Alaska, 1951

/PR 2 8 1952

^^0 0

Increased interest in Alaska has prompted the
publication of this pamphlet, which contains
brief answers to questions most frequently asked
about the Territory. Complete information can be ob-
tained from sources named in the text of the pamphlet.

Persons who expect to visit Alaska are urged to ac-
quaint themselves with general conditions, industries
and housing there before setting out on a trip either as a
tourist or a prospective settler.

For additional information an the subjects covered,
where other sources have not been indicated, or for data
on subjects not included, inquiries may be addressed to
the Office of Territories, United States Department of the
Interior, Washington 15, D. C.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price 20 cents

loska Today

THE traditional desire of Americans to settle in
new territory after a war, has resulted in a
growing interest in Alaska, the Nation's last
remaining frontier. Its resources, settlement and
job opportunities and scenic attractions are receiv-
ing wide attention.

Many residents of the States are making prepa-
rations to visit the Territory, either as tourists
or with intentions of establishing homes and busi-
nesses there. Complete and factual data on condi-
tions and prospects in Alaska should be obtained
and studied carefully by those intending to go to
the Territory. Ideas of Alaska's potentialities
have been colored frequently, in the past, by glow-
ing tales of fortunes in gold wrested from the
claims of prospectors and of huge profits in the
fishing and fur industries.

Such stories undoubtedly have attracted many
persons from the States in former years and will
always attract the venture^onie. People returning
from Alaska, are disproving the mistaken but wide-
spread belief that the Territory is a land of inces-
sant snow, swept tfe.roiighout the year by icy winds.

DISTANCES GREAT ..'

Distances in the Territory are greater than many
travelers anticipate. Alaska is about 586,400
square miles in area or one-fifth the size of the
United States, and the distance from Ketchikan,
in southeastern Alaska, to Attu, westernmost of
the Aleutian Islands, is greater than that from New
York to San Francisco. From Ketchikan to Point

3

Barrow the distance approximates that from Seattle
to the Mexican border. The Aleutians extend
westward from the Alaskan mainland to a point
within 675 miles of the Kurile Islands.

Transportation problems in the Territory always
have been great, but growing air services are doing
much to overcome that handicap. Railway facil-
ities are extremely limited and are not connected
with trunk lines in Canada and the United States.
The principal railroad, the Alaska Railroad, is
owned and operated by the United States Govern-
ment. Goods and passengers are transported
to Alaska by ocean steamer from the States,
although airplanes today are carrying a larger
portion of the passenger traffic.

Much additional accurate and detailed informa-
tion on Alaska can be obtained. from public libra-
ries. Government agencies and civic organizations
mentioned in the following pages. General maps
of Alaska as well as more detailed maps of certain
Alaska areas may be purchased from the Geological
Survey, United States Department of the Interior,
Washington 25, D. C. The Department of the
Interior has no maps available for free distribution.

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

American administration of the Territory dates
from March 30, 1867, when the Treaty of Purchase
was signed at Washington and the United States
acquired from Russia the area known as Alaska
(probably a corruption of the Aleut name for part
of the Alaska Peninsula, Alaxsxaq).

For' many years the Federal Government took
little interest in the development of the Territory,
and not until 1884 was a civil government estab-
lished for Alaska by congressional act.

The discovery of gold in the Klondike in 1896,
which brought an influx of settlers, created a need
for additional laws. Congress in 1889 and 1900
provided for a code of civil and criminal law, and
in 1903 passed a homestead act. An act in 1906
empowered Alaska to elect a Delegate to Congress.

The Organic Act of Alaska, promulgated August
24, 1912 (37 Stat. 512, 48 U. S. C. Section 21 et

4-

seq.)> specifically extends the Constitution and laws
of the United States to the Territory.

It established a Legislature of two houses elected
every two years by popular vote. The Legislature
meets biennially in odd years at Juneau, the capital.
It consists of 24 members in the House and 16 in the
Senate. The Governor is appointed by the Presi-
dent and confirmed by the Senate and holds office
for a term of four years. The Delegate to Congress,
who has a seat in the House of Representatives and
membership on certain of its committees, but no
vote, is elected every two years. Justice is admin-
istered by a Federal District Court having four divi-
sions with judges sitting at Juneau, Nome, Anchor-
age, and Fairbanks. These courts, together with
the United States Commissioners and Marshals, en-
force both Federal and Territorial laws. There are
also municipal courts in incorporated towns.

The Territory derives revenue from a general in-
come tax, a general property tax, and a variety of
excise and business privilege taxes. Residents of
Alaska are subject to the Federal income tax.

CLIMATE

Three-fourths of Alaska is in the North Tem-
perate Zone, the remainder being north of the
Arctic Circle.

Due to its size and geographic location, and
because the climate of the entire southern coast
line is tempered by warm ocean currents, variations
in climatic conditions between different parts of
the Territory are extreme. In southeastern
Alaska, for instance, there is no great variation
between summer and winter temperatures, and
near sea level the yearly average is mild and
decidedly equable. There precipitation is heavy,
in some sections exceeding that of any locality
in the States.

In general, precipitation decreases rapidly as one

goes inland. In the interior of Alaska the seasonal
temperature variation is much more pronounced
and precipitation is relatively light. The growing
season ranges from an average of 160 days along the
southeastern coast and 140 days on the central

5

Pacific coast down to from 90 to 80 days in the
central Tanana and upper Yukon Valleys. The
unusual length of the summer day compensates to a
considerable extent for the shortness of the growing
season in these northern localities.

The southern coastal sections seldom experience
zero weather in winter, whereas in the interior the
temperature may fall as low as 70° below zero for
short periods in winter and rise to more than 90°
above in summer. Only the Arctic coast can be
considered as approximating the frozen waste of
romantic fiction.

Temperature variations in 17 of the principal
Alaska towns, for the periods in which records
have been kept (in Fahrenheit degrees), are as
follows :

Anchorage
Cordova. .

Craig

Douglas. .
Fairbanks .
Haines . . . .
Juneau . . . .
Ketchikan .
Kodiak. . .
Nome ....
Petersburg .
Seldovia. .
Seward . . .

Sitka

Skagway. .
Valdez....
Wrangell . .

