paper is illegal because it
is in contravention of the Balfour Declaration
and of the Mandate for Palestine.
Zionists are convinced that the Jewish prob-
lem can be solved only through rehabilitation
of the Jews as a people in Palestine; that
Palestine has the capacity to absorb mlUions
of additional Jews; and that the development
of Palestine by the Jews will be done without
prejudice to the economic position or the civil
and religious rights of the existing non-Jewish
Population in the country. Zionists believe in
the capacity and wisdom of the Jewish people,
and in ultimate justice. The Jewish people,
and particularly the Jewish Community in
Palestine, are contributing their füll share to
the victory. Certainly in the Near and Middle
East no people can point to a better and more
heroic participation during this war than the
Jewish Community in Palestine. Certainly
no one can deny that the Jewish Community in
Palestine constitutes a pillar of democratio
strength in that part of the world. If, as Mr.
Wilkie suggested to leaders In the Near East,
post-war compensations will be measured by
contributions to the victory, then the share of
the Jewish people and of the Jewish Com-
munity in Palestine cannot possibly be mini-
mised.
The world has recognised ine !iIstQHo{
connection of the Jewish l^ple with PalJkuidan
tine. Jewish peace aims have been '^fcout
earned. They are just. They are necessa ^un(\
Order to preserve the peace of the wo ^vi:
They are: 'IC'
1. Mass Jewish Immigration into Palestine,
with a view to a Jewish majority. i
2. The füllest opportunity to develop the
land and the economic resources of Palestine.
3. Appropriate administrative machinery
under Jewish control which will assure the
fulflllment of the foregoing two objectlves.
These Zionist aims, when fulfllled, will lead
to the establishment of the Jewish Common-
wealth.
■nra
IW CRAYUDDE M)lt VREEDOM
#
Send your donations and collections to:
The Chief Rabbi, President, U.J.R.A., 33 Soho Sq., W.l.
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w ;
Zlonist Review,
October 8, 1943
M. »f AISKY'S PALESTIIVE TALKS-Äec page 2
ZIOMST REVIEW
Friday, October 8th, 1943
Tishri 9th, 5704
Vol. III. No. 41
{ISew Series)
A Weekly Survey of Jewish Affairs
[Registered at the G.P.O. ^ .
05 a nev)spaper\ ^^
Defying the Murderers
JEWS have lived in Denmark since the beginning
of the seventcenth Century, They distinguished
themselves in niany walks of life. Until recently
their number was made up of 6,ooo local Jews and
2,ooo refugees from other European countries,
aniong them 530 boys and girls who came to get
their agricultural training before emigrating to
Palestine.
The Danish King and the govemment resisted
all Nazi attempts to discriminate against the Jew-
ish part of the population. The black night of
terror began for the Danish Jews on the first day
of the Jewish Ncw-Year. The first grim sfgns were
apparent towards the end of August when three
armed men forced their way into the office of the
Jewish Community in Copenhagen and carried off
all its records. With the lists that were stolen the
Nazis have picked their Jewish victime. There
were wholesale arrests. Many families were torn
asunder. 1,800, it is said, are now herded in a
German transport heading for Poland — the murder
place for the Jews in Europe. Among its pas-
sengers are the oldest woman in Denmark, the 10 1-
year-old Mde. Texiere, mother of a University lec-
turer. Even small children were taken. Two more
transports had been waiting in Copenhagen Har-
bour for other cargoes of Jews. They are still
there, undcr water now, sunk by Saboteurs. Re-
sistance, indeed, is rising high in Denmark. Jews
^ho had been warned by their Christian friends,
v/ere absent when the murderers called. Many
?
Danes came to their rescue and hid them. There
were cases even of their saviours fighting off the
Gestapo hunters with firearms.
The wonderful reaction of S'wedish pubKc
opinion to Nazi brutality will remain for ever one
of the finest acts in the annals of free men. Im-
mediately the news from Denmark reached Stock-
holm the Swedish Govemment instructed its Mi-
nister in Berlin to point out to the German
Government that the new anti-Jewish measures were
Hkely to have "serious repercussions" in Sweden.
The warning by the Swedish authorities was ac-
companied by an off er of sanctuary to all Danish
Jews, a few thousand of whom, it is reported, have
reached Stockholm already. Since 1933, Sweden
with a population of six million, 7,000 of whom are
Jews, has become an important transit country for
Jewish refugees. After the Nazi occupation of
Norway a few hundred Jews managed to escape to
Stockholm. The Swedish Red Gross offered to ac-
cept all Norwegian Jews (whose number was 1,800
in 1940), but this Suggestion was not accepted by
tho Germans.
Sweden is a small country. It is eurrounded by
Nazi-controUed States. But it has moral courage
and is prepared to take risks. The Swedish Press
spcaks with Indignation at the latest outrage of the
Nazi gangsters. There will come a time when the
spirit displayed by the small Scandinavian State,
the spirit of David which is still alive in Europe
to-day, will triumph over the brutal force of Goliath.
Proud Achievement
ACOMPREHENSIVE report on the activitics
of the Jewish Agency during the war, which
has just reached us from Jerusalem, makes impres-
sive reading. It shows how despite severe travcl-
ling difficulties, contact has been maintained be-
tween the Executive in Palestine and the Movement
in all free countries. Offices were established in
Constantinople, Geneva and Teheran, apart from
the branches of the Jewish Agency in London and
New- York. Representatives of the Executive vi-
sited the U.S.A., England, South Africa, Australia,
South America, India, Sweden, Portugal, and a
number of countries in the Middle East. All de-
partments of the Executive in Jerusalem have main-
tained their activity, while a number of new ones
have come into existence to meet needs created by
the war.
The Executive has conducted its work on the
following lines : the maximum participation of the
Yishuv in the war-effort; the saving of European
Jewry; the maintenance of existing positions in
Palestine; the attempt to continue with the ex-
pansion of the upbuilding-work in all spheres; and
preparations for the post-war period. This policy
has called for extensive political, economic and or-
ganisational work in Palestine and elsewhere.
Through the efforts of the Jewish Agency the
Yishuv has given 23,000 of its men and women to
the Armed Forces. There were times when the
military authorities were unable to cope with the
volume of Jewish enlistment and men had to wait
for an opportunity to join up. A Jewish Soldiers*
Weifare Committee to deal with volunteers' families
and with comforts to the troops was established.
A War-Services Fund was formed in conjunction
with the Vaad Leumi — a Fund which has reached
the monthly income of £55,000. The Executive
has also devoted considerable attention to in-
ternal security in the country. To-day there are
about 6,000 Jews serving in the Supernumerary
Police, about 800 Jews in the regulär Police Force,
and 16,000 Jewish special Police receive part-time
training. The Jewish Agency has also concemed
itself with the Organisation of passive defence Ser-
vices in the Yishuv. Similarly, hospital-servicei
were reorganised to meet war emergency require-
ments.
Immediately after the outbreak of hostilities the
Jewish Agency was confronted with grave econornic
Problems. The crisia in the citrus and building in-
dustries, the problem of unemployment were juit a
few of the many complicated questions which the
Executive had to tackle. Urgent plan» were put
into Operation for expanding agricultural and in-
dustrial production for war purposes and for «up-
plying the needs of the civilian population. In the
early months of the war the Jewish Agency had to
invest considerable sumg of money in unemploy- .
ment relief and in the financing of public works. j
Since 1941 this particular probleai has not existed. r
In fact the Executive has had to pay much attention^
to the demands for labour from all sides. ,
During the war 17 new villages were establishec^'
in various parts of the country; work has begun on^
the creation of f our new Settlements. The Trac^^
and Industry Department has considerably c?|q
panded its activities. From 1939 to 1942 the annu(„
value of industrial production increased from
£12,000,000 to nearly £40,000,000, while the num-
ber of workers engaged in industry increased from
some 19,000 to 40,000. In 1940 the total value
of military Orders was only £1,000,000; in 1941,
the figure was £4,000,000 and in 1942, £10,000,000.
More than 400 new factories were set up, the ma- '
jority of them in the past two years.
In spite of many difficulties the development of
Jewish seafaring has not ceased during the war.
Besides the 85 Jewish seamen serving on Pales*biir"»
ships, about 50 Jews are engaged as sailors a:
officers on English, Norwegian, Dutch, Americ,
and other ships; 25 Palestinian Jewish sailors h
lost their lives at sea. About 700 young Jews
being trained in special centres, under the guidanc«
of the Maritime Department; in addition about So
boys attend the Nautical School at Haifa foundeJ .
by the Jewish Agency. The graduates of the Aviior \
Pilots' School were able to bring a basic knowle-Jte e
of their craft when they joined the R.A.F. Tti'e
Jewish Agency is continuing to extend assistar^y
to the various organisations and companies cngag^e
in aeronautical v/ork.
Thanks to the efforts of the Immigration Depji-ad
ment more than 30,000 Jewish refugf^s. rearj«.
Palestine during the first three and a half years
war, most of them originating from Europe. —
this connection, it is important to put on record
role of the Jewish Agency and of Palestine Jev
in drawing the attention of the free world to
plight of the Jews in Axis lands.
The education System of the- Yishuv, the cul^
activities, the work of religious institutions-L_
these have had the support of the Jewish AgJcv
Its newiy-established Youth and Information t)e
.■ ' 'u
JJÖPIfW^'
Ä?l^^^
•fc;'.i\' iijfji'-
s iöoiliiiilii|Uily
OUTE RWE AR J^GR
Cf\y
MITES, MISSES, MAIDS, AND MATRQN
MARCH, 1946.
Adar II
OUR PARACHUTISTS
ENZO SERENI
HANNAH SZENES
PUBLISHED BY HECHALUTZ B*ANGLIA
'I
<
BDlTORiiq
- 3 -
\'^
D'VAR HECH ALUTZ
CONTENTS
.t V
Joshua Hankin's Achievements
OUR PARACHUTISTS :
Enzo Seteni
Mission to Iraq ».'
Hannah Szenes \ ,.
HITYASHVUT:
Statistics . .
Absorption of Children and Youth in Palestine
Problems of Post War Aliyah
THE ARAB BOYCOTT :
The Boycott and the Yishuv . .
OUR NEIGHBOURS: x
Portrait of an Arab Village
Age Structure of an Arab Village
The Fontainebleau Moetza of Hashomer Hatzair
LETTERS FROM CHAVERIM : . '
Jerry Brostoff ..
George Trenter .. ••
. Jacob Thon . .
. Shlomo Grodzensky
Haim Se^eni . .
• • • •
Georg Josephstal
Ben Dan
• • ■ •
HECHALUTZ B'ANGLIA
Organisation of Jewish Pioneers for Palestine
Bloomsbury House, Bloomsbury Street, London, W.C.l
Telephone : Museum 6811
Page
7
12
15
21
22
23
29
32
34
36'
39
40
After an interval of aome eight mcnths v/e are again sonding Olim to
Palestine. Out of 1,000 certificates recoived by the Agenoy, 30 mqxq
allocated to Chalutzic Allya from this country, After yarious allocatlons
to other groups, 17 remained for Hechalutz., and \;e v/cro oonfrontod v;ith the
.difficult task of distrilDution. On the one hand wo ^uqiq faced v/ith a long
11 st of Continental Chaverim v;lth an exceptionally lengthy Hachsharah be-
hind them; on the other, a formidalDle liat of English Chaverim. For over
six yeara - all through the war - Aliyah had "beon closed to English Chaverim,
and it Tzas feit that this time a fairly high propnrtion of certificates
should ho allotted to them. The Mercaz, thorofcro, decided to give nine
certificates to' the English Aliyah list and eight to the Continental list,
For hoth this is a mere drop in the ocean, For the Movement as a v/hole
a mere tricklo, v;hich cannot possihly satiafy a grov/ing Aliyah Movement.
puring recent years the Movement has heon ahle to shov a constant
stream of Haverim going to Hachshara, wlthout bcing ahlo to "balanco it v/ith
an equally constant stream of Aliyah. If this continues, it raay well he
that a development v/hich we cons idered was duo entirely to wartime condi-
tions - (Haverim with anything "bet^een six and ton yoars of Hachshara behind
them still waiting for Aliyah) - might recur ovon in no^oe time, So wo can
but join our Haverim and indeed all Jews in Palestine, the Contincnt of
Europe and elsouherc in the appeäl to Britain and the world: Open the gatos
of Palestine i: ' "
The Government 's announcement on the Interim schedule issuod for the
perind bctween December, 1945 to March, 1946, drily observed that jvor a
thousand permits had been talcen off for the "illegal" immigrants \7ho arrived
on the "Hannah Szenes" and "Enzo Sereni** boats. For the Government it v;as
just another caso of those ayk-r.'ard "illegals" to be dealt v-i-th. Yet hov/
rauch planning, devotion and courage must have lain behind that prosaic
Statement I and how instantaneous and warm was the welcome of the Yishuvl
How appropriate the names given to the boats to comme^^iorate the parachutists
of the Yishuv J The British Government feit they had to send a Committee
of Inquiry to Europe to find out yhere the Jewish survivors wanted to go.
Was th.e example of the immigrants who oame on those boats not sufficient
testimony? '^hQ-^ were people v/ho had lived- with dcath and \7ho could not
wait for Inquiry Committees to decide their; fate; to rcach their goal they
were prepared to brave the seas and the arraed fcroes of a great Empire which
have now beon marshalled to defend Palestine - the Jov/ish homeland - from
the mortal danger of "illegal" Jev/ish immigrants. "Ken Yirbu"?
- 4 -
■ Cömmönting on the arrival of cne cf the T^oats, the Palentine Govern-
ment - probably unblüshingly - stated that' "the 'boat flew the flag of no
kn-m national it-y" - the referenco Is to the aame flag whlch .is flo^vn frora
every Jev/ish piilDlic building 'in the 'country v/hich. the ■Palest ine Adminiatra-
tion is suüposed to administräte; it, is the flag of the Jc^iah. Brigade
Group ^;^ich to the Palestine Adn:inistration my ATeil be the milit>ary force,
"of no kno\vn nationality." It scoms that,a'nmail "fact finding oxpedition"
^y the Administration to, say, the Jov/ish Agcncy buHdinga to have a look
at the flag there, w.uld not bo .e^tirely' out of place. Thcy might also,
have'got ön the toleph'-ne to ' the Agon6y' - "the Jev;ish body to co-opGrato ^
Y7dth the J.'Iandat.-ry",'^toget pver 'that'insupörable-ditfficulty of findin.^ out
whose col-urs the boat was flying "bef'-^te issuinc* tM announcement ; , the , '
Agency might ha,VG been ablc to ,holp. In fact-, any^" Jcwiah sch.vol child in ^
the Street uould have been ablo to give a cloar ans-jGT'tö tho qucstion
which 30 "baffled the omnipotent Government .
All our \7ar-time vShlichim have noT7 returncd to
the nev; cnes h.'ive arrived and started \7crk, • '-•:.'
Palestine, and most of
.« .'
llo v7ords "con possibly express uur appreciaUiom of the v/ork of Otto,
Arthur and Baruch, '*o tirelessly v/orked in their -particulor spheres to ' .
steer the M- vement thrrugh the difficult Y/ar-years. ITo-ono; can pcssibly
understand T7hat the Ion.:,' Separation from. the Yishuv must have' moant to them,
uhose task it -jas to bring the Yishuv and the Labour Movement near to us .
• . At the 3a'0:e time as. xie are saylng Lehitraot t? »the 'Ad .Shlichim, \:e
oxtend a hearty •.velcome to thp n'cv/ »Shlichim. Thcy have the difficult
task of strengthcning the contact ,;.7ith Palestine \vhich war ccnditi'ons have
somewhat v/öakened. Wo belieyo they v/ill bo a souroo of vital strength
foi'the great task facing us in this country of .raobilising the Jewi sh
X-^uth for Chalutziuth. ^ ' ■ • - ■••
'■■•'.■ I. ' ■ • • •■ • ■ 1 .' f *
■ Three new links in the chain of Jevdah -sett lerne nt in Palestine \7ere
formet last month. Three' new settlement.ö...;a.galn showed that Hityashvut
is .contlnuous dospite all diff icult ics,' in-.thc face of all obstacloo, -
all attacks, and searches, all land iJogulations, They are:- "Kvutzat •
"Maglnim" ;(of Kibbutz Meuchad ) , comiprising Palestinian-born,. Hungarian
and Hum.aAi'an young people whp J^ave completed agricultural training and
joined forces about a month agc . 85 members in all^of whom about one- '
third are young women, their average age is 21 yoars, Until they are
able to live off tho land, they plan to run Y/eaving and knitting plants
and a mechanical carpentry Workshop. Work began at 5,30 in the morning
and a brief coremony was held after the lunch-time break in the early after-
Continued on page 33.
- 5 -
Jcshua Hankin, v/ho dicd on tho llth ITovcmbcr, 1945, was a rcmarkablc
Personality, winning tho admiration of all who know him,» both by his quali-
tios and his striking appcoranco. His fino otaturc, long ^/avy hair v.tiCk
board, and bluc oyes rcoallcd the figiarc of a prophot or an anclont Hcbro-.;
pat riaroh ••
First Visit to Emck
Tnfluonccd by tho first Jo-./ish Pioneer movoraont in Hussia - tho Bilu •
and by tho Hussian Freodom Movement, v/hosc aim, r.s the first stop tov^r^rds
the renaissanoc of tho Hussian pooplo, v/ns tho liboration of tho poasant
frora scrfdom, Joshua as a youth of seventocn camo to Palost ino ./ith his
famlly. After having spent a fow yoars in tho Bilu colonios, Aishcn-lc-
Zion and Godcra, ho visitod tho Piain of Esdraolon for tho first time, and
immcdiately know that his ^^./ork was to prcparo tho land for thoso rho \;ould
return from cxilo to their never forgotton homoland,
Xn this task he found an invaluablo holpmatc in his wifo Clga. Her
eruditicn and hör Imowlcdgc of tho Biblo guidod him in tho choice of land,
and hör oncrgy and dotormination holpod him through. all thoir vicissitudcs.
Delay of Ten Yoars
^iThon ho v/as twenty-five, Hankin acpairod Hodorah and i^hcvoth. Ho
then negotiated for tho purchaso of an extensive area in tho Piain of
Esdraolon, but his clionts failcd to fulfil their obligations, and ho had
to drop tho doal losing a considorablc am.ount of monoy depositod with tho
landoi^ers. This failurc madc it impossiblc for him to c^.rry on for about
ten years, and for another ton years he t.^.s engagod by the ICA Administra-
tion whom ho holped consolidato thoir colonios in Lowor Galiloc.
His most important activitios, howovor, bogan in 1910 with Dr. Arthur
Ruppin, then head of the Palestine Land Dovolopment Company.
Almiost all the scttlomonts of tho Sionist Organisation r.nd its Funds
are bullt on lands vhoso purchaso was negotiated by Joshua Hankin during
his aesociation with tho P.Li.D.C, Altogothor, ho socurod somc 600,000
dunams of rural an.d 20,000 dunam.s of urban land for Jov/ish colonisation.
- 6 -
- 7 -
Arlitrc/tor for.'.rats
Hnnkin ^:rD h(;lcl tp t'no highast oatoor. l^y -H clasnco of tho ^-^ralD
r)ODUlntlon -jith vhcn hc MFis in dfidly cont-^ct - tho ;;o-lthy ^ü -./üU as tho
foilr^^h. ^Ul rücOt^nisGd his honc3ty, -^ncl rcliod implicitly on hirj v/ord,
9oldom doranding -./ritten confirmation frorr. him cvcn --.-hcn yory l^.rgc oums
vcro involvod. ArhT:s oftcn r.GkGd hir^ to ict ns ar>:itr-tor, al-.;nyG riaccpt-
Ing hi^ .judgmont. Kg .alcjo adjuJtod diffcrcnaos -^octv/con pr.ronts r.nd cnil-
dron, "bot-zoGn di3putin{: norfbors of fi f-.rily, "-nd ^Qt-.ccn landlords r.nd
tcnr.nt farmorD. Lon,: l:oforG thc l-.v; c^iforcod p-ymcnt of compong-tion to
displacGd pcr.sants," liankin goncrously conpcnaatcd thoso 'Tho '7cro olDli.^cd to
leavo landa l^out^ht throu^h hir., and hc also sa^; to it that tho monoy uai?
^TiOGly spürit. 'Through his offorts thoy hclpod to fro:, thorisclvos fron a
hoavy T:^urdGn of dcct, and inotoad of coing cxplolted l:y landlords, thoy •rarG
atle'to settlG on and fanii thoir o^th land . This fact is confirr.od loy Sir
John HopG Simpson v;ho found that practically no pcaüants in Palostinc v/orc
rondored landloas through purchasos of tho P.L.D.C.
ThG doath of thio "gro-t man and -p^roat friond" as an -'^ral) fricnd dos-
cribos hir. in a lottor of condolonco 'is an irreplaocal^lo loss, but ho will
long live in tho ncmory of all Tjho onjoycd tho oriviic-i:o cf kno\7ing hin.
?roir l'hG Palüotino-Port .
Oontinued from loago 33,
the aohes of Europa,
Tho forthco'-.iru:: "v/orld Voida of Hashomer Kntsair, -.vhich is to take
place this cornirn- sunBier, -;111 undoul:.tedly I^^g a far n-.oro rcprosentativo
sathering. Tiut there oan Idg no doulot - that tho Paris .'botza of the movc-
rnent, the'first oi\e after thc '•.var and at thic critical juncture of Sioninm,
v/as of special olgnif icance . Perhaps it was the rno3t concrotc form of
ansvrer -;hiah Zionism can a;ive tc Mr. Sevin. It domonotrated the iniplacal^lG
faith of Chalutzic youth in the futuro of Sionism and the etcrnal n^-turo of
our movement. ' Its' resolut ion to continuG the ur.-building of our national
horae under all conditions and to fi:6ht lor the unrestricted Aliyah of our
homeleso
SToeeches _
presents one i:Tir)ortant contrilDution in the reconstruction oi a streng and
revolutionary' Chaiuta movement in Europe.
people to Palest ino meant moro than all thc proclam,ations and
of statesmen, '^ho reVuilding of Hashomer Hatzair in Europe re-
Yaakov L'iorns .
oOo
4
r-
\
>' / I' i» \ r—mmmmJ
öLLr^H
A Short vhilG a-^;o, wo rocoiVGd a-ord fror. Jorusalcr that Enao Soronl
-r^-aa alivo in a hospital in tho i^ussian zono in Gorr:any - "oxhaustcd." But
a SGCond oalole mado it cloar that tho first röport ■.;vas an error, likc all
tho other ruinours ag to his fato vrhich had kopt his fanily and friends
wavering "betwoon hopo and deapair for nonths. ' T.T07/ vre knov; dofinito'ly and.
can no longor ovon hopo. Enzo Soreni ^^as murdorod on ITovernbor 18, 1944 in
Dachau.
Enzo Soreni dicd a Jov.ash soldior \7ho hnd voluntoored for an extrcnoly
dangerous Mission. Hg was ono of a scoro of JG'./ish nicn and v/omon fron
PalGstine, non'bors of ar^jricultural conjiunos, -;ho onlisted in tho parachuto
nission, organisod at the ond of 1942 by the lato Eliahu Golom'b, On tho
"basia of an und er st and in;;' "bottToon tho Jov/ish Agcncy and certain British Arny
authoritios, thcse r.Qn and v/onen woro parachutod into cight cnomy oountries
for a doulDlG purpcsc: to carry out cürtain vital and dan^jcrous niasions for
tho British Arny and to "bring aid -to tho ourviving Jcv/s in thoso count.rios,
Enzo Soroni volunteored for this -;ork and insistcd that ho bo sont to his
native land - Italy,
Early in 19'i-4 ho v/as parachutcd into 'lussolini 's fascist "repu"blic".
Ke was not heard fror, again. At tho war's cnd, thoso vho had oarticiDatod
in this v/ork "bogan to filtor "back singly (accordin^; to last roports, vcry
few havG returnod ) . Enso Soreni \7a3 not amon.cc thcm, 'r-i/o P^ritish officors
v;ho had "boon imprisonod in Gcrrnany, roportod that thoy not Enzo in Dachau,
ThG "parachut'ists" had to protend that thoy -jorG English soldiors wiio v/oro
forcGd to ilrop on oncmy soil accidentally, "but the CTormans suspoctcd that,
Soroni had not come to Ttaly "by chanco. He was taken to Dnchau. Tho
British officors woro transforred to another camp and thoy did not know v/hat
had happonod to hin. During tho last fow months, many rumours havo rcrchod
Palestinc rogarding Enzo 's fato - good and tad runours. And now ~ comes
the confirmation of his death,
Among those '.fao constitute the nucleus of the Palostinc labour move-
ment, Enzo Soreni had a very special place. His "background, his path
towards Zionism and the la"bour movoraont, his oxtraordinary abilities and
interests, his temperament - all togother servod to make him outstanding
among his comrades,
Enzo Seroni camo from an old, distinguishod Jo\,lsh family in Italy.
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- 9 -
His grandfathcr, .-ngolo Sorcni, ^jr.s cn cldor in thc Jo'Tioh coraunity. His
fathor v/r.s 'i profü'jsor cf mGdicinG in tho Univorsity of Hono vM poroonai
■ohyoician to tho It-linn king. Thc JornGlincss of his homc -7-3 vcry tonucus.
Hg u3Gd to onjoy tolling of n tr.lk hö had --ith his fn.ther \7hcn is c.- 1^4 of
thirtGGn or fourtcen ho tp.s dr-.Tm to Sioniari. Kia f'ithor .-skod him:
"You 3.-y thr-t tho Jov/s cre -. nation - l^ut thc first ch.arncteristic of
national idontity ia lan^srua^^G. Jgv/s onco spoko HolDrow. But that language
i3 doad. Hov; cr.n Jg^js "bc a n^-^.tion if they havonH ovGn r. lanf;uif^o?"
A -bit confusGd, Enso -jont to hi3 montor in Sionisn, 'lonho Bcilinson.
Boilinson told hir: that not only Y;a3 HclDrn-/ bcin?? rovivod in ?-.lc3tino, l^ut
that r.illions of Jgt73 in thc Diaspora socak a langua.^'e cf thoir own -
Yiddish. Most of thorr: know no othcr language. Enao,3atisf iod, \7Gnt to
his father to teil hiin ivhat his toachcr had said . TvhGn hc camo to tho part
atout tho millions 01 Jot/s v/ho spoak Yiddish, his fathor irapatiüntly intor-
ruptod his rcport: "My son, if you v;ant to l?e a Sionist - T cannot intor-
foro. Sut I hog you not to toll mo fairy talo3,.,.'
n
•From this cnvironmont Enzo Soroni startod hio journoy to tho living
and integral Jov/ishnGss of tho noT/ Paloatinc, tho lahour inovor.ont, .'.md the
kihhutz.
After tho first World War, a -small group of Zionist youth organiaod
in Rone, callüd themsolvon "Avodah" ("Labour"), "^^^nd atteir.ptGd to plant on
Ttalian 3oil the idoology of tho chalutz.
In
'vTGalthy,
In 1926
of tho UnivGiGity of Horro, ho and hia v/ifo canc to PalGstino.
Enzo's nan.e ia connected './ith tho kibbuts "Givat Bronner." He "\^s '
one of the foundors of this comr^unG, noted arriong othor things for its
suocess in tho rnutual "assimilation^^ of eastern and uGstcrn European Jgws,
Sercni mado it possiblo that this coniiTiuno bo granted tho land on -^hich it
is no7/ 3ottled,
I have before me the merr;eographed Passover Hagadah of (iivat Brenner,
1936. Part of the text contains the story of tho founding of the cominune.
"And thore v^as despair in the land, doubt of the Vision, and disbo-
lief in the rodemption. And thero v/as sorrow in the land and its docrs
wore closed and the paths -.7ere empty. Thore rernaincd in Rohovot a amall
group of immigrants from Lithuania,
"And to the cornmono there c<arrie word: there is a parcel of land in
the po33G3sion of the National Fund in Rohovot, And tho pooplG of the
kvut-zah. Said : Cone Ict us settle thero. -And they oald: Lct ua rrako a
etart, a-beginning until tho othors v;ill come, . ''
"And \7ha.t thoy spako, they did.
• .. "And v/ord camc to thom. There is in C^orniany a group of Jo'./s pro«
paring for Palestine. This group has boon vaiting for throc yoars to
'ascond,' Thoy callod thernaclvos Kibbutz Horut (froodom). Thoy had a
proscienoe of tho fato T/hiöh loornod ovor C-ornan Jov/ry. And tho first
pcople from Horut came to tho land - tho harbingers of tho fifth aliyah.
'*And there v/ore good days in this place and tho joy of aliyah aboun-
ded. But unseon, thoro cropt a doubt: liybo knov;s hov; long tho lovo bot^Tcon
tho JoTvish tribes -.'111 last, and v;ho can know that tho dosiro for redcnp-
tion will not fade? Vnried are the '.vandorings of hearta, and thoro is tho
difficulty of languagos, and tho travail of rooting onesolf in tho soil and
In Jcyish traditiona.
"And tho scourgo of speculation sproad through thc- land. And thc
-rorkers u'ore afraid they i/ould not bc ablo to sottlo in this place \/hich
thoy had como to love, One day an automobile stoopod "before their iiouso.
From, the autornobilo there stepped Hankin, the redoernor of JG\/ish soil, and
he spakö to tho young \70rkGr3: 'A rieh man has cone from thc British Islos.
Hg has aeen this soil and he is pieased arith it and -.duhos to purchase it ,
Verily T would rather you had this land. Hurry thcn - lest you bo töo
la.tel*
"And thore v/as one v/orker and his -uifo and t-.;o children, and thc narx
of this nan ^7as Hp.yin and thc nano of his alfo - Ada, and thoy cano fron
an old tribe •'./hich had boen banishcd fron Jorusalcn in tho days of T'itus,
and the man gav/ that thore •.iT,.3 no asaistance and thü spirit of faith cane
upon hin and he cried out: *Lct this land bc givon to us I I v;ill bo ros-
ponsible for it and I vAll find nonGv to pay for this land.*
"And ^7hen the contract v/r.s signed for the land, one of tho oldcrs
spake to Hayim: 'You are still a young man and Hr^.n':xn ia old. Hov thon
did you ensn^ro hin in a purchase, v/hen you do not kno\7 ho';; you v/ill pay
for it?»
"And Hayim ropliod: *I am not feoblc - and hcrc are my tv70 children -
ajnple guarantee foi"; this purchase.'
"And the. Land belonged to the \70rkors. And a mcoting '.Tas held to
decide on a name for the sottlement. One said 'Bitsaron' and anothor
ansv/ercd '^0,, 'Shaarel Hanogöv' miust be tho nano, V and still a third spoko :
'I*ot thi& hll.l hoar the nano of «Toseph H-iyim Bronnor, ^:i,'ho in lifo healod
our wounds and' in his ma«rtyr's death loft us such '^. rieh horitago.' And
it \7as,** ■.•■■.•■•■
so
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This coiira.-o cf thc yo^mg Tsm v/ho took upon hi-aoii tho responsilDility
for the mirch^.se'oi thc Idnd of C^ivat Brenner, -.vas tho i-rey to ..nzö's pcroona-
lity. But this 13 a srmll Gxan:olG of the darin., ho^ohcvrcd o- the uphill
read fron: hia co-fortaVac hor.G in l^onc to nai-tyrdor. in Dachau.
. mat' sort of porson Tias this? Hot/ did .he conc to us? '.'^orc did this
little Italian drav/ the opiritual strength to chan,;o from -.vhat^ho vas to
^7hat ho ■hooamG? "'c matter v/hat our ans-;er vas, it fillod us v.'ith .pridc that
our ideal' oould pfoduce a lovo so v/hole and surc and truo.
Hg constantly evoked our yonder and adr.irr.tion, '^ho hoterof^eneous
idions of his spcech and thou.-ht.- products oi the diffcrcnt onvironnonta
v/hich tndidedhis Personality - -.^lich had not yot pourüd into ono Inn^Mo.Qc ;
•the pro>)ing cxprejsion on the tanned face of tho -orofejsor's son; the free
and easy rr-.anncr of the Palestine -J/orker \7ho prefers the cor.pany of. the oare-
froe; tho avid, livoly eyes cpen to "beauty in everything; the l'if-'ht, witty
tonguG of the sceptlcal Italian - and the zealcus," fanatic conccntration on
tho dood, on the dutios of the day, thc concern for cach nomont v^ich passes
vHthout achievenicnt, ,
Ho came to the United States fror: Nazi ^rermany ei{rht or nine ycars
ago. He spoke little of his -jork. there, "but v;e had heard of his rolo in
"buildinvS a &errrrn Hechalutz in the Hitler years as a reprcscntativc of the
Hi,stadrut to. disaster-strickon Ciorman Jov/ry, In this oxtraordinary rc-
prejcntativG of la"bour Palestine, thero v/as sonething of tho tenperanicnt of
an Italian condottiere. Spelltound, "c liatencd to tales of Enzo's advon-
tures in Hitlcrland as an educator of Je-./ish youth to a nev: v.r.y .pf lifo,
and of hi's smuggling Jov/ish possossions to safer use in Palost ino under thc
noscs of tho '^■estäpo, ■ ' " '
Hc3 car.e hero -Ith great hopes and plans. But the {--'round v;as not
ready and he had no patience for routine a-ork. During the nonths of his
stay, he loft l^right nemorics -.rith all of us - es-oecially the youth, a nur.-
"her of aliora,. under his .guidance, caKG to a dccision a"bout becon:i.ng chalutzim.
His death v/ill te" ospecially feit "by the young Americans in Kfar Blum, and
the othors vniting fcr Aliy-ih - here.
His friends -rill teil about Snzo as thoy sav/ hirn at his homo in Oivat
Brenner. They -jill teil aliout tho v/ar ye.ars and his work as an organisor
of the anti-fascist Underground among Italians,. of his dual rniasion'to Traq
as an cfflcer in thc British Intclligence Service -Jid "buildl^r öf Hechalutz,
hringlng to the Js-dsh youth in distant Arah Lands Brenner 's call to self-
defence - and his fri-ends V/ill teil, of his last, tragic misgion*.
Wo sa-v; only a s.mall part of this remarkablc energy - "but that is un-
forgettahle. His personaiity and his llfe retnain a cpnstant sourcc of
-nrrath, encouragement , and inspiration. ' ¥hat TDrou^^ht. him to us? ITot a
personal need , no external pressure. He grev/ up in a oountry T;hich kncv/
I
/*
-}
',<»
(i
little of anti-Semitism. Enzo loved the Italian ocodIo; he could tolerate
no 111 -.7ord agamst them. (And the last years shov/cd hou Justifiod his
taith v;ns. Ihere -:;-crG not many pcople y/hose moöt simple sons shov/ed so
much humanity tovard Jews as did the Italians.) ' .
4 ,u ^ v!!?r^°^ his playfulness: "Listen, fello-i -;^rker," he .;ould .)ause
in tho middlG of uhG Street, - "you knov/ that Zionism does not necoscaarily
have to succood. Yes, it might ond in disaster. T -yant to kno^ if thio
should really happcn (-eil, all right, God forbid.M, v.^at -111 hecomc of
you - n Comniunist or a pious Jgv;?'V -Hg uould cock his head mischioviouslv.
"A
pious Je-7," I ans-ercd. --
•■• At that,'he slapped my tack: "GoodJ If 3o, - you aro a Zionist."
Ho v/as a courageous soldior of Zionism, bccausc for him, it r<-3 neithcr
a progrcarano nor an ideology - l^ut a dodication, a mixturc of Iovg and anger
and caro. . Lovg of Jevlsh destiny, anger at tho f-te of tho Diospor-^-
carc for thc seeds of this ncv/ lifo. * ^*
■■■ ■■■.: •■ •• • .,..,• ■ . ■ ■ f''"^
It xrns good to comc up out 'of a I-ov Tork subv/ay, "olth Us J--doh
paasongers v/ho arc outarardly so familiär and yot aro strangcrs, and suddon-
Xy run into Enzo, surrounded fcy his small family, his Ada and thoir throc
childrcn. It v/as g9od to lock at thcso dark, finely chisolled southern
faco3, to listen to the sounds of lilting Hobrev; on their lios, and think-
^^ot,all 13 dGcline - there is reno-.val too; not all vanishes^- thore is -Iso
regenoration; The roots of Zionism thrive evon in the arid doserts of tho
v/orld . ; •
His raurdercrs vrero perhaps the only- v/itnesses of Enzo 's last moments.
£ut those ;7ho Icne-/ him., cannot.doulDt -/hat his last thoughts vere: his homc
^ä?hich be.-.rg the namo of Joseph Chaim Brenner; his v/ife -and companion on
the read from Romo to Givat Brenner; his oldest daughtor in uniform ard
his second daughter in the fiolds of his villago, his son 7/ho alre-dy
carriGs the bürden of york and self-defence on his young Shoulders.
In the small circlo of Italian Zionists from v;hlch Enzo came to us
ther.G ms a populär torm, "ritomatl" - "rctumers" or "homo-comors ." Thcy
the ßhildren of thoso ^.^eak generations alDout v/hioh S.D. Luzatto -./a^ncd us '
In the early days of the Emr.ncipation, sought a ^;7ay back to the peoplc.
Enzo Saroni. sought this v/ay v/ith a devotion vhich had no ooual -and,
driyen by the spirit of a chalutz, ho found it in thc crucible in Vhich the
children of the Diaspora, from east and vrest, again becomc ono tDeople.
oOo
From Jevdsh Frontier.
- l?. -
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•■■■ ^ 0- ■ I iT ''*^ , -1 , j:» .,^ ^ r '- • '^ 1 1
'.::.. "u- o'f :ro.r: ur. for hundrcdü o- . -^r. . _^..-
-.:. ^3 diiicront"; nnd m truth -1 -t .-..-x
-'-^ -^>:.- Gountry, on tho o-o ^^^- »;-;;_:::- ;^^
V- Z'.- vi3it-I Irr.q, thorc -.Toro stiU .^.-. --
-.- -^^-^c^i-rlG to teach Kcbrov in thc zcnocis.^
.;';-voio;ed ^n the trr.ditions of thc ::ii.lo -.^os
.: -^>r. p^io3tinG. Sincc, hov/GVcr , ^-no nacn....c^t
■.-= -.n co^intrv hns iDGOomo r. Vorlb,.-.tic .---l^ ^^-
'^^vc^v:l -h^ir -v/ork vory syston:-tic-ily; -^-^^-y
.: ■^r.c-.ntr-.to thcir sttr.cks or. one ooint; tnc
..:.:. r:^: je--^s -md thelr pr^st. Thorofcro tncy pro-
■-'/"--- -vq ^iolc, nnd indccd of "^AV "-^^ GV-ry
.-_3'"^ Tt T-s pcmitted to rccitc pr-vors, ^ut
.. ....--n*-s. There onc could learn tc -jndGrstnnd
-V -I': i-uluencG of Hitlorisni in -.ny- -^nd n^Q^^^s ?.nd
r.\„^ V.- --;-,Q huHT-n eye; "^nd hov' «Tgvg loot tr.Gir
'''-'•'r:;'^rl7Gd -".H thcso MrohUntions r.nd docroGS
'l'..:^ "---^thout. dorr:anding thcir v/ithdrav.'-il or -^Itcra-
•j - - - . >
4
;,i(
/!
I
life. There are no charit:i"ble Institut ions in exiatence. There is no
religion in the truG sonse of the term, "but there prevails a rigid tradition,
Though there are some deoent pecple, to yhom one can talk, for the majori ty
of people I raet, rGÜgion is no- serious issuo» for the sake of ^JThich one
ought to "be proparod to rnako sacrifices, Burt on Shabtat they all qlose
their Shops and prohahly do not smoke in the streets; during the festivrila
they rest from their ])U3y activity - tut their^s is no traditional Je\rn.3h
life.
We thoucht that after the riots in June 1941, \ve would find in Traq
people who would want to escape to Palest ine, Some such development indeod
"began, "but continued only for a very Short time. The Je^/s thoro failed to
make.use of many opportunitiea to go to Palestino, -JThich presented thom-
selves. Kot only are all Zionist activities prohibitod in Iraq - any
activity towards (•«.""inunal Organisation is equally fortidden, ThuG we had
to do our work mor.- or leas in scret. We had to hreak the Opposition of
hundreda of people, and to ejcplain to them that it is permitted to moet ,
and study He'brc\Y and talk a"bout Palest ine; that it is permitted for boys
and girla to alt to>2:ether, This last isaue was most. difficult to explain.
Je^sh girla are al\7ays veiled \7hen they go about in the streets. A Jewiah
girl, or indeed any girl there ,.m 11 ansTr/er all questiona put to her "by
either "yes" or "no'' , Tf she says more than that, people irill "begin to
talk about her. If a girl ia seen with a man he imist either marry her, or
eise she is considerüd loat. It is therefore very difficult to get thoso
girls to come to siohot togother i/rith the boya, It is necessary to break
the poTer of the family, v/hich is expressed not only by the rule of the
father, but also by the poirers of the eider brother over the youngor, or
that" of eldost son ov.er bis aister \7ho might be his senior, To break the
power of the family ia one of the educational tasks with which our Lbvcment
there is confronted, and it ia perhaps more important even than Jemsh and
Zionist activitio3, Pirst of all, \7e muat do certain educational work, \76
muat inake them hur^-on boings, we must bring them to understand and recognlae
certain fundamental concepts.
. ^ v- -, "^ '-
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J^-.-i^
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tio- in Iraq dovoid of -^aiy kno'.vlodtTG oi ^
.tn is rai Arn.b oulturo. I 3C-nnod thrcu-iin
\ ZiGmentary 'ind noGCicliiry Schools . -'^os-.
--:3C-s f ro:n P'ilcnt Ino; -uid yo\i will rr-.'"ily
■■^.5 ^.rc ^^ivon on tho .Tc.vlsh luostlon.
:-rG --ithdr^vm V^y 'u\ Rn^;! i.sh oi'fic^i^^l, ^"^
roo, to usc thoac l>ooKu, vjhic^h \.-oro opori
'.clc chr^.ptcrs hoMtÜG \:o \:\\c. Jc\.s . ^Thc
tc ref'isc to- Uii^; tl'iorn. T 'iir. Lr.^o-;kin-S:
oive a pcnny fron t}u) v^ovnrnniont in tho
f:r Jo',;ish Gduc'.l lon i r. bomo by the Jevs
L-^r» —
But I think I can bring you a hopeful message; some amall compensa-
tion for the great destniction in the G-ola. Tnspite of all the difficul-
tiea, \7G mtness in Iraq the beginnings of a small, miedest Movement. The
first Chalutzim f rem. Iraq have already reachod Palest ine. The Movement
there requires stroii^^ sunport. We must explain to them basic concepts;
concepts of labour, of Organisation. Now that Bourgeois and petty bourgeois
assimilation has ro.v,ist'ered uttcr failure, there is danger of "red assimi-
lation.** Many Je^Tish youngsters turn to\5/ards Communism. Although Com-
m.unism in Iraq is %*Gnerally supported by Moslems or Christians, there are
Jewi sh boys v;ho sog in Soviet Russia and Communism an attempt to sottle the
Jewish quGstion.^ If we have succeeded in somiO measuro in facing this dan-
ger and in e3q)laining that there is a aynthesis between Social! sm and
Irrational consciousness - that has been constructivc work.
-- - *■ -^
■^on-clcto di3intG^'*^•''J•. i (i!i uP .TmjU^h rubÜc
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_ 14 -
■^ ^- I should liWo. tos^y a fcw\7ords ---»^^^^f °/^!:°!, f/K^^dfslXr'^n'tho
■öf v,hloh '.re dlfforont fr« that °-^;.-^-,,::/rere live 100 Je-:i3h farni-
v^lla^e Ol Santor in the roountams of >urdio.an ^. ^j^^g tho land,
^g o aiout armod and Icnow ho-.; ^^^'^T'f^,^ and Baghdad. it =oon
Traa have some hope of cnoc gotoin.„ OOT ° systematic eifort. aro
r^ie for thoir ro.ouc aro ^^fj'^^, ,^ Traa after thc war.
tho 'di3tur^)anoo3 vMoh are Dound to aoVG 0.
• "■' . . 4.U -i-ho Aro'b pTOVornment . Alter
■ f. fov, «ordc aoput rerationshi?^ wx h h i- ^ .^^^.^^^ ,,_^ 1,^,,„
iraa ant3red thov.-ax, ITurl ^-xd tho ^^ ^^^^ {...^rs hold many con-
aultations al^nüt thxe; *hoy also con.ul od r,.o. ^ deolaration
Kuri Said v;ould demnd Iron^. *h//°'(;^;° %,,taxn that tho Chief f ^^ 'f!^^^
asainst ZioniBm. l'ho J°'"'%f ^°/^'°^^'^ä that poonlc should ?o to -*"^ *J^°
sign .nch a ^o'^^'-^^'"''- ,^:'^^;^^,M^.oo,OT- tho Chairman of tho
■Premier, v;ho l^oro no P^^'^^'^t^^^^^^ and' tho Schoola Corr^ittoo. Tl
Burinls Conamttoo, the nosoxlals r°'"'; f °° ^ r,-attor3 and v/ould demand from
Huri 'Said v.ould t-a. to tne« -°f^ P ^.^^^ /"is none of thoir businoss.
thern a. doclaration thoy '^.oro to ^'^ '■;\^'V^\^ „,et him ho a.ked:
■'.Thon the Promier ;.a-.v thc rnon yho h. d hcon .cn , ^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^,, ..^^^ ,i^,
-flhoro aro tho :nen -„-hom I -.vantod .0 .oo ^ ;f alternative tut to talk to
roprosontatives o- the C0axrmmxt.y. •-■. -^ ' ■ ^^_^^ ^^horan ohildron.
thom. This v/as i'^^f ä;,^^^,^? 'iev h"d -r^^e ^ -^^^■"•'^°' ^^^'" their Ar^^assa-
Tho Traaians undcrstood that .hoy^h. d .,ad ^^^^ ^^^_^ j^. .^^^^ ^,^^^,3
dor in Amerioa Kad told .hör. -\-^l .^^^^^^^^^ to the ciuostion of
•that Iraq J=-.'ry had to ta'^e un \f f ^^'Ü^;;",^!,, , ,ither tho *ito Papor
Palcstino. Ho .aid thore -.ero ..^o P^.^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^ partition
to,f 1939) or thc propoaal of---.no.. - ., „_3 ,fe„„os' proposr.ls).
pl,an, v.-ithout, ho-.cvcr rr,on. onxn, . Jo. ^,^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^.,^ ^_ ,,.„^
Ho s':id thc J0-..3 -.'O-xld n.WG ..utono...y ■ ^ ^ .^^at onjoyed tiy
f,,,, -,,oro all Arah. ...ould >e -^f^^^fj ^^f t'.J.od hi.. that they did
Lehanon ünder thc i>ar'^.3. xno -^e-^^^^ -^ for year3 heon out off from
not kn07r much atout ,thxs^x33uc. ■^iJ^'gJ''^.^:^^, 4orld. Hurt Said triod
Zioniom. and had ^-^^ ^^ ^"'^'^.^^'t^ fiaally a^kod thom to lot
to rnako the. pronöunoo on ^.or|a^ Unc. ^^^ ^^ ^J_^^ .^^^^ ^^
him have a rcply '■-"^- .•■'^'- V*:^^,, .u „„öig^-uisod ,ioy: ""uri Said is dependont
■ Jex«y tho nev;s ■,,a3. rooox^^od f/l''^%l^^flii,iif:^ rje hopod that Jcvs
on the help of tho Jq-^s ^^^'l^^l^^lll °,^t they ought to ,-o to Palest no.
^Ihtr-r "^hr:c?oppo:it:r%horo^i/^^ need to_.o to Pal03txnc
nc7.
Ai^G shall
so
thore Mion the re^i 11. lD0.a Jomsh State.
^'1
■rt
i
1,1
— — oOo
Some of the p.irnchutistc, like Enzo Seroni, verc \Tell kno-.7n. But
most of them aro unknov.Ti to us, they v/ore of tho "rp.nk ?.nd filo." One of
thesG was Hannr.h Szcnos, a namo which untii nov; -.vr.s knQ^:;Ti only to her
famlly, a few friends, nnd her nei{^h'bours in the fishing vill.?,ge "Thter-
Flelda" in Samp.rir. , Tod<?.y yjq know: this unkno\7n girl \7ns onc of thc
anonyraous leaders of our genoration.
Hannah Szenos \;^s "bom in Budapest, Hungary, on Juno 17, 1921, to an
aasimilatod family, (During the emancipation era, Hungary v/as ono' of tho
centres of assimilation in Europo; ho^evor, it is alao Herzlos "birthplvace. )
In her early youth, Hannah joined tho chalutz movement. At ninetoen sho
v;ont to Palestine - in Septonher, 1939 - in thc first dayc of tho second
World "War, She entered the agricultural school for girls in TTahalal,
organised a group of students to live in. the comrnunal Settlements. In
1942, she poincd thc kvutzah "Vfeter Fields" (S'dot Yam) in Caosaria near
Hadera. l"¥ater-fiGlcls*' is remini scent of a line in Saul Chornikhovsky 's
poom: "-ly heart is drav-Ti to 'jater-fiolds. , , ,") . She lived and Y;X)rkod in
the kvutzah until the .end of 1943, --„'hen thc parachuto f-^roup v;a-3 organised,
She -jas one of throo girls v.'ho participated in this activity. On •larch 10,
1944, she lef.t on her mission. She spcnt the first fev; months in Yugo-
slavia, among tho partisans. But sho v.ns dravvii to Hungary - this r/as a
more dangerous mi ssi.on, and besides, her mothcr \jciii in Budapest. Her
Palest inian friends tried to dissuade her, "but sho v;aG adamant . On Juno
10, 1944, she crossed tho Hungarian horder \7ith the holp of Yugoslavian
partisans, She v/as caught and thro^/n into prison, Before her doath, one
of her private droama was realised: she say her mothor in- thc Budapest
prison. She \7as shot on July 11, 1944, and ^jas hur i cd in the Jev/ish
cemetory,
She had suoceeded in smuggling several le^tters from Yugoslavia to one
of her brothers, a momher of the kihbutz Jlaagan ("Anchorage" ) . In ono of
the lettors, she wrote: "I v/as delighted to hoar. that you are happy and
satisfied. - I am, too, despito my sorroiv at being so far away from you,
I have had a numbor of interesting oxperiences. Ily dear, T am -orriod
about the fato of our raother, just as you are, and it is horrible that I
can't do anything about it," .
Before she left on her mission," she gave her diary and a notobook of
her poems to her kvutzah. All of the poems uero v/ritten in Hobro-j, Tho
-16 -
first notp.ticn
t;ün nontoncGS - sp
exccrpta from her ciiniy st-^.rt
- spoaKS Ol ^AG ./nit^o ^-'^x
V 4. th.i- c-irl v:ho c^xic to her
..... ..o ..i.03t .11 the ~ facts ^out t.i_ ^^^^^^.^
tventy-throa, ^'.^^^^^^-'^-tn tbG^-i.^ricultur^l School for
ThG3
ird's'- h' h fho roto -orlv.toly in hör dx.ry .nd .n her , ^
ftrangc eye xa.<i.^-»^g her lifo. ^ . ,.
TT u Q„ov^n«5», Fror Her DirLry . • • . '
Hnnrnh bzcr-GS»'. ^^^'■: — i::. .. «^
Bud^pcat, /^pril 16, 1929
i4-v,n^v-h T i-no- thr:it it v/iH ^"^
,,., d.fficult, ^ut tho A.n^;^.o .. •;^^:^,^ rr ^'Ihifol^i^ntn.
tl^not^rho^^rl;;.: -^n ?= .ood to die ^-^l^^^, ^.^^ in
PnlG^tinc. 1>hG Engl 13h hcVG looUCL
■»^ '■-'-'-"■^^ - , , j. X»< rTlr>+ •i'^r'^ inst "l*^ • ' --
blow - 1II Jg'Js rrruat xight ..^-anoxi . ^ ......
Büd-.pGGt,'July Sl, 1^39
I ,nn 30 hr.opy, 30 oxcitod.
TU . ift I h-^vp n-7 certificnto!, ^ ^^- «^^ ^-.^k.v, "- ,.^,^, .. icttor
,onH ir^hat to -::rito.^ U^" ^ "r?oni..cLlh°. X f-I JjXX T
.T T ,c nov . Hy nothGr'G-n.'t, fGcl -tout ii^ -^ ._^.„q. i -dll nlv.-^ys
iTu . =ovoro Uo. for ^«-^*:,^^ ^^l^l^-thors -^o .o.ld .oh.ve ...
rer\Gr^Gr her scicrificG. -hcrc a ^^^ ^ ^^ _ .^^^
ShG h?^S. ■ .;,/ .....',..,■• : •■ '. ■ •
noh^l^l, ^f^ovcrnbor 2> 1929 '■ ■'. : ■ •:
elsG happening m the .orj-a. vji^nos r.ro torihiKJ SnSl^.nd,
.,hou..nds,..re MlX.a- --^^ ; ■•,,,r;;ir,t?y-in tho vory contrc. And T =.t
Sr:;. -- 0^^- --- *^^ ^^° ny .ri.ato-dre.n.. . ^ , ^
■ . . T or-- o to-i-hcr of r)oultry trceuing iti
• -Ono of tho.^ooutiful «-'^on3: ^;-:- .^ ^^'^^f' ° ^-^ol Lon ul.co to
IJoshvei Ovdin (ooopor.tivo ^^'>'^ ^^,: ^, podigroo. Charts-; ■;,
„meo. Visit -•-=\=°^°'^-:' ,r :^^30 in tho ovonkg ..^ont vit"l thinge , ^
ie.oyo,^o^,^:Z:£^l^^ ,,,,, X,... to -.-.ndor ...out . the coun-
gcnorally ö^t -0 ._ , ■ '
try. . ■■ ■
I
,:f.
- 17 -
Anothor plr.n; to tö-^.ch ( it -ceens r.s if I only v;^.nt to tcnch) in a
nursory or p. 'di strict school for a^riculturo. The old drc-n: to link
ohildron -.vith thc seil,
Third: a plr.n of v.hich I dronm only on rare oocasions, ITo agrioul-
turo, no ohildron in this dror.n, Only to •:.Tito - \.-ritG storios or r, -olr.y
or T don*t kno^^ v^hp.t , Somotinos I think thr.t I h-^.va talent ",nd I h^vc no
right to noglectit. On thc other hr-.nd, I "^.rguG thr.t If I ror.lly havo
tr.lont, it vill coPG of itsGlf, \;ithout r.ny offort on rny paft : if T foel
an urgG to v7ritG - T '11 v/rite. But tho Ir.nguatTG o'^.koo it difficult, I
havG progrcsßGd conaidorn.'bly during thia ycar "but so nmch still lies aher.d •
And that'3 not all, I havo still inothcr droarn: to liVc in n
ki"bTDutz. Thi3 can ho ticd in v.-ith othor plrais. SonütirnGs I focl a groat
urge for kll^^butz lifo, I coliGvo thnt I could really ttMo a go cf it, if
T oan "70 rk in a congenial , place.
l^ahalal, April 12, 1941*
SornGtirnes I feol thr.t I havo a nission to fulfill. T don't cxactly
knov; \7hat ny nission is (cvoryono hasa mission in lifo). But it scoms to
me that I have a rcsponsilDility tovTards'othcra, that I ov;g thom sonothing.
And again, it occurs to no that thia is sheer nonsonao. Why thoso offorts
of tho individual - \^at good an I?
S'dot Yan, Soptomhor 18, 1941
Yeatorday vre v/orc in Caesar ia, at tho' vatcr carnival. It -.ras ny
first opportun! ty to sog tho place , It is so heautiful' and I uantod so
much to stay. ITo.t only tho "boauty of tho scencry, "but al.so the thought
that this is a tror:iGndou3 under-t'^king T.^hich is just starting, in uhich I
v/ant to participato, I also knov; that in many v/.ays thoy nood rnc .^Jid I
would "bc a"blG to gain a iot hero, I an dra-:;n to tho idoa of dovoting
mysolf to a great goal, a groat advcnturo,
Tho horizon' "Thich looks out to the ooGan and tho fields catchos my
fanoy'and strengthons ny desiro to do soaothing groat .and significant. Tho
atmoaphoro of thc kvutzah is intiraatG and homey, Boforo noon', T v:alkQd
among tho ruins, in the afternoon - in "our fiolds," thoso that v/ül Tdg ours .
Vi/hon I lookcd at tho -onvos racing to thc shorc T/ith foam vand f^ry, bocomlng
still vrhcn thoy hroak at the Gdge, I thought: Our noise, onthusiaom, and
angcr is perhaps very rpuch the same .
SMot Yam, January 7, 1942
I find it difficult to hold a pon. Hy hands aro nurrib after a day
of wai^hing. I am nov; v^orking in the laundry full-time, and I have learned
that even in this -jork, one can find intorest and üatisfaction, But the
•«- IR •>
dny is too Short. After -/ork, thoro ia vory littlc tlne or onorgy loft to
read, to len.rn to comraune -;.-lth pcopio. A crurr.lD of evcrythin^^ - f^.nd not orio
sulDGtantial thiriF^,
■ Caesar in, Jirmary B, '1943' ' . •■ '
This '-/eck unncrvod mo. I v/as otsossod by a thought : T mußt gc tc
Hungary, nov/, to holp organioe a youth aliyah and to brin,": "m.y rrothcr horo.
I kno\7 thG h'opGlGssncGS of thiü thought , but ncvorthclcss it sooms to mo
that -it- is" posniVlG and I vjant to try to do -it. Paii-lly, onc idca crystal-
• lized: I mus't "bring ray- inother horc* I rnu3t do o^-orything poasiblc to "bring
hör hcrc. The chancos aro vary alight right no':;, cut v;ho knov.'s?
Caosaria, January 22, 1944 ■ ..
> » ' ' -^ '
Ho'j atrangcly things turn out sornetimos, C.a JruiuP.ry 6th, T v.tgug a
fey; words about a suddon thought v;hich shook ne , A fov: d'\ys .igo, wo :;orG
viaitod by a chaver from Kvutzah H and in tho evcning v/e arr-inged to meet
in ordor to Chat of "his nc-.TS and mino." But aftor a fG-7 briof \:ordi
it
becamo cloar that -v/g v-erG going ta talk aboiit ooincthing '^_uitG difforont,
A miasion is boing organisod. . . . just oxnctly tho' th'.ng "tiioh T thought of .
•I \7a3 atunncd by tho coincidcncG, and of courso my answcr \/as : "T ^jn rc':^.dy."
Tho thing ia still in tho planning atago but ho a^aurod mo that hc -..lll
apply to thG nGC033ary placGS bGc^.uso ho beliovcs in rany uays T r.ni fit for
this T7ork, I foel rathcr oVGrxThelmcd by it, ju^t ay I folt "./hon I -.vas prc-
paring to comG to Paloatino, Even thon I v/ns upset, I -.vas troublod,
could not resti I knov/ that T \70uld go rogr^rdloss of tho diffioultios v/hich
oonfronted ne. And no'.v T feel thc sameobscsoion about an inoortant arid
necessary thing - and also the fatalisni of tho thing. Tt ia possiblo ' that
all this v/ill como to naught. ' '-horo ';/ill comG a briof mGüGago that it has
bGcn postponed, or that T \7ill not bc talcon ^.ftor all, But T am convincod
that I havG thG nualitios nooGssary for this \70rk - and T vill do ovcry-
thing possible so that T c-.n go», ' ■ '
I'can^t fall asleop at night bocausG of tho -cicturos that flash boforc
• my oyes, Ho^t will I bohavo in this situ-tiön.- hov; ,riii I act in that
Situation?- Hov/ v.dll I lot rny mothor knov; of m.y Coming? Ho\/ will T orgnniBc
the youth? Evcrything- is so hazy noT/. 7fe rrüi sgü aliat-tho future brings.
CaGsaria, May 27-, 1944 ' ; :' ■ ' ■
I am nov; complotoly absorbod in onc thing - my doparturc. Tt is
vory olose and ren-l , It is possiblo that T will he called in'thc next' fov/
days.
■ ' , • ■
■'■■■ r im.agine all sorts of situations^ and Jometim.Qs T v/ondor: "Leave
this land,- this- froedom?" 'I would like to fill .mysolf ivith' fresh air, so
- 19 -
, ^..,..... .... iroGdom. ^But theso aro only thoughts
Caesarla, J% 29, 1944
I am T/aiting^ to -bG rri in/i t t^
der if thoao arou^d .0 lo7tny\e^lTnV''''j f ^"■"^^^^' =^^°- ' ^-n-
But 3ometimo3. it sooms' to me ng-j^ f J" "°- IJ° "^ '^''^^y ^-"'k n.s uauni.
tano,.:„.,I do not vmnt to Tiotyllll .^ith .T''' ""^ °'°™'' "° ^^'™ = "3"
to loavo. .Fo - that is'a IIa I J,n^ fff Pf''"»' ^* ■'•'ill ^o «olar
I want only ono thlns th->t -fH/» J ^° *° ^^■^° soraeono vory 0I030
and on. that .1 will foon bo ~nlZt '^' '°"^'°^ ''^^"^^ "°* ^«S o" *
not afraid of anything "rid f^^°^ ?.u '"^^- ^= ^^ ^^° ^°st - l rm ■
Caeaar.la, June I044
5his ueek I loave for Ecvni-' t i,„
I t7ant U bolleve that *at I ^ döl'«;; if rLh^" Tll°^- ^ '^•'" '■ '»l^i«'.
^vant to do, Timo ,7111 teil the res?! ^ ""^ ^""^ '^ '"^- '^"äns *at I
From Her Poems;
In fl.nmes of v«r, in burning lands, ■
Jidst seaa that are a Woody span ,
i light tny tiny lantern
^0 soek, to 3 00k - man,
The fire 's flarnes dim my lantern .
Tho bla^eof fire Winds my eyes
mZ l J°.^ °'' ^"°^' " recognise
Hin, *Qn hG'll bofore ne rise?
Perceive'the puro^'e^^^n":! ^' ' <=-
And know.him whom I seek ^. man.
.;. . (^hG first poem)
m
X
You Are Ifpt Alone
You are not alono.- Hcre is
^f tho dreams, thohopos that
brought you hero.
^hey v/aited for your Coming.
rn^ ^'hoy atayod:
ihG sand, the shoro, tho soa,
ihoy know: the black night
vould bring you höre.
And the myriad oyGs"in"thG sky
Wink into yoür t.TO from on
Steallng from the ondloss soa
' a tear.
- 20--
- 21 -
On ?ho Shore 'Of Cacsaria
«
God, rray it novor ceasGS
ThG sands, the soas,
The v/ators ' sigh,
The shining sky,
Ifen's ploas .
^0 ThG Mothors In Diaspora
A day and tv/o, a -jGok: and tvo
A yoar and t\7o - to pinc
For n lottcr, a \x)rd, a sign.
Long nights"b lack äff ink
To Sit and to think .: :
lUghtmares* outline,
To hidG in thcüo daya
Of "blood and fear
A toar, . •• .. .
. ■ " . ■ . • • - ' I
• ■ ■ ■ . . ^ •
And what can \7G say?
Just a glancG, just tho phrasc:
Mother doar.
To Dio...
To dic.i.so young,..to dio,,.no, no,
nöt*-T.
I love tJiG v/arm, aunny skies,
Light, songs, shining oycs,
I \7ant no T;ar, no^'battlc cry
1^0, no. *. not I, .
But if it muut T^c that T livc today
\71th "blood and dcath on Gvory hand,
PraisGd "bo Hg for the gracG, 1*11 say
To li.VG, if I should dio thia day -
Upo)i. your soil, my homc, my land»
ä'akrs- Irei^iL °'.^°'^*='^^ ocnminxtlos. and somo 1,000 Hnvorim of ^
-n>v. ,.na J-rgunim c u^ain noarly 15,000 souls.
HavGrim and Havor .t in n^Tipultnrn
Mminictrative „v.-.rkorG and '■■thcr
pcrmncnt rc-üidents
Childrcn
Other depondonts (rclatins)
^•'".■ar.OlGh
»t
ti
n
n
öjOOO
750
6,000
500
500
Hail the match which "burncd out yot lit tho flamoa
Hail the flamcs v/hich "burncd deep in tho hearts so gravoly
Hcail tho hoarts that knov; hov/ to stop "bcating so "bravoly
H<iil the match \vhich "burned out yot lit the flames.
(Tho last pocm)
' '_ From tTo^/ish Frontier,
oOo
Let them remain frever "b
fhan dish^n.'Ur; lads v/h:
.teachers acc^moanying the
"by choking; co.TJ!iunal rcp
guard their "brethrGn; pi
\7orkGrs and young mcn \7h:j
in ordor tj save and deli
havo rcsp'^nded t. slaught
Gl >re )ur Gj^Gs; sisters v/h" oh .^se death rathcr
, in the tlackness, -drosm i their roturn to Zl?nj
ir pupils to the aoalöd railv/ay-v/ag.ns and doath
roscntatives v/hv hav® giVGn their livos t: safo-
oneers v/hr kGop the firos -gl.^v/ing undorgr^und;
crC'Ss the fr;ntiGrs ^7liatGVGr the danger inv ^Ivcd,
vor; all tb.-'SG v/h", ic^atod and dofencolGss,
Gr v/ith rovvlt and iDattlo.
Bcrl Katsnolson,
KilDljut z''MeucHäd
12,750
T»
i-^igurös •gieren t'ir-mBTfnrm-orT5Gc5GmbGr, '19^5.
18,232
iotal numbor ^^f rasidonts:
C,-:mpri3ing: 9,404 Haverim.
1,186 F.-ar on Hachshara.
6,416 Childron.
tho remainder -being mado up cf paronts otc.
oOo
<■■> •
■ , ^ I ■
/
- 22 -
fT^h
-iDO
l
n
w^
r:r\ \-^lt^
K
Ni
(Accoralnb- to figuros of 1.X0.45.)
Settlements of tho
Histnclruth
Miarachi
Agudat Ylsrael >
Other orthodox institutiona
(Ahava, ^•'^ir Shfeia)
Miskhe Poalot •.
WIZO ..
Others
1,557
1,999
310
3,86«
734
515
55
1,304
177
146
-
323
214
131
2,813
Hl3tadrut Settlements
KibTsutz Ivleuohad
Ki'b'butz Artzl
Hever Hakvutzot
General Zionists
lyibshvei Ovdlm
Educational Inatitutions
(Ben Shemen, Tietz, ^fogdiel)
231
232
178
3,070
522
446
309
259
365
6,507
753
- 23 -
A
•iJ-D-D-0-D-0-D-0-D-D-Q-Q-D-D#
"i-n-fi-n-n-i m i-ri-i'
r
'■
M
\ 1
-' —
:
4
iim
^ / / /;.
(Güorg JosGiphstal is nQ-;; in chnrgo of ■^.otivitics for tho c^.ra of
:. , nG\7 inrrigrnnts on iDchalf of the Ir.T-iigrr.tion Bopartncnt of tho
Jovdah itgoncy, 2ho r-rticio is t^ljon fron tho Contactc Ictter
of Garin R'.\r.nr.nr. , ITovcn'ber, 1945.)
In thc last fov; :no"n'th3 Allya has in tho r:^.ain "boon ooripooGcl of throo
olenents:- . ;
, . , ■ • ; i' '.. i' • .. .
i . ■■•.., lt. •
1 Clin fron liboratcd countrioa .
2) Olin fron tho froo and noutr^;! oountrics, ■
(3) dir. fro]': tho nGi;i;h'bouring ooiintrios: 0?urkGy, Iran, Syria, Egypt,
Tuniaia and Algtirlä'; .
• I
In tho coüirac' of this articlc I oroposc to doal only with ,tho t-wo first-
^anod catGgorios and thoir pro'blGriO-, '•
518
524
119
1,171
269
465
120
854
212
322
71
605
,1;
1
32
-
33
1
326
124
-
450
Tho Olin fror-i prcvioüsly ITazi-occupiod er ITaj4-dor;inatGd countrios cone
eithor fror, concontration oarpo, or fron hidinf^-p^iopos» ^ To liVG undor dis-,
guisG, T/ith'forged ipapcrs, to 'smugt^lo , thcinsolVGc; ^c|cs3 frontiora, forcod
rATChes., atarvation, prioon, intornniGnt car.ps .in th?i noutral countxios, ...
**axpGcting deaith at any noriGnt" - thGs.p T/cro "but usual phasos in thoir lifo •
hofo-ro thoy car.G to TalGstine, 'Ja Gx:oc-ci:üd to "be confrontod vdth. cxhaustcd,
"brokon, slck' pcoplc," 1out \7G know no\7> that thfe psychol''£:ical ^md physioal
roDGrcua^ions oft ho süffGring^'s ofthcso Chcayorln arc r.uch noro oorTplox and
far-rcaching than v/OGTcr. irngined. Tho. Social prolDlcria arising out of thcse ;•
efiects aro ho^rel to up; vo hava.no roadj-' »-nade ruloo as to*hO',7„to doal v/ith
them, ' ;' . • . >•'•■, ^^' - '" "' ' " ,. ^ •!•;
.'.i-
V 5?heir arriv^l in' i^alostino does not gonorally "bring aliout an ini~Gdiato '
rolaxation of thcir physical,, nontal and norvous tonGion. .For thosc
Chaverim nervoua tension vr.s so permanent' a otate tte' t it 'bGcariG a norrality,
The "buming question of thoir day-to-day 3urvi"val oducatod thcse Chavorin
aTvvays to "bc on tho lookout .- ,'bo,t.h,,aon3cioiisly and instinctivcly - for.
1,557
1,999
310
3,666
24
- 25 -
dangers and difficultios to Tdg ovorcono. Such a Chavcr is alv^ays on thc novo -
nevcr at rost; he no loni^or knov/s rolaxation. Ho hao no Idca et v/hät a
aGl;tled fern of lifo - such ac tho "Xibbutz" - dcrnnds. Xn thc Underground
^bvor-iGnt this type of Ohavor \ns in imincnt danger ovory ninute of tho d ay.
In oor-Tpari 3on to such continuous tonsion lifo in tho KiblDutz, the prosaio
everyday lifo of sv/oat and teil, Is indeed "slov/." Ihny of our Ghavorim
3pont six yeara - the vliole of tho v^Tir period - In an unintcrruptod strugglo
for their lives, for thoir survival. ITov/ thcy aro "betwcen 20 and 25 years
of ago, YThioh neans that they have - as adults, at .any rate, - never oxpcrionoed
\ihnt MQ would consider a nornal lifo*: ^hoy oone to Palost ine and suddcnly
feel an inner eirrptiness \7hi0h thcy novo r knc.v; "bcforo^ tjiey are suddenly
thro\m into a way of lifo which to theo is coirpar-itivoly onoty "ind vdthout
strugglo - a v;ay of lifo \7hich ropoll^ thcm'. Thoir .atility to changc ovor to
a sottlod \7ay of lifo has yct to "bc devclopcd. It is not aa If thcy had "to
settlo do\-2n again" liko the rcturning .soldier; they have to "build thoir lifo
oonplotely ano\7 and start fron rockbotton.
Tho oxternal "quietnoss" of this no^^ bcginning, tho unoccupiod hours In
the evoning are a torturo - they forcc the Chavor to ;ponder r,oro3Gly .and to
^look "back on hia rocont past, . Ono of the old Ghagorir In ono of the
Kiihtutzlm "told 'Vßi' "^hore aro no-;/ Chaverlm, thosG.\vho aro tho only survivors
of thoir fanilies, \7ho havo only nov; hegun to oorrprehond ^at thoy havo lost,
Thorc aro sorno \-,ho only höre leamod to cry," Crying is also a State of
relaxation, hecausc it requires a cortain passivity,
VJhat is the approaoh of the Kibhutz, i,7hiQh,aftGr all, trios to do ovoryw
thing in its po\-7er to ahsort Allya? To provide a hone for tho tiny rornnants
of our people Y»iio havq survivod; the Kihhutz v;hcro overy Chavor oxtends not
only goodwtll, tut love to phosev/ho wcro ablo to savc thensolves - a part of
tho love he v/ould havo' extended to his dear ones, v;J)o aro, alaä, no longof'
ar.ong the living, The lifo of tho Kibbuta is expressed In its forris, its
values^ its ocononio and social pro"bloräs^ tho political quostions of tho
country. The Ki"bl)utz trics to inapire the Chayor T/ith thoäe values, with
this i^y of lifo, The old Chavorin \dll try to dravr tho .nov; Chaver into tho
'Vhybhr. of work, spare-timo, ShahUat, cult'ural activitios and"K:urns i* 2" . • To
the new ChavöT, hoY/ever, these "everyday" prolDlens -aro ••'but petty quöstions -
they certainly are no quostions of -'to "be dr not to 'bG/' 1 ^hor nov/ Chavor
.Ti^rillisnile-' 3oomfully, and ^tIII be disappointod: "Is this the lifo xtiich
uaod to he his ultiraate ain in lifo,"
• The aystein .;yhioh vTäs, and still is, in Operation in the Kihhutz ^;idth
regard to nev; Allya can fee sunnod up as follovs:-
pornanont Jo.. „er elco to .ont on'ocaU^n.^ft^.iaSg/"'^^' '° ^■"°" ^
*on ioi ChavorinT, :„7 ^,:„'4^ \° ^^'^ -* -«- .. n 'May of 3t
Gaoh. fox äötro^-.-oo:;.'?ng OUn ' '""""''' ''"''^'' Insting f
day of study" •■'
0
ng a fortnight
'^
(3) Tiyuiin thi-ough thc country are arra.igod.
•;ö{
hi
type Soo!2'l:::;rto!";tS;rJn" tr'^^M, "-.=- ^'^^ noiichavor of^tMo
: ^imculti03 .to ^ot' otV°Z^J^ '^^^ P^^ysioai. v;or. Prozent, „o
Tho Oloh dooa not fool. that ho L a^iS?^3;';otML°.'?-?,^^^-°,*°^°!,'^°«'° "Inosaco.
to^i leaoer oxtent tnan ,tho avorr.go Ch"vor in tho^T-^?? *'•"*• "° ^-P-^roci-.tos
and 13 bcine >:uUt hy tho our- totS of T, n '^^''*' *^-"* *''° 'af 'nr^vas,
than put in stoad.y. co.tiruous otklf Z ''''' "''-''- '^P=^^r^^ effort.
hin to .300 tho goä of his of^ortf Evon f "^f' ^* ^" äiffio,,.lt for
stood. yot^^astinotlTcly tho clWs ^hi^°V^l'^°^ '' logio.Uy undor-
Of P-o£^:S:?,?[,;™''°lf ,;^^*-- to 1^^^ Olch .^th a fooling
.purpo.G3,.pörniar.ont -..o-^ f: or /„^f IUI '. *^^' "°'^"' *° ^'^^ l'^*^"*^ ^"-nd
in turn «juld no.n thai tho mc of '"?°' f , "T" ^°='^"««'"-l tralnins. This
appliod r:. quostions of oor-ncnt n,v n , u"'^'"''^*^' *-i°^ ^^^ 3° f°r TJGon
that old Chavorir.: ^70uld havo' t It-^ad d^TVon'^ '° ^° f-^""" ovortoard, a „d
i^uch a procoduro ohviously ha:
^.nd caiinot, thcrcforo, ho gcneraily
appliod. In-/ourg --o'-hakir^,,rPi ;;''''' °-™*' t^croforo
^o po33iUe. ^^iT^ono;'!' t ^Sht 'ol '.0^'^' T"" P-ceduroV-.isht ofte"n""
sooially. :Stin „oro irJrt-nt is thc Lt ^>TV° '°*"" ''^"^ .^nd fifin
Oloh to roalizo that ho irdoit- con-trJf?. ^^'''■\ ^i^-ovo it I3 oaslor for tho
plough3d:up, ■...,„:. ^ n.., hoüso built. In oyory dunarr, of Land ho^dy
..''■' : ■■• t
elvon'^ddorSorWo ^ha^övo^ '°' '" '"^ '''^'^' '' ^ P— • ' ^t i3
Btartine,^,i5of 3ocfai oät^'t^ f ".^i'*^ °^ --'^ 1" tho natural
It -13 only In ICittut"i?A;hor^ -o^t 0?' tho Ch°; 'f''*''-*°' ^° "organisod."
^ ■- ■■ "-"^"-^o^^ ^-ftor aupocr, and rhore tho ■
-1 V
' i
- 26 -
- 27 -
average is 'such that the older Chaverlm no ^.onger look for social contacts -
that people sonotlnes try to "organise" social lifo, Hcro the Oloh \70uld "bo
an'bbJGot" \-7hioh has to ho rnacle to sottlo do^vn; v/ith tho "bost intontlons
•people try to drav/ hin into conversation. and try to toach hin, The oldor
Chaver, . \tio mkes this effort gonorally caimot find his oun Innor:-' "balance
during such oonvorsations, For isnH that nG\7 Chaver a hero, a martyr, '
aonebody \7h0n one riust respect? Becauso of this uhderlying feeling ono
sonoho\7 feels una"blG to talk in a cordial and unonlDarrasscd nannor, as ono
would othervTiso to a l)oy of tho aane age as the Oleh. Also one experionces
a certain fcollng of shane toT/ards those people \iio-\7cnt throu^ so imioh,
\7hil0 \iQ sat "at hone," This Is ^y in official and private talks you often
hear oldor chaverin take the line of "\70, too, have suffered; '^«.'G, too, have
done sorething." This "ooi-rrpctition i|i exporienoe" is as senseloss as it Is
ridiculous, T^^en our neu Chavorin toll of their aufferings and expcricnöea,
each and ovoryone of us- oven the sir-:5DlcDt - feel that they do not speak in
ordor to iDoast, I have not yet not a Single one \7ho v/anted to act the "horo."
They speak naturally \7ith the implied undertone: "Do you understand nov; v;ho
I an, and \ihy I an like this?"
•It is alroady a sign of progross and social oontact, \;hen tho now
Chaverin "begin to recpunt their experionces, and our Chaverin Teel that ono
livoa not only in tho Klhbutz tut also in tho Golah, It is only natural
that tho first Olin to oone after the conclusion of the v/ar, er still nore
those \7ho arrived during the last year of the T^nr, föund n^any nore roady
listencrs, than do thoso v;ho aro conlng no\7 v/hon a oertain ovoraatlation
\7ith Gralu atorics has alroady s'et in. T;o Chaverin of tho Klttutzln it oan-
not "bo ovcrstressed that the natural /md friendly approach - ultinatoly tho
truo oxprossion of our feolings tov/ards then, is far nore irportant than
artificlal I^Tcshafin, pathotic cor.iplinonts, and protcnded ooldnoss - ainply
"bocauae one focls that it is difficult to bc natural in tho conpany of heroes,
Tho question of social contacts forcos us to yet another conclusion;
Everyone realisoa hov/ difficult it ia to aolvö this question; cvcryone
realiaea how utterly out of placo would be the traditiohal attitudo of tho
Valik to the "grcenhorn," It ia, thcrefore, vital that all natural points
of roaui^tion of fornor contaot or mutual aasociation bo exploitod to the
füll. Pre-\7ar acqualntancQ, Chaverin one kno\7, are of great holp in' riaking
the Chaverin settlc do\m. But the rosur-ption of contact betv/oon "old
acquaintances" oven is by no neans oasy after six so cvontful ycars, Fron
the long Separation there ofton arises a conpletoly niat'^.ken inprossion of
the Chaver - elther. bGtter,or vA^rsethan he roally ia - becauso , people fail to
take into acoount tho i^fesoibility of personal flovelopnent, Yet '--he attcnpt
to reaune social contact is riuch easler than the atter.pt nt social contact
v;ith strangers. The natural LTutual interest is great or and nore natural, the
unforced tone and friendüness are obvloua, . Tho now Chaver ia thus onablod
to "let hlnsolf go," to rolax. Thcrefore, if vxd in the Klbbutzin aro
aeriously intorosted and concerned \7ith thia type of Aliya, v/e nust tako tho
!inif of^i^o^t^^t '-'"-J^. * ^Thenevor posaiblo, go to a place tt:
.mts of contact. .;his considerably contrloutGo tö his r-
line
3 ono po:
nornalisation and' abilityto' settlc do^.
hero he' has
laxation,
and al..^ya koop tho rer.inlacenoo3 frosh. IM^Cult ^oo^s ou'lv fo^ ? J^d '°'
^, a3ta^3Uh':oniaot*'°.?rtho n^: Chlv^i!^'^'.'"'^-' ''^^^''''^ "t^^ -'^-^.^-^ ^°
tho n^v; .dlya ia ooricorncd. A „unter of Chavorlr.^ look uoon that d.v as a '
childiah waato of tino. S^is tQnöhf^r_-r,rt -^,„11 ^„i „+? . ^nax a>..y as a
■ LtS -J "?r •yl^^t^'^y. thoreforo, pl..y no Ir^oortant part In thoir
o^r.Q 8Q0,.- to tLen littlo loso thar, ohild'a plny. • Oftc- thov h-vo nn roc,,v>-n +
for tho achi3vonenta Of tho Kittut., .nd tho^Palo.Uno' SvcnL ^d "^hfa
ofto^ wound thop poople.-:*öso v;ork producod thoac- aof lovororts ^nd 't ho
herooa of Palosiino - tho nen of tho Hagana - *.t, aftor ^u* is Tm^-,oldor
^^^i^^Tl°'TT'^' ""' """^ "'"'"''^ "Kittut.-teachor" ia skilful onou^.
u^G nuat oonoontrats the inproasioniat patt of "sivini- ovor," one nust to I
livoly, ono pust aly/ftya cito Qxr.^^^^^^ ".nd Unit analysoa to cn .ntsolutc,. ninlr.mn.|
T4„,J^tt^'''^^°'^J''T^ '^*? "* sohoral rule, tut oa tho '.vholo one ought to
llni-t theao daya of atudy tether th.an inoroase thon.
Tiyiin on the other hand - this.v.ivid ^jay of toaching about Palcstine -
should bo extonded and should, v/honever possible, bc Icd by ,an oldor Chav^or;
N \-
- 28 -
i: 1.
The 3ituation In Palestino and tho nontality, of , tho now Chavorin alike,
aro' auch that ^o try to mko the Chavorin charo in fhc rosponsil^iiity for tho
SGCurity of tho Yishuv as söon d,s possilDlc. But horc^it is. dxfficult: not to
l:o to the oxtreno of oither Ir.ibuing hin v;ith the cpnviction that vg aro only
toleratGd horo, or.go to the opposito oxtror.-.o and rouoo a lovo for adventufos .
In generalp it CQÜld ^q said, thafour scöurity or.t:ani3ations in Pa lost ine ,
havG sudOGGded - In the face of all terrori-Eta, cnpty •■boaotGra and politioal ■,
i:iountG"bank3 -'tö ohow that ^70 train for dcföilco purp ose s, and for.dofencG •
purpo30 3 only; ■■ that -G train, in ordor to Ic cMq to defond oursolves
against attacks against us and our 'Icshakin, a,:-:-inGt the "baGOS of our life -
againat" Allya ,and Hityashvut, By IntroduclneV our nGi.: Chavorin into auojj
SGCurity ^sörvicos y;g do no-y/ish to oxcito their Hankorins aftor adventuroG -
on thG 'cohtrary \7G vdsh to nako" thon .rcaponüatlc "for tho cpncroto tacks which
are set to us in the socurity aorvi-cGS,' in ordor to kpop then fron .torrorist •.
play, o'r thp "blind adniration o;f any uso of arns, licr/poot for hunan- life, '
and- fear ofd.oath arc foelings alien to part of thcn. ..It isall tho coro
inport'ant" to rako tho norali the humn aneic of our security. sorvices clear
onough to make them understand; and hato tho ninlesa and pclitically ir- • ;
reäpohsible terrpriat tondenolGs., .: ' • • . . ■ ,:
ThG inner enpt Ines 3 \^ich catches hold of tho nc^j OiGh'.aoGn aftGrJio has
'"■feGgun tq
lg. In nost of our Kihhutain thero arc nö -opp
- 29 -
';:f^^i.
I I
r>k
i B Ü YC 0 T
O
y^'
d
.v^
^^
v_.
.;
vV
A N'D
n
0
w
O'
1:
Instanae
' ' ' " .
Ai-ah GC\nor.io toycctt - as doclarcd "fcy tho Arat Loa^^UG - is a further
of Fascist- polioy in tho economic fiold. Tho 1944 trade talancG of
the six ArnJo couritiries trith Paloatino \7r.3 Yory favouraLlc indood to tho
fornor - the haldncc in thoir favour in that year anountcd to.no loas than
i.i
.«.V
5 sottlQ do\m, In-hia.no'j surroundings'j cannot "bö .hoalGd ^'by occupying' ^
htm all day.long. In nost of our Kihhutain thero arc nö -opportuniGs for -
light Gntortainment. Sono - GG^ioicially tho oldor Iloshakin - carry on thcir
public appoar-.ncG - tho Eadar ^hel, and tho Bot Tartut .- tho Oimrossion of ^
joylessness and rigid infelxihility.' Tho nev/ Olch» uho has not y-ot rotraincd
his innor baltance "nuot bo givon an opportünity of finding such cntertainnGnt,-
Thi3 in tupn ccats no)^Gy, i.o. ho nust "bo n.llo*.7Gd to ^^o to tov/n fron- tine: to
t'iine; ■'.'but it, OQonB a neocasary consoquenco If, ono .-.dohos to holp tho now
ChavöT.' ^In thiä casG, ono dannot **noraii3o,*' ono j^uct ondGavour toTxiild. ■
hrid^ös , AlsQ \7Q rmst closo our cyos to thG fact that partisans are no
spartahs, and lovo \70nen and ^vino in a v;ay cther than "v70 woro uaod to," '
Tt.Beons that the sano prohi'en exiatcd' In ^^Hashonor.",
A fG-c^/uords in conclusion to this chaptcr, It is certainly
inportant to givG ■ tho'ChavGr.-.a q.uiüt, corif ortahlc cornor - if pcsaiblo in a
roon an^ not in a tont, . This can contrihute nuch to his' inner -
equili^rium -T his ability to read again, But it is not the poosiblG oonfort
in the Kibhutz Twhich, %ttract3' thö Chaver; Xt is often not so nuch the ^
"r^eoGSsary" YJhich attracts as the "auporfluGus ." Thereforo itis Inportant to
•gi'Ve hin sone nonoy in tho hGeinning, In gonoral tho Kihhutz ig ablo to nect
such financial donands. In .tho jabsorption of thocjo Chavorin tho Xibbutz ,nfust
Show itself elastic, undogmatic and un'dorstandlng; the" KibbutE ought not adapt
itself to those Chavorin, but it ought to try and taeet thcir ro.queata nnd v/isho:
If it. hopG3 ever to becone the'ir bone, "' ./ ' :
' *.
'six nillion Palcstinian pounds, Tho rocord of 1944
al,-
Follox7ihg are tho figures for 1939:-
was by no nonna oxcoption-
Traq
"Syria
Egypt
.L.L
Eyportp to
PaloBtlno.
£P 207,000
1,355,000
600,000
Tnports fi^öm
PrÜQstinG.
6,000
■ 400,000
98,000
^hörG are v«?holo agriculturai districts in Syria and the Lebr^non which
deriveö fcheir livelihood fron. .the fact that they \70re supplycGntros of agri-
culturai producG to tho Jev/ish sector of' Palost ine. ^tn. 1939 alone, -cjq
inported fron Syria oggs and xiir^t to tho valuo of -eP ilp,000 and .£P 1,200,000
rospoctively, On r.ccount of such closo trade relations of tho Ar^h countrics
with. thö "eoonony of'-Palostlno, öone anongst us conceiycd the Idca of creating
a regional oc'onony iof tlio i'iddlo Ea-st,,. At tho.f priisont nonont this has
becono inpossible. ' Tl\e novo of tho ".A?rab Leaguo" is clcarly designod against
thG econonic basis "öf tho -National Homo, Do not^ let us* t;aste tine in giving
yent to foolings of painöd surpris'o. and regrot; at'.,thi3. novo abounding in in-
gratittude nnd stupidity alike» Thero soons to bc a guiding hand \vhich
wiahos to nako -mr - if only econonic v/ar - botT/oon tho Yi^ihuv and the Arab
-vTorld. The time h'^^s cono for us to plan our Gcononic dcfonce, not only in
order to bc ablo to retaliate, but abovo all to bo ablc to provent tho Gvil
dosigiis of tho instigators of tho boycott.
• -. -• ' ~ ■ .. . . .
In hö-7/ far is oiir econony likely to auf for fron this boycott? Duri ng
tho -.^r, T/hen the ordinär y Channels pf international trade" vforo blockod up,
our oxport to the Arab countrics - oxcluding oil pr-r^lucts - inoreased fron
£P 570,000 in 1938 to £P '4,215,000 in 1944. In" 1938 our ejqport to tho Arab
oountries constitutod B'ono 10 to 11 per oont o'f our total expo'rt. In 1944
■ ^ I
- 30 ^..
- 31 -
it alroady totallod 40 por CGnt of our oxport - r-l'vr.ys Gxclucling oil producta
Wg do not wiah to nlniniso the oxtent of tho TdIov; \;iiich tho oxccution of tho
"boycott would der.l to cur young industfy, A -loro thorough going analysis of
eoonoriic faot, ho\7Gver, would tend to dispel - to a oongidorallG oxtont - the
anxiet'y which the toycott, at a first ouporficial glance, undpuTDtodly arouQGS,
An analysiö ¥Ould show that 70 per oent of our oxport oonsist of goods,
^loh alnoöt onjoy nonopoly Status, AbovG all, thorc are the oil products.
¥e excluded then fron the trade "balance, Isut frön tho financial yie\7point thoy
aro extremoly Importanti Bqcondly^ potash producta; thirdly dianondsj and ,
fourthly citrus fruit, . 'Xftho Arabs should \7ish to do v;ltHout tho thrco first
narned catogor.i,Gs of goods, It should not provG too diffioült to find a rpady
narket for then In othcr countrios. Evon «s far as citrus fruit is conCGrncd
tho 'boycott 'is- not likoly to do ::iuc.h härm, ■ 70\pGr- cont of our oxport aro
thorötorö'' quite safo and socuro fron tho dostructivc dcsigns of tho iDoycott,
Tho romainlng 30 per oent, I4G4 four-and-a-half nillion pounds, constit.ute our
vulnorablG poiiit. Thoso aro nainly finishcd goöds of all kinds. Until -wo
can find nev narkets for theoo consumers' goods, the internal rzirkot ohould
easily "be atle to atsor'fc these consuinörs ^ goods dcstlned for tho Aral countrios
These 30 p9i»--<j^n-t-Cürrprise nninly' goöds'^''toxtilG -..^.res, shoos, etc. - for
\7hich the lo««l- narkot is crying out,"" Xt \7as a great sacrifico on our part
whcn v;e docided to do yithout these gpods, in ordcr to send thon ahroad« ^0
nado this sacriflGG in ordor to fostor trade rolations cand dcvelop rnarkots.
In tho Gmergcncy' of/ tho transitional poriod industry 7;ill support itself "by
tho considerahle' "cuying pov/er of *he internal nrirkct. Thus industry vall not
stand idle, nor Y'ill thero "bc unomplojn^ent. Xt nay -v^e 11' "be that the phar-
nacGUtical industry v/i 11 suffcr, "but suroly no- noro than'.!thö siok Arabs. in tho
neighböüring countrios -• if their doctors v.dll'.he 'prepared "to sacrifice thom
on the altar of racial hatrod,
This is no final Solution for the Situation \7hioh Tri 11 "he creatod "by the
Gxccution of tho .hoycptt» T/g arc cortainly .not pursuing tho idlo droam of
maximum autarky, . Jo roallse füll ttgII that ttg rust solvo tho luostion of
tho trade deficit, :.vhioh in the Coming year ,(1946) ig likely '■- not taklng
into account .D.ny effoct of, the "boycott - to reach t-.vGnty-milllon pounds.
Evon if the influx of Je^;7i'sh capital - prlvato and national i-^ redücös this
deficit to only eight to ten-nillion pounds,, no larga and developinü ©oonomy
can TDear continuous doficits p.errnancntly. , : ■ l
We have no dsire to v^asto oithor tho capital ttg havc accuinmulatcd oaf
national capital Coming into the country,
^Q rmist, therefpro, gain nov/ rnarkots; . and such niarkcts do oxist, "Wo
niust not rost content mth thö fsict that in tho courso of the first six nonth3
of 1945, ivo sold to European countrios goods to tho valuo of £P 108,000 only. ',
Portugal, S\7den, Belgi\Äa,and Hollaijd domand offcrs arid göods from U9, In ';,
Europe 'there is.a great deaiiand for those pharmacGutioal products \ie used to
export tc tho neighhouring countrios, At the presont tino \7h0n thore is
starvation and Inflation in Europe, tho high prioos of our goods presont no
insurmounta"ble olistacle, Fron Groecc, Bulgarin,, Hunania and Yugoslavia, 1.70
havo rocGiVGd offorgfor raoiprooal trade. Suroly lit) can find a uay to these
narkets, and thus avoid to stand like hcggar at the doors of tho Arab countrios,
Tho -Ara"b boycott obliges us abovo all to oroa' o a oonsolidated and unltod
economic Organisation of the Yi^shuv,
, One of >the nain defensive noans' at our dispos'il is our firoat buying power,
¥e nainly bought agricultural produoo fror, our noighbours, Ilixed farr:ing
which \7as ofton threatened by the inports fron/noighbouring countrioS' "and
industry, the products , of .-'hich aro to bo. -boycott crl,; rust hdp ;one anothor
in this economic v/ar, "TnuYa" ?jid the "Institute .for ]7oroign Trade" nus^-t
nov/ find a oomon language, .The inp.ortj-ors, toa, r;ni3t rcnonber that \;hat
endangers the oxport .trade one day'is bound to throaton Inpqrts the next,
Already no\7, it is impossible for Jewish business; on fron Pal ostin^e to go to
Iraq, Syria is nov; delaying the issue of visas to Jowish businessnen, in
Order to bring tr^.do rolations v/ith Palestino into the hands of Arabs, Tho
Arab Office ha;j alroady announced that in connection v/ith tho boycott, Arab ^•
Gxport firns \70uld Beyer connections ,v;ith Jcv/ish firrtS roprosonting thon, and
would appoiht Arab reprosentatives in their pl-ico. The boycott throatens all
branches of econony, and thorefore denands a unitod front, , ■'■
• ■■ The J*e\7ish' A(^'oncy* is at presont' nainly occupiod v/ith political issues,
It nust, ho^T^Bver, devote sone of its energy- to direct the cononic strugglo; v
it must create constructivo.neans of economic viar to combat- the danger in ....;..*.
\7hich the Arab boycott -jould p>lace us, . . • .•:.•■•".
The böycot't v/ill naturally not be allov/cd to be limited to trade rola-
tions bet\7een the Arab countrios and Palestine, , TTo efforts v;ill be laclcing
to threaten us insido the country, -But höre thoy aro bound to fail. TJiey
\7ill. not suoeed in ostablishing barriors betweon <T-ffa and Tel Z.viv, or
bot'ween Hadar Hnqarmel and central Haifa. But hcro, too, v/e ];iust be pre-
priffed for surprisösi \desx)i1te the great donand for goods anong the Arab
papulation. V/e have no intention to incito nationalist tcndencies, but it .'. ; .
should be clearly stated that any negligence in our preparodness to\-7^rds
f'Uture dievelopnerit.s, 'any relaxation in our v.'Sitchfulness over our economic
l-ifo, n ght .bo followeö by the.nost serious. conso'iuences.
-oOo
/^^^^^^ ■, ^/j^rH-
^</^ .:^/c^i üh/z
\^.
-*,
- 32 -
.1. .1'
fo% / /t
, 1/ I •■: I
Ifo dlsgraoo appenrsto "b'e nttached to l.llitGraoy, r.lthough its converse
is held In high rogard, it is stated In tho third part of tho roport -on the
aurvey of social and economicconditions carriod- out in 1945 in "fivG typica,!
medium sizod -'loa lern CGrcal-gro\7ing vaillage-s, distant from tovm, in tho
Ramloh su"b-distriot, ^ siimmary of the re.port ia putlishod in tho genoral
monthly "bullet in of current statistici
!S,
Litoracy xns dofined aa ahility to read- ond 'CTito, on t he iDasis .of vory'
simple testa, A fcv/ lines read fron new-spaper. suf ficod for the first ,ind
the uritin^; doY/n of a iföTv- lines dictated from a. paper for the second. Sinco
only eight persona oould read "but not urite, they havc l:>ecn includod amongst
tho literatea, It v/aa found that out of 1,200 the tntal numher • of mail
Villagers aged 6 or more, 346 T/orc litorato, making 26,8 ;f>Gr -centfhG fiteres
for femalea T/ore 10 out of 1,189 or 0.8 per cont, i»or "both sexes togothor the
Proportion of literatos -nr.s 149. Literacy amon*.::st fcmalos v;as föund in ono
village only, ^Thercit \7a3 tho reault of tho onterprise of the village achool-
raaster, viio had aocepted fcmale pupils for about two yoars, until insistancG
of villagers that the hoys ahould havo priority forced hin to diacontinue.
■ ' "' Literacy Inrproving
Ab agß increases, the proportion of literate persona declinea- in tho '
villages surveyed, ae Is to "be expeoted \-3hore educational facilities havo
"been introduoed only recontly« . Roughly ono half of inales hotv/eon 7 and 14 '
years of ^q wore literate, One third "betweon 15 and 22, loss than one
fourth "between 23 and 33, about one tenth betwoen 40 and 70, \7hile all over
that age oould neither read nor write. The ,improvements in literacy anong
males is shoim by the oomparison' of the 29,1 per oont. literatea of 7 years
or over in 1944, with the 21.3 per oent found for the v.hole Lbslem rural
population of Palestine by the 1939 CGnsus.
Only one of the five villages has a GoTornment school, and that is for
boys only. A sGCond village haa a private achool and also usea tho Govorn-,
mont achool at anothor place 4 kilometcrs away. Tho othors have small and
primitive sohoolseonaisting of one room. In two of theae 0«hools tho boys
Sit on mata on the floor» At ono of the school s four clasaos sit in tho
room simältanGously, throo cngaged in studies \7hilG the last roceivos In-
structions,
- 33 -
.' The teachers -nnv is -norf ^y, i^^w.-^
fee consists of 45 kilo. nf \ ^ "^ "^^ P^'^^^* ^^ ^-^o^ey. .in one -.In., .v,
supplemented by a ar'n f 0' 7^'"' f ^ ^' °^ ^-i^let annually fron o^ch ^.! n'
Service aa -pra^er .?oair!'' It J^olhor vnf ''''' ^--^old'^for he ttc'h^r 3
year from each Student, together °ith ono ''> f " '^^^^°^°^ rocoivos LP.5 a
turn, plua tho laui.doring of Ms olnf^ ^^^ ' ^°°^^' providod by oada in
pupils. In the third villn^o ' ^^°*^°^' '^^^0 the auccossivo dutv o? fh^
Mlos Of .heat and.^if^Ix^^^Lo^^^^^ '' .^'^'^^^ Por 3cnolL^p^:^^H2.5
5j poS^s:;:^ £n:,r;£L^-~^ -^'^^^ ^- - -- ^ho viia.,0 •
to tho privnto sohoola cannot hXr,« + t'. °^ *^° rom.n.inrlor thoso -.Tho -o
n>ontary lmo.,ledyo of th™o Sl '° f°* ;T""^' ''''' ^'^^ *ho no^t rudi!
to vory streng in ,,.11 the nllnlol Xt ^^""^^^^/««truotod v.^3 to^Tl
Inoone tho village. havo sot ^Xl'funtr°l i '" »°^°-^-3oä ..nr-tino monoy
achoolroons .Thon mtorial. hooono nv™?:hlo ^'"ff T^"-, ^'^^ onl^rüinü tho ^
tho oplnlon of the Invostlffatora fJ'-;^=^^°' I« i3 cilfflcuU, ho^7evor in
qj^^lity of tho private toachora' '°' '-"^ '^^'^"- ^'V^ovonont in tho
Prom Palestino Post.
Contlnued from paj^x- 4
— --0O0
Jewish aettlement in tho Boisan Vallov "'^ .^•°°°^'ä""^^"'^. croati.ng the f^olfth
Eliahu on Wednesday night and a lont f," „ ^'/f^f '^"y ™s held at Sdoh
nex. Site at da^^ yostortay! By Sav tho fL^'°" .*f"°'" ™"* '"* ''' '^°
stone building wore in plaoo. ' '^^"^"g-'^'^ll "id part 0:
^^^::^^^j-^^^^ — -^ - - --Od frZn-eh^L?:
-'— -oOo — —
:^f a
N\-^
''!'•
- 24 -
siruciur
vm c/e
an Arab village carriod out la.t Autum by *';« f ^l'f;-"*
roportod in tho Aut>xict Bulletin of Current Statl3tics.
Hve typio.1 ce.cal-.ro.ln.J.03lo« VU1..03 fro. thc %.lo^dl^ ,
voro choaon for. tho purpoao of tho ^^^^-^^r", °nia-.s -./nro noithor vory
.nd .0 .ithout °-Pi^<'f/-^, f„f :rnrr;.li; 1 nor':.n;r...Uy poor. /
largo nor vory ocir.ll, or neithor -^.^°"", '^ ,. ^ ,. ^j the report, dcr.l-
lS"u"-e1:uri^^^--^ Xl?^! W3i:^^rlLd-in.Tho P.lo.t..no Pc3t .
of Augusi;^ S3. ,. .. .
In ^Gstom countriGs minor difficultios in the collGction of ago , ,
st^tistica occur through the dosüc of uomon to \p-oor.r younccr th-n they - •,
:' ?h "ondency of old pooplo to oxag.or.to thoir .gas, .nd ^^^^^^^^^f :^
of -Neroons liabie to military GervicG to concoal thoir ri^c. Othoi dif.i-
:;mo; occur' .mon, E.ste.n popul.tions, includ.n, the foUahin of Palo.tmo.
With Ulitoracy Drovr.ilinf:, the mjority hr.ve only a varuo i^.nG^7lGdgo ol
thGir a.-e they havo no v/ritten records and thoy do not cclGcratG ^i^o^^
Mrthd^s Thoy tend to givo thoir a-oa in "ro^ind" figures, such as 10,^
PO 25 30 Thus, in tho fivo villagca invosti.gated, ^^hile IIb c-avo their
a4 .3'20/only 34 v/ero 19 or 21 yoara old; 115 gr^vc 40 as thoir a^:o , nono
^avG''39 and only five ga.vo 41. This, hov/Gvor, can l^c adjuutod statis oicaUy
^nd c-n also T)e corrGCted in certain casos ty refcroncG üf tho yoar of "oirxn
to some Gxtent, tho year of "tho Cholera" or thoyoar of the Young Turk re-
volution., for instanco, Tho difficultios are addcd to ty tho fact that
rp-G data cannot Tdg oollGcted from -/oirion iDy diroct lüüstiöning since Aral3
cuatom forMds such an approach "by strangers. In gcneral it apocars that
ignorancG of age increasos with longth of lifo and is vidor spread among
females than among male s* ■
Hj^-^h Proportion of Childroji
The main feature of tho a-e di3tril:utions in tho five villages (v/hich
D0S3i"bly aro roughly represontative of the Moslem rural population of
Palestine as a whole ) is that children up to 14 years of ago form a vory
his-h percentagG - 45 percent . This is dUG to tho vcry high "foslem loirth
rate which inspito of a high infant raortality, ic not accorapanied l)y an g:jc-
- 35 -
• cessive child mortality. Practica lly no othcr country for -.vhich clata aro
availahlG sho^;s ^uch a high percentage of children. Tt ic approached only
by Turkish malG3,_ Othcr countries of the "Sastorn ty-ic/' liko Egyot,
Xndia and Japan, rc^ch only 40 pcrcGnt. In covntriorj.of tho "'•/oGtorn
type" the pcrcontagc of children is much lo^Tcr, in gonoral "bctv/oon 25 •^nd
30 percent,. in S-.:Gdan falling to Igss than half that lo^md in the Palojtino
Arab villages.
Fe-Ter Elderly
■'Por persons -^.ged-lS - 24,. -the proportion - 17-18 porconf - is not
_ very differont from that.'prevailing in other countrios. On the other "
händ, the number of persons bet-jocn 25 and 64 conotitutc a lov/cr percontagG
^ in Arab villages than in othor populations. , One of tho princinai causes
'of this in tho fact that the absolute number of births has gro\7n rapidly
• 'dtiring rocent docados among .tho^ Arabs of Palostino, v/horcas in various
other countrios the number öf births is stationary or oven decüning. In
consequencG', the number of ocjrsons among the Palest inian villago Moslems
dGrivihg from gonerations born several docados ago is smallor than the num.-
bor of porsons of rocont birth.
. Old pGople - 65 or over - constitute a very lo": proportion as com-
parod -jith Western countries, 'i^he proportion, hovrever, is highor than in
India and other Eastern countries, ',;here tho mortality rates are greator
than in Palestine, The ago of 100 or over v.'^.s cl'-'ined by fivo men and onc
-70 man in the villa,:;e3 investigated .
" Yoüng" Ho s lern Po Dulat i on ,
The av-erage age for the villagos \;as found to. be 23,4 for m^'.lcs and
., 23f2 for femaleo, -/hlch is nuch lo'.^er than the aVaragc for Gro'^t 7!ritain,
T/hich in 1931 was ^51,7 for males and 55.3 for fonialos, or for France,
-r.hich in 1926 v/as 3^,1 for males and 34 .,8 for fomi^.los, It is thus scen
tl:jat the popul":tion of ^bslem YillagGS in Palcotinc- in 1944, ^:hen the in-
Testigation vras carried out, was a vory "young" ono.
m
From The Palostinc Post,
oOo
HAV
u
o
1 r
■73
)• r
L
nr
..j j
j
•j
^^
PP p)40rp
//
{]
" "\
u
1 i!
1/1
Y
M^'
- 36 -
- 37 -
.'•T
The European ^ootsr: of H^shoner H.itzr.lr, ^jhich irct In Jnmiaty at
Pont-^inobS ^x;s a historic niomcnt in tho hiötory and lifo of cur novcmorft .
Aftor six long yoar of "v/ar and cDnDoquont isolation of country frorr. ^^^f^Ji^' .
ohpvcrim fron our European and Ancric.an novononts car.o toGother for tho fir^t
tlmo. Those six yoars vitnossed tho unparalellGd tragedy of European Jcury
and the slaughtor of six million Jcxis. Ilhosc six years ^yoro years of Mttcr
Underground nnd partisan stru^^gle In rn.any oountriGs on tho part of youtn,
This 2;^Gt.2a vras not only a inoeting of tho ahattorod rcrnanta o^^^;^^^ng
national aectionö of our movement - it vvaG, at tho sano time, tnc conyor^^i>.g
ond concontration of youth vho had lived throu.-h thoso torrihle oxperionoes
of the Gcrman occupation and ^7ho had thomselvbs t.;<on part in that Underground
strugglc against fascism,
Our rcovenent in En.?land sent to the Iloctza: a siseatle dologation of six
chaverim. It -/as an ox-ooriGncc -je shall novcr f or,jnt . It v/as tho firot.
time th-t our EngUsh movcnont, vhich had corr.o into hoin^^ and livod Its first
vG-^'rs duriag the var, had ostahlishod contact directly -ith our Contmontal
ch-'veriTK '^his firat cont-.ct ^wT.3, for U3, tho first living link in - now
Charter '- the old chapter cf isolation roaehring -its dcso. For fivo days v.'O
lived to^ether v/ith chaverim from France and riungary, Poland and Czechoslovalcia,
from Tunis and Anerioa, Sv/itzerland and tho Jev/ish Brigade; froiTi Palestino
and^BaV-ria, from "exico and Belgium - from iji fact noarly ovory country v;hcrc
'jev7S yet survive and .v;hore tho idea and inspiration of chalutziuth livosl
Those days togethor \7ore days of di'scussion and rcsolutions, of' dancing and
sin^^ing, of private oxchanges of views and exr)eriGnce and of roGolution to
reh.uild a streng and dynamic chalutzic movomont in European Jcvi sh lifo. I't
\rjn.s this unshakalDle resolution ajid the feeling of ♦ono family», which permca-
ted overy moment of the -loetza, that uill indolihly last in tho momorioG of
every chaver \7ho was prosent,
Although thooretically - and more than theorctically - ;v7o have alv/ays
realized the value of our revival of living Hohro-jjthiü üoetza hamnored homo
all such lessons, It -j&s of especial significanco that, noarly all Kartzaoth
\7ere in Hehre^T - it was the living exprcsaion that aftor all that'- had haopon-
ed the real positive mcaning of heing a Je- had survivod. It v/as, at the
same time, our living link v/ith Palestino v/hich wan strongly roprcsonted thore
"by inany shlichim v/ho wero either on thoir v/ay l^iack from Shlichuth or just
fresh from Aretz to take up vrork in tho varioua coimtrics. Th^iG concontra-
tion of-Shlichim did much to enrich the "hole contenta of the ^octza.
Reports from East and Vfcst !