January
average

11.2
27.2
35.8
27.5
-11.6
22.9
27.5
32.6
29.8
3.4
28.5
23.1
22.4
32.4
21.1
19.1
29

June
average

57

54.8

55.6

56.6

60

57.6

56.6

57.5

54.3

49.8

55.2

54.6

55.3

54.9

57.7

53.3

58.2

Record
maximum

92
87
80
89
99
90
89
96
85
84
81
79
82
87
92
83
92

Record
minimum

COMMERCE

The total commerce between the United States
and Alaska since 1867 has been estimated to exceed
$4,000,000,000.

6

Main Street, Fairbanks — looking west

The fishing industry is the first in importance; the
yearly value of fishery products has averaged 90 to
115 million dollars in recent years. The next in-
dustry in importance, that of mining, has produced
minerals valued at approximately $900,000,000 or
over 125 times the purchase price of the Territory.
Although gold has led all other minerals in total
value, silver, copper, lead, platinum, coal and other
types of minerals are also mined.

Fur derived from trapping of wild animals and
from fur animals bred in captivity forms the third
largest source of income in the Territory.

The Division of Foreign Trade Statistics, Department of
Commerce, publishes statistics on Alaskan commerce.

POPULATION

Preliminary returns of the 1950 census indicate
that the population of the Territory of Alaska on
April 1, 1950, was 126,661, representing an increase
of 74.6 percent over the 1940 census total of 72,524.
The rate of increase is higher than that of any of
the States or other territorial areas in the United
States.

Following is a list of the principal towns in
Alaska with the 1950 preliminary census figures

and the official 1940 census population of each :

1950
Prelim-
inary

Anchorage.
Cordova ...

Craig

Douglas . . . .
Fairbanks . .

Haines

Hoonah. . . .

Juneau

Ketchikan. .
Kodiak ....
Metlakahtla

Nome

Palmer

Petersburg. .
Seldovia. . . .

Seward

Sitka

Skagway. . .

Valdez

Wrangell . . .

For information regarding any particular town, write to the
local chamber of commerce.

11,060

3, 495

1, 141

938

370

505

690

522

5, 625

3,455

336

357

558

716

5,818

5,729

5,202

4,695

1,635

864

816

674

1, 852

1, 559

879

150

1,605

1, 323

428

410

2,063

949

2,080

1, 987

761

634

560

529

1, 227

1, 162

COST OF LIVING

Because Alaska is largely dependent upon im-
ports of food and manufactured goods, and because
of the high cost of transportation, the cost of
living in Alaska is higher than in the States.
It is higher in Fairbanks and the interior of Alaska
than it is in southeastern Alaska, which is nearer
to shipping centers in the States. In spite of the
high cost of living, high per capita savings deposits
and the purchase of Government bonds indicate
that opportunity exists for saving money. Govern-
ment employees usually receive a pay differential
of 25 percent over the salary for comparable work
in the States. Wage rates for skilled and unskilled
labor differ considerably according to locality.
In general, they are higher than in the States.

8

LIVING CONDITIONS

Living conditions and local customs among the
people of Alaska are not unlike those in comparable
parts of the United States. Many frontier condi-
tions and customs are still in evidence, yet in the
cities and some outlying communities are to be
found modern conveniences and facilities which
are usually found only in much larger communities
in the States.

The Territorial school system has the customary
grade and high schools, and compares favorably
with those of the States. All the larger towns
have modern stores, amusements, churches of many
denominations, schools, hotels, newspapers, banks,
and medical facilities. Just as in the States, housing
facilities in the Territory are being seriously taxed
by the war-increased population.

For definite information regarding any particular town in
Alaska, write to the local chamber of commerce. All the towns
listed under the heading "Population" in this booklet have
such commercial organizations.

CLOTHING

The clothes required by those going to Alaska
will depend entirely on the part of the Territory
to be visited and, of course, the season. South-
eastern Alaska requires the same clothes as those
worn in New York or Seattle, placing emphasis
on rain clothes. In the interior the visitor would
need very few rain clothes but would need light
clothes for the warm summers and very warm
clothes for the cold winters. In the towns resi-

Modern Homes, Fairbanks

dents dress exactly as they do in the towns in the
Northern States.

MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

The Territorial Department of Health is financed
largely by funds provided by the United States
Public Health Service and the Children's Bureau
of the Department of Labor. There is a Territorial
Commissioner of Health, who is a full-time official.
The functions of the Department include communi-
cable disease control, maternal and child health
services, crippled children's services, public health
engineering, and public health laboratories. Eight
relief stations are maintained in Alaska by the
United States Public Health Service. There are
general hospitals in all of the larger towns in
Alaska, most of them under the supervision of
religious organizations. The services are avail-
able to the general public, and to physicians, den-
tists, and nurses in private practice, but there is
need for additional trained medical and nursing
personnel in the Territory.

For information regarding the private practice of medicine or
dentistry, write to the Territorial Department of Health, Juneau,
Alaska.

The Bureau of Indian AiFairs maintains hospitals
in various parts of the Territory for the benefit of
Indians, Eskimos and Aleuts, and also employs
Public Health nurses who travel from one native
village to another teaching sanitation, first aid,
maternal and infant care, and arranging for the
hospitalization of sick and injured natives.

For information regarding the Indian Services, write to the
Area Director, Alaska Native Service, Juneau, Alaska.

EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES

There are two distinct and separate school sys-
tems in Alaska.

Public schools in the Territory are under the
direction of the Territorial Department of Educa-
tion, with a Commissioner of Education at Juneau
as its executive officer.

There are 24 incorporated city or district school
systems in the Territory: Anchorage, Cordova,
Craig, Douglas, Fairbanks, Haines, Hoonah, Ju-

10

neau, Kake, Ketchikan, Klawock, Kodiak, Nenana,
Nome, Palmer, Pelican, Petersburg, Seldovia,
Seward, Sitka, Skagway, Valdez, Wrangell, and
Yakutat. Teachers for these schools are employed
by the local school boards and inquiries should be
sent to the Superintendent of Schools or the Clerk
of the School Board.

The Territorial Legislature, at the 1949 session,
increased the salaries of school teachers. The new
salary range is from $3,300 to $4,700 in south-
eastern Alaska; $2,540 to $4,940 in south central
and southwestern Alaska; and $3,700 to $5,100 in
central and northern portions of Alaska.

Schools for Alaska Indians, Aleuts, and Eskimos
are under the direction of the United States Bureau
of Indian Affairs.

Information regarding Indian schools may be obtained from
the Area Director, Alaska Native Service, Juneau, Alaska.