After our opening -Üfkad, 'vhich coatained rncGsages rocoived from many
countries and particularly one of encouragement fron the Kiboutz Artzi,
our first seosion concentrated upon roportö from oach country. Tt -rould
"be imposaihle to roproduco those in any detail in a fo:/ pagGS .hero,thore-
fore I ■.-.ill Gonf ino • mysülf to genoral tendencics apart from. the inclusion
of figurcs. Of all tendoncies ono v.-as pa: imount , Tt '.as tho rcpoated
accentuation on tho need to rohuild tho move''^ent on tho "basis of its most
fundamental tonet - the education of tho individual as a specific type, the
ner:' Jew capahle of fighting for tho ühoration of his peoplc under any con-
ditions. -The exporionce of the movement, throughout tho yea-ra of \7ar' and
Underground, had roaffirmed that principle mpre than any othcr time. Tho
tr-aining of tzofiut, the character of .education to face olDstacles, tho
dcep-rooted holiGf in the future of mankind in general and the Jewish peoplc
in particular, all had "bcen factors %7hich had carriod Shomrim through tho
rigours and secningly unhearahlc hardships of Europc, The insistanse upon
these values "by chaverim. -.ho had emerged from. conditions which v/ere, in
reality.their complete opposito, gave testimony to the de-oth- of that educa-
tion in the pre-v.-ar years .^ Both in tho repor'ts and the oducational dis-
cussion vhich follo;ed this tonet \7a3 the procondition for all proposals.
Th« most outstand' ng factor of all the reports -.ras the rapid revival
of our movement in the Balkan countries. Chaverim from Hungary and. Czecho-
slovai-ia^ v;orG the proud hoarers of ne-.;3 that. in these countries and in
Roumania movement o of Shomrim. ranging from 800 to 1500 had sprung up. In
Bava'ria and Ttaly T/here chaverim from. our Polish m^ovenent -/oro concentrat-
ing in Kihbutzim-^^rere over 2000 chaverim. A continuous flo*:; of Jc-.'S -..as
rapidly expanding our movement there. The present Situation had given
-hlrth to an entirely nev.' dovelopment. Alany tho''S'ands of Jo-aoh childrcn,
who had äurvived the d.Gath camips and 'vho had emerged fro.tr hiding worc now
iDoIng organised hy our movement, in Childrens* Houses. These childrcn -jere
simply picked up in the streots, . Thcy .had no -^arento and no one -jho 7;as
responsilDle for thom, The movement ^/as, for them, "both a homo and an
educational centro. In all the^ reports childrens* hoiises featured as an
outstanding f.^ctor Doth as roscue. and oducational activities.
In contrast to tho East, the reports of the x/estern countries wero of
smallor movemGn,ts hut working along the same lincs and aith many sim.ilar
prohlems. Of particular intereGt was tho report cf tho m^ovemont in Tunis ia
where conditions •■jore of an entirely different naturc. Our movomiCnt there
TTas working araongst a «Tewry 7.hich had assimilated many of tho characteris-
trcs of' the Arah \7orld, Both England and America (and the South Amoricas)
came into a separate grouping of their ovm in the reports. All these
Countries had had tho possihilities of working in , conditions v/hich v/ere
relatively. fre'e from the circumstance of Europo. In an outstanding report
..V
l( i
- 38 - ■
,f thG U S A ^^ivo. l^y Moshe Furman^ky, thc movcmont xacxu z...u .u.
: pr^.uoo'u; o:. ty.o of Individual - tho youth --.on yP - a
,ac'gromd of 3t.ong asoimilatl on and a ^^^^'^^^f ^;;^^L-^° ^^^
Ihe moverucnt in thc South .uTierican Lands v/ere also -or.mb m ^nc .
nt thoro had succGCclcd'
- arnid a
VGlTiCnt,,
aiTiG
The Educational SG:]sionI
- S..;.-nolic Of 'Che whole 'atmoaphcro^ and oontents of tho Hoot.a ■^,« the
faot that thc Educational So.s^on wa3 tho lonco.t and ■^-°-* '^f = °[ *^° .
ontirc Mo:at.a. ^ho o.^t^t•anding proUorns .diocu.ood voro °d^="*^°" ^^„^*^°^.
chUdron's hou3o. „ Jcvlah eduoation . and nood for üeoo Jem h -^o- f ''«.^^J
oon.c-lou3nes=. '^hls v;a.n a oartioular probio.: among ohildron -.no h-^« livcd
The tack£;ro.md to the '.Thole disous.ion •-.•as givonl5y oropo|^al3 -^^^h oanc
from ex^'oriments in difiorent oountrics v/hich had found tho meang of oor-
tining our ela^-sioal educational approaoh to tho nov; roalitics of IXuope
todavT ?hQ dlsr,nr.s1on in this diroction vas particularly irr.r^ortant aa
many nor; educational ar^proachos rero' intogrsted into tho lator resolu.ions
and'deolsions., . Uany proBOsals, loth in the diroction of matorial, ■ trans-
lations.'and tha ijotting up of nultatle Taadoth ^or --t-m and ^>'entom
Europe, wore. the outeone of .the intenso disou3sion. of the oducatlorinl
Session.
Political Sesolo:-. ■ ' ''
■•This 303310x1 V/PS introduced oy tv/o Hartzaaot'n on thc Situation -'./ithin
the Yishuv and 7.ioni3rii and thc Situation in the a-luth . The rorjolution
GXD'ress'ed 'a deep lolief in the need for :i Zioni^t .^olicy -./hich "banod itjolf
Mvö^ the need for an Aral^'-Je-vinh a^^reernent and an orientatipn' in lino with
the- nev7'-orogrG3Givo forcej "rhich have emcr^^ed ir. Europe; the' need for
international rnv; nrvisi on in replaoer^.ent . of tho unilateral mandate hy Bri-
tain; an a'bhorrenoe of terroriot action on thc part of groupg v;ithin the
Yishuv and tho forthcoming proposal to aecept the ilovi^ionicts oncc again
within the World Zionirjt Organisation. , _ . • ,-,
To 3Um uo the Parin ' Moetza ■ is a difficult task. There can he no
douht as to its importanCG for our \/orld movement, Both the atmospherc
and discussions' im-oressed ono v/ith the feelin^,; that thc movement -jhich had
survived the -.var had roached a new maturity - a Tiaturity --hich Isoth emlDodicd
and surmounted those si^c unforgettahle ycars. The influence of tho Poli^l^
delegation upon the -jhole "^^loetza T/as striking. Ghaverim fromPola^d not
orily came from tho oartisan group of Sia.lystock and '^arsa-.vjhut from the
genorations oi Polish Manhomer Fxatsalr whish had teen the mother of the
v;orld movement . , Prom it had come . the classical educational traditions
.from which every existent chaluta movement - Shomer or other\.-i3e - had de-
rived much innplration! The Polish delegation representod these traditions
and guaranteed thoir continuity in the ne^v movemont vhich ia arising from
Oontlnued on page 6.
- 39 -
Doar ChavG.r,
1621016 Sgt. J. Bro.ctoif ,AC2,
B,T. Ins t rs ,• Training School,
DecGon College,
c/o 2UB10,
Poona, Tndia Command ,
6th January, 19^i6.
I have teen on loave in BoDoay rocently and met the chaverim
of thc Snif , Some of them are hoping to follo"; tho other chaverim -..'ho
vent to ITaamo reoently from. Calcutta, This recent Aliyah undoubtodly iü
going to "bo the dccisivo factor in thc shapin^?; of. Hochalutz in. Tndia.
There are diffic\iltiG3 höre - mainly arising from. thc f.'\ct.that intensive
Hachshara among:it tho older chaverim is only yot in its infancy. The
pov/orful influence of tho cnvironmcnt is 3till playing its -oa-rt . Tt is
vory noccssary ^ hat there is a Ba.yit, and .a num'bcr ni young Palostinian
'•ladrichitn, T/ho can takc ovo;: from Avraham Samit, the Shaliach v-tio is rc-
turning to Arotz aftor a year hero , Espoci'iHy amoii:-; the young people
thero is som.c vory good -/ork to "bo donc, I mot a group of young chaverim
from Ho"bonim, vho havo dccidcd to hocomic Chalut.ain -hon thoy becom.e of ago,
Thoy are vory keen ^.nd lack sorno of tb.at stiffncss of thc older chaverim.
I told them about Chalutzim in England, and. -^.hout thc nood to prooare
thGm.3Glvo.s intcnsively, 'xnd thoy loarned c[ulto a fo-; songs and dr.ncGS »
wTicn I loft ono of thcm said to me r "'v^o shall ho vory- sad '^hcn you go
a\7ay." Thoir onthusiasn convinced- me that it is possihlc to build a
streng Chalutzic -bvement here. It seems to ne that it uill bocom.G ossen-
tial to found a Kibbutz Hrichshara here in India; sc that y.;g shall be ablc
to break dOY/n the influence of the pnvi ronmont and imorovc thc cduca,tional
Y/ork
Thoro nro about 50 Jo-./ish childrcn in Poona, Yaacov and I aro
hoping to raeet them to get things going horc. Vq are going to onsurc
that Y7hGn y/g Icavc here in about threo raonths or so, thorc yaII bo young
-ladrichira horc capablo of carrying on tho \70rk,
Shalom.,
Jerry,
N\
•' *,
- 40 -
131169R? ''•. '.'ro-tHT,
11;-. .'^.G.C. /i, .,
iiur:--;i-Chin-: --ordor
i;-. 1.19-6.
rur'r.'i 13 T. thir.-
C h a " G r i r. S h -i. 1 o rw ,
T vritG thio in cur outnost riQ-.i tho Chin^^ 'ordor .
ly poDul^.tod countr.y, \ut ovon horc .vou C'ir: cor.'.G '-.oroüs Jo-.-.'c; •.".nd thcir prc-
"hler/i". SincG r'.y unit is in ch^.r-'G nn thc T-urr-i sidc of thc .'vurm-Ch.Tn^.
Hond, I h-iä "businGSG -:Äth thG Chiof of PolicG in •. 11- "Ig nl-co on tho
'■>.nd'tl^;.7---'^.3hio run, ccllod jhyr.-.yo . -'ic cpG'i-cs ■v-r-^Gct F:n..;li3h, out looko
like r-, n'.\tivG '*:>LrGn." Hg turncd out to no '^ "!.nci Yi:jr-ol" of Bor.b-'.y,
onG Ol thc ':ncic;it ccmrninitios ■■/hich -.rere, until rGCGr.tly, not ir, tcuch
v/ith European Je- ry. HIg f^-.thGr, a aoldior ry T3rorc3::ion, fo;..:ht -.-ith tho
Borr'bay Oronc.diGrG in thc firrit :-'urrr;a 7/r.r, ."looiit 70 vg' rs ':..''o ; "..t;G '\roo1nt-
od PolicG Chiof in '--■:; yr.yo, G.nd thc son i.nhoritG'.'; it '..'r'. y:-'.r3 ■■.:_'o, Unfor-
tunatcly for hi»";: tho ^ rrncso look at him -^is an Indi^.n, "-.nd don*t li-'O it -
•jvhile tho Indiums think hii^ "''urmcsG .
Hg introducGd no to thc t-.vo cthor JG^,7i sh f ^.'"'ili'.'S, '.md
girls in tho J-rro^^nG^G DiGniaGGd Porijons * C^-rip, As you ggq '
to sotriC JGr.'ish
• tho sirriG t-^lG
ohortlv iftor Xr.r-.o thG JG-,,i3h p^.dro in •Hün..;oon or;*'\ni3Gd i 3GriC3 of
lecturGS on Jo^vi^h 3ul:JGcts, •.vhich -.voro c-^'Hcd """or-il Ao-dürshi^i Course"
to thG ^uthoritioG, Fc^rtoon o1o1:gs of thG -'.rr-y nnd -.A.?. c-g to '.■l'-.}rrv.yQ ,
ThG oiviii-n3 ( 20 nouls -^^ll told ) -.vcro invitcd •\nd for G.i/'ht dr.
.V •->
'..'G
plou^--hGd thro-v^'h Jg-. iDh History, Zionisr: r.nd r-'riG:.ti-ioyro.nhy . .P.ffG, tho
Padro, i3 v, Mizr'.chi r:-m. Hg \-iri3 oxcGllont -nd turnod out ly Arrr.y ^md 20
oivili'in Zionist^, i-^ovin^? sconos h'.p-ocnGd on tho ovo of our do-oorturc,
I.^-iny of the oivili'-.ns h-iid hcard for thc first ti-o -lout Jud^inrnVaiid Erctr.
Tsraoi v.nd -ill '.vorc doGply improsscd.
T coir.G rorulr'.rly throuyh -'iiyr.yo and \7ill vi^it thoi:i
Sho.lom,
GoorgG,
<^> i-«r-i -1 V
im.
QUO
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7U 'Kfise/mcü Ht^re?.xp,u- Sxgmm»4i> (=fe£Mt> uwi^rn), HJ6
Freud and Judaism l
Although Professor Freud was\
always and rightly regarded as al
most distinguished Jew and had to
suffer on account of his race both
before the Nazi invasion of Austria
and after, he himself consistently
refused to be looked upon in that
light. Soon »after his arrival in
England he was invited to, address a
1 nessage in support of an appeal for
Jfunds for the Jewish development of
fj'alestme, whereupon he replied as
loUows ; —
" While thanking you for welcoming
me to England, I should like to ask
you not to treat me like a 'leader in
Israel. I should like to be considered
only as a modest scientist and not
figure in any other manner. Although
a good Jew who has never denied his
Judaism, I nevertheless cannot over-
look the fact that my absolutely
negative attitude to every religion,
including the Jewish, separates me
trom the majority of our fellow-^ews
and makes me unsuited for the röle
that you would assign to me."
It may. however, be added that
Professor Freud was keenly inter-
ested in Jewish progress in Palestine
and was a member of the Board of
Governors of the Hebrew Universitv
in Jerusalem. '
fev/f / 9'}'^
Nr. 41(168)
NASZA OPINJA
Str. 7
S. BABAD
ZYGMUNT FREUD
BURZYCIEL FIKCJI.
W SO-letaii vocauc« twfiKy ptychoanaluy.
ckiedzinie psychologji? Otoi w pierwszym rz?dade | sualnofci zieszt« poj^tej w najszerszem tego siowa ztOi-
Wielkie epokowe zdobycze nauki spotykaly si«
zwykle z gluch^ niech^i^, czasem z jawnq nieprzyjaf-
ni^ i oporem. Dzialaly tu niew^tpliwie czynniki najroz-
norodniejsze; konserwatyzm, inercja, wiekowe traaycje
) nawyki; wohodzily w gr^ interesy klasowe i zawodo-
•we rozmaitych warstw i grup, ktorym zalezato na utrzy-
maniu tradycyjnych poj?c. Ale jednoczesnie wplywal
czynnik inny: niech?c pozbywania si? iluzji i fikcji.
Swiatopogl^d minionego okresu rozwoju ludzkosci
tyl nawskros antropocentryczny a zarazetn iluzorycz-
ny. Czlowiek uwazat »iebie za cel i koron^ tworczosci
boakiej. Wszystko na ziemi stworzone zostalo gwoli nie-
mu, wszystko »luzyc miato „krolowi stworzen". Czlo-
wiek byl panem na ziemi, a ziemia centrum wszech-
swiata...
Postep nauki dawat czlowiekowi rzeczywistq a nie
urojonq pot^g; i wyzszosc, istotne panowanie nad przy-
rodq, utatwia) i upi^kszal zycie ludzkosci, ale jednocze-
snie zadawat raz po raz bolesne ciosy narcyzmowi ludz-
kiemu, niweczyl fikcje i zludy, str^cat czlowieka z uro-
jonego piedestalu ,,kT61a stwoizen".
Kazde epokowe odkrycie naukowe bylo nietylko
• zwycif stwem ducha ludzkiego, -wzmocnieniem. potfgi
czlowieka, ale i pot^znym ciosenn, zadanym swiatopo-
gl^dowi zlud i fikcji.
Kopernik pierwszy dokonat wytomu w tym antro-
pocentrycznym swiatopogl^dzie, pozbawiajqc ziemi^
jej uprzywilejowanego stanowiaka we wszechswiecie
Darwin zniosl sztuczn^ przegrod«, jaka istniala mi^dzy
,,kr61en) stworzenia", a reszt^ swiata zwierz^cego, u-
czyntl z czlowieka czlon w wielkim tancuchu rozwojo-
wym organizmöw zyj^cych. Marks wskazat l^cznosc
wyzszych sfer zycia spolecznego, polityki, moralnosci,
sztuki i religji, z ,,nisk4" dziedzin^ stosunköw materjal-
nycK i ekonomicznych. Wreszcie Freud zadal daUzy i
moze ostateczny cios narcyzmowi ludzkiemu. Wykazal,
ze nie jestesmy panami nawet we wlasnym domu, ze
nie znamy zawartosci i tajniköw naszego wlasnego zy-
cia psychicznego, ze nasza swiadomosc z ktörej jeste-
smy tak dumni, stanowi zaledwie cz^sc psychiki ludz-
. kiej, it cbpW tü*i iatnieie i dziala sfera podswiadomo-
ici. Psychoanaliza wykaz^a, ze u podloza naszego zy-
cia psychicznego, najszlachetniejszych i najpi^kniejszych
skonstatowala psychoanaliza istnienie sfery „podswia-
domoici". Coprawda juz przod Froudem operowala
psychologja i filozofja poj^ein „podswiadomosci",
ale owa oslawiona „pod4wiadomosc" byla dla psycho-
logow i myäicieli 19-go wiekw pustym dzwi^kiem, ter-
minem pozbawionym wazelktej tjesci. Freud wypelnil
to poJ5cie istotn^ i bogat% tresci^, wykazal^ ze sfera
„podswiadomosä" nje jesi? tajpmnicz^ pustk^. Przeciw-
nie jest to räczej naczynie, wjpelnione nadzwyczaj bo-
gat^ i roznorodnq tresciq psy^cznq. Skladajq sif na
ni^ wspomnienia, slady przezytycb zdarzen, uczuc, wra-
zen, wreszcie wszeUd chtci, d^zenia, pop?dy o charak-
terze antysocjalnym i antymoij>lnym, ktöre nie znalaz-
ly sobie ujscia, nie mogly wyd'totac «? na swiatlo dzie-
ne, natrafiwszy na zdecjrdowany opor swiadomego
..ja"'
Donioslem odkryciem Fiieuda j«st skonstatowanie
scisle deterministycznego chanjikteru zjawisk psychicz-
nych. I w tej dziedzinie, twierdzi psychoanaliza, niema
miejsca na przypadkowosc, wszyslieie objawy s^ scisle
objawöw naszego swiadomego „ja", lezq instynkty pry- mowy, bl^dy w pisaniu i inne' objawy t. zw. „psycho
•.^ • 1 . I n I !• j_?j 1 ?_ i._i :: .1...J« «»J^CmMM««*»** »vb«.b «*r auf!*f1» VkArliinij
mitywne i antysocjalne. Psychoanaliza odziera czlowie-
ka ze zlud, odkrywa przed nim jego istotne wn^trze.
PSYCHOANALIZA JAKO METODA
LECZNICZA.
Psychoanaliza powstala pierwotnie, jako metoda
leczenia choröb nerwowych. Mlody Freud niezadowolo-
ny, z öwczesnych sposobow terapji, poszukuje wlasnej
drogi. Opierajqc si^ na ciekawych doswiadczeniach
wiedenskiego lekarza Breuera, ktöry pierwszy zastoso-
wal sposöb leczenia rozmowq, rozwija Freud ekspery-
nrvent steuazego kolegi, tworz^c jedyny w swym rodzaju
System leczniczy. Nowa metoda nie ograniczyla sif jak
psychoterapja dotyc4tczasowa, do usuwania i leczenia
poszczegolnych objawow chorobowych. Umozliwiala
ona calkowite uleczenie, nie pozostawala na powierzch-
ni, ograniczaj^c si; do konstatowania ogolnych, zewn^-
trznych symptomöw, si^gala wglqb zycia psychicznego,
umozliwiala sledzenie i badanie mechanizmu powstawa-
nia i rozwoju niedomagan az do ich irödla, tkwi^cego
w sferze podswiadomosci. Niezwykle owocn^ okazala
si; psychoanaliza w dziedzinie terapji t. zw. neuroz.
Neurologja przedfreudowska byla tu zupelnie bezsilna.
Dopiero psychoanaliza odkryla istot^ neuroz, zrodia
ich powstawania i temsamem wskazala drog^ do ule-
czenia tych niezmiemie uciqzliwych dolegliwosci psy-
chicznych. Freud wykazal, ze neurozy powstaj^ w wy-
padku nieprawidlowej sublimacji pierwotnych, antyso-
cjalnych instynktow, tkwiqcych w kazdym czlowieku.
Potfpione przez nasze ,,ja" pop^dy, ktöre nie zdolaly
w odpowiednim czasie ulec sublimacji, nie znikajq by-
najmniej. Ukrywajq si; one w podswiadomosci czl'O-
wieka i staraj^ sif stamt^d przedostac na powierzchni«.
Czyni^ to przy pomocy najrozmaitszych objawöw cho-
robowych, nonsensownydi nakazöw, tabu i ograniczen,
kr^pujqcych niezmiemie psychiczne i umyslowe zycie
chorego. Wystarczy — stwierdza Freud — by chory
uswiadomil sobie istotne zrödlo tych objawöw choro-
bowych, wystarczy wydostac z ukrycia na swiatlo swia-
domosci owe antysocjalne popfdy, a neuroza znika.
KU NOWEJ PSYCHOLOGJI.
Psjrciioanaliza powstala, jako metoda lecznicza. Z
biegiem czasu przeksztalcila sif w ogöln^ teorj; psy-
chologicznq, stala si^ punktem zwrotnsrm w rozwoju no-
woczesnej psychologji.
Co stanowi o epokowem znaczeniu psychoanalizy,
jakie nowe podstawowe pierwiastki wniosla ona w
czemu; po drugie zburzenie legendy o rzekomej nie-
winnolci dziecka, skonstatowanie faktu istnienia i per-
wersyj>nego charakteru seksualizmu dzieci^cego. Spole-
czenstwo, wychowane w niezdrowymj, nienormalnym
stosunku do spraw seksualnych i do ciala ludzkiego,
jako do rzeczy brzydkich, grzesznych i nieprzystojnych,
musialo zaprotestowac przeciwko „niemorainym" na-
ukoia wielkiego uczonego, musialo stanze w obronie u-
lubionych i, uswi^conych fikcyj.
Z biegiem czasu niezwykle rozszerzyl si^ kr^g za-
interesowan i badan Freudai i jego uczniöw. Psychoana-
liza znalazla wydatne zastosowanie w dziedzinie wycho-
wania dziect i mlodziezy, wplyn^la na rozwöj krymino-
logji. Freud, Ramk, Reik, Ferenczi i inni zastosowali
metodf p8yohoat\^Iityczn4 do badan w zakresie mito-
logji, folkloru, tworczosci artystycznej i literackiej, re-
ligjoznawstwa oraz psychologji socjalnej. W ten sposob
zwykla metoda lecznicza przeksztalcila si« z biegiem '!
czasu w prawdziw^ filozofja zycia psychicznego, we »i
wszystkich jego przejawaoh, indywidualnych i kolek-
tywnych.
Niew^tpliWie niejeden szczegöl w monumentalnym
gihachu myilowym Freuda ulegnie z biegiem czasu re-
wizji, niejedna hipoteza okaze sif moze przedwczesn^
lub zbyt ryzykown^. Nie zmniejszy to jednak w niczem
ogromu dziela, dokonanego przez Freuda, przelomowe-
go znaczenia jego odkryc naukowych. Freud przejdzie
do historji nauki, jako genjalny twörca psychologji i
psydhoterapji, jako odkr3rwca i nieustraszony badacz
najwifkszego i najbardziej tajemniczego ze swiatöw —
Bwlata duszy ludzkiej.
FREUD A REWOLUCJA OBYCZAJOWA.
Dzielo naukowe Freuda poza jego olbrzymi^, prze-
lomow4 wartoaci^ czysto naukow^, odegralo nieposle-
dni^ i to rewolucyjn^ rol^ w procesie przemJany pojc^
obyczajowych spoleczenstwa w ostatnich dziesifciole-
ciach. Freud mimowoli stal si; prekursorem odbywajf-
cej sie »A naazych oczach rewolucji obyczajowej. Wy^
kazuj^c olbrzymie znaczenie seksualnosci w zyciu lud»-
:' „..7:\J^^,^.A}r^^ : „;«l«<,in,_Ttow piaSwych z najwznioÄrejszeml dzaedzmami iudz-
kiej vayäH i ptychliki, przjrczynit si« Freud do odklbma-
nia moralnego 4>oieczefistwa, do zlamania tego tabu,
jakiem otoczone bylo w spoleczenstwie mieszczanskiem
wszystko CO w jakikolwiek sposöb dotyczylo zycia sek-
sualnego. Nie wifc dziwnego, ie kottuni wszystkich kra-
jöw z takq nienawisciq odnosz^ si« do twörcy psycho-
analizy. Nie tez dziwnego, ze w Trzeciej Rzeszy zakwa-
lifikowano dziela Freuda, jako plody „kulturbolszewi-
zmu" i spalono je na stosie.
ZYGMpn^RBUD
zdeterminowane, dajq s!« uJAi^fako czlony laftcucha
przyczynowo - skutkowegp- l^*§rB» jest, röwniei bez-
sansownosdiZi
bardziej na pierwszy rzut oka, ptzypadkowy i nielogiczr
ny, ma swöj sens i uzasadtüenie. Omyllci, lapsusy wy
patologji zycia codziennego" tracq w swietle badania
psychoanalitycznego charakter przypadkowosci i bezr
sensownosci.
Dwie podstawowe cechy' psychoanalizy przyczyni-
ly si( moze najbardziej do tego dlugoletniego sprzeci^
wu i niezrozumienia, z jakiem spotkala si; nowa nauka
w spoleczenstwie i kolach näukowycfa. Mamy na mysli
po pierwsze twierdzenie o podstawowem znaczeniu sek-
Moie nie- jest to przypadek, ie pierwszym przed*
stawicielem psychoanalizy jest Zyd. Uznanie psycho^
analizy wymaga wielkiego przygotowania, aby möc
pojqi los czlowieka samotnego, borykajicego sif z
przeciwieAstwami, — /o?, ktöry tak dobrze jest znany
Zydom. Zygmunt Freud.
Freud o sjoniimfe i ^ydostwiet)
WiedeA. 18. II. 26.
Drogi Panie i Przyjadelul
Czytajqc dzielo PaAskie o psychoanalizie, zauwa*
zylem z zalem, ze nie pisze sif Pan bez zastrzezeA
pod tq mlod^ gal^i nauki, ale tieszq siq przynaj*
mniej, ze wzbuazi Pan we Wloszech zainteresowanie
psychoanalizy.
Nie bez wzruszenia czytalem PaAsk^ broszurq o
sjonizmie i radowalem sif, widz^c, ile miloici bliinie«
go i woli zrozumienia czlowieka okazuje Pan, aby
stworzyi sobie wlasny punkt widzenia w tej tak za*
gmatwanej sprawie. Wydaje mi siq, jakobym mial
obowiqzek osobiicie Panu podziqkowai za to. Nie
wiem, czy slusznem jest PaAskie twierdzenie, ze psy*
choanaliza jest gwocem ducha zydowskiego, lecz
gdyby to bylo prawd^, wdwczas — przyznajq, —
wstydby mi byl, ze jestem calkiem obcy wierze mych
praojcöw. Nigdy jednak nie wyrzeklem sif przyna*
leznoici do mego narodu i ze wzruszeniem widzq, ze
oto Pan uwaza siq za ucznia 2yda, wielkiego Lom*
broso.'
Jeszcze kilka lat temu möglbym Panu przyrzec
wizytf we Wloszech, obecnie jednak jest mi to nie*
mozliwe.
Z przyjacielskim szacunkiem. Oddany
FREUD.
*) List Z. Freuda, napisany do niczyj^cego juz uczonego
wloskiego, Errico Morsili, autora broszury o sjoniimie.
PSYCHOANALIZA A SOaOLOGJA.
Freud jak zresztii i jego uczniowie, wykraczal nie-
raiz poza teren scislych badan psychjatrycznych i psy-
chologicznych, wkraczal czysto w dziedzin« socjdlogji,
scislej möwiqc psychologji socjalnej. Pröby psychoana-
lityköw w tej dziedzinie nie zawsze byly fortunne. Nie-
raz dbyt malo liczono s!( ze specyficznemi prawami,
rz^dzfcemi w zyciu spolecznem, zbyt prostolinijnie
przenoszono fakty i zasady z dziedziny psychologji in-
dywidualnej na teren socjologji. W zapale psychoana-
litycznym posuwano si; nieraz do nonsensöw i fanta»-
tycznych paradoksöw. Mimo liczne faux pas posiada
jednak psychoanaliza i w tej dziedzinie juz dzis po-
wazny dorobek badawczy. Abstrahuj^c jednak od do-
tychczasowych zdobyczy i bl?döw, stwierdziö nalezy,
ze niewqtpliwie metoda psychoanaUtyczna (uzyta umie-
jflnie i nie przenoszona niewolniczo na teren socjologji)
staö sif moze cennjrm srodkiem badawczym. Szcze-
gölnie materjalizm dziejowy moze i powinien wykorzy-
stac psychoanalizy, jako wspaniale narzfdzie pomocnt-
cze w dziedzinie badania t. zwanej ,,nadbudowy ideo-
logicznej", oraz w analizie podvwiadomych pop;döw i
instynktöw spolecznych, odgrywaj^cych olbrzymiq rolc
w rozwoju wielkich masowych ruchöw spolecznych.
Poslugiwanie sif metodq psychoanalltyczn% rzuciloby
'niew^tpliwie wiele swiatla na podloze i irödla psychics^-
ne hitleryzmu, faszyzmu, antysemityzmu, na psycholo-
giczne przyczyny zalamania si; i rozkwitu wielkich ru-
chöw spolecznych i t, d. Niestety zrozumienie znaczenia
psychoanalizy dla socjologjii nie wyszlo dotychczas po-
za ramy teorji. Zreszt^ i tutaj niema jednomyilnosci, {
tu scieraj^ sif wr'^z przeciwstawne oceny roli psycho-
analizy. Przed laty toczyla si; na ten temat ciekawa
dyskusja na lamach marksist. pism naukowych. Z ostr^
krytyk^ psychoanalizy, jako doktryny rzekomo anty-
marksistowskiej i idealistycznej wyst^pili Jurinec, Theil-
hamer i Sapir. W obronie psychoanalizy i za bezwzgl^
dnem zuzytkowaniem jej przez socjologjf wypowiedzie-
li si« stynny psychoanalityk S. Bemfeld, Wilhelm Reich
i inni. Nie tu jednak miejsce na omöwienie tej nie-
zmiemie ciekawej dyskusji.
5*
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Subseries 7: The Vision Was
There: A History of the British
Movement for the Restoration
of the Jews to Palestine, 1919-
1958
Ml l-ijfH
F(ze\^z KoBiefZ CoLLeafsot^
7/3
s*««>*9«fiw>>.ra»M8ri«iiiii(a»^^
i«.™.*««M«M««lftt<ÄV,l««M»i«»«l«'i*M»yitt»M^
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r.
B R I T A I K.
ISRAEL AITD THE BROMISED LAID
A HISTORY
0 P T H B
BRITISH MOVEMENT FO-R THE RESTORATIOK
0 F THE J E W S
TO PALEST INE
By
FRANZ KOBLER
B R I T A I IT
ISRAEL A IT D THE P R 0 II I 5 E D ' L A IT D
A H I S T 0 R Y
OS' T K E
BRITISH II 0 V E 11 E IT T P 0 R THE R E S T 0 R A T 1 \
Ol? THE JEV/S
T 0 ? A L S 5 T I IT E
I?rom tlie End of the sixteenth to the
Snd of the nineteenth
Century
By
I? K A IT Z K 0 B L S R
.>
(
i
/
^
GSITERAL SUnVEY
P E E F A C E
IHTRODUCTIOU
' . ( 1£ pages )
PART I
T H S B S G I H IT I H G S 0 P T H ül M 0 V E M E H T
Late 16tli centur^''
messianic 3''ear 1666
PART II
DEVriSLOPIII^iirT AHD COUG
OLIDATIOU
^A
Heseianic year 1666 - revolutionär^' year 1789
PART III
ijiLL:ii]TARiAH h;:viyal
1'K D TRA^TSITIOIT TP POLIT ICAL ACTIVI TY
rs
'^'1
The Prench .'ievolution - the Piastern 'iuestion
1789 - 1350 .
PART lY
THE :: 0 V E !i E H T G A T TI E R S S T R E IT G T H
^
V»
Tiie Rastern ';,uestion Period
1851 - 1S44
PART V
\
r ri
T I M E 0 P R I ? E TT I TT G
Differentiation and Synthesis
lilnd of the first
lästern ^/uestion
1345 - 1996
- Rise of Zionisra
ahout
( aoGüt IdO pages )•
/
C 0 IT T E H ^!^ H
?,•
li 0 D } C r 1 '^ n
of t :c '.et;: toration ^T tlio Jev;c - '-if^e o
rv I.-
1 L> ' . L
entoratJlon 'oYe-^^eni.
Fro:'i tlio cr:a of thc r3i::töcnt:i ceiitur;> to t>c. • :::ctu.lcu:ic , t^.r lOGO
\:tia)bcr i
.'^a^ö
. . i «.V» j. j- ^. ».. v^ j -L '. **j;. V. * «^ vj ». i».' ."w
cc, ,or'..'cio:i
• 4 ••».»«, »«j t ■ "^*''^*iüi"ir
Chcpter IIi
««€•«#•?< 1 ■•<•
■•^'^•^5i
♦^ -^ ^ . .'^•^a.C'iAAVt.
The r-urn(:^-le for tiio LcLi.ar.:ii.:: i Ji: of tl:c Jc\;c
CUajpter Vi
rhe Link betwecn the r;abM£.tic,n ..i.d tha Rej:;toy^uioii
3>0
. *. j.
ovorciit
• ••««•( ••«««««o <>»
66
'M
PART II
• *-r'««.lM«T>
V
^ 'h L
0 3? !,: li: rr^ a r d c
r 0 L I ^-^AT ■■^'■■' I n
■lltoiii*iw.;...i>.*».
■ro-;:i ulie '::ef}ciuii
V-
V'V-^m,
.066 tn tlic rcx^olutioxiar/ vo-'r .178':
f j
urvc;^' of thQ r^erioC
6«^
Chr.:,. t er I
TliC: KQcto./ati3ri iaea m -'olir- ^:ilton*i- joetiy
icl
««#• ;'';^-ta« 44t)#
V ''. 4 «
u<
tcr .ci
-S ■'.' 0 v'i X «-Ü i« X 0
At-
<-> I. •
"* /■ . '^ •{■■ <N -t • • ■
c 1
ai.d ^1:1 '.oPophicaL t: -tarier:.
« »> » • 0
j ■ • a :■ » ^
nh.a,)ter ^11
or.lr to the Je^c
Oi
1^% f'y
te
..dyj W Vz-i- Ml
Je. er I'
t )
T1:
.J o
..c
•k> u ■■ • ■
U-
/- TiZ:
it ^
•Jt
C'
ir^n
4'>»i>41 ?aa(i Jii«4
'*>»
BQ
c • . ^, ,, *-
ü w' J. V
iK.
j ; V.. »., i» >_/ ^ V .. > ,',
^e:-:oi
M i>
n f.
•» r
oii
U, .L ,u »~. 4-'-
"^ < .
j. Cf
(^ f . "^ (
iCXVE OZ
<-■».-'
•>»•»-. \, ; ' ,v ». •.
•--«T ♦ 1 . 1
C« lw<i> 0 >'l ' i- X
o. ij..)r,i^-ri t^c.:.i.::l the Jfatnrr.3ti.;;.i.i.or i'llj. i;.'7
(c; 3.
;crec.::o ?f rci:iicj.i aiid uev; c:):i'^ciTionif?t
CC '.'UL
IZ
%J .1 . . - u - ■■ tl^
tcon
V. c* ''• '
l£
/ - V •• i • -#
-,■»-
4,T
• •<1*»« tivr««,. >»••*«•
LjO
Cha^^ter vi
:he ..cc torcion ide^ in ''xrlir^ '^^tr^j ol' tue ^i ..iteent"
\_ w ^^ <.< ^ ^ .
^A.«.
f^»•^»lt««t•tC !*
« • » • #
L^l
.4'.^
t.i;.v.-2*
■^?
!t-
r n
r-^a:/
1 ba. V
OX ^A
.0 ^. <. - -
ilt«^-
<: !,
,-?rati(Mi
L «*
iie
vOilCi
-! :.-\:\
i,-,-tion *•»
>.. v-'
♦ t •
1 f.
• ♦ •
# • • ="
* » •
• • *
V
r».
V
PAH 1^-^f I
^■: X T. L -i^ r A r: i i>_ ir r ;'^....l.. ,i._x..A_i^.
T 0 "^ ■■) T, :• T I C A L
")
A C '" I 7 T 7 Y
.••^1
Pt-rre
• ••««•h««* /<>•' 4
L \J .'
'"''•. n '^ -^ '"'•"» TT
Uj^„y>J.UC
«• .. v'j'f«9««rt>*4^ ;>*<••#
Oiicpter IX
T V T
• « • •
C'Ua^/U)i IV
204
Clil^yt^^ V
':)i
*■«#•• W. «>«•■» iv t^
;f litcra-.üia
4 ' « 1. • . •
55
la ;t;cr YI
:eluti:in ■be::\-03r; t:io "OYe:enL ana tlic üQv;^
? A ?. "^
^>v
.1.
v&T
«.. f^
r«i r-j TC) fTi
7' r -T« Tjr
(lw laiesüiue ulcIci ic'icT^iet Ali •..•«
(a> j:i:tci.i£iricd .ctivl.;ier and tlie
2V6
J:;94
n
Cha-nter II
• rf »«••••• *••
(
» u « • « •
511
ü2d
5o5
^;-
•j?
« * • » l> •
' /
;)5B
. *..
::raec^.i &.i:.ucl ^'^c-iT .-izq^uvll
oii uti.t; l(e{::i;orr-tlo\ of tue Je*;:.
• •-9 »«•-•». 09S**
■i^
*
^00
V
r«
P I P iT
i I
:jii.'. Cieutiction cmd nyiiI;ljo-ie
Fro^!^ u'!c er
•{• h <rj 1 •:
u'ie L4f?c ox :<ionlrn
••^•» »■>■>:*»»»,
'«»•» ^»«v
405
f .■■ I
I .'
VII
Chapter I
Her; inen, ne\7 ac^.}ectß, ne.> cxtivitiee
durin^; tlic ccccnt of üie Vie torian 'cra.
(cO 'Che reEC!^o-i:/oio^i ciocuxlne attac.cea
iixid dcf enclea ••».« •••• *•»:
V
Cb) Cooperation ot Jev/s ana CIirietianD
^^1 ouGt^^tcd «. •••••••«••.••••••
(c) Tlie firet rxrely joliticj:.! literutui'e
N ' on tlie r.cEtoriiti m or tlie Jcv/e •
\
\ (d) "rhe bcginuii-gE or i'alcctine Oolonirction «
(c) uicraeli's tat-^ncrcd- ♦.•..• •
^- (lic.ptcr II
V TIic : ejtDration '"^overient durixig tlic Crimean "ar
'i
(. / Charter III
\ (a) Frencli Intci^ludc ......o .•••••
("b) ITer/ Develojnent of the KuIiclouG
'• lectoratioii :)ocorino in re:.t .. ritain
• V (c) Ixe ?rojheciec of Eo^ert I^rouning
and eor,^e Jliot •• ••
(d) rev; joiitical plane of x^itieh oric-in
(c) :- evivai of LeetoiationiCEt activitiec
aurinu tho neu -martern j^CEtioa jcriad,
tlic Con^rcs-. of f!erlin, and JiEracii»E
attitude to ti-io xcEtoration probiem ?•
(c) Laurencc Olijliant's martern t^roject and
uiE firct activiticE •
Cliapter IV
„^ T-^,.1 ■^-.^nri-t^^ --'ce'. tiic 'Lovcrc of 'Ion'
(u.) clirx.j&E v;ltl:iu thc •jcväen v.orlcl
,*4PJ gS-tie »reüs..;..n(i uauronco Oliphant'e
Eccoud r.iEcion. ;:ie ta-itlHijE taid .-i^c
Pare
41
<;*
415
452
4d6
44G
460
471
476
55i2
5ö9
5C1
f^rßr.
COl
VIII
; / .,
S_''
(c) )tlier contenporaxy ciliirtijiii ciiamjjionc
of the ' i^es lo ra bioi.
.(6d Deal,:, of Lord r*'haf teci.ur^ , Geö^e ^cliot
Charter V ' ' ' .' '-
Heetor.. tiou Tloventnt tirav.e ueai to the
Advent of Zionism
(a) Colonel Conder addicseeE the Cla(i»in»e 'Zion
(b) rke i.XcXcc* of the '^ovencnt rhifted to
tl:e Uni ted r .atee ••••• •....•••••
^) '.;iiliu:i K, Bl£i.c^:£ tone i i\^ec in a Petition
to tiae :l)U£e of l.ejprecenta.ivec ihc
I.eetorc. wion of tha: Jc-je dl t.-e ^-ve }f
Theodor i:er^i*c a^;jeaii~nce«
635
668
64ii
•• 2 • ^^^ ^^^^
P A R T ri
PBvaLopiiBifT Aira c o u s o lida t i o h ^V
^ y I
( üessiaiiic Jfear 166ü - revolutionary yec.r 173? ; .^-
Survcy of tiie j.)eriod . - • « • • 0<j\.
■'■■'' " ciiai^tor I
The ^estoa»«tion idoa in Joiin Hilton'o x)oeory aiid
tcachin^^ ,.,««••••••••••• • •*••••••••« 6fr
* ' ' • ' ' ^ ' Ciiajter II "
Arif^ociation of tho ^^ec tcrr.tioii idoc. witia tküolo/^lcrul and
philo CO piiici^?. thcories .,••.....•..• 75
' • ■ ' C}^a^;ter III
' ' • " ' Cha,)ter IV
Oiic:or Pauli! 'ß avternt to Irin/; about thc Res oorL.tion
of bhe Jev/B uitli the helj "^f :":n^lc.i:d • • . o
Chcv)ter V
\
The Hestoration riovcnont in thc '* AßQ of ivoason '^
(a) TUllcniirir'.n theo ri es iiaid rc.culistic Yisev/e ,.«, 02, ,
(Td) Tho Ro-"torc..tion iriovoincnt during the cf.a2ijaii_;n
atjainst t'^.e •^-Naturalisation J3ill lic
(c - Decreai?o of rc\ lißia and ncw convorcionint
tcndeucior ni? tu cccond half of the
18tli centiii:/ 133?
Charter VI
Tnc RcctorUtion iCea in :ji{i;liGh ^oetr;^ of the
■' ' — ^'^ lOuii CQnt''ry 149
Ghapter^II 0
Gurvov of the po.-itical ef i'oi''tc tov'ards the
Restoration of thc Jev/G durinc thc i3th Century
untii the Prench revolu t :.on . * ••.•...,•,.....• Ü3
\ •
- 5 •
"^
PART III
MILLBlTAniAU REYIVA'tP
■"• "■"•■- ' ' ' "f" "
A H :0 T H A B l T l 0 IT ? 0 POL 11(0 A L A C T l V J T Y
( 1709 - 3^50 )
Cliapter l
The face of the IIoYeiaent »rliantjecl by tho
French revolution #•*••..
Chapter II
Napoleon rion?;;artc»0 eiKipedition to I^gypt
and Invasion of J^aiestinc tronted as an
aDpeiilyptic ovent trannfoniiß tho Restoration
doc trine . , .•»....,.».„.•.
Chapter Wir
üiilenariar. rcrtoration theorior at the
beginiiin^; of the 19th centur,7 •
Chapter IV
Convcrsionirt and political actiTities ••• •••
Chapter V
The itestoration idea ac a subjcct of
ijenerai intoreet and of vnxlzv
of literc/ture . . . ,
Chapter VI
Ilelation "bct'v.eon tho Movcncnt and the Jo\7e
... . , , P A R T IV •
T 31 S M 0 V E H :^ IT T G A T H E K B r> T R E IT Cr T.'
Tho -"^Li-ntcrn •'^.ucstion Pcriod
( 1351 -1844 )
Cha.tor
0^' The initial ntage ( 1031 - 1859 ) :
^ Paleßtine ander 'Ichcnct äÜ
Pa(je
158
168
204
214
/
o
¥%.
mt^.
.- 4 -
Cliapter II
iiir
mim
Tlie SaßUrn Crisis 1040 - IG4I brin^'C
tlie Movoriont to a clinex.
(c
(d
(e
(f
tho ,;oliticfä events of 1840.
KGßtoraiiöriict ct:!J!ipaijn on
a bit: ccc le,
Loxd Gliaf tcs'bur:,'- in tlic forefront t
iiiß intcncive politiCval activitiec.
Dijlonv.tio nei;;otiauionrj cmd fi^her
Colonal Cliurcliili'c rrbirring airoQvl
to tiio Jeus,
... J^V
V -) ■■■
" crc Cliurciiill'o c:r._-ccI;ations
£ nctionai n.ovoracno «..uarfcfeetlie Tews
in the -ortieE of tjio IQtii Century.
,#' Ker:ulb of thc Crisis,
GhaiHer III
( 1341 - 1C44 ).
Clia^^ter IV
Ei)i 5-oc:uc and Pol' Ie erlitt \
(a) 'lordecai ::^:-nuol ITorili'G Di::courEe
on tliü :i.oc;türaüioi: of tlie Jevre
X^Ciiri^tbe luiiiiiaTDüth^c; novel
"' Judali^K:: Lion •
' ry
T I n jB :)
Jr ü. ii, X _vj(
l^tM^MSW I» Ul— : —- -m^'-'-^^^^mim»
vjificreiibiaoioii e-Jid n;/utliQ#i2{.*
Sud of tlie first iiaf:;tcrn "^aestion - Hice of "iolaicn
{ 1840 - leoc )
- 5 -
General nurvey o'f
j. 1
he :>eriod
/
i
/
t
1167/ men, nevr visions, rew activities
in the rdcldlo of tlic 19 th acütur^
(a) Tl.
J
i^stortition doctrine attaclced
and dcferiücd.
(Ta) Cooperation of .JFcy'T ^xA Chrinti
eicju::ted.
•^/
^Mirf**'"-
r.nn
<r^'"
(c) ':iie x^irst norely oalitical literature
' L o -' i- 1
on t:-ie £e
>rr-,Tx..i;ion of the Jev.
^'S*
^32_
^ ^Lc be^Änincß of
of Palectine.
on
f^ T)i^3raeU»ß " Taacred ■*.
^f / Charter II
G-i^ft-Jj-.4»#«-»**:»*^..^,Jr^ durinc t"-o Crii.ietUi Tar»
Ö]ia;..ter III
The Ia,ter '■ictorii^i Aj'.' rc-e::iapiii{;
tlie iiovenent
( icce - i:% )
■(4^ :?r33ich. Interliide.
j-^^^'Jiic . esxoratiün doctrine faces
'■''''" t'ie roliiloui: revolution»
4'<>i.^
9 /7
^7^
■ ol^ert
Bro\7rir2:
^Ix.
(c ) The jropl.iccic^ of
aiid «-|;eor^e J'liot.
(d) :^^ev; :?db«itrw^^^ X? cL
!>^ Ä« «ttH7 Eust'Srii •■u.cclion, Tie Concrors
of "^crlir\.^nd DiK:racli'c attitudc to <r^yj
tlio :\ei3tQration ^||-.q.»G;:i, ^wj
{^) ;:.aurcnco Olijliant'G Eastem Projcct and ^
firct actiYitier:. 5 C^' i •
• 6
/
(r^--
Chapter IV ,' . • "
i
. (a) QliÄn/.'es tvtthin tac Jeuiclj ^vorid« o ci. J
■■■ " '* • ' ' ^ ^^ j ', '
(b) EngÜGli rcaction uoon th.e £>eTseo\itionrA^y/^y9^'€'^y'^''
and L(?<,urence Olipiiaiitc second niscion. *'^
'' Ilis iTiitinge and life in Palecuine« — . ^ ^/
(flP'Väj±aiW'~'<*4i%4WP.effor1:n in Creat Britain /^ ""if y
/^ <^
.y;.'.'
>;" ■9iMgÄ«wM|-/A^^;Ä^^ ^ -f^
■/'<■ i -/vi- > '■'2'it>«-iem-,
/^f f.i
iL
(
f'urve^'' of t'-^c? fi^rtiiior deve/o ^'ort tili t.he
X-)rerent days. ilicto^ic r:i/r.i.ficancc of tl?.e
V
/ ^
--•^
.jr
ITo tes and/doc ymeiits •
( \
j \
BiMioorap'^iy :
Chro no 1 o'gi c al ly afr anc e d ,
■ /'* . \
l
f\ I '■
AJr"'yi
,.,,,jy^t.^i<iji«i.ite«w<im«wi»taw'CT><Mgyi»'i><w.fU»*irt«.«w«^^^
/
/• "''"'■^^-.,.„
Duiiiimi-y of the Preface
The Britieh Movement f©» tlie /ectora.ion of the Jews to
Paiectinc ic beinc tieated in thie .ool:, for thc firet tiinc, neither
ae a Dexice of .rojecte or foreruu. err of Zi nißn, nor ac a aere
cntecedont of tue Zionict moveiacnt, but ac a cjccial anu inclependent
^hcnoncnon. "lio cox.tiuuoue develo,^::ient of thc ' ertoraUon Iclea and ^f
tii^ activities for itc recaiec.tion aio f:hov;n at dee.jl:i^^ rooted in the
EngliDh relii;iouf3, ^olitical anü jeixra^ histor:/. fro;: the f:i2i eenth
Century or^ward. Thüc the :^ovencnt apjeare ac :. Bi^i-ificani hie.oricai.
clenent of rrit.Eh hi5&<^oyy ue v/ell ae a decisivc f^.ctor in thc JewsEa
1 enaiccance aud üi^ ^ eüuiidi..L o^ -alectine.
m
<b'
P R S P A C E
•f/»:
O
lUniiiiary ; The British moverient for the restoEation
of the Jev/s treated, for the first tirne, neither as a series
of projects or forerenners of Zionisn, nor as a mere antecedent^
or part of tlie Sionist movement, hut as special, phenomenon,
deeply rooted in English religious, political and £;eneral histoiy,
£ie;nificant in itself and as aja decisive factor in the develoi)raont
of JCY/ish renal sscince and the rebuildingof -i^alestine,
] Tev/ ap p r o ac h and nany n e\7 f ac t s , Personalities c-.no. \vc rlc s
t
V r
\
rz "?
: :^T !i; B A L B TJ i: Y 35 Y
■■." ^k'«ift.ih
I ■ j
'»■ii>..>imi<iwi
i»4ii».*M»<W--*»
II 0 :-) ■; c ■:* I :')
';^:(^^-H-4;i^ti'-Ai#-* lü ;
-p - r .^ p T "» " (»^ ri
n» ■*■<»'■»■ ■ir»»^-
0 ? T H :i^ ?.J 0 Y T') ?! .^
Tr ')»
k ii»* .Mb« -t^- /'«»••f«^.-^' *»•«>*•>
rr^.- tUt;v<>l^ö^;>t?*::^■'vp<^<n!::J:MeJ*J^ ■» i66G
- 6;-. )
•T>Äif:'th T IX
:,) 11 'ir "
T. 0 ^
.j
' '^' '>' ■' *■ y'\ t'i
A •;> f, »?
'■ r. r^ r -j <■■ ■•'( -i »*.
P A R T IIX
^r
I L ^. T^ TT A r I A >' R ^ Y I'^^^\F.AÄit
AND '^ H A !:'• B I
m r
0 ":' T ') P 0 '•• I T • C /». 7, A G '", T V I T Y
:. ron t]iO rrei.ic: i^cvoluticr to tlio "jasücxn uer:tion
IVn-"» - i3o')
•^ A P T T7
:?^ 0 Y ;^ ?I .':: FT OATHEKH f^TR:GFG-TH
"lic viaDtcrn verti ;: criocl
l>.d«. - i&4^::
( Pares ::70 - ••: -. )
..-.:. Pt:Jk K
J.
"■;V^^5^^i^r-. 1- P9^1
T O ""'
lDif:.'crei:tiation cz.d '.ynthe^jir
4. W ^^. V. .*. • w» V/
«. K. »-^ ^ .L
( i^^Cß^ 'J-)i^ **
i i.:ir!::
M'
COHTJOLT S
,^
I H T R 0 D U C T I 0 H
I
I
/
PART I
f. 11 13 B lü G I IT H I !T G S Ö P T H IS MO V E M ü I T
Late lütli centiur;/ - nesLianic year 1666
/ Giia,^ter I
The first pioniors of the Eo^toration doctrino .
i
I
Ptef|
• • «
Chapber II
The r^cstorr-fcion doctrine durin^ the Puritan rovoluLion
. a:id tlie jrtia u Civil V/ar . • » -^.f
Chapter III
The Reetox'utioii idea in contcnjorary 3n:jJ.isl: li'.orature
Chapter IV
^ ICUijii ch lies siaiiD " • • . •
I 'A
••••••*•
^^7
Chapter Y
Tue etru^jole -^o^ ^<^ Reatois-jion of the Eev/ß
to :m{3land cjid its comioction v/ith the Rcctoration
movement, ..•••••••••«••••• • •••
Chapter VI
Thö linlc betuccn the nanhatariuav and the Reßtoration
movemexit •••• •• •••• •
/
/
t ■
G E IT 32 R A L S U H V E Y
P Ä E P A C IS
/
;/
IHTROnUC llM 0 IT
( 15 pacGs )
PART I
T H ?u B E G I H H I H G S 0 P T II IJ! 11 0 ir^^Jü K E F T
Late 16th ccntur^^ - Meesianic yoar 1666
P A R T II
D n: V :: L 0 p M ]^ IT T a ii d c o it r; q l i d a t i o it
Itec; ianic JJ'eBr 166C - rcTolutionar:;' year 1789
V
Pa-d
PART III
IT I L L :Ci IT A H I A W
XV
V I Y A L
A IT D
i: /,. IT C I T I 0 H
ri />
P 0 L I S 0 C A L A C T I
V — .1. ■».
Tlie French Revolution - the ITr.stcm Question
1789 - 1850
? A R T IV
T II ^4 !I 0 V S 21 E II T G A T II E H S S T R ENG T I:
.O:
Tiie Eci^ctorn uestion Period
1 ; i,"'
1851 - 1844
PART V
T #11 ]^ 0 ai^ R I P E IT I ir G
Differentiation and tynthcsis
l^nd of tiae firrft Js^^to -^^lii^pli^ - i^isc oi Zionism
1345 - 1Q06
?/lC
f/Dout 4)0
x^i^m^^^
\
IWTRODUCTION
1
^
\
\
The coatiexion of the poople of Israel .vith 1in^ Land
of Israel ßoes ba (yk^JLoL^jtiQii^i^-^ t o the yerir orir;ins^^
^y.
y ^r'.'-'V>i^i
/.
. 'r^-'/'/^^-'v^
■A «^
"'*"*^
Y&Qtir o£--ti^^ Bible, from ^»>brahamJW--^-l"te^l-^tt49r Propli:;ts.
Tho Divine proniises revealed by Moses, the Psalms and the
Prophecies are pernieated by this conception. Canaön was
the goal of Uie poople liberated from Kgyptian boiuiage; the
cap^tlves of üabylon turaed their oyes in lon(^i;lng towards lAov ^.^
It is the Land of I?;rael that the Jewi sh (j;eniu3 visualises as
the scene of the (nessiani c droani, its c^ft to humanlty» For
out of Ziori shall 50 forth the Law, and the word of the Lord
from Jerusaleui." Both before the ^econd Te.nple arose j<i^. aftcxi
r
It was razed to tiie grouiid. Isaiah* s words of coüifort sustuLi^o
the hopes of genüralions of Jews« The gathorifi^ of lae
scattered nation, ihe recor;uition of the essentiMl oao-ness
of mankind, indeed tlie röturn of 6 echiaah, the Divine Hlory
itself - all would como to pass ouly after tlie redoaxption "^
that Strip of laud lying athwart tliree coütineiits wViich was
once, "urider Jewish rulers, the h?;art of a flouris-iing reaimi^
No alieri tyranny, n© success in far-off luads,
neither iiew lan^^uage nor new modes of life, cr.uld break tiii s
S[)iritual bond botweeri the Jewish people and its country.
INTRODUCTION
The connexion of the people of Israel with the Land
of Israel goes back W-H»emate Anti><yqjb4iyy to the very origins
of the Jew« The 4B4iB&^^iblll&y <o#^^-14»t.0 bond 1 r"i!>i»Trto4et-
/%oti£i-»f .^te^e^ible, from Abraham; to the lattap Pröphets«
The Divine promises revealed by Moses, the Psalms and the
Prophecies are permeated by this conception. Canaan was
the goal of the people liberated from Egyptian bondage; the
captlves of Babylon turned their eyes in longing towards Zion.
It is the Land of Israel that the Jewish genius visualises as
the scene of the messianic dream, its gift to humanity« "Por
out of Zion shall go forth the Law, and the word of the Lord
/
from Jerusalem»" Both before the »i^econd Temple arose and aftej
it was razed to the ground, Isaiah's words of comfort sustained
the hopes of generations of Jews • The gathering of the
scattered nation, the recognition of the essential one-ness
of mankind, indeed the return of Snechinah, the Divine Glory
itself - all would come to pass only after the redemption of l
that Strip of land lying athwart three continents which was
once, under Jewish rulers, the heart of a flourishing realm«
No allen tyranny, no success in far-off lands,
neither new language nor new modes of life, could break this
Spiritual bond between the Jewish people and its oountry«
i»^
li^TRODUCTION
\
The corifiexion of the peoi^le of I=',rael 'vith Uie Land
^
of Israel goes back to-f^ear^Ä^^-
• <^c. Cr
the yer.v orir.ins
jWÄ«^ßl"Ble, frooi ^^braham^to the' lat>t»er Prophets;^
The Divine promises revealed by iViOses, the i^selms and the
Prophecies are peraieated by this coaception» Gariaan was
tlie goal of Uie p^ople lioerated from Kgv;-,tian boudagej Uie
captives of i^abylo^ turaed tholr eyes in loa^ing towavds /.loa.
It is the Land of Iprael that the Jewi sh ^eriiu? vlsualises as
the sceao of t)ie .aes ■ lani o dre.'^m, its glft to humaaity. "For
out of >ilon ohall /;;o forth the Law, and the ^^ord of tiie Lord
from Jerusiilöiii," both before the «^^^econd Temple arose aad after
j. t was razed t,o thv^ grouid. Isaiah 's words of couifort sustai.ied
the hopes of generations of Jews • The gathorin^ of the
sc'ittered aation, the reco^j.nitiou of the essential one-ness
of uaakiad, iadeed tiie retura of o echinah, tae I>lviae Olory
itself - all ^AOüld come to puns only after the redcii^-tioa of
that Strip of land lyiag atawart tbree coatlaeats wliich was
oace, uuder Jewlph rulers, the heart of a flourishing realau
Wo allen tyraaay, uo success in far-off luadrs,
y
aoither >iew laa^xiage aor new modes of life, could break Ihi s
siiii'itual bonc^ botween ^he Jowichpedple aad its oouatry-
\
X
/
./'
Ir:stead, nourislied by meaiories and glveü taaglble expressicai \
in a soleiiin ritual, it acquired a dynamic force. The fire
of this passion lit the torch of revolt Century after Century,
from Bar Kochba down to Abu Isa who, seven hundred years after
the destruotion of Jerusalem, sought to rai se in Persia a
Jewi sh araiy to liberate Palastine« iSuch ventures were doomed
to failure, but the hope or a retor'n to the homeland co ald not
die« It gathered strength as it gradually became identified
.vith the hope of oscape from the abnorrnölity of life in exile«
It fused /vith the hope of Hoaven and faith in the corning of
the ivlessiah into a aew purposeful entity, The poets and mys-
tics of the hevelations; the authors of eschatolo.-,ical works
V
\
>
/
known to posterity by thelr assumed naaies of Jereciiiah^ s^ö-tuoIq,
Ezra, Enoch aad evea tlie naives .o^ <j>fb 'i-atriarchs who, in the
Greek language, la .jeated t'ie fall of Zion and glorified its
future splendour; the Tannaites and Aniorites, architects of
the Talmud; the Jewish philosopliors of the wiiddle Ages,
pioneers in the realm of human thought; the cfeators of tlie
Cabhalah - all contributed to the forma tion of an imprernable
messianic traditjon« Unshakable faith in a messianlc future
lived on and bridged the span of centuries» It uni ted the
Spiritual worids, so completely diverse, of üaadia Gaon the
logician and Isaac Luria the mystic; it inspired Yehuda Ij
Halevi's fla.td.ng Songs of Zion; it caused the law-giver Moses /J
Maimonides to make belief in wiesslah's corning one of the
/
/
w
4.
jji "
Divine Najie deemed to have :>oen spllt in twain« Exile bocoine
unbearable to them all; they fervently desired to exchaii^^e it
for a rodiy life in the La ad of iBraal«
oiace tlio expulsioa of i.he Jews froni opain la 1491:.'^
the loa, liiC for redeinption }-r.>d beeri faruied iiito a fluii^o* Tlio
proinises aad propliecies of jloly v^'rit, «seea thi'ou,f;;h t!u3 mytllc
/./ / mirror of the Cabbalah, acquired a tro;.endousi iy iriifioDiit
/^ /^^/// ineaning« The ious believed th.'it tl-ie i^i viae Hioi'y i'uHt^lf was
(. r ajout to r'^^turri froni eyJ lo to the Holy ijM.ad.lr fexpöota blon of
iH^i'^^- ' "t'^ö /.ohar was iaterprv^ted as prophesying his ii'i'iv.'l «m' the
- ^.""^^ V•'•
/y/,•''' year 540B (1648)» Cal:.\mity ji'oke over* Jewr.'-, In tu- t very
year tiiöre set in, uador tbf^ CoF^saok Iletmaa ßogdali Cl'i.uolaicki,
1/^^';^^- tae Ji03t gruösojie alau^huor which tlie loa^^^-sufferia^ Jo'.vj. : h
/"r
^ '
people had ever x:aovTn oefore er was to kaow sinco - uutil
Hitler« üunireds of thousa.jds ora^ishöd or flcd« Tl-e tirr.e
aeöüied i'ipe to triasl^^te iato leeds tl^e hooos riouris'aed by
scri'ow aad fiith. 'Die sLa^-;e vas 3-:^t for oa'jbatai 'evi,
i<oac la the ioii.; sei'les of drsairujrs wbo, •j.eauiriely
Cüaviaced or sf.lf-c3eceived, in turn pi^oclaimec? tl'e.i^olve? t'^e
Messiah, could sway Jewry as c3ld wSabbotal l'evi, .-fhosc iiiflu ^ace
outlived hiai for £;eaej:^atioas • Thon^^h uacori?cIaj s of tb.o fuct,
he fulfilled aa hi'ctoric .7d3?ion by providinij; aa opportimi ty
for testia^ tlie streagth. of th.e Jowj sb poople's '^111 to retnm
to its aacieat homelaad«
5.
It was at ^is- turn in the history of Jewirh rnessla-
nlsm that ii was joiited by *< i:iiTisi.3,:i%l stream flcwirifü in the
/ -"^''"'' '^J.;^, sai7.e directioii^ froiTi a aoii-Jowi r:,h viource» öixteea ceaturies
/- >•
' J x,^ had to elapse before a soctlon of Chri stlanity bocaüie roceptive
' \hL to tue anpiratioii3 of t)ie Jewi sb people, but it dld höppen at
V'
the last. i^roin the Christian tene^t of tlie ead of the vjorld
.^/^r
/\, Z,^ ^,a-B3{ i>o^^\-eti 1 n the"~rrow Te n tameu t , e spe cia lly in n evela i, ion ,
^'i ^ / -^ .,,»" tUere was oorn and ,^reis'to hi:^-''-.orlc errectivoiiess the idea of
'-•* /A^' €'• restorntioii of tiie Jews«
^- ..••'" Ihis process «as iatirnately bound up v/lth Iht^ traus-
f orm?H,ions vvl'ilcii had bc^en t?. kjrig place wlthia the body of tho
Ohurch siricü the lottr^r port of the Mlcid]e A^'es. 3t« nugus-
tjne'? dogma, «-jot out in "De C1 vi täte Uel", th/-»t tiie ^iiurchit-
self embodied Lhe lliar:dotn of JHvlne Justice nrophesled in
Revela ti on i^^47 had lo?t ^^roiuid slnce the ]^?th ceatury. It
w
pnli-Cbri^t^ -whlcn antlcipated
. um 3iM-«h was to follow it
\
PS boing oppoced by a iiew scViool of thoLvht to which ühurch
and papacy W(^r^ th^ rea.lm ':^T t.he prr ' ^^ * ^ "" • "' •
the return of J-esus aad ^ihö mllleni
/
at a pei'iod wnich, thou, ,h dlstant, was cap^/ible of oeinp; calcu-
iQted. 'ihe coaceptioiis of the early Christian J^'athers - Ju:-tin,|
Ireaaeus, Tertullion, Co ii.odion, Lnctantius - who visualised a
Klrif,dom of Feace of ''hich a rpstored «Jerusnlern was to oe the
centre, rr^galried tlieir 'luthority. '-'-h'^t OT'i£;en h^Ad called the
" Views of those '-vho, bellevin,2: in Christ, understario the b'lviae
Bcrlpture in 8 r-ort of Je^^/i Ph serise", again cöme to Ui e Tore«
6.
/
Millenariari bellefs of this kind lay at the core of the Hussite
and Anabaptist moveiaeiits of the 15th find löth centuries; t' ey
infiu(3nced the öwiss and Oer:rian heformation, Yet it was not
on the Gontiueät but in the British isles, then in tlie throes
of a tremeudouG religlous and political npheaval, that these
new niilienariau ideas x üMch3d thoir fvill development and be-
carne a hl. toric factor oT ths uttno.it importance.
The break ^'ith Rorae uuder Henry ^'III introdnced ttie
process of traiisformation in l'jth Century ü]n^-;la ttl. . At one
blow the Chui'ch of Kolig lo^t its si .'rdficance as Siif;;lari3»s re-
ligio vas £^uide. Tlie Pur i tan moverurnt, which set in shortly af-
torw^.trds, emphasized ths f inali ly oi' tlie bre^'k• Abs()rbin(];
the ess'^nce of Calvin' s teachiii/],, Pr>ri tnriic-ci paved tho way to
the accjeptance of coaceptions of Eibliocracy and Thoocracy«
op
•^^^
Th^ Indepefidents aÄdxiliÄ Holy Comniiinity of Saints, reli^^ious
body-
iafjlxsÄ fouiided in the loth coiitur^ by Kobort '^.rowne on the
twia principles of ''cove lant and "inward otilling", becarne a
contre of the niost iateusive i'^llf^ir-us activity» The niembers
of this aud siiTiilnr as ociatiocjs, firrn believers in p:'edestina-
tion (also part of Calvin' s tBSCÄlxt doctrine), feit the call to
trans.l ^'^i te their foith iLito d -eds by i'lghtin£^ foj the coming
Kingdom of Ood • Millenarianism jvao not confinci^ to the Inde-
p-^nderits; it hecatr;e Oiie of l.he pilncipal ^l'^montB rorrLTion to
nearly all sects« "At the basls of the creed of every reli iousl
body of the time, except blie Presbyterians, lay tho millena'^i an
ideas", says G. P, üoooh in his "Enf'lish Dernocratlc Ideas in
y
■-:W'>J
ms.
7.
the 17 th Century • The only possible ariswer to the question,
"iVhat is that you chlefly aim at in thls war?" in "The Soldier's
Catechism composed for the Parlianieat Amiy" (1644) was: "At
the advance of Christ 's Kingdom and the purity of Ilis ordinan-
ces." Thi3 nid immtnorable simllar daciara tions wore inspired
by a gsneral and urishakable belief in tlie üpproach of the mille-
nium«
i * /i
Its ehoract^ri'^'.tic coloui'in^^, "rio^^'ever, vms impf-rted
to Pur i tau luillenarlani^-rr: by the element corriHion to fill i^uritan
sects kriowri ss "Snrrli.üi K^brals.n". Tlie dose conaexion of
Calvlnisü'i v/ith tho !Ubl3, C.vO'-iii's acoeptnrice of Hibliocracy
h^ oj)po?.ed to Papal aurorit y, ;/ith its 'd^^^airicaut eauhasis on
the Cid Tefttanieat, found a.i eclio j.ii an Il'i;;:J&ni1 simil.'i /dy in-
c.llned, '^0-;^^. three hundred yo.-Ts culjor, Korßv ] acoa had t?: ken|
up the study of Uebrew, tlie tOiii^U'3 In ^'hich, }iO si^id, (Jod had
madö HiF will and \\\ v. -^isdüia mHiiir«3st to .Tiankind • •<* Century
later, John 'U-Ci-irf uyed a3^£;u(ueats fi'ora thci Ö2?iptures, .vhic h he
wag tl-ie first to i rauf- lote lato iM^-dinh, to r/upport hiw criti-
.?isr^i of tiic Pope. Thls was oaly a. be;;,ianin'3« X ünder ^.ueen
iiili zab<-";tVi, in the Oolden ^"/^e ivhio}"i j.):c'odaced Shakespeare, catne
t;ie trausf ormation wrourht by the Bible, the sii^nif ica^ice of
Will oh i'or ^inj^-iarid ' 6 aestin.; is unuixiaiously i-eco^^^ni 3ec- by histo-
rians •
•1 ■ .
iNo grea ter nioral cnange ever passed over ^i nation
than nasE-ed ovei' -'Jn/j;lanJ during the yearb whic h p?. rted
the :niddl3 of th.? reign of xiilizabeth froin the uieeting
of the Long Pa rlia grient • jj]n(';liiad beca.ne the people of
a book, i-nd that oook was the Bible."
8.
Thus Kichard Green in his "Short History of the En^lish People",
V.' published oixty years a^o and still rogarded as autiiori tative .
/ G, Ivl • Trevelyan - his voice but oue aj^ong Jicmy - does not h.isit^.xte
to say:
"Thoutj^i Shakespeare niay be in some aspects the
gl* ea best ^^.lory of his ?..ige, ho was not in hin ov^n day ita
^reatert inriuenoe« By the end of ii-lisabcth* s reigh
the büok of bookr, Tor xiiii/rli shinen was alrcady the hible •..
The effoot of the cojiiinual doniestic study of the Book
"upou the national character, imeginetion and intelli^^ence
for neurly three centuries to come, was fg?eater than tlat
üf uny ii terar^ liiüveuij^nt since tho co.idiij^^ of öt. ^i-u^^astiae ."a
ThiO liioral rovolutJon, the x'oa.ouldiu^^ of the i^xif^lish
lialioxiiil cht.racter, its conversion from the cxuberanco of the
[.e.:iu i ssarice to aA[xxi.MyiÄKr.'Äi^KioLx»ÄJRiJ!.ti v/ha t Max "Gber called aa
"iiuiv)i'-woi-lü asc0tici3;,i" , u v/holehoartod devotJon to rorV, duty
aati busineSG, vvero but a part of tiie ohauge duo to tVie sprcad
of tixe lUble« The .Sn(;laad of tho so days wliich had jur. t begun to
take it.s place la a hpw vorld, to build a iic-\-i kiai_üoi:i, to slx-vpe a
aow r/jcüety, 'vai'. po-werfully cirawn aot only to tho rovelati on of
the //ord and the aiaje^^ ty of -^^ivine Law, but also to t\\e recital
of the hallov(;d asceat of ;■ people from slavery to a Kiu^dorr: of
Cod. 'j'hö liAaxvellous ^, et simple story of thi' t people 's strug£;le,
of its leaders vlio carried out Ood » s will, ".rrougly irnpressed
iünc^lishfiien. VVith 07/65 turaed toward?: tiie rLillcaium, tl-ey saw
]]\\,^/', the:i.C5elves ti-eadia^ a siiixilar r-oad, aad began to identify lyi'ael's
'■/ /M.'- ^'^ hi:-tur/ 'ith their ovn« The sfirltual i-ol.ation tlius establislied
-'^ ". ^,7 betwoen a aatlon f ]'.i^:htia£; for freedom ond the pcoi..le of the ^^ove-
J;\. ^^'^- ^
■ r^i^*' aant helped to ntroa^t en the lold of Calvin' s Bibliocracy upon
9.
'y i
J- .
England« To r,uch an extent did the Purl tans make Hebrew
hlstory their own that they feit God ' s favour resting upon thern
as upon the Chosen pe^ople itself ♦
ITI
This conviction flowed
-HO^ öftiy from their creed of predestine tion ^t:~'was also nou-
rished by oontemporary events • Kiigland had just beon saved
froia ifiortal da.iger by soiriothing closoly akin to a biblioal mi-
racle, the Heaveu-sent storm .vhich sank the ^^rmada • This Pro-
videntia 1 deliverance caused tliao generation to turn evei* more
fei'vently to tVie Book in which the history of man is interpreted
as an expression of unfathoaiable divlne Justice« All the
events reoorded in Scripture, all the pepsons rnentioned in i t,
see:iied to the Puritans to have counterp^rts In c o rit empor ary
happt;iiirigß and in living people«";?^ When Crornwell likeued hiip seif
to Joshua xmi or Gideon, he feit moved by the sa.ne splrit, the
sa.'iie fi^ith, accompanied by tbe sarne blesslng as the warriors of
the Bible« This spirit aLso animated his trooos« "Our raen
v\rent on in several bodles siti~iiiß Psalms", reads 'la entry in
Crooiwell^s diary dn ted October lOth, 164.'5, The universality
of the Bible, D^^idging the span of centurles , ^vas trlumphantly
dejionstrated . "Israel und üii^land Par?<lleled" was tl-e title of
a pa.uphlet published in 1648 by Paul Knell - a title expressive
of a general feeling« There was more than a parallel or a
likeness, however; there was belief in the identity of ßn^^land
and Israel« The Biblical names which then becarae populär, the
observance of the Lord's Day closely resembling in ^^trictness
1
tr
10.
that of the Jewish »^abbath, and efforts to secure the atdai&itjMi
a£x&.Äi.»RdöL^ replaoeiueat of Sunday by Saturday e.s day of rest,
symbolised thls pious identif 3 cation,
i . • /' i* -<" '■-« x-<^ —
But the I3ible was not irei-ely a key to the past and a
guide to the present - it iafiueaced the Pui'itans* view of the
future and colüui od their hopes. "In Piiritanism", ?a,y3 John
G. I>'.)W, " i/ ere is soüiething of that perspective cbaractervthich
Is the cardinal feature of cTevish belief, sometbin^ of th.'it pre-
pai-ation and trnst wliich constituted th^^ eGsciice oX" the Liessia-
aic hope." Thi s was w}iy Israel' s hoi)ef3 of the iiessiah per-
h^eated ruiller.nrj'an coiiceptionö in Uix'vland r.iore tlian in ;iny otbor
oüvntr:/» Tlie Divine piomlGes and thß Prophecies l:ef-rinß on
the jatlicriu^ aixd return of the cliiltiren of Irrael v/ore tfken
ovor by Ent^lishmen as applyin/s to thCiSelves . Tiieir :>wn future
appeared to theni in the it.age of these htJpes. They had a vi-
fe ion of a aew o''eru'jale:ri as the i^joal oi' tl:;:ii' fi^^lit ?: ad their
pi 1 gr i nia ge , Z l o n b e c a aie th o i nia ge o f tb o .1 r ry.. ti o : a 1 fu t u i' e . '
Milton rciAiöx-ed tl\e escoace of tliiö i'^iifjl?}! i**e:--:sianisn"i in a
Single irAagiiii iceat seateace: "vWiy olse was tais i^ation ohosen
before any otlu^r, tht^t out of ^ier u s out of -'ion ^^hould De pro-
ciaimed fuid t.oundod foi'th Ua; fir-t tidin(;;5-; aad trunipeit of
hefur.ua tion to i>ll -^^ui^ope?"
^
11
T:.
u h
vf,
■\
f 'f*^-
/
Hope to build a spiritual Jerusalem in Kaglaiid it-
%
seif did not, hovever, -GAu^e the Puritans to forget the earthly
Zion aad to abandon their belief in the mi- sion of Israel« Ori
the coiitrary, falth in the Word erijoined not only the adoption
of niessianic hopes as eütertained by Is^rael but also acceptaace
of all protnises explicitly relatiag to the Jewi sh people« j
The doctrine of predestination went to reinforce thi s faith.
t • .' *
i:f -
Israelis indestructibility, its vltality which no persecution
could quench, seemed to pledge fulfilment of the Divine pro-
/ /""/' Ä'''-''* füises and prophecies.' iThis conviction was greatly assisted
i:.''iv.'il< :M^r/'<^ ^y ^^® profound revereuce in which the Puri tans held the people
j ;rv .. r of the Book, and also by understanding of post-Biblical Judaisni
c^'v*v V- :r ..X which the humanists of the 16th and 17th centuries had helped
/, ,/*( Y.4^i-vv to spread./^ The first book in Hebrew type to be puDlisbed at
Oxford was "Porta Mosis" , six chapters of Mafcmonides' cominenta-
ries on the Mishnah, edited by Edward Pococke, the Orientalist.
John Seiden, great lawyer and uni versa l^töTrid , who ured to
correspond 'ith the Jewish scholar Leon de Modena of Venice,
published in 1617 "A Treatise on the Jews in Englend". üsÜA
Milton's interest in üebraica was botindless» His knowledge
extended from the Bible - tlte k&hxkbxaI Inspiration of "Para-
dise Lost" - to the Kabbalah and coatemporaneous Rabbinical
writiugs» Palestine itself was brought closer to the con-
y • v/
sciousness of the English people. John Liglritfoot, thy t jiaster
J
12.
of Hebraica, coritributed a geography ta. of Palestine to Walton' s
London Polyglott Bible, a Standard work of English Bible scho-
larship. Thomas Füller drew in "A Pisgah Sight of Palestine"
a vivld picture of the country which was to become a model«
More import^nt than these literary tributes was
the direct contact, establi^ed at thut time, between the Eng-
lish people and the Jewp.si/As the Puritan movement gathered
strength, so there arose a desire to terminate the Separation
between the two natious which had lasted three centuries«
Jews expelled or escaped from Portugal had sei tled in -^iolland,
where their outstanding comaiercial abilities were quiokly
appreciated and utilised to promote foreign trade. Many Puri-
tans who had fled to Holland to escape religious persecution
met the Jew in Ihe flesh for the first time; not a few were
prompted thereby to move to that country of religious tolerance,
some even to lBÄÄBaLBXßfiJi3fKr±Bdx±Bxj[MfltÄiÄXX embrace Judaism.
The history, the charactei^feLnd the mission of the Jew became
ever aiore familiär to the leaders of the movement then eng-^^^ed
in a struggle for power. These fugitives whom fate had trans-
planted from south to north, and later even to the New World,
appeared eminently fitted for the task of diverting commerce
from the XIsibxjlsck Penin sula to Britain« Thus the readmission
of the Jews became the subject of serious negotiations , ynd
s
soon afterwards a reality, all obstacles notwith- tandin g.
/
Simultaneously, the visionary Instinct of a people which was
i
13
to create a world-wide empire, of a gensration which pi'od uced
the great explorers and sailors and also the Pilgrim Fathers,
led theoi eagerly to antlcipate a new Jerusalem, not merely the
iaii al leger ical deal but the geographical reality. To theiji,
as to the early Christians, there appeared the vision of a Zion
which shall xr^k take the place of Rome and bear out the propbe-
cies by becominR the hcart of a realm of peace where all men
will be brother^.
/^^'^v A variety of causes religious and political had con-
tributed to the establishaieut in Puritan ilagland of a specific
doctrine, grafted on to the rrillienarian creed, concerning the
re?toration of the Jews« It derived from the belief that the
return of the Jews promised to theai by Juivine covenant would
precede the millenium» The term ''Jewish nation** was understood
to comprise the whole of Israel, i.e. not only the Jews living
in dispersion but also the descendants of the ten tribes lo5>t
after the fall of the Northern kingdom, regsrding whose conti-
nued existence many theories were rife. Like Jev/ish believers
in the Messiah, the protagonists of the Kestoration creed ex-
pected' the fulfilment of tii»xJötbi±.BÄi Scriptural promise from
a direct Intervention by Providence, ''hich would manifest itself
in tremendous upheavals affecting all countries and nations.
The Revelation of iSt. John, the prophecies which nourlshed Jewish
Messianism ( particular J.y Ezechiel on the wr*rs of Gog and ^;agog,
and the visions of Daniel), were used as a basis for calcuMing
14.
k
the time and order of these events« Similar as the Jewish arid
the Puritan cotiception appeared, there was oiie profourid diffe-
renöe: the Jews awaited a dlvinely appointed Messiah to redeein
them from exile and restore the Temple for the salvation of all
mankind - the Puritans looked forward to the sec -nd Coming of
Christ aiid assumed that the restoration of the Jews would cul-
tninate in their conversion to Christianity« l/Vhether they
thought that thls conversion of the Jews must aaticipate, coin-
cide with, or follow their return, all followers of the Restora-
tion creed were at one in wishing the Jews to become Christians«
Yet this was not an essential feature in the picture
of the Kestoration as it presented itself to the believers.
In the course of time the conversion condition was gradua lly
dropped both by individual writers and by the general public«
Of equal importance was the fact that the Kestoration idea soon
became part and parcel of ßngland's Spiritual and political
history. This is where it differs from the "plans for a
Jewiph Commonwealth" offered by individuals belonr^ing to other
uatioiialities but of similar XB^ii: religious teadencies •
Vai'ious Dutch sects, the -^uguenots, the Anabaptists scattered
throughout the Christian 'vvorld, aad also other groups - all
shar^ ith the English Puritans the belief in a restoration
of the Jev73. But nowhere had tJtxK this idea assumed such well-
defined forms as in Kn^jland, nowhere eise did it so quickly grow
15
into a -wldely accepted and logically developed traditi an..
ITttom the outset the Kestoration idea had gripped the Imagination
of layrnen aad clergy alike; its earliest preachers had come
from the laity« Its literary expresslon was not limited to
the relißious treatise - it assumed the forms of the novel
and of poetry. In this way, the doctrine, developing from
a theological theory into a populär movement, soon began to
play an important part in the life of the i^^nglivsh people»
In the Island kingdom where ^ir Thomas More had conceived
the "Utopia" and Francis Bacon the "New Atlantis", where Shake-
speare wove his dream of Prospero's inagic isle, the message of
which the ancient scuttered pe >ple was the bearer, its
importance in the structure of hiiinanity, its myrterlous role
under Divine ordinance, were better understood than any^jvhere
eise« Moreover, the Jewish people' s longing for rederaption
sprang from the sa ae desire for liberty, tolorance and justice
which moved the Puritans to build a new comnioa'vealth and a
new political /"orld across the Ocean« This urge - insep^rable
from the nature of Puritanism - drove the believers in Festora-
tion from Arords to deeds, from anticipation to realisation.
By the time Sabbatal Zevi • s eppearance had carried
Jewi sh messianic hopes to ecstatic h'^ights, this pro ?.ess had
far advanced • The first phase of the movem-nt was nearing
its end. A new historical factor - which, though seldom
a.aae. tQr ^tUe destinv^of ,the Jewish people - had entered Jewi^h
»2miep^^ ted i^m.mb^tjg^ h&^''^ * was to prove of decisive Import-
/Ct_ ^^Cv^--^ ^-^ ^'y^y^ -■■^•^ <^it-^, ^-'^'-^jC ^yC
¥
15.
#
into a vi/idely accepted and loglcally developed traditi oa.
fhoni the outset the hestoration idea had ^ripped the Imaglnatioa
of layaieii aud clergy alike; its earlie^t preachers had come
from the laity» Its literary expression was not limited to
the relißious treatise - it assuraed the forms of the iiovel
aiid of poetry« la this way, the doctrine, developiag froia
a theological theory into a populär aioveruont, soon Vegaa to
play an iiüportant part in the 11 fe of the i^^a^^lish people«
In the i?lani kiagdom 'j^ti^^ve »-»ir Thomas More had coaceived
the "ütopia" and Francis Bacon the ''New ^-^tlaatis", whore Shake-
speare wove his dreaax of Prospero's tnagic isle, the aiessM.^e of
which the aucieat scattered pe >ple was the bearer, its
ioiportance in the structure of huaianity, its my^terious role
under Divine ordinance, were better u^derstood than any^here
eise, Moreover, the Jewlsh p-=^ople*s lon/lng for redeaiption
sprang from the sa.e desire for liberty, ioleraace and justice
which moved the Puritaas to build a new cornnioa.vealth aad a
new political x'orld across the Ocean« This urge - insep rable
from t'ne nature of Purltanism - drove the believers in T.eatora-
tion from words to deods, from anticipation to realis^tioa»
By the tirae tiabbatai Zevi's appearaace had carried
V
Jewi sh messianic hopes to ecstatic heights, this pro '.es s had
i
far advanced» 'ilie first phase of the moveu-^at was aearlag
its ead« A new historical factor • which, though seld^
auce. for. tue destinY.of^the Jewish p-^ople - had eatered to«irh
^MtQ^^^'C&^ <>x^Jah^%\^ A^^rea, vas^ Ibo prove of decisive IHhport-
lil fefajX j , aever to u i s^' ppe^ijr • ' ^ ^
/
/
r- f
2.
/
Insiead, nourisiied by raemories and givea tau^T;ibie expression
in a soleriin rltual, It acquired a dynamic force« The fire
or this passion lit the torch of revolt Century after Century,
from Bar Kochba dowu to Abu Isa who, seven hundred years after
the destruction of Jerusalem, souglit to raise in Persia a
Jewi sh army to liberate Palestine» t>uch veritures were doorried
to failure, but the hope of a retvirn to the homelaad co uld not
die. It gathered strength as it craduölly became ideritified
.vith the iiope of escape from the aonorniölity of 11 fe in exile«
it fused vith ttie hope of Heaven and faith in the comitig of
the wies.siah into a new purposeful eutity« The) poets and rays-
tics of the hevelations; the authors of eschatolo^^ical works
known to posterity by t.licir assumed lUMues of Jereniiah, i^aru^jh,
iizra, f^inoch a.iU oven üie na.ries of tho Patriürciis who, in the
Greek lan^uage, la ,.ented the fall of Zion aad ^lorified its
future plendour; tv*e Tannaites and Auiorites, architects of
the Talmud; the Jewish philosophors of the A'»iddle -gös,
ploneers in tho i-eoLa of human thou^ht; tho Creators of tho
Cabbalah - all contributed to the forma tion of an impi'o^;iable
messianic tradition« Unshakable faith in a aiessiaalc future
lived on ami bridged the span of centuries« It uni ted the
91 iritual fvorlds, so completely diverse, of oaadia Oaon the
logician und Isaac Luria the mystic; it inspired v^huda
llalevi's f la ^ing Songs of ^'"lon; it caused the law-giver iV'oses
Maimonides to /iiake beliof in •'^epr-iah's cominp: one of the
r
PART I
rrom tl'K. end of tlic cizteentii Century to tiic
(, ^
..3^'
X'
w ^^ « '■ ' " <»•»*> ' i. ■ — -- — / j
\/^ y^ ,,.. "'■■" , /?<: ''J\^ %'-^
r\^"^ ^ y The eärliect iiterai^'- e:wreErion of the i CEtoration Doctrine
I \j 1 cai: be traced cd far £ic to ti:e ...recit Tranciccan Duüc reo tue in
the i5tii ce^liiy and to John ■';yclifrc, tiie cha jion of Uef ornation,
Theii'' tccxhiiib^pontain eiements to .c cleveloped. iat#iPÄ in the
i
üoctrinu. '''üt it huppe lg d not before tl:e lac:t dccacIeE )f thu
/ I]lir,a"bethan era that uie ^uection concerning the ' ecoration of
the Je z becc'xic a eubjcct of special theoiotjical in;iuiriec» hc
rico of thoce cfforte ie iiarjced by a ctrange and tra^^ic evcnt.
/ TPraiicic iCett, tlie deccendx).nt of a fa^nouß IToiman fa^iily, jui/iie.^eu.
in IbCü, a tract " The e;loriouc aij^ Ä«i|^gjpull Oariand of lan's
Llortfication; contaiuinü the i^odiyc r.icterie of iieavenly
^earuealen " v/ith a dedicatioii to ;,uecn lisabeth. ''iirce yeare
later, :]d:iiurid Gcf^ibler, ::ichop of I'orvTich, cun oned Kctt to hie
court and conderfincd hin on Charge of herccy, The articlcc of
horetical pravity objcctod by r:canblcr to ctt rhow that he wac
a nillciiarian V7ho znaintainea tiiat Jceue v/itU the Ajof^tlec uere
" in Judca gathcring thorc bis pcople, and that the faithful :.uEt
{;0 to Jerucalen.^' According to ::ett*E conviction Chrict v/as
'' not rdd üüt a ^ood man '* v;ho cugiered once for thQ:inc of the
v/orid ' and v;iii be rade God after Iiic: seconfi rer;urrection. '^
hett wac c ^ndenntcl to death and burned ch: the c^talcc in the Castle
of Ilorv^ich on the 14th January lüüO,
2.
In Kett's viev;c tlic clene t tending to a rcBtor®tion of
thc Jgv/c can ciecriy ue diccLriied. ''e-een€4-dexed Judea and
Jerucreitäm ac the ecene of the corran^^ rcdem .tioxi -i-nd loolced forwird
».;:. ^
to a ^jatncrinc of Ood's ^eopie In tlic 'loly Land, Tliat ti.as was
understood iitero-li^- of lerael Leconcc/ijerfcctly clear uytxpanphlQ
jü1)lichcd Eoon aftcr ':etL*E e:^'.ecut oii, 1^^1590, whcre U.;e r.ariyr ---:-
v;ac c:'4)reeEiy biar.cd 'l\^v liis bclicf in leiael'c- retura» ht Iract,
v;ri utcn in Xjc in .y the outetandin^ Calviniet ecUoiar /.iidr<ij\v ilieti
was./entitlc'd ' De Jnivercc.li et "ovißt:!!:!!.- rudeoran v'^ocatione.--*'
and deO.icateü t) t...c ,;^\7erful Lord r'ur^jhley v/hct nay Ijü coneidercd
CS an indication foi tlic im^-ortance altributed to the cu lg ect.
' iilet forctoid and ad-ocaucd tl*c ^entrai and injpcndintj conver^ ion
o£ tlic JcuC iu tiiu ccnce >f r «. 'aui*E pryi)hecy, ^,ut rcju;, lei.. tlic- • -
idea tliau tLcy couid re^^ain che cartiiiy jjov^iiiirient of tnetr cJUi^uiy,
/■
Xf tLc uev/. , iiicu cXi^ucc, did not cuccecd in le-CL i.abiichinc
.liLir con onwcaitn in anti uity undei favourablc condicionc, L.nd
evcn witii tiic IiüIj of tiic cripcror /uiian, whei- tiicj? v/erc deccivcd
in tiicii ncEui-^nic iiopcL: f.)r fiftecn ..undrcd ycarE, ho\i can tiiey
»-i;püct tliat tliey v.ili lc rcctored no;; »mÜL Lhcy are uiEjoeiEed
and tlieii tribee eo confuecd tl:at a diccri ination iE .^uite
iripoe: iblc ?
iCett'B
r.artyrdon and -ilLet'E tract t^öt-edcecrainly a
Gtron^j injuise to the noT^i developiitnt, ■ oon it Lx.ouid bci-^nu
apparent th-t "aiieu'c ar^'U":ieKoE ;vere not ablc to cupjrcei: tht;
nev; bclief, ihor.ias Dxi^^ » a diEtint^;uiEelicc theolo^ian, in iiie
uork '' 'Hae W-^rid^E cEur..cc li,)n or tlic Callinc of Uie Jev;c -
A fciiniliar Cori .cnta*.^ upon tlie elcventh Clici-pter ■.?f »-aint i^i
tiie onaiiies ,.♦" ( iC)7 ) cteelt rlth the queBtion in tiie lines of
V/illet üut witlx a dirrerent aspect. fee--*ÄifiÄjpt^^
a marvei-louc .;or.v of God, not v;ithout n;^Etery, that tlic Jewc die-
^ percjed irx all couritriCß, shouid ctili continue gucIi a uißtinct and
(
uncoi.foundcd nati n, i.iid so constant in the iceepin^^ of tlieir Lav/c,
ritCQ and ccrerrionies, " TöLcir caliino ai.d convereion v/as to le"
e:cpectod a: the indicoerJcaüle contrlbution of the Jews to thc
recüTiCction of naiücinc)./ -raxe u lined i. coiiL^lete plan xor pro-
notinr: thie procc^n t'^.ijoußh n;ood\7ili v.r,C. ..>crGuasion, reir.forcing
his ai;_.urneritE with au Lk ooiiichin;; criticio-: on thc "bdiavio'jr of the
Ci.riGtiaiiE acaineo Uf ^e-jz. ithout C2:..'iaininß hou, the conversion
of tlie ^e\.x oncc cor?Aeted, the r:reat chancc in thcir ctate was to
/ //
one about, Drt^Ä.e predicted jbaÄi that the J^ews \/ili *' oq ^rouglit
home, the hear-.:s of God*& .^co^.le re^Aei. ched,..ai:d all :.iL-oionc
fuiiy :.nd rinaliy perfccLed and i^lorified, * .^i , — ^ . .^
lu a later v7oric, " ah Alarm uo the iact Jud^e:ient % (I€lü),
I V-
ijiaxe took Lhe matter afiair: ai.d cpoiiv ^^03:e dictiii-ctlj of the literai
(
recuoration. '^.ir houcver mivj be ascri'bcd t;^ the irii"-uc:inc /of that
eciitraordiiiax';:/ ^;ert:onaiitv of hie conterTpo.ar;:; , :iiDi:iac . iiGhts^||p*
mio 1)7 the directnesc of the apjroJ^ch to the central point of thc
nucGtion and by the cufiurinG in£?piration he cv-vo to authors siüdlarl-
idnded ni.ht u. th truth be dercri.-cd ac thc father of the^Älgiich
dootsinc eonccrninG the Rektorat :lon of thc Jewe. I3orn ih 0562,
4*
."WO
Tiioiiias I3i.iglit::2an Larncd Iiie fi>jne not bcfoic hiß deitth. iu ICT^ •
pU;-liGhcd in Lc.tin» ?lie fui-ßt lixit^lißh t;ditioii, eütitl^d " iXYQl^-tiou
of th;.. ''levelaLion "\ j'olI-?ued in 161C, It hae be>.n cild of rrigiiunan
that hisn -.ife wc^s moet . oct cvanj^cticul, a..ci lie liimecif cij^imcd tliat
he hae v/ritten hie grcc.t worJ.: undcr'*'ii~vine Inspir^^iy^lt The iiain
C"jbject -yf :.Tiiß:it j-^^l woiic 7/o.,g th^ overthxov/ of tlie Anti -Christ
identifie: v;ith ja,;^! Eoine. It wl Li Iq fr)LXov7ccl by t\) cicctructi >n of
the Turics cinci the ^-'G-llin^ of the Jewc, wlmt Bric;litman concidcre us :,.■
the i'incil iXid -loet jo^fu'. cvent. It^-crornicto n:)t only in . , ili e 1 y:?||||iiJiiifel
Lec-:'nin{5 a Chritian i-L.tion but irxidenw:...lly in their i^ctürn and
res ooratioi:. -'e raiced the qücction \:1U: üurjxl^lmj dircütneer, and- •
ansY/crecl io v;ith u ^)ieuif:^ion no iccr renoxlcablc : '* 'ncit ? rhßli tiiC^
3tz:at:-^j;jte<aateir: JüzM^ { t ..c *icv/G ) retun. to tXeruso.ler: agcln ? JliLre ie
nothinc raore certuin: the Pro hete do cvoi;:;?v/here co. firii it and üet.t
upon it," ri^tnan ^^ämid, hov.cvcr, the xunacjnentaJL v.T(;u::cnl i'or ti;.ic
thceic i.ot iu t.üe Tojh^tE uut in t. John'e i,evc;iw.tion, Clia,.,lC,l^,
v;here t^.e Au£;cl of the eiivt:i Vi^-i is cori.cü.ded to jTQi)C.ie lh<, ^jaerut^e
f or-- the-^:iu4je of thQ ^ü.zi, b^ di'^ii^ ü^ thv rivcr ?f buphrcites,
^\
l Q'^.Qj:i:ln(^ to the Apocal:/^)se of ".■21a, j.i^ii.m£i.n declurecl. the Jewe the?*i-
Ccl\'-,D ae identical uith the :'1uüz 01 the ."aet, aiid the dr^ini^ uj of
t:;e uphraLec arj a jioYidLxtiaX cx,iXoi^ f the niracle i.t the J ed Cec^
■ e QiYCü e:a,ct caicuiatiDr.c if the tii:ic \7hen the a.. scaL^/ptic event 35±
\7ili hap].)en. The;;' are norti;," "ba^-ed on thu Took of i?-aniel t.nd hctray
in thuir üiÄMrtis^llarot:: to tho£3e of the Jewich c;a('C, ^'on Irja;:.c
Ahar'banel vjho died e:^.c/-ctii' iiundrec z/ears üefore . ..ii^^^tmc-n, he year
/i
V ♦
,;eri =d t^u poeccl to,-i:^ßt in-.til 16?5. ""^rieiitnaii cicalt v/ith all thcce
q ecti-nif; ilüo in a r...c,icii ^v ;r-c whc^roin tue icn!t:'ring :)f the Jev/s
" afi.er tlie utücr o^ertlirov; ;)! t;.:Lir i.aßt ene:.icc, ic t^ct fortli ii^
and theref re ii.tentione.Uy . : cccl c:vcluf:ivci:; on ,;uruc of ^d
Tee cü'ent, üc^niei cnd the ßon:;; of roior:oi-.
To v;liui cj;:tui.t Bri^h nan rcr.lirccl tUat lic v/ac abut to
iuitiJ^..c a nev/ dact^ii.c, nu;;,- lc gather^d fro..- tho ctri :in{; i^ejitencv in
tliC ." I.üVciLitioii >f tUL cvQii,tiou *• : " I huvc sct aoi^ne thoec obii^-e
w^th rnrv. ctorc of v;orclc, bcci-uee I v;ould -,ivc oux Div.ne^ ar. occarion
of thi>i::iii- -•)re rcriuiel,; vf tUcsc Jiiü^fi;/- It luuet i^c tjcäü th..t
thi?: v/iEh ;;ac: TuLf illccl, c:,c thc ihiiüüi.cu ox r^riclitman^c ,. orthuj.ious:J
uor:: can be clecul- t.i.cQd in tlic ::nLli£l: i.-terii.ture, ..%uc' 'Ulioi^i^
DrcuLc ir hir i:cv; bool:, nO. tioriüd ;.:.ovc, u g onlj rorcricd to " ncxter
rriö?tni:^n '», b.t iuotcd hin copioucl^ , jc.rticüicrl^UÄöi^: ciccaini^ \;it.:
th^ xcstovcti n of tl:e Jev;r. which I;e re^>:.ided ae a si£;n of tiie
epjroachinj? T*ött'"'ud(.crxnt» An- oth^r foliovver 5)3|^||i:3it:.'ian wc-.g; güce
Pietcher, onc cT thc (-r.:li:cnt "li.:c.-.lütiic:.nn vA.o bt .oii^^i: to tlie ..n^dich
iiterL\-:i;re cc a ^.oct, hirtoricx ai.d jüoUSio trii-oi.
4.
i.eritc ia- in thc di,.ior:atic neid, sas: Kc £cr\.c us ^üe^^n ■ iii^abctli'c;
cnvo;> ;:.t 1^:0 court of J\-^ö.u tli^ xer. ibic, ' t:_e ^i^a Ci.t.i of '"ußcov^y* '*
/.j. ter hir rotiirn fro^.: rurt^al^s^., 1- tcher ^AibliPlied 4. doo-l oü Lliis c^uritr
w/«
i notlici fri-ii: of 1-ic r^tcj ix. I;uer ia wae a treuuif^e cv^tcd tr) the
ouection ^f ttc T^o^t 'ribuf? of Ii^reo'U t was iiatüolicd out^cariier
tlu-'i^ r i::.tj lu: ^eaxT; i/,:Ctci thc autliox'i: oecth (loll) "b^ Car:-uei Lee •
ac3 tlic fiixt Jc.rt oT thc Lool: '' Isrc.el'c ' edu:ic or the ■'estoration of
Icraei ( lü.7 ' und rc^^uLliiDiied ci^. tv vcsirE XcvC l;/ another ;..ionier
A
\
of tlie Kectorctioii doctriu , ^.'iXlicia rh cton ( cec ^-j, i )i licqu. ).
Thu üeiici i:. t:.c continueci c:v; e leiiCw of u.c Xs^ratjiiue trioe;:,
vaj-iiEhcci i.ft:er tlic dcctruction of tLc nor ehern kiiii^cloin, v/^x coi::: ;on ■
David lubcu-, the 1:1;:, ctex-iou:^ seif c^^jointc arabas^j^aor of tiie
iecondary Joseph, IzIiiq of CliL^bor, ir. tli. first Iiulf jf tiie lotii ceiit...:^
rt.v:.vcd t::e old ii-tercrt i\. tlie tk^iroaüouti; of tLe triv^e^. A striIcinG
ßii,,n of tUic currcnt -ic l. curioue ...rint ' ifewr fron I:o:ic , tr: Lr:i:..teU
out of I'A.vlli:Ai ii'Go "11.^:110':, that. i.Xo.. i^' 3f .,. joo^l;- eo :'l:.i uiiknoun»
corilrir fröi. tlie Caepiari Boantainc to lucoTcr tLc- J.ianci of ^^romiee.
Therc; i:: in co e xee..;cct l. e.ri.äiitj cj.f }rnitj of :.iie£ ::iL teuer 's
ecrcv v;itli tliöij;: contc-ijnorary jar: li!.^t« le uc er ';;ivcE moiiy rec^coLS
f :> !•
:;.„:: c:.ccü}u^t ..oi. t'.ai. thc TaroU;?: c^i.finin^ ujon the the tcri-it:j.ie
ne::.r .1:^ ..;wLjL«..i Ijei. wdy be thc ^.octcril-y yf tl.c cn 'riicr if Israel.
' Put wi'iiic icuvizic. tlic' fui.i dctcnr^iLv lioi: to furuher inquiriec of
nerc/ax:Lc v..nd travelicre to be diecuiL^ed ;~.::oiit^: tiie Lcc-rned, lleLcIier
did not iiesitate to dentif:/ the reeiscoYered tribee with the":in^G
of ti.o !uL-u'» rtiß Interpretation follo'jod tliau of Jho: :ac ilrightman,
praieed hy i'ieoclier ul* " tlie lact ii.tcrji;ci:cr of tUat uool: ( i.e.
rt, Johii*e ^'i,eveia*.ion'* ), ;.hoi:: ;.od ei.ducd v;it E^-cciai tjiftß aLove
all tiiat iiith^ito liave uritucn of it»" ^ ue Dure, .iecci^er attiiuutc.
the titie ^f the Kin^E of the Tiast to t::c Ten ^lihcs oniy, V7ho v.ill
be ^jriviiej_,ed with the re-entaLliGlrncnt of tue ^Cin^dori in the Iloly
Land. Tue ccattered chiidrcn of Judüh r^nd Benjamin v/ere, according
to ?ietcher not to be V'ucl.rafed tho ii;raee of rcuurnin^; i. . cdiatei;' :^
\
v/ith thc ''cn Tri bes. The;/ "wili be, however, by the cx^-uiplc of thore
otlicr Tri ..es be cncourat^ed to join tOi^ot^ior, and to rmrcix out of
tlic j-lacer, v/iiero no-.v tiie^;' t-re, tov/axdD tiic comitry of Judeu, witiiout
Wliile tiic ct3Lc.;y of tne fai.;ouc dijlonaoict rcmciiied uncnown
to liic ^enerJLoion, iilie ;jori; of anjther outGtaiidia^;^ coatenporary was
destiiicd uo ti;ive a neu i^o;vürful iii^jecc to tlie docl;rine.|3(|rt#**^y ^7
^sTfö^iat v-Loo ^v thc e;.trc:orüinar;y interoc^t ■^hicli it
fc.A^>-?l '
'J i 7-7t »Ai.-"--' i#-''<>w-^ 5-' r <f <?»<<;■■ #■'.:.-» « ■■'.*.,, * ^--i z';^
"■ ■^;E1i jucliciti^. '^^^I•^ vxx. content^ of the "book, the
aroi'ccd im
jcrj:onali ui? of th.c author, fche j^crcecution e and Iul ^;üL'11 etiler
■».:v(.''
l>
f
ii
cndurcd, in fac t, the ^reat affair cacced by thic publicc-tion Irougli;
tiie y;eturii af thc Jevc definitcl:, in the liucli£::;ht of .litiEh hieta^^
'The Vioie of t.c worl: which ran to 241 pe ^^es -.^ae " Xhe ''orld^e
Crcat : eetaujauior;, -x thc Callin^ :x thc Jew:. and ( ;;itl: thei:: )
of - .1 ohe ^'aoioric ai.d :iiiGdoiui;H of thw earth, to the faith of Chris i.
It apjcarca in IC^^X ahd ^vac dedicated, in J'ehrev; v.i.C. -'nclieh,
to :. dU: ai:d thc Chiidrci. of icrael that joined v;ith liin, and to
Joce,)h ( the valiant tribe of rjhrain > and all the ro..cc of Icrael
Shat Joined \/ith hin.'*
Unlihc j^racx and i^ri^htnan, the .|^i^|p|^^;^^ renained
hidaeu -i)oMs*duu^aoxi:;.ati/ for a whiie ^as not a divine c. t, ar Giles
i'iotcuer, a ia^;;>ei: a^u «riter, -e wajj r ir henx;; "l:.ch, - evjeant- •
at-:iaw, who enjoyed -Teav;. repuue ou thc ficld of Juric.^rudunce, aud ■
wac liiaiiy tincß iacuber of 'ariianent j^or CkoitLrour,, .:.nd ror rt,ALba,.c.,
^ (- fi'
i:,Xß
•ono ocehnia ' , an ci:^0£:itiou of th^ co:.;iaon la.;, .;- .c ^üjcrsedcd
oniy oy raachs.one'ß f2i^io.^e.;^^|M^l|jntary, ^ut law and le^al nattcrc
uerc uy no r:ie^.,ns the oniy Lubjecü of Tiv Henry ?inch»D intereet.
/
(
8.
hi::iS«^lx a wo llkiiov/n cc:.:oii...r ^.-i.d ^rcc:*.cli;.x- r:3r r^o» Axui^^ i: "' lackfriars,
,_.raißüu lii iii an iiitrodi.ct :on to thc boo;;; a.G a man '♦ "wlio luith dived
dec^cr iuto tliat riyElerioe tlian I can uo =', eiiipiitißi..ä.;..^ jarticulcriy
" hie t^rcat jndcrcitUiüJLn^, of tiic Ilcbrcv; toatjue, ' Thic e.inent i^v/yer
v/lio L..C; icted rancis P-acon in h.E livitießi atleiiv)t of cotJi'föinG tiie
etat . te Lavj, wiic in fact aiei auit or dce.y reiii^i ^us innl;;jht i-.nd
m^etic YiL-ionc, cic wac shown ;-.-^' -variouc cneoiocical writiriuS
publislied Lcfore the ...oolc of tlie Ci^i .lii^ ox thc ocws.
•"T
lic v-.cioi; ox u. icuüiit i^nu lüa^^ulfloenh riC-v/s Jerucc-iew. was
pairitcd :: ^v-rc:^u;y in '■ -^n u^^ocioioi* ox Uic ronr: oi* olonoii c^-liea
CatiticiaG ', ^iUbiit:iiüd, ü.a.ßcj uy Gquc'C, ii- ioi5, ul ixi tl:e " "'orid'e
Gxcat et; auiaoloa *' FiiiCii v;urit i^'itJ ^.xcuo dcoaü GOüCc-ming a " füll
-üE tciv.tion of oiiu JewG '• --e Lased iiiE litorai re:.^din{^' of r)Cri^)ture
on tbc roll-;Vjiri«i; riet^iOd of ii^tcivrcbati n \/hicli "betra-'C the c::irei'üi
acciicc^ Jx a wiaintid ictsai . -ind :
Voliere Xsr^.vjl, Jüdali, Tsion, -Terjeale-? euc, arc n::..::cd ,., übe
IIol^' ClioG i'.eant not t o tr.iirituai Icrael, or "ihürciJ jf -od coilGcted
of tLc Jcntiicc, no, n^r o^ the Jev/esand '"'entiies :.oth, •«biJt Isacel
i;>ro..,erij CuLCviided Ow.t oi Jl.qoü^q ioyncc,
rne caiae j.dfiC..c^ ic to !3e ?naae oi' tlu-ir rcturninc to their l::.n;
and aiiCient rua c, i::<j conqucst of tl.eir focn, tlie rrui;,fuinec: of
tiicir j-oiL, tl:c t^i^^^lou?: (Uurui, UiO^/ ciiai i creoo in t.ie lajia iteelf
of Judall, tlieii; ..eaxm.^ rulc feine and ncare, ^hcnu aiid G.>oli .lil:e i;.i\;
not ..l.lü^.orieG «,, s>"jt .ioaxi xoaii^' und .literaily of t^x- Jev/es.,,
rvjit.-Cx woro -"ociaa or Jyi'^^c nore oiainlv n<;^^ed niore ^JI,ai,j:^Jy iucied
huiidrod of ^ c:..rcc ;-;iji^orc t-:C^' vvcrc c)rxie, thi.n,t:eEe tnin(j!0 are adUdUL
^jiaii-eij dciivered thc coiifiraing qii;^;t-t4a(e üeofjbteiftc faitri, horefore
..c nccd .. jo L'c afraid uO v.vcre -..r:d".:oiE ..^^^t;* -t :at '^ne day thuy vAvul
cone bo Jcr;:Ea.le!:i arairiu, oc lincB and cuiefe :'!onf .rchcj. of tii:^ earti.,
EV/a,. i;--id jovernc :.Ii,
j iixch .roceaed ^^tkoüic^ll. in out i.j. nin'- .herc cz )ec tatioi.f^
acordiiir: tiie U::cio./iJled oraciej: of tue v;ord of God« /'fter Urvii.c l^Uu
0.
dOv.n thc :::aiii at„.eclE in CQVttin ...ositionc, :.,u Eurve^/e u.i(l qxl.. inen
uii , ro....'' .cclu;: , Lc^dmiln^
.: .t.