The Territory also maintains the University of
Alaska, a land-grant institution which is situated
at College, near Fairbanks. It is the only institu-
tion of higher learning in the Territory. The
university, in cooperation with the Department of
Agriculture, operates experiment stations at Fair-
banks, Matanuska, and Petersburg. Tuition, for
residents of Alaska, is free. Students from the
States are entitled to admission to the university,
but are required to pay a reasonable tuition. The
educational provisions of the G. I. Bill of Rights
apply equally to the University of Alaska as they
do to other institutions of higher learning in the
States.

Information regarding the university may be obtained by
writing to the University of Alaska, College, Alaska.

TRANSPORTATION TO ALASKA

Under normal conditions regular steamship
service is maintained throughout the year between
Seattle, Wash., and the principal ports of Alaska
as far north as Seward, where connections are made
with The Alaska Railroad for Fairbanks and points
en route. Seasonal service is normally maintained
into the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean.

The steamships leave Seattle several times each

11

week and carry both passengers and freight.
Direct air service is established between Seattle,
Ketchikan, Juneau, Anchorage, Fairbanks, and
Nome, with connections to nearly every settled
community in the Territory.

For a citizen of the United States, no permit or
passport is necessary to travel to Alaska or any of
the territories of the United States; nor is any pass-
port or visa necessary when traveling through
Canada to Alaska. Travelers, however, should
possess some kind of personal identification.

Alaska being an integral part of the United
States, the same steps are necessary to permit aliens
to enter Alaska as to any other part of the United
States.

For information regarding steamship or airplane fares, freight
ratcSi, and special settlers' rates, write to the Alaska Steamship
Co., Coastwise Steamship Co., The Canadian Pacific Railway-
Company, The Canadian National Steamship Co., Pan American
Airways, Northwest Airlines, Pacific Northern Airlines, or The
Alaska Airlines, all with offices in Seattle.

THE ALASKA HIGHWAY

There is only one highway connecting Alaska
with the Canadian road system, and thence with
the road system of the United States; its official
designation is The Alaska Highway (the name
Alcan was never officially approved). The Alaska
Highway begins at Dawson Creek, British Colum-
bia, and extends to Big Delta, in Alaska, where it
joins the Richardson Highway and continues on
to Fairbanks. The total distance from Dawson
Creek to Fairbanks is 1,523 miles.

The Canadian section of the highway was turned
over officially to Canada in a ceremony at White-
horse on April 3, 1946.

The highway traverses an almost entirely un-
settled region, formerly inaccessible except by dog
team, plane, or by river routes in summer.

To reach the Alaska Highway from the United
States requires traveling a distance of approxi-
mately 350 miles from the border over satisfactory
roads to Edmonton, Alberta, and an additional 476
miles over a fair gravel road from there to Dawson
Creek. Only about 200 miles of the highway are
in Alaska.

12

The Alaska Highway is a 26-foot gravel-sur-
faced road with moderate grades and curves. The
northern portion is particularly scenic with lakes,
mountains, forests, and streams, which abound
with wildlife. Twilight falls late in midsummer,
and at that time of the year there is no period of
real darkness along the highway.

From mid-June to mid-September the tempera-
ture, on the route of the highway, ranges from 35°
to 75°. Therefore, the preferred season for travel-
ing over the highway will be during those months.
While, with the proper clothing, supplies and
equipment, one could travel over the highway in
winter, there would be many hazards in subzero
weather. The trip, under normal conditions,
would require approximately 6 to 8 days for the
2,350 miles from the United States border to Fair-
banks. The automobile should be in excellent
condition, with sufficient repair tools, extra tires,
and fuel and oil supplies to take care of emergency
breakdowns along lengthy uninhabited sections.

Permits to travel on the Alaska Highway are no
longer required, but arrangements for accommoda-
tions should be made in advance.

Although the Alaska Highway is kept open to traffic through-
out the year, the condition of the approach road between Ed-
monton, Alberta, and Dawson Creek, British Columbia, is such
that it is not advisable to travel during the spring thaw when
the road bed is soft. Information concerning the condition of
approach roads in Alberta, and capacities of bridges, may be ob-
tained upon application to the Director, Provincial Publicity
and Travel Bureau, Edmonton, Alberta.

Accommodations and roadside facilities along
the highway are available at various points.
Travelers cannot expect assistance in matters of
food and shelter or of automotive repairs from
Northwest Highway System maintenance camps.

The Canadian Government has prepared public
camp grounds for use by travelers without charge,
at several locations along the Alaska Highway in
Yukon Territory. These camp grounds are in-
tended for the convenience of travelers equipped
for camping, who carry their own food and sup-
plies. In addition to an area for the erection of

13

tents, etc., the camp grounds provide cooking
and dining shelters containing stoves and tables.
The location of these camp grounds may be secured
by writing to the agencies listed herein.

To facilitate maintenance operations on tlie highway, and for
the benefit of travelers without automobiles, buses are operated
on the Alaska Highway between Dawson Creek and White-
horse by the British Yukon Navigation Co., and between White-
horse and Fairbanks by British Yukon Navigation Co. and
Alaska Coachways. Persons traveling by bus over the route
are accommodated overnight at lodges operated by the bus
companies. Information concerning bus schedules and fares
may be obtained from the British Yukon Navigation Co. at
Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, and from Alaska Coachways,
Fairbanks, Alaska.

Normally, public or crown lands in Yukon Territory are dis-
posed of by sale or by lease. At the present time, however, on
account of lack of surveys, only "Permission to Occupy" is
being given in the case of lands situated along the Alaska High-
way on which buildings are to be erected immediately or the
land otherwise used for the provision of tourist facilities. Appli-
cations for land privileges should be made to the Controller
of Yukon Territory at Dawson or to the agent of Dominion
lands at Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, from whom application
forms and additional information may be obtained.

Disposal of public lands along the Alaska Highway in the
Province of British Columbia is under provincial jurisdiction.
Further information may be obtained from Mr. J. T. Stubley,
British Columbia Government representative at Pouce Coupe,
British Columbia, or from the Department of Lands and Forests,
Victoria, British Columbia.

Persons desiring to operate tourist camps, gasoline stations,
or other concessions along the Alaska Highway in Canada, are
reminded that the tourist business, particularly in this area, is
a seasonal occupation. It is therefore apparent that any ven-
ture of this nature should be augmented by some other enterprise
to be sustaining throughout the year. For further information
concerning business opportunities or licences in Yukon Terri-
tory, application should be made to the Controller, Yukon
Territory, at Dawson, or the territorial agent, Whitehorse,
Yukon Territory.