1 l,
regele, ion • "^e riguif :c^'.ri.lv uotür; r-.lro'^thc Cliristian i'aJicr ^f
the foilovdnß pesra^^c '^f uic '/tl: boo:: ( c a.>« lü V ,;4J|fltec ' o:;ian
name, i will c eal: It, i.eoa. si^u iu muß o oiie cle^^v.c, r^mli ..e t&i:ei.
fron t^c e rth aiid tnc C liie £i.al..L rct..ri^ :: ) ÄEii., Anu. ::., iIl.; e]:c-11
thv Hart Lei.r (£n,.a,,nion es: tln; • cC' iO i rulje tiot..* " T-'-^'^'<ii^"'t7i douüt
that Thornas Jirigi?.tnan wac P-ncli'e tcac- er .Xid ixistei iu tiie ...rt of -^
fcripturai intcr;.)re ti tion. T.ho vrccen- of Qie ':ectoru:t;i j.-, ae o tiii:ed-
by :; nah, coi^-ec^ondr; exactl:; v;itl' the jcn _,;ccti vtc oT thu •' ::oveiuti)i;
of ! evciation^^rue f-:.rsi ^athering v;ill be o t o£ tlie r"ort2i and the- •
rast quarterßt Therc nulti t:;der: will lepdr towaidL tlieir ovm coi;ntrv.
In tlie way., "^uphrat ,.s r.I::-!! Le Laid dij f ■!• tlieni to jü.ü , 7h c^ v/ill ■
huve Li. marvcllo r; c nflict v;it': thc ?url: i- tlio ~.and ;:)r t\;dea. A nobl.,
Victor;^' will tio \7oaa,".od niraculourl:^' fl^:t'.r.g for Ui^:.i. Jiii2 murlce tho
cnd of tac...?url:c^ tl:e " llttle hoi-n " oT cT-iei-'e fourtii bcasi» Ehece
CL.t..c uro.,;^::iiiCE IcL.diM to tlie downfall o£ the vurlii^ii ^>o«Ci.- aiicl to tlic
estu/üü^-ii Uli > of tlic ocvnsh Iciu^jdoii v/ill E^i^ffti^ii k-cti.eoiA 1C.;0 :.-xid ioJü«
AG tiie wlio le coKCCjtion of th:: ina;jii. ,rj- alrjo tliciisie c— Icuiacioüß v/ere
\
LaEt;a oii ■"ri/?:l,Ltm'.'-n*5 e::c: > titlonr. ... o v/Iu^^/ Icnt a ^.articülar colour
to ;;'incli*ö .oixkUc vi -JHE v;ar t::c blciid of reiir.i o:i and ^/Düt ce iiäcxüiB:
exi.)r€£red bu tli., cninor.t lc-.w7C"' in thc virion ;f tl:-v- renoO-od tfcwieli
C^iir::oiiv;cL.Ith. A jcrfect ^beocracy, tl: iaecii oi thü qjo.Ii, ir: hcrc
visüali:::cd v.n6 jarojecteci ir-to a xcdecred "alcE-tiiiC, "r:cidüzr:.ali2/ ,
in opite of the ele1?ated charactcr of t: t Jeivisl: :i:in{j:doTi, '^'itich leavec
¥
9a.
no do.bt about itc c„ct-ai re^-lit:y. '* Tlie^ Ghali inliaMt all ti.e parte
of tue ii.^i:cl '% he dCGlMCd if thc rc ü::r:::ccl Jcv;::^ " Ihu^ trhuli i.. ve xn
EaiC't., aucl continuc to Ktay t':ere for ever. The land cliall be more
fertiie than it vjas:, tnc coui.ti';:,- nore ^)o uious tuan before, there schall
le no ce/.-aration of the Ter. 'ri err fro::: tho other t;;0, bu. t aii nieice
one entire 'üngdon and. ^. moet riouri?:.hin,_ com onwcaith, "
TiiUE, Fiach'E laoo^c culminated in u cu^..lime rülecij^iic.! vicioii in
tb.c ^Jiojox eense of tlic r/ord, it üOlcily CDiioractcd tl... cscI.CwuOiogiirai
proci)ecte to conte!ni>or;^r:'" realisier, ca.a toused hopee of c-n i..i.JLrient
up
liecval t}ie coD^lct-nec^ of T/hicr! co^ld rüroly not gz lurtaor tiicvii
Ctf
retuxn to glor:/ uücl i-ounc'lcrr: pov^cr of tne :^of3t hcl^^lec; and ^iaxsjßs:
lersLCutcU .eo.lü on uoirtii. J.f b.yi:, t^.inp: - "^---^ w:.e a icvoljtionar,
üooic. ' t ii:u
et Le rer?li{ned that t.!ie "^urit'.nr rclit.^a on tue Ixbic ae tlit^
noacrn inaii oi: cconouiics- ^rc rociolof:;
.1 vrnndcr timt •• The ''orld
•1 1
c?
^-reat .t.Gtauriwtiori
orovoiced vioLcnt o' orltiori in a ^.criod ai:..cd at
abDoliiticii II
;1 »•
:1U
rcri and ft'^te. jsv:ieE I urr. then 'cin^ :>f :-n^land,
fevcn ycurc
tii^ .)erncci;
lia^i
,^S' ed. f:incc he rcirned Tdthout ^aiaic^eiit, and
•■s.l
tion of the calvirints rac in füll fi'oir^'. ..nere -./erc; ainoni
the ocrnccnted sectiivir'nn alco John Tr&okc; .-..nd hib foiiov7e;ra who
c.dvocated a etric-^ o^'«ervr.nco
of f
le
;b
».X... Oi
*••
i-Ii
-■• T '■> JL ,^
,ÖI
•. J U J
rorrii
of tlic
1'-t TT
cre im^rifjoneü o:
^hü,rr;o of Tisdrl:^inr, I^ecide
.-. ^
^0
dcvoLoj:.'ent£^ , C^'^ *^
2ir:torAc CYcntc co
ii:ciCcd rit tue ajjec.~J-.nce of
inch'D doojc, "he v/
.r on the Cortincnt, l^ivvC to liiet thii
wajs m it:
initic^l f^t^cf^
heud of the Protestant "•.•..iori
defet.t of
iC i 11/' '' I -i-* OilC;
liad junt hap;;encd in
1621. "^he Cwtholic -nplro \7ith Spain'c c-rcictauce
was 0,
f.xe forwcXd mc.rc
j.- •
ThiD aeo-nt ine ■.denuall^^ that the buiv/ü-rlc
a::ainGt uilcoy vvt^s c^tliorln/^ rytVQiigth.. it ic
ti^erefore, not
cur jrisini
3b,
tiiat t.ic reii^lous uc v/eil ac t^:.e politicca inioücatione; -j£ Fincli'c
"book were reaiised gy tiie conte::rporai:y r.aderc. The hon: couid,
ec^eciu-iy, not ucca^e tLe e.tUution of tlio witt:y, ^vell re d rcholar
fojl in C.riEtendon HtMWi^^- ine vi table,
:he KiiiB tool: thc bao .. of tLe rejeant c-t ieiw - wiiocc anonynity
was Eoon ., iorced - i..e ü. ^;erronal übel, her;; was no doul:t tliat he to^
wus nci.nt to be inciuclecl w. .on^ the ■'Inor of the cc^r.h v;ha \.ould uov;
dovn beforc ol:c r Ler of thc JüMth i:ii.£j(ioi:i, Ja^iee v^ac Db v;hezi tLe
bo-:);: a,.),-e:.^recl, co thc:.t in IGbO Le uouid be ei^i^peci^ed to i^udex t:.I:e the
louß iouvnoy to t.ie Kaeo a tLe c^^e ox 84. "e wcc re;.^ irted ti have
eaid thL.t *' hort:Le.li bc c. ,.'0or King, iid hc is eo old tL:.', he cannot
teil hou t • do honEi^e it «^'eriaßc^iein, ** The cncGu of FincL c.nd Cou{.;e
follov;ed. oth v;ere tLro\7ii into jrisou i^l&arch LC131, 'iacL, tben lö
yccrc of tv^:e, v;ac erianiined bofore tliv Kitila v^oni ißLiori, a Lind of
eceleeiacticca r ucr C.:.u:iber luid u di-n^^eroüE iuetriiraent for persecutino
too ardont ,;rotCi:tc-ntc, Ke ^c^ve hie ant-V/er In writinj, xj iie Gou£;c
X^receiitcd Ei>: proijoßitione r;hi:fii x;ere tec bed hj tLc ArcLbirLoj ü-eoroe
y.bbot, ^t too-i ^'oriü v^eeLf; before LincL w: .J3 relCc^oed, i:.foer Lavin/j
diBcIiüned • tLe o^jiriioiiK V7hic . ' ie Lt.jei:Ly thimco iej asrortod in hie
bock '' ;;nd after iin -ajoioc^ '* for havi^i^j writocu eo unadvirodl^, ''ouLe,
too, v;ac lorccd to ::]alL-e;.^dcqi]a-:;e excußes befoii; Lie relGwCc v-'ac granted.
Finch ( and Jaüici: I ) uied in 16bb. r .e foi.i.o^7ixii3 vcar ca.. tlic birth
of - tJab..oLöci /-"»evi,
The ap^^oarauce of the " C-i-iin^; of tLe «ewn^ ' i;.;, Ly^/ever,
rnc,ri:ed not onii^ hj the tixai a{;ainet ..tc ori{^inators but aii^o b:/
Oc.
a rtrikiiir; leaction .11 ■'' rliaacnt, on tlie ^uij^i-Ji und in tiiu
Univercit:/, :Vx'0'.: tiiu rec rdt: of thc dc^atef: ^vliich tool: jlu.ce in tlie
T^
Ci-rlicii-ient Jupö convenua ix. iu^i , \;q (^.athcr thuo al tiie occcici^n
of the de bäte on a Bili conccrxdng the nabbuth Ihe altera ciori of the
title " ne^löth '* mto " Lord*i: -^a^' '' v;a^ dc^-irecl and a-xeed ufiü'f'-
"becaur-e, as t:ir ^{Idv/ard Co-ce jub it, " IIa«;/ v/ere ine li neu to Jüdaie:-i
and drcani thc.t V. q Jewc £:iaall have rc.; mcnt and angs r::uEt lay down
the ix ciDvaie to tl.cir i'e^t, Tlic Churc- al^o reacted stron^ly.
Willian Lijva, latcr /i^chbiEho^^ of Canter ury ( ..ho v/ae to end liie
lifc uiider the lieadriiiaii^e co^e -n Xübb ) aiiaijuif preacLcd a{jain£t rix. ein
and hiß d ctri..c. rofec .01 John ^'rideau:: v;ho vrat; to l;cco:.:c : iehop
of ' orccL-oex^ tho<Qi i'it in a l*ai.in " DiLCouree on the Caliin^T of
the *^evVG " deiiVLrt'U ai; the 'Jniverr-iit:; of Oxford in W2l i '>undly
to coijde.'in tric •* .Tudaic": ( v;hich ) hav: iatei;^- :>i-evailcd, to the
uij:.„r-.-firc of clivinef:? r:.nd the scardal of tue ueaic ', "hile fiudinc
the aue^ tiori f a i^nonl cnnverrion of the «>"eye far fron \jOxnc
uiidir:_.üoed , rldeaux dlccarded a Jev/i^h leEtox^ation utuexl^f aß part
of t>]e i-^chenej aircd ar a -""ev/ifih sujrei.iac:/ ♦
(^'.:a coiioccRatc for t..ese attac^is, vinch foünd a £u.,-.joxter in
onu of thc raor-t ^;ov;erful r 4rit:ja.l orconalities 01 the ti:.:ie,
the ccholar Joso^Jh lead ( or^Äde ) v;Jxoee " Clalpie Aooc£:.ly_>tica \
jublished d. few ^rearc later, v^at: to beco;ne a text-boo.. of
nilient^.icniEZTi. in h;^^ I V, 16:01, ede v/ro u-e to ^ir ixzin
rtutevilöie- wa;;föXxoC©tfi5iöa^^
.1 Scimat cee bv^t for the n^ain of the di^couxce I rTir.it ac:; ent unto fc
hi:::. od forcive e if It he a rin, but i have thou£;ht 20 nian^ a da^ ,
j'V^X^ '^■•'..^^■^ />>-eu^ //f/
/ y
.X^
<1 '*^-it /f -»»K ^' -^
/^ '■
^ ,
»--/^-y.>^y)..g^
t
/
I
I
10.
Pascages fro. . iiedü»E mn u. illußü onli^Q h^ to ranl: yitli
tlie fircl jrota,.onir:tf? of the Hestoration aoctrix^, ^ehe unformi al;..
oxj,„rience of Finch and aou,,e induced o^.lier foiiou.rr to e:ii:ercice
caDtion a.;.d restraint for tv/o docadeB a.:ter tii«^ pUv^.LVc'ition of tiie
GallinG 0^ the Jev/r;", The represrion undei wMoh tlie c^ujitry v/ae
tlien G^oaning hiid nc^dc itnelf feit in thic ß.p]iero also. All thü noie
eagerl-/ did :,)co^>le turn to Hcri turr.ii roncrec? of a .ian(3d:-^T>i o:
peaco and jueticc. t:.ic openino of Lonc Parlioxient ( liovomb^? iv,
1640 ) caiov^ed tliccc wondeiicies towardn revo -ution to cone to the
curfaoe, '''he Yoicoz .z:ouiUiiiß neri; ianicü;::, Gllent for ro .loncs* -Ol--
Chamber II
J T'xo -^er: t o ra tion ])octrino duriivi tiu; .'uri Ovai ""OYOjuuti-ia
T/itc^^CG uorL.ti).. raovonont cntergd iijon a nev/ c-tc-t^G, Tliic
T/cic riarlced uy an actiYity ::ev.xQd to t:ic revolutionär:/ tonyo of
polioiciil CYentc, i:;ix)r.ticncc for inicdiate realication, ü.nd occon- -
tric r,t..erix)tG to ürlnr; it a^out« Euro^e distresced "by wurn v;hich
liad beon rm^iiii^ for ovcr tv/enty yoarß, nrx rocei)tivo to lllenariaii /J
liojerj. ^""alic of :rd rcxloo mid inü inent rodoiiipt;'.on Y/as every\vlicre ; ^
"V7if': eisrer increar ine fre uoncy it ^y^g caid that the Jtov/c must rotvri
to i.io:'acicind -.ci'ore the nilloni'dinu could cone to ptipf?» ?aul :.eli_:c:n-
I'-:; haaer, the Bohonian n;7ßtic, adarer? od a neEr;ago t) the •''"e'.VE fore-
if-?^' caBtin^; tiie imoendinc dcliverance of Irrrael fron Hb t.ril)ulationr wü.
the c-loriouf; advent of the ftecciad. AbraUen von ?rariJ:.onDero|dij:-ciole
^1
/i
l .
=»
^^
/
tlio rirrt .pi'3ta(_;oiii" tf- of tli^. Bee -^a^a: :i:):. doctrine. ;hc uiifortunate
e;>!.peritncc of '"i]:xl: c.i.cl CoJ:je i...düccil, hov/ever, otliei folLovorr tj
e::crcise cautioi: and retitraint for th .. ucd-det after :.lie 'Ublication
Y/ae thcn t^^^^J^^^^S ^*^^ nade it^seif felL in thic cohexe a--Go, li tlie
more ca^jcrly did jeojic -.ux ii to rcrijturai sjonisec- :d' a lixiLdon
of .'erce and JuEc-ico, TLe ojen^.nc oi" ':onß Parlia::ic2it ( "Toveaber 17,
.I.C40 ) aiiov;ed thccc . udencies tovjarclE revolution to co..:c to the
^5P€» i'he voiccs picaciiin^ nesrianie;;!, j^iiciio j^or lo .LDn(^, werc iü:
■. .'■■ ^: ■<•■ 1
eilt'. -tcr II : giio ■ eEi.oi-.tioK T'octglr.e di;ri!ii, tiiC' "'urittr. Devolution
Oid -f-iic Civia>'ar
»»—■—»■■»»
j"
/"'
i'hc ' er\,oraoiori aovcricnt cnterei. ujon u n^v/ £t:.a^» ^^-^ wß-e
mailccd l^ an activit;/ ..caicd to the icvoiutioiiai^ teir.oo of x^oiiticai
cvcntL-, im^iationco for iiaraediate ieaii;:L.uior., and tCüCi.Lric aoCca^JwS
to .ria^j it v/i)out. ur )pe die trct3scd b:y vsars whica had ücen ra,ring
iOx' ovci' tv.cnt^' j'carj2 waii rtcc-jjtivc to ..ilcaarian hojea, rai^c of
Kiraclec nad iijuiiacnt redem,-.tion wac cver^/waerc ; v. ith c^cr ,
incrö. : ii;^ fr^iiu^nc:; it »'.-e s id t at t;.c ^ev;ß ai;st r^/turn t.)
iio^:ciand bcfoic tac uüi-craiiuii: couid cor.io to ^.ac , "aul reli^cniiauer,
tliü i'Ohenian -:^zX\.q^ i.d:reEr:ed rucs^c-^c to tiie Jc^tc f ::iccaDtinij
the irijcndiut; deliven-nc oflllstlifci. f ron tliö:- Lri:.ulati :»ni: and th.
ßlorioün advent of tue ace..iuli, ;:.l)ralu..n von Pranicenberv;, .;. disciple
*«''•''
4'^'
,VJt?'^'
,;(H
I«
THE ORIGINS OF THE RESTORATION MOVEMENT
Frofli the late 16th Century to the Messia-
nie year 1666
#
The earllest llterary expressi^n of the Restoration of
the Jews idea can be traced back to the Elizabethan era . The
first to write on the subject was a man who comblned authorsMp
with a diploriiatic career. He was Giles Pletcher, "a faithful
agent for W,ueen Elizabeth at the palace of the Great Czar of
Muscovy", who left a fascinating record of travels through
the Caucasus to the shores of the Caspian Sea, in search of
ten
the/lost trlbes. "In "Israel's Redux" , publi«hed alraost a
Century after his death with a separate essay by the piiblisher
(see below), Pletcher sought to prove that
"the Tartars confining upon these territories near
the Caspian Sea may be the posterity of the ten 'i'ribes
of Israel, anciently carried captive by öölmanassar
Into the i^orthern mountainous crags of i^spyria and
Media" .
The motive which prompted him to the search was not explorer's
curiosity but faith in the prophecy coatained in Revelation 16,
12
"where the Angel of the sixth Vial Is comruanded
to prepare the passage for the Kings nf the East,
by drying up the river Euphrates" •
Fletcher interpreted this passage is applying to the tribes
settled east of Palestine and rediscovered by himself , who
were to be miraculously reinstated in the Holy Land. The
2.
#
scattered childron of Judah and Benjamin were not, according
to Pletcher, to be vouchsafed the grace of returnia^ wi th them.
Yet they, too, who
"for thelr notable infidelity and coatempt of God's
Son ••• live not distlnguished by their Tribes, nor
yet unlted into one Pollty or Community amongst them-
selves, but diffused ( though not confused) and dls-
persed In small numbers here and there will receive
a call agaln."
are presented
Return and converslon/thus k^^kicx as two parallel but distinct
phenomena. ii'letcher envissged a restoration In two stages, the
lost Tribes enjoying priorlty over the scattered Jewlsh people
£iroper and precedlng them Into the old homeland«
The approach of the theologian Thomas Draxe, as set forth
in his "Commentary upon the eleventh Chapter of oaint Paul to
the Romans" (1608) was entirely different. The mlllenarian
teadencies of the author are made piain by the title: "The
World's Resurrection or the Calling of the Jews" • The idea
tha t the Jewlsh people owed its preservation to unfathomable
designs of Providence - subsequently an Important teaät of the
Restoration creed - was here given perfect expression:
"It is a marvellous work of God, and not wlthout
mystery, that the Jews wandering and dispersed in all
countrles almost, Fhould still continue such a distinct
and unconfounded nation, so Innumerable in multitude,
and so constant in the keeplng and observlng of (as much
as they possibly may) their aaclent laws, rites, and
ceremonles ••• They have been In the tlme of greatest
persecution, when the tyrants of the world sought to
extingulsh and root out the Scriptures (and still are)
the faithful keepers of the Old Testament: and all
thls may put us in some good hope of their future call-
ing and conversion."
3,
#
The coiiversion of the «^ews was to come abou t not through a
miracle but through goodwill and persuasion» Draxe propounded
a complete plan for promoting i,hat process, reinforcing his
argument wlth the following courageous words:
"We must not roughly either contemne much less
condemn the Jews, nor expell them out of cur Coastes
and Countries, but hope well of them, pray for them,
and labour to win t^ieni by our holy zeale and Christian
oxample."
Without explttining how, after completed woiyersion, the restora-
tion was to come about, Draxe painted the glorious future In
glowing ÄÄKobix terms:
"Then shall the miserable e rrl seduced Jews be
brought home, the hearts of Ood's people replenished
with unppeakable joy, all nations shall glorify God in
Christ, and we shall in short time be fully and finally
perfected and glorified,"
While Fletcher approached the subject from a specific
point of view and Draxe cotented himself with vague allusions,
a conteinijorary of the latter, tho renowned preacher ITiomaa
Brightman, first gave clear expresslon to the idea of Restora-
tion as an element in the millenarian philo sophy« "Apocalyp-
sis Apocalypseos" , an extensive treatise which he claimed to
have written "und er divin e in-piration", appeared posthumously
in 1607, The first iiinglish edition followed in 1616 under the
title of "Revelation of the Kevelation". Brightman argued
that the Pope was identical vrith the Antichrist, who?!e rei gn,
according to Revelation, was to last 1290 years • He raised
the central question of the i:^estora tion doctrine with sur-
prising directness, and anwered it with a precisi.on iio less
remarkable:
4.
#
"What? ohall they ( the Jews ) return to Jerusalem
again? Thore is nothing more certain: the Prophe ts
do everyjvhere confirm it and beat upon it."
Brightrnan's principal argument in support of this assumption
was the passage from ^evelation which Fletcher had quoted before
him« Unlike that dlscoverer of the liOst Tribes, Brightman did
not hesitate to declare that the Jews living in dispers ion were
thernselves the "Kings of the East", becanse
"the whole Säst shall be in obedience and subjectlon
unto them, so that this people are not called kingp
unworthily, in regard of their large and wide Juris-
diction and empire."
The restoration of a Jewish empire did not appear to
Brightman synonymous with th© "restoration of their cerernonial
worship"; instead, he adopted the view ( soon to become a tenet
of the Kestora tion doctrine) that the Jews ikäfä .^ould be celled
"to make the coodness of God ?hine forth to all the world,
when they shall see Hirn ±fl give to that nation (which is
now and has been for many ages acattered throughout the
w ole world and inhablteth nowhere but by leave and en-
tree ty) these own habitations where their fathers dwelt
wnerein they shall worship Christ purely and pincerely,
according His will and comrriandraent alone .
tt
Brightman realised that he was preaching a new doctrine«
"I höve set down these things "'ith more störe of «/^ords,
because I '.vould give cur divines an occasion of think-
ing more sincerely of these things."
Nor did ha rest content with giving expression to the Kestoretion
idea in ''Revelation of Revelation"# He deemed it sufficiently
important to devote to its exposition a second work, "Scholia in
Canticum Canticorum ^alomonis" , published posthumousiy with an
appendix entitled "Populi Dei summe coiisolatoria Kxplicatio p^irti:
r /
5.
#
uitimae et difficilliaiae propheciae Daniel a ver . 36 cap. 11
ad finem cap. 12 qua Judaeorum Tribus Ultimi s Ipsorum hostibus
eversis restitutio, et ad fidem in ^-^nristum vocatio vi vis
coloribus depingitur" (Basle, 1614, English edition 1635).
Both essays in this volume set oiit to prove that a Restorütion
was irnpeuding. In the introduction to his essay on Daniel,
Brightman explained that he had turned for a confirmation of
his Views to üolomon and Daniel as well as to i^t . John.
Indeed, Thomas Brightaian, of whom it had been said that "his
life was most evangelical", might wlth truth be described as
father of the Restoration of the Jew? doctrine in -änrlaM,
His writings provoked lively discussion, inspired the works
of authors siinilarly minded, and coutinued to iufluence people
for a long time afterwards.
In 1621, only five years after "Revelation of the Revela-
tion", there appeared a work which was destined to give a
powerful Impetus to the new doctrine« Rkmi Form and contents
of the book, the interest which it aroused, the personality
of the öuthor, the persecution which he and his publisher
endured, lend it historical importance. The title of the
work, which ran to 241 pages, was: "The World' s C^reat Resto-
ration, or the Ca Hing of the Jews and (with therri) of all the
Nations and i^iugdoms of the earth, to the faith of Christ."
It was dedicated, in iiSn^lish and Hebrew, to "Judah and the
Children of Israel that jomed with him, end to Joseph (the
6*
#
valiaat tribe of Sphralm) and all the ^ouse of Israel thet
joined with him" •
Unlike Draxe and Brightman, t le anonymous author was
no theologlan# He was Sir Henry Plnch, Serjeant-at-Law, who-e
enjoyed some repute as a writer on both tR^alxÄiidtxtiiÄBiB^tJMUt
jurisprudence and theology. Hls publisher, William Gouge,
praised him in an introduction to the book as a man "who hath
dived deeper into that mysterie than I can doe", emphasizing
particularly "bis great understanding of the Hebrew tongue'* .
A clearer expression of the blend of Millenarianism and English
Hebraism wlii oh informs the book can scarcely be imagined«
Appealing to the Jews to embrace Christianity, Finch went into
great detail coricerriing a "füll restoration of the no tion of
the Jewa" • He was careful to point out that the restoration
was to be understood in a literal, not a symbolical sense, as
a physical return to the Holy Land, and the re-creutlon of a
Jewish kingdom«
"Daughter of Zion by fleshly generation: Jerusalan
which stickest olose to carnall rites and ordinance, and
to the legall worship: to you I bring this present, wher
ever you be dj spersed ... Concerning thy repayre and thee
home again, and to marry thee to himselfe by faith for
ever more - out of thy dispersion. Säst, i-^est, ^^orth and
»iouth, his purpose is to bring thee home again... To be
the joy of the earth, the most noble Church that your eye
did see ... Thy 3aviour will erect fTJ draw nearer to thee:
not as ouce he did, riding upon Asse, base, aud in humility,
but as the glorious king of Zion ..« All the Kings of the
Gentiles shall bring their glory into thy eitle, and fall
down before thee«««
7.
#
Finch based his literal reading of Scriptiire on the follow^
careful accuracy
ing method of Interpretation, which t)etrays the otBiiHJfittxB xhsusshsi
in^ of a trained Xvin^sxx legal iriind:
"//heie Israel, «^udah, Zion, *^erusalem etc., are na med
in this argument, the Holy Ghost meaneth not the Spiritual
Israel, or Church of God collected of the Gentiles, no, nor
of the Jew3 and Geutiles both (for each of these have their
promises generally and apart) but Israel properly descexided
out of Jacob 's loins«
The sarrie judgiixent i? to be made of their returning to
their land and ancient seats, the conquest of their foes,
the fruitfulness of their soil, the glorious Church they
shall erect in the land itself of Judah, their bearing
rule farre end neare« These and such like are not Allego-
ries • •• but fjieant really and literally of the Jewes."
He significantly aoplies to the future Jewish realm the
following passage from Lactantius (7th Book, chap, 15):
"The Koman name, I will speak it, because it tnust one
day be, shall be taken from the earth find the Smpire
shall return to i^sia« Aud ag^in shall the Käst bear
domini on as the West be in subjectlon."
the use of
From/ this Quotation it is obvious that the millenarianism
of the early Christians had been resurrected, but in the forTi of
regeneratj.on
belief in the KBxkxKi of the Jew3 sh people. Finch even gave
a date for the establishment of a Jewish empire# According to
his Interpretation of i>aniel 12, the dowiifall of the Turkish
iSmpire was due in 1650. The Jews would take part in the con-
quest of Jerusalem, wlth complete success:
"Then shall be established tbat most glorjous kingdom
of Jerusalem, under which all the tribes ?^hall be united«
So ample shall be t-^^eir dominion that not only the ßgyp-
tians, Assyrians, and the most extensive Countries of the
East, converted by their example, but even the rest, the
Christians shall of their own accord submit themselves and
acknowledge their primae y."
8.
#
The Juxta Position of the Book of Daniel and the Revelation
of 8t« John, the application of eschatological prophecy to con-
temporary events, the establishment of a connexion between the
restoratiou of the Jews and the redeniption of mankind - all
these elements of typical Restoratlon prophecy are here preserit.
Nor is the blead of rollgion aad politics, so peculiar to Puri-
taalsm, lacking# In this serise Finch' s book was revolutionary.
He boldly opposed his eschatological visions to political rea-
11 ty, and roused hopes of an overthrow of the established world
Order laifxÄkijKkxxÄRKtyxJiExfliByaxBxtRBiaB the completeness of which
could rurely not -to farther than a return to äBä glory anl
boundless power of the c.cst persecuted, de;jpired and helpless
people on earth» Small wonder tha t Finch' s "Calling*' was re-
solute ly rejected by Church ^'nd lay «nthorities, and even pro-
voked violent Opposition, especially in view of its appearance
at a time of unceaslng frlction between James I and the Commons,
which foreshadoTs'od the Civil War« The King took Finch' s book
as a personal af front» There was no äoubt thet he too was rneant
to be iacluded among the Kings of the earth who vvould bow down
before the rulier of the Jewi sh kingdom« James was 55 when
the book appeared, so that in 1650 - yes.r set by Finch for the
fulfilment of his prophecy - he would be expected to undertake
the long journey to the East at the age of 84« He was reported
to have said that "he shall be a poor King, and he is so old that
he cannot teil how to do homage at Jerusalem". The arrest of
9.
' #
Finch (his aiionymity was soon piprced) and of his publisher
Gouge followed. Both wei'-a thrown irito pri^on in April 1621 •
Finch, then 63 years of age, regained liberty at the cost of
public withdrawal of the offending pass-ges« Gouge, too, was
forced to make adequate excuses» Pinch (and J^ßies I) died
in 1625« The following year saw t>^e birth of i^abbatai Zevi«
FroDTi the treatmeut tneted out to Finch and Gouge in 1621
it is piain that the political implications of the uestoretion
tiieory were recognised as soon as it was formulated. The
Church also reacted stronrly» William Laud, i^ishop to »:it •
Jaiües's and löter Archbishop of Canterbury (who was to end his
life under the headsman'G axe in 1655), himself preached agüinst
Finch and his doctrine» Piofessor John Prideaux, who was to
becoirie Bishop of York, thought fit, in a Latin "Discourse on
the Ca Hing of the Jews" delivei'ed under the auspices of Oxford
Uni v/er sity, round ly to conderan the "Judaism (which) has lately
prevailed, to the disgrace of divines and the scandal of the
weak" • To compensate for these attacks, Pinch found a sup-
porter in one of the most powerful spirltual leaders of the tirriej
the Scholar Joseph Mede, whose "cinvis Apocalyptica" , publislied
a few years löter, was to become a text-book of tkBXHBUxniiJLi
neo-niillenarlanism# On april 7, 1621, Made wrote to öir
Martin Stuterville:
"I cannot see but for the main of the discourse I
frdght assent uuto bim /Fincb^. Crod forgive me
if it be a sin, but I nave thought so many a day,"
r^
10.
#
•
Passages from Mede's own wrltings entitle him to rank wl tn'
i,
the fir?^t protagonists of the Restoration doctrine. The unfor-«
tunate experience of Finch and Crouge induced other followers to
exercise caution and restraint for two decades after the publi-
cation of "World 's Grea t Kestora tion" • The repression under
which the oountry was then groanlng had ma.de itself feit In thic,
Bx^ sphere also. All the more eagerly did people turn to
Scriptural prouiises of a kiagdora of peace and justice
IsaH^
£u(liam8]!il:^xx|QSAB(ixfiiixi?LS]usjxi^sxxi2tl&^xi]ä3ftfi:^xpr!ä7idBdtx&
ffiSxxKXJäiiatxBiasiK^ytsndisnJslBX^K The openlng of Long Parlia leht
(November 17, 1640) allowed these teadencies to^vords revolution
to corrie to the surface» The voices preachitig -aej^siaaisni, sileat
for so long, were heard again«
The hestor^tion moveaient entered upon a new stage» This
was marked by an activity geared to the revolut ' onary te:üpo of
polltical eveiits, impatienoe for iiamedin te Realisation, fnd ex-
centric attempts to bring it about. xiurope, distressed byv/ars
which had been raging for over twenty years, was receptive to
üiillenariau hopes» Talk of miracles and imuiinent rede .p tion
was everywhere; with ever increasing frequency It was said
that the Jews must return to their homeland before the millenium
could come to pass. Paul Felgenhauer, the Bohemian mystic,
addressed a triessage to the Jews forecasting the impending deli-
verance of Israel froni its tribulations aad captivity and the
glorious advent of the Messiah, Abraham von Frank ;nb er g, dis-
dple
\
/
.! V»l -o. .*. V W
d
"11 . -
JU1
1 . V^ 1^ o vJ - <.j C X J *X ^^'.- V.« 0 J. . . ■ • ^•
er:
.». i:>aj:
VC-
:i, ^"^r t>-e (!'' 'T.liie
> ■ <"- £5nr,7-.j''j f T '"^
i':i':itinr '31 c >im..nun
fi. 'c'iL(.-0-fi
XocicuX in^LiriO!::. Äü :.isc? cf ü,i;f:e cfj'ortr: :u: ::r'.;v':..,tl -jv a
\
., Strange ana traj^ic ^vcnt. 7xc.ncii A.et:, i^i (ißf;c ojid: \nt o:" tnt; f
ff^acv.s /Tci"::::.;! fc.nil,. , ^pQl;ii«hed -. tr/^c. '^ '''he ijIoiÄown ::^;d beü. *
■ TBS^ir ^:?lircc yearr; .La\^or, l^dr umd :^r;;:j)l>If;rj ;ni:L:.r}p oj:' .''')j?-:ioh.
5;T .;n:' ioncd hin to ..in oour''-, -viv. co^ict;. ü'ed
'. J,.L. . ''jLj. v/i.k
.::\;v. ?x. ."le.
r,T!
le aröiclcr ni* jicrcticcw. /ri/»/.*.-''^'
i - »
o.fi'-.i't nc
CTO novj tu Judoa .^ c.t'.ei-irir:^ thero iiir! .'Oot)l<;
a":d tac'. . tl'.e fi:i..Ltni
lui riu^^t ito to Jüruf.:r.le:U .^CCut v/u.r on^ic^xm^d tz ucv.t:
■ i- :J ■ -^ ■■■ «
I
s
'C
a.
In Kett«s viewG the elerient tendiiiß to a restoartion of \l
tlao Jc\7s can clearly be diGcerned, lloreover, coon af.er r:ett»c
exücution, in 1530, a tract v;as puMiohod v/lierein Kett was:- expreßcl
^y
■biaLüed for hiß belief in Israel'ß retum. This boolc, written in
Latin:5f: by the oi; (iGtandin{^ Calviniet cciioiar Andrew 'Villet wae entitlcd
" De Univereali ot IToviGcina Judcorivi Vocati )ne " and dedicated to
Lord Burgliley. "illet advocated and foretold tlie ceneral and inoen-
dinc convcreion of the Jev/s in the conce of nt. Paul»G ^jrophecy,
but rejected the idea tha they could re^' in the ear,tiily e-overm^ent
of thcir countiy, '7illet's trac fi certainly influencea the distincui-
shed thcol>Gian Thonac Driijce v/ho in 1603 published his bo:uc
'• The V/orld's ReGurrection or the Calling of the Jev/c - A ftioiliar
Cora entary ujon tlie eleventh Caa. ter of Saint Paul to the Roiiaiii.es..,"
The Öalliiir: ^f the !tev/G s accorain. : to Dixi^we'c iiiöv-r ^retation the
indicpenseble c .)ntribution of the Jews o the recurrecoion of nankin^i
"It it3 a
the Jev/ß UL.uderi
Continus- such a
niu 1 1 i tu de , i-nd ü
Müch c.c tney ooi::
• • •
i.
iiey .lave
tjrantG of t.ie \v
( cnd Etiii arc
ihiüüiay jut uc
CO. vercion. ''
■larvciious v;orlc of God, mid not viithoui: iia^te
..ß und diooerced in all c )Ui'itr ee al oct, shou
diGtinct and Ui.v.onf ounded n:. ioi., ::o in..üi:icr. b
0 conctant in the .-ecpin.^ and obsjervin^^ of (
; ibly . :ay ) ...^-ir L.nciüijt l^-^i-s, ri.ee, a^^d ccr
ee.- in ui^ tii::c of , reatect jerccciitiou, \7hen
orid couo^^t to e:.uin{jüich and ro t out the r,cx'
) the faithfui keejerc oT t.:.e Oidcro^4,jiC32entefjt
in Eone ^ood h:)jc )f thcir futurre caliin^^ and
:cy , -.iiel
Ici cti3j
ie in
eiioniet;
the ±3Qi
i.jtüreir
i
The convercion of :.he Jevjs wac to conc about not t -rough a
rlracle but t rou(-h goodwill ^.nd perGuacion* Dto^v.. outlincd a com-
jlete oian for jrono ing this jroceer*, reinforcing hiß arcunent wi
an acbonishing criticißn on the behaviour of the Chxic oianß a^ftin
the JewG. '.'it.-out ei.piaininG hov/, the c Diversion of t::.e Jcv/s onc
cor-ipleted, the ^reat chanße in t^ieir State ^ac to coue abouti
jredictücl tliao the rfeilevTHill '• be broüßht home, the he^.rts of God^s
peoplc repleniched .iitli uiicpeiicable ,,oy, all nationc .hall glorify
in Christ , l
God and •••in Short/ uine bc fuiiy and f..nally jerfec'ced and {.'lorif ied,^'|
In a later woric " An Alaxin to the last Judoenent "• 1615, Drcusie
tooic the matter a^^ain and Sjolce riore diEtinctly if che iiteral eEto-
ration» This hov/ever may be ascribed to the influence of thal e^vtra-
ordinary jerconali uy of hie contenporaiy, Thorias Brightman, v/ho by
the directnesr of the apjroach to the ceriial- point of the nuestion
and by the enduring i.-cpix'aGion he t^ave t ^ ai. thors si.iilarly : inded
might with truth ue derjcribed ao t-ie father of the rccuoration of
the Jev/2 d)c .rine in 'i^nciand, 13 )rn in 1; 6..i, ^'honas Pri{jiatman earned
hiß fai.ie ^ot before his early dcath in ii.O'/^ Tv;o yearc late.. , hin
opus mys:ticu!:i, Apocaiypsic AjocalyjEeoG, w^as jublinhed in La .in. Th«
firct j:n{j-ißu cd-Ltion foil wed in 1C16 unaer the .itle ' Hevclationl
of tue /-ovelauion. " It hac ^een ßaid of B:uiß..:ti;ian that.hic ii^e v/a
inost evi-.ngeiicai, and Itoaäii .ceif clained that he hac ivritten hin ßWt^
v/irk under '• Divinc Ine )iration "• The nain subject )f jlrii^htncui*»
I
worlc wac the overthrov/ of t.ie Anti-Chrict identified v;ith papai Rotte.
It uiii be f 0 llowed by the dectruction if the Turlic and the 8alli|i£
of 'the Jeivs, v/hat Jlrig tnan conciderc ac the final and nnst jojfvX
event. It coi.EisGS not only in their beco. ing a Ohrictian natioa tut
incidentally in thfeti return and reetoration, !Ie raised this lUtatio
with Eurprising directnecc, and ansv/ered it v/ith a precieion no Ice
«
remi.a;ucc.i-ble : • ■ 4;
"What? rhaii they ( the ^ews ) leturn t; Jer .GfiAtm -
There ic not.iing nore ccr..ain: the Prophete do evcx'y|li©re
confirm it and uiDon it.
«-^
{■Ht^'i
TJ*;.
4.
Brightoiiii fouiid, liov/ever, ,tlie fundciaental ari-ument for tliiiD
thesis not in tlie Jev/ish prophets iDut in rt. John's Hevelation,
Chap. 16, verce 12,i^ii0jßo tlie Angel of .he ßi;vth Vial is co2a:ßjided
to preparc the pas:.a.t,'e for tiie Kings of" tli^ Saßt, l»y dr^/ing up thü
riv^r of Suphrates, lief erring to tlie Apocalypse of i;sra, Brightman
ceclared the ^ev/s tliemcelves ac identical v/ith the langß of tlie Eacfc
and the dr^'ing uj of the Ii]u. hrateä ac a providential c^^nc-logy of tue
niracle of tlie •^'•ed Sea in the tiriee of the lixoduc. Ile givess e^^act
caiculationE of the tine v/hen tlie apocal^jtic aventc v.ili hax^pen.
The^' are noctly hased on the Boolc of l^aniel and bctray in their
nicthod siinilarity t3 tiioße of Isai.c ALrabanel« The year 1C50 is.
regarded "by Brightnan ac the bcgin. ing of the a_,ocalyjtic period,
supjosed t) last until 1695» Bri^htnan dealt v/ith all thesc
questions also in a: special worii v/herein the roc«oring of the Jews
" after the ut^er overthrov/ of their last enemiec, is cet forth |
in liveiy coloursj this "biok was especjally destined for the Jews,
and theref re intenti onalLy baeed exclusively on parte of the Old
Tcßtanent, Daniel and the Song of Bolorion.
To wha-c ej'wtent Brightnian realised that i:c \/ac about to
initiate a new doctrine, may be gathered from tlie etrilcing ßcntence
in the " Kevelation of the Revelatlin '*
I have seth downe theee things with more störe of v/ords,
' because I would give our Divincs ab occasion of thiiäciög
more seriouely of these tnin^s«
It inuso be said thau this v.dsh and forecast v/as fulfilled,
aß the influenae of Brightman*s poß thun uß v/orlc cran be cler.rly
traced in the Snglish literature, Thus Thonas DTc:>ie in hiß ner;
5. Ni
book,aitientioned above, not only yeferred to " iiiaeter Brightiian '»
but .uoted hin copiously, ,^e.rtiGulL.Tly when dealing with- the rerto-
ration of tlie Jewc, . c one of th^ GiißiB of the a,,roacIi of tlie Lest
Jiidcenent. An otlier folLower of BriGhlman xms Gües Pletclier, onc
of the eminent Sliriabetiij^s vjhac^ beion^s to tue i:aii^Uh literature
as a poet, his .orion and pDÜfic writer. But his nain . eritß lay
on tl-ie ai.jlonatic fieid., where he i)roved " a iaitJ:.ful ^;oiit tox\^
Hueen :aizabeth at tlie palace of the Great Czax of riluscov^^^in the
yearß 1588 and 1589. After his return fron Ruceia : Laetcher
.publiel'UDd a bojl: on tain then hardly kno'mi Qountrj » An?tiier fru^t
of his slay in Kussia iß a treatise dcvotcd to the /üc^tivon of
JiOst Tribes of tsJ:ael. It war not pubiiched durinc Pictcher's life
Jiine, but only ßixty ssix years af ter th authorc dccith ( 1611 ) by
Samuel ^ee ae the first part of the booIc"Israel'c; Hedu:; or the
i'^estoration of Israel ( edited IC77 ) and rejubliehod ci/^ity ycait
later ►^y another {^reat pionier of the HestÄtation doctrine, Villi. uia
VjliisLon { see pp* 101 pp» )#
Tlie belief in the continued exisience of the Israeli te
tribes, vanished L.fter the des ructipm of the fall of Sariaila, v.<:::
co!ri;.on to Jewisir nec; ianicu cind Chrintian ml^lienarialiruassiisj Tne a:^pea^
rance of David «^leubeni, the raysterious Eelf ap ointed anbasrador
of the legendGjry Joceoh, Kitig of Chabor, in tiae firet half of the
16th Century, gave a nev/ inpulse to the old intereßt in the tribeE,
A strilcing si^n of this current iß a curiouß and very rare prirt
" Kev/s l'rom Hone »* , translaoed out of Italian into Sncüch, that
infomi Df a hebrew people so far unlcnov/n, coning fron the C^^Gpian
mountains to recov|r the Land of ^romiee. There is in sorae re pect
./
- >
■<lf
ü^
a Dtrilcing confomity of Giles Fietcher's escay wifch this 'äÜitempo-
raiy p£?«:,.;hlet« Fie.cher gives maxiy re^ijonßi'or Iiis . ßsumiJtitl^f tiiat . .
tho Tartars confinin^i u.-on the terri [>Ql:ies ncar thc^spiaii Bea rxay
iQ thö posterity of tho ton Trilaec of Israel» iJüt wliile ieaving tlie
füll clfitemiination to furtlior iniuirieij of racrchants and travelierr?
to hQ discun^ed p^noiiß tJie Learned, Plotcher did not iiesitate to
identif^' tlie rediscovered tribes \vi Ui tac ICings )f th^ East of
tlie KcvGlatior., Tlic intcx-v)retation follows that of TliQria;0':Bti|(j|(|||ik^
jvoAsed ac " tlie last in eri^reter of tiiat boolc, vvhoa Goc?. endued witli
sx>Gcii.ü- jifts above all that Iiitlierbo iic.:.\e v/ritten of it. " To oe
sure, Gleicher attrilouted the title of tliC luin^'s of tho .l^aßt to the
"^en TilbOE only, vho ivill "be jriviieocd v/itli fne ro-ectablishnent of
tho ICini^dom in the IIoly.^äRmd, Tlie scatoored ciiiidren of Judaia and
Benj::iriini7ere, cuOG0Tdim£ t^liltt^Ss^e^r rut to be vauciisafed tiia .^race
of rC'.umins in ediately v;ith blie Ten rribec, They vvill ba, hov;ever,
oy tlio c^^cuiule of thoDcj other Tribec be encouraged to join tOijetiicx'*,
and 'Gl narch out of the jlaces T/he?:c nov; tliey are, tov/ardn the
etilÄ*^*3?:/ )f Judea, without c^iy im;.; e achten t, or reninbance of other
„4iationf3,
Xn 16.>il, onl.7 fivo ,7ears öfter ^ Eevelation of th^. Kevelaticn
tlioro a^y-eared a woric v/liich v;ai3 dectined to give a nej powerful isax
inptJtuß to the nev; doctrine, ?om and contents of tho book, tho
inerect which it arouced, the personality of the auth.'r, the rjerse©
cution he and his publichor endured, lent -i*" extraordinax;^'- eißnifi«^
cänce £vnd bjpought the idea of the retuin of bhe|f^7G -n the liiae-
linht of joJUUUjeÄ histor^, The title of the v;or]c,\7hich :-an to
/
«aa»»ö*
241 jCußQQ, v/asi " the '"orld'Pi Groat Restauration, or the Calling i
/
of tho Jewß and ( with tJaei. ) of all Uio lIü.tion£5 and larißdoiaz of
the ecirtvh, to tae faith of Christ. It i^b dedicated, in üebre^? aiid
Snglieh, to •• JudaJi and the Children of Ißrael cliat joined v/ith UIm,
and to Josejh ( tlio Yc-iiant tribe of ^iohraiia 1 and all the Jlouse of
Israel that joined ^7ith hin,"
Unlike Draxc and Lri^litiaan, tiic anoAynoue author was ngj^^
divino biit, iilce 31etcher, a Iq.}^iuox^, ^ Xß^^M.x and-telter. He Jac
Sir ■enr^, J/inch, Serjeant-at-La;/, vaio ei.Jo^'ed grea. re.^ute an Uie
ficld of juriSi>rüdence»aj§|^v;aK nany Liuoc uemüer of Parlioiiont for
Cc.nterb^x7 a:.d for :'l» Al.>anr:, Hisj " jTo.j ' technia '\ an ^iijoc^tion o
th:j Gom on .lav;, v/a^- j-u..ercöded jiil^- bj» ::.ii.^Cw-:o tone * fj iai.:ouc- cc:a.;üii- ^
tary. But lav/ and iec^ai la^t-crc were b^^ no ncauü bhe oni^' uubjcct
of rir ."lonry ]?incl'i'2 inöipscäst, The ^jublicher of "* '.Tie rorXd'o Ot^j
rwcritanrrition "/ 'l^^iliia.:! Gougc, hi seif a ..olli:nov;n ccaoiar and
oroaclier for nt, /ixuie^c .lacl:f riarc, >rai'jed hin in an introducti-
to the "cool: ar: a man " v;ho haibli dived de per iiito that -.^nteriCE; ji
than I can do '', eni^;hai:i.:in^' „.articuiariy '' hij= G"J^öat unaercta>-di|(;
of the Tiebrew ton^jue ". This eminent iav.';^er, ..iio aecicted i^'ranclc '
3ac ^n in h^s fruillccr attcm^jt of crydif;/in{;j the ctatute la\^, v/ac
in fc-cl ait^o abie cf decp rciii;;;jiouL inr^i^^ht and ri^/Etic viEionr, r-ä
vrae r-i: v^vn uy variourj theo 10^:1 cal wrifcinge publir^hcd before the bq|:::
on the.,J|f«3illni^ of ühofbvrG.
The srision of a rebuilt and na^-nificent nev/ Jerucalen waj
^.aintcd alroad^' in " An Exposition of the Gon^ of Boionon calXe(
Canticlcß " , publiched, alco 'bi; Gou^^o, in 1G15, J:;ut in Mi^
\
\
r?
V
\f
M VT
:7oricl*s Great Hectaurration '*, Fii^pgwent into gieat detail con-
cornliiG a '• füll roc boration r^f the Jcr^vn. '•' lle baced -in iiteral
iQi^ti:\r, of ncrijGure ;)n tlie follouint^ nothod of iiiteijreüa -ion,
hich botrays t.:.e caroful aocüracy -r^f qtrainod ic^ai riind :
^'^}ierc InracL, Judali, Tsion, rerjcalo^ri et0i|i||pG>^
the iloiy GhOGt iieaii;: not thc s^drituai Israel, or CiÄrcfi^of uod
coi'.ected of tlie GonLilea, n3, nor of tlio Jev^eij au^^#Ci*tiles botii
• ••but Icrael ...ropeily dccceudod ouo of Jac)u's ioynes.
^.
Tlie saiiie judt^enent 13 to ..e räade of thtiir relürning to
tiioir land aüi aiiciüiit ^.caos, t^.e coi^^uoco uf tncxr fooc, the
fiüiür.jlnesr,- of tiie-irooi.'.., tiie ijioriou£i Oliürcii t'hey eiiaij. erect iü^.
tjie laiid iuceif of Judaii , Uieir bcai'iiit, rulc farrc and ncare« i'heEC
aud ß. oh lilce are uo 0 Aiie^oricc,,»l;üo .iGcUTio real ly caid iiteralXy
of ujxC Jiv/es«.. ^^ itliex' ■-■ re Josiac or Cyi'us i.iore pj.aiiiely naricd
hundred ^f ^^aares bof )i^e tliey v/ore ...urno, txiaii taeße baiiitis are
jlainiy aaiivercd o';ü coiifiniiia^ YjI ^at jcoplotj Aaii^h, ".'j.crefore
v;ü necd n^/t Uo w-fraid to avere u^.d Liaiutayiie , thao oüo day shali n
tney rjhall conc t) Mcr^iria.lc;;! ajaine, 'zq "iiiijE aud cii.i.efe 'lOiiarchOG
of lilie cartl'i, sv/ay ar.d j^overne all*,. iUid tiiat i}3 Lautc^xitiuc faith
,•• '• ;V- e Jloiaana na:^ic ( I ui.",! r:jeal:ü 1:., uC'^auGs:) iu ..ü.-t one d£\y be)
s-liali üe bahren fron t^io earth, aiid o.ie Sfipirc cliail xo turne to Ar-ia,
und. ajain nhall tiie ?]af?t Ivua^'e do. .inioii, ai.d t^ic \/ect "üe in uuü-
;jcction, • . .
."Tinjh _'roce dn ncUiodically in outiining Uiese e:qjecta*ionr
acc ordiiiß t^ie undoüboed oracie;: of the v;ord of G ;d» Aftüi^ iiavinii
iaid dovm hr^e maiii a{:.\,.eCoL^ in c-irtain vosicions,. lie cuivcys and
c;uur;ine{:- a3.l i^ro jUeciec, üe^in inß v;i üu -^alaan and cndin^s v/ith
So. Tolm*E KevoiatioiiÄTiiere iü no doüi.ö
Jtiiaw 'i^iionas j:ri{;h"änan war
Finch »e teacher and nacter in tlie art of Scrijtural intcrpretatioü,
The orocess of tue Hgl' toration, ac outlined by I'inoh, corresoonds
v/ith the jers.jectiVGB of the " ^evelation of the f^evelation ".
ThG first gatherins v/ill 1)3 out of th© ITorth and the Eaat quarterEj
TiioSG iiultitudes v/ill reoair towardc bhoir o^vn countxy. in the v/p ^
:;-.uphrates shall he iaid dry for tlien to iDass, They will have r
velloue confiic twith th^ Turic in the Land of Judea. A nobl^
victory will be won, Crod niraculously fio^i -^i^S '^^'^ then. T.
c>;
/
,-•■>■;.
# narJc thc encl of t-e Turi-j:;, 1i:.e"iitt.le hörn" of Danisl'c fourth
licast, These catas .rophicj:: lecd^.no to the domifcll tvO tiic downfall
of tiiG Ti^rlcifjh power .caid to +;]:ic er:tabl:lr]inen t of the Jev/ish icingdon
uill hUi)jen l:)et-v7een 1050 c^id ia30, As the Tvhole conce^^tion of the
inaGiimr;>' cdcD thcro ccvlculationi: v;ero üap-ed on P.rigl'i-Diac.n'n. oxpoei-
tioriG. I3ut v/hat lent a jarticular coloiu'' to Pinch's ..'CrGiJQctiYes \;ac-
tlie hloiid of r2li{:ion and joliticc e:i-:prep od by t^.o cviirxcnt lav/yer
in the V-sio:i of the rentored Jewish öorrr :on\7eaith, A perf ec t tjieo-
ciacy, thc ideal of the cj-och, iE Ziere Ti£jali;i:ea 'arid orojeoted into
i\ rodeemed PaXöGtino, Incidentally, in 'rr^ite of the elevated charac-
ter -^r the Jevrlsh hinjclo^x, :-'inch leaver no doubt atciitAts actual
f-i
re&lit;>'. " The:," ehall inhabit all the :/:x%^ of thc lr?jid ", he declaie,
of tl;'.(- returr.ed «^e^v?:. " they L-hali live ir: f-afcty ...nd continue to
cta:/ there for ever. X'he land shall "be ":o3*c fertile thar it v/as,
t-.e üounti7 r.iore populoue than bef'^rc; tbere ohalL e no ne^oaration
of the teil trihes fron t'ae other t'7o, >jijt all nsJce one entire ICin^Ä'^al
and a noct flo jrishinGCon onv/ealth,**
ThuE, Fincli'rj bo >.'.c culiTiinated in a cublime raillen;-.ial V-sion
in the oroper een:^3e of the v;ord. It -'Oldl:/ contrajsted t: ; c eschato-
io.lcal pros3.oeciis to (sron t empor ai^^ reallties, i\nt, roüoed hopec of an
ir.i inent uphec^.val tlio eonpletoneec of v/hicii couid curel:/ not oo tssxx\
fuither than a return to glor:^ and üou^.üleB:; pov/er of the -lost hclp-
lesi. and pers^ecutcd pc-ople on earf^i, Ti anythinc - this T/ae a revoj.
tionar^' boolc. It ixurt be relined thal the :^uritanG Äelied ox\ the
^Eible ac the modern naii nn eoonorilcs r?iod ßociologyt rimall \7onder
that '*The '^'orld's Croat '^entauration* provbhed violent opoosit^
in a jcriod ained at aleoluticR in Chrch end State. Janicß I
^; "
kino of Encland. Beven ye-.rs liad juct i.)acf:ed, sine., ae rci^ned "" \
witiiout parliaient, and the persecution of the Caivinitite was in füll
Eüinß. There v/oro aKionc; the percecuted T:ec :.j.irians als ) John Tranke ]
and hiG follo^vers v/ho iidvocated aeotairffitjidbeervanco of tlici ßabb tli.
In*iülo to ^0 come of thca wero imprinonecl on a charce of J^idaizing.
"but bcfjides these deve.lojments, great liic v.oric events coincid^jd with
the öv.) jearancc of Pincli'p. ^o ^iC, Tiie Y7r:.r on the Continent bound to ' '
Ic-e u thirty :/üarc wa;:; in its initial c .a^e. Tii^ def8?at of Predcrick, .
King of Bolienia, liad just htipjened in iG.::o« Tiic C;.tl.olic Enire war:
on V'ie forward iiarch, This meant i üci den •.ali^ that t-ie bulY/arjv a^juinrt
Turicey v/ac {^atlierinc ntr^n^^th. It is, therifore, not t^vrjTizinQ that
the i-elir^iouD an \'Jol\ an the po3.itic:.l in.)licationE of Pinch's bo )'I:
were rdiaised by the contem^)oraxy readers» The booi: couid, e; oecioliy,
not orcape the at'oention of th3 v/itty, well re; d scholar on the
throne, ,\ olash betv/een t?:e visionary larc'Br änd the ' v/icest fool
in Ciiri3t3ndon '' wan inevi table,
The -Kinc took ito 'rinch'rs book a-E a i)ersonal ^ufb«?!» Ajiere'v/ai:
no äoubt that he too v/as noimt to be iiiCivided cnonc uhe Cin/^c of tlie
eath v;ho v/ould bo\/ dov/n befolge the ruier of the Jowirli :: n^j^don. Janeö
was J35 V7hen the bool: aoTieared, so tnc'-t in 1650 he v;o'jid be er-.pec ocd
to ü: dertGke the long Journey to the "^larjt ao.t!:»-e a^e of 4. lle v/as
rejortGd to he^ve said that " he r];iali be a poor King, and he ie ßo
old that he c -nnot teil hov/ to do homagc at Jerucalcn. " uic arrect
of 'Inch aöd Gouge rollowed, l^oth werc throvai into prii-on in llarch
le^il, Pinch, then 85 years ofd^L^e, re^jained liberty at tiic cost of
public v/i tlidrav/al of the offendinf; oascages tJiO, after v^: ^-'^-^-^Gy
" for ha^ing. wri tten rc unadvioedly."^' C-ou^^e, too, v;cic fo"rced to iiake
adsr uate excußen« Finch { and Jatnes I 1 dled in io;:ib
ade uate excuses, Pinch ( aiid Jaraes I ) died in Lö^^b, Tlie following
year saw the birth of Dciblatai :^evi.
The apjearaneeof t::e " Caüinc of tiio Jews " is, hovyever, maric
\
not only by tlie trial a(jain!3t itc oricinators but alco by a etrlicino'
reaction in PaBlianent, on Uie ijui^)it mid in tue Univercity* prori tlic
recordß of t3ie debatec^ •.vhicii tooic jlac;e in the Parliaiaaiu ju\:t \
cmvened, wo tjatVier th: t at the occasaon of the debtite on a Ijili con-
CQj.*nin;^ the flabbath the axteratjn of t^^e title Sabbath into x^£K Lord*s
Day was desired and tigarced >,.jon, becauLe, as Sir Edward Colco put i\.,
" Iil'^ny were inclined go Jjdaisn und drcxi Uiat the Jfewii v/hail have
reginent and Kinc^e luist iay dov;n their crcn/ns: to tnetr fe-t. "^HÜae
Church also reacted s ^.ron^ly. ''illiaji Lc.ud,. iater Archbiß'noj of
CanteXk.ury ( \;...o \vaü to end hie lii'e ander tiie Uoadcnan'c a:^e in 1655 )
hinseix jicached ao-anat i'inch v.aid hic docürinc. Profes or John
Pridcau;., \Jhö v;as to ü'ö^jne Bisiio^J oi' -orcüLler, i^iioujht :lit, in a
Latin "' Discoutse on the Gaili.'ig of the Jev;s '» deiiv^red v^t the Uni-
vereity of 'Occford,* rouiidly ro conde:Tin tae '' Judaisia ( which } hae
iate V ^^revailed, to tue diSij;racü of divines cuid the scandui of the
wealc*',
To comi)eni}ate for Uieae attacic£. , i'inch found a i^uv "orüer in one
Ol the :-ioat ^iowerfjil cjirituai ijer{::on^.iitie£: of tiie tina, che pcholar
Joseph üead ( or Hede ), i/hoee Ö Clavic Ajocalyotica ^,pu;oIished a few
years: iater, was to bccomc a tesct-bool: o! neo-iuilie.:arianien, On April
7t iß;^l, iede v/rote to lUr iiartin i'Vurervilio:
*»X caniiot üGü buu for the .lain -)t tho xüi^cource I ni^ht ae.ent
iinto hin { l?inih ). God forgivo ue if it be a nin, but I have
tnought 20 i'iany a d^. '* • . ,
!!•
of the Öilesian Jakob Boohme who eujoi''ed gi^eat iiifluance, tau^^ht
that the salvatioii of tiie rikln^ woulci corjie frooi the Jcws; while
<¥
Johann Mochinger, of Dixaziß, foretold in imequivocal terrus the
returii of the Jews to Jorxjsaleo;» Tl-ie most im.^ortant auiong
thesft coiitlnerital inystlcs was Isaac de la ?eyr3re, Frexich Ambasya
d r in Amsterdam, a Hufjuenot scholt»r pt5*^sibiy of i/.arraao ex-
tracti on. In his "Du Rappel des Juifs", published in Pc-ris in
1643, he not oaly forecast the end of Jewish exile but appealed
to the King of France, as eldest son of the Church, to lead the
children of Israel back to the Holy Land vdthout exacting of the./!
conversion to Chri stio.nity« ^
" Events in iCajJand Fi.nce the Foi^tles^ of the IVth Öentnry did
not reihain unaffected by t.hese laflu^Mices from across the Oht'.iaol,]
but assuuied a charac1;er all their own« A 1ü rge section of the
^tif^-ilish pf'ople, then entering upon the ^j;reatest change in i ts
history, -^ccepted milleuarian coricepts as the concrete object of
>> — ,^
a rell^ioüsly inr-. Ired poiicy. The i'lfth Mont^rchy .v^en (wlio -.^
professed allei^i^nce "to King Jesiis only, iiiHiata.uing thn t he Hs
was about to appear and establlsh a new orld i/iounrchy, t"ne fi th^
after the i^ssyrian, the Persian, the Orecian, and tl^e lonan, ohe
last-named stil' existing in tiie form of Uie i'.oinan Chia-oh") aud
adhererits of siiüilar sects l/bcame vocal, and the millenaiiku
_/■
point of View imp' rted a specific colouring to ir/iportant la ; en-
ings and pronouncements • " '"One luay .^^^peak of mille arlöxi doctrlue
as in a sease typical'', says A« 3. P« ^/oodhour^e of ilils p^iioö,
This mii^hty oiillenarian wave swept the i^estori^tlon Jovjti'ine f Oi •
ward« 3oon it acquired aufficiont r. treri-^th to beccaie aa
12
/
integrated ?/ith the Pur i tan revoliationary movement» ''^*'*«*«^
Thomas Brightrrian's teaching onjoj/^ed a veri table re^urrectton
jMsa« «^it4-t*n8"^ His books on restpfation, as well aa a complete
edltlon of his -Norks, >«L\'>pea-^fod,
His riame was on the l'^ps of
many« But already aew prq^ets öf Hestort' tion had appeared
early in the Parliameut^ry wars. / An an^vy^^i^^—^^J'^^^ appealed
in "The Land of Promise and the Covenant thereof" to "those that
teach a deiiverance of tho Jews of all couiitries to the Land of
Canaan" ; hobcrt MaJtony a convinced be3,iever in th.e millenium,
whe^ had lon^ kopt rilent,- pLbJ.irhed a riifc* aifesto, "Israelis Ke-
de.uptiün, ov the prophetical history of oiir Savlo-ar's kin£rdoin
QU earth, etc/'j UAid, in k sharp reply to im attack by ivloxand-er
Petri, ein^/rwticb»lly restated his faith in "thv3 Jews' general and
inlruculous coüvarsion to the f.'iith of the Gospel and their retiu?ii
— -^ y^ ^
into thoir ov-n Land • A rio tih (i»hs^ 1*0 ta ^oni s t of thi'!» idea vas John
^•— ^ ., . —- ■ ]fi
Archer, ^ne of the foundei's and prlnclpal leaders of the Fifth
,'C-*'^^\A — ■ ^ '^ -"'—- '"^" ^
Monarchy Mon. In hifi book, "The personal reiii of Ohrist upon
[i
earth" (4642^), he expounded his t}>eory of the threefold Kin^ioin
of Christ:
"One Providential, -'hich 1:^ that universal Soverelgnt^^
by which Jesus ^^^hrist nianageth the Affairs of all the
V'orid, both in il-i^aven and '^arl-h; rMioth^^u' :-rlritual,
which is the öovereignty which He exercises over the
conscienoea o.r .somo P'=^'.>nle, aiir. in f-pocit. 1 tlie Elect;
a third ^»-onarchical, wherein Christ when he enters upon <
it, will :j;overn ^\3 earthly Monarchs do; tht^ t is univer-
sally over the ''^crld, and in a worldly, visible and
earthly Olory; not by l'yraiiny ^uid Oppresfilon, aad /5en-
y- sually, but v'ith Honour, Peace, Riches."
This JÜngdom, the establishment ^.XKhujKxfßXBtHlÄ. of v'?iich --irchl
JL
15.
C^hi
r/ 1 t . , / f
\\
foretold for 1666 |e>pftctecl bjf (nariy ta tm a- year oi' aiiraoles) ,
would. In his view, be x:)receded by the deliverance of the Israeli-
tes in 1650 or 1656,
"Bbto, Jews and the T^a Tribes oT Israel shall be
called to Chri stlaaity. The eitles of tlie 'i'rlbas sliall
be built a^ain, especiftlly Jerusaleöit v/hdch ?hall be .the
Vi laost eminent City then in the V^orld« The Israeli tes shall
be first raised to this Olory, aiid at Jex'usaleiJi v;ill Christ
begin to shew hiaisell'; froin tht3 Israeli tes shall Olory c'es-
cend to the C/eutiles •
This apocalyptic scheme of three parallel kin^daas roveals a
desire to iinito the Spiritual and literul iriterpretationD,
as well as the Diillenarian and Jev7ish^mes?ianic coaceptions«
ßetween the visJon of a r-eßtored Jerusalem as the heart of the
World and a nurely s^nnbülic i^pii'itoal ZI on tiiere "i^QVQ ma^e ßrada-
tions« The various int^rpretations overlapped, and often it is
iaipo*^siole to distin^^üsh hetween thetn» "a Glimpse of Zjon's
Glory" #as JüiÄX±i.tiEX a railleuarian mauifesto pvibllshed in 1641
aiid rernarkablö for the beauty of its styj.e ; it is attributed
to the Baptist Hanserd Knolly^i, who was clüsoly associated v/i th
the Fif th Monarchy Men« ii&xjsjajata±.xx The follo/'irii]; pascage is
reveaüng:
"Babylon' s faVlini]; is Zioii^s rai sing. Babylon's
dastruction is Jerusaleji's salvation «.. It is the
wjrid of the day to cry down Babylon, Lhat it may fall
uiore aud oiore; ?.iid it is the vork of th;-^ day to give
üod. no rest tili He Sf3t up Jerusalem as \X\^. praise ot
the World."
It is piain that the reference is tö öu earthly J*=;ruvsaleai which
shall triuaiph over Korne. The author accepts tVi e lioeral inter-^
oretati
14
i
f
rnoritions Jiistlnus and Laotantius, refers to Brightman as "that
worthy Instrument of God", and marshals argaments in an atte.upt
I v-<.>L'lAf' vC^
to dispTOV^ the conception tha^t the millenium was to be under-
s-teoeUln a symbolW sen-»«. Btrt it is t'ne Erifjlish people, the
multitude, the cominon people, whöai God uses
"in the groat work of proclaiwing the Kingdom
of the aon.
J
Although "
/ "both Jew and Gentile shall Join togsther to
flow to the beautifulness of the Lord",
the place
"where vi 11 be a vondnrful coufluence of
\ \ pc^ople
f!
is the uiinamed
\ "Citv '.71: OS 3 /rates are Dlwaya open, in regard
of the security that is there - no clanger at
all of any eaemy'*.
wliich is des5. gnated a3 the Church.
i f ^ t '
Thls ambi^-alent coriceotl on of the nevst ration frequently
raturns, Iv«;raol ond Zion act RiniultaJir»ously as uiodel and {;oal ,
they repr-esent both the golden pc-.st ?nd a recility of the fiiture«
Croifiwell hiuißelf vM^.\; ho appropri« tely 'u oted In thi? conneyJ on,
I
in Hin Speech to the Littlo i'arliatiient concltided ;,ith an ©-Äpft-fided
-Version of Psalm LXXVIII : /
"L^t God firise; l'^t Hib enexies be ^cattered' -
a glorious pr^\phecy, he is persuaded, cf the <^'Ospel Ghu rohes, and,
he .-ignificantly added
"it mpj^ be of the Jews also« Then it prophecies
that He will bring ^ig people again from the depths of
the sea, as oace ite led Israel thivaigh the Red Sea»
15
I
?Tod will
And it may be God will bring the «Tews home to their Station
from the isles of the sea iTid aiisw-?r the e rpectations as
from the depths of the sea. Dut^re I am, wlieu the LoM
shall s^^^t up the O^ory of the Gfy^.el Cliurch, it shall be a
£5atheriric of people as out afXdeep waters, out of the multi-
tude of 'Afaters. j 6uc.li ji^^iMi^^is perple, drawu out of the multl-
tude aad iiatloris of JJatfs world •..
There was flso current a view of Ihe liestoratlon as
a purely spiritual Christian symbol« hut even f=iich ti^terpreta-
tions frequently reveal a dcep uiiderstaading of Falt^s tiaa» s laeari-
ing to the Jew3 as tni evf^rlasting source of streagth aad cofj.fort.
Thoaias Füller, author of "Pisr;ah .Sight of Palestiae'', gave noble
e-xpressioii to thir, polat of view:
'*More probable ••• it is that t e Jews or.ail not coae
back 10 tl^eir Ic nri , but tl^r^ir land ^-Kall come back to Uieui;
I meaa, so several places, in i^iUi' ^^.e, .'.sia uaö. r^i'rlco vjr.sre-
ia lliey x-esiör^^ ohall oa n^^j r oon^^or?'i nn nocome as conifort-
able 4e uato thom, as ever the Laud. of Gaaaan was to Uieir
aacosvors, i'nrti c-uetwis terra p^tria; .-'.Mr!. a coateated
mind in thern phall iii^ke any niounbaln their Oiivet, river
thc^ir Jor64ri, fi e3d thf-^ir Garmel , forest thel r Lebanon; fort,
their ;:'.ion; aad oity, their *^i?rusaler/u"
1 Ori / ;i m^ 1 1 ;,^ coafined to in..' iviUial scnolHrs, aaticipatioj
f
j '^y r^ of a restorcrtiou of the Jews uecame ev^^r more ^^,enoral in -Ja l^ivad
"^ — t '
i in the forties of tlie 17th Century« ^ f^mong the ^ uri tan sects ,
^ .^rrr. rthiefly
other tl)an th.e Fifth ii^Oiiarchy ivien, it -was/th.e laptists - rapidiy
in imiiibers \\
growa laxxJfcKewgJfck ?iace 1609 - who supplieifl JtJR?.xixj!g«s}txa.«£RfeÄX
\»
&£ distin(_-uished def enders of tne i^estors^ tTon idet. • Haasert
(
Knollys Viö-s alr'eady Doen aienMöned, /Aiiother out s tandin g and
colourfnl sp -kesm^n of the idea was Henry Jessey, author of "The
Glory of Jehudah aiid Israel", in which enthusiastic tribute was
paid to the Jewish people» Jessey's siacjerity was proved by
16
deeds: he was the first -^li^lishrribn, indeed the first European
aou-Jöw, to collect funds for neody Jews in Palestiue; he also
shov-^ed inuch v^oura^^e in advocc>tiag the readmission of Jews to
Sii£r?.aad
Of the learnod diviues of the period, t\if^ renowiied
Ja.7ieR Durharu, of Glasgow, staads out for hl s vi^orous arc:um'^ats
(eiiibodied in a coüLneatar^ on the ^ook of i-evelation) in favour
of t)ie re-establishmeat of a Jewish kin£;donu Toyrards the
"'" ■ ~~ " ^""^'^"^ ^ ' """ ' / '
uilddle of the 17th ceutury the Kestoratlon doctrine vas suf fL -
cientlv. viciesproad to roceive reco^yiition as a hl '; torj c fact.
»I
it
Creeuhili, r'reacher in ••\'3 = t:iiiii? ter t.ad iiiiur-elf aa adherent
of the aoctrlae, ?.uicir:'jri7.ed the rituotlon hb follows:
'The Jü'A-3 * rotiira io thei r own Itind it clealed by
? ome , .1 u 3 f= 1 1 oned by üia ny aaci :^ o üb ted by nio st."
Thouas i^uller, .'«hose kaowled^-e of the raii£;ioiip treads of his
da y was UiUivalled, drevr ltkÄx£ttiifi>:lcÄ5xxtjr in"Pise,ah ol^-ht of
Palr-istine'' tlie followiag vivld picture co.iveying also the
:nes?iaaic mood of the Jews: -•-
"It is a cOi^ceit of the Lnodera Jews tha t oae day they
3ha 1 1 r e t\ ira oa i. ' i'."! c oad u c t of V lo l r -'■ e s ^? i ahs to t h e cou a tr y
of Caaaaa i-xiid clty of J;?i usaleiu, aad be re-entablished A-'ith
füll posses^-'loa taei'Gof« If aay objeci'. t'ni' l their l-'.^nd now
base, äs bai'reu, i^' not Aorth the regainin: tiiey yaswer,
■vhea Miey Sii.9ll recovsr t^iair conatry, the oouai.ry sha 11 re-
cover llö loriuer fruitfulaess; as if Clod v^ould effect mi«
rac'es, as f-r as .,n.a caa f-uicy thetri« '^'ith tUerri concur soine
rrot^stant Diviaes, jiaiati* inia^ that the Jews sha 11 be re-
stoi'od to a f loia"'isliia£: co.njioaweolth, A'ith tho afflueace of
all ou tv/ai'd pouip aad ploascire, -o tiiv. t 'they shall fi ^jit o d
coaquer (^o^; y-a^ ^'■a('0(J ( tho Turk) ^^'ith mariy otb.er' ;;ilraculous
•> achi-^^vciiiüatö •'
0
17.
Apt as tViivS descrjption was, It oadtted an Import&xit fact: that
the idea of a Jewish restoration was more than a theolo^jical
<'
doctriiie« ÄBtxBRiyxkÄot JLaynien like ^iles Fletcher and Henry
Finch been ajiOng Its principal protagonists, and. ever greater
C
erriphasis was laiä on its political asoect« ihus, in 1647 there
a[)p3ared a pi^ .phlot erititled "Doorn^sday or The great Day of Üb
Lord 's «Judgment by ocripture and two other prophecies, the one
pointing at the year 1640, tiie other 9.t thls present yot^r 1647",
v/hich !-ouiJit to prove thü t ^' the day of jud^uiejit be even now near
u y at hand", but also st^» ted th'-t "in Illyria, Buthnia, ond Gaptiado-
/
/;
//H/^L cia the Jews under Joshuas Ct^tzius w^ra /^''^-'-'^^'i^^G together in great
";y^ boaiea for thrt conquering of the ^ioly Laad".
^ ^.u-— At tmt tiiie the Keptorr^ttlon idea in>'aded the rr^t» lin of
lottors. if'ov»' iuiiton> '-'.horo ^?»niiJ.? towered over the s^BCifiqp '-g©»
iKiK«Äxfel«?xK»iii|ja»n;^rfx±3i7jairJfc«tXÄi»MÄ>L^^^^ himself ca;'ie to
t.ive i'fiir.ortai expression to it tlirou^^'h tlie HiOdl um of hi s art,
i3 a criapter wnich, stra.i^ely fuioii^h, belou^,?; to a 1-' ter period .
Eis ccniterTiporary iioary Vau^^;han, whore "silex ^'-cintj lltMis" tou-
chin^^]^; ciiirrors i:Ir roiw-'-His thou^^ht of th.e tl:rje, published in
1650 a poetic CO. f essloM of fäith in tbe Kestora tJ. on« He spaa/^s
of iiis ea^^^raes«"- to /^itiiess & rell£;ious ti^a as form?» ti on and a
ravival of the aitcieat people:
" . . • 0 theu th.H t I
ii^d^ht ll.vo, ^"-nd pee t]in ^^livc l>e<'r
Her proper bra^iclies, whi di now lie
oc^^ttored r^anh "'•■here
^ V i id '^' :^ th ') ri t r o o t ei nd s p. p d e ca y ,
Ca int by ^:l)e hu(,>l)?Mjd..nan away.
i-\ L lö si\re i t i s not f'r^r , "
w
u
:£.
P'^:
•m^'j/O'-
18
\:i
/
..^. J.r, .t,
The cTesiro tov the J-awish peoplxe(^s revlv&l recelved i ts
moyt perf Qct exprec^r, ; on in a voi'l: v.'hifcii deserves i'ecogniti on on
its owii ;,:erits as the niost oi'l^iuil ctiid valuaide ij. terar^^ pro-
duction of the x^erjod« It was an i^^\^.ji\ ütoplü* in t.iie Letln
toii<:AiO, "f'ovae Solymne J.lbri 3ex" (1648)» ' 'ftWrs /l^^'esents a f.ull
•aud :i.c>p,t 9.ttractive pieturf^ of <^ re;;:lüred J::r\,.o{^iebi, iuibaed wi th
naw 11. fe t>y ren^aerated -^owj ^sh ]:.er>ple« '11. c fact th- t U*a -^vb?
AoiliiAKgl «^ o 1) j e c t ^v^ "t o d e 3 o i^i b e ä**^. i d e ii 1 c o :.i: i o i r. •' c m ]. t "
C
.>] «m^^^tnr
/t i, >■•■ ".i
/ «-.-,. < (T-
,<^'
i V.
^
l
) .■■ ' ■
volce lii9 o^n vlews on '^diCHtion aiLO the inisaicri oT Jiaa, b^ rio
meaas detT»acts from its intero-j^t; tlie Iheme i;i'" :i c:^ tod in the
" " ' suptatnad
t1. t3-e is l0':5-cally c^i'^x.'^Jrf sf(* t.brcnV;iiou t. Th'^ nÄ-?j;¥.i acticu of
t ] i e ti o V e 1 i r^ 3 e t n o t i n a va jju o S o m e n 'n e r e b u t i u ?a I e s t i ii e , a nd
the people pictured as fulfil'iing tho author's visioniB the
.L -^- Ä^^\^ *-^-^ *-'-*^"',
tw 0 ;:^ b j '.!j (*. t s 0 f 'uh ä "K a st o i-a 1 5
,'-^ApIe..,Cif„J;„är-ÄÄl-« ' l'he^ two '>:^b j,'.!j(^. t s of -t.h a 'Ha st o i-a tu on id ea ,
the retura nnd r^.onversiori of the Jev^'s (r»WU^h .•:'.r'(? suppOoOd to
liave beeri ao>n.ev6d befor-?* Vi\o ac'irr'. 0^,01^3) ^ — >.. i^ , 1 13 "i -«^t > v- "l y ' t>'i " «? Uj;'' 144;^,
out^.in--— W+^-rtO'V^l-^ The puthoi* oravr? t]^e plctiu'e of a rrtfH?e-l
pirnpit— rniö i^n i^mvfL oop^cionrofilth ^nii('V^n[j, from this tv^ofold
revolMtlon. TV'P j ntlr^^if' te oorüirxion betweeu i'ur-i taai sin ^rid tho
Olcv T :- i-tan.ent \jrneVB.tez tl.e a ti.ios'ph ■■'Te «^j:fxivViEk?>i»?.iiKi»cJ',i:?fK iii '''Mch
Bbch » fusiüii i-t. npears f'On^^iiO.e . hoMe of tho hi-f^^^oT'y i^fid of the
lati'?---Gf ifcrael rern^ea tes tbe book«- Chr.! ^ti^^d tj/ is plcturod as
beta/: the rioher for its adoption by the ^Taws päd for tlE iater-
>,
clian^je of s^d. ritual, Vf0.ue3« Thus tb^-- ^ui tlior spiri tualisos H.ejiry
creditluß
Fhtch^s iöea of •^3^'ö.el rodeemed, K>iÄ*dl>.t.3?i:g it with the abillty
i'':liV
^^♦*j:;/\\'^
■ '-..'..'.■•',' ■ ' - , , '
•','■'*..■,■' ".',_, '''■'.' ' ' ' ■' ■ ■• ' ■ ' '■ ' ' '.-•'•
and tlie gäII to attain the state of perfection which huim). nlty had
liitherto beeil unablo to achieve« '
Tlie form of the uovel v^as ha!)pily ohosen to eiilpTiasTzö the laodel
cViuracter of the aew «rev'ish coinur^nw •a.lth-.oja.liouat i'Üoh« The story
be*jia& '.^'Ith thne travellers, two i^ü-rii shmon and a Sidlian, diseoi-
barking at Jj^ffa in the spring on thej r way to,visit Jerusalem« The
aspect of the city satisfies alike the rules lalu down by Kzekiel
(Chnp, 48, M) and the diotates of co.itemporary artthitecturel
"xhe c5 ty wb.ich thoy were apr:)roaching was bullt on the
3U.ru7iit of \h'^ inountain, imiö Ils lofty and :nassive walls rose
..-f nur Square' from the u:^jpf'r slopds« ^^ad thö ciLy huX tvelve
(;;ate.^, "'ho3'"» fioor??, a;*]. of -olid braar^VW^re di? tln^:ui?hed by
the tribal eusicns and the na.nes of the i^atriai'c-is 3i:i£;iaved
on t'mru, f'iir^ 8 b ^-ve '?.v^Tj ^r-te va? a '-Lrout^ pov/er 'of defence,
£niudln£^ the entrance« Our tru.vell-'^ri-' enter dd« the ßcite of
Judah, ^^'hich opened U];oa a fiae '•-.tr-.-t .^It detaohed blocks
of stoaebi'.ilt niaasions of tn'c. san.: elovatl on anJ fipata£;e, and
to u ppe-:». il n^ 9ii '^y.tei.sl.ve H.nd co*:.-^ect3d bu! Idiug." j
A jierry pr :ce:-?fr j on i s ir.ox^in^^ tbr;vjjv^ l-.v,,-, ?treetsi in its mid?t
the vititorr rrrcelve "'a v.'r,.^iu ^l-o }i3.1d iu ^mjx- :\i.r;it band a golden
red, fiiic* in her Icft '-.bfi tv;o Gabler. 'oJ' the Lavr" . .Tj^icob, an old Jian/J
wl'O ctrlkes 'p B frlenripbi jD -^i th tlie at2'aiL^;;eps , 07.,-)l!?.lns;
"Jt 1- +h- anii"j2^s; ry of Iho roundin- of t h.e city, i-nd
the Virzin you savf represoxited ..vlua, or, as tney sa^, the
dJ^u-ht^'l' of ''.ion,"
!Ie tyjon :'.nv1.tOv^ th'" tr-'^r'-)l?:/:r? to b.lr. hou.se« here aad In .'mbseo.uj
descri pti vns the 'iithor'c at te:.:.t ■ to pres^;rve the Jev'irh atmospher«
axid bis !v ccopt'ince of the prliiciple? of the Res toi^nti^'n Ooctrine i
!:y3.'if ':~t • Jacob fpesr^ks: ■ "
"Co;nej, como, it i? o Oi.t.io.ial -h^-ty ri th a? to trea t
stran(^;er3 v^ith kindaess, not iLimindful tiiat we too, long thJOtj
vv^r]'e £ tr^« .i£^_ers in hr-ypt, ^/ad ?ince thea Tor -a lon^ tJLrae str^'. i§rj
aiad v/a idejers t^'ucnf^ all tbie n^ition-s of the eaaUi • . •' '*'e are m
v(.:ry flo-^e on l.hf^ fiftleth -if^^i^j.' ?iace our loa^; and ^^/tdoly
\
20*
?^
sc.'» ttered nation was restored to Its pres^^xit woadp^i^ful proGperity
Yon Jo not fordet, I f'3el sure, t)ie terrible cal^mlty of our
iiatioii in by.^one days; it was iadeed a rerr.arkable punii:l:iai^^at
for Uu'. t mo?t awful deod of crirae coüiiuitted by oui' forefathers,
and apx.u'oved by the -otes of every successlve gen erat ion of their
descendants, just byxthRxj^HtH as it was a most certain pled^e
of this future restoration and the very foundation of it •••
Certaiiily 1.1 lat couciition of the Jewl sh race has always been a n
assiiranoe th?j t the ardent deslre that Christions have so long
coiiceived for our return was not an impossibility aud Qave them
firm faith in its fulfiloient^ long before there wore any ^i{5ns
of lt. >iut when Indeed, by tho rudden flH^sh of üvine li^jht, ■
thy t stubborn aiBatal darkness was reHiOved and, prornpted by a'
licaveuly impulse, we acknowledged the true MeB?iah and became
liis disoiples with unwonted zeal, then it was that to us of that
sajiC race th«? t had been tunk so lon£;"in tbe lowest depths of
rni:' •='-.' y thprf?. ccv.iie, v.z it wer-, Jifc from th'; dead, and oiü exal-
tation to M^r '-^^'-hett by (''ivlno uierci'« Aad as Toj .tierl;^' we alone
of '-11 t^ibpF of ih^-- '■-;■; rth follov'-ed .öfter ri^hteoL.r.neer- in the
perf ect f ea^r; of Ooc , iq nov also 're strlve for the prf-e.uinence •
ThoreforG,^s ia fltiiiiß in •=?\'C^ry true repa.bllc, we tf^ke sp ociti 1
care of ihl^ yoiinr;, aad in this -the providencG of Cod has not
.^i'^da our e doavours l.jofi'ec'tiu.'!, Ter it I3 woli kuov/a tiüit a'
uior'-' benutlTul an<^^f'-lcMt3d pro^sny has {T^ov^n iip anion^^; ur> since
ov 1 ' re- f? 1 0 1» fx 1 1 o n • "
'ai\ .-•^le ^.:.*J,t
-- / T?ie.,.-astord.shlu^ featarea. ,Qf taisipas-^i£'-i^e>^ -/hich h'-s iio p.rallel
in the lit-^ratnre of tho ti:ao, ^^r-^^^-^ho -^.u'hbr's vision, spanidn^^ three
(j./:^--x(i CvönturieSj of a rao.T'F^ beai^tlfnl i^rid vlroror.s Te-vj '-3h race in Pal.^^stiiie
, regairio4-, "i/id his {p-^a^p, at -^o anrlj a sta^^o^ oP th»^. historic Ri^J^iifi-
cauce of eadeavours to r^i^'u^t^^te the .Tcw-j in ?:3l--st iiie» The coaclu-
si on t'i'it the oiithor, thour;h ^civin^j, no eine to hi? t'ütxL''G3S and prede-
I . ■ . ^ ■ " ■
' cec. sorc, '«as f.'/'Milii^r -«^ th t'-^o re?tor^'^ tion doctriae aad feit hirnnelf
chosen to eacourare tlie Jev/.? i.n thr*t c'lrect'.oa, K.p>j?iiHKi5 irresistibly
suggeftp 1 tself • ^^ ■ '
\' [ ■ ■ •
J In tho di:'lofTie?=^ -."'l th -'"hlch the act5on of the uovel is iater-
■ ■ ■ ■ • ■ .-^ ■ '■
sperr.ed the aTrr co -'lon-Toalth is fully describ'd, \r3Splte the Chris-
tlaa eolourihr "Oiich t^^o '^vithor» 3mn'- rtn to tho rentored Jewish kluc§d=c.iii ,
^*- ^.. fc>— /? ■ f V. A ' '*'
%
a.id )ii?' Dccer^tßnoe df" tho tradj. tion of -J- .-;^i\(j 1' 3 fuilt," expiP tion and
'%
f
rA^A^- ^/i"^ •*'€-- j y/x
,4<^*w^ *^^^"; -^^
21
"K^
'^''\itm*f'^
-i^ ^
>..j/„y....r^..,.,..^.
"There Is oae Ooc% one tr-uth^ one rell^lon; -uid in no
way could I ullow th(? opiaiou tlmt Trod Is willin^^ lo be '/"or-
shix)p0d acoording to tho rites of the particultir country, önd
has given no comumnd of form bindin^ on all the "'^orld. Of
course I admitted that nq ou;3ht to live in accordance v^ith
che laws aud oustoras of our iiative land, so long as they do
not oppose our reli{^ious b^liaf, for in tejiporal oiatters they
are the main authority snd have beon uotified by tlie oomoion
coiiseixt of the ;)eople«"
I
•^tarting frora p remis es coacJ i t ^ oned by his boliof^' the author
A /■ ■
arrlves at a conoeption of/4iO'.v J^rusalf^m wliero national characteristic;
3 ad r3ito£:rLlt on o" thö v:.orj,d outslde are l'..'U\rionA -ii^ly ul-xded« Hot
evea l?ie 'I^brav v?rnavral:Är .i s laakia^
■ru:j^-
t-i;^P*' - ^
I>o not thiahrV niy Ijoris, Ih -^ t ,ve Visdoin to boi'ro'r^ anythiag
thet i? r^n-iljy joO'A, beeausf- il aud its orlp;?ji- ^Jitii n -tions
allen to i.iüt vVr» beliove c'v.sr;; ^-ooci ^ift coiu- th fi^an 1.1 '.e aair.e
source of x.''i viuo Mfe« »'»^'e balle vq it wa? not ■•1 tViout "a purpose
th.it J:'.'rioap; tb'=> praj 5-^es of uo?ef? i"-,'Cordod in -'''orlpture was'lils
skill in the v^isdom of the ^"^gyptiaas, :uid th^.t Laaibl and the
'ihree CjKlldr<^;L ''/er'-» vjrr^ed in th^ iecretp of tho rhi»lde-as« 'Ve ■
have tho learned lore oi' Groeca i* u6 J^o.ne sdSdä aö 'sjeinß i^ later
s\rj? üiop-^ 'T*5 •iiPhr'^;d 1/ t^rr?t.T::rr t.}\ö n -^^/^yp;; or IkC. yloi\ could bo?.» st •.
Lan<^;:i cj,e s spoken aud writton a-j ■: of course tliG oi'i^ina 1 airi oaly
tran5;nittor? of all k.tO'v2 ed^e. . 'A'e b'-:;jiia by /j'-nrül lafttruction
in the thi'ee populär lon^u'^^es of the v/orld, ur-^ek, i-atin, and
iiebi'.?v/ ( tlie l^tt^r bein/^, our verjiaciil'xi:') > "'-^"^ ii"^«- fc'..fiilij-r con-
versM tion vp» nse soiuotliiies oae, 0(u6tiiues ^»nother»'' "^",
The Mtthor provides sajiples of bhis iia.juirtic versa tili ty by
eailveainp; his text v^i th sevcral L-?.tiji poe.i.s oa i^iulical thejies . The
poem v-^haated by Lhe coaverted Jev; on Vount Zioa, I^.O'/jever , Is less a
Christian hyrrji th^Mi e soa^^; of l'lcn» Tle opeaing and clo?in.[;; verses
read:
/O sacred top of ^olyma,
iiow lovoly j.n the place
Where stand s the clty of our K1.i\f,
•■•\-;ro f' lihful -^'.iatc rojo" ce avid ^Inß
Of riercy^ lov.? and i?racel.
/.
■■:*,
; . 1 ...;•». ;c
22
jf
For there cur greater Teiux^le starids
vVith ^reater ,-_;J.ory blest
And tlieP'.-}, roidee.uod froru aiirrn lands,
BroUi^ht back at last by Grou's own hands,
His Israol fiuds hör re?t.
• • •
• •
An exlle long, to me at last
It iö b^ CJod» s crace ßiven
To clasp my kindred by Uie hand,
Again on Zion^s hill to staud.
And pralse God In my Fatherlaud,
0 Hutepast of Heavenl"
The fate of tbe book v^as no less unumal thanits couterits.
Neglectod hvr its ci):tt?!.a;;orari r;s, it was complotely for^otteu for
250
V3iii's« . For its rascue froru oollvioa ws'ciro i.id^^^tcd to'.-'at.«
\Vall-^r Bigley, 'vrio in 1902 publisUed aü 7*iigli 3)1 trausl;^tion ia two
volurjies , -^'iVh au iatroc'uctlon ;:». nd iiotes, uuclor lh~ title of "Nova
oolymu - ?ho Ideal City; oi' J-j'usaleia ^•e£$''iM^;d" • ^^cJ- '^ a.r^njed
that tli3 f^.uthor of the uo^'el "ould bo non'?;. othor thaii "the most
illustri OU3 ' Jolui iwilton hiiuojlf • Tlii? view was aj;)j.'&xxÄ by
■r"
Stephon K« Jones ("The /-uthorr.niy ot ^^ :>va Solyuia", "'X 0 Library",
1910), ■'■*''ho established that the üuLhox' w.as ouiriuel Hott, born
Jariuory k'.O, 1613. Gott v/as --iltoa's coutempoavry at ot • Cath.erine'
Ca uLi'iU^-^e, imdcvr the Puritua th.eoloj;iari ^-ichard 'ibbes; both went
dov>^a in 1632, Oqtt -i th the B»^v, . Like lioüry Fiiich, uott eatered-
the Ir'-v, H() sat in Pü x^iiaiueiit froui 1645 to 1059, and in 166? was
.Tu.?tion of tj-i.e Feace at '^'^.ttl.e» Only t;vo of his woi'Vs r»o5'torior
,to "llova ool^^Tna" ax-e known: ''Th^ Tpuo Hp.priness ox ;/;jii'',,a colle-"«
tioii of essays, -si^^iifjd, uid the '-Mionymous ''Tho i-ivine Iliptory of
tho ivljnesis of the 'orld". Ohe L:>tt^>r aoop^ared in If^VO, a year
before his d?ath. 1 ,. < . „.
23
/
There is a stran£^e parallelism between Gott's/ youthful visions
and hls meditatlons äs aa agv^ing .iiari. In the uovol he had trled
'■ ^ ■'.,•/■ ■
to -clothe wi t.h i^eciii ty Ui*> Ima^^eo of tlio radlfAnt future, ^^'^lioh the
■ ■'.■' \' ^ ' ' . . ■■_.'/ ■ ■ ■
prophets bad vlsuallsed; lat'3r in ilfe, he attompted to ex piain to
■ . ■ ' . .' ' /' ' ":■ ' , • ,
/
bis ov'/a £;en3ratlon the moaning of th^ original Kebrew story of Gene-
sis. Only the wi adom accumulatod by the Jewigh people throiigh tlie
4 . .•■,'■■■ ■■ ,'
", .. , ■ I Jk . ■
ages end treasured through all its vicisBitudes* could provide aaswers
10 the fundairi'Btital questions ^'"'hich troubled the authorof "Nova.
' ■ aasuai^e
Solyriia" iii his declining yo-^rs, It alcne c^uld ^^X7?.t:\T.w,T,t tho
restlessnes3
Faijisti:-:Mi iÄMfejfcs v'" ich beeet hia, "M. th 9 lof^c v'orthy of ad-ni i>x tion,
thoJiJi KK?;tPii?t®* houaded by '.he tloii^ht-liniit-'- 11. o:i 3 of hin tirne,
Gott, ^ 0 thr-^3 decadeG 'eari.icr had d^clnred ^he Je^r^ o -^^^.blrj of
crealvin^^ a ßia.f.i^siÄ .Lodel oo.juuonw6C>lth, f^r'^ved VI''; t Tc;ra.:l .-ilone t^ää
had beeii called to receive P.id l;o pas3 on tb»-. Pivine truth. , In his
novel he had j^ral'^ed. y\os2s for hi:^ fti:.-lliari!:y '■•ii:h J?i:;;.';:tj an culture;
latei- hi? went so f'ir asto BXiii^hn%y.>:%U7.:<'^y.r(}i:^.7i-'-^y^9y^tAiz:^^^^^
*• •
KiRisv?5vi ^scribe a Kebrew cri^ia t'o thc^. "'isdom of t.^.e i5^^;;ptlanp :
'^I suppose that -.vhatev"^:!' the r-^ncient ^rj^^tian 'A'isdom or learn-
i '.g 'Taj;' thf/.y r'-c-?i\e.d It fir:^t fr^ni Tn-^ih. 9ni the Hebrows, as
other ii'-.'tions sluca froai y.opos onr'v thcj J??^s; t.^iou^h indeed they
see'.:. üi''"'y to b?\ve r-eceived --r retnlned .-^.on^ pc^tt'^red notions,
Tvi^l^.'xeats, or ceatos t}:eroof, 'nia,- ] In.;^^ thcai v/it'i tliclr own fän-
de? 0 ad on orR vhich f^^tVi al<^o plrialy appeer on a ?.l pri(;;;an
thsolo^y. but as cur ^avionr s/^tid, evsa v*nti.l his tlxo: Salvati or
is of t-T e Jp'.vs; f-.o '.^la^o --/si^ tlieir philo^^ophy derlved from thi s
fountain of divine Ti'uth, '^it'ier bj- Scripturo or Trac^itl on; for
l->aj^'uf.- ;;c,s i-aO ■ letters rrr th';-' Vcihir-los of ?^11 th.-- 1 hujian science,
^whlch 7fe therefox'e call litert'ture; f.'no •t.uic'ovibte- 1; the llebrew
l:''^i^yi.i^s -^^as th^-! f5.r^t f a'"! 0]^1r]ina?. ..."
St;iph^*a K, JoA'^^3 ocv.fiac^d hi:r.3olf to t dor;rnphlrj'l nar' bibllon;rr«phicnl
racts ja bu:L*i.:'ia,r ap :ij. :■■ rr.^a-.iRat tlv't ^'ott, hl*'V"--rto quite uakao'Jvr.i ,
was tho r-atl'Cr nf ''i'ova oal^^iiv", }lo oountercd ^Ur^lf^^^^s eathusiasni
\ ,
24.
s^lf-critlclsm,( But even th.ovrh hißley^a attribut-jon of th e book
to the Creator of 'Pj^^radlse? Lost" :jnd his judginout of its stylö as
closer
of i-iltonian quality K0.iAidxMifi±x]&E>'.irirzj?^,in cannot siistaiii KXfiu^U-'B
'^' "V ^: .-■, , . .... .. - ^^i" .
XBÄrakliXg iiKiuiry into the .:;ul,) j ec t^ -^hlTT-iJ^"' s tiu^ni ^-i-i ^-icl •? c^ l.-»r ?rs s
right in(;U£<i-J?tilp^^^*^^-^^t P'prticular .. "Nova Solyma", likc the \vritiri^s
^^ bleridlng
of iVilitoriJ^ is a proäuct of the feisxRFi of Kußli üh Tel^i-uj. sni ^-vj. th the
humaalötic fvpiiit« A mrN critic, i-i' . J. ivax Pptricl:, rj[,];tly pririts
out Gottes capncity for uultliic extremos:^
^^^ "C-ott's por/i tion~l^ ~ii^4:rer'..^sting as beiri^j inldway bc^tvfeeu '
tiie ri< tionaliarri aric^ t)i3 enthusiasm of Puritan thou^^lit •••
Tlias oti Ib.f orie hmvJ hc rivoids tha fe*u«te:'.lt.y of ".'lOGe /'ho
vüuld ellndrui 1>3 ssrisual or iüia ^iaati ve nppcf.']. frorn i^^lifjion,
who_.:rO:Uic.L-'+<i<'' !':'' j. r. * } nrkr"i-jP"t^t^">^^'-^.XUuib]:*»-tnt^--T^ Bi-t at
ti'ie san.o tirr.s h'?. avolds thn primitive ^s -.iii-trust of i^eason
aihc' learuin{; ..• Tlv.^re is a ("nv^lity of fj'i ruejo in Clott^s
thcugbt, a v-i:i.lir.iß.ies:: to face ptkI to acoept f:)Gts, eveii
v'heii it i.-;: clifficult to r^-late tneth to liis th^oric;/'
* «
Thi^ f^cnlty of Oott's of creatiu_r a öTuthOGls v;r.£ e^'^ic^'e-tt C'lno
in bi'- presoiit? tioti of the Kostora ti on icToa . He v/as tb.e ftr:it to
libsr«te it from the aarrov,^ boimOfi of tho thoolo^jical ti»act and of
Ää- ->' miiloiif. ri an, ap Ideals und to clothe it iri a li torary,^ inde-od in :iii c^V'"
■^ V •• tistici;'' foriii« Tbii- was moro thiuf' lust •- l.'Aad;.'.;.'i'k in lltei^ary hie-
/A . tory: vre ^"M.tch here £. rr^lirious boli-^f bGoorfdiin;. au lii.!- ^ric-il ideal.
This notable trausmut-' tion :'''as offrcted by -»Ott Ijy .iioans of a
^
/ ß\
/■x,-^-\ C'*-^-'V
1^^ //y^^'" "secoad :^ yn the sis, "bX ^^^l<Sid ing tha. yearninß foi* ''.ho r^'-^too^^ t5.on of tho
r^ . Jews A'ith^ the Ka^^li sh- i44«te:c ^or utopias« A great --u^lish^naa, Sir
i ■ Tlionias xore, had inverited tri 3 '^r- ok t^^riri for a :-oaoepti on '"hieb had
iV been inodalled 0.. Pls^to's hcpubiic» ) In bacoti's "dova ütlantis", how-
25
ti'.e iafiuence of inesplariism dej^iving from the worlcl of the Bible
is aiready perceptible . i ,It was tbe Jewish nrox)hets who had
first pi'oclai:riGd a now hnaven and a new earth« Their f&i tii In a
just orderin^j of hujiaii roclety \'ras iadi ssolubl^? bouul up ^/'iüi the
hope Qf Israelis retui'u l;o 5. ts hcjielc.Lid r- IH^- '-.'Oiider t/nut i:lir»r'e sooal
-''■'„ • ' ' ' '. ■ ' ' • ' ' ■ ' ■"'".
arose a stJ^oii^ jxutiai.1 attractioxi b^tw^^eii tlie rostoration Idea and
the speculatloas of thf? utopists. .The lua^^lish vörslon of "Nova
' offijii+iy oortaln
atlaatis" (1G29) revoals evident traces of thi «i 3?i?>^ -:r.jm:^kip: /turns
of Speech, the .La.'.ie of th.'^ ideal city Boacalem i'o.aini&ceat of
'Türu3ale.n, bae prit/j.ii? oa for a ''.ooloraoa' s Ilou^^o" aiid for* a six-day
workiu^ wcv^l:,
"wherelry I a.n .i:atiüfied t.hat oj:- exrjolleiit King had
j.earat froui tho Hebron? that ^od hi'.d c.''38t-od Ihf.; v"orld
aiid all th^r^in vithia six dars.
fi
J
Oae iatorenting pH.Bna(^e justifles the a ssa.ript'.on tlu:. t Bacon, who
eadured porsecutloa aad hc"^ tred ia 1G21, iateaticarAlly alluded to
the v/v-)rk o£ ^Ir lienry i^'iaoh, sir/dlarly afflioted ia tlie sa-h^ ycr^r,
ia token of hia nympütliy 'ith tli • jV":tor it:! on iOea. lle rnakes a
viaitor to hir i'^easal^M. speak as follows of a luerclv at n^rfiOd Joakim:
"ile -."as a Jev ••• for they have sojio few strin-f- of Jews
y;:^t i'e...airiiu£, H.i.oa^, Ins.;;,. ^'ho.ii thcy l^:-vc t, j olielr- o^vnrel^i- .:
. t:,ioa ••• M[id for the countr^- of i'^ensr] cn. this msa '." ')i3ld ri'ika '
n o e ad o T c o uiii': e nri 1 n '^ 1 1 , b '" i a r de r i r o u s b y t r ad i 1 1 r. n ■■ - rnor- ,^ th e
Jews there to have it belicved that th:; p: ople thereof 'j»'eFO
of V:..e i;:eii::ry tloas of Atrah: r: by Haoth'.^r son, ■^'ho.u t]j?y called
NaclK')i'ön; aac' that i^'IoSs^s by a tsecrot oabala Drd'^ iaed tho laws
of Pensalem which they aowv ii£, ;-; ,?ad tl-r t •i'/hen the Messiah
. should conie, aarj ;^it in Hie throne at J-irasaleni, the Klar;; of .
reasj^lem shoxld r-i t Lt Hie; fe-^t, f'h-^rpas other Kia^s -hould
keep a ^V'^i\t di-taace« Vwt yet, se ttin^ aside ther:^ J"o-.vl da
drea.ns, the iiiaa was a vise tnan, ''^i^s^. ieai'aed, -vaid of ^^rea t polioy,
aitd exc9ll''atly aesn ia the la^rrs aac'i c^ftoais c^T tli-. t aati oa."
X
,1 J ' ■
,.?•■: ■ ^•'^:/.:•■^'.\
Ons may venture the as3umx-")öt.iqn that this pasS'^^ge was not
without laflueace npon the creat lon of "l5ova Solyina"« Saamel
Gott Tiu'^t. hav9 kriown hacon' s .t'a.nous '/"ork# Ho revQrenced and
adniired that ploneer in the realm of thou,p;ht and took hl.Ti f>3 hi s
model. The icitroductlon to ''The Dlvine ilistorj of the Genesis
. - '■• '■ " ■ . / ■-■' . ... ■ ' ^ : ,: ., ■ ' ■■■'•■'•■'■■
of tlie vVorld" bears >vitaess to this sentiment: ,. ' ,
, ' "... And as the Lord Verularn hß th v^ell ohserved that
the practical theolo^y of «^cripture hath bpen by none '■
better (?) than by "-Cri.';;:'^.ish Divine?. , so may thi^ dlvine
history of tim Oenesi? 2>f the i^orld he best elucidated
by them . . .
u
'The r-radii.'^ t'7 of 8t. Caf ieri'rif' -ni ^ht -rrell hav.? ].)ev.-^*i te.^ipted to
• • ■/ ■/'■',■ . ■ •
pro^ide a ?e'iuel to "iM'eA" vytlf'.utl '^^ , In '-"'hieb Toaivui' ,-3 Jv.vl rj^
drna;ri t;i?i.i*'}-j>» -^^''oiiJ.ö be f^J.lfilled. -
■/ '• -'■'"'■'. • ■
"No"'''ö oolyriia" hnd on^ .nor-^ f r^rerTinn^r . Thonrjh not *'ritten
' * ■/ •■ • ^
by nn 'ün.'^lishniön, t^d? ütooia aar Ju-t* J-^e r-jfjL^rded ac doriving
ji - ' ^ 3 .
from hn^^li sh culturr^. becavse It '*'a?5 in ;•; i;;"'''^nc' t.h; t Chris tiano<
/ . . . ■ — -
polis", b.v the gr-i't Kciplorrician J. ^^ . Andrea e^ flrr-t von reco^-
r\i Li on • k n 1 vj 1 {^ 1 i r. h V. r c^ n s 1 cM , 1 o n r p p es\ r od in 3 f ; 1 ? ,9 r.c'. l) ^ f o r e long
v«;a8 hi^^hly esteeried b'^ t>.« inirltfn?. A, conitr'rison ■ i th "Nova
oolyi'Jia." vSl'io/' ^ that oirr.i'Oj. '.''oti • /^ar f^:iili' r 1 t;!> . . '".-ri-^oe' 3 ideas
■I
nn oduc'-'tlon 9id adopted f ih ny o'' "hJBm« '.'•'h'.jr'o ' e cc:r:pl';tely
*
difft^rofi frorn hii:^ nfv^decee^ors, '?^as in •■h.- ;>eciili /r, mrpri sing], y
hay;;W hleh(i of dreeiii ^u} rcrfllty, tv 0 pI- r5.iL,r; oT hl:- visionary
citv 1,1 a ,•^u^■^cifie -s^F'-f*» - -Wi-d thr t »-p^e • Pal ^s^tine •, M'lo concrete
arid i/id ed plastic prf^;^><M-itR tion of the futiTo. j "No^/a Solyma" is
jLot u iMoT'n.jre ij.ko ^.ore'? V^topit' , ixr^v a .^o^iev?' v^ro like Bacon's p
1^1 e;/' i^tlaiitis or A-.-.dx-eae ' i? Cin'ls tianopolis - it is, boj-ond cavil.