Similar information concerning business opportunities on
sites situated within the Province of British Columbia should be
obtained from the Department of Trade and Industry, Victoria,
British Columbia.

Persons wishing to operate bus or trucking services over the
Alaska Highway will be required to comply with provincial
and territorial regulations. For further information, applica-
tion should be made to the Department of Trade and Industry,
Victoria, British Columbia, for that part of the highway situ-
ated in British Columbia, and to the Controller, Yukon Terri-

14

tory, Dawson, Yukon Territory, or to the territorial agent at
Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, for the section of the highway
in Yukon Territory.

It is possible to ship goods by truck from the United States
across Canada in bond to Dawson Creek, British Columbia,
which is the southern terminus of the Alaska Highway, and
thence over the Highway to Anchorage or Fairbanks, Alaska.
Kingsgate, B. C, and Coutts, Alberta, have been designated
as ports of entry. Information regarding the bonding require-
ments may be obtained by writing to the Department of Customs
and Excise, Ottawa, Canada.

Citizens of the United States or other countries desiring to
settle on lands along the Alaska Highway or elsewhere in
Canada should apply to the Director of Immigration, Depart-
ment of Mines and Resources, Ottawa, Canada, for information
concerning immigration requirements.

The admission of rifles and shotguns into Canada
is permitted. These must, however, be registered
immediately with the provincial police authorities.
Fifty rounds of ammunition may be brought into
Canada free of duty or deposit. The entrance of
semiautomatic or automatic weapons (pistols and
revolvers) is prohibited. Ordinary single shot
revolvers are admitted to Canada only under per-
mit upon application to the Department of National
Revenue, Customs Division, Ottawa, Canada.

Before dogs or other pets are admitted into
Canada they must be accompanied by a certificate,
signed by a veterinary inspector of the United
States Bureau of Animal Industry or by a licensed
veterinarian of the State of origin, certifying that
the animal is free of any contagious disease; also
in the case of a dog, that it has not been exposed
to rabies within a period of 6 months of the date
of shipment, or has been vaccinated against rabies
within the same period.

Personal belongings, settlers' effects, sporting
and camping equipment, radios, musical instru-
ments, still and movie cameras with a reasonable
amount of film (but not exceeding 6 rolls), type-
writers for personal use, 50 cigars, 200 cigarettes,
2 pounds of manufactured tobacco, small amounts
of consumable goods such as 1 or 2 days' food sup-
ply, gasoline and oil sufficient for 300 miles of
travel, may be brought into Canada free of duty
or deposit. There is no limit to the amount of

15

cash one may have in his possession for personal
use. Larger quantities of goods or materials must
be transported "in bond" — that is, under seal
from the United States-Canada border to the
Canada-Alaska border.

Requests for general information concerning all matters relat-
ing to Yukon Territory should be addressed to the Controller
of Yukon Territory, at Dawson, Yukon Territory.

Information concerning the section of British Columbia
traversed by the Alaska Highway may be obtained from the
Department of Trade and Industry, Victoria, British Columbia.

Information concerning travel on the Alaska Highway within
Alaska may be obtained from the Alaska Road Commission,
United States Department of the Interior, Juneau, Alaska.

THE ALASKA ROAD SYSTEM

The principal roads ' within Alaska are the
Richardson Highway between Valdez and Fair-
banks, the Glenn Highway between Anchorage
and a point on the Richardson Highway not far
from Gulkana, and the Steese Highway between
Fairbanks and Circle, and the Sterling Highway,
and connecting Forest highways on Kenai Penin-
sula. These highways and their branches, to-
gether with the portion of the Alaska Highway
in Alaska, form an interconnected central highway
system totaling approximately 2,200 miles. A
potentially important branch of the Alaska High-
way leads from a point about 100 miles west of
Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, to Haines, near the
head of the inside water passage in southeastern
Alaska. Automobiles and freight can be trans-
ported by ship from Seattle to Haines and over the
road connecting with the Alaska Highway, and
thence to Fairbanks during the summer season.
This highway connects southeastern Alaska with
central and western Alaska, and affords a combined
ocean and land route between Seattle and interior
Alaskan points.

Much of the transportation within Alaska is
by airplane and by water. Most communities
are as yet not connected by roads, although there
is a total of approximately 3,500 miles of road in
the Territory.

16

Alaska Railroad

THE ALASKA RAILROAD

The Alaska Railroad, which runs from Seward
and Whittier, ports on the Kenai Peninsula and
Prince William Sound, through Anchorage to
Fairbanks, 470.3 miles from Seward, was built and
is operated by the United States Government.
Branches serve the farming and coal mining regions
of the Matanuska Valley and the coal mines on
the Healy River. It maintains regvdar passenger
and freight service throughout the year. The total
mileage operated at the end of 1950 was 535.9.

From Nenana, 412 miles north of Seward, river
boats are operated by the railroad on the Tanana
and Yukon Rivers during the summer months,
carrying freight and passengers as far as Marshall,
858 miles downstream, and upstream to Circle,
600 miles from Nenana. At Anchorage and Fair-
banks the railroad connects with the central high-
way system. Through rates are in effect for the
transportation of freight from Seattle to points on
the railroad and the river routes.

GENERAL AGRICULTURE

Almost all kinds of hardy vegetables and berries,
and some grains, can be raised in Alaska. Potatoes

021864 0—61 3

17

are a standard crop and grow well. Only a few
crops, such as tomatoes, corn, and tree fruits, will
not mature. Dairying is one of the principal farm
activities in the Matanuska Valley, and other
successful dairies are in operation in the Fairbanks
area and adjoining most of the larger towns.

Although the Alaskan farm land under cultiva-
tion has been increasing, Alaskan agriculture has
been unable to keep pace with the demand for farm

18

products since 1932. Importations of agricultural
products from the States have been rising almost
steadily since 1932. While war activities increased
fresh food requirements materially, there is every
reason to believe that there will continue to be a
steady demand for the local production of a wide
range of agricultural products. Among these are
dairy products, meats, vegetables, eggs, berries,
grains, fertilizers, and wood products. Oats and

19

peas take the place of corn for silage and are used
for hay in feeding livestock instead. of alfalfa.

Poultry farming has not been extensively un-
dertaken in Alaska, because of the high costs of
importing feed. However, most farmers maintain
small flocks, and where feed is grown locally,
poultry farming can be successfully undertaken on
a commercial basis.