- , .'.-3 .i^i-
27.
Zlori iiTTseli* • It is Israol - £;athored, r'otur.ied and roö^eeiiied
thut llves. tliei'o in h. Jiodel coaih'iOnwe9j.th. lu the Iv^ili^^'ht
of U\ f.Ateful ycvar 1648, to which thousands fliictuatiii/^ betwee;
wo.r & aö jieace, hox^^ ^^^^ despair, looked for salvation, there
shono
RxaKÄ for B aionieat (-urmoticed by the Jews, scarcely rerai-irked
bv others) the niiroge of a res tor ed. Land of Israel«
A reu.arkable co..tr{-'st to Uic?^i.-riiiorilous plcture of a Ilew
trerusaleai axisiuG in Mic p\xpe^ti:iOöphvr(3 of euii^iihteaed Imina-
Lilim, i? -provjdet?. by >K:^ f everl sh event s p;-ecix)l tated by inxpa-
tifi-ce I'o: the ^-^st-oi^ntlon ^.cor^ :rtcr lUc puciicätlou of Gott'sj
uiiiciue r y^m Tl.e i''ift.l"; .'..Oiu'.x'chi' -'er. •'-•v-.il ov'c^r '>o ths a ttack«
. ' ' /
':iix^ che .idlitaat j/nilo opher of \}\\' i.ioven'.tMit • lu 1655 aud
1ö:)4 he ^•iibll-ihtrd hlo fi^htin£; bractr^ l:h'3 Hebrc^ titles of ■ ,^
hlsl^ory: "0''^?1 or> Hatb^heiöesb, u T>.».'^cr.iucle for bh^b^a",
"ba,r;rlr, or Doofr-^d?^^ Dra^/^i.-ifi ^^if^h v;ll,h TT'UrU'Or 'i»a5 bi^^b.tuin^^
tc bf'vy-'r?" , i>:ici "?/:£:iö Tok^^l Ferez" . TTe 9ita(^bed tbe cler!;;^^!
tbei l?:'wy;?rs aiici the I'ijmp 'ar reiL./r^nts ;^f Ib o Aati-Ciri s t anO
.f^crecf'f.t, 1:h? advcnb o.^ t'-^? x-iTth lAo i^c^oby in tbe- icu'ifKlif te i"\a^,
tu:!"o: ''l''^ 1.6G0 It -üulc iiuva exteiided as f" r mo botae, by 1.666
it -o-..lc:. be vi;::i.bl.r in nll the ^'orl/l ."y "'^e rebelllon ob/i:he'^
iblf tb jV o' .?.r ;^.h;'>fvCA a^i- 1k3 t Cb^c -u've 11 , .o^^i^t-t^r^^r^d—t^y Thouiac Ve^it n^ij
\
In lo57 i'-Hv prompt? y ^.rt dcvü?n^.^'as =4ie-oi- tcom-r nf t bii s /i'opa-
-t:iii-^jcL^<,, J ''c-^^ J^^Ä-t ?:. p./i*t M;e Rest or?-^ Hon noMve j.de^/e^ in 'b
evei^.tü 4-a^e\^ideat frorr t a rollov^iji^: pataa^;? in ;.> coiiteraf)0;:
"We freely glve up our lives and estates unto our Lord
King Jesus and to Hls people, to become soldiers of tho
LsDib» s army, abhorring mercenary prlnclples and interests.
And for tbis work's sake we desire not to love our lives
. unto the death, neither will we ever ( if we may ypeak so
great a word with reverence in tiie fear of God) sheathe
our swords ygain until Mount '^Aon becomes the joy of the
whole earth.
Before this rebellion shook the Commonwealth, a saries of e
C'intric happeriings revealed the scarcely credlble degree of exalta-
tion vhich the anticlpation of the mlllenium and the re="toration of
the Jews had aroused. At the very time that *^abbatai Zevl de-
clared himself to be the Jewish Messiah aad was procloimed as such
byhis prophet Nathan Qhazati, there appeared in i^iiLglarjd several
men who not only prophev<^ied the impendjng restoretlon of the Jews
but coriducted theaiselves a^s Heaven-sent redeemers and prepfred to
, exchange serifions for deeds« T>iese "iiinglish Messiahs" belong to
the series of odd figures which ever appear at turning-points In
hi Story to lead an existeace half-tragic, half-farcical in the
border laxid lv--^tween politics and reli^^^^ion, ecstasy and cnadness, rea-
lity and delusi on. Of this "spate of religious eccentrics who
rai sed their tumultuous voi ces in the time of the CofrLaiOawealth"
(Ronald Matthews), arid who sounded the entire scale of religious
exaltation, Thomas T^y anci the ''Hanters" Joshua Garmejit and t^ohn
hobins beloug to the iiistory of tiie i^estoretion movement« T ey
oiiginated an off-shoot of this movemeat which, und er tlie uaa.e of
british Israeli tes, was to acquire a surprising ijiportaace much
later on# This sect carries tlie idea of the esseatial one-ness
of England ari,d Israel, comaion to all Puritans, to an extrerae: the
English people is assurned to be identical with Israel, or rather
%^
i I IHKW ■ - "»^'V^i^Vw-n.»«» "9,^^(5!^-
)
\f
29.
cn
/
/
with the ten lost tribes, not symbolically jbut phy Ically. Thouiö:
Taay, a London ßoldsmith, was among the first to preach thls new
»
creed, which may have pprung from a pre-Puritau concept of the
settlement of the lost tribes in J^ingland; he did so in confiised
and disordered language, mixed with words of hl s own aiaking froai
Hebrew, Greek aad Latin roots« "I proclaim from the Lord of
Hosts the returne of the Jewes from their captivl t^r and the build
ing of the Temple in glory, in thelr own land ••• eil giied and . j
sealed by tne Theaurajohn Tany", is thf» title of a tract puMishedi
in 1650, ia v^hich he described hioiself as a descendant of the j
tribe of Reuben aad Hig-^. Priest of the Jews. Short ly afterw^idf,,
settiag out in a small boat in order to call the Jews of Holland '
to. orgaaise aa expedition to reconquer the Holy Land, he peri.-hed
■ by drowning«
. In the sarne year (1650) Joshue Gar:rient pro^^laimed John Kobi.i
Klag of Israel and aaaounced that within twenty d^ys before Mich.'.
' • • ■ j
aias ho would"divide the seas and bring as Iv'Oses the Jews hMooB of|
the World home to Judaea" • . An army 144,000 trong was to be
equipped for the purpose« The volunteers trained on a dl et of
dry bread, vegetables and water. The yea.r 1657, which sealed ^
fate of the Fifth konarchy Men, proved unlucky for Robins also.
He and his followers were imprisoned at Glerkenwell«
Two works pubiished. in the fif tie?< of the 17th oentury raf
something of the stormy atoiosphere of .those days. They are J*
Treese's "Packet of l'iews, yea, true and f^^ithful new'
aad. Judah's call; aud of th^^ manner, place and tij
'3
T.-
\
.. M-t,
I i, I'
*^|ifciiii
\
Coming ••• ß^^ Judah's past, with Kugland 's present miseries paral-
lel'd" (16/i)# 9 ixi the auonymous "The Day of the Loi«cl, or Israelis
Roturn, '''p \ an humble presentation of the divine characters whereby
this woi/örful day may seem very neiT appi'oachin/5" (1654)«
Aiouchiag figiire was "wAiaker Jesus", vTaoies i^aylor", soüietimes
regaivAd as a Kestoratlonist , though belonrlng to an entirely diffe-
veatf'^'l^rXous sphere« In the autumn of 1656 he appeared in the
str/'ts Ol" -Bristol, surrounded by ÄXÄlted women ch.aiting "Holy, ^^oly,
iio/y ' Äiid "Kin(;j Ol" Israel". But this raau, in whom "a celestial
]/.5ht shoiie inward", craved no earthly kingdom; he yearaed for a
Lrtyr's crown« Naylor embodied the &;itithe?.is to the political
<=^^ -.'
p /-'■
ri>^
1^ u
.aills.iariaiiism of }iie Century,«^
otrange ;-ud si^jiil'iGaiTt threads bound the i'^ostorfition rüovanrjnt
to a tiV-n-ieudously important process in Jewlsh hlstory, the struggle
Tor the r eadailssion of the Jews to "iiigland. Indeed, .so r^.losely
interlocked was this process '/'dth the Keptorf:«.t.lon rnovem--" nt ( then
gathering .aomentun) that tlie firpt cbapter of the resiirned history
of Jew3 in i'nigland coustitutes an eqna lly iinportant stage in the
7^'
•'^
y ..■
• * --'
y /.. .....
px-ogress of tht^.t i/iovemeut. /"^^ n^rr"^^^-- 'l-^yi--'^' K', ./
The strrggle for readnission began at a time wlien Indepenti sm
4 and 2iigiish Üebraisji w€?re in tyie ascendant, and the idea of 0 resto-
%, . ■
\ ration of tho Jews was first mootedi Three centuries had elapsed
since Edward I banlshed. tho Jews froai Küglaiid in 1290, aud ouly aiji
>4nririitBsiiHal nuaiber of incM-vidual Jewa had been able to step on
1
Suglish soll during thy tucs. first two hiindred years . .-vfter tlie f .1 i
of Marranos from tlie Inqui ="1 tion had assun^ied a iaajtr.i^ clv^ractj
\
■£.'
W'
■f.^'-
3/,
es.
^}-iP eii'Ulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal, there set In a sx>arse
/lOUgh continuous iaimigratj on of Marranos -Into iStigland, They
(
forriied a secret Community, and enjoyed grep t consideration as mer-
.f . ■ /
chants arid physicians. Yot they were not to re:.aain unmolested.
■■■•/•
On the threshold of the 17th Century the small conmunity sustained
., •' ■ ''■'■•.. ■ i
a crushing blow in the porson of one of i ts most influential mem-
bers, the o^ed Kodsrigo Lopez, physician to C^ueen Elizabeth« Lopez
was accused of plotting the assassim^ tion of Dom /»utonio, f'rior
of Grato and Proterider to the crown of Portugal (a helf-Jew) and
of the C'.ueen herseif, and executed on June 7, 1594. (See Appendix
p ...) Rut n'^ithor this calamity nor the expuls.' on of the Marranott
und er Jaines I could p/^^vent tlie forrnf tlon of a nev^ .Verrano colony
on . ?., Lgl L 3h R <^i 1 • Tho 3 e er yp t o - Je^-^ 3 pla je(\ p ri 1 ni po j' taa t p/.^ r t in
the final ^ta/^es of t>i8 cr.rüpaigii Tor read nii? «Ion, r^lthon^h the
first broadsj.des had bee:. fired by non-Jews.
Srrly in the 17th .Century, the rell^ious approc>ch of Puri tans
to Judal sm had KÄfflBtÄdtxfÄiE5iMj?Älaiyxan had a fpvourable effect upon
tVieir ;jolitical attitude tow.?rd3 the Jews. *In 1514 Leonard Bushei
("R^li^lous Peace, or a Plea for -^iberty and CoascJence") advised
Ja.nes I to read.ait the Jews " to the prreat profit of his realms".
/vs ti\e Furitan cause gathei'ed ptreugth, so readmission of the Jews
became süa an aim, 3V3r more loudiy -tated, of those battling for
religi "^us tolerance. The Jewi rh cause w«Kx:fKyjfcHK:)aJ;;Bxla5ixijbi37.EpfikBj
jiKMxsübx had some stout ciia.i.pions . Roger '^'llliaiTis, founder of tli
State of Rhode Island, raised tsL his voice in favour of the Jews
3^
Bloody Tenet of Persecution for cause of sonscience
a Conference between Truth and Peace" ) and in
1654, in an appeal to the Cojrimittee for the Propagation of the
Gospel: ,.••:.!' ' j ., '. ■ :, •■■:-
"l hiiQibly nonceive it to be the duty of tne civil magis-
trate to break down thot superstitlous wall of Separation
(as to civil things) between us (^^entiles and the Jews, and
freely O^ithout this asking) to raake way for theirf ree and
peaceable habitation amongfst \is •
hs ßther Nations, so this specially and the Kings thereof
have had jurt cause to fear thut the un~Christian oppresr.ions ,
incivilities aiid inhumenities of this Nation against tVie J'ewa
liave cried to Heaven against this Kation and the Kings and
Friuces of it#
What horrible oppressionc and horrible slaughters have the
Jew3 suff^^red from the Kings and peoples of this Nation in
the reign of Henry IT, King John, Id chaj'd I and riki'.ve rd I, cön-
cerning .vhich not oaly we, but tho Jews k4 theaiselves keep
chrouicles."
./
In 1646 iidward i^lohol?.s publishad an 'Apology for tl'ie -tionour-
able ilation of the Jews, and all tlie sons of Israel
religious author iji^ÄKÄ iTiplored that •
ff
The deeply
for the glory of ^od, the co ifort of tJiose ^fflicted
people, the love of my own sweet natjve country of i^igland
aad the freeing of rr:y o-vn co .science in the day of a ccount,
we show ourselves coi-passionate and ^lelpers of the af f 11c ted
Jew
ö •
Tlie i'^irst steos to iuduce Parliamerit to sanctlon the read-
niiss^-ion of the Jews were taken shortly afterwards. The honoiar of
Sponsoring the first petition to that effect belongs to Johanna
Cartwright anc^. her son I^benezer, members of the Baptist sect«
Their "Petition of the Jews for ttie repealing of the Act of Parlic'
ment for' the banishment out of Eaglaiid" to Thonias Lord Fairfax ani/J
"the honourable Council of War convened for God's glory, Israel'?!
,''. ::,:tS-'
'W:'- /
■) '.' ','■
/
\
if
freedoiU, peace and saf ety" , döted January 5, 1648, was ,sent frooi
Anist^rdam where the petitioners resided, probably In agreernent
J- ■ ■ ■ , ■ " •
with the Jewish corrmiunlty there. The documeat was considered
,/■ • .. . , ' ■• •"'■ ••■ ■ \ . , r / ^ ■ , ■•'■ ■ ■ •„ . .
by the War Council, but no decision was taken, pince more pressing
busiJiess, notably the fate of Charles I, claiined its attention.
At this decisive mornent a Jewish spokesraan, Rabbi Manasseh
■■ . ' ' *'/■■■" ■ ■ '
Ben Israel, joined in the campaign for the readtnission of the Jews
• -/ ■ ' '
He soon bf=^caae the priucipal actor in the remarkable drama whi C5h
preoeded thelr return, Indeed, it was he who iuiparted the
strorigest impetus to the process and invested it wl th a si^nificanc
I in •
far bevond the i.nnediate event: " it vi^as t^^ankxx^B him that, for
the f1 rst ti.Tie, Jr^vi Fh and Pnritaa Tessianinm ir.et and combined.
jt* • 4 >
A for tu ante and nnnf^ual blend of qur ?.ities had fltted i"anasseh|
" -- - \
Ben Israel for bis hi:.rtorl6, mic^ion« He was born in 1604, the
■'-■•■ • .y'->tr^'**x^-<1v ■
son of Jpse.rih Ben Israel who hj^d fled from Portiiral to escape the
^- . ...
Inquisition«. Like 3abbatai Zevi , his yonn^^er c'oritemporary and
mystic Opponent, Manasseh was filled /'i th profound ?iessianic faith;
teMii unlike the fanatic «^abbatai, hf) did not expect fulfilmeat
throü^h imriiediate actlon. His was a scholj-jr's nature, w1 th a
prediloctioa for bold combinptions and ' interpretations • His prln-
cipal exegetic \vork ^as characteri ^^tfoally named "Coaciliador"
(1632); in it he sought to reconcile apparently ecntraditory
passc^^^es of Holy Writ. This method of the Compiler perfectly at
h Oiue in R e br ew a nd c 1 a s s i ca 1 I i t er a t ur e d 1 s ti n r;u i sh e s all i'-ia iia- s s eh *
work# But he also .strove to reconcile contradicfcions in his ovn
''i
i nature
I.
A Student of aiyc-ticisai Ohe published valuable extracts
/
34.
#
^ frotn the writings of the Cabbalist Isaac Luria aud of Isaiah
Horowitz), he was aD.so, in hl s way, a realist. ■ He was concerned
with the redemptiori of the Jews and with their allotted role amoag
the nations, reflected on the nature and the mi^ sion of the
"Israeli tic soul" , and wo rked on a hl^^tory of Jewl sh heroism from
the earllest tlmes until his O'^'u day. All this accorded with
}\is urge for au active life« ) Rabbi i^^aossseh üen Israel not only
wrote myny ^cholarl y volumes in Hebrew, i-»;« tin and 3pani sh- he also
established in, Amsterdam printing-woxLics whioh publi'r'ied nuin'^rous
important aud we] 1-produced books« He kept up a 15vely correspond
ence with the spiritual heads of Jew];^.y /and "ith tn^eti Chrlst.iön
leader_s as were accesslble, and ca.fie to be re^iTded by the lattor
as an authority, indeed as a central fi£;ur«, in «Tewry, It was
in this character that his friend Kembrandt painted hioi.
IiiQV_itably, such a oian ayaet have been attractad to /the new
type of leadsrs who höd achieved power in ringland • Many of theai,
■ •■ ■■ '^' • ■■ ' ' /''
while exiled or travelling, had paid their respects to the fo:nous
scholai'« Goiitacts thus inade were maiiitaiaed by coi-respo.ideuce .
The* faot that he had the advantage of these coiiaexioris sD^ges ted
1 0 Ma na s s e h \.\\ e a p pr o pr i a t e n e s s o f a c t i a g as 1 n t e r -xi^d. t a r» y b e tw e f^ n
the Jews öuc^ Pnritan "iigland - a decisi on v^hicli liad also been
l • . v^orld
proaipted by the pltitatJon of tho Jows aad/poli ticfrl couditioiis.
i
Th e u ac eö s i n g s t r ea a of Ma v r a no f u gi 1 1 v e s f r o ni th -=} I inv i si t i on ,
the unprecedetend persecution of 'Jews in Polyrid ( sho/'king roports
of this had boon brought to Am tärdam by Kabbi David Oarcassone
/./
)
■I ■ •
■J '■V'^ti ';■">■
v-^
35.
}
^<
kroM vOustaatiaople) , xÄst the greet prospecta openiiig before
AJeA'i-h mercharits In Proteftant Wegter.. Europe - all these circum-
// ! /
i '// $tt)(uces nnlted in proviclin£^ a pov-rerf'ul motive Tor the deslre of
la/xasseh and of hls fellow-Jew3 in iiollend to be admitted to the
ftcrri t -ry of the new commoriwealth which asj^ured freedom to wll
«en
^ /
Y'-t t.>ie vreRpon vised In tjb\0 flfst round of the campainn was
I a nTiilis-^^l-ftn. •^r^^nment. This fact becomep ÄCimpy«hfiNKfe3fcÄixw)«iiin[
-^.ompr'snensl^Oe when one ^oa^iderp tho mlllenaflan mood of the
perl od, ' i^ r p time v'hen th? adveat of ^he Messi^h v^as propher-led
In «13 n?^rts of '.he v'nr'ld, when the Flfth l'-ot'.erohy I^'^en wcre pre-
P^rinf tlieir rr-volt and eooentric enterDrI bps like thö^t of Tany
'^u ..ceE^ted
or tl^e i^.aaters v'ere in +:he t»1 r, the y.^is^RiLz-.i'.tiRd r^-^tura of the
^ö'v^'3 to i.'!)ii5]arud ^voul'^ nan\:irall;T be ref^nrded b^^- inony -s s herald ing
the H pi'o^ich of Um exv^cted revolnt?ori« r Ihn? readmisFion- '
rostorp. tloii ann rüiller.ium or.:rie to aT.-u-Tie the onality of b logi-
c;?->l leineuce. ^t l.«--. p str^uf^e dlsperiaation of }ii>t,ory that the
distluetion of -"Ivliig tlie mopt .'^irjnal expres?!ion to t;^]at cr/^ed
feil to a Jew. It belon:';s to iuaaaspeh P>en Isrsel, who se '".Hope
H~
qf Israel" was the 3traa^?Jst bock of evea thw t period, so /'ich
in ejccentrlc literar y producti ons •
Tlie the.ne of tlie bock was th'j prob lern '^""'hlch ^»iles Fletcher
' ■ ■■ --■-■—- ■■ ■ ■ ^^- ■■-■■ ■. I
;! Delleved to have solvod in the early days T>f the re störet ton
lioverr^^iit : the fr^te of the ten tribes my.'terinnsl^ di s'^ .^pe'^r'ed
■■"1 -.hout a trac-3 .-fter the destrnction of the I.^^r^elltl^ kU^Q:\cm.f
... ... ■■ ■ / /
■■- r ,. ■■■ ' .. : -^ ,.•■:■•■ / /
v\ S.
.1 A'--
/•■'
/TVie Joe lief In tho contiriued exi^eace of these tribes was
^'
I Q- J Ol /-'*''- ^^'-l comiüon to traditional Judaism '^nö to British Heb-
M:
Restoratlonists took it ^or granted thöt^'since roturn
Holy Lard had been promised to the people of Israel vrl th
li! (
rfDir. Ood hfid a ypövenaiit, not to Judah and i^^enjamin only, the res-
^y; tion couldÄnot* take place uftless the Lost Tribes s^v^red in
; ti» i "i^h^ iiei^rer fulfila.ent seemed, the i-ioro oa^erj y Millenariaris
|To hestor;^.ti.ci\istF looked forward to f-o redj scoverv- of the
Irlbes» 5 Ho\A' the i\adicc.-.ls of the udllenarimi ^novemeut - Fifth
il'i'^'Ji'ch;/ i-:0]i and /'iCce.itrics - solved thi s pioblara, hi* s already
i4
B\;t the rest of -urltan En^'3.«K^<\d coiilO. not ;jeI1.-3ve
/•/ /jtyf/' f' ^♦>^. *^'t'" K^n ft, y "^ 4, / ■ « ,
h^^t the Lost Tribes iveie iu r.iie BrJL'jsish" 't sIo.b.C; Of tb-^e .HÄ-r
HÄ-ny
A
uiFiOvrs co.iOeruii'if, thejrjlocfc'.tion tbeu ourreat, oeople were pu.r-
j.Lc'ülörT^-' ready to cz^eOit t. rerort, put apout by ^"''esx^its' in South
* ■ ■ ■
^(.Ticö. , thüt d'esceiidaiits of the Tribes llved in thi-- 1 py.rt of
tiie :,7,ürld# The i'uiwaur y.;");x^ared to tm^M ou boc. y W'^«*;^ Bo:fio £
pnlsliv^ tic.in^is Ciiil J-iäiia-sb...ori^,u)^ i-ee^^h^^ liiu^^jla/idjT / Antonl
t,ur-
lio de
/loV tozixiüä,. scholir'.r tMid traveiler, u inarr^^iio from Portußul/'.who
/\i::^d öSHiUiied the name of uaron l-evi upon bis rer/ijrn to Judaisrn,
aaii back ia 1644 frora a voyace to ^iouth ^^ü:erioa aiic' declbred
!r t he i'iad eiicoiuit^red iu the ^^ox^dilleras iMuives vvho recit^d
t4e bbe:/ia Ir:rael s^iid observed Jewish 'rires-vi'-^ii s pi eoe of in-
fd.MPdnioi; i'/as in itself oarr^<3h to Impress rrdrids filled wi th the
a.ii Icips^tion of the mllleaiumj its effect was o.ih£»,ucod by tbe
KK;.U^i'txth9.i; fact th.at l'^^e report hud beeü. iavßstigated by a .i^n
' ' f
re^pected by Jews aiid iiou-Jewa alike - the £i^mo^^ !??;.^:kxi: philo ;op'-..j
/
37
<.7 f 9
iiaobl A'aiiassel^ Ben Israel of Amsterdam
^^ .^'
The
fii/t
J
/
t ' r e SU 1 1 of thi s 1 ri v e s 1 1 ß9 t i on wa 3 a it exch 011 ge o f
-'•X.
z- )
t,.-l
t - <-- •■. '.HU,-.
1 p 1 1 er s b e t^' ■ ß -^n th e i < a b b i a rid- M-a l'-r»i e nd , th e Pur i t a n sc ho la r John
y reque-ted ad/'H. ti. oria 1 parfclculars of i/oiitezlnos* re-
poi't, for i^^<^''"i^sion In a book by Thomas Triorowirtood r^boiit the Jews
In Amerika »which he was ?:ibout to pubilßh« Mansisseh wllllugly
, , ; „ f ■■■■■■■ • . ■ : .
Supplik'* "the roqu^ri^d j.nforma tion, and Dury tp oted it äs ini,)ort&.nt
evldie/'8 in '^Aa Kpj.s toll call DI soourse of Mr. .Toha Dv.rv^ to ^r .
Thorf'c'*^0'^ . r.o.icernin;;^^his ooo'joctare that the Americans are des-
ce li -i^' f ro.Ti the I sraeli tes ,P ( 1650 ) •
\
Tcl^. e. ppeaivnce of thg ''i-'iscourse" /prompted ri.Mn^ssoh Ben
/" /
l/ri'.el pubJiciy t-o sty. t;-6 liis views on thi.r^ rna tt^r In ^'h.lch Jo?;s
/
ia.:> 'Christa »'n3 wo.r'e 3'iiially interested, ^ Th.^^ «^^re he re/'iected
o^u oertf^in :f-?? p?.i-«'sa£;es hithi?rto ob^cuire, t'^e r:le?\rer t.hey b^Kjurae.
/ 4'''
K I ^ . loi'i£; tiüiG y.vöV'lowsl^] he had ponder;^e^ ^.ver tbo hi.cklen .'fi'^sul.ig
^Jv
\f of Daniel 1^
\
^ tl ;>
Ärid when he nhall accom^ ilFJh to scaiter the power
of the Iloiy pfx>ple i;»!! Uio ) thiiigs shfr.ll be finiwshe:!",
fc id had ciiscüvei'ed y coi^iectio^i' ootween thts j./.?..ssL'.^3e and the
/
tüifiiiäg in lUkubers ii^Ii^^, 64;
', /
\ "Kiid Uiö-'J-ord sMii scötter thee iJaiong \11 people.s
\ from the one'' enri. of^/vhe earth unto the obheri ,'tnd 'rh.e '
ühoii sh^.lit' aerve ojclier i^oö.s which nelther thou nor Üi
fathers have knpwii, eveu -'ood ancl «ioae."
Read together, fre pRSpar;e>f) s^emd plfinly to indj. '\^te ch'i^."t
kjtie re-discovery of the Ten TribesTv^as ag^e3r;ent5.*»l fr or. ultion
Ol Israel' s redej.otion aslmie dlspersion of th 0 chilcir^i\ of Isreel
ov?r the facf\of the earth ."^iSr^^e tidingn^ of iviont;e7:lT'o3* f5na
> ^ /
/',
i
/
/
/
38.
, ., \.
L
/
;i.- iH"^ *^i
t^'
Äpp''"> red to fit in most p^^^vldefitlali-^ wi th the prospect opsned up
^ br t.hls iuterpreta tion,r i^ot oiily could the exi?teace of th3 Loi-^t
i^ribes rio longer be doubted, but they had beeu foiiad l-tL-JUÄXt of
/ the World wuere one. wovild hardly hjive e^irected UieLi - in the New
/ World, which had only been discovered some 150 years ago» Thus
practically all the eoncHtions which niust precode redemption ap-
peared to bo fulfilled.. Manaa^eh -feltr-daazled- b-y t)"YeH!)rtgh^^
of this tiew hope» -lie fQ-LiJit^^t if ouly the 1>^ st, gäp mlght be
fillftd; if tne orily inhabited coimtry In the .vorld not yet open to
Jew3 oo^ild oe pei'vSiiaded to admit them^ hopA *<»oivld— blo-»B0m- lulo j:^a-
ii.^atlan^ Tha t oonntry was Eaclaiid, the " corner land" ("Aiir;le-
torre" ) . It was the country v'hich, by Divine dispeüsation, had
girded up its loins to march townrds the heavenly kin^^.dom öad was
stretchiiiß out its and to the children of Israel« Salvat Ion of
the oppres?ed and rede:riptj on of the d^ispf^rse<3. were but two phases
of the satae trausceiidental process.-^^i<.'
Matiasseh feit the call to action# Subsequ^nt iy, in lui iätro-
CJ-uction to his CabbalistJc work "Nißhrru^th Chayi.ai" ( n the Ir;u*iorta-
iity of the ooul), he described hpv; the clprion cvJl from Heaven
/'■'
canie to him^ iu "»'Ords re.niniscent of Daai3l's visloh:
"And I raised by oyes &.aä 7. saw, behold, an Angel
touohed i'ne aud said uato/me . . • I- have 2- ven thee for a
lißht bo the i-iation in the book '^»^Iiich thou hH.st written
about tVie ten tribes to';posse3r desolatad lierj tages ..."
A let ter to John I^nry, i-Titten while l'ie was "orking on '^-^ope
i -
of Israel", teil? how tre book geocied to r^row luidor his haiid'^./ In,
1G50 it appcaxed.. ^^i^'ß^Tltaiieovisly in ^nanish, li-'tin and i^a^rlish.
./
,.-/
->?
V
1'- ■ •
/
'7
^^^..^w^/ ^iV^K.^..,
39.
/
The Le. tii'i and. i^iüglish verslons were
"dedicö. ted by the Author l.o tiie Mi gti- Court, the
iParliöiraent of ^a^laixl, ttucl to the Couacil of
•^tate" •
The book £raxt.sr±M5Xä'.xininHJtÄ>jsn!Äaiäiii relates Irx iriiavite detail wha t
■ ■ ■ ■ . /^
Koatezirios reported on hi^3 arrivi*.! in Amsterdam in September 1644,
y ., ■ ■
how he was ^=;olem^ly exa.rilaed in the ^:;aö.i;o|^ne y...id. tiiads tb swe^-^r
■ ■ X"
to the truth of bis «coount« , l'hle? is followed by ä carefully
built-up r:ri3iij.ftnt^txx>>icjPkx'thF;.vÄEtk5^i?xgtyeR>- divided iiito Tioads,
in "^fhlch the au tlior 3^>»>:s to prove thi' t th.e Tpa "i^ribes had iadeed
^'^ 7C ^/ö«/, rr./^., ^// dit A^ v/^> - *'— -*-r. ,^
been found r^t las-fe" in America, »#wte the book" waa--~rti>ra than fe
tr ea ti s e . - Jut^^a s s> j? t$ t e c* e curne>fe^ 1 1 i^epr e s e i it ed Jewry ' s
first articultite reacticn to the ce/l of x'^n^j.lsh Pnritf^nisrn, its
acknowled^^cment of efforts to promote/its restoration, and the
?:t9.te,x.eut cf its wi views a.R to .how thi s was to be ef fected ,
The ^reface ;'ifte^=^-4t—<^-<3M4V- right ftway thatr the p.uthor was coiicerii d
Y/ith nothiiiß les's than the fate of the entire Jewish people.
"As for irie, riopt. renov/ned irather-s, in jiy dedicatin^ tiii^i
Disccurse to you, T oa/i truly affj.m that I a;'. iiic'^uced to it
upon no othor -^rouui than this, that I üiay ^ain your Äivour .'>iad
2;pod wi.ll to cur ^^ution, now cattered alinoot ovor the earth,
neithor thiuk tht' t I do this, as if I were i;;,norant how muc'.i
yon have hitherto fovoured our rlaticn, for it is n;ade knowu
to me, and to others of our i^'&tion, h-^ the^a who are so hctppy
i\o neai' at h€i.i'id, to ob^erve your i^pprchenr^lon, thut you de
voL-sehsst-fe to help us, not only by your prayers; yea, tlils
hath compelJed w^' to spoak to you publirkly, and to'jive ^
yovi thariks v/>"ic.h coaie only fro;:i the tOki a\e, but as :'re QOnZ'K ^
by o f^rateful mind • - '
Give me leave therefore (tnost renown xi J*'s« tliefrs"^ t<
supplicate you, th^it you would :-'till favoia" our ^^ood, and/
farther love us«, Truly, ve cien doe draw. so uvach the ncar^
Pivine natura, when by \\ov ;;iueh v'ro incre&sc, O'^ ?o mu'ch^
cl'ei'ish^ and defend the pjäII and w<^k Oiies- mu3 v 1 r-h
dili^ence doe ycni perfonrie this, raost reno?/.if3d -^'atr'jriv
/
V .11 ■^'
40.
\1
; f
l
though you seeni to be arrived to the highe ßt top of
felicity, y^vt >'ou do aot oiily not desi:)ise inferior men,
but you so wifh weil to theni, that you soem öensiole V'
of thßir caliiudty; ;/ou kuowing how acceptftble to ' '^
Ood yovi are by so c'oin^;, ^^^ho loves to (\o ^ood lo theiu
vibo do £;ood* ^nd truly It is froni hexice, that of late
you have dorie no f^^eat things valiaritly, ö.iul i)y au unusua]
attempt, and tiiings niuch to be obsorvad ajiong the lii^it.loas.
""Äe-T^oir^-Forld e tarid-s äiiaaz.ec'v ;^.t thesa iiiiii.5& y~.«fcxid jb'Tie
eyes of al.l arr) turaed i;pou yovi tliat they .wrj see wlii ther
all theso thiri^^s do tend, \^^hich the tP^e&t Gvr/ei'iiour of
all Kin^s x^eems to bring upou the vvorld "q^ so {pT'eat
changes, ?.o famour. ly iv?niarkable, of so ai&.uy >^ati ans; and
r.o Qll tho?'e tllii^s '.vbich God ii3 pleased to have foretold
by tiie prophf^ts, do and shull obtain thair f'ucoainlishrient,
nil whi r!h thin,v3 of n6ces^ity UiUst be fulfilled, V-hat so
Israel at last b-dn^j br'ouf-ht back to hi:^ ov\'n place; pouce
vvhich is jLr'ojils.^d uiid^r.r the Messiah iri4?..y be rcstored to ■
the ^'vord; aud concurd, ^"hich is the only Iviother of all
£;ood tbinrs •" ,^
'xhe jeadciiFsjou oT \hi\ Jaw?: to ^^Jn.f^luiid , for '"liicjh l.'a-.iasseh
I a reall stlc
Ben lorael üleeded, *'»ps to |b*3 i^iir-r-cl of . tfxtöS:r.'.\aship ^ _.
. noM.iJcta n(vj.e, dovataiilag into nhe prooess of sÄivation the
. corfiiP.r^ o£ vYAcL IxA hocm ^omJ sed by rhe Frcphets a;^! ^as there-
V
l'ore a -'--talnty. F^^iith th&z restorf» ti.on Y^oiild oome about
th-n^^i Occ5»s <?irect iatervieation did not exf^l\ide hu:nan oooperat •
<<--^ ^ KBii^rBeb -HS fc^.' from ^^dshiic to imlt^te David F:^)on/^^.']-^^^^
/■'
liL^tiioi;- trr^ublad li.^e8 the author of "Doomsdisiy'' //as „riot aloae to
'^spoak of -a r:..'niy i^iLnchLuz to the Holy Laadi.. Äf^llready -hown,
fy..tti^st..1.c sci-i^iues of the kind were discv;Ssed and ev^n prepf;red.-
<^.
O't.«^^^/^^ >^-
-. ;^^/ ••^"e^*Hi^^,./''*-:^r"
v/hat. vft^jiiaaehJ-iaa i.i ciind was rather the peacoful öc^tM^ast oil...the
X
:' i. >
-t4^i:.c.,u^h fuliiliaeat of God » s will, j \,
, M^a^-sse'.i -re^r ais certainty coacerninc the aature of thi^ will
from ::crlpture, es.^eolaj.ly from the ohapter of Cnro..-J des alr-sdy
quoted, :MiQ. froui Daniel, he argued that the Diviae iroinlse tf
.... ... '»....' .,
■■ ■ ... •:-,.-- ■■■■■ . r^-..,^ : -. ... „, .■ ;■,• ' , . y:,.', /
"•V'': S':
41.
i., , "
the oiitire Jewirh ne.tion was still unfulfilled, since uridep C;^''ru3
./
a müre fraction of the paople, ludöed oaJ.y ox üie tribe of Aidah,
..■^»- ■■■ . ■■■' : .: ' ' ■ ■■■■:■ ■ ' y" ' : • \ ■\ •
had roturued. The restoratiou of Israel as a whole ^JtLS yet to
äBs'?"-'
/
cüflie« Its approÄch was baiuß heralded by unüiistakable slgns:
the veight of oppresslon ^rown iatülarable, tha Sxpulsiou fi'*om
opAln Äiid Portugal with che attendant cruelty and suff erlag,
the ^r»oe vovichs&.fed to Israel and i'eveaied in tria olev^^^Joa of
ine'a llke Mos?^s Mwlmoriides, Ab'rabauei and Jo^jeph i^a ssii The" r es-
toriAtioa promised by the /^Imlghty hud Q^if Just bGCOJ.e pc3?lbie«
Tho bu'.k of th<^l^ok i?, takoa \\\) by •ir/^'urr.eats in suppor't of t?ii s
oo:iteiii;icva« y 'fF^^^'^'fi^'^^-^tc^iiiOR'/dlsoovr^ «s his p -iat of da-
pij.i't'ur'*^, mjdUAfif^h exponudy M-s--i^..e«Ls or* th* tHigr-^tion of the
Lo.?t Tribes: they had kopt oa du«^ weBt * nd reached i-s^m-« ri ca -«fter
:^osw«?iai^ the kiUijdo.'Tis of the TÄrtfU"»« skrv} th? C'^ii-iose • Tt had
jVist b^*!ea f?3tiAblishöd th»»t the' people of Isrs^el was sci- ttered all
1
ovri' th'*^ fs-'ce of th;'. earthjriilaciaix' flone beia^ excepted /M^-^'^nce
Msaasseii d<%dvice*,' th» cjx^ita of tlie .T*^>'3 to be r-dirdtted to -^in^Tlv^/id;
oaly 'Vi^th th'.'ir re^dmls-'^lon - i^:i ^?.t plfti». .si^fr to ll'»r.ven - v-ould
iill lae dl ^rla*j. Y-orc';.' iu-'d cofi-it-'' ouh vi' ich r.>i^t ■nr'^ced*^ th*rrstj
r-vtiua of tr* Jews^ th*"* oopil'-^^ of tl»« I'l^r.siahp s'dc) tl^e r^-lis»"
tiou or th? Kl .j^oiü of H-ftvea, b - rulfilled, ?'
)
^
,/
!.-'''■•
-/^
Svan thoU'^h Ihf* xod'sra rt*»d*;r of ''Hope of lyvaal" mi>\ find
thr» i'eii»3onia^ of tl» '>>f/-i.^Jtaj^Ä'ü philosophier h^rd to 4*.ccept, it ttj
uadaui*ble th»t Maia^-sseh /'»s guided by t::i-*ü .i^. iiit vvhich pervad'.^
Idloü
thft vrfhole of llebr?*vM ij i-'*:rs» tur^« He r«»-stK.teci., Ja tb?* f.n^^^ifT
hiJ5 day, the b^llef Imo^-rl^^hable throxi r^J-iou t i*!! l'.* ^lals«!' ^
4t2.
destined to culrnln».ta In a £;*theririg of the us»tion» It jiS» y bs
es'.si^r to underst»iid wh^:a it is r*jie.!ibf^red th«t, sc'-u in pr >, ort 'ou
the oolltici». i cr.-aFtnJct:! ons of rellrious iiiÄSPiavUism had the s»me
*- // .
••''• ■ *■•■/ ■ ■■
inagiietic iittrt.ction »s, centv.rjes li^t-^r, the tkjsgirjütli?; tir.eorle^s
Ol' thc social .«t»t© boru of Heg(*l»5 dUlectuCi».! philo so phy.jsl*
ihi X fuJr^rx t\ 1 s- 1 0 r y j^j.ausuts^jjrr^'^ h o v' r 1 .13: :
t Mfina »sah^ b iartirict h4»d b'^fn
u:> od b o ^ ^1 ' • i^ > • i «.'i € V i *> ^a £.1 ä ri:''. • j
. ^>w «XActiy tf)* boi^^xru^ht tba p'rv"vs ili..^; .uood of <iie F/ir^/Jish
v public //ia.s..^«4«r44iiit--frrrm'it«r trj^-^.ond^ Tju» in tar<*.3^ .whl'ch
it Ättr»cted was cahü^iced rtii.T fyrt-if^r by the *tpp«yr»rice p^f/T/ioT'ow-
wocd's ''The .Tews in /^ri^ricÄ, or t.hs probÄolli tieft thiw.'t' th«9 nn-sricias
arc of thi«t r».ce" in the svme ye*r« A lively discußslon ubout mon-
tezijdkos' discovery «ad its rnewaiag follgv/ed. • iXarRwgc-'iav'i* srÄn^x&iJiui
The .-"^'.
iiEJ!^'X£i.Jtx thc'jory th-» t th*^ ori,;iai>l iahw!:»j.t-iats of •^-Vi'^rlc*. wer« Idon-
t
ticii«.! V''ith tbie israelite tribos w»s not üllowed to pi? 35 uuch^ll-jafjed
Hw.ä'ion l^^stri^age* 5 "Aa.^ri ciw.ns no Jews, or Ii-'iprobabili ti.*s tl^t ti:t5
i^aisi'ic*^na --re of th» t r^^ce" (1653) viol?*ntly oppoiv ?d thüt "ie-v. in
>
3» vv
< ..^'
En/-^li sh
a secoad/ecH ti:>n of Hope of I^'r;^-^! i;i:.>';jfL2li3k ».s
plJiiced oii th«» ;a;irk*t, Tnis wä?; niibli„sUf^d b^ th'.* I-'ur.1 t;^.n '^'^oses Wall
it\.>'
\ ^•-"''.
to whom po'::tf?rity is indebted for
I id. i r. 1 0 U le b o c:>k , c ü a '3 i 1: ti a ^
of i^n essay, "üoasid^i^i^ tlon vr.)on tli«*. point of
*-i
•V >
• !
c: Diversion of the
fi
Jews • aad of th^ t.*xt of correspoadence (^xchwiarre
o
d by
^> *i
od5
or
wl th *'. reader on the «x^blect of MÄ:iÄer«h^?: bool:» B^.r^ter th»n' »*.r
■'■ \
43.
»>*"''
»**^
..^'
■ ._,.,,«^...,«^-«._,.... r Pur] tüin
■ •■■■ / . ■■■ ■
coiicernin^; the oueslioii /vliether reatoraticn also comprised th?^ rj^-
WÄ:t to b<? und erste od liiejrely *s ää the coiiv^raloü of b'^^ -Tews to
fiiJith ia Christ ä55 tL^ h^d-ffs."!«* • yh^«*^- Pul7>r Tr^ rr'^l r*?i>dy b-^en
itt€»RU oaed *• s o foliow^r of th!3 1» ttfir CocWlS^'H" 7,6.\x'^*r6. op-nser
wftjced very eioqu^ub on ihe su'jject:
"I.>ut no-/v look not for it (i.v. tlu^^^'-Cfri»- J-«,W3 sbi»ll be -äI. I^'d
üs a Nation) but for Ui^*ir cil..^^!.^ e>xtYcrsl oio-s, thou,»;-?! mui.be rs
XÄv b<5 CA ll'^d upori ou'.^ *^^^^» on^*.»^:.-iüa, as th?»y wer;^ h-retofore,
but t. ey UiVr.t not ex»<lt t e^j^^-erlvss fcs 6» lU^ti'^ti, foi* t py rni^;. t be
iiigrwifted »gain \ipon th9 t^^^^lvnch, ii*. s ''ine, Christ JesMS, »nd v/e
vvi^r.
/
.^//.,^4^*^f
•xuc/t -JÄve oae sh'::pherc,U<r?id b* Oii<* flock.^. •• ^ad look upon l<om»
nf^raf tin^,\;*nd clei^rli' [unlesr you b* a
südh -»iita 011*1 ,:ior; of the Jews,
11^24 coacÄrnlaG th^ *
iV'. 11 i i» i iÄ r i i>. ii } n;oi» v i ] 1 f i nd no
, ... tiierefore I pr&y you t^k-} hv.eö. you f»ll ii'.to >h'^ s*.-n«? •.'•! -*^ein
•t4j^>''^''-^'' ^'^f' •"'"<*«£ M'e, to look for & temportil i'f^i^jn, ^hi oh you see^i-. to
latimiAte, '^rid tco :u- ny '^firv^, ?^a'3 xrc of thv t opluioa ,.♦"
J/:OS'*s .«'all cbvicrs.'y bt*littY?;d l:i..Ah^ re);^;=^ar>rf\t 'on ot J-srael
■ bctVi in t \e e&rthly arnl the spi.itu'iitl f^ease» H« v-f^s flr.aly coa-
vl.icv^d th^t tlui Je^s »,'O'ill al.t.'i/::^ •pj-'?ö-n've their 3tatus as tVie
Choson People : . /
■'r^oä'f? cr.Y^i)?>]i^ wlt: hi thf^ Tf^'.v? 1^ not nulTed or brokeri 'mt
oiily SU j-pend od ..• Clod's öovetia.'it v>?i th tbf* Jews Ib rurer thy n
Ihe Laws of iUitur'?; (rhich, .)fc^ know^ re-n-aln Inviolable to -"orld's
e.id) . bivj I'te si'ith Ui:-t r'-ajst coiri? to pafsr^f», b'^fore He '.vill cast
off ihe c^eed of I'^a''a(*l for 'tll ta^^y have c^one; y<?^^^i 1^'i laa
54,9,10 God co.rfiraieE' it to Israel, not only by thf firMaess
of the Lawes of l^ iur^i^ buh al'^o by an Oath; now ■•h'- 1: Go'd ra 11 -
fic? V'dth *ui r^r^^th, is hin ;^bsolxite and posit5vc ''111, that
wni h .lakes the coaclusion iinjni table." ■ , ', |fj
./ ,■ ... Fi
; ■■ r
V •■',;■;. '^, ,'■■'■'',■" ';
-::,':vv.
44. -.'■
In terms no less decided Wall s tat es hls bslief, y l'i t; nh" "^ j : r^rns e r * s
arguru^nts werö powerless tö ehake, that the people with whom Ood
had :/iad» aa eteraal covenaat. would rögj^.ln its kirigdotn:
"I do firm3.y b' liev« arid fear« aot to couresse It; that
the Jews aha 11 be called as a Na t loa, both Jvidah and Israel,
aud shall retura to their owa Land, ard have an earthly Kia^d
ome
ä£;;aiae« For th?' proofe of v'hich I could say iriuch, but sliall
now but little; aari If possJbly I clte any tV\ia£;: which Maiuistjeh
Ben Israel briags hiais?;lf, believe ine that X have it aot frora
him, but i>om iny owa observations out of Äielj) ^cripture, soma
years since ..♦ As for \^\rj/t beirig <*.a^y?^fted \ipon the Vinc
Christ, or beia^;; bro\ight/^o oae sheejpfold, ^'h? t doth tlu- 1 hin*
der but that t?>ey möyja'^a Nation ^^i^'^oaverts broii..]ht to tt^.eir
o;«ae ijaad?"
It laay s^^^-fely hf. assumed that »^'a] 1 was ^x-eakla^;; for Tiaay of
bis ooiiteLiporaries« Speat^er himself ref rred to "too r.naay who arel
of that o^-.iaion" • jädi"? i:ri,;ort?.nt rtill, we V\v/l h-r^ clcarl^- sti^ tj
the ce.itral theüie of the rsstoration doctrlae, //hich //as to re-
appear la maxi^ varic-tloas»
Maaassoh Ben Israelis book, which pirpvoked inich a rr^action, wai
ai;>jie^Jihan jusl a l.itj*rory siiccess« "Hope of I s^ael" / iike Thf*odor
— .s .^^^-■^. — - — -• ■■- -*.„.. _,- ^.«.«.„..«..«5^-. — ^^•■^,'r — "-— - -.
C-...
_näri.l's "JswiVsh -jti.te" 250 „icars t.ft.sr it,,woii for Its author /'scogl
aition as a p.olitical lead-^r« This ir- hov^ Maaacseh caiTie to pl--.y
V.. loadiUi^^ pj/rt ixi th»* :i?»^:otlc'. t5.oi\s for iihf* rf^ad!.riiX?"=lon of tlie Jews
to l^ai^l.Mid. , wliich had ulr,o b:^en pronoged by oth'^^s?,^'^ Taiks b?!;^aa
la 1051, oa the oocasl on of tiie dj-aftiap of a.-cn^rnbi'-jrc^al tr<*aty
botv/een England aad Hollaad, "ad, appeared prominingj they were
ihtüi'i'Uptöd by Y'ar Vjrtween tiie ^wo countries, r5.va3B for aaval
ÄK^sx suprerriacy« Kostil5. tJes were st 11 in pr -^ess -^'^ifiti ^^'aaasse
received aa lavnation to coatiaue the coaversatl ons in houd«n,
but he uid not stai't out uai.il 1655, wp.ea thr^ rar ^vas o^^r.
•^•h
\.
^ t
• \
, . .' ,4 ..^^"^'^^tU^l ■ ' ■■■■.■ -■■■^' .■•■■■■ 45.
Ir. Oc tober 1655 I-iajiapr-cjh Bgi; isrciol, accor/ipaiiiöd by a delegatlon
of the '^üiBterüam Jev-'l sh coarimiuii ty, i'.rrived in ijOiiJou« 11.^ re h© pub-
lished hiö hlstorlc '^Iluciblp. ^»d rcss, a Ceclar^bioii Lo tii« GOi/ii.ioav/^biith
of •Hxgj.a lid. " , uppealixkg tov the ^aüt to V.ac J"c?wr of perniissiori to .
' ( settie in iüi^iiandj to eiijoy fr .-; ed o/r* ofre] j.^iua, seir-aa...iia:'. n tr? tion, l
arid the rl^ht to i^:ii>.<go ia coirtiücrce aiici in v.irisnjf^ tra
.^M^'i?--
ji
p t
/ZA. <f l-X-i r^r...-/
l
xxsx
Petition \"a^ Ci..rcrui3.:/ ü;Otivated by ^/'^[^lunftAts a.ljead^ ö t out in
ff
/-
\^--i^tf *--*--»-# .-^'A-,.
/
Hopa of Israel , ,sux:n8.rized in j» few öt^atencfts
y
ff
My ?ec»,o:icl 1/otiv« ii; bscaus-: Uvj^ opinj ?u t'^.r'istianp andmin«
cwiis do;^ concoiirse ber.bia, tiiat v^iD bota ueileve that 'che restoring
ti.iie of our i^ation iato th^/J. /' 'Jative Couatr^^ 1? ver;- netir at hand;
I bf^llttviii^;, iüoj'e particulai'lv that thii^ rtr: toratlon cr.uLiot :;f^
befv)!"^ tii'.^'S* v'or'ds of ^-'..aiei ciu^rtcr 11^, vers. 7, be flrst> coöi«
pl'^teujT vli^/i )ie saith, -ad v>/h;Uk thr.» o4.,:.;p-rT'c^5.on of tlif- Hol^. p'ioplo
sr.all be compieted in uli. piaccs, th^i; shPil eil these i.hiri;rs be
/ coÄpL-t(?d: sd-^aifiTiu- U.-r^wlth, tiic.t beforü all bo f'ulfili-d,
! the people of ^-'ocl iiiU.it b'^^ first t'ispcrsed int o all places and
couritries '.vr t/^-js- v^ci'ld . Mov^ wrj knov? h'W oiur I'-ition at th« pr'?R«at
is Apx'caö all about, ^xixC. hath i t3 neat and dw^llinr;. in tVie raost
.' flovjri 5}:in^ piM'tP of all t;ic? Kii\£;'.lo:ri3 au-"' oouatries of th.^ V'orld,
I as v^'--ll iu M!üf;rlca as ixi U.e other thi-.'!(* pfirts thei"»of; cxcrpting
cnljf in this co.i??icerall''j ^'£l. nüjhtj Ir>lcU}d, ^-cA 'h'?r^^for*» thi r;
• rfli.iaina ojily in inine J 'K'^aeut, befoi*^ tlie i'-e:'.o3ah coaes a:;d re-
' r.tores ca;r Jy ticii, tlu^t flrs^t v/-* nust }\5;V'5 o^"^:^ f '^t^t h-^r^ 11k "^»'ise.'
Thiß was WQ^'^, the ^a ' y, ^'M':"' noy<«*ven the ^'/iin ^.r,rT-r'"*nt u'-ec^» The:
were (^ood rc'-escuc for it. Th'ij flYc? yv. rs t-Mi '.. \\:r:s\ '.»iJ'.pcf^l : •^lol* the
[)Ubll- '•tj on of "Hop-s of I^.i^ael" c:)iucidöd -1 th \>\'--. f:rat ^t^a.^?^ of the
Go!'(i.TiOriV-*?f'.lth# Tfie bai'-^ i'ar'^ l-.;.ierit \\^A b'^en. dlibaad^^, th^wer för
suüre):/iac\' t?n the 5:*afi had oetM wen« ?r :;>ble:::;f; c-f l-t ^i-idl^' te i'.iport
took the c!5.itr'3 of the r,ta^;o« The -Tl-^'v! <jh 0':U!St* had al?o passsed iuto
the orbit of ac'-iomic anc', polltical i.^.sues. t.! nas^-^h Vri.?ivv w/^.at Cro'ii
well e/peotftd froji '.ho tr'3.-isf ei'c^no* of To.'"-!'^)- uicroiv^nts from ;'-m^ti'?i'ia
to London, o nd war> e vai'-s th^t the Proteotor evrn planafd to br in^^ to
' ■ ■ .-' ■■ ■ ■ . ,' /,
■:''■>■■",. •''.
,>■■ _.^
46.
l'iiglaiid Karranos from Spuin arid Portugal/in order to gain control
over tlie '''«st •»•iiclian trade, which wa/^in the liands of !n:3rraiio3
emlgrated to the New .^orlcl« Wj^irfi these facts in mirid ,^iaii9 si?
dwelt in the "Humbl© Address" on the great eco:ioinic benf^flts
seh
which '^fould acRÄRX accrue to the CoiriüioaweBlth If hl?! proposal were
C'-'V'
accepted« Yet the r/iessiaiiic argurrieat of 'Hope of Israel" ire ^
part of
tÄKtndftdxia the "Huiable Address" ,ÄÄXÄxto3K«ÄX,ßüx.thR botoke^dn^ \
the ±^n relationphip between the nioverhents for the restorf tic^n
of the Jewß in Palostine and for th.eir readmissVon to i^üglarjö .^^
Neßotiti tions revealed the trÄgic co.itradictlpfns in which
Jewish fate was antangled jgfl^en at that sigaificant rnom nt in
history when the hopes/of the Jews appeared to be identical '.*'i th
those of aaother po^ple» ff It appeared thet lax^ge sections of the
Snglish people wero unafi'FCTred by the chnnge of s^-^atiaiexit vls-a-
vis the Jews which purltanism had bj'oußht about» Indeed, Ihs
streagthening of the relici^^us eieukeut and the thool0{:ical con-
fj.lcts had frequeatly had the opposi^e effect« ^viixong thos^ to
whom restoration uieaat oaly one thin^ • co Eversion to C^hristia-
ni ty - tha refusai of the "stiff-aecked" people to chauge i ts
•J:ti-«^:fiOrt
•j'
reli^ion had exacerbated prejudice agaiast tlie Jews»
daagerous ailies of these groups woi'o the ^'ity merel^iaats» xiiBy
! ...^
Proüipted by the fear of couiiuercial couipotition, they coliectlvel
fou^ht the pr-oject v'ith niip;ht ö .id uiaia«
J - . • ■ / ' . ■ ■•
'^-A. stroam of tracts aad leaflets was s<**t in motlon by the ,
appearaace 6t '^Hiimble Address "^^/ 'i-'he baltle for readudasion of
the Jew3 was oa» Its cJdaiax came at the unique coaforoiice '."hjc}!!
inet ia the Loag Oallery of | »hitohall Paj.ace on Deceniber 4, !(/
■ I
'4-i.tf,
... .-.^3f
47*
publiciy to cöasider and give jwdgüieat on ßlanasseh's petitlon,
upon which the Coiancll of State had not been able to r each a £,ree-
aient» The Protector preatded in persoh over the fneeting, whi ch
was atterided by the highes t officers of state and by many of the
shrewdest aien,
JaRxtxlBKÄiM» whom the CoaLTionwenlth could rnuster. Rabbis Manasseh
Ben Israel stood facing Cromwell anr^ pieaded hl? case, the case
of tne Jews of Amsterdam, of the entlre Jewigh pecple»"^ Nothlng
of the kind had happened before since the Diaspora caaio Int o being«
Sven the disappointlng result cannot obliterate the historic great-
ness of tiie session öt which Oliver Cromwell argiied the right of
the Jews to sattle in the free fiagll sh Comnonwealth, in a mf»nner
which caused a jiost compete-'it witness, the much-travelled histcritui
and diplomat •:iir Faul Rycaut, to remark: I never heard a man
speak so w_^ell-» -
<^yet the rindings of the coikfereace were n^gntive« Althongh
the lawyers nad to co.firm that there was no law in England for-
blddi ng a return of the Jews, the »Tieeting was uaable to a/;ree on
the coaditious whi<;h were to govern imnigrat' ori« i^isappoiuted
aud angry, orooiwell closed the proceedings on i>eceiriber 18, 1656,/
>Ät the debate coii.tinued to rage tÄX|DwS?>itB eJ.sewh-^re« ^»i:tJ'U^t^ias
qf.new tracts encuaibered wlaaasseh's lodgings ia.:jy[>Ä=-i»A^aad»
/Wiiiiam Prynne, one of the most celebrated writers of the tiuie,
f[Y/C- joined -in the frß^ and was isireXesp in mar snalllng all the cid
anti-Jewish -^K
superstitions and new/prejudices extant « -^'espect and nympr-thy •
■■■■■'' ' ■ „^
f or the Jews were, ho v var, too deeply ingrai.ied in the ü^ri tans
to ailow such attacks to ^9xn be passed over in sileace
Jol
in
. • (
46.
Dury, who had uacoiiBci -^usly iitspired "ilope of Israel", s >oke up
for the Jews; froai CaSv^el, wher'^ he t&s thea sta ^dng, he
addressed a long letter to his frlend Sa üuel nartlib» This was
published in 1656 as a pampüli^t, entltled "a Caae of Consclexice,
wnether it be lawfiil to adrüit Jews iuto a Christian Coniiriouv^eal th?"
Hör did Henry Je^sse stay away when daager trireateaed« He atteaded
tne ^hitehall co^iTerence and piibiished an accurate report favoui'iu£;|
the Jews.' ' /^ ^Y /"^^ a/i^^fi/V /^"-v.
{ V^^ eatireiy iudependent point of view found expression in a
work whlcb»!. like oamuel Oott*s "l^ova ;iolyma", rank s /'i th tlie uto*
pias, b t, uni^e tli» t rciiglously ins Ired work, .was realistic in
ciiaracter. Xhis wöt^(^Ta.!ies Harri ngton' s fajious, '^The Commoiiweal th
of Oceana'' (1656), dedicated to the l^ordL^^rotector« Ife-tÄ_iipw
reo o (f;n !■£> ed - J;i:u»-^~ Ma r r 1 1 1 g t o n ' s far-si£jited state pianhashad moie
inriueace upon the development of ^olitical ideas, esi)ecialiy in
Asierica, than any other v .pk of the period« Of ori^jinal inind,
unafraid of radicai coaciuslOiis, narriugton t^-^ck up an attitvido
e^c
all his own in reg.srd to -ti > »»■ t. tiad . >,i-'*-^>-W'm-iTnr1-'T>p y4vt^?.a t X^^^g^ ft f t hft
Jew3. 'J'he isiai^. of Panopea^ pert of the corriinonwealth of Oceaaa
aa obvi!^l^s ref^:ireace to Irelaiid - was to be the aaiicnel hor/ie of
the Jews returaed from disporsion# This proposal, .vhich he made
in all serloupaess, was c^Tefuliy motivv^ ted :
"Paaopea, the j^oft ;?iOther of slothful <\riA ;>usillHni:nous
' people, ir, a nei Ibour isiand ancientJ.y «ubjected by the ar.iS
of Oceaaa; -^ixia^ almost deppulated for shakin^^ the yoke, and
at ieaßth T'epJ.t*nted 7'itn a aew race. Biit, throu^^Ti'what virtues
of the soll or vice of the air soever it be, th.ey come ?■ t3.11
to de gener a te • J^^her ef oj:?^, . s e ei ng i t i s ne i th e r 1 i k e 1 y t o yi el d
men fit for arras, nor necessary it ?}-ionld, it htid been the
iaterest or Oceaaa so to have disposed of tMs province, b(^ia£;
49.
both rieh In tlie uature of Uie soll, and füll of comuiodious
ports for trade, that It made have beea for ihe best In rolatioa
to her pitrso, which In iriy o; inion, if it had beexi thüu,jit upon
in tiüie, ini^it have been best done by planting it v'ith Jew.s,
alla//iag tliem thclr own rites and laws; for that "^ould have
b'oußht them thBi siddealy from all pf»rts of the world, and.
in snfficieat numbers« ^nd thou£;h the Jews be now altogether
for merchandise, yet in the Lanii of Canaan ( except since thelr
exile frooi \vhence they have been landholders) they were alto»
e;ether for agrlciilture; and there is no cause why a aian
should doubt, but having a fruitful country, aud excellent
ports too, they would be good at both« Paaopea, well p^oplod,
would be worth a tuai.tjgr of four millions <^rj rents; that is
besides the advanta|^6 of the a^^»! culture/and trade, which,
with a nation of tli'^. t iadustry, comes a-^ leaot as miicti iriore«
VVh^^refor Faiiopeö^/beinß farrned out to the Jews and their heirs
for ever, for phe pay of a provincial ar^iy to i)rotect them
duriiiß the terui of seven years, and for two üillliüns annual
revenue frori^^'thab tiuie forv^ard, besidevS tlie ciu toinosi which
would pay Jbhe provincial artay, '"ould have oeen a bargain of
such advi^lita^^e, both to them anc'' thi s coffiuionyy^alth, as is not
to be foXuKi otherwise by elther." ^
Oddly enor. :ji, we are faced here,^ckthxaDctß>'rlkHri^.ii3f-t/.KBi!:jtiBÄ
xaxix^iLÄÄ in vhe fir&t period of the restoration aioveu-^ent, wl th a
torritoria iist settloinent plan# Althou^h not unuffected by the
prevalliu^ jnillenarian te. denc es ajWn^; at a r \=?toi'{.n-.ion of the
Jewi sh people, the sclieme diver^^es fronKthe fundam^Mital principles
of the restoration doctrine at that tinie«^ Hari'ington was the
first to reliniuish the idea that the national regeneretton of the
Jews was inseparabie from their adoption of Chris tianity« He
even took it i'or granted th.-^t they should keep their relijon and
laws in Pauopea« On the other hand, he entirelj? ignored the link
between restoration ^uid the Holy Land, recognised even by the
followers Ol the restorat-,lon'"co"ctrihe', " Astonishinc thou^h bis
in the middle of Uio 17 th Century
reco^nition/of the Jewi sh aptitude for agricultire may appear, thi s
coolly reasoning thinkor lacked understaucUnfj; for the existence of
reliij;iou8 prd historic borids between the Jewlsh people and i ts '
home la ik1 • R a ther odd ly, tli e f i gh ter - f or po IJ^t j. cal._ari^\
50
/
rell^ious tol-rauce, who urihesit tin^^ly/jl'Ters Irelaiid • beld
./
/
by the . .11^^3,1 sh Grown for five ceuturj.6s - to the Jewlsh pe oleas
its .'ierüitneiit hüine, has üo iatentibn of. uricoiiditlpiu^llj- recelviu^:.
Jows iiito tlie ^o:/uii0.iwe?-'.lth» ,Kis explamition of this B.ttitude
/ ' '
makes it ciear tnat, ploneef' of enll tS^itenment thougn he was,
./
Hfc'.r ring ton had been uriatrle to shako off prejudices which devout
V
/
meu like GroLiwell, Kof^er -''llliaiiis and Henry Jessey had long left
bei lind:
/
/
/
This
"To recöivG the Je'ws af ter- any other .lianuer into the
Oooirr-OiiweQlth woro to aialm it, for they of h\\ nations
never i/Icorp-orate, but takin^; up Uio i aoni of a limb are of
no usf^'^or Office to the bociy, wliils^ they ?nck the aourl sh-
meut/which wo\3ld raistaia a natural aad \i?eful rrieoiber«"
stituted a ciear enou^ rejection of i^'iaiiasFjeh* g aspira-
tlüil's« N^vertleless, Harri n^^ ton ' s bolci scheine to asr>e;iible tlie
Jew3 in a closo agricultural settlenient within tirie British Isles
proved to be the only coastructive counter-pi>oposal to the "iTu:?ible
Address". It.suffered Uie sarae f te as its mi.fieroUR sncces?orp, -
1 1 was i(:nored
^
JS^'
/ A^ '■ * -. <^;*^
•>* ■>'
■u-
■anasseh Ben Israelis lod^iug in Uie Strand was cluttered ' p
.j^
.-..tv
w
i^th tracts -Htid- rejoinders. uloae of them hurt him so deeply as
\..
?ryjai:ieVs vShort i>eoai.:'rer to tlie .Jews lon^^^ dlscoiitiiaued re.aitter
into .•:iaglaad", obviousiy des r:aed to prevent the Ocuacll of otrjte,
whose decision was still outstandiag at the titne, frorn tukin{^
any action favourable to the Jows«^ Mfuiaspeh üiade up bis ailnd.to
reply« . 1 1 was a pa iiiful undertakia^^, worlds apart f^om the
\ i ^■■
■ "/■
book of Israel*.^ ^^eatest h')pe, •'^hlc|Li35.J}>'^^- writteu in a mood of
sucli. iiappy expectaxicy.«^.,.. i^ow it was to be cefeace, viadication.
apolO£;y« Such wa.s the oid^in ©£— %^0 sieiid.er volume which, wl th
"Hope of Israel , carried iä^mvsseh Ben Israel' s iiame down tVie
ceaturies, whj ch was coiistButly ro-traaslated aud 00iii:'.6nted tifresh,
for which Moses Mendelssohn had written a rnasteiit/ iatroducti on,
and which ou(.:ht to be read and poadered to thie da^: ''Vindiciae
Judaeorum, or a Intter in answer to certain questl.ons pronounded by
a noble and learned ('ni.t Jeaian, toiiching tlie renroacnes cact on the
Nation of the Jews; wherein all objoctions are candidly and yet
fulJ.y cleared." \
In tliis "Iietter", the man v">io had droairxt of ^n heroic destiny
für the Jewish pec-ple is at pains finally to de .olish the prejudico
snperstitions, the lies ciispioved a thousand tiaies over, which hf.ui.
the Jev'i sh pt-opie iJke ^liosts wh^rever it goes« But where the^"^
wariü apolo=j:,ia of tha ruritan sympathisers hJdwai'd. ^*icholas and Hem'y
Jessey failed, thei'e was Itltle chance of the 'vir.stei*dani habbi's
learned argiLnents succeediiig« ^döpposltion to readriiips ion appeered
iÄXiJÄÄXial«:^ firmly entrenched , the Council of -täte failed to Jfcxlcs
ßlve th3 ruling in principle which Maüasseh expected, • ^n uiAex
unlooked-for partial success Was the Oüly ray ot li^ht '/»hi^h carn
tj^J^^che er . the loneiy flgl;t/^r|t '-^he war A^hich bJoke out in 1656
betwoen -^a^land and its old rival opain hud Uie efrect of cleai'ij
up the I Oi;;al stati'S of i^iarrano^ resident in -.^utrlaad« To
these desce.idcuits oT victiius of the Spanish re-jiuß as su.bjects dx
trea t /
Spain ai'pearod both im ossibieand. unreanonab] e» The Märrano.m
tj:e;aselve3 sübmltted an adf'res? - in t\\e drriftirir; oT -^'lAich Ma..a«(l
>A>- '. . ,«'■ „'
52.
had cooperated - deciarlug thot, axthou£^h hitherto ref>'rded es
'^ Chris tittUvS, they were In reality Jews» Inevltably, i«heir pro-
perty vas exempted from ooaf iscation, and Ihey wore grauted a
special Status» In this ma.uior the Marx^arios wen the rl^it to
rjeside In i^nf;;iand as Jews, to hold Jewlsh, relj ^lous sorvicos'in
• their horues* and to acquire a vsite for a ce.ueter:r»
■ ■ ■ '. ■■ ■ 1 r
. uratified tyiou£;;h he was by this imnortaat cnange, Mptu^sseh's
depresj^lon over the fai3.in'e of the plan v/Jilch had brought hlm to
SiißltMK?. could not be ilfted by it. or by the annuity w'iidi ^'rom-
/ /''/Weil had bastowed. on hlm» J After 1657 had gone by without any
r-
offlcial eol sioji coviceral'ir; the i'uinble Aii.lros?. , he laaclöiup hls
adad to leave. A corflii er. utf^lnlri/ tlie bodj' of hlr soxi, ^"ho had
/ I . . - 1 • /
dlod in ^n(f.ia-Ld, was hls r,o.7ib7's corianron« Me l'ii:n?(^lf was des-
tlned iiot to sf^e Hins cerdar, arala.
^
"At Icngth, ::r«okca-hea. rted -/^Itli li-^^in^; hls only son,
his time and his hopes, he got away wlth so much breath as
ii) sted hini tili MicVIlcburgh, -^f'tif^.v^. he dled - -^k-^vcäber 12,
1657 - J.eavlnß a '.«Idow v--ho had no money to bury hlm«'
Thus Jolin Radier, Town Clerk of London, a loyal friead of &nar;f.eh
and of the Jowij^h cause, to Kickard Cromwell, ?on of Oliver (Jan«
4, 1659) •; The Protector had hiiusolf died a year after Manar^seh»
Yet neither this pltiful finale nor the meagre result of
the ne^otiations shoiild be allowed to viffect our jud£^meat of pre-
ceding evoiits« <' Onl^? in the lii.^ht pf subsequont developirj^nt can
'**'*»»''^?fr
v ♦ \
\ the imppJtvts ^Iven by them be properly as>precici ted . 'i^i^^ iibera-
I tion of L«oudon Marranos fxoui their shadow existeace was a first
stage; as t.'me went on, more and more inolvidi.al Jews ßot leave
to reside in i^>n/j;lanci.« Xn^-this fle^ld^" äs in rnany onother, the
%
•'., ' » ■
55*
restored Moiuvrcby oarrl^^d ö%''^ti*^ir'"'i:ti!*'^X^ be^un.
r- .•"';■ appearance
A^rouxid -ciecade nfter tbe »HMii^.'^Xicon uf the book whlch flrpt
voicod the da in of tho Jows to readoiission on the gro und of
prr.phecles prowisiag tholr restoratJon, Charles II sanctioned
' read Uli vssion, Ä The teiideiic5.es of Üiis decade vHvr<^ siir/..T]arized in
Ilahuji ookolüw's penetratl 4ß ?^ords:
"The 5doas oT -i^oadmJ.sslou and KestorfAtlon originulJ^
foriLed a sin£;J.e stream in -.'nßla.id, before they separated tc
flow in dj vStiuct pai'ailel chaunels« Iteadmisslon, ho//ever,
becuitie aiiR iniinediate i.ractical resvilt, .vhilrt i-eetoration
was loft Tor tlie futv.re."
/ ■ ' " "
/
V •
/ "^
/
Oxie :..ay add: •4»-re fi^iit for readiiiisv*^ion as--#.--meai-tr8 -4o-brin^ about
rostoratlon? coür.titutes^a declsjve sbage in Uie hi. tory of Jev/irh
nAessianisoi« I^'or the first tiuie, Jewry In exlle conC'Uctod nego-
tiaMons '."l th a .j^tÄte« Thlf? laeaut den j.iag''"^'? Ih h vöi'iety of
forces, Interests, and ancient pr^jüdices« The Jews ÄfsitÄXgr-Ä
h3d on ^!lelr side i")Owerful curre.its anoag i-'urita:iö teiidin/j tjv'urds
readraisslon a^itil rir^st'orii tl ou, bul. iatru^diate i'eali s?*. tlon still
eluded t.bemV The iitesslanic rniraGio ft^ile:' to lüatex'lalise, but
the £;oner% direotlon could be rn appad ov^t aad t}\e ?i«c^xtÄ>-J*!est,(ar.ÄÄ
tkxuÄx^acxßdx road leadiag o rastoration paved«
Maaasseh Ben i-srael's practVcal aegotiations for readiTiir^sion,
sub.staatialj.y iafluenced by po^tieal aad ec^oaoiüic con^idernt loas ,
represeated but oae aapect of tii s uesLuaaic o splratloüs» His
myctic co-.ception of the coirda^^ re störet Ion not oaly [jxiided bis
■■■/■■ • •
actlons but also iaspi red' aa liidapeadeat llter^ry activity»
Almost siiTiuita.i^ously vllh "Hope of Israel" - !.a 1651 - he pub«
lished "lUshaiath ChaiiJi" , a Cabbalistic werk, '^^hich breathes faith
\:.:
54.
Ä
I-
in the oternal si)irit of Jvidaism (| the "Israeli tic soul"),'ia ü-ie
Xiquidatiou of the i'iaspora, inn the restor^'tion of israei in its
owa i.and, wheuce salvation ^ould radiate thronghoiTt aiankind •
Just before startiiig for rii^laixl he wrote the soaiewha t confused
but very äferacterlstic "Piedra pretiosa, or Nebuchadaezzar's
inittge, 02^ the fifth Moaarchy" ("Prec.l us ^fofvi:^" ) , whi ch Keniorandt
illustrated with four eü^^ra vi 11,3s« In this book, tiie Fifth Monar-
chy is ideiitified with tlie kiUGdom of the Messifch, tlie Jewish king«
Thu g
dom destlaed to save the -.vorld« jKÄX*;KlÄX«8t3^ the n jctriae of the
Fifth iMoa.Hi'chy i^ea - tlien braciai]; the.i-se.lves for & decisive blow «
.iat'U-»pretation
is h^Te opposed by a Jewish iri«« of Uie same idea, it plainly
iadicates Ma;iasseh i'^en Israelis poritjou midway between <^hristiaa
i»'i i 1 1 eaa r i ani s in t avCx Jew i sh U. o r^ si ani s m • &BX3tÄ ß t s • is f5 tw e«* Tha t
coiitacts betweexi these two worids clid not suffer rs^ä throu-:h the
iw»
appareat failure of ^^a.tösseh's mij^sion to iiii(];laad , is seen from a letter
xÄiÄhxttÄxxScBEii7itÄt.iixxjsiiwiiKi4ÄQt ju t pubiished by -r. Cecil Hoth^
ThÄ of which the scholur Henry ^'Idonburgh, aubsequeutly 3ecretary
of the Aoyai iAcadomy, was the writer. Oldenburgh describes hi s
meeting '^fJ th Maüasseh in hond .a, w}>ea the Iiabbi pj-eseated him v th
& the Jittle book "wherein you plead for the readiuirj^ion of your
aat.i on into ^agla.td". The real theiue of the letter (dated Soumur.e
Praace, August 4, 1657) was however, restori^ ti on rather than road-
mission«
"These qualities aad this. genius of yours, togetb.er
with the love which i bear for the wo}.l«beia^ of your* pe'>ple,
yiave prompted ;;ie to write you thi? letter, the coateut of v/b.i cIi
I fe.ei to oe zf the most re.r.arkable iaterest both to you your-
self and to your Ä^ation.
'.Vhile 1 have boea travel.lia^ i^bro^.ul, I hn.ve se^^a a
• ■<',•< ■.i':
■,),■':
..',;v.;.
55.
■ 1 f.. >'
certain work, thus Tor uiipubiished, whlch is dedicated to the
Hebi*6w j^eople aiid boars Uio title, Tney tliat -^rouse the Dawru'
I have receatly Hiade tlie acciual utauce of the .Huthoi"», a man of
remarkable pi'-'^'ty, hu:;.anitjr and learuiiiß v'iio loves your Initl(^u
exceedingly ( thereby makiiiß hiraself all the dearer to me) and
has S'.'t hinself to this v"ork Tor the sake of joar vell beiag«
In this book, he treats and expoiinds all that relates to the
Coming of thö Messiah so iriuch lon^^ecl for bot!; bj von and by
US« C'J'his advent of Nhich I siseak Ib of cciirse acoordlnc
to yoar opiuions the flrnt, .und acc.ordinii to our.s th'H aecond*}
In couiiexion "ith this. my ft^lend exponnds tlie promisea, the
si(;;nificance and the fuifilinent of those rnaguificent aikl araple
prophecies relr^ting to the f^lorious restoration of the Jews '
in tVieir own iH'id • Ile tlien demoastr-vl^es t)ie tj.me vüliin
wnicli this aai5.^t take place, ont of the prc^pho t lUv .del .••"
pidenbv.rgh ^oes on to say that th,e iMiUior of the nanußcript (whose
■ . " ■ ■ • . • . " . ■ - ■ .■'■"' ' . ••..'■' -■".■.,."•
iiBAue he oiriitfi) 5.s pr'ftpared to thresh out the m?'. tter porsoniHliy 7^1 th
,■■■'■ '' ' ". ' ■' ' ' ■ .
Maiiiisseh Pen Israel, and asks Kfna.gi^eh to let Mim kno^A' r'hat he
thinktss -^bout it^ fit is not known ,wheth,er Manf^sseh ever aasw%red
or^ven'"rp!celv^. tTie ietter, It mpv">.ave boen the last of tirie
frioiidlv vo^'ces tn- yvQeVv-l-iifri from the non-.Te\»i?h ^''orld • To the
Ide
stvideiit of history,/the streng desir© wiilch poeaks from Oldenbur^h' s
letter Tor a rannroclio-jent botween Obristian mesr-^ianiem aud its
Jewish couiiter-part, 1? especial.ly intere^ tinß«\' A «iimliör tende.icy
had been conapicuous at the" tifne in other qu^ters« In 1656 Sa/iuel
Brett pvrdilished a pamx)hiet alleginir: tliat a co .cl'-ve of Rabbis m^eting
at ni^eda, 50 luiles off ihida in HungHry, had been conf'5 dering the
Jewish attitude towaixäs ÄkRi:x:t>:Ä7.ÄixtHÄ the divine natiire of '^■: rlst.
The fact thn t a story of this o. viou's.i.y fictitlous -^'^etingp not
supported by any evldence, could find readers in .^.1^1 and may be re-
(^arded as a poiriter* to the efi/^^eraes? wl th which snch an e vent was
eypected« A similar purpose was served by a pai.^i hlet attributed o
Henry Jessey, "An Inforiria tion concerning the present 3 täte of the
^'V >"
56.
V
r ^ Jowlsh i^titioxi in Airope axid Judea, wherein th« foütsteps of
I ^rovidejice ijrepaririG a way for their conver^eiori to Christ, and
'•■ ' -^
for thelr doliverauce from captlvity ara <il soovered" • Tn 1601
there appeared f* tract by John Perrott, tho title of -hich hiwkx
reiLiniscent of
Äi: tho work ineiitioiied by ^-'Idenburßh;^ "Discoverles of th'^ day
dawriixif, to the Jews, whereby tliey mr»y krio?' in wv,at ptate they
shall inherlt Ihe ri^'hiies? siui slory of promise".
It ji^y well he that these composi tions, Uiid Oj.doiibiirgh' s
ietter itsolf, i'ei'lect t.e happ-iiings in the jiidst of Kastern
Je^vj lATter the riso uf oubbatai *^0vi
A.long tne •^iiu?inß indi-
i'oct i'outes wiilch cari'ied naws in t ose troi^b].ed days, tbare riay
already have sped to V'estern :'X\rope tidin^^s oiS^tlie n^yj^terious
drea ior of ooiyrna^"^. irH-e-i'ifttt^wl-io had terrified hivS native town by
speakliig aloud theriihiiie of the j'ei ty ( " shem hami'orash'M ; '^^hOf at
a biViiiitet or his follov'Ci's at ^>alonikaj solzed a öci'üII of the
Law and .celabrated hi^-: ziu^tiuls wi th the i'^u^htei* of Ho«."'« His
na Ti e v'hö to resouud thi'0Ut:;h tiie Jev-zish tovns and p;'iettoe? of tlie
,Levj.'v/it, of Itv.ly, GonruAiiy, -^ollaiid, «nd bt^^^ond, like tl-e rousiag
\ {' \J sxaL^\ oT Gh<.^ sliofär, Tlrlx^^ :'].! hevrts . i'hilö V>anc^sseh had bf^en
'ytoJlin^^ to iie^ciu'« i^he roadjiirclon of Jrvjtfs to -ri^'j-land, the youth-
,..,A I •-
^
ful -äabbatal llved tliPough a perl od o^ v^aadei'ln^^, ol' axe^}.t\n{^ß and
0Xi.:!erieiices /^Viich deoldrjd iiis fiitiii'o. Kxcoai; iun5. c? ted , h.e had
been forcod to loave hl? native toY-n, but tho foroe .'ad ch«rm of
his jjersoa&li ty soon ^-at-lured r:)und. ):\'Lm. a dovotad followiag» /
II Js a hi^toi'ic fact 1'-.^'t tha .vdllanaripn Id^as of tl;e Puri te/
...I" ■' '' \ ' . T.'K.
md iariueucad Sabbatai in bis youth» St^>rleß heaxxi frojai rJxig«
lish Luerohaiits in the hou s-^ of Ms fatlier - aa exporter v-lth
iiiterests in ^'^i^iaud - conibiaed '/^ith his own expex'ie*ic83 axid
'■. . .... ' ■ . , . . , . ,1^
dreains to oou\dace him that he was choseu of Ood« Thus the Jug-
lish restoration naovejieut ctualiy rtood, at th:? cradie of tho
Sajbatai raoveffieat« It also iaflueaced the clioica of date for •
bis "fnas^ianic" jouraoy« In nOiifAulta tioa '."'itn ^oiMi A.rcher a;ii
other tiMenariaas, he d^cided on 1666, the y^iar of aiiracles, for
/'
his fatal jouraey to -^"oa taatiaople.
"K v..xrr?;<.v.% .-■•■> i
..,<
/.
..*■ j
c: ,/;-./:;*^- ,-'*'- ,
o -v ■•-» «.■■■
•«■■v ■• ^ t-f" •■
r:'
.^•'.-^■v- '*'■«■ >••>''' ' ■■--<-
Vs 1666 drew aoar'^^r, thore caiie a spj^^te o^ far^tastic rumours
from the Kant. in>t oaly .'^ia^le iadi^'iduals, bvit th-^usaada, iadeec
huadreds of thousa.ids, h.id seoa the Messiah in A sia tÄinor, in
Hgypt, in thf^ Holy T.aad; all V»o';^od dowa before hin, "r^rp^Ä^-ed
ÜiÄia of tlieir sirt^, Ui.d followad nim exult^ag« In l'.J65 a mess-^ei
from }\is "pr.-phet" ^^athaa Gazati atartled the >orid, Ga;;ati
Gib 1 med tiie t a vo.ice froiii heavea had amioiinced to »--^abbatai ^.evl
MÜ the appearuace of the •'.e:^siuh, sor of i-avid, w1. thia a iittle
over a ^j^.^r. Ti'ie fall of the It'urkish ßrn^.O. re, pra;:aesied by
liaai'^'^>'iacii forty ysar^ a^;o for 16 50, was foi'oofrst for 1666 •
Sabi.att^i ;',ev'j. ''.>;• lc= t?'.kc tue oi.ltan'r:. crowAi ftxi pli^ce it oa his
o.va head« üe '"oulc" .-.Iso Pulfil the prphecies co.icer.da-^ the re-
Vura of the Ten TrlbDs; .^i v-ov-ld cross the x-ivf^r .^aifioa tioa and,
i'idlag at the head of tlie lpao-1^'''^' rriultltiules^ eat^i- Joi\isaleiü,
vvl.ile Ood ?'ov;ld cai^se to* d^G^i.er^d Ui)oa rhe Teaipie site a now t?\ipl2
wi'ov^ij,}'. t of ^\y\(S aucl preclous ^tpties« On tho heeis of the if*es3a^e
c.yme reports of oabatt/i>i'3 trluuiphal exitry ialo .:>myraü, of hi s , .
ii
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' 58.
appearaace in the syuagogue on the Testival of Ü\e Jewish l^ew
Töiir, of the oxaltatlon of the orowd which greeted hi/i /dth cries,
■ . ■ ' ■■■ .^ ■ ■ f ' - ■ ■ .
"Long live our Kin^j the kessiahl" , while the Shofar was souaded .
Proseat ly similar cries were haard froin Kiev to Venice, from Li-
vorao to Ham.burg, from 3alonika to» Amsterdarn, Delirious A-ith
joy aad ecstätic h^-.e, the Jews friede prep ratlons for departure«
; In so'ie places, es:ecially in Arn? t er dam, the CJhr^istiau po: ulntion
caup:ht th^ coatarrion«
Tne «Tewiph coiurrauiity of T^oadon, oaly jurt establlsh.ed, was
(•'■■
very Brn:0 1 in nurTibers. Tliis hü.ndful of .T^'-vg^ ^dmittad to iüa^;]a;id
■"""■■■"^■■**^>^,_^^ , , • . ,
a Short -^'hile hT.f9.rM since, after a leagthy" r.trxxir.'^.eß did not
off er a favo\:rabie soll for the £^ro'/'th of a tnass r.ove.r.ent« In
addition, the ?;nlritual )ioad of tiie Community "untl 1 1665 was Rabbi
Jacob -iasportas, oae of the few among Je^vish leaders who nad esK
remeinod i..u7iUne from the 3abbatai fever; indexad^ onhir? rettirn to
Hainburg^ ^asportas piiblicly attacked the falsa iV.er^riah« Neverthe«
£/ ^' .y V, less, London .:Iid not fall behiad other oities in Its -i^nthusiasai
^M ^/.v».5^QP c^a, bba ta i •'^ cai^
miel Pep5"s, the most reliabJe of 'itnesses, des-
^ ci'übed the reections of \ tlie .Oi-r+y- towa oa earth wr;?re, for half a
^y/;-;*— •• Century, aon-Jews hßd b. en preparln£: tbemse."' ves for the advent
'^^ ' ttiöt seemed -o n9ar>" 7>«^^-^-; ^^--^-^ t,-^^u^ ^X. .--^ -•'^•-^-i.- ■ ■ -y!
^y /^/_ "l ara tolcl for certain, wha t I have n^ard onr.e or t/'ice
' ' V'"^'^ * * ^ aJreadv» of 'i »^cw ia tova, that in ^.ae ayrae of trm rest do
off er oO ('ive a ay irian 10 pouad s to be caid 100 pounds, if a
f'.ertain person now at orr^yriia be a'I Udn these t'^o yaars O'.Vüed
by all the irinces of the i^st, aad particul-^rly tl e Crr^ad
Siir:nior, as,_ the Aing o^: the orld, ia the sa^ae mtAiiaer we do
the Klag of hViiTlaad here, and tha t this niaa io the trne
Messiah» Oae aor-ied a frj eud of hin th?? t nad reoelved ten
pieces \.i\ pß5i». ßo3.d upon this score, n.rid psvs tnst the Jew
hath dis^.'Osed ci" liCO pouads in this ina,i.rii'r, j^'hich i? vei'y
etraa£;e: and certainly this ye^^ of .1666 vill be a year of
59
great action; but -^»ha t the ccisequences of it wül •)©,
1^-T ..'-;v: ,
S«' ,
„^ A'.,.,
fi'U
Ar— «Igniflcant record- w^-s laft f»lso b^ another irnportant
aoa-Jow. - Hoiiry 'Idenbur^jh, the man Impfttl^nt for re^t^r^ tion,
iV ■■ ' •• -^ who hBd wj'itten ^ViUimgr^ah Ben Isr^^iel t,)ie letter '^Iready nuo^ ed.
/ •/•" ^"^ Siace 1661'Oldenburgh, bj fchrtn ^^ecretar 5-^ of the Royal Acad<?iriy,
,,.'•• ^■"' ' / "h'd been correspondirig vdth ?' not her Jewl ?h saj,e frooi .-imstorda-i;
n £
^,/^,. indeed, nobody stood higher in hit^ re^gwrd thaa the excoairiiUai ^^a ted
x/^-'\
i 'ii-*.^^ philosopher Baruoh ^Spinoza, v/hom he had vlsited.^ome years a^o
^^^ -^ ■ ■ like M^nasseh
^•;T <. ^.y in his ifiOd-aat retreat at Khijnsbsrg. To Spiaoza./the hietoric:il
i , ' ,
'^'r\,}'^"i^ ^J'-*-""^ couatorp?.rt of ^abbatai ( tho\i^;h 3n init'^ q dlfferent ^-^ay) , Oidön-
burßh v/rote on l-'ecanibor 4, 1665, a .1 otter in b.-^tln ooutaininß the
foliovving passage: • ' . ,
"iiow io politics« iiijveryone hero tulks of the rumour thPt
the Iwsraelitss, '.''ho hud beea scattei^ed iaor- t va two thouf^,?:Uid
y e ä r s , iws a b o 11 1 t o r ^.^ t a r a *^. 0 th c^ i r i la t i v e 1 h i id • On 1 y f ew
höre believö it, but jiany dealre lt. You /'ill teil your frlend
vhat you 'nei^Y' ftad think about it, As for .i^e, I «ianot bolieve
it so loiiß as the newr: ir. aot ooaTi naed hy rRlJ^&ibilcixfiP^rT;»^».
trust'/forthy maa in C-oastavitiaopl'e, whloh is n'^inly iat^-rested
in the ^iiitt^r. i shoulC' like to Viio-r rha t 1:he 'K.nstorda.Ti Ji'ws
have he?irc? of this, ^miö how tlr^y are '\rf'?^cted by ü^e aews
•.vnich, ir coaririr*ed, should cause all thians in tho -''orid to
-,1' ' "
be oaj.iagea .
i^o desrcrlptloM covjld 3mprovr> U;On thi? p5 cti^re of -»ond on on
tho =^V0 oV the mesr^lani c vear» Wo have here aa exaot accoi;jnt
of tVie rostoi'atipn :hovoj!ieat rts It rtood to^vi^l? the olo 3e of
the flrst stage of it?> developm^^nt ♦ Intf-^re^t in tTio 'retura of
50i\tt'^red Isrrtel to i ts homelaaf) "ps genr^ra 1. T.''.e ?uzzling
oveuts oocurring in the f8..r«'\vvH^y Lev^nt bec-^rie the subject of cur-
rorit convers'Atlon, of cr^.-reat politlcal deiv^te. Por tho fir t
tiTie. the ter
m
II
olttics Ir iised ia conaexlo)! "j. th !.he «n^.bject
%ii',
60.
/.
. of Jewish restoration - a s;^-mptoin of .tha trausf orrüation wiach the
desire for restorc^ tion, oriciaally rsiigious ouiy, had be.guri to
und ergo« Oidenbiirgh reported that a 'arge nuüber of LoxLdoiiers
L,^
T^
V '^ • desired that the Jews inight retAini to Palestiiie, to their o\'^a
I (!. U" \ kiiigdo3i, while oniy few believed in th© mlssion of »^abbatai -'^evi.
i/K Ja
/ 'i ^^e Wägers :rieutinaed by Pepys tlmt Sabbatai would eatcT «Terusaiem
^1^ r .within two years, coast] tute a sufficieiit proof oI* the realistic
-iv^'^' .#'' View tlu't wüs taKen of tbe likelihood of restora tion.
^s!^ L^ OidOiiburg 1* s owii viev»3 cieariy et/ierge from his letter. As
fA J al the tlnie wlieii he sciicüod iVa^iasseh bea Israelis nr-iiilon about
. f'' 1 lestoratioii, it was war^a irittii'ost in the rego:it>ralioa oT tho Je'.vish
people vrhicii pi-onipted iiim to ^)ut tl\e sa.ne questioa to opinoza.
Alti-iough his rational aind. hesitated to credit i ULiours of Jiarvel-
lous oocva'reuces, he by uo uieaaG exi:luded the posaibiüty oT th??ir
bf;iu^ co.^flrfjiod. Iiideed, he took j t T^>y gra;.ted tb'^t should the
' . . • ' ' ' ■■
reports prove accurate» theli' cigüif Xcaiice would br-^ trei:.eac?ous« •
t^eeii ia this li^j,ht, tiie figure of the SecT'eti<i*y of tlie ^^oyal ^^ca-
deuy erii'frges as a symbol of tbio j'estorotioa uioverJivUit t.t the close
of 1 ts flrst stage. Liko liirj coatmüporary ^aii.u.el C^ott, Oideaburghj
lave.ted the idea of rostoratioa -ith a :.uniaalstio-jjoli lical si;,ai-
riearice, •^Ithout divjrciag It froni its f.uri(3f meatally rellgious buck-
grovaid» He vvus unique in hl? tir-eless ejideavours to win pyTi;.iathie^
/ relatioatliip vith
for Je/'ish li.essiauism, a-io in Y).^s p-irso .f^l isi^J^iii^xfi^-K three such
diverse reprevS^^uta tives oT coi.teuiiorary «Tuclaiöni as ^ aaasseh Ren
Israel, oaibatai 2^.evi and Bari'ch »-iplnoza, I-er-haps it- was Oldea-
burgl:!' s levter that had rriOved K^plaoza, tlie jx-'atheist, to i'eve-v 1 n^^
. J
■■■ : ':, ■ ■.., ^ " '.'•.■■'•'•]
,y'
'iJc M-i^^r^''"^^^ ''"-%■ ■^;^^"V'^'^:'f'-^.:"/^;'i^ i fi^^^^L >
61.
. /■■'
. r
/
/
y
V:
openly where he st'-^pd in pe^^ard to «Tewish m«t.s?^ianism. i^othing
is kriown of aay auswer to 01(fftilbürg>{*Rn.etwK, ^it tha- rollowiiig
passage et th^^ end of the third section of ht-s'^^Theological- ^,
» . .t.
it
Po li t i. ca 1 Tra c ta t e R^peö-;t-e™^^>**-4:"fc'«e-if' :
"The Symbol of cipci^clsion, therefore, 1?, I believe,
so potent that I am ooavinced It alone vi 11 keep this nation
alive for ever; irideed, If the pr.liinlples of Its rellgion
did iiot feroinise its uature, I should firmly believ© that,
should ty»e omtability of hu:nan affairs provide a favourable
opportimity, it will restore its kingdnm aad will be chosen
by Ood Jiiiew."
•The ''Tractate" a,;p3ar!3d in 1670. In the iatervnl thst had
G la p s ed 3 i n c e 0 Id enbu v^^a * s 1^. i: t\r , th? i^ e ] a y th o " r^e-^i-Äui-c y eft r"
-?. ^\
C ~/-z>/>- l^^CJ^£:..jSL^-€l--/'i '-C</
''■ « »■-....
Äi<l ^^ Jüie/lricredJ bie""iirid inc6^Apr'^!ieasible events ^'"Vrlr^G]^-Ä=e£jß8i«..
piuiied theyall t»nd. new a«ö4^i-*t of »^«i>.>a-t6»"l -^evi. Hti^ bar"' iudefed
f^
disöJibi'i'ked et Co.iSta .tlriople e^u'Iy in 1606, but in^tead of caur iug
the ^ultaa to fall, ne becaiTie hi s pr5 non^^i'» W'hs t,- fcllo^/'ed «ßiijs^Bi:
Iä ^'/as"^veit i^v/i e faütastic^tirtÄui ni-,3 eariiei^ career. In hi s
pi'i soii at Ga.i lipoil *v*^t^«tai was vorshioped :\s beforo^ \^%ts.xV:o%1rx&t.:
in iho -"^yes of his ioilovers the prlßon becar.e traiisrraited into a
.Teiwisli stroiißholu - " .i|;dal Os" ; crowds of piovs pil^jr-lms jour-
^K:;-eä to do Id.«. honi-iße. .O4 3opteaibt=^r 14, loOG, Sabbatai heca.Tie
^^^'^Vc:ieai, yet tliei iL.4^'äv.Qtiün of hid aditf^-rerit ? \''5 th^tood even thJ.s
';%,i/4.,^ shocV:^ üucL v^;as, tb^-reö»ar>able^ ciit-'pter of «"^evi ^h Mstory that^^
-^VvJ had unroij^j^^-'Xtöelf diiri'ng''Üi^^^'l^n,(SM}8"i^ , ' cSr^ino^is r^rrote in bis
w^orkshop, i-r4j|^;.,ij;ed unrTiOved by tb.eso turbiiler.t ha -p'^nj ng??; not the
sli/_;^htest tj'y.,^,^ ^i* thccf* c^n bp porce5.ved in the passp>;;:e in -.^hl ch h
exivisar;es thft p,,.:^^;,,! j.it - tlieit tho Jc5^vi sh nation .u;fy re-establlsh
"■-**«
Its' kiu/^do/71 aad.:,^ aivalii Choreen by ^od . " BntJ'i? crystal^cleer
u-
' \
7
/'V- b- .4 ^-»^ •v^-»^
62,
•4:1 '"■■'■V
■'*'■■•.,..,
/
/
f%/-
peoole was then abie.to retura to the rpp««i cöll of the restora
tloa rioveoient»
••ii'
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r*^»'''' ¥''.■.
^r
i.y
■>^.'i>--ri^''ffff.. V.:«',,' <'/" /(^^'' <0'^i^f «s- .•<^t=-~^ ■•'■'* f-j<}.' ^-e-i
'/
r/
^^■S /h <^
^••^.i /y^/../. ^k0: :;ä^^'V','''-'^"''^''''^'^' ■,.^^'^^' /
1 1,
f^
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V V^'W...s >^<'". :"?^»-".v-'^;
,V»^!
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V:s,
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. 'f . ^.
Dne o^ hi G ■\v^:(it
1 ^ fi» r» f*
wa
j-t-
/j.f s:iy'i;|>..i:, oreated .:hortiv af terff-^ rds, ^iso derlved Vroit, the
i ^ ' ■ .
rHiiiis, was two-r'acod: oiie facs looiied bück, Ui-: oth^r f or/v.'r'cf,
;.>ix kucliLeaccs-- ca.uLOt iu.'ve r*c?:;;i'-iiied üei^f to in? :kxKK yccTsation
cHuiAsred at r, :ie;ii ; "If yo.: x^rick "ur, do v-a not- bl^f-5ci; If yo
lic'42 i;L-, do .vf; xiot ic-vu^^h? Xr v,ou pol SOI us, ^"^o vf* -iot; di o?
•f /if.. mA:K\^ v<s, ^^^^].l ^;e not be reven^e^^-' V" here- '^»3 In .iiöi..A:
.)lho<| paB?a|j;er. , 5b.vlr.ck dcos not i^^-^'^ or' r» et
' n ^ 1 \i
'/ A^ie tiltPfid cllr8ct-3d a<^ai.\st his people ( *' cur sn. c/ed r.^
i.usgi'.|ce :.ir.'d -tf^d i«p:>.i Id.?; tribe, urlv^s .^'.I/m t.f ß
Idci XV ^jp aj.i. l?,].-ti'e-;uted co.'nn.'uiilly» In ^Jv^•:
otriise ixrocesF, ti-iorei- sio.ads, umso an, t,}-..« n.i?
Ta:u.)n -) i j.£' llivell- s opiriijn tti^t ':>hakepp
.^^i...€\ frori \ pa...;)i;ilot ^^hlcli rnirportccl to^
. * . • ■ ^ . >
e.-oraiatci od
<
'h'; r j'*'';
"i .'tS':-'
n-.-^'!^^:}!
■•,'rt;
<•.•-"•■ ■ ■■'' ■^•'
tl
of a Jew serviug to thnt Amiy, called Caleb -«^^hllocke, pro£:uos<
'.&•; -^ -• V> ■;.'*?•' ?^^."'/^t;ü'
11
tlcatlug i.'iaay stran^ja accideats. If Mr. Hallj/well»3 as3virn:)yfoii
f : ■ -%
■i • ',
is correct^ it :mv be to'^ien as proof the t ohakespearc* was not|lui'
'.r
aware of the messianic teiiidencios rifa at that time a^non^ bot!
.M llf-r
•T
•..,|"
«V;.
j '
: .• I
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*■•''' '''.
,. i;
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r:
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j
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f.
f
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L
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\
\ 63
f
DSVSLOFMi'JNT OF THE KflSTORiiTION MOV^^JV-ij^N']'
iViessianic yo^r 166 r> revolutionary year 1789
^■' The rapid rise of the hestoration .noveiae/it cli.rinß i ts
initial -st ormy phase was followed by over b Century of 9^t-#Ä*ly
growth and transf oruiation« 'P-hs? wep.riness and disenbhJ^ntme il.
'^iiich the grea" reli^i ous conflicts, ending töv/ards the clore
of the 17th Century, left in tVi^lr wake , '^cted a?? e da-^iper on it?
original impetus aad intens] ty and aonlded its n'iaraoter for a
• * '
long time to r.ome» T^lQ ideas aspociated 'vith the .imveTi^nt lont
their revoluti on^^^ry ti nge and Liierged i.nto a r.heolof^icül tradi-
tion, in the same way as .'.abbatai -evi'P ideas wf^re i noor po r-'j t ed.
into the Kabbinic tradlt ?n«
None the les?, t>ie c^o itrl buti on of tlii b stMSOnd phase
to the hestoration nioverneiit was oonr^lderable« It deiionstr:» ted
the vitallty of the idea r^ 'tc", its i adi!=?Poluble connexion .vi thi t'ie
ideals born of th-^ Pur i tön revoliifi on« P'aith in the reFtorntiori
of the Jew3 was püt to the s^avÄrest passioie test« The massia-
nic 5'ear, to v;hich .-uch radiant hopes had been pttaclied, pr'oved
ant nti-climax. i\eli:~ioUö anc\ politic-^l roaction was in füll
Swing.
Sinister Oiuens teiTorized the people« ' Th.;^ pla/'ue
whi::^hu eci.fiated Lo ric ; on in 1665 was 5- ccaded by tlie "r.t t i^'ire
0:iiy a year l-^ter. These calamities appeared to Tiaka all ..f^'r
, V;...rv
prrphecy a moekery« But just as puritenism triamiged to set Xt^
\ *';■(■■"■
•. V 1 .» •' : .1 ./
i;.
64 ., .
#''
[imprlnt upon the political restorstion and finally triumphed
politically in 1688, so l)elief in the restoration of tlrie Jews
survived the Stuart dynösty..,, , . ^ . ,.' ''
Political millenarianism-^*^*'«! vvith the Reptoratlon, but mille-
narian asplrations lived on« The authority of the Bible stood
unassallablej its teachings and pri^p. ecies the rock agalnst whloh
all atorms beat in vain, This faith was to A'ithötand the^AsAiBi-
!fi
f /■ ^
\:
'■•■•-■ V^'"^
iM^Lp^ and Deisra of the 18 th Century, nor could scepticisoi and
emei^ßing I^ible criticisra i^revail against the hope, derived from
Holy '.''rlt, that the , Jewish j.)eo[,le rould one day be restored to
nationhood. Far froai iniu^Dbilising the ;aove;.ent, the' 3-j^-H.-t cf
r.H,c:f'^y^e4 >«.vv. '^<^() f^-tyf^A»^-.^ ^yV**-^"-^« ''-^'
4he:.. -tir-tPife actually enriched Mr by an adinixtiire of renlisau Tiiöt
%
iiali4;i.QUS eleaieiit w> ich was pf rt of the Kestoration doctrlne in
its early days, belief in the corivorslon of the Jews prelimirv) ry
to tiieir return to th^^ -tioly Land, ;vas r,ub?tantially aiodil^led as
time vent on. Thus .-a -^i;*^ ~had b**eTi -T?*ff ched which the reaction
..^ ■
\
^. 1
:i V
'^■v.'
^;'f
/
settiog in towards the cloc-e of the epooh r^puld no longer a ruil«
VVhii^ tlie idea of re-toration was passed 6n frorri'genf^rp. fion to
gen'nnit ion, ther^^- sfAi-lÄ. an Underground metamorphosl s which tt^
KKli.^ culniinated in a treaienäoüs upheaval outside the British
Isles.».. ■ '|he ntorjiing of the Ba5=?till<=j he^ralded a new Ä^aBJsia . » {^e ^
/MAißor the restoration j^overLcnt 'lalso»
/
'ii\.{c/^ oJ>.^4 ^ ^i^^^^
^,c^r^r ■^^''-^''''■'T^''"'
2e^
• • •
• • •
The bej^,inning of this age was douiinated by apo >t of
genius, i'i.'ifrland's greatest ?iace öhakespeare until the presetit
(^
^■,! -i
'■t'". .. Y
65 • • • ^
..*;.■■
■s^l
■.v..-vr.
day» But while oaly the mos t teriuoup threads connectecl oliake- #j
speare with the events pre^ceclin^^ the birth of the restoratlon
move.ent (jae rvp^iädigt- 1)7 John Mtlton, the oet of Pi^ritanj sr/i,
n af
•^ .1 «
"•^t;
becaine the Immort^ spokes.nan af th«» rnoveihent« Deeper thanöny
of bis coüteiTinoraries, he had deived into Sciipture, the real,
source of Puritan doctrine« He knew the Bible by hoart, could
read it in the original, and in 1644 aövoc'tted the teaciiinc of
Hebrew in the sohoola« He had made the world of the Bible so
much his öwn th& t his f^reatest works were entirely iinbued with
its spirit« The current analo^y between iiingland and If=!rael was
irivested by him with ä"~proröimd meaning. He saw in the risinig
British nation less the warrior multitudes of ujoeon thaa the
people ch03on to fulfil mesniaaic tasks . f To this misylon he
ref^rred (in 1641), in orie of t/ne finest passages of ''Areopag^ti-
ca" , ihe classic svork on the freedora of Speech ( see pa^^e •••
above) :
t
What wants there to such a tow?^rdly and pregnö.nt soll,
but >"ise and f ai thf ul li^.bourers, to make a kno-^ing people,
a Ni'tion of p^ophets, of sa^:es nud of ^'orthies?
Milton hiiiiself sr>on becajie forer/iost a.aong the prophets and
sages« His kinship ;vi th t}ie Hebrew genius becajie ever laore
rnarked, and was evidenced in the maf^törly raetric traiislation«
of certai n Psaluis eai3y in his flrst cVeative p-^rlod, »^ignifl-
j ■■ . /■ - ■ . . ■
caatly, he chose for translatjon rriainly Psalms i^'ith a .iiessianic
■./•■■■
character, which he sOiu tiaies discreetly stressed ( soe Psalm
* ■ ■ *
LXXXV ) •
.:/
'f':'
36 #••
/M;i'..
■ tftP ;,
/
m^
•
f
1»
l:.v
AS related in the precedlng chapter* V/alter I^;ley coM]jectiJre|
that during the j^eriod in 7/hich '*Äreopagitica" and the translatloils
li
of the Psalais v;ere cor?ip03ed - the hero' c decade of t' e Coannon- 11
'■ ■ . '' / ' ' , '
wealth - Milton also produced tVie utoj^ia "Nova - olyraa"' • The
' / ■ ■' ■ \
fliyptery long remaiiied un^'olved. Thanks to Stephen K, Jones
(see page •••} we know Milton's contemporary Bsciu«^! Oott to have
been the author of tht= t astonishlng book« Yet tho c'^refully
marshalled Arguments vlth vhi ch B^gley sought to efetablish bis
thesis derived from a correot appreciati on of ^dlton's receptivity
to tha idea of Israel' 3 r(?gerrv'^ation« Miltön's o^rn voice was not
to be raised on i,he gubjf^ct until the "nfiesslanlc hopes, of v«hich
he was the ^r'eatest 'spiritiialpc represehtative, h^d begun to
wlth
fudc?« Striokeri Igy ullrKlness, suffering but resl^ned, Milton,
, • • •
for '.vhoai the story of Saruaon had beoome a pDrable of his own <
life, answ^red t!ie qv^entlon that had so deeply ff ected his geiT -
ry.tion. It was b'^cause CrotTiwell's gree t collMborator did not
app'Hir lipon tho stage of ihe Uestoratvon Laove-aent^ß hi:-tory
nd be cause
until t;v:' t moRiKnt th?'.:^ hi?^ gi^^nt fi^ure loorf:f--;d froui the flrst
period over into the second, that ivdlton 3 mbolised the idea 's
vltaltty. . C^'^^ U^-,--/
?[ ^ In 1671 there fi-^yp^^t^re^^ eifnultaaeouPiy -"ith "Sarnson Agonis-
,.t3s", the poem '' P^rairdlse ir.e^ratnad'^ , a sequel to "P^radiae Lost"
^' / published three years earliei^».. Tlie /dionufu-'ntal epi c of the f 0 11
\ ''' .' /.-of^man, of, .stan's wai^ on Qod anct Hlr's oreation, was follov^ed by
/ i .< "
■ >«.-
the drif.ffla of the fall of Satan^-'of victory over sin, of the re-
gaining of Paradise . Milton, in \yr\ yntithoF^is wliich only a
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