Up to this time, the only efforts to establish
sheep ranching on a comparatively large scale
have been made on one or two of the Aleutian
Islands. These islands have a mild climate and
abundant wild grasses for forage. The chief
problems are isolation, distance from markets,
and lack of transportation. Substantial amounts
of capital would be required for such operations.
The Kodiak-Afognak Island group probably offers
the best opportunities for cattle raising at this time.
With the improvement of transportation facilities,
other areas in the Territory, now inaccessible, may
be found suitable for this purpose. It has been
estimated that there are 35,000 square miles of
grazing land in Alaska.

STOCK RAISING

Experiment stations have given much attention
to the study of farm stock as a source of meat and
dairy products to determine the types best suited
to the climatic conditions and natural grazing.

It has been ascertained that stock can be raised
satisfactorily in several areas. Cows for dairy
purposes are kept near most of the towns, at many
of the road houses and on some of the ranches.
The winter temperatures in the Matanuska Valley,
and in Kodiak and the Aleutian Islands are less
severe than on the high ranges of the Western
States. Open grazing can be depended upon in
some sections, but the silo is an essential feature
in the equipment of Alaskan livestock farmers.

Fine qualities of cattle, sheep, hogs, and chickens
are being raised in the Territory, though not in
large numbers at present. Owing to the large
quantities of native grass and grain hay, root crops.

80

Cattle in Matanuska Valley

and other forms of forage that can be produced, no
doubt remains, however, as to the possibilities of
raising stock on a paying scale. The livestock
industry has hardly progressed beyond the demands
for dairy products, dairying being confined largely
to producing milk for local consumption in the
principal communities.

For additional information on agriculture and stock raising
in Alaska, write to the Director of Extension Service, College,
Alaska; The Director, Territorial Department of Agriculture,
Fairbanks, Alaska; the Alaska Rural Rehabilitation Corporation,
Palmer, Alaska; or the United States Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.

MATANUSKA AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT

The only Government sponsored agricultural
settlement project in Alaska was established in
1935 for the resettlement of 200 families from
Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin, in the Mata-
nuska Valley about 50 miles from Anchorage. It
was organized and operated by the Alaska Rural
Rehabilitation Corporation, a nonprofit corpora-
tion. The settlement is now a self-sustaining
agricultural community and the Corporation now
functions as a specialized financial agency holding
a mortgage interest in many of the farms, furnish-

21

ing limited financing for production purposes and
certifying for the purchase of Government lands
in the general area set aside for the agricultural
settlement. The affairs of the Corporation are
conducted by a general manager, under the general
supervision of a board of directors, with head-
quarters at Palmer, Alaska.

Chief types of farming in the Matanuska Valley
at the present time are dairying, general farming,
truck farming, hog raising, and poultry. Mata-
nuska Valley farmers have found that the demand
for milk and other dairy products exceeds the
supply.

The Matanuska Valley has a more agreeable
climate than some of the north central and northern
plains States. Summer temperatures are never
oppressive, the mean temperature being 52.8°, and
the thermometer rarely registers 10° below zero
or lower during the winter. The winter mean
temperature is 2° above zero. Its growing season
averages 108 days and from mid-June to July there
is practically no darkness, and farmers and grow-
ing crops work double and triple shifts. The
average annual precipitation in the valley is about
15 inches.

Humidity is usually high, and as a rule, evapora-
tion is low. This increases the effectiveness of
summer rainfall. Plowing and sowing of crops
usually begins in late April. Grains are planted
first and the planting season ends about July 1
with late plantings of oats and peas for hay or
silage. Harvesting continues until the hard freezes
come in October.

A w^ide variety of field crops, pasture plants,
vegetables, berries, and ornamentals are already
grown in the valley and this list will undoubtedly
be increased. The cool summers preclude growing
corn, squash, cucumbers, and tomatoes out of doors
but the last two are profitably grown in green-
houses.

Several varieties of oats are planted for grain,
hay and silage and both hulless and hulled varieties
of barley are grown. Late hays are planted not
later than June 18. The main type of wheat is

SS

Auke Lake and Mendenhall Glacier near Juneau,

Alaska's capital

Siberian No. 1 or Chogot. Oats and Canadian
field peas are generally grown for hay and silage.
A wide variety of perennial grass and a few legumes
are suitable for pasture and hay.

Peas for canning do particularly well in the valley
and many varieties of potatoes grow well. Nu-
merous vegetables grow luxuriantly, including
radishes, leaf and head lettuce, early and late cab-
bage, cauliflower, parsnips, celery, rutabagas, tur-
nips, carrots, beets, chard, string beans, rhubarb,
peas, onions, kohlrabi and spinach. Bush fruits
produce large yields.

It is estimated that 85 percent of all vegetables
and root crops grown in the valley was marketed
through the Matanuska Valley Farmers Cooperat-
ing Association.

Occasionally it is possible to purchase a farm of
80 to 160 acres in the valley, including improve-
ments, from the corporation at prices ranging from
about $7,000 to $10,000, either for cash, or on terms
requiring one-fourth down payment, the remainder
to be paid within 10 to 15 years at 4 percent annual
interest on the unpaid balance. Undeveloped
Government land in the valley may also be pur-
chased through the corporation at prices ranging
from $5 per acre. To qualify for the purchase of
this land, the prospective purchaser must satisfy
the corporation that he is sincere in his desire to
farm the land himself, has the experience to enable

23

him to do so, and desires to make it his permanent
home.

For specific information on the Matanuska Valley Settlement,
address the General Manager, Alaska Rural Rehabilitation
Corporation, Palmer, Alaska.

PUBLIC DOMAIN LAKDS

Public domain lands are available for agricul-
tural homestead settlement in many parts of
Alaska. The better farm lands are located in the
Tanana River Valley near Fairbanks, in the An-
chorage-Cook-Inlet area which includes the Mata-
nuska Valley, and on the Kenai Peninsula. A max-
imum of 160 acres may be secured by complying
with the requirements of the homestead laws.

Information on making homestead and other
settlement or entry in Alaska is set forth in Bureau
of Land Management, Information Bulletin No. 2.
Veterans may secure additional information from
the same Bureau concerning some of their privi-
leges and responsibilities with respect to settle-
ment on the public domain in Alaska.

No showing of financial resources is required,
but a family intending to take up a homestead in
the Territory should have sufficient funds to finance
itself while putting the land on a productive basis,
particularly as much of it must be cleared.

Public Law 434, Seventy-eighth Congress,
approved September 27, 1944, extends to veterans
certain preference rights with regard to application
of the Homestead Act.

On August 1, 1947, announcement was made by
the Secretary of the Interior of the restoration to
public entry of 2,750,000 acres of land adjacent to
the Alaska Highway in Alaska.

Announcement has also been made of the open-
ing of an additional 45,000 acres to public entry in
the Matanuska Valley.

FEDERAL AID TO SETTLERS

Persons taking up homesteads or purchasing farm
land in Alaska have, at the present time, only three
sources of credit. The Alaska Rural Rehabilitation
Corporation, with an office at Palmer; the Farmers

94

Home Administration, with an office at Anchorage,
and the local banks. Loans from the FHA for
farm ownership and development, as well as pro-
duction and subsistence loans, carry the same re-
quirements in Alaska as they do in any of the States.
Loans from the ARRC are made primarily for pro-
duction purposes. It is sometimes possible to
purchase the equity from a private farmer and
assume a balance of the contract with the ARRC.
Loans from this organization are made on much the
same basis as bank loans except that they are
available for longer terms and at a slightly lower
interest rate.

Private banks generally do not make loans for
agricultural purposes. Exceptions to this are
mainly farmers who have been residents for some
time and are operating completely developed farms.

Persons desiring to go to Alaska for the purpose
of establishing farms or businesses should either
possess sufficient capital to carry them until their
venture becomes profitable or have a guarantee of
employment until they can make arrangements for
adequate financing. Neither the Federal nor the
Territorial Government pays for the transportation
of settlers to Alaska.

For specific information regarding homesteading and other
use and occupancy of the public lands, write the Manager,
United States District Land Office at Anchorage, Fairbanks, and
Nome, Alaska, or the Director, Bureau of Land Management,
United States Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

Homesites in National Forests. — A patent can be
obtained to a piece of National Forest land in
Alaska through the homesite laws of 1927 and 1934.
The limit per tract is 5 acres. Homesites are not
made available in sections of the national forests,
far from established communities, since experience
has shown that these isolated tracts are soon
abandoned because of lack of public schools, roads,
mail service, and other community facilities, the
distance to market, and a dearth of nearby wage-
earning jobs. Instead, the Forest Service lays out
groups of homesite tracts along the national forest
roads leading out of the various communities.

25

New groups are provided as needed to meet the
demand.

The purpose of the Alaska homesite law is to
provide small tracts on which settlers can establish
permanent homes through their personal efforts
and with the least financial outlay.

An interested person should look over the ground
and decide how and where he can make a living
before asking for a homesite permit. Many home-
site residents are wage-earners in the nearby towns
and use the bus lines or their own cars in reaching
their jobs. Others are fishermen and loggers who
are away from home during the working seasons
of their industries, but who maintain their families
permanently on homesites.

Homesites can be used for business enterprises,
such as resorts, fur farms, poultry ranches, stores,
garages, filling stations, and similar small-business
ventures, providing the settler makes the tract his
permanent home.

For definite information on homesite lands write to the
Regional Forester, Juneau, Alaska.

Sites Outside of Forests. — In addition to the pro-
visions of the general homestead laws, there are
other opportunities for settlement upon the public
lands in Alaska outside the boundaries of the na-
tional forest reservations. These are:

Trade and Manufacturing Sites. — Any citizen of
the United States 21 years of age and over, any
association of such citizens, or any corporation
organized under the laws of the United States or
of any State or Territory in the possession of and
occupying public lands in Alaska in good faith for
the purpose of trade, manufacturing, or other
productive industry, including fur farming, under
certain conditions, may purchase one claim not
exceeding 80 acres of nonmineral land at $2.50 per
acre.

SALE OF PUBLIC LANDS FOR INDUSTRIAL OR
COMMERCIAL PURPOSES

The Alaska Public Sale Act of August 30, 1949,
provided for the sale at public auction of tracts, not
exceeding 160 acres which have been classified as

S6

suitable for industrial or commercial purposes, in-
cluding construction of housing, in accordance with
regulations of the Bureau of Land Management.

Small Tracts.— Any citizen of the United States
States 21 years of age and over, whose employer is
engaged in trade, manufacturing or other produc-
tive industry in Alaska, or who is himself engaged
in such business, may purchase one claim, not ex-
ceeding 5 acres, of nonmineral land in the territory
at $2.50 per acre, but for not less than a minimum
of $10.

Small site. — Any citizen of the United States 21
years of age and over is eligible to lease or purchase
a small tract of not more than 5 acres of public
land in Alaska for home, cabin, camp, health,
convalescent, recreational, or business purposes.
Special preference in the selection of land and in
the securing of a lease under this law has been
extended by Congress for those who have served
in the armed forces.

OTHER SETTLEMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Home sites in the Matanuska Valley: Small
acreages for home sites are available for purchase
in the Matanuska Valley. These home sites are
close to roads and electricity. The purchase price
depends upon the location of the land and varies
from $10 to $50 per acre. The land is purchased
from the Federal Government but approval must
first be obtained from the ARRC at Palmer. No
approval for the purchase of home sites is granted
by the Corporation without a personal interview.

Further information on public lands available for settlement
in Alaska may be secured by writing to the Director, Bureau of
Land Management, United States Department of the Interior,
Washington 25, D. C.

BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY

During the short summer period, the principal
activities in Alaska are fishing, placer mining, and
farming. To these are added seasonal activities
generated by the tourist and the sportsman. A
large proportion of the Alaskan population conse-
quently is exceedingly busy during the summer,

27

and relatively unoccupied the rest of the year. The
chief activity during the winter months is the
trapping of fur animals.

The largest employers of labor in the Territory
are the salmon canneries, the gold mines, and the
various agencies of the Federal Government. Man-
ufacturing, shipbuilding, and similar industries
which employ large numbers of people in the States,
are as yet awaiting development in Alaska.

It is anticipated, however, that the civilian pop-
ulation of the Territory will be substantially in-
creased, creating greater incentives for the estab-
lishment of industries to convert the many and
varied resources of the Territory to useful products,
and for the establishment of small service indus-
tries in the large communities where demand would
be accelerated by population growth.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

Business and industrial conditions and oppor-
tunities are changing constantly. Current infor-
mation probably can be obtained by writing to the
local chamber of commerce in any of the larger
Alaskan towns. Anyone who contemplates enter-
ing business in Alaska, or establishing an industrial
project, however, should look personally into the
actual conditions on the ground before definitely
committing himself.

Because of the mounting interest in Alaska, there
appears to be a sound basis for anticipating an ex-
pansion of both industrial and agricultural activity,
and the individual with vision and courage should
then be able to establish himself successfully in
various lines of endeavor. Among the businesses
which appear to offer opportunities to prospective
merchants are small shops catering to Alaskan
residents, tourists, hunters, and vacationists; serv-
ice industries, specialty shops, dairies, and similar
enterprises.

Persons interested in selling to wholesalers,
retailers, or the general public throughout Alaska
should keep in mind that at present the total pop-
ulation of Alaska, exclusive of the armed forces, is
less than 130,000 persons, or less than one-sixth

98

of the number of people living in Washington,
D. C.

Alaska is still a pioneer country with no cities
of over 12,000, and most of its retail trade is sup-
plied by wholesaler dealers in principal Pacific
coast cities, principally Seattle, Wash. A large
proportion of their orders are placed by mail.

Additional information regarding business conditions may be
obtained by writing to the Alaska Branch, Seattle Chamber of
Commerce, Seattle, Washington, and to the Alaska Development
Board, Juneau, Alaska.

FISHING

Fishing is the chief industry in Alaska, the
value of the salmon pack alone ranging from 80
to 100 million dollars each year. Over 100 can-
neries equipped with modern machinery capable
of large-scale production employ many thousands
of persons, chiefly along the southern and south-
eastern coasts of the Territory. Canning of salmon
is, however, a seasonal industry which furnishes
employment only during the simimer months.
Canned salmon represents about 90 percent of the
total salmon products produced in Alaska.

Cod, halibut, herring, clams, crabs, shrimp, and
many other species are fished commercially and
constitute an important part of Alaska's marine
resources.

Most Alaska farms are so situated that it is
possible for the occupants to supplement their
food supply with an abundance of fish either from
the sea or from nearby lakes and streams. Farmers
often can or cure fish for winter use. The lakes
and streams in many places abound in game fish,
and in many respects Alaska is the sport fisherman's
paradise. A license fee is required for nonresident
fishermen.

For information regarding commercial fishing regulations,
write to the Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the In-
terior, Washington 25, D. C. For information on regulations
governing sport fishing, write to the Alaska Game Commission,
Juneau, Alaska.

MINING AND MINERAL RESOURCES

Alaska's varied known mineral resources, which
include gold, silver, mercury, antimony, tin, coal,

S9

Sheep in Alaska

copper, iron, lead, and platinum, constitute a large
share of its natural wealth. Moreover, there are
undoubtedly rich mineral areas still unexplored.
Notable evidence of this has been disclosed by-
extensive searches for war-needed metals and
minerals by the Geological Survey and the Bureau
of Mines.

Postwar prospecting for minerals will be greatly
facilitated by their availability of many new
strategic maps, particularly those prepared from
aerial photographs by the Geological Survey and
the Army Air Forces.

Good results in further mining operations may
reasonably be expected, but the hazards for the
individual prospector without ample financial
backing are considered relatively large, since the
most successful mining has become chiefly a job
for large-scale, scientifically planned operations
carried out by well-financed and well-equipped
companies. Of course, there are still many oppor-
tunities for intelligent individual prospectors or
small operators undertaking the search for minerals
which, if located, can be easily and profitably
disposed of to large enterprises for exploitation.

The presence of commercial oil fields in several
parts of the Territory may be demonstrated by fur-
ther explorations that are now in progress. The
existence of oil seeps and favorable structures in
several districts on the southeastern shore of the

30

Alaska Peninsula and in the area around Katella
and Yakatage, southeast of Prince William Sound,
have been investigated by the Geological Survey
and have been partly tested by private interests.
The Navy Department is conducting extensive tests
in northern Alaska.

Although at present there are no producing oil
fields in Alaska, results of the tests and explorations
are sufficiently encouraging to warrant the belief
that deposits of oil may occur in some or all of
these areas in sufficient quantities to justify their
development.

While gold in the past has accounted for most of
Alaska's mineral production, prospecting for and
mining of strategic metals went forward actively
during the war. Gold mining in this period was
largely discontinued but it is probable that shortly
it will be resumed on a large scale. The greatest
gold production has been from large placer or lode
claims operated by corporations at such places as
Juneau, Fairbanks, and Nome. Placer mining
throughout most of central Alaska is a seasonal
occupation in which employment ceases during
the winter months.

Coal is widely distributed but practically all of
the coal mines now being operated in the Territory
are located along the line of the Alaska Railroad.
At present the larger part of the coal consumed in
the Territory comes from local mines, although
some tonnage is imported. Efforts are being made
to develop these mines still further so as to meet
the needs of the Territory through local production.

For further information in regard to mineral resources, write
to the Geological Survey, United States Department of the In-
terior, Washington 25, D. C, to the Bureau of Mines, United
States Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C, or to
the Territorial Department of Mines, Juneau, Alaska. For regu-
lations covering acquisition of mining lands and mineral leases,
see Bulletin No. 2 regarding the disposal and leasing of public
lands in Alaska, issued by the Bureau of Land Management,
United States Department of the Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

HUNTING AND TRAPPING

Hunting, fishing, and trapping in Alaska are
subject to regulations issued and enforced by the

31

Alaska Game Commission, of the Fish and Wild-
life Service of the Department of the Interior.
These regulations are designed to preserve the
many species of game and fish now abundant in
Alaska from danger of extinction, and at the same
time preserve and protect a valuable asset to the
Territory.

A considerable portion of the income of the Indi-
ans and Eskimos is derived from the trapping of
fur-bearing animals. Fishing and hunting are the
principal sources of their food supply.

Nonresidents must secure licenses in order to
hunt or fish and must obey the laws and regula-
tions regarding open and closed seasons, take of
game, etc. Alaska is notable for big game hunting
and sport fishing, which may be enjoyed through-
out the Territory. Exports of furs amount to sev-
eral millions of dollars in value each year.

If further information is desired, inquiries should be addressed
to the Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of
the Interior, Washington 25, D. C, or to the Alaska Game Com-
mission, Juneau, Alaska.

FUR FARMING IN ALASKA

Fur farming has been carried on in the Territory
for a sufficiently long period to demonstrate that
the raising of such fur animals as minks and blue
foxes is profitable. This is especially true in south-
eastern Alaska and along the coast line where fish,
a basic fur animal food, may be procured cheaply.

Certain areas of Alaska are admirably adapted to
the production of fur of good quality, and there is
plenty of room for expanding this industry. There
are many licensed fur farmers in Alaska, the major-
ity of whom are raising minks and blue foxes,
although some silver foxes are raised in captivity.

Full. information on the possibilities of fur farming in Alaska
will be furnished upon request by the Director of the Experimen-
tal Fur Station, Petersburg, Alaska. Inquiries regarding the
leasing of land for fur farming purposes should be addressed to the
Bureau of Land Management, United States Department of the
Interior, Washington 25, D. C.

FORESTRY AND TIMBER RESOURCES

Most of the merchantable timber in Alaska has
been set aside in national forests under the super-

32

vision of the United States Forest Service, Depart-
ment of Agriculture. The Tongass National Forest
covers most of southeastern Alaska and contains
16,080,000 acres. The Chugach National Forest
embraces most of the land along the shores of
Prince William Sound and the eastern half of
Kenai Peninsula. It is estimated that the Chugach
Forest contains over 6 billion feet, and the Tongass
Forest over 78 billion feet of merchantable timber,
mostly hemlock and Sitka spruce.

Timber is sold by the Forest Service under regula-
tions which permit limited use by campers, resi-
dents, and homesteaders. Timber rights for large
scale commercial operations may be acquired
on a basis which will maintain sustained yield
indefinitely.

No pulp or paper is now manufactured in Alaska,
but decreasing pulpwood supplies throughout the
world indicate that a substantial development of
the newsprint industry is possible in the near future.

Under the provisions of Public Law 385, enacted
August 8, 1947, it now is possible for private indi-
viduals and industries to establish wood products
and pulp and paper industries within the Tongass
National Forest in southeastern Alaska.

Particularly in southeastern Alaska potential
water power sites are available to furnish electric
power for development of the forest products
industry. There are extensive stands of birch and
other hardwoods near Anchorage and elsewhere in
the Territory, and their commercial possibilities
have yet to be developed.

For additional information write to the United States Forest
Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington
25, D. C, to the Regional Forester, Juneau, Alaska, or to the
Bureau of Land Management, United States Department of the
Interior, Washington 25, D. C, which issues timber leases on
lands not contained within the boundaries of the national forests.

ELECTRIC PROJECTS

Applications for lands for electric projects in-
volving the generation of electric energy by water
power or the conveyance of such power over
primary lines should be filed with the Federal
Power Commission, Washington 25, D. C.

33

PHOTOGRAPHS OF ALASKA

This Department has no pictures available for
free distribution. One desiring pictures of any-
particular locality in Alaska should write to the
local chamber of commerce.

EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

It is difficult to give definite advice with regard
to employment opportunities in the Territory be-
cause the situation is constantly changing, and
much work is of a seasonal nature. A safe rule to
follow, in all cases, is for persons seeking work in
any field not to go to Alaska without definite
assurance of employment. Actual contacts are
advisable but, lacking that, those seeking employ-
ment should possess sufficient funds to maintain
themselves for at least several months. Wages
are generally higher than in the States and vary
considerably from one part of Alaska to another,
in keeping with the cost of living and labor supply
in the different areas.

Inquiries regarding chances for employment,
wages, transportation, and other pertinent derails,
should be addressed to the following agencies, and
in writing to them it is suggested that the applicant
give complete information regarding his experience
and qualifications, and send all correspondence to
Alaska by airmail. Veterans also should send their
applications to the following agencies:

ALL TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT

Alaska Territorial Employ-
ment Service:

Goldstein Building, P. O.
Box 471, Juneau, Alaska.

417 D Street, P. O. Box 2240,
Anchorage, Alaska.

601 Fourth Street, P. O. Box
1598, Fairbanks, Alaska.

429 Dock Street, P. O. Box
159, Ketchikan, Alaska.

Wrangell, Alaska.

Civil Service Positions:
Alaska Branch, Eleventh
Civil Service District,
Seattle, Wash.

The Alaska Railroad:
The General Manager, The
Alaska Railroad, Anchor-
age, Alaska.
Aviation :

Regional Manager, Civil
Aeronautics Administra-
tion, P. O. Box 440, An-
chorage, Alaska.
Territorial Dejpartment of
Aviation, Anchorage,
Alaska.
Fishing:
Fish & Wildlife Service,
Department of the Inte-
rior, Washington, D. C.

34

Alaska Canned Salmon In-
dustry, Dexter Horton
Building, Seattle, Wash.
Forestry :

The Regional Forester, Ju-
neau, Alaska.
Mining :

Territorial Department of
Mines, Juneau, Alaska.

U. S. Bureau of Mines,
Regional Office, Juneau,
Alaska.

Road Gdnstruction and
Maintenance :
The Chief Engineer, Alaska
Road Commission, Ju-
neau, Alaska.

War Department Projects:
Office Secretary of the Army,
Overseas Affairs Branch,
Civilian Personnel Divi-
sion, Pentagon Building,
Washington 25, D. C.

Investment Opportunities:
The Manager, Alaska Devel-
opment Board, Juneau,
Alaska.

Accountancy:
Board of Accountancy, Ju-
neau, Alaska.
Chiropractic:
Board of Chiropractic Ex-
aminers, Juneau, Alaska.
Cosmetology:

Board of Cosmetology, Ju-
neau, Alaska.

Dentistry:
Board of Dental Examiners,
Juneau, Alaska.
Engineering or Architbc-
turb:

Board of Engineers' and
Architects' Examiners,
Juneau, Alaska.
Law:

Board of Law Examiners,
Juneau, Alaska.
Medical and Public Health:

General Superintendent,
Alaska Native Service,
Juneau, Alaska.

Territorial Department of
Health, Juneau, Alaska.

Board of Medical Examin-
ers, Juneau, Alaska.
Optometry:

Board of Optometry, Ju-
neau, Alaska.
Pharmacy:

Board of Pharmacy, Seward,
Alaska.
Teaching:

University of Alaska, Col-
lege, Alaska.

Territorial Commissioner
of Education, Juneau,
Alaska.

General Superintendent,
Alaska Native Service,
Juneau, Alaska.
Weather Bureau:

Department of Commerce,
Washington, D. C.

35

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 19S1 O — 921864